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exiled his step @-@ son , so as to protect the inheritance of his son Ecgric , who was of his own blood @-@ line . It has been suggested by Sam Newton that Ecgric may in fact be identical to Eni 's son Æthelric , whose descendants became kings of East Anglia . Æthelric 's son Ealdwulf ruled from about 664 to 713 . After Ecgric 's death , three other sons of Eni ruled in succession before Ealdwulf , an indication that Raedwald 's line was extinct . Æthelric 's marriage to Hereswith suggests that it was expected that he would rule East Anglia and he may have been promoted by Edwin before 632 . Æthelric was apparently dead by 647 , at which time Anna was already ruling and Hereswith had gone to Gaul to lead a religious life . It has therefore been argued that Æthelric and Ecgric were in fact the same person , a suggestion that is disputed by the historian Barbara Yorke , who notes that the two names are too distinct to be compatible . Ecgric / Æthelric placed as the son of Rædwald or the son of Eni = = Joint rule = = Rædwald 's son ( or stepson ) Sigeberht renewed Christian rule in East Anglia after returning as a Christian from exile in Gaul ( into which Rædwald had driven him ) . His assumption of power may have involved a military conquest . His reign was devoted to the conversion of his people , the establishment of the see of Dommoc as the bishopric of Felix of Burgundy , the creation of a school of letters , the endowment of a monastery for Fursey and the building of the first monastery of Beodricesworth ( Bury St Edmunds ) , all accomplished within about four years . During at least part of Sigeberht 's reign , Ecgric ruled jointly with him over part of the kingdom of East Anglia . A passage in Bede 's Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum describing the reasons for Sigeberht 's abdication also mentions Ecgric : " This king became so great a lover of the heavenly kingdom , that quitting the affairs of his crown , and committing the same to his kinsman , Ecgric , who before held a part of that kingdom , he went himself into a monastery , which he had built , and having received the tonsure , applied himself rather to gain a heavenly throne " : — Bede , Ecclesiastical History of the English People According to Richard Hoggett , the practice of being ruled by more than one individual may have been a common occurrence in East Anglia as it was for the Anglo @-@ Saxon kingdoms of Kent and Northumbria . Ecgric and Sigeberht may have simultaneously ruled the peoples known as the North @-@ folk and South @-@ folk , who lived in the parts of their kingdom that would later become the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk . However , Carver notes that Ecgric may not have reigned jointly with Sigeberht , but could just have plausibly ruled as a sub @-@ king or served as an administrator within a region under East Anglian hegemony , only rising as king of the East Angles after Sigeberht 's abdication . In contrast with Sigebert , Ecgric seems to have remained a pagan . There is no evidence that he was baptised or that he promoted Christianity in East Anglia , according to D. P. Kirby , who notes that Bede wrote nothing that could imply that Ecgric was a Christian , in contrast to his praise of Sigeberht ’ s efforts to establish Christianity in East Anglia . = = Reign following Sigeberht 's abdication = = In 633 the Christian kingdoms had suffered a dual shock : Edwin of Northumbria 's death at the hands of Penda of Mercia and Cadwallon ap Cadfan , and the retreat of Edwin 's household and bishop from York to Kent . After 633 the Northumbrian situation was stabilised under Oswald of Northumbria , and East Anglia shared with Northumbria the benefits of the Irish missions of Fursey and Aidan of Lindisfarne . Sigeberht was Fursey 's patron and perhaps soon after his arrival Sigeberht abdicated and retired to the monastery at Beodricesworth ( modern Bury St. Edmunds ) . His abdication , which cannot be dated , left Ecgric to rule the East Anglians alone . Ecgric therefore ruled a kingdom that had been " evangelised in the united spirit of the Roman and Irish Churches " , according to Plunkett , who notes that Felix would have respected the teachings of the Irish missionaries , despite his own strong allegiance towards Canterbury . = = Death = = After Ecgric had been ruling alone for two years , East Anglia was attacked by a Mercian army , led by Penda . The date of the invasion is usually given as around 636 , although Kirby suggests it could have been so late as 641 . Ecgric was sufficiently forewarned as to be able to gather an army , described by Bede as opimus or splendid . Realising that they would be inferior in battle to the war @-@ hardened Mercians and remembering that Sigeberht was once their most vigorous and distinguished leader , the East Anglians urged him to lead them in battle , hoping that his presence would encourage them not to flee from the Mercians . After he refused , on account of his religious calling , he was borne off against his will to the battlefield . He refused to bear weapons and so was killed . Ecgric was also slain during the battle and many of his countrymen either perished or were put to flight . The location of the site of the battle in which the East Anglians were routed and their king was killed is unknown , but it can be presumed to have been close to the kingdom ’ s western border with the Middle Angles . Ecgric is a possible contender , as well as Rædwald , Eorpwald and Sigeberht , for being the East Anglian king who was buried within Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo . Rupert Bruce @-@ Mitford suggests that it is perhaps unlikely that Ecgric ’ s successor Anna , a devout Christian , would have given him a ship burial , but he does not dismiss the theory entirely . = Dante Lavelli = Dante Bert Joseph " Gluefingers " Lavelli ( February 23 , 1923 – January 20 , 2009 ) was an American football end who played for the Cleveland Browns in the All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) and National Football League ( NFL ) from 1946 to 1956 . Starring alongside quarterback Otto Graham , fullback Marion Motley , placekicker Lou Groza and fellow receiver Mac Speedie , Lavelli was an integral part of a Browns team that won seven championships during his 11 @-@ season career . Lavelli was known for his sure hands and improvisations on the field . He was also renowned for making catches in critical situations , earning the nickname " Mr. Clutch " . " Lavelli had one of the strongest pairs of hands I 've ever seen , " Browns coach Paul Brown once said of him . " When he went up for a pass with a defender , you could almost always count on him coming back down with the ball . " Lavelli grew up in Hudson , Ohio and played football , baseball and basketball at his local high school . After graduating , he enrolled at Ohio State University , where he played only a handful of games before he was drafted for service in the U.S. Army during World War II . Returning in 1945 after serving in Europe , he joined the Browns in the team 's first @-@ ever season in the AAFC . Helped by Lavelli 's play , the Browns won each of the AAFC 's championships before the league dissolved in 1949 and the team was absorbed by the NFL . Cleveland continued to succeed in the NFL , winning championships in 1950 , 1954 and 1955 . Lavelli , who helped found the National Football League Players Association toward the end of his career , retired after the 1956 season . After retiring from football , Lavelli held a variety of coaching and scouting jobs and was active in NFL alumni affairs . He also ran a furniture store in Rocky River , Ohio . He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1975 . He died in a Cleveland hospital in 2009 . = = Early life and high school career = = Lavelli was born and grew up in Hudson , Ohio , a small town in the northeastern part of the state . Both of his parents were Italian immigrants . His father Angelo Lavelli was a blacksmith who made shoes for horses on nearby farms . As a child , he practiced catching by throwing baseballs against walls and trying to catch them when they bounced back . He liked to have friends throw ping @-@ pong balls at him to see if he could catch them . Lavelli was a standout as a running back at Hudson High School and developed a reliable set of hands . Lavelli 's Hudson High Explorers football team had three undefeated seasons and won three county championships . He also played baseball and basketball in high school . Notre Dame offered Lavelli a scholarship , and he committed to attend the school . After he had a chance encounter with Eddie Prokop , however , an able running back who was a fifth @-@ string player for Notre Dame , Lavelli was convinced to look elsewhere . " If Eddie Prokop were a fifth @-@ string player , I was not one to sit on anyone 's bench , " he later said . Lavelli enrolled at Ohio State University in 1941 after learning that Paul Brown was appointed the football team 's new head coach . Brown had developed a sterling reputation as the high school coach at Massillon Washington High School in Massillon , Ohio , losing only eight games in nine years there . Lavelli 's catching ability had made him a star infielder in high school , and the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball recruited him to play second base in the low minor leagues . He refused the invitation , opting to concentrate on football . = = College career and military service = = On arrival at Ohio State , Lavelli roomed with Les Horvath and Don McCafferty and played on the freshman team under coach Trevor Rees . Brown switched Lavelli to end ( the position is now called wide receiver ) . His playing time with the football team was limited , however , due to injury . He became a first @-@ string end as a sophomore in 1942 , but was ailing from a charley horse in his thigh and sat out the first game of the season against a Fort Knox military team . He had recovered by the third game of the season and started in a game against Southern California . Lavelli was hit in the knee while grabbing for a pass near the end of the game , however , and broke a bone . He was sidelined for the rest of the season . The Buckeyes won the college football national championship that year . After the 1942 season , Lavelli was drafted by the U.S. Army as American involvement in World War II intensified . After basic training and a number of other specialized courses on land @-@ sea assaults , he was sent with the 28th Infantry Division to fight in the European Theatre of World War II . There his division landed on Omaha Beach , part of the Allied invasion of Germany @-@ occupied France in 1944 . He was involved with American forces in Germany 's Battle of the Bulge offensive and in the Siege of Bastogne later the same year . One in five members of his division was killed in battle . = = Professional career = = After returning from the war , Lavelli was again offered a chance to play baseball with the Tigers . He saw a matchup in late 1945 between the National Football League 's New York Giants and Washington Redskins and noticed that a former teammate at Ohio State named Sam Fox was an end for the Giants . " I thought if he could make the grade , so could I , " Lavelli later said . When Paul Brown offered him a chance to play on a new professional team he was coaching in the All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) in 1946 , Lavelli jumped at the opportunity . He was given a $ 500 bonus ( $ 6 @,@ 067 in today 's dollars ) for signing with the team , called the Cleveland Browns . Lavelli attended the Browns ' first training camp in 1946 . Competition was fierce for a spot on the roster , but Lavelli was one of the men who made it . He was up against a number of National Football League veterans and former college stars . " The toughest game I ever played in was the first intrasquad scrimmage game , " he said later . " Nobody talked to each other for two days . " He joined an offense that featured quarterback Otto Graham , fullback Marion Motley , placekicker Lou Groza and fellow end Mac Speedie . Lavelli quickly became Graham 's top passing target and led the AAFC in receiving as a rookie with 40 receptions and 843 yards . The Browns made it to the league championship that season , and Lavelli caught the game @-@ winning touchdown in a 14 – 9 victory over the AAFC 's New York Yankees . The victory " didn 't mean so much then , but as time goes on , it builds , " Lavelli said in 2008 . The Browns won the AAFC championship again in 1947 . Lavelli finished second in the league in receiving behind his teammate Speedie . Both Lavelli and Speedie were named to all @-@ AAFC teams , as they had been in 1946 . Lavelli broke his leg in a preseason game in 1948 and sat out seven weeks . He came back later in the year and helped Cleveland finish a perfect season , catching a touchdown pass in a 31 – 21 win over the AAFC 's Brooklyn Dodgers in the championship game . In a game against the Los Angeles Dons the following year , Lavelli caught four touchdowns and had 209 receiving yards , an AAFC record . In 1949 Cleveland won the AAFC championship for the fourth year in a row . The AAFC dissolved before the 1950 season and three of its teams , including the Browns , were absorbed by the more established National Football League ( NFL ) . Lavelli was the AAFC 's all @-@ time leader in yards per catch and second in receiving yards behind Speedie . As the Browns won in the AAFC , Lavelli continued his studies at Ohio State between seasons and got his degree in 1949 . He married Joy Wright of Brecksville , Ohio that year . When Cleveland entered the NFL in 1950 , questions lingered about whether the team could sustain its early dominance . The Browns , however , began the season by beating the defending NFL champions , the Philadelphia Eagles . The team finished with a 10 – 2 regular @-@ season record and reached the championship game after winning a playoff game against the New York Giants . In the championship against the Los Angeles Rams , Lavelli caught 11 passes – then a record for a title game – and had two touchdown receptions . The Browns won the game 30 – 28 . Cleveland reached the NFL championship game the following year but lost to the Rams . The 1952 and 1953 seasons followed a similar pattern : the Browns made it to the championship game but lost both times to the Detroit Lions . Lavelli was named to the Pro Bowl in 1951 and 1953 . He was seventh in the NFL in receiving yards in 1951 , with 586 . He gained 783 receiving yards in 1953 , the fifth @-@ highest total in the league . Over the years , Lavelli developed a reputation for making big plays when they counted most , as he had done with his touchdown reception in the Browns ' first championship game in 1946 . He was nicknamed " Mr. Clutch " in a Pittsburgh Steelers scouting report , although " Gluefingers " – a name bestowed upon him by Browns announcer Bob Neal – was more widely used . He practiced with Graham tirelessly to refine routes and was not afraid to run over the middle , where he risked a pounding from defenders when the ball came his way . " Dante was the greatest guy at catching a ball in a crowd that I have ever seen , " Brown once said . Among other innovations , he and Graham also mastered sideline patterns at a time when few teams used them . The Browns won another championship in 1954 , thanks in part to a strong regular @-@ season performance from Lavelli . Lavelli led the team in receiving that year and made the Pro Bowl after the Browns beat the Lions for their second NFL title . A third NFL championship followed in 1955 . In the championship game against the Rams , Lavelli caught a touchdown in the second quarter and scored a second time on a 50 @-@ yard pass just before the end of the first half . The Browns won 38 – 14 . Lavelli initially planned to retire in 1955 but came back for a final year in 1956 , when the Browns posted a 5 – 7 record , the team 's first @-@ ever losing season . In his 11 @-@ year career , Lavelli caught 386 passes for 6 @,@ 488 yards and 62 touchdowns . He was a confident receiver , former teammates said in later years . He could often be heard calling for Graham to throw him the ball while running routes . He was also known for his ability to improvise on the field . In a 1955 game against the Eagles in slippery conditions , he caught the winning touchdown with less than a minute left by swinging around the goalpost with his arm to get open . During his Browns career , Lavelli was involved in the creation of the National Football League Players Association . The concept of a union to represent players in league matters was hatched in Lavelli 's basement in 1954 . Lavelli and two teammates , Abe Gibron and George Ratterman , met every Wednesday to discuss the union . They approached Creighton Miller , a Cleveland lawyer and former Notre Dame star who had worked briefly as an assistant coach with the Browns , for help . The union was founded at a meeting before the NFL championship game in 1956 . The following year , the players got $ 50 per exhibition game , a $ 5 @,@ 000 minimum salary , injury pay and medical care . The union is now the primary representative of players in labor negotiations and disputes with the NFL . = = Later life and death = = After retiring from football , Lavelli ran an appliance business on Cleveland 's west side . From 1961 through 1963 , he served as an assistant to Graham , who was coaching college stars in the annual College All @-@ Star Game . Lavelli was also an assistant coach with the Browns and a scout for the Chicago Bears . He later owned a furniture store in Rocky River , Ohio and had an interest in two bowling alleys . He had a hand in founding the NFL Alumni Association , a charitable organization . Lavelli was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1975 , joining former teammates Graham , Motley and Groza and coach Paul Brown . Later in life , he golfed and attended NFL alumni events and lobbied to get the NFL to recognize his and other players ' AAFC statistics . The NFL refused to incorporate AAFC statistics into its own when the league dissolved and the Browns became part of the NFL , in contrast to the NFL 's recognition of statistics from the American Football League ( AFL ) following the AFL @-@ NFL merger . Lavelli called it a " double standard " . He died in 2009 at 85 at Fairview Hospital in Cleveland of congestive heart failure and bladder and kidney infections and is buried in St. Mary 's Cemetery , Hudson , OH . He and his wife Joy had three children , Lucinda , Edward and Lisa ; as well as four grandchildren , Aaron , Noah , Luke and Danielle . Hudson High 's stadium is named in honor of him . The Akron Community Foundation established a Dante Lavelli Scholarship Fund in 2010 to help Hudson High athletes pay for college . “ He was one of the best I ’ d ever seen , ” Willie Davis , a defensive end who played for the Browns shortly after Lavelli retired , said . “ He set the mold with his running patterns and catching the ball . ” After Lavelli died , Graham praised his abilities and remembered his eagerness to get his hands on the ball . " He was always coming into the huddle and telling me he was open and that I should throw to him , " Graham said . " He wasn 't saying that to be a big shot . He just loved to play . If he was open by a few inches , he 'd be yelling , ' Otto , Otto . ' Many a time when I was stuck and heard that voice I would throw it in his direction and darned if he didn 't come down with it . He had fantastic hands . " = = Career statistics = = = Air Mata Iboe = Air Mata Iboe ( Perfected spelling : Air Mata Ibu ; Malay for A Mother 's Tears ) is a 1941 film from the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) directed and written by Njoo Cheong Seng . Starring Fifi Young , Rd Ismail , Ali Sarosa , and Ali Joego , it followed a mother who raises her children lovingly but is ultimately betrayed by her eldest sons when she falls upon hard times . The film , billed as a musical extravaganza , featured a soundtrack by R. Koesbini , and an eponymous title song written by Njoo . The last production completed by Fred Young 's Majestic Film Company , Air Mata Iboe was released in December 1941 , shortly before the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies . This film , now possibly lost , received positive reviews . A remake was produced under the same title in 1957 ; Young retook her role . = = Plot = = Soegiati ( Fifi Young ) is the mother of four children : sons Achmad ( Rd Ismail ) , Idris ( S Poniman ) and Soemadi ( Ali Sarosa ) , and a daughter named Soepinah ( Soelami ) . She loves them all , but Soemadi receives the most of her attention because he receives little from his father , the merchant Soebagio ( Ali Joego ) . As the children grow , they marry and move away , and eventually only Soemadi is left . Although he begins a relationship with a young woman named Noormala ( Soerip ) , he does not marry her as his income is not enough to support them . On the night of Eid al @-@ Fitr , the family gathers for the holiday . Unknown to the family , Soebagio is leading a double life as a robber , and that evening the police come to arrest him . To protect his father , Soemadi declares himself the culprit , and he is exiled . Feeling guilty for his sins , Soebagio falls ill and dies soon afterwards . Because of their debts , their home and belongings are repossessed , leaving Soegiati to fend for herself . Though wealthy , Achmad and Idris refuse to take Soegiati in , fearing their respective wives Moedjenah ( Titing ) and Mariam ( Ning @-@ Nong ) . Soepinah and her husband Bakar ( Koesbini ) are willing to take her in , but they live in poverty . Unwilling to burden them , ultimately Soegiati decides to leave and find her own way , depending on the kindness of strangers . Years pass , and Soemadi returns from exile . Encountering his mother , who now lives in poverty , he decides to take revenge on his brothers . = = Production = = The Malang @-@ based Majestic Film Company announced Air Mata Iboe in June 1941 together with two other films , Boedi Terbenam ( Hidden Wisdom ) and Bachtera Karam ( Wrecked Ark ) . Production began soon afterwards and , by early December 1941 , over 55 reels had been shot , as well as 60 sound reels . Air Mata Iboe was written and directed by Njoo Cheong Seng under his penname M. d 'Amour ; he had previously directed Djantoeng Hati ( Heart and Soul ; 1941 ) , which also had a tragic ending , for the company . The film was produced by the company 's owner , Fred Young . It starred Njoo 's wife Fifi Young ( no relation to Fred ) , Rd Ismail , Ali Sarosa , and Ali Joego . Other roles were held by established singers of keroncong ( traditional music with Portuguese influences ) , including Soerip , Titing , Soelami , Ning Nong , and Poniman . The film , which used make @-@ up to make Fifi Young age into an old woman over the course of its plot , was the actress ' first for Majestic ; she had been ill during the production of her husband 's debut for the company . The black @-@ and @-@ white film featured eleven keroncong songs written by music director R. Koesbini , who also had a role in the film . Backing music was provided by Koesbini 's troupe , the Krontjong Syncopaters , while songs were performed by the cast . Notes and lyrics for the film 's title song , " Air Mata Iboe " , were published in the December 1941 edition of Pertjatoeran Doenia dan Film . = = Release and legacy = = Air Mata Iboe , which was rated for all ages , was distributed by Columbia Pictures and premiered at Sampoerna Theatre in Surabaya on 24 December 1941 . Also advertised under the Dutch title Tranen Eener Moeder ( a literal translation from Malay ) , the film was promoted as a " musical extravaganza " ; other advertisements emphasised the size of the cast . An anonymous review in the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad noted the extensive use of keroncong and praised the acting and singing , suggesting that native audiences would flock to see the film . Air Mata Iboe was the last film produced by Majestic Film Company , which closed following the Japanese occupation . During the occupation Njoo , Fifi Young , and Fred Young established their own travelling theatrical troupe , Pantjawarna , though all returned to cinema in the 1950s . Joego likewise returned to film after spending the occupation in theater . Poniman , Sarosa , Ismail , and Soerip all returned to cinema , the men in the 1950s and Soerip in 1973 . Soelami is not recorded as acting in any further productions . A remake of Air Mata Iboe was produced in 1957 , after Indonesia had obtained its independence . Directed by Fred Young , the film had Fifi Young retake her role as Sugiati , while Rd Ismail took the role of Subagio . The remake 's other cast members had not appeared in the original film . The sons Achmad , Idris , and Soemadi were portrayed by Sukarno M. Noor , Boes Boestami , and Kamsul , respectively . The couple 's daughter , renamed Atikah , was played by Farida Arriany . Air Mata Iboe may be lost . Movies in the Indies were recorded on highly flammable nitrate film , and after a fire destroyed much of Produksi Film Negara 's warehouse in 1952 , old films shot on nitrate were deliberately destroyed . Thus , the American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider wrote that all Indonesian films from before 1950 are lost . However , JB Kristanto 's Katalog Film Indonesia ( Indonesian Film Catalogue ) records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia 's archives , and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service . = = Explanatory notes = = = Ocean of Sound = Ocean of Sound is a compilation album compiled and produced by English musician and author David Toop . The two @-@ disc , cross @-@ licensed " various artists " compilation contains 32 tracks culled from a variety of musical sources , including dub , exotica , free jazz , and field recordings . Toop compiled the recordings to serve as both a historical survey of ambient music and an aural companion to his 1995 book Ocean of Sound : Aether Talk , Ambient Sound and Imaginary Worlds . Ocean of Sound was released in January 1996 by Virgin Records . It was well received by music critics and finished fourth in the voting for The Village Voice 's annual Pazz & Jop poll . The album later went out of print . = = Background = = In 1995 , David Toop published his second book , Ocean of Sound : Aether Talk , Ambient Sound and Imaginary Worlds , which examined music as a medium for deep mental involvement . In the book , Toop said that ambient music can be defined as music listened for relaxation or music that " taps into the disturbing , chaotic undertow of the environment " . As an aural companion to the book , Toop curated the compilation album Ocean of Sound , which would also serve as a historical survey of ambient music . The album was released in January 1996 by Virgin Records . It later went out of print , which music journalist Michaelangelos Matos said was because such cross @-@ licensed compilation albums " seldom stay available for very long " . = = Music = = Ocean of Sound is a two @-@ disc , cross @-@ licensed " various artists " compilation that contains 32 tracks culled from a variety of musical sources , including dub , exotica , free jazz , and field recordings . According to AllMusic 's John Bush , all of the songs compiled for the album recapitulate the theme of the book — " that Les Baxter , Aphex Twin , The Beach Boys , Herbie Hancock , King Tubby and My Bloody Valentine are all related by their effect on sound pioneering . " In an interview for Perfect Sound Forever , Toop explained why he included free jazz on an album of ambient music , which is commonly thought of as background music : Toop programmed the recordings for the album so that they would segue into one another . Ocean of Sound begins with three songs by Jamaican dub producer King Tubby , American jazz keyboardist Herbie Hancock , and English electronic musician Aphex Twin , respectively , before transitioning to compositions by Claude Debussy , John Cage , the Beach Boys , and Peter Brötzmann , as well as an audio recording of Buddhist monks . Toop programmed the Velvet Underground 's 1968 song " I Heard Her Call My Name " so that its muted feedback would segue into an underwater recording of bearded seals barking . = = Critical reception = = In a contemporary review for The Wire , Peter Shapiro said he was impressed by how Ocean of Sound highlighted musical similarities among its disparate artists , calling it a manifestation of the book 's discussion and " a remarkable collection of great music " . The Independent wrote that " Toop navigates smoothly between the various strands that have contributed to the current techno / ' fourth @-@ world ' style of ambient @-@ pop " , because he used sources such as Oriental music , minimalism , and classical composers . Michaelangelo Matos from the Chicago Reader viewed it as an idyllic compilation whose songs segued fluently because of Toop 's aesthetic , while noting they could also stand alone as interesting , if not excellent , separate pieces : " Ocean of Sound is one of those records that have something to teach even the most jaded music fan about how to listen to music . " In a four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five @-@ star review , AllMusic 's John Bush recommended the album to any " wide @-@ ranging ambient fan " and said that it illustrates the ideas in Toop 's book " beautifully " . Ocean of Sound was voted the fourth best compilation of 1996 in the Pazz & Jop , an annual poll of American critics published by The Village Voice . Robert Christgau , the poll 's supervisor , named it the year 's best compilation in his own list for the Pazz & Jop . In a retrospective review , he gave the record an " A " grade and deemed it a " gorgeously segued 32 @-@ track tour of trad ambient " with recordings that were smaller representations of larger generational concerns such as disorder and anxiety : " For Toop , it answers a need that 's both postmodern and millennial , synthesizing insecurity and hope , ' bliss ' and ' non @-@ specific dread . ' " In a 2011 list for Spin , Chuck Eddy named Ocean of Sound the most essential album of ambient music , writing that its 32 tracks " flowed into each other like the seven seas " . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = Credits for Ocean of Sound are adapted from AllMusic . = Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic = The Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic ( also known as The Bud Billiken Day Parade ) is an annual parade held since 1929 in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago , Illinois , United States ; it is the largest African @-@ American parade in the nation . It is held annually on the second Saturday in August . Robert S. Abbott , the founder and publisher of the Chicago Defender , created the fictional character of Bud Billiken , which he featured in a column in his paper . David Kellum suggested the parade as a celebration of African @-@ American life . It is now the second largest annual parade in the United States . The focus of the parade is on educating Chicago 's youth . In the 21st century , the parade features celebrities , politicians , businessmen , civic organizations and youth . It begins in the Bronzeville neighborhood on Chicago 's South Side and ends in Washington Park . The parade has been televised on WGN @-@ TV ( 1978 – 2012 ) , WLS @-@ TV ( 1984 – present ) and WCIU @-@ TV ( 2012 – 2014 ) . National and international celebrities have attended and some have served as the parade 's Grand Marshal . The 86th Annual Parade took place on August 8 , 2015 , and was televised on WLS @-@ TV . In 2016 , the second Saturday in August falls on August 13 . = = History = = Bud Billiken is a fictional character created in 1923 by Abbott , who had been considering adding a youth section to the Chicago Defender newspaper . While dining at a Chinese restaurant he noticed a Billiken . Some of the early Billiken columns were written by Willard Motley , who later became a prominent novelist . During the early 1930s , names of international youth were listed in the " Bud Billiken " section of the newspaper every week . Between 1930 @-@ 34 , approximately 10 @,@ 000 names appeared and were archived in the Carter G. Woodson Regional Library of the Chicago Public Library . During the Great Depression , Abbott featured the Bud Billiken character in his newspaper as a symbol of pride , happiness and hope for black residents . The character gained prominence in a comic strip and the Chicago Defender newspaper . Although the character was created in 1923 , the parade did not begin until 1929 , when David Kellum initiated it as a celebration of the " unity in diversity for the children of Chicago " . It has since grown to become a locally televised event and the second largest parade in the nation . The parade , which began on August 11 , 1929 , now includes politicians , beauty queens , celebrities , musical performers , and dozens of marching , tumbling and dancing groups . It has grown from a locally sponsored event to one with major corporate presence and is seen as a signal of the impending end of summer and beginning of the new school year . As such the parade sponsors raise money for college scholarships for local youth . The parade route has changed over the years . The original route was along Michigan Avenue beginning at 31st Street , then turned east into Washington Park . Concern for north @-@ south traffic flow caused rerouting the parade route to South Parkway ( now named Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr . Drive ) , which runs directly into the park . At various times , street repairs have necessitated use of the Michigan route , but the current route is now the King Drive route . Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll of Amos ' n ' Andy fame were the first guests of honor in the original parade . Robert S. Abbott led the first parade in his Rolls Royce . Dr. Marjorie Stewart Joyner , president of the Chicago Defender Charities , Inc . , organized the parade for over 50 years . Numerous high @-@ profile celebrities and dignitaries have attended the parade over the years , including U.S. President Harry S. Truman , Michael Jordan , Joe Louis , Muhammad Ali , Duke Ellington , Adelaide Hall , Oprah Winfrey , Diana Ross , Lena Horne , Ethel Waters , Cab Calloway , Paul Robeson and Billie Holiday . Truman rode alongside John H. Sengstacke , who was Abbott 's nephew and took over the Chicago Defender in 1948 , and Mayor Richard J. Daley in the 1956 Parade . Recent parades have featured popular musical acts as concert performers at the post @-@ parade picnic . In 2006 , approximately 26 million people saw the parade , including 25 million television viewers and 1 @.@ 2 million attendees . The 2006 parade included 74 @,@ 000 participants and 160 floats and vehicles . The 2008 parade was dedicated to actor and comedian Bernie Mac ( star of The Bernie Mac Show ) and a native of Chicago ; he died an hour before the start of the parade . In 1993 , a request by a black LGBT group to participate in the parade was declined by the organizers . Following legal action and the involvement of Lambda Legal , the Ad Hoc Committee of Proud Black Lesbians and Gays was allowed to participate in the parade . = = Parade = = The parade has categorized contests for participants such as best float , and best marching band . It takes place in Chicago 's Bronzeville neighborhood , starting at 35th Street and Dr. Martin Luther King Drive at the southern border of the Douglas community area , south of the landmark Victory Monument . It continues south to 55th Street in Washington Park . This route covers approximately 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) . This route takes the parade through the Grand Boulevard and Washington Park community areas . = = = 2007 Parade = = = At the 78th annual parade in 2007 , then @-@ U.S. Senator Barack Obama served as the Grand Marshal for the second year in a row . Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley attended , and march participants included U.S. Senator Dick Durbin , Lieutenant Governor of Illinois Pat Quinn and the Rev. Al Sharpton . One float represented the Chicago 2016 Committee and included past Chicago Olympians Bob Pickens , Willie May , Diane Simpson @-@ Bundy and Kenny Johnson as well as the son of Danell Nicholson . The Chicago Bulls ' mascot made a guest appearance . = = Grand Marshal = = A notable figure is invited each year to serve as Grand Marshal , often featuring politicians or entertainers . Chicago native and R & B singer Chaka Khan served as Grand Marshal at the 85th annual parade in 2014 . = = Theme = = Bud Billiken Parade is themed every year by the parade committee . The tradition began in 1940 when the parade organizers themed the parade " Americanism " to demonstrate patriotism in the US within the African @-@ American community . Other themes over the years : = = Picnic = = The parade begins at 10 A.M. and ends at 4 P.M. After the parade , visitors are welcomed to stay in Washington Park for a picnic . The picnic has various festivities and vendor booths . The post @-@ parade festivities often include a concert . The 2006 parade featured Yung Joc , and the 2007 parade featured Pretty Ricky . However , it seems neither picnic included a concert . = = Violence = = The 2003 parade featured B2K . The concert was free with virtually unlimited space in the park for viewing . However , the crowd became unruly causing the concert to be curtailed . Over 40 attendees were taken to hospitals as a result of injuries in the violence , including two teenagers who were shot . At the 2014 parade , Two teenagers were shot after an altercation involving a group of black youths along the parade route near the 4200 block of King Drive around 12 : 30 pm . = Hillsboro , Oregon = Hillsboro is the fifth @-@ largest city in the State of Oregon and is the county seat of Washington County . Lying in the Tualatin Valley on the west side of the Portland metropolitan area , the city hosts many high @-@ technology companies , such as Intel , that comprise what has become known as the Silicon Forest . At the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 91 @,@ 611 . For thousands of years before the arrival of European @-@ American settlers , the Atfalati tribe of the Kalapuya lived in the Tualatin Valley near the later site of Hillsboro . The climate , moderated by the Pacific Ocean , helped make the region suitable for fishing , hunting , food gathering , and agriculture . Settlers founded a community here in 1842 , later named after David Hill , an Oregon politician . Transportation by riverboat on the Tualatin River was part of Hillsboro 's settler economy . A railroad reached the area in the early 1870s and an interurban electric railway about four decades later . These railways , as well as highways , aided the slow growth of the city to about 2 @,@ 000 people by 1910 and about 5 @,@ 000 by 1950 , before the arrival of high @-@ tech companies in the 1980s . Hillsboro has a council – manager government consisting of a city manager and a city council headed by a mayor . In addition to high @-@ tech industry , sectors important to Hillsboro 's economy are health care , retail sales , and agriculture , including grapes and wineries . The city operates more than twenty parks and the mixed @-@ use Hillsboro Stadium , and ten sites in the city are listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) . Modes of transportation include private vehicles , public buses and light rail , and aircraft using the Hillsboro Airport . The city is home to Pacific University 's Health Professions Campus . Notable residents include two Oregon governors . = = History = = The first people of the Tualatin Valley were the Atfalati or Tualaty tribe of the Kalapuya , who inhabited the region for up to 10 @,@ 000 years before white settlers arrived . The valley consisted of open grassland maintained through annual burning by the Atfalati , with scattered groves of trees along the streams . The Kalapuya moved from place to place in good weather to fish and hunt and to gather nuts , seeds , roots , and berries . Important foods included camas and wapato , and the Atfalati traded for salmon from Chinookan tribes near Willamette Falls on the Willamette River . During the winter , they lived in longhouses in settled villages , some near what became Hillsboro and Beaverton . Their population was greatly reduced after contact in the late 18th century with Europeans , who carried smallpox , syphilis , and malaria . Of the original population of 1 @,@ 000 to 2 @,@ 000 Atfalati reported in 1780 , only 65 remained in 1851 . In 1855 , the U.S. government sent the survivors to the Grande Ronde reservation further west . The European @-@ American community was founded by David Hill , Isaiah Kelsey , and Richard Williams , who arrived in the Tualatin Valley in 1841 , followed by six more pioneers in 1842 . The locality went by two other names — East Tualatin Plains and Columbia — before it was named " Hillsborough " in February 1850 in honor of Hill , when he sold part of his land claim to the county . On February 5 , 1850 , commissioners chosen by the territorial legislature selected the community to be the seat of the county government . Hill was to be paid $ 200 for his land after plots had been sold for the town site , but he died before this occurred , and his widow Lucinda received the funds . The town 's name was later simplified to Hillsboro . A log cabin was built in 1853 to serve as the community 's first school , which opened in October 1854 . Riverboats provided transportation to Hillsboro as early as 1867 when the side @-@ wheel steamer Yamhill worked on the Tualatin River . In 1871 , the Oregon and California Railroad line was extended to the area , but it ran just south of town because the city did not want to give the railroad land in exchange for the rail connection . Hillsboro was incorporated as the Town of Hillsboro on October 19 , 1876 , by the Oregon Legislature . The first mayor was A. Luelling , who took office on December 8 , 1876 , and served a one @-@ year term . Notable later mayors included Congressman Thomas H. Tongue ( 1882 and 1886 ) and state senator William D. Hare ( 1885 ) . In 1923 , the city altered its charter and adopted a council @-@ manager government with a six @-@ person city council , a part @-@ time mayor who determined major policies , and a city manager who ran day @-@ to @-@ day operations . On September 30 , 1908 , 5 @,@ 000 people gathered as the Oregon Electric Railway opened a connection between the city and Portland with an interurban electric rail line , the first to reach the community . In January 1914 , the Southern Pacific Railroad introduced its own interurban service , known as the Red Electric , on a separate line and serving different communities between Hillsboro and Portland . SP discontinued its Hillsboro service on July 28 , 1929 , while the Oregon Electric Railway 's passenger service to Hillsboro lasted until July 1932 . A brick building was constructed in 1852 to house the county government , followed by a brick courthouse in 1873 . In 1891 , the courthouse was remodeled and a clock tower was added , and the building was expanded with an annex in 1912 . A new courthouse replaced the brick structure in 1928 . The last major remodel of the 1928 structure occurred in 1972 , when the Justice Services Building was built and incorporated into the existing building . The city 's first fire department was a hook and ladder company organized in 1880 by the board of trustees ( now city council ) . A drinking water and electricity distribution system added in 1892 – 93 gave the town three fire hydrants and minimal street lighting . Hillsboro built its first sewer system in 1911 , but sewage treatment was not added until 1936 . In 1913 , the city built its own water system , and the first library , Carnegie City Library , opened in December 1914 . From 1921 to 1952 , the world 's second @-@ tallest radio tower stood on the south side of the city , but in 1952 , the wireless telegraph tower was demolished . In 1972 , the Hillsboro City Council passed a Green River Ordinance banning door @-@ to @-@ door solicitation , but it was ruled unconstitutional by the Oregon Supreme Court in a 1988 decision . The court determined that the city ordinance was overly broad , in a case that was seen as a test case for many similar laws in the state . In 1979 , Intel opened its first facility in Hillsboro . The Hawthorn Farm campus was followed by the Jones Farm campus adjacent to the airport in 1982 , and finally by the Ronler Acres campus in 1994 . TriMet opened a Metropolitan Area Express ( MAX ) light rail line into the city in 1998 . A cultural center was added in 2004 , and a new city hall was completed in 2005 . In 2008 , SolarWorld opened a facility producing solar wafers , crystals , and cells , the largest plant of its kind in the Western Hemisphere . U.S. President Barack Obama visited the city and Intel 's Ronler Acres campus in February 2011 . = = = Registered Historic Places = = = Properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) in and around Hillsboro include the Old Scotch Church , completed in 1876 north of the city . Near the Orenco neighborhood is Imbrie Farm , which includes a house built in 1866 and the Frank Imbrie Barn , both of which McMenamins converted for use as a brewpub . Built in 1935 , the Harold Wass Ray House is near Intel 's Hawthorn Farm campus . Historic properties in downtown include the Zula Linklater House ( completed 1923 ) , Rice – Gates House ( 1890 ) , Edward Schulmerich House ( c . 1915 ) , and Charles Shorey House ( c . 1908 ) . The Richard and Helen Rice House is adjacent to the Sunset Highway on the north side of the city and houses the Rice Northwest Museum of Rocks and Minerals . The Old Washington County Jail had been at the Washington County Fairgrounds in the city , but was restored and moved to the Washington County Museum outside the city in 2004 , and was de @-@ listed from the NRHP in 2008 . In 2007 , the Manning – Kamna Farm was added to the NRHP and includes 10 buildings , dating to as early as 1883 . The Malcolm McDonald House in Orenco was added to the Registry in 2015 . = = Geography = = Hillsboro is located at 45 ° 31 ′ N 122 ° 59 ′ W. The United States Census Bureau reports the city has a total area of 21 @.@ 6 square miles ( 55 @.@ 9 km2 ) , all of which is land . In 2013 , Hillsboro itself reported an area of 23 @.@ 88 square miles ( 61 @.@ 8 km2 ) , equivalent to 15 @,@ 283 acres ( 61 @.@ 8 km2 ) . The city is located in the Tualatin Valley , and the Tualatin River forms part of the southern city limits . The city 's terrain is fairly level , consistent with an agricultural past and the farms still in operation . Hillsboro is about 17 miles ( 27 km ) west of Portland and immediately west of Beaverton , at an elevation of 194 feet ( 59 m ) above sea level . In addition to the Tualatin River , streams include Dairy Creek , McKay Creek , Rock Creek , Dawson Creek , and Turner Creek . Neighboring communities in addition to Beaverton are Aloha , Cornelius , North Plains , Reedville , Scholls , and West Union . Hillsboro 's street system differs from many others in the county . Most cities in Washington County use a numbering system and cardinal direction orientation based on a grid that begins at the Willamette River in downtown Portland , which was originally part of Washington County . For example , the street names in Beaverton generally include Southwest ( SW ) prefixes because Beaverton lies in the southwest quadrant of the Portland grid . In Hillsboro , some county road names and addresses conform to the Portland grid instead of Hillsboro 's internal cardinal direction grid , and the city has been working to make addresses and streets within Hillsboro conform to the internal grid . The internal grid in Hillsboro centers on the downtown intersection of Main Street , which runs east – west , and First Avenue , which runs north – south . Most addresses within the city include a quadrant prefix : NW , NE , SW , or SE . Main Street is simply designated as East Main or West Main , and First Avenue is only North First or South First . Addresses on the streets ' south side and the avenues ' east side have even numbers , while odd numbers are on the opposite side . Hillsboro 's street system contains 20 blocks per mile ( 12 @.@ 5 blocks per kilometer ) . North – south through roadways are called avenues , while east – west roadways are called streets . All cul @-@ de @-@ sacs are named as either places or courts . Roads that curve can be named drives . Non @-@ city streets may not conform to these naming conventions . The city is divided into eight planning areas , each of which contains several neighborhoods . The east planning area contains the Tanasbourne neighborhood and Oregon Health & Science University 's West Campus . The northeast planning area includes the Orenco , Orenco Station , Airport , and West Union neighborhoods . Jackson School , Sunrise , and Glencoe neighborhoods lie in the northwest area , and the Dennis , Garibaldi , and Connell neighborhoods are in the west area . The central area includes the Downtown , Jackson Bottom , Henry , and Eastwood neighborhoods . Blocks in the downtown core are 400 feet ( 120 m ) long on each side . The Minter Bridge , Rood Bridge , and River Road neighborhoods are in the south planning area ; the southeast area consists of the Reedville and Witch Hazel neighborhoods , and the Brookwood planning area in the center of the city contains the Cedar , Bentley , and Brogden neighborhoods . Landmarks in Hillsboro include the Washington County Courthouse , the seat of county government . Along the western edge of the city is Hillsboro Pioneer Cemetery , established in 1870 , which serves as the final resting place of city pioneers and politicians . Next to the airport is the Washington County Fair Complex , home to the annual county fair . Located at Shute Park is the 25 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) tall wood sculpture Chief Kno @-@ Tah , donated to Hillsboro and dedicated in 1987 as part of Peter Wolf Toth 's Trail of the Whispering Giants . = = = Climate = = = Summers in Hillsboro are generally warm , but temperatures year @-@ round are moderated by a marine influence from the Pacific Ocean . The Willamette Valley in which Hillsboro lies receives the majority of its precipitation during the winter months , with the wettest period from November through March . This occasionally includes snowfall . Hillsboro receives precipitation on 161 days per year , on average . The average yearly precipitation between 1930 and 1998 was 38 inches ( 970 mm ) . August is the warmest month with an average high temperature of 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) , while January is the coolest month with an average high of 46 ° F ( 8 ° C ) . The highest recorded temperature , 108 ° F ( 42 ° C ) , occurred on July 19 , 1956 , and the lowest , − 10 ° F ( − 23 ° C ) , occurred on January 31 , 1950 . According to the Köppen climate classification system , Hillsboro has a warm @-@ summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csb ) . = = Demographics = = Hillsboro 's population grew from 402 in 1880 to 2 @,@ 016 by 1910 , making it the county 's most populated city , according to the 1910 census data . By 1970 , it had increased to more than 15 @,@ 000 , although neighboring Beaverton had overtaken it as the county 's most populous city . By 1990 there were more than 37 @,@ 000 residents , and commuters raised this to 110 @,@ 000 during daytime . At the 2010 Census , the population was 91 @,@ 611 , fifth in rank among the state 's largest cities behind Portland , Eugene , Salem and Gresham and slightly ahead of Beaverton , which ranked sixth . This figure was a 30 @.@ 5 percent increase from Hillsboro 's 70 @,@ 186 residents in 2000 , which made Hillsboro the fourth fastest @-@ growing city in the state during the 2000s ( decade ) , and the fastest @-@ growing city in the Willamette Valley over the same period . In 2007 , there were 17 @,@ 126 houses lived in by their owners , with an average home price in the city of $ 246 @,@ 900 . Bloomberg Businessweek listed the city as the fastest @-@ growing in Oregon for the period between 1990 and 2010 , for cities with populations over 10 @,@ 000 . = = = 2010 census = = = As of the census of 2010 , there were 91 @,@ 611 people , 33 @,@ 289 households , and 22 @,@ 440 families residing in the city . The population density was about 3 @,@ 800 inhabitants per square mile ( 1 @,@ 500 / km2 ) . There were 35 @,@ 487 housing units at an average density of about 1 @,@ 500 per square mile ( 600 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was approximately 73 % White , 2 % African American , 1 % Native American , 9 % Asian , less than 1 % Pacific Islander , 10 % from other races , and 5 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were about 23 % of the population . There were 33 @,@ 289 households of which about 38 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 51 % were married couples living together , 11 % had a female householder with no husband present , 5 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 33 % were non @-@ families . About 24 % of all households were made up of individuals and 6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 71 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 24 . The median age in the city was 32 years . About 27 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 9 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 35 % were from 25 to 44 ; 21 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 8 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 50 @.@ 2 % male and 49 @.@ 8 % female . = = = 2000 census = = = At the time of the 2000 census , there were 25 @,@ 079 households , of which about 38 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 55 % were married couples living together , 9 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 32 % were non @-@ families . About 23 % of all households were made up of individuals and 5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 8 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 3 . City residents included about 28 % under the age of 18 , 11 % from 18 to 24 , 37 % from 25 to 44 , 17 % from 45 to 64 , and 6 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 30 years . For every 100 females there were about 106 males . The median household income was about $ 52 @,@ 000 and the median family income was $ 57 @,@ 000 . Males had a median income of $ 41 @,@ 000 compared to $ 30 @,@ 000 for females . The per capita income for the city was about $ 22 @,@ 000 . Approximately 6 % of families and 9 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 11 % of those under age 18 and 8 % of those age 65 or over . In 2007 , 28 % of people 25 and older held at least a bachelor 's degree , while an additional 11 % held an associate degree . Those with less than a high school diploma made up 15 % of the population , and 22 % of residents had more than a high school diploma but less than a college degree . = = = Crime = = = For the year 2011 , the city had 180 violent crimes reported to law enforcement , and 2 @,@ 154 reports of property crimes . The violent crime rate was 157 @.@ 2 per 100 @,@ 000 people compared to a national average of 309 @.@ 3 and 287 for Oregon . Property crime nationally was 3 @,@ 335 per 100 @,@ 000 compared to 3 @,@ 203 in Hillsboro , and 4 @,@ 402 for the state . Violent offenses include forcible rape , robbery , murder , non @-@ negligent manslaughter , and aggravated assault . Property crimes include arson , motor vehicle theft , larceny , and burglary . Statistics published by the Oregon Criminal Justice Commission showed a slight downward trend in the Washington County crime rate between 1991 and 2005 . The rate for index crimes , a group comprising the combined violent offenses and property crimes mentioned above , was 3 @,@ 930 per 100 @,@ 000 in 1991 and rose to 4 @,@ 440 per 100 @,@ 000 in 1997 before falling to 3 @,@ 410 per 100 @,@ 000 in 2005 . = = Economy = = Manufacturing is the leading employment sector in Hillsboro , employing 24 % of the workforce , followed by health care , education , and social services with a total of 15 % . One example of a manufacturer headquartered in Hillsboro is Beaverton Foods , a family @-@ owned condiment manufacturer since 1929 , with 70 + employees and $ 25 million in annual sales ; it moved to its current headquarters in 2001 . Retail employment constitutes 12 % , construction makes up 7 % , and 13 % of workers are employed in the administrative , scientific , professional , or waste management industries . Sixty @-@ eight percent of workers commute alone to the workplace , and eight percent use public transportation . The average one @-@ way commute time is about 24 minutes . Many technology companies operate in Hillsboro , making it the center of Oregon 's Silicon Forest . In particular , Intel 's largest site is in Hillsboro , and includes three large campuses : Ronler Acres , Jones Farm , and Hawthorn Farm , along with several smaller campuses that employ about 16 @,@ 000 workers . Other high @-@ tech companies operating facilities in Hillsboro include Yahoo ! , Credence Systems , Synopsys , Epson , Salesforce , and Oracle 's ( formerly Sun Microsystems ) High @-@ End Operations . Hillsboro is the co @-@ corporate headquarters for Qorvo ( formerly TriQuint Semiconductor ) , RadiSys , and Planar Systems among others . In 2006 , Genentech announced plans to locate a packaging and distribution facility on 100 acres ( 0 @.@ 40 km2 ) in Hillsboro . The $ 400 million facility opened in 2010 , which Oregon officials hoped would eventually also be used for research and development for the biotechnology company . Other biotech or medical companies based in Hillsboro include FEI Company and Acumed . The city is also a landing point on three fiber optic cable systems linking the United States across the Pacific Ocean : C2C , Southern Cross Cable , and VSNL Transpacific . These cable landings , lower energy costs , and tax breaks led to a boom of data centers being built starting about 2010 . Data centers include those for Adobe , NetApp , Umpqua Bank , OHSU , and Fortune Data Centers . Hillsboro serves as the corporate headquarters for Rodgers Instruments , Soloflex , Norm Thompson Outfitters , SureID , and Parr Lumber , among others . Fujitsu and NEC Corporation formerly had factories in Hillsboro . Hillsboro is also home to the Laika stop @-@ motion animation studio , creator of the Oscar @-@ nominated feature films Coraline ( 2009 ) and Paranorman ( 2012 ) . The Hatfield Government Center in Hillsboro is the western terminus of the MAX Blue Line , part of the Portland metropolitan area 's light @-@ rail system . The presence of MAX prompted the development of the pedestrian @-@ oriented community of Orenco Station within Hillsboro . ( See also : Orenco , Oregon . ) Orenco Station was called the Best Planned Community of 1999 by the National Association of Home Builders . It was also named " Best new burb " by Sunset magazine in 2006 . Hillsboro overall was listed on CNN Money Magazine 's list of best places to live in 2010 for cities with populations between 50 @,@ 000 and 300 @,@ 000 residents . The city came in at 92 , the highest ranking for any city in the state . Hillsboro 's primary commercial cores are concentrated along Tualatin Valley Highway and Cornell Road . Additionally , the Tanasbourne neighborhood is a regional shopping area on the eastern edge of the city . The neighborhood is home to the lifestyle shopping center The Streets of Tanasbourne . The $ 55 million outdoor complex with 368 @,@ 000 square feet ( 34 @,@ 200 m2 ) of retail space opened in 2004 with Meier & Frank ( later Macy 's ) as the anchor tenant . The other large shopping center in the city is The Sunset Esplanade , located along Tualatin Valley Highway . In November 2005 , the world 's largest Costco , a warehouse club store , opened in Hillsboro . The store , with 205 @,@ 000 square feet ( 19 @,@ 000 m2 ) of floor space , is about 60 @,@ 000 square feet ( 5 @,@ 600 m2 ) bigger than the average Costco . Wineries near the city include Oak Knoll Winery , established in 1970 , the oldest and largest winery in Washington County . Helvetia Winery & Vineyards to the north of Hillsboro started in the 1980s . Wineries to the south include Gypsy Dancer Estates Winery and Raptor Ridge . Local wines include pinot noir , pinot gris , and chardonnay . = = Culture = = Within the city are three commercial movie theaters with a total of 30 screens . This includes the Venetian Theatre that re @-@ opened at the site of the old Town Theater in 2008 . The Oregon Chorale ( a 60 @-@ person symphonic choir ) , a men 's barbershop chorus , the Hillsboro Symphony Orchestra , and the Hillsboro Artists ' Regional Theatre are also located in Hillsboro . The orchestra was founded in 2001 under the direction of Stefan Minde . In 2004 , the city opened the Glenn & Viola Walters Cultural Arts Center in a remodeled church in downtown . The center provides space for galleries and performances , as well as classrooms for art instruction . The Rice Northwest Museum of Rocks and Minerals is located on the northern edge of the city . The Washington County Museum returned to downtown Hillsboro in 2012 when it moved into the Civic Center . Hillsboro operates two library branches . Opened in 2007 after a smaller location was closed , the 38 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 3 @,@ 500 m2 ) main branch is located in the north @-@ central section of the city . The older , smaller second branch is in Shute Park in the southwest area of the city . The Hillsboro libraries are part of Washington County Cooperative Library Services , which allows residents to use other libraries in the county and includes interlibrary loans . = = = Media = = = AM radio station KUIK , the weekly Hillsboro Argus newspaper ( twice @-@ weekly until 2015 ) , and the Hillsboro Tribune are based in Hillsboro . The Argus is published on Wednesdays , and has been in circulation since 1873 . KUIK is a 5 @,@ 000 @-@ watt station broadcasting at the 1360 frequency . The Tribune started in September 2012 and now publishes weekly . The city is also served by Portland @-@ area media outlets including The Oregonian , Willamette Week , and all broadcast stations . = = = Recreation = = = Hillsboro 's Department of Parks and Recreation operates more than 20 facilities , including Hillsboro Stadium . There are 23 parks , two sports complexes , the Walters Cultural Arts Center , the Shute Park Aquatic & Recreation Center , and three other mixed @-@ use facilities . The city also owns the Jackson Bottom Wetlands Preserve along the Tualatin River on the south side of the community . South of city is Bald Peak State Scenic Viewpoint , which is day @-@ use only , and is the closest state park to Hillsboro . L.L. " Stub " Stewart Memorial State Park is the closest full @-@ service state park . Local golf courses include The Reserve Vineyards and Golf Club ( 36 holes ) that was completed in 1997 , Meriwether National Golf Course ( 27 holes ) established in 1961 , and the 9 @-@ hole McKay Creek Golf Course that was built in 1995 . Other courses in the area include Killarney West Golf Club ( 9 holes ) , Rock Creek Country Club ( 18 holes ) , Forest Hills Country Club ( 18 holes ) , and Pumpkin Ridge Golf Club ( 36 holes ) . Hillsboro 's annual Fourth of July Parade is the second @-@ largest Independence Day parade in Oregon . The Oregon International Air Show , Oregon 's largest air show , is held each year during the summer at the Hillsboro Airport . Each summer the city offers a free concert series at Shute Park ( Showtime at Shute ) , while the Washington County Fair is held annually at the county fairgrounds adjacent to the airport . Hillsboro Farmers ' Markets operates weekend farmers ' markets on Saturdays downtown and on Sundays at Orenco Station , from May to October . The Saturday market began in 1982 and sells arts and crafts , food , produce , and plants . A different organization , Hillsboro Tuesday Marketplace , operates a downtown farmers ' market on Tuesdays from mid @-@ June through September 1 . Farmers ' markets also operate on Wednesday afternoons from June through August at Kaiser Permanente and on Thursday afternoons at Tuality Hospital from June through August . The city has one professional sports team , the Hillsboro Hops of the Northwest League , a Minor League Baseball club affiliated with the Arizona Diamondbacks . The baseball team relocated from Yakima , Washington in 2012 and began play as the Hops on June 14 , 2013 , with its inaugural home game at the new Ron Tonkin Field on June 17 . = = Government = = Hillsboro operates under a council – manager form of city government . Voters elect six at @-@ large councilors and a mayor , who each serve four @-@ year terms , subject to a charter @-@ imposed limitation of two consecutive terms . The mayor and council appoint a city manager to conduct the ordinary business of the city . Policy decisions are the responsibility of the council and mayor . Administrative functions are carried out by the manager and manager @-@ appointed staff . Government functions are centered at the Hillsboro Civic Center , which houses the office of the city manager and is the location of the twice @-@ monthly city council meetings . As of November 2015 , Jerry Willey was mayor with Darell Lumaco , Rick Van Beveren , Kyle Allen , Olga Acuña , Steve Callaway , and Fred Nachtigal as the city councilors . Michael Brown serves as the city 's manager . Hillsboro operates its own library system , fire department , parks department , water system , and police department . The Hillsboro Fire Department has five stations , and the Hillsboro Police Department operates two standard precincts and a mobile precinct . Wastewater treatment is provided through the county @-@ wide Clean Water Services . At the federal level , Hillsboro lies in Oregon 's 1st congressional district , represented by Suzanne Bonamici . In the State Senate , Hillsboro is in District 15 , represented by Bruce Starr , District 13 , represented by Larry George , and District 12 represented by Brian Boquist . In the House , Districts 24 ( Jim Weidner ) , 26 ( John Davis ) , 29 ( Ben Unger ) and 30 ( Joe Gallegos ) cover the city . Parts of county commissioner districts 1 ( Dick Schouten ) , 2 ( Desari Strader ) , and 4 ( Andy Duyck ) overlap the city . In addition , Hillsboro lies within District 4 ( Kathryn Harrington ) of the Metro regional government . = = Education = = Public schools in Hillsboro are operated by the Hillsboro School District ( 1J ) . The district is a unified school district with twenty @-@ three elementary schools , four middle schools , and four high schools . The district also operates the Miller Education Center , an alternative school , the Hare Field athletic complex , and City View Charter School . The school district covers Hillsboro , Scholls , Reedville , North Plains , West Union , and other surrounding communities . Total enrollment as of 2012 was 20 @,@ 903 students , making it the fourth largest district in the state . The four traditional public high schools are , in order of creation : Post @-@ secondary educational opportunities include the west campus of Oregon Health & Science University ( OHSU ) while Pacific University operates a satellite Health Professions Campus in downtown adjacent to Tuality Community Hospital . The OHSU site was formerly that of the Oregon Graduate Institute ( now OGI School of Science and Engineering ) and the Oregon National Primate Research Center portions of OHSU . Other educational opportunities are available at the Work Force Training Center ( Portland Community College ) and a branch of the University of Phoenix . Hillsboro is home to private primary and secondary schools including Faith Bible High School , St. Matthew Catholic School , Tualatin Valley Academy , and Renaissance Alternative School , among others . = = Infrastructure = = = = = Transportation = = = Public transportation is available by bus and light rail , managed by regional transit agency TriMet . The first MAX light rail line , now known as the Blue Line , was extended to serve Hillsboro on September 12 , 1998 . The western terminus is located downtown . The Willow Creek and Hillsboro transit centers ( TC ) are the main hubs of the public transit system , although seven other MAX stations provide varying degrees of bus interconnection . MAX Stations ( west to east ) are the Hatfield Government Center , Hillsboro Central TC , Tuality Hospital , Washington / Southeast 12th Avenue , Fair Complex / Hillsboro Airport , Hawthorn Farm , Orenco , Quatama , and Willow Creek TC . Located next to the Tuality Hospital station is the Hillsboro Intermodal Transit Facility , which opened in 2010 and was jointly paid for by the hospital , Pacific University , and the city . The facility is primarily a parking garage , but includes lockers and showers for bicyclists along with electric vehicle charging stations . Freight rail service from Portland and Western Railroad with interconnections to the BNSF Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad both serve Hillsboro . The city is not served by passenger rail service over a heavy @-@ rail line . Air travel is available at the Hillsboro Airport in the center of the city and at Stark 's Twin Oaks Airpark , a general aviation field south of the city . The Hillsboro Airport is a general aviation airport operated by the Port of Portland , and is the second @-@ busiest airport in the state after Portland International Airport . The airport mainly serves private pilots and corporate flights , with no scheduled airline flights from its two runways , but does have an on @-@ call customs service . Oregon Route 8 , known locally as the Tualatin Valley Highway ( TV Highway ) , is the primary east – west highway . U.S. Route 26 , also known as the Sunset Highway , bisects the northeast corner of the city . Other major east – west roads are Cornell Road and Main Street / Baseline Road . Major north – south routes are Oregon Route 219 / 1st Street , 10th Street / Cornell Road , Cornelius Pass Road , and Brookwood . The easternmost north – south route , 185th Avenue , borders Beaverton and runs between the Tanasbourne Town Center and the rest of Hillsboro . TV Highway connects to Cornelius and Forest Grove to the west and Beaverton to the east . = = = Health care = = = Hospital services in the city are provided by Tuality Community Hospital in the downtown area of the city . Opened in 1918 as the city 's first hospital , the 167 @-@ bed facility is operated by Tuality Healthcare . Other significant medical facilities include Kaiser Permanente 's Sunset Medical Office and Providence Health & Services ' immediate care center , both in the Tanasbourne neighborhood . Kaiser Permanente also opened the Kaiser Westside Medical Center , a 126 @-@ bed hospital in 2013 , next to its Sunset Medical Office . The Department of Veterans Affairs opened a medical clinic in the Tanasbourne area in 2008 . = = Notable people = = For more than 150 years , the city has had residents as varied as David Hill , the city 's founder , to Tiffeny Milbrett , an Olympic and World Cup champion soccer player . Two governors of Oregon , James Withycombe and Paul L. Patterson , have called the city home . Other politicians included Congressmen Thomas H. Tongue and Samuel Thurston ; mayors William N. Barrett , Benjamin P. Cornelius , and William D. Hare , patriarch of the Hare political family . Athletes include Erik Ainge , Scott Brosius , Colt Lyerla , Ad Rutschman , Wes Schulmerich , Wally Backman , and Olympic medalists Josh Inman , Thomas Garrigus , and Jean Saubert . Hillsboro has also been home to Peggy Y. Fowler , the former chief executive officer of Portland General Electric , producer Bryce Zabel , the " Mother Queen of Oregon " Mary Ramsey Wood , Tommy Overstreet , and professional wrestler Roddy Piper . = = Sister city = = Hillsboro 's only sister city relationship is with Fukuroi , a city of about 85 @,@ 000 residents in the Shizuoka Prefecture in central Japan . The cities , which have similar economic bases in agriculture and high technology , began their relationship in November 1988 . The relationship has included exchanges of students between schools in each city . In the late 2000s , Hillsboro unsuccessfully explored finding a sister city in Mexico and also neglected the relationship with Fukuroi . However , in 2008 , a Fukuroi contingent of adults visited Hillsboro to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Sister City agreement . = Cayman Islands at the 2008 Summer Olympics = The Cayman Islands sent a delegation to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . The delegation included fifteen people ; of the delegation , four athletes participated under the Caymanian flag . In the track and field events was Ronald Forbes , who also served as the Cayman Islands ' flag @-@ bearer during the Opening Ceremony and reached quarterfinals in the 110m hurdles , and Cydonie Mothersille , who reached finals and ranked eighth in the 200m dash . Brothers Shaune and Brett Fraser , both swimmers , participated in the 100 and 200m freestyle and in the 200m backstroke , respectively . The Cayman Islands ' appearance at the Beijing Olympics marked its ninth appearance since its debut at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal . The Cayman Islands , up to and including Beijing , have yet to medal . = = Background = = The Cayman Islands first participated in the Olympics when they sent two male athletes to compete in the Montreál 1976 Summer Olympic Games . Between then and Beijing , the Cayman Islands participated in eight Olympic games , including every summer Olympic competition excluding the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics . The number of Caymanian athletes participating in Olympic events peaked at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona with ten athletes , but has since fallen . In the Beijing Olympics , the Cayman Islands sent four athletes — three men and a woman — to participate in two distinct sports . Two athletes progressed to post @-@ preliminary rounds ( Ronald Forbes and Cydonie Mothersille ) in their events , and Mothersille , ranked eighth in the final round of her event . However , as of and including its participation in Beijing , the Cayman Islands had yet to medal . Ronald Forbes carried the Caymanian flag at ceremonies . The Cayman Islands Olympic Committee financed the participation of Brett Fraser in swim meets to prepare for the Beijing Olympics . Runner Cydonie Mothersill and swimmer Shaune Fraser were recipients of the Beijing Olympic Scholarship , which was awarded by the International Olympic Committee and paid for their training expenses . The Caymanian Olympic delegation received donations from the Cayman Islands Post Office , Atlantic Star , Ltd , and its director , Fahad Al Rashid , in addition to sponsorships that the athletes garnered . In addition to the athletes , the delegation to Beijing included eleven people . Among the rest of the delegation was CIOC president Donald McLean , athletics coach Kendrick Williams , swimming coaches Dominic Ross and Mark Block , and past president Jerris Miller . In addition to the actual Olympic delegation , the Cayman Islands sent two 17 @-@ year @-@ old athletes — Courtney Stafford , a squash player , and Joseph Jackson , a sailor — to attend the Olympic Youth Camp in Beijing and witness the opening ceremony , torch relay , and various Olympic events . = = Athletics = = Key Note – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only Q = Qualified for the next round q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target NR = National record N / A = Round not applicable for the event Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round Men Former Florida International University athlete Ronald Forbes participated in the men 's 110 meters hurdles event on behalf of the Cayman Islands . His participation in the Beijing Olympics marked his debut at the Olympic games . Forbes ' qualification in the hurdle event made him the first British Virgin Islander to participate in Olympic hurdling . While at the Olympics , Forbes was placed in Heat 3 of the 17 August first round in the event against , among others , Colombia 's Paulo Villar and Barbadian Ryan Brathwaite , who scored first and second in the heat . Forbes ranked fifth out of eight with a time of 13 @.@ 59 seconds ; he was 0 @.@ 06 seconds behind China 's Shi Dongpeng and 0 @.@ 13 seconds ahead of Puerto Rico 's Hector Cotto Gonzalez . Overall , Forbes tied Russia 's Igor Peremota for 19th place out of 43 athletes . He progressed to the second round on 19 August , where he was placed in Heat 4 against France 's Ladji Doucoure and American David Oliver . He again ranked fifth out of eight with a time of 13 @.@ 72 seconds . Overall , Forbes ranked 26th out of 32 athletes , and did not progress to semifinals . Women Jamaica @-@ born former Clemson University athlete Cydonie Mothersill qualified for the women 's 200 meter dash and participated on behalf of the Cayman Islands . 30 years old at the time of the Beijing Olympics , Mothersill had been participating in the Olympics since she was 18 at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . She also attended the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney and the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , but only started running her present event in Sydney . In Beijing , Mothersill participated in the first round of her event on 18 August , where she was placed in Heat 1 versus the United States ' Muna Lee and France 's Muriel Hurtis @-@ Houari . Mothersill ranked third in the heat with a time of 22 @.@ 76 seconds , placing behind Hurtis @-@ Houari by 0 @.@ 04 seconds . Overall , Mothersill ranked third in the event out of 48 athletes , behind Lee and Hurtis @-@ Houari . She progressed to the 19 August second round and was placed in Heat 1 , which included Jamaica 's Veronica Campbell and the Bahamas ' Debbie Ferguson . Mothersill ranked fourth of eight , earning a time of 22 @.@ 83 seconds . She fell behind Ferguson by 0 @.@ 06 seconds , and placed ahead of fifth place heat finalist Ionela Tirlea of Romania by 0 @.@ 29 seconds . Cydonie Mothersill tied Muna Lee in Round 2 for ninth place out of 32 athletes . Mothersill qualified for semifinals on 20 August , and was placed in Heat 2 . Mothersill ranked fourth out of eight , this time running the event in 22 @.@ 61 seconds and falling behind Jamaican Sherone Simpson and American Marshevet Hooker by 0 @.@ 11 seconds , but beating Hurtis @-@ Houari by 0 @.@ 1 seconds . Mothersill ranked ninth in the event out of sixteen . During the final races , Mothersill ran the event in 22 @.@ 68 seconds , and ranked eighth overall . = = Swimming = = Then @-@ University of Florida student Brett Fraser was the youngest participant in the Caymanian delegation during the Beijing Olympics , at age 18 . He swam for the Cayman Islands alongside his brother , Shaune Fraser , although Brett Fraser specifically qualified for the Men 's 200 meter backstroke event . Brett Fraser 's participation in the Beijing Olympics marked the first time he participated in any Olympic games . During the Olympics themselves , Fraser was placed in Heat 1 during the 13 August preliminary round , where he challenged two other athletes : Oleg Rabota of Kazakhstan , and Sergey Pankov of Uzbekistan . Fraser completed his event with a time of 2 : 01 @.@ 17 , placing him 0 @.@ 78 seconds ahead of second @-@ place heat finalist Rabota , and almost two seconds ahead of third @-@ place heat finalist Pankov . Fraser lead his heat , but ranked 29th place out of 42 athletes overall , falling approximately five seconds behind round leader Ryan Lochte of the United States , who later medaled gold in the event . Brett Fraser did not progress to the next round . Former University of Florida student Shaune Fraser , elder brother of Brett Fraser , also participated in swimming events at Beijing . The Olympic games in Beijing marked the second appearance by Shaune Fraser , who appeared before in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens when he was 16 years old . Fraser qualified for three events in Beijing : the 100 meters freestyle , the 200 meters freestyle , and the 100 meters butterfly . He previously participated in the 200 meters freestyle in Athens . In the 200 meters freestyle , Fraser participated in Heat 5 during the 10 August preliminaries . Other swimmers in his heat were Israel 's Nimrod Shapira Bar @-@ Or and South Africa 's Darian Townsend , who respectively ranked first and second in the heat , while Fraser ranked fifth out of eight athletes with a time of 1 : 48 @.@ 60 . Fraser ranked behind Japan 's Sho Uchida by 0 @.@ 26 seconds , and ahead of Greece 's Andreas Zisimos by 0 @.@ 22 seconds . Overall , Fraser ranked 26th out of 58 athletes . He did not progress to the semifinals in the event . In the 100 meters freestyle , Fraser participated in Heat 5 during the 12 August preliminary rounds . He swam against athletes including the Czech Republic 's Martin Verner and Hungary 's Balazs Makany , and completed the event in 49 @.@ 56 seconds . Fraser placed fourth out of eight athletes , placing between Uruguay 's Martin Kutscher ( 5th place , 50 @.@ 08 seconds ) and Balazs and Lithuania 's Paulius Viktoravicius ( tied for 2nd place , 49 @.@ 27 seconds ) . Overall , Fraser tied Yuriy Yegoshin for 36th place out of 64 athletes . He did not advance to semifinals . Lastly , in the 100 meters butterfly , Shaune Fraser participated in Heat 2 of the 14 August preliminary rounds . He competed against , among others , Malaysia 's Daniel Bego and Suriname 's Gordon Touw Ngie Tjouw . Fraser ranked first in the heat out of seven athletes with a time of 54 @.@ 08 seconds . Bego , the second @-@ place heat finalist , was 0 @.@ 3 seconds behind him . Overall , Fraser ranked 51st out of 66 athletes , and did not progress to the semifinal round . Men = The Price of Gold = " The Price of Gold " is the fourth episode of the American fairy tale / drama television series Once Upon a Time . The series takes place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke , Maine , in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales that were transported to the " real world " town by a powerful curse . This episode centers on Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison ) coming to the aid of a young pregnant woman ( Jessy Schram ) who is trying to escape from Storybrooke and Mr. Gold ( Robert Carlyle ) , which parallels with Cinderella 's ( Schram ) regrettable deal she made with Rumpelstiltskin ( Carlyle ) . The episode was written by co @-@ executive producer David H. Goodman , while being directed by David Solomon . Goodman used the newly introduced character of Cinderella to reveal more of Emma 's backstory , as she had no flashbacks to draw upon . Schram 's casting was confirmed in August 2011 , when it was revealed that Cinderella 's storyline would differ from the traditional fairytale . Goodman wrote the character as a naive though sweet woman who makes bad decisions that places her in even more " unfortunate circumstances . " " The Price of Gold " first aired in the United States on ABC on November 13 , 2011 . An estimated 11 @.@ 327 million viewers watched the episode , placing second in its timeslot and seventeenth overall for the week . Television critics have viewed the episode positively , with many believing it was an improvement over previous installments . Carlyle 's performance was also cited as a highlight , as was the episode 's deviation from Cinderella 's traditional story . = = Plot = = = = = Opening Sequence = = = Cinderella 's Fairy Godmother is shown flittering in the forest . = = = In the Characters ' Past = = = In the Enchanted Forest , Cinderella ( " Ella " ) is about to receive a wish from her fairy godmother , but the godmother is killed first by Rumpelstiltskin ( Robert Carlyle ) and robbed of her wand . He grants Ella ( Jessy Schram ) her wish to escape her home , but in return requires her to sign a contract . Rumpelstiltskin transforms Ella into an elegant woman complete with glass slippers , warning her that all magic has a price . Several months later , at a gala wedding ball for Ella and her new husband , Prince Thomas ( Tim Phillipps ) , Snow White ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) and Prince Charming ( Joshua Dallas ) congratulate the couple on their wedding , as does Rumpelstiltskin who tells Ella that he does not care for her riches or baubles , but instead shall claim her firstborn child . Ella tells Thomas about the deal with Rumpelstiltskin . Seeking to avoid fulfilling this deal , Thomas , Charming , Grumpy , and The Blue Fairy ( Keegan Connor Tracy ) come up with a plot to capture Rumpelstiltskin by luring him into signing another contract . Hours later , Ella and Rumpelstiltskin meet to sign the deal . Ella lies to him and says she is expecting twins and will give him both of the babies in exchange for improving the crops and wealth of the kingdom . A skeptical Rumpelstiltskin agrees , but as he signs the contract , he is rendered powerless due to a special red quill pen , that was created by The Blue Fairy . He is captured , but Thomas disappears soon after . Ella demands that Rumpelstiltskin tell her what has happened , but he claims not to have done anything . He reminds her that all magic has a price , and that until her debt is paid she will never see Thomas again . = = = In Storybrooke = = = In the present day , Sheriff Graham ( Jamie Dornan ) gives Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison ) an offer to become his deputy . Later , Regina ( Lana Parrilla ) tells Emma that she is no longer afraid of her staying in the town , and cites Emma 's mobile lifestyle . Emma encounters a 19 @-@ year @-@ old pregnant maid named Ashley Boyd ( Schram ) , crying about not having a future for both her and her baby . Emma tells Ashley that she knows how it feels to have a baby at a young age . She encourages Ashley to take charge and change her life . Later that evening , Ashley breaks into Mr. Gold 's pawn shop and steals a contract from a safe . While there , she is confronted by Mr. Gold , who attempts to stop her . Ashley attacks him , leaving him unconscious on the floor of his shop . The next day , Mr. Gold asks Emma to track down Ashley . He claims that she has something that belongs to him and that Ashley is unstable and troubled . Emma reluctantly agrees , and learns from Ruby ( Meghan Ory ) that she should stop by the home of her ex @-@ boyfriend Sean ( Phillipps ) . Emma goes there and speaks to Sean and his father , finding out that it is the latter that has told him not to get involved with the pregnant teenager . Emma discovers that Ruby has given her car to Ashley so that she can leave Storybrooke and head to Boston . Emma and Henry ( Jared S. Gilmore ) find the vehicle has crashed just short of the city 's limits , with Ashley about to deliver the baby . Back at the hospital , Ashley gives birth to a girl , just in time for Mr. Gold to pick up his " merchandise . " Emma tells Mr. Gold that even if he was to take the child away , he could face legal troubles that could cost him dearly . Mr. Gold then offers a deal for Emma in which he 'll give up his questionable claim to the child and in return , Emma will owe him a favor . Emma agrees . After she leaves , Sean shows up to see his child , and they name the girl Alexandra . Later , Emma agrees to Graham 's offer to become his deputy . While on the phone , it is revealed that the sheriff had just gotten out of the shower at his home , just moments after he had a presumed sexual tryst with Regina . = = Production = = The episode was written by co @-@ executive producer David H. Goodman , while being directed by Buffy the Vampire Slayer veteran David Solomon . Goodman used Cinderella 's storyline to produce more character development for Emma , a character with no flashbacks to draw upon . Morrison stated that Ashley / Cinderella " is definitely a character Emma relates to . " Executive producer Steve Pearlman developed the series to have standalone episodes that still encouraged viewers to watch each week . In an interview , he used " The Price of Gold " as an example of this , as the episode " introduce [ s ] Cinderella in the first act and we resolve the story in the final act . [ But then there 's an ] Emma portion of that story that kind of continues . " Pearlman added that " there are other twists and turns along the way that don 't have anything to do with the specifics of the Cinderella story that are additive to our character development . Hopefully , what we 're doing over the course of the season is continuing to build each week , give the audience something new about our main characters that keeps them coming back . " In August 2011 , Zap2It confirmed that actress Jessy Schram , then 25 years old , would be appearing in the new series as Cinderella . While the traditional fairytale involved Cinderella serving her step @-@ mother and step @-@ sisters and eventually being helped by a fairy godmother to marry her prince , Once Upon a Time portrayed her in differing circumstances . Schram explained that her " very kind and very sweet " character finds herself in an " unfortunate situation of having lost someone in her life . The Cinderella that you 'll see is a portrayal of someone that 's desperate to get out of the situation that she 's in . Because of that , some bad decisions are made and she 's stuck in even more unfortunate circumstances . Though she 's matured through her upbringing and being alone most of the time , she 's naïve to the outer world . " The episode was included in Reawakened : A Once Upon a Time Tale – a novelization of the first season – which was published by Hyperion Books in 2013 . = = Cultural references = = Emma is stated to have lived in Tallahassee for two years , which is a reference to the Lost episode " The Man from Tallahassee " . Ruby 's car contains a wolf charm , a reference to her character Red Riding Hood 's traditional enemy the Big Bad Wolf . Henry is seen reading an issue of Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk , which was written by Damon Lindelof , the co @-@ creator of Lost . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " The Price of Gold " first aired on November 13 , 2011 in the United States . The episode scored 3 @.@ 8 / 9 among adults aged 18 to 49 , meaning that it was seen by 3 @.@ 8 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 9 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . Among overall viewers , the score was 6 @.@ 8 / 10 . With an estimated 11 @.@ 327 million viewers tuning in , it ranked second in its timeslot all together once again behind Football Night In America on NBC but ahead of The Amazing Race on CBS and The Simpsons on the Fox network . The episode was the seventeenth most watched program for the week among all networks . In Canada , the episode finished in sixteenth place for the week , garnering an estimated 1 @.@ 59 million viewers , a decrease from the 1 @.@ 732 million of the previous episode . = = = Reviews = = = The episode was met with positive reviews . Writing for Zap2it , Andrea Reiher considered it to be " another excellent episode " and gave it a ranking of three out of four . She expressed appreciation for the " charismatic and captivating " Robert Carlyle , but wished that she could see Schram and other guest stars every week instead of infrequently . Entertainment Weekly columnist Shaunna Murphy was confused as to why Ashley and Sean received a happy ending , wondering that because of the accepted mythology of the curse , " aren 't people supposed to have happy endings in Fairy Tale , and miserable lives over in Storybrooke ? " The episode also made Murphy appreciate the " bold and bright " Snow White , when compared to Cinderella 's naive agreement with Rumpelstiltskin . TV Fanatic writer Christine Orlando was not shocked by the affair , but was surprised that " Emma fell into Mr. Gold 's clutches so easily . " Orlando added that she enjoyed the few appearances of Regina , opining that " who else could tell you to enjoy your cocoa and make it sound menacing ? " IGN 's Amy Ratcliffe gave the episode 6 @.@ 5 out of 10 , and stated that she " like [ d ] the addition of more fairy tale characters , " especially as " their stories don 't follow traditional paths . " Ratcliffe added that " the transition between worlds works and has a natural feel . It can 't be easy to pull off , " but wished that the pace of the main storyline would increase . The A.V. Club writer Oliver Sava graded the episode with a B and considered it the best of the series up to that point , citing its " fair share of forward momentum , " Morrison 's large amount of screen time , and an improvement in flashbacks . Sava compared it to the previous episode , believing " The Price of Gold " to be superior because it deviated further from the traditional fairytale formula . He lauded Caryle 's " more dimensional " performance , but said that Regina continued to be a " caricature . " Sava concluded that Goldman " does strong work showing the juxtaposition between reality and fantasy in a less contrived way than last week ’ s episode . " = Thomas Dudley = Thomas Dudley ( 12 October 1576 – 31 July 1653 ) was a colonial magistrate who served several terms as governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Dudley was the chief founder of Newtowne , later Cambridge , Massachusetts , and built the town 's first home . He provided land and funds to establish the Roxbury Latin School , and signed Harvard College 's new charter during his 1650 term as governor . Dudley was a devout Puritan who was opposed to religious views not conforming with his . In this he was more rigid than other early Massachusetts leaders like John Winthrop , but less confrontational than John Endecott . The son of a military man who died when he was young , Dudley saw military service himself during the French Wars of Religion , and then acquired some legal training before entering the service of his likely kinsman the Earl of Lincoln . Along with other Puritans in Lincoln 's circle , Dudley helped organize the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , sailing with Winthrop in 1630 . Although he served only four one @-@ year terms as governor of the colony , he was regularly in other positions of authority . Dudley 's descendants include his daughter Anne Bradstreet ( 1612 – 1672 ) , The prominent early American Poet , and many famous Americans . One of the gates of Harvard Yard , which existed from 1915 to 1947 , was named in his honor , and Harvard 's Dudley House is named for the family . = = Early years = = Thomas Dudley was born in Yardley Hastings , a village near Northampton , England , on 12 October 1576 , to Roger and Susanna ( Thorne ) Dudley . His father , a captain in the English army , was apparently killed in battle . It was for some time believed he was killed in the 1590 Battle of Ivry , but this is unlikely because Susanna Dudley was later found to be widowed by 1588 . The 1586 battle of Zutphen has also been suggested as the occasion of Roger Dudley 's death . The family has long asserted connections to the Sutton @-@ Dudleys of Dudley Castle ; there is a similarity in their coats of arms , but association beyond probable common ancestry has not yet been conclusively demonstrated . Dudley 's mother was descended from Henry II of England through her Purefoy ancestors , and like many other young men of good birth Thomas Dudley became a page , in his case in the household of William , Baron Compton at nearby Castle Ashby . Later he raised a company of men following a call to arms by Queen Elizabeth , and served in the English army led by Sir Arthur Savage fighting with King Henry IV of France during the French Wars of Religion . He fought the Spanish at the Siege of Amiens in 1597 which in September surrendered and was the final action of the war . After he was discharged from his military service , Dudley returned to Northamptonshire . He then entered the service of Sir Augustine Nicolls , a relative of his mother 's , as a clerk . Nicolls , a lawyer and later a judge , was recognized for his honesty at a time when many judges were susceptible to bribery and other malfeasance . He was also sympathetic to the Puritan cause ; the exposure to legal affairs and Nicolls ' religious views probably had a significant influence on Dudley . After Nicolls ' sudden death in 1616 , Dudley took a position with Theophilus Clinton , 4th Earl of Lincoln , serving as a steward responsible for managing some of the earl 's estates . The earl 's estate in Lincolnshire was a center of Nonconformist thought , and Dudley was already recognized for his Puritan virtues by the time he entered the earl 's service . According to Cotton Mather 's biography of Dudley , he successfully disentangled a legacy of financial difficulties bequeathed to the earl , and the earl consequently came to depend on Dudley for financial advice . Dudley 's services were not entirely pecuniary in nature : he is also said to have had an important role in securing the engagement of Clinton to Lord Saye 's daughter . In 1622 , Dudley acquired the assistance of Simon Bradstreet who was eventually drawn to Dudley 's daughter Anne . The two were married six years later , when she was 16 . Dudley was briefly out of Lincoln 's service between about 1624 and 1628 . During this time he lived with his growing family in Boston , Lincolnshire , where he likely was a parishioner at St Botolph 's Church , where John Cotton preached . The Dudleys were known to be back on Lincoln 's estate in 1628 , when his daughter Anne came down with smallpox and was treated there . = = Massachusetts Bay Colony = = In 1628 Dudley and other Puritans decided to form the Massachusetts Bay Company , with a view toward establishing a Puritan colony in North America . Dudley 's name does not appear on the land grant issued to the company that year , but he was almost certainly involved in the formative stages of the company , whose investors and supporters included many individuals in the Earl of Lincoln 's circle . The company sent a small group of colonists led by John Endecott to begin building a settlement , called Salem , on the shores of Massachusetts Bay ; a second group was sent in 1629 . The company acquired a royal charter in April 1629 , and later that year made the critical decision to transport the charter and the company 's corporate governance to the colony . The Cambridge Agreement , which enabled the emigrating shareholders to buy out those that remained behind , may have been written by Dudley . In October 1629 John Winthrop was elected governor , and John Humphrey was chosen as his deputy . However , as the fleet was preparing to sail in March 1630 , Humphrey decided he would not leave England immediately , and Dudley was chosen as deputy governor in his place . Dudley and his family sailed for the New World on the Arbella , the flagship of the Winthrop Fleet , on 8 April 1630 and arrived in Salem Harbour on 22 June . Finding conditions at Salem inadequate for establishing a larger colony , Winthrop and Dudley led forays into the Charles River watershed , but were apparently unable to immediately agree on a site for the capital . With limited time to establish themselves , and concerns over rumors of potential hostile French action , the leaders decided to distribute the colonists in several places in order to avoid presenting a single target for hostilities . The Dudleys probably spent the winter of 1630 – 31 in Boston , which was where the leadership chose to stay after its first choice , Charlestown , was found to have inadequate water . A letter Dudley wrote to the Countess of Lincoln in March 1631 narrated the first year 's experience of the colonists that arrived in Winthrop 's fleet in an intimate tone befitting a son or suitor as much as a servant . It appeared in print for the first time in a 1696 compilation of early colonial documents by Joshua Scottow . = = = Founding of Cambridge = = = In the spring of 1631 the leadership agreed to establish the colony 's capital at Newtowne ( near present @-@ day Harvard Square in Cambridge ) , and the town was surveyed and laid out . Dudley , Simon Bradstreet , and others built their houses there , but to Dudley 's anger , Winthrop decided to build in Boston . This decision caused a rift between Dudley and Winthrop — it was serious enough that in 1632 Dudley resigned his posts and considered returning to England . After the intercession of others , the two reconciled and Dudley retracted his resignations . Winthrop reported that " [ e ] ver after they kept peace and good correspondency in love and friendship . " During the dispute , Dudley also harshly questioned Winthrop 's authority as governor for a number of actions done without consulting his council of assistants . Dudley 's differences with Winthrop came to the fore again in January 1636 , when other magistrates orchestrated a series of accusations that Winthrop had been overly lenient in his judicial decisions . In 1632 Dudley , at his own expense , erected a palisade around Newtowne ( which was renamed Cambridge in 1636 ) that enclosed 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 400 ha ) of land , principally as a defense against wild animals and Indian raids . The colony agreed to reimburse him by imposing taxes upon all of the area communities . The meetings occasioned by this need are among the first instances of a truly representative government in North America , when each town chose two representatives to advise the governor on the subject . This principal was extended to govern the colony as a whole in 1634 , the year Dudley was first elected governor . During this term the colony established a committee to oversee military affairs and to manage the colony 's munitions . The colony came under legal threat in 1632 , when Sir Ferdinando Gorges , attempting to revive an earlier claim to the territory , raised issues of the colony 's charter and governance with the Privy Council of King Charles I. When the colony 's governing magistrates drafted a response to the charges raised by Gorges , Dudley was alone in opposing language referring to the king as his " sacred majesty " , and to bishops of the Church of England as " Reverend Bishops " . Although a quo warranto writ was issued in 1635 calling for the charter to be returned to England , the king 's financial straits prevented it from being served , and the issue eventually died out . = = = Anne Hutchinson affair = = = In 1635 , and for the four following years , Dudley was elected either as deputy governor or as a member of the council of assistants . The governor in 1636 was Henry Vane , and the colony was split over the actions of Anne Hutchinson . She had come to the colony in 1634 , and began preaching a " covenant of grace " following her mentor , John Cotton , while most of the colony 's leadership , including Dudley , Winthrop , and most of the ministers , espoused a more Legalist view ( " covenant of works " ) . This split divided the colony , since Vane and Cotton supported her . At the end of this colonial strife , called the Antinomian Controversy , Hutchinson was banished from the colony , and a number of her followers left the colony as a consequence . She settled in Rhode Island , where Roger Williams , also persona non @-@ grata in Massachusetts over theological differences , offered her shelter . Dudley 's role in the affair is unclear , but historians supportive of Hutchinson 's cause argue that he was a significant force in her banishment , and that he was unhappy that the colony did not adopt a more rigid stance or ban more of her followers . Vane was turned out of office in 1637 over the Hutchinson affair and his insistence on flying the English flag over the colony 's fort — many Puritans felt that the Cross of St George on the flag was a symbol of popery and was thus anathema to them . Vane was replaced by Winthrop , who then served three terms . According to Winthrop , concerns over the length of his service led to Dudley 's election as governor in 1640 . Although Dudley and Winthrop clashed with each other on a number of issues , they agreed on the banning of Hutchinson , and their relationship had some significant positive elements . In 1638 Dudley and Winthrop were each granted a tract of land " about six miles from Concord , northward " . Reportedly , Winthrop and Dudley went to the area together to survey the land and select their parcels . Winthrop , then governor , graciously deferred to Dudley , then deputy governor , to make the first choice of land . Dudley 's land became Bedford , and Winthrop 's Billerica . The place where the two properties met was marked by two large stones , each carved with the owner 's name ; Winthrop described the spot as the " ' Two Brothers ' , in remembrance that they were brothers by their children 's marriage " . = = = Other political activities = = = During Dudley 's term of office in 1640 , many new laws were passed . This led to the introduction the following year of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties , a document that contains guarantees that were later placed in the United States Bill of Rights . During this term he joined moderates , including John Winthrop , in opposing attempts by the local clergy to take a more prominent and explicit role in the colony 's governance . When he was again governor in 1645 the colony threatened war against the expansionist Narragansetts , who had been making war against the English @-@ allied Mohegans . This prompted the Narragansett leader Miantonomi to sign a peace agreement with the New England colonies which lasted until King Philip 's War broke out 30 years later . Dudley also presided over the acquittal of John Winthrop in a trial held that year ; Winthrop had been charged with abuses of his power as a magistrate by residents of Hingham the previous year . In 1649 Dudley was appointed once again to serve as a commissioner and president of the New England Confederation , an umbrella organization established by most of the New England colonies to address issues of common interest ; however , he was ill ( and aging , at 73 ) , and consequently unable to discharge his duties in that office . Despite the illness , Dudley was elected governor for the fourth and last time in 1650 . The most notable acts during this term were the issuance of a new charter for Harvard College , and the judicial decision to burn The Meritorious Price of Our Redemption , a book by Springfield resident William Pynchon that expounded on religious views heretical to the ruling Puritans . Pynchon was called upon to retract his views , but he chose to return to England instead of facing the magistrates . During most of his years in Massachusetts , when not governor , Dudley served as either deputy governor or as one of the colony 's commissioners to the New England Confederation . He also served as a magistrate in the colonial courts , and sat on committees that drafted the laws of the colony . His views were conservative , but he was not as strident in them as John Endecott . Endecott notoriously defaced the English flag in 1632 , an act for which he was censured and deprived of office for one year . Dudley sided with the moderate faction on the issue , which believed the flag 's depiction of the Cross of St George had by then been reduced to a symbol of nationalism . Nathaniel Morton , an early chronicler of the Plymouth Colony , wrote of Dudley , " His zeal to order appeared in contriving good laws , and faithfully executing them upon criminal offenders , heretics , and underminers of true religion . He had a piercing judgment to discover the wolf , though clothed with a sheepskin . " Early Massachusetts historian James Savage wrote of Dudley that " [ a ] hardness in public , and rigidity in private life , are too observable in his character " . In a more modern historical view , Francis Bremer observes that Dudley was " more precise and rigid than the moderate Winthrop in his approach to the issues facing the colonists " . = = = Founding of Harvard and Roxbury Latin = = = In 1637 the colony established a committee " to take order for a new college at Newtown " . The committee consisted of most of the colony 's elders , including Dudley . In 1638 , John Harvard , a childless colonist , bequeathed to the colony his library and half of his estate as a contribution to the college , which was consequently named in his honor . The college charter was first issued in 1642 , and a second charter was issued in 1650 , signed by then @-@ Governor Thomas Dudley , who also served for many years as one of the college 's overseers . Harvard University 's Dudley House , now only an administrative unit located in Lehman Hall after the actual house was torn down , is named in honor of the Dudley family . Harvard Yard once had a Dudley Gate bearing words written by his daughter Anne ; it was torn down in the 1940s to make way for construction of Lamont Library . In 1643 , Reverend John Eliot established a school at Roxbury . Dudley , who was then living in Roxbury , gave significant donations of both land and money to the school , which survives to this day as the Roxbury Latin School . = = Family and legacy = = Dudley married Dorothy Yorke in 1603 , and with her had five children . Samuel , the first , also came to the New World , and married Winthrop 's daughter Mary in 1633 , the first of several alliances of the Dudley @-@ Winthrop family . He later served as the pastor in Exeter , New Hampshire . Daughter Anne married Simon Bradstreet , and became the first poet published in North America . The third child , Sarah , married Benjamin Keayne , a militia officer . This union was an unhappy one , and resulted in the first reported instance of divorce in the colony ; Keayne returned to England and repudiated the marriage . Although no formal divorce proceedings are known , Sarah eventually married again . Patience , the fourth child , also married a colonial militia officer , and Mercy , the last of his children with Dorothy , married minister John Woodbridge . Dorothy Yorke died 27 December 1643 at 61 years of age , and was remembered by her daughter Anne in a poem : Here lies , A worthy matron of unspotted life , A loving mother and obedient wife , A friendly neighbor , pitiful to poor , Whom oft she fed and clothed with her store ; Dudley married his second wife , the widow Katherine ( Deighton ) Hackburne , descendant of the noble Berkeley , Lygon and Beauchamp families , in 1644 . They had three children , Deborah , Joseph , and Paul . Joseph served as governor of the Dominion of New England and of the Province of Massachusetts Bay . Paul ( not to be confused with Joseph 's son Paul , who served as provincial attorney general ) was for a time the colony 's register of probate . In 1636 Dudley moved from Cambridge to Ipswich , and in 1639 moved to Roxbury . He died in Roxbury on 31 July 1653 , and was buried in the Eliot Burying Ground there . Some of his descendants , including son Joseph and grandson Paul , are also buried there . Dudley 's many famous descendants include Dudley Saltonstall , Revolutionary War naval commander , Paul Dudley Sargent , Revolutionary War military commander and privateer , John Kerry , the 2004 Democratic presidential candidate and United States Senator from Massachusetts , now Secretary of State , as well as former United States Supreme Court Justice David Souter and past political figures such as U. S. President Herbert Hoover and New Hampshire Senator Nicholas Gilman . Dudley , Massachusetts is named for his grandsons Paul and William , who were its first proprietors . The Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation owns a parcel of land in Billerica called Governor Thomas Dudley Park . The " Two Brothers " rocks are located in the Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge in Bedford , in an area that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Two Brothers Rocks @-@ Dudley Road Historic District . Thomas Dudley is the 12th great @-@ grandfather of Heather Lindsay McRae , b.02 Feb 1990 in Tampa , Hillsborough County , Florida . = Twin Spica = Twin Spica ( Japanese : ふたつのスピカ , Hepburn : Futatsu no Supika ) is a Japanese seinen manga series written and illustrated by Kou Yaginuma . The " realistic , slice @-@ of @-@ life science fiction series " tells the story of a group of Japanese high school students training to become astronauts in the early 21st century after the country 's first human spaceflight launch ends in a disaster that causes many civilian casualties . It was serialized in the seinen manga magazine Comic Flapper from September 2001 to August 2009 and was later published in 16 tankōbon volumes by Media Factory from January 2002 to October 2009 . The series is named after Spica , a binary star system and the brightest star in the constellation Virgo . In the manga , Yaginuma includes many references to historical events related to the development of human spaceflight as well as literary works such as Kenji Miyazawa 's novel Night on the Galactic Railroad . American publishing company Vertical announced acquisition of the manga 's license for English @-@ language translation at the New York Anime Festival in September 2009 , and the translated first volume was published in May 2010 . The series was described by Vertical marketing director Ed Chavez as " technically sound " and " heartfelt " during its initial assessment . The manga was adapted into an anime television series by animation studio Group TAC . It premiered on November 1 , 2003 , on Japan 's NHK BS Hi @-@ Vision satellite service . Twenty episodes of the anime aired until March 27 , 2004 , when the series concluded prematurely before the manga was completed . Satellite television network Animax has broadcast the anime in multiple regional language releases , including English . A live @-@ action adaptation was produced by NHK in cooperation with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and aired between June 18 and July 30 , 2009 . = = Story = = Author and creator Kou Yaginuma began writing the back @-@ story of Twin Spica in 2000 with his debut work " 2015 : Fireworks " ( 2015年の打ち上げ花火 , " 2015 Nen no Uchiage Hanabi " ) . In it and in subsequent writings , Yaginuma constructed a future history of the development of Japan 's spaceflight program . He introduces readers to a future following the launch of Japan 's first manned spaceflight mission , the Lion ( 獅子号 , Shishigō ) , in 2010 . The mission ends in disaster when the liquid rocket booster fuel catches fire 72 seconds after liftoff . Mission controllers are unable to activate the craft 's abort sequence , and the rocket crashes into the city of Yuigahama , causing many casualties among residents . The Lion 's explosion becomes one of the major accidents in spaceflight history and sets Japan 's spaceflight program back by over a decade . In the years following the accident , the public accuses those involved with the Lion program of negligence . Rumors also begin to circulate about the offshore outsourcing of the rocket 's production despite the government 's claims that it was developed domestically . To promote recovery from the tragedy , the Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology establishes the Tokyo National Space School in 2014 as a vocational high school dedicated to training a new generation of students in the space sciences . Japan 's spaceflight program is finally reactivated ten years later with the admission of students into the academy 's astronaut training program . In the same year , the last operating module of the International Space Station is retired and destroyed by atmospheric reentry following completion of the station 's long @-@ term mission . Subsequent development projects are to be completed by individual countries with active spaceflight programs . Of the students in the inaugural class of the astronaut training program , one is selected to join the crew of Japan 's second manned mission in 2027 . It is the final mission toward completing a space @-@ based solar power satellite . = = Main characters = = Yaginuma 's work prior to serialization introduces readers to Asumi Kamogawa and her mentor , the ghost of a Lion astronaut whom she calls Mr. Lion . Their friendship develops in several short stories in which , throughout her childhood , he nurtures Asumi 's interest in space . As her interest and dreams grow , Asumi is often ridiculed by classmates , especially because she immerses herself in books about space and rarely engages in classroom activities . When she decides to apply for admission to the Tokyo Space Academy , her teachers urge her to reconsider because she is below average height . Her friendship with Mr. Lion continues to grow after Asumi successfully enters the academy , and she often consults him during periods of self @-@ doubt . Asumi 's elementary and middle school classmate Shinnosuke Fuchuya also enters the academy much to her surprise . He defended Asumi from ridicule by other classmates throughout their childhood despite occasionally teasing her as well , and it has been suggested that he sees her as a romantic interest . The two eventually befriend three other students in the astronaut training program . Shu Suzuki , who is named student representative for the astronaut program , has an easygoing personality . He wears a distinctive face by shaving his eyebrows as a symbol of defiance against his father . Kei Oumi befriends Asumi during the academy 's entrance examination and is portrayed with an outgoing personality and a deep sense of loyalty toward her friends . Marika Ukita initially responds coldly toward gestures of friendship , but she moves into Asumi 's dormitory following an argument with her father . The five students later make a promise to complete the astronaut program together as their friendship grows stronger . After three years in the astronaut program , Asumi is chosen out of eleven remaining students to take part in Japan 's second human spaceflight mission , making her , at the age of eighteen , the youngest person to go into space . Throughout their time at the academy , astronaut candidates must overcome numerous physical and mental trials . Readers discover from a pre @-@ serialization story that Asumi 's mother dies following the Lion disaster , but this is not known to Asumi 's friends until Kei discovers the obituary listing in a newspaper article . Marika is revealed to be the genetic copy of a deceased Marika Ukita despite a standing ban on human cloning . Fuchuya suffers from red @-@ green color blindness after his eyes are exposed to an exploding firework at close range in a childhood accident . Unknown to the group , Shu suffers from hereditary hemoptysis ( coughing up of blood ) and dies from the condition soon after his selection as an exchange student to the American space program . This tragedy reveals Kei 's feelings for him , which she keeps hidden for much of the series . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = The series is named after Spica , a binary star system in the constellation Virgo and one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky . It appears as one star because of the relatively low center @-@ to @-@ center distance between the two component stars , estimated at an average of 11 million miles ( 17 @.@ 7 million km ) . Astronomical observations also suggest that there may be additional stars in the Spica system . In the story , Asumi mentions Spica 's distance to Earth as 350 light @-@ years . This figure is also cited by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ; however , other sources indicate a distance of approximately 260 light @-@ years . Kou Yaginuma 's initial inspiration for the story came from a statement he once read describing the Hohner Little Lady harmonica as one of the first musical instruments taken into space . However , as an aspiring manga artist , Yaginuma had neither resources to conduct research on nor knowledge pertaining to spaceflight . He also hesitated to write the series because his own life experiences did not reflect the dreams of his characters . Despite these challenges , Yaginuma found comfort in the determination of his characters , especially that of Asumi Kamogawa . Although Twin Spica began serialization in the October 2001 issue of Media Factory 's Comic Flapper magazine , its lead character Asumi had appeared in Yaginuma 's debut work " 2015 : Fireworks " . This short story published in the July 2000 issue of Comic Flapper also introduced readers to Asumi 's father , her elementary school teacher Yuko Suzunari , and the astronaut ghost Mr. Lion . Four additional short stories that predate the series also feature Asumi as the central character : " Asumi " ( アスミ ) , " Campanella 's Forest " ( カムパネルラの森 , " Kamupanerura no Mori " ) , " Our Stars , Leaf Stars " ( ふたりの星はっぱ星 , " Futari no Hoshi , Happa Hoshi " ) , and " Asumi 's Cherry Tree " ( アスミの桜 , " Asumi no Sakura " ) . These slice @-@ of @-@ life stories eventually served as prequels to Twin Spica . = = = Cultural references = = = Twin Spica and its prequel stories make various references to historical figures and events in space exploration . Throughout the manga and the anime , Mr. Lion carries with him a harmonica , one of the first musical instruments to be played in space . A harmonica and bell set was carried aboard the Gemini 6A spaceflight in December 1965 by American astronauts Wally Schirra and Thomas Patten Stafford . During the mission , the two men used these instruments to play " Jingle Bells " . Asumi is nicknamed " Seagull " by Shu Suzuki in the anime . The same name was used as the call sign of Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova , the first woman in space , during her 1963 mission aboard Vostok 6 . Prior to Shu 's death in the live @-@ action adaptation , he reveals to his friends that the New Horizons spacecraft destined for Pluto carries the cremated ashes of the dwarf planet 's discoverer , Clyde Tombaugh . Asumi later brings Shu 's ashes during her first journey into space . There are also various references to real @-@ world literary and musical works . The titles of two short stories in the manga , " Campanella 's Forest " and " Giovanni 's Ticket " ( ジヨバンニの切符 , " Jiyobanni no Kippu " ) , refer to the two main characters of Kenji Miyazawa 's novel Night on the Galactic Railroad . It appears in the penultimate episode of the anime and is also a favorite book of the original Marika Ukita . In both the manga and the live @-@ action adaptation , Kei makes a request for Shu to play the piano piece " Der Flohwalzer " , known in Japan as " Neko Funjatta " ( 猫踏んじゃった , lit . " I Stepped on the Cat " ) , if he becomes the first in their group to go into space . = = Media = = = = = Manga = = = Twin Spica began serialization in the October 2001 issue of the seinen ( aimed at younger adult men ) manga magazine Comic Flapper . It continued until the publication of the 89th chapter on August 5 , 2009 . The series was also published in tankōbon format in 16 volumes , with the final volume being published on October 23 , 2009 . Yaginuma 's prequel short stories published prior to serialization are interspersed throughout these compilations . Two were included in the first volume ; two were included in the second volume ; and one was included in the third volume . Three additional prequel stories were also written by Yaginuma during serialization and published in the fourth , sixth , and ninth volumes , respectively . On March 23 , 2006 , Media Factory published the 80 @-@ page Twin Spica Illustration Book ( ふたつのスピカイラストブック , Futatsu no Supika Irasutobukku , ISBN 978 @-@ 4 @-@ 8401 @-@ 1380 @-@ 9 ) featuring color art from the manga . It also included a 24 @-@ month calendar and an interview with Kou Yaginuma . The series is licensed by Tong Li Publishing for Chinese @-@ language release in Taiwan under the title Dream of Spica ( Chinese : 麥穗星之夢 ; pinyin : Màisuìxīng zhī mèng ) . It was translated by Li Lin @-@ hui ( Chinese : 李臨麾 ; pinyin : Lǐ Línhuī ) , and the first volume was released in May 2005 . Following a three @-@ week contract negotiation , the American publishing company Vertical announced at the 2009 New York Anime Festival that it had acquired the license to publish the series in English . Marketing director Ed Chavez explained that the motivation to acquire Twin Spica came from the company 's desire to license works from Japanese publishers that have yet to form committed partnerships with major American publishers . He proposed continuing a previous partnership with Media Factory , from which Vertical licensed The Guin Saga 's manga adaptation . Vertical 's distributor Random House announced a release date of May 4 , 2010 , for the first translated volume , contrary to the initial announcement that it will be released in August 2010 . Chavez later confirmed via Twitter that Vertical will condense its North American releases into 12 volumes . = = = Anime = = = Japanese animation studio Group TAC produced Twin Spica 's anime adaptation , which was broadcast by NHK . The 20 @-@ episode series premiered on November 1 , 2003 , and aired until its conclusion on March 27 , 2004 . Tomomi Mochizuki directed the anime series , and Rika Nakase wrote its screenplay . Masako Goto designed the characters for animation . When the series reached its conclusion , only 30 chapters of the manga had been published . Chapter 25 , which concludes the story of Asumi and her classmates undergoing a test of their survival skills , was the final chapter to be adapted for the anime . Consequently , the series concludes prematurely with Asumi 's ghost companion Lion @-@ san leaving when he no longer has anything to teach her and her friends . The manga , however , continues with Lion @-@ san appearing in subsequent chapters until his eventual departure in chapter 88 . The anime series also aired in other parts of Asia	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
1946 ) , alleged that Lalaurie had a " sadistic appetite [ that ] seemed never appeased until she had inflicted on one or more of her black servitors some hideous form of torture " and claimed that those who responded to the 1834 fire had found " male slaves , stark naked , chained to the wall , their eyes gouged out , their fingernails pulled off by the roots ; others had their joints skinned and festering , great holes in their buttocks where the flesh had been sliced away , their ears hanging by shreds , their lips sewn together ... Intestines were pulled out and knotted around naked waists . There were holes in skulls , where a rough stick had been inserted to stir the brains . " DeLavigne did not directly cite any sources for these claims , and they were not supported by the primary sources . The story was further popularized and embellished in Journey Into Darkness : Ghosts and Vampires of New Orleans ( 1998 ) by Kalila Katherina Smith , the operator of a New Orleans ghost tour business . Smith 's book added several more explicit details to the discoveries allegedly made by rescuers during the 1834 fire , including a " victim [ who ] obviously had her arms amputated and her skin peeled off in a circular pattern , making her look like a human caterpillar , " and another who had had her limbs broken and reset " at odd angles so she resembled a human crab " . Many of the new details in Smith 's book were unsourced , while others were not supported by the sources given . Today , modern re @-@ tellings of the Lalaurie legend often use deLavigne and Smith 's versions of the tale to found claims of explicit tortures , and to place the number of slaves who died under Lalaurie 's care at as many as one hundred . = = In popular culture = = The former , now defunct , historically @-@ themed wax museum in the French Quarter , the Musée Conti Wax Museum , on Conti Street , traditionally included a scene depicting abused slaves in Madame LaLaurie 's attic . Poet Jennifer Reeser has written a poem in terza rima titled " The Lalaurie Horror " , chronicling the mansion 's history and folklore , done as a poetic " ghost tour " . In 2000 , Ted Nicolaou directed a found footage movie called The St. Francisville Experiment about people who spend the night in a disused Louisiana plantation house and encounter hostile ghosts . While not the LaLaurie house in New Orleans , the plantation house is one location LaLaurie is alleged to have fled to after the 1834 fire incident . The fictional camera crew finds physical and supernatural evidence suggesting , that LaLaurie did indeed flee to the house and continue her cruelty there . In 2004 , James Merendino directed " Trespassing , " aka " Evil Remains , " about a grad student of folklore leading his friends on a research expedition to an old plantation estate near New Orleans . The site , once the home of a woman whose backstory is directly taken from the bio of LaLaurie , is reputed to mysteriously cause madness and death to all who enter it . Kathy Bates portrays a heavily fictionalized Delphine LaLaurie in the 2014 third season of the American anthology horror television series American Horror Story . Delphine LaLaurie is a character in the board game Evil Baby Orphanage . Delphine LaLaurie appears as a character in Deadtime Stories , a PC game , ( Deadtime Stories ; developed by I @-@ play and distributed by Big Fish Games ) , as a voodoo queen , named Jessie Bodeen , tells you her story of her commission by Delphine LaLaurie to drive away another socialite who was new in town and already more popular than Delphine Lalaurie , only for Delphine LaLaurie to renege on the deal when Jessie Bodeen had kept up her end of it . Jessie Bodeen seeks revenge on Delphine LaLaurie by invoking the Loa , ( who punish Delphine LaLaurie , and then Jessie Bodeen , 10 @-@ years @-@ later , for having taken on Delphine LaLaurie 's commission ) . Delphine LaLaurie appears in the second of Barbara Hambly 's Benjamin January mysteries , Fever Season . The story of the LaLaurie house is told and fictionally expanded on in issues 13 @-@ 18 of Serena Valentino 's Nightmares & Fairy Tales . = = = Books = = = Arthur , Stanley Clisby ( 1936 ) . Old New Orleans : A History of the Vieux Carré , Its Ancient and Historical Buildings . New Orleans , LA : Harmanson . ISBN 0788427229 . OCLC 19380621 . Cable , George Washington ( 1888 ) . Strange True Stories of Louisiana . New York : The Century Co . ISBN 0 @-@ 559 @-@ 09492 @-@ 2 . Castellanos , Henry C ; Kelleher Schafer , Judith ; Reinecke , George F ( 1895 ) . New Orleans as it was : episodes of Louisiana life . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 8071 @-@ 3209 @-@ 8 . Cosner Love , Victoria ; Shannon , Lorelei ( 2011 ) . Mad Madame Lalaurie . Charleston , SC : The History Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 1609491994 . de Bachellé Seebold , Herman Boehm ( 1941 ) . Old Louisiana Plantation Homes and Family Trees . Gretna , LA : Pelican Publishing . ISBN 1 @-@ 58980 @-@ 263 @-@ 2 . DeLavigne , Jeanne ( 1946 ) . Ghost Stories of Old New Orleans . New York ; Toronto : Rinehart & Co . OCLC 5128595 . Heinan , Timothy ( 2012 ) . L 'immortalité : Madame Lalaurie and the Voodoo Queen . Bellevue , WA : On Demand Publishing , LLC @-@ Create Space . ISBN 978 @-@ 0615634715 . King , Grace Elizabeth ( 1921 ) . Creole Families of New Orleans . New York : MacMillan & Co . ISBN 0 @-@ 87511 @-@ 142 @-@ 4 . OL 13489529M . Martineau , Harriet ( 1838 ) . Retrospect of Western Travel 2 . London : Saunders & Otley . OCLC 80223671 . Morrow Long , Carolyn ( 2012 ) . Madame Lalaurie Mistress of the Haunted House . Gainesville , FL : University Press of Florida . ISBN 978 @-@ 0813038063 . Saxon , Lyle ( 1928 ) . Fabulous New Orleans . New York , London : The Century Co . ISBN 9781455604029 . OCLC 421892 . Smith , Kalila Katherina ( 1998 ) . Haunted History Tours presents ... Journey Into Darkness : Ghosts & Vampires of New Orleans . New Orleans , LA : De Simonin Publications . ISBN 1 @-@ 883100 @-@ 04 @-@ 6 . = = = Academic papers = = = Morlas , Katy Francis ( 2005 ) . La Madame Et La Mademoiselle : Creole Women In Louisiana , 1718 – 1865 ( PDF ) ( Master of Arts thesis ) . Louisiana State University . Baker , Courtney R ( 2008 ) . Misrecognized : Looking at Images of Black Suffering and Death ( PhD thesis ) . Duke University . = = = Periodicals = = = " The conflagration at the house occupied by the woman Lalaurie .. " ( PDF ) . New Orleans Bee . April 11 , 1834 . – The relevant text appears at the top @-@ left of the linked scan . A transcript of this article can be found here for ease of reading . " The popular fury which we briefly adverted to in our paper of yesterday .. " ( PDF ) . New Orleans Bee . April 12 , 1834 . – The relevant text appears at the top @-@ left of the linked scan . A transcript of this article can be found here for ease of reading . Pittsfield Sun . May 8 , 1834 . " Epitaph @-@ Plate of ' Haunted ' House Owner Found Here " . The Times @-@ Picayune . January 28 , 1941 . – A transcript of this article can be found here for ease of reading . " History of Delphine Macarty Lalaurie and the Haunted House on Royal Street " updated on 27 Sept 2013 at The Times @-@ Picayune 's NOLA.com ; retrieved 31 Oct 2015 . = = = Web content = = = Goldsborough , Bob ( April 24 , 2007 ) . " Nicolas Cage buys house in New Orleans ' French quarter for $ 3 @,@ 450 @,@ 000 " . Big Time Listings . Celebrity Real Estate Homes Big Time Listings . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Taylor , Troy ( 2000 ) . " The Legacy of Madame Delphine LaLaurie " . Denise 's Dreams . Strange Nation . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Yousuf , Hibah ( November 16 , 2009 ) . " Nicolas Cage loses 2 homes in foreclosure auction " . CNNMoney.com. Cable News Network . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . = Sandi Jackson = Sandra Lee " Sandi " Jackson ( née Stevens ; born September 14 , 1963 ) was elected to the Chicago City Council as an alderman of the 7th ward ( map ) of the City of Chicago in the 2007 municipal elections held on February 27 , 2007 . She succeeded Darcel A. Beavers who had been appointed by Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley after the 2006 November elections to succeed her father William Beavers , Jackson 's rival , as alderman of the 7th Ward . Jackson resigned from Chicago City Council , effective January 15 , 2013 . On February 20 , 2013 , Jackson pleaded guilty to one count of filing false tax returns . On August 14 , 2013 , she was sentenced to one year in prison for filing false income tax returns . She is the wife of former U.S. Congressman Jesse Jackson , Jr. and daughter @-@ in @-@ law of Jesse Jackson . Her candidacy for the city council of a major city was part of national news stories in The New York Times , and thoughts of her running for a position in the United States House of Representatives were noted in Time . Jackson has also been a longtime political consultant through her solely owned consulting firm J. Donatella & Associates . = = Personal life = = Born in Kittery , Maine , Jackson grew up in Akron , Ohio . She is an alumna of Buchtel High School in Akron . Her mother , Sarah Stevens , who is from Atlanta , Georgia , worked three jobs cleaning homes to raise Jackson and two other children . Later Jackson helped her mother clean homes to pay her way through Bowling Green State University , where she earned her bachelor 's degree in 1985 . Jackson 's father , Robert Stevens , was from Akron . Jackson met her future husband while still a law student at Georgetown University Law Center and he convinced her to transfer to be with him at the University of Illinois College of Law , where she earned her Juris Doctor in 1992 . The couple married on June 1 , 1991 . The Jackson family keeps two homes . They own one in the South Shore community area , which is within both the Illinois ' 2nd congressional district that Congressman Jackson represented in the United States House of Representatives and within the seventh ward that Sandi Jackson represents on the Chicago City Council . The South Shore home serves as an election base . This home was the featured renovation on an HGTV Hidden Potential episode , first aired on March 24 , 2009 . They also own a home in Dupont Circle in Washington , D.C. , which served as the family home and base for his service in Congress prior to her election . Prior to being elected , Jackson resided four days a week in Chicago and three days a week in Washington D.C. The Jacksons have two children , Jessica Donatella Jackson ( ( 2000 @-@ 03 @-@ 13 ) March 13 , 2000 ) and Jesse Louis Jackson , III , who is nicknamed " Tre " , ( ( 2003 @-@ 09 @-@ 19 ) September 19 , 2003 ) . Sarah Stevens accompanies the family on commutes between Chicago and Washington . Jessica attended school in the Washington Metropolitan Area before Jackson 's service on the city council . After Jackson was elected to serve as a full @-@ time politician in a local legislative body in Chicago , she and her husband decided to have their children attend school in Chicago starting in the fall of 2007 . Later , however , the family decided to keep their base in Washington . The family 's residential choice has been a campaign issue as well as fodder for a local op @-@ ed discussant . Jackson had suffered multiple miscarriages before the birth of her two children . In a highly publicized medical case , she lost a boy who was born four months premature at University of Utah Medical Center in 1998 . Complications arose while the couple was attending a youth leadership conference in Deer Valley 20 miles east of Salt Lake City , Utah . Jackson survived a three @-@ hour surgical removal of a benign tumor from her neck on May 7 , 2008 . During the 2008 Christmas holidays , the family suffered a fire and was forced to spend the holiday season in a downtown hotel . In 2001 , Jackson had a chili recipe published in " The Barking Gourmet , " the St. Albans School family cookbook . = = Early political experience = = Early in Jackson 's political career she served as press secretary for United States Congressman Mickey Leland . After the 1988 Democratic National Convention , she began working for Michael Dukakis who had become the Democratic party 's nominee for United States President in the 1988 United States presidential election . Jackson 's political career prior to her election as 7th Ward Alderman included the following positions : Deputy Director of Training for the Democratic National Committee , Director of Scheduling Operations for Rev. Jesse Jackson , Vice President of Congressional and External Affairs for the Export @-@ Import Bank of the United States ( appointed by Bill Clinton ) , Director of VIP Relations for the Presidential Inaugural Committee , National Outreach Coordinator for the Clinton / Gore 96 Campaign , and campaign manager and chief political strategist for many other politicians . While Jackson was serving as the Export @-@ Import Bank 's director of congressional affairs , she lobbied in opposition of her husband 's proposal to tighten the restrictions on the activities in Africa of the Export @-@ Import Bank . She did so successfully , as her husband 's amendment failed . Jackson considered running for public office during the 2003 Chicago municipal elections . At the time , Jackson , Jr. discouraged his wife from running for public office . However , he felt his wife should be eligible to run for Alderman , despite the controversy surrounding such a candidacy . = = 2007 election = = = = = Campaign = = = In 2006 , William Beavers announced that he would resign his 7th ward aldermanic seat to pursue the Cook County Board seat being vacated by John Stroger , after Stroger was forced to resign following a stroke . Beavers requested that Mayor Daley appoint his daughter to replace him , in order for her to have the incumbency advantage in the February 27 , 2007 municipal elections . The deal also allowed for Todd Stroger to replace his father John as the president of the County Board and Beavers to surrender his ward seat after presiding over Mayor Daley 's 2007 City Council budget hearings . In July 2007 , when it first became public that Sandi Jackson was considering running for the 7th ward alderman seat , which would disrupt all the backroom dealings between the Strogers and the Beavers with Daley 's approval , Jackson , Jr. encouraged her to run . In the November 2006 elections , William Beavers won the County Board seat while Stroger won the County Board President 's office that had been part of the dealings . On December 5 , 2006 , Jackson officially filed paperwork with state election officials . On December 12 , Mayor Daley appointed Darcel Beavers to succeed her father until the Spring municipal elections . Then , on December 18 , which is the filing deadline for petitions , Jackson filed 5 @,@ 000 petition signatures to run for alderman . Jackson carried numerous endorsements including The Chicago Tribune and numerous labor unions . Jackson was not endorsed by the Cook County Democratic Party . The Jackson family ( Sandi , Rev. Jesse Jackson Sr. , and Congressman Jesse Jackson , Jr . ) have occasionally not seen eye to eye with Mayor Daley . In fact , Congressman Jackson was considering contesting Daley for Mayor until the Democratic Party success in the 2006 fall elections made it clear he could be very productive by remaining in Congress because of his party 's majority . Sandi Jackson , who is credited with encouraging Jackson , Jr. to run for Congress , had been supportive of the idea of him running for mayor . William Beavers had been a longtime Daley ally . However , Jackson says she has good relations with the Daleys , especially Bill Daley . Jackson took leave from her position as deputy political director of training for the Democratic National Committee to run and her husband bought up the billboards in the ward to post an image of the couple . Jackson , Jr. had acquired the rights to 1 @,@ 800 billboards in the city in preparation for his own possible mayoral candidacy . He relinquished the rights to all but those useful to his wife in her ward and a few candidates that he endorsed . Jackson , Jr. invested US $ 200 @,@ 000 in his wife 's campaign to pay for billboards , mailers , phone banks , a campaign manager and other professional staffers . William Beavers was unimpressed with the spending and had his employees remind voters that Jackson did not live in the Ward and his daughter did . William Beavers attempted to make Jackson 's Washington residence an issue , and there was mudslinging in the public press between the Beavers and the Jacksons . Jackson campaigned for the 7th ward alderman position based on the issues of economy , education , and public safety . She also described the lakefront ward as prime commercial real estate ripe for development . = = = = Results = = = = Darcel Beavers 4004 ( 33 @.@ 50 % ) Ron David 951 ( 7 @.@ 96 % ) Eric Brown 216 ( 1 @.@ 81 % ) Jackson 6783 ( 56 @.@ 74 % ) Beavers was one of only four incumbents on the 50 @-@ member City Council to lose during the municipal elections . Five new alderman supported by organized labor and Jackson Jr. won seats . = = Aldermanic career = = The city of Chicago is divided into fifty wards that are each represented by an alderman in the Chicago City Council . The northern portion of Chicago 's seventh ward is adjacent to the Lake Michigan lakefront , and the ward includes portions of the South Shore , South Chicago , Calumet Heights , and South Deering community areas . Jackson 's aldermanic career began inauspiciously when she complained to the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , one of Chicago 's major daily newspapers , that she was caught off @-@ guard by the need to pay office start @-@ up expenses up front . This provided fodder for a columnist in the Chicago Tribune , the other major daily , and anonymous on @-@ line commenters on the Chicago Sun @-@ Times web site made light of the issue . At the time , Jackson was considered by one local political writer as the most closely watched of the nine newly elected aldermen that were sworn in on May 21 , 2007 and by another as the " star " of the incoming class of nine freshman aldermen . Her first political statement as an alderman was disappointment in Mayor Daley 's decision to force his affordable housing ordinance through the council with nine lame duck councilmen during the week before the new class was sworn in because new alderman would be " forced to live by " the new ordinance . Meanwhile , her husband propounded a 10 @-@ point ethics reform that would give the city 's inspector general power to investigate aldermen ; reduce the number of City Council committees to 10 ; limit municipal campaign contributions for each election cycle ; and strip the mayor of the authority to appoint replacements for aldermanic vacancies . Upon assuming office , she stated that she would emphasize economic development as her primary goal for her ward . One of her goals has been to redevelop the 570 @-@ acre ( 2 @.@ 31 km2 ) landfill on the site of the former U.S. Steel mill into a lakefront community . A local political writer immediately looked for signs that the nine new councilmen who were supported by pro @-@ labor forces would form a block against the pro @-@ business Mayor and old guard members . Five of the new members were among eleven dissenters in a vote on mandatory public art purchase procedures during their first month on the job . In the fall of 2007 , Jackson along with several other African @-@ American alderman took issue with the allotment of contracts on the O 'Hare Airport runway expansion project because African @-@ American firms were only awarded 8 % of the contracts and no general contractor roles . ( Jackson 's husband is a main proponent of the proposed Chicago south suburban airport in Peotone , Illinois ) . Jackson voted with the minority in the 29 @-@ 21 vote approving the Mayor 's November 2007 property tax increase . The February 2008 Real Estate Transfer Tax Increase also drew opposition from Jackson and a small minority of aldermen . Jackson was among the co @-@ sponsors of a council resolution in opposition of U.S. military attacks against Iraq . There has been international press covering the City Council 's deliberations regarding Grant Park and the Chicago Children 's Museum . Mayor Daley has propounded a controversial proposal to relocate the Chicago Children 's Museum from Navy Pier to a City park , Grant Park that passed 33 – 16 , with Jackson in the minority . Jackson called attention to American Airlines ' newly imposed luggage handling fees for even the first checked bag . She claimed that the fees were contrary to Section 26 @-@ 04 of the Airport Use Agreement with the City of Chicago , which is the contract that permits American Airlines to be a carrier in Chicago airports . The initial plan exempted Platinum and Executive card holders who were generally business travelers and placed an inordinate burden of new fees on the common traveler in contravention of the non @-@ discriminatory price agreement in the agreement . She expressed interest in a City Council forum on the issue . She wrote directly to American Airlines and then wrote an article in the Chicago Sun @-@ Times on the issue . Jackson was among the councilman and citizens who expressed outrage at the light punishment issued by the mayor 's office over a multimillion @-@ dollar city contract scheme . Jackson viewed it as a moral issue where the Mayor did not appropriately condemn immoral activity , which in her eyes encourages similar behavior . During a Summer 2008 violent crime rash she was among the aldermen calling for refocussed emphasis on adequate police support . She continues to tout a plan to redevelop the USX steel mill as an effort to revitalize her ward . She foresees 17 @,@ 000 new residences , a high @-@ end mall , and significant amounts of parkland with construction beginning in 2009 . By the beginning of her second year on the 50 @-@ person city council , Jackson had already amassed the 17th largest pool of campaign funds . She has been vocal in pursuit of transparency on the issue of whether Mayor Daley should transfer the monitoring of city hiring to Inspector General David Hoffman and has voted against the mayors proposal to create a separate Office of Compliance . Her voting record earned her praise from the Independent Voters of Illinois @-@ Independent Precinct Organization . A year and a half into Jackson 's first term , local political commentator Don Rose writing in the Chicago Sun @-@ Times included Jackson among four aldermen he considered to be inheriting a mantle of reform . In 2001 , the Federal Election Commission ruled that Jackson , Jr. could hire his wife on his campaign payroll . The ruling stated that relatives can be employed as long as they were compensated " no more than the fair market value " for their services . At the time , Sandi Jackson was employed by the Democratic National Committee ( DNC ) as the deputy director of training . Many other lawmakers have made similar arrangements without contacting the FEC for a ruling . When House Majority Leader Tom DeLay was charged with ethical infractions , matters such as these came to light . Jackson remained on the payroll of her husband 's main campaign fund , Jesse Jackson Jr. for Congress , in 2006 as she considered a run for public office . She also continued to be employed by Howard Dean of the DNC . Between 2001 and early 2009 , Jesse Jackson Jr . ’ s congressional campaign paid Sandra at least $ 247 @,@ 500 , including at least $ 95 @,@ 000 after Sandra became Alderman . Jackson received a $ 4 @,@ 000 digital radio from Chicago 's Office of Emergency Management and Communications ( Chicago 's 911 Center ) to monitor snow removal and emergency operations in her ward . The radio was returned when the controversy that arose led to a personnel reshuffling that included the reassignment of a high ranking Hispanic city employee . When Congressman Bobby Rush was battling cancer , Time and other publications mentioned Jackson as a potential future candidate for the United States House of Representatives in Illinois 's 1st congressional district . Responding to resignation requests , Rush noted that he would be returning to his congressional duties following post @-@ operative treatment . When he returned to full health he noted his disappointment in the premature consideration of his replacement . The issue led to a public reconciliation initiated by Jackson , Jr. at the 2008 Democratic National Convention , termed a " hugfest " by the press . While considering the possibility of Jackson , Jr. being appointed to fill Barack Obama 's United States Senate seat , the Chicago Sun @-@ Times mentioned her as a possible candidate for Jackson , Jr . ' s Illinois 's 2nd congressional district seat . During the Rod Blagojevich corruption scandal , Jackson 's name was mentioned in the pay @-@ to @-@ play activities of then @-@ Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich . Allegedly , the governor had considered her for the state lottery director and then asked for contributions from her husband Congressman Jackson . After the Congressman Jackson did not make a contribution , she was not selected and Blagojevich made the causality of the non @-@ contribution in the matter . In 2008 , her second year as alderman , Jackson directed more than $ 32 @,@ 000 in payments from her aldermanic expense account to her American Express account . Jackson said she used an AmEx account to launch her office during her freshman term . = = Criminal Investigation , Resignation and Conviction = = In 2012 federal prosecutors reviewed evidence that Jackson faced potential criminal liability for misuse of her husband 's campaign funds ; allegedly she and the Congressman used campaign funds to decorate their Washington , DC home . Jackson resigned from Chicago City Council , effective January 15 , 2013 . On February 15 , 2013 Jackson agreed to a plea deal . On February 20 , 2013 , Jackson plead guilty to one count of filing false tax returns after neglecting to declare nearly $ 580 @,@ 000 in income . On August 14 , 2013 , Jackson was sentenced to 12 months in federal prison , while her husband was sentenced to 30 months in jail . Judge Berman Jackson said she ’ d let the couple decide who should first serve out their prison term . Court documents also showed she had spent campaign funds on personal items such as vacations , electronics and furs . She was ordered to pay $ 22 @,@ 000 in restitution . = = Non @-@ Aldermanic work = = In October 2007 , Jackson filed to pursue William Beavers ' 7th ward Democratic Committeeman post . Among other duties , committeemen determine appointments for vacated political posts in and including their ward . Two days later , Beavers filed to run to retain his position . In the race for the local post , her husband requested permission from the Federal Election Commission to use his campaign funds in support of her local race . The commission voted in favor of allowing unlimited contributions to his wife 's candidacy from his $ 827 @,@ 000 fund . On February 5 , 2008 , Sandi Jackson defeated rival William Beavers in the election for 7th Ward Democratic Committeemen by 77 @.@ 5 % – 22 @.@ 5 % . , a 3 – 1 margin over Beavers . Jackson has also been a long @-@ time political consultant through her solely owned consulting firm J. Donatella & Associates . She has run and advised on several Democratic campaigns including her husband 's Congressional races . She continued to be active in this arena while serving as an alderman . She has served as a campaign manager and chief political strategist for Robin Kelly , David Miller , William Davis and James Meeks . = Genesis ( 2007 ) = Genesis ( 2007 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion , which took place on November 11 , 2007 , at the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . It was the third event under the Genesis chronology , the last held in the month of November , and the eleventh event of the 2007 TNA PPV schedule . Eight professional wrestling matches were featured on the event 's card , four of which were for championships . The main event was a tag team match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , in which then @-@ champion Kurt Angle and Kevin Nash defeated the team of Sting and Booker T ; Angle gained the pinfall to retain the title . The final round of The 2007 Fight for the Right Tournament was determined in a ladder match , in which Kaz defeated Christian Cage to become number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . Samoa Joe versus Robert Roode was also featured on the card , which Joe won . The Motor City Machine Guns ( Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin ) defeated Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) in a tag team match . Genesis is noted for the TNA debut of Booker T. The professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer website rated the entire event a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 stars , higher than the 2006 event 's rating of 5 . = = Production = = = = = Background = = = The third Genesis event was announced in mid @-@ August 2007 , scheduled for November 11 , 2007 at the TNA Impact Zone in Orlando , Florida . The promotional poster for the gathering was released some time prior through PPV providers featuring various TNA wrestlers . It featured the tagline " A New Breed of Company ... A New Breed of Wrestler ... A New Breed in Wrestling " . = = = Storylines = = = Genesis featured eight professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds and storylines . Wrestlers were portrayed as either villains or heroes in the scripted events that build tension and culminate into a wrestling match or series of matches . The primary storyline heading into Genesis involved the TNA World Heavyweight Championship held by then @-@ champion Kurt Angle . On the October 25 episode of TNA 's television program TNA Impact ! , Management Director Jim Cornette announced that the title would be defended in a tag team match with Angle and Kevin Nash against Sting and a partner of his choosing . The lead @-@ up to this decision began at TNA 's previous PPV event Bound for Glory on October 12 . There , Sting defeated Angle to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . On the October 25 episode of Impact ! , with help from Nash , Angle defeated Sting to win back the title . Due to the controversial circumstances , Cornette announced that Angle would defend the title in a tag team match , in which the person that got the pinfall or submission would win the title . The 2007 Fight for the Right Tournament was held in the weeks prior to the Genesis PPV event . It was an eight @-@ man single @-@ elimination tournament to decide the number contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . It began at Bound for Glory , where a 16 @-@ man reverse battle royal was held to determine the participants , where the last remaining eight advanced to the second round and were seeded in order of elimination . Eric Young , Robert Roode , James Storm , Junior Fatu , Chris Sabin , Kaz , Lance Hoyt , and Alex Shelley all advanced to round two . The first bout of the quarterfinals took place on the October 18 episode of Impact ! between Shelley and Sabin , which ended in a no contest . This led to a vacant spot in the tournament , which was filled later in the episode when Christian Cage defeated Samoa Joe . Kaz defeated Hoyt , Storm defeated Young , and Fatu defeated Roode in the remaining quarterfinal matches , which took place on the 18 and 25 episodes , respectively . The semi @-@ finals were held on the November 1 episode of Impact ! , where Kaz defeated Storm , and Cage defeated Chris Harris — who was a replacement for Fatu — to advance to the finals . On the November 8 episode of Impact ! , Cage defeated Kaz , with interference from Cage 's allies A.J. Styles and Tomko , to win the tournament . Afterwards , Cornette 's stand @-@ in for the night Matt Morgan declared the match a no contest and announced that the tournament would be decided in a ladder match between Cage and Kaz at Genesis due to the interference . At Bound for Glory , Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) fought The Steiner Brothers ( Rick and Scott Steiner ) in a two out of three falls tables match . They were unsuccessful at defeating the Steiners as The Motor City Machine Guns ( Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin ; MCMG ) interfered and helped the Steiners win the match . On the October 18 episode of Impact ! , Team 3D attacked MCMG during their match in The 2007 Fight for the Right Tournament , injuring them in the plot , which led to a spot being vacant . Afterwards , they stated they were going to destroy the X Division , for which MCMG belonged . On the November 1 episode of Impact ! , MCMG returned from injury and attacked Team 3D . Afterwards , Shelley challenged Team 3D to a fight at Genesis , which was later made official by TNA . Joe versus Roode was another featured contest on the event 's card . On the October 18 episode of Impact ! , Joe fought Cage for the vacant spot in The 2007 Fight for the Right Tournament . During which Roode interfered by attacking Joe , which led to Joe losing the bout . Joe retaliated on the October 25 episode of Impact ! by interfering in Roode 's quarterfinal match with Fatu , causing him to also lose . TNA commentator Mike Tenay announced on the November 1 episode of Impact ! that the two would face in a bout at Genesis . = = Event = = = = = On @-@ air employees = = = The event featured employees other than the wrestlers involved in the matches . There were four overall commentators for the event ; Mike Tenay and Don West provided English commentary , while Hector Guerrero and Willie Urbina served as the Spanish announce team . David Penzer was the ring announcer for the event , while Earl Hebner , Rudy Charles , Mark " Slick " Johnson , and Andrew Thomas participated as referees for the encounters . Jeremy Borash and Crystal Louthan were used as interviewers throughout the event . Besides wrestlers who were appearing in a wrestling role , James Mitchell , Awesome Kong , SoCal Val , B.G. James and Kip James of the Voodoo Kin Mafia ( VKM ) , Ms. Brooks , Karen Angle , and Sharmell were also featured on the broadcast . A series of backstage segments featured on the show involved James Storm and Eric Young , with Jackie Moore as an observer , involved in a beer drinking contest over what Storm called the " World Beer Drinking Championship " . It eventually led to Storm passing out and Young stealing the TNA World Beer Drinking Championship belt . = = = Preliminary matches = = = The event opened with a Shop of Horrors match between Abyss and Black Reign , which lasted 10 minutes and 13 seconds . In a Shop of Horrors match , all weapons are legal to use , a wrestler can not be counted out , and it can only be won by pinfall or submission . James Mitchell interfered on Reign 's behalf during the encounter . Abyss won the contest by pinfall after slamming Reign into the mat with a his maneuver , the Black Hole Slam . After the encounter , Abyss grabbed a key that hung around Reign 's neck and used it to open a locked building on the stage , which unknowingly was occupied by an unknown wrestler . Reign and the unknown wrestler then proceeded to lock Abyss in the building and push it off the stage . A series of other preliminary matches followed the Shop of Horrors match . MCMG fought Team 3D in a match that lasted 17 minutes and 37 seconds . MCMG won the contest , after the pair performed their ASCS Rush combination on Ray , which involves a series of kicks to the head and midsection , to gain the pinfall . The TNA Women 's World Championship was defended in a Four Way match involving then @-@ champion Gail Kim , Roxxi Laveaux , ODB , and Angel Williams . VKM accompanied Roxxi Laveaux to the ring ; they were eventually sent to the backstage area during the contest . After nine minutes and one second , Kim pinned ODB after slamming her into the mat with her maneuver the Happy Ending to retain the title . Sonjay Dutt challenged Jay Lethal for the TNA X Division Championship next . Lethal successfully retained the title after gaining the pinfall following an elbow drop from the top of a padded turnbuckle at 12 minutes and one second . Afterwards , Team 3D attacked Dutt and Lethal , and stole the X Division Championship belt , claiming they were holding it " hostage " . Christian 's Coalition ( A.J. Styles and Tomko ) defended the TNA World Tag Team Championship against The Steiner Brothers in a match lasting 10 minutes and 43 seconds . The pair retained the titles , when Styles pinned Rick following a shot to the groin and a chair shot to the head , neither of which was seen by the referee . = = = Main event matches = = = The sixth match was between Samoa Joe and Robert Roode , who was accompanied by Ms. Brooks . It lasted 15 minutes and 43 seconds , with Joe becoming the victor after slamming Roode into the mat with his Muscle Buster maneuver . Ms. Brooks legitimately passed out at ringside during the contest , believed to be due to overheating . She recovered later in the night after EMTS helped her to the backstage area . Next , the finals of The 2007 Fight for the Right Tournament were held between Christian Cage and Kaz in a ladder match that lasted 15 minutes and 13 seconds . In a ladder match , an object is hung above the ring and the first to climb a ladder and retrieve the object is the winner . During the match , Cage was legitimately busted open above his eye . Mid @-@ way through the encounter , the contract fell off the clipboard that hung above the ring , which changed the objective to just grabbing the clipboard to win . Kaz won the contest after causing Cage to fall off the ladder onto Styles and Tomko , who were interfering on Cage 's behalf , and then ascending the ladder to grab the clipboard , becoming number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship in the process . The main event was a tag team match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , pitting the teams of then @-@ champion Kurt Angle , who was accompanied by Karen Angle , and Kevin Nash against Sting and a mystery partner . Before the contest began , Sting introduced his partner as the debuting Booker T , who was accompanied by the also debuting Sharmell . During the 13 minute and 41 second long encounter , the team of Styles and Tomko interfered on Angle 's behalf by attacking Booker T and Sting . This led later to Angle hitting Nash with the World Heavyweight Championship belt and the slamming of Sting into the mat with his Olympic Slam maneuver to gain the pinfall and retain the title . = = Reception = = The attendance for the event was 900 . Canadian Online Explorer writer Chris Sokol rated the entire event 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 , which was higher than the 2006 event 's rating of 5 out of 10 by Bob Kapur . Sokol rated the ladder match between Cage and Kaz an 8 @.@ 5 , his highest rating of the review , while the main event match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship was rated a 7 . The Women 's Title match was rated the lowest with a 5 . Sokol stated in his review of the event when referring to Booker T being Sting 's mystery partner , he gave TNA " major props " . In his comments on the finish to the main event he stated that it was an " intriguing ending to an excellent PPV " . Wade Keller of the Pro Wrestling Torch gave the main event two and 1 / 4 stars out of five , and stated he felt it " wasn 't anything special " ; however , he felt Booker T looked " refreshed and full of spunk " . He believed the ladder match was a " really good spectacle match " and gave it three and a half stars . James Caldwell of the Pro Wrestling Torch gave the main event two stars out of five , while the ladder match three and 3 / 4 stars . He felt the ladder match was a " very good ladder match " and was the " best match " up to that point . Dan Wilkenfeld of the Pro Wrestling Torch gave the overall event a B rating and believed it was a " step down " from the previous month 's Bound for Glory . The event was released on DVD on January 15 , 2008 by TNA Home Video . = = Aftermath = = Following Genesis , A.J. Styles and Tomko went on to join Kurt and Karen Angle to form The Angle Alliance . Due to Angle 's attack on Nash at Genesis , Nash and Scott Hall went on to request a Six Man Tag Team match for TNA 's Turning Point PPV event on December 2 . Nash and Hall were granted their request , and Samoa Joe later was revealed as their mystery partner for the encounter . Hall ended up no @-@ showing the event , and as a result Eric Young filled his place in the bout , which was won by Joe , Nash , and Young . Team 3D and MCMG continued their rivalry heading into Turning Point , with MCMG now joined by Lethal . On the November 15 episode of Impact ! , Johnny Devine , an X Division wrestler , betrayed and attacked MCMG and Lethal , joining Team 3D in the process . This led to the six meeting in a Six Man Tag Team Tables match at Turning Point . Team 3D and Devine went on to win the contest . The mystery wrestler revealed after the Shop of Horrors match at Genesis was soon after dubbed Rellik . Abyss , now joined by Rhino , went on to feud with both Reign and Rellik leading into Turning Point . The four were promoted to fight in a Match of 10 @,@ 000 Tacks at the event , but Rhino ended up being replaced by Raven due to an injury . Abyss and Raven won the contest at Turning Point . Kaz got his TNA World Heavyweight Championship match on the November 15 episode of Impact ! against Angle , but failed to win the title . Kaz then went on to team with Booker T in a match against Christian Cage and Robert Roode at Turning Point , which the pair won . = = Results = = = Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) = " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " is a song by Canadian recording artist Nelly Furtado , taken from her fifth studio album , The Spirit Indestructible . It was released on April 17 , 2012 , through Interscope Records , as the lead single from the album . The song was written by Furtado in a collaboration with its producer Rodney " Darkchild " Jerkins . " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " is a R & B song influenced by hip hop collective Odd Future and 1990s productions . The track 's lyrics refer to the singer 's life as a teenager , describing her passion for hip hop and R & B music at that time . " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " received mixed to positive reviews from music critics , who praised the song 's breakdown but criticized Furtado 's vocals . The song achieved moderate commercial success , reaching the top thirty in Belgium , Canada , The Netherlands and United Kingdom . In the United States , " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " failed to enter the Billboard Hot 100 , however , it charted within the top forty on Pop Songs and reached the top ten on Hot Dance Club Songs . The accompanying music video was directed by Little X , and features Furtado sttruting down a city block wearing a giant pair of stilts , as she is joined by dancers throughout the video . To promote the song , Furtado performed it on Alan Carr : Chatty Man , at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards and the 2012 MuchMusic Video Awards . = = Background = = " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " was one of the first songs that Furtado worked on with producer Rodney Jerkins for The Spirit Indestructible . The singer stated that the song 's instrumentation was influenced by the 1990s hip hop and R & B as a tribute to the music she listened to in her teenage years , also citing inspiration from hip hop group Odd Future 's " dark sound [ ing ] , heavy and visceral " sound as she tried to recreate a similar style on " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " . The lyrics of " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " also concern Furtado 's teenage period , with the singer describing the song 's lyrical content as " my swagger @-@ in @-@ spades , rhyme @-@ writing 14 @-@ year @-@ old self find [ ing ] liberation through hip hop and R & B attending ' music jams ' in suburban Victoria " . There are references to Furtado 's favourite groups at the period — such as Salt @-@ n @-@ Pepa , A Tribe Called Quest and Blackstreet , many of whom were produced by Jerkins himself — and her teenage wardrobe . The song 's title references the hoop earrings she liked to wear . Furtado said that the song describes " a certain unique swagger you have at that young age and that the music gives you , " and that she was " the kid who used to pick up the mic at parties and just rock the crowd , sing my way through the storm and know my voice could penetrate . " The singer stated that as " hip @-@ hop was super @-@ exotic to us in Canada " , she felt that " it was very liberating , finding that confidence through the music " . = = Composition = = " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " was written by Furtado , with production and additional writing being provided by Jerkins.The R & B song features a sound evocative of the genre in the 1990s , infused with hip hop beats , electropop influences , and staccato percussion . Robbie Daw of Idolator noticed the use of pitch @-@ correcting software Auto @-@ Tune on Furtado 's voice . Furtado 's manager Chris Smith stated that " Big Hoops " was an attempt to translate Furtado 's versatility as " a free @-@ range artist " , being " free form ; not contained versus a structured typical song . " As an in @-@ joke to Smith 's reaction to when he first heard the track , the song starts with the manager saying " Time release the fresh " , Furtado laughing at the phrase , and Interscope Records A & R representative Thom Panunzio replying “ You ’ re 100 percent right Chris . ” The title and intro , during which Furtado chants " the bigger the better " against a bass line , references the character finding strength in the size of her earrings . = = Release and reception = = Smith declared that " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " was not originally intended as a single , only " a big club banger " , as he and Furtado felt the track 's status as " a song that would be the best of Nelly , Nelly ’ s attitude , Nelly ’ s freshness " would not be " really about chart positions " . Eventually it became the lead single for The Spirit Indestructible . Furtado stated that the song earned this status because it represented her intentions " to detach myself from all shackles and play freely " as her ambitious younger self was always " pushing the boundaries " . It was released via digital download on April 17 , 2012 , and was released physically in Germany on May 18 , 2012 . = = = Critical reception = = = " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " has received mixed to favourable reviews from music critics , some of whom compared the vocals on the song to those of Rihanna in songs like " Rude Boy " and " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " . Billboard 's Maria Sherman wrote that " Big Hoops " is " easily in the running to be one of the best summer club anthems of the year " , and " if this song doesn 't roll out the carpet for her comeback , nothing will . " MTV reviewer Jenna Hally Rubenstein praised Jerkins ' production and the song 's originality , considering that " Big Hoops " was " unlike anything you 've heard in a hot minute " . Robbie Daw of Idolator , gave the song a mixed review , criticizing the singer 's " unnecessary Rihanna @-@ esque vocal delivery " while adding that it " isn 't the strongest lead single we 've heard from an album . " Jessica Sager of Pop Crush rated it 0 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars , comparing Furtado 's vocals to the ones of a " child wailing through a cardboard tube . " She also wrote that " Sager also noted that the singer " wants to depart from Loose as well , but she doesn ’ t have anything to say beyond getting dressed and having a guy ignore her " and concluded that " the song is more irritating than catchy , and the beat isn ’ t strong enough to make many people dance . " Melinda Newman of HitFix deemed the song " It ’ s a meaningless little ditty that is all about the military beat and bragging rights . It doesn ’ t have enough of a hook to work its way up the radio charts , but will likely do very well in the clubs . = = = Chart performance = = = " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " debuted at number sixty on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and peaked at number twenty @-@ eight . It debuted at number forty @-@ six on the Belgian Tip Chart , where it reached a peak of number twenty @-@ four . On the Dutch singles chart , the track debuted at number eighty @-@ one and peaked at twenty @-@ six . On the UK Singles Chart , " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " debuted at number fourteen , becoming Furtado 's highest charting single since 2006 's All Good Things ( Come to an End ) . On the North American Billboard charts , the song became Furtado 's first since 2010 's " Night Is Young " to not enter the Billboard Hot 100 . However , " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " reached the top forty of the Pop Songs chart and the top ten of the Hot Dance Club Songs chart . Smith felt the underperformance was helped by moving The Spirit Indestructible 's release date , " so there ’ s no need to get this thing that supposed to be this club banger intro track and force it up the chart . " = = Music video = = The accompanying music video for " Big Hoops ( Bigger the Better ) " was directed by Little X , who previously worked with Furtado on the video for " Promiscuous " . The video premiered on May 3 , 2012 in Much Music , and on May 7 , 2012 on VEVO . The video opens with Furtado strolling down a city block wearing a giant pair of stilts . After several outfit changes , Furtado is seen accompanied by Native American hoop dancers , including champion hoop dancer Tony Duncan . The dancers create shapes with their hoops as a giant Furtado towers over the cityscape . Becky Bain of Idolator wrote that " the singer struts down a city street in a pair of stilts , exuding the most swag we ’ ve ever seen from someone nearly 12 feet tall . Eventually , Nelly grows to Godzilla @-@ esque proportions – and so does her jewelry . Those really are some big hoops . " Jenna Rubenstein of MTV News wrote that " Nelly 's ' Big Hoops ' video is totally weird and makes no sense . Do we care ? No . Because any gal that can look that hot while on stilts deserves our full respect . " Two alternate videos were produced : a " lyrics " video and a " Home Made " video , directed by Aaron A and filmed in a parking lot on Sunset Boulevard during the production of The Spirit Indestructible 's album artwork . = = Live performances = = In May 2012 , Furtado performed " Big Hoops " on UK show Alan Carr : Chatty Man . Furtado performed the song for the first time in the United States during the 2012 Billboard Music Awards on May 20 , 2012 , and in Canada during the 2012 MuchMusic Video Awards on June 17 , 2012 . It is part of her setlist on The Spirit Indestructible Tour , which started on January 2013 . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits are adapted from The Spirit Indestructible album liner notes . Technical Recorded and mixed at 2nd Floor Studios , Hollywood , California . Personnel Nelly Furtado — lyrics , lead and background vocals Rodney " Darkchild " Jerkins — music , production , vocal production , mixing Thom Panunzio — vocals Chris " Governor " Smith — vocals Greg Morgan — sound design Matt Champlin — recording , mixing Orlando Vitto — recording Brandon N. Caddell — engineering assistance = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Rwanda = Rwanda ( / ruːˈɑːndə / or / ruːˈændə / ( listen ) ; Kinyarwanda : U Rwanda [ u.ɾɡwanda ] ) , officially the Republic of Rwanda ( Kinyarwanda : Repubulika y 'u Rwanda ; French : République du Rwanda ) , is a sovereign state in central and east Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland . Located a few degrees south of the Equator , Rwanda is bordered by Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated ; its geography dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east , with numerous lakes throughout the country . The climate is temperate to subtropical , with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year . The population is young and predominantly rural , with a density among the highest in Africa . Rwandans are drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group , the Banyarwanda , although within this group there are three subgroups : the Hutu , Tutsi and Twa . The Twa are a forest @-@ dwelling pygmy people descended from Rwanda 's earliest inhabitants . Scholars disagree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi ; some believe differences are derived from former social castes within a single people , while others believe the Hutu and Tutsi arrived in the country separately , and from different locations . Christianity is the largest religion in the country ; the principal language is Kinyarwanda , spoken by most Rwandans , with English and French serving as official languages . Rwanda has a presidential system of government . The president is Paul Kagame of the Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) , who took office in 2000 . Rwanda today has low corruption compared with neighbouring countries , although human rights organisations report suppression of opposition groups , intimidation and restrictions on freedom of speech though the government says its protecting its territories as any other country may do if its in it situation . The country has been governed by a ordered administrative hierarchy since pre @-@ colonial times ; there are five provinces delineated by borders drawn in 2006 . Rwanda is one of only two countries with a female majority in the national parliament . Hunter gatherers settled the territory in the stone and iron ages , followed later by Bantu peoples . The population coalesced first into clans and then into kingdoms . The Kingdom of Rwanda dominated from the mid @-@ eighteenth century , with the Tutsi kings conquering others militarily , centralising power , and later enacting anti @-@ Hutu policies . Germany colonised Rwanda in 1884 as part of German East Africa , followed by Belgium , which invaded in 1916 during World War I. Both European nations ruled through the kings and perpetuated a pro @-@ Tutsi policy . The Hutu population revolted in 1959 . They massacred numerous Tutsi and ultimately established an independent , Hutu @-@ dominated state in 1962 . The Tutsi @-@ led Rwandan Patriotic Front launched a civil war in 1990 . Social tensions erupted in the 1994 genocide , in which Hutu extremists killed an estimated 500 @,@ 000 to 1 @.@ 3 million Tutsi and moderate Hutu . The RPF ended the genocide with a military victory . Rwanda 's economy suffered heavily during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide , but has since strengthened . The economy is based mostly on subsistence agriculture . Coffee and tea are the major cash crops for export . Tourism is a fast @-@ growing sector and is now the country 's leading foreign exchange earner . Rwanda is one of only two countries in which mountain gorillas can be visited safely , and visitors are prepared to pay soft prices for gorilla tracking permits . Music and dance are an integral part of Rwandan culture , particularly drums and the highly choreographed intore dance . Traditional arts and crafts are produced throughout the country . = = History = = Modern human settlement of what is now Rwanda dates from , at the latest , the last glacial period , either in the Neolithic period around 8000 BC , or in the long humid period which followed , up to around 3000 BC . Archaeological excavations have revealed evidence of sparse settlement by hunter gatherers in the late stone age , followed by a larger population of early Iron Age settlers , who produced dimpled pottery and iron tools . These early inhabitants were the ancestors of the Twa , aboriginal pygmy hunter @-@ gatherers who remain in Rwanda today . Between 700 BC and 1500 AD , a number of Bantu groups migrated into Rwanda , clearing forest land for agriculture . The forest @-@ dwelling Twa lost much of their habitat and moved to the mountain slopes . Historians have several theories regarding the nature of the Bantu migrations ; one theory is that the first settlers were Hutu , while the Tutsi migrated later to form a distinct racial group , possibly of Cushitic origin . An alternative theory is that the migration was slow and steady , with incoming groups integrating into rather than conquering the existing society . Under this theory , the Hutu and Tutsi distinction arose later and was a class distinction rather than a racial one . The earliest form of social organisation in the area was the clan ( ubwoko ) . The clans were not limited to genealogical lineages or geographical area , and most included Hutu , Tutsi , and Twa . From the 15th century , the clans began to coalesce into kingdoms ; by 1700 around eight kingdoms existed in present @-@ day Rwanda . One of these , the Kingdom of Rwanda , ruled by the Tutsi Nyiginya clan , became increasingly dominant from the mid @-@ eighteenth century . The kingdom reached its greatest extent during the nineteenth century under the reign of King Kigeli Rwabugiri . Rwabugiri conquered several smaller states , expanded the kingdom west and north , and initiated administrative reforms ; these included ubuhake , in which Tutsi patrons ceded cattle , and therefore privileged status , to Hutu or Tutsi clients in exchange for economic and personal service , and uburetwa , a corvée system in which Hutu were forced to work for Tutsi chiefs . Rwabugiri 's changes caused a rift to grow between the Hutu and Tutsi populations . The Twa were better off than in pre @-@ Kingdom days , with some becoming dancers in the royal court , but their numbers continued to decline . The Berlin Conference of 1884 assigned the territory to Germany as part of German East Africa , marking the beginning of the colonial era . The explorer Gustav Adolf von Götzen was the first European to significantly explore the country in 1894 ; he crossed from the south @-@ east to Lake Kivu and met the king . The Germans did not significantly alter the social structure of the country , but exerted influence by supporting the king and the existing hierarchy and delegating power to local chiefs . Belgian forces took control of Rwanda and Burundi during World War I , beginning a period of more direct colonial rule . Belgium simplified and centralised the power structure , and introduced large @-@ scale projects in education , health , public works , and agricultural supervision , including new crops and improved agricultural techniques to try to reduce the incidence of famine . Both the Germans and the Belgians promoted Tutsi supremacy , considering the Hutu and Tutsi different races . In 1935 , Belgium introduced identity cards labelling each individual as either Tutsi , Hutu , Twa or Naturalised . While it had previously been possible for particularly wealthy Hutu to become honorary Tutsi , the identity cards prevented any further movement between the classes . Belgium continued to rule Rwanda as a UN Trust Territory after World War II , with a mandate to oversee independence . Tension escalated between the Tutsi , who favoured early independence , and the Hutu emancipation movement , culminating in the 1959 Rwandan Revolution : Hutu activists began killing Tutsi , forcing more than 100 @,@ 000 to seek refuge in neighbouring countries . In 1961 , the now pro @-@ Hutu Belgians held a referendum in which the country voted to abolish the monarchy . Rwanda was separated from Burundi and gained independence in 1962 . Cycles of violence followed , with exiled Tutsi attacking from neighbouring countries and the Hutu retaliating with large @-@ scale slaughter and repression of the Tutsi . In 1973 , Juvénal Habyarimana took power in a military coup . Pro @-@ Hutu discrimination continued , but there was greater economic prosperity and a reduced amount of violence against Tutsi . The Twa remained marginalised , and by 1990 were almost entirely forced out of the forests by the government ; many became beggars . Rwanda 's population had increased from 1 @.@ 6 million people in 1934 to 7 @.@ 1 million in 1989 , leading to competition for land . In 1990 , the Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) , a rebel group composed mostly of Tutsi refugees , invaded northern Rwanda , initiating the Rwandan Civil War . Neither side was able to gain a decisive advantage in the war , but by 1992 it had weakened Habyarimana 's authority ; mass demonstrations forced him into a coalition with the domestic opposition and eventually to sign the 1993 Arusha Accords with the RPF . The cease @-@ fire ended on 6 April 1994 when Habyarimana 's plane was shot down near Kigali Airport , killing him . The shooting down of the plane served as the catalyst for the Rwandan Genocide , which began within a few hours . Over the course of approximately 100 days , between 500 @,@ 000 and 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu were killed in well @-@ planned attacks on the orders of the interim government . Many Twa were also killed , despite not being directly targeted . The Tutsi RPF restarted their offensive , and took control of the country methodically , gaining control of the whole country by mid @-@ July . The international response to the genocide was limited , with major powers reluctant to strengthen the already overstretched UN peacekeeping force . When the RPF took over , approximately two million Hutu fled to neighbouring countries , in particular Zaïre , fearing reprisals ; additionally , the RPF @-@ led army was a key belligerent in the First and Second Congo Wars . Within Rwanda , a period of reconciliation and justice began , with the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ( ICTR ) and the reintroduction of Gacaca , a traditional village court system . Since 2000 Rwanda 's economy , tourist numbers , and Human Development Index have grown rapidly ; between 2006 and 2011 the poverty rate reduced from 57 % to 45 % , while life expectancy rose from 46 @.@ 6 years in 2000 to 59 @.@ 7 years in 2015 . = = Politics and government = = The President of Rwanda is the head of state , and has broad powers including creating policy in conjunction with the Cabinet , exercising the prerogative of mercy , commanding the armed forces , negotiating and ratifying treaties , signing presidential orders , and declaring war or a state of emergency . The President is elected by popular vote every seven years , and appoints the Prime Minister and all other members of Cabinet . The incumbent President is Paul Kagame , who took office upon the resignation of his predecessor , Pasteur Bizimungu , in 2000 . Kagame subsequently won elections in 2003 and 2010 , although human rights organisations have criticised these elections as being " marked by increasing political repression and a crackdown on free speech " . Article 101 of the current constitution limits presidents to two terms in office , but as of 2015 there is a motion underway in the Rwandan parliament to amend this and allow Kagame to run for a third term . The motion , which would require ratification by referendum , was brought following receipt of a petition signed by 3 @.@ 8 million Rwandans . The constitution was adopted following a national referendum in 2003 , replacing the transitional constitution which had been in place since 1994 . The constitution mandates a multi @-@ party system of government , with politics based on democracy and elections . However , the constitution places conditions on how political parties may operate . Article 54 states that " political organizations are prohibited from basing themselves on race , ethnic group , tribe , clan , region , sex , religion or any other division which may give rise to discrimination " . The government has also enacted laws criminalising genocide ideology , which can include intimidation , defamatory speeches , genocide denial and mocking of victims . According to Human Rights Watch , these laws effectively make Rwanda a one @-@ party state , as " under the guise of preventing another genocide , the government displays a marked intolerance of the most basic forms of dissent " . Amnesty International is also critical ; in its 2014 / 15 report Amnesty said that laws against inciting insurrection or trouble among the population had been used to imprison people " for the legitimate exercise of their rights to freedom of association or of expression " . The Parliament consists of two chambers . It makes legislation and is empowered by the constitution to oversee the activities of the President and the Cabinet . The lower chamber is the Chamber of Deputies , which has 80 members serving five @-@ year terms . Twenty @-@ four of these seats are reserved for women , elected through a joint assembly of local government officials ; another three seats are reserved for youth and disabled members ; the remaining 53 are elected by universal suffrage under a proportional representation system . Following the 2013 election , there are 51 female deputies , up from 45 in 2008 ; as of 2015 , Rwanda is one of only two countries with a female majority in the national parliament . The upper chamber is the 26 @-@ seat Senate , whose members are selected by a variety of bodies . A mandatory minimum of 30 % of the senators are women . Senators serve eight @-@ year terms . Rwanda 's legal system is largely based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law . The judiciary is independent of the executive branch , although the President and the Senate are involved in the appointment of Supreme Court judges . Human Rights Watch have praised the Rwandan government for progress made in the delivery of justice including the abolition of the death penalty , but also allege interference in the judicial system by members of the government , such as the politically motivated appointment of judges , misuse of prosecutorial power , and pressure on judges to make particular decisions . The constitution provides for two types of courts : ordinary and specialised . Ordinary courts are the Supreme Court , the High Court , and regional courts , while specialised courts are military courts and a system of commercial courts created in 2011 to expedite commercial litigations . Between 2004 and 2012 , a system of Gacaca courts was in operation . Gacaca , a Rwandan traditional court operated by villages and communities , was revived to expedite the trials of genocide suspects . The court succeeded in clearing the backlog of genocide cases , but was criticised by human rights groups as not meeting legal fair standard . Rwanda has low corruption levels relative to most other African countries ; in 2014 , Transparency International ranked Rwanda as the fifth cleanest out of 47 countries in Sub @-@ Saharan Africa and 55th cleanest out of 175 in the world . The constitution provides for an Ombudsman , whose duties include prevention and fighting of corruption . Public officials ( including the President ) are required by the constitution to declare their wealth to the Ombudsman and to the public ; those who do not comply are suspended from office . The Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) has been the dominant political party in the country since 1994 . The RPF has maintained control of the presidency and the Parliament in national elections , with the party 's vote share consistently exceeding 70 % . The RPF is seen as a Tutsi @-@ dominated party but receives support from across the country , and is credited with ensuring continued peace , stability , and economic growth . Human rights organisation Freedom House claims that the government suppresses the freedoms of opposition groups ; in its 2015 report , Freedom House alleged that the RPF had " prevented new political parties from registering and arrested the leaders of several existing parties , effectively preventing them from fielding candidates " in elections . Amnesty International also claims that the RPF rules Rwanda " without any meaningful opposition " . Rwanda is a member of the United Nations , African Union , Francophonie , East African Community , and the Commonwealth of Nations . For many years during the Habyarimana regime , the country maintained close ties with France , as well as Belgium , the former colonial power . Under the RPF government , however , Rwanda has sought closer ties with neighbouring countries in the East African Community and with the English @-@ speaking world . Diplomatic relations with France were suspended in 2006 following the indictment of Rwandan officials by a French judge , and despite their restoration in 2010 , as of 2015 relations between the countries remain strained . Relations with the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) were tense following Rwanda 's involvement in the First and Second Congo Wars ; the Congolese army alleged Rwandan attacks on their troops , while Rwanda blamed the Congolese government for failing to suppress Hutu rebels in North and South Kivu provinces . Relations soured further in 2012 , as Kinshasa accused Rwanda of supporting the M23 rebellion , an insurgency in the eastern Congo . As of 2015 , peace has been restored and relations are improving . Rwanda 's relationship with Uganda was also tense for much of the 2000s following a 1999 clash between the two countries ' armies as they backed opposing rebel groups in the Second Congo War , but improved significantly in the early 2010s ; as of 2015 , the two countries enjoy a good relationship . The Rwanda Defence Force ( RDF ) is the national army of Rwanda . Largely composed of former Rwandan Patriotic Army ( RPA ) soldiers , it includes the Rwanda Land Force , Rwanda Air Force and specialised units . After the successful conquest of the country in 1994 in the aftermath of the Rwandan Genocide , the Rwandan Patriotic Front decided to split the RPF into a political division ( which retained the RPF name ) and the RDF , a military division which was to serve as the official army of the Rwandan state . Defence spending continues to represent an important share of the national budget , largely due to continuing security problems along the frontiers with the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Burundi , and lingering concerns about Uganda 's intentions towards its former ally . In 2010 , the United Nations released a report accusing the Rwandan army of committing wide scale human rights violations and crimes against humanity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the First and Second Congo Wars , charges denied by the Rwandan government . = = Administrative divisions = = Rwanda has been governed by a strict hierarchy since precolonial times . Before colonisation , the King ( Mwami ) exercised control through a system of provinces , districts , hills , and neighbourhoods . The current constitution divides Rwanda into provinces ( intara ) , districts ( uturere ) , cities , municipalities , towns , sectors ( imirenge ) , cells ( utugari ) , and villages ( imidugudu ) ; the larger divisions , and their borders , are established by Parliament . The five provinces act as intermediaries between the national government and their constituent districts to ensure that national policies are implemented at the district level . The " Rwanda Decentralisation Strategic Framework " developed by the Ministry of Local Government assigns to provinces the responsibility for " coordinating governance issues in the Province , as well as monitoring and evaluation " . Each province is headed by a governor , appointed by the President and approved by the Senate . The districts are responsible for coordinating public service delivery and economic development . They are divided into sectors , which are responsible for the delivery of public services as mandated by the districts . Districts and sectors have directly elected councils , and are run by an executive committee selected by that council . The cells and villages are the smallest political units , providing a link between the people and the sectors . All adult resident citizens are members of their local cell council , from which an executive committee is elected . The city of Kigali is a provincial @-@ level authority , which coordinates urban planning within the city . The present borders were drawn in 2006 with the aim of decentralising power and removing associations with the old system and the genocide . The previous structure of twelve provinces associated with the largest cities was replaced with five provinces based primarily on geography . These are Northern Province , Southern Province , Eastern Province , Western Province , and the Municipality of Kigali in the centre . = = Geography = = At 26 @,@ 338 square kilometres ( 10 @,@ 169 sq mi ) , Rwanda is the world 's 149th @-@ largest country , and the fourth smallest on the African mainland after Gambia , Swaziland , and Djibouti . It is comparable in size to Burundi , Haiti and Albania . The entire country is at a high altitude : the lowest point is the Rusizi River at 950 metres ( 3 @,@ 117 ft ) above sea level . Rwanda is located in Central / Eastern Africa , and is bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west , Uganda to the north , Tanzania to the east , and Burundi to the south . It lies a few degrees south of the equator and is landlocked . The capital , Kigali , is located near the centre of Rwanda . The watershed between the major Congo and Nile drainage basins runs from north to south through Rwanda , with around 80 % of the country 's area draining into the Nile and 20 % into the Congo via the Rusizi River and Lake Tanganyika . The country 's longest river is the Nyabarongo , which rises in the south @-@ west , flows north , east , and southeast before merging with the Ruvubu to form the Kagera ; the Kagera then flows due north along the eastern border with Tanzania . The Nyabarongo @-@ Kagera eventually drains into Lake Victoria , and its source in Nyungwe Forest is a contender for the as @-@ yet undetermined overall source of the Nile . Rwanda has many lakes , the largest being Lake Kivu . This lake occupies the floor of the Albertine Rift along most of the length of Rwanda 's western border , and with a maximum depth of 480 metres ( 1 @,@ 575 ft ) , it is one of the twenty deepest lakes in the world . Other sizeable lakes include Burera , Ruhondo , Muhazi , Rweru , and Ihema , the last being the largest of a string of lakes in the eastern plains of Akagera National Park . Mountains dominate central and western Rwanda . They are part of the Albertine Rift Mountains that flank the Albertine branch of the East African Rift , which runs from north to south along Rwanda 's western border . The highest peaks are found in the Virunga volcano chain in the northwest ; this includes Mount Karisimbi , Rwanda 's highest point , at 4 @,@ 507 metres ( 14 @,@ 787 ft ) . This western section of the country lies within the Albertine Rift montane forests ecoregion . It has an elevation of 1 @,@ 500 to 2 @,@ 500 metres ( 4 @,@ 921 to 8 @,@ 202 ft ) . The centre of the country is predominantly rolling hills , while the eastern border region consists of savanna , plains and swamps . Rwanda has a temperate tropical highland climate , with lower temperatures than are typical for equatorial countries because of its high elevation . Kigali , in the centre of the country , has a typical daily temperature range between 12 and 27 ° C ( 54 and 81 ° F ) , with little variation through the year . There are some temperature variations across the country ; the mountainous west and north are generally cooler than the lower @-@ lying east . There are two rainy seasons in the year ; the first runs from February to June and the second from September to December . These are separated by two dry seasons : the major one from June to September , during which there is often no rain at all , and a shorter and less severe one from December to February . Rainfall varies geographically , with the west and northwest of the country receiving more precipitation annually than the east and southeast . Global warming has caused a change in the pattern of the rainy seasons . According to a report by the Strategic Foresight Group , change in climate has reduced the number of rainy days experienced during a year , but has also caused an increase in frequency of torrential rains . Both changes have caused difficulty for farmers , decreasing their productivity . Strategic Foresight also characterise Rwanda as a fast warming country , with an increase in average temperature of between 0 @.@ 7 ° C to 0 @.@ 9 ° C over fifty years . = = = Biodiversity = = = In prehistoric times montane forest occupied one @-@ third of the territory of present @-@ day Rwanda . Naturally occurring vegetation is now mostly restricted to the three National Parks , with terraced agriculture dominating the rest of the country . Nyungwe , the largest remaining tract of forest , contains 200 species of tree as well as orchids and begonias . Vegetation in the Volcanoes National Park is mostly bamboo and moorland , with small areas of forest . By contrast , Akagera has a savanna ecosystem in which acacia dominates the flora . There are several rare or endangered plant species in Akagera , including Markhamia lutea and Eulophia guineensis . The greatest diversity of large mammals is found in the three National Parks , which are designated conservation areas . Akagera contains typical savanna animals such as giraffes and elephants , while Volcanoes is home to an estimated one @-@ third of the worldwide mountain gorilla population . Nyungwe Forest boasts thirteen primate species including chimpanzees and Ruwenzori colobus arboreal monkeys ; the Ruwenzori colobus move in groups of up to 400 individuals , the largest troop size of any primate in Africa . Rwanda 's population of lions was destroyed in the aftermath of the genocide of 1994 , as national parks were turned into camps for displaced people and remaining animals were poisoned by cattle herders . In June 2015 , two South African parks donated seven lions to Akagera National Park , reestablishing a lion population in Rwanda . The lions were held initially in a fenced off area of the park , and then collared and released into the wild a month later . There are 670 bird species in Rwanda , with variation between the east and the west . Nyungwe Forest , in the west , has 280 recorded species , of which 26 are endemic to the Albertine Rift ; endemic species include the Ruwenzori turaco and handsome francolin . Eastern Rwanda , by contrast , features savanna birds such as the black @-@ headed gonolek and those associated with swamps and lakes , including storks and cranes . = = Economy = = Rwanda 's economy suffered heavily during the 1994 genocide , with widespread loss of life , failure to maintain infrastructure , looting , and neglect of important cash crops . This caused a large drop in GDP and destroyed the country 's ability to attract private and external investment . The economy has since strengthened , with per @-@ capita GDP ( PPP ) estimated at $ 1 @,@ 784 in 2015 , compared with $ 416 in 1994 . Major export markets include China , Germany , and the United States . The economy is managed by the central National Bank of Rwanda and the currency is the Rwandan franc ; in August 2015 , the exchange rate was 755 francs to the United States dollar . Rwanda joined the East African Community in 2007 , and has ratified a plan for monetary union amongst the five member nations , which could eventually lead to a common East African shilling . Rwanda is a country of few natural resources , and the economy is based mostly on subsistence agriculture by local farmers using simple tools . An estimated 90 % of the working population farms , and agriculture constituted an estimated 32 @.@ 5 % of GDP in 2014 . Farming techniques are basic , with small plots of land and steep slopes . Since the mid @-@ 1980s , farm sizes and food production have been decreasing , due in part to the resettlement of displaced people . Despite Rwanda 's fertile ecosystem , food production often does not keep pace with population growth , and food imports are required . Subsistence crops grown in the country include matoke ( green bananas ) , which occupy more than a third of the country 's farmland , potatoes , beans , sweet potatoes , cassava , wheat and maize . Coffee and tea are the major cash crops for export , with the high altitudes , steep slopes and volcanic soils providing favourable conditions . Reliance on agricultural exports makes Rwanda vulnerable to shifts in their prices . Animals raised in Rwanda include cows , goats , sheep , pigs , chicken , and rabbits , with geographical variation in the numbers of each . Production systems are mostly traditional , although there are a few intensive dairy farms around Kigali . Shortages of land and water , insufficient and poor @-@ quality feed , and regular disease epidemics with insufficient veterinary services are major constraints that restrict output . Fishing takes place on the country 's lakes , but stocks are very depleted , and live fish are being imported in an attempt to revive the industry . The industrial sector is small , contributing 14 @.@ 8 % of GDP in 2014 . Products manufactured include cement , agricultural products , small @-@ scale beverages , soap , furniture , shoes , plastic goods , textiles and cigarettes . Rwanda 's mining industry is an important contributor , generating US $ 93 million in 2008 . Minerals mined include cassiterite , wolframite , gold , and coltan , which is used in the manufacture of electronic and communication devices such as mobile phones . Rwanda 's service sector suffered during the late @-@ 2000s recession as bank lending , foreign aid projects and investment were reduced . The sector rebounded in 2010 , becoming the country 's largest sector by economic output and contributing 43 @.@ 6 % of the country 's GDP . Key tertiary contributors include banking and finance , wholesale and retail trade , hotels and restaurants , transport , storage , communication , insurance , real estate , business services and public administration including education and health . Tourism is one of the fastest @-@ growing economic resources and became the country 's leading foreign exchange earner in 2007 . In spite of the genocide 's legacy , the country is increasingly perceived internationally as a safe destination . The number of tourist arrivals in 2013 was 864 @,@ 000 people , up from 504 @,@ 000 in 2010 . Revenue from tourism was US $ 303 million in 2014 , up from just US $ 62 million in 2000 . The largest contributor to this revenue was mountain gorilla tracking , in the Volcanoes National Park ; Rwanda is one of only two countries in which mountain gorillas can be visited safely ; the gorillas attract thousands of visitors per year , who are prepared to pay high prices for permits . Other attractions include Nyungwe Forest , home to chimpanzees , Ruwenzori colobus and other primates , the resorts of Lake Kivu , and Akagera , a small savanna reserve in the east of the country . = = = Media and communications = = = The largest radio and television stations are state @-@ run , and the majority of newspapers are owned by the government . Most Rwandans have access to radio ; during the 1994 genocide , the radio station Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines broadcast across the country , and helped to fuel the killings through anti @-@ Tutsi propaganda . As of 2015 , the state @-@ run Radio Rwanda is the largest station and the main source of news throughout the country . Television access is limited , with most homes not having their own set . The government rolled out digital television in 2014 , and a year later there were seven national stations operating , up from just one in the pre @-@ 2014 analogue era . The press is tightly restricted , and newspapers routinely self @-@ censor to avoid government reprisals . Nonetheless , publications in Kinyarwanda , English , and French critical of the government are widely available in Kigali . Restrictions were increased in the run @-@ up to the Rwandan presidential election of 2010 , with two independent newspapers , Umuseso and Umuvugizi , being suspended for six months by the High Media Council . The country 's oldest telecommunications group , Rwandatel , went into liquidation in 2011 , having been 80 % owned by Libyan company LAP Green . The company was acquired in 2013 by Liquid Telecom , a company providing telecommunications and fibre optic networks across eastern and southern Africa . As of 2015 , Liquid Telecom provides landline service to 30 @,@ 968 subscribers , with mobile operator MTN Rwanda serving an additional 15 @,@ 497 fixed line subscribers . Landlines are mostly used by government institutions , banks , NGOs and embassies , with private subscription levels low . As of 2015 , mobile phone penetration in the country is 72 @.@ 6 % , up from 41 @.@ 6 % in 2011 . MTN Rwanda is the leading provider , with 3 @,@ 957 @,@ 986 subscribers , followed by Tigo with 2 @,@ 887 @,@ 328 , and Bhati Airtel with 1 @,@ 336 @,@ 679 . Rwandatel has also previously operated a mobile phone network , but the industry regulator revoked its licence in April 2011 , following the company 's failure to meet agreed investment commitments . Internet penetration is low but rising rapidly ; in 2015 there were 12 @.@ 8 internet users per 100 people , up from 2 @.@ 1 in 2007 . In 2011 , a 2 @,@ 300 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 400 mi ) fibre @-@ optic telecommunications network was completed , intended to provide broadband services and facilitate electronic commerce . This network is connected to SEACOM , a submarine fibre @-@ optic cable connecting communication carriers in southern and eastern Africa . Within Rwanda the cables run along major roads , linking towns around the country . Mobile provider MTN also runs a wireless internet service accessible in most areas of Kigali via pre @-@ paid subscription . = = = Infrastructure = = = The Rwandan government prioritised funding of water supply development during the 2000s , significantly increasing its share of the national budget . This funding , along with donor support , caused a rapid increase in access to safe water ; in 2015 , 74 % of the population had access to safe water , up from about 55 % in 2005 ; the government has committed to increasing this to 100 % by 2017 . The country 's water infrastructure consists of urban and rural systems that deliver water to the public , mainly through standpipes in rural areas and private connections in urban areas . In areas not served by these systems , hand pumps and managed springs are used . Despite rainfall exceeding 750 millimetres ( 30 in ) annually in most of the country , little use is made of rainwater harvesting , and residents are forced to use water very sparingly , relative to usage in other African countries . Access to sanitation remains low ; the United Nations estimates that in 2006 , 34 % of urban and 20 % of rural dwellers had access to improved sanitation . Government policy measures to improve sanitation are limited , focusing only on urban areas . The majority of the population , both urban and rural , use public shared pit latrines . Rwanda 's electricity supply was , until the early 2000s , generated almost entirely from hydroelectric sources ; power stations on Lakes Burera and Ruhondo provided 90 % of the country 's electricity . A combination of below average rainfall and human activity , including the draining of the Rugezi wetlands for cultivation and grazing , caused the two lakes ' water levels to fall from 1990 onwards ; by 2004 levels were reduced by 50 % , leading to a sharp drop in output from the power stations . This , coupled with increased demand as the economy grew , precipitated a shortfall in 2004 and widespread loadshedding . As an emergency measure , the government installed diesel generators north of Kigali ; by 2006 these were providing 56 % of the country 's electricity , but were very costly . The government enacted a number of measures to alleviate this problem , including rehabilitating the Rugezi wetlands , which supply water to Burera and Ruhondo and investing in a scheme to extract methane gas from Lake Kivu , expected in its first phase to increase the country 's power generation by 40 % . Only 18 % of the population had access to electricity in 2012 , though this had risen from 10 @.@ 8 % in 2009 . The government 's Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy for 2013 – 18 aims to increase access to electricity to 70 % of households by 2017 . The government has increased investment in the transport infrastructure of Rwanda since the 1994 genocide , with aid from the United States , European Union , Japan , and others . The transport system consists primarily of the road network , with paved roads between Kigali and most other major cities and towns in the country . Rwanda is linked by road to other countries in the East African Community , namely Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi and Kenya , as well as to the eastern Congolese cities of Goma and Bukavu ; the country 's most important trade route is the road to the port of Mombasa via Kampala and Nairobi , which is known as the Northern Corridor . The principal form of public transport in the country is the minibus , accounting for more than half of all passenger carrying capacity . Some minibuses , particularly in Kigali , operate an unscheduled service , under a shared taxi system , while others run to a schedule , offering express routes between the major cities . There are a smaller number of large buses , which operate a scheduled service around the country . The principal private hire vehicle is the motorcycle taxi ; in 2013 there were 9 @,@ 609 registered motorcycle taxis in Rwanda , compared with just 579 taxicabs . Coach services are available to various destinations in neighbouring countries . The country has an international airport at Kigali that serves several international destinations , the busiest routes being those to Nairobi and Entebbe ; there is one domestic route , between Kigali and Kamembe Airport near Cyangugu . The national carrier is RwandAir , and the country is served by seven foreign airlines . As of 2015 the country has no railways , but there is a project underway , in conjunction with Burundi and Tanzania , to extend the Tanzanian Central Line into Rwanda ; the three countries have invited expressions of interest from private firms to form a public private partnership for the scheme . There is no public water transport between the port cities on Lake Kivu , although a limited private service exists and the government has initiated a programme to develop a full service . The Ministry of Infrastructure is also investigating the feasibility of linking Rwanda to Lake Victoria via shipping on the Akagera River . = = Demographics = = As of 2015 , the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda estimates Rwanda 's population to be 11 @,@ 262 @,@ 564 . The 2012 census recorded a population of 10 @,@ 515 @,@ 973 . The population is young : in the 2012 census , 43 @.@ 3 % of the population were aged 15 and under , and 53 @.@ 4 % were between 16 and 64 . According to the CIA World Factbook , the annual birth rate is estimated at 40 @.@ 2 births per 1 @,@ 000 inhabitants in 2015 , and the death rate at 14 @.@ 9 . The life expectancy is 59 @.@ 67 years ( 61 @.@ 27 years for females and 58 @.@ 11 years for males ) , which is the 26th lowest out of 224 countries and territories . The sex ratio of the country is relatively even . At 445 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 1 @,@ 150 / sq mi ) , Rwanda 's population density is amongst the highest in Africa . Historians such as Gérard Prunier believe that the 1994 genocide can be partly attributed to the population density . The population is predominantly rural , with a few large towns ; dwellings are evenly spread throughout the country . The only sparsely populated area of the country is the savanna land in the former province of Umutara and Akagera National Park in the east . Kigali is the largest city , with a population of around one million . Its rapidly increasing population challenges its infrastructural development . According to the 2012 census , the second largest city is Gisenyi , which lies adjacent to Lake Kivu and the Congolese city of Goma , and has a population of 126 @,@ 000 . Other major towns include Ruhengeri , Butare , and Gitarama , all with populations below 100 @,@ 000 . The urban population rose from 6 % of the population in 1990 , to 16 @.@ 6 % in 2006 ; by 2011 , however , the proportion had dropped slightly , to 14 @.@ 8 % . Rwanda has been a unified state since pre @-@ colonial times , and the population is drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group , the Banyarwanda ; this contrasts with most modern African states , whose borders were drawn by colonial powers and did not correspond to ethnic boundaries or pre @-@ colonial kingdoms . Within the Banyarwanda people , there are three separate groups , the Hutu , Tutsi and Twa . The CIA World Factbook gives estimates that the Hutu made up 84 % of the population in 2009 , the Tutsi 15 % and Twa 1 % . The Twa are a pygmy people who descend from Rwanda 's earliest inhabitants , but scholars do not agree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi . Anthropologist Jean Hiernaux contends that the Tutsi are a separate race , with a tendency towards " long and narrow heads , faces and noses " ; others , such as Villia Jefremovas , believe there is no discernible physical difference and the categories were not historically rigid . In precolonial Rwanda the Tutsi were the ruling class , from whom the kings and the majority of chiefs were derived , while the Hutu were agriculturalists . The current government discourages the Hutu / Tutsi / Twa distinction , and has removed such classification from identity cards . The 2002 census was the first since 1933 which did not categorise Rwandan population into the three groups . = = = Religion = = = The largest faith in Rwanda is Roman Catholicism , but there have been significant changes in the nation 's religious demographics since the genocide , with many conversions to Evangelical Christian faiths and , to a lesser degree , Islam . According to the 2012 census , Roman Catholics represented 43 @.@ 7 % of the population , Protestants ( excluding Adventists and Jehovah 's Witnesses ) 37 @.@ 7 % , Seventh @-@ day Adventists 11 @.@ 8 % , and Muslims 2 @.@ 0 % ; 0 @.@ 2 % claimed no religious beliefs and 1 @.@ 3 % did not state a religion . Traditional religion , despite officially being followed by only 0 @.@ 1 % of the population , retains an influence . Many Rwandans view the Christian God as synonymous with the traditional Rwandan God Imana . = = = Language = = = The country 's principal language is Kinyarwanda , which is spoken by most Rwandans . The major European languages during the colonial era were German , and then French , which was introduced by Belgium and remained an official and widely spoken language after independence . The influx of former refugees from Uganda and elsewhere during the late 20th century has created a linguistic divide between the English @-@ speaking population and the French @-@ speaking remainder of the country . Kinyarwanda , English and French are all official languages . Kinyarwanda is the language of government and English is the primary educational medium . Swahili , the lingua franca of the African Great Lakes , and the official language of the East African Community , is also spoken by some as a second language , particularly returned refugees from Kenya and Tanzania . In 2015 , Swahili was introduced as a mandatory subject in secondary schools . Inhabitants of Rwanda 's Nkombo Island speak Amashi , a language closely related to Kinyarwanda . = = Culture = = Music and dance are an integral part of Rwandan ceremonies , festivals , social gatherings and storytelling . The most famous traditional dance is a highly choreographed routine consisting of three components : the umushagiriro , or cow dance , performed by women ; the intore , or dance of heroes , performed by men ; and the drumming , also traditionally performed by men , on drums known as ingoma . The best known dance group is the National Ballet . It was established by President Habyarimana in 1974 , and performs nationally and internationally . Traditionally , music is transmitted orally , with styles varying between the social groups . Drums are of great importance ; the royal drummers enjoyed high status within the court of the King ( Mwami ) . Drummers play together in groups of varying sizes , usually between seven and nine in number . The country has a growing popular music industry , influenced by African Great Lakes , Congolese , and American music . The most popular genre is hip hop , with a blend of rap , ragga , R & B and dance @-@ pop . Traditional arts and crafts are produced throughout the country , although most originated as functional items rather than purely for decoration . Woven baskets and bowls are especially common . Imigongo , a unique cow dung art , is produced in the southeast of Rwanda , with a history dating back to when the region was part of the independent Gisaka kingdom . The dung is mixed with natural soils of various colours and painted into patterned ridges to form geometric shapes . Other crafts include pottery and wood carving . Traditional housing styles make use of locally available materials ; circular or rectangular mud homes with grass @-@ thatched roofs ( known as nyakatsi ) are the most common . The government has initiated a programme to replace these with more modern materials such as corrugated iron . Rwanda does not have a long history of written literature , but there is a strong oral tradition ranging from poetry to folk stories . Many of the country 's moral values and details of history have been passed down through the generations . The most famous Rwandan literary figure was Alexis Kagame ( 1912 – 1981 ) , who carried out and published research into oral traditions as well as writing his own poetry . The Rwandan Genocide resulted in the emergence of a literature of witness accounts , essays and fiction by a new generation of writers such as Benjamin Sehene . A number of films have been produced about the Rwandan Genocide , including the Golden Globe @-@ nominated Hotel Rwanda , Shake Hands with the Devil , Sometimes in April , and Shooting Dogs , the last two having been filmed in Rwanda and having featured survivors as cast members . Fourteen regular national holidays are observed throughout the year , with others occasionally inserted by the government . The week following Genocide Memorial Day on 7 April is designated an official week of mourning . The victory for the RPF over the Hutu extremists is celebrated as Liberation Day on 4 July . The last Saturday of each month is umuganda , a national morning of mandatory community service lasting from 8am to 11am , during which all able bodied people between 18 and 65 are expected to carry out community tasks such as cleaning streets or building homes for vulnerable people . Most normal services close down during umuganda , and public transportation is limited . = = = Cuisine = = = The cuisine of Rwanda is based on local staple foods produced by subsistence agriculture such as bananas , plantains ( known as ibitoke ) , pulses , sweet potatoes , beans , and cassava ( manioc ) . Many Rwandans do not eat meat more than a few times a month . For those who live near lakes and have access to fish , tilapia is popular . The potato , thought to have been introduced to Rwanda by German and Belgian colonialists , is very popular . Ubugari ( or umutsima ) is a paste made from cassava or maize and water to form a porridge @-@ like consistency that is eaten throughout the African Great Lakes . Isombe is made from mashed cassava leaves and served with dried fish . Lunch is usually a buffet known as mélange , consisting of the above staples and sometimes meat . Brochettes are the most popular food when eating out in the evening , usually made from goat but sometimes tripe , beef , or fish . In rural areas , many bars have a brochette seller responsible for tending and slaughtering the goats , skewering and barbecuing the meat , and serving it with grilled bananas . Milk , particularly in a fermented yoghurt form called ikivuguto , is a common drink throughout the country . Other drinks include a traditional beer called urwagwa , made from sorghum or bananas , which features in traditional rituals and ceremonies . The major drinks manufacturer in Rwanda is Bralirwa , which was established in the 1950s and is now listed on the Rwandan Stock Exchange . Bralirwa manufactures soft drink products from The Coca @-@ Cola Company , under license , including Coca @-@ Cola , Fanta , and Sprite , and a range of beers including Primus , Mützig , Amstel , and Turbo King . In 2009 a new brewery , Brasseries des Mille Collines ( BMC ) opened , manufacturing Skol beer and a local version known as Skol Gatanu ; BMC is now owned by Belgian company Unibra . East African Breweries also operate in the country , importing Guinness , Tusker , and Bell , as well as whisky and spirits . = = = Sport = = = The Rwandan government , through its Sports Development Policy , promotes sport as a strong avenue for " development and peace building " , and the government has made commitments to advancing the use of sport for a variety of development objectives , including education . The most popular sports in Rwanda are association football , volleyball , basketball , athletics and Paralympic sports . Cricket has been growing in popularity , as a result of refugees returned from Kenya , where they had learned to play the game . Cycling , traditionally seen largely as a mode of transport in Rwanda , is also growing in popularity as a sport ; and Team Rwanda have been the subject of a book , Land of Second Chances : The Impossible Rise of Rwanda 's Cycling Team and a film , Rising from Ashes . Rwandans have been competing at the Olympic Games since 1984 , and the Paralympic Games since 2004 . The country sent seven competitors to the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , representing it in athletics , swimming , mountain biking and judo , and 15 competitors to the London Summer Paralympics to compete in athletics , powerlifting and sitting volleyball . The country has also participated in the Commonwealth Games since joining the Commonwealth in 2009 . The country 's national basketball team has been growing in prominence since the mid @-@ 2000s , with the men 's team qualifying for the final stages of the African Basketball Championship four times in a row since 2007 . The country bid unsuccessfully to host the 2013 tournament . Rwanda 's national football team has appeared in the African Cup of Nations once , in the 2004 edition of the tournament , but narrowly failed to advance beyond the group stages . The team have failed to qualify for the competition since , and have never qualified for the World Cup . Rwanda 's highest domestic football competition is the Rwanda National Football League ; as of 2015 , the dominant team is APR FC of Kigali , having won 13 of the last 17 championships . Rwandan clubs participate in the Kagame Interclub Cup for Central and East African teams , sponsored since 2002 by President Kagame . = = Education = = Prior to 2012 , the Rwandan government provided free education in state @-@ run schools for nine years : six years in primary and three years following a common secondary programme . In 2012 , this started to be expanded to 12 years . A 2015 study suggests that while enrolment rates in primary schools are " near ubiquity " , rates of completion are low and repetition rates high . While schooling is fee @-@ free , there is an expectation that parents should contribute to the cost of their children 's education by providing them with materials , supporting teacher development and making a contribution to school construction . According to the government , these costs should not be a basis for the exclusion of children from education , however . There are many private schools across the country , some church @-@ run , which follow the same syllabus but charge fees . From 1994 until 2009 , secondary education was offered in either French or English ; because of the country 's increasing ties with the East African Community and the Commonwealth , only the English syllabi are now offered . The country has a number of institutions of tertiary education . In 2013 , the public University of Rwanda ( UR ) was created out of a merger of the former National University of Rwanda and the country 's other public higher education institutions . In 2013 , the gross enrolment ratio for tertiary education in Rwanda was 7 @.@ 9 % , from 3 @.@ 6 % in 2006 . The country 's literacy rate , defined as those aged 15 or over who can read and write , was 71 % in 2009 , up from 38 % in 1978 and 58 % in 1991 . = = Health = = The quality of healthcare in Rwanda has historically been very low , both before and immediately after the 1994 genocide . In 1998 , more than one in five children died before their fifth birthday , often from malaria . President Kagame has made healthcare one of the priorities for the Vision 2020 development programme , boosting spending on health care to 6 @.@ 5 % of the country 's gross domestic product in 2013 , compared with 1 @.@ 9 % in 1996 . The government has devolved the financing and management of healthcare to local communities , through a system of health insurance providers called mutuelles de santé . The mutuelles were piloted in 1999 , and were made available nationwide by the mid @-@ 2000s , with the assistance of international development partners . Premiums under the scheme were initially US $ 2 per annum ; since 2011 the rate has varied on a sliding scale , with the poorest paying nothing , and maximum premiums rising to US $ 8 per adult . As of 2014 , more than 90 % of the population was covered by the scheme . The government has also set up training institutes including the Kigali Health Institute ( KHI ) , which was established in 1997 and is now part of the University of Rwanda . In 2005 , President Kagame also launched a program known as The Presidents ' Malaria Initiative . This initiative aimed to help get the most necessary materials for prevention of malaria to the most rural areas of Rwanda , such as mosquito nets and medication . In recent years Rwanda has seen improvement on a number of key health indicators : Between 2005 and 2013 , life expectancy increased from 55 @.@ 2 to 64 @.@ 0 @,@ under @-@ 5 mortality decreased from 106 @.@ 4 to 52 @.@ 0 per 1 @,@ 000 live births , incidence of tuberculosis has dropped from 101 to 69 per 100 @,@ 000 people . The country 's progress in healthcare has been cited by the international media and charities . The Atlantic devoted an article to " Rwanda 's Historic Health Recovery " , . Partners In Health described the health gains " among the most dramatic the world has seen in the last 50 years " . Despite these improvements , however , the country 's health profile remains dominated by communicable diseases , and the United States Agency for International Development has described " significant health challenges " , including the rate of maternal mortality , which it describes as " unacceptably high " , as well as the ongoing HIV / AIDS epidemic . According to the American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , travelers to Rwanda are highly recommended to take preventive malaria medication as well as make sure they are up to date with vaccines such as yellow fever . Rwanda also has a shortage of medical professionals , with only 0 @.@ 84 physicians , nurses , and midwives per 1 @,@ 000 residents . The United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) is monitoring the country 's health progress towards Millennium Development Goals 4 – 6 , which relate to healthcare . A mid @-@ 2015 UNDP report noted that the country was not on target to meet goal 4 on infant mortality , despite it having " fallen dramatically " ; the country is " making good progress " towards goal 5 , which is to reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio , while goal 6 is not yet met as HIV prevalence has not started falling . = German cruiser Königsberg = Königsberg was a German light cruiser that was operated between 1929 and April 1940 , including service in World War II . She was the lead vessel of her class and was operated by two German navies , the Reichsmarine and the Kriegsmarine . She had two sister ships , Karlsruhe and Köln . Königsberg was built by the Kriegsmarinewerft in Wilhelmshaven ; she was laid down in April 1926 , launched in March 1927 , and commissioned into the Reichsmarine in April 1929 . She was armed with a main battery of nine 15 cm SK C / 25 guns in three triple turrets and had a top speed of 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) . Königsberg served as a training ship for naval cadets throughout the 1930s , and joined the non @-@ intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s . After the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , she laid defensive minefields in the North Sea and then participated in Operation Weserübung , the invasion of Norway in April 1940 . While attacking Bergen , she was badly damaged by Norwegian coastal artillery , and sunk by British bombers the following day in the harbor . The wreck was eventually raised in 1942 and broken up for scrap the following year . = = Characteristics = = Königsberg was 174 meters ( 571 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 15 @.@ 2 m ( 50 ft ) and a maximum draft of 6 @.@ 28 m ( 20 @.@ 6 ft ) . She displaced 7 @,@ 700 long tons ( 7 @,@ 800 t ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of four steam turbines and a pair of 10 @-@ cylinder four @-@ stroke diesel engines . Steam for the turbines was provided by six Marine @-@ type double @-@ ended oil @-@ fired boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) and a range of approximately 5 @,@ 700 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 600 km ; 6 @,@ 600 mi ) at 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) . Königsberg had a crew of 21 officers and 493 enlisted men . The ship was armed with nine 15 cm SK C / 25 guns mounted in three triple gun turrets . One was located forward , and two were placed in a superfiring pair aft . The rear gun turrets were offset to increase their arc of fire	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
. They were supplied with 1 @,@ 080 rounds of ammunition , for 120 shells per gun . The ship was also equipped with two 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns in single mounts ; they had 400 rounds of ammunition each . Königsberg also carried four triple torpedo tube mounts located amidships ; they were supplied with twenty @-@ four 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedoes . She was also capable of carrying 120 naval mines . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick amidships and an armored belt that was 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides . = = Service history = = Königsberg was ordered as " Cruiser B " and given the temporary name Ersatz Thetis , since she was intended to replace the old cruiser Thetis . She was laid down at the Kriegsmarinewerft in Wilhelmshaven on 12 April 1926 and launched on 26 March 1927 . She was commissioned into the Reichsmarine on 17 April 1929 . After her commissioning , the ship was assigned as the flagship of the reconnaissance force for the German fleet . She thereafter conducted a series of training cruises for naval cadets and made numerous goodwill visits throughout the Mediterranean Sea . In 1931 , the ship 's first major modification took place ; her foremast was shortened and her rear superstructure was slightly lengthened . Otto von Schrader commanded the ship from September 1931 to September 1934 . Hubert Schmundt relieved him and served as the ship 's captain for the following year . In 1934 , a pair of 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) anti @-@ aircraft guns in individual mounts were installed on her aft superstructure just forward of her main battery turrets . That same year , she and the cruiser Leipzig made the first goodwill visit to the United Kingdom since the end of World War I sixteen years earlier . In 1935 , the ship had an aircraft catapult installed , along with a crane to handle floatplanes . The following year , the single 8 @.@ 8 cm guns were replaced with a new triaxially stabilized twin @-@ mount ; two other twin mounts were added on the rear superstructure . Fire control directors for the anti @-@ aircraft guns were also installed . After emerging from this refit , Königsberg was employed as a gunnery training ship . During the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s , the ship participated in non @-@ intervention patrols , during which she forced Republicans to surrender a German freighter they had seized . After returning to Germany , Königsberg resumed her gunnery training duties , and also served as a testbed for radar prototypes . She was scheduled to be transferred to the U @-@ boat School , where she would be used as a target ship for U @-@ boat crews . This duty was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 . One day before the German invasion of Poland , on 31 August , Königsberg spotted the Polish destroyers Burza and Błyskawica in the Baltic . At the start of hostilities , she and several other German cruisers laid a defensive minefield in the North Sea . She then went into the Baltic Sea for training maneuvers . Kurt @-@ Caesar Hoffmann served as the ship 's captain from June to September 1939 . In late 1939 , a degaussing coil was installed on the ship 's hull . Königsberg returned to active duty in March 1940 , when she was assigned to the invasion force for the attack on Norway . = = = Operation Weserübung = = = The invasion of Norway took place in early April 1940 . Königsberg was assigned to Gruppe 3 , and was tasked with transporting 600 troops from the Wehrmacht 's 69th Infantry Division from Wilhelmshaven to Bergen , Norway . Gruppe 3 also included her sister ship Köln , the artillery training ship Bremse , and the torpedo boats Wolf and Leopard . The Germans left Wilhelmshaven on 8 April , and had reached their target the following day , where Königsberg transferred part of the landing party to several smaller vessels . She then made a high @-@ speed run into the port in an attempt to land the remainder of the infantry in the town directly . A 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) coastal battery at the Kvarven Fort took the ship under fire , and scored three hits , all forward . The hits caused severe flooding and fires in her boiler rooms that cut the ship 's power . Adrift , and unable to maneuver , Königsberg had to drop anchor , while she and Köln , Luftwaffe bombers , and the infantry neutralized the Norwegian guns . Königsberg required major repairs before she would be able to return to Germany , so she was temporarily moored in the harbor with her broadside facing the harbor entrance . This would allow her to bring all of her main battery guns to bear against any British naval attack . The rest of Gruppe 3 returned to Germany . On the evening of 9 April , she was attacked by British bombers , but to no effect . The following morning , the British launched another air raid on the ship . The raid consisted of sixteen Blackburn Skua dive bombers of the British Fleet Air Arm ( seven of 800 Naval Air Squadron and nine of 803 Naval Air Squadron ) , launched from RNAS Hatston , Orkney . Königsberg 's thin deck armor rendered her quite vulnerable to dive bomber attack . The Skuas attacked in three groups : the nine of 803 NAS , six of 800 NAS , and one aircraft of 800 NAS which lost contact during the outward flight but found Königsberg independently . The dive bombers attacked at 7 : 20 , catching the ship 's crew off guard . Half of the dive bombers had completed their dives before the crew realized they were under attack . Only one large anti @-@ aircraft gun was reported as being manned with shells being fired once every five seconds from the aft of the ship with lighter anti @-@ air weapons firing from the shore and adjacent ships firing even later in the attack . Königsberg was hit by at least five 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) bombs , which caused serious damage to the ship . One penetrated her thin deck armor , went through the ship , and exploded in the water , causing significant structural damage . Another hit destroyed the auxiliary boiler room . Two more bombs exploded in the water next to the ship ; the concussion from the blasts tore large holes in the hull . She took on a heavy list almost immediately , and the captain ordered the crew to abandon the ship . It took slightly less than three hours from the start of the attack for the ship to completely capsize and sink , which gave the crew enough time to evacuate many of the dead and wounded . They also had time to remove a significant amount of ammunition and equipment from the stricken cruiser . Only eighteen men were killed in the attack . The wreck was raised on 17 July 1942 , and slowly broken up for scrap thereafter . By 1943 , the wreck had been completely dismantled in situ . = Lufthansa Flight 615 = The hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 615 was an act of terrorism committed by a Palestinian group that occurred on 29 October 1972 and aimed at the liberation of the three surviving perpetrators of the Munich massacre from a West German prison . When the Lufthansa airplane was seized by sympathisers of Black September during the Beirut @-@ Ankara part of a multi @-@ stopover flight from Damascus to Frankfurt , the West German authorities complied with the demand of having the prisoners released . They were handed over at Zagreb Airport , and the hijacked aircraft was flown to Tripoli , where all hostages were released . The liberated Munich attackers were granted asylum by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi . For its actions , the West German government was criticised by Israel and other parties , in some cases combined with allegations that the hijacking had been staged or at least tolerated . = = Background : The Olympic hostage crisis and its aftermath = = On 5 September 1972 , during the Munich Summer Olympics , eight fighters of the Palestinian group Black September took hostage eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team . Eventually , all hostages were killed , either in the initial assault or during a shoot @-@ out following a failed police rescue attempt at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base . Three perpetrators ( Adnan Al @-@ Gashey , Jamal Al @-@ Gashey , and Mohammed Safady ) survived and were subsequently arrested and held in pre @-@ trial custody . In the immediate aftermath of the Munich massacre , West German authorities were concerned over being drawn into the Arab – Israeli conflict . As foreign minister Walter Scheel put it in October 1972 , one had to " defend against actions by both sides of the conflict " . In Israel , the ensuing German appeasement politics led to comparisons with the 1938 Munich Agreement . Indeed , since Willy Brandt had become chancellor in 1969 , there had been a change of the West German attitude towards the Arab – Israeli conflict . The earlier conservative governments had been considered pointedly pro @-@ Israel ( especially during the mid @-@ 1960s with the Six @-@ Day War ) , which had resulted in a number of Arab states breaking off diplomatic relations to West Germany . With Egypt and Tunisia , these had only been restored shortly before the 1972 Olympics . The West German authorities were aware of the high profile of the prisoners and the fact that the group had numerous sympathisers , so that terrorist acts aiming at the liberation of the Munich attackers were feared . Aircraft of ( then ) national airline Lufthansa or its Israeli counterpart El Al were identified as likely targets . On 9 September , an anonymous letter was received claiming that such a hijacking was indeed imminent , which prompted the Federal Ministry of the Interior ( then led by Hans @-@ Dietrich Genscher ) to consider whether citizens of Arab states should be denied boarding of Lufthansa flights . Already during the Munich hostage crisis , it had become evident that the attackers were aware of possible liberation attempts in case of their arrest . Asked if he was afraid of being caught and put into a German prison , their leader Luttif Afif ( who was later killed in the Fürstenfeldbruck shoot @-@ out ) had responded that there was nothing to fear , because " there is no death penalty in Germany , and our brothers would liberate us . " = = The hijacking = = Note : For consistency reasons , all times have been converted to Central European Time . On 29 October 1972 ( a Sunday ) , a Lufthansa Boeing 727 @-@ 100 was hijacked : Flight 615 on the Damascus @-@ Beirut @-@ Ankara @-@ Munich @-@ Frankfurt route . The aircraft ( registered D @-@ ABIG ) had originated at Damascus International Airport in the early morning , with seven crew members but initially without any passengers . At the first stopover at Beirut International Airport , 13 people boarded the flight : nine citizens of unknown Arab countries , two Americans , one German , and one Frenchman . Departure from Beirut was delayed by about one hour . Originally scheduled to depart at 05 : 45 , take @-@ off took place only at 07 : 01 . Less than 15 minutes later , two Arab passengers threatened to blow up the aircraft using explosives that had been hidden in the first class cabin ( and which likely had been smuggled there in Damascus ) if the members of Black September would not be released from the German prison . Following a fuel stop at Nicosia International Airport , the pilots were forced to fly towards Munich @-@ Riem Airport , where the hijackers initially had intended the exchange to take place . When the aircraft had arrived in Austrian airspace at around noon and it became evident that their demands could not be fulfilled in time , this plan was changed , and the Lufthansa crew had to divert instead to Zagreb in what was then the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , circling over Zagreb Airport until the Black September members would have been brought there . This put the Germans under a pressure of time , as the aircraft would eventually run out of fuel . Once word of the hijacking was received at the Lufthansa headquarters in Cologne , chairman Herbert Culmann boarded a corporate Hawker Siddeley HS.125 owned by then subsidiary Condor ( registered D @-@ CFCF ) and flew to Munich , where he joined mayor Georg Kronawitter and police chief Manfred Schreiber ( de ) as well as the Bavarian interior minister Bruno Merk ( de ) at the local crisis committee . The West German governmental response was coordinated by a crisis council in Bonn , which comprised vice chancellor and foreign minister Walter Scheel and the ministers of the interior and of transportation , Hans @-@ Dietrich Genscher and Lauritz Lauritzen . Recalling the failed rescue attempt during the Olympic hostage crisis and the ( then ) lack of a special operations police unit , the West German authorities quickly decided to comply with the demands of the hijackers . By 14 : 00 , the three Black September members had been transported to Riem Airport . Philipp Held ( de ) , the Bavarian minister for justice , ordered for the revocation of the arrest warrant and had them issued official emigration papers . The three were brought on board the airplane Culmann had used to get to Munich , where they were joined by two plain clothes police officers . Culmann himself offhandedly decided to also head to Zagreb in order to directly assist the negotiations there . The airplane with the released prisoners left Munich , but the pilot had been ordered to stay inside West German airspace until further notice . The German negotiators hoped for the concession that the hijacked Lufthansa jet would be allowed to first land at Zagreb , which turned out to be futile . The situation tensed when the hijacked Lufthansa aircraft came dangerously close to the point of fuel starvation . In what he later called a " state of emergency " due to an alleged loss of communications with Munich , Lufthansa chairman Culmann personally ordered the pilot of the aircraft carrying the released Munich attackers to head towards and land at Zagreb Airport , thus acting against orders by higher authorities . As a consequence , a legal investigation against Culmann was initiated , but abandoned shortly thereafter . Twenty minutes after the three Black September members had arrived at Zagreb Airport , the hijacked Lufthansa jet also landed there and some time later , at 18 : 05 , the handing @-@ over took place . This happened without any reciprocal measures : The 18 hostages were not released yet . Another critical situation unfolded when the Yugoslav authorities in charge of the airport complied with the demands of their counterparts in Bonn and prevented the Lufthansa jet from taking off again . Realizing that the plane would not be refueled , the hijackers again threatened to kill everyone on board . The standoff was broken by Kurt Laqueur ( de ) , the West German consul in Zagreb , who signed the refueling order without having been authorized to do so , thus allowing the Lufthansa jet to depart at 18 : 50 , this time heading for Tripoli . At 21 : 03 , it arrived at Tripoli International Airport , where the hostages were finally set free . In Libya and other countries of the region , mass celebrations erupted , with the Lufthansa hijackers and the liberated Munich perpetrators being treated as heroes . Right after their arrival at the airport , a press conference was held , which was broadcast live around the world . The Libyan government led by Muammar Gaddafi allowed the Munich attackers to take refuge and go into hiding , ignoring the demands of West German foreign minister Scheel to put them on trial . In a large scale covert operation dubbed Wrath of God , Israel would subsequently aim at them being tracked down and killed . = = Reactions = = German politicians of the then government parties ( Social Democrats and Liberals ) as well as the opposition ( the conservative Union parties ) generally acclaimed the non @-@ violent outcome of the hijacking . This reflected the public opinion that with the Munich attackers having left the country , the risk of further terrorist acts against German targets had diminished . Criticism evolved around the lack of sufficient airport security to prevent explosives being smuggled into passenger airliners , and Lufthansa not employing sky marshals , which at that time were already common on certain flights by El Al , Pan Am , Swissair , and others . Israel sharply condemned the release of the Munich perpetrators and accused West Germany of having " capitulated to terrorism " . Prime Minister Golda Meir stated on the following day : " We have been depressed since yesterday , aggrieved and I would say insulted , that the human spirit , so weak and helpless , has surrendered to brutal force . " Foreign Minister Abba Eban filed an official protest note with the West German government , and the Israeli ambassador in Bonn was temporarily called back , officially due to consultations . = = Allegations of a West German government involvement = = In the immediate aftermath of the hijacking of Flight 615 as well as on a number of later occasions , concerns were voiced that the event might have been staged or at least tolerated by the West German government in order to " get rid of three murderers , which had become a security burden " ( as Amnon Rubinstein wrote in Israeli newspaper Haaretz under the headline " Bonn 's Disgrace " shortly after the prisoner release ) . Arguments frequently brought forth to back such allegations are the " suspiciously " low passenger number ( there were only 13 male passengers on board the hijacked Boeing 727 @-@ 100 , an aircraft type with a seating capacity of 130 – 150 ) , the " surprisingly " quick decision of having the prisoners released , as well as purported contacts of the West German Federal Intelligence Service to the Palestine Liberation Organization . The West German trade interests in the Arab countries as well as the desire to be spared from future acts of terror were alleged as motives for a government involvement . Shortly after the events surrounding Flight 615 , Haim Yosef Zadok accused West Germany in a Knesset speech of having " used the opportunity to improve its relations to the Arab world . " In his 1999 autobiography , Abu Daoud ( the mastermind behind the Munich massacre ) claims that he had been offered $ 9 million by " the Germans " for faking the prisoner release . In later years , he refused to repeat or elaborate this allegation , though . In a 2006 interview with Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Zvi Zamir , the head of Mossad from 1968 to 1974 , states that he was certain that there had been some kind of an agreement between West Germany and Black September . The Oscar @-@ winning documentary film One Day in September ( which was released in 1999 and deals with the Munich massacre ) supports the thesis that the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 615 was " a set @-@ up , organized by the German government in collusion with the terrorists , " which corresponds to remarks by Jamal Al @-@ Gashey about the aftermath of his liberation . The film features an interview with Ulrich Wegener , a German counter @-@ terrorism expert and founding commander of GSG 9 , who calls such allegations " probably true " . Wegener is also quoted with the opinion that considerations of the West German authorities on how to deal with the hostage situation had likely been mainly driven by the desire to prevent the country from becoming the focus for further acts of terror . In 2013 , investigative journalists of German television programme Report München ( de ) cited from a letter by the Munich police chief , which had been sent to the Bavarian interior ministry eleven days prior to the hijacking of Flight 615 . It describes measures that had been taken in order to " accelerate the deportation " of the Munich attackers , rather than preparing for them to be put on trial . As a counter @-@ argument to accusations of a pre @-@ arranged prisoner release , deficits in planning and communications that the German negotiators had encountered during the hostage crisis have been cited . The situation had been chaotic and confusing at times , which lets it seem unlikely that it was scripted . LH 615 – Operation München ( de ) , a 1975 documentary feature produced by Bayerischer Rundfunk , attributes the non @-@ violent outcome of the hijacking to Lufthansa chairman Culmann and consul Laqueur : They had acted on their own terms rather than obeying to orders by governmental officials . = If It 's Over = " If It 's Over " is a song written by American singer @-@ songwriters Mariah Carey and Carole King , with the former and Walter Afanasieff helming its production . It was originally released on September 17 , 1991 on Carey 's second studio effort , Emotions . Lyrically , the song tells of a romance that has withered , and finds the protagonist asking her lover " if it 's over , let me go . " Several months after the release of Emotions , Carey performed the song during her appearance on the television show MTV Unplugged , as the second number on her setlist . Following the release of the extended play ( EP ) MTV Unplugged , the song 's live version was used as the second single for the EP in the third quarter of 1992 . The live single version omits the second verse and chorus , as the songs were shortened for the show . It received a very limited release , being featured as an airplay only single in certain territories . Its only peak was in the Netherlands , where it reached number eighty . Carey performed " If It 's Over " live during the 34th annual Grammy Awards and on Saturday Night Live . = = Background and recording = = During promotion for Carey 's self @-@ titled debut album ( 1990 ) , she appeared on The Arsenio Hall Show to perform her first single , " Vision of Love " . During the very much talked about performance , singer @-@ songwriter Carole King had been watching Carey perform , taking interest in her and her material . One year later , during the recording sessions for Carey 's second studio album , Emotions ( 1991 ) , King contacted Carey , asking if she would be interested in covering " ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman " , a song she had written alongside Gerry Goffin for Aretha Franklin . Carey declined , feeling uneasy about covering a song one of her musical influences executed so perfectly . Still determined to work with Carey , King flew out to New York City for one day , in hopes of writing and composing a ballad of some sort . Throughout the day , the two songwriters exchanged musical ideas and melodies on the piano until " If It 's Over " came into conception . In an interview following the collaboration , King said the following regarding Carey : " I love her voice . She 's very expressive . She gives a lot of meaning to what she sings . " = = Composition = = " If It 's Over " is a downtempo ballad , which incorporates several genres and influences into its sound and instrumentation . Of them are R & B , soul and jazz , as well as drawing inspiration from 1950s and 1960s music and style . The song was written by Carey and Carole King , with both helming the song 's production as well . Instrumentally , " If It 's Over " features several musical melodies including baritone , tenor , alto and soprano saxophone notes , as well as the piano , trumpet , horn and bass . In the song , Carey makes brief use of the whistle register , prior to the last belted crescendo . According to author Chris Nickson , the song 's instrumentation and basis was crucial to Carey 's performance throughout the song . Additionally , he described its content and instrumentation : " As a song full of gospel and soulful influences , it allowed Mariah to really tear loose and show what she could do – which in reality was far more than the vocal gymnastics that seemed to comprise her reputation so far . From a deep rumble to a high wail , she covered five octaves wonderfully , as the power of the tune built . The backing vocals – which once again had those churchy harmonies – filled out the spare melody , as did the stately horns , which entered towards the end . The song was truly a vocal showcase for Mariah . " = = Live performances = = Carey performed " If It 's Over " on the 17th season of Saturday Night Live , alongside " Can 't Let Go " . During the performance , Carey appeared on stage wearing a black leather sports jacket , as well as matching black pants and boots . Walter Afanasieff played the piano , while Trey Lorenz , Patrique McMillan and Melonie Daniels provided the live background vocals . Additionally , five additional musicians were provided ; Lew Delgado , baritone saxophone ; Lenny Pickett , tenor saxophone ; George Young , alto saxophone ; Earl Gardner , trumpet ; and Steve Turre , trombone . Additionally , Carey performed " If It 's Over " at the 34th annual Grammy Awards , held on February 26 , 1992 . As the curtain was drawn , Carey walked on stage wearing a red and black evening gown , while sporting a golden @-@ curly hairstyle . Behind a large red curtain held behind her , several back up singers were placed standing on a concealed elevated platform . On March 16 , 1992 , Carey performed the song live as part of a seven piece set @-@ list for MTV Unplugged . The show aired on MTV several times , and was eventually released as an EP titled , MTV Unplugged . = = = Release = = = Following the release of " I 'll Be There " as the lead single from MTV Unplugged a month prior to the EP 's public arrival , Carey 's live version of " If It 's Over " from MTV Unplugged was released as an airplay @-@ only single in a few countries . Following its release , promotion for Carey 's second studio effort Emotions was halted . = = Reception = = Upon release , " If It 's Over " garnered generally positive critical appreciation from contemporary music critics . Bill Lamb from About.com commented that the song " stands with Carey 's best , " and complimented its gospel infusion . Allmusic 's Ashley S. Battel wrote " it will take you on a musical journey , " while describing the song 's vocals and instrumentation . Jan DeKnock from The Chicago Tribune compared it to " the style of the great soul ballads of the `60s . " Rob Tannenbaum from Rolling Stone gave " If It 's Over " a mixed review , comparing it to the work of Aretha Franklin , but called it " translates into such excesses as the falsetto whoops . " " If It 's Over " only managed to chart at number 80 in the Netherlands , lasting five weeks in the chart . = = Track listing = = = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded and mixed at Right Track Recording , NYC . Personnel Lyrics – Mariah Carey Music – Mariah Carey , Carole King Production – Mariah Carey , Walter Afanasieff Keyboards and Synthesizers , Hammond B @-@ 6 Organ , Synclavier Strings and Tambourine – Walter Afanasieff Guitar – Cornell Dupree Bass – Will Lee Trumpet – Earl Gardner Trombone – Keith O 'Quinn Tenor Saxophones – George Young , Larry Feldman Baritone Saxophone – Lewis Delgatto Drums – Steve Smith Akai Programming – Ren Klyce Macintosh programming – Gary Cirmelli Recording and mixing – Dana Jon Chapelle Assistant engineer – Bruce Calder Vocal arrangement – Mariah Carey Background vocals – Mariah Carey , Trey Lorenz , Patrique McMillan , Cindy Mizelle Credits adapted from the liner notes of Emotions . = = Charts = = = Pseudoforest = In graph theory , a pseudoforest is an undirected graph in which every connected component has at most one cycle . That is , it is a system of vertices and edges connecting pairs of vertices , such that no two cycles of consecutive edges share any vertex with each other , nor can any two cycles be connected to each other by a path of consecutive edges . A pseudotree is a connected pseudoforest . The names are justified by analogy to the more commonly studied trees and forests . ( A tree is a connected graph with no cycles ; a forest is a disjoint union of trees . ) Gabow and Tarjan attribute the study of pseudoforests to Dantzig 's 1963 book on linear programming , in which pseudoforests arise in the solution of certain network flow problems . Pseudoforests also form graph @-@ theoretic models of functions and occur in several algorithmic problems . Pseudoforests are sparse graphs – they have very few edges relative to their number of vertices – and their matroid structure allows several other families of sparse graphs to be decomposed as unions of forests and pseudoforests . The name " pseudoforest " comes from Picard & Queyranne ( 1982 ) . = = Definitions and structure = = We define an undirected graph to be a set of vertices and edges such that each edge has two vertices ( which may coincide ) as endpoints . That is , we allow multiple edges ( edges with the same pair of endpoints ) and loops ( edges whose two endpoints are the same vertex ) . A subgraph of a graph is the graph formed by any subsets of its vertices and edges such that each edge in the edge subset has both endpoints in the vertex subset . A connected component of an undirected graph is the subgraph consisting of the vertices and edges that can be reached by following edges from a single given starting vertex . A graph is connected if every vertex or edge is reachable from every other vertex or edge . A cycle in an undirected graph is a connected subgraph in which each vertex is incident to exactly two edges , or is a loop . A pseudoforest is an undirected graph in which each connected component contains at most one cycle . Equivalently , it is an undirected graph in which each connected component has no more edges than vertices . The components that have no cycles are just trees , while the components that have a single cycle within them are called 1 @-@ trees or unicyclic graphs . That is , a 1 @-@ tree is a connected graph containing exactly one cycle . A pseudoforest with a single connected component ( usually called a pseudotree , although some authors define a pseudotree to be a 1 @-@ tree ) is either a tree or a 1 @-@ tree ; in general a pseudoforest may have multiple connected components as long as all of them are trees or 1 @-@ trees . If one removes from a 1 @-@ tree one of the edges in its cycle , the result is a tree . Reversing this process , if one augments a tree by connecting any two of its vertices by a new edge , the result is a 1 @-@ tree ; the path in the tree connecting the two endpoints of the added edge , together with the added edge itself , form the 1 @-@ tree 's unique cycle . If one augments a 1 @-@ tree by adding an edge that connects one of its vertices to a newly added vertex , the result is again a 1 @-@ tree , with one more vertex ; an alternative method for constructing 1 @-@ trees is to start with a single cycle and then repeat this augmentation operation any number of times . The edges of any 1 @-@ tree can be partitioned in a unique way into two subgraphs , one of which is a cycle and the other of which is a forest , such that each tree of the forest contains exactly one vertex of the cycle . Certain more specific types of pseudoforests have also been studied . A 1 @-@ forest , sometimes called a maximal pseudoforest , is a pseudoforest to which no more edges can be added without causing some component of the graph to contain multiple cycles . If a pseudoforest contains a tree as one of its components , it cannot be a 1 @-@ forest , for one can add either an edge connecting two vertices within that tree , forming a single cycle , or an edge connecting that tree to some other component . Thus , the 1 @-@ forests are exactly the pseudoforests in which every component is a 1 @-@ tree . The spanning pseudoforests of an undirected graph G are the pseudoforest subgraphs of G that have all the vertices of G. Such a pseudoforest need not have any edges , since for example the subgraph that has all the vertices of G and no edges is a pseudoforest ( whose components are trees consisting of a single vertex ) . The maximal pseudoforests of G are the pseudoforest subgraphs of G that are not contained within any larger pseudoforest of G. A maximal pseudoforest of G is always a spanning pseudoforest , but not conversely . If G has no connected components that are trees , then its maximal pseudoforests are 1 @-@ forests , but if G does have a tree component , its maximal pseudoforests are not 1 @-@ forests . Stated precisely , in any graph G its maximal pseudoforests consist of every tree component of G , together with one or more disjoint 1 @-@ trees covering the remaining vertices of G. = = Directed pseudoforests = = Versions of these definitions are also used for directed graphs . Like an undirected graph , a directed graph consists of vertices and edges , but each edge is directed from one of its endpoints to the other endpoint . A directed pseudoforest is a directed graph in which each vertex has at most one outgoing edge ; that is , it has outdegree at most one . A directed 1 @-@ forest – most commonly called a functional graph ( see below ) , sometimes maximal directed pseudoforest – is a directed graph in which each vertex has outdegree exactly one . If D is a directed pseudoforest , the undirected graph formed by removing the direction from each edge of D is an undirected pseudoforest . = = Number of edges = = Every pseudoforest on a set of n vertices has at most n edges , and every maximal pseudoforest on a set of n vertices has exactly n edges . Conversely , if a graph G has the property that , for every subset S of its vertices , the number of edges in the induced subgraph of S is at most the number of vertices in S , then G is a pseudoforest . 1 @-@ trees can be defined as connected graphs with equally many vertices and edges . Moving from individual graphs to graph families , if a family of graphs has the property that every subgraph of a graph in the family is also in the family , and every graph in the family has at most as many edges as vertices , then the family contains only pseudoforests . For instance , every subgraph of a thrackle ( a graph drawn so that every pair of edges has one point of intersection ) is also a thrackle , so Conway 's conjecture that every thrackle has at most as many edges as vertices can be restated as saying that every thrackle is a pseudoforest . A more precise characterization is that , if the conjecture is true , then the thrackles are exactly the pseudoforests with no four @-@ vertex cycle and at most one odd cycle . Streinu and Theran generalize the sparsity conditions defining pseudoforests : they define a graph as being ( k , l ) -sparse if every nonempty subgraph with n vertices has at most kn − l edges , and ( k , l ) -tight if it is ( k , l ) -sparse and has exactly kn − l edges . Thus , the pseudoforests are the ( 1 @,@ 0 ) -sparse graphs , and the maximal pseudoforests are the ( 1 @,@ 0 ) -tight graphs . Several other important families of graphs may be defined from other values of k and l , and when l ≤ k the ( k , l ) -sparse graphs may be characterized as the graphs formed as the edge @-@ disjoint union of l forests and k − l pseudoforests . Almost every sufficiently sparse random graph is pseudoforest . That is , if c is a constant with 0 < c < 1 / 2 , and Pc ( n ) is the probability that choosing uniformly at random among the n @-@ vertex graphs with cn edges results in a pseudoforest , then Pc ( n ) tends to one in the limit for large n . However , for c > 1 / 2 , almost every random graph with cn edges has a large component that is not unicyclic . = = Enumeration = = A graph is simple if it has no self @-@ loops and no multiple edges with the same endpoints . The number of simple 1 @-@ trees with n labelled vertices is <formula> The values for n up to 18 can be found in sequence A057500 of the On @-@ Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . The number of maximal directed pseudoforests on n vertices , allowing self @-@ loops , is nn , because for each vertex there are n possible endpoints for the outgoing edge . André Joyal used this fact to provide a bijective proof of Cayley 's formula , that the number of undirected trees on n nodes is nn − 2 , by finding a bijection between maximal directed pseudoforests and undirected trees with two distinguished nodes . If self @-@ loops are not allowed , the number of maximal directed pseudoforests is instead ( n − 1 ) n . = = Graphs of functions = = Directed pseudoforests and endofunctions are in some sense mathematically equivalent . Any function ƒ from a set X to itself ( that is , an endomorphism of X ) can be interpreted as defining a directed pseudoforest which has an edge from x to y whenever ƒ ( x ) = y . The resulting directed pseudoforest is maximal , and may include self @-@ loops whenever some value x has ƒ ( x ) = x . Alternatively , omitting the self @-@ loops produces a non @-@ maximal pseudoforest . In the other direction , any maximal directed pseudoforest determines a function ƒ such that ƒ ( x ) is the target of the edge that goes out from x , and any non @-@ maximal directed pseudoforest can be made maximal by adding self @-@ loops and then converted into a function in the same way . For this reason , maximal directed pseudoforests are sometimes called functional graphs . Viewing a function as a functional graph provides a convenient language for describing properties that are not as easily described from the function @-@ theoretic point of view ; this technique is especially applicable to problems involving iterated functions , which correspond to paths in functional graphs . Cycle detection , the problem of following a path in a functional graph to find a cycle in it , has applications in cryptography and computational number theory , as part of Pollard 's rho algorithm for integer factorization and as a method for finding collisions in cryptographic hash functions . In these applications , ƒ is expected to behave randomly ; Flajolet and Odlyzko study the graph @-@ theoretic properties of the functional graphs arising from randomly chosen mappings . In particular , a form of the birthday paradox implies that , in a random functional graph with n vertices , the path starting from a randomly selected vertex will typically loop back on itself to form a cycle within O ( √ n ) steps . Konyagin et. al. have made analytical and computational progress on graph statistics . Martin , Odlyzko , and Wolfram investigate pseudoforests that model the dynamics of cellular automata . These functional graphs , which they call state transition diagrams , have one vertex for each possible configuration that the ensemble of cells of the automaton can be in , and an edge connecting each configuration to the configuration that follows it according to the automaton 's rule . One can infer properties of the automaton from the structure of these diagrams , such as the number of components , length of limiting cycles , depth of the trees connecting non @-@ limiting states to these cycles , or symmetries of the diagram . For instance , any vertex with no incoming edge corresponds to a Garden of Eden pattern and a vertex with a self @-@ loop corresponds to a still life pattern . Another early application of functional graphs is in the trains used to study Steiner triple systems . The train of a triple system is a functional graph having a vertex for each possible triple of symbols ; each triple pqr is mapped by ƒ to stu , where pqs , prt , and qru are the triples that belong to the triple system and contain the pairs pq , pr , and qr respectively . Trains have been shown to be a powerful invariant of triple systems although somewhat cumbersome to compute . = = Bicircular matroid = = A matroid is a mathematical structure in which certain sets of elements are defined to be independent , in such a way that the independent sets satisfy properties modeled after the properties of linear independence in a vector space . One of the standard examples of a matroid is the graphic matroid in which the independent sets are the sets of edges in forests of a graph ; the matroid structure of forests is important in algorithms for computing the minimum spanning tree of the graph . Analogously , we may define matroids from pseudoforests . For any graph G = ( V , E ) , we may define a matroid on the edges of G , in which a set of edges is independent if and only if it forms a pseudoforest ; this matroid is known as the bicircular matroid ( or bicycle matroid ) of G. The smallest dependent sets for this matroid are the minimal connected subgraphs of G that have more than one cycle , and these subgraphs are sometimes called bicycles . There are three possible types of bicycle : a theta graph has two vertices that are connected by three internally disjoint paths , a figure 8 graph consists of two cycles sharing a single vertex , and a handcuff graph is formed by two disjoint cycles connected by a path . A graph is a pseudoforest if and only if it does not contain a bicycle as a subgraph . = = Forbidden minors = = Forming a minor of a pseudoforest by contracting some of its edges and deleting others produces another pseudoforest . Therefore , the family of pseudoforests is closed under minors , and the Robertson – Seymour theorem implies that pseudoforests can be characterized in terms of a finite set of forbidden minors , analogously to Wagner 's theorem characterizing the planar graphs as the graphs having neither the complete graph K5 nor the complete bipartite graph K3,3 as minors . As discussed above , any non @-@ pseudoforest graph contains as a subgraph a handcuff , figure 8 , or theta graph ; any handcuff or figure 8 graph may be contracted to form a butterfly graph ( five @-@ vertex figure 8 ) , and any theta graph may be contracted to form a diamond graph ( four @-@ vertex theta graph ) , so any non @-@ pseudoforest contains either a butterfly or a diamond as a minor , and these are the only minor @-@ minimal non @-@ pseudoforest graphs . Thus , a graph is a pseudoforest if and only if it does not have the butterfly or the diamond as a minor . If one forbids only the diamond but not the butterfly , the resulting larger graph family consists of the cactus graphs and disjoint unions of multiple cactus graphs . More simply , if multigraphs with self @-@ loops are considered , there is only one forbidden minor , a vertex with two loops . = = Algorithms = = An early algorithmic use of pseudoforests involves the network simplex algorithm and its application to generalized flow problems modeling the conversion between commodities of different types . In these problems , one is given as input a flow network in which the vertices model each commodity and the edges model allowable conversions between one commodity and another . Each edge is marked with a capacity ( how much of a commodity can be converted per unit time ) , a flow multiplier ( the conversion rate between commodities ) , and a cost ( how much loss or , if negative , profit is incurred per unit of conversion ) . The task is to determine how much of each commodity to convert via each edge of the flow network , in order to minimize cost or maximize profit , while obeying the capacity constraints and not allowing commodities of any type to accumulate unused . This type of problem can be formulated as a linear program , and solved using the simplex algorithm . The intermediate solutions arising from this algorithm , as well as the eventual optimal solution , have a special structure : each edge in the input network is either unused or used to its full capacity , except for a subset of the edges , forming a spanning pseudoforest of the input network , for which the flow amounts may lie between zero and the full capacity . In this application , unicyclic graphs are also sometimes called augmented trees and maximal pseudoforests are also sometimes called augmented forests . The minimum spanning pseudoforest problem involves finding a spanning pseudoforest of minimum weight in a larger edge @-@ weighted graph G. Due to the matroid structure of pseudoforests , minimum @-@ weight maximal pseudoforests may be found by greedy algorithms similar to those for the minimum spanning tree problem . However , Gabow and Tarjan found a more efficient linear @-@ time approach in this case . The pseudoarboricity of a graph G is defined by analogy to the arboricity as the minimum number of pseudoforests into which its edges can be partitioned ; equivalently , it is the minimum k such that G is ( k , 0 ) -sparse , or the minimum k such that the edges of G can be oriented to form a directed graph with outdegree at most k . Due to the matroid structure of pseudoforests , the pseudoarboricity may be computed in polynomial time . A random bipartite graph with n vertices on each side of its bipartition , and with cn edges chosen independently at random from each of the n2 possible pairs of vertices , is a pseudoforest with high probability whenever c is a constant strictly less than one . This fact plays a key role in the analysis of cuckoo hashing , a data structure for looking up key @-@ value pairs by looking in one of two hash tables at locations determined from the key : one can form a graph , the " cuckoo graph " , whose vertices correspond to hash table locations and whose edges link the two locations at which one of the keys might be found , and the cuckoo hashing algorithm succeeds in finding locations for all of its keys if and only if the cuckoo graph is a pseudoforest . Pseudoforests also play a key role in parallel algorithms for graph coloring and related problems . = Don 't Forget the Bacon ! = Don 't Forget the Bacon ! is a children 's book written and illustrated by Pat Hutchins . It was published by Bodley Head in 1976 . The story is about a little boy who tries to memorise a list of groceries his mother has asked him to buy . The book has been used as a teaching tool to instruct children about early learning concepts . In an analysis of teaching tools for remedial readers , Maurice Saxby notes in the book Books in the Life of a Child : Bridges to Literature & Learning , " Hutchins 's Don 't Forget the Bacon has been one of my most successful texts . " Andrea Hillbrick 's Tuning in with Task Cards includes a teaching lesson structured around the boy 's shopping list from the story . The book Foundation Blocks suggests Don 't Forget the Bacon ! be used to teach children about the concept of miscommunication , and Bilinguality and Literacy lists the story among those used to help assist a bilingual child develop fluency in English . Don 't Forget the Bacon ! was a success in England and the United States , and received positive reception from the American Library Association , and The Washington Post . The story was recommended in 2005 as part of a children 's reading challenge announced by the Education Minister for New South Wales , Australia , and included in suggested reading by The Times as part of the 2008 recognition of World Book Day . = = Plot = = The story is about a little boy who leaves his home with his dog to shop for food items for his mother , and attempts to remember the list of things she wanted him to buy . The original request from his mother is for " six farm eggs , a cake for tea , a pound of pears , and don 't forget the bacon . " Along with the dog , he is accompanied on his trip by a butterfly . In order to avoid forgetting items , the boy recites his mother 's list to himself . Throughout his trip to the store , the boy sees items along the way that play tricks with his memory , and items on his list one @-@ by @-@ one become substituted with other goods – " six farm eggs " initially becomes " six fat legs " , then " six clothes pegs " . By the end of his trip , the boy has forgotten the initial items requested , and supplants them in his mind with " six clothes pegs , a rake for leaves , a pile of chairs , and don 't forget the bacon . " A merchant in a junk shop assists the boy in compiling this odd list . While travelling back to his home , he remembers the original items and corrects his mistakes . However , he still forgets to acquire bacon . The final panel depicts the child carrying a basket and a coin purse , taking his dog attached to a leash , en route , probably to purchase the bacon . [ A ] = = Themes = = In his work Best Books for Beginning Readers , Thomas G. Gunning places Don 't Forget the Bacon ! within the themes of utilising humor in the learning process with children . Don 't Forget the Bacon ! has been used as a learning tool for children in education , in order to teach them about various themes including miscommunication , responsibility , and the reliability of spoken language . In an analysis of teaching tools for remedial readers , Maurice Saxby notes in the book Books in the Life of a Child : Bridges to Literature & Learning , " Hutchins 's Don 't Forget the Bacon has been one of my most successful texts . " The book is utilised in author Andrea Hillbrick 's Tuning in with Task Cards as a teaching lesson : children are assigned to collect items from the initial and final versions of the shopping list from the boy in the story , and subsequently total the prices of the tabulated items . It is listed by Manjula Datta in the book Bilinguality and Literacy : Principles and Practice among stories to help assist a bilingual child develop fluency in the English language . Joy Palmer and Joanna C. Birch list the book in their work Geography in the Early Years as a recommendation for children among " Story Books Suitable as Starting Points in Geography " . In her book Foundation Blocks : Personal , Social and Emotional Development , Mavis Brown suggests the story be used to teach children about the theme of miscommunication . The story is used in a case study in education , which is cited in the book Improving Teaching and Learning in the Core Curriculum by Kate Ashcroft and John Lee . Children were read the story , and then asked " about how and why spoken language is sometimes unreliable – and its consequences . " Books including Belair Early Years : Stories , Books as Bridges : Using Text to Connect Home and School Literacy and Learning , Funny Photo Alphabet : Teaching Guide , and What Is It About Me You Can 't Teach ? suggest the story be used to teach children about rhyming , repetition , and prediction . The story is suggested for use in curriculum to teach children about food , in books Humanics National Preschool Assessment Handbook , and The Complete Daily Curriculum for Early Childhood . Mildred R. Donoghue writes in Language Arts : Integrating Skills for Classroom Teaching that the story should be utilised in the course of primary education . In their work Success in Reading and Writing , authors Barbara J. Blackford , Helen Cappleman and Betty Cramer suggest the book be read aloud to children in kindergarten , and the teacher should subsequently quiz members of the class to see if they can recall items from the boy 's shopping list . Authors Diane Stirling , Linda McKay , Georgia Archibald and Shelley Berg recommend the story in their book Character Education Connections : For School , Home and Community , in order to teach children the character trait of responsibility : " A willingness to be accountable for your own actions without blaming others . " = = Background = = Pat Hutchins was born 18 June 1942 . A native of Yorkshire , she attended a local art school for three years on scholarship before studying illustration at the Leeds College of Art . Hutchins 's first children 's work , Rosie 's Walk , was named a 1968 ALA Notable Book , and her book The Wind Blew received the 1974 Kate Greenaway Medal . She lives in London and has written twenty @-@ five books and five novels . = = Publication history = = Don 't Forget the Bacon ! was published by Bodley Head in 1976 . It was published again in New York by Greenwillow Books in 1976 , and Puffin Books in 1976 and 1978 . An edition by imprint Picture Puffin was published in London in 1978 . Imperial Educational Resources produced a version of the story in 1980 , as a filmstrip geared for children in primary school . It was published by Live Oak Media in 2004 , and by Paw Prints in 2009 . Gallaudet University produced a DVD video edition aimed at youth versed in sign language . = = Reception = = Don 't Forget the Bacon ! became a successful book in both England and the United States ; Hutchins has become known for the work . Sharron L. McElmeel wrote in An Author a Month ( for Nickels ) , " This is an example of Hutchins 's more realistic drawings and of a reversible text . " A reversible text refers to a story which proceeds in the forward direction , and concludes with the protagonist returning to a development introduced at the story 's inception . The American Library Association gave Don 't Forget the Bacon ! favourable mention in its review of the book , " The picture book crowd ( kindergarten through second grade ) will adore Pat Hutchin 's story of a grocery list and a bad memory . " In an article for The Washington Post , associate professor and director of the reading clinic at Western Maryland College , Joan Coley , observed that the repetitive nature of the story is appealing to children . Michele Landsberg , author of Reading for the Love of It : Best Books for Young Readers noted in an article for The Washington Post that Pat Hutchins is " best known " for her " witty picture books " , including Don 't Forget the Bacon ! . In 2005 , New South Wales , Australia Education Minister Carmel Tebutt announced Don 't Forget the Bacon ! had been included as part of " Premier 's Reading Challenge " , under the section , " The 2006 Challenge Book Lists : Years K @-@ 2 Challenge " . In 2008 , Elizabeth McFarlane of The Times included the book in a list of works recommended to encourage children 's reading skills for World Book Day . = = Endnotes = = ^ [ A ] Secondary source references consulted to assist in summarising information for Plot section include Brodt 1987 , Elleman 1976 , and McElmeel 1990 . = 2014 Orkney earthquake = The 2014 Orkney earthquake occurred at 12 : 22 : 33 SAST on 5 August , with the epicentre near Orkney , a gold mining town in the Klerksdorp district in the North West province of South Africa . The shock was assigned a magnitude of 5 @.@ 5 on the Richter scale by the Council for Geoscience ( CGS ) in South Africa , making it the biggest earthquake in South Africa since the 1969 Tulbagh earthquake , which had a magnitude of 6 @.@ 3 on the Richter scale . The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) estimated a focal depth of 5 @.@ 0 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) . According to the USGS , the earthquake was " severely dangerous " as the epicentre was located near Orkney and Klerksdorp . The CGS reported 84 aftershocks on 5 August and 31 aftershocks on 6 August , with a magnitude of 1 @.@ 0 to 3 @.@ 8 on the Richter scale . According to the CGS , the earthquake is the biggest mining @-@ related earthquake in South African history . = = Cause = = = = = Historical seismicity = = = While earthquakes are uncommon in South Africa in general , the earthquake occurred in a mining belt where earthquakes are relatively common . The CGS had described a 2005 earthquake with a magnitude of 5 @.@ 3 on the Richter scale in the same area as Orkney as " the largest mining @-@ related earthquake in South Africa " . The earthquake occurred on 9 March 2005 at DRDGOLD 's Hartebeesfontein mine in Stilfontein , killing two miners underground and resulting in the closure of the mine . An investigation by the mining regulator following the incident found that it was caused by mining and further seismic events would occur while mining continued . The report on the investigation recommended improvements in seismic monitoring among other things , and some of the recommendations had been implemented before the 2014 earthquake . The USGS recorded a 4 @.@ 9 moment magnitude earthquake on 15 June 2014 in the same area , which earth science consultant Dr Chris Hartnady believes may have been a foreshock . = = = Expert opinions = = = While both mining activity and natural faults could be causative factors , it is difficult to establish a precise cause . According to Professor Andrzej Kijko from the University of Pretoria 's Natural Hazard Centre , mining can activate natural faults . He believes that more than 90 % of South Africa 's earthquakes are caused by mining , especially around the areas of Klerksdorp , Carletonville and Welkom . According to Hartnady , " This part of Africa is in the vicinity of the East African Rift system , which is being pulled apart by a few millimetres annually . " He says " earthquakes are caused by a slip on a fault line and the release of stored elastic energy " and mining activity could have triggered the earthquake . Kijko and Hartnady believe that – unlike the 1969 Tulbagh earthquake – this event was a mining @-@ related earthquake which is a relatively more common occurrence than a natural earthquake in South Africa . Professor Ray Durrheim , a seismologist at Wits University , said seismic events will continue while there is mining activity in the area , and even long afterwards . He said the flooding of inactive mines could also compound pressure on geological faults , triggering further seismic events . According to Durrheim , the link between mining and earthquakes lies " on a continuum , from where it 's purely induced by mining activities to where you are triggering a natural earthquake " . = = = Council for Geoscience = = = According to Michelle Grobbelaar from the CGS , " There 's a rule of thumb that if you experience an earthquake with a certain magnitude in the past , you can always expect an earthquake of a similar magnitude in that same area . " Grobbelaar and Denver Birch , also from the CGS , said that the cause of the earthquake was difficult to determine given that it occurred in a mining area and the lack of historical seismic data for the area . Ian Saunders from the CGS confirmed that a team would be sent to the area for further investigation , and Eldridge Kgaswane from the CGS said they should be able to determine the cause within a month . According to Kgaswane , " The fact that the deepest mine shafts are shallower than the epicentre doesn 't mean mining can be ruled out as a cause . Blasting in the vicinity of a big fault could have activated seismic activity . " On 18 August 2014 at a Council for Scientific and Industrial Research ( CSIR ) seminar in Pretoria , the CGS confirmed that the earthquake was caused by mining @-@ related activity , making it the biggest ever mining @-@ related earthquake recorded in South Africa . = = Impact = = The earthquake occurred at 12 : 22 : 33 SAST on 5 August 2014 , with the epicentre near Orkney , a gold mining town in the Klerksdorp district in the North West province of South Africa . The shock was assigned a magnitude of 5 @.@ 5 on the Richter scale by the Council for Geoscience ( CGS ) in South Africa , making it the biggest earthquake in South Africa since the 1969 Tulbagh earthquake , which had a magnitude of 6 @.@ 3 on the Richter scale . The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) estimated a focal depth of 5 @.@ 0 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) . According to the USGS , the earthquake was " severely dangerous " as the epicentre was located near Orkney and Klerksdorp . The CGS reported 84 aftershocks on 5 August and 31 aftershocks on 6 August , with a magnitude of 1 @.@ 0 to 3 @.@ 8 on the Richter scale . = = = Areas affected = = = The earthquake was felt as far as 600 km ( 370 mi ) from Orkney . It was felt in neighbouring countries Botswana , Swaziland , Lesotho and Mozambique . The two tallest buildings in Bloemfontein , the former CR Swart Building and the Lebohang building , as well as tall buildings and University of Pretoria halls in Pretoria and offices of the South African Revenue Service in Durban were evacuated . According to Michelle Grobbelaar , manager of the CGS 's seismology unit , the earthquake was felt in Durban because " the beach sand tends to amplify the ground motion " . Buildings in Maputo in Mozambique were also evacuated . The Meteorological Services of Zimbabwe confirmed that Zimbabwe was not affected by the earthquake . = = = Casualties = = = There was a single fatality , 31 @-@ year @-@ old Mosotho man Leshomo Makhaola , who died when a wall of an old mining house collapsed on him in Kanana , North West . An ER24 spokesperson said that miners had reportedly been trapped in 11 mine shafts at a mine in Orkney ; however , subsequent inspections revealed that the miners at that location were safe . All 3 @,@ 300 AngloGold Ashanti miners underground at its Great Noligwa and Moab Khotsong mines near Orkney had been brought to the surface by 19 : 30 SAST on 5 August , including 34 who had been injured . All 34 miners were treated for minor injuries , including lacerations , contusions and a broken leg , and discharged from hospital on 6 August . AngloGold Ashanti management had proceeded with the evacuation after their temporarily interrupted power supply was mostly restored , mine management had contacted the mine crew underground by telephone and mine engineers had ensured that the shaft infrastructure was in working order . AngloGold Ashanti emergency medical staff had treated injured miners , and counsellors had treated some employees for shock . Mining operations at their Great Noligwa and Moab Khotsong mines were subsequently suspended pending safety checks . = = = Damage = = = There was extensive damage to buildings in Orkney and the surrounding areas , partly due to inadequate building construction vulnerable to earthquake damage . The Khuma township near Stilfontein was one of the worst affected areas , with more than 600 homes damaged by the earthquake . An aftershock occurred in Khuma in the afternoon of 5 August while residents were assessing the damage to their homes . Three clinics in the North West province were damaged , leading to the closure of two of them . Two schools were damaged and some pupils were unable to attend classes as the classrooms were too badly damaged . In the days following the earthquake , most of South Africa 's major banks and insurance companies had begun receiving insurance claims . By 6 August 2014 , ABSA had received 200 claims , Standard Bank had received 129 claims and Mutual & Federal had received 11 claims . A survey of 17 insurance companies done by finance website Justmoney showed that 5 out of the 17 companies surveyed would reject insurance claims related to the earthquake if it was proven to be mining @-@ related . In a response to the Survey , ABSA , who was on the list of 5 , affirmed that they have received approximately 1100 claims and were in the process of finalising them . = = Response = = The CGS warned that aftershocks were expected in the days following the earthquake and they could possibly continue for months . They recommended that buildings be evacuated in the event of an aftershock . The mining regulator 's chief inspector of mines David Msiza asked mining companies in affected areas , including Klerksdorp , Carletonville and Rustenburg , to undertake underground inspections to ensure no miners were trapped and the working conditions were safe for miners . AngloGold Ashanti denied responsibility for the earthquake , saying it occurred away from its mining infrastructure . Premier of North West Supra Mahumapelo promised residents that all who were affected by the earthquake would receive help . Mahumapelo said that counselling , social relief and temporary accommodation were being provided , and that the buildings and infrastructure damaged in the earthquake might take years to repair . The North West provincial government started the North West Disaster Relief Fund to help residents affected by the earthquake . Teams were sent to investigate damage to parts of the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality by the municipality . The Cabinet of South Africa sent its condolences to the family of the man who was killed by the earthquake . On 30 September 2014 , the Inkatha Freedom Party expressed its concern for the residents of Khuma as repairs to their homes were delayed and had not yet commenced . Provincial government spokesperson , Bonolo Mohlakoana said that construction was delayed partly due to a lack of structural engineers , which were needed to assess the structural damage caused to the houses . Several families affected by the earthquake moved to a community centre while waiting for their houses to be repaired after affected families were instructed to move to safer locations . = Chinese Rites controversy = The Chinese Rites controversy was a dispute among Roman Catholic missionaries over the religiosity of Confucianism and Chinese rituals during the 17th and 18th centuries . The debated centered over whether Chinese ritual practices of honoring family ancestors and other formal Confucian and Chinese imperial rites qualified as religious rites and thus incompatible with Catholic belief . The Jesuits argued that these Chinese rites were secular rituals that were compatible with Christianity , within certain limits , and should thus be tolerated . The Dominicans and Franciscans , however , disagreed and reported the issue to Rome . Rome 's Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith sided with the Dominicans in 1645 by condemning the Chinese rites based on their brief . However , the same congregation sided with the Jesuits in 1656 , thereby lifting the ban . It was one of the many disputes between the Jesuits and the Dominicans in China and elsewhere in Asia , including Japan and India . The controversy embroiled leading European universities ; the Qing dynasty 's Kangxi Emperor and several popes ( including Clement XI and Clement XIV ) considered the case ; the offices of the Holy See also intervened . Near the end of the 17th century , many Dominicans and Franciscans had shifted their positions in agreeing with the Jesuits ' opinion , but Rome disagreed . Clement XI banned the rites in 1704 . In 1742 , Benedict XIV reaffirmed the ban and forbade debate . In 1939 , after two centuries the Holy See re @-@ assessed the issue . Pope Pius XII issued a decree on December 8 , 1939 , authorizing Christians to observe the ancestral rites and participate in Confucius @-@ honouring ceremonies . The general principle of sometimes admitting native traditions even into the liturgy of the church , provided that such traditions harmonize with the true and authentic spirit of the liturgy , was proclaimed by the Second Vatican Council ( 1962 – 65 ) . = = Background = = = = = Early adaptation to local customs = = = Unlike the American landmass , which had been conquered by military force by Spain and Portugal , European missionaries encountered in Asia united , literate societies that were as yet untouched by European influence or national endeavour . Alessandro Valignano , Visitor of the Society of Jesus in Asia , was one of the first Jesuits to argue , in the case of Japan , for an adaptation of Christian customs to the societies of Asia , through his Résolutions and Cérémonial . = = = Matteo Ricci ’ s policy of accommodation = = = In China , Matteo Ricci reused the Cérémonial and adapted it to the Chinese context . At one point the Jesuits even started to wear the gown of Buddhist monks , before adopting the more prestigious silk gown of Chinese literati . In particular , Matteo Ricci 's Christian views on Confucianism and Chinese rituals , often called as " the Directives of Matteo Ricci （ Chinese ： - { 利瑪竇規矩 } - ） " ( Chinese : 利瑪竇規矩 ) , was followed by Jesuit missionaries in China and Japan . In a decree signed on 23 March 1656 , Pope Alexander VII accepted practices " favorable to Chinese customs " , reinforcing 1615 decrees which accepted the usage of the Chinese language in liturgy , a notable exception to the contemporary Latin Catholic discipline which had generally forbidden the use of local languages . In the 1659 instructions given by the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith ( known as the Propaganda Fide ) to new missionaries to Asia , provisions were clearly made to the effect that adapting to local customs and respecting the habits of the countries to be evangelised was paramount : Do not act with zeal , do not put forward any arguments to convince these peoples to change their rites , their customs or their usages , except if they are evidently contrary to the religion [ i.e. , Catholic Christianity ] and morality . What would be more absurd than to bring France , Spain , Italy or any other European country to the Chinese ? Do not bring to them our countries , but instead bring to them the Faith , a Faith that does not reject or hurt the rites , nor the usages of any people , provided that these are not distasteful , but that instead keeps and protects them . = = = Reception in China = = = The Kangxi Emperor was at first friendly to the Jesuit Missionaries working in China . He was grateful for the services they provided to him , in the areas of astronomy , diplomacy and artillery manufacture . The Jesuits also made an important contribution to the Empire 's military , with the diffusion of European artillery technology , and they directed the castings of cannons of various calibres . Jesuit translators Jean @-@ François Gerbillon and Thomas Pereira took part in the negotiations of the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 , where they helped translating . By the end of the seventeenth century , the Jesuits also had made many converts . In 1692 , Kangxi issued an edict of toleration of Christianity ( Chinese : 容教令 or Chinese : 正教奉傳 ) : The Europeans are very quiet ; they do not excite any disturbances in the provinces , they do no harm to anyone , they commit no crimes , and their doctrine has nothing in common with that of the false sects in the empire , nor has it any tendency to excite sedition ... We decide therefore that all temples dedicated to the Lord of heaven , in whatever place they may be found , ought to be preserved , and that it may be permitted to all who wish to worship this God to enter these temples , offer him incense , and perform the ceremonies practised according to ancient custom by the Christians . Therefore let no one henceforth offer them any opposition . This edict elevates Christianity on equal status with Confucianism in China . The Kangxi Emperor also hired several Jesuits in his court as scientists and artists . = = Controversy = = The Society of Jesus ( the Jesuit order ) was successful in penetrating China and serving at the Imperial court . They impressed the Chinese with their knowledge of European astronomy and mechanics , and in fact ran the Imperial Observatory . Their accurate methods allowed the Kangxi Emperor to successfully predict eclipses , one of his ritual duties . Other Jesuits functioned as court painters . The Jesuits in turn were impressed by the Chinese Confucian elite , and adapted to that lifestyle . The Jesuits encountered a problem with their missionary work in China , and gradually developed and adopted a policy of accommodation on the issue of Chinese rites . The Chinese elite were attached to Confucianism , while Buddhism and Daoism were mostly practiced by the common people and lower aristocracy of this period . Despite this , all three provided the framework of both state and home life . Part of Confucian and Taoist practices involved veneration of one 's ancestors . Besides the Jesuits , other religious orders such as the Dominicans , Franciscans , and Augustinians started missionary work in China during the 17th century , often coming from the Spanish colony of the Philippines . Contrary to the Jesuits , they refused any adaptation to local customs and wished to apply in China the same tabula rasa principle they had applied in other places , and were horrified by the practices of the Jesuits . They ignited a heated controversy and brought it to Rome . They raised three main points of contention : Determination of the Chinese word for " God " , which was generally accepted as 天主 Tiānzhǔ ( Lord of Heaven ) , while Jesuits were willing to allow Chinese Christians to use 天 Tiān ( Heaven ) or 上帝 Shàngdì ( Lord Above / Supreme Emperor ) Prohibition for Christians to participate in the season rites for Confucius . Prohibition for Christians of the use of tablets with the forbidden inscription " site of the soul " , and to follow the Chinese rites for the ancestor worship . In Rome , the Jesuits tried to argue that these " Chinese Rites " were social ( rather than religious ) ceremonies , and that converts should be allowed to continue to participate . The Jesuits argued that Chinese folk religion and offerings to the Emperor and departed ancestors were civil in nature and therefore not incompatible with Catholicism , while their opponents argued that these kinds of worship were an expression of native religion and thus incompatible with Catholic beliefs . = = Pope Clement XI 's decree = = Pope Clement XI condemned the Chinese rites and Confucian rituals , and outlawed any further discussion in 1704 , with the anti @-@ rites decree Cum Deus optimus of November 20 , 1704 . It forbade the use of " Tiān " and " Shàngdì " , while approving Tiānzhǔ ( ‘ Lord of Heaven ’ ) . In 1705 , the Pope sent a Papal Legate to the Kangxi Emperor , to communicate to him the interdiction of Chinese rites . The mission , led by Charles @-@ Thomas Maillard De Tournon , communicated the prohibition of Chinese rites in January 1707 , but as a result was banished to Macao . Further , the Pope issued the 19 March 1715 Papal bull Ex illa die which officially condemned the Chinese rites : Pope Clement XI wishes to make the following facts permanently known to all the people in the world ... I. The West calls Deus [ God ] the creator of Heaven , Earth , and everything in the universe . Since the word Deus does not sound right in the Chinese language , the Westerners in China and Chinese converts to Catholicism have used the term " Heavenly Lord " ( Tiānzhǔ ) for many years . From now on such terms as " Heaven " [ Tiān ] and " Shàngdì " should not be used : Deus should be addressed as the Lord of Heaven , Earth , and everything in the universe . The tablet that bears the Chinese words " Reverence for Heaven " should not be allowed to hang inside a Catholic church and should be immediately taken down if already there . II . The spring and autumn worship of Confucius , together with the worship of ancestors , is not allowed among Catholic converts . It is not allowed even though the converts appear in the ritual as bystanders , because to be a bystander in this ritual is as pagan as to participate in it actively . III . Chinese officials and successful candidates in the metropolitan , provincial , or prefectural examinations , if they have been converted to Roman Catholicism , are not allowed to worship in Confucian temples on the first and fifteenth days of each month . The same prohibition is applicable to all the Chinese Catholics who , as officials , have recently arrived at their posts or who , as students , have recently passed the metropolitan , provincial , or prefectural examinations . IV . No Chinese Catholics are allowed to worship ancestors in their familial temples . V. Whether at home , in the cemetery , or during the time of a funeral , a Chinese Catholic is not allowed to perform the ritual of ancestor worship . He is not allowed to do so even if he is in company with non @-@ Christians . Such a ritual is heathen in nature regardless of the circumstances . Despite the above decisions , I have made it clear that other Chinese customs and traditions that can in no way be interpreted as heathen in nature should be allowed to continue among Chinese converts . The way the Chinese manage their households or govern their country should by no means be interfered with . As to exactly what customs should or should not be allowed to continue , the papal legate in China will make the necessary decisions . In the absence of the papal legate , the responsibility of making such decisions should rest with the head of the China mission and the Bishop of China . In short , customs and traditions that are not contradictory to Roman Catholicism will be allowed , while those that are clearly contradictory to it will not be tolerated under any circumstances . In 1742 Benedict XIV reiterated in his papal bull Ex quo singulari Clement XI 's decree . Benedict demanded that missionaries in China take an oath forbidding them to discuss the issue again . = = Kangxi 's ban = = In the early 18th century , Rome 's ensuing challenge to the Chinese Rites led to the expulsion of Catholic missionaries from China . In July 1706 , the Papal Legate led by Charles @-@ Thomas Maillard De Tournon irritated the Kangxi Emperor , and the emperor issued an order that all missionaries , in order to obtain an imperial permit ( piao ) to stay in China , would have to declare that they would follow ‘ the rules of Matteo Ricci ’ . In 1721 , the Kangxi Emperor disagreed with Clement 's decree and banned Christian missions in China . In the Decree of Kangxi , he stated , Reading this proclamation , I have concluded that the Westerners are petty indeed . It is impossible to reason with them because they do not understand larger issues as we understand them in China . There is not a single Westerner versed in Chinese works , and their remarks are often incredible and ridiculous . To judge from this proclamation , their religion is no different from other small , bigoted sects of Buddhism or Taoism . I have never seen a document which contains so much nonsense . From now on , Westerners should not be allowed to preach in China , to avoid further trouble . Chinese converts were also involved in the controversy through letters of protest , books , pamphlets , etc . The Controversy debate was most intense between a group of Christian literati and a Catholic Bishop ( named Charles Maigrot de Crissey ) in Fujian province , with the Chinese group of converts support the Jesuits	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
t Stop " is a midtempo pop , R & B , and dance song that lyrically discusses the events of a house party . Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times calling the song " the calmest , most clear @-@ eyed rebel yell since Janet Jackson 's ' Control ' . " Catucci described " SMS ( Bangerz ) " as a " merry rap @-@ off " with pop singer Britney Spears , who appears as a guest vocalist in the second verse . " 4x4 " features hip hop recording artist Nelly , and lyrically discusses the story of a " female rebel " looking to find bail for her romantic partner . Subtle country music elements are present throughout the song . " My Darlin ' " features Future ; Cyrus ' vocal abilities were complimented , though were deemed to be overpowered by a " sea of blinking synths and unthawed crooning " . " Wrecking Ball " is a synthpop ballad speaking of a failed relationship . The seventh track " Love Money Party " features Big Sean , and incorporates a " grimy , haunted @-@ house beat " . Jason Lipshutz from Billboard noted that Cyrus appeared more comfortable with rapping in the recording , compared to an earlier performance on the Mike Will Made It single " 23 " . " # GetItRight " is a " stylish breeze " that sees the inclusion of " whistling [ ... ] and a chopped guitar lick " . It was described as being reminiscent of " Twisted " by Usher and " Kickin ' In " by Adam Lambert , all three of which were produced by Pharrell Williams . Cyrus stated that " Drive " was inspired by " needing to leave someone but not really wanting to completely cut yourself off from the relationship . " Her comments were assumed to reference her engagement to Hemsworth by the media . The tenth track " FU " features French Montana , and according to Catucci , blends " starry Adele @-@ style sass and a French Montana verse into expertly inlaid dubstep wub @-@ wubs " . He went on to describe " Do My Thang " as a " ripping dance track " , while Lipshutz recognized influences from " gooey synthesizers and snapping percussion " . " Maybe You 're Right " incorporates drum instrumentation with " hints of gospel influence " , and was also questioned to be addressing Hemsworth . The thirteenth and final track " Someone Else " combines hip hop and synthpop styles , and lyrically discusses Cyrus ' evolving public image . = = Singles = = " We Can 't Stop " was released as the lead single from Bangerz on June 3 , 2013 . It received generally mixed reviews from music critics , who were ambivalent towards its production and lyrics . The song peaked at number 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , tying it with " Party in the U.S.A. " as Cyrus ' highest @-@ peaking single in the country at the time . Internationally , it enjoyed varying success across Europe and Oceania , and peaked at number one in New Zealand . The accompanying music video was released on June 19 , 2013 , and was noted for depicting an increasingly provocative Cyrus , an effort begun with her third record Can 't Be Tamed ( 2010 ) . With 10 @.@ 7 million views in its first day , the clip briefly held the Vevo record for the most views in 24 hours , before being surpassed by " Best Song Ever " by One Direction . It was also the fastest video to reach 100 million views , having done so in 37 days . " Wrecking Ball " was released as the album 's second single on August 25 , 2013 . Critics welcomed the change of pace , it presented from " We Can 't Stop " , but were more critical of its overall production . The song peaked atop the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Cyrus ' first single to do so in the United States . It additionally peaked within the top @-@ twenty of several international singles charts , and reached at number 2 in Australia and New Zealand . The accompanying music video was released on September 9 , 2013 , and garnered significant media attention for showcasing a nude Cyrus . With 19 @.@ 3 million views , it broke the Vevo record for the most views in 24 hours , and additionally became the fastest video to reach 100 million views , having done so in 6 days . The first @-@ day viewing record was later surpassed by the visuals for " Anaconda " by Nicki Minaj in August 2014 , which received 19 @.@ 6 million views , upon its premiere . On December 4 , 2013 , " Wrecking Ball " returned to the peak position of the Billboard Hot 100 with assistance from online streaming of a viral Chatroulette parody video , and consequently became the largest gap between number @-@ one sittings in Billboard history . On the same month , the music videos for " Wrecking Ball " and " We Can 't Stop " were announced as the first and second most @-@ viewed videos on Vevo in 2013 , respectively . " Adore You " was released as the third single from Bangerz ; it was serviced to contemporary hit radio stations on December 17 , 2013 . It received generally favorable reviews , with critics appreciating its mid @-@ tempo production , although they criticized the use of Auto @-@ Tune in its vocals . The accompanying music video was leaked on the evening of December 25 , and was officially premiered on the morning of December 26 . The clip depicts Cyrus suggestively posing in a bed and a bathtub , and is interspersed with night vision footage that appears to simulate a sex tape . Prior to being officially released as a single , the song debuted at number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100 ; it has since peaked at number 21 . The remix for " Adore You " , was produced by Cedric Gervais , and premiered online on February 13 , 2014 ; it was officially released on Beatport through his label Spinnin ' Records on March 3 . = = Promotion = = Cyrus first performed " We Can 't Stop " on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on June 26 , 2013 and on Good Morning America the following day . In August 2013 , she became the subject of widespread media attention and public scrutiny following a controversial performance and duet with Robin Thicke at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards at Barclays Center in New York City . The performance began with Cyrus performing " We Can 't Stop " in bear @-@ themed attire . Following this , Thicke entered the stage and Cyrus stripped down to a skin @-@ colored two @-@ piece outfit . Cyrus subsequently touched Thicke 's crotch area with a giant foam finger and twerked against his crotch . An article published in The Hollywood Reporter described the performance as " crass " and " reminiscent of a bad acid trip " . Media attention of the performance largely overshadowed the attention that was given to other major events of the night , such as the reunion of ' N Sync and performances by Lady Gaga and Katy Perry . The performance was described by XXL critic B. J. Steiner as a " trainwreck in the classic sense of the word as the audience reaction seemed to be a mix of confusion , dismay and horror in a cocktail of embarrassment " , while the BBC said Cyrus stole the show with a " raunchy performance " . The performance generated 306 @,@ 100 tweets per minute on Twitter , breaking the record for the most tweeted @-@ about event in the history of the social network ; the previous record , held by the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show featuring Beyoncé , generated 268 @,@ 000 tweets per minute . According to Forbes , Cyrus ' performance resulted in a gain of over 213 @,@ 000 Twitter followers , 226 @,@ 000 likes on Facebook , and 90 @,@ 000 downloads of her new promotional single , " Wrecking Ball " , within days of the controversial performance . This amounted to a total 112 % increase in Cyrus ' social media activity . In September 2013 , Cyrus sang " We Can 't Stop " on Schlag den Raab in Germany ( September 7 ) , Le Grand Journal in France ( September 9 ) , and Alan Carr : Chatty Man in England ( September 13 ) . On September 21 , she performed twice at iHeartRadio Music Festival in Las Vegas , in the afternoon at festival village and in the evening at MGM Grand Garden Arena . During both shows she sang " We Can 't Stop " and , for the first time , " Wrecking Ball " . Despite generating media attention for a provocative wardrobe , the performance was considered to be " fairly tame considering the VMAs . " On October 5 , Cyrus served as the host and musical guest during an episode of Saturday Night Live . She appeared in several sketches , including a parody of " We Can 't Stop " titled " We Did Stop ( The Government ) " , referencing the federal government shutdown , and performed an acoustic version of " We Can 't Stop " and " Wrecking Ball " . The following Monday , Cyrus performed both singles on Today as part of their Toyota Concert Series . She held an album signing on October 8 at Planet Hollywood in Times Square , and also appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and The Ellen DeGeneres Show later that month , also singing both singles there . Bangerz was additionally promoted through the documentary Miley : The Movement , which premiered through MTV on October 2 ; it covered the production of the project and the lead @-@ up to its release . In November , Cyrus traveled to Europe again to sing both " We Can 't Stop " and " Wrecking Ball " at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards in Amsterdam on November 10 ; she garnered media attention for smoking a joint of marijuana on @-@ stage while accepting the Best Video Award for the latter single . On November 17 , she performed " Wrecking Ball " on The X Factor in London . After being criticized for delivering a lackluster vocal performance , Cyrus was placed under " vocal rest " by her doctors in preparation of the Bangerz Tour . During her trip , she also performed " Wrecking Ball " on Wetten , dass .. ? in Germany ( November 9 ) , BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge in London ( November 12 ) , and the 2013 Bambi Awards in Germany ( November 14 ) . On November 24 , Cyrus performed " Wrecking Ball " at the 2013 American Music Awards ; a digitally animated cat projected on the screen behind her lip @-@ synced the lyrics alongside Cyrus . In December , she performed at Jingle Ball concerts in Los Angeles ( KIIS @-@ FM Jingle Ball ) , Saint Paul , Atlanta , New York City , Washington , D.C. , Tampa and Sunrise . She was expected to perform in Boston during the series , although her flight from New York City was cancelled due to Winter Storm Electra and was therefore unable to attend . Cyrus also performed " # GetItRight " and " Wrecking Ball " on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest in Times Square on December 31 ; she had previously been expected to perform at the Fontainebleau Miami Beach with Pharrell Williams . On January 25 , 2014 , Cyrus sang " # GetItRight " during Clive Davis ' party the evening before the 56th Annual Grammy Awards ; after an unenthusiastic response from the audience , she performed a cover version of " Jolene " by Dolly Parton which received a more favorable reception . An episode of MTV Unplugged starring Cyrus premiered through MTV on January 29 . She performed acoustic versions of " Adore You " , " SMS ( Bangerz ) " , " 4x4 " , " Wrecking Ball " , " # GetItRight " , " Drive " , " Do My Thang " , and " Rooting for My Baby " . Cyrus also performed a cover version of " Jolene " , while Madonna appeared as a surprise guest that evening to sing a medley of Cyrus " We Can 't Stop " and her own " Don 't Tell Me " . An uncensored version of the special was released online on February 6 , and included an additional cover version of " Why 'd You Only Call Me When You 're High ? " by the Arctic Monkeys . Cyrus and The Flaming Lips sang a cover version of The Beatles ' " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " for the 2014 Billboard Music Awards on May 18 , while Cyrus alone performed " Wrecking Ball " during the 2014 World Music Awards in Monte @-@ Carlo on May 27 . Cyrus participated in the Summertime Ball at Wembley Stadium in London on June 21 , where she sang " SMS ( Bangerz ) " , " 4x4 " , " Love Money Party " , " Wrecking Ball " , " We Can 't Stop " and " Party In The USA " . = = Tour = = During her appearance on Today on October 7 , Cyrus first mentioned her intentions to tour in 2014 . On October 26 , she made a surprise appearance on another episode of Saturday Night Live to officially announce the Bangerz Tour . It was promoted by the American entertainment company Live Nation Entertainment , which was reported to be paying Cyrus $ 500 @,@ 000 per presentation . The first leg of the tour visited North America and was originally scheduled to include thirty @-@ eight shows , for which Swedish duo Icona Pop and American recording artist Sky Ferreira were announced as its opening acts . Tickets for the North American leg became available for purchase on November 16 ; it began at the Rogers Arena in Vancouver on February 14 , 2014 , and was originally planned conclude on April 24 at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale , New York . However , several showings were postponed after Cyrus experienced an allergic reaction to medication on April 15 . The rescheduled North American dates saw the inclusion of two additional performances ; they began on August 1 at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale , and concluded on August 14 at the United Center in Chicago . The second leg of the tour visited Europe and included eighteen shows , for which tickets became available for purchase on December 13 . It began on May 6 at The O2 Arena in London , and concluded on June 22 at the Ziggo Dome in Amsterdam . The two @-@ hour television special " Miley Cyrus : Bangerz Tour " was filmed during Cyrus ' performances in Spain and Portugal , and was broadcast on July 6 on NBC in the United States . The tour resumed on August 1 at Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale and concluded on October 23 at the Perth Arena in Perth , Australia . = = Critical reception = = Bangerz received mixed to positive reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 61 , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " , based on 21 reviews . Writing for AllMusic , Heather Phares provided a favorable review , opining that it " accomplishes [ the ] mission " of " [ selling ] Cyrus as an independent woman " , further commenting that the incorporation of several genres within the project " introduces Miley as an A @-@ list pop star . " Jason Lipshutz of Billboard complimented the album for being " fiercely individual " , but stated that the " dramatic breakup songs " became repetitive . Lipshutz stated that the album is " neither the best nor worst pop album " released in 2013 , and stated power ballad songs like " Wrecking Ball " would increase her career longevity . Nick Catucci of Entertainment Weekly described Bangerz as being " utterly fresh " and a " pop blitz from a hip hop blue print " , and stated that Cyrus had visibly transitioned from her former persona established by the Disney Channel . Mikael Wood from the Los Angeles Times noted that the album favored a " grittier , hip @-@ hop @-@ inspired vibe " instead of the " glossy electro @-@ pop " from her previous material , and further opined that " We Can 't Stop " " still astounds ; it might be the calmest , most clear @-@ eyed rebel yell since Janet Jackson 's ' Control . ' An album beyond its years . " Rolling Stone 's Jon Dolan complimented the album 's the " wide @-@ ranging production " , labeling it a " Rihanna @-@ meets @-@ Gaga @-@ meets @-@ Pink @-@ meets @-@ Britney party grenade of a record " . Writing for Fact , Tom Lea provided a more mixed review of Bangerz , calling it a " hot mess of country , Southern hip @-@ hop and more " , but concluded that the record contained " more — ahem — bangers than clangers . " Caroline Sullivan from The Guardian shared a similar sentiment , but also opined that the overall record held " more hits than misses " . John Murphy of musicOMH described the tracks as being " rather run of the mill material " , but nonetheless complimented Cyrus ' promotional efforts for making the record " one of the most anticipated pop albums of the year " . Kitty Empire from The Observer was more negative of Bangerz , opining that the project " feels stitched together in the dark , and the attention @-@ seeking begins to grate . " Elysa Gardner for USA Today described the record 's composition as " mediocre " and consisting of " competent , mostly generic tunes " . Jessica Hopper from Spin was also more negative of the record , opining that it is a " precise album that flits between bombastic and turgid " and " is very fun . " = = = Accolades = = = On his list of the ten best albums of 2013 , Nick Catucci from Entertainment Weekly placed Bangerz third , complimenting Cyrus ' ability for " cutting @-@ edge rap [ ... ] , a soulful voice capable of showstoppers [ ... ] , and an underappreciated emotional directness " . The Guardian ranked Bangerz thirty @-@ fourth on their list of the forty best albums , commenting that it " [ winds ] people up for commercial , rather than transgressive , ends " despite initially opining that " the attention @-@ seeking begins to grate " . Rolling Stone placed Bangerz at number twenty @-@ seven on their list of the fifty best albums , writing that Cyrus " [ brought ] depth and vulnerability to one hell of a party [ ... ] amid all the foam @-@ finger hub @-@ hub " . Ann Powers from NPR ranked the record tenth on her list of ten records , suggesting that it " should earn her entry into every celebration of pop this year " , while the Associated Press ranked it ninth for being " banging " . Joey Guerra from Houston Chronicle listed Bangerz as the fourth @-@ best record of the year , calling it a " fun , feisty pop album that produced two of the year 's biggest , best singles " and summarizing that " with one flick of her tongue , Cyrus easily outdoes recent fare from Gaga , Katy and Britney . " = = Commercial performance = = On October 9 , Billboard reported that Bangerz would sell an estimated 250 – 275 @,@ 000 copies in first @-@ week United States sales . On October 16 , the record officially debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 , having moved 270 @,@ 000 units . In doing so , Cyrus attained her fifth non @-@ consecutive number @-@ one album in the country . The figure includes her first and second studio albums Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) and Breakout ( 2008 ) , in addition to the soundtracks Hannah Montana ( 2006 ) and Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) , in which Cyrus was credited as her former titular character Hannah Montana . Furthermore , the record sold 168 @,@ 000 more copies than her previous effort Can 't Be Tamed ( 2010 ) , and became the best @-@ selling debut week for a female artist in 2013 . Three weeks later , this feat was surpassed by Katy Perry after her fourth studio album Prism ( 2013 ) debuted at number one with first @-@ week sales of 286 @,@ 000 copies . In December , both women were surpassed by Beyoncé after her fifth studio album Beyoncé ( 2013 ) was unexpectedly released on the iTunes Store and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with three @-@ day sales of 617 @,@ 000 copies . During its second week of release , Bangerz dropped to number two with sales of 92 @,@ 000 copies , and dropped to number four in its third week after moving 53 @,@ 000 units . As of February 2014 , Bangerz has sold one million copies in the United States , and has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . It also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , where it was eventually certified platinum , and entered the Top 100 Mexico chart at number three . Bangerz charted moderately throughout Europe . In the United Kingdom , the record and her track " Wrecking Ball " both debuted at number one on their respective charts in the same week , making Cyrus the first artist of 2013 to achieve a " chart double " in the country . The album was later recognized with a silver certification . It also reached the peak position in Ireland , Norway , and Scotland . Furthermore , it respectively debuted at numbers two and three in Spain and Italy . The album peaked at number four on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 and the Swedish Sverigetopplistan . It also debuted at number four on the Portuguese Albums Chart , and was further recognized with a double @-@ platinum certification by the Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa for sales of 40 @,@ 000 copies . The album also reached number six on the Dutch MegaCharts , number seven on the Swiss Music Charts , number eight on the Hungarian MAHASZ , and number three on the Danish Hitlisten and number nine on both the French Albums Chart and the German Media Control Charts . In Belgian , the record respectively peaked at numbers eight and nineteen in Flanders and Wallonia . The album reached number 23 on The Official Finnish Charts , and debuted at number 45 on the Polish ZPAV . In South America , Bangerz charted at number one on the Argentinian CAPIF chart and the Brazilian ABPD chart . The record experienced similar success in Oceania , where it debuted in the peak position of the Australian ARIA Charts and reached number two in New Zealand . In the latter country , it was certified gold . = = Impact = = Bangerz and its promotional events have been largely credited with establishing a sexually provocative image for Cyrus . Zack O 'Malley Greenburg from Forbes noted that her performances , music videos , and public behavior received " plenty of condemnation along with all the attention " in the lead @-@ up to the record ; he suggested that this was intentionally done so " [ parents will ] never again buy any products related to Cyrus – or her former alter @-@ ego , tween sensation Hannah Montana . " John Murphy from MusicOMH stated that Cyrus ' performance at the MTV Video Music Awards became " the seismic event that ensured we 'd never recall 2013 without thinking of her " , further opining that the anticipation it built for Bangerz made it " impossible not to admire her PR operation . " Andrew Unterberger of Billboard felt that Bangerz developed the maturing image for Cyrus that her third album Can 't Be Tamed ( 2010 ) failed to accomplish . He suggested that she had " no true backup plan " for creating a new public persona in 2010 , and stated that she " now feels firmly in control of her music and her image " in 2013 . Marlow Stern from The Daily Beast shared a similar sentiment , stating that Cyrus " is completely in control of what she ’ s doing " after her recent controversies , which he described as " pure artistic calculation born out of mild desperation " , and has successfully done " just about anything to gain our attention " . Zack O 'Malley Greenburg of Forbes commented that despite widespread criticism of " chasing YouTube views and record sales at the expense of her image " , the " new Cyrus " appears " marketable as ever . " Writing for Glamour , Mickey Woods compared the promotional " era " for Bangerz to those of Britney Spears ' and Christina Aguilera 's third and fourth studio albums Britney ( 2001 ) and Stripped ( 2002 ) , respectively , in that " both albums by these legends were wildly experimental " , adding that Cyrus ' project " will probably be retrospectively deemed iconic , maybe even classic . " Mark Jacobs of V likened the album to Control ( 1986 ) by Janet Jackson , in that Cyrus was " an artist coming into her own " in a fashion similar to Jackson . Patrick Ryan of USA Today commented that Cyrus ' collaborations with Mike Will Made It contributed to his new @-@ found prominence , stating that Mike Will Made It 's position as an executive producer has helped him " [ jump ] to the forefront as an interesting character [ ... ] in an era where a lot of producers have fallen behind the scenes again " . From a commercial standpoint , however , Suzanne Cowie of Babble suggested that Cyrus ' opening @-@ week sales figures and subsequent decline supported the idea that the studio album format is reaching its end , having used her example to exemplify that " consumers are only interested in the single " . She further opined that they do not " [ have ] the time to sit and listen through to an album in its entirety " , and credited the rise of digital downloads with promoting a less engaging listening process , where consumers " [ have not ] connected in any way with the band / singer and their hopes for the record . " In December 2013 MTV named Cyrus as their Best Artist of 2013 , for which criteria including Bangerz 's sales were taken into consideration . James Montgomery from MTV News elaborated on the network 's decision that Cyrus " [ declared ] her independence and [ dominated ] the pop @-@ culture landscape " , adding that " she schooled — and shocked — us all in 2013 , and did so on her own terms . " In early December 2013 , Cyrus was listed in the top ten finalists for Time Person of the Year , the only enterteiner in the list , though she lost to Pope Francis ; she was also listed on Barbara Walters ' " Most Fascinating People of the Year " . Billboard staff called Cyrus the " Most Talked About Pop Star " of 2013 , and also recognized the controversial evolution of her career as the " Top Music Moment " of the year , elaborating that she was a " maelstrom that expanded and grazed nearly every aspect of pop culture in 2013 . " Cyrus was also the most @-@ searched person of the year on Google , with Leah Chernikoff of Elle writing that " most folks , even famous ones , only strike Internet gold like that once in a lifetime ( or maybe once a year ) , but Cyrus hit it again — and again — in 2013 . " = = Track listing = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Bangerz . Notes ^ [ a ] signifies a co @-@ producer ^ [ b ] signifies a vocal producer ^ [ c ] signifies an additional producer Sampling credits " We Can 't Stop " contains a portion of the composition " La Di Da Di " , written by Douglas Davis and Ricky Walters . " My Darlin ' " contains a portion of the composition " Stand by Me " , written by Jerry Leiber , Mike Stoller , and Ben E. King . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from AllMusic . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Julian Carroll = Julian Morton Carroll ( born April 16 , 1931 ) is an American politician from the state of Kentucky . A Democrat , he is a member of the Kentucky Senate , representing Anderson , Franklin , Woodford , Gallatin and Owen counties . From 1974 to 1979 , he served as the 54th Governor of Kentucky , succeeding Wendell H. Ford , who resigned to accept a seat in the U.S. Senate . He was the first Kentucky governor from the state 's far @-@ western Jackson Purchase region , and his running mate Thelma Stovall was the first woman to be elected Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky . After graduating from the University of Kentucky and spending three years as an Air Force lawyer , Carroll returned to McCracken County , Kentucky where he gained acclaim for leading a campaign to allow the Tennessee Valley Authority to provide low @-@ cost electricity to the county . He was elected to the first of five terms in the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1962 and served as Speaker of that body from 1968 to 1970 . He ran for Lieutenant Governor in 1971 on an informal ticket with former Governor Bert T. Combs . Combs lost in the Democratic primary to Wendell Ford , but Carroll defeated his primary opponents and went on to win the general election . He was elevated to the governorship in 1974 due to Ford 's election to the Senate , and won a full term in his own right in 1975 . As Governor , Carroll increased funding for public education and promoted the use of coal as a means of alleviating the 1973 energy crisis . He also oversaw a major reorganization of the state 's judicial system . Many natural and man @-@ made disasters occurred during his term in office , including the Great Blizzard of 1978 and the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire , leading to better safety practices and stricter law enforcement in the state . When Carroll left office , both he and his predecessor were under the cloud of an investigation for an alleged insurance kickback scheme , but Carroll was not convicted of any wrongdoing . In 2004 , he was elected to the Kentucky Senate . Re @-@ elected in 2008 and 2012 , his current term will expire in 2017 . = = Early life = = Julian Carroll was born in West Paducah , McCracken County , Kentucky on April 16 , 1931 . He was the third of eleven children born to Elvie B. " Buster " and Eva ( Heady ) Carroll . His father was a tenant farmer , but shortly after the Ohio River flood of 1937 , the family moved to Heath , Kentucky where Buster Carroll sold tractor implements and opened an automobile repair shop in 1940 . Through his early teenage years , Carroll lived with his grandparents to help care for an ailing grandfather . In 1949 , Carroll was selected to represent Heath High School at Kentucky Boys State , a week @-@ long a civic affairs summer camp for high school seniors @-@ to @-@ be . Participants in the camp create a miniature state government based on their state 's actual government . At the camp , Carroll was elected governor of the miniature government . The following year , he graduated as salutatorian and student body president of Heath High School . Carroll began dating Charlann Harting near the end of 1950 . In mid @-@ 1951 , they parted ways to attend college – Harting , whose family was better off financially , at the University of Kentucky and Carroll at nearby Paducah Junior College . After their first year , Carroll and Harting decided to get married . The ceremony took place on July 22 , 1951 , and the couple eventually had four children – Kenneth , Patrice , Bradley , and Ellyn . Ellyn , born June 27 , 1975 , was the first child born to a Kentucky First Family while they were residing in the Governor 's Mansion . Carroll earned an Associate in Arts degree from Paducah Junior College in 1952 . That summer , the family moved to Lexington where Carroll matriculated to the University of Kentucky . He funded his further education working for the Fayette County Agriculture Stabilization and Conservation Office . In 1954 , he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science , and in 1956 , he earned a Bachelor of Laws degree . While in college , Carroll had received training through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps . By graduation , he had risen to the rank of Commandant of Cadets , the highest rank of any student at the university . After graduation , he enlisted in the Air Force and was stationed at Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth , Texas . For three years , he served as an Air Force attorney , then returned to Paducah and joined the law firm of Reed , Scent , Reed , and Walton . He was active in civic affairs , including membership in the Jaycees and serving as charter president of the Paducah Optimists Club in 1962 . He was a frequent lay speaker in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church , and from 1966 to 1967 , served as moderator for the Kentucky Synod . In January 1960 , a group of local businessmen approached Carroll about leading a campaign to allow the Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) to provide electricity to McCracken County . TVA could provide electricity at a much lower cost , but voters would first have to hold a public referendum on buying out Kentucky Utilities , the private power provider in the area . Carroll agreed to lead the campaign , and nine months later , voters approved the buyout by a three @-@ to @-@ one margin . = = Political career = = The TVA campaign had put Carroll squarely in the public eye in McCracken County , and in 1962 , he was elected to the first of five consecutive terms representing the county in the Kentucky House of Representatives . He was chosen Speaker of the House from 1968 through 1970 . In the 100 @-@ member House of Representatives , it was not uncommon for lobbyists to roam the floor freely , for members to bring their lunches to their desks , or for them to bring their friends and family members onto the floor during debate . Determined to bring a higher degree of decorum to the chamber 's proceedings , Carroll opened the 1968 legislative session with a single , powerful whack of his gavel . The gavel shattered , stunning the legislators . Carroll subsequently barred outsiders from the floor during debate and forbade eating in the chamber . Carroll shattered three more gavels during the legislative session – he was finally given a sturdier one made of solid oak and formica – but he brought order to the chamber 's proceedings . At the end of the session , a member of the opposing party declared from the floor " The decorum of this House has improved 100 percent ... I must compliment the present Speaker of this House for ... eliminating the abominable practices . Today every member has a right to speak ... without fear of interruption and catcalls or being shouted down . " The legislator 's compliment was followed by a standing ovation for Carroll . Carroll had considered running for the U.S. Senate in 1968 , but dropped out of the race after just two weeks when he discovered that it would take well over $ 100 @,@ 000 to run a competitive primary campaign . In 1971 , former governor Bert T. Combs sought a second term as governor and chose Carroll as his informal running mate . ( The governor and lieutenant governor were elected separately at the time . ) Combs , an Eastern Kentucky native , sought geographic balance for the ticket by selecting Carroll , from the far @-@ west Jackson Purchase . Combs said he would provide the needed financing , and Carroll agreed to enter the race . Seven other Democratic candidates for lieutenant governor entered the race , the most formidable being sitting attorney general John B. Breckinridge . While Combs lost to Ford in the gubernatorial primary , Carroll won the separate primary for lieutenant governor , partly on the strength of the eastern Kentucky votes he gained from his association with Combs . Carroll went on to defeat Republican Jim Host in the general election for lieutenant governor . As lieutenant governor , Carroll chaired the Legislative Research Commission and the National Conference of Lieutenant Governors . = = = Governor of Kentucky = = = Governor Ford 's allies encouraged Carroll to run for the U.S. Senate in 1974 , but Carroll had already set his sights on the governorship . Instead , Ford ran for and won the Senate seat , and Carroll succeeded him as governor . In 1975 , he sought a full term in office and won the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in a four @-@ way primary against Todd Hollenbach , Mary Louise Foust , and Robert McCreary Johnson . In the general election , Carroll faced Republican Robert E. Gable , a coal company owner from central Kentucky . The main issue of the campaign was the imposition of desegregation busing on the city of Louisville . Both candidates opposed the busing , but Gable did so more vehemently and criticized the sitting governor for not " doing something about it " . In a televised debate with Carroll , Gable insisted on using what he called a " truth bell " . Gable rang the bell every time that he perceived that Carroll was not telling the truth . Eventually , the moderator of the debate ordered Gable to put the bell away , and Gable 's credibility suffered in the eyes of voters . Carroll won the general election by a vote of 470 @,@ 159 to 277 @,@ 998 , representing a record margin of victory in the Kentucky governor 's race . He carried every congressional district including Jefferson County , where a Democrat had not won a race in twenty years . His running mate , Thelma Stovall , became the first woman elected lieutenant governor of Kentucky . With considerable experience in the General Assembly – first as Speaker of the House , and later presiding over the Kentucky Senate as lieutenant governor – Carroll exercised a great deal of control over the proceedings of the legislature . One observer quipped " A cockroach couldn 't crawl across the Senate floor without an OK from the governor stamped on his back . " His reaction to criticism was often severe , prompting his political enemies to derisively refer to him as Emperor Julian . During the final year of Carroll 's term , Lieutenant Governor Stovall , who was left as acting governor when Carroll had left the state on business , called a special session of the legislature to enact a tax cut that Carroll opposed . The General Assembly passed the tax cut , partly in retaliation for the governor 's tight control of previous sessions . Carroll was charged with implementing an amendment to the state constitution approved by voters in 1975 to drastically reorganize the state 's judicial system . The Kentucky Court of Appeals , the state 's court of last resort , was renamed the Kentucky Supreme Court , and a new Court of Appeals was created and interposed between the Supreme Court and the state 's circuit and district courts . The position of county judge was made a purely administrative position , and the office was renamed county judge / executive . Historian Lowell H. Harrison opined that the amendment made Kentucky 's legal system " a model for the nation . " Improvements in public schools were the hallmark of Carroll 's term . Using money from a coal severance tax enacted by Ford 's administration and increased revenue from an improving economy , Carroll increased teacher salaries and eliminated fees for required classes . He strengthened the state 's Minimum Foundation Program and provided free textbooks . A School Building Authority was also created to help poor school districts construct new buildings . Vocational and special education were expanded under the Carroll administration , and a program for gifted and talented students was piloted . Consequently , Kentucky improved in most national educational benchmarks , including moving from forty @-@ sixth to thirty @-@ eighth nationally in teacher salaries . Higher education did not fare as well under Carroll . He cut the proposed budget for the state 's Council on Higher Education by 40 percent . Because of the considerable political clout of the Golden Triangle ( Lexington , Louisville and Covington ) , the University of Kentucky , University of Louisville , and Northern Kentucky University were spared the more severe budget cuts imposed on the state 's regional universities . As governor of the leading coal @-@ producing state in the nation , Carroll advocated the use of coal to alleviate the 1973 energy crisis . He was called to testify before several congressional committees and served as an energy adviser to President Jimmy Carter . At the state level , he created a department of energy and constructed " resource recovery roads " in the state 's coalfield regions . Among Carroll 's other accomplishments were the initiation of a grant program to support the arts and the expansion of the state park system . He was one of many who opposed the damming of the Red River , which would have flooded Red River Gorge . Carroll was a supporter of a lemon law ( that sought to provide a remedy for purchasers of cars that failed to meet quality standards ) that was defeated in the 1976 legislative session . Carroll served as chairman of the National Governors Association in 1978 . He chaired the Association 's Natural Resources and Environmental Management Committee and served on its Technology Committee . He also served as the state 's co @-@ chairman of the Appalachian Regional Commission . He received honorary degrees from the University of Kentucky , Morehead State University , Murray State University , and Eastern Kentucky University in Kentucky , and from Lincoln Memorial University in Harrogate , Tennessee . He was named to the University of Kentucky Alumni Association 's Hall of Distinguished Alumni in 1975 . Carroll 's tenure was plagued by disasters , both natural and man @-@ made . Flooding struck in the eastern part of the state and in the state capitol of Frankfort . Extreme cold gripped the entire state in 1977 and 1978 , including the Great Blizzard of 1978 . Two mine explosions in Letcher County killed 26 people , and the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire claimed 165 lives . Many of these disasters led to stricter enforcement of safety laws . Carroll formed the Department of Housing , Buildings , and Construction and strengthened the state fire marshal 's office . Carroll 's credibility took a severe hit as a result of an investigation into an alleged insurance kickback scheme during the Ford administration and carrying on into his administration . When called before a grand jury in 1980 , Carroll invoked the Fifth Amendment . He was not convicted of any wrongdoing , but his first state Democratic Party chairman , Howard P. " Sonny " Hunt , was . The investigation also hurt commerce commissioner Terry McBrayer , Carroll 's choice for governor in 1979 . McBrayer finished third out of five candidates in the Democratic primary that year . = = = Later political career = = = After concluding his service as governor , Carroll resumed his law practice in Frankfort , Kentucky . Governor John Y. Brown , Jr. made him chairman of a non @-@ profit organization to fight drugs in 1983 . In 1987 , he unsuccessfully sought another term as governor , finishing fifth in the Democratic primary behind Lieutenant Governor Steve Beshear , former governor John Y. Brown , Jr . , Grady Stumbo , and the winner , Wallace G. Wilkinson . Carroll again returned to his Frankfort law practice . In 2001 , Kentucky 's Purchase Parkway was renamed the Julian M. Carroll Purchase Parkway . In 2003 , Carroll actively lobbied the General Assembly to legalize casino @-@ style gambling at the state 's horse racetracks . = = = State Senate = = = In 2004 , Carroll was elected to the Kentucky Senate from District 7 , defeating Harold Fletcher – the older brother of then @-@ governor Ernie Fletcher – by a wide margin . The district includes all or portions of Anderson , Fayette , Franklin , and Woodford counties . He made headlines in 2007 when he called on Fletcher 's lieutenant governor , Steve Pence , to resign for his disloyalty after Pence endorsed Anne Northup in the Republican gubernatorial primary rather than backing Fletcher 's re @-@ election bid . Pence refused to resign , citing an investigation of the administration 's hiring practices as his reason for refusing to endorse Fletcher . Fletcher won the Republican primary , but lost in the general election to Democrat Steve Beshear . Carroll was re @-@ elected unopposed in 2008 . In advance of the 2011 legislative session , Carroll unsuccessfully sought to replace retired Senator Ed Whorley as Democratic floor leader in the State Senate , losing to Senator R. J. Palmer . Carroll blamed his contentious relationship with Senate President David L. Williams as the reason his colleagues were hesitant to choose him for the post . On November 6 , 2012 , he defeated Republican Frank Haynes to retain his seat for another four years . = Sierk Coolsma = Sierk Coolsma ( Dutch pronunciation : [ sirk ˈkoːlsmaː ] ; 26 January 1840 – 20 March 1926 ) was a Dutch Protestant missionary who wrote extensively on the Sundanese language . Born in the Netherlands , he became a missionary in his early twenties and arrived in the Dutch East Indies in 1865 . First tasked to Cianjur , he studied Sundanese in more detail than his contemporaries , gaining an appreciation for the language . Further missionary activities in Bogor , begun in 1869 , were a failure , and in 1873 he was tasked with translating the New Testament into Sundanese . Although the Sundanese people highly valued poetry , he did the translation in prose hoping that it would help readers entertain new ideas . In 1876 , Coolsma returned to the Netherlands and became the leader of the Netherlands Missionary Union , promoting further missionary activity in the predominantly Muslim western portion of the East Indies . He also wrote extensively on Sundanese , including a grammar and two dictionaries . Although his Bible translation had little lasting impact , these later works have remained in use . = = Early life and missionary work = = Sierk Coolsma was born in Leeuwarden in the Netherlands , on 26 January 1840 , as son of worker Foppe Coolsma and Maaike Nauta . Coolsma first worked in a printer 's office , but began training to be a missionary in Rotterdam in 1861 , after having studied several months under Rev. Witteveen in Ermelo in the previous year . He finished his training on 5 May 1864 ; that December he left for Batavia ( now Jakarta ) , the capital of the Dutch colony in the East Indies . Upon arrival in April 1865 , Coolsma was sent by the Netherlands Missionary Union ( Netherlandsche Zendingsvereeniging , NZV ) to the town of Cianjur . There , on 5 April 1866 , he married Maria Johanna Gerretson , six years his younger . He also baptised the NZV 's first Sundanese Christians , a husband and wife named Ismael and Moerti . Ismael continued to treat Coolsma as his teacher and help the missionaries spread Christianity until his death in 1872 . While in Cianjur , Coolsma began to study the language used by the Sundanese people who inhabited the area . Eventually , according to Mikihiro Moriyama of Nanzan University , he " had a sharper insight and deeper knowledge " than contemporary missionaries and government workers . Later missionaries would not study the language in such detail . Coolsma left Cianjur in 1869 and went to Bogor , also a majority @-@ Sundanese city . He found little success in preaching to the European citizens of the city or converting the Sundanese . On 31 May 1869 , he opened a school at his home , which provided a free education in both secular and religious studies . The first class had ten students , a total which grew quickly ; at its peak , the school had 111 students . After a government @-@ funded school was opened in 1872 , most of the Sundanese students moved there to avoid the Christian teachings . The remaining students were mostly ethnic Chinese , few of whom converted . = = Bible translation = = In 1873 , Coolsma published a grammar of the Sundanese language , titled Handleiding bij de beoefening der Soendaneesche taal ( Manual for the Writing of the Sundanese Language ) . He reluctantly used a transcription method developed by K.F. Holle and proscribed by the colonial government . That year he was tasked with translating the New Testament into Sundanese . He left his school in the hands of fellow missionary D. J. van der Linden and went to Sumedang ; there he worked on his translation over a period of three years . Coolsma found that Sundanese literature consisted predominantly of poetry , including the narrative wawacan , and thought that prose needed to be developed as well so that the people would embrace modernity . He considered that they rarely read , instead preferring to listen to more educated persons sing in verse . As such , the contents of written prose would not be conveyed . This is not to say that he disliked Sundanese poetry ; he was appreciative of the dangding verse forms – derived from Javanese literary tradition – which were used to write wawacan , and considered an existing translation of the Gospel of Matthew in dangding to be the best Sundanese @-@ language book in print . Ultimately , Coolsma chose to translate the Gospel of John and Acts of the Apostles using prose , believing that dangding was " too traditional to convey new ideas " and hoping to promote a " new spirit " . However , for accessibility 's sake he published using the Jawi script ; most literate Sundanese could read it , unlike the Javanese or Latin scripts also used in the area . The translation grew to include much of the New Testament , and by the 1890s the whole Bible . It was , however , little read . = = Later life = = Coolsma returned to the Netherlands with his wife in 1876 and became the leader of the NZV , holding the office until 1908 . He disputed the idea that missionary work should be focused on the non @-@ Islamicised eastern portion of the colony . He believed instead that missionary work should be prioritsed in the western portion , where Islam had already become entrenched . Coolsma continued to write about both missionary work and the Sundanese language . In 1881 , he wrote a series of condemnatory reviews of Sundanese @-@ language schoolbooks offered by the colonial government , arguing that the content had little value and the language was mostly artificial . He published a Sundanese @-@ Dutch dictionary in 1884 , consulting various works of Sundanese literature for his lexemes . In 1901 , he published a history of the mission in the East Indies , titled De zendingseeuw voor Nederlandsche Oost @-@ Indiës ( The Century of the Mission in the Dutch East Indies ) . It described the 19th century as time of extensive growth . In 1904 , Coolsma published a revised version of his grammar . Working with fellow missionary Christiaan Albers , who had also preached in Cianjur , Coolsma published a Dutch @-@ Sundanese dictionary in 1911 ; this was followed by a revised version of his Sundanese @-@ Dutch dictionary in 1913 . Coolsma 's wife died on 27 September 1917 . Her death led him to reduce his workload , although he found time to publish his memoirs , Terugblik op mijn levensweg , 1840 – 1924 ( Looking Back on my Life , 1840 – 1924 ) , in 1924 . He died two years later , on 20 March 1926 . = = Legacy = = Coolsma was recognised as a Knight of the Order of Orange @-@ Nassau before his death . Moriyama writes that Coolsma 's " unrivaled " dictionary and grammar had a much greater impact than his Bible translations , serving as a basis for the standardisation of written Sundanese . The grammar remains an authoritative source on Sundanese syntax , and despite the colonial government limiting its distribution – afraid the publication of a work by Christian missionaries would provoke the majority @-@ Muslim Sundanese – it was used in various Sundanese educational institutions . In 1985 , the grammar was translated into Indonesian and republished by Djambatan . = Pure ( Miller novel ) = Pure is a 2011 novel by English author Andrew Miller . The book is the sixth novel by Miller and was released on 9 June 2011 in the United Kingdom through Sceptre , an imprint of Hodder & Stoughton . The novel is set in pre @-@ revolutionary France and the upcoming turmoil is a consistent theme throughout . It follows an engineer named Jean @-@ Baptiste Baratte and chronicles his efforts in clearing an overfilled graveyard which is polluting the surrounding area . Baratte makes friends and enemies as the cemetery is both loved and hated by the people of the district . Miller was inspired to write about the Les Innocents Cemetery after reading historian Philippe Ariès 's brief description of its clearing and imagining the theatrics that must have been involved . The novel received positive reviews , particularly noting the quality of writing . The novel was awarded the Costa Book Award 2011 for " Best Novel " and " Book of the Year " , and was nominated for the Walter Scott Prize and South Bank award . = = Plot = = The novel centres around a young engineer named Jean @-@ Baptiste Baratte , who is tasked with the removal of the Les Innocents cemetery from Les Halles , Paris in 1786 ( the Place Joachim @-@ du @-@ Bellay now occupies the area ) and the removal of its church . Baratte is an engineer with a single decorative bridge , built in his small home @-@ town , comprising his entire career and , as such , is somewhat surprised by his appointment ; he does , however , endeavour to complete his task . The cemetery has been in use for many years but , given the number of people buried in such a small area , the bodies are no longer decomposing properly . They have begun to overflow and fall into the neighbouring houses as greater excavations take place and basement walls are weakened . The entire area is also permeated with a foul smell , turning fresh produce rotten in far shorter times than natural and tainting the breath of those who live there . Baratte finds that he has both friends and enemies in the area – the cemetery is both loved and hated by the people of the district . He finds resistance from all sides , notably Ziguette who strikes Baratte during his sleep in opposition to his work . He befriends the church 's flamboyant organist named Armand , recruits his old colleague Lecoeur to assist with the excavation , is monitored by the infamous Guillotin and falls in love with Heloïse , widely known in the area as a whore . = = = Characters = = = Jean @-@ Baptiste Baratte – the protagonist of the novel ; engineering graduate of the École des Ponts et Chaussées and overseer of the project ; originally from Normandy . The name is a reference to the biblical John the Baptist . Barattes nickname is " Bêche " , which is French for " Spade " , a reference to his career . Armand – the church 's flamboyant and alcoholic organist ; and close friend to Baratte ; with links to " the party of the future " . Héloïse Goddard – a prostitute , also known as " The Austrian " because of her resemblance to Queen Marie Antoinette , who specialises in indulging the peculiar perversions of her clients ; also Baratte 's love interest . Lecoeur – Baratte 's old friend brought in as the foreman to the miners undertaking the excavation . English translation of the name is " The Heart " . Ziguette Monnard – Barrate 's landlord 's daughter who attacks Baratte in the middle of the night , in opposition to his work . Marie – maid to the Monnards who spies on Baratte sleeping during the night . Jeanne – 14 @-@ year @-@ old granddaughter to the church 's sexton . Dr Guillotin – a doctor who is observing the progress of the excavation for research purposes . Père Colbert – the church 's mad priest . = = Themes = = The novel takes place immediately before the French Revolution and , while not discussed in the novel , a number of sights and incidents foreshadow the impending events . Clare Clark , in The Guardian , stated " as Baratte 's story unfolds , the impending revolution hangs over the narrative like the blade of the guillotine to come " , identifying a number of auguries of the future turmoil ; including " an organist play [ ing ] to an empty church " , the local theatre putting on a production of Beaumarchais ' The Marriage of Figaro ; and a cart displaying the phrase " M Hulot et Fils : Déménageurs à la Noblesse " on its side ( English : M Hulot and Son : Movers to the Nobility ) . In The Week , Michael Bywater stated he felt that the novel has " a sense in the air that something decisive is going to happen , and happen soon " . Thomas Quinn for The Big Issue opined that the removal of the cemetery as a whole could be construed as Miller asking " whether we should sweep away the past in the name of progress " or if we should be " confronting set ideas about what makes us human in the first place " . Miller also aimed to imbue the novel with a sense of anxiety , especially concerning the decisions Jean @-@ Baptiste must take . Commenting on fiction in general in an interview with Lorna Bradbury for The Daily Telegraph , Miller stated that " a novel is a collection of anxieties held together , more or less well , more or less interestingly , by the chicken wire of plot " . Bradbury goes on to state " that is absolutely the case with Pure , which details multiple counts of insanity as the panic @-@ inducing business of razing the cemetery takes hold " . Of Pure specifically , Miller stated that " I 'm interested in what anxiety does to people " , " in what happens when they can 't respond the way the world expects them to . What happens when our sense of ourselves falls away under the pressure of circumstances ? What 's left ? That 's a very interesting place to be . " Another theme prevalent in the novel is death , influenced in part by the death of Miller 's father , to whom the book is dedicated . Miller stated that " after the age of fortysomething , death is a taste in your mouth , and never goes away again " . The reviewer for The Australian called the novel " a meditation on death and the frailty of the body and spirit " . = = Development = = Miller first heard about the clearing of the Les Innocents cemetery ten years before writing the novel , when reading a book by French medievalist and historian , Philippe Ariès ; specifically his 1977 work entitled L 'Homme devant la mort , or The Hour of Our Death . Ariès ' book did not go into a great deal of detail concerning this actual event , however Miller was " taken by the theatricality " of it and decided to write a novel based around the exhumation . In an interview with Kira Cochrane he stated the novel " appealed to [ him ] as being interesting , visually interesting " , stating " it was when it all happened that made it stand out . It 's the 1780s , a few years before the French revolution " . Miller further stated that his father 's occupation as a doctor also had some bearing in his interest in the human body , stating " I grew up looking at these things – my Beano and Dandy were the BMJ and The Lancet " . Miller decided not to include any French dialogue in the novel as " it is so pretentious " in an English @-@ language novel , stating " I was afraid that my editor would strike it out " . = = = Publication history = = = 2011 , UK , Sceptre ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 4447 @-@ 2425 @-@ 7 , pub date 9 Jun 2011 , Hardback 2012 , UK , Sceptre ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 4447 @-@ 2428 @-@ 8 , pub date 5 Jan 2012 , Paperback 2012 , UK , Dreamscape Media , pub date 29 May 2012 , Audiobook 2012 , USA , Europa Editions ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 60945 @-@ 067 @-@ 0 , pub date 29 May 2012 , Paperback = = = Novel 's title = = = The novel 's title can be attributed to a number of aspects of the work . The purification of the cemetery and the recent change in social mores ( in relation to dirt and decay ) being the most immediately apparent . James Kidd , writing for The Independent , stated " if this suggests one definition of purity , others are suggested by political undercurrents . Namely , the ideals that helped shape the French Revolution : Voltaire 's call to reason , Rousseau 's call to equality , and Robespierre 's call to arms . " = = = Cover = = = The cover , created by Royston Knipe , was based on Francisco Goya 's etching The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters . It features Baratte in his pistachio green silk Charvet suit replacing the recumbent Goya in his self @-@ portrait . Instead of the owls and bats which assail Goya in The Sleep of Reason , Knipe used ravens . The cover was noted by The Guardian writer John Dugdale , in an article about the marketing aspect of book cover design , as being unique in the current market . He stated that ; along with the covers for The Sense of an Ending and The Tiger 's Wife ; " None of the three looks like anything else in bookshops " . = = = Audio adaptations = = = A Sweet Talk production of Pure was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 as part of the Book at Bedtime programme from 20 – 31 August 2012 ; it was read by John Sessions , abridged by Jeremy Osborne and produced by Rosalynd Ward . The novel was also the inspiration for two songs written by Bath based musicians , The Bookshop Band , namely " The downfall of Les Innocents " and " The Engineer 's Paris " from their album Into The Farthest Reaches . = = Reception = = The novel received almost universal praise , with reviewers praising Miller 's approach to the subject , his vividly rendered characters and setting and his eloquent prose . In a review for The Independent , James Urquhart found the novel to be " richly textured " and that it had " energetic , acutely observed characters " ; stating " Miller populates Baratte 's quest for equanimity with these lush and tart characters , seductively fleshed out , who collectively help to deliver the bittersweet resolution of Baratte 's professional and personal travails . " Clare Clark , writing for The Guardian , found that " Miller is a writer of subtlety and skill " and stated that she found the novel to be much like a parable , stating that " Unlike many parables , however , Pure is neither laboured nor leaden . Miller writes like a poet , with a deceptive simplicity – his sentences and images are intense distillations , conjuring the fleeting details of existence with clarity . " Clark goes on to say that " Pure defies the ordinary conventions of storytelling , slipping dream @-@ like between lucidity and a kind of abstracted elusiveness . The characters are often opaque . The narrative lacks dramatic structure , unfolding in the present tense much as life does , without clear shape or climax " and found that " The result is a book that is unsettling and , ultimately , optimistic . " The Australian 's Jennifer Levasseur found Pure to be " Well @-@ executed and inventive " , stating that she found the plot " Historically convincing , immediately engaging and intellectually stimulating " . She went on to state , of Miller himself : " Miller is the calibre of writer who deserves to be followed regardless of topic , time period or setting because of his astonishing dexterity with language , his piercing observations and his ability to combine rollicking storytelling with depth of character . " Novelist Brian Lynch , writing for the Irish Independent found " The story in Pure is simple , almost dreamlike , a realistic fantasy , a violent fairy tale for adults " , stating " At its best Pure shimmers " . The novel received two reviews from The Daily Telegraph . Freya Johnston found that " Miller lingers up close on details : sour breath , decaying objects , pretty clothes , flames , smells , eyelashes . He is a close observer of cats " and stated , of Baratte 's project as a whole , " Miller intimately imagines how it might have felt to witness it . " Holly Kyte found Pure to be " irresistibly compelling " and " Exquisite inside and out " . She stated that " Every so often a historical novel comes along that is so natural , so far from pastiche , so modern , that it thrills and expands the mind " and that she found that " Pure is a near @-@ faultless thing : detailed , symbolic and richly evocative of a time , place and man in dangerous flux . It is brilliance distilled , with very few impurities . " Suzi Feay , for the Financial Times , stated " Quietly powerful , consistently surprising , Pure is a fine addition to a substantial body of work " and also noted that " Miller 's portraits of women and the poor are thoughtful and subtle . " Writing for the Daily Express Vanessa Berridge found the novel to be " very atmospheric , if not to say positively creepy at times " and stated that " Miller 's eloquent novel overflows with vitality and colour . It is packed with personal and physical details that evoke 18th @-@ century Paris with startling immediacy . " Reviewing for the Daily Mail Clare Colvin stated that the novel " draws you in with hallucinatory power " and that she found that " Miller evokes the underside of Parisian society with assured , vivid detail so that images remain in your mind long after you reach the last page . This is historical fiction with imaginative style . " In a review for The Observer , Leo Robson found the novel to be somewhat underwhelming , stating that " It is disappointing , given the vitality of the novel 's setting and set @-@ up , that Miller fails to achieve corresponding dynamism in the development of plot and character " , adding that " as a prose writer , Miller appears averse to taking risks , which means no pratfalls – but no glory either " . He found the " engineer 's progress and his setbacks are narrated in a patient , tight @-@ lipped present tense , and just as the novel rarely concerns itself with anything that doesn 't impinge on the destruction of Les Innocents , so it rarely deviates from its obsessive regime of description and dialogue " . He did somewhat temper this , however , stating that " It is one of the historical novel 's advantages over the topical or journalistic novel that the benchmark is plausibility rather than verifiable authenticity . Success in this effort requires a capacity for immersion and a degree of imagination , and whatever his shortcomings as a prose writer and a storyteller , Andrew Miller is endowed with both . " = = Awards and nominations = = The novel was not longlisted for the Man Booker Prize , to the surprise of a number of reviewers . The novel did , however , win the Costa Book Award in 2011 for the " Best Novel " and " Book of the Year " . Novelist Rose Tremain , writing for The Guardian , identified the novel as one of her two " Books of the year 2011 " . In 2012 , The Observer named it as one of " The 10 best historical novels " . It was shortlisted for the 2012 Walter Scott Prize for historical fiction , with judges praising the novel as " a wholly unexpected story , richly imagined and beautifully structured " ; and the South Bank Award in the " Literature " category . The novel was also short @-@ listed for the " Independent Booksellers ' Week " Book Awards , which are voted for by the public through independent book @-@ shops . The marketing campaign for the novel was short @-@ listed in the " Best Overall Package " award by the Book Marketing Society in their Best Marketing Campaign of the Year awards . Pure was identified as an " Editors ' Choice " by The New York Times in June 2012 . The novel was also listed on the Belfast Telegraph " Your Top Choice " listing for the best book of the week . Pure has , as of 5 September 2012 , been listed twelve times ; with the first seven being in position 1 . NPR listed it as one of their " Critics ' Lists " for summer 2012 in the " Rich Reads : Historical Fiction Fit For A Queen " section , nominated by historical fiction author Madeline Miller who stated that " this is historical fiction at its best . " = = = Costa " Book of the Year " = = = Speaking about the novel at the awards ceremony in Piccadilly , London , Miller stated that he " had no special sense of this one being the one " and mentioned that " it 's a strange journey , you spend three years in a room on your own and then this : a little unsettling but deeply pleasurable " ; " It 's a very happy occasion " . Chair of the judging , editor of the Evening Standard newspaper Geordie Greig , said that the panel were basing their decision partially on the durability and memorability of the work , stating " we were looking for quality " . Speaking of the novel itself , Greig called it " a rich and evocative historical novel which engrosses with its vivid portrait of pre @-@ revolutionary France " , stating " The qualities of Pure stood out for its memorable gothic tale of morality and mortality . " The judges were undecided over whether the prize should have gone to Matthew Hollis ' biography Now All Roads Lead to France instead . The judging panel was locked in a " fierce debate and quite bitter dissent " and eventually used a vote to decide on the winner . Geordie Greig said " it was not unpleasant , it was forthright " , stating " it 's not like comparing apples and oranges – it 's like comparing bananas and curry . " Chair for the selection in 2010 , web editor for Foyles bookshops Jonathan Ruppin , supported the decision , stating " Like Hilary Mantel , who finally became a major name when she won the Man Booker , Miller should now gain the commercial success his stylish and absorbing novels have long deserved . " He goes on to say " Pure perfectly captures the mood of a downtrodden and angry nation , on the verge of overthrowing a self @-@ serving and out @-@ of @-@ touch ruling class – it 's very much a book for our time . " The 2011 awards were subject to some attention from bookmakers , who offered odds of 2 / 1 for favourite Matthew Hollis ' biography Now All Roads Lead To France and odds of 3 / 1 for Miller 's Pure . = Bacon Explosion = A Bacon Explosion is a pork dish that consists of bacon wrapped around a filling of spiced sausage and crumbled bacon . The American @-@ football @-@ sized dish is smoked or baked . It became widely known after being posted on the BBQ Addicts blog , and quickly spread to the mainstream press with numerous stories discussing the dish . In time , the articles began to discuss the Internet " buzz " itself . The Bacon Explosion is made of bacon , sausage , barbecue sauce and barbecue seasoning or rub . The bacon is assembled in a weave to hold the sausage , sauce and crumbled bacon . Once rolled , the Bacon Explosion is cooked , basted , cut and served . The Bacon Explosion 's creators produced a cookbook featuring the recipes which ultimately won the 2010 Gourmand World Cookbook Awards for " Best Barbecue Book in the World " . The Bacon Explosion also won at the 2013 Blue Ribbon Bacon Festival . = = History and origin = = Jason Day and Aaron Chronister posted the dish in December 2008 on their " BBQ Addicts " blog . It quickly became an Internet phenomenon , generating more than 500 @,@ 000 hits and 16 @,@ 000 links to the blog , and was even included on political blogs because " Republicans like meat . " There are fan clubs and follow @-@ up videos of various attempts to create the dish . The inventors are experienced barbecue competition participants from Kansas City , and compete in cook @-@ offs as the Burnt Finger BBQ team . According to the Telegraph , " They came up with the delicacy after being challenged on Twitter to create the ultimate bacon recipe . " They christened their innovation the " Bacon Explosion : The BBQ Sausage Recipe of all Recipes . " The Bacon Explosion is similar to a number of previously published recipes . Day and Chronister do not claim to have invented the concept , but assert the term " Bacon Explosion " as a trademark . = = Preparation = = Preparing a Bacon Explosion " requires the minimum of culinary talent " and the ingredient list is short . It is made from 2 pounds ( 910 g ) of thick cut bacon , 2 pounds of Italian sausage , one jar of barbecue sauce , and one jar of barbecue rub / seasoning . The Bacon Explosion is constructed by weaving the bacon together to serve as a base . The base is seasoned and followed by the layering of sausage meat and crumbled bacon . Barbecue sauce and more seasoning is added before rolling it into a giant " sausage @-@ shaped monster " inside aluminum foil . It takes about an hour per inch of thickness to cook and is then basted with more barbecue sauce , sliced into rounds , and served . A prepared Bacon Explosion contains at least 5 @,@ 000 calories ( 21 @,@ 000 J ) and 18 ounces ( 500 g ) of fat , though a smaller 8 @-@ ounce portion contains 878 calories ( 3 @,@ 670 J ) and 2 ounces ( 60 g ) of fat . Preparation and result = = Recognition = = The popularity of the recipe has led to international coverage ; including the US and the UK , German and Dutch media . The Daily Telegraph assessed that the " recipe is most popular on the web " and that the " 5 @,@ 000 calorie barbeque dish has become one of the most popular meal ideas in the world . " Commentary in major publications about the health / obesity of Americans quickly suggested dishes like Bacon Explosion as the reason for " Why Americans are fat " , while another asserted that it isn 't something a doctor would recommend . It has also been cited as an example of the use of Web 2 @.@ 0 technology ( Chronister is an Internet marketer ) . Day and Chronister were reported to have " landed a six @-@ figure book deal " for their book BBQ Makes Everything Better . The book , containing the recipe , became the US winner in the 2010 Gourmand World Cookbook Awards in the " Best Barbecue Book " category . The 2010 US winner The Essential New York Times Cookbook : Classic Recipes for a New Century by Amanda Hesser also contained the recipe for the Bacon Explosion . BBQ Makes Everything Better went on to win the " Best Barbecue Book in the World " category by the judges of the 2010 Gourmand World Cookbook Awards , and remained as the sole entry from an American . The Bacon Explosion won " Savory Dish " at the 2013 Blue Ribbon Bacon Festival which secured an entry in the Bacon World Championships . = Patrick Omameh = Patrick Chuba Omameh Jr . ( born December 29 , 1989 ) is an American football offensive guard for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League ( NFL ) . After going undrafted in 2013 , he signed with the San Francisco 49ers as a free agent . He started all 16 games for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2014 and appeared in 14 games , nine as a starter , for the Chicago Bears in 2015 . He played college football for the University of Michigan Wolverines from 2009 to 2012 . = = High school = = When Omameh was in sixth grade , he did not know what American football was and when he asked his father about it , his father brought out a soccer ball . On the first day of football practice , he wore sandals and a wristwatch . As a senior at St. Francis DeSales High School in Columbus , Ohio , Omameh was selected as a 2007 Division II All @-@ Ohio first team offensive lineman and member of The Columbus Dispatch All @-@ metro team . He was a straight @-@ A student recruited by the likes of Princeton University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Omameh matriculated at Michigan as the lowest rated prospect in the 24 @-@ man entering class of 2008 according to Rivals.com. He also earned three varsity letters in track & field and one in basketball . = = College = = Omameh redshirted as a freshman for the 2008 Michigan Wolverines . He made his first career start on November 7 , 2009 when Perry Dorrestein was sidelined with a back injury against Purdue , and Omameh stayed in the starting lineup for the final two games of the season for the 2009 team . Despite being Michigan 's lowest rated prospect in the entering class of 2008 , he went on to start for the team for three and a half seasons . By the end of the 2012 Michigan – Ohio State game , Omameh had started 41 consecutive games . Omameh has been known for eating prowess since high school , once eating 30 White Castle hamburgers . Even other offensive linemen , such as teammate Taylor Lewan , marveled at his appetite . This helped Omameh bulk up from about 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) as a freshman to over 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) two years later when he became a regular starting offensive lineman . At Michigan , he had difficulty understanding quarterback Denard Robinson 's playcalling in the huddle because of Robinson 's rapid speech pattern . In 2010 , Omameh was a nominee to be the University of Michigan homecoming king . Omameh was an Academic All @-@ Big Ten in both 2010 and 2011 . On September 18 , 2012 , Omameh was named to the 11 @-@ man Allstate American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
RCA Records after a protracted bidding war . = = Recording and production = = After the deal with RCA , the Strokes started working with Gil Norton , who had produced recordings for alternative rock group Pixies . Although a rapport developed between the two parties , the band remained unhappy at the results of preliminary sessions which sounded " too clean " and " too pretentious " ; the three songs recorded with Norton were scrapped . Like The Modern Age , Is This It was eventually recorded with Gordon Raphael at Transporterraum in Manhattan 's East Village in New York City . The studio is located in a basement with poor lighting , but despite its poor infrastructure , it includes modern Pro Tools Digital Audio Workstation hardware . The Strokes liked Raphael 's lack of ego and formed a good collaborative relationship with the producer . Before recording started , both parties organized a listening session with the musical material Hammond and Casablancas had brought to show the tone and energy they liked . One of the prerequisites mentioned at the meeting was to take what was happening in music at the time , and go in a completely different direction . Casablancas wanted Is This It to sound like " a band from the past that took a time trip into the future to make their record " . The approach for the album became more studied than that of The Modern Age . The group wanted the majority of songs to sound like them playing live , while they requested a few others to be like " a weird , in @-@ studio production with a drum machine , even though no drum machine was used " . The songs of the latter type were done track @-@ by @-@ track and were crafted into non @-@ standard rock arrangements . Raphael 's background in industrial music played a large part in the album 's conception . During six weeks in the studio , the Strokes ' gritty sound became the emphasis of the sessions . The band usually recorded songs only once , based on Casablancas 's preference for " raw efficiency " . RAT effects pedals and overdriving amplifiers were used at times , " taking sounds , disintegrating them and then bringing them back " . The band wanted things to be only slightly stressed , with no heavy @-@ handedness in terms of studio effects ; only distortion and reverse echo were widely used . Throughout the process , Raphael improvised according to the reactions that he got from the group . At one point , he had to cope with the threat of eviction from his Transporterraum studio , but once the Strokes received backing from RCA , time and money were no longer pressing concerns . The label 's A & R delegate initially did not like what had been recorded and felt that the album was not going to be professional enough . The producer and the band were given complete control only when Casablancas persuaded the delegate by playing him some of the new material on a boom box . Inspired by the Velvet Underground 's production and the direct approach of punk rock band Ramones , the miking scheme for the drum kit included only three microphones : one above it , one for the bass drum , and one in the corner of the studio . It was crafted to capture " a compressed , explosive sound " . On Moretti 's advice , the transfer from the two loud guitars and the rumble of the bass picked up by the drum @-@ kit microphones was not eliminated . The guitars were recorded more simply ; Hammond and Valensi both used Fender DeVille amps on opposite sides of the room , while Raphael positioned a mic on each . The sound was then fed directly into a preamp with no equalization . Valensi commented that guitar teacher and mentor Bowersock was invaluable because he was articulating things to the producer that the group could not . While the rest of the Strokes played to a click track , Casablancas sang through a small Peavey practice amp to retain a sense of low fidelity on the album . Raphael mixed as he went along to maintain control of the record until the final mastering stage ; the producer aimed to show the Strokes a final product as soon as the band finished performing a track . = = Composition = = = = = Lyrics = = = Casablancas 's writing observes life in New York City and the relationships formed in such a metropolis . Exemplifying this theme , " The Modern Age " is a rant about the oddness of modern life . " Barely Legal " concerns the subject matter of a girl who has just arrived at the age of consent . Discussing its risqué nature , Moretti has stated , " It should be taken the way you interpret it . The lyrics mean different things to different people . " " Alone , Together " continues the sexual theme by dropping hints about cunnilingus , while the yelp at the start of " New York City Cops " was created as a pastiche of rock band Aerosmith . " Soma " takes influence from Aldous Huxley 's 1932 novel Brave New World and its featured imaginary drug , soma . Here Casablancas is discussing drug use in order to fit in with the cool crowd . During the studio sessions , Casablancas introduced tracks with comic lines and some quips were used when the album was mixed . = = = Music = = = All songs on Is This It were mixed using 11 audio tracks or less . According to Valensi , the album contains " no gimmicks , no tricks " to try to get the listener to like the compositions . It opens with the title track , which features a simple , metronomic drum line , a recurring feature in the rest of the record . Containing one of the slowest tempos , " Is This It " is the Strokes ' attempt at a ballad . " The Modern Age " follows and includes a guitar riff accompanied by a complementary drum line . Its staccato verse is followed by an upbeat , singalong chorus and a guitar solo . Discussing the album 's simplicity and measured approach , Valensi has commented , " We don 't put in a guitar solo just to have one . " " Soma " incorporates jerky rhythms and starts and ends with the same guitar and drum chimes , while " Barely Legal " contains some of the album 's softer guitar melodies inspired by Britpop as well as drumming patterns that evoke the sound of primitive 1980s drum machines . The fifth track on the record , " Someday " , is infused with rockabilly elements and interlocking guitar lines , the latter a recurring element of Is This It . " Alone , Together " is driven by a staccato rhythm , and climaxes first with a guitar solo , then a repeat of the central guitar hook . " Last Nite " is also a guitar @-@ driven song , but leans towards pop music influences . At its core , there are reggae @-@ inspired rhythm guitar lines played by Hammond , and studio noise effects . The rhythm section plays simple interlocking notes and beats . Like " Soma " , " Hard to Explain " contains processed drum tracks using dynamic range compression and equalization studio techniques to make them sound like a drum machine . The song incorporates spliced ad @-@ libbing extras from Casablancas , a feature also used on " New York City Cops " . " Trying Your Luck " , the album 's mellowest point , follows and shows more melancholic vocals . The last track on Is This It , " Take It or Leave It " , is the only song in which Hammond used the bridge pickup of his Fender Stratocaster guitar . = = Promotion and release = = Following the album 's completion , the Strokes performed at Philadelphia music venues every Wednesday of May 2001 . The band revealed the track listing of Is This It on May 15 . A June headlining tour of the UK and Ireland was also confirmed , and almost immediately after the announcement , some venues sold out . " Hard to Explain " was named as the album 's first single with a release date of June 25 to coincide with the tour . At the time , Moretti stated , " In Britain , people are much more responsive ... I 'm so psyched to be going back , every show we played people were enjoying it . There 's a lot of people here in America who think we 've had it too easy , but they have never really heard the music . " Following the Strokes ' June 20 show in Glasgow , Moretti suffered a fall and was hospitalized with a broken hand . Two of the last five UK gigs were canceled and a friend of the group , Matt Romano , flew to England to replace the injured drummer in the remaining concerts . In a press release , Gentles explained , " They will only carry on if they feel that they are 100 % after rehearsing with Matt , as they wouldn 't offer anything less to their fans . " With Romano as a substitute , the band managed to satisfy the outstanding commitments . Live recorded versions of " Hard to Explain " , its B @-@ side " New York City Cops " , and " Last Nite " from The Modern Age EP aired on UK music show Top of the Pops on July 6 , 2001 . The Strokes headlined the T in the Park festival in Scotland on July 7 after alternative rock group Weezer pulled out . A large part of the month of July was spent performing in cities in the West Coasts of America and Canada . Is This It was released in Australia on July 30 , 2001 to capitalize on the Strokes ' recent tour of the country . The record was streamed on Australian websites by the band 's distributor BMG and remained available for listening even after the CD release . Geoff Travis , head of the Strokes ' UK label Rough Trade , commented that the Australian continent had " special dispensation " and that an export ban was put in place to ensure no interferences with release plans in the rest of the world . The Japanese release date of August 22 was timed to occur after two one @-@ off shows by the band at the Summer Sonic Festival , while the UK release of August 27 coincided with the Reading and Leeds Festivals . The September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City postponed the group 's CMJ Music Marathon performance , and shifted RCA 's U.S. release of Is This It from September 25 to October 9 . A newly recorded song , " When It Started " , replaced " New York City Cops " on the CD version of the album after the Strokes witnessed the " valiant response " of the city 's police department during the tragedy . The vinyl release retained the original track list . = = Packaging = = The July and August 2001 cover art of Is This It is by Colin Lane and features a photograph of a woman 's nude bottom and hip , with a leather @-@ gloved hand suggestively resting on it . The model was later revealed to be Lane 's then @-@ girlfriend , who explained that the photoshoot was spontaneous and happened after she came out of the shower naked . Lane recalled that a stylist had left the glove in his apartment and noted , " We did about 10 shots . There was no real inspiration , I was just trying to take a sexy picture . " The result was included in the book The Greatest Album Covers of All Time , in which Grant Scott , one of the editors , noted influences from the daring works of Helmut Newton and Guy Bourdin in its design . Scott concluded , " It ’ s either a stylish or graphically strong cover or a sexist Smell the Glove travesty . " Although British retail chains HMV and Woolworths objected to the photograph 's controversial nature , they stocked the album without amendment . The group deliberately left out the grammatically correct question mark from the album title because aesthetically , " it did not look right " . The booklet insert contains stylized separate portraits of the Strokes , Raphael , Gentles , and Bowersock , all photographed by Lane . For the American market and the October 2001 release , the cover art of Is This It was changed to a psychedelic photograph of subatomic particle tracks in a bubble chamber . RCA product manager Dave Gottlieb commented that " it was straight up a band decision " , while Gentles indicated that Casablancas had wanted it to appear globally . According to the band 's manager , the frontman phoned him before the Japan and Europe release and said , " I found something even cooler than the ass picture . " At the time , the Lane photograph was already at the presses and was included in the July and August 2001 versions . The Strokes ' 2003 biography mentions the fear of objections from America 's conservative retail industry and right @-@ wing lobby as reasons for the artwork 's alteration . = = Reception = = = = = Commercial = = = Is This It was a commercial success and entered the UK Albums Chart at number two after first week sales of 48 @,@ 393 copies . The record was listed at number 71 on the UK Albums Chart for 2001 and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry after charting continuously from its release in August to the end of the year . In the U.S. , Is This It entered the Billboard 200 at number 74 after selling 16 @,@ 000 units in the first week . 20 @,@ 000 copies were shipped in America per week from October 2001 to January 2002 , when a performance by the Strokes on nationwide TV show Saturday Night Live caused a temporary rise in sales . A 60 % increase allowed the album to reach a peak of number 33 on the Billboard 200 from its previous high of 63 . Is This It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in February 2002 for shipments of 500 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S. , and by the Canadian Recording Industry Association in April for 50 @,@ 000 units in Canada . In 2002 , the album attained platinum status in the UK and in Australia for sales of 300 @,@ 000 and 70 @,@ 000 copies respectively . The average U.S. weekly sales were 7 @,@ 000 by October 2002 , when the reissue of the album with a bonus DVD caused an increase . By October 2003 , the record had spent 58 weeks on the Billboard 200 since its release two years earlier , selling 900 @,@ 000 copies in America ; two million copies were sold worldwide . Is This It was certified platinum in Canada in 2004 after 100 @,@ 000 units were shipped there . By the start of 2006 , the album had sold over 600 @,@ 000 copies in UK and over one million units in the U.S. = = = Critical = = = Is This It received widespread critical acclaim ; aggregating website Metacritic reports a normalized rating of 91 , based on 26 critical reviews . Joe Levy of Rolling Stone explained that the record is " the stuff of which legends are made " , and summed it up as " more joyful and intense than anything else I 've heard this year " . Robert Christgau , writing in The Village Voice , described the Strokes as " a great groove band " , and noted that " the beats implode , clashing / resolving with punky brevity and gnarly faux simplicity " . In a perfect 10 review , NME reviewer John Robinson indicated that Is This It was one of the best debut LPs by a guitar band during the past 20 years . In contrast , Jon Monks of Stylus commented that its shallowness prevents it from ever being called a " classic " . In his favorable A – review , David Browne of Entertainment Weekly conceded that he did not know whether the Strokes would have a long @-@ term impact , but noted that , at the time , the record " just feels right , and sometimes that 's enough " . Mark Lepage of Blender claimed that Is This It is similar to the works of 1970s bands the Velvet Underground , Television and the Feelies . Pitchfork Media 's Ryan Schreiber suggested that , while the work of the Velvet Underground is an obvious inspiration for the Strokes , the band 's only similarity to the other groups is the confidence with which they perform . AllMusic 's Heather Phares concluded , " Granted , their high @-@ fashion appeal and faultless influences ... have ' critics ' darlings ' written all over them . But like the similarly lauded Elastica and Supergrass before them , the Strokes don 't rehash the sounds that inspire them — they remake them in their own image . " Is This It was named the best album of 2001 by Billboard , CMJ , Entertainment Weekly , NME , Playlouder , and Time . Magnet , Q , and The New Yorker included it in their respective unnumbered shortlists of the best records issued that year . It figured highly in other end @-@ of @-@ year best album lists : at number two by The Herald , at number three by Mojo , at number five by The New York Times , at number eight by Rolling Stone and by USA Today , at number nine by The Boston Phoenix , and at number ten by Kludge . The record featured at number two behind Bob Dylan 's Love and Theft in The Village Voice 's 2001 Pazz & Jop critics ' poll , which aggregated the votes of 621 prominent reviewers . In 2002 , Is This It was named Best Album at the NME Awards and Best International Album at the Meteor Music Awards . It was nominated in the latter category at the Brit Awards , where the Strokes won Best International Newcomer and received a nomination in the Best International Group category . The same year , the quintet won Band Of The Year and Best New Act at the NME Awards and was nominated in the latter category at the MTV Europe Music Awards . = = Legacy = = = = = Influence = = = Gary Mulholland of The Observer considers the release of Is This It a " world @-@ changing moment " and notes that its impact was " immediate and dramatic " on both music and attire . BBC Radio 1 's Zane Lowe suggests that the album moved popular opinion from DJs and pop music to " skinny jeans and guitars " , " the template for rock ' n ' roll in the modern day " . Tam Gunn of FACT agrees and explains that it " caused a sea change " in mainstream music in the U.S. and the UK , while Anthony Miccio of Stylus points out that the Strokes ' success created the commercial context for " other new @-@ wavers " to flourish . Rolling Stone writes that Is This It inspired " a ragged revolt " in Britain , led by the Libertines and Arctic Monkeys , and continued its influence in the U.S. on the success of bands like Kings of Leon . The Observer shares a similar view and concludes that " a fine brood of heirs " , like the Libertines and Franz Ferdinand , would not have existed and been successful if the Strokes had not reinvigorated " rock 's obsession with having a good time " . Jared Followill of Kings of Leon notes that the album was one of the main reasons that he wanted to get into a band ; he states , " The title track was one of the first basslines I learned ... I was just 15 at the time . " Jed Gottlieb of the Boston Herald argues that , although Is This It provided substantial musical influence , its biggest success was in revamping the music industry and making A & R delegates scout and promote alternative bands . Gunn links the success of alternative music in British charts throughout the 2000s to the album , but notes that " the copyists " could never match the attention to detail and heartfelt emotion of the Strokes . Mulholland adds that even the pop stars of that decade who rediscovered disco , electro , and synthpop owe a debt to the record , because its commercial success " made every forgotten art @-@ pop experiment of the late 70s and early 80s instantly hip and ripe for reinvention " . Hamish MacBain of NME writes that " the western world has moved on , and is now swinging to the tune of Is This It " , while Pitchfork Media 's Joe Colly suggests that " you only capture this kind of a lightning in a bottle once " . Gunn concludes that , while the status of the album as the 2000s ' most influential guitar record may be " a double @-@ edged sword " because of poor quality copyists , its status as the decade 's best pop album should not be in doubt . = = = Accolades = = = In 2003 , Is This It was ranked at number seven in NME 's editorial staff list of the 100 Best Albums , while Rolling Stone included it at number 199 in its special updated issue of the " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " . In 2005 , Spin placed it at number 100 in its list of the 100 Greatest Albums , 1985 – 2005 , while Stylus included it at number four in its list of the Top 50 Albums of 2000 – 2005 . In 2006 , Is This It was ranked at number 48 by The Observer in the publication 's list of The 50 Albums That Changed Music , while Mojo featured it at number 33 in its list of 100 Modern Classics , 1993 – 2006 . In 2007 , Q included the record at number 21 in its editorial staff list of the 21 Albums That Changed Music . In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it at number 34 in its list of the 100 Best Albums , 1983 – 2008 . In 2009 , Is This It was ranked as the best record of the 2000s by NME , ahead of the Libertines ' Up the Bracket , and at number two by Rolling Stone , behind Radiohead 's Kid A , in their respective lists decided by the publications ' staff and music industry members . FACT placed it at number two behind Burial 's Untrue in its editorial list of the 100 Best : Albums of the Decade , while Billboard featured it at number three in its critics ' picks of the 20 Best Albums of the 2000s . The same year , The Observer included Is This It at number four in its Albums of the Decade list , while Uncut ranked it at number five in its list of The 150 Greatest Albums Of The 21st Century . The Times placed it at number six in its list of The 100 Best Pop Albums of the Noughties , while Pitchfork Media featured it at number seven in its staff list of The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s . In 2010 , Stylus ranked Is This It at number six in its list of the Top Albums of the previous decade . The record is included in both The Guardian 's " 1000 Albums To Hear Before You Die " and the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Julian Casablancas . The U.S. CD version has " When It Started " ( 2 : 57 ) as track 9 instead of " New York City Cops . " The bonus DVD portion of the reissue contains the music videos for the album 's three singles and two previously unreleased live performances of the Strokes on MTV2 . = = Personnel = = = = Chart positions = = = Auguste Rodin = François Auguste René Rodin ( 12 November 1840 – 17 November 1917 ) , known as Auguste Rodin ( / oʊˈɡuːst roʊˈdæn / ; French : [ oɡyst ʁɔdɛ ̃ ] ) , was a French sculptor . Although Rodin is generally considered the progenitor of modern sculpture , he did not set out to rebel against the past . He was schooled traditionally , took a craftsman @-@ like approach to his work , and desired academic recognition , although he was never accepted into Paris 's foremost school of art . Sculpturally , Rodin possessed a unique ability to model a complex , turbulent , deeply pocketed surface in clay . Many of his most notable sculptures were roundly criticized during his lifetime . They clashed with predominant figurative sculpture traditions , in which works were decorative , formulaic , or highly thematic . Rodin 's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory , modeled the human body with realism , and celebrated individual character and physicality . Rodin was sensitive to the controversy surrounding his work , but refused to change his style . Successive works brought increasing favor from the government and the artistic community . From the unexpected realism of his first major figure – inspired by his 1875 trip to Italy – to the unconventional memorials whose commissions he later sought , Rodin 's reputation grew , such that he became the preeminent French sculptor of his time . By 1900 , he was a world @-@ renowned artist . Wealthy private clients sought Rodin 's work after his World 's Fair exhibit , and he kept company with a variety of high @-@ profile intellectuals and artists . He married his lifelong companion , Rose Beuret , in the last year of both their lives . His sculptures suffered a decline in popularity after his death in 1917 , but within a few decades , his legacy solidified . Rodin remains one of the few sculptors widely known outside the visual arts community . = = Biography = = = = = Formative years = = = Rodin was born in 1840 into a working @-@ class family in Paris , the second child of Marie Cheffer and Jean @-@ Baptiste Rodin , who was a police department clerk . He was largely self @-@ educated , and began to draw at age ten . Between ages 14 and 17 , Rodin attended the Petite École , a school specializing in art and mathematics , where he studied drawing and painting . His drawing teacher , Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran , believed in first developing the personality of his students so that they observed with their own eyes and drew from their recollections . Rodin still expressed appreciation for his teacher much later in life . It was at Petite École that he first met Jules Dalou and Alphonse Legros . In 1857 , Rodin submitted a clay model of a companion to the École des Beaux @-@ Arts in an attempt to win entrance ; he did not succeed , and two further applications were also denied . Given that entrance requirements at the Grande École were not particularly high , the rejections were considerable setbacks . Rodin 's inability to gain entrance may have been due to the judges ' Neoclassical tastes , while Rodin had been schooled in light , 18th @-@ century sculpture . Leaving the Petite École in 1857 , Rodin earned a living as a craftsman and ornamenter for most of the next two decades , producing decorative objects and architectural embellishments . Rodin 's sister Maria , two years his senior , died of peritonitis in a convent in 1862 . Rodin was anguished and felt guilty because he had introduced Maria to an unfaithful suitor . Turning away from art , he briefly joined a Catholic order , the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament . Saint Peter Julian Eymard , founder and head of the congregation , recognized Rodin 's talent and , sensing his lack of suitability for the order , encouraged Rodin to continue with his sculpture . He returned to work as a decorator , while taking classes with animal sculptor Antoine @-@ Louis Barye . The teacher 's attention to detail – his finely rendered musculature of animals in motion – significantly influenced Rodin . In 1864 , Rodin began to live with a young seamstress named Rose Beuret , with whom he would stay – with ranging commitment – for the rest of his life . The couple had a son , Auguste @-@ Eugène Beuret ( 1866 – 1934 ) . That year , Rodin offered his first sculpture for exhibition , and entered the studio of Albert @-@ Ernest Carrier @-@ Belleuse , a successful mass producer of objets d 'art . Rodin worked as Carrier @-@ Belleuse ' chief assistant until 1870 , designing roof decorations and staircase and doorway embellishments . With the arrival of the Franco @-@ Prussian War , Rodin was called to serve in the National Guard , but his service was brief due to his near @-@ sightedness . Decorators ' work had dwindled because of the war , yet Rodin needed to support his family ; poverty was a continual difficulty for Rodin until about the age of 30 . Carrier @-@ Belleuse soon asked Rodin to join him in Belgium , where they would work on ornamentation for Brussels ' bourse . Rodin planned to stay in Belgium a few months , but he spent the next six years out of France . It was a pivotal time in his life . He had acquired skill and experience as a craftsman , but no one had yet seen his art , which sat in his workshop , since he could not afford castings . Though his relationship with Carrier @-@ Belleuse deteriorated , Rodin found other employment in Brussels , displaying some works at salons , and his companion Rose soon joined him there . Having saved enough money to travel , Rodin visited Italy for two months in 1875 , where he was drawn to the work of Donatello and Michelangelo . Their work had a profound effect on his artistic direction . Rodin said , " It is Michelangelo who has freed me from academic sculpture . " Returning to Belgium , he began work on The Age of Bronze , a life @-@ size male figure whose realism brought Rodin attention but led to accusations of sculptural cheating . = = = Artistic independence = = = Rose Beuret and Rodin returned to Paris in 1877 , moving into a small flat on the Left Bank . Misfortune surrounded Rodin : his mother , who had wanted to see her son marry , was dead , and his father was blind and senile , cared for by Rodin 's sister @-@ in @-@ law , Aunt Thérèse . Rodin 's eleven @-@ year @-@ old son Auguste , possibly developmentally delayed , was also in the ever @-@ helpful Thérèse 's care . Rodin had essentially abandoned his son for six years , and would have a very limited relationship with him throughout his life . Father and son now joined the couple in their flat , with Rose as caretaker . The charges of fakery surrounding The Age of Bronze continued . Rodin increasingly sought more soothing female companionship in Paris , and Rose stayed in the background . Rodin earned his living collaborating with more established sculptors on public commissions , primarily memorials and neo @-@ baroque architectural pieces in the style of Carpeaux . In competitions for commissions he submitted models of Denis Diderot , Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau , and Lazare Carnot , all to no avail . On his own time , he worked on studies leading to the creation of his next important work , St. John the Baptist Preaching . In 1880 , Carrier @-@ Belleuse – now art director of the Sèvres national porcelain factory – offered Rodin a part @-@ time position as a designer . The offer was in part a gesture of reconciliation , and Rodin accepted . That part of Rodin which appreciated 18th @-@ century tastes was aroused , and he immersed himself in designs for vases and table ornaments that brought the factory renown across Europe . The artistic community appreciated his work in this vein , and Rodin was invited to Paris Salons by such friends as writer Léon Cladel . During his early appearances at these social events , Rodin seemed shy ; in his later years , as his fame grew , he displayed the loquaciousness and temperament for which he is better known . French statesman Leon Gambetta expressed a desire to meet Rodin , and the sculptor impressed him when they met at a salon . Gambetta spoke of Rodin in turn to several government ministers , likely including Edmund Turquet , the Undersecretary of the Ministry of Fine Arts , whom Rodin eventually met . Rodin 's relationship with Turquet was rewarding : through him , he won the 1880 commission to create a portal for a planned museum of decorative arts . Rodin dedicated much of the next four decades to his elaborate Gates of Hell , an unfinished portal for a museum that was never built . Many of the portal 's figures became sculptures in themselves , including Rodin 's most famous , The Thinker and The Kiss . With the museum commission came a free studio , granting Rodin a new level of artistic freedom . Soon , he stopped working at the porcelain factory ; his income came from private commissions . In 1883 , Rodin agreed to supervise a course for sculptor Alfred Boucher in his absence , where he met the 18 @-@ year @-@ old Camille Claudel . The two formed a passionate but stormy relationship and influenced each other artistically . Claudel inspired Rodin as a model for many of his figures , and she was a talented sculptor , assisting him on commissions . Although busy with The Gates of Hell , Rodin won other commissions . He pursued an opportunity to create a historical monument for the town of Calais . For a monument to French author Honoré de Balzac , Rodin was chosen in 1891 . His execution of both sculptures clashed with traditional tastes , and met with varying degrees of disapproval from the organizations that sponsored the commissions . Still , Rodin was gaining support from diverse sources that propelled him toward fame . In 1889 , the Paris Salon invited Rodin to be a judge on its artistic jury . Though Rodin 's career was on the rise , Claudel and Beuret were becoming increasingly impatient with Rodin 's " double life " . Claudel and Rodin shared an atelier at a small old castle , but Rodin refused to relinquish his ties to Beuret , his loyal companion during the lean years , and mother of his son . During one absence , Rodin wrote to Beuret , " I think of how much you must have loved me to put up with my caprices ... I remain , in all tenderness , your Rodin . " Claudel and Rodin parted in 1898 . Claudel suffered a nervous breakdown several years later and was confined to an institution by her family until her death . = = Works = = In 1864 , Rodin submitted his first sculpture for exhibition , The Man with the Broken Nose , to the Paris Salon . The subject was an elderly neighbourhood street porter . The unconventional bronze piece was not a traditional bust , but instead the head was " broken off " at the neck , the nose was flattened and crooked , and the back of the head was absent , having fallen off the clay model in an accident . The work emphasized texture and the emotional state of the subject ; it illustrated the " unfinishedness " that would characterize many of Rodin 's later sculptures . The Salon rejected the piece . = = = Early figures : the inspiration of Italy = = = In Brussels , Rodin created his first full @-@ scale work , The Age of Bronze , having returned from Italy . Modeled by a Belgian soldier , the figure drew inspiration from Michelangelo 's Dying Slave , which Rodin had observed at the Louvre . Attempting to combine Michelangelo 's mastery of the human form with his own sense of human nature , Rodin studied his model from all angles , at rest and in motion ; he mounted a ladder for additional perspective , and made clay models , which he studied by candlelight . The result was a life @-@ size , well @-@ proportioned nude figure , posed unconventionally with his right hand atop his head , and his left arm held out at his side , forearm parallel to the body . In 1877 , the work debuted in Brussels and then was shown at the Paris Salon . The statue 's apparent lack of a theme was troubling to critics – commemorating neither mythology nor a noble historical event – and it is not clear whether Rodin intended a theme . He first titled the work The Vanquished , in which form the left hand held a spear , but he removed the spear because it obstructed the torso from certain angles . After two more intermediary titles , Rodin settled on The Age of Bronze , suggesting the Bronze Age , and in Rodin 's words , " man arising from nature " . Later , however , Rodin said that he had had in mind " just a simple piece of sculpture without reference to subject " . Its mastery of form , light , and shadow made the work look so realistic that Rodin was accused of surmoulage – having taken a cast from a living model . Rodin vigorously denied the charges , writing to newspapers and having photographs taken of the model to prove how the sculpture differed . He demanded an inquiry and was eventually exonerated by a committee of sculptors . Leaving aside the false charges , the piece polarized critics . It had barely won acceptance for display at the Paris Salon , and criticism likened it to " a statue of a sleepwalker " and called it " an astonishingly accurate copy of a low type " . Others rallied to defend the piece and Rodin 's integrity . The government minister Turquet admired the piece , and The Age of Bronze was purchased by the state for 2 @,@ 200 francs – what it had cost Rodin to have it cast in bronze . A second male nude , St. John the Baptist Preaching , was completed in 1878 . Rodin sought to avoid another charge of surmoulage by making the statue larger than life : St. John stands almost 6 ' 7 " ' ' ( 2 m ) . While The Age of Bronze is statically posed , St. John gestures and seems to move toward the viewer . The effect of walking is achieved despite the figure having both feet firmly on the ground – a physical impossibility , and a technical achievement that was lost on most contemporary critics . Rodin chose this contradictory position to , in his words , " display simultaneously ... views of an object which in fact can be seen only successively " . Despite the title , St. John the Baptist Preaching did not have an obviously religious theme . The model , an Italian peasant who presented himself at Rodin 's studio , possessed an idiosyncratic sense of movement that Rodin felt compelled to capture . Rodin thought of John the Baptist , and carried that association into the title of the work . In 1880 , Rodin submitted the sculpture to the Paris Salon . Critics were still mostly dismissive of his work , but the piece finished third in the Salon 's sculpture category . Regardless of the immediate receptions of St. John and The Age of Bronze , Rodin had achieved a new degree of fame . Students sought him at his studio , praising his work and scorning the charges of surmoulage . The artistic community knew his name . = = = The Gates of Hell = = = A commission to create a portal for Paris ' planned Museum of Decorative Arts was awarded to Rodin in 1880 . Although the museum was never built , Rodin worked throughout his life on The Gates of Hell , a monumental sculptural group depicting scenes from Dante 's Inferno in high relief . Often lacking a clear conception of his major works , Rodin compensated with hard work and a striving for perfection . He conceived The Gates with the surmoulage controversy still in mind : " ... I had made the St. John to refute [ the charges of casting from a model ] , but it only partially succeeded . To prove completely that I could model from life as well as other sculptors , I determined ... to make the sculpture on the door of figures smaller than life . " Laws of composition gave way to the Gates ' disordered and untamed depiction of Hell . The figures and groups in this , Rodin 's meditation on the condition of man , are physically and morally isolated in their torment . The Gates of Hell comprised 186 figures in its final form . Many of Rodin 's best @-@ known sculptures started as designs of figures for this composition , such as The Thinker , The Three Shades , and The Kiss , and were only later presented as separate and independent works . Other well @-@ known works derived from The Gates are Ugolino , Fugit Amor , The Falling Man , and The Prodigal Son . The Thinker ( originally titled The Poet , after Dante ) was to become one of the most well @-@ known sculptures in the world . The original was a 27 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 700 mm ) high bronze piece created between 1879 and 1889 , designed for the Gates ' lintel , from which the figure would gaze down upon Hell . While The Thinker most obviously characterizes Dante , aspects of the Biblical Adam , the mythological Prometheus , and Rodin himself have been ascribed to him . Other observers de @-@ emphasize the apparent intellectual theme of The Thinker , stressing the figure 's rough physicality and the emotional tension emanating from it . = = = The Burghers of Calais = = = The town of Calais had contemplated a historical monument for decades when Rodin learned of the project . He pursued the commission , interested in the medieval motif and patriotic theme . The mayor of Calais was tempted to hire Rodin on the spot upon visiting his studio , and soon the memorial was approved , with Rodin as its architect . It would commemorate the six townspeople of Calais who offered their lives to save their fellow citizens . During the Hundred Years ' War , the army of King Edward III besieged Calais , and Edward ordered that the town 's population be killed en masse . He agreed to spare them if six of the principal citizens would come to him prepared to die , bareheaded and barefooted and with ropes around their necks . When they came , he ordered that they be executed , but pardoned them when his queen , Philippa of Hainault , begged him to spare their lives . The Burghers of Calais depicts the men as they are leaving for the king 's camp , carrying keys to the town 's gates and citadel . Rodin began the project in 1884 , inspired by the chronicles of the siege by Jean Froissart . Though the town envisioned an allegorical , heroic piece centered on Eustache de Saint @-@ Pierre , the eldest of the six men , Rodin conceived the sculpture as a study in the varied and complex emotions under which all six men were laboring . One year into the commission , the Calais committee was not impressed with Rodin 's progress . Rodin indicated his willingness to end the project rather than change his design to meet the committee 's conservative expectations , but Calais said to continue . In 1889 , The Burghers of Calais was first displayed to general acclaim . It is a bronze sculpture weighing two tons ( 1 @,@ 814 kg ) , and its figures are 6 @.@ 6 ft ( 2 m ) tall . The six men portrayed do not display a united , heroic front ; rather , each is isolated from his brothers , individually deliberating and struggling with his expected fate . Rodin soon proposed that the monument 's high pedestal be eliminated , wanting to move the sculpture to ground level so that viewers could " penetrate to the heart of the subject " . At ground level , the figures ' positions lead the viewer around the work , and subtly suggest their common movement forward . The committee was incensed by the untraditional proposal , but Rodin would not yield . In 1895 , Calais succeeded in having Burghers displayed in their preferred form : the work was placed in front of a public garden on a high platform , surrounded by a cast @-@ iron railing . Rodin had wanted it located near the town hall , where it would engage the public . Only after damage during the First World War , subsequent storage , and Rodin 's death was the sculpture displayed as he had intended . It is one of Rodin 's best @-@ known and most acclaimed works . = = = Commissions and controversy = = = Commissioned to create a monument to French writer Victor Hugo in 1889 , Rodin dealt extensively with the subject of artist and muse . Like many of Rodin 's public commissions , Monument to Victor Hugo was met with resistance because it did not fit conventional expectations . Commenting on Rodin 's monument to Victor Hugo , The Times in 1909 expressed that " there is some show of reason in the complaint that [ Rodin 's ] conceptions are sometimes unsuited to his medium , and that in such cases they overstrain his vast technical powers " . The 1897 plaster model was not cast in bronze until 1964 . The Société des Gens des Lettres , a Parisian organization of writers , planned a monument to French novelist Honoré de Balzac immediately after his death in 1850 . The society commissioned Rodin to create the memorial in 1891 , and Rodin spent years developing the concept for his sculpture . Challenged in finding an appropriate representation of Balzac given the author 's rotund physique , Rodin produced many studies : portraits , full @-@ length figures in the nude , wearing a frock coat , or in a robe – a replica of which Rodin had requested . The realized sculpture displays Balzac cloaked in the drapery , looking forcefully into the distance with deeply gouged features . Rodin 's intent had been to show Balzac at the moment of conceiving a work – to express courage , labor , and struggle . When Balzac was exhibited in 1898 , the negative reaction was not surprising . The Société rejected the work , and the press ran parodies . Criticizing the work , Morey ( 1918 ) reflected , " there may come a time , and doubtless will come a time , when it will not seem outre to represent a great novelist as a huge comic mask crowning a bathrobe , but even at the present day this statue impresses one as slang . " A modern critic , indeed , indicates that Balzac is one of Rodin 's masterpieces . The monument had its supporters in Rodin 's day ; a manifesto defending him was signed by Monet , Debussy , and future Premier Georges Clemenceau , among many others . In the BBC series Civilisation , art historian Kenneth Clark praised the monument as " the greatest piece of sculpture of the 19th Century , perhaps , indeed , the greatest since Michelangelo . " Rather than try to convince skeptics of the merit of the monument , Rodin repaid the Société his commission and moved the figure to his garden . After this experience , Rodin did not complete another public commission . Only in 1939 was Monument to Balzac cast in bronze and placed on the Boulevard du Montparnasse at the intersection with Boulevard Raspail . = = = Other works = = = The popularity of Rodin 's most famous sculptures tends to obscure his total creative output . A prolific artist , he created thousands of busts , figures , and sculptural fragments over more than five decades . He painted in oils ( especially in his thirties ) and in watercolors . The Musée Rodin holds 7 @,@ 000 of his drawings and prints , in chalk and charcoal , and thirteen vigorous drypoints . He also produced a single lithograph . Portraiture was an important component of Rodin 's oeuvre , helping him to win acceptance and financial independence . His first sculpture was a bust of his father in 1860 , and he produced at least 56 portraits between 1877 and his death in 1917 . Early subjects included fellow sculptor Jules Dalou ( 1883 ) and companion Camille Claudel ( 1884 ) . Later , with his reputation established , Rodin made busts of prominent contemporaries such as English politician George Wyndham ( 1905 ) , Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw ( 1906 ) , Austrian composer Gustav Mahler ( 1909 ) , former Argentinian president Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and French statesman Georges Clemenceau ( 1911 ) . His undated drawing Study of a Woman Nude , Standing , Arms Raised , Hands Crossed Above Head is one of the works seized in 2012 from Cornelius Gurlitt . = = Aesthetic = = Rodin was a naturalist , less concerned with monumental expression than with character and emotion . Departing with centuries of tradition , he turned away from the idealism of the Greeks , and the decorative beauty of the Baroque and neo @-@ Baroque movements . His sculpture emphasized the individual and the concreteness of flesh , and suggested emotion through detailed , textured surfaces , and the interplay of light and shadow . To a greater degree than his contemporaries , Rodin believed that an individual 's character was revealed by his physical features . Rodin 's talent for surface modeling allowed him to let every part of the body speak for the whole . The male 's passion in The Thinker is suggested by the grip of his toes on the rock , the rigidness of his back , and the differentiation of his hands . Speaking of The Thinker , Rodin illuminated his aesthetic : " What makes my Thinker think is that he thinks not only with his brain , with his knitted brow , his distended nostrils and compressed lips , but with every muscle of his arms , back , and legs , with his clenched fist and gripping toes . " Sculptural fragments to Rodin were autonomous works , and he considered them the essence of his artistic statement . His fragments – perhaps lacking arms , legs , or a head – took sculpture further from its traditional role of portraying likenesses , and into a realm where forms existed for their own sake . Notable examples are The Walking Man , Meditation without Arms , and Iris , Messenger of the Gods . Rodin saw suffering and conflict as hallmarks of modern art . " Nothing , really , is more moving than the maddened beast , dying from unfulfilled desire and asking in vain for grace to quell its passion . " Charles Baudelaire echoed those themes , and was among Rodin 's favorite poets . Rodin enjoyed music , especially the opera composer Gluck , and wrote a book about French cathedrals . He owned a work by the as @-@ yet @-@ unrecognized Van Gogh , and admired the forgotten El Greco . = = = Method = = = Instead of copying traditional academic postures , Rodin preferred his models to move naturally around his studio ( despite their nakedness ) . The sculptor often made quick sketches in clay that were later fine @-@ tuned , cast in plaster , and forged into bronze or carved in marble . Rodin 's focus was on the handling of clay . George Bernard Shaw sat for a portrait and gave an idea of Rodin 's technique : " While he worked , he achieved a number of miracles . At the end of the first fifteen minutes , after having given a simple idea of the human form to the block of clay , he produced by the action of his thumb a bust so living that I would have taken it away with me to relieve the sculptor of any further work . " He described the evolution of his bust over a month , passing through " all the stages of art 's evolution " : first , a " Byzantine masterpiece " , then " Bernini intermingled " , then an elegant Houdon . " The hand of Rodin worked not as the hand of a sculptor works , but as the work of Elan Vital . The Hand of God is his own hand . " After he completed his work in clay , he employed highly skilled assistants to re @-@ sculpt his compositions at larger sizes ( including any of his large @-@ scale monuments such as The Thinker ) , to cast the clay compositions into plaster or bronze , and to carve his marbles . Rodin 's major innovation was to capitalize on such multi @-@ staged processes of 19th century sculpture and their reliance on plaster casting . Since clay deteriorates rapidly if not kept wet or fired into a terra @-@ cotta , sculptors used plaster casts as a means of securing the composition they would make out of the fugitive material that is clay . This was common practice amongst Rodin 's contemporaries , and sculptors would exhibit plaster casts with the hopes that they would be commissioned to have the works made in a more permanent material . Rodin , however , would have multiple plasters made and treat them as the raw material of sculpture , recombining their parts and figures into new compositions , and new names . As Rodin 's practice developed into the 1890s , he became more and more radical in his pursuit of fragmentation , the combination of figures at different scales , and the making of new compositions from his earlier work . A prime example of this is the bold The Walking Man ( 1899 – 1900 ) , which was exhibited as his major one @-@ person show in 1900 . This is composed of two sculptures from the 1870s that Rodin found in his studio – a broken and damaged torso that had fallen into neglect and the lower extremities of a statuette version of his 1878 St. John the Baptist Preaching he was having re @-@ sculpted at a reduced scale . Without finessing the join between upper and lower , between torso and legs , Rodin created a work that many sculptors at the time and subsequently have seen as one of his strongest and most singular works . This is despite the fact that the object conveys two different styles , exhibits two different attitudes toward finish , and lacks any attempt to hide the arbitrary fusion of these two components . It was the freedom and creativity with which Rodin used these practices – along with his activation surfaces of sculptures through traces of his own touch and with his more open attitude toward bodily pose , sensual subject matter , and non @-@ realistic surface – that marked Rodin 's re @-@ making of traditional 19th century sculptural techniques into the prototype for modern sculpture . = = Later years ( 1900 – 1917 ) = = By 1900 , Rodin 's artistic reputation was entrenched . Gaining exposure from a pavilion of his artwork set up near the 1900 World 's Fair ( Exposition Universelle ) in Paris , he received requests to make busts of prominent people internationally , while his assistants at the atelier produced duplicates of his works . His income from portrait commissions alone totalled probably 200 @,@ 000 francs a year . As Rodin 's fame grew , he attracted many followers , including the German poet Rainer Maria Rilke , and authors Octave Mirbeau , Joris @-@ Karl Huysmans , and Oscar Wilde . Rilke stayed with Rodin in 1905 and 1906 , and did administrative work for him ; he would later write a laudatory monograph on the sculptor . Rodin and Beuret 's modest country estate in Meudon , purchased in 1897 , was a host to such visitors as King Edward , dancer Isadora Duncan , and harpsichordist Wanda Landowska . Rodin moved to the city in 1908 , renting the main floor of the Hôtel Biron , an 18th @-@ century townhouse . He left Beuret in Meudon , and began an affair with the American @-@ born Duchesse de Choiseul . = = = America = = = While Rodin was beginning to be accepted in France by the time of The Burghers of Calais , he had not yet conquered the American market and because of his technique and the frankness of some of his work , he did not have an easy time selling his work to American industrialists . Fortunately , he came to know Sarah Tyson Hallowell ( 1846 – 1924 ) , a curator from Chicago who visited Paris to arrange exhibitions at the large Interstate Expositions of the 1870s and 1880s . Hallowell was not only a curator but an adviser and a facilitator who was trusted by a number of prominent American collectors to suggest works for their collections , the most prominent of these being the Chicago hotelier Potter Palmer and his wife , Bertha Palmer ( 1849 – 1918 ) . The next opportunity for Rodin in America was the 1893 Chicago World 's Fair . Hallowell wanted to help promote Rodin 's work and he suggested a solo exhibition , which she wrote him was beaucoup moins beau que l 'original but impossible , outside the rules . Instead , she suggested he send a number of works for her loan exhibition of French art from American collections and she told him she would list them as being part of an American collection . Rodin sent Hallowell three works , Cupid and Psyche , Sphinx and Andromeda . All nudes , these works provoked great controversy and were ultimately hidden behind a drape with special permission given for viewers to see them . Fortunately , Bust of Dalou and Burgher of Calais were on display in the official French pavilion at the fair and so between the works that were on display and those that were not , he was noticed . However , the works he gave Hallowell to sell found no takers , but she soon brought the controversial Quaker @-@ born financier Charles Yerkes ( 1837 – 1905 ) into the fold and he purchased two large marbles for his Chicago manse ; Yerkes was likely the first American to own a Rodin sculpture . Other collectors soon followed including the tastemaking Potter Palmers of Chicago and Isabella Stewart Gardner ( 1840 – 1924 ) of Boston , all arranged by Sarah Hallowell . In appreciation for her efforts at unlocking the American market , Rodin eventually presented Hallowell with a bronze , a marble and a terra cotta . When Hallowell moved to Paris in 1893 , she and Rodin continued their warm friendship and correspondence , which lasted to the end of the sculptor 's life . After Hallowell 's death , her niece , the painter Harriet Hallowell , inherited the Rodins and after her death , the American heirs could not manage to match their value in order to export them , so they became the property of the French state . = = = Great Britain = = = After the start of the 20th century , Rodin was a regular visitor to Great Britain , where he developed a loyal following by the beginning of the First World War . He first visited England in 1881 , where his friend , the artist Alphonse Legros , had introduced him to the poet William Ernest Henley . With his personal connections and enthusiasm for Rodin 's art , Henley was most responsible for Rodin 's reception in Britain . ( Rodin later returned the favor by sculpting a bust of Henley that was used as the frontispiece to Henley 's collected works and , after his death , on his monument in London . Through Henley , Rodin met Robert Louis Stevenson and Robert Browning , in whom he found further support . Encouraged by the enthusiasm of British artists , students , and high society for his art , Rodin donated a significant selection of his works to the nation in 1914 . After the revitalization of the Société Nationale des Beaux @-@ Arts in 1890 , Rodin served as the body 's vice @-@ president . In 1903 , Rodin was elected president of the International Society of Painters , Sculptors , and Engravers . He replaced its former president , James Abbott McNeill Whistler , upon Whistler 's death . His election to the prestigious position was largely due to the efforts of Albert Ludovici , father of English philosopher Anthony Ludovici , who was private secretary to Rodin for several months in 1906 , but the two men parted company after Christmas , " to their mutual relief . " During his later creative years , Rodin 's work turned increasingly toward the female form , and themes of more overt masculinity and femininity . He concentrated on small dance studies , and produced numerous erotic drawings , sketched in a loose way , without taking his pencil from the paper or his eyes from the model . Rodin met American dancer Isadora Duncan in 1900 , attempted to seduce her , and the next year sketched studies of her and her students . In July 1906 , Rodin was also enchanted by dancers from the Royal Ballet of Cambodia , and produced some of his most famous drawings from the experience . Fifty @-@ three years into their relationship , Rodin married Rose Beuret . The wedding was 29 January 1917 , and Beuret died two weeks later , on 16 February . Rodin was ill that year ; in January , he suffered weakness from influenza , and on 16 November his physician announced that " congestion of the lungs has caused great weakness . The patient 's condition is grave . " Rodin died the next day , age 77 , at his villa in Meudon , Île @-@ de @-@ France , on the outskirts of Paris . A cast of The Thinker was placed next to his tomb in Meudon ; it was Rodin 's wish that the figure serve as his headstone and epitaph . In 1923 , Marcell Tirel , Rodin 's secretary , published a book alleging that Rodin 's death was largely due to cold , and the fact that he had no heat at Meudon . Rodin requested permission to stay in the Hotel Biron , a museum of his works , but the director of the museum refused to let him stay there . = = Legacy = = Rodin willed to the French state his studio and the right to make casts from his plasters . Because he encouraged the edition of his sculpted work , Rodin 's sculptures are represented in many public and private collections . The Musée Rodin was founded in 1916 and opened in 1919 at the Hôtel Biron , where Rodin had lived , and it holds the largest Rodin collection , with more than 6 @,@ 000 sculptures and 7 @,@ 000 works on paper . The French order Légion d 'honneur made him a Commander , and he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford . During his lifetime , Rodin was compared to Michelangelo , and was widely recognized as the greatest artist of the era . In the three decades following his death , his popularity waned with changing aesthetic values . Since the 1950s , Rodin 's reputation has re @-@ ascended ; he is recognized as the most important sculptor of the modern era , and has been the subject of much scholarly work . The sense of incompletion offered by some of his sculpture , such as The Walking Man , influenced the increasingly abstract sculptural forms of the 20th century . Rodin restored an ancient role of sculpture – to capture the physical and intellectual force of the human subject – and he freed sculpture from the repetition of traditional patterns , providing the foundation for greater experimentation in the 20th century . His popularity is ascribed to his emotion @-@ laden representations of ordinary men and women – to his ability to find the beauty and pathos in the human animal . His most popular works , such as The Kiss and The Thinker , are widely used outside the fine arts as symbols of human emotion and character . To honour Rodin 's artistic legacy , the Google search engine homepage displayed a Google Doodle featuring The Thinker to celebrate his 172nd birthday on 12 November 2012 . Rodin had enormous artistic influence . A whole generation of sculptors studied in his workshop . These include Gutzon Borglum , Antoine Bourdelle , Constantin Brancusi , Camille Claudel , Charles Despiau , Malvina Hoffman , Carl Milles , François Pompon , and Clara Westhoff , even though Brancusi later rejected his legacy . Rodin also promoted the work of other sculptors , including Aristide Maillol and Ivan Meštrović whom Rodin once called " the greatest phenomenon amongst sculptors . " Other sculptors whose work has been described as owing to Rodin include Joseph Csaky , Alexander Archipenko , Joseph Bernard , Henri Gaudier @-@ Brzeska , Georg Kolbe , Wilhelm Lehmbruck , Jacques Lipchitz , Pablo Picasso , Adolfo Wildt , and Ossip Zadkine . Henry Moore acknowledged Rodin 's seminal influence on his work . In 2011 the world premiere of Boris Eifman 's new ballet Rodin took place in Saint @-@ Petersburg , Russia . The ballet is dedicated to the life and work of Auguste Rodin and Camille Claudel . = = = Forgeries = = = The relative ease of making reproductions has also encouraged many forgeries : a survey of expert opinion placed Rodin in the top ten most @-@ faked artists . Rodin fought against forgeries of his works as early as 1901 , and since his death , many cases of organized , large @-@ scale forgeries have been revealed . A massive forgery was discovered by French authorities in the early 1990s and led to the conviction of art dealer Guy Hain . To deal with the complexity of bronze reproduction , France has promulgated several laws since 1956 which limit reproduction to twelve casts – the maximum number that can be made from an artist 's plasters and still be considered his work . As a result of this limit , The Burghers of Calais , for example , is found in fourteen cities . In the market for sculpture , plagued by fakes , the value of a piece increases significantly when its provenance can be established . A Rodin work with a verified history sold for US $ 4 @.@ 8 million in 1999 , and Rodin 's bronze Eve , grand modele – version sans rocher sold for $ 18 @.@ 9 million at a 2008 Christie 's auction in New York . Art critics concerned about authenticity have argued that taking a cast does not equal reproducing a Rodin sculpture – especially given the importance of surface treatment in Rodin 's work . = I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret = I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret is a 2005 American documentary film that follows singer @-@ songwriter Madonna on her 2004 Re @-@ Invention World Tour . Directed by Jonas Åkerlund , the film premiered on MTV on October 21 , 2005 , and was released on DVD on June 20 , 2006 , by Warner Bros. Records . The documentary was originally called The Re @-@ Invented Process , referencing the tour and the Steven Klein exhibition titled X @-@ STaTIC Pro = CeSS . It starts with imagery from the exhibition and Madonna auditioning dancers for the tour , continues with her entourage travelling through different cities and performing , the singer 's introspection on her life , her marriage , her religion , and her children , and ends with Madonna 's visit to Israel in the midst of protests . The documentary was inspired by Madonna 's need to show her artistic side on the tour and her devotion towards the Jewish mysticism Kabbalah . Unlike her 1991 documentary Truth or Dare , which portrayed Hollywood glamour , I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret clarified from its beginning that it was about the singer 's personal views on life and spirituality . Like Truth or Dare , the performance scenes were shot in color , while the rest of the film was in black @-@ and @-@ white . Besides Madonna , her dancers and her tour entourage , Åkerlund also shot her family , her working process and her day @-@ to @-@ day life . Madonna and her then @-@ husband Guy Ritchie 's local pub in Mayfair , London was used for some sequences . The film features appearances from Madonna 's father , stepmother and filmmaker Michael Moore . Before releasing the documentary , Madonna invited a select group of friends and co @-@ workers to watch a rough three @-@ hour cut of the film at a local theater in Notting Hill . The film was trimmed after negative feedback regarding excessive details about Kabbalah . For the promotion and premiere of the film , Madonna appeared at Q & A sessions with the press and also gave a speech to film students at New York 's Hunter College . Critical response to I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret was mixed , with reviewers complimenting the live performances and the scenes involving her children and family , but criticizing the self @-@ indulgent and preachy nature . I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret was released in a two @-@ disc format , a CD with 14 songs from the show and a DVD with the documentary film . It received a positive response from critics but was a moderate success commercially . = = Synopsis = = The documentary begins with scenes from the X @-@ STaTIC Pro = CeSS , with Madonna featured as a queen sitting beside a coyote . The intro is followed by the singer recording vocals with music director Stuart Price and auditioning dancers for the Re @-@ Invention World Tour . After the first show of the tour at The Forum in Inglewood , California , Madonna attends a party with her dancers celebrating the success of the opening night . The tour moves to New York City with more rehearsal footage and Madonna asking her dancers to register for voting in the upcoming elections . Guy Ritchie jokes around with Madonna as she gets ready for the performance at Madison Square Garden , while Michael Moore appears in an interview segment , recalling how Madonna thanked him during the concert for his documentary . In Chicago , Madonna 's father Tony Ciccone is interviewed in his vineyard ; he recalls Madonna 's childhood . Ciccone and his wife Joan come to visit the singer at her concert in United Center . The entourage moves to Miami where Ritchie is shown angling with their son Rocco , plays with her daughter Lourdes , and Madonna reflects on relationships and her husband . By the time the tour reaches London , Madonna gets irritated with the journeys . Kabbalah comes into the picture with explanations of the mystical practice from Madonna and her teacher Eitan . At Slane Castle , Dublin , Madonna and her dancers were in danger of being electrocuted due to constant rain , but she nevertheless continued the performances . At Paris , Madonna takes her dancers for a classical piano recital by Katia and Marielle Labèque . After the performance at Palais Omnisports de Paris @-@ Bercy , the tour reaches its final stop at Lisbon . The dancers are shown enjoying on the beach and they also talk about their future plans . With a final performance of " Holiday " , the Re @-@ Invention World Tour ends . At an after party , Madonna recites a poem for her assistant Angie . The final segment of the documentary shows Madonna arriving at Tel Aviv , Israel , amidst protests of her visit . She gives a speech at a benefit for her charity foundation , Spirituality For Kids . She speaks of compassion , peace and giving children all the benefits that they deserve . Then Madonna visits Rachel 's Tomb on the outskirts of Bethlehem and offers her prayers . The documentary ends then , with a parting shot of an Israeli child and a Palestinian child walking down a road together as Madonna 's voice over tells that the audience has learnt her " secret " . = = Background of tour = = The Re @-@ Invention World Tour was the sixth concert tour by Madonna . It supported her ninth studio album American Life , and visited North America and Europe . Madonna was inspired to create the tour , after taking part in an art installation called X @-@ STaTIC PRo = CeSS , directed by photographer Steven Klein . A number of songs were rehearsed for the tour , with twenty @-@ four of them making the final setlist . The tour was divided into five segments : French Baroque @-@ Marie Antionette Revival , Military @-@ Army , Circus @-@ Cabaret , Acoustic and Scottish @-@ Tribal . The costumes were developed by designer Arianne Phillips based on the concept of re @-@ invention . The opening segment displayed performances with dance in general . Military segment displayed performances with the theme of warfare . Circus displayed light @-@ hearted performances while the Acoustic segment performances were melancholy . The final Scottish segment had Madonna and her performers display energetic dance routines . The tour garnered positive reception from contemporary critics . However , fellow singer Elton John accused Madonna of lip @-@ synching on the tour . Madonna 's representatives denied the allegations and John later apologized . The Re @-@ Invention World Tour was a commercial success . Tickets were completely sold as soon as dates and venues for the tour were announced , prompting the organizers to add more dates . After conclusion , it was named the highest grossing concert tour of 2004 , earning $ 125 million ( $ 156 @.@ 6 million in 2016 dollars ) from 56 shows with an audience 900 @,@ 000 . It won the honor of Top Tour at the 2004 Billboard Touring Awards . = = Concept and development = = The tour was chronicled in the documentary titled I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret . Originally called The Re @-@ Invented Process in reference to the tour and the exhibition X @-@ STaTIC Pro = CeSS , the documentary was filmed during Madonna 's visit to North America and Europe from May 24 to September 14 , 2004 . It was directed by Jonas Åkerlund , whose previous endeavors included music videos , commercials and the cult film , Spun ( 2003 ) . The documentary emerged from Madonna 's urge to show her artistic side on the tour and her devotion towards the Jewish mysticism Kabbalah . Unlike her 1991 documentary , Truth or Dare , which portrayed Hollywood glamour , I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret clarified from its beginning that it was about the singer 's views on life and spirituality . " It 's a different me , I have a husband , I have a family , my whole life has changed . It would be pretty strange if I was behaving the same way I did 12 years ago — that would be a little freaky . No more Evian bottles ! " , Madonna told MTV , with the last bit referring to a scene of her performing fellatio on an Evian bottle in Truth or Dare . Like Truth or Dare , the performance scenes were shot in color , while the rest of the documentary was in black @-@ and @-@ white . Besides Madonna , her dancers and her tour entourage , Åkerlund also shot her family , her working process and her day @-@ to @-@ day life . Locations shot included Madonna and her husband Guy Ritchie 's local pub in Mayfair , London . There was also an appearance from filmmaker Michael Moore , her father Tony Ciccone and stepmother Joan Ciccone . In some scenes , Ritchie was shown missing some of Madonna 's concerts and going out for drinks , which drove the singer to tears . In December 2005 , Madonna told Rolling Stone : [ My relationship with Guy ] came off as peculiar [ in the documentary ] . Not a typical relationship . A lot of macho men see the movie and like Guy 's character , because he doesn 't give me any special treatment . I think we come off as a couple that has that has a genuine and deep connection . He is always there for me , but he 's not impressed . I feel like we are sort of The Honeymooners , only I 'm the Jackie Gleason character . Obviously , he irritates me on a significant basis , as everyone 's significant other does . Referring to the incidents in the pub , Madonna explained her view on relationships where a man has to travel with his wife , while giving an example of her friend , actress Gwyneth Paltrow . She said that it was easier for Paltrow to tour with her then @-@ husband Chris Martin , who is the lead singer of alternative rock band , Coldplay . Madonna also recalled her troubled relationship with her father and how he had e @-@ mailed the singer with his approval , after watching the documentary . Kabbalah featured prominently towards the end and the singer wanted to embark on a spiritual pilgrimage to Israel . However , ultra @-@ orthodox Jews protested her trip , saying that Madonna disgraced Judaism with her portrayal of wearing phylacteries over her arm — a Jewish custom usually reserved for men — in the music video of her 2002 single " Die Another Day " , before escaping from an electric chair on which Hebrew letters spell out one of the 72 sacred names of God . Although Israeli securities had advised the singer against the trip , she nevertheless visited graves of Jewish sages in northern Israel as well as shrines such as Rachel 's Tomb on the edge of Bethlehem , traditional burial place of the biblical matriarch Rachel . = = Production and release = = Moore had initially offered to direct the documentary , though Madonna enlisted Åkerlund as director since Moore was busy with his own project , Fahrenheit 9 / 11 . Moore later said that he could help around with the editing and advised Madonna to shoot " as much content as possible " . I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret was an important film for Madonna , who was determined to show her matured persona through the documentary . She had a meagre budget of one million ( $ 1 @.@ 25 million in 2016 dollars ) for production . The singer had to spend time in the editing room with Åkerlund , analyzing all the shots and creating the final version . Side @-@ by @-@ side Madonna had also started working on her tenth studio album , Confessions on a Dance Floor , juggling time between editing the film and recording . Madonna had to fly to Stockholm for the editing and described pruning the 350 @-@ hour footage into a two @-@ hour documentary as " exhaustive " . She recalled her thoughts during that time : I was sitting there in the theater at the back , showing it to people for the first time . I mean , it was like a puddle of sweat around my feet . It was like , ' Oh my God , oh my God , I hope I did the right thing . Oh , that scene is too long . Oh , that 's too short . Are they going to get this part ? Are they going to like this ? Oh , they 're going to think it 's boring ! ' Just worrying the whole way , biting my fingernails off . Before releasing the film , Madonna invited a group of friends and co @-@ workers to watch a rough three @-@ hour cut of the film at a local theater in Notting Hill , and noted their feedback . General consensus was that there was too much of Kabbalah in the film , hence she decided to prune those segments considerably . The documentary premiered on MTV in the United States , on October 21 , 2005 , at 10 : 00 PM . She also showed it to the film students at New York 's Hunter College and appeared for a Q & A session . This promotion was a part of mtvU 's Stand In series , in which celebrities filled in for college professors . In the United Kingdom , the documentary premiered on Channel 4 on December 14 , 2005 . I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret was not released commercially and was only viewed on MTV and Channel 4 . Åkerlund told BlackBook that he wished more people had the chance to see the documentary because according to him , it is " a really strong piece of art , if you ask me ..... it had a lot of my blood , sweat and tears in it . " = = Critical response = = I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret received mixed reviews from critics . O 'Brien noted how the film revealed a " strange isolation at the cost of stardom " from Madonna . She complimented the scenes featuring her father , and the scenes where Madonna was not self @-@ conscious , like when she interacts with her children , talks about her " fat Italian thighs " and also the performance in rain at Dublin . O 'Brien criticized other portions of the film , which she said was " affected " by conscious behavior in front of the camera , like backstage parties , poem and piano recitals . Author J. Randy Taraborrelli wrote in his book Madonna : An Intimate Biography that the film allowed a much closer look at the singer 's family . He was particularly impressed by the scenes featuring Lourdes , believing that she " revealed herself to be sophisticated beyond her years " . Kathryn Flett from The Observer newspaper described it as " Fascinating , [ it has ] tiny flashes of insight into her relationship with [ Ritchie ] , which occasionally involve her being just as girlie and ever so slightly insecure as the rest of us . " Rupert Smith from The Guardian reported that the director " squeezed every last drop of spectacle from a highly stage @-@ managed performance " , but commented that " she gave away far more in 1991 's In Bed with Madonna ; this time she gave only the illusion of candour " . However , he complimented saying " Even the easy @-@ to @-@ mock pre @-@ show prayers brought a tear to the eye . We don 't need to be told that ' there 's more to life than fame and fortune – something deeper , more profound ' , or that ' the material world ' is a bad thing . But it 's good to see an entertainer who , 20 years into her career , is still trying to change the world " . Barry Walters from Rolling Stone mentioned that I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret " lacks the dishy delights of the diva 's 1991 Truth or Dare doc . Instead , a more worldly Madge struggles to become a less sound @-@ bite @-@ reliant , more sincere person . " Darryl Sterdan from Jam ! gave it three out of five stars , saying that " it still sucks to sit through all that video and see almost as much of her limo as her show ... For a start , how about giving us a [ movie ] that isn 't derivative and self @-@ indulgent ? " Colin Jacobson from the DVD Movie Guide website opined that I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret would find a divided audience and how one reacted to the documentary was a reflection of how one viewed Madonna . " Fans like me will be able to essentially ignore the self @-@ serving moments and enjoy the tour elements . We 'll also like the glimpse behind the curtain at Madonna on the road , " he added . This view was shared by a reviewer from Lexington Herald @-@ Leader who confessed that he did not enjoy the documentary except the live performances , since he saw Madonna only as an " entertainer " and not as a " preacher " . While reviewing Madonna : The Confessions Tour Live TV debut in 2007 , Ginia Bellafante from The New York Times recalled the scenes of Madonna hugging her assistants and dancers and her wishing to be nicer to people she had met . She said that probably Madonna knew that many in her audience missed the " Madonna of so many Madonnas ago , the one who refused refinement and probably thought Oxford was just an insurance company . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic believed that the documentary served its purpose well . " It will convince anybody who is on the fence about going out to see the 2006 tour to go ahead and buy those expensive tickets already , " he added . Stephen M. Deusner from Pitchfork Media panned the release , saying that " [ Madonna 's ] life as portrayed in this documentary is cloistered and withdrawn , marked by hours of quiet Kabbalah study but very little self @-@ reflection . Whether intentionally or not , Åkerlund reveals Madonna 's supreme lack of self @-@ awareness , from her embarrassing attempts at poetry to the condescending tone she takes with her dancers to her incredibly irresponsible visit to Rachel 's Tomb despite the warnings of her host country and her security team . " He ended the review noting that Madonna did not need to prove anything further , since her songs " have become a shared language among people who have very little common ground . Her music has been changing the world for more than two decades now , but sadly she seems unaware of this , her one true ' secret ' to pop cultural unity . " = = Album = = I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret was released in a two @-@ disc format , a CD with 14 songs from the show and a DVD with the documentary film . The documentary and the album were also released as digital download to the iTunes Store . The live CD consisted of two pre @-@ recorded tracks , " The Beast Within " and " Hollywood " while extras on the DVD included 12 deleted scenes from the documentary . The release received positive response from critics and was nominated for a Grammy Award at the 2007 show in the category of Best Long Form Music Video , but ended up losing the award to Wings for Wheels : The Making of Born to Run by Bruce Springsteen . It was a moderate success commercially , reaching the top @-@ ten of the music charts in Belgium , Canada , France , Germany , Italy and Switzerland , while the DVD topped the video charts in Australia , Spain and the United States . = Biuro Szyfrów = The Biuro Szyfrów ( [ ˈbʲurɔ ˈʂɨfruf ] , Polish for " Cipher Bureau " ) was the interwar Polish General Staff 's Second Department 's organizational unit charged with SIGINT and both cryptography ( the use of ciphers and codes ) and cryptanalysis ( the study of ciphers and codes , particularly for the purpose of " breaking " them ) . The precursor of the agency that would become the Cipher Bureau was created in May 1919 , during the Polish @-@ Soviet War ( 1919 – 21 ) , and played a vital role in securing Poland 's survival in that war . In mid @-@ 1931 , the Cipher Bureau was formed by the merger of pre @-@ existing agencies . In December 1932 , the Bureau began breaking Germany 's Enigma ciphers . Over the next seven years , Polish cryptologists overcame the growing structural and operating complexities of the plugboard @-@ equipped Enigma . The Bureau also broke Soviet cryptography . Five weeks before the outbreak of World War II , on 25 July 1939 , in Warsaw , the Polish Cipher Bureau revealed its Enigma @-@ decryption techniques and equipment to representatives of French and British military intelligence , which had been unable to make any headway against Enigma . This Polish intelligence @-@ and @-@ technology transfer would give the Allies an unprecedented advantage ( Ultra ) in their ultimately victorious prosecution of World War II . = = Precursor = = On 8 May 1919 , a Polish Army " Cipher Section " ( Sekcja Szyfrów ) , precursor to the " Cipher Bureau " ( Biuro Szyfrów ) , was created by Lt. Józef Serafin Stanslicki . The Cipher Section reported to the Polish General Staff and contributed substantially to Poland 's defense by Józef Piłsudski 's forces during the Polish @-@ Soviet War of 1919 – 21 , thereby helping preserve Poland 's independence , recently regained in the wake of World War I. The Cipher Section 's purview included both ciphers and codes . In loose Polish parlance , the term " cipher " ( " szyfr " ) refers to both these two principal categories of cryptography . ( The opposite is the practice in English , which loosely refers to both codes and ciphers as " codes . " ) During the Polish – Soviet War ( 1919 – 1921 ) , some one hundred Russian ciphers were broken by a sizable cadre of Polish cryptologists who included army Lieutenant Jan Kowalewski and three world @-@ famous professors of mathematics — Stefan Mazurkiewicz , Wacław Sierpiński and Stanisław Leśniewski . Russian army staffs were still following the same disastrously ill @-@ disciplined signals @-@ security procedures as had Tsarist army staffs during World War I , to the decisive advantage of their German enemy . As a result , during the Polish @-@ Soviet War the Polish military were regularly kept informed by Russian signals stations about the movements of Russian armies and their intentions and operational orders . The Russian staffs , according to Polish Colonel Mieczysław Ścieżyński , " had not the slightest hesitation about sending any and all messages of an operational nature by means of radiotelegraphy ; there were periods during the war when , for purposes of operational communications and for purposes of command by higher staffs , no other means of communication whatever were used , messages being transmitted either entirely ( " in clear , " or plaintext ) or encrypted by means of such an incredibly uncomplicated system that for our trained specialists reading the messages was child 's play . The same held for the chitchat of personnel at radiotelegraphic stations , where discipline was disastrously lax . " In the crucial month of August 1920 alone , Polish cryptologists decrypted 410 signals : from Soviet General Mikhail Tukhachevsky , commander of the northern front ; from Leon Trotsky , Soviet commissar of war ; from commanders of armies , e.g. the commander of the IV Army , Sergieyev ; the commander of the Horse Army , Semyon Budionny ; the commander of the 3 Cavalry Corps , Gaya ; from the staffs of the XII , XV and XVI Armies ; from the staffs of the Mozyr Group ( named after the Belarusian city ) ; the Zolochiv Group ( after the Ukrainian town ) ; the Yakir Group [ after General Iona Emmanuilovich Yakir ] ; from the 2 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 24 , 27 , 41 , 44 , 45 , 53 , 54 , 58 and 60 Infantry Divisions ; from the 8 Cavalry Division , etc . The intercepts were as a rule decrypted the same day , or at latest the next day , and were immediately sent to the Polish General Staff 's Section II ( Intelligence ) and operational section . The more important signals were read in their entirety by the Chief of the General Staff , and even by the Commander in Chief , Marshal Józef Piłsudski . Interception and reading of the signals provided Polish intelligence with entire Russian operational orders . The Poles were able to follow the whole operation of Budionny 's Horse Army in the second half of August 1920 with incredible precision , just by monitoring his radiotelegraphic correspondence with Tukhachevsky , including the famous and historic conflict between the two Russian commanders . The intercepts even included an order from Trotsky to the revolutionary council of war of the Western Front , confirming Tukhachevsky 's operational orders , thus giving them the authority of the supreme chief of the Soviet armed forces . An entire operational order from Tukhachevsky to Budionny was intercepted on 19 August and read on 20 August , stating the tasks of all of Tukhachevsky 's armies , of which only the essence had previously been known . Ścieżyński surmises that the Soviets must likewise have intercepted Polish operational signals ; but he doubts that this would have availed them much since Polish cryptography " stood abreast of modern cryptography " and since only a small number of Polish higher headquarters were equipped with radio stations , of which there was a great shortage ; and finally , Polish headquarters were more cautious than the Russians and almost every Polish division had the use of a land line . Polish cryptologists enjoyed generous support under the command of Col. Tadeusz Schaetzel , chief of the Polish General Staff 's Section II ( Intelligence ) . They worked at Warsaw 's radio station WAR , one of two Polish long @-@ range radio transmitters at the time . The Polish cryptologists ' work led , among many other things , to discovery of a large gap on the Red Army 's left flank , which enabled Poland 's Marshal Józef Piłsudski to drive a war @-@ winning wedge into that gap during the August 1920 Battle of Warsaw . The discovery of the Cipher Bureau 's archives , decades after the Polish @-@ Soviet War , has borne out Ścieżyński 's assertion that ... radio intelligence ... furnished [ the Polish Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , Józef Piłsudski ] , in the years 1919 – 1920 ... the most complete and ... current intelligence on all aspects of the functioning of the Red Army , especially of units operating on the anti @-@ Polish front , that it was radio intelligence that to a large degree determined the course of all ... military operations conducted by Poland in 1920 — from the January fighting at Ovruch , through the March operation against Mozyr and Kiev , the April operation in Ukraine , the battles with Tukhachevsky 's first and second offensives in Belarus , the battles with Budionny 's Cavalry Army , the Battle of Brody , to the Battles of Warsaw , Lwów and the Niemen . = = Cipher Bureau = = In mid @-@ 1931 , at the Polish General Staff , a Cipher Bureau was formed by merging the Radio @-@ Intelligence Office ( Referat Radiowywiadu ) and the Polish @-@ Cryptography Office ( Referat Szyfrów Własnych ) . The Bureau was charged with both cryptography — the generation , and supervision of the use , of ciphers and codes — and cryptology , the study of ciphers and codes , particularly for the purpose of " breaking " them . Between 1932 and 1936 , the Cipher Bureau took on additional responsibilities , including radio communications between military @-@ intelligence posts in Poland and abroad , as well as radio counterintelligence — mobile direction @-@ finding and intercept stations for the locating and traffic @-@ analysis of spy and fifth @-@ column transmitters operating in Poland . = = Stalking Enigma = = In late 1927 or early 1928 , there arrived at the Warsaw Customs Office from Germany a package that , according to the accompanying declaration , was supposed to contain radio equipment . The German firm 's representative strenuously demanded that the package be returned to Germany even before going through customs , as it had been shipped with other equipment by mistake . His insistent demands alerted the customs officials , who notified the Polish General Staff 's Cipher Bureau , which took a keen interest in new developments in radio technology . And since it happened to be a Saturday afternoon , the Bureau 's experts had ample time to look into the matter . They carefully opened the box and found that it did not , in fact , contain radio equipment but a cipher machine . They examined the machine minutely , then put it back into the box . The Bureau 's leading Enigma cryptanalyst Marian Rejewski commented that the cipher machine may be surmised to have been a commercial @-@ model Enigma , since at that time the military model had not yet been devised . " Hence this trivial episode was of no practical importance , though it does fix the date at which the Cipher Bureau 's interest in the Enigma machine began " – manifested , initially , in the entirely legal acquisition of a single commercial @-@ model Enigma . On 15 July 1928 the first German machine @-@ enciphered messages were broadcast by German military radio stations . Polish monitoring stations began intercepting them , and cryptologists in the Polish Cipher Bureau 's German section were instructed to try to read them . The effort was fruitless , however , and was eventually abandoned . There remained very slight evidence of the effort , in the form of a few densely written @-@ over sheets of paper and the commercial @-@ model Enigma machine . On 15 January 1929 Major Gwido Langer , after a tour of duty as chief of staff of the 1st Legion Infantry Division , became chief of the Radio @-@ Intelligence Office , and subsequently of the Cipher Bureau . The Bureau 's deputy chief , and the chief of its German section ( BS @-@ 4 ) , was Captain Maksymilian Ciężki . In 1929 , while the Cipher Bureau 's predecessor agency was still headed by Major Franciszek Pokorny ( a relative of the outstanding World War I Austro @-@ Hungarian Army cryptologist , Captain Herman Pokorny ) , Ciężki , Franciszek Pokorny and a civilian Bureau employee , Antoni Palluth , taught a secret cryptology course at Poznań University for selected mathematics students . Over ten years later , during World War II while in France , one of the students , Marian Rejewski , would discover that the entire course had been taught from French General Marcel Givièrge 's book , Cours de cryptographie ( Course of Cryptography ) , published in 1925 . In September 1932 , Maksymilian Ciężki hired three young graduates of the Poznań course to be Bureau staff members : Marian Rejewski , Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski . = = Successes and setbacks = = In 1926 the German Navy adopted , as its top cryptographic device , a modified civilian Enigma machine ; in 1928 the German Army followed suit . The complexity of the system was much increased in 1930 by the introduction of a plugboard ( Steckerbrett ) , albeit with only six connecting leads in use . In December 1932 , Marian Rejewski made what historian David Kahn describes as one of the greatest advances in cryptologic history , by applying pure mathematics – the theory of permutations and groups – to breaking the German armed forces ' Enigma machine ciphers . Rejewski had worked out the precise interconnections of the Enigma rotors and reflector , after the Bureau had received , from French Military Intelligence Captain Gustave Bertrand , two German documents and two pages of Enigma daily keys ( for September and October of that year ) . These had been obtained by a French military intelligence agent , a German codenamed Rex , from an agent who worked at Germany 's Cipher Office in Berlin , Hans @-@ Thilo Schmidt , whom the French codenamed Asché . After Rejewski had worked out the military Enigma 's logical structure , the Polish Cipher Bureau commissioned the AVA Radio Company , co @-@ owned by Antoni Palluth , to build replicas ( " doubles " ) of the Enigma to Rejewski 's specifications . His method of decrypting Enigma messages exploited two weaknesses of the German operating procedures . It used what Rejewski called " characteristics " that were independent of the plugboard connections . This involved compiling a card catalog of certain features of the set of indicator settings . The Germans increased the difficulty of decrypting Enigma messages by decreasing the interval between changes in the order of the rotors from quarterly , initially , to monthly in February 1936 , then daily in October of that year , when they also increased the number of plugboard leads from six to a number that varied between five and eight . This made the Biuro 's grill method much less easy , as it relied on unsteckered letter pairs . The German navy was more security @-@ conscious than the army and air force , and in May 1937 it introduced a new , much more secure , indicator procedure that remained unbroken for several years . The next setback occurred in November 1937 , when the scrambler 's reflector was changed to one with different interconnections ( known as Umkehrwalze @-@ B ) . Rejewski worked out the wiring in the new reflector , but the catalog of characteristics had to be compiled anew , again using Rejewski 's " cyclometer " , which had been built to his specifications by the AVA Radio Company . In January 1938 , Colonel Stefan Mayer directed that statistics be compiled for a two @-@ week period , comparing the numbers of Enigma messages solved , to Enigma intercepts . The ratio came to 75 percent . " Nor , " Marian Rejewski has commented , " were those 75 percent ... the limit of our possibilities . With slightly augmented personnel , we might have attained about 90 percent ... read . But a certain amount of cipher material ... due to faulty transmission or ... reception , or to various other causes , always remains unread ... " Information obtained from Enigma decryption seems to have been directed from B.S.-4 principally to the German Office of the General Staff 's Section II ( Intelligence ) . There , from fall 1935 to mid @-@ April 1939 , it was worked up by Major Jan Leśniak , who in April 1939 would turn the German Office over to another officer and himself form a Situation Office intended for wartime service . He would head the Situation Office to and through the September 1939 Campaign . The system of pre @-@ defining the indicator setting for the day for all Enigma operators on a given network , on which the method of characteristics depended , was changed on 15 September 1938 . The one exception to this was the network used by the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) — the intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party — who did not make the change until 1 July 1939 . Operators now chose their own indicator setting . However , the insecure procedure of sending the enciphered message key twice , remained in use , and it was quickly exploited . Henryk Zygalski devised a manual method that used 26 perforated sheets , and Marian Rejewski commissioned the AVA company to produce the bomba kryptologiczna ( cryptologic bomb ) . Both the Zygalski @-@ sheet method and each bomba worked for only a single scrambler rotor order , so six sets of Zygalski sheets and six bomby were produced . However , the Germans introduced two new rotors on 15 December 1938 , giving a choice of three out of five to assemble in the machines on a given day . This increased the number of possible rotor orders from 6 to 60 . The Biuro could then only read the small minority of messages that used neither of the two new rotors . They did not have the resources to produce 54 more bomby or 54 sets of Zygalski sheets . Fortunately , however , the fact that the SD network was still using the old method of the same indicator setting for all messages , allowed Rejewski to re @-@ use his previous method of working out the wiring within these rotors . This information was essential for the production of a full set Zygalski sheets which allowed resumption of large @-@ scale decryption in January 1940 . On 1 January 1939 , the Germans made military Enigma even more difficult to break by increasing the number of plugboard connections from between five and eight , to between seven and ten . When World War II broke out on 1 September 1939 , Leśniak and his colleagues had been working intensively for two or three years to establish the German order of battle and had succeeded in working out nearly 95 percent of it . The German attack on Poland came as no surprise to the Polish General Staff . The results that had been obtained by Polish intelligence , according to Leśniak , " absolutely exceeded what would normally have been possible . " = = Kabaty Woods = = Until 1937 the Cipher Bureau 's German section , BS @-@ 4 , had been housed in the Polish General Staff building — the stately 18th @-@ century " Saxon Palace " — in Warsaw . That year BS @-@ 4 moved into specially constructed new facilities in the Kabaty Woods near Pyry , south of Warsaw . There , working conditions were incomparably better than in the cramped quarters at the General Staff building . The move was dictated as well by requirements of security . Germany 's Abwehr was always looking for potential traitors among the military and civilian workers at the General Staff building . Strolling agents , even if lacking access to the Staff building , could observe personnel entering and leaving , and photograph them with concealed miniature cameras . Annual Abwehr intelligence assignments for German agents in Warsaw placed a priority on securing informants at the Polish General Staff . = = Gift to allies = = It was at Pyry , on 25 and 26 July 1939 with war looming that , on instructions from the Polish General Staff , the Cipher Bureau 's chiefs , Lt. Col. Gwido Langer and Major Maksymilian Ciężki , the three civilian mathematician @-@ cryptologists , and Col. Stefan Mayer , chief of intelligence , revealed Poland 's achievements to cryptanalytical representatives of France and Britain , explaining how they had broken Enigma . They undertook to give each country a Polish @-@ reconstructed Enigma , along with details of their equipment , including Zygalski sheets and Rejewski 's cryptologic bomb . In return , the British pledged to prepare two full sets of Zygalski sheets for all 60 possible wheel orders . The French contingent consisted of Major Gustave Bertrand , the French radio @-@ intelligence and cryptology chief , and Capt. Henri Braquenié of the French Air Force staff . The British sent Commander Alastair Denniston , head of Britain 's Government Code and Cypher School , Dilly Knox , chief British cryptanalyst and Commander Humphrey Sandwith , head of the Royal Navy 's intercept and direction @-@ finding stations . When Rejewski had been working on reconstructing the German military Enigma machine in late 1932 , he had ultimately solved a crucial element , the wiring of the letters of the alphabet into the entry drum , with the inspired guess that they might be wired in simple alphabetical order . Now , at the trilateral meeting – Rejewski was later to recount – " the first question that ... Dillwyn Knox asked was : ' What are the connections in the entry drum ? ' " Knox was mortified to learn how simple the answer was . The Poles ' gift , to their western Allies , of Enigma decryption , five weeks before the outbreak of World War II , came not a moment too soon . Former Bletchley Park mathematician @-@ cryptologist Gordon Welchman has written : " Ultra would never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles , in the nick of time , the details both of the German military ... Enigma machine , and of the operating procedures that were in use . " Allied Supreme Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower , at war 's end , described intelligence from Bletchley Park as having been " of priceless value to me . It has simplified my task as a commander enormously . " Eisenhower expressed his thanks for this " decisive contribution to the Allied war effort . " Churchill 's greatest wartime fear , even after Hitler had suspended Operation Sea Lion and invaded the Soviet Union , was that the German submarine wolfpacks would succeed in strangling sea @-@ locked Britain . A major factor that averted Britain 's defeat in the Battle of the Atlantic was her regained mastery of Naval Enigma decryption ; and while the latter benefited crucially from British seizure of German Enigma @-@ equipped naval vessels , the breaking of German naval signals ultimately relied on techniques that had been pioneered by the Polish Cipher Bureau . Had Britain capitulated to Hitler , the United States would have been deprived of an essential forward base for its subsequent involvement in the European and North African theaters . A week after the Pyry meeting , Dillwyn Knox , in a letter dated 1 August 1939 , thanked the Poles , in Polish , " for your cooperation and patience . " He enclosed little paper batons and a scarf picturing a Derby horse race – evidently emblematic of the cryptological race that Knox had hoped to win using the batons , and whose loss he was gallantly acknowledging . On 5 September 1939 , as it became clear that Poland was unlikely to halt the ongoing German invasion , BS @-@ 4 received orders to destroy part of its files and evacuate essential personnel . = = Bureau abroad = = During the German Invasion of Poland in September 1939 , key Cipher Bureau personnel were evacuated southeast and — after the Soviets invaded eastern Poland on 17 September — into Romania , on the way destroying their cryptological equipment and documentation . Eventually , crossing Yugoslavia and still @-@ neutral Italy , they reached France . Some personnel of the Cipher Bureau 's German section who had worked with Enigma , and most of the workers at the AVA Radio Company that had built Enigma doubles and cryptologic equipment for the German section , remained in Poland . Some were interrogated by the Gestapo , but no one gave away the secret of Polish mastery of Enigma decryption . At PC Bruno , outside Paris , on 20 October 1939 the Poles resumed work on German Enigma ciphers in close collaboration with Britain 's Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park . In the interest of security , the allied cryptological services , before sending their messages over a teleprinter line , encrypted them using Enigma doubles . Henri Braquenié often closed messages with an ironic " Heil Hitler ! " As late as December 1939 , when Lt. Col. Gwido Langer , accompanied by Captain Braquenié , visited London and Bletchley Park , the British asked that the Polish cryptologists be turned over to them . Langer , however , took the position that the Polish team must remain where the Polish Armed Forces were being formed – on French soil . The mathematicians might actually have reached Britain much earlier – and much more comfortably – than they eventually did ; but in September 1939 , when they went to the British embassy in Bucharest , Romania , they were brushed off by a preoccupied British diplomat . In January 1940 , the British cryptanalyst Alan Turing spent several days at PC Bruno conferring with his Polish colleagues . He had brought the Poles a full set of Zygalski sheets that had been produced at Bletchley Park by John Jeffreys using Polish @-@ supplied information . On 17 January 1940 , the Poles made the first break into wartime Enigma traffic — that from 28 October 1939 . During this period , until the collapse of France in June 1940 , ultimately 83 percent of the Enigma keys that were found , were solved at Bletchley Park , the remaining 17 percent at PC Bruno . Rejewski commented : How could it be otherwise , when there were three of us [ Polish cryptologists ] and [ there were ] at least several hundred British cryptologists , since about 10 @,@ 000 people worked in Bletchley ... Besides , recovery of keys also depended on the amount of intercepted cipher material , and that amount was far greater on the British side than on the French side . Finally , in France ( by contrast with the work in Poland ) we ourselves not only sought for the daily keys , but after finding the key also read the messages .... One can only be surprised that the Poles had as many as 17 percent of the keys to their credit . The inter @-@ Allied cryptologic collaboration prevented duplication of effort and facilitated discoveries . Before fighting had started in Norway in April 1940 , the Polish @-@ French team solved an uncommonly hard three @-@ letter code used by the Germans to communicate with fighter and bomber squadrons and for exchange of meteorological data between aircraft and land . The code had first appeared in December 1939 , but the Polish cryptologists had been too preoccupied with Enigma to give the code much attention . With the German assault on the west impending , however , the breaking of the Luftwaffe code took on mounting urgency . The trail of the elusive code ( whose system of letters changed every 24 hours ) led back to Enigma . The first clue came from the British , who had noticed that the code 's letters did not change randomly . If A changed to P , then elsewhere P was replaced by A. The British made no further headway , but the Poles realized that what was manifesting was Enigma 's exclusivity principle that they had discovered in 1932 . The Germans ' carelessness meant that now the Poles , having after midnight solved Enigma 's daily setting , could with no further effort also read the Luftwaffe signals . The Germans , just before opening their 10 May 1940 offensive in the west that would trample Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands in order to reach the borders of France , once again changed their procedure for enciphering message keys , rendering the Zygalski sheets " completely useless " and temporarily defeating the joint British @-@ Polish cryptologic attacks on Enigma . According to Gustave Bertrand , " It took superhuman day @-@ and @-@ night effort to overcome this new difficulty : on May 20 , decryption resumed . " Following the capitulation of France in June 1940 , the Poles were evacuated to Algeria . On October 1 , 1940 , they resumed work at " Cadix " , near Uzès in unoccupied southern , Vichy France , under the sponsorship of Gustave Bertrand . A little over two years later , on 8 November 1942 , Bertrand learned from the BBC that the Allies had landed in French North Africa ( " Operation Torch " ) . Knowing that in such an eventuality the Germans planned to occupy Vichy France , on 9 November he evacuated Cadix . Two days later , on 11 November , the Germans indeed marched into southern France . On the morning of 12 November they occupied Cadix . Over the two years since its establishment in October 1940 , Cadix had decrypted thousands of Wehrmacht , SS and Gestapo messages , originating not only from French territory but from across Europe , which provided invaluable intelligence to Allied commands and resistance movements . Cadix had also decrypted thousands of Soviet messages . Having departed Cadix , the Polish personnel evaded the occupying Italian security police and German Gestapo and sought to escape France via Spain . Jerzy Różycki , Jan Graliński and Piotr Smoleński had died in the January 1942 sinking , in the Mediterranean Sea , of a French passenger ship , the Lamoricière , in which they had been returning to southern France from a tour of duty in Algeria . Marian Rejewski and Henryk Zygalski hiked over the Pyrenees with a guide ( who robbed them at gunpoint ) to the Spanish border , where they were arrested on January 30 , 1943 . They were incarcerated by the Spaniards for three months before being released , upon Red Cross intervention , on 4 May 1943 . They then managed , by a circuitous land – sea – air route , to join the Polish Armed Forces in Britain , Rejewski and Zygalski were inducted into the Polish Army as privates ( they would eventually be promoted to lieutenant ) and put to work breaking German SS and SD hand ciphers at a Polish signals	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
a remake of the 1921 United Artists film Disraeli , a project that turned out to be a box @-@ office hit . Then , in 1930 , he spotted future stars James Cagney , Joan Blondell , and Frank McHugh in the cast of a New York play called Penny Arcade . Although Cagney turned out to be Warner 's greatest prize , he was also the studio executive 's biggest professional challenge . During his frequent arguments with Warner , Cagney often resorted to screaming the Yiddish obscenities he learned during his upbringing in the Hell 's Kitchen district of New York City . According to a 1937 Fortune magazine article , Warner 's most intense contract disputes involved Cagney , " who got sick of being typed as a girl @-@ hitting mick and of making five pictures a year instead of four . " The studio 's executive producer , Darryl F. Zanuck , resigned during a contract dispute with Harry Warner in 1933 . According to a 1933 letter that Jack wrote to Will H. Hays , then president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America , Zanuck requested a higher salary and " indicated his desire to raise the salaries of the actors and personnel in the motion pictures we were producing " . That year , Zanuck established Twentieth Century Pictures , which merged with Fox Film Corporation in 1935 . Longtime producer for the studio , Hal B. Wallis , took over as the studio 's executive producer . Warner , however , denied Wallis the sweeping powers enjoyed by Zanuck , and the result was a decentralization of creative and administrative control that often created confusion at the studio . Under the new system , each picture was assigned a supervisor who was usually plucked from the ranks of the studio 's screenwriters . Although Warner Bros. maintained a high rate of production throughout the 1930s , some pictures showed an uneven quality that reflected " not only the difficulty of shifting to a supervisory system but also the consequences of dispersing authority into the creative ranks " . Meanwhile , Jack Warner 's role in production became somewhat limited . After acquiring a creative property , he often had little to do with a film 's production until it was ready for preview . Nevertheless , Warner could be heavy @-@ handed in his dealings with employees , and he was " merciless in his firings . " Film director Gottfried Reinhardt claimed that Warner " derived pleasure " from humiliating subordinates . " Harry Cohn was a sonofabitch , " Reinhardt said , " but he did it for business ; he was not a sadist . [ Louis B. ] Mayer could be a monster , but he was not mean for the sake of meanness . Jack was . " Warner 's management style frustrated many studio employees . Comedian Jack Benny , who once worked at Warner Bros. , quipped , " Jack Warner would rather tell a bad joke than make a good movie " . Warner frequently clashed with actors and supposedly banned them from the studio 's executive dining room , with the explanation , " I don 't need to look at actors when I eat . " The studio executive did , however , win the affection of a few film personalities . Among these was Bette Davis , one of the studio 's leading stars , who once fled to England to secure release from her contract . In later years , Davis defended Warner against rumors of sexual impropriety when she wrote : " No lecherous boss was he ! His sins lay elsewhere . He was the father . The power . The glory . And he was in business to make money . " Davis revealed that , after the birth of her child , Warner 's attitude toward her became warm and protective . " We became father and child , no question about it . " she said . " He told me I didn 't have to come back to work until I really felt like it . He was a thoughtful man . Not many nice things were said about him . " Warner also earned the gratitude and affection of Errol Flynn . In 1935 , the studio head personally selected Flynn for the title role of Captain Blood , even though Flynn was an unknown actor at the time . In 1936 , following the success of another costume epic , The Charge of the Light Brigade , Warner tore up Flynn 's contract and signed him to a long @-@ term deal that doubled his weekly salary . = = = The prewar and war years = = = As the 1930s came to an end , both Jack and Harry Warner became increasingly alarmed over the rise of Nazism . As Bernard F. Dick observed , the Warners , " as sons of Polish Jews who fled their homeland because of antisemitic pogroms ... had a personal interest in exposing Nazism . " Moreover , the attraction to films critical of German militarism had a long history with the Warners that predated their production of My Four Years in Germany in 1918 . In 1917 , while it was still in distribution , the Warners had secured the rights for War Brides , a movie that featured Alla Nazimova as " a woman who kills herself rather than breed children for an unidentified country whose army looks suspiciously Teutonic . " Beyond this , Jack Warner was shaken by the 1936 murder of studio salesman Joe Kaufman , who was beaten to death by Nazi stormtroopers in Berlin . Warner later described the incident in the following terms : " Like many an outnumbered Jew he was trapped in an alley . They [ Nazi hoodlums ] hit him with fists and clubs and then kicked the life out of him with their boots and left him dying there . " Hence , while other Hollywood studios sidestepped the issue , fearing domestic criticism and the loss of European markets , Warner Brothers produced films that were openly critical of Nazi Germany . In 1939 , the studio published Confessions of a Nazi Spy , starring Edward G. Robinson . The film project , which was recommended to Jack Warner by FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover , drew on the real @-@ life experiences of agent Leon G. Turrou , who had worked as an undercover agent . Despite legal ramifications preventing the use of actual names , the studio aimed for an " aura of authenticity " , and Hal Wallis initially recommended eliminating credits to give the film " the appearance of a newsreel . " Confessions of a Nazi Spy was widely criticized . The critic Pare Lorentz wrote , " The Warner brothers have declared war on Germany with this one . " The German ambassador responded by issuing a protest to Secretary of State Cordell Hull , and the German dictator , Adolf Hitler , who watched the film at Berchtesgaden , was outraged . Meanwhile , the studio received stern warnings from U.S. Congressman Martin Dies , Jr . , about defaming a " friendly country . " Initially , the studio bowed to pressure from the Roosevelt Administration , the Hays Office , and isolationist lawmakers to desist from similar projects . Jack Warner announced that the studio would release no more " propaganda pictures " and promptly ordered the shelving of several projects with an anti @-@ Nazi theme . In time , however , Warner Bros. produced more films with anti @-@ Nazi messages , including Underground and All Through the Night . In 1940 , the studio produced short films that dramatically documented the devastation wrought by the German bombing raids on London . Meanwhile , the studio celebrated the exploits of the Royal Canadian Air Force , with films such as Captains of the Clouds . In 1941 , Warner also produced the influential prowar film Sergeant York . Contemporary reports that Jack Warner had banned the use of the German language throughout the company 's studios were denied by studio representatives who indicated that this move would have prevented scores of studio employees from communicating with each other . After the American declaration of war against the Axis Powers , Jack Warner , like some other studio heads , was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army . In 1943 the studio 's film Casablanca won the Academy Award for Best Picture . When the award was announced , producer Hal B. Wallis got up to accept , only to find Jack Warner had rushed onstage " with a broad , flashing smile and a look of great self @-@ satisfaction " to take the trophy , Wallis later recalled . " I couldn 't believe it was happening . Casablanca had been my creation ; Jack had absolutely nothing to do with it . As the audience gasped , I tried to get out of the row of seats and into the aisle , but the entire Warner family sat blocking me . I had no alternative but to sit down again , humiliated and furious . ... Almost forty years later , I still haven 't recovered from the shock . " In 1943 , Warner , at the advice of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , produced a film adaptation of the controversial book Mission to Moscow , a film intended to inspire public support of the uneasy military alliance that the United States had with the Soviet Union . Later , while testifying before the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee on October 27 , 1947 , Warner dismissed allegations during the Cold War that this film was subversive , and he argued that Mission to Moscow was produced " only to help a desperate war effort , and not for posterity . " After the film 's lackluster response under distribution , the Republican National Committee accused Warner of producing it as " New Deal propaganda . " In line with the Warner brothers ' early opposition to Nazism , Warner Bros. produced more pictures about the war than any other studio , covering every branch of the armed services . In addition , the studio produced patriotic musicals such as This is the Army and Yankee Doodle Dandy . = = = Postwar era = = = Jack Warner responded grudgingly to the rising popularity of television in the late 1940s . Initially , he tried to compete with the new medium , introducing gimmicks such as 3 @-@ D films , which soon lost their appeal among moviegoers . In 1954 , Warner finally engaged the new medium , providing ABC with a weekly show , Warner Bros. Presents . The studio followed up with a series of Western dramas , such as Maverick , Bronco , and Colt .45 . Accustomed to dealing with actors in a high @-@ handed manner , within a few years Warner provoked hostility among emerging TV stars like James Garner , who filed a lawsuit against Warner Bros. over a contract dispute . He was angered by the perceived ingratitude of television actors , who evidently showed more independence than film actors , and this deepened his contempt for the new medium . Following his deal with ABC , Warner also made his son , Jack Jr . , head of the company 's new television department . During this period , Warner showed little foresight in his treatment of the studio 's cartoon operation . Animated characters such as Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , and Porky Pig , while embraced by cartoon lovers , " were always stepchildren at Warner Bros. " As biographer Bob Thomas wrote , " Jack Warner ... considered cartoons no more than an extraneous service provided to exhibitors who wanted a full program for their customers . " In 1953 , during a rare meeting between the Warners and the studio 's cartoon makers , Jack confessed that he didn 't " even know where the hell the cartoon studio is " , and Harry added , " The only thing I know is that we make Mickey Mouse , " a reference to the flagship character of a competing company , Walt Disney Productions . Several years later , Jack sold all of the 400 cartoons Warner Bros. made before 1948 for $ 3 @,@ 000 apiece . As Thomas noted , " They have since earned millions , but not for Warner Bros. " Jack Warner 's tumultuous relationship with his brother , Harry , worsened in February 1956 , when Harry learned of Jack 's decision to sell the Warner Bros. ' pre @-@ 1950 sound films to Associated Artists Productions ( soon to merge with United Artists Television ) for the modest sum of $ 21 million . ( The deal did not include the black @-@ and @-@ white Looney Tunes films , the first Merrie Melodie film , Lady , Play Your Mandolin ! , and the color cartoons released between August 1 , 1948 , and the close of 1949 . The black @-@ and @-@ white cartoons and the silent films were sold to the Guild Films company under license of Sunset Productions , which was established by Warners as its television subsidiary in the same manner as the Columbia Pictures subsidiary " Screen Gems " , and the aforementioned color cartoons of 1948 @-@ 49 remained with Warner Brothers ) . " This is our heritage , what we worked all our lives to create , and now it is gone , " Harry exclaimed , upon hearing of the deal . The breach between Jack and Harry widened later that year . In July 1956 , Jack , Harry , and Albert announced that they were putting Warner Bros. on the market . Jack , however , secretly organized a syndicate that purchased control of the company . By the time Harry and Albert learned of their brother 's dealings , it was too late . Jack Warner , as the company 's largest stockholder , appointed himself as the new company president . Shortly after the deal was closed , Jack Warner announced that the company and its subsidiaries would be " directed more vigorously to the acquisition of the most important story properties , talents , and to the production of the finest motion pictures possible " . The two brothers had often argued , and earlier in the decade , studio employees claimed they saw Harry chase Jack through the studio with a lead pipe , shouting , " I 'll get you for this , you son of a bitch " and threatening to kill him . This subterfuge , however , proved too much for Harry . He never spoke to Jack again . When Harry Warner died on July 27 , 1958 , Jack did not attend the funeral , and he departed for his annual vacation at Cap d 'Antibes . Asked to respond to his brother 's death , Jack said , " I didn 't give a shit about Harry . " At the same time , Jack took pride in the fact that President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent him a letter of condolence . = = = The Sixties = = = In the 1960s , Warner kept pace with rapid changes in the industry and played a key role in developing films that were commercial and critical successes . In February 1962 , he purchased the film rights for the Broadway musical My Fair Lady , paying an unprecedented $ 6 @.@ 5 million . The previous owner , CBS director William S. Paley , set terms that included 50 percent of the distributor 's gross profits " plus ownership of the negative at the end of the contract . " Despite the " outrageous " purchase price , and the ungenerous terms of the contract , the deal proved lucrative for Warner Bros. , securing the studio $ 12 million in profits . Warner was criticized for choosing a non @-@ singing star , Audrey Hepburn , to play the leading role of Eliza Doolittle ; indeed , the 1964 Academy Award for Best Actress went to Julie Andrews , who had played Eliza on Broadway and in London , for Mary Poppins , while Audrey Hepburn was not even nominated . However , the film won the best @-@ picture Academy Award for 1964 . In 1965 , Warner surprised many industry observers when he purchased the rights to Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? , Edward Albee 's searing play about a destructive marriage . From the beginning , the project was beset by controversy . Ernest Lehman 's script , which was extremely faithful to Albee 's play , stretched the U.S. film industry 's Production Code to the limit . Jack Valenti , who just assumed leadership of the Motion Picture Association of America , recalled that a meeting with Warner and studio aide Ben Kalmenson left him " uneasy " . " I was uncomfortable with the thought that this was just the beginning of an unsettling new era in film , in which we would lurch from crisis to crisis without any suitable solution in sight , " Valenti wrote . Meanwhile , Lehman and the film 's director , Mike Nichols , battled with studio executives and exhibitors who insisted that the film be shot in color rather than black and white . These controversies soon faded into the background while Jack Warner challenged the validity of the production code by publicly requiring theaters showing the film to post an " Adults only " label and restrict tickets sales accordingly , all as a marketing tease to entice audiences to see what warranted that restriction . At this , the MPAA — wary of a repeat of the embarrassment it had trying to censor the highly acclaimed film , The Pawnbroker — gave in and approved the film as a special exception because of its quality , which led to other filmmakers to challenge the code themselves even more aggressively . Upon its release , Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? was embraced by audiences and critics alike . It secured 13 nominations from the Academy including one for Best Picture of 1966 . Despite these achievements , Jack grew weary of making films , and he sold a substantial amount of his studio stock to Seven Arts Productions on November 14 , 1966 . Some observers believed that Ben Kalmenson , Warner Bros. ' s executive vice president , persuaded Warner to sell his stock so that Kalmenson could assume leadership of the studio . Warner , however , had personal reasons for seeking retirement . His wife , Ann , continually pressured him to " slow down " , and the aging studio head felt a need to put his affairs in order . Warner sold his 1 @.@ 6 million shares of studio stock shortly after producing the film adaptation of Lerner & Loewe 's Camelot . The sale yielded , after capital gains taxes , about $ 24 million ( equivalent to $ 170 million today ) . Eight months after the sale , Warner quipped , " Who would ever have thought that a butcher boy from Youngstown , Ohio , would end up with twenty @-@ four million smackers in his pocket ? " At the time of the sale , Warner had earned the distinction of being the second chief to also serve as company president , after Columbia Pictures ' Harry Cohn . Warner 's decision to sell came at a time when he was losing the formidable power that he once took for granted . He had already survived the dislocations of the 1950s , when other studio heads – including Louis B. Mayer , David O. Selznick , and Samuel Goldwyn – were pushed out by stockholders who " sought scapegoats for dwindling profits " . Structural changes that occurred in the industry during this period ensured that studios would become " more important as backers of independent producers than as creators of their own films " , a situation that left little room for the traditional movie mogul . By the mid @-@ 1960s , most of the film moguls from the Golden Age of Hollywood had died , and Warner was regarded as one of the last of a dying breed . Evidence of Warner 's eroding control at Warner Bros. included his failure to block production of the controversial but highly influential film , Bonnie and Clyde , a film project he initially " hated " . Similarly , as producer of the film adaptation of Camelot , Warner was unable to persuade director Joshua Logan to cast Richard Burton and Julie Andrews in the leading roles . Instead , Logan selected Richard Harris and Vanessa Redgrave , a move that contributed to the project 's critical – and commercial – failure . Another factor was that Logan was able to manipulate Warner 's ego to persuade him from cutting the screenplay 's length , despite the fact that the studio executive had already agreed with the film 's unofficial producer , Joel Freeman , that it was overlong . Warner officially retired from his studio in 1969 . = = = After Warner Bros. = = = Warner remained active as an independent producer until the early 1970s. to run some of the company 's distributions and exhibition division . Among his last productions was a film adaptation of a Broadway musical , 1776 , which was released through Columbia Pictures . Before the film 's release , Warner showed a preview cut to U.S. President Richard Nixon , who recommended substantial changes , including the removal of the song ' Cool , Cool , Considerate Men ' that struck him as veiled criticisms of the ongoing Vietnam War . Without consulting the film 's director , Peter H. Hunt , Warner ordered the film re @-@ edited . The cuts have since been restored in most television showings and in the film 's DVD release . In November 1972 , the film opened to enthusiastic audiences at Radio City Music Hall , but it fared poorly in theaters . Faced with a polarized political climate , few Americans were drawn to " a cheery exercise in prerepublic civics " . Warner 's efforts to promote the film were sometimes counterproductive . During an interview with talk show host Merv Griffin , the elderly producer engaged in a lengthy tirade against " pinko communists " . This was Warner 's first — and last — television interview . = = Personal life = = On October 14 , 1914 , Warner married Irma Claire Salomon , the adolescent daughter of Sam Saloman and Bertha Franklin Salomon from one of San Francisco 's pioneer Jewish families . Irma Warner gave birth to the couple 's only child , Jack M. Warner on March 27 , 1916 . Jack Warner named the child after himself , disregarding an Ashkenazi Jewish custom that children should not be named after living relatives . Although his son bore a different middle initial , he " has been called Junior all his life " . The marriage ended in 1935 , when Warner left his wife for another woman , Ann Page . Warner and Ann had a daughter named Barbara . Irma Warner sued her husband for divorce ( a scandalous move at the time ) on the grounds of desertion . Jack 's older brother , Harry , reflected the Warner family feelings about the marriage when he exclaimed , " Thank God our mother didn 't live to see this " . Warner married Ann after the divorce . The Warners , who took Irma 's side in the affair , refused to accept Ann as a family member . In the wake of this falling out , Jack 's relationship with his son , Jack Warner Jr . , also became strained . In the late 1950s , Warner was almost killed in a car accident that left him in a coma for several days . On August 5 , 1958 , after an evening of baccarat at the Palm Beach Casino in Cannes , Warner 's Alfa Romeo roadster swerved into the path of a coal truck on a stretch of road located near the seaside villa of Prince Aly Khan . Warner was thrown from the car , which burst into flames upon impact . Shortly after the accident , his son , Jack Jr . , joined other family members in France , where the unconscious studio head was hospitalized . In an interview with reporters , Jack Jr. suggested that his father was dying . Then , during a visit to his father 's hospital room , the young man offended Ann Warner , whom he largely blamed for his parents ' divorce . When Warner regained consciousness , he was enraged by reports of his son 's behavior , and their " tenuous " relationship came to an end . On December 30 , 1958 , Jack Jr. was informed , by Jack Sr. ' s lawyer Arnold Grant , that the elder Warner had released him from the company . When he attempted to report for work , studio guards denied him entry . The two men never achieved a reconciliation , and Jack Jr. is not mentioned in his father 's 1964 autobiography . Warner made no pretense of faithfulness to his wife , Ann , and kept a series of mistresses throughout the 1950s and 1960s . The most enduring of these " girlfriends " was an aspiring actress named Jackie Park , who bore a " startling " resemblance to Warner 's second wife . The relationship was in its fourth year when Ann Warner pressed her husband to terminate the affair . Although Ann did once have an affair with studio actor Eddie Albert in 1941 , she was much more devoted to the marriage by contrast . In the 1960s , she insisted that , despite his reputation for ruthlessness , Jack Warner had a softer side . In a note to author Dean Jennings , who assisted Warner on his 1964 autobiography , My First Hundred Years in Hollywood , Ann Warner wrote : " He is extremely sensitive , but there are few who know that because he covers it with a cloak . " = = Political views = = An " ardent Republican " , Jack Warner nevertheless supported Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal in the early 1930s . Later in the decade , he made common cause with opponents of Nazi Germany , overlooking ideological differences with those who held leftist political views . In 1947 , however , Warner served as a " friendly witness " for the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) , thereby lending support to allegations of a " Red " infiltration of Hollywood . Warner felt that Communists were responsible for the studio 's month @-@ long strike that occurred in the fall of 1946 , and on his own initiative , he provided the names of a dozen screenwriters who were dismissed because of suspected Communist sympathies , a move that effectively destroyed their careers . Former studio employees named by Warner included Alvah Bessie , Howard Koch , Ring Lardner Jr . , John Howard Lawson , Albert Maltz , Robert Rossen , Dalton Trumbo , Clifford Odets , and Irwin Shaw . As one biographer observed , Warner " was furious when Humphrey Bogart , Lauren Bacall , Paul Henreid and John Huston joined other members of the stellar Committee for the First Amendment in a flight to Washington to preach against the threat to free expression " . Lester D. Friedman noted that Warner 's response to the HUAC hearings was similar to other Jewish studio heads who " feared that a blanket equation of Communists with Jews would destroy them and their industry " . Warner publicly supported Richard Nixon during the 1960 presidential election and paid for full @-@ page ads in The New York Times " to proclaim why Nixon should be elected " . In the wake of Nixon 's loss to John F. Kennedy , however , the studio head made arrangements to attend a fundraiser at the Los Angeles Palladium in honor of the president @-@ elect . Several weeks later , Warner received a phone call from the new chief executive 's father , Joseph P. Kennedy , and within a short time , Warner Bros. purchased the film rights for Robert Donovan 's book , PT 109 , a bestseller concerning John Kennedy 's exploits during World War II . " I don 't think President Kennedy would object to my friendship with Dick Nixon , " Warner said later . " I would have voted for both of them if I could . You might think this is a form of fence @-@ straddling , but I love everybody . " In the late 1960s , he emerged as an outspoken proponent of the Vietnam War . = = Death and legacy = = By the end of 1973 , those closest to Warner became aware of signs that he was becoming disoriented . Shortly after losing his way in the building that housed his office , Warner retired . In 1974 , Warner suffered a stroke that left him blind and enfeebled . During the next several years , he gradually lost the ability to speak , and became unresponsive to friends and relatives . Finally , on August 13 , 1978 , Warner was admitted to Cedars @-@ Sinai Hospital , where he died of a heart inflammation ( edema ) on September 9 . He was 86 years old . A funeral service was held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple , the synagogue to which many members of the Warner family belonged . He was interred at Home of Peace Cemetery in East Los Angeles , California . Jack Warner left behind an estate estimated at $ 15 million . Much of the Warner estate , including property and memorabilia , was bequeathed to his widow , Ann . Warner , however , left $ 200 @,@ 000 to his estranged son , Jack Jr . , perhaps in an effort to discourage him from contesting the will . In the days following Warner 's death , newspaper obituaries recounted the familiar story of " the four brothers who left the family butcher shop for nickelodeons " and went on to revolutionize American cinema . A front @-@ page story in Warner 's adopted hometown of Youngstown featured accounts of the family 's pre @-@ Hollywood struggles in Ohio , describing how Jack Warner drove a wagon for his father 's business when he was only seven years old . The late movie [ mogul ] was widely eulogized for his role in " shaping Hollywood 's ' Golden Age ' " . Several months after Warner 's death , a more personal tribute was organized by the Friends of the Libraries at the University of Southern California . The event , called " The Colonel : An Affectionate Remembrance of Jack L. Warner " , drew Hollywood notables such as entertainers Olivia de Havilland and Debbie Reynolds , and cartoon voice actor Mel Blanc . Blanc closed the event with a rendition of Porky Pig 's famous farewell , " A @-@ bee @-@ a @-@ bee @-@ a @-@ bee – that 's all , folks . " In recognition of his contributions to the motion picture industry , Jack Warner was accorded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , located at 6541 Hollywood Boulevard . He is also represented on Canada 's Walk of Fame in Toronto , which honours outstanding Canadians from all fields . In 2004 , he was inducted into Canada 's Walk of Fame . Warner is portrayed by British actor Ben Kingsley in the 2015 drama film Life . = Ramones ( album ) = Ramones is the debut studio album by the American punk rock band the Ramones , released on April 23 , 1976 by Sire Records . After Hit Parader editor Lisa Robinson saw the band at a gig in New York City , she wrote about them in an article and contacted Danny Fields , insisting he be their manager . Fields agreed and convinced Craig Leon to produce Ramones , and the band recorded a demo for prospective record labels . Leon persuaded Sire president Seymour Stein to listen to the band perform , and he later offered the band a recording contract . The Ramones began recording in January 1976 , needing only seven days and $ 6 @,@ 400 to record the album . They used similar sound @-@ output techniques to those of the Beatles , and used advanced production methods by Leon . The album cover , photographed by Punk magazine 's Roberta Bayley , features the four members leaning against a brick wall in New York City . The record company paid only $ 125 for the front photo , which has since become one of the most imitated album covers of all time . The back cover depicts an eagle belt buckle along with the album 's liner notes . After its release , Ramones was promoted with two singles which failed to chart . The Ramones also began touring to help sell records ; these tour dates were mostly based in the United States , though two were booked in Britain . Violence , drug use , relationship issues , humor , and Nazism were prominent in the album 's lyrics . The album opens with " Blitzkrieg Bop " , which is among the band 's most recognized songs . Most of the album 's tracks are uptempo , with many songs measuring at well over 160 beats per minute . The songs are also rather short ; at two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes , " I Don 't Wanna Go Down to the Basement " is the album 's longest track . Ramones contains a cover of the Chris Montez song " Let 's Dance " . Ramones peaked at No. 111 on the US Billboard 200 and was unsuccessful commercially ; initially it received mixed reviews from the few critics who wrote about it . However , many later deemed it a highly influential record , and it has since received many accolades , such as the top spot on Spin magazine 's list of the " 50 Most Essential Punk Records " . Ramones went on to inspire many bands like the Sex Pistols , the Buzzcocks , and the Clash , among others . Aside from sparking the punk @-@ rock scene in both the US and UK , it has had a significant impact on other genres of rock music , such as grunge and heavy metal . The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2014 . = = Background = = The Ramones began playing gigs in mid @-@ 1974 , with their first show at Performance Studios in New York City . The band , performing in a style similar to the one used on their debut album , typically performed at clubs in downtown Manhattan , specifically CBGB and Max 's Kansas City . In early 1975 , Lisa Robinson , an editor of Hit Parader and Rock Scene , saw the fledgling Ramones performing at CBGB and subsequently wrote about the band in several magazine issues . The group 's vocalist Joey Ramone related that " Lisa came down to see us , she was blown away by us . She said that we changed her life , She started writing about us in Rock Scene , and then Lenny Kaye would write about us and we started getting more press like The Village Voice . Word was getting out , and people starting coming down . " Convinced that the band needed a recording contract , Robinson contacted Danny Fields , former manager of the Stooges , and argued that he needed to manage the band . Fields agreed because the band " had everything [ he ] ever liked , " and became the manager in November 1975 . On September 19 , 1975 , the Ramones recorded a demo at 914 Sound Studios , which was produced by Marty Thau . Featuring the songs " Judy Is a Punk " and " I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend , " the band used the demo to showcase their style to prospective labels . Producer Craig Leon , who had seen the Ramones perform in the summer of 1975 , brought the demo to the attention of Sire Records ' president Seymour Stein . After being persuaded by Craig Leon and his ex @-@ wife Linda Stein , the Ramones auditioned at Sire and were offered a contract , although the label had previously signed only European progressive rock bands . Drummer Tommy Ramone recalled : " Craig Leon is the one who got us signed , single handed . He brought down the vice president and all these people — he 's the only hip one in the company . He risked his career to get us on the label . " The label offered to release " You 're Gonna Kill That Girl " as a single , but the band declined , insisting on recording an entire album . Sire accepted their request and agreed to release a studio album instead . = = Recording and production = = In January 1976 the band took a break from their live performances to prepare for recording at Plaza Sound studio . Sessions began in early February 1976 and were completed within a week for $ 6 @,@ 400 ; the instruments took three days and the vocal parts were recorded in four days . In 2004 , Leon admitted that they recorded Ramones quickly due to budget restrictions , but also that it was all the time they needed . The band applied microphone @-@ placement techniques similar to those which many orchestras used . The recording process was a deliberate exaggeration of the techniques used by the Beatles in the early 1960s , with a four @-@ track representation of the devices . The guitars can be heard separately on the stereo channels — electric bass on the left channel , rhythm guitar on the right — drums and vocals are mixed in the middle of the stereo mix . The mixing of the production also used more modern techniques such as overdubbing , a technique used by studios to add a supplementary recorded sound to material . The band also used a technique known as doubling , where the vocal line used is sung twice . Recording for the album was expanded by Mickey Leigh ( Joey 's brother ) and Leon with percussion effects , which went unmentioned in the liner notes to the album 's release . Author Nicholas Rombes said that the production 's quality sounded like " the ultimate do @-@ it @-@ yourself , amateur , reckless ethic that is associated with punk , " but concluded that they approached the recording process with a " high degree of preparedness and professionalism . " = = Photography and packaging = = Initially , the Ramones wanted an album cover similar to Meet the Beatles ! ( 1964 ) , and subsequently had pictures taken in that style by Danny Fields but Sire was dissatisfied with the results . The art direction was by Toni Wadler and , according to cartoonist John Holmstrom , the " Meet The Beatles " cover idea came out " horribly . " Wadler later chose a photo by Roberta Bayley , a photographer for Punk magazine for the cover.The black and white photograph on the front of the album was originally in an issue of Punk . The cover photo features ( from left to right ) Johnny , Tommy , Joey and Dee Dee Ramone , staring at the camera with blank faces . They are all wearing ripped / faded blue jeans and leather jackets , standing upright against the brick wall of a private community garden called Albert 's Garden , located in the Bowery neighborhood of New York City between Bowery Street and Second Street . The stance of the group members in the photograph would influence their future cover designs as well , with the majority of their succeeding albums using a picture of the band on the front cover . Music historian Legs McNeil states that " Tommy [ is ] standing on his tip @-@ toes and Joey [ is ] hunched over a bit . " The back cover art , which depicts a belt buckle with a bald eagle and the band 's logo , was designed by Arturo Vega . Liner notes on the back cover fail to acknowledge backing vocalists and additional instrument players . Leigh , who performed backing vocals on several tracks , asked guitarist Johnny why he was not mentioned on the record 's credits . Johnny replied : " We didn 't want people to get confused with who 's in the band or who 's not . It 's our first album , you know , and we didn 't want people to get confused . " The artwork became one of the most imitated album covers in music . The image of a band in front of a brick wall dressed in ripped jeans and leather jackets was copied by Alvin and the Chipmunks in Chipmunk Punk . Ramones 's artwork was ranked number 58 on Rolling Stone 's 1991 list of 100 Greatest Album Covers . = = Promotion = = = = = Singles = = = There were two singles released from the album : " Blitzkrieg Bop " and " I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend . " The first was released in February 1976 , originally as a 7 " split single with " Havana Affair " as its B @-@ side . The release , along with the Ramones 2001 Expanded Edition , featured " Blitzkrieg Bop " remixed as a single version , although it maintains a time of two minutes and twelve seconds . On January 6 , 2004 , Rhino Entertainment re @-@ released " Blitzkrieg Bop " as a CD single , using " Sheena Is a Punk Rocker " as its B @-@ side . " I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend " was released in February 1976 as a 7 " single . It included " California Sun " and " I Don 't Wanna Walk Around with You " as B @-@ sides . " I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend " was also released in the UK , giving the band a presence in the European marketplace . Even though the song saw some success in the UK and Europe , it failed to chart in the top 50 . = = = Touring = = = In 1974 the band played 30 performances , nearly all at the New York @-@ based club CBGB . All but one of the band 's 1975 gigs , were booked for New York City , with Waterbury , Connecticut as the exception . After the album 's recording , the Ramones headlined for very few shows , usually opening for an identified cover band which played Aerosmith and Boston . When they opened at Brockton , Massachusetts , the audience appeared extremely uninterested in the Ramones so Johnny swore off playing as an introduction for other bands . Following this , Fields booked several headlining shows around the Tri @-@ state area , and they began playing frequently at gigs like CBGB and Max 's Kansas City . After performing with Blondie in New Jersey , they continued their tour to Boston , Massachusetts for three shows . " Traveling was difficult . Most of the time , it was just Danny Fields , me , and the members of the band . We 'd get two rooms in the hotel , three of us in each . They couldn 't afford any more help at that point , so the band had to pitch in unloading the equipment . I 'd play the drums during sound checks , while Tommy went out to the board and mixed the sound — and instructed the soundman not to fuck with the settings . We would enlist aid of any fan willing to help us load out at the end of the night . " At the time , Joey 's brother Leigh was road manager , stage manager , chauffeur , and head of security . Vega , who contributed to the album 's packaging , helped out with the road crew as much as possible . Tommy 's friend Monte Melnick occasionally helped with the audio output , but this was typically done by Leigh . Following their debut album 's release , the band performed at over 60 concerts for its promotion . While most of the gigs were booked in North America , two dates — July 4 and 5 — were in London 's Roundhouse venue and Dingwalls , respectively . Linda Stein pushed to make these events happen , setting up the band performances in the UK during the United States Bicentennial . Fields relates : " On the two hundredth anniversary of our freedom , we were bringing Great Britain a gift that was forever going to disrupt their sensibilities . " The band sold out for their first London performance , with an audience of roughly 3 @,@ 000 . Leigh described the Dingwalls gig as very similar to performances at CBGB . Likewise , these venues would go on to be headlined by other punk bands like the Clash and Sex Pistols . The band performed over 100 concerts the following year . = = Lyrics and compositions = = The songs on Ramones addressed several lyrical themes including violence , male prostitution , drug use , and Nazism . While the moods displayed in the album were often dark , Johnny said that when writing the lyrics they were not " trying to be offensive . " Many songs from the album have backing vocals from different guests . Leigh sang backing vocals on " Judy Is a Punk , " " I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend , " and in the bridge of " Blitzkrieg Bop . " Tommy sang backing vocals on " I Don 't Wanna Walk Around With You , " " Judy Is a Punk , " and during the bridge of " Chainsaw . " The album 's engineer , Rob Freeman , sang backing vocals for the final refrain of " I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend . " The album 's length is 29 minutes and four seconds and it contains 14 tracks . " Blitzkrieg Bop , " the album 's opening track , was written by Tommy , and originally named " Animal Hop . " Once Dee Dee reviewed the lyrics , the band changed the wording , the name , and partially the theme . According to Tommy , the song 's original concept was about " kids going to a show and having a good time , " but the theme became more Nazi @-@ related after its revise . The piece begins with an instrumental interval which lasts about 20 seconds . At the 20th second , the guitar and bass cease , marking Joey 's first line , " Hey ho , let 's go ! " The bass and guitar gradually rebuild and become " full – force " once all the instruments play together in ensemble . The piece resolves by repeating what is played from 0 : 22 – 0 : 33 . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic described " Blitzkrieg Bop " as a " three @-@ chord assault . " " Beat on the Brat " was said by Joey to have origins relating to the upper class of New York City . Dee Dee , however , explained that the song was about how Joey saw a mother " going after a kid with a bat in his [ apartment building 's ] lobby and wrote a song about it . " " Judy Is a Punk " — written around the same time as " Beat on the Brat " — was written by Joey after he walked by Thorny Croft , an apartment building " where all the kids in the neighborhood hung out on the rooftop and drank . " The song 's lyrics are fictional and refer to two juvenile offenders in Berlin and San Francisco and their possible deaths at the conclusion of the song . " Judy Is a Punk " is the original album 's shortest track at 1 : 39 . " I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend , " the slowest song on the album , was solely written by Tommy , and pays homage to love songs by pop music acts of the 1960s . The song used a 12 @-@ string guitar , glockenspiel , and tubular bells in its composition , and was said by author Scott Schinder to be an " unexpected romantic streak . " The next song , " Chain Saw , " opens with the sound of a running circular saw and was influenced by the 1974 horror film The Texas Chain Saw Massacre . At nearly 180 beats per minute , " Chain Saw " had the fastest tempo among the album 's songs , and according to Rombes , is the most " home @-@ made " sounding . " Now I Want to Sniff Some Glue " contains four lines of minimalist lyrics which depict youthful boredom and inhaling solvent vapors found in glue . On the question of the authenticity of the text , Dee Dee said in an interview : " I hope no one thinks we really sniff glue . I stopped when I was eight [ years old ] . " Dee Dee also explained that its concept came from adolescent trauma . After several songs by the Ramones whose titles began with " I Don 't Want to ... , " Tommy said that " Now I Want to Sniff Some Glue " is the first positive piece on the album . The song served as an inspiration for one of the first punk fanzines , Mark Perry 's Sniffin ' Glue . " I Don 't Wanna Go Down to the Basement " is also a minimalist piece , and was inspired by horror movies . The entire text is composed of three lines , and the composition was based on three major chords . With a playing time of 2 : 35 , it is the longest piece on the album . " Loudmouth " has six major chords and is a harmonically complex composition . The song 's lyrics are — depending on the reading and punctuation — just a single row or four very brief lines . The next track , " Havana Affair , " has a lyrical concept incorporating the comic strip Spy vs. Spy by the Cuban @-@ born illustrator Antonio Prohias . At roughly 170 beats per minute , " Loudmouth " and " Havana Affair " proceed at about the same tempo . " Havana Affair " segues into " Listen to My Heart , " which is the first of many songs in the Ramones repertoire that voice an ironic and pessimistic perspective on a failing or already failed relationship . Written solely by Dee Dee , the lyrics of " 53rd and 3rd " concern a male prostitute ( " rent boy " ) who is waiting at the corner of 53rd Street and Third Avenue in Midtown Manhattan . When the prostitute gets a customer , he kills the customer with a razor to prove he is not a homosexual . In interviews , Dee Dee described the piece as autobiographical . " The song speaks for itself , " Dee Dee commented in an interview . " Everything I write is autobiographical and written in a very real way , I can 't even write . " Johnny insisted that the song is about " Dee Dee turning tricks . " The half @-@ sung and half @-@ shouted bridge in " 53rd and 3rd " is performed by Dee Dee , whose voice is described by author Cyrus Patell as what " breaks the deliberate aural monotony of the song and emphasizes the violence of the lyric . " The album 's next track is a version of the Chris Montez song " Let 's Dance . " The song features Leon playing Radio City 's large Wurlitzer pipe organ . The 13th track on the record , " I Don 't Want to Walk Around with You , " consists of two lyric lines and three major chords . It is one of the group 's earliest compositions . It is the first song on their first demo tape , written at the beginning of 1974 . " I Don 't Wanna Walk Around with You " fades into the album 's final track , " Today Your Love , Tomorrow the World , " a song that refers to a Hitler Youth member . Seymour Stein complained about the song 's original lyrics — " I 'm a Nazi , baby , I 'm a Nazi , yes I am . I 'm a Nazi Schatze , y 'know I fight for the Fatherland " — insisting that the track was offensive . When Stein threatened to completely remove the track from the album the band put together alternate lyrics : " I 'm a shock trooper in a stupor , yes I am . I 'm a Nazi Schatze , y 'know I fight for the Fatherland . " Stein accepted the revision and it was published in the album . = = Reception = = Ramones was released on April 23 , 1976 by Sire Records and initially received mixed reviews . It was reviewed by few critics upon its release , and many of those writers leaned towards a neutral rating . Music critic Adam Brown explained that early reviews of the album are hard to come by , calling initial reactions " basically , nonexistent . " Despite some early critics giving it a somewhat negative reviews , Paul Nelson of Rolling Stone wrote in 1976 that the album was similar to early rock and roll , and was constructed using rhythm tracks of great intensity . Jeff Tamarkin of AllMusic said that the album ignited the punk rock era , writing : " rock 's mainstream didn 't know what hit it . " Critic Joe S. Harrington declared that the album was a huge landmark for music history , proclaiming that " [ it ] split the history of rock ' n ' roll in half . " Theunis Bates , a writer for Time magazine , summed the album up with : " Ramones stripped rock back to its basic elements ... lyrics are very simple , boiled @-@ down declarations of teen lust and need . " Bates also said that it " is the ultimate punk statement . " Charles M. Young of Rolling Stone regarded Ramones as " one of the funniest rock records ever made and , if punk continues to gain momentum , a historic turning point . " Critic Robert Christgau gave the album a positive review , specifically writing about the album 's themes and sound quality . Later reviews of Ramones tended to praise the album 's influence on rock music . In 2001 , April Long of NME rewarded the album with a perfect score , remarking that the Ramones were " arguably the most influential band ever , " despite their lack of mainstream acceptance . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic also deemed the album influential , saying " In comparison to some of the music the album inspired , The Ramones sounds a little tame — it 's a little too clean , and compared to their insanely fast live albums , it even sounds a little slow . " The album 's sound was considered by Erlewine to be " all about speed , hooks , stupidity , and simplicity . " Regardless of this critical acclaim , Ramones was not successful commercially . It only reached No. 111 on the US Billboard 200 , and sold 6 @,@ 000 units in its first year . Outside the US , the album peaked at No. 48 on the Swedish Sverigetopplistan chart . The album was included in Spin magazine 's List of Top Ten College Cult Classics ( 1995 ) , where it was noted that " everything good that 's happened to music in the last fourteen years can be directly traced to the Ramones . " Also in 1995 , the Spin Alternative Record Guide named it the No. 1 alternative rock album . In 2001 , the magazine also included the album in its special issue 25 Years of Punk with a list of The 50 Most Essential Punk Records , where it resided at the top spot . That same year , it was named the fourth best punk album by Mojo , who called it the " coolest , dumbest , simplest , greatest rock 'n'roll record ever to be cut by four sweet , dysfunctional screw @-@ ups . " The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at the 2002 induction ceremony , with the website stating that their first album changed the rock genre from " bloated and narcissistic , " to " basic " rock and roll . In 2003 , Ramones was considered by Spin 's Chuck Klosterman , Greg Milner , and Alex Pappademas to be the sixth most influential album of all time . They noted that the album " saved rock from itself and punk rock from art @-@ gallery pretension . " Q Magazine included the album in their " 100 Greatest Albums Ever " ( 2003 ) list , where it was listed at No. 74 . Ramones was included in Chris Smith 's 2009 book 101 Albums that Changed Popular Music , who said the album " opened a whole new world of garage rock for those fed up with the excesses of existing rock gods . " It was also included in the 2005 book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . The album went gold in the US just after its 38th anniversary , certified by the RIAA on April 30 , 2014 . In 2016 , Rhino Records announced the July 29 release of a 40th @-@ anniversary deluxe edition comprising three CDs and one LP , including stereo and mono mixes of the original album ; single mixes , outtakes and demos ; and a live 1976 performance . = = Legacy and influence = = Ramones is considered to have established the musical genre of punk rock , as well as popularizing it years afterward . Rombes wrote that it offered " alienated future rock , " and that it " disconnected from tradition . " The album was the start of the Ramones ' influence on popular music , with examples being genres such as heavy metal , thrash metal , indie pop , grunge , post @-@ punk , and most notably , punk rock . " When the [ Ramones ] hit the street in 1976 with their self @-@ titled first album , the rock scene in general had become somewhat bloated and narcissistic . The Ramones got back to basics : simple , speedy , stripped @-@ down rock and roll songs . Voice , guitar , bass , drums . No makeup , no egos , no light shows , no nonsense . And though the subject matter was sometimes dark , emanating from a sullen adolescent basement of the mind , the group also brought cartoonish fun and high @-@ energy excitement back to rock and roll . " Despite the lack of popularity in its era , the importance of the album for the development of punk rock music was incredible , influencing many of the most well known names in punk rock , including the Sex Pistols , Buzzcocks , the Clash , Black Flag , Misfits , and Green Day . Billie Joe Armstrong , singer for Green Day , explained his reasoning for listening to the band : " they had songs that just stuck in your head , just like a hammer they banged right into your brain . " The album also had a great impact on the English punk scene as well , with the bassist for Generation X , Tony James , saying that the album caused English bands to change their style . " When their album came out , " commented James , " all the English groups tripled speed overnight . Two @-@ minute @-@ long songs , very fast . " In another interview , James stated that " Everybody went up three gears the day they got that first Ramones album . Punk rock — that rama @-@ lama super fast stuff — is totally down to the Ramones . Bands were just playing in an MC5 groove until then . " In 1999 , Classic Albums by Collins GEM recognized Ramones as the start of English punk rock and called it the fastest and hardest music that could possibly be concocted , stating : " The songs within were a short , sharp exercise in vicious speed @-@ thrash , driven by ferocious guitars and yet halting in an instant . It was the simple pop dream taken to its minimalist extreme . " In 2012 the album was preserved by the National Recording Registry , deeming it " culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant . " = = = Cover versions and tributes = = = Each song on Ramones has been covered by various bands . Sonic Youth covered " Beat on the Brat " on their 1987 EP Master = Dik , and , in 1991 , German punk band Die Toten Hosen played " Blitzkrieg Bop " on their cover album Learning English , Lesson One . A tribute album titled Gabba Gabba Hey : A Tribute to the Ramones was released on August 30 , 1991 . It contained the songs " Now I Wanna Sniff Some Glue , " " 53rd & 3rd , " " I Do not Wanna Go Down To The Basement , " " Loudmouth , " and " Beat on the Brat . " Screeching Weasel released Ramones ( 1992 ) , which consisted of the band performing the entire album track list . 1998 's Blitzkrieg Over You ! : A Tribute to the Ramones featured a cover " Judy Is a Punk " in German , and in 2000 , both " Blitzkrieg Bop " and " Beat on the Brat " appeared on Dee Dee Ramone 's solo release Greatest & Latest . The compilation album Ramones Maniacs included Youth Gone Mad 's version of " Blitzkrieg Bop " ( featuring a guest appearance by Dee Dee Ramone ) and Yogurt 's rendition of " Beat on the Brat " . " Blitzkrieg Bop , " " Havana Affair , " " I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend , " and " Now I Wanna Sniff Some Glue " were all covered on The Song Ramones the Same . We 're a Happy Family : A Tribute to Ramones ( 2003 ) featured several of the album 's songs covered by bands like Red Hot Chili Peppers ( " Havana Affair " ) , Rob Zombie ( " Blitzkrieg Bop " ) , Metallica ( " 53rd & 3rd " ) , U2 ( " Beat on the Brat " ) , Pete Yorn ( " I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend " ) , and John Frusciante ( " Today Your Love , Tomorrow The World " ) . In 2006 , " Blitzkrieg Bop " was reworked into a children 's song on the album Brats on the Beat : Ramones for Kids . = = Track listing = = 2001 Expanded Edition CD = = Personnel = = Joey Ramone – lead vocals Johnny Ramone – lead guitar Dee Dee Ramone – bass guitar , backing vocals , co @-@ lead vocals in " 53rd & 3rd " Tommy Ramone – drums , associate producer Production Craig Leon – producer Greg Calbi – mastering Roberta Bayley – photography , cover photo Don Hunerberg – assistant engineer Rob Freeman – engineer Arturo Vega – photography , back cover = = Charts = = = = = Chart positions = = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Strobilomyces foveatus = Strobilomyces foveatus is a little @-@ known species of fungus in the Boletaceae family . It was first reported by mycologist E.J.H. Corner in 1972 , from specimens he collected in Malaysia in 1959 , and has since been found in Australia . Fruit bodies are characterized by the small dark brown to black conical scales covering the cap , and the net @-@ like pattern of ridges on the upper stem . The roughly spherical spores measure about eight micrometres , and are densely covered with slender conical spines . The edibility of this species is unknown . = = Taxonomy and classification = = Strobilomyces foveatus was first described scientifically by mycologist E.J.H. Corner in 1972 , from specimens collected in Sarawak , Malaysia in 1959 . It was one of several new Strobilomyces species he described in his monograph of Malaysian Boletaceae — the others were S. annulatus , S. mirandus , and S. mollis . The fungus is classified in the section Strobilomyces of the genus Strobilomyces . Species in this section are characterized by having spores that may be either smooth or with short spines or warts , ridges or reticulations . The ornamentation is reduced or absent in the suprahilar region ( a depressed area near the hilar appendage ) . The specific epithet foveatus is derived from the Latin adjective foveola , referring to a surface with pits or depressions . = = Description = = The caps of the fruit bodies are between 7 to 10 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 to 3 @.@ 9 in ) wide , with a convex shape . The cap surface is covered with dark brown to black erect scales between 1 @.@ 5 – 3 by 1 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 5 mm . The stem is up to 12 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) long ; it is 1 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 in ) thick at the top , and 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) thick at the bottom . The surface of the upper stem is strongly reticulate ( covered with a network @-@ like pattern ) with individual meshes about 2 – 4 mm wide and 1 – 2 mm deep . The pores on the underside of the cap are between 0 @.@ 5 – 1 mm wide , dirty white then gray , and they bruise a brownish @-@ black color . The tubes which make up the pores are up to 1 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 47 in ) long . The flesh is thick and initially white , but will stain a brownish @-@ black after exposure to the air . The spores are 8 – 10 by 6 @.@ 3 – 8 @.@ 3 μm , and densely covered with slender conical spines about 0 @.@ 5 μm tall . The abundant pleurocystidia ( large sterile cells found on gill faces ) are thin @-@ walled , measuring up to 90 μm long by 1 – 20 μm wide , and ventricose ( with a swelling on one side ) , with a narrow appendage up to 20 μm by 4 – 8 μm . The hyphae that make up the cap surface and the warts are branched , loosely interwoven , and sooty colored ; the unclamped cells typically measure 17 – 45 by 9 – 26 μm . The surface of the stem is made of a compact mat of hyphae roughly 120 μm thick , that reduces to a sterile hymenium in the upper part of the stem . Corner notes that the species " may be identical " with Strobilomyces echinatus Beeli , an African species with spores that measure 9 @.@ 5 – 13 by 6 @.@ 3 – 8 @.@ 3 μm . = = Habitat and distribution = = Corner collected specimens growing in humus on the forest floor , in Bako National Park ( 1 ° 43 ′ N 110 ° 28 ′ E ) in Sarawak , Malaysia , in northern Borneo . It has also been collected from southern Queensland in Australia . Although it is not known definitively for Strobilomyces foveatus , all Strobilomyces species are suspected to be mycorrhizal . = Spencer W. Kimball = Spencer Woolley Kimball ( March 28 , 1895 – November 5 , 1985 ) was an American business , civic , and religious leader , and was the twelfth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) . The grandson of early Latter Day Saint apostle Heber C. Kimball , Kimball was born in Salt Lake City , Utah Territory , but spent most of his early life in Thatcher , Arizona , where his father , Andrew Kimball , farmed and served as the area 's stake president . He served an LDS mission from 1914 to 1916 , then worked for various banks in Arizona 's Gila Valley as a clerk and bank teller . Kimball later co @-@ founded a business selling bonds and insurance which , after weathering the Great Depression , became highly successful . Kimball served as a stake president in his hometown from 1938 until 1943 , when he was called to serve as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles . Like most LDS Church apostles , Kimball traveled extensively to fulfill a wide variety of administrative and ecclesiastical duties . Early in his time as an apostle , Kimball was directed by church president George Albert Smith to spend extra time in religious and humanitarian work with Native Americans , which Kimball did throughout his life . In late 1973 , following the sudden death of church president Harold B. Lee , Kimball became the twelfth president of the LDS Church , a position he held until his death in 1985 . Kimball 's presidency was noted for the 1978 announcement ending the restriction on church members of black African descent being ordained to the priesthood or receiving temple ordinances . Kimball 's presidency saw large growth in the LDS Church , both in terms of membership and the number of temples . There was also a large increase in the number of full @-@ time LDS missionaries , as Kimball was the first church president to publicly state that the church expected all able @-@ bodied male members to serve missions in young adulthood . = = Ancestry = = Kimball 's paternal grandfather , Heber C. Kimball , was one of the original Latter Day Saint apostles called when Joseph Smith first organized the Quorum of the Twelve in February 1835 , and later served as first counselor to Brigham Young in the church 's First Presidency from 1847 until his death in 1868 . Kimball 's maternal grandfather , Edwin D. Woolley , was a prominent LDS bishop in Salt Lake City for many years . Through his aunt , Helen Mar Kimball , Kimball was a nephew of Joseph Smith . = = Early life ( 1895 – 1916 ) = = Spencer Woolley Kimball was born on March 28 , 1895 , in Salt Lake City , Utah Territory , to Andrew Kimball and Olive Woolley , sister of Mormon pioneer and eventual Mormon fundamentalist John W. Woolley . In 1898 , when Kimball was three years old , his father was called as president of the St. Joseph Arizona Stake , and his family relocated to the town of Thatcher in southeastern Arizona 's Graham County . During his childhood , Kimball experienced a number of medical problems , including typhoid fever and facial paralysis ( likely Bell 's palsy ) , and once nearly drowned . Four of his sisters died in childhood , and his mother died when he was eleven . Though short in stature — he stood only 5 ft 6 in ( 1 @.@ 68 m ) as an adult — Kimball was an avid basketball player , and was the star and leading scorer on most of his school and recreational teams . During summer holidays , he often worked at a dairy in Globe , Arizona , milking cows , cleaning stalls , and washing bottles for $ 50 to $ 60 per month , plus room and board . Kimball graduated from high school in May 1914 , and one week later was called to serve as a missionary in the Swiss – German Mission . However , less than two months later his mission call was halted by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and the subsequent outbreak of World War I. Kimball was reassigned to the Central States Mission and spent most of his mission in the towns and rural settlements of Missouri , finishing in 1916 . = = Marriage and early career ( 1917 – 25 ) = = Hoping to become a schoolteacher , Kimball spent one semester at the University of Arizona in the spring of 1917 , but received an army draft notice later that year . During this time he courted Camilla Eyring ( 1894 – 1987 ) , a schoolteacher at Gila Academy ( modern Eastern Arizona College ) , where Kimball had attended high school . They began dating in August 1917 and exchanged letters regularly after Kimball left for a semester at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) the next month . After only one month at BYU , however , Kimball was notified that his call into the army was imminent , and that he was to leave university and return to his hometown . He returned home to Arizona , but after several such notices Kimball 's army group was never actually called up for duty before World War I ended with the signing of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 . He and Eyring 's relationship deepened quickly , and by late October they had decided to marry . Because of their employment commitments and lack of money , the couple could not afford to travel to the nearest LDS temple ( in Utah ) , and thus were married in a civil ceremony in Camilla 's home in Pima , Arizona on November 16 , 1917 . Seven months later , the couple made the two @-@ day journey by train to Salt Lake City where they were sealed in the Salt Lake Temple on June 7 , 1918 . They eventually had four children : Spencer L. " Spence " ( 1918 – 2003 ) , Olive Beth " Bobby " ( b . 1922 ) , Andrew E. ( b . 1927 ) , and Edward L. " Ed " ( b . 1930 ) . In 1921 , Kimball began employment at the Thatcher branch of the Arizona Trust and Savings Bank , where he was eventually promoted to assistant cashier at $ 225 per month , a high salary at the time . The bank failed in 1923 in the aftermath of the Depression of 1920 – 21 , evaporating Kimball 's $ 3000 investments in bank stock and forcing him to take a lower @-@ paying job at another bank . In addition to regular employment , Kimball performed a variety of other local jobs to earn extra income for his wife and children , including playing the piano and singing at local events , stringing with Camilla for local newspapers , distributing for an herbal laxative company , and clerical work for local stores . Shortly after his marriage , Kimball 's father called him to serve as clerk for the St. Joseph Stake . In the 1920s , local stake clerks still performed the extensive record @-@ keeping and reporting duties that are now digitized and done centrally at the LDS Church 's headquarters in Salt Lake City ; consequently , the position of stake clerk was essentially a part @-@ time job , and those called to the position received a $ 50 per month salary . Kimball 's father died in 1924 , having served as president of the St. Joseph Stake for 26 years . LDS Church president Heber J. Grant came to reorganize the stake , and the 29 @-@ year @-@ old Kimball was called as 2nd counselor in the stake presidency . = = Career and stake presidency ( 1925 – 43 ) = = In 1925 , Kimball and Joseph W. Greenhalgh , a Latter @-@ day Saint businessman who served as a bishop in one of the local wards , began a small securities business making and purchasing loans from local businesses and individuals . By 1927 , the business became independent , and after investing $ 150 of his own money in the business , Kimball began running it full @-@ time in Safford , Arizona as the Kimball – Greenhalgh Agency , dealing in local insurance , real estate , debt collection , and bonds . The business suffered greatly during the Great Depression , and lost much of its capital between 1930 and 1933 . Through continued work and re @-@ investment of profits , it survived the Great Depression and became increasingly successful during the late 1930s and early 1940s . By 1943 , Kimball 's initial $ 150 investment in the agency was worth nearly $ 100 @,@ 000 . Kimball was actively involved in many civic organizations , including the Parent @-@ Teacher Association , city council , Red Cross , Boy Scouts , and was elected leader of the Arizona Rotary Club in 1936 . Kimball had achieved record success in organizing new Rotary Club chapters , such that the Arizona membership voted to pay for him and his wife to travel to the club 's 1936 international convention in Nice , France . They went by train to Chicago , then to Montreal , where their oldest son , Spencer L. , was serving as an LDS missionary . They then made the week @-@ long passage on an ocean liner to Le Havre , and from there visited Paris , Monte Carlo , Genoa , Rome , Pompeii , Florence , Venice , Vienna , the Swiss Alps , Belgium , the Netherlands , and London . In February 1938 , LDS apostle Melvin J. Ballard was sent to Thatcher to divide the growing St. Joseph Stake . The newly created Mount Graham Stake covered the eastern half of the old stake , and Kimball was called as its first stake president . Though smaller than the previous stake , the newly formed stake covered a large area that extended east as far as El Paso , Texas , and for Kimball and his two counselors to visit each ward ( LDS congregation ) in the stake required travelling a total of 1 @,@ 750 miles ( 2 @,@ 820 km ) . During the Mount Graham Stake 's semiannual stake conference in September 1941 , unusually heavy rains caused the Gila River to overflow its banks , flooding several of the towns in the stake and causing $ 100 @,@ 000 in damage to the farms and buildings of Latter @-@ day Saints in the area . As stake president , Kimball coordinated the LDS Church 's humanitarian response , which quickly mobilized funds , materials , and manpower to care for displaced residents and begin recovery . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , and the subsequent entry of the United States into World War II , a number of young men from the stake left to join the U.S. military . At one point , 250 men from the stake served in the war , and Kimball ensured that each received a copy of the monthly stake bulletin , and often wrote personal notes on each copy to the recipient . Kimball was widely known and respected in the community , and was constantly stopped on the streets of Safford by acquaintances and friends asking for his advice . After he was called to serve as stake president , non @-@ Mormon residents and travelers in Safford often asked Kimball to perform marriages for them . Kimball 's demanding schedule of managing the Kimball – Greenhalgh Agency , serving in civic organizations , and serving in LDS Church leadership positions , all while making time for his wife and children , took mental and physical tolls on his body . His journals from the 1930s and early 1940s often mention his exhaustion from days spent working 16 hours or more : " Am on a tension from 7 a.m. till 11 p.m. every single minute every day . I know I 'm working too hard but there seems no place to stop . " = = Called to Quorum of the Twelve ( 1943 ) = = The deaths of Sylvester Q. Cannon and Rudger Clawson created two vacancies in the LDS Church 's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in mid @-@ 1943 . On July 8 , 1943 , while having lunch at home , Kimball received a telephone call from J. Reuben Clark , then the first counselor to church president Heber J. Grant , notifying him that he had been called to fill one of the vacancies . Kimball was initially so shocked by the call that he asked Clark 's permission to ponder it for several days before coming to Salt Lake City to meet with him in person as part of a previously scheduled family trip . After the phone call , Kimball 's desire to accept the calling was overwhelmed by feelings of self @-@ doubt and incompetence . Camilla Kimball recounted that , although Kimball was not prone to tears , he afterward lay on the floor of their home and wept uncontrollably as she tried to comfort him . The following week , Kimball and his wife went as planned to Boulder , Colorado , to visit their oldest son , Spencer L. , and his family . Unable to sleep and having begun to fast , around midnight Kimball began climbing a nearby mountain to seek solace from the intense emotional struggle with his feelings of inadequacy and doubt . He later wrote of the experience , " How I prayed ! How I suffered ! How I wept ! How I struggled ! " After falling asleep on the mountain shortly after sunrise , Kimball recorded dreaming of his grandfather , Heber C. Kimball , and his life , and found that it had brought peace to his worries . He later wrote : " My tears were dry , my soul was at peace . A calm feeling of assurance came over me , doubt and questionings subdued ... and I felt nearer my Lord than ever at any time in my life . " Kimball traveled to Salt Lake City , where he met with David O. McKay , then second counselor to Grant . McKay assured Kimball of his call to the apostleship , and Kimball formally accepted . The news was released immediately , and Kimball was sustained by the LDS Church membership at the October 1943 general conference . He was ordained an apostle by Grant and added to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in the Salt Lake Temple on October 7 , 1943 . Grant had chosen Ezra Taft Benson to fill the other vacancy in the Quorum , and he and Kimball were ordained on the same day . Being four years older than Benson , Kimball was ordained first , which put him ahead of Benson in the Quorum 's seniority . = = Apostolic ministry ( 1943 – 73 ) = = In accordance with church requirements and tradition , the Kimballs immediately began the transition from Arizona to Salt Lake City upon Kimball 's call to be an apostle . Kimball sold his share in the Kimball – Greenhalgh Agency for $ 65 @,@ 000 , then sold their home and all their other property in Arizona . Kimball was particularly saddened to leave his local Rotary Club chapter and the other professional associations he had worked with ; Camilla worried about leaving her elderly parents in Arizona and relocating their second son , Andrew , who had just been elected senior class president at Safford High School . = = = World War II = = = Kimball 's first years as an apostle were dominated by World War II . Kimball often encouraged American church members to purchase war bonds to support the war effort , which they would then be able to cash out after the war and use the accumulated interest to send the returned soldiers on their LDS missions . Kimball lamented the global destruction of World War II , once writing in his journal : " How outraged the Lord must feel to see His children fighting down here like wild beasts . " As the keynote speaker at BYU 's 1944 baccalaureate service , Kimball publicly criticized members of Allied nations for concentrating on " the tyranny and shackles of [ other ] nations and at the same time [ remaining ] in bondage individually to sin " . As World War II neared its conclusion , Kimball and other LDS Church leaders constantly responded to the needs of the friends and families of LDS war casualties . Kimball 's eldest son Spence was nearly killed in 1945 while serving aboard the aircraft carrier USS Franklin when bombs dropped from Japanese airplanes damaged the ship and ignited its tanks of aviation fuel . In an attempt to give comfort to families of those killed in combat , Kimball drafted a well @-@ known letter in which he wrote that sin , not premature death , was the only true tragedy in life . Kimball compared the death of young servicemen to the early death of Jesus Christ , stating that although such death is heartbreaking , from an eternal perspective God 's all @-@ knowing purposes would be seen in their circumstances . = = = Native Americans = = = In May 1945 , shortly after becoming church president , George Albert Smith instructed Kimball : " I want you to look after the Indians — they are neglected . Take charge and watch after the Indians in all the world . " Kimball saw the assignment as fulfillment of a prophecy given in the patriarchal blessing he received as an eight @-@ year @-@ old in 1903 , which had stated that Kimball would " preach the Gospel to many people , but more especially to the Lamanites " , a term which describes a people in the Book of Mormon whom Latter @-@ day Saints believe to be among the ancestors of modern Native Americans . In October 1946 , Kimball and several other general authorities toured the Navajo Nation in an effort to improve relations between the LDS Church and the Navajo people . Kimball was dismayed at the abject poverty among the Navajo and empathized with their distrust of the U.S. government . At that time , the average Navajo person ate no more than 1 @,@ 200 calories ( 5 @,@ 000 kJ ) a day , and a single dentist served the entire population of 55 @,@ 000 . Though the government @-@ appointed Navajo Nation covered 175 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 710 @,@ 000 km2 ) , only 0 @.@ 01 percent of that area was arable . Kimball encouraged local LDS Church leaders to care for the Navajo people , and in 1947 made a breakthrough : Golden Buchanan , an LDS leader in Sevier County , Utah , heard of a 17 @-@ year @-@ old Navajo girl working on a sugar beet farm who was desperate to stay in Utah and attend school . Buchanan wrote Kimball with an idea for the children of Navajo families to live with local LDS families so they could receive proper nutrition and receive educations . Kimball supported the idea , and asked Buchanan if his family would be willing to take the Navajo girl , Helen John , as a foster daughter to begin the program . Buchanan 's family agreed , and the LDS Church 's Indian Placement Program began . By 1954 , the program had 68 students , and by 1969 had nearly 5 @,@ 000 students placed with LDS families throughout the western United States and Canada . Kimball was particularly distressed by the racism against Native Americans still widespread among white church members in the 1940s and 1950s . At the LDS Church 's April 1954 general conference , Kimball openly denounced the prevalent prejudices against non @-@ whites , comparing such church members to the Pharisees who mistreated Jesus Christ and the priest and Levite from the parable of the Good Samaritan . Kimball subsequently repeated his warning at a BYU campus devotional , stating that there were " too many Pharisees among the white [ students and faculty ] ... too many Levites who pull their robes about them and pass by with disdain " . = = = Individual counseling = = = When not touring missions or presiding over weekend stake conferences , Kimball spent weekdays answering correspondence at his home or working in his office at LDS Church headquarters in Salt Lake City . Kimball was noted among the apostles for his willingness to meet with church members struggling with serious personal problems , particularly married couples considering divorce or individuals wishing to confess serious violations of the LDS Church 's law of chastity , which prohibits sexual relations outside of marriage . During his time as an apostle , Kimball met with thousands of church members and full @-@ time missionaries who for various reasons felt their own local church leaders could not help them . Kimball " had no patience for sin [ but ] almost infinite patience for sinners " , and often spent long hours with individuals in greatest distress . In 1959 , Kimball and fellow apostle Mark E. Petersen were assigned to counsel church members dealing with homosexuality , which Kimball believed could , " like all other problems " , be overcome through " consistent prayerful exercise of self @-@ restraint " . Kimball 's experiences impelled his writing of The Miracle of Forgiveness , first published in 1969 , which dealt frankly with the serious nature of church standards on sexual morality and counseled church members on avoidance , and repentance , of such problems . = = Health challenges = = Beginning in 1932 , Kimball began suffering from boils and infectious sores , which plagued him until the advent of antibacterial medicines such as sulfa drugs and penicillin during World War II . In May 1948 , while holding church meetings throughout Navajo and Apache communities in Arizona , Kimball suffered severe chest pain from a myocardial infarction ( " heart attack " ) after spending an afternoon struggling to lift an automobile out of deep sand . Kimball was physically sluggish throughout the rest of the trip , and upon returning to Salt Lake City and undergoing an electrocardiogram , his physician prescribed one month of rest from his church duties . Kimball was only 53 years old and had considered himself to be generally healthy and fit , and persuaded his physician not to tell the other apostles or the First Presidency . However , on his next assignment in Rigby , Idaho , Kimball again experienced chest pains , which escalated into another heart attack several days after his return . During his early episodes , Kimball passed the time by discussing his wishes regarding the family 's finances and investments with Camilla in the event he did not survive the infarctions . After receiving a priesthood blessing from church president George Albert Smith , Kimball spent two months on bed rest followed by two weeks resting on the Navajo Nation , and at his physician 's urging spent several additional weeks recuperating with his wife near the seashore in Long Beach , California . A cardiologist Kimball visited in California believed that his heart had been weakened by an undiagnosed case of rheumatic fever during childhood , and instructed Kimball to avoid overwork and gaining unnecessary weight . Kimball 's chest pains recurred occasionally throughout the next several years , particularly in times of greatest stress or fatigue . In early 1950 , Kimball , who had never smoked or used tobacco , began experiencing persistent hoarseness and , after a physical examination , underwent a biopsy of a white spot in his throat . The biopsy caused some brief voice impairment , and indicated that Kimball had a throat infection but not cancer . In late 1956 , Kimball 's hoarseness returned , coupled with occasional bleeding in the back of his throat . Kimball 's physician sent him to New York City to meet with Dr. Hayes Martin ( 1892 – 1977 ) , an expert on cancers of the head and neck . Martin performed another biopsy , which indicated " borderline malignancy " , and in early 1957 Martin recommended immediate surgery . Kimball had neglected to seek approval from church president David O. McKay regarding his 1957 biopsy , a procedure which in the 1950s could itself cause permanent vocal damage . He felt that as an apostle he should have sought McKay 's approval before undergoing surgical procedures which could render him incapable of fulfilling apostolic duties . McKay stated that he believed Kimball could still serve as an apostle even if he underwent a complete laryngectomy , and advised him to go forward with the procedure . Martin subsequently surgically removed one of Kimball 's vocal cords and half of the other , leaving him barely able to speak above a hoarse whisper . After several weeks of enforced silence , Kimball slowly recovered , and by November 1957 was allowed by his physician to resume speaking in public . Kimball 's voice remained raspy throughout the rest of his life , and he usually wore an ear @-@ mounted microphone to help magnify his voice , even when speaking at normal microphone @-@ equipped pulpits . In 1972 , at age 76 , Kimball began experiencing difficulty breathing , excessive fatigue , and sleeplessness . Medical examinations discovered serious aortic calcification and some coronary artery disease . At the same time , Kimball had experienced a recurrence of his earlier throat cancer , and his heart surgery was postponed for him to undergo radiation therapy on his throat , which was successful . Immediately following the conclusion of the LDS Church 's April 1972 general conference , Kimball and Camilla each received a priesthood blessing in the Salt Lake Temple from the entire First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles . On April 12 , 1972 , Kimball underwent a 4 @.@ 5 @-@ hour open @-@ heart surgery performed by cardiothoracic surgeon ( and future LDS Church apostle ) Russell M. Nelson . The surgery was successful , and Kimball spent the next several months recovering . = = Church presidency ( 1973 – 85 ) = = Given Kimball 's history of health problems , few people — including Kimball himself — anticipated him living long enough to become president of the LDS Church . However , on December 23 , 1973 , Harold B. Lee , who was four years younger than Kimball and had historically been in much better health , unexpectedly died , leaving Kimball as the most senior apostle and thus the presumptive new church president . Kimball was ordained church president on December 30 , 1973 , the day after Lee 's funeral , choosing N. Eldon Tanner and Marion G. Romney as his first and second counselors . Boyd K. Packer recalled shortly afterward discovering Kimball sitting alone in the church president 's office quietly weeping , saying : " I am such a little man for such a big responsibility ! " = = = Missionary work = = = Prior to the church 's general conference in April 1974 , Kimball delivered a landmark address to the general authorities on his vision of missionary work growing globally into the 21st century . In the address , Kimball envisioned the LDS Church moving beyond sending American missionaries to other nations to where those nations would be able to furnish enough missionaries for their own countries with extras to send to India , China , and the Soviet Union , all large nations where the LDS Church was then unable to proselytize . Kimball challenged the attendees to " lengthen your stride " , a phrase which was later used to define Kimball 's presidency . Many in attendance recorded being spiritually awestruck by Kimball 's address . One wrote : " It was as if , spiritually speaking , our hair began to stand on end .... We realized that President Kimball was opening spiritual windows and beckoning us to come and gaze with him on the plans of eternity . " Kimball was the earliest church president to clearly state that all able @-@ bodied LDS young men should serve a full @-@ time mission . When Kimball became president in 1974 , the LDS Church had 17 @,@ 000 full @-@ time missionaries , and within several years had 25 @,@ 000 . Between 1976 and 1978 , the church built and dedicated its Missionary Training Center in Provo , Utah , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of BYU , where new missionaries go to receiving training in scripture , teaching methods , and , if necessary , a new language . = = = 1978 revelation on priesthood = = = Beginning in the late 1840s , individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church 's priesthood — normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual " worthiness " — and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage ( sealing ) . The origins of the policy are still unclear : during the 20th century , most church members and leaders believed the policy had originated during founding prophet Joseph Smith 's time , but church research in the 1960s and 1970s found no evidence of the prohibition before the presidency of Brigham Young . LDS Church presidents Heber J. Grant and David O. McKay are known to have privately stated that the restriction was a temporary one , and would be lifted at a future date by a divine revelation to a church president . In the years prior to his presidency , Kimball kept a binder of notes and clippings related to the issue . In the first years of his presidency , he was recorded as frequently making the issue one of investigation and prayer . In June 1977 , Kimball asked at least three general authorities — apostles Bruce R. McConkie , Thomas S. Monson , and Boyd K. Packer — to submit memos " on the doctrinal basis of the prohibition and how a change might affect the Church " , to which McConkie wrote a long treatise concluding there were no scriptural impediments to a change . During 1977 , Kimball obtained a personal key to the Salt Lake Temple for entering in the evenings after the temple closed , and often spent hours alone in its upper rooms praying for divine guidance on a possible change . On May 30 , 1978 , Kimball presented his two counselors with a statement he had written in longhand removing all racial restrictions on ordination to the priesthood , stating that he " had a good , warm feeling about it . " On June 1 , 1978 , following the monthly meeting of general authorities in the Salt Lake Temple , Kimball asked his counselors and the ten members of Quorum of the Twelve Apostles then present to remain behind for a special meeting . Kimball began by describing his studies , thoughts , and prayers on removing the restriction and on his growing assurance that the time had come for the change . Kimball asked each of the men present to share their views , and all spoke in favor of changing the policy . After all present had shared their views , Kimball led the gathered apostles in a prayer circle to seek final divine approval for the change . As Kimball prayed , many in the group recorded feeling a powerful spiritual confirmation . Bruce R. McConkie later said : " There are no words to describe the sensation , but simultaneously the Twelve and the three members of the First Presidency had the Holy Ghost descend upon them and they knew that God had manifested his will .... I had had some remarkable spiritual experiences before ... but nothing of this magnitude . " L. Tom Perry described : " I felt something like the rushing of wind . There was a feeling that came over the whole group . When President Kimball got up he was visibly relieved and overjoyed . " Gordon B. Hinckley later said : " For me , it felt as if a conduit opened between the heavenly throne and the kneeling , pleading prophet of God who was joined by his Brethren . " The church formally announced the change on June 9 , 1978 . The story led many national news broadcasts and was on the front page of most American newspapers , and in most largely Latter @-@ day Saint communities in Utah and Idaho telephone networks were completely jammed with excited callers . The announcement was formally approved by the church at the October 1978 general conference , and is included in LDS Church 's edition of the Doctrine and Covenants as Official Declaration 2 . = = = Equal Rights Amendment = = = In 1972 , the U.S. Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment ( ERA ) , which introduced an amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteeing that equal rights could not be denied by the federal government or any U.S. state on the basis of gender . Upon becoming church president in late 1973 , Kimball initially indicated to media outlets that the LDS Church had no official stand on the amendment and made no comment on it . In July 1974 , Belle S. Spafford , the general president of the Relief Society — the LDS Church 's women 's organization and one of the oldest and largest women 's organizations in the world — gave a public talk in New York City in which she expressed her view that the amendment 's objectives would be better achieved through legislation , not the constitutional amendment , which she feared was too broad and vague . Her successor , Barbara B. Smith , echoed these sentiments later that year in a talk at the church 's Institute of Religion at the University of Utah , which was followed by a supporting editorial in the LDS Church News . The two women 's comments , combined with the Church News editorial , greatly increased opposition to the ERA among the Utah populace , and when the Utah State Legislature voted on its ratification in February 1975 it was defeated by a wide margin . Kimball and his counselors in the First Presidency did not release a formal statement on the ERA until October 1976 , when the amendment was only four states away from passing . The statement indicated that the First Presidency recognized and " deplore [ d ] " the legal injustices women had suffered throughout history , but warned that the amendment would not help women and " ... could indeed bring them far more restraints and repression . " In August 1978 , the First Presidency issued a second statement elaborating on the first , in which Kimball and his counselors stated that the ERA 's " deceptively simple language ... [ constitutes ] encouragement of those who seek a unisex society , [ and ] an increase in the practice of homosexual and lesbian activities . " Contemporary media coverage of the church 's opposition to the ERA was frequently negative . At the October 1980 General Conference , about 30 picketers marched outside the Salt Lake Tabernacle , and when Kimball was presented to the congregation during the customary sustaining of church officers , three women stood and shouted " No	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
! ERA policy , no ! " At the dedication of the church 's new temple in Seattle , Washington , in November 1980 , several dozen protesters again demonstrated . Minor protests and pickets continued across the United States at major church events until June 1982 , when the ratification period expired without the amendment reaching the three @-@ fourths threshold needed for ratification . = = = Physical decline and death = = = On March 28 , 1975 , his 80th birthday , Kimball said : " I can 't believe that I am eighty years old .... I don 't feel eighty , and I don 't think in those terms . " However , Kimball suffered from a myriad of mostly minor health issues ranging from blurred vision to osteoarthritis in his spine . In July 1979 , Kimball suffered a series of three minor strokes , theorized to have been caused by small nylon fibers shed by his artificial heart valve , which briefly incapacitated him but had little lasting effect . In September 1979 , Kimball suddenly experienced loss of strength throughout his entire body without affecting his mental clarity . A CAT scan indicated Kimball had developed a subdural hematoma , though its cause was never pinpointed . A neurosurgeon quickly drilled a small hole in Kimball 's skull , just above his right ear , from which nearly one cup ( 235 mL ) of blood and fluid drained out . Kimball left the hospital 12 days after his operation , and insisted on participating in the October 1979 general conference . In November 1979 , Kimball underwent a similar operation on another less severe hematoma . In the summer of 1981 , Kimball 's health began to decline rapidly . He began suffering from bouts of confusion and difficulty speaking . Realizing his deteriorating capacity and the poor health of his two counselors in the church 's First Presidency , Kimball called Gordon B. Hinckley as an additional counselor to assist in the church 's daily administration . Shortly following Hinckley 's selection , Kimball developed a third subdural hematoma of greater seriousness than the previous two . The subsequent surgery left Kimball with intermittent difficulty in speaking and activity , and further damaged his vision and hearing . By 1982 , Kimball was rarely well enough to appear in public , and his leadership as church president was largely limited to giving final approval or denial to more important church matters brought to him by Hinckley . At the Sunday afternoon session of the church 's April 1982 general conference , Kimball unexpectedly took the pulpit to deliver a short closing message , which proved to be his final public address . My beloved brothers and sisters , this is a great experience for me . I have waited for this day and hoped for it and believed for it . I have a great love for the people of this Church , and gratitude for the love expressed by them and by all the people of these valleys . So as I express that love for you and for the memory of the great experiences I ’ ve had with you , I bear my testimony : this work is divine , the Lord is at the helm , the Church is true , and all is well . God bless you , brothers and sisters , I pray in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ , amen . Over subsequent years , Kimball would occasionally attend meetings in the Salt Lake Temple and was able to give assent or direction on matters of significance , such as the calling of Russell M. Nelson and Dallin H. Oaks to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1984 , but was otherwise mostly incapacitated . Kimball was mentally alert for his 90th birthday on March 28 , 1985 , and attended that week 's meeting of the First Presidency and the Twelve Apostles in the Salt Lake Temple . In November 1985 , Kimball suffered a recurrence of a previous bleeding peptic ulcer , and his family decided not to take surgical action . Kimball died shortly after 10 : 00 pm on November 5 , 1985 , at age 90 . One of Kimball 's final utterances , which he repeated several times in the days before his death , was : " My life is at an end now . She 's so happy , oh so very happy . " When asked whom he meant by " she " , Kimball indicated he meant his mother , Olive Woolley Kimball , who had died in 1906 when Kimball was eleven years old . Kimball 's teachings as an apostle were the 2007 course of study in the LDS Church 's Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes . = = Works = = Kimball , Spencer W. ( 1969 ) . The Miracle of Forgiveness . Bookcraft , Inc . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 88494 @-@ 192 @-@ 7 . — — — ( 1972 ) . Faith Precedes the Miracle : Based on Discourses of Spencer W. Kimball . Deseret Book Company . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 87747 @-@ 490 @-@ 6 . — — — ( 1975 ) . One Silent Sleepless Night . — — — ( 1981 ) . President Kimball Speaks Out . Deseret Book Company . — — — ( 1987 ) . Proclaiming the Gospel : President Kimball Speaks on Missionary Work . Bookcraft , Inc . — — — ( 1982 ) . Edward L. Kimball , ed . The Teachings of Spencer W. Kimball . Bookcraft , Inc . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 57008 @-@ 938 @-@ 1 . — — — ( 2006 ) . Teachings of Presidents of the Church : Spencer W. Kimball . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints . [ 1 ] = Hurricane Gert ( 1993 ) = Hurricane Gert was a large tropical cyclone that caused extensive flood damage throughout Central America and Mexico in September 1993 . The seventh named storm and third hurricane of the annual hurricane season , Gert originated as a tropical depression from a tropical wave over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on September 14 . The following day , the cyclone briefly attained tropical storm strength before moving ashore in Nicaragua and proceeding through Honduras . It reorganized into a tropical storm over the Gulf of Honduras on September 17 , but weakened back to a depression upon crossing the Yucatán Peninsula . Once over the warm waters of the Bay of Campeche , Gert quickly strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane on September 20 . The hurricane made a final landfall on the Gulf Coast of Mexico near Tuxpan , Veracruz , with peak winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) . The rugged terrain quickly disrupted the cyclone 's structure , and Gert entered the Pacific Ocean as a depression near the state of Nayarit on September 21 . There , it briefly redeveloped a few strong thunderstorms before dissipating at sea five days later . Gert 's broad wind circulation produced widespread heavy rainfall across Central America through September 15 – 17 . Combined with saturated soil from Tropical Storm Bret 's passage a month earlier , the rain triggered flooding and mudslides in numerous communities . In Costa Rica , the storm destroyed a national park and had a significant impact on the agricultural and tourism sectors . Much of the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua and Honduras was affected , and many cities , villages , and crops in those countries were under water . Although Gert 's highest winds occurred upon landfall in Mexico , the worst effects in the country were due to extreme rainfall across the Huasteca region , where as many as 31 @.@ 41 inches ( 798 mm ) of rain were recorded . Following the overflow of several major rivers , catastrophic flooding submerged extensive areas surrounding the Pánuco basin . Tens of thousands were forced to evacuate , and scores of structures were demolished in what was described as the region 's worst disaster in 40 years . In the wake of the hurricane , the road networks across the affected countries were severely disrupted , hampering relief efforts in many regions . Government and emergency officials opened shelters and distributed food for the thousands that had lost their homes or sources of income . Throughout Central America and Mexico , 116 people were killed and 16 were left missing , while private property , infrastructure , and farmland were left in ruins , leading to over $ 170 million ( 1993 USD ) in losses . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical wave — an area of low pressure oriented north to south — moved off the African coast well south of Dakar on September 5 , 1993 , and tracked rapidly westward across the tropical Atlantic . Positioned at a relatively low latitude , the wave interacted with the Intertropical Convergence Zone , allowing for the enhancement of convection in its vicinity . It developed a weak low @-@ pressure center at sea level , which passed directly over Trinidad on September 11 . The majority of the system subsequently moved inland along the northern coast of South America , although it maintained its identity and emerged over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on September 13 . Owing to favorable tropospheric conditions aloft , the system began showing signs of development as the deep convection organized into well @-@ defined curved rainbands . Based on the increase in organization and the presence of a surface circulation , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) classified it as a tropical depression at 1800 UTC on September 14 , about 105 miles ( 165 km ) north of the northern coast of Panama . The depression retained a large circulation during its formative stages , indicated by both satellite observations and data from rawinsondes in the region . Its cloud pattern continued to coalesce , and the NHC upgraded it to Tropical Storm Gert at 0900 UTC on September 15 . After tracking west @-@ northwestward , the center of the storm moved ashore near Bluefields , Nicaragua , around 1800 UTC that day , with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . An interaction with land impeded further development , and Gert weakened back to a tropical depression six hours later . Despite the center being inland for nearly two days , a large part of the circulation stayed over the adjacent Caribbean and Pacific waters . This allowed Gert to remain a tropical cyclone while trekking northwestward through Nicaragua and Honduras , defying the NHC 's repeated forecasts of its dissipation over land . The cyclone moved into the Gulf of Honduras on September 17 , restrengthening into a tropical storm soon thereafter . That same day , a mid- to upper @-@ level trough over the eastern Gulf of Mexico caused the storm to turn to the north @-@ northwest . Gert 's duration over water was short lived ; the storm moved back inland near Belize City the next day , granting it minimal opportunity for additional strengthening . Once inland , Gert began to feel the effects of a high @-@ pressure ridge to its northwest , causing the storm to again turn west @-@ northwest . After crossing the Yucatán Peninsula and decreasing in organization , it entered the Bay of Campeche offshore Champotón , Campeche , as a tropical depression late on September 18 . Gert restrengthened over open waters , as light wind shear allowed its deep convection to consolidate ; by 0600 UTC the next day , the cyclone once again became a tropical storm . On September 20 , data from a United States Air Force aircraft indicated that the storm had further strengthened into a hurricane with winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . Gert veered toward the west and slowed slightly owing to a shortwave trough to its north , giving it more time to organize over water . The cyclone attained its peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson scale , with winds of 100 mph ( 165 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of 970 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 64 inHg ) . Around 2100 UTC on September 20 , Gert made a final landfall at peak intensity on the coast of Mexico , just north of Tuxpan , Veracruz . Inland , the hurricane accelerated and weakened rapidly over the mountainous region of the Sierra Madre Oriental , diminishing to a tropical depression by September 21 . Despite the degeneration , the large circulation remained intact as it crossed the country . Gert exited the coast of Nayarit and entered the Pacific Ocean later that day , where the NHC reclassified it as Tropical Depression Fourteen @-@ E. The remaining deep convection waxed and waned in intensity ; satellite observations indicated the depression could have briefly been a tropical storm on September 22 . It continued a west to west @-@ northwestward motion for two days , though low @-@ level flow steered it toward the southwest after the convection diminished . There was no redevelopment due to cool sea temperatures , and the system dissipated at sea on September 26 . = = Preparations = = After confirming the development of a tropical depression , authorities in Costa Rica issued a green alert for coastal regions on September 14 . The following day , a tropical storm warning was issued for the Atlantic coast of the country . National television and radio stations broadcast warning messages to the public , and emergency crews were dispatched in case conditions were to warrant intervention . This helped with the effective and timely clearing of hospitals , as well as the evacuation of residents in high @-@ risk zones . A tropical storm warning was posted for the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua on September 15 , extending south from Puerto Cabezas to the adjacent islands . In Honduras , early storm warnings allowed several hundred residents to evacuate well ahead of Gert 's arrival . Once it became evident that the storm would strike the Yucatán Peninsula , coastal areas from Belize northward to Cozumel , Mexico were placed under a tropical storm warning on September 17 until Gert 's landfall the next day . While Gert was still located over the peninsula , the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch for the Gulf Coast from the city of Veracruz northward to Soto la Marina , Tamaulipas . By September 18 , it had been upgraded to a tropical storm warning and extended southward to Minatitlán , although the initial watch area was placed under a hurricane watch after Gert showed signs of strengthening . The next day , the tropical storm watch from Soto La Marina to Nautla was upgraded to a hurricane warning as it became clearer where Gert would make landfall . Prior to impact , several ports along the Gulf Coast halted their operations , and people living in risk zones were evacuated . All warnings and watches were discontinued after the hurricane moved inland . = = Impact = = Gert was a large tropical cyclone for most of its lifespan ; it always remained close enough to the coast to restrengthen and redevelop strong thunderstorms . In consequence , the storm produced heavy rainfall over a large area , causing extensive flooding and mudslides from Central America to Mexico . The disaster resulted in at least 116 deaths and 16 missing persons ; damage to roads , property , crops and vegetation surmounted $ 170 million . = = = Costa Rica = = = Although Gert 's center remained off the coast of Costa Rica , its large circulation produced brisk winds and heavy rainfall across the country . A local weather station recorded 13 @.@ 1 inches ( 332 mm ) of rain during the storm . Geologically , the hardest @-@ hit regions consisted of sedimentary layers with poor hydraulic conductivity and were therefore prone to soil saturation . The initial rainfall rose the levels of many rivers , exacerbating the flood threat . The imminent overflow of the Tempisque River prompted wide @-@ scale evacuations , though the river crested gradually without major consequence . After hours of prolonged rainfall , many Pacific regions such as Quepos , Pérez Zeledón , and Osa experienced flooding and landslides , which inflicted moderate damage to roads and bridges . The floods ruined about 500 acres ( 2 @.@ 0 km2 ) of banana crop and damaged oil palm plantations . Small @-@ scale farmers of reed , maize , beans , and rice were also affected . The storm disrupted local fishing and wrecked several small boats in Quepos . High winds brought great destruction to about 65 percent of the vegetation in the Manuel Antonio National Park , vastly impacting the tourism @-@ driven economy of Quepos . Gert left moderate property damage in its wake ; it destroyed 27 homes and otherwise damaged 659 , mostly because of flooding . Overall losses totaled $ 3 @.@ 1 million , of which $ 1 @.@ 7 million was due to the impaired infrastructure . Roughly 1 @,@ 000 people sought shelter during the storm . Owing to the timely preparations in the country , only one cardiac arrest fatality was attributable to Gert when a landslide buried a home . = = = Nicaragua = = = Moving ashore in Nicaragua a month after Tropical Storm Bret 's passage , Gert caused excessive rainfall over already saturated regions . Despite striking the Atlantic coast , the storm produced the largest amounts of precipitation over northern and Pacific coastal areas . A maximum of 17 @.@ 8 in ( 452 mm ) fell at Corinto ; other significant totals include 17 @.@ 6 in ( 447 mm ) at Chinandega and 17 @.@ 5 in ( 444 mm ) at León . The capital of Managua recorded 9 @.@ 8 in ( 249 mm ) of rain during the event . Sustained winds from the storm reached no more than 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) upon landfall near Bluefields , though they downed trees and power lines and generated high waves of up to 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) offshore . After weakening to a depression inland , Gert continued to produce moderate gales along its path through the country . Off the coast near Big Corn Island , rough surf and winds destroyed nine fishing boats . Two canoes with an unknown number of occupants disappeared at sea . Gert produced significant coastal flooding on moving ashore near Bluefields and Tasbapauni , prompting about 1 @,@ 000 residents and hundreds of indigenous Miskito villagers to evacuate . Farther inland , prolonged heavy rain caused numerous rivers to overflow , which in turn led to disastrous freshwater flooding . A river near Rama rose to 32 ft ( 10 m ) above its normal stage , displacing 3 @,@ 900 people and leaving about 80 percent of the town submerged . Several communities in the Rivas Department were inundated by discharge from a river near the city of Rivas , while Cárdenas , a coastal community along the border with Costa Rica , endured several days of heavy rain . Throughout the Boaco Department , similar flooding killed five people and affected 6 @,@ 000 others . Landslides moved onto bridges and roads , disrupting local transportation . Gert destroyed at least 252 houses and damaged another 293 across 14 of the country 's departments . Moreover , the storm was responsible for considerable infrastructural damage and economic losses . As many as 123 @,@ 000 people were affected throughout Nicaragua , and there were 37 confirmed fatalities . Since flooding from Tropical Storm Bret had occurred just one month earlier , an exclusive damage estimate for Gert is unavailable . The two storms inflicted a combined $ 10 @.@ 7 million in losses , primarily to private property . = = = Honduras = = = Although it had weakened to a depression , Gert continued to drop significant rainfall while crossing Honduras . In Tegucigalpa , at least 6 @.@ 77 in ( 172 mm ) of rain were recorded . Destructive floods swept through 13 of the country 's 18 departments , including much of northern Honduras and the Mosquitia Region , which had already suffered losses from Tropical Storm Bret in the previous month . The additional flooding from Gert affected 24 @,@ 000 people in the region and made communication with surrounding areas nearly impossible . Elsewhere , the rain filled several major rivers , including the Ulúa ; rivers across Sula Valley in particular had their banks destroyed , flooding much of San Pedro Sula — the country 's second @-@ largest city — and adjacent municipalities in the Cortés Department . The rising water prompted many residents to evacuate , and the Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport halted all of its operations . The storm devastated Puerto Cortés , one of the most important port cities in Central America . Elsewhere in the Cortés Department , a river in Choloma overflowed and triggered widespread flooding ; landslides in that area claimed the lives of six people . The country 's agriculture was devastated , losing about 5 @,@ 700 acres ( 23 km2 ) of low @-@ lying farmland with banana , sugar , and citrus crops . In all , Gert wrought $ 10 million worth of damage to roads , bridges , and property . The disaster affected 67 @,@ 447 people , of which roughly 60 percent had to evacuate their homes . In its final public statement , the government of Honduras confirmed 27 deaths , though 12 missing persons remain unaccounted for . = = = Elsewhere in Central America = = = While passing through Central America , Gert generated an increase in cloudiness and showers across El Salvador , with a maximum 15 @.@ 35 in ( 390 mm ) of rain recorded . Strong winds uprooted trees or snapped their limbs , damaging power lines and knocking out power . In one community , mudslides destroyed a major highway . The Río Grande de San Miguel caused an excessive discharge of water just southwest of Usulután , washing out about 2 @,@ 500 acres ( 10 km2 ) of crops from adjacent plantations . Several other areas faced significant losses from the flooding , including San Marcos and San Vicente ; some property and road damage occurred in San Miguel . Although fishing operations were suspended at the height the storm , four Salvadorean fishermen disappeared at sea . Overall , Gert affected nearly 8 @,@ 000 residents and destroyed twelve homes in El Salvador ; officials there confirmed five drowning deaths related to the storm . In Guatemala , torrential rains from Gert affected approximately 20 @,@ 000 people and killed one girl . The agricultural sector in the country suffered substantial losses from the flooding , though there were no specific reports of material damage . Gert moved ashore near Belize City as a minimal tropical storm , dropping rainfall in coastal areas . Just offshore , a weather station on Hunting Caye recorded 9 @.@ 5 in ( 241 mm ) during the event . Despite the rain , only minor flooding occurred in Belize City . = = = Mexico = = = While crossing the Yucatán Peninsula , Gert dropped considerable rainfall in Quintana Roo ; a 24 @-@ hour accumulation of 7 @.@ 4 in ( 188 mm ) was recorded at Chetumal , although higher localized totals of around 15 in ( 380 mm ) fell elsewhere in the state . Gusty winds briefly buffeted the coast during the storm 's landfall , with a maximum wind speed of 44 mph ( 70 km / h ) recorded in Chetumal . Its effects were limited to localized floods , however , which cut off one road to traffic and forced the inhabitants from low @-@ lying areas in Chetumal and Felipe Carrillo Puerto to evacuate to higher ground . Scattered showers also caused light flooding in parts of the state of Campeche , including Ciudad del Carmen . Upon Gert 's final landfall , high gales and waves battered wide stretches of coastline in the states of Tamaulipas and Veracruz , though hurricane @-@ force winds were largely confined to areas within the cyclone 's southern eyewall . Tuxpan , just south of where the eye moved ashore , recorded wind velocities of more than 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , while 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) gusts occurred farther south in Poza Rica . To the north , winds reached 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) in Tampico , Tamaulipas . Despite the severity of the winds , the worst of Gert was due to orographic lift when its broad circulation interacted with the eastern side of the Sierra Madre Oriental , generating extreme precipitation over much of the Huasteca region . As many as 31 @.@ 41 in ( 798 mm ) of rain were recorded in Aquismón , San Luis Potosí , while Tempoal in Veracruz observed a 24 @-@ hour total of 13 @.@ 35 in ( 339 mm ) from the storm . The first signs of damage were from high winds on September 20 , which uprooted trees and tore off residential roofs in Tuxpan , Naranjos , Cerro Azul , and Poza Rica . Following Gert 's extreme rains , catastrophic flooding struck Mexico 's Huasteca region over a period of several days as many of its rivers rose to critical levels . Initially , in Veracruz , the imminent overflow of the Tempoal , Moctezuma , and Calabozo rivers forced thousands of residents from the municipalities of Tempoal , El Higo , and Platón Sánchez to leave their homes . The Calabozo River eventually topped its banks , cutting the village of Platón Sánchez off from the outside world . By far the most devastating , however , was the overflow of the Pánuco River on September 24 , which runs from the Valley of Mexico through the municipality of Pánuco and empties in the gulf . Rushing water swept through 30 of Veracruz 's 212 municipalities , completely submerging more than 5 @,@ 000 homes . El Higo bore the brunt of the flooding , with 90 percent of its residential area under water . After days of continued downpours in Gert 's wake , the Pánuco River rose to 27 @.@ 60 ft ( 8 @.@ 72 m ) above normal by September 27 — its highest level in 40 years . Once again exceeding its banks , the river destroyed a major levee in city of Pánuco and forced 8 @,@ 000 residents to evacuate . Disastrous flooding reached as far north as southern Tamaulipas , where 5 @,@ 000 people had to seek refuge . Half of Tampico was coated in deep layers of mud , with scores of structures demolished . The urban areas of Madero and Altamira were also hard hit by the deluge . Roughly 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 8 @,@ 100 km2 ) of land around the Pánuco basin and Tampico were under water , including vast amounts of citrus , coffee , corn , maiz , bean , grain , and soy crops . Telephone , water , and electricity services throughout the region were severely disrupted , and numerous communities were isolated due to broken bridges and roads . In San Luis Potosí , water damage to schools , bridges , and roads was particularly widespread . The agricultural sector suffered heavy losses when the flooding washed away large amounts of livestock and roughly 80 percent of its crops . Throughout the state , 55 @,@ 000 residents were affected by the storm , and 25 people lost their lives . Gert 's trail of destruction extended as far inland as Hidalgo , where 35 rivers overtopped their banks . Floods and mudslides destroyed 38 bridges and 86 roads , as well cutting off power , telephone , and water services , disrupting communication in 361 localities . Property damage in Hidalgo was significant ; 4 @,@ 425 homes , 121 schools , and 49 public buildings were compromised across 35 municipalities . About 167 @,@ 000 acres ( 680 km2 ) of farmland were destroyed in the storm . Fifteen deaths occurred in the state , and eight people sustained injuries . Overall , Gert became the worst natural disaster to strike the region in 40 years ; it displaced 203 @,@ 500 people — many in need of shelter — and left 29 @,@ 075 houses damaged or destroyed across Mexico . More than 667 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 700 km2 ) of crops were in ruins . The associated losses totaled $ 156 million , and the death toll stood at 45 . = = Aftermath = = = = = Central America = = = Because of the storm 's impact on the country , the government of Costa Rica declared a national emergency on September 16 , 1993 . Emergency crews were dispatched to assess the damage and distribute life supplies to the affected population , including 90 @,@ 940 lbs ( 41 @,@ 250 kg ) of food , 1 @,@ 422 mattresses , and 1 @,@ 350 blankets . With much of the road network left disrupted across the affected regions , the country 's agriculture , tourism , and commerce suffered considerable losses . In particular , the obstruction of the major Pan @-@ American Highway , which connects the central region to the south of the country , had a discernible impact on the local economy . Following the expansive flooding of farmland , many independent crop producers were unable to partake in subsequent sowings . Prior to Gert , a state of emergency was in effect for Nicaragua as a result of Tropical Storm Bret . National and regional aid agencies , including the Red Cross , accordingly extended their relief efforts with the passage of Gert . Although the government did not reappeal for international assistance , several monetary contributions were made by overseas organizations ; a transfer channel for cash donations was opened at the Swiss Bank Corporation . The United Nations Development Programme provided $ 50 @,@ 000 for the purchase of fuel , and UNICEF distributed $ 25 @,@ 000 worth of household supplies and medicine . The World Food Programme donated approximately 160 @,@ 000 lbs ( 72 tonnes ) of food supply and offered expert services in response to the disaster . The federal governments of Japan , Canada , Switzerland , Norway , Germany , and Spain donated a combined $ 300 @,@ 000 in aid . On September 18 , the President of Honduras declared a state of emergency for several municipalities after surveying the affected regions by helicopter . The governments of Japan , Canada , Germany , and the United Kingdom provided a combined $ 310 @,@ 300 for the purchase of relief items . Although most storm victims received aid within a few days , the deteriorated road network caused a large delay in relief efforts to the hard @-@ hit Mosquitia region . Sewage systems and waterworks countrywide were in serious need of restoration . With the destruction of its sole water reservoir , much of Puerto Cortés endured potable water shortages for months in Gert 's wake . Public health concerns rose in the wake of Gert , with the cost of required medicines pinned at $ 208 @,@ 000 . A contamination of the water supplies in rural areas exacerbated a cholera outbreak . By September 28 , about 27 @,@ 000 residents unable to reenter their flooded homes remained in government shelters . Seven weeks later , a temporary housing project was implemented for the 120 families most in need . Approximately 5 @,@ 900 families across Honduras lost their source of income due to the storm . = = = Mexico = = = In response to the flood disaster , the Red Cross immediately began distributing aid to victims across the Huasteca region . After assessing the situation by helicopter , the President of Mexico declared the Pánuco river basin an emergency zone and ordered search and rescue missions . Many homes sustained irreparable damage to their roofs , leaving tens of thousands homeless . The government appealed for international aid , seeking clothes , food , and medical supplies . Five storage centers in Hidalgo provided more than 93 million lbs ( 42 @,@ 000 tonnes ) of food supplies . Throughout San Luis Potosí , 142 @,@ 000 lbs ( 64 tonnes ) of chicken , 45 @,@ 000 pantries , and 76 @,@ 000 disposable plates were distributed , as well as 50 @,@ 440 blankets and 6 @,@ 081 airbeds . Several schools served as shelters for the homeless ; the sheltered elderly , children , and pregnant or nursing women received $ 27 @,@ 000 worth of milk powder donations . In the wake of Gert , the amount of respiratory disease and skin infection cases rose slightly , although the overall health situation for the country remained well under control . By two weeks after the hurricane , over 65 @,@ 000 people across the region had been accommodated in the shelters ; most of them remained there until the flood waters receded . A grant of $ 22 @,@ 000 was made available for the purchase of roofing sheets for those in urgent need of home repair . The president approved $ 37 @.@ 4 million for the reconstruction of roads and housing and the assistance of affected farmers . = Ellie ( The Last of Us ) = Ellie is a fictional character in the 2013 video game The Last of Us . In the game , the character Joel is tasked with escorting Ellie across a post @-@ apocalyptic United States in an attempt to create a potential cure against an infection to which Ellie is immune . While players briefly assume control of Ellie for a portion of the game , the computer 's artificial intelligence primarily controls her actions , often assisting in combat by attacking or identifying enemies . Ellie reappeared as the sole playable character in the downloadable content prequel campaign , The Last of Us : Left Behind , in which she spends time with her friend Riley . She was played by Ashley Johnson , who provided the voice and motion capture for the character . Ellie is also the main character in the comic book prequel , The Last of Us : American Dreams , wherein she befriends Riley and has her first encounter with the rebel group Fireflies . Ellie was created by Neil Druckmann , the creative director and writer of The Last of Us . Inspired by a mute character proposed for Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves , Druckmann created Ellie as a strong female character with a close relationship with Joel ; throughout the game 's development , the relationship between Ellie and Joel was the central focus , with all other elements developed around it . Johnson inspired aspects of Ellie 's personality , prompting Druckmann to make her more active in fighting off hostile enemies . Naughty Dog also redesigned Ellie 's appearance during the development of the game to more closely resemble Johnson . However , comparisons have also been made with actress Ellen Page . The character has been well received by critics , with Ellie 's relationship with Joel most frequently being the subject of praise . The strength and complexity of Ellie 's character and its subversion of the damsel in distress stereotype have also been commended . Ellie 's role in Left Behind 's plot has prompted some social commentary within the industry , with coverage focusing on a scene depicting LGBT themes . Both the character and Johnson 's performance received numerous awards and nominations , and have regularly been placed favorably in polls and lists . = = Character design = = Creative director Neil Druckmann designed Ellie as a counterpart to Joel , the game 's main playable character . She was also intended to demonstrate that a character bond could be created entirely through gameplay . Druckmann described the game as a coming of age story for Ellie , in which she adopts the qualities of a survivor . Ashley Johnson was chosen to portray Ellie in The Last of Us shortly after her auditions ; the development team felt that she suitably fit the role , particularly when acting alongside Troy Baker , who portrayed Joel . Johnson contributed greatly to the development of the character , convincing Druckmann to re @-@ write Ellie in a stronger manner , and able to fight off hostile enemies . The character 's performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology ; approximately 85 % of the game 's animations were recorded using motion capture , with remaining audio elements recorded later in a studio . When portraying Ellie , Johnson faced challenges in performing " disturbing " scenes that made her feel uncomfortable . Johnson felt that video games rarely feature strong female characters such as Ellie , and expressed her excitement to portray the role for this reason . The development team felt that establishing Ellie 's physical appearance was " critical " ; they figured that she needed to appear young enough to make her relationship with Joel — who is aged in his 40 's — believable , but old enough to be credible as a resourceful teenager capable of surviving . A redesign of Ellie 's physical appearance was publicized in May 2012 ; Druckmann stated that the change was to make her look more similar to Johnson . Prior to the redesign , comparisons were made between Ellie and actress Ellen Page ; in June 2013 , Page accused Naughty Dog of " ripping off [ her ] likeness " . The team felt that Ellie was important for the game 's marketing ; Druckmann said that , when asked to move the image of Ellie from the front of the game 's packaging to the back , " everyone at Naughty Dog just flat @-@ out refused " . When questioned about the inspiration for Ellie as a gameplay feature , Druckmann recalled when he and game director Bruce Straley brainstormed ideas for Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) . One of their ideas was a sequence with a mute female character whose role was to summon Nathan Drake , Uncharted 's main character , and briefly accompany him throughout the sequence ; Druckmann felt this created a " beautiful " relationship through gameplay alone . Though this concept was scrapped for Uncharted 2 , the idea was raised when discussing a new project , ultimately inspiring the character of Ellie . The addition of Ellie as artificial intelligence was a major contributor to the game engine . The team intentionally added a feature in which Ellie remains close to Joel , to avoid being conceived by players as a " burden " . Programmer Max Dyckhoff stated that , when working on Ellie as artificial intelligence , he imagined her experiences throughout the game 's events in an attempt to achieve realism . Druckmann also felt inspired by wars that took place in Syria and Afghanistan when creating Ellie ; he felt that conflict was a familiarity to the children in those countries , which is similar to Ellie 's view . During the Winter segment of the game , players assume control of Ellie . The developers assured that this change , as well as the knowledge of Ellie 's immunity , was kept secret prior to the game 's release , to surprise players . = = Attributes = = Ellie is characterized by her roughened , messy appearance and behavior , as well as her emotional trauma , which is accentuated after her encounter with David . Having lost many people in her life , she suffers from severe monophobia and survivor 's guilt . This resulted in her becoming a very hardened person ; she uses violence without hesitation and frequently swears . Ellie also feels worthless , to a suicidal extent in which she believes her life is a burden and her death would be beneficial for others . While she shows initiative , she is not as adept at survival as Joel , being somewhat impulsive and naïve , and unable to swim . Following the release of Left Behind , in which Ellie kisses her friend Riley , Druckmann stated that he wrote Ellie as a homosexual character , though preferred to leave her sexuality subjective to the player 's opinion . = = Appearances = = In the comic book series American Dreams , it is told that Ellie lost her mother at birth and grew up in an orphanage . She later went to a military boarding school in the Boston quarantine zone , where she befriended Riley Abel , a fellow rebel who protected her from bullies . During the events of Left Behind , which takes place several weeks before the beginning of The Last of Us , Riley returns to Ellie after a long absence and tells her that she had joined the Fireflies , a revolutionary militia group . While spending time together at an abandoned shopping mall near the quarantine zone , Riley reveals that she is about to be posted to another city , and Ellie hesitantly supports her decisions . When Ellie pleads for Riley to stay , the latter abandons her Firefly pendant . In response , Ellie impulsively kisses her , which Riley returns . Drawn by the noise of their activities , the Infected pursue Ellie and Riley ; the two attempt to escape , but are bitten . They consider suicide , but choose to spend their final hours together . However , Ellie survives the infection and seeks help from Marlene , the leader of the Fireflies , who agrees to escort Ellie in order to find a cure due to her immunity . Marlene is later wounded , and early in The Last of Us , tasks smugglers Joel and Tess to escort Ellie ; Tess dies early on during the journey . Initially annoyed by Joel 's surliness , Ellie begins to feel a strong attachment to him . However , upon learning that he intends to leave her with his brother Tommy and return to Boston , she runs away , and later confronts Joel , demanding that he not abandon her . This strengthens the bond between them , and they continue on their journey . After experiencing a traumatizing encounter in the Winter , in which Ellie is nearly raped and murdered by a band of cannibals and their leader David , she becomes withdrawn and introverted . When Joel finally gets her to the Fireflies , it is discovered that an operation on Ellie is required to remove the mutant strain of the Cordyceps fungus growing on her brain , which may be used to create a vaccine ; the operation will likely kill her . While she is being prepared for surgery , Joel kills Marlene and the Fireflies , makes his way to the operating room , and carries Ellie to safety . As she was unconscious during the battle , Ellie is unaware of what had transpired . As they leave the hospital , Joel lies about the events , telling her that the Fireflies had found many other subjects , and had stopped looking for a cure . Ellie later confronts him about it , admitting her survivor 's guilt and demanding to know the truth . When he reassures her that he is telling the truth , she replies with " Okay " . = = Reception = = Ellie 's character received generally positive feedback . Jason Killingsworth of Edge praised Ellie 's complexity and commended Naughty Dog for not having made her " a subordinate ... precocious teen girl that Joel must babysit " . Ashley Reed and Andy Hartup of GamesRadar named Ellie one of the " most inspirational female characters in games " , writing that she is " one of the most modern , realistic characters ever designed " . Eurogamer 's Ellie Gibson commended the character 's strength and vulnerability , praising the game 's subversion of the damsel in distress cliché . GamesRadar listed Ellie among the best characters of the video game generation , stating that her courage exceeds that of most male characters . IGN 's Greg Miller compared Ellie to Elizabeth from BioShock Infinite ( 2013 ) , and felt that the former was a " much more rounded out , full @-@ fledged " character . Conversely , Game Informer 's Kimberley Wallace felt that the game focused too much on Joel , " hardly capitalizing on Ellie 's importance " , and Chris Suellentrop of The New York Times judged that Ellie is cast " in a secondary , more subordinate role " . Critics praised the relationship between Ellie and Joel . Matt Helgeson of Game Informer wrote that the relationship was " poignant " and " well @-@ drawn " , Joystiq 's Richard Mitchell found it " genuine " and emotional , and IGN 's Colin Moriarty identified it as a highlight of the game . Eurogamer 's Oli Welsh felt the characters were developed with " real patience and skill " . Philip Kollar of Polygon found the relationship was assisted by the game 's optional conversations . Wallace of Game Informer named Joel and Ellie one of the " best gaming duos of 2013 " , appreciating their interest in protecting each other . Game Informer 's Kyle Hilliard compared Joel and Ellie 's relationship to that of the Prince and Elika from Prince of Persia ( 2008 ) , writing that both duos deeply care for one another , and praised the " emotional crescendo " in The Last of Us , which he judged had not been achieved in Prince of Persia . PlayStation Official Magazine 's David Meikleham named Joel and Ellie the best characters in a PlayStation 3 game . Following the release of The Last of Us : Left Behind , Ellie 's relationship with Riley was commended by reviewers . GameSpot 's Tom Mc Shea felt new appreciation for Ellie by seeing her actions around Riley . The Daily Telegraph 's Tim Martin praised the characters ' interactions , and Eurogamer 's Stace Harman felt that Left Behind improves the understanding of Joel and Ellie 's relationship . Kotaku 's Kirk Hamilton described Ellie and Riley 's kiss as " video gaming 's latest breakthrough moment " , declaring it " a big deal " . Keza MacDonald of IGN wrote that the kiss was " so beautiful and natural and funny that [ she ] was left dumbstruck " . IGN 's Luke Karmali questioned Naughty Dog 's motivation behind the kiss , noting the " bait @-@ and @-@ switch " in which they made players care for the character before revealing her sexuality , but ultimately dismissed this and commended their handling of Ellie 's sexuality and the subtlety of the writing . The character of Ellie won year @-@ end awards , including Best New Character from Hardcore Gamer and Most Valuable Character at the SXSW Gaming Awards for Left Behind ; she received a nomination for Best Character from Destructoid . Ashley Johnson 's performance also received various accolades : Performer at the 10th and 11th British Academy Video Games Awards , Outstanding Character Performance the 17th Annual DICE Awards , Best Voice Actress at the Spike VGX 2013 , and Best Performer from The Daily Telegraph . = Jelena Balšić = Jelena Balšić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Јелена Балшић ; 1365 / 1366 – 1443 ) , also known as Jelena Lazarević , was a medieval Serbian noblewoman and a member of the Lazarević dynasty . She had a very strong personality and significantly influenced the way her husbands , first Đurađ II Balšić and second Sandalj Hranić , and her son Balša III governed their realms . Jelena encouraged them to resist Venetian encroachment on territory belonging to Zeta , the medieval Serbian state ruled by Đurađ II and then by Balša III after Đurađ II 's death . She is also known as a writer in epistolary literature , particularly her correspondence with Nikon of Jerusalem , a monk in the Gorica monastery on Lake Skadar ( Montenegro ) . Her three epistles are part of the Gorički zbornik ( Cyrillic : Горички зборник ) , a medieval manuscript collection . = = Name = = Jelena 's nickname was " Lady Lena " ( Госпођа Лена ) or the " Learned one " ( Учена ) . In some English sources she is referred to as Helen . She was referred to as Jelena Lazarević because of her father 's noble family . Based on her marriage to Đurađ II Balšić she was referred to as Jelena Balšić , while because of her marriage to Sandalj Hranić she was sometimes referred to as Jelena Balšić @-@ Hranić or Jelena Hranić . In a Venetian document from 1409 she is referred to as " Magnifica Domina Elena " . = = Life = = = = = Family = = = Jelena was born in 1365 or 1366 as the third daughter of Princess Milica of Serbia and Lazar of Serbia . Her mother belonged to the Nemanjić dynasty , while her father was the founder of the Lazarević dynasty . He created Moravian Serbia , the largest and most powerful state to emerge from the ruins of the Serbian Empire . Hence , Jelena was a member of the highest Serbian aristocracy . She was born in Prilepac and spent her childhood in Kruševac , where she lived until she married her first husband , Đurađ II Balšić , in 1386 . She had one child with him , a son named Balša III who was born in 1387 . Balša III had three children , a son whose name is not known and two daughters , Jelena and Teodora . His son died at a very young age in 1415 . In 1424 , Balša 's daughter Jelena married Stjepan Vukčić Kosača and became the mother of Queen Catherine of Bosnia and Vladislav Hercegović . = = = Marriage to Đurađ II Balšić = = = Jelena married Đurađ II Balšić in 1386 or 1387 . After this marriage the suzerainty of Lazar of Serbia was accepted in most if not all of Zeta . When the Sultan sent an army to invade the lands of Đurađ II at the beginning of 1392 , Jelena travelled to the Republic of Ragusa ( nowadays Dubrovnik ) to get out of harm 's way . On 1 June 1392 , the senate of Dubrovnik decided to send a galley to take her to the city . Đurađ was captured by the Ottomans in October 1392 and was released only once he agreed to cede Scutari to them . He managed to recapture the town in 1395 but subsequently sold it to the Venetians , together with the surrounding fortresses . Jelena was firmly opposed to the pro @-@ Venetian policy of Đurađ II and his sale of Scutari and other towns to the Venetians . She did not like the Venetians because they obstructed the contacts between the Zetan Orthodox Metropolitanate and the Patriarchate of Peć , cut off Orthodox monasteries around Lake Skadar from the incomes that they were legally entitled to , and engaged in an aggressive trading policy , which significantly reduced Zeta 's earnings . Even before the First Scutari War , she was in a dispute with the Venetians over the jurisdiction of the Zetan Orthodox Metropolitanate over the Orthodox churches around the river Bojana and the Church of St. Peter in Scutari . The reign of 16 @-@ year @-@ old Balša III began in April 1403 when Đurađ II died of the injuries suffered in November 1402 at the Battle of Tripolje . In this battle Đurađ II supported Stefan Lazarević in an attempt to protect the throne of Serbian Despotate from Đurađ Branković . Jelena had a significant influence on the way Balša III governed Zeta . Because he was a minor when he inherited the throne , she actually governed Zeta as his regent . In a dispute between the Venetians and the Zetan Metropolitan bishop appointed by the Patriarchate of Peć , Balša III followed her instructions and protected the ancient rights of the Serbian church . = = = First Scutari War = = = In 1405 , Balša III , supported by Jelena , launched a ten @-@ year war against Venice . At the beginning of the war , Balša managed to capture the whole Scutari region except for the Scutari fortress . The Venetians offered a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ ducat reward for anyone able to kill both Balša and Jelena . When the Venetians in return captured Bar , Ulcinj and Budva , three of the most important ports of Zeta , Balša and Jelena fled from Ulcinj to Drivast Castle . In 1409 , Jelena decided to travel to Venice to negotiate peace in person . At the end of May , she arrived in Dubrovnik but had to wait for almost two months because her hosts warned her that there were Napolitan galleys in the Adriatic Sea . On 9 July 1409 , while she was still waiting in Dubrovnik , Venice purchased the entire Dalmatian coast from Ladislaus of Naples for 100 @,@ 000 ducats . The Kingdom of Naples was not a threat to Venetians anymore . By gaining the Dalmatian coast , Venetians further increased their influence and power in the region of the Adriatic Sea , which made Jelena 's negotiating position difficult . When she finally arrived in Venice at the end of July , she was financially broken because of her long voyage . The Venetians had to support her with three ducats a day during negotiations which lasted for the next three months . On 26 October 1409 , a year @-@ long peace agreement with the Venetian doge , Michele Steno , was signed without territorial changes for any of the parties . Jelena traveled back to Zeta through Dubrovnik where she received 100 ducats worth of presents . Although both she and the Venetian representative swore on the Gospel to respect the truce , in reality there was no peace . = = = Marriage to Sandalj Hranić = = = When Ladislaus of Naples sold his rights to the Kingdom of Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice and retreated from the Balkans in 1409 , many local nobles allied themselves with the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund and accepted Ostoja as the King of Bosnia . This seriously weakened the position of Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić , a Grand Duke of Bosnia , whose niece Katarina was a second wife of Sandalj Hranić , a Grand Duke of Hum . In such circumstances Sandalj decided to ally with emperor Sigismund in mid 1411 and to establish closer connections with Sigismund 's important ally Stefan Lazarević . In December 1411 Sandalj divorced his wife Katarina and married Stefan 's sister Jelena at the end of the same year . Jelena married Sandalj because she wanted to strengthen the position of her son . With this marriage Sandalj , the most dangerous enemy of Balša III , became his stepfather and protector . Although it spoiled Sandalj 's relations with Hrvoje , it also strengthened traditionally close relations with the Lazarević family . Although Jelena was in her forties , Sandalj hoped they would have children and in 1413 deposited some money at a transactional account with the city of Dubrovnik for the child they would eventually have . Jelena went to live with her husband at his court in Blagaj in Herzegovina while Balša remained as the only governor of Zeta . In his second marriage , concluded in 1412 or at the beginning of 1413 , Balša III married Bolja , a daughter of Koja Zaharia who was a Lord of Sati and Dagnum in Albania . In 1413 Balša issued a charter to the church dedicated to Saint Nicholas he built in Praskvica Monastery together with his mother Jelena . Sandalj had a court in Novi ( modern day Herceg Novi ) where he spent some time every year , usually in winter and spring . Beginning in 1424 , Jelena spent a good part of the year at this court , accompanied by her sister Olivera . At the beginning of February 1426 a special ceremony was dedicated to Jelena and Sandalj in Dubrovnik when they attended the feast of Sveti Vlaho ( Saint Blaise ) , the city 's patron saint . Jelena intended to be buried in the church she would build in Dubrovnik . Initially , Dubrovnik was interested in accepting her wish on the condition that she help them take control of Novi , its rival in salt @-@ trading . That is why Dubrovnik proposed to Sandalj to build an Orthodox church and home for old and sick people in 1434 . Sandalj died in 1435 before he replied to their proposal . He was succeeded by his nephew Stjepan Vukčić Kosača who was a son of Sandalj 's brother Vukac . After Sandalj 's death Jelena did not interfere in the governing of the realm previously controlled by her husband but went to live at the seaside , probably in Novi . In September 1435 Jelena asked the Ragusans to allow her to build a church in Dubrovnik in which would be her grave . Since circumstances had changed after Sandalj 's death , the Ragusans rejected Jelena 's request although it was supported by her nephew , Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković . They justified their refusal with the lack of the approval of the Pope . = = = Gorički zbornik = = = Three epistles she wrote to her spiritual adviser were included in the Gorički zbornik ( Serbian : Горички зборник ) , a medieval manuscript collection . Today only one of them , known as the Otpisanije bogoljubno ( Serbian : Отписаније богољубно ) , is preserved . Jelena wrote her will on 25 November 1442 . Based on its text it can be concluded that she had her own library and that in 1441 she told her chancellor Doberko Marinić to order a book cover . The book cover was made of silver and decorated with the image of Jesus . It was made by Andrija Izat , who was a famous goldsmith from Kotor . = = = Death = = = She first reconstructed the Church of St. George built by Đurađ II Balšić on Beška island on Lake Skadar and in 1439 / 1440 built as her endowment the Church of Holy Mother next to it . She was buried in its western vault , near the southern wall of the church . The purpose of her endowment was to be her crypt and to serve as the spiritual center which would continue the orientation of the Serbian culture toward Byzantine Orthodox spirituality in this historically last period of Serbian medieval statehood . In this way Jelena confirmed her loyalty to the tradition of the Nemanjić dynasty and her father Prince Lazar in the period when she was able to make a political choice between Islam and militant Catholicism . Jelena 's efforts had an additional dimension taking into consideration that her work is a testimony of the presence of the Byzantine hesychasm in the Serbian Despotate . The sacred bones of Jelena Balšić were placed in the new relic case made of stone after the Church of Holy Mother she built on Beška island was reconstructed in 2002 by the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral . By the decision of the ' Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral ' in 2006 she was titled ' Blagovjerna ' and named " Blagovjerna Jelena Lazareva Balšić " . = = Legacy = = Jelena Balšić was praised as an extraordinary woman who preserved the power of the Balšić family during a very turbulent period . It is obvious that she had a strong personality probably similar to her mother , Princess Milica of Serbia . She managed to maintain the cultural heritage of the Kingdom of Serbia , and her writing has been evaluated highly . The literature award " Jelena Balšić " was established in 2007 by the ' Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral ' and is awarded every two years . As of 2013 , its laureates have been Đorđe Sladoje , Žarko Komanin , Ranko Jovović and Slobodan Rakitić . = = = Legends = = = Legends incorrectly say that she was Jelena Obilić , a widow of Miloš Obilić . One of the legends about Jelena was recorded in Herzegovina . According to that legend Sandalj asked Jelena who was her favorite husband . Her reply was that she would give away both Sandalj and Balšić just to see Miloš Obilić one more time . Sandalj was angered and Jelena had to run away from him . While she was on the way to Zeta , in some nettle , she gave birth to a boy who was a founder of Koprivica family ( kopriva , " nettle " ) . Some of the preserved legends about Jelena include Queen Jelena 's Bees ( Пчеле краљице Јелене / Pčele kraljice Jelene ) , Queen Jelena 's Fishpond ( Рибњак краљице Јелене / Ribnjak kraljice Jelene ) , White Stone ( Вијели кам / Bijeli kam ) and Queen Jelena 's Mowers ( Косци краљице Јелене / Kosci kraljice Jelene ) . = = Ancestors = = = Sociology of leisure = Sociology of leisure is the study of how humans organize their free time . Leisure includes a broad array of activities , such as sport , tourism , and the playing of games . The sociology of leisure is closely tied to the sociology of work , as each explores a different side of the work @-@ leisure relationship . More recent studies in the field move away from the work @-@ leisure relationship and focus on the relation between leisure and culture . Studies of leisure have determined that observable patterns cannot be easily explained by socioeconomic variables such as income , occupation or education . The type of leisure activity is substantially influenced by the individual 's immediate situation ( presence or lack of family , age , and other factors ) . = = Theory = = Sociology of leisure is a fairly recent subfield of sociology , compared to more traditional subfields such as sociology of work , sociology of the family , and sociology of education : it saw most of its development in the second half of the 20th century . Until then , leisure had often been seen as a relatively unimportant , minor feature of society . Leisure is now recognized as a major social institution , deserving of serious sociological inquiry , particularly in Western societies . As John Wilson and others have noted , it is difficult to define leisure . Its definitions are numerous and often mutually contradictory , for example as a discrete portion of one 's time or as a quality of experience irrespective of time . Joffre Dumazedier distinguished four distinct definitions of leisure , which begin broadly and gradually narrow in scope . The first and broadest defines leisure as a style of behavior that may occur even at work , the second defines it as any non @-@ work activity ; the third further excludes family and household obligations ; and , finally , the narrowest defines leisure as activities dedicated to self @-@ fulfillment . Dumazedier 's four definitions are not exhaustive . Incompatible definitions and measures are seen as a major factor accounting for occasionally contradictory research findings . There are some unresolved questions concerning the definition of work : in particular , whether unpaid endeavors , such as volunteering or studying , are work . Non @-@ work time should not be equated with free time , as it comprises not only free time , dedicated to leisure , but also time dedicated to certain obligatory activities , such as housework . Dividing activities into free and dedicated time is not easy . For example , brushing one 's teeth is neither work nor leisure ; scholars differ in their classifications of activities such as eating a meal , shopping , repairing a car , attending a religious ceremony , or showering ( various individuals may or may not classify such activities as leisure ) . The relation between work and leisure can also be unclear : research indicates that some individuals find skills that they have acquired at work useful to their hobbies ( and vice versa ) , and some individuals have used leisure activities to advance their work careers . Sociologists also disagree as to whether political or spiritual activities should be included in studies of leisure . Further , among some occupational communities , such as police officers or miners , it is common for work colleagues to be off @-@ time friends and to share similar , work @-@ based leisure activities . Apart from a definition of leisure , there are other questions of theoretical concern to the sociologist of leisure . For example , quantifying the results is difficult , as time @-@ budget studies have noted that a given amount of time ( for example , an hour ) may have different values , depending on when it occurs — within a day , a week , or a year . Finally , as with many other fields of inquiry in the social sciences , the study of the sociology of leisure is hampered by the lack of reliable data for comparative longitudinal studies , as there was little to no standardized data @-@ gathering on leisure throughout most of human history . The lack of longitudinal studies has been remedied in the last few decades by recurring national surveys such as the General Household Survey in the United Kingdom ( ongoing since 1971 ) . In addition to surveys , an increasing number of studies have been focusing on qualitative methods of research ( interviews ) . = = Research = = Over time , emphasis in studies of leisure has shifted from the work @-@ leisure relation , particularly in well @-@ researched majorities , to study of minorities and the relation between leisure and culture . Marshall Gordon noted that there are two approaches in the study of leisure : formal and historical @-@ theoretical . The formal approach focuses on empirical questions , such as the shifting of leisure patterns over an individual 's life cycle , the relation between leisure and work , and specific forms of leisure ( such as the sociology of sport ) . The historical @-@ theoretical approach studies the relation between leisure and social change , often from structural @-@ functionalist and neo @-@ Marxist perspectives . Sheila Scraton provided a different analysis , comparing North American and British studies . The British approaches focus on input from pluralism , critical Marxism , and feminism ; the American approaches concentrate on the social @-@ psychological tradition . = = Findings = = Many sociologists have assumed that a given type of leisure activity is most easily explained by socioeconomic variables such as income , occupation or education . This has yielded fewer results than expected ; income is associated with total money spent on such activities , but otherwise only determines what type of activities are affordable . Occupation has a similar effect , because most occupations heavily influence a person 's income ( for example , membership in a prestigious occupation and " country @-@ club " activities such as golf or sailing are significantly correlated--but so is membership in those occupations and high income , and those activities with high cost ) . Education is correlated with having a wide range of leisure activities , and with higher dedication to them . As Kelly noted , " Predicting a person 's leisure behavior on the basis of his socioeconomic position is all but impossible . " On the other hand , type of leisure activity is substantially influenced by the individual 's immediate situation — whether he has a family , whether there are recreational facilities nearby , and age . Early family influences , particularly involving the more social leisure activities , can be profound . The type of leisure activity also depends on the individual 's current place in the life cycle . Specific findings in sociological studies of leisure are illustrated by John Robinson 's late @-@ 1970s study of American leisure . Robinson found that Americans , on average , have four hours of leisure time each weekday , and more on weekends — six hours on Saturdays , almost eight on Sundays . Amount of leisure time diminishes with age , work , marriage , and children . However , the amount of free time does not significantly depend on an individual 's wealth . People desire less free time if they are uncertain of their economic future , or if their job is their central interest . During the second half of the twentieth century , watching television became a major leisure activity , causing a substantial decrease in the time dedicated to other activities ; in the early 1970s the average American had 4 hours of leisure per day , and spent 1 @.@ 5 of them watching television . Shared leisure activities increase marital satisfaction . = Carr Hill = Carr Hill is a suburb in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead in Tyne and Wear , England . It is bordered by Felling to the north , Sheriff Hill to the south , Windy Nook to the east and Deckham to the west . It lies 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) south of Gateshead , 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) south of the city of Newcastle upon Tyne and 13 miles ( 21 km ) north of the historic City of Durham . Once a village in County Durham , it was incorporated into the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead by the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974 . One of the less populous of the former villages that comprise the metropolitan borough , Carr Hill has a long history and was first developed by the Romans . During the Industrial Revolution it became the centre of pottery making in Tyneside , and numerous stone quarries , glass makers and windmills were set up . It also had a large reservoir providing water to several areas of Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne . Industrial decline from the turn of the 20th century , coupled with the building of Gateshead 's first council estate , saw Carr Hill transformed from an industrial settlement into a residential suburb of the Gateshead Council ward of Deckham . Governed locally and nationally by the Labour Party , the suburb is economically disadvantaged compared to other areas of the borough and nationally , with high levels of unemployment and low levels of income . It is served by Carr Hill Primary School . There are two small parks that contribute to the social activity of the area , as does the Elgin Centre at Elgin Road . Two historic venues , both now closed , face uncertain futures , as does the parish church . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = The origins of the name " Carr Hill " are subject to speculation . In the 18th and 19th centuries the village was usually referred to as Carr 's Hill , a possessive form suggesting that , like Deckham , the name stems from a notable family in residence . It is more likely however that the name was taken from the Scottish Gaelic carr , meaning " rocky shelf " . Parts of the early village were in Upper Heworth , and the remainder in Gateshead Fell , a wild and treacherous area of common land notable for the criminality of the tinkers and hawkers who lived there . There is some evidence of Roman occupation ; a proposed enclosure map of Heworth Common from 1766 charts a Roman Causeway running between Carr Hill Lane ( now Carr Hill Road ) and Blue Quarries in Sheriff Hill . The likely explanation for Roman interest in the area is Swan Pond , twice the size of the pond at Saltwell Park , the fresh water from which might be used to fill bathhouses and flush latrines . Indeed , in 1697 , William Yarnold obtained a lease for the laying of cisterns and pipes to bring water from " the Great Pond at Carr 's Hill " , shown on ordnance survey maps as Swan Pond , to Newcastle upon Tyne . = = = Industrial period 1740 – 1860 = = = The most important event in Carr Hill 's formative history occurred in 1740 , when John Warburton established a pottery at Carr Hill Lane . Warburton 's pottery , later referred to as ' Carr Hill Pottery ' and widely credited with bringing white earthenware to the region , transformed the village into one of Gateshead 's potting epicentres and encouraged workers and traders to move to the area . Warburton passed the pottery to his son @-@ in @-@ law Issac Warburton in about 1760 , and by the time John Warburton died in June 1794 it was the largest in the Tyne Valley , commanding a rent of £ 100 per annum ; by comparison , the Tyne Pottery on Felling shore paid £ 20 . When placed for sale in 1812 , the advert described Carr Hill Pottery as " valuable and extensive " . Carr Hill by 1820 was a modern and populous village , situated on hill , still isolated from Gateshead and Felling . A variety of industries had developed alongside Warburton 's pottery and were prospering ; a flint glass manufacturer , under the management of Alexander Elliot , three corn mills - Carr Hill Mill , Felling Windmill and St John 's Mill ( the latter built after an earlier mill was destroyed by a mysterious fire in 1824 ) – and a fire brick kiln . There were also three inns and " some neat houses occupied by respectable families " . By 1840 Carr Hill Reservoir had been built and , under the management of the Newcastle Water Company was the major water supplier for residents in Carr Hill , Sheriff Hill and Windy Nook , and freestone quarries , similar to Kells ' Quarry in Windy Nook , were producing Newcastle Grindstone of excellent quality . In 1856 a Methodist Chapel was built . During the mid @-@ 19th century , the increasing population led to calls for social amenities to be improved ; footpaths were a particular concern , although an examination of ordnance survey mapping demonstrates the continued isolation of the village generally . The success of Warburton 's pottery resulted in a street being named after him , but the lack of residential development is evident . Carr Hill glassworks and quarries are still clearly marked , along with Swan Pond and a public house , The Free Gardeners Arms . By the mid @-@ 19th century Carr Hill Reservoir was in the hands of the Whittle Dean Water Company , and in 1883 was converted into a 10 @-@ million imperial gallon ( 45 million l ; 12 million US gal ) open reservoir . = = = Carr Hill House = = = Carr Hill House was the largest estate in the village ; a freehold mansion house on Carr Hill Lane . The date of building is unknown , but it does not appear on an enclosure map of 1766 , suggesting it was built after that date . There is strong evidence that it was once a lunatic asylum ; in 1770 an advertisement in a local newspaper declared : LUNATICKS Carr 's Hill House on Gateshead Fell To The Public We beg Leave to inform the Public that we have opened the above HOUSE pleasantly situated about a mile distant from Newcastle , which we have fitted up in an elegant manner , with every Accommodation for the reception of LUNATICKS in genteel or opulent circumstances : in this House Persons entrusted to our Care shall be treated with the utmost Attention and Humanity . The terms are reasonable . R. Lambert , W. Keenlyside , H Gibson , R. Stoddard ( surgeons to the Infirmary ) , Newcastle 1767 . By the turn of the 19th century Carr Hill House was a residential property and farm , and in 1806 Matthew Atkinson responded to an advertisement in the Newcastle Courant and purchased the 12 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 9 ha ) estate . In 1858 the house was in the hands of G. J Kenmir , town clerk of Gateshead from 1855 until 1856 , who occupied a 26 @-@ acre ( 11 ha ) estate on which he kept a large number of pigs . = = = Industrial decline and modern development = = = By the late 19th century the village was in steep decline . In 1894 , Whellan described Carr Hill as " a scattered village , which ... was dotted with windmills , now fallen into ruins , as are many of the houses . " Carr Hill Pottery had operated throughout the 19th century , but the once thriving pottery had by 1860 become little more than a cottage industry , employing a mere 8 employees and paying just £ 15 per annum in rent . Ownership subsequently transferred to Thomas Patterson , of neighbouring Sheriff Hill Pottery , who eventually closed the Carr Hill works in 1893 . The buildings were demolished completely in 1932 ; only the Old Brown Jug public house and a street named in honour of Warburton survive as reminders of the area 's rich pottery heritage . Carr Hill Quarry on Elgin Quarry was infilled and replaced by a school , and although the windmills still stood , none operated as a going concern by 1890 , and were instead used as tenement property or storehouses Carr Hill Mill was demolished between 1919 and 1939 as was the last remaining mill in 1963 . Elliot 's glassworks suffered a similar fate , closing in about 1900 and demolished in 1932 . Carr Hill House fell into disrepair and was demolished in 1921 . Carr Hill Reservoir survived until 1973 , but by then the whole of Gateshead and Newcastle were supplied by the Newcastle and Water Company from Catcleugh and Whittle Dene in Northumberland and it had become redundant , and was covered soon after . Carr Hill today is shaped by the housing development of the 20th century . A building boom begun in Gateshead at the start of the 20th century ; large tracts of development at Deckham were matched by development in Carr Hill at Mafeking , Methuen and Baden Powell Streets . In 1911 an offer to build Sutton Dwellings was made to Gateshead Council and was staunchly rebuffed and in 1917 Parliament made a further proposal which was again rejected . However , a Gateshead Council survey concluded in 1919 that " overcrowding in Gateshead was at dangerous levels , that landlords were scrimping on repairs and improvements " and that housing levels were unsustainable in light of rapid population growth . When in February 1919 the Town Improvement Committee recommended the purchase of 214 acres ( 0 @.@ 87 km2 ; 0 @.@ 334 sq mi ) of land between Dryden Road at Low Fell and Carr Hill under the Housing Act 1919 , the Council finally yielded and purchased 65 acres ( 0 @.@ 26 km2 ; 0 @.@ 102 sq mi ) of land in Carr Hill and Sheriff Hill at the cost of £ 19 @,@ 000 . The result was that , in 1921 , a large council estate was built in Carr Hill at Iona Road and the surrounding areas . The estate remains largely unchanged and shapes the suburb today , with only the width of Carr Hill Road ( indicating a village green ) , the ' Old Brown Jug ' inn and some stone cottages at Co @-@ Operative Terrace remaining of the industrial village which once stood in its stead . = = Governance = = Carr Hill is in the council ward of Deckham in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead . This ward is approximately 1 @.@ 5 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 58 sq mi ) in area and has a population of 9 @,@ 228 . It is represented by three councillors . In June 2012 , they were Brian Coates , Martin Gannon and Bernadette Oliphant . Carr Hill is part of the Westminster parliamentary constituency of Gateshead . It was previously in the Gateshead East and Washington West constituency which was abolished by boundary changes before the 2010 UK General Election . For many years the MP was Joyce Quin , who retired on 11 April 2005 and was awarded a life peerage into the House of Lords on 13 June 2006 and is now Baroness Quin . The present MP Ian Mearns , is a member of the Labour party and his office is in Gateshead . He replaced Sharon Hodgson who successfully campaigned in the newly formed constituency of Washington and Sunderland West . In the 2010 UK General Election , Mearns was elected with a majority of 12 @,@ 549 over Frank Hindle . The swing from Labour to the Liberal Democrats was 3 @.@ 9 % . Carr Hill is in a safe Labour seat . Mearns ' success in 2010 followed of Sharon Hodgson , who in the 2005 UK General Election polled over 60 % of the votes cast whilst in 2001 , Joyce Quin was returned with a majority of 53 @.@ 3 % . = = Geography and topography = = Carr Hill , at latitude 54 @.@ 9469 and longitude − 1 @.@ 58548 , is " pleasantly situated " 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) south @-@ east of Gateshead and 255 miles ( 410 km ) from London . It lies on a bed of sandstone and clay and the land is steep in places , slopes from south to north and reaches a height of around 140 metres ( 460 ft ) above sea level at the southern fringes . This distinctive , steep topography means that Carr Hill sits atop " a lofty hill " and , where not spoiled by house building , this provides residents with good views to Newcastle upon Tyne in the north , the north @-@ west and north @-@ east towards the North Sea . Around 25 % of the land is open space and 70 % residential . Documents indicate that the settlement boundaries lie at the Split Crow Road in the north , Nursery Lane to the east , Hendon Road to the west and Sheriff Hill to the south . Carr Hill was part of County Durham until it was incorporated into the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead by the Local Government Act 1972 . It is now bordered by settlements which are also part of the metropolitan borough . These are Sheriff Hill to the south , Deckham to the west , Felling to the north and Windy Nook to the east . The climate in Carr Hill is temperate like much of the north east of England . The mean highest temperature , at 12 @.@ 8 ° C ( 55 @.@ 0 ° F ) , is slightly lower than the England average ( 13 @.@ 1 ° C ( 55 @.@ 6 ° F ) ) though the mean lowest temperature , at 7 @.@ 2 ° C ( 45 @.@ 0 ° F ) , is somewhat higher ( 5 @.@ 6 ° C ( 42 @.@ 1 ° F ) ) . The total annual rainfall , at 643 @.@ 1 millimetres ( 25 @.@ 32 in ) , is significantly lower than the national average of 838 @.@ 7 millimetres ( 33 @.@ 02 in ) . = = Demography = = According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 , Carr Hill has an approximate population of 3 @,@ 200 – 53 % of the population are female , slightly above the national average , whilst 47 % are male . Only 1 @.@ 4 % of the population are from a black or other minority ethnic group ( BME ) , as opposed to 9 @.@ 1 % of the national population . Relatively few pensioners live in the suburb , 12 @.@ 2 % as compared to 15 @.@ 9 % nationally and 17 @.@ 3 % in the borough . Carr Hill Nook has a high proportion of lone parent households at some 19 @.@ 3 % of all households . This is the fourth highest figure in Gateshead and compares with a borough average of 11 @.@ 5 % . Some 36 @.@ 9 % of households have dependent children , as opposed to 29 @.@ 5 % nationally and 28 @.@ 4 % in Gateshead . This is also the fourth @-@ highest figure in Gateshead . The Index of Multiple Deprivation , which divides England into 32 @,@ 482 areas and measures quality of life to indicate deprivation , splits Carr Hill into halves and lists one half in the top 5 % of all deprived areas in England in 2008 . The other half is listed in the top 20 % of all deprived areas . In 2011 , Carr Hill had a population of 3 @,@ 465 , compared with 9 @,@ 938 for the wider Deckham ward . Carr Hill is an area of Deckham and a sub area of the town of Gateshead . In 2011 , 6 @.@ 4 % of the population were non white british , compared with 7 @.@ 7 % for the wider area and ward of Deckham . The ward is split into three sub districts , Central Deckham , Carr Hill and Mount Pleasant . Carr Hill is in the south of the ward and is less ethnically diverse than Mount Pleasant and Central Deckham . But the area is more so than nearby Pelaw and Windy Nook . = = Economy = = The decline of industry in Carr Hill and the rapid building of residential property transformed the village into a residential estate . There is a small commercial area at the junction of Carr Hill Road and Pottersway , which provides some employment and which has become a " social landmark " , but there is no major employer . A Tesco Extra store at the eastern fringe of the boundary with Windy Nook opened in 2012 and also provides employment to residents . Carr Hill performs poorly in comparison to the wider borough in terms of economic activity and opportunity . Some 42 % of children in the ward live in poverty , the second @-@ highest figure in Gateshead . The adult unemployment rate is 7 % , compared to 5 % borough @-@ wide , the joint third @-@ highest figure in Gateshead . Youth unemployment is 10 % , also the joint third @-@ highest in the borough . The income of residents is £ 24 @,@ 000 ; £ 3 @,@ 000 below the regional median . Carr Hill has only 70 VAT @-@ registered businesses , compared to a borough average of 230 . Only 2 @.@ 6 % of residents are self @-@ employed , compared to 4 @.@ 5 % of the borough and 8 @.@ 3 % nationally . Overall , Carr Hill falls within the most deprived 20 % of regions in England according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation in 2010 . = = Leisure and recreation = = There are no libraries in Carr Hill , though Gateshead Central Library , the largest in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead , is nearby . Gateshead Leisure Centre in Shipcote and Saltwell Park are close by . = = = Parks = = = There are two parks in Carr Hill . The first is Carr Hill Park , a small play area at the junction of Northway and Carr Hill Road known by locals as " the Top Park " Previously an under @-@ used resource , the play area was rebuilt in 2009 – 10 at a cost of £ 148 @,@ 000 . It now includes spring @-@ mounted play items , rope walks and other play equipment , whilst improvements to lighting , pathways and drainage to the football area were made . The park has become a valuable social open area ; in April 2011 it hosted a ' community play ' event , organised by Gateshead Council to encourage physical activity , attended by almost one hundred residents whilst in 2010 it hosted the first annual " Mark Turner Memorial Day " ; a fundraising event begun after Turner , a Sheriff Hill resident , was killed whilst on duty in Afghanistan . Around 1 @,@ 000 guests attended , including Michael Hood , the Mayor of Gateshead . The second park is Carr Hill Reservoir Park , which occupies the site of the covered reservoir at Carr Hill and Ruskin Roads . This is a larger park containing a play area and contained sports area paid for by fundraising by local residents . There is also a full @-@ size football pitch , which is the base of Sheriff Hill Football Club ; a mixed @-@ sex club of around 125 players which is substantially funded by Gateshead Council . = = = Venues = = = There is some evidence that there were at least two inns during the 18th century , although their precise locations and names are unknown . In 1827 , Parson and White 's Directory listed the Brown Jug , adjoining Carr Hill Pottery at Carr Hill Lane and it is likely that this venue is one of those earlier inns . The second is likely the Old Fellows Inn , located near the Brown Jug at Carr Hill Lane , listed in 1844 , but later listed as ' The Free Gardeners Arms " . By 1856 , both the Brown Jug and the Free Gardeners Arms were well established and thriving and continued to prosper well into the 20th century , under the slightly different names of The Old Brown Jug and The Gardeners Arms . Despite one document referring to both as " social landmarks " , they have experienced a significant downturn in recent years and their future is extremely uncertain . The Brown Jug has been closed and derelict for several years ; in 2009 an application was made to convert the property into a block of six apartments . Although the application was declined , the pub and surrounding locale became something of a " no @-@ go " area , and a new application by Yorkshire Homes to convert the public house into a single residential property was approved in 2011 . The Gardeners Arms continued to trade until 2011 but was vacant when , on 1 July 2012 , the inn was gutted by fire . It was immediately put up for sale by the owners . = = Culture and community = = There are no structures listed by English Heritage in Carr Hill , although the buildings at 179 – 185 Carr Hill Road were listed locally by Gateshead Council ; in 2004 Our Lady of the Annunciation Church was added to the local list . = = = The Elgin Centre = = = The Elgin Centre , on Elgin Road at the south – east boundary between Deckham and Carr Hill , provides " the key cluster " of community provisions for residents . These facilities contribute to the regeneration of the suburb . The facilities are utilised by the Route 26 Community Project , a registered charity based at the centre that works towards the betterment of lives in Deckham and neighbouring wards . The project works with Gateshead Council and the Gateshead Housing Company to provide a community cafe promoting healthy eating ( the T – Junction ) , a gymnasium , indoor sports hall , outdoor Five @-@ a @-@ side football pitches and a meeting place for resident groups . The project has education provision for young children as a registered day – care provider and it also offers adult education and training . The project hosts the Carnival on the Hill / Deckham Festival , a collaborative enterprise between Route 26 , Gateshead Council and Home Group , offering free activities such as go @-@ karting and children 's soft play , against the backdrop of a steel band . The second Carnival on the Hill was held on 3 September 2011 and attracted more than 1 @,@ 000 visitors , including the Mayor of Gateshead and BBC local weatherman Paul Mooney . = = Transport = = The principal roads in Carr Hill are the local distributors : Carr Hill Road to the south , Coldwell Lane in the east and Nursery Lane , which bisects the suburb centrally . Journey time by car or bus to Gateshead town centre is ten minutes and fifteen minutes into the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne . Residents have a comparatively low level of car ownership , 46 @.@ 9 % as compared to a borough average of 56 @.@ 8 % . Some 27 @.@ 3 % of residents travel to work by public transport . Carr Hill is on a bus route into Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne served by two bus services : the Orbit 51 , which travels to Heworth Interchange and terminates at Gateshead , and the 68 . All buses serving Carr Hill are operated by Go North East under the administration of Nexus . The nearest Metro station is Felling , and the nearest railway station is Heworth Interchange . The nearest airport is Newcastle International Airport , some 7 @.@ 4 miles ( 11 @.@ 9 km ) away . = = Education = = Carr Hill Community Primary School , at the western end of Carr Hill on Carr Hill Road , caters for pupils in the 3 – 11 age range . It is a larger than average school where almost two thirds of the pupils are eligible for schools meals , well above the national average . The school has made steady and sustained improvement ; in 2008 an OFSTED inspection found the school to be " good " and in 2010 the school was rated ' outstanding ' , with excellent teaching and leadership noted and praised . Carr Hill Primary is the only school in the suburb , after Elgin Secondary Technical School , built in 1962 , was closed in the 1990s . The majority of children aged 11 – 16 now will attend Thomas Hepburn Community Academy in Felling . Carr Hill compares unfavourably with the wider Gateshead area in respect of adults with educational qualifications . 43 @.@ 5 % of adults have no educational qualifications , compared to 38 @.@ 4 % across the whole of Gateshead and the England average of 28 @.@ 9 % . Only 30 @.@ 4 % of adults have five or more GCSE 's or equivalent at A * – C ( compared to 36 @.@ 9 % across Gateshead and 47 @.@ 6 % nationally ) whilst 13 @.@ 4 % of adults in the suburb have two or more A @-@ Level 's or equivalent . = = Religion = = According to the 2001 UK census , 78 @.@ 9 % of Carr Hill residents identify themselves as Christian . This is marginally less than the regional average of 80 @.@ 1 % but is higher than the national figure of 71 @.@ 7 % . About 0 @.@ 1 % of residents identify as Buddhist , slightly fewer as Sikh , 0 @.@ 4 % as Muslim , and around 0 @.@ 2 % with another unstated religion . No residents identified themselves as Jewish or Hindu . The percentage of residents who have " no religion " is 13 @.@ 6 % ; 6 @.@ 7 % of residents did not state any religion . = = = Our Lady of the Annunciation Church = = = Built in 1950 , this modern , Roman Catholic church is located at Millway , and is the only place of worship in the suburb . It was also a social hub , hosting regular events such as Christmas fayres . In 2009 however , parish priest David Taylor was arrested in connection with a number of indecent assaults on young boys in his care and was suspended from his joint parish of St Peter 's , Low Fell and the Annunciation . Taylor admitted five charges at Durham Crown Court in 2009 and was given a prison sentence . On 20 April 2012 , a final mass was held by the Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle and the church was closed . As of 2012 the building remains standing , although property company GVA are inviting tenders for the church and adjoining land . = = = Academic and other texts = = = = Keen Johnson = Keen Johnson ( January 12 , 1896 – February 7 , 1970 ) was the 45th Governor of Kentucky , serving from 1939 to 1943 ; being the only journalist to have held that office . After serving in World War I , Johnson purchased and edited the Elizabethtown Mirror newspaper . He revived the struggling paper , sold it to a competitor and used the profits to obtain his journalism degree from the University of Kentucky in 1922 . After graduation , he became editor of The Anderson News , and in 1925 , he accepted an offer to co @-@ publish and edit the Richmond Daily Register . In 1935 , Johnson was chosen as the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor . He was elected and served under Governor A. B. " Happy " Chandler from 1935 to 1939 . He had already secured the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1939 when Chandler resigned and elevated Johnson to governor so that Johnson could appoint Chandler to the U.S. Senate seat vacated by the death of M. M. Logan . He went on to win a full gubernatorial term in the general election , defeating Republican King Swope . Johnson 's desire to expand the state 's social services was hampered by the financial strain imposed on the state by the outbreak of World War II . Nevertheless , he ran a fiscally conservative administration and took the state from being $ 7 million in debt to having a surplus of $ 10 million by the end of his term . Following his term as governor , Johnson joined Reynolds Metals as a special assistant to the president . He continued his employment with Reynolds until 1961 . He took a year @-@ long leave of absence in 1946 to accept President Harry S. Truman 's appointment as the first U.S. Undersecretary of Labor , serving under Lewis B. Schwellenbach . He unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1960 , losing to incumbent Republican John Sherman Cooper . He died February 7 , 1970 , and was buried in Richmond Cemetery in Richmond , Kentucky . = = Early life = = Keen Johnson was born in a two @-@ room cabin at Brandon 's Chapel in Lyon County , Kentucky , on January 12 , 1896 . He was the only son of Reverend Robert and Mattie ( Holloway ) Johnson . His parents named him in honor of John S. Keen , a family friend from Adair County . The Johnsons also had two daughters — Catherine ( Keturah ) and Christine . Robert Johnson was a Methodist minister , and the family moved often as a result of his occupation . After completing his elementary education in the public schools , Johnson attended Vanderbilt Preparatory School for Boys , a Methodist institution in Elkton , Kentucky . He finished his preparatory coursework in 1914 and matriculated to Central Methodist College in Fayette , Missouri . He had intended to continue his studies at the University of Missouri School of Journalism , but he interrupted his studies to enlist in the U.S. Army for service in World War I. After basic training , Johnson entered officer training at Fort Riley on May 15 , 1917 . In August 1917 , he was appointed second lieutenant and assigned to the 354th Infantry , 89th Division of the American Expeditionary Forces at Camp Funston . He was promoted to first lieutenant on March 29 , 1918 , and on June 4 , 1918 , he was deployed to France , where he studied logistical communications at the Army School of the Line and Staff College . He remained in Europe with the American Expeditionary Force until April 1919 and was honorably discharged from the Army on October 31 , 1919 . On June 23 , 1917 , while still completing his military training , Johnson married Eunice Nichols . Their only child , a daughter named Judith , was born May 19 , 1927 . Upon his return from military service , Johnson purchased the Elizabethtown Mirror with financial assistance from his father . He built the struggling paper almost from the ground up , and a competitor soon bought him out for a profit . Johnson used the profit from the sale of the Mirror to continue his education at the University of Kentucky . While a student , he worked as a reporter for the Lexington Herald . He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism in 1922 . The university awarded him an honorary Doctor of Laws degree in 1940 . After graduation , Johnson purchased half @-@ ownership of The Anderson News and served as the paper 's editor and publisher . In 1925 , Shelton M. Saufley asked Johnson to enter into a joint venture to purchase the Richmond Daily Register . Lured by the idea of publishing a daily paper , Johnson accepted . As a result of one of his editorials , Johnson was named executive secretary of the State Democratic Central Committee in 1932 . He continued to hold this position and publish the Register through 1939 . = = Political career = = In 1935 , Johnson was one of three contenders for the Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor . In the primary , he received more votes than his opponents , J. E. Wise and B. F. Wright , but a newly enacted election law required a runoff if no candidate received a majority . On September 7 , Johnson defeated Wise in the runoff . In the gubernatorial primary , A. B. " Happy " Chandler defeated Tom Rhea , the candidate favored by sitting governor Ruby Laffoon . Johnson had also favored Rhea , and had backed Robert T. Crowe over J. C. W. Beckham , Chandler 's choice in the 1927 Democratic primary . Nevertheless , the two put aside their differences and won the general election . Chandler defeated Republican King Swope by over 95 @,@ 000 votes , and Johnson defeated J. J. Kavanaugh by over 100 @,@ 000 votes . = = = Governor of Kentucky = = = The division between Chandler and Laffoon led to factionalism within the state Democratic Party . When no strong gubernatorial candidate emerged from the Chandler faction in 1939 , Chandler threw his support behind Johnson . John Y. Brown , Sr. announced he would challenge Johnson in the primary . This solidified the Chandler faction 's support , as Brown was an outspoken critic of the Chandler administration . Brown gained the support of Chandler critics , notably former governor Ruby Laffoon , Tom Rhea , Earle C. Clements , and Alben Barkley . He further garnered the support of the United Mine Workers and labor boss John L. Lewis . It was to no avail , as Johnson defeated Brown in the primary by over 33 @,@ 000 votes to secure the Democratic gubernatorial nomination . The Republicans chose King Swope , the loser in the 1935 gubernatorial election , to oppose Johnson . In the middle of the campaign , however , Johnson was elevated to governor . United States Senator M. M. Logan died in October 1939 , and Governor Chandler resigned so that Johnson — thus elevated to governor — could appoint him to the vacant seat . In the general election on November 17 , Johnson defeated Swope 460 @,@ 834 to 354 @,@ 704 , securing a full term as governor . In his inaugural address , Johnson promised to be " a saving , thrifty , frugal governor " . His policies helped him eliminate the state 's debt of $ 7 million and left the treasury with a surplus of $ 10 million by the end of his term . It was the first time the state had had a surplus since the administration of J. C. W. Beckham in 1903 . Johnson achieved the surplus without enacting any tax increases . Not all in Johnson 's party were happy with his approach to governing ; one critic noted , " Old Keen frugaled here and frugaled there till he damn near frugaled us to death . " Louisville Courier @-@ Journal reporter Howard Henderson wrote several stories exposing corruption in Johnson 's administration , including a significant one dealing with laundry contracts . Hubert Meredith , Johnson 's politically ambitious attorney general , freely aired his concerns about the administration , gaining recognition for himself from the publicity generated . Historian James C. Klotter opined " It is doubtful whether Johnson 's administration had any more political scandal than others , but the publicity made it seem that way . " In the 1940 legislative session , Johnson successfully lobbied the General Assembly to allocate money to a teacher retirement system that had previously been authorized but left unfunded . Despite his fiscally conservative nature , he increased funds to programs to assist the elderly by $ 1 million per year . Other accomplishments of the session included the provision of pensions for justices on the Kentucky Court of Appeals , creation of soil conservation districts in the state , and banning the sale of marijuana . Johnson 's primary interest lay in improving the state 's mental and penal institutions . These improvements began under Governor Chandler , and while Johnson stated that the mental hospitals and prisons were in their best condition in forty years by the end of his term , he was disappointed that he was not able to do more . In light of the financial obligations brought about by World War II , he had to curb state construction . In the 1941 legislative session , Johnson vetoed a measure allowing the sale of alcoholic beverages to surrounding states , even those with laws forbidding alcohol sales . The bill was very popular , and was supported by many of the state 's powerful special interests . It had passed the Kentucky House of Representatives by a vote of 84 – 0 and the Kentucky Senate by a vote of 31 – 3 . After Johnson 's veto , the House reversed itself , voting 86 – 3 to sustain the veto . In the 1942 legislative session , Johnson stressed the importance of allowing Kentucky cities to purchase and distribute power from the Tennessee Valley Authority . In an address to the Assembly , Johnson declared , " I have never had a stronger conviction on a question of public policy ... The principle involved is as correct as the Ten Commandments . " The Assembly passed the necessary legislation as Johnson requested . A major accomplishment of the Johnson administration was the passage of a legislative redistricting bill . Despite the fact that the U.S. Constitution requires redistricting after every decennial census , Kentucky 's legislative districts had remained virtually unchanged between 1893 and 1941 . He asked the 1942 legislative session to adjourn early so he could call a special session for the sole purpose of considering a redistricting bill . The legislators obliged , and passed a bill by the end of the special session . Johnson took an active part in the Democratic gubernatorial primary in 1943 . Among the candidates were Ben Kilgore , Rodes K. Myers , and J. Lyter Donaldson . Myers was Johnson 's lieutenant governor , but he had turned on the administration . Johnson called him a carpetbagger from North Carolina , " a political adventurer " , and " a phony farmer " . He also ridiculed Kilgore , who had strong support from the Louisville Courier @-@ Journal , the Rural Electric Association , and the Farm Bureau , by calling him a " Casanova " . Donaldson , Johnson 's former campaign manager , secured his support and the Democratic nomination . He was defeated in the general election by Republican Simeon Willis . = = Later life and death = = Beginning in 1940 , Johnson was a member of the State Democratic National Committee , serving until 1948 . On June 6 , 1942 , he was named to the board of regents of Eastern State College ( now Eastern Kentucky University or EKU ) , a position he held for eight years . EKU 's Keen Johnson Building , a 1939 Works Progress Administration project , was named in honor of him . The building and its clock tower is one of the most recognizable landmarks on the university 's campus . On January 1 , 1944 , he was named a special assistant to the president of Reynolds Metals , advising him on postwar unemployment problems . He became vice @-@ president of public relations for the company in 1945 . Johnson developed a strong rapport with union leaders and in 1946 , President Harry S. Truman and Kentucky Senator Alben Barkley asked him to accept an appointment to the newly created post of Undersecretary of Labor . In August 1946 , Johnson took a leave of absence from Reynolds and accepted the appointment . He frequently attended President Truman 's cabinet meetings due to the illness of Secretary Lewis B. Schwellenbach . In mid @-@ 1947 , Johnson returned to Reynolds . In 1950 , he became a member of the company 's board of directors . In this capacity , he organized meetings of sales executives and traveled extensively to promote the company 's aluminum products . He retired from Reynolds in January 1961 . In 1960 , Johnson sought a seat in the U.S. Senate . He defeated John Y. Brown , Sr. in the Democratic primary , but was unable to unseat Republican incumbent John Sherman Cooper in the general election . In 1961 and 1964 , he was appointed to the state board of education . He served as a delegate to an assembly to revise the state constitution in 1964 . In 1965 , the University of Kentucky honored him with a Centennial Award and inducted him into its Hall of Distinguished Alumni . He died February 7 , 1970 in Richmond , Kentucky , and is buried in Richmond Cemetery . = Wish You Were Here ( Pink Floyd album ) = Wish You Were Here is the ninth studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd , released in September 1975 . Inspired by material the group composed while performing across Europe , Wish You Were Here was recorded in numerous sessions at London 's Abbey Road Studios . Some of the songs critique the music business , others express alienation , and " Shine On You Crazy Diamond " is a tribute to Syd Barrett , whose mental breakdown had forced him to leave the group seven years earlier . It was lead writer Roger Waters ' idea to split " Shine On You Crazy Diamond " into two parts and use it to bookend the album around three new compositions , introducing a new concept as the group had done with their previous album , The Dark Side of the Moon . As with The Dark Side of the Moon , the band used studio effects and synthesizers , and brought in guest singers to supply vocals on some tracks of the album . These singers were Roy Harper , who provided the lead vocals on " Have a Cigar " , and The Blackberries , who added backing vocals to " Shine On You Crazy Diamond " . The album became an instant commercial success and record company EMI was unable to print enough copies to satisfy demand . Although it initially received mixed reviews , the album has since been acclaimed by critics and appears on Rolling Stone 's list of " The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " . Band members Richard Wright and David Gilmour have each cited Wish You Were Here as their favourite Pink Floyd album . = = Background = = During 1974 , Pink Floyd sketched out three new compositions , " Raving and Drooling " , " You Gotta Be Crazy " and " Shine On You Crazy Diamond " . These songs were performed during a series of concerts in France and England , the band 's first tour since 1973 's The Dark Side of the Moon . As Pink Floyd had never employed a publicist and kept themselves distant from the press , their relationship with the media began to sour . Following the publication by NME of a negative critique of the band 's new material , written by Nick Kent ( a devotee of Syd Barrett ) and Pete Erskine , the band returned to the studio in the first week of 1975 . = = Concept = = Wish You Were Here is the second Pink Floyd album to use a conceptual theme written entirely by Roger Waters . It reflects his feeling that the camaraderie that had served the band was , by then , largely absent . The album begins with a long instrumental preamble and segues into the lyrics for " Shine On You Crazy Diamond " , a tribute to Syd Barrett , whose mental breakdown had forced him to leave the group seven years earlier . Barrett is fondly recalled with lines such as " Remember when you were young , you shone like the sun " and " You reached for the secret too soon , you cried for the moon " . Wish You Were Here is also a critique of the music business . " Shine On " crosses seamlessly into " Welcome to the Machine " , a song that begins with an opening door ( described by Waters as a symbol of musical discovery and progress betrayed by a music industry more interested in greed and success ) and ends with a party , the latter epitomising " the lack of contact and real feelings between people " . Similarly , " Have a Cigar " scorns record industry " fatcats " with the lyrics repeating a stream of cliches heard by rising new @-@ comers in the industry , and including the question " by the way , which one 's Pink ? " asked of the band on at least one occasion . The lyrics of the next song , " Wish You Were Here " , relate both to Barrett 's condition , and to the dichotomy of Waters ' character , with greed and ambition battling with compassion and idealism . The album closes with a reprise of " Shine On " and further instrumental excursions . = = Recording = = Alan Parsons , EMI staff engineer for Pink Floyd 's previous studio album , The Dark Side of the Moon , had declined the band 's offer to continue working with them ( Parsons became successful in his own right with The Alan Parsons Project ) . The group had worked with engineer Brian Humphries on More , recorded at Pye Studios , and again in 1974 when he replaced an inexperienced concert engineer . Humphries was therefore the natural choice to work on the band 's new material , although as a stranger to EMI 's Abbey Road set @-@ up he encountered some early difficulties . On one occasion , Humphries inadvertently spoiled the backing tracks for " Shine On " , a piece that Waters and drummer Nick Mason had spent many hours perfecting , with echo . The entire piece had to be re @-@ recorded . The sessions for Wish You Were Here at Abbey Road 's Studio Three lasted from January until July 1975 , recording on four days each week from 2 : 30 P.M. until very late in the evening . The group found it difficult at first to devise any new material , especially as the success of The Dark Side of the Moon had left all four physically and emotionally drained . Keyboardist Richard Wright later described these sessions as " falling within a difficult period " , and Waters recalled them as " torturous " . Mason found the process of multi @-@ track recording drawn out and tedious , while David Gilmour was more interested in improving the band 's existing material . Gilmour was also becoming increasingly frustrated with Mason , whose failing marriage had brought on a general malaise and sense of apathy , both of which interfered with his drumming . Mason has since stated that Nick Kent 's criticism in the NME may have had some influence in keeping the band together . It was a very difficult period I have to say . All your childhood dreams had been sort of realised and we had the biggest selling records in the world and all the things you got into it for . The girls and the money and the fame and all that stuff it was all ... everything had sort of come our way and you had to reassess what you were in it for thereafter , and it was a pretty confusing and sort of empty time for a while ... Humphries said his point of view of these struggled sessions in a 2014 interview : “ There were days when we didn ’ t do anything . I don ’ t think they knew what they wanted to do . We had a dartboard and an air rifle and we ’ d play these word games , sit around , get drunk , go home and return the next day . That ’ s all we were doing until suddenly everything started falling into place . ” After several weeks , Waters began to visualise another concept . The three new compositions from 1974 's tour were at least a starting point for a new album , and " Shine On You Crazy Diamond " seemed a reasonable choice as a centrepiece for the new work . Mostly an instrumental twenty @-@ minute @-@ plus piece similar to " Echoes " , the opening four @-@ note guitar phrase reminded Waters of the lingering ghost of former band @-@ member Syd Barrett . Gilmour had composed the phrase entirely by accident , but was encouraged by Waters ' positive response . Waters wanted to split " Shine On You Crazy Diamond " , and sandwich two new songs between its two halves . Gilmour disagreed , but was outvoted three to one . " Welcome to the Machine " and " Have a Cigar " were barely veiled attacks on the music business , their lyrics working neatly with " Shine On " to provide an apt summary of the rise and fall of Barrett ; " Because I wanted to get as close as possible to what I felt ... that sort of indefinable , inevitable melancholy about the disappearance of Syd . " " Raving and Drooling " and " You Gotta Be Crazy " had no place in the new concept , and were set aside until the following album , 1977 's Animals . = = = Syd Barrett 's visit to the studio = = = One of the more notable events during the recording of Wish You Were Here occurred on 5 June 1975 , the day Gilmour married his first wife , Ginger , on the eve of Pink Floyd 's second US tour that year . The band were in the process of completing the final mix of " Shine On You Crazy Diamond " when an overweight man with shaven head and eyebrows , and holding a plastic bag , entered the room . Waters , who was working in the studio , initially did not recognise him . Wright was also mystified by the identity of the visitor , presumed he was a friend of Waters ' and asked him , but soon realised that it was Syd Barrett . Gilmour initially presumed he was an EMI staff member . Mason also failed to recognise him and was " horrified " when Gilmour identified him . In Mason 's personal memoir of Pink Floyd , Inside Out , he recalled Barrett 's conversation as " desultory and not entirely sensible " . Storm Thorgerson later reflected on Barrett 's presence : " Two or three people cried . He sat round and talked for a bit but he wasn 't really there . " Waters was reportedly reduced to tears by the sight of his former bandmate , who was asked by fellow visitor Andrew King how he had managed to gain so much weight . Barrett said he had a large refrigerator in his kitchen , and that he had been eating lots of pork chops . He also mentioned that he was ready to avail the band of his services , but while listening to the mix of " Shine On " , showed no signs of understanding its relevance to his plight . He joined the guests at Gilmour 's wedding reception in the EMI canteen , but left without saying goodbye . None of the band members saw him from that day on until his death in 2006 . Although the lyrics had already been created , Barrett 's presence on that day may have influenced the final part of the song – a subtle refrain performed by Wright from " See Emily Play " is audible towards the end of the album . I 'm very sad about Syd . Of course he was important and the band would never have fucking started without him because he was writing all the material . It couldn 't have happened without him but on the other hand it couldn 't have gone on with him . " Shine On " is not really about Syd – he 's just a symbol for all the extremes of absence some people have to indulge in because it 's the only way they can cope with how fucking sad it is , modern life , to withdraw completely . I found that terribly sad . = = = Instrumentation = = = As in The Dark Side of the Moon , the band used synthesizers such as the EMS VCS 3 ( on " Welcome to the Machine " ) , but softened with Gilmour 's acoustic guitar and percussion from Mason . The start of " Shine On " contains remnants from a previous but incomplete studio recording by the band known as " Household Objects " . Wine glasses had been filled with varying amounts of fluid , and recordings were made of a wet finger circling the edge of each glass . These recordings were multi @-@ tracked into chords , and used in the opening of " Shine On " . Jazz violinist Stéphane Grappelli and classical violinist Yehudi Menuhin were performing in another studio in the building , and were invited to record a piece for the new album . Menuhin watched as Grappelli played on the song " Wish You Were Here " ; however , the band later decided his contribution was unsuitable and , until 2011 , it was believed that the piece had been wiped . It turns out his playing was included on the album , but so low in the final mix that the band presumed it would be insulting to credit him . He was paid £ 300 for his contribution ( equivalent to £ 2 @,@ 300 in 2016 ) . Dick Parry again played saxophone , on " Shine On You Crazy Diamond " . The opening bars of " Wish You Were Here " were recorded from Gilmour 's car radio , with somebody turning the dial ( the classical music heard is the finale of Tchaikovsky 's Fourth Symphony ) . = = = Vocals = = = Recording sessions had twice been interrupted by US tours ( one in April and the other in June 1975 ) , and the final sessions , which occurred after the band 's performance at Knebworth , proved particularly troublesome for Waters . He struggled to record the vocals for " Have a Cigar " , requiring several takes to perform an acceptable	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
and on the drive , Ficken kicked a personal record 54 @-@ yard field goal , the longest by a Penn State player since 1979 , which was the final scoring play of the game , whose final score was 34 – 0 . Penn State 's defense excelled , shutting out an opponent for the first time since the 2010 season , also against Kent State . The Lions held Kent State to 190 total yards – just 56 rushing yards , and allowed them to move into Penn State territory only twice out of 14 drives . In the post game media conference , Coach Bill O 'Brien commended his defensive coordinator John Butler for his hard work in practice the previous week to rebound from an embarrassing performance against Central Florida . Defensive end Deion Barnes recorded his first sack of the season , and safety Ryan Keiser made his first career interception , while linebacker Glenn Carson led the team with seven tackles . Offensively , Penn State was led by their tandem at running back – trio Zach Zwinak , who had three touchdown rushes , excelling in the grind @-@ it @-@ out style of play Penn State employed in the rain , Bill Belton rushed for 90 yards on 13 carries and had a receiving touchdown , and Akeel Lynch had a " career day " , rushing for 123 yards on just 14 carries . The passing game faltered in the rainy conditions , as Christian Hackenberg frequently forced the ball to Allen Robinson for incomplete passes – Robinson finished with 3 receptions , and Hackenberg with 22 incomplete passes and an interception . Penn State did improve on third downs , converting 7 @-@ of @-@ 18 , but remained in the bottom of the FBS , 120 out of 123 teams . = = = Bye week # 1 – September 28 , 2013 = = = After their first four non @-@ conference games , Penn State had their first of two mid @-@ season bye weeks , this one heading into conference play . Off the field , Penn State received relief from sanctions imposed in wake of the Penn State child sex abuse scandal ; based on a recommendation from independent integrity monitor George Mitchell , Penn State was allowed to have five additional scholarships in 2014 , and up to the full 25 by 2015 , meaning they would have the full 85 by the 2016 season . “ The decision is the result of a thoughtful and deliberative process to ensure we reached the most appropriate outcome . During our discussions , we had the benefit of engaging with Senator Mitchell ’ s expert perspective and the views of our Big Ten colleagues . ” – Rita Hartung Cheng , chair of the NCAA executive committee meetings regarding Mitchell 's annual report The reduction of penalties led to an article in The Patriot News on whether Penn State achieved an " unequivocal " bye week victory , perhaps even their biggest victory of the season . On the field , several keys for improvement were identified within the media , including finding a secondary receiver to Allen Robinson , strengthening the secondary , and continuing improvement on third downs . Also , Penn State 's tight end tandem , which struggled during non @-@ conference play , needed to improve , particularly as Penn State had a young quarterback in Christian Hackenberg who would face tougher defenses in conference play . = = = October 5 vs. Indiana = = = In their second game away from Beaver Stadium of the season , the Nittany Lions traveled to Bloomington , Indiana for their game against the Indiana Hoosiers , their first conference opponent . This was the teams ' 17th meeting , with Penn State owning a 16 – 0 record coming into the game . Indiana featured the Big Ten 's best passing offense in 2012 , led by quarterback Chase Coffman , who returned in 2013 . Indiana entered the game with a record of 2 – 2 . As they had in 2012 , struggled defensively in their first four games , averaging giving up nearly 33 points per game . Their offense however , had shined thus far , and had come into their previous game , a 45 – 28 loss to Missouri , averaging 50 points per game , but sputtered against the Tigers . A preview on SB Nation noted that Indiana 's pass first offense might " cause problems " for Penn State , though it expressed some optimism , as Mike Hull finally returned and Adrian Amos moved from safety to cornerback . Offensively for Penn State , balancing the running game with the passing game was a key – in the previous season 's game against Indiana , Penn Statewide receiver Allen Robinson caught 10 passes for 197 yards and 3 touchdowns – as this was expected to be a developmental game for freshman quarterback Christian Hackenberg . There was no conclusive advantage on special teams . Penn State got the ball to start the game , and drove down the field with relative ease ( facing only one third down ) prior to stalling at their 26 @-@ yard line and turning the ball over on downs . After an Indiana three and out , Penn State ran another drive at the end of which they turned over on downs . Each team ran one more drive before Indiana attained first downs on three consecutive plays , ultimately culminating their possession with a five @-@ yard touchdown pass from quarterback Nate Sudfeld to Isaiah Roundtree , making the score 7 – 0 at the end of the first quarter . Penn State responded on their second drive of the second quarter via a 46 @-@ yard pass from Hackenberg to Robinson to tie the game . Later , Mitch Ewald kicked a short field goal to re @-@ take the lead . Penn State had a chance to tie the game again when kicker Sam Ficken attempted a 42 @-@ yard field goal , but Indiana blocked the kick , and with their ensuing momentum drove down the field at the end of the half , ultimately ending with Ewald hitting a field goal as time expired . After halftime , Indiana ran a quick drive on which they punted before Penn State ran a 13 @-@ play , 80 @-@ yard drive that concluded with Robinson catching his second touchdown of the game , a 26 @-@ yard pass from Hackenberg . Indiana responded with a quick score ; they converted a two @-@ point conversion to take a 21 – 14 lead . Late in the third quarter , Hackenberg threw a fade pattern to Robinson in the corner of the end zone , which Robinson corralled , but he landed on his back out of bounds , and came up either with the wind knocked out , or some sort of back injury . Penn State settled for a field goal , and at the end of three , Indiana led 21 – 17 . The fourth quarter entrenched the Hoosiers ' lead , as they totaled 23 points to only 7 for Penn State , winning the game 44 – 24 , their final score coming on a safety . Dubbed the " low point ... of the Bill O 'Brien era " and Penn State 's first ever loss to the Hoosiers , lack of execution was a primary problem for the Nittany Lions ; Penn State was just one @-@ of @-@ five on fourth down conversion attempts , a few of which they attempted while in Sam Ficken 's field goal range , and on two field goal attempts , there were two botched snaps , the first of which led to a blocked kick , the latter getting past the holder and rolling 31 yards by the time Ficken fell on the ball for a turnover on downs . O 'Brien also conceded that poor coaching did not help the Lions , and that he tried to " manufacture " momentum at several points in the game : " We coached very average today . " − Bill O 'Brien = = = October 12 vs. Michigan = = = In the teams ' first meeting since the 2010 season , the Nittany Lions looked to achieve their fourth consecutive win in the series , however even a hometown paper , the York Daily Record , predicted the Lions would lose , albeit in a close game , citing Michigan 's superiority on both offense and defense , as well as coaching , compared to Penn State 's superiority on special teams and intangibles . Penn State 's edition of SB Nation also predicted the Lions would lose citing the Wolverines ' better athletes , but noted that Michigan 's quarterback Devin Gardner has thrown as many interceptions as touchdowns ( 8 ) coming into the game , and that Penn State 's best chance to win would be if Michigan turned the ball over frequently . Coming off an embarrassing loss against Indiana , Penn State 's coach Bill O 'Brien was " focused " all week and refused to talk to the media about the prior week 's loss , focusing strictly on the Michigan game , which was Homecoming for Penn State , was expected to be the first sellout of the season , and featured a whiteout , led by the student section . O 'Brien noted , " it would be crazy to think this is just another game " . The game was Penn State 's second national broadcast of the year , with Penn State alumnus Matt Millen providing color commentary on Penn State 's homecoming weekend . Michigan , coming off a 42 – 13 victory over Minnesota , entered the game with a win @-@ loss record of 5 – 0 , one of two remaining undefeated teams in the Big Ten ( the other was Ohio State , who was 6 – 0 , and whom the Lions are scheduled to play on October 26 ) . Michigan 's defense , led by their star cornerback Blake Countless , who was tied for the NCAA lead with four interceptions entering the game , had yet to allow a rushing touchdown , and was expected to receive a boost from the return of their 2012 All @-@ Big Ten linebacker Jake Ryan , who tore his anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) the prior season . As such , a key for Penn State was to match Michigan 's physicality in strong offensive line play and establish the line of scrimmage , both on offense and defense , as the game would be won in the trenches . The game was described as a " critical juncture " . Before the game , Penn State realized that , due to a Ticketmaster glitch , it had oversold student section tickets , and was forced to offer several alternate packages in order not to have to boot students . With a Goodyear blimp overhead , Michigan got the ball to start the game , and on their first play from scrimmage , they lost three yards when DaQuan Jones made a tackle for a loss stopping Fitzgerald Toussaint ; the loss decimated the drive , which ended in a three @-@ and @-@ out . Penn State 's drive was no more successful – after one first down , Christian Hackenberg threw an interception . On Michigan 's ensuing drive , however , they were set up on another third down and long , and Penn State 's Jordan Lucas picked off Michigan quarterback Devin Gardner 's pass , setting Penn State up in the red zone . Penn State capitalized , as Hackenberg threw a 12 @-@ yard touchdown pass to senior receiver Brandon Felder . Michigan struck right back , getting two first downs in the running game prior to Gardner throwing a 59 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Devin Funchess to tie the game . Penn State did not get a first down on their next drive and tried to convert fourth down deep in their own territory , but failed , setting Michigan up with excellent field position . Penn State 's defense , however , responded , with Glenn Carson sacking Gardner to put Michigan out of field goal range , forcing a punt that Michigan downed around the five yard line . On Michigan 's next drive , their kicker Brendan Gibbons made a 47 @-@ yard field goal . After Penn State again punted , Michigan embarked on a drive that included a third @-@ and @-@ long conversion , but ultimately ended when Gardner threw an interception to Penn State defensive end Anthony Zettel , who started over Deion Barnes . It took Penn State only one play to capitalize ; Hackenberg threw a 20 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Jesse James to put Penn State back up 14 – 10 . Penn State struck again later in the quarter , again via a touchdown pass from Hackenberg to Felder . Late in the first half , Penn State defensive end C. J. Olaniyan sacked Gardner for the second time , forcing a fumble , which Penn State recovered , but their drive stalled , and they punted . Penn State held a 21 – 10 advantage at halftime . On Penn State 's first play from scrimmage in the second half , Zach Zwinak fumbled , and it was returned for a touchdown by Frank Clark to pull within four points . After another Penn State drive stalled , Michigan drove down the field , and was faced with a third @-@ and @-@ short before a freshman offensive lineman committed a dead ball unsportsmanlike conduct penalty to back up Michigan to face a third and long ; on that play Olaniyan recorded his third sack of the day , and Michigan punted . On Penn State 's ensuing drive , they turned the ball over again , this time via a Hackenberg interception ; Michigan capitalized by kicking a field goal . When Penn State got the ball back , they ran a sustained , balanced drive ( 4 run plays , 5 pass plays , 50 yards ) down the field during which they went to Bill Belton in the running game ( as Zwinak had fumbled previously in the half ) that culminated with Sam Ficken kicking a 45 @-@ yard field goal to go up by 4 points . Michigan promptly drove right back down the field , and Gardner threw a touchdown pass to Jeremy Gallon to take the lead for the second time , 27 – 24 . In the fourth quarter , Ficken attempted a 47 @-@ yard field goal , but missed , and Penn State 's 10 @-@ play 45 @-@ yard drive came up empty . Michigan took advantage of their ensuing field position and ran a quick drive that ended with a 37 @-@ yard touchdown pass from Gardner to Funchess , putting them on top by 10 with 10 : 28 to go . On Penn State 's ensuing drive , they converted a fourth down and one near midfield prior to a penalty and then a sack setting up a third and long on which Hackenberg threw an incomplete pass , so they were forced to settle with pulling within 7 ; Sam Ficken kicked a 43 @-@ yard field goal . Michigan tried to run out the clock on their next drive , and Penn State burned all three of their timeouts . Though they were at one point within field goal range , they committed a five @-@ yard delay of game penalty that pushed them out of range , and they had to punt . Penn State got the ball with 50 seconds left and no timeouts at their own 20 @-@ yard line . Needing a touchdown to tie the game , Penn State 's first play of scrimmage was a pass from Hackenberg to Robinson along the sideline that was ruled incomplete on the field , but was reviewed and overturned and counted as a 14 @-@ yard gain . The next play was an acrobatic catch by Felder for 29 yards , and then a pass down the sideline to Robinson for 36 yards to put the ball inside the one yard line with 29 seconds remaining . Michigan then called their final timeout . Hackenberg then attempted a quarterback sneak over the right side for a touchdown ; the play was reviewed and the call was confirmed , and Ficken made the extra point to tie the game with 27 seconds left . Michigan took the ball at their own 35 , drove it to the other 35 , and lined Gibbons up to attempt a 52 @-@ yard field goal , which he missed short . Penn State got the ball with two seconds left , but downed the ball to send the game into overtime . Penn State got the ball to start overtime , but went three @-@ and @-@ out and Ficken missed a field goal . Michigan used their entire possession to try to center the ball for Gibbons , and then they attempted a field goal , but it was blocked , to send the game into a second overtime . Michigan got the ball to start the second overtime , achieved one first down , and Gibbons redeemed himself , kicking a 25 @-@ yard field goal . Ficken responded , tacking on a 36 @-@ yard field goal to tie the game at 37 , headed into a third overtime . Penn State got the ball to start the third overtime , but on their first play , an end @-@ around to Robinson that he fumbled and was recovered by Clark to set up Michigan with a chance to win the game with any score . Gibbons had an opportunity to win the game , but missed wide , and sent the game into a fourth overtime . Michigan got the ball to start the fourth overtime , and stalled , leaving Gibbons to attempt a 40 @-@ yard field goal , which he made to put the Wolverines on top 40 – 37 . Penn State then needed a field goal to tie , or a touchdown to win . Faced with a fourth down and one , O 'Brien sent his team out on the field to go for it , and they converted via a two @-@ yard run by Belton . Three plays later , Hackenberg threw an incomplete pass intended for Robinson in the end zone , but officials called pass interference on the play , which occurred in the end zone , resulting in the ball being placed at the two yard line . On Penn State 's next play , Hackenberg handed the ball off to Belton , who ran it in for a two @-@ yard touchdown , winning the game for Penn State . The four @-@ overtime game was the longest in Big Ten Conference history . For their performance in the game , Athlon Sports named Hackenberg as both its Big Ten and National Freshman of the Week , and Olaniyan as its Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week . Hackenberg threw for over 300 yards for the third time , already moving him into a tie for third @-@ most all time in Penn State history , tied with Daryll Clark , and behind Matt McGloin and Kerry Collins ; it was the third time he had been named freshman of the week . Olaniyan recorded 2 @.@ 5 sacks and forced a fumble ( that was recovered by DaQuan Jones ) , and this was his first career Big Ten Player of the Week accolade . ESPN named the game the best of the season 's first half , and Robinson 's catch late in regulation was named the number @-@ one play on Sports Center 's Top Ten . = = = Bye week # 2 – October 19 , 2013 = = = After Penn State 's quadruple overtime win against Michigan , they tried to get healthy , with veterans being held out of a scrimmage that occurred during the week of practice , instead working on conditioning . One ESPN writer opined that defensive coordinator John Butler needed to emphasize reworking the secondary , similar to how he had focused on reworking the defensive line , which was successful during the prior week 's game . Also , Penn State needed to find additional " playmakers " to supplement Allen Robinson in the receiving game , as well as determine who would lead the running game , as Zach Zwinak had fumbled against Michigan and was taken out , and Bill Belton took over and performed well . Half way through the season , ESPN.com rated Robinson as the team 's offensive MVP , and defensive tackle DaQuan Jones as the team 's defensive MVP . The midseason report noted that Penn State had a grueling schedule in the second half of the season that would test the depth of its defense , limited by lack of scholarship players . Lancaster Newspapers concurred with ESPN , awarding their first half offensive and defensive MVPs to Robinson and Jones respectively as well , adding Sam Ficken as special teams MVP . The column also called sophomore defensive end Deion Barnes the biggest disappointment of the first half , noting that he had even been relegated out of the starting lineup . Quarterback Christian Hackenberg , who had started the first six games and had a " halftime " in the bye week , as there were still six games to play , viewed the bye week as a bonus : " We have a couple more days to prepare , get a good game plan and get ready to go to a hostile environment and play a really good football team . I think it 's more of a bonus for us . " Coach Bill O 'Brien concurred , asserting that Penn State 's win against Michigan gave Hackenberg confidence and development . = = = October 26 vs. Ohio State = = = In Penn State 's second nationally @-@ televised , prime time game , which was to be called by Nittany Lion alumnus Todd Blackledge , the Lions entered the game underdogs , even according to their local media . The opening line put Ohio State 14 @.@ 5 point favorites . Pre @-@ game buildup focused on Ohio State quarterback Braxton Miller , for whom there " is no good way to stop " , and who Bill O 'Brien called one of the top five players in the country . In tandem with star running back Carlos Hyde , Ohio State was expected to score a lot of points , even against Penn State 's improved defense ; a preview from York Daily Record writer Frank Bodani gave Ohio State the edge on offense , citing the tandem of Miller and Hyde , defense , citing playmaking game @-@ changers Noah Spence and Ryan Shazier , who play defensive end and linebacker respectively , special teams , noting their punt blocking ability and return game , coaching , noting that Ohio State had not yet lost under Urban Meyer , and intangibles , citing the sold @-@ out crowd in prime time . Keys to the game for Penn State were to contain Miller , not get beaten over @-@ the @-@ top in coverage , and running the ball , so as to avoid becoming one @-@ dimensional offensively . Ohio State needed to contain Penn State receiver Allen Robinson with their star cornerback Bradley Roby , " ride Hyde " ( run the ball with Carlos Hyde ) , and get pressure on freshman quarterback Christian Hackenberg . Penn State made a few changes on their depth chart for the game , including placing Bill Belton and Zach Zwinak on the first team separated with an " OR " . Also , Deion Barnes and Anthony Zettel were listed with an OR between their names ; Zettel started the previous week against Michigan . Ohio State got the ball to start the game , and promptly drove down the field on a 7 @-@ play , 75 @-@ yard drive culminating with a touchdown run by Carlos Hyde . Penn State responded with a solid drive of their own , running 12 plays and getting to the 12 @-@ yard line before Christian Hackenberg threw an interception in the end zone . The two teams exchanged punts , and then Ohio State scored , this time via a 39 @-@ yard run from their quarterback Braxton Miller . Hackenberg threw another interception late in the quarter , and Ohio State , early in the second quarter , capitalized with another touchdown . After scoring again , Penn State scored points for their first time to make the score 28 – 7 , off a 12 @-@ yard touchdown reception by Brandon Felder . Ohio State scored twice more , and the halftime score was a 42 – 7 Ohio State advantage . After exchanging punts to start the second half , Zach Zwinak lost a fumble in Penn State territory for the second consecutive week , and for the second consecutive week , he did not carry the ball after it . It took Ohio State only two plays to take advantage , scoring a touchdown on a Miller pass to Dontre Wilson . On Penn State 's next drive , Tyler Ferguson replaced Hackenberg at quarterback due to an injury he sustained earlier in the game , Ferguson was no more effective , as Penn State ultimately punted . Ohio State scored once more in the third quarter , and they led 56 – 7 headed into the fourth quarter . After another touchdown for Ohio State , Ferguson threw a touchdown pass to Allen Robinson in which Robinson caught the screen pass behind the line of scrimmage , " runs around , weaving thru traffic from one sideline to the other , and finishes in the end zone for a touchdown " . That would be the final scoring play of the game , which ended 63 – 14 . In what linebacker Mike Hull described as " the worst game I 've experienced " , Penn State allowed the most points it had since 1889 , when they lost to the Duquesne Athletic Club on November 25 , 1889 64 – 5 . Ohio State totaled 686 total yards , whereas Penn State totaled 357 . The game thrust the Buckeyes into consideration to play in the 2014 BCS National Championship Game , while it subjugated Christian Hackenberg , who " wasn 't ready for Ohio State or the ' Shoe " , according to an article on Bleacher Report . An article from SBNation.com noted , " This Penn State one is a talented but extremely flawed one , flawed , especially defensively , in ways that are blatant and clear and easy for any well @-@ coached offense to exploit , and flawed on offense with youth and with inexperience , destined to repeat the past because they must before it gets any better . " = = = November 2 vs. Illinois = = = Coming off a shellacking against Ohio State , Penn State looked to rebound behind a strong defensive effort against Illinois . Linebacker Mike Hull noted , " Practice Monday and ( Tuesday ) was real energetic and we were smacking people out there . We ’ re ready to play another game on Saturday and get that taste of losing out of our mouth . " Keys to the game included moving on from the prior Saturday 's defeat , limiting big plays on defense , containing Illinois quarterback Nathan Scheelhaase , and protecting quarterback Christian Hackenberg . A pre @-@ game analysis of statistical comparisons between the two squads gave Penn State an advantage in most offensive and defensive stats , while it gave Illinois an advantage on special teams . The analyst blamed sanctions imposed by NCAA president Mark Emmert in wake of the Penn State child sex abuse scandal for that disparity , citing scholarship reductions hampering depth . Illinois got the ball to start the game , and on their opening drive , Scheelhaase threw an interception , setting up Penn State at their own 16 , from which they ran a 7 @-@ play , 84 @-@ yard drive highlighted by a 47 @-@ yard pass to Allen Robinson , and culminating with Bill Belton rushing for a 1 @-@ yard touchdown . Penn State scored on their second drive as well , a lengthy 17 @-@ play drive that encapsulated 7 : 15 , and resulted in Christian Hackenberg running for a 9 @-@ yard touchdown early in the second quarter to take a 14 – 0 lead . After another Illinois punt , Penn State again drove down the field , but Sam Ficken missed a 37 @-@ yard field goal , his first miss on a kick inside of 40 yards on the season . On the final drive of the first half , Illinois finally achieved points , with kicker Taylor Zalewski making a 21 @-@ yard field goal as time expired . After Penn State 's first second @-@ half drive faltered , Illinois took the field , and embarked on a 13 @-@ play , 88 @-@ yard drive , ended by an 8 @-@ yard touchdown run from Josh Ferguson . At the end of the third quarter , Penn State led 14 – 10 . In the fourth quarter , the two teams each failed to score on their first drive , but on Illinois ' second , Scheelhaase connected with Ferguson on a 7 @-@ yard pass to finish off a 13 @-@ play , 77 @-@ yard drive and take the lead for the first time in the game . Penn State 's ensuing drive had promise , but ultimately ended when Belton lost a fumble at the two @-@ yard line . Illinois failed to capitalize , however , and went three @-@ and @-@ out . Taking the field in Illinois territory , Penn State drove into field goal range , at which point Ficken made a 37 @-@ yard field goal to tie the game at 17 with 0 : 41 remaining . Illinois got the ball back , but after a false start penalty on them and a subsequent off @-@ sides penalty on Penn State , they called timeout , and ran one additional play , on which Penn State recorded their first sack of the game . Time expired . In overtime , Penn State 's second overtime game in their past three , they got the ball to start , and were faced with a third @-@ down situation needing 11 yards to convert at the 15 @-@ yard line . Coming out of a timeout following a holding penalty that brought back a touchdown , Kyle Carter made his first and only reception of the day , a 15 @-@ yard touchdown pass thrown into a tight window by Hackenberg on one of Penn State 's " favorite " plays known simply as " pearl " . Illinois did not achieve a touchdown on their subsequent drive , as Ryan Keiser intercepted a pass on its first play , ending the game with Penn State emerging victorious , 24 – 17 . In a victory that coach Bill O 'Brien refused to describe as either " ugly " or " fortunate " despite a variety of media sources doing so , one article from Lancaster Newspapers described the game by saying , This was some bad football played by two teams going nowhere , both ailing mentally and emotionally over having been beaten on the road in their previous outings by a combined 88 points . And after a long day of players and coaches and officials throwing up all over each other , the truth that Illinois has not won a Big Ten game since Nov. 8 , 2011 ... Which is to say , it came down to Illinois doing what it does , which is finding a way to lose , and Penn State doing what it ( more often than not ) does , which is to find a way to win . Offensively , Penn State totaled 25 first downs , two fewer than Illinois , but 490 total offensive yards , exceeding Illinois by 79 . Allen Robinson caught 11 passes , and was the only Penn State receiver with more than three catches . The shuffled offensive line on which Donovan Smith did not start , " yes , allowed a sack , and yes , committed a few penalties , but generally opened up gaping holes in the run game , gave Hackenberg plenty of time to throw , and controlled the line of scrimmage " . Running back Bill Belton set career highs with both 36 rushes and 201 yards , and was named Big Ten co @-@ offensive player of the week . It was the first time a Penn State player had rushed for over 200 yards since Larry Johnson in 2002 . Defensively , Penn State stopped Illinois for a loss of yardage on only four plays , and though linebackers Mike Hull and Glenn Carson combined for 24 tackles , they had no interceptions , forced fumbles , sacks , or tackles for loss between them . The secondary struggled , though did record two interceptions , mitigating their overall ineffectiveness , much of which , however , stemmed from defensive coordinator John Butler 's incessant third @-@ down blitzes , leaving one @-@ on @-@ one coverage for overmatched cornerbacks such as Jordan Lucas . = = = November 9 vs. Minnesota = = = In the teams ' first meeting since 2010 , Penn State visited TCF Bank Stadium to face a Minnesota team looking for their fourth consecutive Big Ten victory , and their eighth win of the season , which would have been their first time since the 2003 season . There was consensus among both Penn State 's and Minnesota 's SB Nation sites , as well as independent picks , that Minnesota would win a relatively close game . Minnesota 's offense was one of the better rushing teams in the conference ( 20th in the nation ) , but Penn State 's defense was also pretty good against the run , making it a good matchup . Freshman quarterback Christian Hackenberg in tandem with a running game that , in theory , was led by Bill Belton and supplemented by Zach Zwinak , and receivers Allen Robinson had potential to score a lot of points . Keys to the game included avoiding turnovers and running the football . Minnesota head coach Jerry Kill , recovering from seizures stemming from epilepsy , coached from the press box . Penn State received the opening kickoff , however on their first play from scrimmage , Bill Belton lost a fumble and Minnesota recovered and kicked a field goal after failing to achieve a first down . Penn State 's punt on the subsequent drive was downed at the four @-@ yard line , but the poor field position did not adversely affect Minnesota , who drove down the field for a 15 @-@ play , 96 @-@ yard drive , highlighted by a 24 @-@ yard pass from Philip Nelson to Maxx Williams to convert a fourth down to get down to the Penn State four @-@ yard line , from which point they scored two plays later via a 1 @-@ yard run by David Cobb . Penn State responded , however , with Zach Zwinak rushing the ball 5 times for 61 yards including a 38 @-@ yard run , and ultimately a 6 @-@ yard touchdown scamper . At the end of the first quarter , Minnesota led 10 – 7 . In the second quarter , Minnesota wasted no time , embarking on a 13 @-@ play , 70 @-@ yard drive that lasted 6 : 54 and ended with Nelson rushing for a 6 @-@ yard touchdown . Penn State responded , driving down the field on 13 plays for 65 yards lasting 5 : 57 , culminating with Ficken kicking a 27 @-@ yard field goal after the drive stalled in the red zone . Late in the half , Minnesota drove down the field , and Nelson completed a 24 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Williams , putting Minnesota on top 24 – 10 at the half . Receiving the second half kickoff , Minnesota initiated a drive that included a 39 @-@ yard run by Cobb , but ultimately ended in their first punt of the day , which they downed inside the one @-@ yard line . Penn State achieved two first downs , but an illegal block in the back on Jesse James decimated the drive , which ended with a punt , but they caught a break a play later when Minnesota fumbled and Malcolm Willis recovered in Minnesota territory . The break did not materialize with any points , but their subsequent punt was downed inside the five yard line . Dreadful field position continued when , after driving for several yards , Minnesota 's punt settled inside the five yard line , again setting Penn State up with a long field . In the waning moments of the third quarter , Penn State relied on Zwinak , who rushed several consecutive times to garner Penn State breathing room . There was no scoring in the third quarter . Penn State failed to convert a third down ( they had still not converted any in the game ) , but Minnesota committed a roughing the kicker penalty , giving Penn State a second chance with which they converted their first third down of the game , but ultimately turned the ball over on downs . After a Minnesota punt , Penn State , for the first drive of the game , relied on their passing game to drive down the field , but , when faced with a fourth down and ten deep in Minnesota territory , failed to convert . On Minnesota 's ensuing possession , however , they managed to run only 47 seconds off the clock , and went three @-@ and @-@ out . Hoping not to again blow an opportunity , Penn State moved promptly down the field , and got into the red zone . While there , a pass to Allen Robinson resulted in a pass interference penalty called against Minnesota , giving Penn State the ball at the two @-@ yard line , from where they fumbled , and Minnesota recovered , and embarked on a possession from which they would not relinquish the ball , winning the game 24 – 10 , after no scoring in the second half . Following their victory and awarding of the Governor 's Victory Bell , Minnesota players , purportedly " a little excited after ... the team ’ s first win over the Nittany Lions in nearly a decade " , broke the trophy . For Penn State , though coming off a 200 @-@ rushing yard performance , Belton took a back seat in the rushing attack to Zwinak after fumbling in the first quarter . In total , The Morning Call graded Penn State 's offense by awarding them a C- , noting the lack of scoring despite opportunities in Minnesota territory , though noting Zwinak 's resurgence as a mitigating factor . They awarded the defense the same grade , noting that though they improved in the second half , they were " torched " on consecutive drives early in the game . They summarized Penn State 's coaching with a comment from O 'Brien : " It seemed like , when we made a call , they had the right call for it . " In total , the article asserted that overall , Minnesota was the superior team . StateCollege.com 's Ben Jones predominantly concurred , giving the offense a C- , but giving the defense a C + , noting that the defense did keep Penn State competitive in the game . = = = November 16 vs. Purdue = = = Coming off a loss to Minnesota the preceding week , Penn State looked to defeat Purdue , which they had in every meeting since 2004 . Though expected to beat an overmatched Purdue squad that was reeling , having lost 38 – 14 the prior week against Iowa , and 56 – 0 the week before that against Ohio State , and entering the game with a 1 – 8 record , the Lions would have to do so with even less depth than normal . At his mid @-@ week press conference , Bill O 'Brien announced at the midweek press conference that Ben Kline would miss the remainder of the season with a shoulder injury , for which he sustained surgery . There was also some pregame concentration surrounding the receiving corps – Allen Robinson was listed on the injury report with a shoulder injury , and Geno Lewis , who had proved to be a potential big play threat early in the season when he caught a 54 @-@ yard touchdown pass against Syracuse , but had recently been relegated to special teams , was also expected to receive increased playing time in Penn State 's second @-@ to @-@ last home game of the season . Penn State received the opening kickoff , and on their first play from scrimmage , featured six offensive linemen ( albeit unsuccessfully , as Bill Belton rushed for a one @-@ yard loss ) , before driving down the field on a 13 @-@ play , 75 @-@ yard drive that culminated with Belton rushing for a five @-@ yard touchdown ; he carried the load on the drive , rushing the ball eight times for 36 yards . Penn State would never relinquish that lead . Purdue subsequently went three @-@ and @-@ out , and Penn State responded with another long drive ( 10 plays , 66 yards ) that again culminated with a rushing touchdown , this time from Zach Zwinak on a one @-@ yard run , his tenth touchdown of the season , becoming the 16th Penn State player to eclipse 10 , and the first since 2008 , when both Evan Royster and Daryll Clark did . Purdue 's ensuing drive ended in the second quarter when quarterback Danny Etling threw a two @-@ yard touchdown pass to Justin Sinz , making the score 14 – 7 Penn State . Bill Belton lost a fumble on Penn State 's next drive , but Purdue turned the ball over right back to Penn State when Jordan Lucas intercepted an Etling pass . Zwinak rushed for his second one @-@ yard touchdown of the game on the ensuing possession . The Nittany Lions scored once more in the first half , via an eight @-@ yard pass from Christian Hackenberg to Adam Breneman , but on the ensuing kickoff , Purdue 's Raheem Mostert scored a touchdown on a 100 @-@ yard return , thus ending the first half with a score of 28 – 14 , Penn State holding the advantage . Purdue came out of halftime with a vengeance , driving down the field for 84 @-@ yards , ultimately pulling within 7 points on an 11 @-@ yard rush by Etling . The first field goal of the game occurred on Penn State 's subsequent drive , a 29 @-@ yarder from Sam Ficken putting the Nittany Lions ahead 31 – 21 . The Boilermakers turned the ball over again on their next drive , and Penn State capitalized when Zwinak rushed for his third touchdown of the game . Purdue turned the ball over on downs their final drive of the third quarter , though Hackenberg threw an interception giving Purdue an opportunity early in the fourth quarter ; again , a fumble eliminated any chance of a scoring drive coming to fruition , and Penn State went up 45 – 21 when Hackenberg rushed for a 4 @-@ yard touchdown to culminate an 11 @-@ play , 74 @-@ yard drive that encapsulated over a third of the fourth quarter , and ended with 4 : 27 to play . That would be the final scoring drive of the game , which Penn State won by the aforementioned score , 45 – 21 . In a game in which Penn State dominated the line of scrimmage , the Nittany Lions rushed for 289 yards behind an offensive line that opened up significant holes , allowing Penn State to achieve their goal of rushing the football , despite not achieving offensive tackle Garry Gilliam 's goal of 400 yards . Purdue 's coach Darrell Hazell had opined earlier in the week that Penn State 's offensive line was not as good as previous opponents Wisconsin and Iowa , and Penn State used it as motivation , dominating the line of scrimmage , which numerous offensive lineman noted was " fun " . Starting center Ty Howle , who noted , " It 's fun , knowing you can go out there and impose your will each play . It 's a lot of fun . " and all @-@ conference guard John Urschel , who agreed , saying , " This was a real fun game for us , with respect to coming off the ball and just hitting guys . The offensive linemen really enjoyed it . We were having a blast . When you 're an offensive lineman and you 're getting yards , you want to run the ball over and over again . " Allen Robinson caught his 78th pass of the season with his fifth catch of the game , and in doing so topped his 77 catches from the 2012 season . Aside from offensive accomplishments , the defense was also impressive , particularly play from Jordan Lucas , who ESPN commented earlier in the week plays with " swagger " , and who , during the game , intercepted a pass , garnering a comment from The Patriot News that he is the " top playmaker in the secondary " . Despite jubilation from the victory , including one Penn State player who quipped that the sixth win made Penn State bowl eligible ( the NCAA banned Penn State from bowl participation as part of sanctions imposed in the Penn State child sex abuse scandal ) , seniors nostalgically remembered this was their second @-@ to @-@ last game at Beaver Stadium . The Lions bounced back from their previous loss against Minnesota , and had not lost two consecutive games under Bill O 'Brien since their first two in 2012 . = = = November 23 vs. Nebraska = = = On Senior Day at Penn State , the final home game of the season , the 6 – 4 Lions were set to host the 7 – 3 Nebraska Cornhuskers , however despite the Huskers having the better record , the opening line gave Penn State a two @-@ point advantage . Earlier in the week , it was announced that , in addition to the 14 seniors , Penn State would honor defensive tackle Kyle Baublitz , offensive tackle Garry Gilliam , and wide receiver Alex Kenney on the field prior to the game ; none of the three planned to return for the 2014 season despite each having an additional year of eligibility . Offensively for Penn State , Biletnikoff Award semifinalist wide receiver Allen Robinson entered the game by far Penn State 's biggest threat in the passing game , with three times more receptions ( 81 ) entering the game than Penn State 's second receiver , Brandon Felder ( 27 ) . Perhaps the biggest opportunity for Penn State 's offense to achieve success against Nebraska 's defense , however , was through the running game , either on the coattails of Bill Belton or Zach Zwinak ; Nebraska 's run defense had frequently been " gouged " against Big Ten offenses . Similarly , Nebraska 's offense would have an opportunity to continue to achieve success through its running game , led by Ameer Abdullah , who entered the game averaging 6 @.@ 5 yards per carry . He had picked up the slack in the absence of their prior starter at quarterback Taylor Martinez , sidelined due to injury . Penn State coach Bill O 'Brien predicted that whichever team committed fewer turnovers would win , as both teams had previously experienced problems with turnovers , both entering the game with negative turnover margins . Both teams entered the game with freshmen quarterbacks , in Christian Hackenberg for Penn State , and Tommy Armstrong for Nebraska , but both teams ' primary playmakers came from outside the quarterback position , with Robinson for Penn State , and Abdullah for Nebraska . According to York Daily Record writer Frank Bodani , Penn State 's offense was more consistent than Nebraska 's , who committed too many turnovers , giving Penn State the edge . Defensively , Penn State was hit @-@ or @-@ miss in their secondary as well as in stopping the run , so Nebraska , who was also inconsistent , held a slight edge with their playmakers Randy Gregory and Ciante Evans , Nebraska also held an edge on special teams due to consistency and depth , but Penn State had superior coaching as well as intangibles , with a " roaring crowd " on Senior Day . With two hit @-@ or @-@ miss squads , most writers thought this would be a relatively close game , though a plurality leaned towards Nebraska edging out a victory , however some thought that Penn State 's seniors would come out with a vengeance , never having defeated Nebraska since they joined the Big Ten , and the " resilient " group would use that motivation to eke out a victory in their final game at Beaver Stadium . Shortly before the game , Penn State announced tailback Bill Belton would not play due to illness , leaving Zach Zwinak to carry the load in the running game in the snow . Nebraska received the opening kickoff , and promptly went three @-@ and @-@ out , forcing a punt , which though Penn State returner Jesse Della Valle fumbled , but the Lions recovered , setting up Penn State at their own 23 yard line , but they too went three @-@ and @-@ out . Nebraska 's second drive , however , got off to a much better start , as Ameer Abdullah rushed for a 25 @-@ yard gain on the drive 's first play , but ultimately Penn State 's defense held on a later third down and short play , forcing another punt . Penn State 's subsequent drive showed promise , with Zwinak rushing for a few first downs ( on one of which Nebraska star defensive back Cionte Evans was injured ; he returned a few drives later ) , however they eventually punted , and for the second time , Alex Butterworth pinned them inside the 20 , and Nebraska failed to execute , punting for the third time ; on the punt return , Della Valle redeemed himself with a 25 @-@ yard return into Nebraska territory . Penn State took advantage of the field position , and in the waning seconds of the first quarter , Hackenberg threw a two @-@ yard touchdown to Adam Breneman after Zwinak rushed the ball six times for a total of 27 yards ; Sam Ficken missed the extra point , his first extra point miss of the season . Penn State led at the end of the first quarter , 6 – 0 . On Nebraska 's next drive , they entered with senior Ron Kellogg III at quarterback , after Armstrong 's ineffectiveness . Kellogg III came in firing on all cylinders , completing his first three passes , before Abdullah ran for a first down , and then Kellogg III completed another pass , this time for a touchdown on a 27 @-@ yard pass to Quincy Enunwa . Nebraska made the extra point , taking a one @-@ point lead . Penn State 's next drive stalled , and again Butterworth was able to pin Nebraska inside the 20 on the ensuing punt . Nebraska subsequently went three @-@ and @-@ out , setting Penn State up with solid field position at their own 37 @-@ yard line . They got one first down , and were positioned for another , but Felder dropped a pass , and Penn State 's ensuing punt was blocked after Butterworth dropped the low snap , setting up Nebraska in Penn State territory . Nebraska recorded the game 's first third down conversion en route to getting the ball in the red zone . On a snap to Abdullah from the wildcat formation , he ran up the middle , but fumbled into the end zone , and Della Valle recovered in the end zone , setting Penn State up with some momentum at their 20 @-@ yard line , however they were unable to capitalize , going three @-@ and @-@ out . Nebraska 's ensuing drive stalled , and they punted . Penn State came out trying to score before the half , and they did achieve a few first downs , but ultimately punted , and Nebraska downed the ball to go into half time leading by one . Coming out of the half , the snow showers returned , and Penn State got the ball to start the half , and they did convert a third down for the first time of the game , however again , their drive stalled , and Butterworth punted the ball for the sixth time . Nebraska faced a third @-@ and @-@ long on their next drive , and on the play , C. J. Olaniyan sacked the quarterback , and forced and recovered a fumble , setting Penn State up inside the Nebraska 10 yard line . Two plays later , with the snow increasing in intensity , Hackenberg ran a play @-@ action bootleg and rolled right , running for a 7 @-@ yard touchdown , putting Penn State up 13 – 7 , as this time , Ficken made the extra point . The lead did not last long ; Kenny Bell returned the ensuing kickoff for a 99 @-@ yard touchdown , the second consecutive week Penn State surrendered a return touchdown . Back where they started at the beginning of the half in terms of scoring differential , Penn State got the ball inside their own 20 after Geno Lewis fumbled the kickoff return ( he recovered ) . Penn State achieved a first down on the drive , but a false start penalty set up a third @-@ and @-@ long situation from which they could not recover . They punted . Nebraska also punted on their next drive , and the punt was downed at the one @-@ yard line . They did not remain in the shadow of their own goal post for long , as Zwinak rushed for four yards , and then , on a play action pass , Hackenberg threw a 43 @-@ yard pass to Allen Robinson . Two plays later , however , Evans intercepted Hackenberg 's pass , giving Nebraska good field position at their own 48 . They capitalized , kicking a field goal , going up by four . The Huskers led 17 – 13 at the end of the third quarter . On the first play of the fourth quarter , Jesse James caught a pass in the flat on a third @-@ and @-@ three , and ran down the sideline for a 46 @-@ yard touchdown putting Penn State up 20 – 17 . Penn State quickly got the ball back , and looked to milk clock with Zwinak running the football , however two incomplete passes decimated the drive , and they punted it back to Nebraska . After exchanging punts , Nebraska embarked on a drive that had a 62 @-@ yard run by Abdullah called back due to a personal foul penalty called . The foul occurred deep into the run , so Nebraska still got the ball at Penn State 's 27 @-@ yard line . Subsequently , they moved the ball into the red zone , and got it down to the one @-@ yard line before a false start backed them up to the six @-@ yard line ... one play later , they called timeout , and on the next play , Kellogg III scrambled and got to the one @-@ yard line before he and Mike Hull collided , jarring the ball loose , but the ruling was that Nebraska maintained possession , and Smith made a 19 @-@ yard field goal to tie the game at 20 . When Penn State received the subsequent kickoff , they ran the ball several times , and ultimately punted the ball away with 1 : 40 remaining from their 38 @-@ yard line ; it was downed at the five @-@ yard line , setting up Nebraska with two of their three timeouts and 1 : 31 remaining . Nebraska was backed up inside their one on third @-@ and @-@ long , and threw a long pass that fell incomplete , however Jordan Lucas was flagged for pass interference . The next series , however , was decimated by penalties , and ultimately , Nebraska punted the ball away , and the game went into overtime , Penn State 's third OT game of the season ( they won the first two ) . In overtime , Penn State got the ball first , and after failing to achieve a first down , lined up to attempt a field goal , but the typically reliable Ficken missed another kick , and Nebraska conservatively positioned themselves for a field goal try on their ensuing possession . They lined up for a 37 @-@ yard field goal , but committed a false start penalty backing them up five yards . It did not matter , however , as Smith hit a 42 @-@ yard field goal to win the game , 23 – 20 . Nebraska dominated Penn State on special teams , and ultimately , that advantage led to their victory . If it were not for Sam Ficken missing an extra point in the first quarter , Nebraska would not have been able to settle for a field goal late in the second half to send the game into overtime . In addition to the missed extra point , Penn State allowed a kickoff to be returned for a touchdown for the second straight week , and had a punt blocked . Bill O 'Brien commented , " We ’ ll continue to work hard in special teams . They ’ re good kids working hard . " Offensively , Penn State 's was plagued by dropped passes that hindered Christian Hackenberg 's overall performance , while the running game , though led by Zach Zwinak who rushed for 149 yards , was one @-@ dimensional , as backup Akeel Lynch could muster only nine yards on five carries . Penn State 's defense was " in control for long stretches " , but ultimately allowed a third @-@ string quarterback to win the game , and also allowed Ameer Abdullah to rush for 147 yards . Prior to the game , Penn State 's seniors were lauded with a video tribute that noted , " [ Penn State was ] led by your commitment , led by your loyalty , by your actions , led by example . " This was their third overtime game of the season , but their first overtime loss since 2002 . = = = November 30 vs. Wisconsin = = = In their final game of the season , Penn State looked to play spoiler and try to prevent Wisconsin from achieving a 10 @-@ win season and BCS Bowl opportunity in coach Gary Andersen 's first season with the Badgers , who entered the game with a 9 – 2 record and were 24 @-@ point favorites to win the game . The Badgers entered the game still employing their quintessential offensive philosophy even under their new coach – a power running game behind a physical offensive line led by two of the top rushers in the country , Melvin Gordon and James White , both of whom were on the preseason watchlist for the Doak Walker Award ( given to the nation 's best running back ) and the former of whom was named one of ten semifinalists for the award in mid @-@ November . White , a tough runner in the middle of the field , had emerged in recent weeks , whereas Gordon , a speedster , led the team in rushing and led the country with an 8 @.@ 2 yards @-@ per @-@ carry average . Wisconsin 's offense also featured a strong passing game , highlighted by quarterback Joel Stave and favorite target Jared Abbrederis , however one game preview asserted that Penn State 's defense matched up well against the Badgers ' offense . Defensively , Wisconsin entered the game the fifth @-@ best scoring defense in the country , allowing just 13 @.@ 4 points per game . The " stingy " defense , the preview noted , would likely prove problematic for Penn State . Penn State received the opening kickoff , and after achieving a first down , Christian Hackenberg threw a 68 @-@ yard pass to fellow freshman Adam Breneman for a touchdown , the first offensive touchdown Wisconsin had allowed in the previous eight quarters . Wisconsin failed to respond , going three @-@ and @-@ out , and punting on their subsequent drive . Penn State , though they began with poor field position , converted a few third downs , gained 52 yards on a bubble screen to Allen Robinson , and ultimately was faced with a fourth down and inches in the red zone , but committed a false start penalty bringing on the field goal unit . The field goal was blocked , continuing Penn State 's special teams woes , however their defense remained stout , forcing another punt , however on the Lions ' ensuing drive , Hackenberg threw his first incomplete pass of the day , forcing a punt . In the waning minutes of the first quarter , the Badgers embarked on a drive in which they scored several first downs from both the running game and passing game . At the end of the quarter , they trailed 7 – 0 , but were threatening , and a few minutes later , tied the game via a 4 @-@ yard pass from Joel Stave to tight end Brian Wozniak . Later in the quarter , Wisconsin converted a third down and 16 situation , and ultimately scored a touchdown on a pass from Stave to Jeff Duckworth . On their next drive , Penn State was set up in the red zone after a pass interference call in the end zone that broadcaster Ed Cunningham criticized , and a few plays later scored a touchdown via a 3 @-@ yard pass to Geno Lewis . Lewis was uncovered on the goal line play , and though Wisconsin coach Gary Andersen ran down the sideline signalling for a timeout , it was not granted , and the play stood . At the half , the score was tied at 14 . After Wisconsin 's opening drive stalled , the Nittany Lions embarked on a demoralizing drive that fostered widespread defensive confusion from Wisconsin and ultimately ended when Jesse James caught a 7 @-@ yard touchdown pass from Hackenberg to put Penn State on top 21 – 14 . On the ensuing Wisconsin drive , Penn State freshman linebacker sacked Stave and forced a fumble that defensive end C. J. Olaniyan returned deep into Wisconsin territory . Penn State earned points , with Ficken redeeming himself on a 28 @-@ yard field goal to put Penn State up by 10 points . On the next two drives , each team went three @-@ and @-@ out . At the end of the third quarter , Wisconsin was near midfield during a drive in which they looked to pull within a field goal ; at the end of the quarter , Penn State led 24 – 14 . On one of the first plays of the fourth quarter , Trevor Williams intercepted Stave 's pass , ending a scoring threat , and furthering the Nittany Lions ' momentum . Penn State started their drive at their own 28 @-@ yard line , and had a third down and short , but a false start backed them up to a third and long ; Hackenberg was unfazed , however , as he threw a 59 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Geno Lewis , putting Penn State up by three possessions , 31 – 14 . Down three scores , Wisconsin desperately needed a touchdown , and tried to convert a fourth down and 23 , but Penn State recorded a sack , and subsequently got the ball with 9 : 49 to play . They failed to execute , and about a minute later , punted the ball away . Wisconsin drove down the field and pulled within 10 , 31 – 21 , on a Wozniak reception , his second touchdown catch of the day . Penn State got the ball off an onside kick with good field position , and faced a third down and three , but Donovan Smith committed his fourth false start of the day , and Penn State had to throw the ball , and the pass was incomplete . Penn State 's subsequent punt was blocked . On the ensuing drive , Jack Russell kicked a career long 48 @-@ yard field goal to pull Wisconsin within seven points . Penn State started their drive after Wisconsin kicked it deep inside their own 20 @-@ yard line . Penn State got some decent yardage on first down , but committed another false start , backing them up . Zwinak came through for the Lions , however , rushing on third @-@ and @-@ nine for 61 yards , his longest run of the season . From there , Penn State 's drive stalled , and with 35 seconds left , Ficken attempted a 31 @-@ yard field goal , but missed , and Wisconsin consequently needed to drive the length of the field to score a touchdown , and they did get into Penn State territory , but ultimately , with nine seconds left , Stave threw the ball into the end zone , and Penn State safety Ryan Keiser came away with the interception for a touchback . Christian Hackenberg took a knee to end the game , and the Nittany Lions concluded their upset , winning 31 – 24 . 20 @-@ year Big Ten Conference veteran Bill LeMonnier was the game 's referee , his final game before retiring . LeMonnier was the referee for the 2011 BCS National Championship Game , and past recipient of the Golden Whistle Award , given by the National Association of Sports Officials . In the game , Penn State sent its seniors off by upsetting Wisconsin , ending the Badgers ' hopes of playing in a BCS Bowl Game . Using the fact that they were 24 @-@ point underdogs as motivation , the Lions won the game by playing sound , fundamental football , not turning the ball over , while scoring two touchdowns subsequently off of Wisconsin interceptions . The game was Penn State 's first road win in Big Ten conference play . After the game , to fulfill a bet , linebacker Glenn Carson cut the hair of offensive linemen ( and roommates ) Ty Howle and Adam Gress , both of whom had long hair that stuck out of their helmets that " bothered " Carson . = = Statistics = = = = = Passing = = = Reference : Penn State Cumulative Season Statistics . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . = = = Rushing = = = Reference : Penn State Cumulative Season Statistics . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . = = = Receiving = = = Reference : Penn State Cumulative Season Statistics . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . = = = Kicking = = = Reference : Penn State Nittany Lions 2013 Statistics - Team and Player Stats - ESPN . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . = = = Punting = = = Reference : Penn State Cumulative Season Statistics . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . = = = Defense = = = Reference : Penn State Cumulative Season Statistics . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . = = Rankings = = = = Awards = = Allen Robinson – Richter @-@ Howard Receiver of the Year Award ( second consecutive year ) , First @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten ( media and coaches ) , First team All @-@ American ( Sporting News ) John Urschel – First @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten ( media and coaches ) Academic All @-@ American ( second time , just the 11th Penn State player to be named an Academic All @-@ American twice ) , William V. Campbell Trophy ( the " academic Heisman " ) DaQuan Jones – First @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten ( coaches ) , Second @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten ( media ) Adrian Amos – Honorable Mention All @-@ Big Ten ( coaches ) Glenn Carson – Honorable Mention All @-@ Big Ten ( coaches and media ) Sam Ficken – Honorable Mention All @-@ Big Ten ( media ) Christian Hackenberg – Honorable Mention All @-@ Big Ten ( coaches and media ) , Thompson @-@ Randle El Freshman of the Year Ty Howle – Honorable Mention All @-@ Big Ten ( coaches and media ) Jesse James – Honorable Mention All @-@ Big Ten ( media ) Jordan Lucas – Honorable Mention All @-@ Big Ten ( coaches and media ) C. J. Olaniyan – Honorable Mention All @-@ Big Ten ( coaches and media ) Donovan Smith – Honorable Mention All @-@ Big Ten ( coaches and media ) = = Post @-@ season = = Less than a week after the season 's conclusion , backup quarterback Tyler Ferguson announced his plans to transfer from the university to somewhere he would have an opportunity to start , rather than be Christian Hackenberg 's backup for the remainder of his career . Later , it was announced that though he originally intended to transfer to Western Kentucky ( WKU ) , at which Bobby Petrino was head coach ; when Petrino accepted the head coaching position at Louisville , Ferguson changed his plans , and transferred there . In early December , it was reported that quarterbacks coach Charlie Fisher and linebackers coach Ron Vanderlinden , the latter of whom was a holdover from the Joe Paterno era , departed , with speculation that they were forced out by Bill O 'Brien . = = = Departure of Bill O 'Brien = = = Several weeks after the departure of those assistants , reports began to surface that O 'Brien had interviewed for the Houston Texans ' head coaching position to replace Gary Kubiak , who was fired late in the season . Subsequently , the two sides were reported to be negotiating a contract , and on January 3 , 2014 , the Texans held a press conference announcing O 'Brien as their new head coach . Assistant head coach and wide receivers coach Stan Hixon , safeties coach Anthony Midget , defensive coordinator John Butler , running backs coach Charles London , and strength coach Craig Fitzgerald submitted resignations on January 6 , and most were expected to follow O 'Brien to the NFL , leaving only offensive line coach Mac McWhorter , who was 63 years old and came out of retirement to coach at Penn State , defensive line coach Larry Johnson , a long @-@ time member of the staff , and tight ends coach John Strollo , as assistant coaches on the staff , and thus making Penn State more attractive of a coaching position to a new coach , as he could bring in his own staff . Early candidates for the job included former Rutgers and Tampa Bay Buccaneers head coach Greg Schiano , Penn State alumni Al Golden , who was the coach of the Miami and Mike Munchak , who was the coach of the Tennessee Titans prior to his dismissal , and Pennsylvania native James Franklin , Vanderbilt 's head coach , as well as Larry Johnson , Penn State 's defensive line coach . In the ensuing days , ESPN reported that the search committee , led by athletic director David Joyner , targeted Munchak , Franklin , and Golden as its top three candidates , but that Johnson remained in the mix . On Sunday , January 5 , 2014 , Golden took himself out of contention for the position , while Munchak appeared to be an emerging strong candidate . Over the next few days , however , Franklin emerged as the top candidate , and on January 11 , he was officially named and introduced as Penn State 's head coach . Upon his hiring , questions began to surface about whether he would retain Johnson or bring back Vanderlinden , the latter of whom was Maryland 's head coach when Franklin was on its staff in 2000 , to the staff ; unlike when O 'Brien was hired and announced that he would retain the pair at his introductory press conference , Franklin simply noted that he would meet with the pair , but commented that he is " fiercely loyal " to his assistants from Vanderbilt , and intended to bring many with him to Penn State . Ultimately , neither Johnson nor Vanderlinden were on Franklin 's staff for the 2014 season , with the former accepting a position with rival Ohio State . Intermittently , Penn State named Johnson , the lone remaining holdover from the Joe Paterno era , the interim head coach in an effort to stabilize the program to prevent recruit defection , as well as prevent current players , namely quarterback Hackenberg , whose father commented that he was undecided on whether or not to return , from transferring . A few weeks later , however , it appeared Hackenberg would return , as Ferguson followed through on his plans to transfer , and Franklin lauded Hackenberg in his introductory press conference . After the announcement of O 'Brien 's departure , star wide receiver Allen Robinson , a junior , declared that he would forgo his senior season , and enter the 2014 NFL Draft ; according to projections from a CBSSports.com mock draft , Robinson would likely be selected in the late first round . = = = Draft prospects = = = Three players were invited to the 2014 NFL Scouting Combine , held February 22 @-@ 25 , 2014 , at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana : DaQuan Jones , Allen Robinson , and John Urschel . = = = All @-@ star games = = = = The Miz = Michael Gregory " Mike " Mizanin ( born October 8 , 1980 ) is an American professional wrestler , reality television star , and actor . He is signed to WWE , where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name The Miz . He is the current WWE Intercontinental Champion in his fifth reign . Mizanin first gained fame as a cast member on MTV 's The Real World : Back to New York , which first aired in 2001 , and its spinoff series , Real World / Road Rules Challenge . He later entered the fourth season of Tough Enough , a televised competition which awarded the winner a WWE contract , and became the first runner @-@ up . Mizanin trained and wrestled in independent / developmental territories Ultimate Pro Wrestling ( UPW ) , Deep South Wrestling ( DSW ) , and Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) prior to appearing in WWE . Mizanin became host of the annual WWE Diva Search competition in 2006 . Following his hosting duties , Mizanin made his wrestling debut in September 2006 , as a villain who went undefeated for three months until he was defeated by The Boogeyman at Armageddon . In 2007 , Miz was drafted from SmackDown ! to the ECW brand , where he formed a partnership with John Morrison , and as a team would go on to win both the WWE Tag Team Championship and World Tag Team Championship . The Miz was then drafted to the Raw brand as part of the 2009 WWE draft , where he won the United States Championship that year . In 2010 , he won the unified tag team titles with Big Show , had a second reign with the United States title , and won the Raw Money in the Bank ladder match for a guaranteed WWE Championship match . He cashed it in during November 2010 on Randy Orton to win the WWE Championship , which he went on to hold for six months , including a successful defense against John Cena in the main event of 2011 's WrestleMania XXVII . That year , he also won the WWE Tag Team Championship with Cena during their feud , and was ranked number one on Pro Wrestling Illustrated 's annual PWI 500 list . The Miz largely dropped out of world title contention after 2011 , and the period of 2012 to 2016 has been marked by him winning the Intercontinental Championship five times , and the WWE Tag Team Championship once with Damien Mizdow . In total , The Miz has won 14 championships in WWE , is the 25th Triple Crown Champion in company history , the 14th Grand Slam Champion , and ( along with John Morrison ) won the 2008 Tag Team of the Year Slammy Award . He has main @-@ evented several pay @-@ per @-@ views for WWE , including WrestleMania XXVII . He married his long @-@ time girlfriend , model , actress and two @-@ time Divas Champion , Maryse Ouellet in 2014 . = = Early life = = Miz was born and raised in Parma , Ohio , where he attended Normandy High School and was the captain of its basketball and cross country teams . He also participated in swimming , and was a member of the student government and the editor of his high school yearbook . He then attended Miami University , where he was a member of the Theta Chi Fraternity , and studied business at the Richard T. Farmer School of Business , before he was cast as a member of " The Real World " ( 2001 ) . = = Television career = = Mizanin dropped out of college , where he was pursuing a degree in business , in order to appear on the 10th season of MTV 's reality television program The Real World in 2001 . He went on to appear in multiple seasons of its spin @-@ off series , Real World / Road Rules Challenge , along with contestants from both Road Rules and The Real World , including Battle of the Seasons , The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , and The Inferno 2 . Except for Battle of the Sexes 2 , Mizanin made it to the end of all the Challenges on which he competed and won both Battle of the Seasons and The Inferno 2 . After a seven @-@ year @-@ long absence from The Real World / Road Rules Challenge , Mizanin returned to the reality show on April 4 , 2012 , as the host of The Battle of the Exes season finale event and Reunion special . It marked the first time The Miz appeared on the series since becoming a main event WWE superstar . It was during an episode of The Real World that Mizanin first displayed an alter ego known as " The Miz " . In contrast to Mizanin 's usually placid demeanor , The Miz was angry , combative , and headstrong . Mizanin later realized that " The Miz " would make an excellent professional wrestling gimmick . In 2004 , he appeared on the Bravo reality show Battle of the Network Reality Stars , where his team finished second . Mizanin was also a contestant in the " Reality Stars " episode of Fear Factor . His partner was his former girlfriend and cast mate , Trishelle Cannatella , and the two won the competition . In April 2007 , he appeared on the game show Identity , where he appeared as a stranger , and contestant John Kim correctly identified his identity as a professional wrestler by the odd way he added " Miz- " before most words . In 2008 , Mizanin appeared on the Sci Fi reality series Ghost Hunters Live as a guest investigator . In 2009 , Mizanin appeared on two episodes of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? , which were both aired on September 29 . He appeared on an episode of Destroy Build Destroy on March 3 , 2010 . On October 5 , 2011 , Miz starred in an episode of H8R . He also appeared as a guest star in a March 2012 episode of Psych . On March 31 , Miz appeared in the first ever Slime Wrestling World Championship at the Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards , losing to the Big Show which resulted in him being thrown into a tub of slime . In 2012 Miz appeared on Disney XD show Pair of Kings as a guest star . In 2013 , Miz along with Francia Raisa were in a movie together called Christmas Bounty . = = Professional wrestling career = = = = = Ultimate Pro Wrestling ( 2003 ) = = = Pursuing the goal of becoming a professional wrestler , Mizanin joined Ultimate Pro Wrestling ( UPW ) , where he trained in the Ultimate University . He made his in @-@ ring debut in 2003 as The Miz . During his time with UPW , The Miz competed in UPW 's Mat War 's tournament , making it to the finals before losing to Tony Stradlin . = = = World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE = = = = = = = Tough Enough ( 2004 ) = = = = In October 2004 , Mike Mizanin entered the fourth season of Tough Enough , a televised competition which awarded the winner a World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) contract and US $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . Despite coming last in an arm wrestling tournament on November 25 , 2004 , Mizanin outlasted six other wrestlers , and made it to the final round . At the pay @-@ per @-@ view event , Armageddon , Mizanin faced the other remaining entrant , Daniel Puder , in a three round " Dixie Dogfight " ( boxing match ) . Neither man achieved a knockout , and the contest was awarded to Puder on the basis of crowd reaction . On the December 16 , 2004 , episode of SmackDown ! , Puder was announced as the winner of Tough Enough by head trainer Al Snow . = = = = Deep South Wrestling ( 2004 – 2006 ) = = = = Despite losing the Tough Enough contest , Mizanin had piqued the interest of WWE , and he was eventually offered a developmental contract . Mizanin was sent to Deep South Wrestling ( DSW ) to train under Bill DeMott , relocating to McDonough , Georgia in the process . In July 2005 , he wrestled two dark matches for WWE , teaming with former Tough Enough champion Matt Cappotelli to face The Highlanders ( Robbie and Rory McAllister ) . On December 1 , 2005 , Mizanin defeated Mike Knox in the finals of a tournament to determine the inaugural Deep South Heavyweight Champion . He continued his partnership with Matt Cappotelli throughout the second half of 2005 in WWE dark matches and house shows until Cappotelli , nominally of Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , was diagnosed with a brain tumor after an injury at a taping in December 2005 . = = = = Ohio Valley Wrestling ( 2006 ) = = = = On January 3 , 2006 , it was reported that Mizanin had been transferred to OVW . On the January 18 , 2006 , OVW TV show , Mizanin made his debut as " Miz " , with a Miz TV segment , where he was shown talking backstage . On the January 28 , 2006 episode of the OVW television show , The Miz wrestled his first singles match against Rene Dupree , but lost by countout . At the February 8 , 2006 , TV taping , Miz and Chris Cage captured the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship , defeating Chet the Jett and Seth Skyfire . In what was deemed a " disciplinary move " , WWE released Cage over the weekend of March 18 , 2006 , making it necessary for Miz and Cage to drop the titles . On March 19 , 2006 , Deuce Shade defeated Miz in a singles contest to win the championship for his team The Untouchables ( Deuce Shade and Domino ) . = = = = Main roster debut ( 2006 – 2007 ) = = = = On March 7 , 2006 , WWE 's official website featured a video of " The Miz " stating that he was headed to SmackDown ! and throughout April , SmackDown ! aired vignettes hyping his debut . When Mizanin actually attempted to make his debut on the April 21 , 2006 episode of SmackDown ! , however , he was , in storyline banned from entering the arena by " network executive " Palmer Cannon who told him that he had been " canceled " before having security escort him from the premises . The Miz debuted as SmackDown ! ' s " host " on June 2 , 2006 , announcing the planned card at the top of the show and attempting to hype up the crowd . Other " host " duties included backstage interviews and hosting a bikini contest . The hosting duties seemed sporadic at best , with some weeks having little to no involvement of Miz at all . Starting in July , Miz , along with Ashley Massaro , became host of the annual Diva Search competition on both Raw and SmackDown ! . After the end of the Diva Search competition , The Miz returned exclusively to SmackDown ! and as a heel , starting his in @-@ ring competition with win over Tatanka in September 2006 episode of SmackDown ! . After this win he , along with commentator Michael Cole , began to note whenever possible that he was " undefeated " , though he only wrestled five matches over the next two months , defeating such superstars as Matt Hardy , Funaki , and Scotty 2 Hotty . At the same time he began a feud with Diva Search winner Layla El , who spurned his advances on more than one occasion , leading to Miz helping Kristal defeat her in various competitions . Soon , however , Miz and Kristal found themselves being stalked by The Boogeyman . This began a feud in which the Boogeyman ended The Miz 's winning streak at December 's Armageddon event . Following a brief absence from television , The Miz returned to SmackDown ! to host an interview segment called Miz TV . After the unsuccessful segment , The Miz returned to in @-@ ring competition with a more intense style and began to pick up wins once again . On the June 11 , 2007 episode of Raw , Mizanin faced off against Snitsky in a match to determine a draft pick for SmackDown ! . Snitsky easily defeated The Miz to give ECW the draft pick , but after constantly assaulting The Miz after the match , the referee reversed the decision and awarded the match to Miz , thus allowing SmackDown ! a draft pick . SmackDown ! ' s pick was then revealed to be Chris Masters . Miz was drafted from SmackDown ! to ECW on June 17 , 2007 , as part of the 2007 Supplemental Draft . He was absent from the first few weeks of ECW , though he was the subject of backstage mentions between matches and had several short Miz TV Crashes ECW video segments . He made his debut on the July 10 episode of ECW in a match against Nunzio , which he won . Following this match , Extreme Exposé began expressing admiration in him and gave him a lap @-@ dance , starting a new gimmick for him of a self @-@ proclaimed " chick magnet " . Extreme Exposé then became managers for The Miz . He then began a feud with Balls Mahoney , after Kelly Kelly began to fall in love with Mahoney on screen . On the October 2 episode of ECW , it was revealed that Miz owned the contracts of Kelly Kelly , Layla , and Brooke Adams , and used this excuse to stop Kelly from going out with Mahoney . He was voted at Cyber Sunday to face CM Punk , for the ECW Championship but lost the match . = = = = Teaming with John Morrison ( 2007 – 2009 ) = = = = On the November 16 episode of SmackDown , he became one half of the WWE Tag Team Champions with John Morrison when they defeated Matt Hardy and Montel Vontavious Porter ( MVP ) in a title match , which gave The Miz his first title within the company . In February 2008 , Miz and Morrison were given a streaming segment on the WWE website named The Dirt Sheet in which they mocked other wrestlers and facets of pop culture , showing off their promo skills . Morrison and The Miz co @-@ wrote each episode of The Dirt Sheet each week . As the duo continued to hold the titles , WWE downplayed the angle of Miz and Morrison disliking each other , and portrayed them as friends . The team had many successful title defenses over the next few months , before dropping the championship to Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder at the Great American Bash in a Fatal Four @-@ Way match which also featured Jesse and Festus and Finlay and Hornswoggle . Neither Miz nor Morrison were pinned , as Hawkins pinned Jesse to win the titles . Miz and Morrison soon followed a feud with Cryme Tyme ( Shad Gaspard and JTG ) as a battle of their webshows , " Word Up " and " The Dirt Sheet " . They were voted into a match with , and defeated , Cryme Tyme at Cyber Sunday . On December 13 , 2008 , Miz and Morrison defeated Kofi Kingston and CM Punk to win the World Tag Team Championship during a WWE house show in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . The team then engaged themselves in a feud with The Colóns ( Carlito and Primo ) . In a dark match at WrestleMania XXV , they lost the World Tag Team Championship to The Colóns in a Lumberjack match to unify the World Tag Team and the WWE Tag Team titles . On the April 13 episode of Raw , The Miz lost a match to Kofi Kingston due to Morrison 's inadvertent interference , which gave Raw a draft pick in the 2009 WWE Draft . The pick was then revealed to be The Miz , and retaliated by subsequently attacking Morrison , ending their partnership and thus turning John Morrison face . = = = = Championship reigns and ShoMiz ( 2009 – 2010 ) = = = = Miz challenged John Cena to a match on the April 27 episode of Raw , but as Cena was out due to injury , Miz claimed an unofficial win via forfeit and continued to do this over the following weeks , until Cena defeated him in a singles match at The Bash . On the August 3 episode of Raw , The Miz lost a match to Cena , which meant that , in storyline , he was banned from the Staples Center , Raw and SummerSlam . The following week , on August 10 , Miz competed under a mask as " The Calgary Kid " , and won a Contract on Pole match against Eugene , earning a contract in storyline , and revealing himself by removing his mask afterwards . He then created the Skull @-@ Crushing Finale and used it on Eugene . After removing the mask to reveal himself , he cut a promo and debuted his catchphrase " Because I 'm The Miz and I 'm Awesome . " On the August 17 episode of Raw , The Miz announced his intention to challenge for the WWE United States Championship , and also debuted new ring attire and defeated Evan Bourne . He challenged for the United States Championship at the Night of Champions , Breaking Point and Hell in a Cell pay @-@ per @-@ views , but was unsuccessful . On the October 5 episode of Raw , the night after Hell in a Cell , The Miz received a rematch for the championship , and defeated Kofi Kingston to win the United States Championship and his first singles championship in WWE . The following pay @-@ per @-@ view event , Bragging Rights , was themed with interpromotional matches and now that The Miz was the second @-@ tier champion on Raw he was booked against SmackDown 's Intercontinental Champion , his erstwhile tag team partner John Morrison . In the buildup to their first match since splitting , the two hosted a one @-@ off edition of The Dirt Sheet on the October 16 episode of SmackDown where the two compared themselves to ' 80s tag team The Rockers , debating over which is more comparable to the successful Shawn Michaels and which was the less successful Marty Jannetty . At Bragging Rights , Miz pinned Morrison to become the only member of the Raw roster to win an interpromotional match . The following month at Survivor Series , Miz captained a team of five wrestlers against Team Morrison in a five @-@ on @-@ five Survivor Series elimination match and once again bested his former partner surviving with Sheamus and Drew Mcintyre . In 2010 , The Miz began a rivalry with MVP that began with a critically well @-@ received verbal exchange between the two . The two met in an unadvertised match for the United States Championship at the Royal Rumble event with Miz retaining his title , but in the Royal Rumble match itself MVP eliminated both himself and The Miz . During the rivalry with MVP , Miz began showing signs of an allegiance with The Big Show and on the February 8 episode of Raw , the two defeated champions D @-@ Generation X ( Triple H and Shawn Michaels ) and The Straight Edge Society ( CM Punk and Luke Gallows ) to become the Unified WWE Tag Team Champions , making Miz the first wrestler in WWE history to hold three three championships at the same time ( U.S. , World Tag Team , and WWE Tag Team Champion ) . Miz appeared on the NXT show as the storyline mentor of Daniel Bryan . At WrestleMania XXVI , Show and Miz defeated John Morrison and R @-@ Truth to retain the title again . During the 2010 WWE Draft on the April 26 episode of Raw , ShoMiz lost the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship to The Hart Dynasty when Tyson Kidd made The Miz submit to the Sharpshooter . After the match , The Big Show knocked out The Miz , and was later drafted to the SmackDown brand , leaving The Miz on Raw . On the May 10 episode of Raw , Kidd defeated The Miz in a match , which earned any member of The Hart Dynasty a match for the United States Championship , and The Miz , who was allowed to choose his opponent , elected to face Bret Hart . On the following episode of Raw on May 17 , Hart defeated The Miz to win the United States Championship , despite Chris Jericho , William Regal , and Vladimir Kozlov attempting to interfere on The Miz 's behalf . The Miz had a tumultuous relationship with Bryan , who was eliminated from NXT on May 11 , although he returned the following week to attack The Miz . The Miz returned as a Pro for the second season of NXT , to mentor Alex Riley , the only Pro to return . On the June 14 episode of Raw , The Miz defeated R @-@ Truth , John Morrison , and Zack Ryder in a fatal four @-@ way match to win the United States Championship for the second time , and successfully retained the championship against R @-@ Truth at the Fatal 4 @-@ Way pay @-@ per @-@ view . = = = = WWE Champion ( 2010 – 2011 ) = = = = On July 18 , at the Money in the Bank pay @-@ per @-@ view , The Miz won a Money in the Bank ladder match to win a contract for a WWE Championship match that he could utilize at any time over the next year and became the first superstar to win Money in the Bank while being a champion and the second superstar after Rob Van Dam to hold a MITB contract and a title at the same time . Over the next few weeks , The Miz attempted to cash in his Money in the Bank contract on the WWE Champion Sheamus , but was continually interrupted by other wrestlers before the matches could occur , which meant that he retained the contract for future use . Daniel Bryan returned to WWE at SummerSlam , taking The Miz 's place on Team WWE , causing The Miz to attack him . This began a rivalry between the two , with The Miz losing the United States Championship to Bryan at the Night of Champions event in September . The following month , Miz defeated John Cena to become the captain of Team Raw , but at the Bragging Rights pay @-@ per @-@ view Team Raw — The Miz ( with Alex Riley ) , R @-@ Truth , John Morrison , Santino Marella , Sheamus , CM Punk , and Ezekiel Jackson — were unsuccessful in defeating Team SmackDown . On the November 22 episode of Raw , following a successful WWE Championship defense by Randy Orton against Wade Barrett , he cashed in his Money in the Bank contract to become the new WWE Champion making him the first person from Tough Enough to win the WWE Championship . He successfully defended the championship against Jerry Lawler in a Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match on the following episode of Raw , due to help from Michael Cole and Riley , and again at the TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs pay @-@ per @-@ view in December by defeating Orton in a Tables match following interference from Alex Riley . The Miz defeated Morrison to retain the championship in a Falls Count Anywhere match on the first Raw of 2011 . He defeated Orton again at the Royal Rumble , after interference from CM Punk , in January 2011 and Lawler the following month at the Elimination Chamber pay @-@ per @-@ view to retain the championship . The night after Elimination Chamber , The Miz and John Cena were paired together by the Raw general manager to challenge The Corre ( Justin Gabriel and Heath Slater ) for the WWE Tag Team Championship . The Miz and Cena were successful in winning the titles , but lost them back to Corre immediately afterward in a rematch , after The Miz turned on Cena . This made their reign the shortest in the championship 's history . The following week , The Miz lost Riley as his apprentice after Cena defeated Riley in a steel cage match with the stipulation that if Cena won , Riley was fired from his job , but The Miz hired Riley back , this time as his VP of Corporate Communications , in mid @-@ March . On April 3 in the main event of WrestleMania XXVII , The Miz successfully defended the WWE Championship against Cena , following interference from The Rock . At the Extreme Rules pay @-@ per @-@ view on May 1 , The Miz lost the WWE Championship to Cena , in a triple threat steel cage match , also involving John Morrison . The following night on Raw , The Miz failed to regain the championship from Cena in a singles match when he lost by disqualification , and failed to regain the championship again in an " I Quit " match at Over the Limit . The following night on the May 23 episode of Raw , the anonymous Raw general manager 's announcement said that The Miz 's request for another WWE Championship match was denied , and ended the feud with John Cena . The Miz blamed Riley for not being able to regain the WWE Championship because of Riley not being at ringside at Extreme Rules when Miz lost the championship . The following night on Raw , Riley raised the hand of Miz with the WWE Championship with leading to his disqualification and at the Over the Limit . Riley left his phone behind that he used to trick the referee into thinking that Cena said " I Quit " . Riley attacked him , sending him crashing into a barricade at ringside and then head first over the announce table and which turned Riley a fan favorite for the first time in WWE . On the May 30 episode of Raw , The Miz assaulted Riley after an interview from Michael Cole , but Riley gained the upper hand and Miz escaped through the crowd . At Capitol Punishment , Riley defeated Miz in a singles @-@ match . He went on to lose to Riley in various singles and tag team matches . It was later announced that Miz lost Raw 's Money in the Bank ladder match at Money in the Bank after leaving with a knee injury kayfabe , then returning but being stopped from claiming the briefcase by Rey Mysterio . The next night on Raw , Miz made it to the final of the WWE Championship tournament , defeating his former NXT rookie , Alex Riley , in the first round . The next week on Raw , Miz lost to Rey Mysterio . At Summerslam , The Miz teamed with R @-@ Truth and Alberto Del Rio to lose to Rey Mysterio , Kofi Kingston and John Morrison . = = = = Awesome Truth ( 2011 – 2012 ) = = = = On the August 22 episode of Raw , Miz and R @-@ Truth attacked Santino Marella before his match . They then cut a promo agreeing there was a conspiracy in the WWE keeping both of them out of the main event picture , and declared they would , together , seize any future opportunity . They began referring to themselves as " The Awesome Truth " . On the August 29 episode of Raw , Truth interfered in Miz 's match and the duo attacked CM Punk . At Night of Champions , after the referee was distracted while The Miz attempted a pin , Miz assaulted him , causing Awesome Truth to lose a WWE Tag Team Championship match to Air Boom ( Kofi Kingston and Evan Bourne ) by disqualification . Seeking retribution , Miz and Truth later attacked both Triple H and CM Punk during their No Disqualification match in the main event . Because of their actions from the previous night , R @-@ Truth and The Miz were fired by Triple H on the September 19 episode of Raw . At the conclusion of the main event match at Hell in a Cell , R @-@ Truth and The Miz jumped the barricade wearing black hooded sweatshirts and entered the cell as it was being raised . They then used weapons to attack Alberto Del Rio , CM Punk , John Cena , the Referee and camera men while the cell was again lowered . After this , the entire WWE roster led by Triple H came out to find a way into the cell , before New Orleans Police Department officers were able to get the door open and arrest them . The two later posted a video on YouTube apologizing to the WWE Universe for their actions . The Miz and R @-@ Truth were reinstated by John Laurinaitis on the October 10 episode of Raw . At Vengeance , Miz and R @-@ Truth defeated CM Punk and Triple H in a tag team match , after interference from Triple H 's long time friend Kevin Nash . Later that night they assaulted John Cena during his WWE Championship match with Alberto Del Rio . On the October 24 episode of Raw , Awesome Truth attacked John Cena and Zack Ryder . On the November 7 episode of Raw , Miz and R @-@ Truth defeated Cena and Ryder . At Survivor Series , The Awesome Truth were defeated by John Cena and The Rock . On the November 21 episode of Raw , Cena instigated an argument between R @-@ Truth and Miz , which resulted in Miz hitting his finisher on Truth as they were heading up the steel ramp , signaling the end of their alliance . This was a pretext to explain R @-@ Truth 's absence during his suspension as a result of his violating of the Wellness Policy . On the November 28 episode of Raw , Miz defeated John Morrison in a Falls Count Anywhere match after he , once again , hit his finisher on their steel ramp . On the December 5 , episode of Raw , Miz qualified for a Triple Threat Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match against Alberto Del Rio and CM Punk at the TLC pay @-@ per @-@ view for the WWE Championship after a win over Randy Orton via count out , but was unsuccessful . Throughout January and February 2012 Miz feuded with R @-@ Truth , which included a WWE Championship match at Elimination Chamber , which was won by CM Punk . During this time Miz lost to R @-@ Truth in a singles match with a stipulation that the loser would enter the Royal Rumble match first ; in the Rumble match , Miz lasted longest , over 45 minutes , before he was eliminated by Big Show . Desperate for a spot on the card for the upcoming WrestleMania XXVIII event , Miz later joined John Laurinaitis ' team for the 12 @-@ man tag team match after saving Laurinaitis from Santino Marella . Miz picked up the win for Team Johnny after pinning Zack Ryder with the help of Eve , which ended his 20 match losing streak dating back to 2011 . He followed this up by losing a battle royal and a singles match against Brodus Clay at Over the Limit . = = = = Intercontinental Champion ( 2012 – present ) = = = = After a two @-@ month absence , The Miz returned at Money in the Bank , as a last @-@ minute participant in the WWE Championship Money in the Bank contract match , won by John Cena . At Raw 1000 , Miz defeated Christian to win his first Intercontinental Championship , becoming the 25th Triple Crown Champion and a Grand Slam Champion in the process . Miz successfully defended his championship against Christian four days later on SmackDown , against Rey Mysterio at SummerSlam , and in a Fatal Four Way match against Cody Rhodes , Rey Mysterio , and Sin Cara at Night of Champions , before losing the championship to Kofi Kingston on the premiere episode of Main Event . Miz failed to regain the title from Kingston in two rematches , at Hell in a Cell and on the November 6 SmackDown . After his loss to Kofi Kingston , The Miz turned face for the first time in his career when he joined Mick Foley 's team at Survivor Series after confronting Paul Heyman on the November 18 Raw . At Survivor Series , The Miz eliminated Wade Barrett before being eliminated by Alberto Del Rio . In the months to come , Miz 's turn was not well received by critics , who commented that Miz as a babyface was too similar to his heel character because he was " still cocky , arrogant , and egotistical " while " pivoted toward calling out established heels " . Other criticisms were that Miz was " juvenile " , lacking of depth , " grating and not endearing to the audience " and that " there was not that moment when he officially turned and aligned his values with the audience 's " . The Miz then began a feud with United States Champion Antonio Cesaro , after Cesaro insulted America . During this feud Ric Flair became Miz 's mentor , and he subsequently adopted the figure @-@ four leglock from Flair as a new finisher . The Miz challenged for Cesaro 's United States Championship at the Royal Rumble pre @-@ show , at the Elimination Chamber pay @-@ per @-@ view , and on the March 3 episode of SmackDown , but was unsuccessful each time . The Miz next sought Wade Barrett 's Intercontinental Championship . He lost a triple threat match also featuring Chris Jericho on the March 18 episode of Raw , but defeated Barrett in a non @-@ title match to earn another shot at the title . He captured the title by defeating Barret at the WrestleMania 29 pre @-@ show , only to lose the title back to him the following night on Raw . Miz failed to recapture the title at Payback and Money in the Bank . On August 18 , The Miz was the host of SummerSlam , during which he had a run @-@ in with Fandango , beginning a feud between the two . Miz went on to defeat Fandango both on the September 2 episode of Raw and on September 15 at Night of Champions . The following night on Raw , Miz was assaulted by Randy Orton in front of his parents , resulting in a storyline injury . When Miz returned in October , he lost to Orton and then started a feud with Kingston , defeating him on the Survivor Series pre @-@ show , but losing a no disqualification match at TLC to end their feud . In February , Miz stormed out during matches to complain about his lack of screen time and claiming that he should be in matches . Miz participated in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania XXX , but was eliminated by Santino Marella . After a two @-@ month hiatus filming The Marine 4 : Moving Target , The Miz returned on the June 30 episode of Raw , once again as a heel , and immediately began to insult the crowd , and taking on the gimmick of an arrogant movie star , before being interrupted by the returning Chris Jericho . A week later , Miz was defeated by Chris Jericho in his return match . At Battleground , Miz won a battle royal by lastly eliminating Dolph Ziggler to win the Intercontinental Championship for a third time . Ziggler defeated Miz to recapture the title at SummerSlam . Later that month , Damien Sandow began appearing with Miz as his ' stunt double ' ( mimicking all of Miz 's moves and mannerisms ) , and was subsequently billed as " Damien Mizdow " . At Night of Champions , Miz defeated Ziggler to regain the Intercontinental Championship , only to lose the title to Ziggler in a rematch the following night . On the September 29 episode of Raw , Miz once again unsuccessfully challenged Ziggler for the Intercontinental title in a triple @-@ threat match also involving Cesaro . After defeating Sheamus several times with the help of Mizdow , Miz challenged him for the United States Championship at Hell in a Cell , but was unsuccessful . At Survivor Series , Miz and Mizdow won the WWE Tag Team Championship by winning a Fatal @-@ 4 @-@ Way match against defending champions Gold and Stardust , The Usos and Los Matadores . The following night on Raw , Miz and Mizdow retained the titles against Gold and Stardust . Miz and Mizdow then entered into a feud with The Usos ; Miz interacted with Jimmy Uso 's wife Naomi , offering to connect her with a Hollywood producer to distribute her music video . At TLC , The Usos defeated Miz and Mizdow by disqualification after Miz hit Jimmy Uso with a Slammy Award . On the December 29 episode of Raw , Miz and Mizdow lost the titles to The Usos . Miz and Mizdow were unsuccessful in regaining the championship in rematches on the January 9 episode of SmackDown and at the Royal Rumble . Miz was the first entrant to the Rumble match , and was eliminated by Bubba Ray Dudley . Mizdow entered at number 21 , where Miz tried to take Mizdow 's spot , only for Roman Reigns to push him off the apron , allowing Mizdow to enter before quickly being eliminated by Rusev . On the February 9 episode of Raw , Miz fired Mizdow as his stunt double after Mizdow began to gain more attention from fans , though he quickly rehired Mizdow as his personal assistant . Mizdow then ceased being his assistant during WrestleMania 31 . The Miz 's film The Marine 4 : Moving Target was released in April but he disrespected co @-@ star Summer Rae , who sided with Mizdow . On the April 20 episode of Raw , Miz defeated Mizdow in a match where the winner retained the Miz brand , with help from Rae , whom Miz was planning with from the start . After Big Show and Miz interfered in each other 's Intercontinental Championship matches against Ryback , all three wrestled for the title at SummerSlam , where Miz was defeated . At the 2016 Royal Rumble , Miz competed in the Royal Rumble Match , also providing commentary before being eliminated . Miz wrestled in a six @-@ man ladder match for the Intercontinental Championship at WrestleMania 32 , which was won by Zack Ryder . On the post @-@ WrestleMania Raw , Miz won the championship for a fifth time , after his wife Maryse made her return and distracted Ryder . Three days later on SmackDown , Miz retained his championship by defeating Ryder in a rematch , with Maryse interfering once more . Miz and Maryse then began to cut various promos during the " Miz TV " segments , while calling themselves the " It " Couple . On May 1 , Payback pay @-@ per @-@ view , Miz defeated Cesaro to retain his championship . On May 22 at the Extreme Rules pay @-@ per @-@ view , Miz successfully retained the championship against Cesaro , Sami Zayn and Kevin Owens in a highly acclaimed fatal @-@ 4 way match , when Miz pinned Cesaro . The following night on Raw , Miz failed to qualify for the 2016 Money in the Bank ladder match when he was defeated by Cesaro , setting up another championship bout between the pair set for the week 's Smackdown , which Miz won . Following this , he and Maryse began filming The Marine 5 : Battleground , taking them out of action . Both returned on the 27 June episode of Raw , where he lost to Kane in a championship match via count out . On July 11th on Raw , Darren Young won a no.1 contenders battle royal for the Intercontinental Championship at Battleground . At the event , the match ended in a no contest after The Miz pushed Bob Backlund ( Darren Young 's mentor ) and Darren Young attacked him . On July 19 , at the 2016 WWE Draft , Miz , along with Maryse , was drafted to SmackDown with the Intercontinental Championship becoming exclusive to that brand . = = Other media = = Mizanin played a small role in the film The Campaign . On April 30 , 2012 , it was announced that The Miz would star in WWE Studios film The Marine 3 : Homefront . Mizanin replaced fellow wrestler Randy Orton who was dropped from the role due to his past with the USMC . That day , it was also announced that Mizanin will be featured in the WWE Studios and Kare Prod project Les reines du ring ( Queens of the Ring ) alongside Eve Torres and CM Punk . In 2012 , he was on MDA Show of Strength with Maryse and other celebrities . In March 2013 he hosted the Kids Choice Awards with Maryse and The Rock . He has featured in WWE video games WWE Smackdown vs. Raw 2009 , WWE Smackdown vs. Raw 2010 , WWE Smackdown vs. Raw 2011 , WWE All Stars , WWE ' 12 , WWE ' 13 , WWE 2K14 , WWE 2K15 and WWE 2K16 . Mizanin starred in the ABC Family TV movie Christmas Bounty , which premiered in December 2013 . In 2015 he starred in a WWE studios film Christmas movie Santa 's Little Helper . In 2016 , Mizanin guest starred in Supernatural as a wrestler named Shawn Harley in an organization targeted by a demon . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = = = = = Web = = = = = Personal life = = Mizanin 's parents are divorced . He has a step @-@ father named Donnie and two half @-@ siblings , Jimmy and Tonia . Mizanin passionately roots for his hometown 's Cleveland Browns , Cleveland Cavaliers , and Cleveland Indians . Prior to the Cleveland Indians vs. Los Angeles Angels game on July 26 , 2011 , he fulfilled one of his lifelong goals when he threw out the first pitch . Mizanin married his longtime girlfriend and fellow WWE wrestler Maryse Ouellet on February 20 , 2014 , in the Bahamas . = = In wrestling = = Finishing moves Figure @-@ four leglock – 2013 – present – adopted from Ric Flair Mizard of Oz ( Swinging Reverse DDT ) – 2005 – 2007 Reality Check ( Running knee lift followed by a neckbreaker slam ) – 2007 – 2009 used as a signature thereafter Skull @-@ Crushing Finale ( Full nelson facebuster ) – 2009 – present Signature moves Awesome Clothesline ( Running corner clothesline ) Big boot , sometimes to a seated opponent Discus punch – late 2005 – early 2006 Diving double axe handle Dropkick , sometimes to an opponent 's knees Half nelson facebuster Flapjack Inverted facelock backbreaker followed by a neckbreaker slam Running knee lift Slides through the opponent 's legs and performs a roll @-@ up Snap DDT to a kneeling opponent Snapmare driver Springboard bulldog – late 2005 – early 2006 Managers Alex Riley Ric Flair Roni Jonah Damien Mizdow Layla Nikki Bella Kelly Kelly Brooke Maryse Nicknames " The A @-@ Lister " " The Awesome One " " The Chick Magnet " " The Demon of Desire " " The Grand Mizard of Lust " " The Most Must @-@ See WWE Superstar of All Time " " Mr. Money in the Bank " " The Soldier of Seduction " Entrance themes " Reality " by Jim Johnston ( 2006 – 2009 ; used in singles competition ) " Ain 't No Make Believe " by Stonefree Experience ( November 16 , 2007 – April 13 , 2009 ; used while teaming with John Morrison ) " Rock Activator " by Jim Johnston ( used once as the Calgary Kid in August 2009 ) " I Came to Play " by Downstait ( January 4 , 2010 – present ; w / Hollywood Intro , June 30 , 2014 – present ) " The Awesome Truth " by Jim Johnston ( August 22 , 2011 – November 21 , 2011 ; used while teaming with R @-@ Truth ) " I Came To Crank It Up " by Downstait and Brand New Sin ( used while teaming with Big Show ) = = Championships and accomplishments = = Deep South Wrestling DSW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) Ohio Valley Wrestling OVW Southern Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Chris Cage Pro Wrestling Illustrated Most Hated Wrestler of the Year ( 2011 ) Ranked # 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2011 World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE WWE Championship ( 1 time ) WWE United States Championship ( 2 times ) WWE Intercontinental Championship ( 5 times , current ) WWE Tag Team Championship ( 4 times ) – with John Morrison ( 1 ) , Big Show ( 1 ) , John Cena ( 1 ) , and Damien Mizdow ( 1 ) World Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) – with John Morrison ( 1 ) and Big Show ( 1 ) Money in the Bank ( Raw 2010 ) 25th Triple Crown Champion 14th Grand Slam Champion Slammy Awards ( 2 times ) Tag Team of the Year ( 2008 ) – with John Morrison Best WWE.com Exclusive ( 2008 ) " The Dirt @-@ Sheet " – with John Morrison Wrestling Observer Newsletter Most Improved Wrestler ( 2008 , 2009 ) Tag Team of the Year ( 2008 ) – with John Morrison = Ljótólfr = Ljótólfr is a minor character in the mediaeval Orkneyinga saga , who is purported to have flourished in the mid @-@ 12th century . The Orkneyinga saga was compiled in about 1200 , and documents the reigns of the earls of Orkney . It depicts Ljótólfr as a nobleman who lived on the Outer Hebridean island of Lewis . During the 12th century , the Hebrides formed part of the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles . The Orkneyinga saga relates how Ljótólfr was a friendly acquaintance of the Viking chieftain Sveinn Ásleifarson , who is one of the major characters of the entire saga . The saga states that Ljótólfr housed Sveinn for some time on Lewis , and took in Sveinn 's brother , who was banished from Orkney . Ljótólfr 's son , Fugl , appears in the saga , although he is depicted at being at odds with Sveinn , until a relative of Fugl 's negotiates peace between the two . Several historians have considered Ljótólfr to be an ancestor of Clan MacLeod ; one of these considered Ljótólfr to be the eponymous ancestor of the clan — although the current understanding of the clan 's ancestry regards another man as the eponym . = = Background = = Ljótólfr is a minor character in the Orkneyinga saga . He is purported to have flourished in the mid @-@ 12th century , and to have lived on the Outer Hebridean island of Lewis . Ljótólfr has a son , Fugl , another minor character in the saga , who is also described as being from the island . = = = The Hebrides in the 12th century = = = In the 11th century , the earls of Orkney were at the height of their power . The Earl of Orkney , Þórfinnr Sigurðarson , also ruled Caithness and Sutherland , and seems to have controlled the western seaboard of Scotland , and the Hebrides . Historian Magnús Stefánsson described the political situation of the Hebrides and the Isle of Man during the 11th and early 12th century as being unstable , and suffering from the rivalries of petty kings and chieftains . In 1079 , the Hebridean warlord Gofraidh Crobhán was able to unite the Hebrides and the Isle of Man into an effective independent kingdom . In 1098 – 9 , the Norwegian king Magnús Óláfsson invaded the Hebrides , and asserted his right over the islands ; he did so again in 1102 – 3 . He is thought to have planned to unite Orkney , the Hebrides , and the Isle of Mann , under the control of his son . In 1103 , Magnús was slain in Ireland , and no Norwegian king set foot in the islands for over a century and a half . With Magnús ' death , the Outer Hebrides were brought back under the control of the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles , whose kings tactfully recognised Norwegian sovereignty . In 1156 , the kingdom was partitioned following an inconclusive sea battle between the warlord Somhairle mac Gille Brighde , and the Manx king Gofraidh mac Amhlaibh : the Outer Hebrides remained under the control of Gofraidh , but the Inner Hebrides were ruled separately by Somhairle . Two years later , Somhairle successfully invaded the Isle of Man , took the throne , and ruled the entire Kingdom of Mann and the Isles until his death in 1164 . = = Ljótólfr in the Orkneyinga saga = = One of the most prominent characters of the Orkneyinga saga is the Viking chieftain Sveinn Ásleifarson , who lived on the island of Gairsay , in Orkney . The saga relates how Sveinn 's father , Óláfr Hrólfsson , was one of several chieftains who supported Páll Hákonsson , Earl of Orkney , in a victorious sea battle against a fleet led by Ölvir Rósta in support of Rögnvaldr Kolsson , who had been appointed the earl of half of Orkney by the King of Norway . Óláfr was later burned to death inside his own house by Ölvir , the grandson of Frakökk , an ambitious woman , portrayed as a villain in the saga . Frakökk attempted to win the Earldom of Orkney for her descendants — particularly Ölvir . The saga relates how in Orkney , Sveinn murdered one of the earl 's followers , and immediately fled to the Bishop of Orkney . The bishop protected Sveinn by sending him away to the Suðreyjar , into the care of Holdboði Hundason , a chieftain on the Inner Hebridean island of Tiree . Later , in early spring , the saga relates how Sveinn travelled to Atholl , where he stayed for a long period of time . From Atholl , Sveinn made his way back towards Orkney by land , and on the journey northwards , he passed through Thurso , in Caithness . The saga notes that Sveinn was accompanied by Ljótólfr , and that Sveinn had spent much of the previous spring with Ljótólfr . The chieftain who lived at Thurso was an earl named Óttarr , who is described as " a man worthy of honour " . Earl Óttarr was a brother of Frakökk , and the saga relates how Ljótólfr negotiated a truce between Sveinn and Earl Óttarr , after Sveinn 's father was killed by Ölvir . The saga states that Sveinn made numerous Viking expeditions throughout the Hebrides , and into the Irish Sea zone . On one such occasion , Sveinn set up a base on the Isle of Man , where he married a wealthy widow . Some time later , Sveinn and his men were attacked by a force led by Holdboði , and in consequence Sveinn left the island and sailed north into the Hebrides to Lewis . Further on in the saga , it is stated that Sveinn 's brother , Gunni Óláfsson , had children with Margrét Há	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
unei as well as a number of Japanese civilians to the inland town of Tenom ; this trek took 40 days and involved traversing mountainous and trackless terrain . However , the forces involved suffered heavy casualties , with 50 percent of the 367th Battalion 's soldiers being killed between 10 June and the end of the war . The 369th and 370th Independent Infantry Battalions did not see combat , and remained largely intact at the end of the war . Following the Japanese surrender , the survivors of the 56th Independent Mixed Brigade were concentrated in locations selected by the Australian forces . = = Structure = = The 56th Independent Mixed Brigade comprised the following units : Brigade headquarters 366th Independent Infantry Battalion 367th Independent Infantry Battalion 368th Independent Infantry Battalion 369th Independent Infantry Battalion 370th Independent Infantry Battalion 371st Independent Infantry Battalion 56th Independent Mixed Brigade Artillery Unit 56th Independent Mixed Brigade Engineer Unit 56th Independent Mixed Brigade Signal Unit = Francis Nash = Francis Nash ( c.1742 — October 7 , 1777 ) was a brigadier general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . Prior to the war , he was a lawyer , public official , and politician in Hillsborough , North Carolina , and was heavily involved in opposing the Regulator movement , an uprising of settlers in the North Carolina piedmont between 1765 and 1771 . Nash was also involved in North Carolina politics , representing Hillsborough on several occasions in the colonial North Carolina General Assembly . Nash quickly became engaged in revolutionary activities , and served as a delegate to the first three Patriot provincial congresses . In 1775 , he was named lieutenant colonel of the 1st North Carolina Regiment under Colonel James Moore , and served briefly in the southern theater of the Revolutionary War before being ordered north . Nash was made a brigadier general in 1777 upon Moore 's death , and given command of the North Carolina brigade of the Continental Army under General George Washington . He led North Carolina 's soldiers in the Philadelphia campaign , but was wounded at the Battle of Germantown on October 4 , 1777 , and died several days later . Nash was one of only ten Patriot generals to die from wounds received in combat between 1775 and 1781 . He is honored by several city and county names , including those of Nashville , Tennessee , Nashville , North Carolina , and Nash County , North Carolina . = = Early life and family = = Nash was born around 1742 in Amelia County , Virginia ( in an area that would later become Prince Edward County ) to John and Ann Owen Nash . His parents were originally from Wales , and several of his seven siblings , including at least one brother , were born there . One of Nash 's brothers was Abner Nash , who later became a statesman in North Carolina . By 1763 , Francis Nash had moved along with Abner to Childsburgh , which later became Hillsborough . There Francis started a law practice , and became a clerk of court in 1763 , a position which paid an annual stipend of £ 100 sterling . The Nash brothers also owned substantial property in the town , and established a mill on the Eno River , while Francis invested in a local store . From 1764 to 1765 , he served his first term in the North Carolina Assembly representing Orange County . In 1770 , Nash married Sarah Moore , the daughter of colonial jurist Maurice Moore , niece of James Moore , and sister of future United States Supreme Court Alfred Moore . Their union would produce two daughters : Ann , who died as a child , and Sarah , who went on to marry John Waddell , the son of North Carolina colonial soldier Hugh Waddell , and was the grandmother to American Civil War Confederate blockade runner James Iredell Waddell . Nash had two children out of wedlock , one of whom some scholars identify as a son also named Francis Nash , possibly born in 1770 or 1771 . The mother of one of the children was reported as Hillsborough barmaid Ruth Jackson . The elder Nash provided Jackson with property west of Hillsborough , and several slaves . = = War of the Regulation and pre @-@ Revolution politics = = Nash showed an interest in military affairs while living in Hillsborough , and received informal military training from a retired English soldier living there . He worked his way up through the Orange County militia ranks until he eventually became its commanding colonel . During the War of the Regulation , in 1768 , he ordered the militia to put down several riots incited by the Regulators , but the militiamen were sympathetic towards the rioters and refused . Nash entered into a pact with others including Edmund Fanning , Adlai Osborne , and future governor Alexander Martin , to protect one another 's property against Regulator threats , but the parties to that agreement lived at great distances from each other , rendering the pact ineffective . Along with Fanning , who was a personal friend , Nash was accused of extorting money from Hillsborough 's residents . Regulator leaders attempted to have Nash tried for corruption , but the charges against him were dismissed . In September 1770 , a group of Regulators took control of Hillsborough , forcing Nash and other public officials to flee for fear of bodily harm . Nash subsequently fought alongside Governor William Tryon in the Battle of Alamance against the Regulator militia . He served in the " Lower House " of the colonial Assembly in 1771 and from 1773 to 1775 as a representative for Hillsborough . In 1774 , Royal Governor Josiah Martin postponed the scheduled convening of the colonial Assembly to prevent the North Carolina Assembly from selecting delegates to the proposed Continental Congress , which was to begin in Philadelphia in September . In response , members of the Assembly , many of whom would later become Patriot supporters , convened the First North Carolina Provincial Congress in August 1774 . Nash and his brother , Abner , were both elected to that body , along with 69 other North Carolinians , which then selected delegates to the Continental Congress . Governor Martin condemned the Provincial Congress as an extra @-@ legal body not permitted to assemble and represent the people of North Carolina . In an attempt to quash its work , the Governor called the colonial Assembly to convene on April 5 , 1775 , but the Second North Carolina Provincial Congress met in a session several hours before the Assembly was set to open and many of the congressional delegates , including Nash , voted to support the work of the Continental and Provincial Congresses . In response , Martin dissolved the Assembly . The Royal government would never again call an Assembly to session in North Carolina . = = American Revolutionary War = = = = = Southern theater = = = In 1775 , Nash served in the Third North Carolina Provincial Congress , which organized eight regiments of soldiers on instructions from the Continental Congress . Later that year , the Provincial Congress appointed Nash lieutenant colonel of the 1st North Carolina Regiment under the command of then @-@ colonel James Moore . In November , the 1st North Carolina was formally integrated into the Continental Army organization . Nash served as an officer under Moore during the maneuvers that led up to the Battle of Moore 's Creek Bridge in February 1776 but , like Moore , did not participate in the battle , arriving after its conclusion . During April 1776 , Nash was promoted to colonel to replace Moore , who had been promoted to brigadier general . Nash took part in the expedition to aid Charleston in 1776 , which culminated in the Battle of Sullivan 's Island . Immediately prior to that engagement , Nash had been ordered by Major General Charles Lee , commander of the Southern Department , to relieve William Moultrie 's South Carolina troops on Sullivan 's Island , but the British assault prevented that relief . Moultrie would go on to successfully defend the island from a much larger British force , while Nash 's unit guarded the unfinished rear of Fort Sullivan . = = = Philadelphia campaign = = = Nash returned with his regiment to North Carolina in anticipation of joining General George Washington 's army in the north , but fears of British and Indian attacks in Georgia prevented any such action , and caused Nash to remain in his home state . On February 5 , 1777 , he was promoted to brigadier general by the Continental Congress . He was also tasked with recruiting more soldiers from the western part of the state , but was forced to abandon that task after James Moore 's death on April 15 , 1777 . Nash was then placed in command of the North Carolina brigade . Although fellow North Carolinian Robert Howe 's commission as a brigadier general predated Nash 's , Howe had been made commander of the Southern Department of the Continental Army , and he was forced to remain in command of the troops defending South Carolina . Nash marched north to join Washington 's army and commanded all nine North Carolina Continental Army regiments at the Battle of Brandywine . = = = Battle of Germantown and death = = = After the British captured Philadelphia on September 11 , 1777 , Washington took to the offensive and struck at the main part of the British Army near Philadelphia in the Battle of Germantown . Initially , the North Carolina brigade was intended to serve in the Continental Army 's reserve but Washington , out of a desire to defend his flank , ordered Nash into action . Nash was commanding a fighting retreat , slowly moving his unit backwards to stall the British advance , when , on October 4 , 1777 , he was mortally wounded by a cannonball that struck him in the hip and killed his horse . The same cannonball killed Major James Witherspoon , son of John Witherspoon , the president of Princeton University and a signer of the Declaration of Independence . Nash may have also been blinded by a musket ball that struck him in the head . Thomas Paine , who saw him taken off the battlefield , later stated that Nash 's wounds had made him unrecognizable . Nash was treated by Washington 's personal physician , James Craik , who could not stem his bleeding , which was reported to have fully soaked through two mattresses . Nash succumbed to his wounds on October 7 at a private residence near Kulpsville , Pennsylvania . His final words are alleged to have been " From the first dawn of the Revolution I have been ever on the side of liberty and my country " . He was buried in the Towamencin Mennonite Meetinghouse Cemetery in Towamencin Township , Pennsylvania , on October 9 , 1777 , along with other officers who had perished at Germantown . Most of the Continental Army 's senior officers , including Washington himself , attended the funeral service . Nash 's friend and colleague , Alexander Martin , who later became Governor of the State of North Carolina and who had witnessed Nash 's wounding , subsequently composed a funeral poem in the fallen general 's honor . = = Legacy = = Nash was one of only ten Patriot generals who died during the American Revolutionary War . After his death , on April 29 , 1784 , Congress awarded his heirs a land grant representing 84 months of Continental Army service , which exceeded Nash 's actual service time . Nashville , Tennessee ( originally called " Fort Nashborough " ) , Nashville , North Carolina , and Nash County , North Carolina , are named in his honor . In 1906 , a stone arch was erected on the grounds of Guilford Courthouse National Military Park in Nash 's honor , but it was demolished in 1937 . Nash 's home in Hillsborough is now known as the Nash @-@ Hooper House , as it was purchased by William Hooper , a signatory to the Declaration of Independence , after Nash 's death . In 1938 , a historical marker was placed near the house commemorating Nash 's life and service . The Nash @-@ Hooper House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971 . It is located in the Hillsborough Historic District . = Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich MiG @-@ 1 = The Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich MiG @-@ 1 ( Микоян @-@ Гуревич МиГ @-@ 1 ) was a Soviet fighter aircraft of World War II that was designed to meet a requirement for a high @-@ altitude fighter issued in 1939 . To minimize demand on strategic materials such as aluminum , the aircraft was mostly constructed from steel tubing and wood . Flight testing revealed a number of deficiencies , but it was ordered into production before they could be fixed . Although difficult to handle , one hundred were built before the design was modified into the MiG @-@ 3 . The aircraft was issued to fighter regiments of the Soviet Air Forces ( VVS ) in 1941 , but most were apparently destroyed during the opening days of Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 . = = Design and development = = = = = Design phase = = = The MiG @-@ 1 was designed in response to a requirement for a high @-@ altitude fighter with an inline engine issued by the VVS in January 1939 . Initially the aircraft , designated I @-@ 200 , was designed in the Polikarpov construction bureau . Work started in June 1939 , under the direction of Nikolai Polikarpov and his assistant M. Tetivikin . Polikarpov himself preferred radial engines and promoted his I @-@ 180 design at that time , but when the powerful Mikulin AM @-@ 37 inline engine became available , he decided to use it in a fighter . The approach that he selected was to build the smallest possible aircraft around the intended powerplant , thereby minimising weight and drag — the philosophy of the light fighter . As specified , the aircraft was to be capable of reaching 670 km / h ( 417 mph ) . In August 1939 , Polikarpov fell out of favour with Joseph Stalin and as a result , when Polikarpov went in November 1939 to tour Germany 's aviation works , the Soviet authorities decided to scatter his construction team and create a new Experimental Construction Section ( OKO ) , headed by Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich , which remained formally subordinated to Polikarpov bureau until June 1940 . Further work upon the I @-@ 200 design was assigned to Mikoyan and Gurevich , who later became recognized — not with full justice — as its designers . The MiG @-@ 1 was a low @-@ wing monoplane with a tail @-@ dragging undercarriage of mixed construction . Due to shortages of light alloys the rear fuselage was made from wood , but the front fuselage , from the propeller to the rear of the cockpit was a welded steel tube truss covered by duralumin . The bulk of the wing was wooden , but the center section was all @-@ metal with a steel I @-@ section main spar . The wing used a Clark YH profile . It was evenly tapered with rounded tips and the outer wing panels had 5 ° of dihedral . All three landing gear wheels retracted hydraulically ; the main units inwards into the wing center section . The cockpit was situated well aft , which seriously limited forward vision when landing and taxiing . The AM @-@ 37 engine was not yet available and the less powerful V @-@ 12 Mikulin AM @-@ 35A had to be substituted . It had six exhaust ejectors , one for each pair of cylinders , that provided some additional thrust . It drove a VISh @-@ 22Ye controllable @-@ pitch propeller 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) in diameter . The air intakes for the supercharger were in the wing roots and the oil cooler was on the port side of the engine cowling . The radiator was underneath the cockpit . Armament included two fuselage @-@ mounted 7 @.@ 62 mm ( 0 @.@ 300 in ) ShKAS machine guns and one 12 @.@ 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 50 in ) UBS machine gun . The result was a highly conventional aircraft that first flew on schedule on 5 April 1940 at the Khodynka Aerodrome in Moscow with chief test pilot Arkadij Ekatov at the controls . On 24 May the first prototype attained a speed of 648 @.@ 5 km / h ( 402 @.@ 9 mph ) at 6 @,@ 900 m ( 22 @,@ 638 ft ) . It could not , however , attain the speed originally specified by the Air Force with this engine . The second prototype took to the air on 9 May , but the third aircraft , the first to be armed , was forced to wait until 6 June , as problems with its synchronization gear prolonged the ground firing tests . On 5 August 651 km / h ( 405 mph ) was reached at 7 @,@ 000 m ( 23 @,@ 000 ft ) using maximum boost . Time to altitude figures were 5 @.@ 1 minutes to 5 @,@ 000 m ( 16 @,@ 000 ft ) and 7 @.@ 2 minutes to 7 @,@ 000 m ( 23 @,@ 000 ft ) and speeds at lower altitudes were 579 km / h ( 360 mph ) at 2 @,@ 200 m ( 7 @,@ 200 ft ) and 605 km / h ( 376 mph ) at 3 @,@ 630 m ( 11 @,@ 910 ft ) . = = = Production and improvements = = = The I @-@ 200 was ordered into production almost immediately , on 31 May 1940 . In contrast to the other competing designs , the I @-@ 26 ( Yak @-@ 1 ) and I @-@ 301 ( LaGG @-@ 3 ) , the I @-@ 200 successfully completed the state trials in August on its first attempt . But the trials revealed a number of serious defects , including inadequate visibility when taxiing , poor @-@ quality plexiglas in the canopy obscuring the pilot 's view , heavy controls , poor longitudinal stability , difficulty in opening canopy , an excessively hot cockpit and a " dangerous propensity to flick from a simple stall into a spin from which it was almost impossible to recover " . A number of improvements were ordered to be made to the aircraft as a result of the deficiencies discovered during the trials , but only a few of them were able to be implemented before production began as the VVS was very anxious to get modern fighters into service . These included an additional air intake on the starboard side of the nose for the oil cooler , rubber sheaths around the fuel tanks to make them self @-@ sealing , two underwing bomb racks each capable of carrying a 100 @-@ kilogram ( 220 lb ) FAB @-@ 100 bomb , a PBP @-@ 1 gunsight and each ShKAS was given 375 rounds and the UBS 300 rounds . From the ninth aircraft onwards the side @-@ opening canopy was replaced by a rear @-@ sliding canopy that could be jettisoned in flight . On 9 December 1940 the first 100 I @-@ 200s were designated as the MiG @-@ 1 ( after the initials of Mikoyan and Gurevich ) . The improvement process continued throughout the production run , but they weren 't immediately implemented on the production line , but were instead incorporated in a fourth prototype for evaluation . This aircraft first flew on 29 October 1940 and was a significant improvement over the I @-@ 200s then in production . It passed its State acceptance trials and its improvements were incorporated on the production line from the 101st I @-@ 200 . These were designated as the MiG @-@ 3 on 9 December , although the first production MiG @-@ 3 was not completed until 20 December 1940 . = = = Additional testing = = = The I @-@ 200 prototypes were used to evaluate a number of proposals . For example , the second prototype was fitted with a prototype of the AM @-@ 37 engine and first flew with that engine on 6 January 1941 . It experienced severe vibration problems and , despite efforts to cure the problems , failed during a flight on 7 May , and was destroyed in the ensuing crash . The third prototype was generally used for armament trials , experimenting with 82 mm ( 3 @.@ 2 in ) RS @-@ 82 rockets among other weapons . For another trial it was equipped with the experimental 23 mm ( 0 @.@ 91 in ) MP @-@ 3 autocannon carried underneath the wings in external pods and redesignated as the IP @-@ 201 . The 12 @.@ 7 mm UBS gun was removed for these tests and the space freed up was used to install an extra fuel tank . Initially the cannon had the low rate of fire of only 300 rounds per minute , but this was soon doubled and the gun was renamed as the MP @-@ 6 . Installation of the guns was difficult , despite the aircraft 's metal outer wing panels , and the wings deformed when the cannon were first mounted . It made its first , and only , flight on 1 December 1940 carrying two MP @-@ 6s and two 12 @.@ 7 mm AP @-@ 12 @.@ 7 machine guns , but a blocked fuel line caused a forced landing before the guns could be fired . But testing on a variety of other aircraft revealed very unsatisfactory performance by the guns and their development was canceled . The designers were arrested on 15 May 1941 and executed on 28 October 1941 . = = Operational history = = On 3 December 1940 the VVS ordered that the 41st Fighter Regiment ( istrebitel 'nyy aviatsionnyy polk ) , based at the Crimean town of Kacha , was to conduct the operational trials for the I @-@ 200 and that they were to be transferred to the 146th Fighter Regiment at Yevpatoria , also in the Crimea , for pilot training after the conclusion of the trials . By 22 February 1941 89 had been issued to regular fighter units , notably the 89th Fighter Regiment at Kaunas , Lithuania and the 41st Fighter Regiment at Białystok , Poland , both places under Soviet occupation since 1939 – 40 . On 1 June 1941 they were spread out a bit more , with 31 in the Baltic Military District , 37 in the Western Special Military District , one in the Kiev Military District and eight in the Odessa Military District for a total of 77 on hand , of which only 55 were operational . An additional eight MiG @-@ 1s were assigned to the Soviet Navy . However , only four pilots were trained to handle either the MiG @-@ 1 or the MiG @-@ 3 . Little is known of the performance of the MiG @-@ 1 in combat as most were likely destroyed during the opening days of Operation Barbarossa . However , one was still in the inventory of the VVS as late as 1944 when it was recorded as withdrawn that year . = = Variants = = Izdeliye @-@ 61 : This was the internal OKB designation of the I @-@ 200 prototype . I @-@ 200 : MiG @-@ 1 prototype , 3 made . MiG @-@ 1 : Single @-@ seat interceptor fighter aircraft for the Soviet Air Force . = = Operators = = Soviet Union VVS Soviet Navy = = Specifications ( Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich MiG @-@ 1 ) = = General characteristics Crew : One Length : 8 @.@ 16 m ( 26 ft 9 in ) Wingspan : 10 @.@ 20 m ( 33 ft 5 in ) Height : 2 @.@ 62 m ( 8 ft 7 in ) Wing area : 17 @.@ 5 m ² ( 188 ft ² ) Airfoil : Clark YH Empty weight : 2 @,@ 602 kg ( 5 @,@ 736 lb ) Loaded weight : 3 @,@ 099 kg ( 6 @,@ 832 lb ) Max. takeoff weight : 3 @,@ 319 kg ( 7 @,@ 317 lb ) Powerplant : 1 × Mikulin AM @-@ 35A liquid @-@ cooled V @-@ 12 , 1 @,@ 007 kW ( 1 @,@ 350 hp ) Performance Maximum speed : 657 km / h ( 410 mph ) Range : 580 km ( 362 mi ) Service ceiling : 12 @,@ 000 m ( 39 @,@ 370 ft ) Rate of climb : 16 @.@ 8 m / s ( 3 @,@ 306 ft / min ) Wing loading : 177 kg / m ² ( 36 lb / ft ² ) Power / mass : 0 @.@ 32 kW / kg ( 0 @.@ 20 hp / lb ) Armament 1 × 12 @.@ 7 mm BS machine gun 2 × 7 @.@ 62 mm ShKAS machine guns up to 200 kg ( 440 lb ) of bombs = HMS Illustrious ( 87 ) = HMS Illustrious was the lead ship of her class of aircraft carriers built for the Royal Navy before World War II . Her first assignment after completion and working up was with the Mediterranean Fleet , in which her aircraft 's most notable achievement was sinking one Italian battleship and badly damaging two others during the Battle of Taranto in late 1940 . Two months later the carrier was crippled by German dive bombers and was repaired in the United States . After sustaining damage on the voyage home in late 1941 by a collision with her sister ship Formidable , Illustrious was sent to the Indian Ocean in early 1942 to support the invasion of Vichy French Madagascar ( Operation Ironclad ) . After returning home in early 1943 , the ship was given a lengthy refit and briefly assigned to the Home Fleet . She was transferred to Force H for the Battle of Salerno in mid @-@ 1943 and then rejoined the Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean at the beginning of 1944 . Her aircraft attacked several targets in the Japanese @-@ occupied Dutch East Indies over the following year before Illustrious was transferred to the newly formed British Pacific Fleet ( BPF ) . The carrier participated in the early stages of the Battle of Okinawa until mechanical defects arising from accumulated battle damage became so severe that she was ordered home early for repairs in May 1945 . The war ended while she was in the dockyard and the Admiralty decided to modify her for use as the Home Fleet 's trials and training carrier . In this role she conducted the deck @-@ landing trials for most of the British post @-@ war naval aircraft in the early 1950s . She was occasionally used to ferry troops and aircraft to and from foreign deployments as well as participating in exercises . In 1951 , she helped to transport troops to quell rioting in Cyprus after the collapse of the Anglo @-@ Egyptian treaty of 1936 . She was paid off in early 1955 and sold for scrap in late 1956 . = = Background and description = = The Royal Navy 's 1936 Naval Programme authorised the construction of two aircraft carriers . Admiral Sir Reginald Henderson , Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy , was determined not to simply modify the previous unarmoured Ark Royal design . He believed that carriers could not be successfully defended by their own aircraft without some form of early @-@ warning system . Lacking that , there was nothing to prevent land @-@ based aircraft from attacking them , especially in confined waters like the North Sea and Mediterranean . This meant that the ship had to be capable of remaining in action after sustaining damage and that her fragile aircraft had to be protected entirely from damage . The only way to do this was to completely armour the hangar in which the aircraft would shelter , but putting so much weight high in the ship allowed only a single @-@ storey hangar due to stability concerns . This halved the aircraft capacity compared with the older unarmoured carriers , exchanging offensive potential for defensive survivability . Illustrious was 740 feet ( 225 @.@ 6 m ) in length overall and 710 feet ( 216 @.@ 4 m ) at the waterline . Her beam was 95 feet 9 inches ( 29 @.@ 2 m ) at the waterline and she had a draught of 28 feet 10 inches ( 8 @.@ 8 m ) at deep load . She displaced 23 @,@ 000 long tons ( 23 @,@ 369 t ) at standard load as completed . Her complement was approximately 1 @,@ 299 officers and enlisted men upon completion in 1940 . By 1944 , she was severely overcrowded with a total crew of 1 @,@ 997 . After post @-@ war modifications to convert her into a trials carrier , her complement was reduced to 1 @,@ 090 officers and enlisted men . The ship had three Parsons geared steam turbines , each driving one shaft , using steam supplied by six Admiralty 3 @-@ drum boilers . The turbines were designed to produce a total of 111 @,@ 000 shp ( 83 @,@ 000 kW ) , enough to give a maximum speed of 30 knots ( 56 km / h ; 35 mph ) at deep load . On 24 May 1940 Illustrious ran her sea trials and her engines reached 113 @,@ 700 shp ( 84 @,@ 800 kW ) . Her exact speeds were not recorded as she had her paravanes streamed , but it was estimated that she could have made about 31 knots ( 57 km / h ; 36 mph ) under full power . She carried a maximum of 4 @,@ 850 long tons ( 4 @,@ 930 t ) of fuel oil which gave her a range of 10 @,@ 700 nautical miles ( 19 @,@ 800 km ; 12 @,@ 300 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) or 10 @,@ 400 nmi ( 19 @,@ 300 km ; 12 @,@ 000 mi ) at 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) or 6 @,@ 300 nmi ( 11 @,@ 700 km ; 7 @,@ 200 mi ) at 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) . The 753 @-@ foot ( 229 @.@ 5 m ) armoured flight deck had a usable length of 620 feet ( 189 @.@ 0 m ) , due to prominent " round @-@ downs " at each end to reduce air turbulence , and a maximum width of 95 feet ( 29 @.@ 0 m ) . A single hydraulic aircraft catapult was fitted on the forward part of the flight deck . The ship was equipped with two unarmoured lifts on the centreline , each of which measured 45 by 22 feet ( 13 @.@ 7 by 6 @.@ 7 m ) . The hangar was 456 feet ( 139 @.@ 0 m ) long and had a maximum width of 62 feet ( 18 @.@ 9 m ) . It had a height of 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) which allowed storage of Lend @-@ Lease Vought F4U Corsair fighters once their wingtips were clipped . The hangar was designed to accommodate 36 aircraft , for which 50 @,@ 650 imperial gallons ( 230 @,@ 300 l ; 60 @,@ 830 US gal ) of aviation gasoline was provided . = = = Armament , electronics and protection = = = The main armament of the Illustrious class consisted of sixteen quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 110 mm ) dual @-@ purpose guns in eight twin @-@ gun turrets , four in sponsons on each side of the hull . The roofs of the gun turrets protruded above the level of the flight deck to allow them to fire across the deck at high elevations . The gun had a maximum range of 20 @,@ 760 yards ( 18 @,@ 980 m ) . Her light anti @-@ aircraft defences included six octuple mounts for QF 2 @-@ pounder ( " pom @-@ pom " ) anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns , two each fore and aft of the island and two in sponsons on the port side of the hull . The 2 @-@ pounder gun had a maximum range of 6 @,@ 800 yards ( 6 @,@ 200 m ) . The completion of Illustrious was delayed two months to fit her with a Type 79Z early @-@ warning radar ; she was the first aircraft carrier in the world to be fitted with radar before completion . This version of the radar had separate transmitting and receiving antennas which required a new mainmast to be added to the aft end of the island to mount the transmitter . The Illustrious @-@ class ships had a flight deck protected by 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of armour and the internal sides and ends of the hangars were 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 114 mm ) thick . The hangar deck itself was 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) thick and extended the full width of the ship to meet the top of the 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch waterline armour belt . The belt was closed by 2 @.@ 5 @-@ inch transverse bulkheads fore and aft . The underwater defence system was a layered system of liquid- and air @-@ filled compartments backed by a 1 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 38 mm ) splinter bulkhead . = = = Wartime modifications = = = While under repair in 1941 , Illustrious 's rear " round @-@ down " was flattened to increase the usable length of the flight deck to 670 feet ( 204 @.@ 2 m ) . This increased her aircraft complement to 41 aircraft by use of a permanent deck park . Her light AA armament was also augmented by the addition of 10 Oerlikon 20 mm autocannon in single mounts with a maximum range of 4 @,@ 800 yards ( 4 @,@ 400 m ) . In addition the two steel fire curtains in the hangar were replaced by asbestos ones . After her return to the UK later that year , her Type 79Z radar was replaced by a Type 281 system and a Type 285 gunnery radar was mounted on one of the main fire @-@ control directors . The additional crewmen , maintenance personnel and facilities needed to support these aircraft , weapons and sensors increased her complement to 1 @,@ 326 . During her 1943 refits , the flight deck was modified to extend its usable length to 740 feet ( 225 @.@ 6 m ) , and " outriggers " were probably added at this time . These were ' U ' -shaped beams that extended from the side of the flight deck into which aircraft tailwheels were placed . The aircraft were pushed back until the main wheels were near the edge of the flight deck to allow more aircraft to be stored on the deck . Twin Oerlikon mounts replaced most of the single mounts . Other twin mounts were added so that by May she had a total of eighteen twin and two single mounts . The Type 281 radar was replaced by an upgraded Type 281M , and a single @-@ antenna Type 79M was added . Type 282 gunnery radars were added for each of the " pom @-@ pom " directors , and the rest of the main directors were fitted with Type 285 radars . A Type 272 target @-@ indicator radar was mounted above her bridge . These changes increased her aircraft capacity to 57 and caused her crew to grow to 1 @,@ 831 . A year later , in preparation for her service against the Japanese in the Pacific , one starboard octuple " pom @-@ pom " mount , directly abaft the island , was replaced by two 40 mm Bofors AA guns ; which had a maximum range of 10 @,@ 750 yards ( 9 @,@ 830 m ) . Two more twin Oerlikon mounts were added , and her boilers were retubed . At this time her complement was 1 @,@ 997 officers and enlisted men . By 1945 , accumulated wear @-@ and @-@ tear as well as undiagnosed shock damage to Illustrious 's machinery caused severe vibrations in her centre propeller shaft at high speeds . In an effort to cure the problem , the propeller was removed , and the shaft was locked in place in February ; these radical measures succeeded in reducing , but not eliminating , the vibrations and reduced the ship 's speed to about 24 knots ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) . = = = Post @-@ war modifications = = = She was badly damaged underwater by a bomb in April 1945 , and was ordered home for repairs the following month . She began permanent repairs in June that were scheduled to last four months . The RN planned to fit her out as a flagship , remove her aft 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns in exchange for increased accommodation , and replace some of her Oerlikons with single two @-@ pounder AA guns , but the end of the war in August caused the RN to reassess its needs . In September , it decided that Illustrious would become the trials and training carrier for the Home Fleet and her repairs were changed into a lengthy refit that lasted until June 1946 . Her complement was sharply reduced by her change in role and she retained her aft 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns . Her light AA armament now consisted of six octuple " pom @-@ pom " mountings , eighteen single Oerlikons , and seventeen single and two twin Bofors mounts . The flight deck was extended forward , which increased her overall length to 748 feet 6 inches ( 228 @.@ 1 m ) . The high @-@ angle director atop the island was replaced with an American SM @-@ 1 fighter @-@ direction radar , a Type 293M target @-@ indication system was added , and the Type 281M was replaced with a prototype Type 960 early @-@ warning radar . The sum total of the changes since her commissioning increased her full @-@ load displacement by 2 @,@ 520 long tons ( 2 @,@ 560 t ) . In 1947 she carried five 8 @-@ barrel pom @-@ poms , 17 Bofors and 16 Oerlikons . A five @-@ bladed propeller was installed on her centre shaft although the increasing wear on her outer shafts later partially negated the reduction in vibration . While running trials in 1948 , after another refit , she reached a maximum speed of 29 knots ( 54 km / h ; 33 mph ) from 110 @,@ 680 shp ( 82 @,@ 530 kW ) . Two years later , she made 29 @.@ 2 knots from 111 @,@ 450 shp ( 83 @,@ 110 kW ) . At some point after 1948 , the ship 's light AA armament was reduced to two twin and nineteen single 40 mm guns and six Oerlikons . = = Construction and service = = Illustrious , the fourth ship of her name , was ordered as part of the 1936 Naval Programme from Vickers @-@ Armstrongs on 13 April 1937 . Construction was delayed by slow deliveries of her armour plates because the industry had been crippled by a lack of orders over the last 15 years as a result of the Washington Naval Treaty . As a consequence , her flight @-@ deck armour had to be ordered from Vítkovice Mining and Iron Corporation in Czechoslovakia . She was laid down at their Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness shipyard two weeks later as yard number 732 and launched on 5 April 1939 . She was christened by Lady Henderson , wife of the recently retired Third Sea Lord . Illustrious was then towed to Buccleuch Dock for fitting out and Captain Denis Boyd was appointed to command her on 29 January 1940 . She was commissioned on 16 April 1940 and , excluding her armament , she cost £ 2 @,@ 295 @,@ 000 to build . While Illustrious was being moved in preparation for her acceptance trials on 24 April , the tugboat Poolgarth capsized with the loss of three crewmen . The carrier conducted preliminary flying trials in the Firth of Clyde with six Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers that had been craned aboard earlier . In early June , she loaded the personnel from 806 , 815 , and 819 Squadrons at Devonport Royal Dockyard ; 806 Squadron was equipped with Blackburn Skua and Fairey Fulmar fighters , and the latter two squadrons were equipped with Swordfish . She began working up off Plymouth , but the German conquest of France made this too risky , and Illustrious sailed for Bermuda later in the month to continue working up . This was complete by 23 July , when she arrived in the Clyde and flew off her aircraft . The ship was docked in Clydeside for a minor refit the following day ; she arrived in Scapa Flow on 15 August , and became the flagship of Rear Admiral Lumley Lyster . Her squadrons flew back aboard , and she sailed for the Mediterranean on 22 August with 15 Fulmars and 18 Swordfish aboard . After refuelling in Gibraltar , Illustrious and the battleship Valiant were escorted into the Mediterranean by Force H as part of Operation Hats , during which her Fulmars shot down five Italian bombers and her AA guns shot down two more . Now escorted by the bulk of the Mediterranean Fleet , eight of her Swordfish , together with some from the carrier Eagle , attacked the Italian seaplane base at Rhodes on the morning of 3 September . A few days after the Italian invasion of Egypt , Illustrious flew off 15 Swordfish during the moonlit night of 16 / 17 September to attack the port of Benghazi . Aircraft from 819 Squadron laid six mines in the harbour entrance while those from 815 Squadron sank the destroyer Borea and two freighters totalling 10 @,@ 192 gross register tons ( GRT ) . The destroyer Aquilone later struck one of the mines and sank . During the return voyage to Alexandria , the Italian submarine Corallo made an unsuccessful attack on the British ships . While escorting a convoy to Malta on 29 September , the carrier 's Fulmars broke up attacks by Italian high @-@ level and torpedo bombers , shooting down one for the loss of one fighter . While returning from another convoy escort mission , the Swordfish of Illustrious and Eagle attacked the Italian airfield on the island of Leros on the evening of 13 / 14 October . = = = Battle of Taranto = = = Upon his arrival in the Mediterranean , Lyster proposed a carrier airstrike on the Italian fleet at its base in Taranto , as the Royal Navy had been planning since the Abyssinia Crisis of 1935 , and Admiral Andrew Cunningham , commander of the Mediterranean Fleet , approved the idea by 22 September . The attack , with both available carriers , was originally planned for 21 October , the anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar , but a hangar fire aboard Illustrious on 18 October forced its postponement until 11 November when the next favourable phase of the moon occurred . The fire destroyed three Swordfish and heavily damaged two others , but they were replaced by aircraft from Eagle , whose contaminated fuel tanks prevented her from participating in the attack . Repairs were completed before the end of the month , and she escorted a convoy to Greece , during which her Fulmars shot down one shadowing CANT Z.506B floatplane . She sailed from Alexandria on 6 November , escorted by the battleships Warspite , Malaya , and Valiant , two light cruisers , and 13 destroyers , to provide air cover for another convoy to Malta . At this time her air group was reinforced by several of Eagles 's Gloster Sea Gladiators supplementing the fighters of 806 Squadron as well as torpedo bombers from 813 and 824 Squadrons . The former aircraft were carried " ... as a permanent deck park ... " and they shot down a CANT Z.501 seaplane two days later . Later that day seven Savoia @-@ Marchetti SM.79 medium bombers were intercepted by three Fulmars , which claimed to have shot down one bomber and damaged another . In reality , they heavily damaged three of the Italian aircraft . A Z.501 searching for the fleet was shot down on 10 November by a Fulmar and another on the 11th . A flight of nine SM.79s was intercepted later that day and the Fulmars claimed to have damaged one of the bombers , although it actually failed to return to base . Three additional Fulmars had been flown aboard from Ark Royal a few days earlier , when both carriers were near Malta ; that brought its strength up to 15 Fulmars , 24 Swordfish , and two to four Sea Gladiators . Three Swordfish crashed shortly after take @-@ off on 10 and 11 November , probably due to fuel contamination , and the maintenance crewmen spent all day laboriously draining all of the fuel tanks and refilling them with clean petrol . This left only 21 aircraft available for the attack . Now augmented by reinforcements from the UK , the Mediterranean Fleet detached Illustrious , four cruisers , and four destroyers to a point 170 miles ( 270 km ) south @-@ east of Taranto . The first wave of a dozen aircraft , all that the ship could launch at one time , flew off by 20 : 40 and the second wave of nine by 21 : 34 . Six aircraft in each airstrike were armed with torpedoes and the remainder with bombs or flares or both to supplement the three @-@ quarter moon . The Royal Air Force ( RAF ) had positioned a Short Sunderland flying boat off the harbour to search for any movement to or from the port and this was detected at 17 : 55 by acoustic locators and again at 20 : 40 , alerting the defenders . The noise of the on @-@ coming first airstrike was heard at 22 : 25 and the anti @-@ aircraft guns defending the port opened fire shortly afterward , as did those on the ships in the harbour . The torpedo @-@ carrying aircraft of the first wave scored one hit on the battleship Conte di Cavour and two on the recently completed battleship Littorio while the two flare droppers bombed the oil storage depot with little effect . The four aircraft loaded with bombs set one hangar in the seaplane base on fire and hit the destroyer Libeccio with one bomb that failed to detonate . The destroyer Fulmine , or Conte di Cavour , shot down the aircraft that put a torpedo into the latter ship , but the remaining aircraft returned to Illustrious . One torpedo @-@ carrying aircraft of the second wave was forced to return when its long @-@ range external fuel tank fell off , but the others hit Littorio once more and Caio Duilio was hit once when they attacked beginning at 23 : 55 . The two flare droppers also bombed the oil storage depot with minimal effect and one bomb penetrated through the hull of the heavy cruiser Trento without detonating . One torpedo bomber was shot down , but the other aircraft returned . A follow @-@ up airstrike was planned for the next night based on the pessimistic assessments of the aircrews , but it was cancelled due to bad weather . Reconnaissance photos taken by the RAF showed three battleships with their decks awash and surrounded by pools of oil . The two airstrikes had changed the balance of power in the Mediterranean by sinking Conte di Cavour and badly damaging Littorio and Caio Duilio . = = = Subsequent operations in the Mediterranean = = = While en route to Alexandria the ship 's Fulmars engaged four Z.506Bs , claiming three shot down and the fourth damaged , although Italian records only indicate the loss of two aircraft on 12 November . Two weeks later , 15 Swordfish attacked Italian positions on Leros , losing one Swordfish . While off Malta two days later , six of the carrier 's fighters engaged an equal number of Fiat CR.42 biplane fighters , shooting down one and damaging two others . One Fulmar was lightly damaged during the battle . On the night of 16 / 17 December , 11 Swordfish bombed Rhodes and the island of Stampalia with little effect . Four days later Illustrious 's aircraft attacked two convoys near the Kerkennah Islands and sank two merchant ships totalling 7 @,@ 437 GRT . On the morning of 22 December , 13 Swordfish attacked Tripoli harbour , starting fires and hitting warehouses multiple times . The ship arrived back at Alexandria two days later . On 7 January 1941 , Illustrious set sail to provide air cover for convoys to Piraeus , Greece and Malta as part of Operation Excess . For this operation , her fighters were reinforced by a detachment of three Fulmars from 805 Squadron . During the morning of 10 January , her Swordfish attacked an Italian convoy without significant effect . Later that morning three of the five Fulmars on Combat Air Patrol ( CAP ) engaged three SM.79s at low altitude , claiming one shot down . One Fulmar was damaged and forced to return to the carrier , while the other two exhausted their ammunition and fuel during the combat and landed at Hal Far airfield on Malta . The remaining pair engaged a pair of torpedo @-@ carrying SM.79s , damaging one badly enough that it crashed upon landing . They were low on ammunition and out of position , as they chased the Italian aircraft over 50 miles ( 80 km ) from Illustrious . The carrier launched four replacements at 12 : 35 , just when 24 – 36 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers of the First Group / Dive Bomber Wing 1 ( I. Gruppe / Sturzkampfgeschwader ( StG ) 1 ) and the Second Group / Dive Bomber Wing 2 ( II . Gruppe / StG 2 ) began their attack , led by Paul @-@ Werner Hozzel . Another pair were attempting to take off when the first 250 @-@ or @-@ 500 @-@ kilogram ( 550 or 1 @,@ 100 lb ) bomb struck just forward of the aft lift , destroying the Fulmar whose engine had failed to start and detonating high in the lift well ; the other aircraft took off and engaged the Stukas as they pulled out of their dive . The ship was hit five more times in this attack , one of which penetrated the unarmoured aft lift and detonated beneath it , destroying it and the surrounding structure . One bomb struck and destroyed the starboard forward " pom @-@ pom " mount closest to the island , while another passed through the forwardmost port " pom @-@ pom " mount and failed to detonate , although it did start a fire . One bomb penetrated the outer edge of the forward port flight deck and detonated about 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) above the water , riddling the adjacent hull structure with holes which caused flooding in some compartments and starting a fire . The most damaging hit was a large bomb that penetrated through the deck armour forward of the aft lift and detonated 10 feet above the hangar deck . The explosion started a severe fire , destroyed the rear fire sprinkler system , bent the forward lift like a hoop and shredded the fire curtains into lethal splinters . It also blew a hole in the hangar deck , damaging areas three decks below . The Stukas also near @-@ missed Illustrious with two bombs , which caused minor damage and flooding . The multiple hits at the aft end of the carrier knocked out her steering gear , although it was soon repaired . Another attack by 13 Stukas at 13 : 20 hit the ship once more in the aft lift well , which again knocked out her steering and reduced her speed to 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . This attack was intercepted by six of the ship 's Fulmars which had rearmed and refuelled ashore after they had dropped their bombs , but only two of the dive bombers were damaged before the Fulmars ran out of ammunition . The carrier , steering only by using her engines , was attacked several more times before she entered Grand Harbour 's breakwater at 21 : 04 , still on fire . The attacks killed 126 officers and enlisted men and wounded 91 . Nine Swordfish and five Fulmars were destroyed during the attack . One additional Swordfish , piloted by Lieutenant Charles Lamb , was attempting to land when the bombs began to strike and was forced to ditch when it ran out of fuel ; the crew was rescued by the destroyer Juno . The British fighters claimed to have shot down five Ju 87s , with the fleet 's anti @-@ aircraft fire claiming three others . Germans records show the loss of three Stukas , with another forced to make an emergency landing . While her steering was being repaired in Malta , Illustrious was bombed again on 16 January by 17 Junkers Ju 88 medium bombers and 44 Stukas . The pilots of 806 Squadron claimed to have shot down two of the former and possibly damaged another pair , but a 500 kg bomb penetrated her flight deck aft of the rear lift and detonated in the captain 's day cabin ; several other bombs nearly hit the ship but only caused minor damage . Two days later , one of three Fulmars that intercepted an Axis air raid on the Maltese airfields was shot down with no survivors . Only one Fulmar was serviceable on 19 January , when the carrier was attacked several times and it was shot down . Illustrious was not struck during these attacks but was near @-@ missed several times and the resulting shock waves from their detonations dislodged enough hull plating to cause an immediate 5 @-@ degree list , cracked the cast @-@ iron foundations of her port turbine , and damaged other machinery . The naval historian J. D. Brown noted that " There is no doubt that the armoured deck saved her from destruction ; no other carrier took anything like this level of punishment and survived . " Without aircraft aboard , she sailed to Alexandria on 23 January escorted by four destroyers , for temporary repairs that lasted until 10 March . Boyd was promoted to Rear Admiral on 18 February and relieved Lyster as Rear Admiral Aircraft Carriers . He transferred his flag to Formidable when she arrived at Alexandria on 10 March , just before Illustrious sailed for Port Said to begin her transit of the Suez Canal . The Germans had laid mines in the canal earlier . Clearing the mines and the ships sunk by them was a slow process and Illustrious did not reach Suez Bay until 20 March . The ship then sailed for Durban , South Africa , to have the extent of her underwater damage assessed in the drydock there . She reached Durban on 4 April and remained there for two weeks . The ship ultimately arrived at the Norfolk Navy Yard in the United States on 12 May for permanent repairs . Some important modifications were made to her flight deck arrangements , including the installation of a new aft lift and modification of the catapult for use by American @-@ built aircraft . Her light anti @-@ aircraft armament was also augmented during the refit . Captain Lord Louis Mountbatten relieved her acting captain on 12 August , although he did not arrive aboard her until 28 August . He was almost immediately sent on a speaking tour to influence American public opinion , until he was recalled home in October and relieved by Captain A. G. Talbot on 1 October . The work was completed in November and Illustrious departed on 25 October , for trials off Jamaica and to load the dozen Swordfish of 810 and 829 Squadrons . She returned to Norfolk on 9 December , to rendezvous with Formidable , which had also been repaired there , and the carriers sailed for home three days later . On the night of 15 / 16 December , Illustrious collided with Formidable in a moderate storm . Neither ship was seriously damaged , but Illustrious had to reduce speed to shore up sprung bulkheads in the bow and conduct temporary repairs to the forward flight deck . She arrived at Greenock on 21 December and permanent repairs were made from 30 December to late February 1942 at Cammel Laird 's shipyard in Birkenhead . While working up her air group in March , reinforced by the Grumman Martlet fighters ( the British name of the F4F Wildcat ) of 881 and 882 Squadrons , she conducted trials of a " hooked " Supermarine Spitfire fighter , the prototype of the Seafire . = = = In the Indian Ocean = = = The conquest of British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies in early 1942 opened the door for Japanese advances into the Indian Ocean . The Vichy French @-@ controlled island of Madagascar stood astride the line of communication between India and the UK and the British were worried that the French would accede to occupation of the island as they had to the Japanese occupation of French Indochina in 1940 . Preventing this required a preemptive invasion of Diego Suarez scheduled for May 1942 . Illustrious had her work up cut short on 19 March to prepare to join the Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean and participate in the attack . She sailed four days later , escorting a troop convoy carrying some of the men allocated for the assault . A hangar fire broke out on 2 April that destroyed 11 aircraft and killed one crewman , but failed to cause any serious damage to the ship . Repairs were made in Freetown , Sierra Leone , and the convoy reached Durban on 22 April where her destroyed aircraft were replaced . Illustrious 's aircraft were tasked to attack French naval units and shipping and to defend the invasion fleet , while her half @-@ sister Indomitable provided air support for the ground forces . For the operation the carrier 's air group numbered 20 Martlets , 1 night @-@ fighting Fulmar and 20 Swordfish . Before dawn on 5 May , she launched 18 Swordfish in three flights together with 8 Martlets . The first flight of six Swordfish , carrying torpedoes , unsuccessfully attacked the aviso D 'Entrecasteaux , but sank the armed merchant cruiser MS Bougainville . The second flight , carrying depth charges , sank the submarine Bévéziers while the third flight dropped leaflets over the defenders before attacking an artillery battery and D 'Entrecasteaux . One aircraft of the third flight was forced to make an emergency landing and its crew was captured by the French . Later in the day , D 'Entrecasteaux attempted to put to sea , but she was successfully bombed by a 829 Squadron Swordfish and deliberately run aground to avoid sinking . Three other Swordfish completed her destruction . The next morning , Martlets from 881 Squadron intercepted three Potez 63 @.@ 11 reconnaissance bombers , shooting down two and forcing the other to retreat , while Swordfish dropped dummy parachutists as a diversion . One patrolling Swordfish sank the submarine Le Héros and another spotted for ships bombarding French defences . On the morning of 7 May , Martlets from 881 Squadron intercepted three Morane @-@ Saulnier M.S.406 fighters on a reconnaissance mission . All three were shot down for the loss of one Martlet . In addition to the other losses enumerated , 882 Squadron 's Fulmar was shot down while providing ground support . She was then formally assigned to the Eastern Fleet and , after a short refit in Durban , sailed to Colombo , Ceylon , and became the flagship of the Rear Admiral Aircraft Carriers , Eastern Fleet , Denis Boyd , her former captain . At the beginning of August , the ship participated in Operation Stab , a decoy invasion of the Andaman Islands to distract the Japanese when the Americans were invading the island of Guadalcanal in the South Pacific . Captain Robert Cunliffe relieved Talbott on 22 August . On 10 September the carrier covered the amphibious landing that opened Operation Streamline Jane , the occupation of the remainder of Madagascar , and the landing at Tamatave eight days later , but no significant resistance was encountered and her aircraft were not needed . For this operation she had aboard 6 Fulmars of 806 Squadron , 12 Martlets of 881 Squadron and 18 Swordfish of 810 and 829 Squadrons . = = = European waters = = = After a farewell visit from the Eastern Fleet commander , Admiral Sir James Somerville on 12 January 1943 , Illustrious sailed for home the next day . She flew off her aircraft to Gibraltar on 31 January and continued on to the Clyde where she arrived five days later . She conducted deck @-@ landing trials for prototypes of the Blackburn Firebrand and Fairey Firefly fighters , as well as the Fairey Barracuda dive / torpedo bomber from 8 to 10 February . On 26 February she began a refit at Birkenhead that lasted until 7 June during which her flight deck was extended , new radars were installed , her light anti @-@ aircraft armament was augmented , and two new arrestor wires were fitted aft of the rear lift which increased her effective landing area . While conducting her post @-@ refit trials , she also conducted flying trials for Martlet Vs and Barracudas . Both sets of trials were completed by 18 July , by which time Illustrious had joined the Home Fleet . On 26 July , she sortied for the Norwegian Sea as part of Operation Governor , together with the battleship Anson , the American battleship Alabama , and the light carrier Unicorn , an attempt to fool the Germans into thinking that Sicily was not the only objective for an Allied invasion . 810 Squadron was the only unit retained from her previous air group and it had been re @-@ equipped with Barracudas during her refit . Her fighter complement was augmented by 878 and 890 Squadrons , each with 10 Martlet Vs , and 894 Squadron with 10 Seafire IICs . These latter aircraft lacked folding wings and could not fit on the lifts . The British ships were spotted by Blohm & Voss BV 138 flying boats and 890 Squadron shot down two of them before the fleet returned to Scapa Flow on 29 July . She transferred to Greenock at the end of the month and sailed on 5 August to provide air cover for the ocean liner RMS Queen Mary as she conveyed Prime Minister Winston Churchill to the Quebec Conference . Once the convoy was out of range of German aircraft , Illustrious left the convoy and arrived back at Greenock on 8 August . Together with Unicorn , she sailed for the Mediterranean on 13 August to prepare for the landings at Salerno ( Operation Avalanche ) , reaching Malta a week later . Her air group was reinforced at this time by four more Martlets each for 878 and 890 Squadrons . She was assigned to Force H for the operation which was tasked to protect the amphibious force from attack by the Italian Fleet and provide air cover for the carriers supporting the assault force . The Italians made no effort to attack the Allied forces and the most noteworthy thing that any of her aircraft did was when one of 890 Squadron 's Martlets escorted a surrendering Italian aircraft to Sicily . Before Illustrious sailed for Malta she transferred six Seafires to Unicorn to replace some of her aircraft wrecked in deck @-@ landing accidents . Four of these then flew ashore to conduct operations until they rejoined Illustrious on 14 September at Malta . She then returned to Britain on 18 October for a quick refit at Birkenhead that included further improvements to the flight deck and the reinforcement of her light anti @-@ aircraft armament . She embarked the Barracudas of 810 and 847 Squadrons of No. 21 Naval Torpedo @-@ Bomber Reconnaissance Wing on 27 November before beginning her work up three days later . No. 15 Naval Fighter Wing with the Vought F4U Corsairs of 1830 and 1833 Squadrons were still training ashore and flew aboard before the work up was finished on 27 December . = = = Return to the Indian Ocean = = = Illustrious departed Britain on 30 December and arrived in Trincomalee , Ceylon , on 28 January 1944 . She spent most of the next several months training although she participated in several sorties with the Eastern Fleet searching for Japanese warships in the Bay of Bengal and near the coast of Sumatra . The fleet departed Trincomalee on 21 March to rendezvous with the American carrier Saratoga in preparation for combined operations against the Japanese facilities in the Dutch East Indies and the Andaman Islands . The first operation carried out by both carriers was an airstrike on the small naval base at Sabang at the northern tip of Sumatra ( Operation Cockpit ) . The carrier 's air group consisted of 21 Barracudas and 28 Corsairs for the operation ; Illustrious launched 17 of the former escorted by 13 of the latter on the morning of 19 April . The American bombers attacked the shipping in the harbour while the British aircraft attacked the shore installations . The oil storage tanks were destroyed and the port facilities badly damaged by the Barracudas . There was no aerial opposition and the fighters claimed to have destroyed 24 aircraft on the ground . All British aircraft returned safely although one American fighter was forced to ditch during the return home . Saratoga was ordered to depart for home for a refit by 19 May and Somerville wanted to mount one more attack as she was leaving the Indian Ocean . He chose the naval base and oil refinery at Surabaya , Java ( Operation Transom ) , and the distance from the newly renamed East Indies Fleet 's base at Ceylon required refuelling at Exmouth Gulf on the western coast of Australia before the attack . The necessity to attack from the south , across the full width of Java , meant that the target was outside the Barracuda 's range and 810 and 847 Squadrons were replaced by the 18 Grumman TBF Avengers of 832 and 845 Squadrons for the mission . Early on the morning of 17 May , the ship launched all 18 Avengers , escorted by 16 Corsairs . One Avenger crashed on take @-@ off and an American Avenger was shot down over the target ; only one small ship was sunk , and little damage was done to the refinery . Saratoga and her escorts separated after refuelling again in Exmouth Gulf and the East Indies Fleet was back in Trincomalee on 27 May where No. 21 Wing re @-@ embarked . On 10 June , Illustrious and the escort carrier Atheling put to sea to simulate another airstrike on Sabang as a means of distracting the Japanese while the Americans were attacking airfields in the Mariana Islands and preparing to invade the island of Saipan . For the planned attack on Port Blair in the Andaman Islands in mid @-@ June her air group was reinforced by the 14 Corsairs of 1837 Squadron ; 6 Barracudas from No. 21 TBR Wing were landed to make room for the additional fighters . On 21 June , the ship launched 15 Barracudas and 23 Corsairs against the airfield and harbour of Port Blair . Two of the Barracudas were forced to return with engine trouble before the attack began and another was shot down over the target . In addition , one Corsair was forced to ditch ; the pilot was rescued by a destroyer . Bad weather degraded the accuracy of the Barracudas and little damage was inflicted aside from a few aircraft destroyed on the ground and a few small craft sunk in the harbour . With over 50 aircraft airborne at one point , the British realised that a single deck accident might result in the loss of every aircraft in the air because there was no other carrier available to land aboard . The carrier and her escorts arrived back at Trincomalee on 23 June where 847 Squadron was merged into 810 Squadron a week later . Her sisters Indomitable and Victorious arrived at the end of June although only the latter 's pilots were combat @-@ ready . Captain Charles Lambe was appointed as the new captain of Illustrious on 21 May , but he could not join his new ship until 9 July . Somerville decided to attack Sabang again ( Operation Crimson ) , although the ships of the East Indies Fleet would bombard the port while the fighters from Illustrious and Victorious spotted for them and protected the fleet . As the Barracudas were only needed for anti @-@ submarine patrols , the former only embarked nine while the latter ship flew off all of her Barracudas . On the early morning of 25 July , Illustrious launched 22 Corsairs for CAP and to observe the naval gunfire and take photos for post @-@ attack damage assessments . The bombardment was very effective , sinking two small freighters , and severely damaging the oil storage and port facilities . One Corsair was shot down by Japanese flak although the pilot was rescued after ditching . As the fleet was withdrawing , Illustrious 's CAP intercepted and shot down a Nakajima Ki @-@ 43 ( codenamed " Oscar " ) fighter and a Mitsubishi Ki @-@ 21 " Sally " medium bomber on reconnaissance missions . Later in the day her Corsairs intercepted 10 Ki @-@ 43s and shot down two of them while driving off the remainder . After arriving in Trincomalee , 1837 Squadron was transferred to Victorious . On 30 July , she sailed for Durban to begin a refit that lasted from 15 August to 10 October and arrived back at Trincomalee on 1 November . 810 Squadron and its Barracudas were transferred off the ship the next day and were later replaced by the Avengers of 854 Squadron . For the next six weeks she carried out an intensive flying regime in preparation for the next operations against the Japanese together with the other carriers of the fleet . On 22 November she was assigned to the newly formed British Pacific Fleet , commanded by Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser . She was assigned to the 1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron ( 1st ACS ) , commanded by Rear Admiral Sir Philip Vian when he arrived at Colombo aboard the carrier Indefatigable . A week later , Illustrious and Indomitable sortied to attack an oil refinery at Pangkalan Brandan , Sumatra ( Operation Outflank ) ; the former 's airgroup now consisted of 36 Corsairs of 1830 and 1833 Squadrons and 21 Avengers of 857 Squadron . When the aircraft approached the target on the morning of 20 December , it was obscured by clouds so they diverted to the secondary target of the port at Belawan Deli . It was partially obscured by clouds and heavy squalls so the attacking aircraft only had moderate success , setting some structures on fire and destroying several aircraft on the ground . On 16 January 1945 the BPF sailed for its primary base in the Pacific Ocean , Sydney , Australia . En route , the carriers of the 1st ACS attacked Palembang on 24 January and 29 January ( Operation Meridian ) . Illustrious 's air group consisted of 32 Corsairs and 21 Avengers by now and she contributed 12 of her Avengers and 16 Corsairs to the first attack , which destroyed most of the oil storage tanks and cut the refinery 's output by half for three months . Five days later , the BPF attacked a different refinery and the ship launched 12 Avengers and 12 Corsairs . The attack was very successful at heavy cost ; between the two missions , her squadrons lost five Corsairs to enemy flak or fighters and one due to a mechanical problem on take @-@ off as well as three Avengers to enemy action . Her Corsairs claimed four enemy aircraft shot down as did one Avenger pilot who claimed victory over a Nakajima Ki @-@ 44 " Tojo " fighter . The fleet 's fire discipline was poor when it was attacked by seven Japanese bombers shortly after the strike aircraft began landing . The attackers were all shot down , but two shells fired by either Indomitable or the battleship King George V struck Illustrious , killing 12 and wounding 21 men . = = = Service in the Pacific Ocean = = = She arrived on 10 February and repairs began when she entered the Captain Cook Dock in the Garden Island Dockyard the next day , well before it was officially opened by the Duke of Gloucester , the Governor @-@ General of Australia on 24 March . By this time the vibration problems with her centre propeller shaft , which had never been properly repaired after she was bombed at Malta , were so bad that the propeller was removed and the shaft locked in place , reducing her maximum speed to 24 knots . On 6 March she sailed to the BPF 's advance base at Manus Island and , after her arrival a week later , Illustrious and her sisters Indomitable and Victorious , as well as the carrier Indefatigable , exercised together before sailing for Ulithi on 18 March . The BPF joined the American Fifth Fleet there two days later , under the designation Task Force 57 ( TF 57 ) , to participate in the preliminary operations for the invasion of Okinawa ( Operation Iceberg ) . The British role during the operation was to neutralise airfields on the Sakishima Islands , between Okinawa and Formosa , beginning on 26 March . Her air group now consisted of 36 Corsairs , 16 Avengers and two Supermarine Walrus flying boats for rescue work . From 26 March to 9 April , the BPF attacked the airfields with each two @-@ day period of flying operations followed by two or three days required to replenish fuel , ammunition and other supplies . While the precise details on activities of the carrier 's squadrons are not readily available , it is known that the commanding officer of 854 Squadron was forced to ditch his Avenger on the morning of 27 March with the loss of both his crewmen ; he was ultimately rescued that evening by an American submarine . On the afternoon of 6 April , four kamikaze aircraft evaded detection and interception by the CAP , and one , a Yokosuka D4Y3 " Judy " dive bomber , attacked Illustrious in a steep dive . The light AA guns managed to sever its port wing so that it missed the ship , although its starboard wingtip shattered the Type 272 's radome mounted on the front of the bridge . When the 1 @,@ 000 @-@ kilogram ( 2 @,@ 200 lb ) bomb that it was carrying detonated in the water only 50 feet ( 15 @.@ 2 m ) from the side of the ship , the resulting shock wave badly damaged two Corsairs parked on the deck and severely shook the ship . The initial damage assessment was that little harm had been done , although vibrations had worsened , but this was incorrect as the damage to the hull structure and plating proved to be extensive . Vice Admiral Sir Bernard Rawlings , commander of Task Force 57 , ordered the recently arrived Formidable to join the task force to replace Illustrious on 8 April . In the meantime , she continued to conduct operations with the rest of the fleet . On 12 and 13 April , the BPF switched targets to airfields in northern Formosa and her sister joined the task force on 14 April . Since the beginning of the operation , her aircraft had flown 234 offensive and 209 defensive sorties , claiming at least two aircraft shot down . Her own losses were two Avengers and three Corsairs lost in action and one Avenger and six Corsairs due to non @-@ combat causes . Formidable 's arrival allowed Rawlings to order Illustrious to the advance base in San Pedro Bay , in the Philippines , for a more thorough inspection . She arrived on 16 April and the examination by divers revealed that some of her outer plating was split and that some transverse frames were cracked . The facilities there could only provide emergency repairs , enough to allow her to reach the bigger dockyard in Sydney . Task Force 57 arrived in San Pedro Bay on 23 April for a more thorough replenishment period and Illustrious transferred aircraft , spares , stores , and newly arrived pilots to the other carriers before sailing for Sydney on 3 May . She arrived on 14 May and departed 10 days later , bound for Rosyth for permanent repairs . 854 Squadron was disembarked while at Sydney , but the carrier kept her two Corsair squadrons until after arriving in the UK on 27 June . = = = Post @-@ war career = = = On 31 July Captain W. D. Stephens relieved Lambe . The end of the war several weeks later meant that there was no longer any urgency in refitting Illustrious in time to participate in the invasion of the Japanese Home Islands and the Admiralty decided that she would become the Home Fleet training and trials carrier . Her catapult was upgraded to handle heavier aircraft , her flight deck was further improved , and her radar suite was modernized . She began her post @-@ refit trials on 24 June 1946 and flying trials the following month . She relieved Triumph as the trials carrier in August and conducted trials on Firefly FR.4s , Firebrand TF.4s , de Havilland Sea Mosquitoes and de Havilland Sea Vampires over the next several months . Captain Ralph Edwards relieved Stephens on 7 January 1947 . On 1 February , she joined the other ships of the Home Fleet as they rendezvoused with the battleship Vanguard , which was serving as the royal yacht to escort King George VI as he set out for the first royal tour of South Africa . Over the next several months she conducted deck @-@ landing practice for Avenger and Seafire pilots before starting a short refit on 2 April . After the tour 's conclusion on 12 May , she sailed for Scottish waters for more deck @-@ landing practice with the destroyer Rocket as her planeguard . On 18 July she rendezvoused with the Home Fleet to participate in manoeuvres before George VI reviewed the fleet on 22 – 23 July . The King and Queen inspected Illustrious and her crew , as did Prime Minister Clement Attlee and his wife . Afterwards , she was opened for visits by the public before returning to Portsmouth . En route she served as the centrepiece of a convoy @-@ defence exercise as the RAF successfully " attacked " the convoy . After summer leave for her crew , she resumed deck @-@ landing trials in September and October , including the initial trials of the prototype Supermarine Attacker jet @-@ powered fighter in the latter month . In November the government accelerated the demobilisation of some National Servicemen and almost 2 @,@ 000 men serving in the Mediterranean became eligible for release . They had to be replaced by men from the UK so Illustrious ferried the replacements to Malta , sailing on 21 November and returning on 11 December to Portsmouth . She was refitted and modernised from January to August 1948 . Captain John Hughes @-@ Hallett relieved Edwards on 14 June . The ship was recommissioned in early September . While at anchor in Portland Harbour on 17 October , one of her boats foundered 50 yards ( 46 m ) short of the ship in heavy weather ; 29 men lost their lives . Illustrious resumed her duties in early 1949 and conducted trials and training for Avengers , Fireflies , Gloster Meteors , de Havilland Sea Hornets , Vampires and Seafires . On 10 June Hughes @-@ Hallet was relieved by Captain Eric Clifford . During a severe gale in late October , the ship aided the small coastal steamer SS Yewpark that had lost power . The weather was too bad for Illustrious to rescue the steamer 's crew , but she pumped oil overboard to flatten the seas until a tug arrived to rescue the ship on 27 October . On 2 May 1950 , she arrived at Birkenhead to commemorate the launch of the new carrier Ark Royal the following day with the First Lord of the Admiralty , George Henry Hall , 1st Viscount Hall , aboard . A Hawker Sea Fury crashed while landing on 15 May , killing the pilot and two members of the deck crew . The prototype of the turboprop @-@ powered Fairey Gannet anti @-@ submarine aircraft made its first carrier landing aboard on 16 June . This event was also the first ever landing of a turboprop aircraft aboard an aircraft carrier . Captain S. H. Carlill assumed command on 24 June and Illustrious resumed deck @-@ landing training . On 8 and 9 November the Supermarine 510 research aircraft made the first ever landings by a swept @-@ wing aircraft aboard a carrier . This aircraft was one of the ancestors of the Supermarine Swift fighter . A month later the ship began a four @-@ month refit and hosted the first carrier landing of the de Havilland Sea Venom on 9 July 1951 . Later in the month she hosted the Sea Furies of 802 and the Fireflies of 814 Squadrons for Exercise Winged Fleet . Captain S. T. Jellicoe relieved Carlill on 27 August and the ship ferried 10 Fireflies of 814 Squadron to Malta beginning on 1 October . She exchanged them for Firebrands for the return voyage . On 3 November she began loading the 39th Infantry Brigade ( United Kingdom ) of the 3rd Infantry Division in response to the riots in Cyprus that broke out when Egypt abrogated the Anglo @-@ Egyptian treaty of 1936 . She set sail two days later and arrived at Famagusta on 11 November . She returned to Portsmouth on 19 November and began loading the 45th Field Regiment , Royal Artillery , the 1st Battalion , Coldstream Guards , and the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment two days later . Illustrious set sail on 23 November and reached Famagusta on 29 November . She returned to Portsmouth on 7 December and she did not leave harbour until 30 January 1952 when she resumed her customary role as a training ship . After a brief refit in early 1952 , she participated in Exercise Castanets off the Scottish coast in June and hosted 22 @,@ 000 visitors during Navy Days at Devonport Royal Dockyard in August . On 1 September she hosted No. 4 Squadron and No. 860 Squadrons , Royal Netherlands Naval Aviation Service ( RNNAS ) for training , as well as 824 Squadron . Between the three squadrons they had 20 Fireflies and 8 Sea Furies when they participated in the major NATO exercise Main Brace later in the month . Jellicoe was relieved by Captain R. D. Watson on 26 September and Illustrious resumed training until 9 December when her crew was granted leave and the ship began a refit . She next put to sea on 24 April 1953 for trials and did not resume training pilots until the following month . She was reunited with the four other carriers that served with the BPF for the first time since the war for the Coronation Fleet Review of Queen Elizabeth II on 15 June at Spithead . The following day , the Fireflies of No. 4 Squadron , RNNAS and 824 Squadron landed aboard for more deck @-@ landing training . During September she participated in Exercise Mariner with three British squadrons of Fireflies and Sea Furies and a Dutch Squadron of Avengers . The ship resumed flying training off the north coast of Scotland in October for two weeks , but she spent most of the rest of the year on trials of the new mirror @-@ landing system that automated the process of landing aircraft aboard . Illustrious began her final maintenance period at Devonport Royal Dockyard on 10 December . Captain K. A. Short relieved Watson on 28 December . The refit was completed by the end of January 1954 and she resumed her normal role . The ship completed 1 @,@ 051 deck landings and steamed 4 @,@ 037 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 477 km ; 4 @,@ 646 mi ) by April . She made her first foreign port visit in many years at Le Havre , France , on 20 – 22 March , where 13 @,@ 000 people came aboard . After another round of flying operations , she visited Trondheim , Norway , on 19 June . During 12 days of training in September , she completed 950 daytime and nighttime arrested landings and 210 helicopter landings . She conducted her last landings on 3 December and arrived at Devonport four days later to begin decommissioning . Illustrious was paid off at the end of February 1955 and she was towed to Gareloch and placed in reserve . She was sold on 3 November 1956 and broken up in early 1957 . = = Squadrons embarked = = = Andrew Davis Bruce = Andrew Davis Bruce ( September 14 , 1894 – July 28 , 1969 ) was an American academic and soldier who served as the third president of the University of Houston . He retired from the United States Army in 1954 as a lieutenant general after seeing action in both World War I and World War II and founding Fort Hood . Three countries , France , the Philippines , and the United States , awarded him service medals , including the Distinguished Service Cross , the U.S. Army 's second highest military decoration . Bruce is interred in Arlington National Cemetery . = = Early years = = Bruce was born on September 14 , 1894 in St. Louis , Missouri to John Logan Bruce and Martha Washington Smith . His family moved to Texas when he was a child . After finishing high school Bruce attended the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas , now known as Texas A & M University , where he was required to be a member of the Corps of Cadets and undergo military training . In 1916 , Bruce earned a doctorate of laws from Texas A & M. = = Military service = = = = = World War I = = = Shortly after his graduation , the United States entered World War I. In June 1917 Bruce joined the United States Army as a second lieutenant . He served in the First Officers Training Camp at Leon Springs , Texas . After completing his training he was sent to combat in France as part of the 2nd Infantry Division 's 5th Machine Gun Battalion . He saw action in France in the Troyon Sector near Verdun , in the Aisne Defensive operation near Chateau Thierry , the Aisne @-@ Marne offensive at Soissons , the fighting at St. Mihiel , and the Meuse @-@ Argonne offensive at Blanc Mont . Following the fighting in France , he hiked with his division into Germany to be part of the occupation force . At the relatively young age of 24 he achieved the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel . The government of France awarded him the Legion of Honor , three Croix de guerre medals , and the fourragère . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross in 1919 . The citation read , The Distinguished Service Cross is presented to Andrew D. Bruce , Major , U.S. Army , for extraordinary heroism in action near Vierzy , France , July 17 – 18 , 1918 , and near Blanc Mont October 3 – 4 , 1918 . On the night of July 17 – 18 , Major Bruce made a personal reconnaissance ahead of his troops through heavy flanking machine @-@ gun fire . He pushed forward to the outpost lines through heavy artillery and machine @-@ gun fire to keep in touch with all his company . On October 3 – 4 he made a personal reconnaissance on the left flank of his division through heavy shell fire and continual sniping and gained information which enabled him to well place his battalion and cover an exposed flank . = = = Between wars = = = In 1920 , Bruce married Roberta Linnell Kennedy . The couple made their home in Bryan , Texas , near Texas A & M , and Bruce taught military science and tactics at Allen Academy . They had three children . For the next two decades Bruce continued to serve in the Army . He served with the 33rd Infantry in Panama , participated in historical work at the Army War College and served on the War Department general staff revising textbooks on military doctrine . He also furthered his own knowledge of military tactics , attending the Infantry School , the Field Artillery School , the Command and General Staff College , the Army War College , and the Naval War College . = = = World War II = = = Following the outbreak of World War II , Bruce was assigned to organize a new tank destroyer center . He chose Killeen , Texas for the new camp , and named it Fort Hood for General John Bell Hood . On September 9 , 1942 , he was promoted to major general . The following year he became commander of the 77th Infantry Division . Under his leadership the group participated in campaigns in Guam , Leyte , and Ryukyu . At Leyte , in the Philippines , the division was responsible for taking Palompon , the last main port the Japanese held on the island . During the ten @-@ day battle for that area of the island , from December 21 through December 31 , 1944 , the division estimated that they had killed 5 @,@ 779 Japanese soldiers and taken 29 prisoners , with only 17 Americans killed , 116 wounded , and 6 missing in action . For his service the government of the Philippines later awarded him the Philippine Legion of Honor , the Philippine Liberation Medal , and the Presidential Unit Citation . In April 1945 , the 77th Division was ordered to seize the island of Ie Shima in the Ryukyu islands so that the US Army could use the island 's airfields to support assaults on Okinawa and other islands in Japan . During the six @-@ day battle to secure the island , 4 @,@ 706 Japanese soldiers and civilians were killed , while 172 Americans were killed , 902 were wounded , and 46 were missing . During the battle , famed war correspondent Ernie Pyle was killed by a sniper . Bruce and his men buried Pyle on the island , later erecting a monument to him . Despite the fact that the Japanese had tried to destroy the airfields , army engineers were able to have all taxiways and runways fully operational by mid @-@ May . = = = Post @-@ World War II = = = After Japan surrendered , Bruce served as the military governor of Hokkaidō . In 1946 , he was transferred to be commander of the 7th Infantry Division which was occupying Korea . He returned to the U.S. in October 1947 , becoming deputy army commander of the Fourth Army stationed at Fort Sam Houston in Texas . His primary responsibilities were to assist with the training activities of the ROTC , National Guard and Organized Reserve Corps of five states . Bruce became commandant of the Armed Forces Staff College in Norfolk , Virginia in early July 1951 and was promoted to lieutenant general on July 30 , 1951 . He retired from the army on July 31 , 1954 . Bruce 's decorations included the Distinguished Service Cross , Army Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster , Navy Distinguished Service Medal , Legion of Merit , the Bronze Star , an Air Medal and the Purple Heart . = = University of Houston = = Bruce became the third president of the University of Houston in Houston , Texas on September 1 , 1954 , one month after retiring from military service . He succeeded interim president C. F. McElhinney . Shortly after arriving , Bruce noted that the university was missing something which he considered fundamental — a chapel for student use located on campus . He remarked to the Director of Religious Activities that if you " [ e ] xclude religion entirely from education ... you have no foundation upon which to build moral character . " A year after he took office , Bruce began investigating whether there would be interest in building a religious center and chapel complex at the school . After several years of negotiations with the various religious denominations which had operated on and off campus , Bruce engineered a consensus that the university would build a center based on the model of the Armed Forces Base Chapel . The new religious center would have a single chapel which would be shared by all of the groups , and office space for each group . The center opened in 1965 and was named for Bruce . In 1956 , Bruce was appointed the first chancellor of the university , in addition to his duties as president . The following year he organized a Board of Governors , consisting of the Board of Regents and other prominent Houstonians . In November 1959 this governing board sought state support for the university , which had grown rapidly under Bruce 's leadership . During Bruce 's tenure , the " University 's curriculum standards and faculty both improved and the University became better @-@ known . " He retired from chancellorship in 1961 . = = Later years = = Bruce was president of the Houston Chamber of Commerce and was also a Mason and a Shriner . Bruce retired from academia during the 1960 @-@ 1961 school year and moved to North Carolina . He died on July 28 , 1969 and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery . In 1972 , the state of Texas erected a historical marker in his memory in Killeen at Fort Hood . In addition , Interstate 35 through Temple was named " General Bruce Drive " . = 2001 – 02 South Pacific cyclone season = The 2001 – 02 South Pacific cyclone season was a below @-@ average year in which only five named storms formed or entered the South Pacific basin . It began on November 1 , 2001 and ended on April 30 , 2002 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the southern Pacific Ocean east of 160 ° E. Additionally , the regional tropical cyclone operational plan defines a tropical cyclone year separately from a tropical cyclone season , and the " tropical cyclone year " runs from July 1 , 2001 to June 30 , 2002 . The season 's sixteen tropical depressions existed within these dates with the first developing on November 29 and the last dissipating on April 22 . The South Pacific Basin , as defined by the World Meteorological Organization , is split into two sub @-@ areas , monitored by separate agencies . The first area is between 160 ° E and 120 ° W and north of 25 ° S are monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service ( FMS ) in Nadi . Those that move south of 25 ° S are monitored by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Wellington , New Zealand . At the start of the season , a new naming policy was introduced by the Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South Pacific and South- East Indian Ocean . The policy stated that a storm attaining gale @-@ force winds in only one quadrant near its center would be named by the Fiji Meteorological Service . This is in contrast to the previous policy in which gale @-@ force winds had to completely surround the center to be named . Throughout the season , a shift in the Hadley Circulation towards the Tasman Sea resulted in more frequent episodes of strong wind shear and regular pulses of dry air into the deep tropics , significantly hindering tropical cyclogenesis . The below @-@ average activity was also reflected in an unusually low number of damaging storms . Only two systems , Trina and Waka , had significant effects on land . The former caused extensive flooding on Mangaia while the latter was regarded as one of the most damaging storms in the history of Tonga . Approximately $ 51 @.@ 3 million in damage was attributed to Waka as well as an indirect fatality , the only tropical cyclone @-@ related death of the year , due to cardiac arrest . = = Seasonal summary = = During the 2001 – 02 South Pacific cyclone season , only five tropical cyclones and two severe tropical cyclones formed or entered the region . These numbers are substantially below the seasonal average of nine tropical cyclones and four to five severe tropical cyclones . This continued an inactive trend seen by several years prior ; however , it was slightly more active than the previous year . Throughout the season , an eastward shift in the Hadley Circulation led to an eastward displacement of the subtropical jet maximum , placing it near the Tasman Sea , similar to what takes place during an El Niño ( ENSO ) event . However , ENSO indexes were neutral during the season . This displacement of the subtropical jet resulted in the regular formation of strong mid @-@ level troughs across Australia and the South Pacific , leading to an abundance of moderate to strong wind shear . Additionally , these systems brought pulses of dry mid @-@ level air that moved as far north as 10 ° S. This was reflected by the below @-@ average monthly relative humidity values across the basin . Sea surface temperatures were also generally slightly below @-@ average through January 2002 and only slight warming took place during the remainder of the season . The development of cyclones during the season was mainly , aside from Trina , tied into Madden – Julian oscillation ( MJO ) phases . Trina developed prior to the arrival of the first MJO pulse which reached the basin in early December . This first pulse led to the development of several equatorial Rossby waves – the formations of Cyclones Vicky and Waka were related to these waves . The second pulse arrived in mid @-@ February and was associated with the development of Cyclones Claudia and Des . = = Storms = = = = = Tropical Cyclone Trina = = = The first tropical cyclone of the season , Trina formed upper @-@ level low pressure system on November 29 near the island of Rarotonga . Remaining nearly stationary , the storm meandered in the same general area for over a week . Due to unfavorable conditions for tropical cyclogenesis , the storm struggled to develop significant convection , preventing it from intensifying beyond 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . After finally succumbing to wind shear on December 2 , the system weakened to a tropical depression near Mangaia and dissipated several days later . Due to the slow movement of the storm , it produced substantial rainfall over the island of Mangaia , resulting in some of the worst flooding in 50 years . Although no people were killed , nearly 60 % of the islands ' livestock died and 90 % of the staple crop was lost . Estimates from the Cook Islands National Disaster Management Council placed damage at $ 52 @,@ 000 . = = = Severe Tropical Cyclone Waka = = = Waka originated in a near @-@ equatorial trough of low pressure in mid @-@ December 2001 , although the system remained disorganized for more than a week . The storm gradually matured and attained tropical cyclone status on December 29 . Subsequently , Waka underwent rapid intensification in which it attained its peak intensity as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on December 31 , with winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . Shortly thereafter , it passed directly over Vava 'u , resulting in widespread damage . By January 1 , 2002 , the cyclone began to weaken as it underwent an extratropical transition . The remnants of Waka persisted for several more days and were last observed near the Southern Ocean on January 6 . Throughout Waka 's path , several countries were impacted by the storm ; however , the most significant losses took place in Tonga . There , one person was killed and 104 @.@ 2 million paʻanga ( $ 51 @.@ 3 million USD ) was wrought in damage . Hundreds of structures were destroyed and much of the nation 's agriculture was destroyed . Winds in excess of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) battered Vava 'u , destroying 200 homes in the island 's largest city . In addition to infrastructural and public losses , the environment was also severely affected ; a native species of bats lost roughly 80 % of its population due to the lack of fruit . Following the storm , Tonga requested international aid to cope with the scale of damage . = = = Tropical Cyclone Vicky = = = Forming out of the same initial disturbance as Cyclone Waka , Tropical Cyclone Vicky formed within a region of moderate wind shear , inhibiting substantial development . The storm was first classified by the FMS on December 22 over open waters . Situated to the south of an upper @-@ level ridge , the system tracked slowly towards the northeast and intensified , despite unfavorable conditions . Over the following two days , convection managed to persist along the northern edge of the system 's center of circulation and on December 24 , the FMS classified the low as Tropical Cyclone Vicky . At this time , Vicky was situated roughly 900 km ( 560 mi ) north @-@ northeast of Rarotonga . Shortly thereafter , wind shear increased in relation to an approaching trough , resulting in Vicky weakening to a tropical depression . Over the following several days , the depression drifted southward before entering the mid @-@ latitude westerlies and re @-@ intensifying into a strong extratropical cyclone well to the south of French Polynesia . = = = Tropical Depression 05F = = = On December 31 , the FMS began monitoring a new tropical depression , classified as 05F , roughly 600 km ( 375 mi ) east @-@ northeast of the Solomon Islands . A large system , similar to a monsoonal depression , 05F drifted southeastward for several days before turning towards the southwest . On January 1 , the system attained its peak intensity with winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) and a pressure of 998 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 47 inHg ) . Despite having gale @-@ force winds , the system was not classified as a tropical cyclone since the winds were significantly displaced from the center of circulation . The JTWC determined the system had a good chance of developing into a tropical cyclone and issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) ; however , this was later canceled as the depression failed to strengthen . By January 6 , the system crossed 160 ° E and entered the Australian Bureau of Meteorology 's area of responsibility . = = = Severe Tropical Cyclone Claudia = = = During the second phase of the MJO , a new low pressure system developed over the Coral Sea , on February 9 . Situated between two troughs over eastern Australia and the Tasman Sea , the system tracked towards the southeast and rapidly organized . The system was classified as Tropical Cyclone Claudia on February 11 and upgraded to a severe tropical cyclone less than 24 hours later . Later on February 12 , the system crossed 160 ° E , entering the South Pacific basin at peak intensity . Maximum winds were estimated at 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) and its minimum pressure was 965 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 49 inHg ) . A ragged eye was briefly seen on satellite imagery before Claudia moved over decreasing sea surface temperatures . The combined effects of its rapid forward speed and increased wind shear quickly weakened the system . By February 13 , Claudia had weakened to a non @-@ convective tropical depression . The remnants of the storm persisted for another day before being absorbed by a frontal system well to the south of Tonga . = = = Tropical Depression 10F ( 16P ) = = = On February 19 , a tropical disturbance developed to the north @-@ northeast of Fiji . Situated within a monsoon trough and on the edge of an anticyclone , convection associated with the disturbance was limited to the north and eastern sides . Over the following four days , a weak low @-@ level circulation gradually formed within a broad trough . By February 23 , deep convection began consolidating around the newly formed center in response to weak diffluence aloft and moderate wind shear . Later that day , the FMS began monitoring the low as Tropical Depression 10F . Still embedded within the monsoon trough , the JTWC issued a TCFA early on February 24 and their first advisory on Tropical Depression 16P roughly 12 hours later . Early on February 25 , the JTWC estimated the system to have become a tropical storm , with one @-@ minute sustained winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . Although the FMS assessed the system to have had gale @-@ force winds , they did not upgrade the depression to a tropical cyclone since the strongest winds were well removed from the center . Shortly after reaching this intensity , wind shear displaced convection to the east of the cyclone and the storm weakened . Continued shearing of the system left the low @-@ level center fully exposed by February 26 and prompted the JTWC to issue their final warning on the depression . The weakening system was last noted later that day moving southward over open waters . = = = Tropical Cyclone Des = = = Following a pattern similar to the formation of Cyclone Claudia , Des formed out of an area of disturbed weather east of Australia in late February . The precursor system formed at the same time as the initial disturbance which developed into Typhoon Mitag in the northwestern Pacific . By March 4 , sufficient development had taken place to classify the system as a tropical depression and a tropical cyclone early the next day . During March 5 , Des underwent a brief period of rapid intensification , attaining its peak strength of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) with a minimum pressure of 985 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 09 inHg ) . Initially , the storm was forecast to impact New Caledonia ; however , a mid @-@ level ridge to the northeast forced the system to the southeast , sparing the island of a direct hit . Due to the storm 's proximity to the mountains of New Caledonia and less favorable environmental conditions , Des began to weaken on March 6 . The following day , the storm was devoid of convection , marking its degeneration into a remnant low pressure system . The remnants of Des were monitored for a few more days before they dissipated south of Fiji . Since Des remained off the coast of New Caledonia , the storm 's strongest winds did not impact land ; however , weather stations along the coast measured winds of 75 to 95 km / h ( 47 to 59 mph ) . No damage was reported in relation to Cyclone Des . = = = Tropical Depression 13F ( 19P ) = = = Early on March 13 , a persistent area of convection , accompanied by a weak low @-@ level circulation , was noted roughly 520 km ( 325 mi ) west of Vanuatu . Situated underneath an upper @-@ level ridge , the system experienced weak to moderate shear and had a favorable outflow . Later that day , the FMS began monitoring the system as Tropical Depression 13F . Early on March 14 , the JTWC issued a TCFA and later their first advisory on Tropical Storm 19P as deep convection increased in coverage and organization around the low . The system tracked generally southeastward throughout its life in response to a low to mid @-@ level ridge to its north @-@ northeast . Both the FMS and JTWC estimated peak winds at 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) as passed close to New Caledonia . Although the system passed close to the island , there were no reports of damage . After brushing New Caledonia , the system passed south of the ridge and experienced stronger shear , displacing convection to the southeast . By March 16 , the system quickly weakened due to the combined effects of shear and decreasing sea surface temperatures . The system dissipated later that day well to the south of Fiji . = = = Other storms = = = In addition to the storms listed above , the FMS monitored several weak tropical depressions and a tropical disturbance throughout the season . On December 8 , Tropical Depression 02F developed near Fiji . Tracking westward , the system attained a peak intensity of 45 km / h ( 30 mph ) with a minimum pressure of 1000 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 53 inHg ) before weakening took place . By December 10 , the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . Over the following several days , the remnants of the depression drifted southeastward and were last noted on December 15 to the southeast of Fiji . On January 15 , Tropical Depression 06F formed about 835 km ( 520 mi ) west @-@ northwest of Noumea , New Caledonia . Embedded within a monsoon trough , the system tracked generally eastward and attained peak winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . The strongest winds were located well to the south of the system in a peripheral band . By January 16 , the system began weakening as it interacted with a frontal system near New Caledonia before completely losing its identity later that day . On January 20 , a large tropical depression , designated 07F , formed about 325 km ( 200 mi ) northwest of Fiji . A monsoonal system , the depression failed to organize a definite center and relocated several times throughout its existence . Between January 21 and 24 , gale warnings were issued in association with the cyclone due to a strong pressure gradient between it and an anticyclone to the south . Tracking generally southwestward , the system slowly deepened , attaining a minimum pressure of 997 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 44 inHg ) early on January 27 before the FMS discontinued advisories on the storm . On February 17 , a tropical depression formed about 555 km ( 345 mi ) northeast of Fiji and tracked southward . A strong convergence east of the depression produced an area of 65 – 75 km / h ( 40 – 45 mph ) winds with gusts to 95 – 110 km / h ( 60 – 70 mph ) . The system was last noted on February 18 well to the southeast of Fiji . On February 26 , Tropical Disturbance 11F formed 695 km ( 430 mi ) north of Noumea , New Caledonia . A weak system , having winds no more than 30 km / h ( 15 mph ) , it remained nearly stationary for about a day before the FMS discontinued advisories on the disturbance . Tropical Depression 14F formed on March 20 about 120 km ( 75 mi ) southeast of Pago Pago , American Samoa . Initially the system was quasi @-@ stationary ; however , it was relocated the following day due to its broad size . The depression subsequently drifted west @-@ southwestward and was last noted on March 23 when it was located approximately 835 km ( 520 mi ) south @-@ southeast of Fiji . Throughout its existence , gale warnings were issued along the periphery of the system due to a pressure gradient between the cyclone and an area of high pressure northeast of New Zealand . On April 1 , Tropical Depression 15F formed well to the northwest of New Caledonia . The depression drifted east @-@ southeast before dissipating the following day . The last cyclone of the season , Tropical Depression 16F , formed on April 17 about 595 km ( 370 mi ) north @-@ northeast of Port Vila , Vanuatu . After relocating substantially to the south , the depression moved slowly in the same general area for several days before dissipating on April 22 . For unknown reasons , the numbering for the 2001 – 02 season was used for the first system of the 2002 – 03 season , Tropical Depression 17F , which formed on July 3 . In addition to the systems officially monitored by the FMS , a possible subtropical cyclone developed in late @-@ March . On March 21 , an area of low pressure developed approximately 465 km ( 290 mi ) northwest of French Polynesia . Aided by favorable diffluence aloft , deep convection developed over the center of the system , prompting the JTWC to issue a TCFA on March 22 . However , several hours later , increasing wind shear displaced the convection from the center of circulation and redevelopment was deemed unlikely as the cyclone moved over cooler waters . In Gary Pagett 's April 2002 monthly tropical cyclone summary , he noted a possible tropical cyclone over the southeast Pacific that displayed features of a tropical or subtropical cyclone . Operationally , the Tropical Cyclone Warning Center in Wellington , New Zealand only issued gale warnings on the system as it was not assessed to have been tropical or subtropical . The system was later studied by Dr. Karl Hoarau of Cergy @-@ Pontoise University in France and is believed to have been a tropical storm . At the end of March , an upper @-@ level trough associated with a cold front developed over the southeast Pacific Ocean . By March 31 , a low @-@ level circulation had developed roughly 600 km ( 375 mi ) east of the Pitcairn Islands . Despite moderate wind shear , the system intensified and became a tropical depression early on April 1 . Owing to a subtropical ridge to the north , the depression tracked west @-@ southwestward into an area of decreased shear . Subsequently , the system was able to intensify into a tropical storm by the evening of April 2 . Though the storm remained shear , it quickly intensified throughout April 3 with convection remaining within half a degree of the center of circulation . During the evening hours , an eye @-@ like feature appeared on satellite imagery , and the system simultaneously was estimated to have reached its peak intensity as a strong tropical storm with one @-@ minute winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) . Hours later , dry air became entrained in the storm 's circulation and caused it to rapidly weaken to a tropical depression . By the afternoon of April 4 , the low had become fully exposed and the system was no longer classified a tropical cyclone . = = Season effects = = This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 2001 – 02 South Pacific cyclone season . It includes their duration , names , landfall ( s ) – denoted by bold location names – damages , and death totals . Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical , a wave , or a low , and all of the damage figures are in 2002 USD . = Swiftsure @-@ class battleship = The Swiftsure class was a group of two British pre @-@ dreadnought battleships . Originally ordered by Chile during a period of high tension with Argentina , they were intended to defeat a pair of armoured cruisers ordered by the latter country and were optimized for this role . This meant that they were smaller and more lightly armed than most battleships of the time . They were purchased by the United Kingdom in 1903 prior to their completion to prevent their purchase by the Russian Empire as tensions were rising between them and the Japanese Empire , a British ally . Completed the following year , Swiftsure and Triumph had roughly similar careers for the first decade of their service careers . They were initially assigned to the Home Fleet and Channel Fleets before being transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1909 . Both ships rejoined Home Fleet in 1912 and were transferred abroad in 1913 , Swiftsure to the East Indies Station as its flagship , and Triumph to the China Station . After the beginning of World War I in August 1914 , Swiftsure escorted troop convoys in the Indian Ocean until she was transferred to the Suez Canal Patrol in December . After defending the Canal in early 1915 from Ottoman attacks , the ship was then transferred to the Dardanelles in February and saw action in the Dardanelles Campaign bombarding Ottoman fortifications . Triumph participated in the hunt for the German East Asia Squadron of Maximilian Graf von Spee and in the campaign against the German colony at Tsingtao , China . The ship was transferred to the Mediterranean in early 1915 to participate in the Dardanelles Campaign . She was torpedoed and sunk off Gaba Tepe by the German submarine U @-@ 21 on 25 May 1915 . Swiftsure was assigned to convoy escort duties in the Atlantic from early 1916 until she was paid off in April 1917 to provide crews for anti @-@ submarine vessels . In mid @-@ 1918 , the ship was disarmed and stripped in order to be used as a blockship during a proposed second raid on Ostend . Swiftsure was sold for scrap in 1920 . = = Design and description = = = = = Background = = = In late 1901 , Chile and Argentina were on the brink of war , and Chile was concerned about its navy 's ability to counter the armoured cruisers Rivadavia and Moreno , which Argentina had ordered from Italy earlier that year . Sir Edward Reed , chief designer for Armstrong Whitworth , was in Chile for health reasons at the time , and met with Chilean Navy officials to discuss the idea of purchasing or building two battleships with high speed and a powerful armament on a low displacement . Purchase of existing ships was not a practical option , so the Chileans asked Reed to design the ships for construction in the United Kingdom . Chile ordered the ships , to be named Constitución and Libertad , in 1901 , Constitución from Armstrong Whitworth at Elswick and Libertad from Vickers at Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness . The ships were considered second @-@ class battleships , lightly constructed , armed , and armoured by British standards ; Swiftsure , in fact , suffered from structural weakness while in service and required hull strengthening , although Triumph did not have such problems . Chile had required the ships to fit into the graving dock at Talcahuano , so they had to be longer and narrower for their displacement than ships built to British standards . Details in mast and anchor arrangements as well as the arrangement of magazines and shell @-@ handling rooms also were different from British standards . As part of the Pacts of May , which ended the near @-@ war tensions between Argentina and Chile , Argentina sold its two armored cruisers , Rivadavia and Moreno , that were under construction in Italy to Japan . Constitución and Libertad were put up for sale in early 1903 . While the United Kingdom was not entirely interested in the ships , international politics took precedence : when the Russian Empire made an offer for the ships , the British grew concerned that the Swiftsure class could be used against their new ally Japan . To prevent this , the British purchased both Chilean battleships on 3 December 1903 for £ 2 @,@ 432 @,@ 000 . Their purchase by the Admiralty was organised by the London firm of Antony Gibbs & Sons , a partnership run by Alban Gibbs and his younger brother Vicary Gibbs . Both were Members of Parliament ( MPs ) , and their role in the transaction meant that they were disqualified from the House of Commons , under an old law which debarred MPs from accepting contracts from the Crown . This triggered two by @-@ elections , in which Alban was re @-@ elected unopposed , but Vicary lost his seat . Although they were designed to Chilean rather than British requirements and required some modifications during construction after their purchase , no major changes were needed to the design to render them suitable for British service . Both were completed in June 1904 and entered service with the Royal Navy , Constitución as Swiftsure and Libertad as HMS Triumph . = = = General characteristics = = = The Swiftsure @-@ class ships had an overall length of 475 feet 3 inches ( 144 @.@ 9 m ) , a beam of 71 feet 1 inch ( 21 @.@ 7 m ) , and a draught of 28 feet 6 inches ( 8 @.@ 7 m ) at deep load . They displaced 12 @,@ 175 long tons ( 12 @,@ 370 t ) at normal load and 13 @,@ 840 long tons ( 14 @,@ 060 t ) at deep load . The ships were some 375 long tons ( 381 t ) overweight compared to their designed displacement which increased their draught and reduced their freeboard . In 1914 , the crew numbered 803 officers and enlisted men . The Swiftsures were quite manoeuvrable as a result of their balanced rudder and a hull form optimized to make the rudder more effective . They were the last British battleships to enter service with bow crests and were also were the last to enter service equipped with ventilation cowls . = = = Propulsion = = = The ships were powered by two four @-@ cylinder inverted vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single propeller . A dozen Yarrow boilers provided steam to the engines at a working pressure of 280 psi ( 1 @,@ 931 kPa ; 20 kgf / cm2 ) . The engines produced a total of 12 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 9 @,@ 300 kW ) which was intended to allow the ships to reach a speed of 19 @.@ 5 knots ( 36 @.@ 1 km / h ; 22 @.@ 4 mph ) . The engines proved to be more powerful than anticipated and both ships exceeded 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) during sea trials . This made them the fastest battleships in the Royal Navy at the time of their completion , although their sustained speed in service was slightly slower than that of the older Duncan class . They carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 048 long tons ( 2 @,@ 081 t ) of coal , enough to steam 6 @,@ 210 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 500 km ; 7 @,@ 150 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . In service they proved to be more economical than first thought with an estimated range of 12 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 22 @,@ 000 km ; 14 @,@ 000 mi ) at 10 knots . = = = Armament = = = Neither ship 's armament was of a standard Royal Navy type — they had been designed to meet the requirements of the Chilean Navy and each ship was armed by its respective builder , although performance was identical . They were the first British battleships since the Renown to mount a main battery of 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) guns and the last to do so . The ships mounted slightly different types of 45 @-@ calibre 10 @-@ inch guns , each ship using guns designed by its builder . They followed the standard British practice of the time of mounting the main battery in two twin turrets , one forward and one aft . The Royal Navy believed that the 10 @-@ inch guns were too light to be effective against modern battleships ; they could penetrate the armour of the latest German and Russian battleships , but not that of the better @-@ armoured French battleships . The guns had minor differences in construction , but they both fired 500 @-@ pound ( 227 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 656 ft / s ( 810 m / s ) ; this provided a maximum range of 14 @,@ 800 yards ( 13 @,@ 500 m ) at the gun 's maximum elevation of 13 @.@ 5 ° . The firing cycle of the Mk VI guns used on Swiftsure was claimed to be 15 seconds while that of the Mk VII guns on Triumph was 20 – 25 seconds . Each gun was provided with 90 shells per gun . They had a powerful secondary battery , being the only British battleships to mount 50 @-@ calibre 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns ; these were of a different type than the 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns mounted on later British cruisers . Ten of the guns were mounted in a central battery on the main deck , where they were criticized for taking up too much deck space ; the other four were in casemates abreast the fore- and mainmasts on the upper deck . A more serious problem was that they were mounted low in the ship — only about 10 feet ( 3 m ) above water at deep load — and were unusable at high speed or in heavy weather as they dipped their muzzles in the sea when rolling more than 14 ° . The two types of guns differed slightly in construction , but had identical performance . They fired 200 @-@ pound ( 91 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 781 ft / s ( 848 m / s ) at a rate of four rounds per minutes . At their maximum elevation of 15 ° they had a maximum range of about 14 @,@ 000 yards ( 13 @,@ 000 m ) . The ships carried 150 rounds per gun . Defence against torpedo boats was provided by fourteen QF ( quick @-@ firing ) 14 @-@ pounder Mk I or Mk II guns firing 14 @-@ pound ( 6 @.@ 4 kg ) shells , but the guns were modified to use the standard 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) shell used by the QF 12 pounder 18 cwt gun in British service . They fired 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) , 12 @.@ 5 @-@ lb projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 548 ft / s ( 777 m / s ) . Their maximum range and rate of fire is unknown . 200 rounds per gun were carried by each ship . The ships were also equipped with a pair of 18 @-@ inch ( 450 mm ) submerged torpedo tubes , one on each broadside . They were provided with nine torpedoes . = = = Armour = = = The Swiftsures ' armour scheme was roughly comparable to that of the Duncan class . The waterline main belt was composed of Krupp cemented armour ( KCA ) 7 inches ( 178 mm ) thick . It was 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) high of which 5 feet 3 inches ( 1 @.@ 6 m ) was below the waterline at normal load . Fore and aft of the 2 – 6 @-@ inch ( 51 – 152 mm ) oblique bulkheads that connected the belt armour to the barbettes , the belt continued , but was reduced in thickness . It was six inches thick abreast the barbettes , but was reduced to two inches fore and aft of the barbettes . It continued forward to the bow and supported the ship 's spur @-@ type ram . It continued aft to the steering gear compartment and terminated in 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) transverse bulkhead . The upper strake of 7 @-@ inch armour covered the ship 's side between the rear of the barbettes up to the level of the upper deck . The upper deck casemates were also protected by 7 @-@ inch faces and sides , but were enclosed by rear 3 @-@ inch plates . The 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns on the main deck were separated by 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) screens with .5 inches ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) plating protecting the funnel uptakes to their rear . A longitudinal 1 @-@ inch bulkhead divided the battery down its centreline . The turret faces were 9 inches ( 229 mm ) thick and their sides and rear were 8 inches ( 203 mm ) thick . Their roofs were two inches thick and the sighting hood protecting the gunners was 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) thick . Above the upper deck the barbettes were 10 inches ( 254 mm ) thick on their faces and eight inches on the rear . Below this level they thinned to three and two inches respectively . The conning tower was protected by 11 inches ( 279 mm ) of armour on its face and eight inches on its rear . The deck armour inside the central citadel ranged from 1 to 1 @.@ 5 inches in thickness . Outside the citadel , the lower deck was three inches thick and sloped to meet the lower side of the belt armour . Naval historian R. A. Burt assessed the greatest weakness of their armour scheme as the reduction in the thickness of the barbette armour below the upper deck . He believed that this made the ships ' magazines vulnerable to oblique hits near the barbettes . = = Ships = = Swiftsure was commissioned on 21 June 1904 for service in the Home Fleet and the Channel Fleet until 1908 . She collided with Triumph 3 June 1905 and suffered damage to her propellers , sternwalk and aft hull . The ship was refitted at Chatham Dockyard in June – July 1906 . Swiftsure was briefly placed in reserve from 7 October 1908 to 6 April 1909 when she was recommissioned for service with the Mediterranean Fleet . The ship was reassigned to Home Fleet on 8 May 1912 until she was given a lengthy refit from September 1912 to March 1913 . Swiftsure was recommissioned on 26 March and assigned as the flagship of the East Indies Station . During World War I , the ship escorted Indian troops from Bombay to Aden from September – November 1914 . She was then transferred to the Suez Canal Patrol on 1 December to help defend the Canal . From 27 January to 4 February 1915 , the ship helped to defend the Canal during the First Suez Offensive by Ottoman forces . Swiftsure was then transferred to the Dardanelles on 28 February and saw action in the Dardanelles Campaign bombarding Ottoman fortifications . She was assigned to the 9th Cruiser Squadron for escort duties in the Atlantic in February 1916 . On 11 April 1917 , the ship arrived at Chatham where she was paid off and placed in reserve to provide crews for anti @-@ submarine vessels . Swiftsure was refitted in mid @-@ 1917 and was used as an accommodation ship from February 1918 . Later that year , the ship was disarmed and stripped in order to be used as a blockship during a proposed second raid on Ostend . The war ended , however , before this was carried out and she was briefly used as a target ship before she was listed for sale in March 1920 . Swiftsure was sold for scrap on 18 June 1920 to the Stanlee Shipbreaking Company . Much like Swiftsure , Triumph was commissioned on 21 June 1904 and was initially assigned to the Home Fleet , later the Channel Fleet , until 1909 . On 17 September 1904 the ship was struck by SS Siren off Pembroke Dock and was only slightly damaged . The following year , she accidentally struck her sister ship and sustained damage to her bow . Triumph received a brief refit at Chatham Dockyard in October 1908 and was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet on 26 April 1909 . The ship returned to the Home Fleet in May 1912 . She was transferred to the China Station on 28 August 1913 and was placed in reserve at Hong Kong until mobilized in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I. Triumph participated in the hunt for the East Asia Squadron and in the campaign against the German colony at Tsingtao , China until November when she began a refit at Hong Kong . The ship departed on 12 January 1915 to participate in the Dardanelles Campaign . She was torpedoed and sunk off Gaba Tepe by the German submarine U @-@ 21 while bombarding Ottoman fortifications in the Dardanelles on 25 May 1915 . = Northern Illinois University shooting = The Northern Illinois University shooting was a school shooting that took place on February 14 , 2008 . Steven Kazmierczak shot multiple people on the campus of Northern Illinois University in DeKalb , Illinois , killing five people and injuring another twenty @-@ one , before committing suicide . The incident happened at the campus 's Cole Hall at approximately 3 : 05 p.m. local time . The school placed the campus on lockdown ; students and teachers were advised to head to a secure location , take cover , and avoid the scene and all buildings in the vicinity of the area . Six people died in the incident , including the perpetrator , tying it with the University of Iowa shooting as the fifth @-@ deadliest university shooting in United States history . After the incident , the university administration cancelled classes for the rest of the week as well as the following week . = = Shooting = = At approximately 3 : 05 p.m. CST , Steven Kazmierczak entered a large auditorium @-@ style lecture hall in Cole Hall ( Auditorium 101 ) with approximately 120 students , where an oceanography class was in session . Kazmierczak was wearing dark brown boots with laces , jeans , a black T @-@ shirt with the word " Terrorist " written across the chest imposed over an image of an assault rifle ; a coat ; a black knit hat ; and a black utility belt with two magazine holsters , a holster for a handgun , three handguns ( a 9 × 19mm Glock 19 , a .380 ACP SIG Sauer P232 , and a .380 ACP Hi @-@ Point CF380 ) , eight loaded magazines , and a knife . He also carried in a 12 gauge Remington Sportsman 48 shotgun concealed in a guitar case . Once he armed himself , he went to the auditorium , where he entered at the extreme southwest corner of the room . This led directly to the stage in front of the classroom ; Kazmierczak used that position to fire into the crowd of students . He opened the door with such extreme force that many witnesses described him as " kicking the door in " . He next shot at the instructor , who was standing on the east side of the stage . The instructor tried to run out the exit at the southeast corner but that door was locked . The instructor ran toward the east end of the classroom out the main exits , in which the students were trying to exit . Some students who were not able to immediately escape hid under or in between the seats . When Kazmericzak paused to reload after firing three rounds , some students shouted " He 's reloading " and began to escape . Others continued to hide or were too shocked to react . After shooting all six shotgun rounds , Kazmierczak fired on the room 's remaining occupants with the 9mm Glock pistol , firing a total of approximately 50 rounds . He was reported to have walked up and down the west aisle and directly in front of or on the stage , firing at people as he went . He shot and killed himself before police reached the room . The police recovered 55 un @-@ expended rounds of ammunition from the scene , including two fully loaded magazines containing rounds for a .380 semi @-@ automatic pistol . A total of 25 people were shot , six of whom died ( including the perpetrator , who shot himself before police arrived ) . One witness reported that the gunman shot at least 30 rounds ; police later collected 48 shell casings and 6 shotgun shells . At the time of the shootings , Kazmierczak was a graduate student in the school of social work at the University of Illinois at Urbana @-@ Champaign . He was a former NIU Sociology graduate student . NIU Police Chief Donald Grady described him as " an outstanding student , " who reportedly had stopped taking psychiatric medication recently and became " somewhat erratic " . = = = Emergency response = = = The first 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 call of an active shooter was reported at 3 : 06 p.m. Seven seconds later , NIU police officers were notified by the dispatcher . At 3 : 06 : 33 p.m. , NIU police officers Ayala and Zimberoff responded and told dispatchers that they were in the area . Driving northbound on Normal Road near Swen Parson Hall , they encountered students running east from the Martin Luther King Commons area . One student shouted , " He 's shooting over there " , pointing west towards the MLK Commons area . Officer Hodder was also driving in the area and encountered the same frenzy . The officers proceeded in their vehicles , then on foot , joining Chief Grady , Lieutenant Mitchell , and Lieutenant Henert , who had reached the west side of the Commons area after coming directly from the Police Station . Also racing to Cole Hall from the Police Station were Sergeant Ellington and Officer Wright . Sergeant Holland was on patrol just south of the area along Lincoln Highway when he heard the call come in , and approached the area . In the MLK Commons , Chief Grady advised the officers to immediately begin attending to victims and identify witnesses and direct them to a room in Holmes Student Center , where they could be interviewed . Some of the officers began attending to injured students who were running from the scene . While Henert established perimeters around Cole Hall , Mitchell and Grady entered the building , where they met with Holland , Ellington , and Wright . Ellington , the first officer to arrive on the scene , evacuated the adjacent auditorium , and met with the other officers in the front walkway . Holland was instructed to remain in the hallway to ensure no one came into the auditorium and that the shooter did not come out . Grady , Mitchell , Ellington , and Wright entered the south auditorium , discovering a body on the stage , surrounded by guns , with a pool of blood coming from the head . Victims with varying injuries lay on the floor or were propped up against the seats . Confirming there were no immediate threats , Grady and Mitchell began attending to victims , while Ellington and Wright confirmed that the shooter was dead . At 3 : 11 : 42 ( five minutes after the first 911 call ) , Ellington reported to the dispatcher , " Shooter 's down . Shotgun 's secure . We need an ambulance and the coroner at Cole Hall . " At the same time that officers arrived at Cole Hall , Sergeant Rodman , who had	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
simply , " did not come back to work , " according to Doug Garrison of the Indiana Department of Correction . By early 2008 , at the time of the shooting , he was again enrolled full @-@ time at the University of Illinois . = = = Possible motives = = = He died of a self @-@ inflicted gunshot wound after the shooting ended . ABC News reports that his behavior seemed to become more erratic in the weeks leading up to the shooting , and that it is believed he stopped taking medication beforehand . His girlfriend , Jessica Baty , confirmed that Kazmierczak was taking Xanax ( anti @-@ anxiety ) , Ambien ( sleep aid ) , and Prozac ( antidepressant ) , all of which were prescribed to him by a psychiatrist . She said that he stopped taking Prozac about three weeks prior to the February 14 shooting . She also said that , during their two @-@ year courtship , she had never seen him display violent tendencies and she expressed bewilderment over the cause of the rampage . " He was anything but a monster , " Baty said . " He was probably the nicest , most caring person ever . " After the shooting , authorities intercepted a number of packages he sent to her , which included such items as a gun holster and ammunition , a textbook on serial killers for her class , the book The Antichrist by Friedrich Nietzsche , and a final note written for her , signed with his given name and family name . The shooting was baffling to those who knew him , as he appeared outgoing and never appeared to have social problems . This has also confused investigators , who have not found a suicide note . Some of Kazmierczak 's former NIU roommates described him as a quiet man who usually stayed to himself . They stated that , while fairly normal , they did not see him spend much time with other students . Kazmierczak described himself as a sensitive person in his personal statement for the University of Illinois graduate school . He also felt victimized during his adolescent years . He expressed interest in helping people with mental problems , and wanted to work with people " in need of direction . " Although initial reports said there were no signs , he was considered troubled . A story published by Esquire stated that he allegedly had a history of mental illness and attempted suicides , was bullied in high school , and had shown an interest in previous school shootings , particularly those that occurred at Columbine High School and Virginia Tech . According to a report published by the United States Fire Administration , Kazmierczak is believed to have studied Virginia Tech perpetrator Seung @-@ Hui Cho 's actions and used a similar modus operandi . = = Reaction = = The university 's official website reported the possibility of a gunman on campus at 3 : 20 p.m. , within 20 minutes of the shooting . The website then warned students , " There has been a report of a possible gunman on campus . Get to a safe area and take precautions until given the all clear . Avoid the King Commons and all buildings in that vicinity . " By 3 : 40 p.m. , all NIU classes were canceled for the remainder of the day and the campus was closed by NIU officials as part of a new security plan devised after the Virginia Tech shootings 10 months earlier . Students were asked to contact their parents as soon as possible . All NIU Huskie sporting events , home and away , through Sunday were canceled . Most students left campus for the weekend . A spokesman for the ATF stated that agents were dispatched to the scene to assist and to help trace the weapons used . The FBI also sent agents to assist . According to police , Steven Kazmierczak removed the hard drive from his laptop computer and a computer chip from his cell phone and did not leave a note that could help explain why he chose a geology class on Valentine 's Day to open fire . Investigators were expected to spend at least three more weeks until releasing a report on the incident . = = = Vigils and memorial services = = = Approximately 2 @,@ 000 gathered on campus on the evening of Friday , February 15 , for a candlelight vigil to commemorate the victims ; among other public figures , Jesse Jackson and Robert W. Pritchard spoke . In the days after the shooting , the Lutheran Campus Ministry held nightly candlelight vigils . All classes and athletic events were canceled through February 24 , 2008 . Faculty and staff returned to work on Tuesday , February 19 , and for the remainder of that week received special information and training to help students upon their return to classes the following week . On February 21 , exactly a week after the shooting happened , five minutes of silence were observed from 3 : 06 @-@ 3 : 11 p.m. CST , accompanied by the tolling of bells throughout the community , at a special ceremony attended by thousands in memory of the victims which was held at the MLK Commons . Moments of silence were also held elsewhere throughout the DeKalb community . There was a special memorial service held in the NIU Convocation Center on February 24 , the day before classes resumed , in honor of the victims that initiated a set of activities and services aimed at community recovery . Due to the loss of one week of instructional time in the middle of the semester , an extra week was added in May . = = = Condolences and tributes = = = United States President George W. Bush , Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich , U.S. Senators Barack Obama and Dick Durbin , and U.S. Congressman Donald Manzullo offered their personal condolences to NIU President John Peters and the University community in wake of the tragedy , as did many local communities and school districts , and a plethora of universities across the United States . The Chicago Blackhawks NHL franchise wore NIU Huskies decals on their helmets during their game on Sunday , February 17 , 2008 , versus the Colorado Avalanche . A moment of silence was also observed before the national anthem at the game , and the team wore the same decal during its next two games at the St. Louis Blues and at home against the Minnesota Wild . The Chicago Wolves of the AHL held an NIU night during which there was a moment of silence and NIU students were given the opportunity to participate during in game promotions . The Rockford Icehogs , also of the AHL , wore their red jerseys on the following Friday and Saturday night during the team 's two home games at the Rockford MetroCentre , distributed red and black ribbons , had a 5 ' by 16 ' sign for people to sign , as well as encouraged fans to wear red to the game . During spring training , Chicago White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén and general manager Ken Williams sported NIU caps in tribute to the victims . For their 2008 season , the Chicago Cubs flew an NIU flag over the grandstands in the out field . Virginia Tech had a tribute with students wearing shirts saying " Hokies for Huskies " . Students wore these shirts during their basketball game against Georgia Tech on February 23 , 2008 . Jon Bon Jovi offered his condolonces in a Billboard magazine article , after his band Bon Jovi was forced to cancel rehearsals slated to begin on February 14 , 2008 at the NIU Convocation Center in preparation for the North American leg of the Lost Highway Tour . The Chicago @-@ based Jam / Prog Rock band Umphrey 's McGee played a benefit show at the Egyptian Theater on April 8 , 2008 for the NIU Memorial Fund . The incident was also immortalized as the subject of a David Bowie song called ' Valentine 's Day ' on the long awaited comeback album of 2013 ' The Next Day ' . = = = Cole Hall today = = = After February 14 , 2008 , Cole Hall was closed to the public . Classes that were held in the building 's two large auditoriums were relocated . On February 25 , 2008 then @-@ Governor Rod Blagojevich and University President John G. Peters proposed the demolition of the current Cole Hall . The proposal came as a response to the " bad " memories of the students who have to attend classes in the building . The proposal would tear down Cole Hall , leave the Cole Hall site as a memorial site , and erect a new building called " Memorial Hall " nearby , at a cost of approximately $ 40 million . However , due to mixed emotions on the decision , President Peters sent out a message to all NIU students via their student email accounts , soliciting comments from students and the extended NIU family . In addition , a committee was established to help reach a consensus on the future of Cole Hall . On May 8 , 2008 it was announced that Cole Hall would be remodeled inside and out pending $ 7 @.@ 7 million in state funding . This decision was made based on conversations between Dr. Peters and members of the campus community as well as the results of an online survey taken by students and faculty . On August 27 , 2009 , the NIU Board of Trustees approved a $ 9 @.@ 5 million budget on the Cole Hall renovation project , approximately $ 8 million of which will come from the aforementioned state funding , and the rest from student fees . The East auditorium , which was the scene of the incident , will no longer be used for classes , and a replacement lecture hall will be built elsewhere on campus . On January 27 , 2010 , Illinois Governor Pat Quinn came to the NIU campus to release the funds for the renovation of Cole Hall . On January 14 , 2011 , the reconstruction at Cole Hall officially commenced . The building re @-@ opened on January 17 , 2012 . Cole Hall now houses the Anthropology Museum , which was housed in the Stevens Building previously . = = = Memorial garden and sculpture = = = On October 2 , 2009 , a metal sculpture designed by artist Bruce Niemi entitled Remembered was unveiled at Northern Illinois University . The sculpture is part of a garden built in remembrance of the victims of the NIU shooting , located directly across from Cole Hall . The memorial area also features five red granite walls erected in a half @-@ circle pattern which read " Forward Together Forward Together Forward . " The phrase " Forward Together Forward " , borrowed from the university 's fight song , became a motto and theme used in the healing of the NIU community after the shooting . Each wall features the name of one of the students who died in the shooting . A walking path with benches is also included . The memorial is flanked by trees and shrubbery . The memorial was funded entirely by private donations . = = Earlier incident and possible threats = = The campus was shut down on December 10 , 2007 , the first day during exam week , after graffiti was found on a restroom wall warning of a possible shooting . A university spokesman said that the warning , which was discovered December 10 , made reference to the Virginia Tech massacre , in which 32 people were killed , but it could not be immediately determined whether the threat was related to the shootings on February 14 , 2008 . The Chicago Sun @-@ Times reported at that time that an unknown person posted the graffiti in the Grant Towers D residence hall , which included a racial slur and the notation " What time ? The VA tech shooters [ sic ] messed up w / having only one shooter . " However , NIU President John Peters stated that he did not believe that the December incident is connected to the February 14 shootings . = The Boat Race 1862 = The 19th Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on 12 April 1862 . Oxford won by 10 lengths in a time of 24 minutes and 34 seconds , taking the overall record to 10 – 9 in Cambridge 's favour . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1861 race by sixteen lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with ten victories to Oxford 's eight . Both University crews were downselected from trials eights , with varied success . The Cambridge crew set a record time during practice , while Oxford " were in very rough condition " . Just one former Blues returned to the crew , instead of the four who had been expected . Morale was so low in the Dark Blue camp that it was suggested that they write to Cambridge claiming that they could not assemble a crew . The Oxford University Boat Club president and coach George Morrison refused this course of action and the race was set for 12 April 1862 . The boats were built by J. and S. Salter of Oxford . The race was umpired by Joseph William Chitty who had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 ( in the March and December races ) and the 1852 race , while the starter was Edward Searle . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 11 st 11 @.@ 375 lb ( 74 @.@ 8 kg ) , 12 @.@ 25 pounds ( 5 @.@ 6 kg ) per rower more than their Light Blue opposition . Poole and Hoare returned for the Oxford crew while Cambridge 's crew featured three returning Blues in Robert Fitzgerald , Henry Collings and George Richards . = = Race = = Weather conditions on the day of the race were described as " excessively cold " with " a smart breeze " although " the sun shone brilliantly . " Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , handing the Surrey side of the river to Cambridge . The Light Blues took an early lead but Oxford were soon level with them by the time they passed the Star and Garter pub . With the steadier stroke , Oxford took the lead and were clear of Cambridge by Craven Cottage . They extended their lead further , to such an extent that even though the Light Blue cox Richards made a spurt at the Soap Works , his boat had been surrounded by the steamers , and overtaken by one . The disruption from steamers would become so severe that in the 1864 race , both boat club presidents threatened to postpone the race unless the steamers remained behind the two crews . The Dark Blues held a three @-@ length advantage by the time they shot Hammersmith Bridge , and despite another spurt from Cambridge off Chiswick Eyot , the lead had extended to at least 100 yards ( 91 m ) by Barnes Bridge . Oxford won by 10 lengths in a time of 24 minutes 34 seconds . It was their third win in four years and secured Oxford 's ninth win in the event compared to Cambridge 's ten . Contemporary rower and author William MacMichael suggested : " Of these two crews it is scarcely necessary to say more than that if they did not reach the consummate excellence of some which we have been accustomed to look back upon as the highest standard of form and beauty , they were yet a good average specimen of University rowing . " = Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen , BWV 11 = Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen ( Laud to God in all his kingdoms ) , BWV 11 , known as the Ascension Oratorio ( Himmelfahrtsoratorium ) , is an oratorio by Johann Sebastian Bach , marked by him as Oratorium In Festo Ascensionis Xsti ( Oratorio for the feast of the Ascension of Christ ) , probably composed in 1735 for the service for Ascension and first performed on 19 May 1735 . Bach had composed his Christmas Oratorio , based on the gospels of Luke and Matthew , in 1734 . He had composed an Easter Oratorio already in 1725 . The text for the Ascension Oratorio , a compilation of several biblical sources , free poetry and chorales , was presumably written by Picander who had worked on the libretto for the Christmas Oratorio . It follows the story of the Ascension as told in Luke , Mark and the Acts of the Apostles . The oratorio is structured in eleven movements in two parts , taking about half an hour to perform . It is framed by extended choral movements , Part I is concluded by the fourth stanza of Johann Rist 's hymn " Du Lebensfürst , Herr Jesu Christ " in a four part setting . The closing chorale on the seventh stanza of Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer 's " Gott fähret auf gen Himmel " is set as a chorale fantasia . The work is richly scored for the feast day , exactly like the Christmas Oratorio for four vocal parts , three trumpets , timpani , two flauti traversi , two oboes , strings and continuo . While the recitatives and the first chorale were new compositions , Bach based the other choral movements and the two arias on parts of earlier cantatas . He used the model for the alto aria again much later for the Agnus Dei of his Mass in B minor . = = History = = Bach had composed his Christmas Oratorio , based on the gospels of Luke and Matthew , in 1734 , a work in six parts to be performed on six occasions during Christmas tide . He had composed an Easter Oratorio already in 1725 . The Ascension Oratorio appeared thus in the same liturgical year as the Christmas Oratorio . The text for the Ascension Oratorio , a compilation of several biblical sources , free poetry and chorales , was presumably written by Picander who had written the libretti for the St Matthew Passion and the Christmas Oratorio , among others . It follows the story of the Ascension as told in Luke , Mark and the Acts of the Apostles . The bible narration is compiled from multiple sources : the first recitative of the Evangelist ( movement 2 ) is from Luke 24 : 50 – 51 , the second ( 5 ) from Acts 1 : 9 and Mark 16 : 19 , the third ( 7 ) from Acts 1 : 10 – 11 , the last ( 9 ) from Luke 24 : 52a , Acts 1 : 12 and Luke 24 : 52b . The biblical words are narrated by the tenor as the Evangelist . In his third recitative two men are quoted , for this quotation tenor and bass both sing in an Arioso . Part I , which tells of the Ascension , is concluded by the fourth stanza of Johann Rist 's hymn " Du Lebensfürst , Herr Jesu Christ " in a four part setting . Part II reflects the reaction of the disciples . The closing chorale on the seventh stanza of Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer 's " Gott fähret auf gen Himmel " is set as a chorale fantasia . While the music for the narration and the first chorale were new compositions in 1735 , Bach based the framing choral movements and the two arias on earlier compositions . He used the model for the alto aria again much later for the Agnus Dei of his Mass in B minor . In the first complete edition of Bach 's works , the Bach @-@ Ausgabe of the Bach Gesellschaft , the work was included under the cantatas ( hence its low BWV number ) , and in the Bach Compendium it is numbered BC D 9 and included under oratorios . = = Scoring and structure = = The oratorio spans eleven movements in two parts to be performed before and after the sermon , 1 – 6 before the sermon and 7 – 11 after the sermon . It takes about half an hour to perform . The title on the first page of the autograph reads : " J.J. Oratorium Festo Ascensionis Xsti. à 4 Voci . 3 Trombe Tamburi 2 Travers . 2 Hautb . 2 Violini , Viola e Cont. di Bach " J.J. " is short for " Jesu juva " ( Jesus , help ) , a formula which Bach and others often wrote at the beginning of a sacred piece . The title in Latin translates to " Oratorio for the feast of the Ascension of Christ " , and the scoring in a mixture of French and Italian names the parts and instruments as four vocal parts , three trumpets ( Tr ) , timpani , two flauti traversi ( Ft ) , two oboes ( Ob ) , two violins ( Vn ) , viola ( Va ) and basso continuo ( Bc ) by Bach . The voices are soprano , alto , tenor and bass , forming a four @-@ part choir ( SATB ) . The work is festively scored , exactly like the Christmas Oratorio . The structure shows symmetry around the central chorale . Expansive chorale movements using the complete orchestra frame the work . Both parts contain besides the bible narration ( rec . ) a reflective accompagnato recitative ( acc . ) and an aria with obbligato instruments . In the following table of the movements , the scoring is taken the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The timpani always play with the trumpets and are not mentioned . = = Music = = The Bach scholar Richard D. P. Jones compares the Christmas Oratorio and the Ascension Oratorio and arrives at similarities : the festive opening chorus with trumpets and drums , the Evangelist 's secco recitatives , the intermediate four @-@ part chorale , the meditative accompagnati , the semi @-@ dramatic treatment of biblical characters ( here the " two men in white " ) and the elaborate chorale @-@ finale . The oratorio is similar especially to Part VI of the Christmas Oratorio which also begins with an extended opening chorus and a chorale fantasia as a conclusion . = = = 1 = = = The festive opening chorus , Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen , is believed to be based on a movement from the lost secular cantata Froher Tag , verlangte Stunden , BWV Anh . 18 . The movement has no fugue , but dance @-@ like elements and Lombard rhythm . = = = 2 = = = Bach marks the first recitative of bible narration " Recit. nach dem ersten Chor " ( Recitative after the first chorus ) . It is sung by the Evangelista ( Evangelist ) , which Bach assigns to the tenor singing secco recitative . The action begins , Der Herr Jesus hub seine Hände auf ( The Lord Jesus lifted up His hands ) , with Jesus blessing the disciples and leaving them . = = = 3 = = = A reflecting recitative for bass , Ach , Jesu , ist dein Abschied ( Ah , Jesus , is Your departure ) , shows the situation of the disciples afraid that Jesus will leave them soon . Marked " Rec : col accomp . " ( Recitative : with accomp [ animent ] ) , it is accompanied by the flutes and continuo as a recitativo accompagnato . = = = 4 = = = Deeper reflection is expressed in an aria , marked " Aria Violini unisoni e Alto " ( Aria Violins in unison and Alto ) . The singer requests Jesus to stay : Ach , bleibe doch , mein liebstes Leben ( Ah , just stay , my dearest Life ) . The music is based on a movement from the lost wedding cantata Auf , süß entzückende Gewalt , BWV Anh . 196 , written in 1725 on a libretto by Johann Christoph Gottsched . Bach used the model for the alto aria also for the Agnus Dei of his Mass in B minor . = = = 5 = = = The Evangelist continues the narration with the Ascension : Und ward aufgehoben zusehends ( And He was apparently lifted up ) . = = = 6 = = = The first chorale , closing part 1 , is the fourth stanza of " Du Lebensfürst , Herr Jesu Christ " , written in 1641 by Johann Rist . The text Nun lieget alles unter dir ( Now everything is subject to You ) imagines Jesus in heaven , with the angels and elements serving him . It is composed as a four part setting , with the instruments playing colla parte : oboes and violin I enforce the chorale tune , the flutes an octave higher , violin II plays with the alto , viola with the tenor , and the continuo with the bass . = = = 7 = = = The evangelist begins Part II , Und da sie ihm nachsahen ( And as they watched ) , telling of two men in white gowns addressing the disciples . The two men are represented by tenor and bass in a duet . = = = 8 = = = A reflecting recitative for alto , Ach ja ! so komme bald zurück ( Ah yes ! Then come back soon ; ) , requests the return of Jesus . Parallel to the bass recitative in Part I , it is also accompanied by the flutes and continuo . = = = 9 = = = The evangelist ends the narration , Sie aber beteten ihn an ( They however prayed to Him ) , telling of the disciples ' return from the mountain which is named the Mount of Olives . = = = 10 = = = The soprano aria , Jesu , deine Gnadenblicke ( Jesus , Your merciful gaze ) , is also based on the wedding cantata Auf , süß entzückende Gewalt . It is one of the rare pieces in Bach 's music without basso continuo , with the two unison flutes , the oboe and the unison strings playing a trio , augmented to a quartet by the singer . The original words in the wedding cantata mentioned " Unschuld " ( innocence ) . Brian Robins notes " the lightly translucent texture reflecting the text 's allusion to Christ leaving his body to ascend to Heaven " . Jones thinks that the setting without an earthly continuo represents the Gnadenblicke ( glances of Grace ) of the text . = = = 11 = = = The closing chorale , " Wenn soll es doch geschehen " ( When shall it happen " ) , is the seventh stanza of " Gott fähret auf gen Himmel " , written in 1697 by Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer . Set in the first person , it expresses the desire of the speaker for the " liebe Zeit " ( dear time ) when he sees the Saviour in his glory . Continuing saying " wir " ( we ) , he imagines to greet him and kiss him . It is set as a chorale fantasia . The soprano sings the cantus firmus in long notes , on the melody of " Von Gott will ich nicht lassen " . Similar to the final chorale Nun seid ihr wohl gerochen of the Christmas Oratorio , the chorale tune in a church mode appears in the triumphant context of a different major key . The text expresses longing for the day of being united with Jesus in Heaven . The musicologist Julian Mincham interprets the mode of the tune as " the human state of waiting and hoping " , while the concerto represents the fulfillment . Mincham compares the writing to the opening chorale fantasias of the second cantata cycle of chorale cantatas , finding the composition for the lower voices " endlessly inventive , frequently related to the textual images " pointing out " the passionate and clinging representation of kissing the Saviour beneath the caressing flutes , in the penultimate phrase " . = = Selected recordings = = The sortable listing is taken from the selection provided by Aryeh Oron on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . The type of choir and orchestra is roughly shown as a large group by red background , and as an ensemble with period instruments in historically informed performance or a choir of one voice per part ( OVPP ) by green background . = University of Central Florida = The University of Central Florida ( UCF ) is an American public research university in Orlando , Florida . It is the largest university in the United States by undergraduate enrollment , and the second largest by total enrollment . Founded in 1963 , UCF opened to provide personnel to support the U.S. space program at the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Florida 's Space Coast . As its academic scope broadened , it was renamed from Florida Technological University to the University of Central Florida in 1978 . While initial enrollment was only 1 @,@ 948 students , enrollment today amounts to some 60 @,@ 821 students from 140 countries and all 50 states and Washington , D.C. The majority of the student population is located on the university 's main campus just 13 miles ( 21 km ) east @-@ northeast of downtown Orlando , and 55 miles ( 89 km ) southwest of Daytona Beach . The university offers over 200 degrees through thirteen colleges and twelve satellite campuses in Central Florida . Since its founding , UCF has awarded almost 280 @,@ 000 degrees , including 50 @,@ 000 graduate and professional degrees , to over 240 @,@ 000 alumni worldwide . UCF is a space @-@ grant university , and has made significant research contributions to engineering , optics , simulation , digital media , business administration , education , hospitality management , and the arts . Its official colors are black and gold , and the university logo is a Pegasus , which " symbolizes the university 's vision of limitless possibilities . " The university 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known as the " UCF Knights " and represented by mascot Knightro , compete in NCAA Division I and the American Athletic Conference . As of 2016 , UCF ranks 91st among all public universities by U.S. News & World Report . = = History = = = = = Founding = = = Following President John F. Kennedy 's September 1962 speech , in which he described his goal of accomplishing a manned space flight to the moon by the end of the decade , the space program grew in importance and scope in Central Florida because of its proximity to Cape Canaveral . Prominent residents and local leaders began lobbying the Florida State Legislature to increase access to higher education on the Space Coast . With the help of former State Senate President William A. Shands and Senator Beth Johnson , the legislature passed and Governor Farris Bryant signed into law Senate Bill No. 125 on June 10 , 1963 , which authorized the Florida Board of Regents to create a new state university in East Central Florida . The university was founded as a non @-@ segregated and coeducational university , with the mission of educating students for promising space @-@ age careers in engineering and other technological professions . On January 24 , 1964 , the Board of Regents purchased 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 @.@ 0 km2 ) of remote forest and pasture land along Alafaya Trail ( SR 434 ) in northeast Orlando at the cost of $ 500 @,@ 000 as the site of the new university . Local residents donated another 227 acres ( 0 @.@ 92 km2 ) , and raised more than $ 1 million in funds to secure the land acquisition . In December 1965 , the Board of Regents appointed Charles Millican the first president of the new university . Millican with the consultation of a citizen advisory group , chose the name Florida Technological University , as well as co @-@ designed the school 's distinctive " Pegasus " seal . Millican is also responsible for the university 's slogan – " Reach for the Stars " – and for the two key principles of the school , " accent on excellence " and " accent on the individual . " Millican was also responsible for the university 's unique pedestrian oriented concentric circle campus layout , which was based on plans by Walt Disney and has become a model for other universities . Millican and then @-@ Governor Claude Kirk presided over FTU 's groundbreaking in March 1967 . Eighteen months after the groundbreaking , the inaugural classes were held in the school 's first academic building , the library on October 7 , 1968 . 1 @,@ 948 students were enrolled in fifty @-@ five degree programs within five colleges , and were led by 90 instructors , and aided 150 staff members during the university 's first year . FTU graduated its first class of 423 seniors on June 14 , 1970 , with astronaut and Orlando native John Young giving the commencement address . Millican was also responsible for selecting the official colors of the university , and had a role in selecting its first mascot , the Citronaut , a mix between an orange and an astronaut . The Citronaut temporarily proved unpopular , so in 1969 the student newspaper – The Central Florida Future – encouraged mascot suggestions from students and faculty . The search for a replacement proved unsuccessful until 1970 , when Judy Hines , a night nurse , proposed " Vincent the Vulture . " He served as the university 's unofficial mascot for more than a year . In late 1971 , students voted and selected the " Knight of Pegasus " as the school 's official athletic mascot . After retiring as president in 1978 , Millican would identify his proudest moment leading the school as when President Richard Nixon delivered the university 's spring 1973 commencement address . = = = Expansion = = = Entering office in 1978 , the university 's second president , Dr. Trevor Colbourn , recognized the diversification and growth of UCF 's academic programs away from its strictly technological and scientific beginnings . As the university developed strong business , education , and liberal arts programs , Colbourn recognized the university 's name no longer recognized its mission . From its establishment the university was known as Florida Technological University , nicknamed Florida Tech , until December 1978 when Governor Reubin Askew signed legislation changing the school 's name to the University of Central Florida . Colbourn established the university 's honors program , and started the university 's first satellite branch campus . In addition , Colbourn was responsible for constructing the Central Florida Research Park , located adjacent to the UCF campus and founded in 1978 . The park serves as a major focus of simulation for space and defense @-@ related research . The park was one part of Colbourn 's plan to make UCF a world @-@ class partnership university . Among the university 's first partners were Lockheed Martin and the United States Navy , and Colbourn led the push to found both the Institute for Simulation and Training and the Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers in 1986 . During his tenure , enrollment increased from 11 @,@ 000 in 1978 to over 18 @,@ 000 in 1989 . However , Colbourn 's most notable accomplishments as president were supporting the young university 's athletic programs . He was responsible for establishing the school 's football program in 1979 , which began an era of growth for the university . In April 1979 , UCF awarded its 15,000th degree . = = = Hitt presidency = = = In March 1992 , John C. Hitt became UCF 's fourth president , ushering in an era of unprecedented growth and prominence for the university . Once known mainly as a small commuter and technology school , in recent years UCF has undertaken an effort to increase its academic and research standings while also evolving into a more traditional research university . When Hitt took office , UCF 's enrollment was 20 @,@ 302 , and as of 2014 enrollment consists of 60 @,@ 821 students attending classes on twelve campuses spread across Central Florida . The university consists of thirteen colleges and employs more than 10 @,@ 150 faculty and staff . Under the direction of Hitt , UCF has raised admissions standards , increased research funding , built new facilities , and established notable partnerships with major research institutions . Hitt 's efforts have resulted in not only an increase in the university 's academic profile , but also an on @-@ campus football stadium , new arena , more on @-@ campus housing , and the development of the UCF College of Medicine at Lake Nona . Until 1999 , the Knights were represented by a jouster from the Medieval Times dinner show located in nearby Kissimmee , Florida . That same year , Knightro was introduced at the staple homecoming event , " Spirit Splash . " The past decade has seen enrollment increase by over forty percent at UCF , the acceptance rate for first time in college students falling from over 60 % to near 40 % in 2008 , and the doubling of expected annual expenses . Since 2000 , the university has awarded over 100 @,@ 000 degrees . UCF is currently the largest university in the nation by terms of undergraduate enrollment , the largest university in Florida , and in 2003 held the distinction of being the fastest @-@ growing university in the United States . During its Spring 2010 graduation ceremonies , The University of Central Florida awarded its 200,000th degree , less than five years after awarding its 150,000th diploma . During its brief history , UCF has hosted numerous notable speakers . Among these are U.S. Presidents Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton , then Senator and current Vice President Joe Biden , Senators Bill Nelson , Marco Rubio , Mel Martinez , John Edwards , Florida Governors Jeb Bush , Charlie Crist , and First Lady Michelle Obama . = = Campuses = = = = = Main campus = = = The University of Central Florida has a unique campus layout that has become a model for other universities , reminiscent of the plans by Walt Disney for his Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow , or EPCOT . The campus was designed to be a pedestrian oriented campus , with a series of concentric circles . The outermost circle is Gemini Blvd , which is also the main road for vehicular traffic on campus . Inside of Gemini , there is Apollo Circle , Mercury Circle , and finally Pegasus Circle as the innermost circle . Pegasus Circle contains the student union , which is the center of the campus , with the John C. Hitt Library located directly to the south of it . All academic buildings are located inside of Gemini , with the circle divided up into pie @-@ shaped sections for each college . As there are very few roads inside of Gemini , many buildings ' loading docks are accessible only by sidewalks and thus receive most deliveries at night . The University of Central Florida campus is one of only two in the nation with a concentric circle design , the other being the University of California , Irvine . Newsweek has ranked UCF as having the 20th most beautiful university campus in the country . Student housing is provided along the perimeter of the campus . Outside of Gemini , the campus is divided up into different themed sections . The northwest side of campus includes Greek communities , the north side contains Knights Plaza , an uptown style athletic village , the east side contains the Arboretum of the University of Central Florida , and the south side contains student recreation and wellness facilities . Located directly south of the main campus is Central Florida Research Park , which is the seventh largest research park in the nation and the largest in Florida , housing over 116 corporations . The park provides more than 10 @,@ 000 jobs to over 500 students and thousands of alumni . = = = Regional campuses = = = In addition to its Orlando campus , the University of Central Florida has several other campuses to service the Central Florida region . In Orlando , there is one other campus , located at Valencia West , as well as partnerships with local colleges , including Eastern Florida State College , Lake @-@ Sumter State College , Seminole State College of Florida and Valencia College . In addition , the Rosen College of Hospitality Management is located away from the main campus , in close proximity to the heart of Orlando 's tourism and convention industries . Outside Orlando , there are campuses in Cocoa , Clermont , Daytona Beach , Kissimmee , Leesburg , Ocala , Palm Bay , and Sanford . In addition to having standard classes at these campuses , some courses are offered via alternative methods , such as two @-@ way TV from the main campus or via broadband . UCF , in partnership with local colleges , participates in a program called DirectConnect . Through this program all students and alumni of Eastern Florida State College , Lake @-@ Sumter State College , Seminole State College of Florida and Valencia College are assured admission to the university . DirectConnect is considered to be the most productive community college @-@ university partnership in the country . = = = Health Sciences Campus at Lake Nona = = = The 50 acre ( 0 @.@ 20 km2 ) UCF Health Sciences Campus at Lake Nona includes the College of Medicine and the Burnett Biomedical Sciences Building . The Burnham Institute for Medical Research , a Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Nemours Children 's Hospital , Tavistock Group , M.D. Anderson Cancer Research Institute , and a University of Florida research facility will also call Lake Nona home , turning the area into a medical city . The campus will also serve as the future home of the UCF College of Nursing and the newly approved UCF College of Dental Medicine . The College of Medicine welcomed its charter class in August 2009 . Upon completion of construction , the campus could accommodate as many as 5 @,@ 000 upper division , professional , and graduate students and faculty members in the health @-@ related programs , and include up to two million square feet of research and instruction space . = = = Sustainability = = = Due to long @-@ term environmental programs and commitments , UCF was named an exemplary green institution in the 2010 Princeton Review 's Guide to 286 Green Colleges , and the university has had its initiatives showcased by the U.S. Department of Energy . UCF has pledged to become climate @-@ neutral under the American College & University Presidents ' Climate Commitment by 2050 at the latest , and to increase its recycling rate to 75 % by 2020 , and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 42 % by 2030 . Committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions , all new construction must be designed and certified by the U.S. Green Building Council 's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) . The UCF College of Medicine on the Health Sciences Campus is the only LEED Silver medical school in Florida . = = Administration = = As a part of the State University System of Florida , UCF falls under the purview of the Florida Board of Governors . The University of Central Florida is headed by the Board of Trustees , which governs the university , consisting of thirteen members that are appointed to staggered five @-@ year terms by the Florida Board of Governors . The Student Government president and the faculty chair also serve on the board during the duration of their one @-@ year term of office . The President of The University of Central Florida is the principal executive officer of the university . The office was formed upon creation of the university in 1963 . The president is appointed by the Board of Trustees with the consent of the Florida Board of Governors and leads the university through its daily business . Today , the president 's office is located in Millican Hall on the university 's main campus , and the president has the privilege of living in the Burnett House , also located on UCF 's main campus . The fourth president of UCF , Dr. John C. Hitt has served since 1992 . Due to cutbacks in federal , state and local budgets , UCF has had over $ 140 million in funds cut from its operating budget since 2008 . This included a $ 53 million cut to UCF 's 2012 – 13 fiscal year budget by the Florida legislature . So far UCF has been able to endure the budget cuts by implementing a hiring freeze , putting an end to some faculty perks , such as free seminars , cutting executive pay , and through wise management of funds . To help counter the budget decreases , the university received $ 18 million in funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act . UCF 's operating budget for the 2014 – 15 fiscal year is $ 1 @.@ 5 billion , a 13 @.@ 9 % increase from the previous year . UCF 's financial endowment , administered by the University of Central Florida Foundation , Inc . , was valued at $ 155 @.@ 5 million in 2015 , a 14 @.@ 7 % increase from 2014 . = = Academics = = The University of Central Florida is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools according to the U.S. Department of Education . UCF 's academic calendar is based on the semester system , with the typical fall semester running from the end of August until the beginning of December , and the typical spring semester running from the beginning of January through the beginning of May . In addition , UCF offers four different summer semesters , A , B , C , and D , ranging from six weeks to twelve weeks . The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching classifies UCF as a " large four @-@ year , primarily nonresidential " university with a " comprehensive doctoral " graduate instructional program . = = = Student profile = = = UCF 's student body consists of 52 @,@ 539 undergraduates and 8 @,@ 282 graduate and professional students from all 67 Florida counties , all 50 states and 141 countries . Study abroad programs allow UCF students to study and conduct research in 42 programs in 21 countries . The ten largest undergraduate disciplines at UCF are respectively : psychology , nursing , biomedical sciences , biology , business , health sciences , accounting , elementary education , interdisciplinary studies , and hospitality management . In the new millennium , enrollment has increased by over sixty percent at UCF , from 33 @,@ 453 in 2000 , to 60 @,@ 810 in 2014 . Of the nearly 60 @,@ 000 students , 15 percent are graduate and professional students , while women make up 55 % of the student body . Nearly 20 percent of UCF faculty are minorities . According to the May 2009 edition of Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education magazine , UCF is one of the best 100 colleges in the United States for Hispanic students seeking bachelor 's degrees . 24 % of UCF students are above the age of 25 . Due to budget decreases and increased demands on the university , the UCF Board of Trustees , with the approval of the Board of Governors and the Florida Legislature , approved a 15 % increase in tuition for the 2012 – 13 academic year . For the 2015 – 16 academic year , undergraduate tuition costs were $ 212 @.@ 28 per credit hour for in @-@ state students , and $ 748 @.@ 89 per credit hour for out @-@ of @-@ state students . Graduate tuition costs were $ 369 @.@ 65 per credit hour for in @-@ state students , and $ 1 @,@ 194 @.@ 05 per credit hour for out @-@ of @-@ state students . Tuition for the medical school is $ 25 @,@ 490 for both in @-@ state and out @-@ of @-@ state students . Estimated annual expenses for undergraduate students are $ 20 @,@ 328 for Florida residents , and $ 33 @,@ 406 for non @-@ Florida residents . Expected costs for graduate students are $ 22 @,@ 072 for in @-@ state students , and $ 38 @,@ 878 for out @-@ of @-@ state students . About 8 % of tuition fees are allocated to support the university 's athletic programs . = = = Rankings = = = For 2015 , U.S. News & World Report ranked as the third @-@ best " up @-@ and @-@ coming " national university . In addition , U.S. News & World Report ranked The University of Central Florida 97th among public universities and 173rd overall on the list of Tier I National Universities . Kiplinger rated UCF 42nd among the " Best Values in Public Colleges " in the United States in 2014 . The university was also rated as one of " 50 Best Value Public Universities " by USA Today and The Princeton Review . UCF is listed among " The Best 376 Colleges : 2012 Edition " , and was ranked as a " Best Southeastern College " by The Princeton Review . Many of the University of Central Florida 's graduate programs have received top @-@ 100 rankings from U.S. News & World Report . In 2013 , U.S. News & World Report ranked UCF 's engineering , education , speech language pathology , public administration , criminology , healthcare , nursing , physical therapy , social work , speech @-@ language pathology , and computer science programs all within the top 100 in their respective fields . Five UCF programs as among the nation 's " Best Graduate Schools . " U.S. News & World Report ranked the university 's atomic , molecular , and optical physics program 13th nationally , the nonprofit management public affairs program 25th , and the counselor education program now breaking the top 10 at 9th in the nation . In 2012 , the UCF College of Engineering and Computer Science was ranked 70th nationally , while the College of Education and Human Performance was ranked 64th , and the Physics program was ranked 102nd in 2010 . The Princeton Review ranked the Florida Interactive Entertainment Academy ( FIEA ) 2nd in graduate video game design in 2012 . The 2014 Academic Ranking of World Universities list assessed The University of Central Florida as among the top @-@ 300 world universities and the top @-@ 109 in the United States based on overall research output and faculty awards . UCF 's engineering and business schools were rated as among the top @-@ 150 , and the university 's social sciences , computer science , and mathematics programs were ranked among the top @-@ 200 globally . UCF offers both Army and Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps ( ROTC ) programs which are rated among the top 15 percent nationally . In 2010 , Bloomberg BusinessWeek ranked the UCF College of Business Administration as the number one public business school for return on investment in the nation , and as a Top Undergraduate Business Program . The university has also been recognized by Bill Gates as a leading institution . The University of Central Florida ranks eighth among national universities " least likely to leave graduates in debt , " and was also ranked as one of the most economically diverse universities in 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 by U.S. News & World Report . In 2011 , Forbes listed UCF as the 42nd most @-@ affordable university in the nation . The university is also considered a top school in awarding degrees to minority students , ranking 12th nationally for total undergraduate degrees awarded to Hispanic students and 18th for undergraduate degrees awarded to African @-@ American students . = = = Admissions = = = As a result of an increasing number of students applying to the university each year , UCF 's admission rate for first @-@ time @-@ in @-@ college freshmen has declined from 61 % of prospective students admitted in the Fall of 2005 , to 43 % for Fall 2014 . Due to the decrease in the rate of admission , UCF is rated as a " selective " university by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . 34 % of accepted applicants were in the top ten percent of their graduating class , while 72 % of accepted applicants were in the top quarter of their high school class rankings . Freshmen enrolled in Fall 2014 posted average SAT scores of 1257 ( 1850 including the writing section ) , ACT scores of 28 and average high school GPAs of 3 @.@ 92 . UCF is in the top 20 percent of universities in the nation for SAT average and the top 25 percent for GPA average . Over 96 % of undergraduates receive financial aid , with an average financial aid package of $ 11 @,@ 442 and about 70 % of aid distributed in the forms of grants or scholarships . 90 % of students receive scholarships through the Florida Bright Futures program . Forty percent of incoming freshman received Advanced Placement , International Baccalaureate , or an equivalent college credit upon entrance , while 30 % of the freshman class received merit based scholarships . The retention rate of the 2010 freshman class was 87 % . More freshmen and transfer students applied to UCF during 2009 than any other public university in Florida , and UCF also awarded more bachelor 's degrees than any other Florida public university last year . UCF is ranked 2nd in Florida , and 34th in the United States , by the number of National Merit Scholars enrolled . 74 National Merit Scholars enrolled at UCF for the Fall 2012 term . = = = Colleges = = = = = = = Overview = = = = The university currently houses thirteen colleges that offer 90 baccalaureate programs , 87 master 's programs , 31 doctoral programs , three specialist programs , and one professional program ( Medicine ) . In addition , 75 % of the faculty have doctorate degrees , and 46 % currently have tenure at the university . The thirteen colleges house 41 separate degree @-@ granting departments and schools . By enrollment , the three largest undergraduate units are the College of Sciences , the College of Business Administration , and the College of Health and Public Affairs . At the graduate level , the College of Graduate Studies serves as the central administrative unit of graduate education at the university . Graduate students are also students of one of the other twelve colleges at the university . The university is currently seeking the approval of a College of Dental Medicine , which would be housed at the Health Sciences Campus in Lake Nona . = = = = The Burnett Honors College = = = = The University Honors Program , administered by The Burnett Honors College is designed for 500 accomplished incoming undergraduates annually . Undergraduates enrolled in The Honors College participate in smaller classes with faculty , including individual research programs or assigned research in the area of a sponsoring faculty member . Another program offered by the college is Honors in the Major , which allows juniors and seniors to conduct original research within their major and write an undergraduate honors thesis . The latest Honors College incoming class had an average SAT score of 1373 and a 4 @.@ 16 grade @-@ point average . Honors students have the option to reside in a specifically designed living @-@ learning community , composed entirely of honors students , in Tower III at Knights Plaza . = = = = College of Medicine = = = = The UCF College of Medicine was established in 2006 by the Florida Legislature and the Florida Board of Governors to increase opportunities for medical education in Florida . The College of Medicine welcomed its charter class of 41 students on August 3 , 2009 , and eventually will produce about 120 medical graduates a year . With more than 4 @,@ 300 applications for 41 available positions , UCF broke the state university record for most applications , and for 2009 it was the most selective medical school in the country . For the class of 2014 , there were 3 @,@ 761 applicants and only 60 were accepted . This initial class had the highest average MCAT score , 32 @.@ 2 , and GPA , 3 @.@ 8 , of any incoming class of medical students in the state . The inaugural class had a median age of 28 , with 25 % of the class composed of out @-@ of @-@ state students . The charter class completed their first year of courses on the UCF main campus , while the Lake Nona Medical City was completed . Every member of the inaugural class received a full scholarship , including tuition and basic living expenses , for their entire four years at the university , valued at over $ 160 @,@ 000 . The university aims for the college to become a research @-@ intensive medical school , with the aid of The Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences , The Burnham Institute for Medical Research , a Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Nemours Children 's Hospital , Tavistock Group , and a M.D. Anderson Cancer Research Institute , all located on the College of Medicine 's Lake Nona campus . = = = = Rosen College of Hospitality Management = = = = Located near the Orange County Convention Center on Universal Boulevard in Downtown Orlando , the college 's 20 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 081 km2 ) campus is designed to imitate a resort @-@ style feel , with various areas of the college named for major donors to the college ( e.g. Disney Dining Room , Universal Orlando Library , Darden Auditorium , and the state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art Anheuser Busch Beer & Wine Lab ) . The campus includes the Three Pillars Cafe , a student @-@ operated cafe that serves various cuisines and food items . Regular Shuttle service is offered Monday through Thursday to and from the UCF Main Campus . The college features an on @-@ site Campus Life Office and Career Services Office that coordinate on @-@ campus activities and career development events in conjunction with the UCF Student Government Association . In 2005 , the University opened two on @-@ campus housing buildings , able to house 400 residents . The college offers a variety of student organizations including associations such as Eta Sigma Delta ( International Hospitality Management Honor Society ) , National Society of Minorities in Hospitality , the Professional Convention Management Association , and the National Association of Catering Executives , and the Global Association of Christian Hospitality Professionals . Rosen is currently ranked as the # 7 Hospitality Management school in the nation . = = = Limited Access Programs = = = Among the colleges , a number of undergraduate academic programs are termed " Limited Access Programs . " Limited Access Programs are programs where student demand exceeds available resources thus making admission to such program competitive . Examples of Limited Access Programs include academic programs taught under the Nicholson School of Communication , Music , Theatre , Dance , and Medical Laboratory Sciences . Students must apply to join these programs separately from admission to the university . Criteria for admission varies but is generally very selective and includes factors such as , indicators of ability , performance , creativity , and talent . Arts programs are entry by competitive audition , and have some of the smallest numbers of undergraduate majors in the university . = = = Libraries = = = The stated goal of the University of Central Florida libraries is to " support the research , teaching , learning and service commitments of students and faculty through widely @-@ available access to collections of library resources , and to services to assist resource use . " UCF Libraries collections include over 2 @.@ 2 million print volumes , 3 @.@ 2 million microforms , 330 @,@ 000 government documents , 10 @,@ 000 full text electronic journal subscriptions , 660 @,@ 000 e @-@ books , 40 @,@ 000 media titles , a base of 43 @,@ 000 serial subscriptions , in addition to special collections and university archives materials . Notable collections within the library include the Bryant West Indies collection , the Van Sickle Leftist Pamphlet collection , the Book Arts Collection , collections of materials on tourism and hospitality , and materials on the history of Central Florida . UCF Libraries is a partner within the State University System of Florida Libraries . Most of the print and media collection is housed in the John C. Hitt Library , which is located on UCF 's main campus and is open to students , faculty and the public seven days a week . The library is five stories tall , and was the first academic building on campus . Leonardo Nierman 's sculpture Flame of Hope is displayed outside the entrance to the building , and Nierman 's stained glass Genesis window is exhibited on the third floor of the library building . In 2012 , the main campus library was dedicated to honor John C. Hitt , UCF 's fourth president , who at the time was celebrating his twentieth anniversary as university president . In addition to the John C. Hitt Library , Rosen College library , and the Harriet F. Ginsburg Health Sciences Library , UCF operates libraries at nine of its regional campuses . The student newspaper , the Central Florida Future , at one time was housed on the upper floor of the library before moving to the Central Florida Research Park . In 1984 , a complete renovation of the original library was undertaken , as well as an addition that more than doubled the size of the building . University president Dr. Trevor Colbourn dedicated the newly remodeled and expanded library in February 1985 . A $ 64 @.@ 4 million expansion of the Hitt Library , which would add 212 @,@ 400 square feet ( 19 @,@ 730 m2 ) of space , as well as an Automated Retrieval System was recently approved by the university 's Board of Trustees but may be delayed due to budget cuts . = = = Research = = = The University of Central Florida fosters research amongst its thirteen academic colleges and schools , partnerships with corporations such as Lockheed Martin , Boeing , and Siemens , and through partnerships with local community colleges . UCF also houses a satellite campus at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral , Florida . UCF is also a member of the Florida High Tech Corridor Council . The university has made noted research contributions to optics , modeling and simulation , digital media , engineering and computer science , business administration , education , and hospitality management . Listed as a university with " very high research activity " by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , UCF was ranked third in the nation in 2010 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) in its annual patent power rankings for the strength and impact of the university 's patents . In both 2008 and 2009 , UCF was ranked in the top ten in Intellectual Property Today 's Patent Scorecard . University research and analysis has appeared in The New York Times , The Washington Post , U.S. News & World Report , Forbes , Bloomberg BusinessWeek , Parenting Magazine , Inside Higher Ed , has been reported by the Associated Press , and has appeared on ABC World News , CBS Evening News , MSNBC and National Public Radio . UCF researchers attracted $ 121 @.@ 7 million in funding in 2009 , with $ 59 @.@ 9 million of the research expenditure sponsored by the federal government , while $ 36 @.@ 5 million was from private donors , and $ 25 @.@ 2 million from state funds . In 2009 , UCF directly influenced 26 @,@ 000 jobs and $ 1 @.@ 96 billion in economic activity . When UCF 's economic impact is combined with that of the Central Florida Research Park , the university and park influenced 46 @,@ 000 jobs and $ 3 @.@ 84 billion in economic activity in 2009 . The new College of Medicine , which opened in August 2009 , will create more than 30 @,@ 000 local jobs and have an economic impact of $ 7 @.@ 6 billion in its first few years . Metropolitan Orlando sustains the world 's largest recognized cluster of modeling , simulation and training companies . Located directly south of the main campus is the Central Florida Research Park , which is one of the largest research parks in the nation , providing more than 10 @,@ 000 jobs . Research Park is the 7th largest research park in the nation , with 2 @,@ 700 Department of Defense personnel and direct support contractors . Collectively , those defense organizations manage $ 5 @.@ 2 billion in contracts every year . Many of the employees in Research Park work with UCF researchers and students on projects in the sciences , engineering , photonics and optics , modeling and simulation , and health @-@ related fields . The university also conducts research through numerous institutions and centers , including the Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers , Florida Solar Energy Center , Institute for Simulation and Training and Institute for Economic Competitiveness . = = Student life = = UCF has over 400 registered student organizations , intramural sports , and an active Student Government Association . The university encourages student activism through organizations such as the Office of Student Involvement , the Multicultural Student Center , the Campus Activities Board , Volunteer UCF and Learning and Interacting with New Knights ( LINK ) , an organization that fosters freshman involvement . In 2011 , UCF was ranked as the 9th best party school in the country by Playboy . In 2006 , High Times magazine ranked UCF among the top five counterculture colleges in the nation . = = = Traditions = = = Spirit Splash is a homecoming tradition at UCF , and is traditionally the only time during the year that students are allowed into the Reflecting Pond . It has been named the best college tradition in Florida by Florida Leader magazine , and among " The 20 Best College Traditions " by Business Insider . Spirit Splash occurs the Friday before the Homecoming game , and serves as a pep rally where students descend into the pond to demonstrate school spirit . Spirit Splash began in 1995 when then @-@ Student Body President Miguel Torregrossa was pushed into the Reflecting Pond by one of his cabinet members and fellow students followed suit . Along with the thousands of students who attend , there are members of the community , local dignitaries , alumni , children and even dogs who come to join in on the festivities . Knightro , the Marching Knights , cheerleaders , student athletes , and dancers all participate in the pep rally , usually followed by a concert . Spirit Splash was made possible in part by weight testing performed on the Reflecting Pond in preparation for President Richard Nixon 's visit to the university to speak at its 1973 commencement . It was determined that the best way to protect the president would be to hold commencement in the pond itself , after being drained , so that Secret Service agents could be stationed on the roofs of the adjacent buildings . One of the newest traditions on the UCF campus pertains to the Pegasus seal in the center of the main floor of the Student Union . From their first day on campus for orientation , new students are told to never walk on the Pegasus . As the tradition is told , those who step on the seal will never graduate from UCF . Usually the seal is roped off with heavy black velvet ropes , but when the ropes are not in place , students can be seen carefully avoiding the seal . In 2005 , Florida Leader magazine named this new tradition the best college superstition in Florida . = = = Recreation = = = Many different recreational organizations and facilities are available on the UCF campus . Lake Claire is an on @-@ campus lake with canoes , kayaks , and pedal boats available for rent ( free to UCF students ) , and a small beachfront . In addition , UCF 's Challenge Course is one of only five in the country to contain a high elements course . UCF 's main campus also boasts two Recreation and Wellness Centers . The main center is located on the south side of campus , adjacent to the Academic Village . The second gym is located in Knights Plaza on the north side of campus . The Centers are open to all students , and paid memberships are available for non @-@ students . The Wellness Centers offer programs to boost students ' understanding of their health , provides discounted blood and STD testing , staffs certified personal trainers , and teaches methods to maintain good health . The main UCF Recreation and Wellness Center , which opened in 2002 , is a 150 @,@ 000 square feet ( 14 @,@ 000 m2 ) building that comprises five programs : Intramural Sports , Sport Clubs , Outdoor Adventure , Fitness , and Aquatics . The main recreation center includes a custom climbing wall with more than 20 different routes , as well as , tennis courts , sand volleyball courts , a disc golf course , numerous intramural sports fields , a leisure pool , and an outdoor lap pool . The Recreation and Wellness Center at Knights Plaza , which opened in 2013 , is a 8 @,@ 700 square feet ( 810 m2 ) facility . It houses a cardio workout area , a circuit area , and a mind and body studio designed for group exercise . = = = Student government = = = The University of Central Florida 's Student Government ( SGA ) is the leading advocacy group for the students who attend the university , representing the university 's nearly 60 @,@ 000 undergraduate , graduate , and professional students . It is the largest Student Government within the state of Florida and one of the largest in the United States . In addition , it also often places in the top ten SGAs nationally for the services and outreach it provides for the students it serves . The SGA operates within an annual budget of $ 17 @.@ 4 million . With its budget , SGA funds and operates three campus facilities , the main Recreation and Wellness Center , the Recreation and Wellness Center at Knights Plaza , and the Student Union , while also providing upwards of $ 1 @.@ 5 million in funding to nearly 600 registered student organizations . The SGA was officially established in 1976 and consists of an executive , judicial , and legislative branch . The executive branch is headed by the Student Body President and Student Body Vice President . Within the executive branch are between 30 – 40 appointed and paid cabinet members that oversee everything from university policies to tracking the state 's legislature . The Student Body President , by mandate of Florida law serves on the university 's Board of Trustees for a period of one year . The Student Body President and Student Body Vice President are elected in annual elections held in the spring and both receive a paid salary that ranges from $ 18 @,@ 000 to $ 21 @,@ 000 per year . The legislative branch is composed of 59 senators elected each fall , who serve one @-@ year terms representing their respective colleges . The senators elect a Speaker of the Senate who receives an annual salary between $ 17 @,@ 000 and $ 20 @,@ 000 per year , and a Senate President Pro Tempore once a year in the fall to lead the Student Senate . Under state law , the Student Senate has sole jurisdiction over the approval and allocation of the university 's activity and service fee budget – which is $ 17 @.@ 4 million for fiscal year 2014 . The judicial branch consists of a paid Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices who preside over student conduct hearings and parking appeals . = = = Media = = = The Central Florida Future is one of the largest student @-@ run newspapers in the United States , and operates without oversight from the university administration . The Future focuses on campus and local news coverage , but also features national and international stories . Only students from UCF are allowed to be employed by the paper , though the public is allowed to contribute columns . The university publishes two magazines , Centric and Pegasus . Centric is the official student magazine of the university , while Pegasus is the official university magazine . The university has operated WUCF @-@ FM , a NPR station , since 1978 . The station broadcasts Jazz that reaches Orange , Seminole , Osceola , Brevard , Lake and Volusia counties in central Florida . They broadcast an Internet program that is heard worldwide . In 2011 , the university purchased WUCF @-@ TV , which is Central Florida 's only Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) television station . As the region 's sole PBS affiliate , the station broadcasts to an estimated population of 4 @.@ 6 million people in its aerial viewing area . One limited access program at UCF is the Jazz Studies program , which launched a professional recording label for the university , Flying Horse Records , and whose faculty group , The Jazz Professors and their student group The Flying Horse Big Band have both issued professional recordings since 2011 for the university label , all of which have charted in the top 50 , with the faculty group album , " Do That Again " charting in the top 10 . = = = Residential life = = = The university currently houses 6 @,@ 000 beds on @-@ campus in eight different housing communities . Residence hall style suites are available in the Libra , Apollo , Hercules , Nike , and Neptune communities . All of the residence hall suites have bathrooms shared between 2 or 3 rooms as opposed to communal bathrooms . Apartment style housing is available in the Academic Village ( Nike and Hercules ) communities , the Towers at Knights Plaza , the Lake Claire Courtyard Apartments Community , and NorthView . UCF also has 400 beds at the Rosen College Apartments Community , located on the Rosen College of Hospitality Management campus . The majority of all on campus housing is occupied by freshman , though The Towers at Knights Plaza house mainly upper @-@ classmen , student athletes , and honors students . Residents of the Towers Communities and Rosen College Apartments sign annual contracts to rent their apartments for a full academic year ( fall , spring , and summer ) , whereas residents of all other standard housing communities on the main campus sign academic contracts to rent their rooms only for one or two semesters at a time . Housing on the main campus typically fills to capacity well before the start of the Fall semester , and cannot accommodate everyone who applies . In addition , about 3 @,@ 750 beds are available at the University @-@ affiliated housing communities of Knights Circle and The Pointe at Central , which are off @-@ campus apartment communities owned by The University of Central Florida Foundation , Inc. and managed by Asset Campus Housing . These communities contain many UCF services such as Resident Assistants , UCF Police service , reduced rent and offer shuttle service to and from campus on class days . The university also administers NorthView , which is owned and operated by UCF and located directly north of the main campus in Oviedo . NorthView houses 600 students , and includes a Hillel Jewish Student Center , a Catholic Student Center , and a common space for other faith based organizations to use . Greek housing is also available on the main campus in the Greek Park community , which consists of close to 500 beds . There are seven sororities and four fraternities housed on campus , with five fraternities offering housing off campus . = = = Greek life = = = The Office of Fraternity and Sorority Life at The University of Central Florida is separated into five divisions : UCF Greek Council , Interfraternity Council , National Pan @-@ Hellenic Council , Panhellenic Council , and the Diversified Greek Council . The Order of Omega has a chapter at the university . The Interfraternity Council ( IFC ) comprises 18 fraternities , and the Panhellenic Council is made up of 12 sororities . In addition there are also many multicultural and honor Greek organizations . The Diversified Greek Council consists of 9 cultural organizations , four fraternities and five sororities . The National Pan @-@ Hellenic Council comprises nine historically @-@ black organizations , five fraternities and four sororities . There are now also three recognized fraternal organizations for Christian students . Greek life at The University of Central Florida involves more than 3 @,@ 000 students in over 45 chapters . Approximately 11 % of current undergraduate males and 9 % of undergraduate females are members of either a sorority or fraternity . The average GPA of Greek Life is higher than the overall university average . UCF 's Greek Life won the inaugural Mid @-@ American Conference Grade Point Average Award , which is given to the university with the highest Greek GPA above their campus ' non @-@ Greek GPA . In 2003 , Florida Leader Magazine named UCF the university with the best Greek academics program in the state . = = Athletics = = The University of Central Florida features a large variety of intercollegiate athletics teams , known as the " UCF Knights " , which compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) , and the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) . UCF fields 16 varsity teams , 6 men , 9 women and one co @-@ ed sport . Men 's sports include baseball , basketball , football , golf , soccer , and tennis . Women 's sports include basketball , cross country , golf , rowing , soccer , softball , tennis , track and field , and volleyball . Co @-@ ed sports include cheerleading . The Knights have won numerous national and conference titles . UCF , as members of Conference USA ( C @-@ USA ) between 2005 and 2013 , were conference champions in football in 2007 and 2010 , and women 's basketball in 2009 and 2010 . The UCF cheerleading team has captured two national titles at the College Cheerleading and Dance Team Nationals , in 2003 and 2007 . The women 's volleyball team won the AIAW national championship in 1978 , and the men 's basketball team reached the Division II Elite Eight the same year . As the reigning national champions , the cheerleading team was followed by WE tv 's hit cheerleading show , Cheerleader U. The UCF varsity athletic program began during the 1969 – 1970 academic year . Then known as the " FTU Knights of Pegasus " , the university was a charter member of the Sunshine State Conference in 1975 . Since the 1970s , the UCF athletic programs have become a major competitor in college athletics . Their development culminated in the mid @-@ 2000s , when the Knights joined C @-@ USA in 2005 and debuted a new athletic village in 2007 . Advertised as " Bringing the Knights home " , the newly developed athletic village on the north end of campus known as Knights Plaza , consisted of the new 10 @,@ 000 seat CFE Arena , new 45 @,@ 000 seat Bright House Networks Stadium , a new softball complex , and the only Division I indoor football practice facility in the state . The debut of the athletic village made UCF the first university to ever open a new stadium and arena during the same year . The athletic complex surrounding Knights Plaza also includes Jay Bergman Field , the UCF Soccer and Track Stadium and numerous practice facilities . To coincide with the opening of the athletic village , the university also debuted new athletic logos and an update to mascot Knightro . The Knights football program began in 1979 under head coach Don Jonas . UCF competed in the playoffs three times before ascending to the FBS level in 1996 . The Knights have won two conference championships and four division titles . The Knights are currently led by Scott Frost who was hired in late 2015 after the football season ended . George O 'Leary , had been the football program 's head coach since 2004 . In UCF 's first year in C @-@ USA , O 'Leary led the team to the fourth @-@ best turnaround in NCAA history by winning the conference 's eastern division and earning its first bowl berth in the 4th Annual Hawai 'i Bowl . Celebrating their inaugural year in their new on @-@ campus stadium , the 2007 UCF Football team won the C @-@ USA Championship for the first time in the school 's history , and the eastern division for the second time in three seasons , securing a berth to the school 's second bowl game , the 49th Annual AutoZone Liberty Bowl . During the 2010 season , for the first time in school history , the Knights garnered national rankings , finishing the season with a top – 20 ranking . The Knights won the 2010 C @-@ USA Championship game , securing a berth to the AutoZone Liberty Bowl in which the team earned their first @-@ ever bowl victory , a 10 – 6 win over Georgia . In 2013 , the Knights joined the American Athletic Conference as a full member , won the conference 's inaugural football championship , and upset the sixth @-@ ranked Big 12 Conference champion Baylor Bears in the 2014 Fiesta Bowl . The UCF men 's basketball team started in 1969 under legendary head coach Torchy Clark . The Knights have advanced to the NCAA tournament ten times , including a trip to the Final Four in 1978 . The program has won seven conference regular season championships and five conference tournament titles . The 2008 – 09 UCF men 's team featured senior Jermaine Taylor , who was one of the nation 's top scorers averaging over 20 points per game . Following a 10 – 0 start to the 2010 – 11 season , and being one of nine unbeaten teams , the Knights led by coach Donnie Jones and guard Marcus Jordan were nationally ranked for the first time in program history . At the time , UCF was one of only four schools to be ranked in the BCS standings and the AP men 's basketball poll . = = Notable alumni = = Graduates include a Prime Minister , a Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers , a United States Assistant Secretary of State , a Deputy Assistant Secretary at the Department of the Treasury , a Director of the National Reconnaissance Office , and a Director of the Secret Service ; in addition to numerous members of the Florida Cabinet , Florida House of Representatives and Florida Senate , two National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) astronauts , and numerous officers in the armed forces through Army and Air Force ROTC programs , Army , Navy , Marine Corps and Coast Guard Officer Candidate School , Air Force Officer Training School , Naval Aviation Officer Candidate School and Marine Corps Platoon Leaders Class . In addition , UCF graduates have held leadership positions in the United States Congress , United States Department of Defense , Army Corps of Engineers , and the Environmental Protection Agency . Alumni have also achieved success as executives for many Fortune 500 companies , including Boeing , Busch Entertainment Corporation , Darden Restaurants , Ericsson , Google , the Orlando Magic and Texas Rangers , Sun Sports and Fox Sports Florida , Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , and Yahoo ! UCF graduates have also made notable contributions in the entertainment industry , including Cheryl Hines , widely known for her role as Cheryl David on the HBO television series Curb Your Enthusiasm ; Daniel Tosh , host of Tosh.0 on Comedy Central ; and Chris Fuller , the independent filmmaker behind Loren Cass . In addition , The Blair Witch Project , which is considered one of the most successful independent films produced , was filmed and directed by UCF alumni Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sánchez . As a major competitor in college athletics , UCF has had many notable student athletes , coaches , and staff members , such as NFL players Daunte Culpepper , Kevin Smith , Bruce Miller , Brandon Marshall , and Blake Bortles ; NBA starting guard Jermaine Taylor ; and woman 's soccer player and Olympic gold medalist Michelle Akers . As of 2013 , more than 70 UCF alumni compete in professional sports , such as , basketball , football , baseball , golf , and soccer . = = Notable faculty = = The faculty at UCF includes many notable and prestigious members , including two former United States Ambassadors , a former member United States Congressman , and a former Vice President of Walt Disney Creative Entertainment , to name a few . Faculty also includes winners of the Pulitzer Prize and Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize , in addition to the developer of the Flesch – Kincaid readability tests , and the authors of the Mathematical Circles and Political Analysis series . Due to the work of professors and the Florida Space Institute , UCF will become the first Florida university to lead a NASA mission . = Not Like the Movies = " Not Like the Movies " is a song by American singer Katy Perry . The song was written by Perry for her third studio album , Teenage Dream ( 2010 ) , while production and additional writing was done by Greg Wells . It was released on August 3 , 2010 , by Capitol Records as the album 's first promotional single . The song is a power ballad from the point of view of a teenage girl . Lyrically , the girl contemplates her first time and how " it wasn 't right " . She realizes through that experience that her " prince " is still " out there " waiting for her . It was written when Perry first started dating her then @-@ husband , Russell Brand . " Not Like the Movies " received positive reviews from music critics , some of whom called it a powerful and lovely song , as well a contemplative ballad , but noticed that the song 's lyrics make only minimal reference to Perry 's then @-@ husband , Russell Brand . " Not Like the Movies " achieved moderate success , peaking at number 53 on US Billboard Hot 100 chart and at number 41 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart . Perry performed the song on her California Dreams Tour ( 2011 ) . She also did a performance of the song along with " Teenage Dream " at the 53rd Grammy Awards on February 13 , 2011 . The performance received positive reviews from music critics . = = Conception = = In an interview with YouTube about Teenage Dream in August 2010 , Perry revealed that " Not Like the Movies " was the first song she wrote for the album after she finished her Hello Katy Tour ( 2009 ) . Production and additional writing on the songs were done by Greg Wells , who previously worked with the singer on her second studio album , One of the Boys ( 2008 ) . Perry considers it to be like that of a two @-@ part song because she had started working on " Not Like the Movies " before she met Brand , and completed it after they began dating . She stated it is a " really special " song to her because , at the first part of the track , it is a story that she needed to let out , which was claiming to know something that you do not actually know . Perry later expressed relief at being able to put all of her feelings into " Not Like the Movies " . = = Composition = = " Not Like the Movies " is a power ballad that lasts for four minutes and one second . The song is composed in the key of A ♭ major and is set in time signature of common time , with a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute . Perry 's vocal range spans over an octave , from F3 to E ♭ 5 . The song has a basic sequence of A ♭ 5 – Fm7 – Cm – E ♭ as its chord progression . Lyrically , " Not Like the Movies " is a song about a love relationship where a woman does not feel in love and still waits for the man of her dreams , or " charming prince " , as a Terra reviewer put it . Chris Ryan from MTV News interpreted the song as largely being about how being in love does not meet your expectations and never really captures " the cinematic magic of big @-@ screen love stories . " Steve Leftridge from PopMatters considered the track to have a " ho @-@ hum " melody . Its melody was compared to Britney Spears ' " Everytime " ( 2003 ) and Evanescence 's " My Immortal " ( 2003 ) . During the chorus , Perry sings about holding out for a love that is " cinematic and dramatic / With the perfect ending " and later asks if she is a " stupid girl " , according to Elysa Gardner from USA Today and an anonymous reviewer for Portrait Magazine . A reviewer for Portrait Magazine , considering it to be the slowest @-@ paced song on Teenage Dream , said it juxtaposed well with the other tracks . " It takes all the energy from the rest of the album , all the fast beating hearts and overwhelming feelings of love , and slows it all down to a song about looking for love instead , " they wrote . = = Reception = = " Not Like the Movies " garnered critical acclaim . Chris Ryan of MTV said the song is " rather lovely " , but noted that its lyrics refer " very little " to Perry 's then @-@ husband , Russell Brand . Elysa Gardner of USA Today called " Not Like the Movies " an " irresistible power ballad " and recommended readers to purchase the song . A staff writer for Portrait Magazine stated that " Not Like the Movies " was a great way to end Teenage Dream and that it showcases the singer 's voice quite well , as she has " lyrics to work for instead of ones to just play around with . " The reviewer concluded that it was a " really good song . " Although " Not Like the Movies " was distributed as a promotional single , it still managed to enter music charts based on legally paid digital download sales . For the week ending August 11 , 2010 , " Not Like the Movies " debuted at number 53 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , and stayed on the chart for only one week . It also managed to enter another Billboard component chart , the Hot Digital Songs , where the song found its peak at number twenty @-@ two selling 57 @,@ 000 digital downloads . On the Canadian Hot 100 , the song 's highest position was at number forty @-@ one . = = Live performances = = Perry included the song on her setlist for her 2011 world concert tour entitled California Dreams Tour . For performances of the song , she would sit on a flower @-@ entwined bower swing that rises up to reveal a large white bridal train that flows out to complete the entire backdrop . At the same time , a bubble machine started @-@ up and the bed @-@ sheet hanging behind her showed footage of cartoon animals falling in love . In a review of one of her concerts Ed Masley from The Arizona Republic called her performance of " Not Like the Movies " was " sweet " . The song was also performed live during the 53rd Grammy Awards . Dressed in a sparkly pale @-@ pink , " princess @-@ like " dress and wearing glittery make @-@ up , Perry sat on a swing that continued to rise high above the stage as she sung the lyrics to " Not Like the Movies " . MTV News reporter Mawuse Ziegbe called it a " heartfelt tribute " . Claire Suddath of Time magazine said the " Valentine 's Day – themed performance coupled with Perry 's wedding footage made @-@ up for the swing that looked like a high school – yearbook photo backdrop " . She gave it a Suddath " B + " rating . Jon Bream of Star Tribune gave it a B grade . = = Track listing = = Digital download " Not Like the Movies " – 4 : 01 = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the Teenage Dream liner notes . Katy Perry – songwriting , lead vocals Greg Wells – songwriting , producing , drums , piano , programming Lewis Tozour – recording Serban Ghenea – mixing John Hanes – mix engineer Tim Roberts – assistant = = Charts = = = Japanese angelshark = The Japanese angelshark ( Squatina japonica ) is a species of angel shark , family Squatinidae , found in the northwestern Pacific Ocean off China , Japan , and Korea . It is a bottom @-@ dwelling shark found in sandy habitats down to 300 m ( 980 ft ) deep . This species has the flattened shape with wing @-@ like pectoral and pelvic fins typical of its family , and grows to 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) or more in length . Its two dorsal fins are placed behind the pelvic fins , and a row of large thorns occurs along its dorsal midline . Its upper surface is cryptically patterned , with numerous squarish dark spots on a brown background . Feeding on fishes , cephalopods , and crustaceans , the Japanese angelshark is a nocturnal ambush predator that spends most of the day lying still on the sea floor . This species gives birth to live young , which are sustained during gestation by yolk . The litter size varies from two to 10 . The Japanese angelshark is not dangerous to humans unless provoked . It is fished in large numbers and used for meat and shagreen , a type of leather . The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed it under Vulnerable , citing the intense bottom trawling activity within its range and the low resilience of angel sharks to fishing pressure . = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = The Japanese angelshark was described by Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker in an 1858 volume of the scientific journal Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo @-@ Neerlandicae . The type specimen is a male 53 cm ( 21 in ) long , collected off Nagasaki , Japan , hence the specific epithet japonica . Other common names for this species include change angel shark , change canopy shark , Japanese angelfish , and Japanese monkfish . Using mitochondrial DNA , a 2010 phylogenetic analysis reported that the Japanese angelshark forms a clade with the other Asian angelsharks included in the study : the ocellated angelshark ( S. tergocellatoides ) and the sister species pair of the Taiwan angelshark ( S. formosa ) and the Indonesian angelshark ( S. legnota ) . These Asian species are , in turn , allied with European and North African angel shark species . Molecular clock estimation suggested the Japanese angelshark lineage diverged from the rest of the Asian angelsharks some 100 million years ago during the Cretaceous . = = Description = = The Japanese angelshark is fairly narrow @-@ bodied and has greatly enlarged pectoral and pelvic fins . The skin folds along the sides of the head lack distinct lobes . The eyes are oval and widely spaced ; closely behind are crescent @-@ shaped spiracles with large , boxy projections inside their anterior rims . Each nostril is large and preceded by a small flap of skin bearing two barbels ; the outer barbel is thin , while the inner barbel has a spoon @-@ like tip and a smooth to slightly fringed flange at the base . The wide mouth is terminally placed and has furrows at the corners . There are 10 tooth rows on either side of both jaws , separated by a gap in the middle ; the teeth are small , narrow , and pointed . There are five pairs of gill slits located on the sides of the head . The frontmost portion of each pectoral fin forms a triangular lobe separate from the head . The outer corners of the pectoral fins are angular , and their rear tips are rounded . The pelvic fins have convex margins . The two angular dorsal fins are similar in shape and size , and are located behind the pelvic fins . The caudal peduncle is flattened with a keel running along either side , and supports a roughly triangular caudal fin with rounded corners . The lower lobe of the caudal fin is larger than the upper . The dorsal surface is covered by medium @-@ sized dermal denticles , and a distinctive row of large thorns is present along the midline of the back and tail . This species is light to dark brown above with a dense covering of squarish dark spots , which become finer on the fins . The underside is white with darker mottling . Various sources give differing maximum lengths , ranging from 1 @.@ 5 to 2 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 9 to 8 @.@ 2 ft ) . = = Distribution and habitat = = The Japanese angelshark is native to the cooler waters of the northwestern Pacific ; its range extends from the eastern coast of Honshu , Japan , to Taiwan , and includes the southern Sea of Japan , the Yellow Sea , the East China Sea , and the Taiwan Strait . Some older sources reported it may occur in the Philippines , but recent research suggests the only angel shark species in that area is S. caillieti . The Japanese angelshark inhabits the continental shelf , usually in the shallows , but also to as deep as 300 m ( 980 ft ) . It is a bottom @-@ dweller found over sandy bottoms , often close to rocky reefs . = = Biology and ecology = = During the day , the Japanese angelshark mostly lies partly buried on the bottom ; its complex color pattern provides camouflage as it ambushes nearby prey . At night , this species becomes more active . Its diet consists of demersal fishes , cephalopods , and crustaceans . It may be found alone or in proximity to others of its species . Parasites documented from this species include the tapeworms Phyliobothrium marginatum and Tylocephalum squatinae , the copepods Eudactylina squatini and Trebius shiinoi , and the praniza larvae of the isopod Gnathia trimaculata . The Japanese angelshark is viviparous , and as in other members of its family the developing embryos are nourished by yolk . Litters of two to ten pups are birthed in spring and summer , with the newborns measuring 22 cm ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) long . Females mature sexually at 80 cm ( 31 in ) long , while male maturation size is unknown . = = Human interactions = = The Japanese angelshark is typically inoffensive towards humans , but if disturbed , can inflict a severe bite . Across much of its range , it is a frequent catch ( intentional or not ) in bottom trawls and probably also set nets and demersal gillnets ; the meat is eaten and the rough skin is made into a type of leather called shagreen for use in wood finishing . Angel sharks in general are highly threatened by commercial trawl fisheries due to their susceptibility to capture and low rate of reproduction , and angel shark species elsewhere are known to have declined markedly under fishing pressure . Trawling activity in the Yellow Sea and other parts of the northwestern Pacific is intense and , coupled with pollution , has had a serious impact on the local ecosystem . The Japanese angelshark population is suspected to have declined by up to 50 % or more under these conditions , leading the species to be assessed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . It may benefit from a ban on trawling imposed in some areas by the Chinese government , though enforcement is inconsistent . = Erzherzog Karl @-@ class battleship = The Erzherzog Karl class was a class of pre @-@ dreadnought battleships of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy built before World War I. All of the battleships of the Erzherzog Karl @-@ class were built in the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino shipyards in Trieste . The first battleship , Erzherzog Karl was laid down in 1902 . Construction on the remaining two battleships , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max and Erzherzog Friedrich continued up to 1905 . Erzherzog Karl was commissioned in 1906 , while Erzherzog Ferdinand Max and Erzherzog Friedrich were commissioned in 1907 . The three Erzherzog Karl @-@ class battleships were considered relatively modern by the time they were commissioned . However , small docking space and budget restraints resulted in the class being fairly compact . Nevertheless , they were well designed and properly protected . The Erzherzog Karl class were the last and largest pre @-@ dreadnoughts built by the Austrian Navy . They were named after members of the Austrian Royal family . Despite these qualities , the Erzherzog Karl @-@ class battleships were inferior to the more modern Dreadnought type battleships – with their " all big gun " armament and turbine propulsion . As a result , they only played a limited role during World War I. At the beginning of the war , the members of the Erzherzog Karl class formed the III division of the Austrian @-@ Hungarian battle @-@ fleet . Despite their largely inactive involvement in the conflict , the battleships of the Erzherzog Karl class did participate in the flight of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau during the opening days of the war , as well as the bombardment of Ancona on 23 May 1915 . The ships also took part in suppressing a major mutiny among the crew members of several armored cruisers stationed in Cattaro between 1 – 3 February 1918 . Following Austria @-@ Hungary 's defeat in World War I , Erzherzog Karl and Erzherzog Friedrich were handed over to France . The remaining battleship , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max , was given to Great Britain . Erzherzog Karl ran aground at Bizerte and was broken up there in 1921 . The remaining two battleships were scrapped in 1921 in Italy . = = Design = = = = = General characteristics = = =	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
yoga class substituting for Mahayoga and Atiyoga . Other tantra yoga practices include a system of 108 bodily postures practiced with breath and heart rhythm . The Nyingma tradition also practices Yantra yoga ( Tib . " Trul khor " ) , a discipline that includes breath work ( or pranayama ) , meditative contemplation and precise dynamic movements to centre the practitioner . The body postures of Tibetan ancient yogis are depicted on the walls of the Dalai Lama 's summer temple of Lukhang . A semi @-@ popular account of Tibetan yoga by Chang ( 1993 ) refers to caṇḍalī ( Tib . " tummo " ) , the generation of heat in one 's own body , as being " the very foundation of the whole of Tibetan yoga . " Chang also claims that Tibetan yoga involves reconciliation of apparent polarities , such as prana and mind , relating this to theoretical implications of tantrism . = = Yoga reception in other religions = = = = = Christianity = = = Some Christians integrate yoga and other aspects of Eastern spirituality with prayer and meditation . This has been attributed to a desire to experience God in a more complete way . In 2013 , Monsignor Raffaello Martinelli , servicing Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , having worked for over 23 years with Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger ( Pope Benedict XVI ) , said that for his Meditation , a Christian can learn from other religious traditions ( zen , yoga , controlled respiration , Mantra ) , quoting Aspects of Christian meditation : " Just as " the Catholic Church rejects nothing of what is true and holy in these religions , " neither should these ways be rejected out of hand simply because they are not Christian . On the contrary , one can take from them what is useful so long as the Christian conception of prayer , its logic and requirements are never obscured . It is within the context of all of this that these bits and pieces should be taken up and expressed anew . " Previously , the Roman Catholic Church , and some other Christian organizations have expressed concerns and disapproval with respect to some eastern and New Age practices that include yoga and meditation . In 1989 and 2003 , the Vatican issued two documents : Aspects of Christian meditation and " A Christian reflection on the New Age , " that were mostly critical of eastern and New Age practices . The 2003 document was published as a 90 @-@ page handbook detailing the Vatican 's position . The Vatican warned that concentration on the physical aspects of meditation " can degenerate into a cult of the body " and that equating bodily states with mysticism " could also lead to psychic disturbance and , at times , to moral deviations . " Such has been compared to the early days of Christianity , when the church opposed the gnostics ' belief that salvation came not through faith but through a mystical inner knowledge . The letter also says , " one can see if and how [ prayer ] might be enriched by meditation methods developed in other religions and cultures " but maintains the idea that " there must be some fit between the nature of [ other approaches to ] prayer and Christian beliefs about ultimate reality . " Some fundamentalist Christian organizations consider yoga to be incompatible with their religious background , considering it a part of the New Age movement inconsistent with Christianity . Another view holds that Christian meditation can lead to religious pluralism . This is held by an interdenominational association of Christians that practice it . " The ritual simultaneously operates as an anchor that maintains , enhances , and promotes denominational activity and a sail that allows institutional boundaries to be crossed . " = = = Islam = = = In early 11th century , the Persian scholar Al Biruni visited India , lived with Hindus for 16 years , and with their help translated several significant Sanskrit works into Arabic and Persian languages . One of these was Patanjali 's Yogasutras . Al Biruni 's translation preserved many of the core themes of Patañjali ' s Yoga philosophy , but certain sutras and analytical commentaries were restated making it more consistent with Islamic monotheistic theology . Al Biruni 's version of Yoga Sutras reached Persia and Arabian peninsula by about 1050 AD . Later , in the 16th century , the hath yoga text Amritakunda was translated into Arabic and then Persian . Yoga was , however , not accepted by mainstream Sunni and Shia Islam . Minority Islamic sects such as the mystic Sufi movement , particularly in South Asia , adopted Indian yoga practises , including postures and breath control . Muhammad Ghawth , a Shattari Sufi and one of the translators of yoga text in 16th century , drew controversy for his interest in yoga and was persecuted for his Sufi beliefs . Malaysia 's top Islamic body in 2008 passed a fatwa , prohibiting Muslims from practicing yoga , saying it had elements of Hinduism and that its practice was blasphemy , therefore haraam . Some Muslims in Malaysia who had been practicing yoga for years , criticized the decision as " insulting . " Sisters in Islam , a women 's rights group in Malaysia , also expressed disappointment and said yoga was just a form of exercise . This fatwa is legally enforceable . However , Malaysia 's prime minister clarified that yoga as physical exercise is permissible , but the chanting of religious mantras is prohibited . In 2009 , the Council of Ulemas , an Islamic body in Indonesia , passed a fatwa banning yoga on the grounds that it contains Hindu elements . These fatwas have , in turn , been criticized by Darul Uloom Deoband , a Deobandi Islamic seminary in India . Similar fatwas banning yoga , for its link to Hinduism , were issued by the Grand Mufti Ali Gomaa in Egypt in 2004 , and by Islamic clerics in Singapore earlier . In Iran , as of May 2014 , according to its Yoga Association , there were approximately 200 yoga centres in the country , a quarter of them in the capital Tehran , where groups can often be seen practising in parks . This has been met by opposition among conservatives . In May 2009 , Turkey 's head of the Directorate of Religious Affairs , Ali Bardakoğlu , discounted personal development techniques such as reiki and yoga as commercial ventures that could lead to extremism . His comments were made in the context of reiki and yoga possibly being a form of proselytization at the expense of Islam . = = International Day of Yoga = = On 11 December 2014 , The 193 @-@ member United Nations General Assembly approved by consensus , a resolution establishing 21 June as ' International Day of Yoga ' . The declaration of this day came after the call for the adoption of 21 June as International Day of Yoga by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his address to UN General Assembly on 27 September 2014 . In suggesting 21 June , which is one of the two solstices , as the International Day of Yoga , Narendra Modi had said that the date is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere and has special significance in many parts of the world . The first International Day of Yoga was observed world over on 21 June 2015 . About 35000 people , including Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and a large number of dignitaries , performed 21 Yoga asanas ( yoga postures ) for 35 minutes at Rajpath in New Delhi . The day devoted to Yoga was observed by millions across the world . The event at Rajpath established two Guinness records – largest Yoga Class with 35985 people and the record for the most nationalities participating in it- eighty four . = Carucage = Carucage ( / ˈkærəkᵻdʒ / ; Medieval Latin : carrūcāgium , from carrūca , " wheeled plough " ) was a medieval English land tax introduced by King Richard I in 1194 , based on the size — variously calculated — of the estate owned by the taxpayer . It was a replacement for the danegeld , last imposed in 1162 , which had become difficult to collect because of an increasing number of exemptions . Carucage was levied just six times : by Richard in 1194 and 1198 ; John , his brother and successor , in 1200 ; and John 's son , Henry III , in 1217 , 1220 , and 1224 , after which it was replaced by taxes on income and personal property . The taxable value of an estate was initially assessed from the Domesday Survey , but other methods were later employed , such as valuations based on the sworn testimony of neighbours or on the number of plough @-@ teams the taxpayer used . Carucage never raised as much as other taxes , but nevertheless helped to fund several projects . It paid the ransom for Richard 's release in 1194 , after he was taken prisoner by Leopold V , Duke of Austria ; it covered the tax John had to pay Philip II of France in 1200 on land he inherited in that country ; and it helped to finance Henry III 's military campaigns in England and on continental Europe . Carucage was an attempt to secure new sources of revenue in order to supplement and increase royal income in a time when new demands were being made on royal finances . Although derived from the older danegeld , carucage was an experiment in revenue collection , but it was only levied for specific purposes , rather than as a regularly assessed tax . Also new was the fact later collections were imposed with the consent of the barons . However , the main flow of royal income was from other sources , and carucage was not collected again after 1224 . = = Background = = In medieval England there was no clear separation between the king 's household and the treasury . The main sources of royal income were the royal estates , feudal rights ( such as feudal aids or feudal reliefs , which derived from the king 's position as a feudal overlord ) , taxation , and fees and other profits from the judicial courts . In 1130 , the records of revenues paid into the treasury show that about 40 % came from royal estates , 16 % from feudal rights , 14 % from taxes , and 12 % from the judicial courts . By 1194 revenue from the land came to about 37 % of the total , about 25 % came from feudal rights , taxation raised about 15 % , and income from judicial sources about 11 % . English taxation after the Norman Conquest of 1066 was based on the geld or danegeld , a national tax paid by all free men , those who were not serfs or slaves . The geld was based on the number of hides of land owned by the taxpayer , and could be demanded by the king and assessed at varying levels without the need for consultation with the barons or other subjects . During King Henry I 's reign , an increasing number of exemptions , and the difficulties encountered in collecting the geld , lowered its importance to the Exchequer — the treasury of England . It is unclear whether the geld was collected at all during the reign of Henry 's successor , King Stephen . Stephen 's successor , King Henry II , collected the geld only twice , once in 1155 and again in 1161 – 1162 . The geld was unpopular , and after 1162 Henry may have felt it politically expedient to stop collecting it . Most information about the carucage comes from the financial records associated with its collection , but there is no detailed description of the way it was collected or assessed , unlike the account of the workings of the Exchequer given in the Dialogue Concerning the Exchequer , written in about 1180 . Government records such as the Pipe Rolls , the Memoranda Rolls , and other financial records , some of which are specific to the carucage , have survived , and include records of assessments and receipts for the sums collected . There are also occasional references to the tax in medieval chronicles , supplementing the information found in the financial records . = = Under Richard I = = Under Henry 's son , King Richard I , a new land tax was collected , the first since 1162 . It was organised by Hubert Walter , the Justiciar of England who was in charge of governing England while the king was gone . Like the geld , the carucage was based on the amount of land owned , thus targeting free men rather than serfs , who owned no land and were therefore exempt . First collected in 1194 , and the first land tax collected in England since the geld , carucage was based on the size of the estate as measured in either hides or carucates ( a unit of land that could be ploughed by an eight @-@ ox plough @-@ team in a year , which was normally considered equivalent to a hide ) . The original property assessment of the carucage was based on the Domesday Survey , a survey of land holdings in England that was completed by 1087 . Collected again in 1198 , and usually called the " great carucage , " it was initially assessed at a rate of 2 shillings per carucate ( estimated at 100 acres ( 40 ha ) or 120 acres ( 49 ha ) ) , but later an additional 3 shillings per carucate was imposed . This 1198 collection was to provide the king with money for his military campaigns in France , and raised about £ 1 @,@ 000 . A number of fines were subsequently imposed on taxpayers for evading payment , suggesting that the 1198 tax was not very successful . According to the late 12th century chronicler Roger of Howden , the main source for information on the 1198 carucage , assessments were carried out in county by a commission of two royal officials working in each hundred ( a subdivision of a county ) . Each of these commissions included two local knights who would take sworn testimonies in each village from four villagers and the bailiffs or estate officials of those barons holding land in the village . The resulting assessments were recorded , and the sheriff , or chief royal official of the county , would receive the money and forward it to the treasury . Estate holders in the area were responsible for the payments from their estates , and when they were handed to the Exchequer a special procedure was followed to record the payments , which were then deposited into a dedicated set of accounts . These elaborate procedures were probably meant to avoid misappropriation of funds , but may not have been successful , as justices were later sent out to inquire into the commissioners ' activities . As a result of their investigations , 23 counties paid fines to secure an end to royal inquiries and any arrears in payments . The lower clergy and bishops resisted Richard 's attempt to impose the 1198 carucage on their estates . In response , Richard withdrew their access to his royal courts forcing them to buy it back for a sum greater than the carucage would have collected . = = Under John = = King John , Richard 's brother and successor , collected the carucage only once , in 1200 . John set the amount to be collected from each carucate at three shillings . Revenues from this taxation do not appear in the 1200 Pipe Roll , although the designation in official records of William of Wrotham and his assistants as receptores carucagii — " receivers of the carucage " — suggest that the money raised was paid into a special commission in the Exchequer . Whether lands were assessed by the system used in 1198 is unknown . The contemporary chronicler Ralph of Coggeshall noted that an " order went throughout England by the justices or the king " to collect the tax , which may imply that the King appointed justices to collect the tax instead of using the earlier system . The carucage was raised in order to pay John 's feudal relief — the payment to an overlord on inheriting lands — for his 1199 inheritance of lands in France . The relief had been set by King Philip II of France , John 's overlord , at 20 @,@ 000 marks . Estimates of the amount raised by this carucage — about £ 3 @,@ 000 — are based on later revenues raised during the following reign . The Cistercian monasteries in the north of England resisted the tax , claiming that they were immune to taxation . John put pressure on them , as he was in the north when the tax was announced , but the various abbeys appealed to Hubert Walter , by then Chancellor . Walter secured from the abbeys the promise of a group payment of £ 1 @,@ 000 , but in June 1200 the King rejected the offer . In October , the King returned from Normandy and resumed pressure on the monasteries , ordering the confiscation of all Cistercian livestock on royal lands after two weeks if a settlement was not reached . At the end of November , through Walter 's intercession , the King capitulated and agreed to a Cistercian immunity from this tax . = = Under Henry III = = John 's son , King Henry III , assessed the carucage on three occasions , in 1217 , 1220 , and 1224 . A new approach in 1217 and 1220 was to secure the consent of leading noblemen for the tax to be levied . The 1217 tax was once again assessed at 3 shillings per carucate . The assessment of the amount of lands held by each taxpayer involved having each landowner provide the information and swear an oath that it was correct . Like the 1200 tax , the 1217 tax was not recorded in that year 's Pipe Roll , lending support to the possibility that the revenue from the tax was sent to a separate branch of the Exchequer . The 1217 carucage was only paid by laymen ; the clergy made a donation in lieu of being taxed . The money raised was intended to defray the expense of the war being fought against Prince Louis of France , who had invaded England before the death of King John and was claiming the English throne . The 1220 carucage , which was imposed on both laymen and clergy , was collected by a special commission , and was paid not into the Exchequer , but to the Templar Order church in London , the New Temple . The Templars through their international organization functioned as bankers in and between countries . The three men appointed to the commission — William de Halliwell , a friar , William FitzBenedict , a London resident , and Alexander de Sawbridgeworth , an Exchequer clerk — were responsible for accounting for the money received , which amounted to £ 3 @,@ 000 . The time frame of the 1220 carucage collection was quite short ; the orders for the assessments to be made were issued in August , but required the tax to be collected by Michaelmas in late September . The 1220 tax attempted to allow for variation in land values , exempting barren land from taxation . The system for the 1220 assessments was simpler than the 1217 levy , as plough @-@ teams were counted to determine the land size rather than requiring oaths from taxpayers . This tax gathered around £ 5 @,@ 500 . There was some difficulty in its collection however , as some counties did not pay , and a number of barons refused to pay , at least at first . The 1220 carucage was levied to pay for the defence of Henry 's lands in Poitou , southern France . The 1224 carucage was a tax levied only on the clergy , and the revenues from it did not appear in that year 's Pipe Roll . It is likely that the clergy who owed the carucage also collected the tax . Records indicate that the bulk of the money raised was paid into the Wardrobe , the king 's personal treasury , rather than the Exchequer . The 1224 assessment was based on ploughteams , and was imposed to pay for the restitution of the lost lands in France . = = Legacy = = The last carucage was imposed in 1224 , after which most of the medieval government 's revenue was raised by levying taxes on moveable or personal property , instead of on land ; taxes on moveable property were first assessed in 1207 . A probable reason for the abandonment of land taxes was the greater revenues raised by taxes on property and income . Carucage was an attempt to secure new sources of revenue to supplement existing sources of income . It was also intended to increase the royal revenues in the face of new demands placed upon them . Although derived from the older geld , carucage was an experiment in revenue collection , but it was only levied for specific purposes , rather than as a general tax regularly assessed . A novel feature was the consultation with the barons and other leading members of the ruling classes . Despite its intermittent use during the reigns of Richard I , John , and the early years of Henry III , the main source of royal income at that time remained scutage , feudal dues such as feudal reliefs or feudal aids , and royal rights such as the profits from the justice system . = Martino Zaccaria = Martino Zaccaria was the Lord of Chios from 1314 to 1329 , ruler of several other Aegean islands , and baron of Veligosti – Damala and Chalandritsa in the Principality of Achaea . He distinguished himself in the fight against Turkish corsairs in the Aegean Sea , and received the title of " King and Despot of Asia Minor " from the titular Latin Emperor , Philip II . He was deposed from his rule of Chios by a Byzantine expedition in 1329 , and imprisoned in Constantinople until 1337 . Martino then returned to Italy , where he was named the Genoese ambassador to the Holy See . In 1343 he was named commander of the Papal squadron in the Smyrniote crusade against Umur Bey , ruler of the Emirate of Aydin , and participated in the storming of Smyrna in October 1344 . He was killed , along with several other of the crusade 's leaders , in a Turkish attack on 17 January 1345 . = = Life = = = = = Lord of Chios and wars against the Turks = = = Martino Zaccaria was a scion of the Genoese Zaccaria family . Through his father , Nicolino Zaccaria , he was a nephew to Benedetto I Zaccaria , lord of Chios and of Phocaea on the Anatolian coast . Benedetto I had captured Chios from the Byzantine Empire in 1304 , citing the island 's vulnerability to Turkish raids . His occupation was acknowledged by the impotent Byzantine emperor , Andronikos II Palaiologos , initially for a period of 10 years , but which was then renewed at five @-@ year intervals . Benedetto died in 1307 and was succeeded in Chios by his son , Paleologo Zaccaria . When he died childless in 1314 , the island passed to Martino and his brother , Benedetto II . Chios was a small but wealthy domain , with an annual income of 120 @,@ 000 gold hyperpyra . Over the next few years , Martino made it the core of a small realm encompassing several islands off the shore of Asia Minor , including Samos and Kos . As lord of Chios , Martino and Benedetto fought with distinction against the Turkish pirates , who made their appearance in the Aegean in the early years of the 14th century . In 1304 , the capture of Ephesus by the emirate of Menteshe had sparked the Genoese occupation of Chios , and raids against the Aegean islands intensified over the next years . The Emirate of Aydin soon emerged as the chief Turkish maritime emirate , especially under the leadership of Umur Bey , while the Zaccaria , along with the Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes , became the two main Latin antagonists of the Turkish pirates . The Zaccaria are reported to have maintained a thousand infantry , a hundred horseman and a couple of galleys on constant alert . In 1317 , they lost the citadel of Smyrna on the Anatolian coast to the Aydinids , but continued to hold on to the lower city until 1329 , when Umur Bey captured it . In 1319 , however , Martino Zaccaria participated with seven ships in a Hospitaller fleet that scored a crushing victory over an Aydinid fleet from Ephesus . By the end of his rule on Chios , Martino is said to have taken captive or slain more than 10 @,@ 000 Turks , and received an annual tribute in order not to attack them . His constant efforts against the Turkish pirates earned him great praise by contemporary Latin writers , who wrote that if not for his vigilance , " neither man , nor woman , nor dog , nor cat , nor any live animal could have remained in any of the neighbouring islands " . Martino also intervened to stop the slave trade carried out by the Genoese of Alexandria , for which he was praised by Pope John XXII , who in exchange granted him the right to export mastic to Egypt , and proposed that the Zaccaria be given command of the Latin fleets in the Aegean . Martino 's prestige rose further when he also became one of the most important feudatories in the Principality of Achaea . Shortly after 1316 , he bought the rights to the Barony of Chalandritsa from Aimon of Rans , although in a document of 1324 it appears that he possessed only half of it , the other being held by Peter dalle Carceri . Martino added to his domains when he married Jacqueline de la Roche , related to the De la Roche dukes of Athens and heiress of the Barony of Veligosti – Damala . Martino 's elevated standing was now recognized by Philip II , titular Latin emperor of Constantinople , who in 1325 named him " King and Despot of Asia Minor " and gave him as fiefs the islands of Chios , Samos , Kos , and Lesbos — which formed part of the Latin emperors ' personal domain by the Treaty of Viterbo — as well as Ikaria , Tenedos , Oinousses and Marmara Island . This award was mostly symbolic , as except for the first three , which the Zaccaria already controlled , the others were in the hands of the Byzantines or the Turks . In exchange , Martino promised to aid with 500 horsemen in Philip 's hoped @-@ for , but never to be realized , expedition to recover Constantinople from the Byzantines . = = = Byzantine recovery of Chios = = = If these ties to the Latin Emperor provoked displeasure at the Byzantine court , for the time being relations remained good : the lease of Chios was renewed in 1324 , and in 1327 Martino took part in alliance negotiations between the Byzantines and the Republic of Venice . At the same time , however , Martino 's behaviour became increasingly assertive : ca . 1325 he ousted his brother as co @-@ ruler of Chios and began minting coins in his own name . In 1328 , the rise of a new and energetic emperor , Andronikos III Palaiologos , to the Byzantine throne , marked a turning @-@ point in relations . One of the leading Chian nobles , Leo Kalothetos , went to meet the new emperor and his chief minister , John Kantakouzenos , to propose a reconquest of the island . Andronikos III readily agreed . On the pretext of Martino 's unauthorized building of a new fortress on the island , the emperor sent him a letter in which he ordered him to cease construction , and to present himself in Constantinople in the next year in order to renew the island 's lease . Martino haughtily rejected the demands and accelerated construction , but now his deposed brother Benedetto lodged a complaint with the emperor claiming the one @-@ half share of the island 's revenues that was his due . With these events as an excuse , in autumn 1329 Andronikos III assembled a fleet of 105 vessels — including the forces of the Latin Duke of Naxos , Nicholas I Sanudo — and sailed to Chios . Even after the imperial fleet reached the island , Andronikos III offered to let Martino keep his possessions in exchange for the installation of a Byzantine garrison and the payment of an annual tribute , but Martino refused . He sank his three galleys in the harbour , forbade the Greek population to bear arms and locked himself with 800 men in his citadel , where he raised his own banner instead of the emperor 's . His will to resist was broken , however , when Benedetto surrendered his own fort to the Byzantines , and when he saw the locals welcoming them , he was soon forced to surrender . The emperor spared his life , even though the Chians demanded his execution , and took him prisoner to Constantinople . Martino 's wife and relatives were allowed to go free with their movable wealth , while most of the Zaccaria adherents chose to stay on the island as imperial officials . Benedetto was offered the island 's governorship , but he obstinately demanded to receive it as a personal possession in the same way as his brother had held it , a concession the emperor was unwilling to grant . Benedetto retired to the Genoese colony of Galata , from where a few years later he made an unsuccessful attempt to reclaim Chios ; he died soon after . Andronikos III appointed Kalothetos as the new governor of Chios , and followed up his success by sailing to Phocaea , forcing it to acknowledge his suzerainty . = = = Later life and the Smyrniote crusade = = = Martino was released in 1337 at the intercession of the Pope and Philip VI of France , and was offered a military command and some castles by the emperor as compensation . He then returned to his hometown , Genoa , and was named the city 's ambassador to the Holy See . In September 1343 , he was appointed to command the four papal galleys in the crusade against Umur Bey , under the overall command of the titular Latin Patriarch of Constantinople , Henry of Asti . In view of Zaccaria 's character , the Pope expressly warned Henry of Asti not to allow him to divert the crusade in a bid to recover Chios , and authorized Henry to replace Zaccaria if he deemed it necessary . The crusade scored a swift and unexpected success : Umur Bey was caught off guard , and the crusaders recaptured the lower town of Smyrna on 28 October 1344 . The citadel remained in Turkish hands , however , and the crusaders ' position remained precarious . With Venetian aid , they fortified the lower town to enable them to resist Umur 's counterattack . The emir bombarded the lower town with mangonels , but the crusaders managed to sortie and destroy them , effectively breaking the siege . To celebrate this feat , Henry of Asti decided , against the advice of the other crusader leaders , to hold mass in the city 's former cathedral , which lay in the no @-@ man 's @-@ land between the citadel and the crusader @-@ held lower town . The Turks attacked during the service , on 17 January 1345 , and killed Zaccaria , Henry of Asti and other crusader leaders present . = = Family = = Martino Zaccaria married , probably some time before 1325 , Jacqueline de la Roche . An earlier conjecture of Karl Hopf about a first marriage to a daughter of George I Ghisi , heir to the lordship of Tinos and Mykonos , has since been discarded . From his marriage , Martino had two sons : Bartolommeo Zaccaria ( died 1334 ) . By right of his wife , he was Margrave of Bodonitsa . Centurione I Zaccaria ( died 1382 ) . As the sole surviving son , he inherited his father 's fiefs in Morea in 1345 . He founded the family 's Moreote line , which eventually ascended to the princely title of Achaea under Maria II Zaccaria and Centurione II Zaccaria . = Dead Celebrities = " Dead Celebrities " is the eighth episode of the thirteenth season of the American animated television series South Park . The 189th overall episode of the series , it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 7 , 2009 . In the episode , Ike is haunted by the ghosts of dead celebrities until Michael Jackson , who refuses to accept death , possesses him . The episode was written and directed by series co @-@ creator Trey Parker , and was rated TV @-@ MA L in the United States ( specifically for adults , with coarse language ) . " Dead Celebrities " included references to several actors , singers and famous people who died in the summer of 2009 , when South Park was on a mid @-@ season hiatus . Among the celebrities featured in the episode were Billy Mays , Ed McMahon , Farrah Fawcett , Patrick Swayze , Walter Cronkite , Dom DeLuise , Ted Kennedy , Natasha Richardson , Bea Arthur , David Carradine , DJ AM , Ricardo Montalbán , and Steve McNair . " Dead Celebrities " also parodied the films The Sixth Sense and Poltergeist . The reality series Ghost Hunters and its stars , Jason Hawes and Grant Wilson , were mocked in the episode . Hawes and Wilson said they loved the parody and encouraged fans to watch the show on their Twitter accounts . A subplot claimed food at the Chipotle Mexican Grill resulted in customers defecating blood , a claim which was disputed by the restaurant chain within days of the episode 's broadcast . " Dead Celebrities " received generally mixed reviews . According to Nielsen ratings , " Dead Celebrities " was seen by 2 @.@ 67 million overall households . = = Plot = = Ike is terrified by frequent encounters with the ghosts of recently deceased celebrities . He is haunted by people such as Farrah Fawcett , David Carradine , Ed McMahon , DJ AM , and especially Billy Mays , who repeatedly tries selling Ike products from the afterlife . Kyle is terrified when he finds out about the ghost his brother is encountering and tells Stan , Cartman and Kenny about the encounters . Cartman , who does not initially care , decides to help when Kyle mentions that one of the ghosts haunting Ike is Billy Mays . Cartman then shows commercials that feature Mays on television , implying that he is an enthusiastic supporter of a product which Mays promoted , called " ChipotlAway " , which cleans bloodstains from people 's underwear caused by eating food from Chipotle Mexican Grill . The boys call the team from the reality television series Ghost Hunters in to help , but they quickly , fearfully start ascribing supernatural meaning to random , ambient , environmental noises , before urinating and defecating on themselves , and finally running from the house . Eventually , Ike goes into a coma because of his multiple experiences with the ghosts . The boys seek help from a medium ( a parody of Zelda Rubinstein 's character in Poltergeist ) , who explains the celebrities are trapped in purgatory , which she compares to being stuck on a plane waiting endlessly on a runway for permission to take off . The medium manages to contact the spirits and tell them that they have passed on . Much to her surprise , the celebrities say that they all accept the fact . Two deceased celebrities , CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite and Patrick Swayze , tell her that Michael Jackson 's refusal to acknowledge his death is the main cause of them being trapped . Some of the celebrities help the medium and the boys try to convince Jackson that he is dead , but Jackson keeps denying it and insists he is not only alive , but also a little white girl . His denial is so strong that he emits a very powerful force which kills the medium by flinging her through the window of Ike 's hospital room . The ghosts of these annoyed celebrities are shown in purgatory , which resembles the interior of an airplane , complete with seats , flight attendants and pilot voice @-@ over announcements . After the energy disturbance , Jackson 's spirit takes over Ike 's body , causing Ike to speak , sing and dance like Jackson himself . The boys find from online research that the only way to make Jackson accept his death is to make him experience the acceptance he sought in life , so they take him to a child beauty pageant for young girls . Dressed like a little girl , Ike / Jackson impresses two of the male judges by singing a tune sounding similar to Jackson 's " You Are Not Alone , " but they are promptly arrested for masturbating while watching the children , leaving a single , unimpressed female judge ( much to the shock of the boys , who were unaware of the men 's lewd acts and considered them the best judges ) . When Cartman notices the judge eating Chipotle , he bribes her with knowledge about the ChipotlAway product , and she declares Ike / Jackson the winner as a result . One of the other contestants is physically beaten by her mother for losing . Having found his acceptance , Jackson leaves Ike 's body , and Ike is extremely surprised and disgusted to find himself dressed like a little girl . Later on , Jackson and the other celebrities in purgatory are reunited and they are finally able to lift off . Initially happy , they are soon taken to Hell . To their annoyance , however , the flight attendant tells them that they must again wait as Hell is a tow gate . = = Production and theme = = " Dead Celebrities " was written and directed by series co @-@ founder Trey Parker , and was rated TV @-@ MA L in the United States . It first aired on October 7 , 2009 in the United States on Comedy Central . The day after " Dead Celebrities " was originally broadcast , T @-@ shirts and hooded sweatshirts based on the episode was made available at South Park Studios , the official South Park website . It featured a frightened Ike standing above the phrase , " I see dead celebrities " . " Dead Celebrities " includes references to several actors , singers and other celebrities who died in the summer of 2009 , when the thirteenth season of South Park was on a mid @-@ season hiatus . The episode serves not only to parody the celebrities themselves , but also to provide commentary on the tendency of American media to exploit , idolatrize and excessively report on the lives of celebrities . The most prominently featured of these celebrities is pop singer Michael Jackson , who died of multiple drug intoxication on June 25 . Billy Mays , a television advertisement salesman , is the first dead celebrity featured in the episode , and plays a large role in the early part of the script . Mays ' son , Billy Mays III , a self @-@ proclaimed South Park fan , said he loved " Dead Celebrities " , and found its portrayal of his father tasteful and respectful . He said , " South Park gets a little edgy sometimes , but at their core , they 're just social satire , you know ? I think it was natural for them to do a dead celebrities episode with this whole summer and how it 's been , and I think the way they did it was pretty tasteful for the most part . " The spirit of David Carradine is shown wearing lingerie and with a noose around his neck , a reference to his June 3 , 2009 , death by autoerotic asphyxiation . Among the others featured in the episode were actress Farrah Fawcett , journalist Walter Cronkite , disc jockey Adam Goldstein ( DJ AM ) , politician Ted Kennedy , actress Beatrice Arthur , television personality Ed McMahon , actor Patrick Swayze , actress Natasha Richardson , hot dog magnate Oscar G. Mayer , Jr. and actor / chef Dom DeLuise . = = Cultural references = = " Dead Celebrities " makes frequent mention of the Chipotle Mexican Grill restaurant chain , describing the food as extremely tasty , but claiming it resulted in bloody stool . Shortly after the episode first aired , a Chipotle spokesperson said via a Twitter message that the claim was false . In the episode 's commentary , Trey Parker and Matt Stone admitted that they loved Chipotle , but found it funnier to use a restaurant with a healthy reputation rather than a place like McDonald 's or Taco Bell . Ike 's ability to see the spirits of dead celebrities serves as a parody of the 1999 thriller film The Sixth Sense , which stars Haley Joel Osment as a young boy who can see ghosts . Ike 's line , " I see dead celebrities " , is a reference to that film 's most famous line , " I see dead people . " The old lady psychic with a very high @-@ pitched voice is a reference to the character played by Zelda Rubinstein in the 1982 horror film , Poltergeist . Another film reference is made to The Exorcist when the medium is flung from the window . " Dead Celebrities " also mocks the Syfy reality television series Ghost Hunters by featuring the show 's stars attempting to contact the celebrity spirits , only to be frightened and run away . Finally , the episode also parodies children 's beauty pageants and the tendency of stage mothers to become unhealthily obsessed with their children winning such contests . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast on October 7 , 2009 , " Dead Celebrities " was watched by 2 @.@ 67 million overall households , according to Nielsen ratings . It received a 1 @.@ 8 rating / 3 share , and a 1 @.@ 5 rating / 4 share among viewers aged between 18 and 49 . The episode received generally mixed reviews . Ramsley Isler of IGN called " Dead Celebrities " one of the best episodes of the season , adding the jokes at the expense of the deceased were not too tasteless . He praised the parodies of The Sixth Sense , Poltergeist and Ghost Hunters , but said some jokes , like the masturbating judges at the children 's beauty contest , were offensive and unfunny . Jason Hawes and Grant Wilson , stars of Ghost Hunters , declared that " far from being offended or incensed [ ... ] they loved being made fun of alongside Michael Jackson and Billy Mays . Carlos Delgado of iF Magazine said " Dead Celebrities " was an especially funny episode that also featured a " crapload of story " that was well @-@ timed for the Halloween season . Josh Modell of The A.V. Club called it " a decent episode " , but felt the dead celebrities were too obvious targets for South Park satire , adding , " It 's easy to make the same jokes that the rest of the world already has . " Modell said the Sixth Sense and Poltergeist references " fell a little flat " , but he praised the Chipotle subplot , which he called " beautifully random [ and ] totally ridiculous " . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly said the episode was in bad taste , but added , " I laughed until I choked " . Tucker described the Michael Jackson impersonation as " first @-@ rate " and felt the solution to freeing Jackson 's spirit served as " a ruthless parody of child beauty pageants " . Ingela Ratledge of TV Guide favorably described the episode as the exact opposite of award show segments that reverentially pay homage to the year 's departed celebrities , calling it " a wonderfully tasteless farewell . " Sue Bergerstein , an arts and celebrity writer with Examiner.com , called " Dead Celebrities " a " new low " for South Park , adding " It 's not only tasteless but this episode just adds to the sadness currently experienced by all the mourning relatives . " Newsweek writer Joshua Alston said few of the jokes in " Dead Celebrities " were funny , and so the mocking of celebrities " in the absence of laughs , felt tasteless and unnecessary " . Alan Sepinwall , television journalist with The Star @-@ Ledger , said many of the episodes seemed rehashed and predictable , especially those targeting Michael Jackson and children 's beauty pageants . Sepinwall added he liked the Chipotle subplot , but commented , " Overall , ' Dead Celebrities ' was a misfire . " Mitch Norton of the SLC Cartoon Analysis found the episode to be extremely funny . " Genius is not only found in the reference to the deaths of celebrities , but creates a new way to view death as a way to live on . We can view death as the end , or a new beginning to something else . " = = Home release = = " Dead Celebrities " , along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park 's thirteenth season , were released on a three @-@ disc DVD set and two @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray set in the United States on March 16 , 2010 . The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode , a collection of deleted scenes , and a special mini @-@ feature Inside Xbox : A Behind @-@ the @-@ Scenes Tour of South Park Studios , which discussed the process behind animating the show with Inside Xbox host Major Nelson . A deleted scene from this episode is included on the complete thirteenth season DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc sets . It shows the boys taking Michael Jackson ( in Ike 's body ) to the Glendale location of Forest Lawn Memorial @-@ Parks & Mortuaries to prove he is dead . When they reach the grave , Jackson denies it and Kyle attempts to show him by taking a shovel and digging his grave . Stan at first opposes but he , with Cartman and Kenny take shovels and the scene ends with the boys digging Jackson 's grave to show he is dead while Ike / Jackson dances . Jackson 's grave shows his date of death as July 25 , 2009 , when in fact he died on June 25 . = Spider = Spiders ( order Araneae ) are air @-@ breathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom . They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other orders of organisms . Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica , and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea colonization . As of November 2015 , at least 45 @,@ 700 spider species , and 114 families have been recorded by taxonomists . However , there has been dissension within the scientific community as to how all these families should be classified , as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900 . Anatomically , spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into two tagmata , the cephalothorax and abdomen , and joined by a small , cylindrical pedicel . Unlike insects , spiders do not have antennae . In all except the most primitive group , the Mesothelae , spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods , as all their ganglia are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax . Unlike most arthropods , spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by hydraulic pressure . Their abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of glands . Spider webs vary widely in size , shape and the amount of sticky thread used . It now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms , and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and diverse than orb @-@ web spiders . Spider @-@ like arachnids with silk @-@ producing spigots appeared in the Devonian period about 386 million years ago , but these animals apparently lacked spinnerets . True spiders have been found in Carboniferous rocks from 318 to 299 million years ago , and are very similar to the most primitive surviving suborder , the Mesothelae . The main groups of modern spiders , Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae , first appeared in the Triassic period , before 200 million years ago . A herbivorous species , Bagheera kiplingi , was described in 2008 , but all other known species are predators , mostly preying on insects and on other spiders , although a few large species also take birds and lizards . Spiders use a wide range of strategies to capture prey : trapping it in sticky webs , lassoing it with sticky bolas , mimicking the prey to avoid detection , or running it down . Most detect prey mainly by sensing vibrations , but the active hunters have acute vision , and hunters of the genus Portia show signs of intelligence in their choice of tactics and ability to develop new ones . Spiders ' guts are too narrow to take solids , and they liquefy their food by flooding it with digestive enzymes and grinding it with the bases of their pedipalps , as they do not have true jaws . Male spiders identify themselves by a variety of complex courtship rituals to avoid being eaten by the females . Males of most species survive a few matings , limited mainly by their short life spans . Females weave silk egg @-@ cases , each of which may contain hundreds of eggs . Females of many species care for their young , for example by carrying them around or by sharing food with them . A minority of species are social , building communal webs that may house anywhere from a few to 50 @,@ 000 individuals . Social behavior ranges from precarious toleration , as in the widow spiders , to co @-@ operative hunting and food @-@ sharing . Although most spiders live for at most two years , tarantulas and other mygalomorph spiders can live up to 25 years in captivity . While the venom of a few species is dangerous to humans , scientists are now researching the use of spider venom in medicine and as non @-@ polluting pesticides . Spider silk provides a combination of lightness , strength and elasticity that is superior to that of synthetic materials , and spider silk genes have been inserted into mammals and plants to see if these can be used as silk factories . As a result of their wide range of behaviors , spiders have become common symbols in art and mythology symbolizing various combinations of patience , cruelty and creative powers . An abnormal fear of spiders is called arachnophobia . = = Description = = = = = Body plan = = = Spiders are chelicerates and therefore arthropods . As arthropods they have : segmented bodies with jointed limbs , all covered in a cuticle made of chitin and proteins ; heads that are composed of several segments that fuse during the development of the embryo . Being chelicerates , their bodies consist of two tagmata , sets of segments that serve similar functions : the foremost one , called the cephalothorax or prosoma , is a complete fusion of the segments that in an insect would form two separate tagmata , the head and thorax ; the rear tagma is called the abdomen or opisthosoma . In spiders , the cephalothorax and abdomen are connected by a small cylindrical section , the pedicel . The pattern of segment fusion that forms chelicerates ' heads is unique among arthropods , and what would normally be the first head segment disappears at an early stage of development , so that chelicerates lack the antennae typical of most arthropods . In fact , chelicerates ' only appendages ahead of the mouth are a pair of chelicerae , and they lack anything that would function directly as " jaws " . The first appendages behind the mouth are called pedipalps , and serve different functions within different groups of chelicerates . Spiders and scorpions are members of one chelicerate group , the arachnids . Scorpions ' chelicerae have three sections and are used in feeding . Spiders ' chelicerae have two sections and terminate in fangs that are generally venomous , and fold away behind the upper sections while not in use . The upper sections generally have thick " beards " that filter solid lumps out of their food , as spiders can take only liquid food . Scorpions ' pedipalps generally form large claws for capturing prey , while those of spiders are fairly small appendages whose bases also act as an extension of the mouth ; in addition , those of male spiders have enlarged last sections used for sperm transfer . In spiders , the cephalothorax and abdomen are joined by a small , cylindrical pedicel , which enables the abdomen to move independently when producing silk . The upper surface of the cephalothorax is covered by a single , convex carapace , while the underside is covered by two rather flat plates . The abdomen is soft and egg @-@ shaped . It shows no sign of segmentation , except that the primitive Mesothelae , whose living members are the Liphistiidae , have segmented plates on the upper surface . = = = Circulation and respiration = = = Like other arthropods , spiders are coelomates in which the coelom is reduced to small areas round the reproductive and excretory systems . Its place is largely taken by a hemocoel , a cavity that runs most of the length of the body and through which blood flows . The heart is a tube in the upper part of the body , with a few ostia that act as non @-@ return valves allowing blood to enter the heart from the hemocoel but prevent it from leaving before it reaches the front end . However , in spiders , it occupies only the upper part of the abdomen , and blood is discharged into the hemocoel by one artery that opens at the rear end of the abdomen and by branching arteries that pass through the pedicle and open into several parts of the cephalothorax . Hence spiders have open circulatory systems . The blood of many spiders that have book lungs contains the respiratory pigment hemocyanin to make oxygen transport more efficient . Spiders have developed several different respiratory anatomies , based on book lungs , a tracheal system , or both . Mygalomorph and Mesothelae spiders have two pairs of book lungs filled with haemolymph , where openings on the ventral surface of the abdomen allow air to enter and diffuse oxygen . This is also the case for some basal araneomorph spiders , like the family Hypochilidae , but the remaining members of this group have just the anterior pair of book lungs intact while the posterior pair of breathing organs are partly or fully modified into tracheae , through which oxygen is diffused into the haemolymph or directly to the tissue and organs . The trachea system has most likely evolved in small ancestors to help resist desiccation . The trachea were originally connected to the surroundings through a pair of openings called spiracles , but in the majority of spiders this pair of spiracles has fused into a single one in the middle , and moved backwards close to the spinnerets . Spiders that have tracheae generally have higher metabolic rates and better water conservation . Spiders are ectotherms , so environmental temperatures affect their activity . = = = Feeding , digestion and excretion = = = Uniquely among chelicerates , the final sections of spiders ' chelicerae are fangs , and the great majority of spiders can use them to inject venom into prey from venom glands in the roots of the chelicerae . The family Uloboridae has lost its venom glands , and kills its prey with silk instead . Like most arachnids , including scorpions , spiders have a narrow gut that can only cope with liquid food and spiders have two sets of filters to keep solids out . They use one of two different systems of external digestion . Some pump digestive enzymes from the midgut into the prey and then suck the liquified tissues of the prey into the gut , eventually leaving behind the empty husk of the prey . Others grind the prey to pulp using the chelicerae and the bases of the pedipalps , while flooding it with enzymes ; in these species , the chelicerae and the bases of the pedipalps form a preoral cavity that holds the food they are processing . The stomach in the cephalothorax acts as a pump that sends the food deeper into the digestive system . The mid gut bears many digestive ceca , compartments with no other exit , that extract nutrients from the food ; most are in the abdomen , which is dominated by the digestive system , but a few are found in the cephalothorax . Most spiders convert nitrogenous waste products into uric acid , which can be excreted as a dry material . Malphigian tubules ( " little tubes " ) extract these wastes from the blood in the hemocoel and dump them into the cloacal chamber , from which they are expelled through the anus . Production of uric acid and its removal via Malphigian tubules are a water @-@ conserving feature that has evolved independently in several arthropod lineages that can live far away from water , for example the tubules of insects and arachnids develop from completely different parts of the embryo . However , a few primitive spiders , the sub @-@ order Mesothelae and infra @-@ order Mygalomorphae , retain the ancestral arthropod nephridia ( " little kidneys " ) , which use large amounts of water to excrete nitrogenous waste products as ammonia . = = = Central nervous system = = = The basic arthropod central nervous system consists of a pair of nerve cords running below the gut , with paired ganglia as local control centers in all segments ; a brain formed by fusion of the ganglia for the head segments ahead of and behind the mouth , so that the esophagus is encircled by this conglomeration of ganglia . Except for the primitive Mesothelae , of which the Liphistiidae are the sole surviving family , spiders have the much more centralized nervous system that is typical of arachnids : all the ganglia of all segments behind the esophagus are fused , so that the cephalothorax is largely filled with nervous tissue and there are no ganglia in the abdomen ; in the Mesothelae , the ganglia of the abdomen and the rear part of the cephalothorax remain unfused . Despite the relatively small central nervous system , some spiders ( like Portia ) exhibit complex behaviour , including the ability to use a trial @-@ and @-@ error approach . = = = Sense organs = = = = = = = Eyes = = = = Most spiders have four pairs of eyes on the top @-@ front area of the cephalothorax , arranged in patterns that vary from one family to another . The pair at the front are of the type called pigment @-@ cup ocelli ( " little eyes " ) , which in most arthropods are only capable of detecting the direction from which light is coming , using the shadow cast by the walls of the cup . However , the main eyes at the front of spiders ' heads are pigment @-@ cup ocelli that are capable of forming images . The other eyes are thought to be derived from the compound eyes of the ancestral chelicerates , but no longer have the separate facets typical of compound eyes . Unlike the main eyes , in many spiders these secondary eyes detect light reflected from a reflective tapetum lucidum , and wolf spiders can be spotted by torch light reflected from the tapeta . On the other hand , jumping spiders ' secondary eyes have no tapeta . Some jumping spiders ' visual acuity exceeds by a factor of ten that of dragonflies , which have by far the best vision among insects ; in fact the human eye is only about five times sharper than a jumping spider 's . They achieve this by a telephoto @-@ like series of lenses , a four @-@ layer retina and the ability to swivel their eyes and integrate images from different stages in the scan . The downside is that the scanning and integrating processes are relatively slow . There are spiders with a reduced number of eyes , of these those with six @-@ eyes are the most numerous and are missing a pair of eyes on the anterior median line , others species have four @-@ eyes and some just two . Cave dwelling species have no eyes , or possess vestigial eyes incapable of sight . = = = = Other senses = = = = As with other arthropods , spiders ' cuticles would block out information about the outside world , except that they are penetrated by many sensors or connections from sensors to the nervous system . In fact , spiders and other arthropods have modified their cuticles into elaborate arrays of sensors . Various touch sensors , mostly bristles called setae , respond to different levels of force , from strong contact to very weak air currents . Chemical sensors provide equivalents of taste and smell , often by means of setae . Pedipalps carry a large number of such setae sensitive to contact chemicals and air @-@ borne smells , such as female pheromones . Spiders also have in the joints of their limbs slit sensillae that detect forces and vibrations . In web @-@ building spiders , all these mechanical and chemical sensors are more important than the eyes , while the eyes are most important to spiders that hunt actively . Like most arthropods , spiders lack balance and acceleration sensors and rely on their eyes to tell them which way is up . Arthropods ' proprioceptors , sensors that report the force exerted by muscles and the degree of bending in the body and joints , are well understood . On the other hand , little is known about what other internal sensors spiders or other arthropods may have . = = = Locomotion = = = Each of the eight legs of a spider consists of seven distinct parts . The part closest to and attaching the leg to the cephalothorax is the coxa ; the next segment is the short trochanter that works as a hinge for the following long segment , the femur ; next is the spider 's knee , the patella , which acts as the hinge for the tibia ; the metatarsus is next , and it connects the tibia to the tarsus ( which may be thought of as a foot of sorts ) ; the tarsus ends in a claw made up of either two or three points , depending on the family to which the spider belongs . Although all arthropods use muscles attached to the inside of the exoskeleton to flex their limbs , spiders and a few other groups still use hydraulic pressure to extend them , a system inherited from their pre @-@ arthropod ancestors . The only extensor muscles in spider legs are located in the three hip joints ( bordering the coxa and the trochanter ) . As a result , a spider with a punctured cephalothorax cannot extend its legs , and the legs of dead spiders curl up . Spiders can generate pressures up to eight times their resting level to extend their legs , and jumping spiders can jump up to 50 times their own length by suddenly increasing the blood pressure in the third or fourth pair of legs . Although larger spiders use hydraulics to straighten their legs , unlike smaller jumping spiders they depend on their flexor muscles to generate the propulsive force for their jumps . Most spiders that hunt actively , rather than relying on webs , have dense tufts of fine hairs between the paired claws at the tips of their legs . These tufts , known as scopulae , consist of bristles whose ends are split into as many as 1 @,@ 000 branches , and enable spiders with scopulae to walk up vertical glass and upside down on ceilings . It appears that scopulae get their grip from contact with extremely thin layers of water on surfaces . Spiders , like most other arachnids , keep at least four legs on the surface while walking or running . = = = Silk production = = = The abdomen has no appendages except those that have been modified to form one to four ( usually three ) pairs of short , movable spinnerets , which emit silk . Each spinneret has many spigots , each of which is connected to one silk gland . There are at least six types of silk gland , each producing a different type of silk . Silk is mainly composed of a protein very similar to that used in insect silk . It is initially a liquid , and hardens not by exposure to air but as a result of being drawn out , which changes the internal structure of the protein . It is similar in tensile strength to nylon and biological materials such as chitin , collagen and cellulose , but is much more elastic . In other words , it can stretch much further before breaking or losing shape . Some spiders have a cribellum , a modified spinneret with up to 40 @,@ 000 spigots , each of which produces a single very fine fiber . The fibers are pulled out by the calamistrum , a comb @-@ like set of bristles on the jointed tip of the cribellum , and combined into a composite woolly thread that is very effective in snagging the bristles of insects . The earliest spiders had cribella , which produced the first silk capable of capturing insects , before spiders developed silk coated with sticky droplets . However , most modern groups of spiders have lost the cribellum . Tarantulas also have silk glands in their feet . Even species that do not build webs to catch prey use silk in several ways : as wrappers for sperm and for fertilized eggs ; as a " safety rope " ; for nest @-@ building ; and as " parachutes " by the young of some species . = = = Reproduction and life cycle = = = Spiders reproduce sexually and fertilization is internal but indirect , in other words the sperm is not inserted into the female 's body by the male 's genitals but by an intermediate stage . Unlike many land @-@ living arthropods , male spiders do not produce ready @-@ made spermatophores ( packages of sperm ) , but spin small sperm webs on to which they ejaculate and then transfer the sperm to special syringe @-@ like structures , palpal bulbs or palpal organs , borne on the tips of the pedipalps of mature males . When a male detects signs of a female nearby he checks whether she is of the same species and whether she is ready to mate ; for example in species that produce webs or " safety ropes " , the male can identify the species and sex of these objects by " smell " . Spiders generally use elaborate courtship rituals to prevent the large females from eating the small males before fertilization , except where the male is so much smaller that he is not worth eating . In web @-@ weaving species , precise patterns of vibrations in the web are a major part of the rituals , while patterns of touches on the female 's body are important in many spiders that hunt actively , and may " hypnotize " the female . Gestures and dances by the male are important for jumping spiders , which have excellent eyesight . If courtship is successful , the male injects his sperm from the palpal bulbs into the female 's genital opening , known as the epigyne , on the underside of her abdomen . Female 's reproductive tracts vary from simple tubes to systems that include seminal receptacles in which females store sperm and release it when they are ready . Males of the genus Tidarren amputate one of their palps before maturation and enter adult life with one palp only . The palps are 20 % of male 's body mass in this species , and detaching one of the two improves mobility . In the Yemeni species Tidarren argo , the remaining palp is then torn off by the female . The separated palp remains attached to the female 's epigynum for about four hours and apparently continues to function independently . In the meantime , the female feeds on the palpless male . In over 60 % of cases , the female of the Australian redback spider kills and eats the male after it inserts its second palp into the female 's genital opening ; in fact , the males co @-@ operate by trying to impale themselves on the females ' fangs . Observation shows that most male redbacks never get an opportunity to mate , and the " lucky " ones increase the likely number of offspring by ensuring that the females are well @-@ fed . However , males of most species survive a few matings , limited mainly by their short life spans . Some even live for a while in their mates ' webs . Females lay up to 3 @,@ 000 eggs in one or more silk egg sacs , which maintain a fairly constant humidity level . In some species , the females die afterwards , but females of other species protect the sacs by attaching them to their webs , hiding them in nests , carrying them in the chelicerae or attaching them to the spinnerets and dragging them along . Baby spiders pass all their larval stages inside the egg and hatch as spiderlings , very small and sexually immature but similar in shape to adults . Some spiders care for their young , for example a wolf spider 's brood cling to rough bristles on the mother 's back , and females of some species respond to the " begging " behaviour of their young by giving them their prey , provided it is no longer struggling , or even regurgitate food . Like other arthropods , spiders have to molt to grow as their cuticle ( " skin " ) cannot stretch . In some species males mate with newly molted females , which are too weak to be dangerous to the males . Most spiders live for only one to two years , although some tarantulas can live in captivity for over 20 years . = = = Size = = = Spiders occur in a large range of sizes . The smallest , Patu digua from Colombia , are less than 0 @.@ 37 mm ( 0 @.@ 015 in ) in body length . The largest and heaviest spiders occur among tarantulas , which can have body lengths up to 90 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) and leg spans up to 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) . = = = Coloration = = = Only three classes of pigment ( ommochromes , bilins and guanine ) have been identified in spiders , although other pigments have been detected but not yet characterized . Melanins , carotenoids and pterins , very common in other animals , are apparently absent . In some species , the exocuticle of the legs and prosoma is modified by a tanning process , resulting in brown coloration . Bilins are found , for example , in Micrommata virescens , resulting in its green color . Guanine is responsible for the white markings of the European garden spider Araneus diadematus . It is in many species accumulated in specialized cells called guanocytes . In genera such as Tetragnatha , Leucauge , Argyrodes or Theridiosoma , guanine creates their silvery appearance . While guanine is originally an end @-@ product of protein metabolism , its excretion can be blocked in spiders , leading to an increase in its storage . Structural colors occur in some species , which are the result of the diffraction , scattering or interference of light , for example by modified setae or scales . The white prosoma of Argiope results from hairs reflecting the light , Lycosa and Josa both have areas of modified cuticle that act as light reflectors . = = Ecology and behavior = = = = = Non @-@ predatory feeding = = = Although spiders are generally regarded as predatory , the jumping spider Bagheera kiplingi gets over 90 % of its food from fairly solid plant material produced by acacias as part of a mutually beneficial relationship with a species of ant . Juveniles of some spiders in the families Anyphaenidae , Corinnidae , Clubionidae , Thomisidae and Salticidae feed on plant nectar . Laboratory studies show that they do so deliberately and over extended periods , and periodically clean themselves while feeding . These spiders also prefer sugar solutions to plain water , which indicates that they are seeking nutrients . Since many spiders are nocturnal , the extent of nectar consumption by spiders may have been underestimated . Nectar contains amino acids , lipids , vitamins and minerals in addition to sugars , and studies have shown that other spider species live longer when nectar is available . Feeding on nectar avoids the risks of struggles with prey , and the costs of producing venom and digestive enzymes . Various species are known to feed on dead arthropods ( scavenging ) , web silk , and their own shed exoskeletons . Pollen caught in webs may also be eaten , and studies have shown that young spiders have a better chance of survival if they have the opportunity to eat pollen . In captivity , several spider species are also known to feed on bananas , marmalade , milk , egg yolk and sausages . = = = Methods of capturing prey = = = The best @-@ known method of prey capture is by means of sticky webs . Varying placement of webs allows different species of spider to trap different insects in the same area , for example flat horizontal webs trap insects that fly up from vegetation underneath while flat vertical webs trap insects in horizontal flight . Web @-@ building spiders have poor vision , but are extremely sensitive to vibrations . Females of the water spider Argyroneta aquatica build underwater " diving bell " webs that they fill with air and use for digesting prey , molting , mating and raising offspring . They live almost entirely within the bells , darting out to catch prey animals that touch the bell or the threads that anchor it . A few spiders use the surfaces of lakes and ponds as " webs " , detecting trapped insects by the vibrations that these cause while struggling . Net @-@ casting spiders weave only small webs , but then manipulate them to trap prey . Those of the genus Hyptiotes and the family Theridiosomatidae stretch their webs and then release them when prey strike them , but do not actively move their webs . Those of the family Deinopidae weave even smaller webs , hold them outstretched between their first two pairs of legs , and lunge and push the webs as much as twice their own body length to trap prey , and this move may increase the webs ' area by a factor of up to ten . Experiments have shown that Deinopis spinosus has two different techniques for trapping prey : backwards strikes to catch flying insects , whose vibrations it detects ; and forward strikes to catch ground @-@ walking prey that it sees . These two techniques have also been observed in other deinopids . Walking insects form most of the prey of most deinopids , but one population of Deinopis subrufa appears to live mainly on tipulid flies that they catch with the backwards strike . Mature female bolas spiders of the genus Mastophora build " webs " that consist of only a single " trapeze line " , which they patrol . They also construct a bolas made of a single thread , tipped with a large ball of very wet sticky silk . They emit chemicals that resemble the pheromones of moths , and then swing the bolas at the moths . Although they miss on about 50 % of strikes , they catch about the same weight of insects per night as web @-@ weaving spiders of similar size . The spiders eat the bolas if they have not made a kill in about 30 minutes , rest for a while , and then make new bolas . Juveniles and adult males are much smaller and do not make bolas . Instead they release different pheromones that attract moth flies , and catch them with their front pairs of legs . The primitive Liphistiidae , the " trapdoor spiders " of the family Ctenizidae and many tarantulas are ambush predators that lurk in burrows , often closed by trapdoors and often surrounded by networks of silk threads that alert these spiders to the presence of prey . Other ambush predators do without such aids , including many crab spiders , and a few species that prey on bees , which see ultraviolet , can adjust their ultraviolet reflectance to match the flowers in which they are lurking . Wolf spiders , jumping spiders , fishing spiders and some crab spiders capture prey by chasing it , and rely mainly on vision to locate prey . Some jumping spiders of the genus Portia hunt other spiders in ways that seem intelligent , outflanking their victims or luring them from their webs . Laboratory studies show that Portia 's instinctive tactics are only starting points for a trial @-@ and @-@ error approach from which these spiders learn very quickly how to overcome new prey species . However , they seem to be relatively slow " thinkers " , which is not surprising , as their brains are vastly smaller than those of mammalian predators . Ant @-@ mimicking spiders face several challenges : they generally develop slimmer abdomens and false " waists " in the cephalothorax to mimic the three distinct regions ( tagmata ) of an ant 's body ; they wave the first pair of legs in form to their heads to mimic antennae , which spiders lack , and to conceal the fact that they have eight legs rather than six ; they develop large color patches round one pair of eyes to disguise the fact that they generally have eight simple eyes , while ants have two compound eyes ; they cover their bodies with reflective hairs to resemble the shiny bodies of ants . In some spider species , males and females mimic different ant species , as female spiders are usually much larger than males . Ant @-@ mimicking spiders also modify their behavior to resemble that of the target species of ant ; for example , many adopt a zig @-@ zag pattern of movement , ant @-@ mimicking jumping spiders avoid jumping , and spiders of the genus Synemosyna walk on the outer edges of leaves in the same way as Pseudomyrmex . Ant @-@ mimicry in many spiders and other arthropods may be for protection from predators that hunt by sight , including birds , lizards and spiders . However , several ant @-@ mimicking spiders prey either on ants or on the ants ' " livestock " , such as aphids . When at rest , the ant @-@ mimicking crab spider Amyciaea does not closely resemble Oecophylla , but while hunting it imitates the behavior of a dying ant to attract worker ants . After a kill , some ant @-@ mimicking spiders hold their victims between themselves and large groups of ants to avoid being attacked . = = = Defense = = = There is strong evidence that spiders ' coloration is camouflage that helps them to evade their major predators , birds and parasitic wasps , both of which have good color vision . Many spider species are colored so as to merge with their most common backgrounds , and some have disruptive coloration , stripes and blotches that break up their outlines . In a few species , such as the Hawaiian happy @-@ face spider , Theridion grallator , several coloration schemes are present in a ratio that appears to remain constant , and this may make it more difficult for predators to recognize the species . Most spiders are insufficiently dangerous or unpleasant @-@ tasting for warning coloration to offer much benefit . However , a few species with powerful venoms , large jaws or irritant hairs have patches of warning colors , and some actively display these colors when threatened . Many of the family Theraphosidae , which includes tarantulas and baboon spiders , have urticating hairs on their abdomens and use their legs to flick them at attackers . These hairs are fine setae ( bristles ) with fragile bases and a row of barbs on the tip . The barbs cause intense irritation but there is no evidence that they carry any kind of venom . A few defend themselves against wasps by including networks of very robust threads in their webs , giving the spider time to flee while the wasps are struggling with the obstacles . The golden wheeling spider , Carparachne aureoflava , of the Namibian desert escapes parasitic wasps by flipping onto its side and cartwheeling down sand dunes . = = = Social spiders = = = A few spider species that build webs live together in large colonies and show social behavior , although not as complex as in social insects . Anelosimus eximius ( in the family Theridiidae ) can form colonies of up to 50 @,@ 000 individuals . The genus Anelosimus has a strong tendency towards sociality : all known American species are social , and species in Madagascar are at least somewhat social . Members of other species in the same family but several different genera have independently developed social behavior . For example , although Theridion nigroannulatum belongs to a genus with no other social species , T. nigroannulatum build colonies that may contain several thousand individuals that co @-@ operate in prey capture and share food . Other communal spiders include several Philoponella species ( family Uloboridae ) , Agelena consociata ( family Agelenidae ) and Mallos gregalis ( family Dictynidae ) . Social predatory spiders need to defend their prey against kleptoparasites ( " thieves " ) , and larger colonies are more successful in this . The herbivorous spider Bagheera kiplingi lives in small colonies which help to protect eggs and spiderlings . Even widow spiders ( genus Latrodectus ) , which are notoriously cannibalistic , have formed small colonies in captivity , sharing webs and feeding together . = = Web types = = There is no consistent relationship between the classification of spiders and the types of web they build : species in the same genus may build very similar or significantly different webs . Nor is there much correspondence between spiders ' classification and the chemical composition of their silks . Convergent evolution in web construction , in other words use of similar techniques by remotely related species , is rampant . Orb web designs and the spinning behaviors that produce them are the best understood . The basic radial @-@ then @-@ spiral sequence visible in orb webs and the sense of direction required to build them may have been inherited from the common ancestors of most spider groups . However , the majority of spiders build non @-@ orb webs . It used to be thought that the sticky orb web was an evolutionary innovation resulting in the diversification of the Orbiculariae . Now , however , it appears that non @-@ orb spiders are a sub @-@ group that evolved from orb @-@ web spiders , and non @-@ orb spiders have over 40 % more species and are four times as abundant as orb @-@ web spiders . Their greater success may be because sphecid wasps , which are often the dominant predators of spiders , much prefer to attack spiders that have flat webs . = = = Orb webs = = = About half the potential prey that hit orb webs escape . A web has to perform three functions : intercepting the prey ( intersection ) , absorbing its momentum without breaking ( stopping ) , and trapping the prey by entangling it or sticking to it ( retention ) . No single design is best for all prey . For example : wider spacing of lines will increase the web 's area and hence its ability to intercept prey , but reduce its stopping power and retention ; closer spacing , larger sticky droplets and thicker lines would improve retention , but would make it easier for potential prey to see and avoid the web , at least during the day . However , there are no consistent differences between orb webs built for use during the day and those built for use at night . In fact , there is no simple relationship between orb web design features and the prey they capture , as each orb @-@ weaving species takes a wide range of prey . The hubs of orb webs , where the spiders lurk , are usually above the center , as the spiders can move downwards faster than upwards . If there is an obvious direction in which the spider can retreat to avoid its own predators , the hub is usually offset towards that direction . Horizontal orb webs are fairly common , despite being less effective at intercepting and retaining prey and more vulnerable to damage by rain and falling debris . Various researchers have suggested that horizontal webs offer compensating advantages , such as reduced vulnerability to wind damage ; reduced visibility to prey flying upwards , because of the back @-@ lighting from the sky ; enabling oscillations to catch insects in slow horizontal flight . However , there is no single explanation for the common use of horizontal orb webs . Spiders often attach highly visible silk bands , called decorations or stabilimenta , to their webs . Field research suggests that webs with more decorative bands captured more prey per hour . However , a laboratory study showed that spiders reduce the building of these decorations if they sense the presence of predators . There are several unusual variants of orb web , many of them convergently evolved , including : attachment of lines to the surface of water , possibly to trap insects in or on the surface ; webs with twigs through their centers , possibly to hide the spiders from predators ; " ladder @-@ like " webs that appear most effective in catching moths . However , the significance of many variations is unclear . In 1973 , Skylab 3 took two orb @-@ web spiders into space to test their web @-@ spinning capabilities in zero gravity . At first , both produced rather sloppy webs , but they adapted quickly . = = = Tangleweb spiders ( cobweb spiders ) = = = Members of the family Theridiidae weave irregular , tangled , three @-@ dimensional webs , popularly known as cobwebs . There seems to be an evolutionary trend towards a reduction in the amount of sticky silk used , leading to its total absence in some species . The construction of cobwebs is less stereotyped than that of orb @-@ webs , and may take several days . = = = Other types of webs = = = The Linyphiidae generally make horizontal but uneven sheets , with tangles of stopping threads above . Insects that hit the stopping threads fall onto the sheet or are shaken onto it by the spider , and are held by sticky threads on the sheet until the spider can attack from below . = = Evolution = = = = = Fossil record = = = Although the fossil record of spiders is considered poor , almost 1000 species have been described from fossils . Because spiders ' bodies are quite soft , the vast majority of fossil spiders have been found preserved in amber . The oldest known amber that contains fossil arthropods dates from 130 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous period . In addition to preserving spiders ' anatomy in very fine detail , pieces of amber show spiders mating , killing prey , producing silk and possibly caring for their young . In a few cases , amber has preserved spiders ' egg sacs and webs , occasionally with prey attached ; the oldest fossil web found so far is 100 million years old . Earlier spider fossils come from a few lagerstätten , places where conditions were exceptionally suited to preserving fairly soft tissues . The oldest known exclusively terrestrial arachnid is the trigonotarbid Palaeotarbus jerami , from about 420 million years ago in the Silurian period , and had a triangular cephalothorax and segmented abdomen , as well as eight legs and a pair of pedipalps . Attercopus fimbriunguis , from 386 million years ago in the Devonian period , bears the earliest known silk @-@ producing spigots , and was therefore hailed as a spider at the time of its discovery . However , these spigots may have been mounted on the underside of the abdomen rather than on spinnerets , which are modified appendages and whose mobility is important in the building of webs . Hence Attercopus and the similar Permian arachnid Permarachne may not have been true spiders , and probably used silk for lining nests or producing egg @-@ cases rather than for building webs . The largest known fossil spider as of 2011 is the araneid Nephila jurassica , from about 165 million years ago , recorded from Daohuogo , Inner Mongolia in China . Its body length is almost 25 mm , ( i.e. , almost one inch ) . Several Carboniferous spiders were members of the Mesothelae , a primitive group now represented only by the Liphistiidae . The mesothelid Paleothele montceauensis , from the Late Carboniferous over 299 million years ago , had five spinnerets . Although the Permian period 299 to 251 million years ago saw rapid diversification of flying insects , there are very few fossil spiders from this period . The main groups of modern spiders , Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae , first appear in the Triassic well before 200 million years ago . Some Triassic mygalomorphs appear to be members of the family Hexathelidae , whose modern members include the notorious Sydney funnel @-@ web spider , and their spinnerets appear adapted for building funnel @-@ shaped webs to catch jumping insects . Araneomorphae account for the great majority of modern spiders , including those that weave the familiar orb @-@ shaped webs . The Jurassic and Cretaceous periods provide a large number of fossil spiders , including representatives of many modern families . = = = Family tree = = = It is now agreed that spiders ( Araneae ) are monophyletic ( i.e. , members of a group of organisms that form a clade , consisting of a last common ancestor and all of its descendants ) . There has been debate about what their closest evolutionary relatives are , and how all of these evolved from the ancestral chelicerates , which were marine animals . The cladogram on the right is based on J. W. Shultz ' analysis ( 2007 ) . Other views include proposals that : scorpions are more closely related to the extinct marine scorpion @-@ like eurypterids than to spiders ; spiders and Amblypygi are a monophyletic group . The appearance of several multi @-@ way branchings in the tree on the right shows that there are still uncertainties about relationships between the groups involved . Arachnids lack some features of other chelicerates , including backward @-@ pointing mouths and gnathobases ( " jaw bases " ) at the bases of their legs ; both of these features are part of the ancestral arthropod feeding system . Instead , they have mouths that point forwards and downwards , and all have some means of breathing air . Spiders ( Araneae ) are distinguished from other arachnid groups by several characteristics , including spinnerets and , in males , pedipalps that are specially adapted for sperm transfer . = = Taxonomy = = Spiders are divided into two suborders , Mesothelae and Opisthothelae , of which the latter contains two infraorders , Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae . Nearly 46 @,@ 000 living species of spiders ( order Araneae ) have been identified and are currently grouped into about 114 families and about 4 @,@ 000 genera by arachnologists . = = = Mesothelae = = = The only living members of the primitive Mesothelae are the family Liphistiidae , found only in Southeast Asia , China , and Japan . Most of the Liphistiidae construct silk @-@ lined burrows with thin trapdoors , although some species of the genus Liphistius build camouflaged silk tubes with a second trapdoor as an emergency exit . Members of the genus Liphistius run silk " tripwires " outwards from their tunnels to help them detect approaching prey , while those of genus Heptathela do not and instead rely on their built @-@ in vibration sensors . Spiders of the genus Heptathela have no venom glands although they do have venom gland outlets on the fang tip . The extinct families Arthrolycosidae , found in Carboniferous and Permian rocks , and Arthromygalidae , so far found only in Carboniferous rocks , have been classified as members of the Mesothelae . = = = Mygalomorphae = = = The Mygalomorphae , which first appeared in the Triassic period , are generally heavily built and hairy , with large , robust chelicerae and fangs . Well @-@ known examples include tarantulas , ctenizid trapdoor spiders and the Australasian funnel @-@ web spiders . Most spend the majority of their time in burrows , and some run silk tripwires out from these , but a few build webs to capture prey . However , mygalomorphs cannot produce the pirifom silk that the Araneomorphae use as instant adhesive to glue silk to surfaces or to other strands of silk , and this makes web construction more difficult for mygalomorphs . Since mygalomorphs rarely " balloon " by using air currents for transport , their populations often form clumps . In addition to arthropods , mygalomorphs are capable of preying on frogs , small mammals , lizards , and snails . = = = Araneomorphae = = = In addition to accounting for over 90 % of spider species , the Araneomorphae , also known as the " true spiders " , include orb @-@ web spiders , the cursorial wolf spiders , and jumping spiders , as well as the only known herbivorous spider , Bagheera kiplingi . They are distinguished by having fangs that oppose each other and cross in a pinching action , in contrast to the Mygalomorphae , which have fangs that are nearly parallel in alignment . = = Spiders and people = = = = = Spider bites = = = Although spiders are widely feared , only a few species are dangerous to people . Spiders will only bite humans in self @-@ defense , and few produce worse effects than a mosquito bite or bee @-@ sting . Most of those with medically serious bites , such as recluse spiders and widow spiders , would rather flee and bite only when trapped , although this can easily arise by accident . Funnel web spiders ' defensive tactics include fang display and their venom , although they rarely inject much , has resulted in 13 known human deaths over 50 years . They have been deemed to be the world 's most dangerous spiders on clinical and venom toxicity grounds , though this claim has also been attributed to the Brazilian wandering spider , due to much more frequent accidents . There were about 100 reliably reported deaths from spider bites in the 20th century , but about 1 @,@ 500 from jellyfish stings . Many alleged cases of spider bites may represent incorrect diagnoses , which would make it more difficult to check the effectiveness of treatments for genuine bites . = = = Benefits to humans = = = Spider venoms may be a less polluting alternative to conventional pesticides , as they are deadly to insects but the great majority are harmless to vertebrates . Australian funnel web spiders are a promising source , as most of the world 's insect pests have had no opportunity to develop any immunity to their venom , and funnel web spiders thrive in captivity and are easy to " milk " . It may be possible to target specific pests by engineering genes for the production of spider toxins into viruses that infect species such as cotton bollworms . The Ch 'ol Maya use a beverage created from the tarantula species Brachypelma vagans for the treatment of a condition they term ' tarantula wind ' , the symptoms of which include chest pain , asthma and coughing . Possible medical uses for spider venoms are being investigated , for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia , Alzheimer 's disease , strokes , and erectile dysfunction . The peptide GsMtx @-@ 4 , found in the venom of Brachypelma vagans , is being researched to determine whether or not it could effectively be used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia , muscular dystrophy or glioma . Because spider silk is both light and very strong , attempts are being made to produce it in goats ' milk and in the leaves of plants , by means of genetic engineering . Spiders can also be used as food . Cooked tarantula spiders are considered a delicacy in Cambodia , and by the Piaroa Indians of southern Venezuela – provided the highly irritant hairs , the spiders ' main defense system , are removed first . = = = Arachnophobia = = = Arachnophobia is a specific phobia — it is the abnormal fear of spiders or anything reminiscent of spiders , such as webs or spider @-@ like shapes . It is one of the most common specific phobias , and some statistics show that 50 % of women and 10 % of men show symptoms . It may be an exaggerated form of an instinctive response that helped early humans to survive , or a cultural phenomenon that is most common in predominantly European societies . = = = Spiders in symbolism and culture = = = Spiders have been the focus of stories and mythologies of various cultures for centuries . They have symbolized patience due to their hunting technique of setting webs and waiting for prey , as well as mischief and malice due to their venomous bites . The Italian tarantella is a dance to rid the young woman of the lustful effects of a spider bite . Web @-@ spinning also caused the association of the spider with creation myths , as they seem to have the ability to produce their own worlds . Dreamcatchers are depictions of spiderwebs . The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature . They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted spiders in their art . = Edward Graham Paley = Edward Graham Paley , usually known as E. G. Paley ( 3 September 1823 – 23 January 1895 ) , was an English architect who practised in Lancaster , Lancashire , in the second half of the 19th century . After leaving school in 1838 , he went to Lancaster to become a pupil of Edmund Sharpe , and in 1845 he joined Sharpe as a partner . Sharpe retired from the practice in 1851 , leaving Paley as the sole principal . In 1868 Hubert Austin joined him as a partner , and in 1886 Paley 's son Henry ( who was usually known as Harry ) also became a partner . This partnership continued until Edward Paley 's death in 1895 . Paley 's major work was the design of new churches , but he also rebuilt , restored , and made additions and alterations to existing churches . His major new ecclesiastical design was that of St Peter 's Church , Lancaster , which became Lancaster Cathedral . He also carried out secular commissions , mainly on country houses in the north @-@ west of England . His largest and most important secular work was the Royal Albert Asylum in Lancaster . When designing churches , Paley mainly used the Gothic Revival style , but in his secular works he employed a greater variety of styles , including Tudor Revival and Scottish Baronial as well as Gothic Revival . Paley played little part in the political life of Lancaster , but he was involved with cultural events and sports in the town . His interests included music and archaeology , and he was involved in archery and rowing . In addition to designing the Royal Albert Asylum , he served on its committee , as well as being on the committees of local schools and the Mechanics ' Institute . His work tended to be eclipsed in the later part of his career by Austin , and Paley is regarded as having been a competent architect , rather than a great one . = = Early life = = Edward Paley was born in Easingwold , North Yorkshire , the seventh child and the fourth son of Revd Edmund Paley and Sarah née Apthorp . His father was the local vicar , who in turn was second son of William Paley , the Christian apologist . Edward was initially educated at home , and later at Christ 's Hospital when it was situated in London . From school he went directly to Lancaster in 1838 to become a pupil of the architect Edmund Sharpe at the age of 15 . = = Career and works = = = = = 1845 – 68 = = = In 1845 , after Paley had completed his articles , Sharpe appointed him as a partner in the practice , which was known as Sharpe and Paley , Architects , ( or more usually as Sharpe & Paley ) . Sharpe then paid more attention to his interests outside the practice , and from 1847 Paley was carrying out most of the work . In 1851 , the year of Paley 's marriage to Sharpe 's sister , Sharpe formally retired from the practice , leaving Paley as sole principal . The practice continued to use the title Sharpe and Paley until 1856 , the year Sharpe moved to North Wales ; the title was then changed to E. G. Paley . In 1860 Paley moved his office from St Leonard 's Gate to 32 Castle Hill ( later 24 Castle Park ) . This building was to serve the practice for the rest of its existence until it closed in 1946 . In 1871 Paley took over the ownership of the building . Between 1845 and 1851 it is difficult to determine how much responsibility each partner took in the commissions undertaken by the practice , but from 1851 it was Paley who was individually responsible . The two partners did work together on the remodelling of Capernwray Hall , and in the rebuilding of All Saints ' Church , Wigan . Throughout Paley 's career , the design of new churches was his major source of work . Between 1851 and 1867 he was responsible for about 36 new or rebuilt churches . During the 1850s his new churches included St Patrick , Preston Patrick , St Peter , Rylstone ( both 1852 – 53 ) , St Anne , Thwaites ( 1853 – 54 ) , Christ Church , Bacup , ( 1854 ) , and St George , Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness ( 1859 – 60 ) . All these churches were Anglican , but in 1857 came a commission for a Roman Catholic church , St Peter , Lancaster , ( which in 1924 became Lancaster Cathedral ) . With its spire rising to 240 feet ( 73 m ) , it is considered to be Paley 's finest design . Later major new churches include St Peter , Quernmore ( 1859 – 60 ) , St Mark , Preston ( 1862 – 63 ) , Holy Trinity , Bury ( 1863 – 64 ) , St James , Poolstock ( 1863 – 66 ) , St James , Barrow ( 1867 – 69 ) , and his most substantial church of this period , St Peter , Bolton ( 1867 – 71 ) . Paley also designed a great variety of secular buildings , the most important of which was the Royal Albert Asylum ( 1868 – 73 ) , the largest building ever undertaken by the practice . He carried out much work on schools , designing town and village schools , and designing extensions for larger schools , including work for Giggleswick School ( 1849 – 51 ) and , for Rossall School , a chapel ( 1861 – 62 ) and a new east wing ( 1867 ) . Paley carried out commissions for country houses , including the rebuilding of Wennington Hall ( 1855 – 56 ) , and a new house , The Ridding in Bentham , North Yorkshire ( 1857 – 60 ) . There was also a variety of smaller works , including a music hall in Settle , cemetery buildings in Lancaster and Stalmine , and industrial buildings . Paley 's career coincided with the growth of the town of Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness and the development of the Furness Railway and , being the major architect in the area , he gained many commissions relating to the town and the railway . He developed working relationships with the major entrepreneurs , James Ramsden , and Henry Schneider , for whom he designed both domestic and industrial buildings . An early commission was to convert a former manor house into the Furness Abbey Hotel for the railway ( 1847 – 48 ) . He later designed a large country house for Ramsden , Abbot 's Wood ( 1857 – 59 , since demolished ) . Paley 's first station for the railway was Strand station in Barrow ( 1863 , since demolished ) . Subsequently the practice was to be responsible for most of the buildings required for the railway . = = = 1868 – 95 = = = From 1868 until his death in 1895 Paley worked in partnerships . He was joined by Hubert Austin in 1868 , when the practice became known as Paley and Austin . Paley 's son Henry , usually known as Harry , joined the partnership in 1886 , when the practice became Paley , Austin and Paley , a title it retained until Edward Paley 's death . From 1868 it is difficult to know what part any one partner contributed to any particular project . Almost all the works were attributed to the partnership as a whole , and not to an individual partner . What is certain is that the firm enjoyed its most successful period and designed most of its most admired buildings during these years . New features appeared , including what Brandwood et al. describe as " a new @-@ found muscularity which tended to be uncharacteristic of Paley 's work " . Although Paley had occasionally used Perpendicular features in his churches , these were used much more frequently , so much so that the practice is credited with playing a part in what Brandwood et al. term the " Perpendicular revival in the North " , and even with playing a " nationally pioneering role " in the " rehabilitation of the Perpendicular style as an acceptable stylistic choice " . In addition , later in this period , the use of features derived from the Aesthetic Movement was introduced . It is not known what part Edward Paley played in these developments , but Brandwood et al. argue that they are " undoubtedly attributable to the influence of Austin " . This is not to down @-@ play the work done by Paley during this period . Brandwood et al. point out that of the two , Paley had the more outgoing personality , and because of this , and because of his senior position , the writers suggest that he , rather than Austin , would " tend to ' front ' many of the dealings of the firm " . They also suggest that Paley would be more at ease in dealing with patrons , such as the Duke of Devonshire , in discussing the rebuilding of Holker Hall after the fire of 1871 , and that he would have played a greater part in training the pupils in the practice . Paley did have some individual responsibilities within the practice . He took over from Sharpe as Bridgemaster of the South Lonsdale Hundred in 1860 , and in 1868 he was appointed as inspector of Lancaster Gaol and the Judge 's Lodgings . He served on the committee of the Royal Albert Asylum for many years , taking much interest in its management . He was a director of the Lancaster Waggon Company , for whom he designed their factory , the Lancaster Carriage and Wagon Works ( 1864 – 65 ) . In his role as bridgemaster he was responsible for the new road bridge over the River Lune at Caton ( 1882 – 83 ) following its collapse in 1881 . Paley became a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1871 , served on its council for two periods , and at the time of his death was one of its examiners . = = Architectural styles = = During the first half of the 19th century ecclesiastical architecture was moving away from the Neoclassical style towards Gothic . Initially the churches in Gothic Revival style incorporated Gothic @-@ like features , such as lancet windows , and towers with pinnacles and crockets . This was known as a pre @-@ archaeological style and was used in the first phase of the Commissioners ' Churches . A. W. N. Pugin argued that these features should correctly and accurately reflect medieval Gothic architecture rather than mimic it , and Sharpe became an expert in this movement . Paley learned much of this from Sharpe and as a consequence incorporated " correct " Gothic features in his own work . At the same time the Cambridge Camden Society , influenced by the Oxford Movement , were advocating a more sacramental form of liturgy , which required a larger chancel than that normally provided in the Commissioners ' Churches . Paley was also influenced in this by his brother , Frederick , who was a member of the Camden Society and was himself an expert on medieval architecture . Most of Paley 's churches followed precedents from the 13th and 14th centuries , and were in Early English , or in Decorated style , mainly the latter . Their common plan consisted of open roofs , benches for the congregation , stalls in the chancel , a pulpit to the side of the entrance to the chancel , steps leading up to the chancel , and a font at the west end . Paley is not seen as an innovator in church design , and he did not use devices such as polychromy , which was being introduced elsewhere . He did however introduce Perpendicular features into some of his designs , for example , St Patrick , Preston Patrick , St Peter , Rylstone ( both 1852 – 53 ) , and in the rebuilding of St Paul 's Church , Brookhouse ( 1865 – 67 ) . Paley 's early new churches had plastered interiors , but in 1860 he introduced an interior of bare brick in St Peter , Quernmore . This feature was repeated in a similar manner in later churches including St Mark , Preston , and St James , Barrow . In his secular commissions , Paley employed a greater variety of architectural styles , including features of Tudor Revival architecture . The earliest major building in which he used this style was Wennington Hall ( 1855 – 56 ) . As a contrast was the country house , The Ridding ( 1857 – 60 ) , which is in Scottish Baronial style , the only building in which he used this style . Another building in Tudor style is the country house Eccle Riggs ( 1865 ) . His most important building , the Royal Albert Asylum ( 1868 – 73 ) , is Gothic in style , but , in the opinion of Hartwell and Pevsner , it incorporates French features , in particular the steep hipped roof of the central tower . After Hubert Austin joined the practice , it becomes difficult to determine the specific input of any individual partner . New architectural features were introduced , and Brandwood et al. consider that Paley " tends to be overshadowed " by Austin , but the practice continued to design fine buildings throughout the time that Paley was a principal . = = Personal life = = Edward Paley married Frances Sharpe , Edmund Sharpe 's sister , in June 1851 . They had five children , three daughters followed by two sons , the youngest of whom , Henry Anderson ( known as Harry ) , joined his father as a partner in the practice . The family lived initially at 35 Castle Park , near Lancaster Castle , before moving to a house to the south of Lancaster called The Greaves , which Paley designed himself . He also converted a former workhouse into a country house for himself , called Moorgarth , at Brookhouse , near Caton to the north @-@ east of Lancaster . Paley was a keen Anglican churchman , initially attending Lancaster Priory , and later St Paul 's Church , Brookhouse , a church that he largely rebuilt in 1866 – 67 . Paley took little interest in local politics , although he did serve as a Conservative councillor for three years from 1858 ; he declined to be renominated at the end of his term . He was involved in other ways in social concerns , serving on the committees of local schools and the Mechanics ' Institute . He also played a major part in establishing the Royal Albert Asylum , designing the building and serving on its committee . Paley shared sporting and musical interests with Sharpe , being a member of the John O 'Gaunt Bowmen , and helping Sharpe to set up the Lancaster Rowing Club . Paley and his wife were members of the Lancaster Choral Society , Paley was involved with the Athenaeum Company and the Lancaster Philosophical Society , and in 1873 founded the County Club , a gentleman 's club in Lancaster . He was also interested in archaeology , and was a founder member of the Royal Archaeological Society , and a member of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society . He died on 23 January 1895 , having suffered from typhoid fever for 20 days . Although he had not played a prominent role in the political life of Lancaster he had been active in the life of the town , and was given a civic funeral ; he was buried in Lancaster Cemetery . His estate amounted to £ 71 @,@ 939 ( equivalent to £ 7 @,@ 490 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) . = = Appraisal = = Hartwell and Pevsner consider that the architectural partnership of Austin and Paley " did more outstanding work than any other in the county " , and that this work was " outstanding in the national as well as the regional context " . Although during the time of the Paley and Austin partnership , Austin has been given more credit for the originality of the designs , Paley had a good reputation as a church architect in his own right . After his death the Architect & Contract Reporter carried an article highlighting this aspect of his work . In respect of St Peter , Lancaster ( later Lancaster Cathedral ) , Brandwood et al. consider it to be " Paley 's masterpiece as an independent church architect " . In 1901 the German architect and critic Hermann Muthesius mentioned it in his survey of English churches " with some enthusiasm " . Nikolaus Pevsner writing in 1969 described it as " a fine , aspiring building " , and Pevsner 's successors in the Buildings of England series describe it as his " chef d 'oeuvre " . Later Paley 's work tended to be overshadowed by Austin , although it is usually impossible to determine which partner was responsible for which design . Paley has been described as being " an attractive individual , popular and a leading figure in the life of Lancaster " . His obituary in the Lancaster Guardian described him as " one of nature 's gentlemen , always cheerful and kindly ... esteemed and respected by all " . = Han dynasty = The Han dynasty ( Chinese : 漢朝 ; pinyin : Hàn cháo ) was the second imperial dynasty of China ( 206 BC – 220 AD ) , preceded by the Qin dynasty ( 221 – 206 BC ) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period ( 220 – 280 AD ) . Spanning over four centuries , the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history . To this day , China 's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the " Han people " and the Chinese script is referred to as " Han characters " . It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang , known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han , and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty ( 9 – 23 AD ) of the former regent Wang Mang . This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods : the Western Han or Former Han ( 206 BC – 9 AD ) and the Eastern Han or Later Han ( 25 – 220 AD ) . The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society . He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class . The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies , and a number of semi @-@ autonomous kingdoms . These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence , particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States . From the reign of Emperor Wu onward , the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics , synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu . This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in AD 1911 . The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty ( c . 1050 – 256 BC ) . The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty ( 618 – 907 AD ) . The period saw a number of limited institutional innovations . To pay for its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories , the government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC , but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han period . Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances , including papermaking , the nautical steering rudder , the use of negative numbers in mathematics , the raised @-@ relief map , the hydraulic @-@ powered armillary sphere for astronomy , and a seismometer employing an inverted pendulum . The Xiongnu , a nomadic steppe confederation , defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner , but continued their raids on the Han borders . Emperor Wu of Han ( r . 141 – 87 BC ) launched several military campaigns against them . The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries . These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia , divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations , and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road , which reached as far as the Mediterranean world . The territories north of Han 's borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation . Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south , annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC , and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC . After 92 AD , the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics , engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empresses dowager , causing the Han 's ultimate downfall . Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion . Following the death of Emperor Ling ( r . 168 – 189 AD ) , the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers , allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire . When Cao Pi , King of Wei , usurped the throne from Emperor Xian , the Han dynasty ceased to exist . = = Etymology = = According to the Records of the Grand Historian , after the collapse of the Qin dynasty the hegemon Xiang Yu appointed Liu Bang as prince of the small fief of Hanzhong , named after its location on the Han River ( in modern southwest Shaanxi ) . Following Liu Bang 's victory in the Chu – Han Contention , the resulting Han dynasty was named after the Hanzhong fief . = = History = = = = = Western Han = = = China 's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty ( 221 – 206 BC ) . The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest , but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi . Within four years , the dynasty 's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion . Two former rebel leaders , Xiang Yu ( d . 202 BC ) of Chu and Liu Bang ( d . 195 BC ) of Han , engaged in a war to decide who would become hegemon of China , which had fissured into 18 kingdoms , each claiming allegiance to either Xiang Yu or Liu Bang . Although Xiang Yu proved to be a capable commander , Liu Bang defeated him at Battle of Gaixia ( 202 BC ) , in modern @-@ day Anhui . Liu Bang assumed the title " emperor " ( huangdi ) at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu ( r . 202 – 195 BC ) . Chang 'an was chosen as the new capital of the reunified empire under Han . At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty , thirteen centrally controlled commanderies — including the capital region — existed in the western third of the empire , while the eastern two @-@ thirds were divided into ten semi @-@ autonomous kingdoms . To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu , Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed some of them as kings . By 157 BC , the Han court had replaced all of these kings with royal Liu family members , since the loyalty of non @-@ relatives to the throne was questioned . After several insurrections by Han kings — the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC — the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies . Kings were no longer able to appoint their own staff ; this duty was assumed by the imperial court . Kings became nominal heads of their fiefs and collected a portion of tax revenues as their personal incomes . The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
brought into the Han realm with the conquest of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC , followed by parts of the Korean Peninsula with the colonial establishments of Xuantu Commandery and Lelang Commandery in 108 BC . In China 's first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD , the population was registered as having 57 @,@ 671 @,@ 400 individuals in 12 @,@ 366 @,@ 470 households . To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion , Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries . He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants . These monopolies included salt , iron , and liquor production , as well as bronze @-@ coin currency . The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC , and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han . The issuing of coinage remained a central government monopoly throughout the rest of the Han dynasty . The government monopolies were eventually repealed when a political faction known as the Reformists gained greater influence in the court . The Reformists opposed the Modernist faction that had dominated court politics in Emperor Wu 's reign and during the subsequent regency of Huo Guang ( d . 68 BC ) . The Modernists argued for an aggressive and expansionary foreign policy supported by revenues from heavy government intervention in the private economy . The Reformists , however , overturned these policies , favoring a cautious , non @-@ expansionary approach to foreign policy , frugal budget reform , and lower tax @-@ rates imposed on private entrepreneurs . = = = Wang Mang 's reign and civil war = = = Wang Zhengjun ( 71 BC – 13 AD ) was first empress , then empress dowager , and finally grand empress dowager during the reigns of the Emperors Yuan ( r . 49 – 33 BC ) , Cheng ( r . 33 – 7 BC ) , and Ai ( r . 7 – 1 BC ) , respectively . During this time , a succession of her male relatives held the title of regent . Following the death of Ai , Wang Zhengjun 's nephew Wang Mang ( 45 BC – 23 AD ) was appointed regent as Marshall of State on 16 August under Emperor Ping ( r . 1 BC – 6 AD ) . When Ping died on 3 February 6 AD , Ruzi Ying ( d . 25 AD ) was chosen as the heir and Wang Mang was appointed to serve as acting emperor for the child . Wang promised to relinquish his control to Liu Ying once he came of age . Despite this promise , and against protest and revolts from the nobility , Wang Mang claimed on 10 January that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of his own : the Xin dynasty ( 9 – 23 AD ) . Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful . These reforms included outlawing slavery , nationalizing land to equally distribute between households , and introducing new currencies , a change which debased the value of coinage . Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition , Wang 's regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of c . 3 AD and 11 AD . Gradual silt buildup in the Yellow River had raised its water level and overwhelmed the flood control works . The Yellow River split into two new branches : one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula , though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD . The flood dislodged thousands of peasant farmers , many of whom joined roving bandit and rebel groups such as the Red Eyebrows to survive . Wang Mang 's armies were incapable of quelling these enlarged rebel groups . Eventually , an insurgent mob forced their way into the Weiyang Palace and killed Wang Mang . The Gengshi Emperor ( r . 23 – 25 AD ) , a descendant of Emperor Jing ( r . 157 – 141 BC ) , attempted to restore the Han dynasty and occupied Chang 'an as his capital . However , he was overwhelmed by the Red Eyebrow rebels who deposed , assassinated , and replaced him with the puppet monarch Liu Penzi . Emperor Gengshi 's brother Liu Xiu , known posthumously as Emperor Guangwu ( r . 25 – 57 AD ) , after distinguishing himself at the Battle of Kunyang in 23 AD , was urged to succeed Gengshi as emperor . Under Guangwu 's rule the Han Empire was restored . Guangwu made Luoyang his capital in 25 AD , and by 27 AD his officers Deng Yu and Feng Yi had forced the Red Eyebrows to surrender and executed their leaders for treason . From 26 until 36 AD , Emperor Guangwu had to wage war against other regional warlords who claimed the title of emperor ; when these warlords were defeated , China reunified under the Han . The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mang 's reign is known as the Western Han dynasty ( simplified Chinese : 西汉 ; traditional Chinese : 西漢 ; pinyin : Xī Hàn ) or Former Han dynasty ( simplified Chinese : 前汉 ; traditional Chinese : 前漢 ; pinyin : Qiánhàn ) ( 206 BC – 9 AD ) . During this period the capital was at Chang 'an ( modern Xi 'an ) . From the reign of Guangwu the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang . The era from his reign until the fall of Han is known as the Eastern Han dynasty ( simplified Chinese : 东汉 ; traditional Chinese : 東漢 ; pinyin : Dōng Hàn ) or the Later Han dynasty ( simplified Chinese : 后汉 ; traditional Chinese : 後漢 ; pinyin : Hòu Hàn ) ( 25 – 220 AD ) . = = = Eastern Han = = = The Eastern Han , also known as the Later Han , formally began on 5 August 25 , when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han . During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang , the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Han 's Korean commanderies ; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30 . The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam rebelled against Han in AD 40 . Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan ( d . AD 49 ) in a campaign from AD 42 – 43 . Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the Xiongnu , who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi ( 比 ) , a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu ( 蒲奴 ) , submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50 . This created two rival Xiongnu states : the Southern Xiongnu led by Bi , an ally of Han , and the Northern Xiongnu led by Punu , an enemy of Han . During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang , Han lost control over the Tarim Basin , which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade Han 's Hexi Corridor in Gansu . Dou Gu ( d . 88 AD ) defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Yiwulu in AD 73 , evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami . After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu ( d . AD 75 ) was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha , the garrison at Hami was withdrawn . At the Battle of Ikh Bayan in AD 89 , Dou Xian ( d . AD 92 ) defeated the Northern Xiongnu chanyu who then retreated into the Altai Mountains . After the Northern Xiongnu fled into the Ili River valley in AD 91 , the nomadic Xianbei occupied the area from the borders of the Buyeo Kingdom in Manchuria to the Ili River of the Wusun people . The Xianbei reached their apogee under Tanshihuai ( 檀石槐 ) ( d . AD 180 ) , who consistently defeated Chinese armies . However , Tanshihuai 's confederation disintegrated after his death . Ban Chao ( d . AD 102 ) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire , occupying the area of modern India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and Tajikistan , to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana . When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises ( r. c . 90 – c . 100 AD ) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90 , he sent his forces to Wakhan ( Afghanistan ) to attack Ban Chao . The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies . In AD 91 , the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao . In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans , the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire , from a king in modern Burma , from a ruler in Japan , and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin ( Rome ) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary . A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius ( r . 161 – 180 AD ) is recorded in the Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han ( r . AD 146 – 168 ) in AD 166 , yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants . Other travelers to Eastern @-@ Han China included Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese , such as An Shigao of Parthia , and Lokaksema from Kushan @-@ era Gandhara , India . Emperor Zhang 's ( r . 75 – 88 AD ) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house . Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans . With the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong ( d . 107 AD ) , Emperor He ( r . 88 – 105 AD ) had Empress Dowager Dou ( d . 97 AD ) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power . This was in revenge for Dou 's purging of the clan of his natural mother — Consort Liang — and then concealing her identity from him . After Emperor He 's death , his wife Empress Deng Sui ( d . 121 AD ) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD . When Empress Dowager Deng died , Emperor An ( r . 106 – 125 AD ) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run ( 李閏 ) and Jiang Jing ( 江京 ) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him . An dismissed Deng 's clan members from office , exiled them and forced many to commit suicide . After An 's death , his wife , Empress Dowager Yan ( d . 126 AD ) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family . However , palace eunuch Sun Cheng ( d . 132 AD ) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han ( r . 125 – 144 AD ) . Yan was placed under house arrest , her relatives were either killed or exiled , and her eunuch allies were slaughtered . The regent Liang Ji ( d . 159 AD ) , brother of Empress Liang Na ( d . 150 AD ) , had the brother @-@ in @-@ law of Consort Deng Mengnü ( later empress ) ( d . 165 AD ) killed after Deng Mengnü resisted Liang Ji 's attempts to control her . Afterward , Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji , who was then forced to commit suicide . Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huan 's court . Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis . Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying ( 李膺 ) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason . In 167 AD , the Grand Commandant Dou Wu ( d . 168 AD ) convinced his son @-@ in @-@ law , Emperor Huan , to release them . However the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office , marking the beginning of the Partisan Prohibitions . Following Huan 's death , Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan ( 陳蕃 ) ( d . 168 AD ) attempted a coup d 'état against the eunuchs Hou Lan ( d . 172 AD ) , Cao Jie ( d . 181 AD ) , and Wang Fu ( 王甫 ) . When the plot was uncovered , the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou ( d . 172 AD ) and Chen Fan . General Zhang Huan ( 張奐 ) favored the eunuchs . He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other . When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu , he was forced to commit suicide . Under Emperor Ling ( r . 168 – 189 AD ) the eunuchs had the partisan prohibitions renewed and expanded , while themselves auctioning off top government offices . Many affairs of state were entrusted to the eunuchs Zhao Zhong ( d . 189 AD ) and Zhang Rang ( d . 189 AD ) while Emperor Ling spent much of his time roleplaying with concubines and participating in military parades . = = = End of the Han dynasty = = = The Partisan Prohibitions were repealed during the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion in 184 AD , largely because the court did not want to continue to alienate a significant portion of the gentry class who might otherwise join the rebellions . The Yellow Turbans and Five @-@ Pecks @-@ of @-@ Rice adherents belonged to two different hierarchical Daoist religious societies led by faith healers Zhang Jue ( d . 184 AD ) and Zhang Lu ( d . 216 AD ) , respectively . Zhang Lu 's rebellion , in modern northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi , was not quelled until 215 AD . Zhang Jue 's massive rebellion across eight provinces was annihilated by Han forces within a year , however the following decades saw much smaller recurrent uprisings . Although the Yellow Turbans were defeated , many generals appointed during the crisis never disbanded their assembled militia forces and used these troops to amass power outside of the collapsing imperial authority . General @-@ in @-@ Chief He Jin ( d . 189 AD ) , half @-@ brother to Empress He ( d . 189 AD ) , plotted with Yuan Shao ( d . 202 AD ) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital . There , in a written petition to Empress He , they demanded the eunuchs ' execution . After a period of hesitation , Empress He consented . When the eunuchs discovered this , however , they had her brother He Miao ( 何苗 ) rescind the order . The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22 , 189 AD . Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyang 's Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu ( d . 199 AD ) besieged the Southern Palace . On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed . Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao ( r . 189 AD ) and his brother Liu Xie — the future Emperor Xian of Han ( r . 189 – 220 AD ) . While being pursued by the Yuan brothers , Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River . General Dong Zhuo ( d . 192 AD ) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside . He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made Minister of Works , taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee . After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian , Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong , who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Chang 'an in May 191 AD . Dong Zhuo later poisoned Emperor Shao . Dong was killed by his adopted son Lü Bu ( d . 198 AD ) in a plot hatched by Wang Yun ( d . 192 AD ) . Emperor Xian fled from Chang 'an in 195 AD to the ruins of Luoyang . Xian was persuaded by Cao Cao ( 155 – 220 AD ) , then Governor of Yan Province in modern western Shandong and eastern Henan , to move the capital to Xuchang in 196 AD . Yuan Shao challenged Cao Cao for control over the emperor . Yuan 's power was greatly diminished after Cao defeated him at the Battle of Guandu in 200 AD . After Yuan died , Cao killed Yuan Shao 's son Yuan Tan ( 173 – 205 AD ) , who had fought with his brothers over the family inheritance . His brothers Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi were killed in 207 AD by Gongsun Kang ( d . 221 AD ) , who sent their heads to Cao Cao . After Cao 's defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD , China was divided into three spheres of influence , with Cao Cao dominating the north , Sun Quan ( 182 – 252 AD ) dominating the south , and Liu Bei ( 161 – 223 AD ) dominating the west . Cao Cao died in March 220 AD . By December his son Cao Pi ( 187 – 226 AD ) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei . This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states : Cao Wei , Eastern Wu , and Shu Han . = = Society and culture = = = = = Social class = = = In the hierarchical social order , the emperor was at the apex of Han society and government . However the emperor was often a minor , ruled over by a regent such as the empress dowager or one of her male relatives . Ranked immediately below the emperor were the kings who were of the same Liu family clan . The rest of society , including nobles lower than kings and all commoners excluding slaves belonged to one of twenty ranks ( ershi gongcheng 二十公乘 ) . Each successive rank gave its holder greater pensions and legal privileges . The highest rank , of full marquess , came with a state pension and a territorial fiefdom . Holders of the rank immediately below , that of ordinary marquess , received a pension , but had no territorial rule . Officials who served in government belonged to the wider commoner social class and were ranked just below nobles in social prestige . The highest government officials could be enfeoffed as marquesses . By the Eastern Han period , local elites of unattached scholars , teachers , students , and government officials began to identify themselves as members of a larger , nationwide gentry class with shared values and a commitment to mainstream scholarship . When the government became noticeably corrupt in mid @-@ to @-@ late Eastern Han , many gentrymen even considered the cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships more important than serving in public office . The farmer , or specifically the small landowner @-@ cultivator , was ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy . Other agricultural cultivators were of a lower status , such as tenants , wage laborers , and in rare cases slaves . Artisans and craftsmen had a legal and socioeconomic status between that of owner @-@ cultivator farmers and common merchants . State @-@ registered merchants , who were forced by law to wear white @-@ colored clothes and pay high commercial taxes , were considered by the gentry as social parasites with a contemptible status . These were often petty shopkeepers of urban marketplaces ; merchants such as industrialists and itinerant traders working between a network of cities could avoid registering as merchants and were often wealthier and more powerful than the vast majority of government officials . Wealthy landowners , such as nobles and officials , often provided lodging for retainers who provided valuable work or duties , sometimes including fighting bandits or riding into battle . Unlike slaves , retainers could come and go from their master 's home as they pleased . Medical physicians , pig breeders , and butchers had a fairly high social status , while occultist diviners , runners , and messengers had low status . = = = Marriage , gender , and kinship = = = The Han @-@ era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household . Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house , unlike families of later dynasties . According to Confucian family norms , various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy . For example , there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle . Arranged marriages were normal , with the father 's input on his offspring 's spouse being considered more important than the mother 's . Monogamous marriages were also normal , although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers . Under certain conditions dictated by custom , not law , both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry . Apart from the passing of noble titles or ranks , inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture ; each son received an equal share of the family property . Unlike the practice in later dynasties , the father usually sent his adult married sons away with their portions of the family fortune . Daughters received a portion of the family fortune through their marriage dowries , though this was usually much less than the shares of sons . A different distribution of the remainder could be specified in a will , but it is unclear how common this was . Women were expected to obey the will of their father , then their husband , and then their adult son in old age . However , it is known from contemporary sources that there were many deviations to this rule , especially in regard to mothers over their sons , and empresses who ordered around and openly humiliated their fathers and brothers . Women were exempt from the annual corvée labor duties , but often engaged in a range of income @-@ earning occupations aside from their domestic chores of cooking and cleaning . The most common occupation for women was weaving clothes for the family , sale at market or for large textile enterprises that employed hundreds of women . Other women helped on their brothers ' farms or became singers , dancers , sorceresses , respected medical physicians , and successful merchants who could afford their own silk clothes . Some women formed spinning collectives , aggregating the resources of several different families . = = = Education , literature , and philosophy = = = The early Western Han court simultaneously accepted the philosophical teachings of Legalism , Huang @-@ Lao Daoism , and Confucianism in making state decisions and shaping government policy . However , the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage . He abolished all academic chairs or erudites ( bóshì 博士 ) not dealing with the Confucian Five Classics in 136 BC and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian @-@ based education at the Imperial University that he established in 124 BC . Unlike the original ideology espoused by Confucius , or Kongzi ( 551 – 479 BC ) , Han Confucianism in Emperor Wu 's reign was the creation of Dong Zhongshu ( 179 – 104 BC ) . Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual , filial piety , and harmonious relationships with five phases and yin @-@ yang cosmologies . Much to the interest of the ruler , Dong 's synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe . The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30 @,@ 000 by the 2nd century AD . A Confucian @-@ based education was also made available at commandery @-@ level schools and private schools opened in small towns , where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments . Some important texts were created and studied by scholars . Philosophical works written by Yang Xiong ( 53 BC – 18 AD ) , Huan Tan ( 43 BC – 28 AD ) , Wang Chong ( 27 – 100 AD ) , and Wang Fu ( 78 – 163 AD ) questioned whether human nature was innately good or evil and posed challenges to Dong 's universal order . The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Tan ( d . 110 BC ) and his son Sima Qian ( 145 – 86 BC ) established the standard model for all of imperial China 's Standard Histories , such as the Book of Han written by Ban Biao ( 3 – 54 AD ) , his son Ban Gu ( 32 – 92 AD ) , and his daughter Ban Zhao ( 45 – 116 AD ) . There were dictionaries such as the Shuowen Jiezi by Xu Shen ( c . 58 – c . 147 AD ) and the Fangyan by Yang Xiong . Biographies on important figures were written by various gentrymen . Han dynasty poetry was dominated by the fu genre , which achieved its greatest prominence during the reign of Emperor Wu . = = = Law and order = = = Han scholars such as Jia Yi ( 201 – 169 BC ) portrayed the previous Qin dynasty as a brutal regime . However , archaeological evidence from Zhangjiashan and Shuihudi reveal that many of the statutes in the Han law code compiled by Chancellor Xiao He ( d . 193 BC ) were derived from Qin law . Various cases for rape , physical abuse and murder were prosecuted in court . Women , although usually having fewer rights by custom , were allowed to level civil and criminal charges against men . While suspects were jailed , convicted criminals were never imprisoned . Instead , punishments were commonly monetary fines , periods of forced hard labor for convicts , and the penalty of death by beheading . Early Han punishments of torturous mutilation were borrowed from Qin law . A series of reforms abolished mutilation punishments with progressively less @-@ severe beatings by the bastinado . Acting as a judge in lawsuits was one of many duties of the county magistrate and Administrators of commanderies . Complex , high profile or unresolved cases were often deferred to the Minister of Justice in the capital or even the emperor . In each Han county was several districts , each overseen by a chief of police . Order in the cities was maintained by government officers in the marketplaces and constables in the neighborhoods . = = = Food = = = The most common staple crops consumed during Han were wheat , barley , foxtail millet , proso millet , rice , and beans . Commonly eaten fruits and vegetables included chestnuts , pears , plums , peaches , melons , apricots , strawberries , red bayberries , jujubes , calabash , bamboo shoots , mustard plant and taro . Domesticated animals that were also eaten included chickens , Mandarin ducks , geese , cows , sheep , pigs , camels and dogs ( various types were bred specifically for food , while most were used as pets ) . Turtles and fish were taken from streams and lakes . Commonly hunted game , such as owl , pheasant , magpie , sika deer , and Chinese bamboo partridge were consumed . Seasonings included sugar , honey , salt and soy sauce . Beer and wine were regularly consumed . = = = Clothing = = = The types of clothing worn and the materials used during the Han period depended upon social class . Wealthy folk could afford silk robes , skirts , socks , and mittens , coats made of badger or fox fur , duck plumes , and slippers with inlaid leather , pearls , and silk lining . Peasants commonly wore clothes made of hemp , wool , and ferret skins . = = = Religion , cosmology , and metaphysics = = = Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices of animals and food to deities , spirits , and ancestors at temples and shrines , in the belief that these items could be utilized by those in the spiritual realm . It was thought that each person had a two @-@ part soul : the spirit @-@ soul ( hun 魂 ) which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals ( xian ) , and the body @-@ soul ( po 魄 ) which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit @-@ soul through a ritual ceremony . These tombs were commonly adorned with uniquely decorated hollow clay tiles that function also as a doorjamb to the tomb . Otherwise known as tomb tiles , these artifacts feature holes in the top and bottom of the tile allowing it to pivot . Similar tiles have been found in the Chengdu area of Sichuan province in south @-@ central China . In addition to his many other roles , the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven , the main deities known as the Five Powers , and the spirits ( shen 神 ) of mountains and rivers . It was believed that the three realms of Heaven , Earth , and Mankind were linked by natural cycles of yin and yang and the five phases . If the emperor did not behave according to proper ritual , ethics , and morals , he could disrupt the fine balance of these cosmological cycles and cause calamities such as earthquakes , floods , droughts , epidemics , and swarms of locusts . It was believed that immortality could be achieved if one reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West or Mount Penglai . Han @-@ era Daoists assembled into small groups of hermits who attempted to achieve immortality through breathing exercises , sexual techniques and use of medical elixirs . By the 2nd century AD , Daoists formed large hierarchical religious societies such as the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice . Its followers believed that the sage @-@ philosopher Laozi ( fl . 6th century BC ) was a holy prophet who would offer salvation and good health if his devout followers would confess their sins , ban the worship of unclean gods who accepted meat sacrifices and chant sections of the Daodejing . Buddhism first entered China during the Eastern Han and was first mentioned in 65 AD . Liu Ying ( d . 71 AD ) , a half @-@ brother to Emperor Ming of Han ( r . 57 – 75 AD ) , was one of its earliest Chinese adherents , although Chinese Buddhism at this point was heavily associated with Huang @-@ Lao Daoism . China 's first known Buddhist temple , the White Horse Temple , was constructed outside the wall of the capital , Luoyang , during Emperor Ming 's reign . Important Buddhist canons were translated into Chinese during the 2nd century AD , including the Sutra of Forty @-@ two Chapters , Perfection of Wisdom , Shurangama Sutra , and Pratyutpanna Sutra . = = Government = = = = = Central government = = = In Han government , the emperor was the supreme judge and lawgiver , the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the armed forces and sole designator of official nominees appointed to the top posts in central and local administrations ; those who earned a 600 @-@ bushel salary @-@ rank or higher . Theoretically , there were no limits to his power . However , state organs with competing interests and institutions such as the court conference ( tingyi 廷議 ) — where ministers were convened to reach majority consensus on an issue — pressured the emperor to accept the advice of his ministers on policy decisions . If the emperor rejected a court conference decision , he risked alienating his high ministers . Nevertheless , emperors sometimes did reject the majority opinion reached at court conferences . Below the emperor were his cabinet members known as the Three Councillors of State ( San gong 三公 ) . These were the Chancellor or Minister over the Masses ( Chengxiang 丞相 or Da situ 大司徒 ) , the Imperial Counselor or Excellency of Works ( Yushi dafu 御史大夫 or Da sikong 大司空 ) , and Grand Commandant or Grand Marshal ( Taiwei 太尉 or Da sima 大司馬 ) . The Chancellor , whose title was changed to ' Minister over the Masses ' in 8 BC , was chiefly responsible for drafting the government budget . The Chancellor 's other duties included managing provincial registers for land and population , leading court conferences , acting as judge in lawsuits and recommending nominees for high office . He could appoint officials below the salary @-@ rank of 600 bushels . The Imperial Counselor 's chief duty was to conduct disciplinary procedures for officials . He shared similar duties with the Chancellor , such as receiving annual provincial reports . However , when his title was changed to Minister of Works in 8 BC , his chief duty became oversight of public works projects . The Grand Commandant , whose title was changed to Grand Marshal in 119 BC before reverting to Grand Commandant in 51 AD , was the irregularly posted commander of the military and then regent during the Western Han period . In the Eastern Han era he was chiefly a civil official who shared many of the same censorial powers as the other two Councillors of State . Ranked below the Three Councillors of State were the Nine Ministers ( Jiu qing 九卿 ) , who each headed a specialized ministry . The Minister of Ceremonies ( Taichang 太常 ) was the chief official in charge of religious rites , rituals , prayers and the maintenance of ancestral temples and altars . The Minister of the Household ( Guang lu xun 光祿勳 ) was in charge of the emperor 's security within the palace grounds , external imperial parks and wherever the emperor made an outing by chariot . The Minister of the Guards ( Weiwei 衛尉 ) was responsible for securing and patrolling the walls , towers , and gates of the imperial palaces . The Minister Coachman ( Taipu 太僕 ) was responsible for the maintenance of imperial stables , horses , carriages and coach @-@ houses for the emperor and his palace attendants , as well as the supply of horses for the armed forces . The Minister of Justice ( Tingwei 廷尉 ) was the chief official in charge of upholding , administering , and interpreting the law . The Minister Herald ( Da honglu 大鴻臚 ) was the chief official in charge of receiving honored guests at the imperial court , such as nobles and foreign ambassadors . The Minister of the Imperial Clan ( Zongzheng 宗正 ) oversaw the imperial court 's interactions with the empire 's nobility and extended imperial family , such as granting fiefs and titles . The Minister of Finance ( Da sinong 大司農 ) was the treasurer for the official bureaucracy and the armed forces who handled tax revenues and set standards for units of measurement . The Minister Steward ( Shaofu 少府 ) served the emperor exclusively , providing him with entertainment and amusements , proper food and clothing , medicine and physical care , valuables and equipment . = = = Local government = = = The Han Empire , excluding kingdoms and marquessates , was divided , in descending order of size , into political units of provinces ( zhou ) , commanderies ( jun ) , and counties ( xian ) . A county was divided into several districts , the latter composed of a group of hamlets , each containing about a hundred families . The heads of provinces , whose official title was changed from Inspector to Governor and vice versa several times during Han , were responsible for inspecting several commandery @-@ level and kingdom @-@ level administrations . On the basis of their reports , the officials in these local administrations would be promoted , demoted , dismissed or prosecuted by the imperial court . A governor could take various actions without permission from the imperial court . The lower @-@ ranked inspector had executive powers only during times of crisis , such as raising militias across the commanderies under his jurisdiction to suppress a rebellion . A commandery consisted of a group of counties , and was headed by an Administrator . He was the top civil and military leader of the commandery and handled defense , lawsuits , seasonal instructions to farmers and recommendations of nominees for office sent annually to the capital in a quota system first established by Emperor Wu . The head of a large county of about 10 @,@ 000 households was called a Prefect , while the heads of smaller counties were called Chiefs , and both could be referred to as Magistrates . A Magistrate maintained law and order in his county , registered the populace for taxation , mobilized commoners for annual corvée duties , repaired schools and supervised public works . = = = Kingdoms and marquessates = = = Kingdoms — roughly the size of commanderies — were ruled exclusively by the emperor 's male relatives as semi @-@ autonomous fiefdoms . Before 157 BC some kingdoms were ruled by non @-@ relatives , granted to them in return for their services to Emperor Gaozu . The administration of each kingdom was very similar to that of the central government . Although the emperor appointed the Chancellor of each kingdom , kings appointed all the remaining civil officials in their fiefs . However , in 145 BC , after several insurrections by the kings , Emperor Jing removed the kings ' rights to appoint officials whose salaries were higher than 400 bushels . The Imperial Counselors and Nine Ministers ( excluding the Minister Coachman ) of every kingdom were abolished , although the Chancellor was still appointed by the central government . With these reforms , kings were reduced to being nominal heads of their fiefs , gaining a personal income from only a portion of the taxes collected in their kingdom . Similarly , the officials in the administrative staff of a full marquess 's fief were appointed by the central government . A marquess 's Chancellor was ranked as the equivalent of a county Prefect . Like a king , the marquess collected a portion of the tax revenues in his fief as personal income . = = = Military = = = At the beginning of the Han dynasty , every male commoner aged twenty @-@ three was liable for conscription into the military . The minimum age for the military draft was reduced to twenty after Emperor Zhao 's ( r . 87 – 74 BC ) reign . Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non @-@ professional soldiers . The year of training was served in one of three branches of the armed forces : infantry , cavalry or navy . The year of active service was served either on the frontier , in a king 's court or under the Minister of the Guards in the capital . A small professional ( paid ) standing army was stationed near the capital . During the Eastern Han , conscription could be avoided if one paid a commutable tax . The Eastern Han court favored the recruitment of a volunteer army . The volunteer army comprised the Southern Army ( Nanjun 南軍 ) , while the standing army stationed in and near the capital was the Northern Army ( Beijun 北軍 ) . Led by Colonels ( Xiaowei 校尉 ) , the Northern Army consisted of five regiments , each composed of several thousand soldiers . When central authority collapsed after 189 AD , wealthy landowners , members of the aristocracy / nobility , and regional military @-@ governors relied upon their retainers to act as their own personal troops ( buqu 部曲 ) . During times of war , the volunteer army was increased , and a much larger militia was raised across the country to supplement the Northern Army . In these circumstances , a General ( Jiangjun 將軍 ) led a division , which was divided into regiments led by Colonels and sometimes Majors ( Sima 司馬 ) . Regiments were divided into companies and led by Captains . Platoons were the smallest units of soldiers . = = Economy = = = = = Variations in currency = = = The Han dynasty inherited the ban liang coin type from the Qin . In the beginning of the Han , Emperor Gaozu closed the government mint in favor of private minting of coins . This decision was reversed in 186 BC by his widow Grand Empress Dowager Lü Zhi ( d . 180 BC ) , who abolished private minting . In 182 BC , Lü Zhi issued a bronze coin that was much lighter in weight than previous coins . This caused widespread inflation that was not reduced until 175 BC when Emperor Wen allowed private minters to manufacture coins that were precisely 2 @.@ 6 g ( 0 @.@ 09 oz ) in weight . In 144 BC Emperor Jing abolished private minting in favor of central @-@ government and commandery @-@ level minting ; he also introduced a new coin . Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC , but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu ( 五銖 ) coin , weighing 3 @.@ 2 g ( 0 @.@ 11 oz ) . The wuzhu became China 's standard coin until the Tang dynasty ( 618 – 907 AD ) . Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mang 's regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu . Since commandery @-@ issued coins were often of inferior quality and lighter weight , the central government closed commandery mints and monopolized the issue of coinage in 113 BC . This Central government issuance of coinage was overseen by the Superintendent of Waterways and Parks , this duty being transferred to the Minister of Finance during Eastern Han . = = = Taxation and property = = = Aside from the landowner 's land tax paid in a portion of their crop yield , the poll tax and property taxes were paid in coin cash . The annual poll tax rate for adult men and women was 120 coins and 20 coins for minors . Merchants were required to pay a higher rate of 240 coins . The poll tax stimulated a money economy that necessitated the minting of over 28 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 coins from 118 BC to 5 AD , an average of 220 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 coins a year . The widespread circulation of coin cash allowed successful merchants to invest money in land , empowering the very social class the government attempted to suppress through heavy commercial and property taxes . Emperor Wu even enacted laws which banned registered merchants from owning land , yet powerful merchants were able to avoid registration and own large tracts of land . The small landowner @-@ cultivators formed the majority of the Han tax base ; this revenue was threatened during the latter half of Eastern Han when many peasants fell into debt and were forced to work as farming tenants for wealthy landlords . The Han government enacted reforms in order to keep small landowner @-@ cultivators out of debt and on their own farms . These reforms included reducing taxes , temporary remissions of taxes , granting loans and providing landless peasants temporary lodging and work in agricultural colonies until they could recover from their debts . In 168 BC , the land tax rate was reduced from one @-@ fifteenth of a farming household 's crop yield to one @-@ thirtieth , and later to a one @-@ hundredth of a crop yield for the last decades of the dynasty . The consequent loss of government revenue was compensated for by increasing property taxes . The labor tax took the form of conscripted labor for one month per year , which was imposed upon male commoners aged fifteen to fifty @-@ six . This could be avoided in Eastern Han with a commutable tax , since hired labor became more popular . = = = Private manufacture and government monopolies = = = In the early Western Han , a wealthy salt or iron industrialist , whether a semi @-@ autonomous king or wealthy merchant , could boast funds that rivaled the imperial treasury and amass a peasant workforce of over a thousand . This kept many peasants away from their farms and denied the government a significant portion of its land tax revenue . To eliminate the influence of such private entrepreneurs , Emperor Wu nationalized the salt and iron industries in 117 BC and allowed many of the former industrialists to become officials administering the monopolies . By Eastern Han times , the central government monopolies were repealed in favor of production by commandery and county administrations , as well as private businessmen . Liquor was another profitable private industry nationalized by the central government in 98 BC . However , this was repealed in 81 BC and a property tax rate of two coins for every 0 @.@ 2 L ( 0 @.@ 05 gallons ) was levied for those who traded it privately . By 110 BC Emperor Wu also interfered with the profitable trade in grain when he eliminated speculation by selling government @-@ stored grain at a lower price than demanded by merchants . Apart from Emperor Ming 's creation of a short @-@ lived Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization , which was abolished in 68 AD , central @-@ government price control regulations were largely absent during the Eastern Han . = = Science , technology , and engineering = = The Han dynasty was a unique period in the development of premodern Chinese science and technology , comparable to the level of scientific and technological growth during the Song dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) . = = = Writing materials = = = In the 1st millennium BC , typical ancient Chinese writing materials were bronzewares , animal bones , and bamboo slips or wooden boards . By the beginning of the Han dynasty , the chief writing materials were clay tablets , silk cloth , and rolled scrolls made from bamboo strips sewn together with hempen string ; these were passed through drilled holes and secured with clay stamps . The oldest known Chinese piece of hard , hempen wrapping paper dates to the 2nd century BC . The standard papermaking process was invented by Cai Lun ( 50 – 121 AD ) in 105 AD . The oldest known surviving piece of paper with writing on it was found in the ruins of a Han watchtower that had been abandoned in 110 AD , in Inner Mongolia . = = = Metallurgy and agriculture = = = Evidence suggests that blast furnaces , that convert raw iron ore into pig iron , which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast , were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period ( 722 – 481 BC ) . The bloomery was nonexistent in ancient China ; however , the Han @-@ era Chinese produced wrought iron by injecting excess oxygen into a furnace and causing decarburization . Cast iron and pig iron could be converted into wrought iron and steel using a fining process . The Han @-@ era Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons , culinary tools , carpenters ' tools and domestic wares . A significant product of these improved iron @-@ smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools . The three @-@ legged iron seed drill , invented by the 2nd century BC , enabled farmers to carefully plant crops in rows instead of casting seeds out by hand . The heavy moldboard iron plow , also invented during the Han dynasty , required only one man to control it , two oxen to pull it . It had three plowshares , a seed box for the drills , a tool which turned down the soil and could sow roughly 45 @,@ 730 m2 ( 11 @.@ 3 acres ) of land in a single day . To protect crops from wind and drought , the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo ( 趙過 ) created the alternating fields system ( daitianfa 代田法 ) during Emperor Wu 's reign . This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons . Once experiments with this system yielded successful results , the government officially sponsored it and encouraged peasants to use it . Han farmers also used the pit field system ( aotian 凹田 ) for growing crops , which involved heavily fertilized pits that did not require plows or oxen and could be placed on sloping terrain . In southern and small parts of central Han @-@ era China , paddy fields were chiefly used to grow rice , while farmers along the Huai River used transplantation methods of rice production . = = = Structural engineering = = = Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty ; it was used to build palace halls , multi @-@ story residential towers and halls and single @-@ story houses . Because wood decays rapidly , the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles . The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty ( 618 – 907 AD ) . Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp points out the scarcity of Han @-@ era archaeological remains , and claims that often unreliable Han @-@ era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture . Though Han wooden structures decayed , some Han @-@ dynasty ruins made of brick , stone , and rammed earth remain intact . This includes stone pillar @-@ gates , brick tomb chambers , rammed @-@ earth city walls , rammed @-@ earth and brick beacon towers , rammed @-@ earth sections of the Great Wall , rammed @-@ earth platforms where elevated halls once stood , and two rammed @-@ earth castles in Gansu . The ruins of rammed @-@ earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Chang 'an and Luoyang still stand , along with their drainage systems of brick arches , ditches , and ceramic water pipes . Monumental stone pillar @-@ gates , twenty @-@ nine of which survive from the Han period , formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites . These pillars feature artistic imitations of wooden and ceramic building components such as roof tiles , eaves , and balustrades . The courtyard house is the most common type of home portrayed in Han artwork . Ceramic architectural models of buildings , like houses and towers , were found in Han tombs , perhaps to provide lodging for the dead in the afterlife . These provide valuable clues about lost wooden architecture . The artistic designs found on ceramic roof tiles of tower models are in some cases exact matches to Han roof tiles found at archaeological sites . Over ten Han @-@ era underground tombs have been found , many of them featuring archways , vaulted chambers , and domed roofs . Underground vaults and domes did not require buttress supports since they were held in place by earthen pits . The use of brick vaults and domes in aboveground Han structures is unknown . From Han literary sources , it is known that wooden @-@ trestle beam bridges , arch bridges , simple suspension bridges , and floating pontoon bridges existed in Han China . However , there are only two known references to arch bridges in Han literature , and only a single Han relief sculpture in Sichuan depicts an arch bridge . Underground mine shafts , some reaching depths over 100 metres ( 330 ft ) , were created for the extraction of metal ores . Borehole drilling and derricks were used to lift brine to iron pans where it was distilled into salt . The distillation furnaces were heated by natural gas funneled to the surface through bamboo pipelines . Dangerous amounts of additional gas were siphoned off via carburetor chambers and exhaust pipes . = = = Mechanical and hydraulic engineering = = = Chinese scholars and officials traditionally considered scientific and engineering pursuits to be the domain of artisans and craftsmen ( gongren 工人 ) , far beneath the ideal Confucian literary gentleman . Accordingly , evidence of Han @-@ era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars . Professional artisan @-@ engineers ( jiang 匠 ) did not leave behind detailed records of their work . Han scholars , who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering , sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described . Nevertheless , some Han literary sources provide crucial information . For example , in 15 BC the philosopher Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine , which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing . The inventions of the artisan @-@ engineer Ding Huan ( 丁緩 ) are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital . Around 180 AD , Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings . Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the world 's first known zoetrope lamp . Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources . As observed in Han miniature tomb models , but not in literary sources , the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff . The odometer cart , invented during Han , measured journey lengths , using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled . This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century AD , yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century AD . Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty , for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements . These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured . These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources . The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han . As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD , they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers , and were used in pounding , threshing and polishing grain . However , there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century . The Nanyang Commandery Administrator Du Shi ( d . 38 AD ) created a waterwheel @-@ powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron . Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches . The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st @-@ century @-@ AD Balanced Discourse . The armillary sphere , a three @-@ dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere , was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC . Using a water clock , waterwheel and a series of gears , the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng ( 78 – 139 AD ) was able to mechanically rotate his metal @-@ ringed armillary sphere . To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock , Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel . Zhang also invented a device he termed an " earthquake weathervane " ( houfeng didong yi 候風地動儀 ) , which the British scientist Joseph Needham described as " the ancestor of all seismographs " . This device was able to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away . It employed an inverted pendulum that , when disturbed by ground tremors , would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths ( representing all eight directions ) into a metal toad 's mouth . The account of this device in the Book of the Later Han ( Hou Han shu 後漢書 ) describes how , on one occasion , one of the metal balls was triggered without any of the observers feeling a disturbance . Several days later , a messenger arrived bearing news that an earthquake had struck in Longxi Commandery ( in modern Gansu Province ) , the direction the device had indicated , which forced the officials at court to admit the efficacy of Zhang 's device . = = = Mathematics = = = Three Han mathematical treatises still exist . These are the Book on Numbers and Computation ( Suan shu shu 算數書 ) , the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven ( Zhou bi suan jing 周髀算經 ) and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art ( Jiu zhang suan shu 九章算術 ) . Han @-@ era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right @-@ angle triangles , square roots , cube roots , and matrix methods , finding more accurate approximations for pi , providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem , use of the decimal fraction , Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations , and continued fractions to find the roots of equations . One of the Han 's greatest mathematical advancements was the world 's first use of negative numbers . Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods , where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods . Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of ancient India , but its exact date of compilation is unknown . Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus in about 275 AD , but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century AD . The Han applied mathematics to various diverse disciplines . In musical tuning , Jing Fang ( 78 – 37 BC ) realized that 53 perfect fifths was approximate to 31 octaves while creating a musical scale of 60 tones , calculating the difference at 177147 ⁄ 176776 ( the same value of 53 equal temperament discovered by the German mathematician Nicholas Mercator [ 1620 – 1687 ] , i.e. 353 / 284 ) . = = = Astronomy = = = Mathematics were essential in drafting the astronomical calendar , a lunisolar calendar that used the Sun and Moon as time @-@ markers throughout the year . Use of the ancient Sifen calendar ( 古四分曆 ) , which measured the tropical year at 3651 ⁄ 4 days , was replaced in 104 BC with the Taichu calendar ( 太初曆 ) that measured the tropical year at 365385 ⁄ 1539 days and the lunar month at 2943 ⁄ 81 days . However , Emperor Zhang later reinstated the Sifen calendar . Han Chinese astronomers made star catalogues and detailed records of comets that appeared in the night sky , including recording the 12 BC appearance of the comet now known as Halley 's comet . Han @-@ era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe , theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center . They assumed that the Sun , Moon , and planets were spherical and not disc @-@ shaped . They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight , that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon , and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth . Although others disagreed with his model , Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds . = = = Cartography , ships , and vehicles = = = Evidence found in Chinese literature , and archaeological evidence , show that cartography existed in China before the Han . Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink @-@ penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd @-@ century @-@ BC tomb . The general Ma Yuan created the world 's first known raised @-@ relief map from rice in the 1st century AD . This date could be revised if the tomb of Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true . Although the use of the graduated scale and grid reference for maps was not thoroughly described until the published work of Pei Xiu ( 224 – 271 AD ) , there is evidence that in the early 2nd century AD , cartographer Zhang Heng was the first to use scales and grids for maps . The Han @-@ era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras , such as the tower ship . The junk design was developed and realized during Han . Junks featured a square @-@ ended bow and stern , a flat @-@ bottomed hull or carvel @-@ shaped hull with no keel or sternpost , and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels . Moreover , Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern , in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport , allowing them to sail on the high seas . Although ox @-@ carts and chariots were previously used in China , the wheelbarrow was first used in Han China in the 1st century BC . Han artwork of horse @-@ drawn chariots shows that the Warring @-@ States @-@ Era heavy wooden yoke placed around a horse 's chest was replaced by the softer breast strap . Later , during the Northern Wei ( 386 – 534 AD ) , the fully developed horse collar was invented . = = = Medicine = = = Han @-@ era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe , namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases . Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase . Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or " vital energy " channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted . Thus , Han @-@ era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance . For example , since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase , medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase . To this end , the physician Zhang Zhongjing ( c . 150 – c . 219 AD ) prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to cure specific illnesses . These are now known to be nutrition disorders caused by the lack of certain vitamins consumed in one 's diet . Besides dieting , Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion , acupuncture , and calisthenics as methods of maintaining one 's health . When surgery was performed by the physician Hua Tuo ( d . 208 AD ) , he used anesthesia to numb his patients ' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds . = Fairy Queen ( locomotive ) = The Fairy Queen is a steam locomotive , plying between the Indian capital of New Delhi and Alwar , in Rajasthan . It was certified by the Guinness Book of Records in 1998 as being the world 's oldest one in regular operation after being restored to haul a luxury train in order to boost tourism in Rajasthan . The Fairy Queen runs on the same basis as the Palace on Wheels , the tourist train launched in 1982 , and in 1999 was awarded a National Tourism Award . The 5 ft 6 in ( 1 @,@ 676 mm ) Indian gauge locomotive was built in England in 1855 , and has a two @-@ cylinder engine with a power output of 130 horsepower ( 97 kW ) , producing a top speed of 40 kilometres per hour ( 25 mph ) . It was placed in service by the East Indian Railway Company in West Bengal , where it hauled troop trains during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , and was withdrawn from service in 1909 and displayed on a pedestal in Howrah until 1943 . Heritage status was accorded in 1972 and the locomotive was restored as an exhibit at the National Rail Museum in Delhi . Restored to full working order , in 1997 the Fairy Queen returned to commercial service for the first time in 88 years . In 2011 , it was discovered that rare locomotive parts that were " as good as irreplaceable " had been looted . After a substantial rebuild , the engine was returned to working order in December 2012 . = = History = = The locomotive was constructed by Kitson , Thompson and Hewitson at Leeds , in England , in 1855 , and reached Kolkata , then known as Calcutta , in the same year . On arrival , it was given fleet number " 22 " by its owner , the East Indian Railway Company , not receiving a name until 1895 . Initially , the 5 ft 6 in ( 1 @,@ 676 mm ) gauge locomotive was used to haul light mail trains in West Bengal , operating between Howrah and Raniganj , and during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 hauled troop trains . It was later consigned to line construction duty in Bihar , where it served until 1909 . The Fairy Queen spent the next 34 years on a pedestal outside Howrah station . In 1943 , the locomotive was moved to the Railway Zonal Training School at Chandausi , in Uttar Pradesh , where it served as a curiosity object for many of the students based there . = = = Express = = = A number of similar locomotives were built around the same time as the Fairy Queen . These were supplied by Kitson , Thompson and Hewitson and also by Stothert , Slaughter and Company of Bristol . One of these , Stothert @-@ built Express , had been preserved at Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop , in Bihar , since 1901 . As the inscription on Express ' pedestal claimed that it was the first locomotive to operate between Howrah and Raniganj , and it was numbered " 21 " by the East Indian Railway Company , it has been claimed that Express is the older of the two . Express was restored for running in 2011 , making it a contender as the world 's oldest operating steam locomotive . = = Specifications = = The Fairy Queen was built by Kitson , Thompson and Hewitson at Leeds in England in 1855 . The coal @-@ fired engine is powered by two outside cylinders measuring 12 by 22 inches ( 300 mm × 560 mm ) , and has a power output of 130 horsepower ( 97 kW ) , producing a maximum speed of 40 kilometres per hour ( 25 mph ) . It carries 3 @,@ 000 litres ( 660 imp gal ; 790 US gal ) of water in an underslung water tank . The locomotive weighs 26 tonnes ( 26 LT ) , and the coal tender 2 tonnes ( 2 @.@ 0 long tons ; 2 @.@ 2 short tons ) . Built for the 5 ft 6 in ( 1 @,@ 676 mm ) Indian gauge , it has a 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 2 wheel arrangement , developed by Robert Stephenson and Company in 1833 , with a driving wheel measuring 1 @,@ 829 millimetres ( 72 @.@ 0 in ) in diameter . = = Restoration = = The Indian government bestowed heritage status on the Fairy Queen in 1972 , rendering it a national treasure . It was restored and given a special spot in the newly built National Rail Museum at Chanakyapuri , in New Delhi . Following the success of the Palace on Wheels , the locomotive was restored to full working order in 1997 , in preparation for its first mainline journey in 88 years and its return to commercial service on 18 July . The two @-@ day excursion saw the train plying the 143 kilometres ( 89 mi ) from New Delhi to Alwar in Rajasthan , with passengers spending an overnight stay at the Sariska Tiger Reserve . The locomotive hauled a carriage capable of carrying 60 passengers at a maximum speed of 40 kilometres per hour ( 25 mph ) , with a service car holding a generator , compressor and pantry . The operation was repeated between December and February in the following years . It was certified by the Guinness Book of Records in 1998 as the world 's oldest steam locomotive in regular operation . The following year , the train received a National Tourism Award for the most innovative and unique tourism project from Atal Bihari Vajpayee , the then Prime Minister of India . In 2011 , it was discovered that rare locomotive parts that were " as good as irreplaceable " had been stolen , and the locomotive was moved to Perambur Locomotive Workshops at Chennai , in Tamil Nadu , for repair . On arrival , it was found that an estimated 50 to 60 parts had been looted , including the boiler , condensor , lubricator and flow tubes . The Deputy Chief Mechanical Engineer at the workshops stated " What we received is a dead body , a piece of metal whose every removable part has been removed , leaving only the metal shell . The list of parts to be procured is huge . " Officials estimated that it could take at least a year to restore the engine , even if suppliers of replacement parts could be found . Following a substantial rebuild , in which the workshops had to construct the missing parts themselves , the locomotive returned to service on 22 December 2012 . = History of the Yosemite area = For over 3 @,@ 000 years Sierra Miwok , Mono , Paiute , and other Native American groups have lived in the central Sierra Nevada region of California . When European Americans first visited the area that would later become Yosemite National Park , a band of Native Americans called the Ahwahnechee lived in Yosemite Valley . The California Gold Rush in the mid @-@ 19th century greatly increased the number of non @-@ indigenous people in the region . Tensions between Native Americans and white settlers escalated into the Mariposa War . As part of this conflict , settler James Savage led the Mariposa Battalion into Yosemite Valley in 1851 , in pursuit of Ahwaneechees led by Chief Tenaya . Accounts from the battalion , especially from Dr. Lafayette Bunnell , popularized Yosemite Valley as a scenic wonder . In 1864 , Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of giant sequoia trees were transferred from federal to state ownership . Yosemite pioneer Galen Clark became the park 's first guardian . Conditions in Yosemite Valley were made more hospitable to people and access to the park was improved in the late 19th century . Naturalist John Muir and others became increasingly alarmed about the excessive exploitation of the area . Their efforts helped establish Yosemite National Park in 1890 . Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove were added to the national park in 1906 . The United States Army had jurisdiction over the national park from 1891 to 1914 , followed by a brief period of civilian stewardship . The newly formed National Park Service took over the park 's administration in 1916 . Improvements to the park helped to increase visitation during this time . Preservationists led by Muir and the Sierra Club failed to save Hetch Hetchy Valley from becoming a reservoir in 1923 . In 1964 , 89 percent of the park was set aside in a highly protected wilderness area , and other protected areas were added adjacent to the park . The once @-@ famous Yosemite Firefall , created by pushing red hot embers off a cliff near Glacier Point at night , was discontinued in the mid @-@ to @-@ late 20th century along with other activities that were deemed to be inconsistent with protection of the national park . = = Early history = = = = = Native Americans = = = Humans may have visited the Yosemite area as long as 8 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 years ago . By the time people started to settle Yosemite Valley 3 @,@ 000 years ago , vegetation and game in the region was similar to that present today ; the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada had acorns , deer , and salmon , while the eastern Sierra had pinyon nuts and obsidian . Native American groups traveled between these two regions to trade and raid . Archaeologists divide the pre @-@ European American contact period of the region into three cultural phases . The Crane Flat phase lasted from 1000 BCE to 500 CE and is marked by hunting with the atl atl and the use of grinding stones . The Tarmarack phase lasted from 500 until 1200 , marked by a shift to using smaller rock points , indicating development and use of the bow and arrow . The Mariposa phase lasted from 1200 until contact with European Americans . Trade between tribes became more widespread during the Mariposa phase , and the diet continued to improve . Paiutes , Miwok , and Monos visited the area to trade ; one major trading route went over Mono Pass and through Bloody Canyon to Mono Lake in Eastern California . Paiutes were the primary inhabitants of the Yosemite and the foothills to the east during the Mariposa and historic phases . The Central Sierra Miwoks lived along the drainage area of the Tuolumne and Stanislaus Rivers , while the Paiutes inhabited the upper drainage of the Merced and Chowchilla Rivers . The indigenous natives called themselves the Ah @-@ wah @-@ ne @-@ chee , meaning " dwellers in Ahwahnee . " The Ahwahneechees were decimated by a disease in about 1800 , and left the valley , although about 200 returned under the leadership of Tenaya , son of an Ahwahneechee chief . Displaced Native Americans from the Californian coast moved to the Sierra Nevada during the early @-@ to @-@ mid @-@ 19th century , bringing with them their knowledge of Spanish food , technology , and clothing . Joining forces with the other tribes in the area , they raided land grant ranchos on the coast and drove herds of horses to the Sierra , where horse meat became a major new food source . = = = Exploration by European Americans = = = Although there were Spanish missions , pueblos ( towns ) , presidios ( forts ) , and ranchos along the coast of California , no Spanish explorers visited the Sierra Nevada . The first European Americans to visit the mountains were amongst a group led by fur trapper Jedediah Smith , crossing north of the Yosemite area in May 1827 , at Ebbetts Pass . A group of trappers led by mountain man Joseph Reddeford Walker may have seen Yosemite Valley in the autumn of 1833 . Walker approached a valley rim as he led his party across the Sierra Nevada , but he did not enter it . A member of the group , Zenas Leonard , wrote in his journal that streams from the valley rim dropped " from one lofty precipice to another , until they are exhausted in rain below . Some of these precipices appeared to us to be more than a mile high . " The Walker party probably visited either the Tuolumne or Merced Groves of giant sequoia , becoming the first non @-@ indigenous people to see the giant trees , but journals relating to the Walker party were destroyed in 1839 , in a print shop fire in Philadelphia . The part of the Sierra Nevada where the park is located was long considered to be a physical barrier to European American settlers , traders , trappers , and travelers . That situation changed in 1848 after gold was discovered in the foothills west of the range . Travel and trade activity dramatically increased in the area during the ensuing California Gold Rush . Resources depended upon by local Native Americans were depleted or destroyed , and disease brought by the newcomers spread rapidly through indigenous populations . Extermination of native culture became a policy of the United States Government . The first confirmed sighting of Yosemite Valley by a non @-@ indigenous person occurred on October 18 , 1849 by William P. Abrams and a companion . Abrams accurately described some landmarks , but it is uncertain whether he or his companion actually entered the valley . In 1850 , one of three brothers , Joseph , William , or Nathan Screech , became the first confirmed non @-@ indigenous person to enter Hetch Hetchy Valley . Joseph Screech returned two years later and spoke with the Native Americans living there , asking them what the name of a grass @-@ covered seed meal was and was told , " hatch hatchy . " The surveying crew of Allexey W. Von Schmidt conducted the first systematic traverse of any part of the Yosemite area backcountry in 1855 , when it extended an approximation of the Mount Diablo Baseline eastward from a point west of the present park boundary , to a point south of Mono Lake . The actual route taken was 5 to 6 miles south of the actual baseline , due to topographic difficulties , including the Tuolumne River canyon at low elevations , and steep mountain slopes higher up . Nevertheless , this was the first straight line survey made across the Sierra Nevada From 1879 to 1883 large parts of the western half of the park were surveyed as part of the General Land Office survey . However , the individual contracted for the largest area , one S. A. Hanson , was later listed among those associated with the Benson Syndicate , and he combined actual with probably fabricated surveys . Topographic surveys performed by Lieutenant Montgomery M. Macomb , under George M Wheeler 's Surveys West of the 100th Meridian , were completed in the late 1870s and early 1880s . = = = Mariposa Wars and legacy = = = James Savage 's trading camp on the Merced River , 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Yosemite Valley , was raided by Native Americans in December 1850 , after which the raiders retreated into the mountains . An appeal to the governor of California to put an end to this and other raids led to the formation of the Mariposa Battalion in 1851 , and the start of the Mariposa War . Savage led the battalion into Yosemite Valley in 1851 , in pursuit of around 200 Ahwaneechees led by Chief Tenaya . On March 27 , 1851 , the company of 50 to 60 men reached what is now called Old Inspiration Point , from where Yosemite Valley 's main features are visible . Chief Tenaya and his band were eventually captured and their village burned , fulfilling the prophecy an old and dying medicine man had given Tenaya many years before . The Ahwahnechee were escorted by their captor , Captain John Bowling , to the Fresno River Reservation , and the battalion was disbanded on July 1 , 1851 . Life on the reservation was unpleasant and the Ahwahneechee longed for their valley . Reservation officials consented and allowed Tenaya and some of his band to return on their own recognizance . A group of eight miners entered Yosemite Valley in May 1852 , and were allegedly attacked by Tenaya 's warriors ; two of the miners were killed . Regular army troops under the direction of Lt. Tredwell Moore retaliated by shooting six Ahwahneechee who were in possession of white men 's clothing . Tenaya 's band fled the valley and sought refuge with the Mono , his mother 's tribe . In mid @-@ 1853 , the Ahwahneechee returned to the valley , but they subsequently betrayed the hospitality of their former Mono hosts by stealing horses that the Mono had taken from non @-@ indigenous ranchers . In return , the Monos tracked down and killed many of the remaining Ahwahneechee , including Tenaya ; Tenaya Lake is named after the fallen chief . Hostilities subsided and by the mid @-@ 1850s local European American residents started to befriend Native Americans still living in the Yosemite area . Members of the battalion proposed names for the valley while they were camped at Bridalveil Meadow . The company physician who had been attached to Savage 's unit , Dr. Lafayette Bunnell , suggested " Yo @-@ sem @-@ i @-@ ty " , after what the surrounding Sierra Miwok tribes , who feared the Yosemite Valley tribe , called them . Savage , who spoke some native dialects , translated this as " full @-@ grown grizzly bear . " The term , which was possibly derived from or confused with the similar uzumati or uhumati , meaning " grizzly bear , " is the Southern Sierra Miwok word Yohhe 'meti , meaning " they are killers . " Bunnell named many other local topographic features on the same trip . Bunnell drafted an article about the trip , but destroyed it when a newspaper correspondent in San Francisco suggested cutting his 1,500- foot ( 460 m ) height estimate for the valley 's walls in half ; the walls are in fact twice the height that Bunnell surmised . The first published account of Yosemite Valley was written by Lt. Tredwell Moore for the January 20 , 1854 , issue of the Mariposa Chronicle , establishing the modern spelling of Yosemite . Bunnell described his awestruck impressions of the valley in his book , The Discovery of the Yosemite , published in 1892 . = = = Artists , photographers , and the first tourists = = = Forty @-@ eight Non @-@ Indian people visited Yosemite Valley in 1855 , including San Francisco writer James Mason Hutchings and artist Thomas Ayres . Hutchings wrote an article about his experience that was published in the July 12 , 1855 , issue of the Mariposa Gazette and Ayres ' sketch of Yosemite Falls was published in late 1855 ; four of his drawings were presented in the lead article of the July 1856 and initial issue of Hutchings ' Illustrated California Magazine . The article and illustrations created tourist interest in Yosemite and eventually led to its protection . Ayres returned in 1856 and visited Tuolumne Meadows in the area 's high country . His highly detailed angularly exaggerated artwork and his written accounts were distributed nationally and an art exhibition of his drawings was held in New York City . Hutchings took photographer Charles Leander Weed to Yosemite Valley in 1859 ; Weed took the first photographs of the valley 's features , which were presented to the public in a September exhibition held in San Francisco . Hutchings published four installments of " The Great Yo @-@ semite Valley " from October 1859 to March 1860 in his magazine and re @-@ published a collection of these articles in his Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California , which remained in print into the 1870s . Carleton Watkins exhibited his 17 by 22 in ( 43 by 56 cm ) Yosemite views at the 1867 Paris International Exposition . Photographer Ansel Adams made his first trip to Yosemite in 1916 ; his photographs of the valley made him famous in the 1920s and 1930s . Adams willed the originals of his Yosemite photos to the Yosemite Park Association , and visitors can still buy direct prints from his original negatives . The studio in which the prints are sold was established in 1902 by artist Harry Cassie Best .	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Simpson 's report of the findings of his inquiry was made public by the Minister on 11 June 1946 . Simpson said he was satisfied the accident was not caused by failure of any part of the aircraft 's structure , its engines or its controls ; or failure to remove any of the flight @-@ control clamps prior to takeoff . = = = Automatic pilot = = = John Watkins , chairman of the investigation panel , told the inquiry the evidence supporting the theory that inadvertent engagement of the automatic pilot caused the accident was that its control box was recovered from the wreckage and its gyroscope was still caged . The speed valve unit was also recovered and it indicated the automatic pilot was operating at the time of impact . Inadvertent engagement of the automatic pilot with the gyroscope caged could explain a sudden descent by a DC @-@ 3 . Watkins also said the panel 's report to the Director @-@ General made several recommendations and they were already being actioned . These included one recommendation that operation of the automatic pilot on @-@ off control on Australian @-@ registered DC @-@ 3 aircraft should be made distinctive from operation of any other control in the cockpit . The Flight Superintendent of Australian National Airways , Captain P.T.L. Taylor , told the inquiry he did not believe the accident could have been caused by inadvertent engagement of the automatic pilot . He said if that happened , the pilot could dis @-@ engage it before losing 50 ft ( 15 m ) in altitude . The Chief Technical Adviser of Australian National Airways , Thomas Lawrence , told the inquiry he did not think there was any evidence to indicate the automatic pilot was engaged at the time of the accident . He thought the crash was the result of a combination of factors . = = = Bird @-@ strike = = = Michael Sharland , honorary ornithologist to the Tasmanian Museum , told the Inquiry he had been shown the mutilated remains of a dead bird and had identified it as a gannet , a fishing bird known to dive on its prey from heights from 50 ft to 500 ft . He was unable to say how the bird had died but said its injuries suggested it had been in a collision with a heavy , fast @-@ moving body . Captain P.T.L. Taylor said he thought a bird @-@ strike on the aircraft 's pitot tube could have caused the crash . Justice Simpson rejected the bird @-@ strike theory , saying the descent of the aircraft was caused by forward @-@ movement of the control column in the cockpit . He was unable to state what caused this movement of the control column . = = = Medical = = = The inquiry discovered that the chief @-@ pilot of the aircraft , Captain Thomas Spence , was diabetic and had been discharged from the RAAF in September 1941 as medically unfit . In early 1942 he applied for a commercial pilot licence but did not declare his diabetes . In a medical examination for the purpose of obtaining the licence , and at all subsequent examinations , Spence had shown no sign of diabetes . A specialist in diabetes told the Inquiry it was almost impossible to detect diabetes in a person who wished to withhold it . The inquiry also received evidence that a friend had asked Spence about his diabetes in relation to his employment as a pilot . Spence had asked his friend to keep it quiet so his employment would not be jeopardised . The senior route captain for Australian National Airways , Captain Douglas Way , told the inquiry he was unaware Spence was treating himself with insulin . Captain Way said he knew Spence had been discharged from the RAAF as medically unfit but Spence had told him it was a minor complaint discovered when he was in Canada and when he returned to Australia he found himself cured . At a medical examination in October 1943 for renewal of his commercial pilot licence Spence told the examiner he had been in hospital with influenza and a carbuncle . The examiner did not inquire further on the matter . Investigations with Brisbane Hospital for the purpose of informing Justice Simpson revealed that Spence 's hospitalisation was for diabetic pre @-@ coma . Justice Simpson agreed that Spence had misled many people . Spence was scheduled to have a medical examination on 11 March and it was considered plausible that he may have taken extra insulin to prepare himself for the examination . An overdose of insulin , or irregular doses , can distort the senses and cause the muscles to be unco @-@ ordinated . Counsel assisting the Inquiry , Henry Winneke , advocated that the cause of the accident was Spence 's diabetes . Justice Simpson was critical of the Director @-@ General 's investigation panel for considering 25 possible causes of the accident but failing to consider that the Department 's negligence in licensing a diabetic pilot might have been the root cause of the accident . After the inquiry had received all available information related to Spence 's diabetes , Justice Simpson said the insulin reaction of the pilot might have had a considerable bearing on the accident . In Justice Simpson 's report to the Governor @-@ General he wrote that he could see much to support the theory that the most likely cause was Spence 's actions in the cockpit while he was adversely affected by insulin . However , in his report he didn 't determine that the accident had been caused by Spence 's medical condition because there was insufficient evidence to completely prove the theory . = = = Irregularities = = = During the court of inquiry Justice Simpson became aware of four irregularities and listed them in his report . When Thomas Spence had applied for a commercial pilot licence the RAAF Director @-@ General of Medical Services had been acting as assessor for the Department of Civil Aviation . The Director @-@ General had neglected to check Spence 's RAAF medical history . A medical examiner had failed to check Spence 's statement that his recent hospitalisation was due to influenza . The truth was that Spence had been suffering a serious diabetic condition . VH @-@ AET was approved to carry 24 persons . On 10 March 1946 the aircraft took off with 25 persons on board – a full complement of 21 passengers , an air hostess and 3 pilots instead of the usual 2 . No flare path had been lit to illuminate the runway for takeoff and any unexpected return to the aerodrome for landing . = = = Recommendations = = = Justice Simpson made five recommendations : The practice of allowing pilots under instruction to gain experience in the cockpit of aircraft carrying passengers should be reviewed . The levers that actuate the automatic pilot and the fuel cross @-@ feed should be modified so they have a different appearance . A regulation should be made to prohibit taking off at night without a flare path or other runway lighting system ; and it should be compulsory for the flare path to remain lit until there is no longer a possibility the aircraft might return to the airport to land . Ground engineers completing daily inspections should keep copies of their inspection records . Medical examinations for issue or renewal of pilot licences should be made by doctors chosen , and paid for , by the Department of Civil Aviation . = = Coronial inquest = = The Tasmania Coroner , Mr Sorell , investigated the deaths of the 21 people whose bodies had been recovered . He determined that the causes of their deaths were multiple fractures and injuries but he was unable to say how or in what manner they met their deaths . = = Flight crew = = The captain was Thomas Spence , aged 30 . He had about 3 @,@ 500 hours flying experience and had been a captain of Douglas DC @-@ 3 aircraft for a year . He joined Australian National Airways in June 1942 . The co @-@ pilot was David Collum , aged 21 . He had about 1 @,@ 400 hours flying experience , mostly with Australian National Airways . The supernumerary pilot was Austin Gibson , aged 37 . He had about 2 @,@ 500 hours flying experience in the RAAF ; half of this as a flying instructor . He had over 1 @,@ 000 hours in command of twin @-@ engine Anson , Oxford , Hudson and Beaufort aircraft but no experience on the Douglas C @-@ 47 or DC @-@ 3 . = = Aircraft = = The aircraft was constructed in 1942 as a Douglas C @-@ 47 @-@ DL transport aircraft with a Douglas serial number 6013 . It was assigned the US military serial number 41 @-@ 18652 and in 1943 was delivered to the US Army Air Force in Brisbane . In November 1944 , it was sold to the Commonwealth of Australia . Twelve C @-@ 47s were purchased by the Commonwealth of Australia and hired out under charter to aviation companies , six to Australian National Airways . The aircraft was registered VH @-@ AET by the Commonwealth and hired out to Australian National Airways on 20 December 1944 . Australian National Airways converted it to the civil aircraft configuration about a year before the crash . VH @-@ AET flew for 7 @,@ 477 hours . = HMS Boadicea ( 1908 ) = HMS Boadicea was the lead ship of her class of scout cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century . She led the 1st Destroyer Flotilla from completion until the ship was transferred to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla in mid @-@ 1912 . A year later Boadicea was reassigned to the 2nd Battle Squadron and she spent the bulk of World War I with that squadron . The ship was present at , but did not fight in , the Battle of Jutland in mid @-@ 1916 . Boadicea was converted into a minelayer at the end of 1917 and made three sorties to lay her mines before the end of the war . She was placed in reserve after the war and taken out of service in 1920 . The ship was used for harbour service at Dartmouth until she was sold for scrap in 1926 . = = Design and description = = Designed to provide destroyer flotillas with a command ship capable of outclassing enemy destroyers with her six four @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) guns , Boadicea proved too slow in service from the start of her career . Her 25 @-@ knot ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) speed was barely capable of matching the speeds of the River @-@ class destroyers she led in her flotilla in 1909 and proved inadequate to match the speed of later destroyers . Displacing 3 @,@ 350 long tons ( 3 @,@ 400 t ) , the ship had an overall length of 405 feet ( 123 @.@ 4 m ) , a beam of 41 feet 6 inches ( 12 @.@ 6 m ) and a deep draught of 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) . She was powered by two Parsons steam turbine sets , each driving two shafts . The turbines produced a total of 18 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 13 @,@ 000 kW ) , using steam produced by 12 Yarrow boilers that burned both fuel oil and coal , and gave a maximum speed of 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) . She carried a maximum of 780 long tons ( 790 t ) of coal and 189 long tons ( 192 t ) of fuel oil . Her crew consisted of 317 officers and enlisted men . Her main armament consisted of six breech @-@ loading ( BL ) four @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) Mk VII guns . The forward pair of guns were mounted side by side on a platform on the forecastle , the middle pair were amidships , one on each broadside , and the two remaining guns were on the centreline of the quarterdeck , one ahead of the other . The guns fired their 31 @-@ pound ( 14 kg ) shells to a range of about 11 @,@ 400 yards ( 10 @,@ 400 m ) . Her secondary armament was four quick @-@ firing ( QF ) three @-@ pounder ( 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) ) Vickers Mk I guns and two submerged 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes . During the war , four additional four @-@ inch guns were added amidships to increase her firepower . A QF three @-@ inch 20 cwt anti @-@ aircraft gun was also added . In 1918 it was replaced by a four @-@ inch gun . As a scout cruiser , the ship was only lightly protected to maximise her speed . She had a curved protective deck that was one inch ( 25 mm ) thick on the slope and 0 @.@ 5 inches ( 13 mm ) on the flat . Her conning tower was protected by four inches of armour . = = Construction and service = = The fourth ship to bear her name in the Royal Navy , Boadicea was laid down at Pembroke Royal Dockyard on 1 June 1907 and launched on 14 May 1908 by Lady Kensington . She was the first turbine @-@ powered cruiser in the Royal Navy and was completed in June 1909 , under the temporary command of Commander Francis Leake . Captain Edward Charlton relieved Leake on 27 July and the ship became the flotilla leader of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla . Captain Vernon Haggard assumed command of the ship on 27 October 1911 and he was relieved by Captain Ernest Carey when the ship was transferred to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla on 31 July 1912 . Carey was only in command until 3 April 1913 when Captain Cecil Fox replaced him . Boadicea was transferred to the 2nd Battle Squadron on 5 July and Fox was relieved by Captain Louis Woollcombe . On 31 July 1914 , she took Vice @-@ Admiral John Jellicoe from Wick to Scapa Flow to assume command of the Grand Fleet . She was assigned to the Second Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet in Scapa Flow at the start of the war . On 15 December her bridge and several crewmen were lost overboard due to severe weather in the Pentland Firth as the squadron sortied to intercept German ships bombarding ports in Yorkshire . Boadicea had to return to port for repairs . She was at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 , but was assigned to a position at the rear of the squadron and did not fire her guns . She actually spotted the German fleet the night after the battle , but her report was not passed to Jellicoe for fear of giving away the position of the Grand Fleet . Woollcombe was relieved by Captain Algernon Candy on 8 September . The ship was relieved in the squadron by her sister ship Bellona in October 1917 and was on detached duties , probably in preparation for her conversion into a minelayer in December 1917 . Boadicea was assigned to the 4th Battle Squadron in January 1918 and she laid mines at the entrance to the Kattegat on the nights of 18 / 19 and 24 / 25 February 1918 , part of her total of 184 mines laid in three missions . The ship remained with the 4th Battle Squadron for the rest of the war . After end of the war in November , the ship was relieved of her assignment with the 4th Battle Squadron and assigned to the Nore in February 1919 and placed in reserve there the following month . She was paid off on 18 February 1920 at Chatham Dockyard and was used for harbour service at Dartmouth until she was sold for scrap on 13 July 1926 to be broken up at Alloa , Rosyth . = Minneapolis = Minneapolis ( / ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs / ) is the county seat of Hennepin County , and larger of the Twin Cities , the 16th @-@ largest metropolitan area in the United States , containing about 3 @.@ 5 million residents . As of 2015 , Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th @-@ largest in the United States with a population of 410 @,@ 939 . Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second @-@ largest economic center in the Midwest , after Chicago . Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River , just north of the river 's confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Saint Paul , the state 's capital . The city is abundantly rich in water , with twenty lakes and wetlands , the Mississippi River , creeks and waterfalls , many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway . It was once the world 's flour milling capital and a hub for timber . In the 21st century , it is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle , with Minneapolis proper containing America 's fifth @-@ highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies . As an integral link to the global economy , Minneapolis is categorized as a global city . Noted for its strong music and performing arts scenes , Minneapolis is home to both the award @-@ winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub , the latter of which helped launch the career of musical icon Prince . Minneapolis ' name is attributed to Charles Hoag , the city 's first schoolteacher , who combined mni , a Dakota Sioux word for water , and polis , the Greek word for city . = = History = = = = = Sioux natives , city founded = = = Dakota Sioux had long been the region 's sole residents when French explorers arrived around 1680 . For a time relations were based on fur trading . Gradually more European @-@ American settlers arrived , competing for game and other resources with the Dakota . In the early 19th century , the United States acquired this territory from France . It gradually established posts here . Fort Snelling was built in 1819 by the United States Army , and it attracted traders , settlers and merchants , spurring growth in the area . The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land , allowing people arriving from the East to settle here . The Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present @-@ day Minneapolis as a town in 1856 on the Mississippi 's west bank . Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867 , the year rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago . It later joined with the east @-@ bank city of St. Anthony in 1872 . = = = Waterpower ; lumber and flour milling = = = Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls , the highest waterfall on the Mississippi River and a source of power for its early industry . Forests in northern Minnesota were exploited by the lumber industry , which operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall . By 1871 , the west river bank had twenty @-@ three businesses , including flour mills , woolen mills , iron works , a railroad machine shop , and mills for cotton , paper , sashes , and planing wood . Due to the occupational hazards of milling , six local sources of artificial limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the 1890s . The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the city 's thirty @-@ four flour mills . Millers have used hydropower elsewhere since the 1st century B.C. , but the results in Minneapolis between 1880 and 1930 were so remarkable the city has been described as " the greatest direct @-@ drive waterpower center the world has ever seen . " A father of modern milling in America and founder of what became General Mills , Cadwallader C. Washburn converted his business from gristmills to truly revolutionary technology , including " gradual reduction " processing by steel and porcelain roller mills that were capable of producing premium @-@ quality pure white flour very quickly . Some ideas were developed by William Dixon Gray and some acquired through industrial espionage from the Hungarians by William de la Barre . Charles A. Pillsbury and C.A. Pillsbury Company across the river were barely a step behind , hiring Washburn employees to immediately use the new methods . The hard red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable ( $ .50 profit per barrel in 1871 increased to $ 4 @.@ 50 in 1874 , ) and Minnesota " patent " flour was recognized at the time as the best in the world . Not until later did consumers discover the value in the bran ( which contains wheat 's vitamins , minerals and fiber ) that " Minneapolis ... millers routinely dumped " into the Mississippi . Millers cultivated relationships with academic scientists especially at the University of Minnesota . Those scientists backed them politically on many issues , for example during the early 20th century , when health advocates in the nascent field of nutrition criticized the flour " bleaching " process . At peak production , a single mill at Washburn @-@ Crosby made enough flour for 12 million loaves of bread each day , and by 1900 , 14 @.@ 1 percent of America 's grain was milled in Minneapolis . Further , by 1895 through the efforts of silent partner William Hood Dunwoody , Washburn @-@ Crosby exported four million barrels of flour a year to the United Kingdom , and when exports reached their peak in 1900 , about one third of all flour milled in Minneapolis was shipped overseas . = = = Corruption , social movements , urban renewal = = = Known initially as a kindly physician , Doc Ames led the city into corruption during four terms as mayor just before 1900 . The gangster Kid Cann was famous for bribery and intimidation during the 1930s and 1940s . The city made dramatic changes to rectify discrimination as early as 1886 when Martha Ripley founded Maternity Hospital for both married and unmarried mothers . When the country 's fortunes turned during the Great Depression , the violent Teamsters Strike of 1934 resulted in laws acknowledging workers ' rights . A lifelong civil rights activist and union supporter , mayor Hubert Humphrey helped the city establish fair employment practices and a human relations council that interceded on behalf of minorities by 1946 . In the 1950s , about 1 @.@ 6 % of the population of Minneapolis was nonwhite . Minneapolis contended with white supremacy , participated in desegregation and the African @-@ American civil rights movement , and in 1968 was the birthplace of the American Indian Movement . Minneapolis was a " particularly virulent " site of anti @-@ semitism until 1950 . A hate group recruited members in the city and held meetings there around 1936 to 1938 . The Jewish Free Employment Bureau tried to help victims of economic discrimination , with limited success . Formed in 1948 , the nonsectarian Mount Sinai Hospital was a place where Jewish physicians and health professionals could practice . During the 1950s and 1960s , as part of urban renewal , the city razed about 200 buildings across 25 city blocks ( roughly 40 % of downtown ) , destroying the Gateway District and many buildings with notable architecture , including the Metropolitan Building . Efforts to save the building failed but are credited with sparking interest in ( but not always succeeding in ) historic preservation in the state . = = Geography and climate = = The history and economic growth of Minneapolis are tied to water , the city 's defining physical characteristic , which was brought to the region during the last ice age ten thousand years ago . Ice blocks deposited in valleys by retreating glaciers created the lakes of Minneapolis . Fed by a receding glacier and Lake Agassiz , torrents of water from a glacial river cut the Mississippi riverbed and created the river 's only waterfall , Saint Anthony Falls , important to the early settlers of Minneapolis . Lying on an artesian aquifer and flat terrain , Minneapolis has a total area of 58 @.@ 4 square miles ( 151 @.@ 3 km2 ) and of this 6 % is water . Water supply is managed by four watershed districts that correspond to the Mississippi and the city 's three creeks . Twelve lakes , three large ponds , and five unnamed wetlands are within Minneapolis . The city center is located at 45 ° N latitude . The city 's lowest elevation of 686 feet ( 209 m ) is near where Minnehaha Creek meets the Mississippi River . The site of the Prospect Park Water Tower is often cited as the city 's highest point and a placard in Deming Heights Park denotes the highest elevation . A spot at 974 feet ( 297 m ) in or near Waite Park in Northeast Minneapolis , however , is corroborated by Google Earth as the highest ground . = = = Cityscape = = = = = = Climate = = = Minneapolis has a humid continental climate typical of the Upper Midwest . According to NOAA , Minneapolis 's annual average for sunshine is 58 % . On the Köppen climate classification , Minneapolis falls in the humid continental climate zone ( Dfa ) and is situated in USDA plant hardiness zone 4b borderline 5a . As is typical in a continental climate , the difference between average temperatures in the coldest winter month and the warmest summer month is great : 60 @.@ 1 ° F ( 33 @.@ 4 ° C ) . The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events , including snow , sleet , ice , rain , thunderstorms , and fog . The highest recorded temperature was 108 ° F ( 42 ° C ) in July 1936 while the lowest was − 41 ° F ( − 41 ° C ) in January 1888 . The snowiest winter of record was 1983 – 84 , when 8 @.@ 2 feet or 98 @.@ 4 inches ( 250 cm ) of snow fell . = = Demographics = = As of the 2010 U.S. census , the racial composition was as follows : White : 63 @.@ 8 % Black or African American : 18 @.@ 6 % American Indian : 2 @.@ 0 % Asian : 5 @.@ 6 % ( 1 @.@ 9 % Hmong , 0 @.@ 9 % Chinese , 0 @.@ 7 % Indian , 0 @.@ 6 % Korean , 0 @.@ 4 % Vietnamese , 0 @.@ 3 % Thai , 0 @.@ 3 % Laotian , 0 @.@ 2 % Filipino , 0 @.@ 1 % Japanese , 0 @.@ 2 % Other Asian ) Native Hawaiian / Pacific Islander : 0 @.@ 1 % Other : 5 @.@ 6 % Multiracial : 4 @.@ 4 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) : 10 @.@ 5 % ( 7 @.@ 0 % Mexican , 1 @.@ 3 % Ecuadorian , 0 @.@ 4 % Puerto Rican , 0 @.@ 3 % Guatemalan , 0 @.@ 2 % Salvadoran , 1 @.@ 3 % Other Latino ) White Americans make up about three @-@ fifths of Minneapolis 's population . This community is predominantly of German and Scandinavian descent . There are 82 @,@ 870 German Americans in the city , making up over one @-@ fifth ( 23 @.@ 1 % ) of the population . The Scandinavian @-@ American population is primarily Norwegian and Swedish . There are 39 @,@ 103 Norwegian Americans , making up 10 @.@ 9 % of the population ; there are 30 @,@ 349 Swedish Americans , making up 8 @.@ 5 % of the city 's population . Danish Americans are not nearly as numerous ; there are 4 @,@ 434 Danish Americans , making up only 1 @.@ 3 % of the population . Norwegian , Swedish , and Danish Americans together make up 20 @.@ 7 % of the population . This means that ethnic Germans and Scandinavians together make up 43 @.@ 8 % of Minneapolis 's population , and make up the majority of Minneapolis 's non @-@ Hispanic white population . Other significant European groups in the city include those of Irish ( 11 @.@ 3 % ) , English ( 7 @.@ 0 % ) , Polish ( 3 @.@ 9 % ) , French ( 3 @.@ 5 % ) and Italian ( 2 @.@ 3 % ) descent . = HMS Invincible ( 1907 ) = HMS Invincible was a battlecruiser of the British Royal Navy , the lead ship of her class of three , and the first battlecruiser to be built by any country in the world . In the First World War she participated in the Battle of Heligoland Bight in a minor role as she was the oldest and slowest of the British battlecruisers present . She fired on the light cruiser Cöln , but did not hit her before Cöln was sunk by the battlecruiser Lion . During the Battle of the Falkland Islands , Invincible and her sister Inflexible sank the armoured cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau almost without loss to themselves , despite numerous hits by the German ships . She was the flagship of the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron during the Battle of Jutland . The squadron had been detached from Admiral Beatty 's Battlecruiser Fleet a few days before the battle for gunnery practice with the Grand Fleet and acted as its heavy scouting force during the battle . She was destroyed by a magazine explosion during the battle after ' Q ' turret was penetrated . = = Design = = = = = General characteristics = = = Invincible was significantly larger than her armoured cruiser predecessors of the Minotaur class . She had an overall length of 567 ft ( 173 m ) , a beam of 78 @.@ 5 ft ( 23 @.@ 9 m ) , and a draft of 30 ft ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) at deep load . She displaced 17 @,@ 250 long tons ( 17 @,@ 530 t ) at load and 20 @,@ 420 long tons ( 20 @,@ 750 t ) at deep load , nearly 3 @,@ 000 long tons ( 3 @,@ 000 t ) more than the earlier ships . The Invincible @-@ class ships were formally known as armoured cruisers until 1911 when they were redesignated as battlecruisers by an Admiralty order of 24 November 1911 . Unofficially a number of designations were used until then , including cruiser @-@ battleship , dreadnought cruiser and battle @-@ cruiser . = = = Propulsion = = = Invincible had two paired sets of Parsons turbines , each of which was housed in a separate engine @-@ room and drove an outboard and inboard shaft . The high @-@ pressure ahead and astern turbines were coupled to the outboard shafts and the low @-@ pressure turbines to the inner shafts . A cruising turbine was also coupled to each inner shaft ; these were not used often and were eventually disconnected . Her three @-@ bladed propellers were 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) in diameter on the inner shafts while the outer propellers were 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) in diameter . The turbines were powered by thirty @-@ one Yarrow water @-@ tube boilers in four boiler rooms , and were designed to produce a total of 41 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 31 @,@ 000 kW ) , but reached nearly 46 @,@ 500 shp ( 34 @,@ 700 kW ) during trials in 1908 . She was designed for 25 knots ( 46 km / h ) , but reached 26 @.@ 64 knots ( 49 km / h ) during trials . Invincible carried 2 @,@ 997 long tons ( 3 @,@ 045 t ) of coal , and an additional 738 long tons ( 750 t ) of fuel oil that was to be sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate . At full fuel capacity , she could steam for 3 @,@ 090 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 720 km ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ) . Her electrical power was provided by four 200 kW turbo @-@ generators and motor generators with capacity of 100 kW . = = = Armament = = = Invincible carried eight BL 12 @-@ inch ( 304 @.@ 8 mm ) Mk X guns in four twin turrets . For evaluation purposes these were electrically driven BIX and BX turrets , two each built by Vickers and Armstrongs . They proved to be a failure despite two lengthy refits in 1909 and 1911 and were converted to hydraulic power during her refit in early 1914 at the cost of £ 151 @,@ 200 . The situation was so bad during her gunnery trials in October 1908 that the captain of HMS Excellent , the Royal Navy 's chief gunnery school , described their operation in the following manner : " When the order was given to train the turret , elevate or run a gun in or out , it was only necessary to push a button , or move a switch , but the result was often a flash of blue flame which seemed to fill the turret . " Her secondary armament consisted of sixteen 4 in ( 102 mm ) QF Mk III guns . During 1915 the turret roof guns were transferred to the superstructure and the total number of guns was reduced to twelve . All of the remaining guns were enclosed in casemates and given blast shields at that time to better protect the gun crews from weather and enemy action . Her anti @-@ aircraft armament consisted of a single QF 3 inch 20 cwt AA gun on a high @-@ angle MKII mount at the aft end of the superstructure that was carried between October – November 1914 and from April 1915 onwards . A 3 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss gun on a high @-@ angle MkIc mounting with a maximum elevation of 60 ° was also mounted in November 1914 . Five 18 @-@ inch ( 450 @-@ mm ) submerged torpedo tubes were fitted on the Invincibles , two on each side and one in the stern . Fourteen torpedoes were carried for them . = = = Armour = = = The waterline belt was 6 inches thick roughly between the fore and aft 12 @-@ inch gun turrets , but was reduced to four inches from the fore turret to the bow , but did not extend aft of the rear turret . The gun turrets and barbettes were protected by 7 in ( 178 mm ) of armour , except for the turret roofs which used 3 in ( 76 mm ) of Krupp non @-@ cemented armour ( KNC ) . The thickness of the main deck was 1 – 2 in ( 25 – 51 mm ) and the lower deck armour was 1 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 5 in ( 38 – 64 mm ) . Mild steel torpedo bulkheads of 2 @.@ 5 @-@ inch thickness were fitted abreast the magazines and shell rooms . = = Construction = = The ship was built at Sir W. G. Armstrong , Whitworth & Co . , Ltd on Tyneside . She was laid down on 2 April 1906 , and launched at 3 p.m. on 13 April 1907 by Lady Allendale . On 28 December 1907 , while still fitting out , she was hit by the collier Oden , which resulted in the buckling of beams and frames in the hull and five bottom plates being stove in . She was officially completed on 16 March 1909 . On 18 March , she sailed from the Tyne to Portsmouth , where she would be commissioned . On the way , she collided with the brigantine Mary Ann , and stood by until the lifeboat John Birch arrived from Yarmouth to take the brigantine in tow . = = Early career = = She was commissioned into the 1st Cruiser Squadron of the Home Fleet on 20 March 1909 and participated in fleet manoeuvres in April and June 1909 , the Spithead Review on 12 June 1909 , and the Fleet Review off Southend on 2 July . She was refitted between 17 August and 17 January 1910 in an attempt to cure the electrical problems with her turrets , but they were still unsatisfactory . Another attempt was made to bring her turrets to working order during a refit in the spring of 1911 , but this too was unsuccessful and the decision was made the following year to convert her turrets to hydraulic power . This was delayed until after her deployment to join the Mediterranean Fleet at the end of 1912 . On 17 March 1913 , she collided with the submarine HMS C34 , but the collision was ruled the fault of the submarine . She returned to the UK in December 1913 in preparation for a major refit that would finally give her turrets hydraulic power and make her battle @-@ worthy . Her refit at Portsmouth Dockyard began in March 1914 and was interrupted by the declaration of war on Germany on 4 August . She 'd been formally recommissioned the day prior , but the turret work required another week to complete . Invincible was the first battlecruiser to be fitted with a new fire @-@ control director , but this could not be completed in the allotted time and would remain inoperable until she was refitted after the Battle of the Falkland Islands . She was declared operational on 12 August , when Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Archibald Gordon Moore , commanding the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron , hoisted his flag in her . He was ordered to the Humber , along with the battlecruiser HMS New Zealand , where he could better support the British ships patrolling the Broad Fourteens . = = World War I = = = = = Battle of Heligoland Bight = = = Invincible 's first action was as part of the battlecruiser force under the command of Admiral Beatty during the Battle of Heligoland Bight operation on 28 August 1914 . Beatty 's ships had originally been intended as distant support of the British cruisers and destroyers closer to the German coast in case large units of the High Seas Fleet sortied in response to the British attacks . They turned south at full speed at 11 : 35 AM when the British light forces failed to disengage on schedule and the rising tide meant that German capital ships would be able to clear the bar at the mouth of the Jade estuary . The brand @-@ new light cruiser Arethusa had been crippled earlier in the battle and was under fire from the German light cruisers Strassburg and Cöln when Beatty 's battlecruisers loomed out of the mist at 12 : 37 PM . Strassburg was able to duck into the mists and evade fire , but Cöln remained visible and was quickly crippled by fire from the squadron . Beatty was distracted from the task of finishing her off by the sudden appearance of the elderly light cruiser Ariadne directly to his front . He turned in pursuit and reduced her to a flaming hulk in only three salvos at close range ( under 6 @,@ 000 yards ( 5 @.@ 5 km ) ) . At 1 : 10 PM Beatty turned north and made a general signal to retire . At this time , Invincible , trailing the main body of battlecruisers , opened fire on Cöln . She fired 18 rounds , all misses , before Beatty 's main body encountered the crippled Cöln shortly after turning north and she was sunk by two salvos from Lion . = = = Battle of the Falklands = = = The West Indies Squadron of Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock was destroyed by the German German East Asia Squadron commanded by Admiral Graf von Spee during the Battle of Coronel on 1 November 1914 . In response , the Admiralty ordered that a squadron be sent to destroy the Germans . The squadron , under the command of Admiral Sir Doveton Sturdee , consisted of Invincible ( flag ) and Inflexible . They departed on 11 November and rendezvoused with several other cruisers under Rear Admiral Stoddard at Abrolhos Rocks , off the coast of Brazil on the 26th . They departed the following day and reached Port Stanley in the Falklands on the morning of 7 December . Spee , making a leisurely voyage back to the Atlantic , wanted to destroy the radio station at Port Stanley and sent the armoured cruiser SMS Gneisenau and the light cruiser Nürnberg to see if the harbour was clear of British warships on the morning of 8 December . They were spotted at 7 : 30 AM , although the pre @-@ dreadnought Canopus , grounded in Stanley Harbour to defend the town and its wireless station , did not receive the signal until 7 : 45 . Sturdee was not expecting an engagement and most of his ships were coaling . The armoured cruiser Cornwall and the light cruiser Bristol had one or both of their engines under repair . The armed merchant cruiser Macedonian was patrolling the outer harbour entrance while the armoured cruiser Kent was anchored in the outer harbour , scheduled to relieve the Macedonian at 8 : 00 AM . The German ships were not expecting resistance and the first salvo from Canopus 's guns at 9 : 20 caused them to sheer off from their bombardment of the wireless station and fall back on Spee 's main body . Sturdee 's ships did not sortie from the harbour until 9 : 50 , although they could see the retreating German ships on the southwest horizon . The Invincibles , fresh out of dry dock , had a 5 knots ( 5 @.@ 8 mph ; 9 @.@ 3 km / h ) advantage over Spee 's ships , which all had fouled bottoms that limited their speeds to no more than 20 knots ( 23 mph ; 37 km / h ) . The light cruiser SMS Leipzig lagged behind the other ships and Inflexible opened fire when the range dropped to 17 @,@ 500 yards ( 16 @.@ 0 km ) at 12 : 55 PM . Invincible opened fire shortly afterwards and both ships began straddling Leipzig as the range closed to 13 @,@ 000 yards ( 12 km ) . At 1 : 20 , Spee ordered his squadron to separate and ordered his light cruisers to turn to the southwest , while his armoured cruisers turned north east to cover their retreat . The German ships opened fire at 1 : 30 and scored their first hit at 1 : 44 when SMS Scharnhorst struck Invincible , though the shell burst harmlessly on the belt armour . Both sides fired rapidly during the first half @-@ hour of the engagement , before Sturdee opened up the distance to put his ships outside the effective range of the German guns . British gunnery was very poor , scoring only four hits out of 210 rounds fired . The primary cause was the smoke from the guns and funnels , since the British were downwind of the Germans , though one gun of Invincible 's ' A ' turret jammed at 1 : 42 and was out of action for thirty minutes . Spee turned to the south in an attempt to disengage while the British had their vision obscured , but only opened the range to 17 @,@ 000 yards ( 16 km ) before his course change was spotted . The British battlecruisers gave chase at 24 knots ( 28 mph ; 44 km / h ) . Forty minutes later the British opened fire again at 15 @,@ 000 yards ( 14 km ) . Eight minutes later Spee turned again to the east to give battle . His strategy was to close the range so he could bring his 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) secondary armament into play . He was successful and the 15 cm guns were able to open fire at 3 : 00 at maximum elevation . The smoke bothered both sides , but multiple hits were scored . Those of the German ships either failed to detonate or hit armoured areas . However , Gneisenau 's starboard engine room was put out of action . Sturdee ordered his ships at 3 : 15 to cross their own wakes to gain the windward advantage . Spee turned to the northwest , as if to attempt to cross the British T , but actually to bring Scharnhorst 's undamaged starboard guns to bear as most of those on his port side were now out of action . The British continued to hit Scharnhorst and Gneisenau regularly and Scharnhorst ceased fire at 4 : 00 before capsizing at 4 : 17 with no survivors . Gneisenau had been slowed by earlier damage and was battered for another hour and a half by Inflexible and Invincible at ranges down to 4 @,@ 000 yards ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) . Despite the damage her crew continued to fire back until she ceased firing at 4 : 47 , her ammunition exhausted . Sturdee was ready to order ' Cease fire ' at 5 : 15 when an ammunition hoist was freed up and she made her last shot . The British then pounded her until 5 : 50 , after her captain had given the order to scuttle her at 5 : 40 . She slowly capsized at 6 : 00 and the British were able to rescue 176 men from the freezing waters . Invincible had fired 513 12 @-@ inch shells during the battle , but had been hit twenty @-@ two times . Two of her bow compartments were flooded and one hit on her waterline abreast ' P ' turret had flooded a coal bunker and temporarily given her a 15 ° list . Nevertheless , only one man had been killed and five wounded aboard the battlecruisers . After the battle Invincible made temporary repairs at Port Stanley and headed for Gibraltar , where she could be drydocked for more permanent repairs . This took a month and the opportunity was taken to extend the height of her fore funnel by 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) to reduce the amount of smoke blocking visibility from the bridge and spotting top . Invincible sailed to England on 15 February 1915 and joined the Grand Fleet . On 21 February the British battlecruiser force was organised into three squadrons of the Battlecruiser Fleet , with the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron ( BCS ) that was to consist of the three Invincible @-@ class ships once Inflexible arrived from the Mediterranean . She was refitted between 25 April and 12 May to have four worn @-@ out 12 @-@ inch guns replaced and the secondary armament reduced and given casemates . Rear Admiral Horace Hood took command of the 3rd BCS on 27 May 1915 and hoisted his flag in Invincible . The 1st and 3rd BCS had sortied in response to the German bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24 – 25 April 1916 , but failed to locate the German ships in heavy weather . During the return home , Invincible was rammed by the patrol yacht Goissa at 11 : 07 PM . Goissa 's bow was embedded in Invincible 's side which partially stoved @-@ in . Invincible 's speed was reduced to 12 knots ( 14 mph ; 22 km / h ) through flooding and she was forced to haul out of line and proceed independently to Rosyth for repairs which lasted until 22 May 1916 . = = = Battle of Jutland = = = At the end of May 1916 , the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron was temporarily assigned to the Grand Fleet for gunnery practice . On 30 May , the entire Grand Fleet , along with Admiral Beatty 's battlecruisers , had been ordered to sea to prepare for an excursion by the German High Seas Fleet . In order to support Beatty , Admiral Hood took his three battlecruisers ahead of the Grand Fleet . At about 2 : 30 PM Invincible intercepted a radio message from the British light cruiser Galatea , attached to Beatty 's Battlecruiser Force , reporting the sighting of two enemy cruisers . This was amplified by other reports of seven enemy ships steering north . Hood interpreted this as an attempt to escape through the Skagerrak and ordered an increase in speed to 22 kn ( 41 km / h ) at 3 : 11 and steered East @-@ Southeast to cut off the fleeing ships . Twenty minutes later Invincible intercepted a message from Beatty reporting five enemy battlecruisers in sight and later signals reporting that he was engaging the enemy on a south @-@ easterly course . At 4 : 06 Hood ordered full speed and a course of south @-@ southeast in an attempt to converge on Beatty . At 4 : 56 , with no British ships in sight , Hood requested Beatty 's course , position and speed , but never received a reply . Hood continued on course until 5 : 40 when gunfire was spotted in the direction to which his light cruiser Chester had been dispatched to investigate other gunfire flashes . Chester encountered four light cruisers of Hipper 's 2nd Scouting Group and was badly damaged before Hood turned to investigate and was able to drive the German cruisers away from Chester . At 5 : 53 Invincible opened fire on Wiesbaden and the other two Invincibles followed two minutes later . The German ships turned for the south after fruitlessly firing torpedoes at 6 : 00 and attempted to find shelter in the mist . As they turned Invincible hit Wiesbaden in the engine room and knocked out her engines while Inflexible hit Pillau once . The 2nd Scouting Group was escorted by the light cruiser Regensburg and 31 destroyers of the 2nd and 9th Flotillas and the 12th Half @-@ Flotilla which attacked the 3rd BCS in succession . They were driven off by Hood 's remaining light cruiser Canterbury and the five destroyers of his escort . In a confused action the Germans only launched 12 torpedoes and disabled the destroyer Shark with gunfire . Having turned due west to close on Beatty 's ships , the three Invincible @-@ class battlecruisers were broadside to the oncoming torpedoes , but Invincible turned north , while Inflexible and Indomitable turned south to present their narrowest profile to the torpedoes . All the torpedoes missed , although one passed underneath Inflexible without detonating . As Invincible turned north , her helm jammed and she had to come to a stop to fix the problem , but this was quickly done and the squadron reformed heading west . At 6 : 21 , with both Beatty and the Grand Fleet converging on him , Hood turned south to lead Beatty 's battlecruisers . Hipper 's battlecruisers were 9 @,@ 000 yards ( 8 @.@ 2 km ) away and the Invincibles almost immediately opened fire on Hipper 's flagship Lützow and Derfflinger . Indomitable hit Derfflinger three times and Seydlitz once , while the Lützow quickly took 10 hits from Lion , Inflexible and Invincible , including two hits below the waterline forward by Invincible that would ultimately doom her . But at 6 : 30 Invincible abruptly appeared as a clear target before Lützow and Derfflinger . The two German ships then fired three salvoes each at Invincible and sank her in 90 seconds . At least one 305 mm ( 12 @-@ inch ) shell from the third salvo struck her midships ' Q ' turret . The shell penetrated the front of ' Q ' turret , blew off the roof and detonated the midships magazines , which blew the ship in half . The explosion possibly ignited ' A ' and ' X ' magazines . Of her complement , 1026 officers and men were killed , including Rear @-@ Admiral Hood . There were only six survivors picked up by Badger . The names of the survivors are : Commander Hubert E. Dannreuther , RN Lieutenant Cecil . S. Sandford , RN Chief Petty Officer P. T. I. Thompson Yeoman of Signals Walter Maclean Pratt Able Seaman Ernest George Dandridge Gunner Bryan Gasson , RMA All except Gunner Gasson were stationed in the fire control top located at the top of the tripod foremast . Gasson was stationed in ' Q ' turret itself . When the magazine exploded he was somehow thrown clear of the ship . = = Wreck site = = After the war , the Invincible was located by a Royal Navy minesweeper lying on a sandy bottom at a depth of 180 feet ( 55 m ) at 57 ° 02 ′ 40 ″ N 06 ° 07 ′ 15 ″ E. The battlecruiser 's stern is right @-@ side up and the bow upside @-@ down . Examination of the wreck has found that the 12 inch guns in the aft turret remain loaded although its roof is missing . A contemporary photograph of the explosion that destroyed Invincible shows flame and smoke erupting from ' X ' turret . Coupled with the aft turret 's missing roof , it implies that ' X ' magazine also caused a low @-@ order explosion within the ship . Invincible is a protected site under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 . Mount Invincible in the Canadian Rockies was named after the battlecruiser in 1917 . = Music of the Spheres ( Doctor Who ) = " Music of the Spheres " is a mini @-@ episode of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who that premiered at the Royal Albert Hall in London before the Intermission of the Doctor Who Prom on 27 July 2008 , for which it was especially made . The Doctor Who Prom , including the audio for " Music of the Spheres " , was broadcast simultaneously on BBC Radio 3 . " Music of the Spheres " was shown on the official BBC Doctor Who website during the interval and the concert itself was filmed for later broadcast on BBC One on 1 January 2009 . The episode has live and pre @-@ recorded components : the pre @-@ recorded component takes place in the TARDIS ; the live component is the Doctor Who Prom which took place during the episode 's first transmission . Consequently , a major component of the episode is that it breaks the fourth wall : the Doctor ( David Tennant ) " converses " with the audience and conducts the orchestra to perform his symphony Ode to the Universe . He is antagonised by the Graske ( Jimmy Vee ) , who intends to cause mischief at the Prom . = = Synopsis = = The beginning of the episode depicts the Tenth Doctor composing Ode to the Universe : a symphony based on the " music of the spheres " — an aural representation of the Universe 's gravity patterns . During the composition , a Graske teleports into the TARDIS to warn the Doctor about the imminent opening of a portal linking the TARDIS to the Doctor Who Prom at the Royal Albert Hall . The Doctor conducts the orchestra in a performance before he realises the Graske has escaped into the Prom with his water pistol . He forces the Graske 's return by " reversing the polarity of the neutron flow " and banishes him from the TARDIS and to the other side of the universe . At the end of the episode , he tells the viewer that the music of the spheres encompasses everyone . = = Production = = Russell T Davies and Julie Gardner decided to create a " mini @-@ episode " to be screened at the Doctor Who Prom in part because actor David Tennant was unable to participate in the live concert due to his commitments to the Royal Shakespeare Company 's production of Hamlet . Davies incorporated interactive elements into his script to ensure that the live performance was " an event " : You can watch it later on the website , or on YouTube , or whatever , but frankly , you 'll never know what it was really like unless you are in the Albert Hall on that day . It can never be captured again . And that 's a reward for people who buy tickets and queue and travel . Davies sought to continue the Doctor 's long association with music in this special after he realised the Tenth Doctor had yet to show " any aptitude for music " . In his introductory note , Davies cites as examples of the Doctor 's previous associations with music : the First Doctor disguising himself as Ancient Rome 's most famous lyre @-@ player in Emperor Nero 's court in The Romans ; the Second Doctor playing his recorder ; the Third Doctor singing Aggedor to sleep with a Venusian lullaby in The Curse of Peladon ; the Fourth Doctor shattering glass by singing in the style of Dame Nellie Melba in The Power of Kroll ; the Fifth Doctor playing a harp on Gallifrey in The Five Doctors ; the Sixth Doctor singing opera ; the Seventh Doctor playing the spoons ; the Eighth Doctor admiring composer Giacomo Puccini ; and the Ninth Doctor dancing with Rose Tyler to " In The Mood " by Glenn Miller in " The Doctor Dances " . In writing the episode , Davies expressed hope that " this mini @-@ adventure [ would show ] that music can take any shape or form , whether it ’ s singing , or playing the recorder , or even the spoons . " He states that " music can go anywhere , reach anyone , and make better people of us all . Just like the Doctor . " The mini @-@ episode was filmed on Saturday 3 May 2008 , the last day of filming for Series 4 of Doctor Who , in the BBC Wales studios at Upper Boat , Pontypridd . Jimmy Vee , " a faithful friend of the show " , was recalled to the part of the Graske he first portrayed in the interactive episode " Attack of the Graske " . Murray Gold composed music especially for this short episode . Gold 's Series 4 arrangement of the Doctor Who theme tune is used for the title sequence , and Ron Grainer and Delia Derbyshire 's original version of the Doctor Who theme tune is played over the end credits . = = Broadcast and reception = = = = = Screening and broadcast = = = The episode premièred at the Royal Albert Hall before the interval of the Doctor Who Prom on Sunday 27 July 2008 and could be heard simultaneously on BBC Radio 3 . It was also made available to watch during the interval on the official Doctor Who website and was shown on BBC One on 1 January 2009 as part of their showing of Doctor Who Prom . BBC Radio 3 's recording of Doctor Who Prom including the audio of " Music of the Spheres " could be streamed via BBC iPlayer for a week after transmission . Freema Agyeman , who played Martha Jones in Doctor Who and Torchwood , introduced the episode , which was shown on a large screen above the stage and smaller screens around the edge of the Dress Circle in the Royal Albert Hall . As the Doctor addressed them , the Royal Albert Hall audience shouted back responses . Manuscript paper fell to the stage as the Doctor was seen to feed his sheet music to the orchestra . When the Graske sneaked through the portal , he appeared in the audience carrying the Doctor 's water pistol and squirting members of the audience . A cellist had to defend himself from an attack by the Graske who promptly exited as , on screen , the Doctor pulled him back to the TARDIS . The Graske in the audience was Jimmy Vee in costume and prosthetics . " Music of the Spheres " was immediately followed by a Cyberman introducing the interval over applause . On BBC Radio 3 , presenter Sarah Walker back announced the episode and announced its availability to watch during the interval on the official Doctor Who website . " Let 's Do The Time Warp Again " , presented by science fiction writer Justina Robson and produced by Mark Berman , was then broadcast on BBC Radio 3 during the interval in which Robson expressed her views about Doctor Who . = = = Reception = = = The Doctor Who Prom , described as " fantastic " by Davies , was attended by 6 @,@ 000 people who were addressed directly in the " panto @-@ style scene " , " Music of the Spheres " . Davies commented that they had " a brilliant time " and that " Music of the Spheres " involved " a lot of interaction with the audience " . He also stated that the audience in the Royal Albert Hall had a " unique , one @-@ off Doctor Who experience " , repaying them for their effort in getting there and queuing in the heat . Writing in The Times , Caitlin Moran said that the Doctor 's homily to music and self @-@ expression was " the most affecting moment " in the Prom , bringing " what could have been a wonderful , yet surreal and overwhelming introduction to orchestral music " down to " a rather lovely question . Did you like this orchestra , kids ? What would you do with one ? " = Peter Sellers = Peter Sellers , CBE ( born Richard Henry Sellers ; 8 September 1925 – 24 July 1980 ) was an English film actor , comedian and singer . He performed in the BBC Radio comedy series The Goon Show , featured on a number of hit comic songs and became known to a worldwide audience through his many film characterisations , among them Chief Inspector Clouseau in The Pink Panther series of films . Born in Portsmouth , Sellers made his stage debut at the Kings Theatre , Southsea , when he was two weeks old . He began accompanying his parents in a variety act that toured the provincial theatres . He first worked as a drummer and toured around England as a member of the Entertainments National Service Association ( ENSA ) . He developed his mimicry and improvisational skills during a spell in Ralph Reader 's wartime Gang Show entertainment troupe , which toured Britain and the Far East . After the war , Sellers made his radio debut in ShowTime , and eventually became a regular performer on various BBC radio shows . During the early 1950s , Sellers , along with Spike Milligan , Harry Secombe and Michael Bentine , took part in the successful radio series The Goon Show , which ended in 1960 . Sellers began his film career during the 1950s . Although the bulk of his work was comedic @-@ based , often parodying characters of authority such as military officers or policemen , he also performed in other film genres and roles . Films demonstrating his artistic range include I 'm All Right Jack ( 1959 ) , Stanley Kubrick 's Lolita ( 1962 ) and Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) , What 's New , Pussycat ? ( 1965 ) , Casino Royale ( 1967 ) , The Party ( 1968 ) , Being There ( 1979 ) and the five films of the Pink Panther series ( 1963 – 78 ) . Sellers 's versatility enabled him to portray a wide range of comic characters using different accents and guises , and he would often assume multiple roles within the same film , frequently with contrasting temperaments and styles . Satire and black humour were major features of many of his films , and his performances had a strong influence on a number of later comedians . Sellers was nominated three times for an Academy Award , twice for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performances in Dr. Strangelove and Being There , and once for the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film for The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film ( 1960 ) . He won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role twice , for I 'm All Right Jack and for the original Pink Panther film , The Pink Panther ( 1963 ) and was nominated as Best Actor three times . In 1980 he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his role in Being There , and also earned three other Golden Globe nominations in the same category . Turner Classic Movies calls Sellers " one of the most accomplished comic actors of the late 20th century . " In his personal life , Sellers struggled with depression and insecurities . An enigmatic figure , he often claimed to have no identity outside the roles that he played . His behaviour was often erratic and compulsive , and he frequently clashed with his directors and co @-@ stars , especially in the mid @-@ 1970s when his physical and mental health , together with his alcohol and drug problems , were at their worst . Sellers was married four times , and had three children from his first two marriages . He died as a result of a heart attack in 1980 , aged 54 . English filmmakers the Boulting brothers described Sellers as " the greatest comic genius this country has produced since Charles Chaplin . " = = Biography = = = = = Early life ( 1925 – 35 ) = = = Sellers was born on 8 September 1925 , in Southsea , a suburb of Portsmouth . His parents were Yorkshire @-@ born William " Bill " Sellers ( 1900 – 62 ) and Agnes Doreen " Peg " ( née Marks , 1892 – 1967 ) . Both were variety entertainers ; Peg was in the Ray Sisters troupe . Although christened Richard Henry , his parents called him Peter , after his elder stillborn brother . Sellers remained an only child . Peg Sellers was related to the pugilist Daniel Mendoza ( 1764 – 1836 ) , whom Sellers greatly revered , and whose engraving later hung in his office . At one time Sellers planned to use Mendoza 's image for his production company 's logo . Sellers was two weeks old when he was carried on stage by Dick Henderson , the headline act at the Kings Theatre in Southsea : the crowd sang " For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow " , which caused the infant to cry . The family constantly toured , causing much upheaval and unhappiness in the young Sellers 's life . Sellers maintained a very close relationship with his mother , which his friend Spike Milligan later considered unhealthy for a grown man . Sellers 's agent , Dennis Selinger , recalled his first meeting with Peg and Peter Sellers , noting that " Sellers was an immensely shy young man , inclined to be dominated by his mother , but without resentment or objection " . As an only child though , he spent much time alone . In 1935 the Sellers family moved to North London and settled in Muswell Hill . Although Bill Sellers was Protestant and Peg was Jewish , Sellers attended the North London Roman Catholic school St. Aloysius College , run by the Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy . The family was not rich , but Peg insisted on an expensive private schooling for her son . According to biographer Peter Evans , Sellers was fascinated , puzzled , and worried by religion from a young age , particularly Catholicism , but soon after entering Catholic school , he " discovered he was a Jew — he was someone on the outside of the mysteries of faith . " Later in his life , Sellers observed that while his father 's faith was according to the Church of England , his mother was Jewish , " and Jews take the faith of their mother . " According to Milligan , Sellers held a guilt complex about being Jewish and recalls that Sellers was once moved to tears when he presented him with a candlestick from a synagogue for Christmas , believing the gesture to be an anti @-@ Jewish slur . Sellers became a top student at the school , excelling in drawing in particular . However , he was prone to laziness , but his natural talents shielded him from criticism by his teachers . Sellers recalled that a teacher scolded the other boys for not studying , saying : " The Jewish boy knows his catechism better than the rest of you ! " = = = Early performances ( 1935 – 39 ) = = = Accompanying his family on the variety show circuit , Sellers learned stagecraft , but received conflicting encouragement from his parents and developed mixed feelings about show business . His father doubted Sellers 's abilities in the entertainment field , even suggesting that his son 's talents were only enough to become a road sweeper , while Sellers 's mother encouraged him continuously . While at St Aloysius College , Sellers began to develop his improvisational skills . He and his closest friend at the time , Bryan Connon , both enjoyed listening to early radio comedy shows . Connon remembers that " Peter got endless pleasure imitating the people in Monday Night at Eight . He had a gift for improvising dialogue . Sketches , too . I 'd be the ' straight man ' , the ' feed ' , ... I 'd cue Peter and he 'd do all the radio personalities and chuck in a few voices of his own invention as well . " With the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 , St Aloysius College was evacuated to Cambridgeshire . Because his mother did not allow Sellers to go , his formal education ended at fourteen . Early in 1940 , the family moved to the north Devon town of Ilfracombe , where Sellers 's maternal uncle managed the Victoria Palace Theatre ; Sellers got his first job at the theatre , aged fifteen , starting as a caretaker . He was steadily promoted , becoming a box office clerk , usher , assistant stage manager and lighting operator . He was also offered some small acting parts . Working backstage gave him a chance to study actors such as Paul Scofield . He became close friends with Derek Altman , and together they launched Sellers 's first stage act under the name " Altman and Sellers " , consisting of playing ukuleles , singing , and telling jokes . During his backstage theatre job , Sellers began practising on a set of drums that belonged to the band Joe Daniels and his Hot Shots . Daniels noticed his efforts and gave him practical instructions . The instrument greatly suited Sellers 's temperament and artistic skills . Spike Milligan later noted that Sellers was very proficient on the drums and might have remained a jazz drummer , had he lacked his skills in mimicry and improvisation . = = = Second World War ( 1939 – 45 ) = = = As the Second World War progressed , Sellers continued to develop his drumming skills , and played with a series of touring bands , including those of Oscar Rabin , Henry Hall and Waldini , as well as his father 's quartet , before he left and joined a band from Blackpool . Sellers became a member of the Entertainments National Service Association ( ENSA ) , which provided entertainment for British forces and factory workers during the war . Sellers also performed comedy routines at these concerts , including impersonations of George Formby , with Sellers accompanying his own singing on ukulele . In September 1943 , he joined the Royal Air Force , although it is unclear whether he volunteered or was conscripted ; his mother unsuccessfully tried to have him deferred on medical grounds . Sellers wanted to become a pilot , but his poor eyesight restricted him to ground staff duties . He found these duties dull , so auditioned for Squadron Leader Ralph Reader 's RAF Gang Show entertainment troupe : Reader accepted him and Sellers toured the UK before the troupe was transferred to India . His tour also included Ceylon and Burma , although the duration of his stay in Asia is unknown , and Sellers may have exaggerated its length . He also served in Germany and France after the war . According to David Lodge who became friends with Sellers , he was " one of the best performers ever " on the drums and developed a fine ability to impersonate military officers during this period . = = = Early post @-@ war career and The Goon Show ( 1946 – 55 ) = = = In 1946 , Sellers made his final show with ENSA starring in the pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk at the Théâtre Marigny in Paris . He was posted back to England shortly afterwards to work at the Air Ministry , and demobilised later that year . On resuming his theatrical career , Sellers could get only sporadic work . He was fired after one performance of a comedy routine in Peterborough ; the headline act , Welsh vocalist Dorothy Squires , however , persuaded the management to reinstate him . Sellers also continued his drumming and was billed on his appearance at The Hippodrome in Aldershot as " Britain 's answer to Gene Krupa " . In March 1948 Sellers gained a six @-@ week run at the Windmill Theatre in London , which predominantly staged revue acts : he provided the comedy turns in between the nude shows on offer . Sellers wrote to the BBC in 1948 , and was subsequently auditioned . As a result , he made his television debut on 18 March 1948 in New To You . His act was largely based on impressions , was well received , and he returned the following week . Frustrated with the slow pace of his career , Sellers telephoned BBC radio producer Roy Speer , pretending to be Kenneth Horne , star of the radio show Much @-@ Binding @-@ in @-@ the @-@ Marsh . Speer called Sellers a " cheeky young sod " for his efforts , but gave him an audition . This led to his brief appearance on 1 July 1948 on ShowTime and subsequently to work on Ray 's a Laugh with comedian Ted Ray . In October 1948 , Sellers was a regular radio performer , appearing in Starlight Hour , The Gang Show , Henry Hall 's Guest Night and It 's Fine To Be Young . By the end of 1948 , the BBC Third Programme began to broadcast the comedy series Third Division , which starred , among others , Harry Secombe , Michael Bentine and Sellers . One evening , Sellers and Bentine visited the Hackney Empire , where Secombe was performing , and Bentine introduced Sellers to Spike Milligan . The four would meet up at Grafton 's public house near Victoria , owned by Jimmy Grafton , who was also a BBC script writer . The four comedians dubbed him KOGVOS ( Keeper of Goons and Voice of Sanity ) Grafton later edited some of the first Goon Shows . In 1949 , Sellers started to date Anne Howe , an Australian actress who lived in London . Sellers proposed to her in April 1950 and the couple were married in London on 15 September 1951 ; their son , Michael , was born on 2 April 1954 , and their daughter , Sarah , followed in 1958 . Sellers 's introduction to film work came in 1950 , where he dubbed the voice of Alfonso Bedoya in The Black Rose . He continued to work with Bentine , Milligan , and Secombe . On 3 February 1951 , he made a trial tape entitled The Goons , and sent it to the BBC producer Pat Dixon , who eventually accepted it . The first Goon Show was broadcast on 28 May 1951 . Against their wishes , they appeared under the name Crazy People . Sellers appeared in The Goons until the last programme of the ten @-@ series run , broadcast on 28 January 1960 . Sellers played four main characters — Major Bloodnok , Hercules Grytpype @-@ Thynne , Bluebottle and Henry Crun — and seventeen minor ones . Starting with 370 @,@ 000 listeners , the show eventually reached up to seven million people in Britain , and was described by one newspaper as " probably the most influential comedy show of all time " . For Sellers , the BBC considers it had the effect of launching his career " on the road to stardom " . In 1951 the Goons made their feature film debut in Penny Points to Paradise . Sellers and Milligan then penned the script to Let 's Go Crazy , the earliest film to showcase Sellers 's ability to portray a series of different characters within the same film , and he made another appearance opposite his Goons co @-@ stars in the 1952 flop , Down Among the Z Men . In 1954 , Sellers was cast opposite Sid James , Tony Hancock , Raymond Huntley , Donald Pleasence and Eric Sykes in the British Lion Film Corporation comedy production , Orders Are Orders . John Grierson believes that this was Sellers 's breakthrough role on screen and credits this film with launching the film careers of both Sellers and Hancock . = = = I 'm All Right Jack and early years in film ( 1956 – 59 ) = = = Sellers pursued a film career and took a number of small roles such as a police inspector in John and Julie ( 1955 ) . He accepted a larger part in the 1955 Alexander Mackendrick @-@ directed Ealing comedy The Ladykillers in which he starred opposite Alec Guinness , Herbert Lom and Cecil Parker as Harry Robinson , the Teddy Boy ; biographer Peter Evans considers this Sellers 's first good role . The Ladykillers was a success in both Britain and the US , and the film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay . The following year Sellers appeared in a further three television series based on The Goons , which aired on Britain 's new ITV network . The series were The Idiot Weekly , Price 2d , A Show Called Fred and Son of Fred . In 1957 film producer Michael Relph became impressed with Sellers 's portrayal of an elderly character in Idiot Weekly , and cast the 32 @-@ year @-@ old actor as a 68 @-@ year @-@ old projectionist in Basil Dearden 's The Smallest Show on Earth , supporting Bill Travers , Virginia McKenna and Margaret Rutherford . The film was a commercial success and is now thought of as a minor classic of British screen comedy in the post @-@ war era . Following this , Sellers provided the growling voice of Winston Churchill to the BAFTA award winning film The Man Who Never Was . Later in 1957 Sellers portrayed a television star with a talent for disguises in Mario Zampi 's offbeat black comedy The Naked Truth , opposite Terry @-@ Thomas , Peggy Mount , Shirley Eaton and Dennis Price . Sellers 's difficulties in getting his film career to take off , and increasing problems in his personal life , prompted him to seek periodic consultations with astrologer Maurice Woodruff , who held considerable sway over his later career . After a chance meeting with a North American Indian spirit guide in the 1950s , Sellers became convinced that the music hall comedian Dan Leno , who died in 1904 , haunted him and guided his career and life @-@ decisions . In 1958 Sellers starred with David Tomlinson , Wilfrid Hyde @-@ White , David Lodge and Lionel Jeffries as a chief petty officer in Val Guest 's Up the Creek . Guest later claimed that he had written and directed the film as a vehicle for Sellers , and thus had started Sellers 's film career . To practice his voice , Sellers purchased a reel @-@ to @-@ reel tape recorder . The film received critical acclaim in the United States and Roger Lewis viewed it as an important practice ground for Sellers . Next , Sellers featured with Terry @-@ Thomas as one of a pair of comic villains in George Pal 's tom thumb ( 1958 ) , a musical fantasy film , opposite Russ Tamblyn , Jessie Matthews and Peter Butterworth . Terry @-@ Thomas later said that " my part was perfect , but Peter 's was bloody awful . He wasn 't difficult about it , but he knew it " . The performance was a major landmark in Sellers 's career and became his first contact with the Hollywood film industry . Sellers released his first studio album in 1958 called The Best of Sellers ; a collection of sketches and comic songs , which were undertaken in a variety of comic characters . Produced by George Martin and released on Parlophone , the album reached number three in the UK Albums Chart ; The same year , Sellers made his first film with John and Roy Boulting in Carlton @-@ Browne of the F.O. , a comedy in which he played a supporting role for the film 's lead , Terry @-@ Thomas . Before the release of that film , the Boultings , along with Sellers and Thomas in the cast , started filming I 'm All Right Jack , which became the highest grossing film at the British box office in 1960 . In preparation for his role as Fred Kite , Sellers watched footage of union officials . The role earned him a BAFTA , and the critic for The Manchester Guardian believed it was Sellers 's best screen performance to date . In between Carlton @-@ Browne of the F.O. and I 'm All Right Jack , Sellers starred in The Mouse That Roared , a film in which Jean Seberg also appeared , and was directed by Jack Arnold . He played three leading and distinct roles : the elderly Grand Duchess , the ambitious Prime Minister and the innocent and clumsy farm boy selected to lead an invasion of the United States . The film received universal and high praise by critics . After completing I 'm All Right Jack , Sellers returned to record a new series of The Goon Show . Over the course of two weekends , he took his 16mm cine @-@ camera to Totteridge Lane in London and filmed himself , Spike Milligan , Mario Fabrizi , Leo McKern and Richard Lester . Originally intended as a private film , the eleven @-@ minute short film The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film was screened at the 1959 Edinburgh and San Francisco film festivals . It won the award for best fiction short in the latter festival , and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Short Subject ( Live Action ) . In 1959 Sellers released his second album , Songs For Swinging Sellers , which — like his first record — reached number three in the UK Albums Chart . Sellers 's last film of the fifties was The Battle of the Sexes ; a comedy directed by Charles Crichton . = = = The Millionairess , Lolita , The Pink Panther and divorce ( 1960 – 63 ) = = = In 1960 Sellers portrayed an Indian doctor , Dr Ahmed el Kabir in Anthony Asquith 's romantic comedy The Millionairess , a film based on a George Bernard Shaw play of the same name . Sellers was not interested in accepting the role until he learned that Sophia Loren was to be his co @-@ star . When asked about Loren , he explained to reporters " I don 't normally act with romantic , glamorous women ... she 's a lot different from Harry Secombe . " Sellers and Loren developed a close relationship during filming , culminating in Sellers declaring his love for her in front of his wife . Sellers also woke his son at night to ask : " Do you think I should divorce your mummy ? " Roger Lewis observed that Sellers immersed himself completely in the characters he enacted during productions , that " he 'd play a role as an Indian doctor , and for the next six months , he 'd be an Indian in his real [ daily ] life . " The film inspired the George Martin @-@ produced novelty hit single " Goodness Gracious Me " , with Sellers and Loren , which reached number four in the UK Singles Chart in November 1960 . A follow @-@ up single by the duo , Bangers and Mash , reached number 22 in the UK chart . The songs were included on an album released by the couple , Peter & Sophia , which reached number five in the UK Albums Chart . In 1961 Sellers made his directorial debut with Mr. Topaze , in which he also starred . The film was based on the Marcel Pagnol play Topaze . Sellers portrayed an ex @-@ schoolmaster in a small French town who turns to a life of crime to obtain wealth . The film and Sellers 's directorial abilities received an unenthusiastic response from the public and critics alike , and Sellers rarely referred to it again . The same year he starred in the Sidney Gilliat @-@ directed Only Two Can Play , a film based on the novel That Uncertain Feeling by Kingsley Amis . He was nominated for the Best British Actor award at the 16th British Academy Film Awards for his role as John Lewis , a frustrated Welsh librarian whose affections swing between the glamorous Liz ( Mai Zetterling ) , and his long @-@ suffering wife Jean ( Virginia Maskell ) . In 1962 Sellers played a retired British army general in John Guillermin 's Waltz of the Toreadors , based on the play of the same name . The film was widely criticised for its slapstick cinematic adaption , and director Guillermin himself considered the film an " amateurish " effort . However , Sellers won the San Sebastián International Film Festival Award for Best Actor and a BAFTA award nomination for his performance , and it was well received by the critics . Stanley Kubrick asked Sellers to play the role of Clare Quilty in the 1962 film Lolita , opposite James Mason and Shelley Winters . Kubrick had seen Sellers in The Battle of the Sexes and listened to the album The Best of Sellers , and was impressed by the range of characters he could portray . Sellers was apprehensive about accepting the role , doubting his ability to successfully portray the part of a flamboyant American television playwright who was according to Sellers " a fantastic nightmare , part homosexual , part drug addict , part sadist " . Kubrick encouraged Sellers to improvise and stated that he would often reach a " state of comic ecstasy . " Kubrick had American jazz producer Norman Granz record portions of the script for Sellers to listen to , so he could study the voice and develop confidence , granting Sellers a free artistic licence . Sellers later claimed that his relationship with Kubrick became one of the most rewarding of his career . Writing in The Sunday Times , Dilys Powell noted that Sellers gave , " ... a firework performance , funny , malicious , only once for a few seconds overreaching itself , and in the murder scene which is both prologue and epilogue achieving the macabre in comedy . " Towards the end of 1962 , Sellers appeared in The Dock Brief , a legal satire directed by James Hill and co @-@ starring Richard Attenborough . Sellers 's behaviour towards his family worsened in 1962 ; according to his son Michael , Sellers asked him and his sister Sarah " who we love more , our mother or him . Sarah , to keep the peace , said , ' I love you both equally ' . I said , ' No , I love my mum . ' " This prompted Sellers to throw both children out , saying that he never wanted to see them again . At the end of 1962 , his marriage to Anne broke down . In 1963 , Sellers starred as gang leader " Pearly Gates " in Cliff Owen 's The Wrong Arm of the Law , followed by his portrayal of a vicar in Heavens Above ! . After his father 's death in October 1962 , Sellers decided to leave England and was approached by director Blake Edwards who offered him the role of Inspector Clouseau in The Pink Panther , after Peter Ustinov had backed out of the film . Edwards later recalled his feelings as " desperately unhappy and ready to kill , but as fate would have it , I got Mr. Sellers instead of Mr. Ustinov — thank God ! " Sellers accepted a fee of £ 90 @,@ 000 ( £ 695 @,@ 641 in 2016 pounds ) for five weeks ' work on location in Rome and Cortina . The film starred David Niven in the principal role , with two other actors — Capucine and Claudia Cardinale — having more prominent roles than Sellers . However , Sellers 's performance is regarded as being on par with that of Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton , according to biographer Peter Evans . Although the Clouseau character was in the script , Sellers created the personality , devising the costume , accent , make @-@ up , moustache and trench coat . The Pink Panther was released in the UK in January 1964 and received a mixed reception from the critics , although Penelope Gilliatt , writing in The Observer , remarked that Sellers had a " flawless sense of mistiming " in a performance that was " ... one of the most delicate studies in accident @-@ proneness since the silents . " Despite the views of the critics , the film was one of the top ten grossing films of the year . The role earned Sellers a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy at the 22nd Golden Globe Awards , and for a Best British Actor award at the 18th British Academy Film Awards . = = = Dr. Strangelove , health problems , a second marriage and Casino Royale ( 1964 – 69 ) = = = In 1963 , Stanley Kubrick cast Sellers to appear in Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb alongside George C. Scott , Sterling Hayden , Keenan Wynn and Slim Pickens . Sellers and Kubrick got on famously during the film 's production and had the greatest of respect for each other , also sharing a love of photography . The director asked Sellers to play four roles : US President Merkin Muffley , Dr. Strangelove , Group Captain Lionel Mandrake of the RAF and Major T. J. " King " Kong . Sellers was initially hesitant about taking on these divergent characters , but Kubrick prevailed . According to some accounts , Sellers was also invited to play the part of General Buck Turgidson , but turned it down because it was too physically demanding . Kubrick later commented that the idea of having Sellers in so many of the film 's key roles was that " everywhere you turn there is some version of Peter Sellers holding the fate of the world in his hands " . Sellers was especially anxious about successfully enacting the role of Kong and accurately affecting a Texan accent . Kubrick requested screenwriter Terry Southern to record in his natural accent a tape of Kong 's lines . After practising with Southern 's recording , Sellers got sufficient control of the accent , and started shooting the scenes in the aeroplane . After the first day 's shooting , Sellers sprained his ankle while leaving a restaurant and could no longer work in the cramped cockpit set . Kubrick then re @-@ cast Slim Pickens as Kong . The three roles Sellers undertook were distinct , " variegated , complex and refined " , and critic Alexander Walker considered that these roles " showed his genius at full stretch " . Sellers played Muffley as a bland , placid intellectual in the mould of Adlai Stevenson ; he played Mandrake as an unflappable Englishman ; and Dr. Strangelove , a character influenced by pre @-@ war German cinema , as a wheelchair @-@ bound fanatic . The critic for The Times wrote that the film includes , " three remarkable performances from Mr. Peter Sellers , masterly as the President , diverting as a revue @-@ sketch ex @-@ Nazi US Scientist ... and acceptable as an RAF officer , although the critic from The Guardian thought his portrayal of the RAF officer alone was , " worth the price of an admission ticket " . For his performance in all three roles , Sellers was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor at the 37th Academy Awards , and the Best British Actor award at the 18th British Academy Film Awards . Between November 1963 and February 1964 , Sellers began filming A Shot in the Dark , an adaptation of a French play , L 'Idiote by Marcel Achard . Sellers found the part and the director , Anatole Litvak , uninspiring ; the producers brought in Blake Edwards to replace Litvak . Together with writer William Peter Blatty , they turned the script into a Clouseau comedy , also adding Herbert Lom as Commissioner Dreyfus and Burt Kwouk as Cato . During filming , Sellers 's relationship with Edwards became strained ; the two would often stop speaking to each other during filming , communicating only by the passing of notes . Sellers 's personality was described by others as difficult and demanding , and he often clashed with fellow actors and directors . Upon its release in late June 1964 , Bosley Crowther noted the " joyously free and facile way " in which Sellers had developed his comedy technique . Towards the end of filming , in early February 1964 , Sellers met Britt Ekland , a Swedish actress who had arrived in London to film Guns at Batasi . On 19 February 1964 , just ten days after their first meeting , the couple married . Sellers soon showed signs of insecurity and paranoia ; he would become highly anxious and jealous , for example , when Ekland starred opposite attractive men . Shortly after the wedding , Sellers started filming on location in Twentynine Palms , California for Billy Wilder 's Kiss Me , Stupid , opposite Dean Martin and Kim Novak . The relationship between Wilder and Sellers became strained ; both had different approaches to work and often clashed as a result . On the night of 5 April 1964 , prior to having sex with Ekland , Sellers took amyl nitrites ( poppers ) as a sexual stimulant in his search for " the ultimate orgasm " , and suffered a series of eight heart attacks over the course of three hours as a result . His illness forced him to withdraw from the filming of Kiss Me , Stupid and he was replaced by Ray Walston . Wilder was unsympathetic about the heart attacks , saying that " you have to have a heart before you can have an attack " . After some time recovering , Sellers returned to filming in October 1964 , playing King of the Individualists alongside Ekland in Carol for Another Christmas , a United Nations special , broadcast on the ABC channel on 28 December 1964 . Sellers had been concerned that his heart attacks may have caused brain damage and that he would be unable to remember his lines , but he was reassured that his memory and abilities were unimpaired after the experience of filming . Sellers followed this with the role of the perverted Austrian psychoanalyst Doctor Fritz Fassbender in Clive Donner 's What 's New Pussycat ? , appearing alongside Peter O 'Toole , Romy Schneider , Capucine , Paula Prentiss and Ursula Andress . The film was the first screenwriting and acting credit for Woody Allen , and featured Sellers in a love triangle . Because of Sellers 's poor health , producer Charles K. Feldman insured him at a cost of $ 360 @,@ 000 ( $ 2 @,@ 746 @,@ 738 in 2016 dollars ) . Sellers became a close friend of Antony Armstrong @-@ Jones , 1st Earl of Snowdon , a photographer who was then married to Princess Margaret . Snowdon shared a love of women , photography , fine wine and fast cars with Sellers ; both were also prone to bouts of depression . They spent many weekends together with their wives and went on several holidays on board Sellers 's yacht Bobo in Sardinia . On 20 January 1965 , Sellers and Ekland announced the birth of a daughter , Victoria . They moved to Rome in May to film After the Fox , an Anglo @-@ Italian production in which they were both to appear . The film was directed by Vittorio De Sica , whose English Sellers struggled to understand . Sellers attempted to have De Sica fired , causing tensions on the set . Sellers also became unhappy with his wife 's performance , straining their relationship and triggering open arguments during one of which Sellers threw a chair at Ekland . Despite these conflicts , the script was praised for its wit . Following the commercial success of What 's New Pussycat ? , Charles Feldman again brought together Sellers and Woody Allen for his next project , Casino Royale , which also starred Orson Welles ; Sellers signed a $ 1 million contract for the film ( $ 7 @,@ 096 @,@ 806 in 2016 dollars ) . Seven screenwriters worked on the project , and filming was chaotic . To make matters worse , according to Ekland , Sellers was " so insecure , he won 't trust anyone " . A poor working relationship quickly developed between Sellers and Welles : Sellers eventually demanded that the two should not share the same set . Sellers left the film before his part was complete . A further agent 's part was then written for Terence Cooper , to cover Sellers 's departure . Shortly after leaving Casino Royale , Sellers was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in honour of his career achievements . The day before the investiture at Buckingham Palace , Sellers and Ekland argued , with Ekland scratching his face in the process ; Sellers had a make @-@ up artist cover the marks . Ekland later reported that although the couple argued , Sellers never hit her . During his next film , The Bobo , which again co @-@ starred Ekland , the couple 's marital problems worsened . Three weeks into production in Italy , Sellers told director Robert Parrish to fire his wife , saying " I 'm not coming back after lunch if that bitch is on the set " . Ekland later stated that the marriage was " an atrocious sham " at this stage . In the midst of filming The Bobo , Sellers 's mother had a heart attack ; Parrish asked Sellers if he wanted to visit her in hospital , but Sellers remained on set . She died within days , without Sellers having seen her . He was deeply affected by her death and remorseful at not having returned to London to see her . Ekland served him with divorce papers shortly afterwards . The divorce was finalised on 18 December 1968 , and Sellers 's friend Spike Milligan sent Ekland a congratulatory telegram . Upon its release in September 1967 , The Bobo was poorly received . Sellers 's first film appearance of 1968 was a reunion with Blake Edwards for the fish out of water comedy The Party , in which he starred alongside Claudine Longet and Denny Miller . He appears as Hrundi V. Bakshi , a bungling Indian actor who accidentally receives an invitation to a lavish Hollywood dinner party . His character , according to Sellers 's biographer Peter Evans , was " clearly an amalgam of Clouseau and the doctor in The Millionairess " . Roger Lewis notes that like a number of Sellers 's characters , he is played in a sympathetic and dignified manner . He followed it later that year with Hy Averback 's I Love You , Alice B. Toklas , playing an attorney who abandons his lifestyle to become a hippie . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film three stars , remarking that Sellers was " back doing what he does best " , although he also said that in Sellers 's previous films he had " been at his worst recently " . In 1969 Sellers starred opposite Ringo Starr in the Joseph McGrath @-@ directed film The Magic Christian . Sellers portrayed Sir Guy Grand , an eccentric billionaire who plays elaborate practical jokes on people . The critic Irv Slifkin remarked that the film was a reflection of the cynicism of Peter Sellers , describing the film as a " proto @-@ Pythonesque adaption of Terry Southern 's semi @-@ free @-@ form short novel " , and " one of the strangest films to be shown at a gala premiere for Britain 's royal family . " The film , a satire on human nature , was in general viewed negatively by critics . Roger Greenspun of The New York Times believed that the film was of variable quality and summarised it as a " brutal satire " . = = = " Period of indifference " : two marriages , three Pink Panther films ( 1970 – 78 ) = = = After a cameo appearance in A Day at the Beach ( 1970 ) , and a serious role later in 1970 as an ageing businessman who seduces Sinéad Cusack in Hoffman , Sellers starred in Roy Boulting 's There 's a Girl in My Soup opposite Goldie Hawn . According to The Times , the film was a major commercial success and became the seventh most popular film at the British box office in 1970 . Andrew Spicer , writing for the British Film Institute 's Screenonline , considers that although Sellers favoured playing romantic roles , he " was always more successful in parts that sent up his own vanities and pretensions , as with the TV presenter and narcissistic lothario [ sic ] he played in There 's a Girl in My Soup " . The film was seen as a small revival of his career . However , Sellers 's next films , including Rodney Amateau 's Where Does It Hurt ? ( 1972 ) and Peter Medak 's Ghost in the Noonday Sun ( 1973 ) , were again poorly received , and his acting was viewed as frenetic rather than funny . Despite these setbacks , Sellers won the Best Actor award at the 1973 Tehran Film Festival for his tragi @-@ comedic role as a street performer in Anthony Simmons 's The Optimists of Nine Elms . Fellow comedian and friend Spike Milligan believed that the early 1970s were for Sellers " a period of indifference , and it would appear at one time that his career might have come to a conclusion " . This was echoed by Sellers 's biographer , Peter Evans , who notes that out of nine films in the period , three were never released and five had flopped , while only There 's a Girl in My Soup had been a success . In his private life , he had been seeing the twenty @-@ three @-@ year @-@ old model Miranda Quarry . The couple married on 24 August 1970 , despite Sellers 's private doubts — expressed to his agent , Dennis Selinger — about his decision to re @-@ marry . On 20 April 1972 , Sellers reunited with Milligan and Harry Secombe to record The Last Goon Show of All , which was broadcast on 5 October . In May 1973 , with his third marriage failing , Sellers went to the theatre to watch Liza Minnelli perform . He became entranced with Minnelli and the couple became engaged three days later , despite Minnelli 's current betrothal to Desi Arnaz , Jr . , and Sellers still being married . Their relationship lasted a month before breaking up . By 1974 , Sellers 's friends were concerned that he was having a nervous breakdown . Directors John and Roy Boulting considered that Sellers was " a deeply troubled man , distrustful , self @-@ absorbed , ultimately self @-@ destructive . He was the complete contradiction . " Sellers was shy and insecure when out of character . When he was invited to appear on Michael Parkinson 's eponymous chat show in 1974 , he withdrew the day before , explaining to Parkinson that " I just can 't walk on as myself " . When he was told he could come on as someone else , he appeared dressed as a member of the Gestapo . After a few lines in keeping with his assumed character , he stepped out of the role and settled down and , according to Parkinson himself , " was brilliant , giving the audience an astonishing display of his virtuosity " . In 1974 , Sellers again claimed to have communicated with the long @-@ dead music hall comic Dan Leno , who advised him to return to the role of Clouseau . In 1974 , Sellers portrayed a " sexually voracious " Queen Victoria in Joseph McGrath 's comedic biographical film of the Scottish poet William McGonagall , The Great McGonagall , starring opposite Milligan and Julia Foster . However , the film was a critical failure , and Sellers 's career and life reached an all @-@ time low . As a result , by 1974 he agreed to accept salaries of £ 100 @,@ 000 and 10 per cent of the gross to appear in TV productions and advertisements , well below the £ 1 million he had once commanded per film . In 1973 , he appeared in a Benson & Hedges cinema commercial ; in 1975 , he appeared in a series of advertisements for Trans World Airlines , in which he played several eccentric characters , including Thrifty McTravel , Jeremy ' Piggy ' Peak Thyme and an Italian singer , Vito . Biographer Michael Starr asserts that Sellers showed enthusiasm towards these roles , although the airline campaign failed commercially . A turning point in Sellers 's flailing career came in 1974 , when he teamed up with Blake Edwards to make The Return of the Pink Panther , starring alongside Christopher Plummer , Herbert Lom and Catherine Schell . The film was shot on a budget of £ 3 million and earned $ 33 million at the box office upon release in May 1975 , reinvigorating Sellers 's career as an A @-@ list film star and restoring his millionaire status . The film earned Sellers a nomination for the Best Actor – Musical or Comedy award at the 33rd Golden Globe Awards . In 1976 , he followed it with The Pink Panther Strikes Again . During the filming from February to June 1976 , the already fraught relationship between Sellers and Blake Edwards had seriously deteriorated . Edwards says of the actor 's mental state at the time of The Pink Panther Strikes Again , " If you went to an asylum and you described the first inmate you saw , that 's what Peter had become . He was certifiable . " With declining physical health , Sellers could at times be unbearable on set . His behaviour was regarded as unprofessional and childish , and he frequently threw tantrums , often threatening to abandon projects . Peter Evans mentioned that Sellers was a " volatile and perplexing character [ who ] left a trail of misery in his private life " . He also noted that Sellers had a " compulsive personality and [ was ] an eccentric hypochondriac " who became addicted to various medicines aside from his recreational drug habits during this period . His difficult behaviour during productions was widely reported and made it more difficult for Sellers to get employment in the industry at a time when he most needed the work . Despite Sellers 's deep personal problems , The Pink Panther Strikes Again was well received critically . Vincent Canby of The New York Times said of Sellers in the film , " There is , too , something most winningly seedy about Mr. Sellers ' Clouseau , a fellow who , when he attempts to tear off his clothes in the heat of passion , gets tangled up in his necktie , and who , when he masquerades — for reasons never gone into — as Quasimodo , overinflates his hump with helium . " Sellers 's performance earned him a further nomination at the 34th Golden Globe Awards . In March 1976 Sellers began dating actress Lynne Frederick , whom he married on 18 February 1977 . Biographer Roger Lewis documents that of all of Sellers 's wives , Frederick was the most poorly treated ; Julian Upton likened it to a boxing match between a heavyweight and a featherweight , a relationship that " oscillated from ardour to hatred , reconciliation and remorse . " Peter Evans claims that Milligan detested his friend 's choice of partner and believed she was to blame for his increasing alcohol and cocaine dependency . On 20 March 1977 , Sellers suffered a second major heart attack during a flight from Paris to London ; he was subsequently fitted with a pacemaker . Sellers returned from his illness to undertake Revenge of the Pink Panther ; although it was a commercial success , the critics were tiring of Inspector Clouseau . Julian Upton expressed the view that the strain behind the scenes began to manifest itself in the sluggish pace of the film , describing it as a " laboured , stunt @-@ heavy hotchpotch of half @-@ baked ideas and rehashed gags . " Sellers too had become tired of the role , saying after production , " I 've honestly had enough of Clouseau — I 've got nothing more to give " . Steven Bach , the senior vice @-@ president and head of worldwide productions for United Artists , who worked with Sellers on Revenge of the Pink Panther , considered that Sellers was " deeply unbalanced , if not committable : that was the source of his genius and his truly quite terrifying aspects as manipulator and hysteric " . He refused to seek professional help for his mental issues . Sellers would claim that he had no personality and was almost unnoticeable , which meant that he " needed a strongly defined character to play " . He would make similar references throughout his life : when he appeared on The Muppet Show in 1978 , a guest appearance that earned him an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Continuing or Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in Variety or Music , he chose not to appear as himself , instead appearing in a variety of costumes and accents . When Kermit the Frog told Sellers he could relax and be himself , Sellers replied : But that , you see , my dear Kermit , would be altogether impossible . I could never be myself ... You see , there is no me . I do not exist ... There used to be a me , but I had it surgically removed . = = = Being There , Fu Manchu and marital problems ( 1979 – 80 ) = = = In 1979 , Sellers starred alongside Lynne Frederick , Lionel Jeffries and Elke Sommer in Richard Quine 's The Prisoner of Zenda . He portrayed three roles , including King Rudolf IV and King Rudolf V — rulers of the fictional small nation of Ruritania — and Syd Frewin , Rudolf V 's half @-@ brother . Upon its release in May 1979 , the film was well received ; Janet Maslin of The New York Times observed how Sellers divided " his energies between a serious character and a funny one , but that it was his serious performance which was more impressive . " However , Philip French , for The Observer , was unimpressed by the film , describing it as " a mess of porridge " and stating that " Sellers reveals that he cannot draw the line between the sincere and the sentimental " . Later in 1979 , Sellers starred opposite Shirley MacLaine , Melvyn Douglas and Jack Warden in the black comedy Being There as Chance , a mindless , emotionless gardener addicted to watching TV . In a BBC interview in 1971 , Sellers had said that more than anything else , he wanted to play the role , and successfully persuaded the author of the book Jerzy Kosinski to allow him and director Hal Ashby to make the film , provided he could write the script . During filming , to remain in character , Sellers refused most interview requests and kept his distance from the other actors . Sellers considered Chance 's walking and voice the character 's most important attributes , and in preparing for the role , he worked alone with a tape recorder , or with his wife , and then with Ashby , to perfect the clear enunciation and flat delivery needed to reveal " the childlike mind behind the words " . Sellers described his experience of working on the film as " so humbling , so powerful " , and co @-@ star Shirley MacLaine found Sellers " a dream " to work with . Sellers 's performance was universally lauded by critics and is considered by critic Danny Smith to be the " crowning triumph of Peter Sellers 's remarkable career " . Critic Frank Rich wrote that the acting skill required for this sort of role , with a " schismatic personality that Peter had to convey with strenuous vocal and gestural technique ... A lesser actor would have made the character 's mental dysfunction flamboyant and drastic ... [ His ] intelligence was always deeper , his onscreen confidence greater , his technique much more finely honed " : in achieving this , Sellers " makes the film 's fantastic premise credible " . The film earned Sellers a Best Actor award at the 51st National Board of Review Awards ; the London Critics Circle Film Awards Special Achievement Award , the Best Actor award at the 45th New York Film Critics Circle Awards ; and the Best Actor – Musical or Comedy award at the 37th Golden Globe Awards . Additionally , Sellers was nominated for the Best Actor award at the 52nd Academy Awards and the Best Actor in a Leading Role award at the 34th British Academy Film Awards . In March 1980 Sellers asked his fifteen @-@ year @-@ old daughter Victoria what she thought about Being There : she reported later that , " I said yes , I thought it was great . But then I said , ' You looked like a little fat old man ' . ... he went mad . He threw his drink over me and told me to get the next plane home . " His other daughter Sarah told Sellers her thoughts about the incident and he sent her a telegram that read " After what happened this morning with Victoria , I shall be happy if I never hear from you again . I won 't tell you what I think of you . It must be obvious . Goodbye , Your Father . " Sellers 's last film was The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu , a comedic re @-@ imagining of the eponymous adventure novels by Sax Rohmer ; Sellers played both police inspector Nayland Smith and Fu Manchu , alongside Helen Mirren and David Tomlinson . The production of the film was troublesome before filming started , with two directors — Richard Quine and John Avildsen — fired before the script had been completed . Sellers also expressed dissatisfaction with his own portrayal of Manchu with his ill @-@ health often causing delays . Arguments between Sellers and director Piers Haggard led to Haggard 's firing at Sellers 's instigation and Sellers took over direction , using his long @-@ time friend David Lodge to direct some sequences . Tom Shales of The Washington Post described the film as " an indefensibly inept comedy " , adding that " it is hard to name another good actor who ever made so many bad movies as Sellers , a comedian of great gifts but ferociously faulty judgment . " Manchu " will take its rightful place alongside such colossally ill @-@ advised washouts as Tell Me Where It Hurts , The Bobo and The Prisoner of Zenda " . Sellers 's final performances were a series of advertisements for Barclays Bank . Filmed in April 1980 in Ireland , he played Monty Casino , a Jewish con @-@ man . Four adverts were scheduled , but only three were filmed as Sellers collapsed in Dublin , again with heart problems . After two days in care — and against the advice of his doctors — he travelled to the Cannes Film Festival , where Being There was in competition . Sellers was again ill in Cannes , returning to his residence in Gstaad to work on the script for his next project , Romance of the Pink Panther . He agreed to undergo an angiogram at the Cedars @-@ Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles , to see if he was able to undergo open @-@ heart surgery . Spike Milligan later considered that Sellers 's heart condition had lasted fifteen years and had " made life difficult for him and had a debilitating effect on his personality " . Sellers 's fourth marriage to Frederick collapsed soon after . Sellers had recently started to rebuild his relationship with his son Michael after the failure of the latter 's marriage . Michael later said that " it marked the beginning of an all @-@ too @-@ brief closeness between us " . Sellers admitted to his son that " he hated so many things he had done " , including leaving his first wife , Anne , and his infatuation with Sophia Loren . = = = Death and subsequent family issues = = = On 21 July 1980 Sellers arrived in London from Geneva . He checked into the Dorchester hotel , before visiting Golders Green Crematorium for the first time to see the location of his parents ' ashes . He had plans to attend a reunion dinner with his Goon Show partners Spike Milligan and Harry Secombe , scheduled for the evening of 22 July . On the day of the dinner , Sellers took lunch in his hotel suite and shortly afterwards collapsed from a heart attack . He was taken to the Middlesex Hospital , London , and died just after midnight on 24 July 1980 , aged 54 . Following Sellers 's death , fellow actor Richard Attenborough said that Sellers " had the genius comparable to Chaplin " , while the Boulting brothers considered Sellers as " a man of enormous gifts ; and these gifts he gave to the world . For them , he is assured of a place in the history of art as entertainment . " Burt Kwouk , who appeared as Cato in the Pink Panther films stated that " Peter was a well @-@ loved actor in Britain ... the day he died , it seemed that the whole country came to a stop . Everywhere you went , the fact that Peter had died seemed like an umbrella over everything " . Director Blake Edwards thought that " Peter was brilliant . He had an enormous facility for finding really unusual , unique facets of the character he was playing " . Sellers 's friend and Goon Show colleague Spike Milligan was too upset to speak to the press at the time of Sellers 's death , while fellow Goon Harry Secombe said " I 'm shattered . Peter was such a tremendous artist . He had so much talent , it just oozed out of him " ; in dark humour , referring to the missed dinner the Goons had planned , he added , " Anything to avoid paying for dinner " . Secombe later declared to journalists " Bluebottle is deaded now " . Milligan later said that " it 's hard to say this , but he died at the right time . " The Daily Mail described Sellers as " the greatest comic talent of his generation as well as a womanising drug @-@ taker who married four times in a fruitless search for happiness " , a " flawed genius " who , once he latched on to a comic idea , " loved nothing more than to carry it to extremes . " A private funeral service was held at Golders Green Crematorium on 26 July , conducted by Sellers 's old friend , Canon John Hester . Sellers 's final joke was the playing of " In the Mood " by Glenn Miller , a tune he hated . His body was cremated and his ashes were interred at Golders Green Crematorium in London . After her death in 1994 , the ashes of his widow Frederick were co @-@ interred with his . A memorial service was held at St Martin @-@ in @-@ the @-@ Fields on 8 September 1980 — what would have been Sellers 's 55th birthday . Close friend Lord Snowdon read the twenty @-@ third Psalm , Harry Secombe sang " Bread of Heaven " and the eulogy was read by David Niven . Although Sellers was reportedly in the process of excluding Frederick from his will a week before he died , she inherited almost his entire estate worth an estimated £ 4 @.@ 5 million ( £ 17 @.@ 4 million in 2016 pounds ) while his children received £ 800 each ( £ 3 @,@ 094 in 2016 pounds ) . Spike Milligan appealed to her on behalf of Sellers 's three children , but she refused to increase the amount . Sellers 's only son , Michael , died of a heart attack at 52 during surgery on 24 July 2006 , twenty @-@ six years to the day after his father 's death . In 1982 Blake Edwards tried to continue with Romance of the Pink Panther and offered the role of Clouseau to Dudley Moore , who turned it down . Edwards subsequently released Trail of the Pink Panther , which was composed entirely of deleted scenes from his past three Panther films . Frederick sued , claiming the use of the clips was a breach of contract ; the court awarded her $ 1 million ( $ 2 @.@ 5 million today ) , plus 3 @.@ 15 per cent of the film 's profits and 1 @.@ 36 per cent of its gross revenue . = = Technique = = Vincent Canby of The New York Times said of the Pink Panther films , " I 'm not sure why Mr. Sellers and Mr. Lom are such a hilarious team , though it may be because each is a fine comic actor with a special talent for portraying the sort of all @-@ consuming , epic self @-@ absorption that makes slapstick farce initially acceptable — instead of alarming — and finally so funny . " Film critic Elvis Mitchell has said that Sellers was one of the few comic geniuses who was able to truly hide behind his characters , giving the audience no sense of what he was really like in real life . A feature of the characterisations undertaken by Sellers is that , regardless of how clumsy or idiotic they are , he ensured that they always retain their dignity . On his playing of Clouseau , Sellers said : " I set out to play Clouseau with great dignity because I feel that he thinks he is probably one of the greatest detectives in the world . The original script makes him out to be a complete idiot . I thought a forgivable vanity would humanise him and make him kind of touching . " His biographer , Ed Sikov , notes that because of this retained dignity , Sellers is " the master of playing men who have no idea how ridiculous they are . " Social historian Sam Wasson notes the complexity in Sellers 's performances in the Pink Panther films , which has the effect of alienating Clouseau from his environment . Wesson considers that " As ' low ' and ' high ' comedy rolled into one , it 's the performative counterpoint to Edwardian sophisticated naturalism " . This combination of " high " and " low " , exemplified by Clouseau 's attempting to retain dignity after a fall , means that within the film Clouseau was " the sole representative of humanity " . Film critic Dilys Powell also saw the inherent dignity in the parts and wrote that Sellers had a " balance between character and absurdity " . Richard Attenborough also thought that because of his sympathy , Sellers could " inject into his characterisations the frailty and substance of a human being " . Author Aaron Sultanik observed that in Sellers 's early films , such as I 'm Alright Jack , he displays " deft , technical interpretations [ that ] pinpoint the mechanical nature of his comic characterization " , which " ... reduces each of his characters to a series of gross , awkward tics . " Academic Cynthia Baron observed that Sellers 's external characterisations led to doubt with reviewers as to whether Sellers 's work was " true " acting . Critic Tom Milne saw a change over Sellers 's career and thought that his " comic genius as a character actor was ... stifled by his elevation to leading man " and his later films suffered as a result . Sultanik agreed , commenting that Sellers 's " exceptional vocal and physical technique " was under @-@ used during his career in the US . Academics Maria Pramaggiore and Tom Wallis remarked that Sellers fits the mould of a technical actor because he displays a mastery of physical characterisation , such as accent or physical trait . Writer and playwright John Mortimer saw the process for himself when Sellers was about to undertake filming on Mortimer 's The Dock Brief and could not decide how to play the character of the barrister . By chance he ordered cockles for lunch and the smell brought back a memory of the seaside town of Morecambe : this gave him " the idea of a faded North Country accent and the suggestion of a scrappy moustache " . So important was the voice as the starting point for character development , that Sellers would walk around London with a reel @-@ to @-@ reel tape recorder , recording voices to study at home . = = Legacy = = New York Magazine stated that all of the films starring Sellers as Clouseau showcased his " comedic brilliance . " Sellers 's friend and Goon Show colleague Spike Milligan said that Sellers " had one of the most glittering comic talents of his age " , while John and Roy Boulting noted that he was " the greatest comic genius this country has produced since Charles Chaplin " . Irv Slifkin said that the most prominent albeit ever @-@ changing face in comedies of the sixties was Sellers who " changed like a chameleon throughout the era , dazzling audiences " . In a 2005 poll to find " The Comedian 's Comedian " , Sellers was voted 14 in the list of the top 20 greatest comedians by fellow comics and comedy insiders . Sellers and The Goon Show were a strong influence on the Monty Python performers , as well as on Peter Cook , who described Sellers as " the best comic actor in the world " . The British actor Stephen Mangan stated that Sellers was a large influence , as did the comedians Alan Carr and Rob Brydon . The comic performer Sacha Baron Cohen referred to Sellers as " the most seminal force in shaping [ his ] early ideas on comedy " . Cohen was considered for the role of Sellers in the biographical film The Life and Death of Peter Sellers . The three members of Spinal Tap — Michael McKean , Christopher Guest and Harry Shearer — have also cited Sellers as being an influence on them , as has the American talk @-@ show host Conan O 'Brien . David Schwimmer is another whose approach was influenced by Sellers : " he could do anything , from Dr Strangelove to Inspector Clouseau . He was just amazing . " Eddie Izzard notes that the Goons " influenced a new generation of comedians who came to be known as ' alternative ' " — including himself , while the media historian Graham McCann states " the anarchic spirit of the Goon Show ... would inspire , directly or indirectly and to varying extents , ... The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , The Young Ones , Vic Reeves Big Night Out , The League of Gentlemen [ and ] Brass Eye . " The stage play Being Sellers premiered in Australia in 1998 , three years after the release of the biography by Roger Lewis , The Life and Death of Peter Sellers . In 2004 , the book was turned into an HBO film with the same title , starring Geoffrey Rush . The play later transferred to New York in December 2010 . The Belfast Telegraph notes how the film captured Sellers 's " life of drugs , drink , fast cars and lots and lots of beautiful women " . Although the film was widely praised by critics , both Lord Snowdon and Britt Ekland were highly critical of the film and the enactment of Sellers ; Ekland believed that the film left the audiences with the wrong idea of her former husband , saying " the film leaves you with the impression that Peter Sellers was essentially a likeable man when in reality he was a monster . He may have been a brilliant actor , but as a human being he had no saving graces at all " . Snowdon disagreed with Ekland 's verdict , and with the film , and stated that Sellers " had a light touch , a sense of humour , I can 't bear to see him portrayed as somebody who was apparently without either ... The man on the screen is charmless , humourless and boring — the one thing you could never say about Peter . " = = Filmography and other works = = Selected works , based on award nominations = " Weird Al " Yankovic ( album ) = " Weird Al " Yankovic is the eponymous debut album by American parodist Alfred " Weird Al " Yankovic . The album was the first of many produced by former The McCoys guitarist Rick Derringer . Mostly recorded in March 1982 , the album was released by Rock ' n Roll Records as an LP and on Compact Cassette in 1983 . Consisting of five direct parodies and seven original songs , " Weird Al " Yankovic parodies pop and rock music of the late 1970s and early 1980s , and satirizes American	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Best Dance Video for " Ray of Light " . = = Commercial performance = = In the United States , Ray of Light debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 albums chart on the issue dated March 21 , 1998 . It set the record for biggest first @-@ week sales by a female artist in Nielsen SoundScan era at that time with 371 @,@ 000 copies sold . However , the album was not able to top the soundtrack album of the motion picture Titanic , becoming Madonna 's fifth album to peak at the runner @-@ up position . During the second week , the album sold 225 @,@ 000 copies and was still kept off the top spot by the soundtrack . On March 16 , 2000 , the album was certified four times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of four million units of the album . According to Nielsen SoundScan , Ray of Light had sold 3 @.@ 9 million copies in the United States as of September 2011 . This figure does not include units sold through clubs like the BMG Music , where the album sold over 459 @,@ 000 copies . In Canada , the album debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart with first week sales of 59 @,@ 900 copies . It was later certified seven times platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for shipment of 700 @,@ 000 copies . The album also achieved commercial success in Oceania , debuting at number one on the albums chart in Australia and New Zealand . It was certified triple platinum by Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) and platinum by Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for shipments of 210 @,@ 000 and 15 @,@ 000 copies respectively . In the United Kingdom , Ray of Light debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart , remaining at the top spot for two weeks . It was certified six times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipment of 1 @.@ 8 million copies . In France , the album entered the albums chart at number two , staying there for seven weeks before descending the chart . It was certified three times platinum by the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) for shipments of 900 @,@ 000 copies . Actual sales of the album in France stand at 925 @,@ 400 copies . In Germany , the album reached number one on the Media Control Charts and remained there for seven weeks . It remains Madonna 's best @-@ selling album in Germany with three times platinum certification from Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) for shipment of 1 @.@ 5 million copies . Due to its commercial success in European countries , the album ultimately topped the European Top 100 Albums chart and was certified seven times platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) for sales of seven million copies . Ray of Light achieved similar success in the rest of world , topping the official charts of Belgium , Netherlands , Finland , Greece , Hungary , Israel , Norway , Singapore , Spain and Switzerland . In total , Ray of Light has sold over 16 million copies worldwide . = = Legacy = = Ray of Light has been credited for bringing electronica music into global pop culture . Los Angeles Times noted that " aside from occasional breakthroughs such as Fatboy Slim , electronica wasn 't totally mainstream fare when Madonna released Ray of Light . " Until the album brought the genre to the top of music charts , according to author J. Randy Taraborrelli , " techno and electronica had , for years , been the music played at so @-@ called raves , hugely popular , illegal underground parties taking place in abandoned warehouse and deserted areas on the outskirts of town all around the world . " AllMusic editor Liana Jonas stated that the album 's title track has " brought mainstream attention to electronica music , which ascended from its underground status to wild popularity in the early 21st century . " Thomas Harrison , author of Music of the 1990s , wrote that the production style of Ray of Light was " idiomatic of new trends in electronic music with significant use of digital sampling and use of an electronic synthesizer . " Elliott H. Powell in an American Studies for New York University observed that Ray of Light made South Asian culture accessible to the American public in the 1990s . Rhonda Hammer and Douglas Kellner in their book Media / cultural Studies : Critical Approaches recalled that " the phenomenon of South Asian @-@ inspired femininity as a Western media trend can be traced to February 1998 , when pop icon Madonna released her video " Frozen " . " They explained that " although Madonna did not initiate the fashion for Indian beauty accessories [ ... ] she did propel it into the public eye by attracting the attention of the worldwide media . " According to Taraborrelli , the album has been hailed as bold and refreshing in contemporary music of the late 1990s , which was dominated by boybands and teenage artists such as the Backstreet Boys , NSYNC , Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera . Larry Flick from Billboard said that the album " not only provided the chameleon @-@ like artist with her first universally applauded critical success , it has also proved that she remains a vital figure amongst woefully fickle young audiences . " Music critic Lucy O 'Brien commented : " 1998 's Ray of Light certainly rehabilitated Madonna 's image . Up to that point she had still been written off as an average pop glamour girl who got lucky , but with this record she reached a whole new audience , proving that she was a good songwriter with an intensely productive talent . " Mary von Aue from Stereogum stated that " Ray of Light reestablished Madonna as a groundbreaking artist . " Ray of Light continued to influence mainstream music when British singer and songwriter , Adele , stated that the album was one of the main sources of inspiration for her third studio album , 25 . Particularly , " Frozen " was a source of inspiration as well , admitting that the track gave her " confidence to come and do me again " . Adele further added that Ray of Light was Madonna 's best album and found several comparisons between herself and Madonna during that stage of her life . Due to its impact on popular music , Ray of Light has been featured on numerous critics ' lists of greatest albums of all time . Rolling Stone magazine placed the album at number 367 on the list of " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " . In 2001 , a quarter of a million music fans on VH1 voted Ray of Light as the 10th of " 100 Best Albums of All Time " . In 2003 , Ray of Light was allocated at number 17 on Q magazine readers ' list of " 100 Greatest Albums Ever " . The album is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . Mojo magazine also listed Ray of Light at number 29 on " 100 Modern Classics : The Greatest Albums of Our Lifetime " . In 2013 , the album was also included at number 241 on NME magazine 's list of " The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " . Madonna herself considered Ray of Light the most fulfilling evolution of her career . = = Track listing = = Additional notes : " Drowned World / Substitute for Love " contains a sample of " Why I Follow the Tigers " , as performed by the San Sebastian Strings . " Shanti / Ashtangi " adapted from text by Shankaracharya , taken from the Yoga Taravali . Additional text : Traditional , Translation by Vyass Houston and Eddie Stern . " Mer Girl " contains an interpolation and elements from " Space " performed by Gábor Szabó . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Dustbin Baby ( film ) = Dustbin Baby is a BBC television film directed by Juliet May , based on Jacqueline Wilson 's 2001 novel of the same name . It was first broadcast on BBC One on 21 December 2008 . The film stars Dakota Blue Richards as April , a troubled teenager who was abandoned in a dustbin as an infant , and Juliet Stevenson as Marion Bean , April 's adoptive mother . David Haig stars as Elliot , Marion 's friend and colleague . The screenplay was written by Helen Blakeman , and the film was produced by Kindle Entertainment . Dustbin Baby deals with themes including maternal bonding , bullying , and youth crime . The story revolves around April running away on her fourteenth birthday , while Marion searches for her . April 's life is recounted in flashbacks as she meets people and visits places that are significant to her . Both Wilson and critics responded positively to the film , with Wilson saying she thought it was the best film adaptation of any of her works . It was released on DVD on 12 January 2009 . Dustbin Baby was awarded the International Emmy in the Children and Young People category at the 2009 ceremony . Helen Blakeman won a Children 's BAFTA for the screenplay , while the film itself was shortlisted for a Children 's BAFTA in the Drama category and shortlisted for the Kids ' Vote award . The film was also awarded the 2010 KidScreen Award for Best One @-@ off , Special , or TV movie aimed at a Family Audience and the KidScreen Award for Best Acting . = = Plot = = On April 's fourteenth birthday , Marion , her adoptive mother , gives her earrings , not the mobile phone she wanted . They argue , and April leaves for school . After lying to her friends , claiming she has a phone and is going to the dentist 's , April chooses to play truant . While at work at a stately home , Marion hears that April has not arrived at school . She talks to her friend and colleague Elliot , who unsuccessfully tries to dissuade her from leaving . April visits the home of Pat Williams , who cared for her as a baby . Pat remembers April and gives her a newspaper cutting telling the story of her discovery as a baby in a dustbin behind a pizza parlour . In a flashback , a young April is seen living with Janet and Daniel Johnson . The Johnsons ' relationship is an abusive one , leading to Janet 's suicide . Meanwhile , Marion goes to April 's school , where she talks to April 's friends , and realises that they were lied to . April then leaves Pat 's home , and travels alone to Janet 's grave . Marion continues to search , and , in a shopping centre , meets Elliot , who has joined her . April then visits the now abandoned Sunnyholme Children 's Home , where she lived when she was younger . In a flashback , an eight @-@ year @-@ old April lives at the Sunnyholme . Cared for by a woman named Mo , April befriends an older girl called Gina and is introduced to Pearl , a girl of her age . Pearl behaves in front of Mo , but actually bullies April . Gina wakes April one night to involve her in a burglary , and , later , Pearl attacks April , holding her head under water , and then tears up April 's beloved paper dolls . April confronts Pearl , who she pushes down a flight of stairs , and is reprimanded by Mo . A voice @-@ over from 14 @-@ year @-@ old April says Gina was then " moved on " , and , eventually , April is also moved on . The flashback jumps forward to April 's time at Fairdale Residential School . She befriends Poppy , who has Asperger syndrome . In the present , Marion buys a mobile phone for April . Back at Fairdale , April is being taught by Miss Bean ( Marion ) . A piece of work on family trees leads to the pair fighting . At night , April tries to escape the school to find Gina , but is caught by Marion , who sends her back . Marion reads April 's records , and , having learnt of her history , apologises for the family tree incident . Banned from going out on a Saturday with her peers , April is instead taken to the stately home by Marion . A present @-@ day Marion goes alone to her house , to find that there are no messages on the phone . The younger Marion introduces April to Elliot as they continue to visit the home . The present @-@ day Marion goes to April 's room , and looks in April 's box , which contains mementos from different times in her life . The younger April and Marion walk through the home 's garden , and Marion tells April she is leaving Fairdale . April becomes angry , thinking that Marion , like others before her , is now going to leave her life . Marion invites April to move in with her , and she accepts . When shown around her new bedroom , April 's first concern is to have somewhere to put her box . The present April considers returning to Marion , but realises there is another place she wants to visit . It occurs to Marion where April will be going , and she drives away from her house . April goes to the street where she was found as a baby , and stands among the bins . Marion opens April 's mobile and rings Reno 's , the pizza parlour . April then notices a phone number on the side of a dustbin . Marion asks for directions to the pizza parlour , while April dials the number she found . It is not her mother who answers , as she hoped , but Frankie , the pizza boy who found her . She meets Frankie in the pizza parlour , and Marion arrives . April explains who Frankie is , and Marion gives April her new phone . The three sit down together . A voice @-@ over from April says that , though she will probably never know her real mother , she has a mother in Marion , and this is just the beginning . = = Cast = = = = Production = = The film 's screenplay was based on Jaqueline Wilson 's 2001 novel Dustbin Baby , and was written by Helen Blakeman , who had previously worked on Pleasureland . Dustbin Baby was co @-@ commissioned by CBBC and BBC One , and was produced by Kindle Entertainment , a production company specialising in children 's television . According to The Guardian , the film was billed as " a key part of BBC1 's Christmas family line @-@ up " . Blakeman said that when she had read the novel , she " knew it was something [ she ] had to write " . The film 's executive producers were Anne Brogan and Melanie Stokes for Kindle , with Sue Nott as executive producer for CBBC . The producer was Julia Ouston . Director Juliet May , at the time of filming , had 14 @-@ year @-@ old twins , and so found " the fact that the lead , April , is 14 years old ... very interesting " as she felt she could " kind of understand 14 @-@ year @-@ old children " . Though the " gritty realism " of Wilson 's novels was different from Dakota Blue Richards 's first role as Lyra Belacqua in The Golden Compass , she was happy to take on the character of April . She said she " can really relate to the characters " in Wilson 's novels , but found that April was " a really different person " to her . Wilson , who had previously seen Richards in The Golden Compass , was " over the moon to hear she was going to be in Dustbin Baby . Richards was to play the 14 @-@ year @-@ old April , but other actresses were required to play younger versions of the character . Lucy Hutchinson , who was five at the time of filming , played the youngest April . Director Juliet May described her as " one of the most remarkable five year olds I have ever met " , saying that " it 's like she 's not acting at all " . Alex Hewitt was selected to play the " middle April " . May described her as having " utter truth in her acting " . Though ten years old , Hewett plays April at eight . Juliet Stevenson said she was attracted to the part of Marion as " it 's very boring playing versions of yourself " , and because she did at the time have a 14 @-@ year @-@ old daughter . David Haig filmed Dustbin Baby , along with three other television appearances that summer , to earn money to help support his family while he appeared in the play Loot . He described his role as a " snug cameo with a purpose " . Dustbin Baby was filmed over summer 2008 in London and the surrounding areas , with scenes at Hatfield House and in Barnet . Before the completion of the filming , Wilson was quoted as saying she was " thrilled at the prospect of Dustbin Baby being brought to life by such a talented cast and production team . I am looking forward to seeing the end result immensely . " The BBC purposefully searched for an actress with Asperger syndrome to play the part of Poppy . Lizzy Clark auditioned for the part after her mother saw an advert on an autism website . Clark was selected to play Poppy , and the role in Dustbin Baby was her first experience of professional acting . Clark was the first actress with Asperger syndrome to portray a fictional character with the condition . Clark , who has since campaigned with her mother against characters with conditions such as Asperger syndrome being played by actors without the condition , said " My Asperger 's made some things on the film set difficult at first , like dealing with the sudden noise of the storyboard , but I was soon so focused on acting that I didn 't notice anything else . " = = Themes = = Blakeman said that she read the book in a single sitting , before " crying her eyes out " . The film includes the themes of bullying , youth crime , domestic violence , unwanted pregnancy , and teenage angst . For Blakeman , April 's " heartbreaking journey in searching for her real mum is also about being brave enough to let love in . " Tom Sutcliffe , writing for The Independent , spoke of the limits of taboo themes in family dramas , and said the film 's " account of a life lived in care couldn 't have had swearing , or casual drug use , and when a shadow fell over a child 's bed at night , it wasn 't the care @-@ home manager coming to exercise some horrible droit de seigneur [ sic ] , as it might have been in an adult drama " . The film also addressed the theme of Asperger syndrome through the character of Poppy . The BBC claimed that Clark , who has the condition herself , was able to offer " a unique take " on the role . Steveson summarised the themes of the film , saying that " At the centre of the story , Marion finds out that she loves this girl . And that is an amazing liberation when you discover someone more important to you than you are . That is what is incredible about becoming a parent – you care about your child more than you care about yourself . " On Behind the Bin , a making @-@ of documentary about Dustbin Baby , Wilson said that " lots and lots of people will identify with " the central theme of adoption , as at fourteen " you start to look at your mum and dad and think ' I 'm nothing like them ' , and everyone seems to have fantasies about that they were adopted or something , and so I think that it 's a typical teenage thing that you question who you are " . Richards says that she likes the idea that April " went on a journey to try and find herself " as " a lot of people [ her age ] try and do that because a lot of people get to the point where they 're not really sure who they are any more " . Richards also discusses the motif of April 's paper dolls , saying that April can relate to them as in different places , she is " still the same person " , but that she is " coloured in differently by different people and different surroundings " . Alexandra Hewett , who played the Young April , described the dolls as April 's " only real friends " . Stevenson described the character of Marion as " cranky , stubborn and lonely " , saying that living alone has made her " become quite idiotic and eccentric " . When the character of April arrives , Stevenson explains that " Marion has to go from nought to 80 in terms of parenting . There are lots of reasons she wouldn 't get it right " which leads on to the guilt and anxiety that Marion suffers when April runs away . Stevenson compared her own difficulties of parenting to Marion 's , saying " it is easier for me than someone like Marion because I have had 14 years experience " . Richards spoke of the character of April , saying that " the residential schools and children 's homes were completely different from my life . [ April ] doesn 't feel connected to anybody and she struggles to know who she is " . = = Reception = = Wilson , after seeing an early screening of Dustbin Baby , said that it was the best film adaptation of any of her works . Haig said that the film was his favourite of his summer projects , saying " it was a terrific story and very touchingly done . I think Juliet Stevenson was very funny and moving in it " . Critics also responded positively . In an article in The Times David Chater awarded the programme the TV choice of the day , describing it as " tremendous " , and " the wonderful surprise of Christmas " . The film was described in The Telegraph as a " rare treat " , as it is " something that teenagers and parents can watch together " . This view was shared by producer Anne Brogan , who said that the film was something " that parents and children will enjoy watching while giving them much to talk about " . Tom Sutcliffe , writing for The Independent , said Stevenson was " good as a woman who was far more comfortable in the past than the present " , and that " her performance was more than matched by that of Dakota Blue Richards as April , mostly banked @-@ down and wary but prone to sudden wild flashes of anger " . He criticised some of the " implausibilities " , saying that the plot was , at times , " a lot kinder than the world might have been " , but said that " it still made you well up with its final reconciliation " with emotion that had been " honestly earned " . Euan Ferguson , in an article in The Guardian , said that the film " hooked and haunted " , and added that Stevenson played Marion like " a kind of updated " Jean Brodie . During its initial run on BBC One , Dustbin Baby was watched by 2 @.@ 3 million viewers , giving it a 15 @.@ 4 % share of the audience . = = Accolades = = In 2009 , Dustbin Baby was one of four works of children 's television shortlisted for the International Emmy Award in the children and young people category at the 37th International Emmy Awards . The other nominations were Lharn Poo Koo E @-@ Joo ( produced by Workpoint Entertainment ) , The Little Emperor 's Christmas ( produced by Rede Globo ) , and Mille ( produced by the Danish Broadcasting Corporation ) . The film was one of nine nominations for the UK , which had more than any other nation . The film won the award , making it one of six International Emmys for the UK , and one of three for the BBC , in 2009 . Dustbin Baby was also shortlisted for the British Academy Children 's Awards in the drama category , along with The Sarah Jane Adventures ( also by the BBC ) , S4C 's Rhestr Nadolig Wil , and the online show following boyband US5 . The ceremony was held on 29 November at The London Hilton on Park Lane and hosted by Dick and Dom . Dustbin Baby lost out to Rhestr Nadolig Wil . Blakeman was shortlisted for the British Academy Children 's Award for best writer , thanks to her screenplay for Dustbin Baby , and won . The film was also entered into the BAFTA Kids ' Vote in the television category . Children aged between seven and fourteen were able to vote for their favourite television show from a choice also featuring Blue Peter , Dani 's House , Newsround , Prank Patrol , The Sarah Jane Adventures , Hannah Montana , Phineas & Ferb , iCarly , and SpongeBob SquarePants . The Kids ' Vote was won by Hannah Montana . In February 2010 , Dustbin Baby was awarded the 2010 KidScreen Award for best one @-@ off , special , or TV movie aimed at a family audience . The film also won the Creative Talent award for best acting . These were two of five prizes won by CBBC at the inaugural KidScreen Awards , and Joe Godwin , the BBC Children 's director , said " I 'm truly delighted that CBBC programmes are being recognised globally for being original and inspiring to children everywhere ... It 's especially satisfying to win awards for really distinctive and hard @-@ hitting factual and drama , which has always been , and always will be , a unique and central part of what BBC Children 's does . " = = Home media release = = Dustbin Baby was released on DVD in January 2009 by ITV DVD . It was rated PG by the British Board of Film Classification , due to " mild threat , violence and one sex reference " , and was marketed with the tagline " April is about to lift the lid on her past " . The DVD included a 24 @-@ minute making @-@ of feature , " Behind the Bin : The Making of Dustbin Baby " , containing interviews with Jacqueline Wilson and production staff and cast . = British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War = The United Kingdom began a military intervention in Sierra Leone on 7 May 2000 under the codename Operation Palliser . Although small numbers of British personnel had been deployed previously , Palliser was the first large @-@ scale intervention by British forces in the Sierra Leone Civil War . In early May 2000 , the Revolutionary United Front ( RUF ) — one of the main parties to the civil war — advanced on the country 's capital , Freetown , prompting the British government to dispatch an " operational reconnaissance and liaison team " ( ORLT ) to prepare to evacuate foreign citizens . On 6 May , the RUF blocked the road connecting Freetown to the country 's main airport , Lungi . The next day , British soldiers began to secure the airport and other areas essential to an evacuation . The majority of those who wished to leave were evacuated within the first two days of the operation , but many chose to stay following the arrival of British forces . After the effective completion of the evacuation , the mandate of the British forces began to expand . They assisted with the evacuation of besieged peacekeepers — including several British ceasefire observers — and began to assist the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ( UNAMSIL ) and the Sierra Leone Army ( SLA ) . Despite the mission expansion , it was not until 17 May that British soldiers came into direct contact with the RUF . The rebels attacked a British position near Lungi airport , but were forced to retreat after a series of firefights . On the same day , the RUF 's leader , Foday Sankoh , was captured by Sierra Leonean forces , leaving the RUF in disarray . After deciding that the RUF would not disarm voluntarily , the British began training the SLA for a confrontation . During the training mission , a patrol returning from a visit to Jordanian peacekeepers was taken captive by a militia group known as the West Side Boys . Negotiations achieved the release of five of the eleven soldiers , and three weeks into the crisis , British special forces launched a mission codenamed Operation Barras , freeing the remaining six . The success of Operation Barras restored confidence in the British mission ; one academic suggested that its failure would have forced the British government to withdraw all its forces from Sierra Leone . The overall British operation was mostly completed by September 2000 . The RUF began to disarm after political pressure , and later economic sanctions , were exerted on Liberia — which had supported the RUF in exchange for conflict diamonds smuggled out of Sierra Leone . The Sierra Leonean government eventually signed a ceasefire with the RUF that obliged the latter to enter the Disarmament , Demobilisation , and Reintegration ( DDR ) process . By September 2001 , when the British training teams were replaced by an international force , the DDR process was almost complete . British forces continued to be involved in Sierra Leone by providing the largest contribution of personnel to the international training team and advising on a restructuring of Sierra Leone 's armed forces . A small force was deployed to the area in 2003 to ensure stability while several indictments and arrests were made by the Special Court for Sierra Leone . The success of British operations in Sierra Leone vindicated several concepts , including the retention of high @-@ readiness forces . The Prime Minister , Tony Blair , was keen to see Western interventions in other conflicts , and — along with France — supported the creation of several European Union Battlegroups for the purpose . As it happened , political opposition and later British commitments in Afghanistan and Iraq prevented further British operations in Africa . = = Background = = = = = Sierra Leone = = = Sierra Leone is a country in West Africa , close to the equator , with an area of 71 @,@ 740 square kilometres ( 27 @,@ 700 square miles ) — similar in size to South Carolina or Scotland . It shares land borders with Guinea and Liberia and is bordered to the west by the Atlantic Ocean . The country became a British colony in 1808 , though British influence began in the late 18th century when former slaves were settled in the area that became known as Freetown , now the capital city . Freetown lies on a peninsula , and is separated from the country 's main airport , Lungi , by the estuary of the Sierra Leone River , which is several miles wide . The colony was granted independence from the United Kingdom in 1961 and Sir Milton Margai was appointed its first prime minister . He was replaced in 1962 by his brother , Albert , who was defeated by Siaka Stevens in the 1967 general election . Stevens was overthrown within hours by the commander of the army , but was later reinstated after the commander was himself overthrown . Sierra Leone became a republic in 1971 , and Stevens was installed as its first president . In 1978 , Sierra Leone formally became a one @-@ party state and the All People 's Congress ( APC ) became the only legal political party . Stevens retired in 1985 and appointed Joseph Momoh as his successor . Momoh was accused of corruption and abuse of power , and the Revolutionary United Front ( RUF ) was formed later in the decade with the aim of overthrowing him . Sponsored by Liberia , the RUF began attacking settlements along the border in 1991 and quickly took control of the diamond mines , whose products they smuggled through Liberia and traded for weapons . The following years saw a series of coups and interventions by private military companies , Nigeria , the Economic Community of West African States , and the United Nations ( UN ) , while a bloody civil war devastated the country . On 7 July 1999 , the Lomé Peace Accord was signed . Among other provisions , the agreement mandated an immediate ceasefire between the main parties to the civil war and the disarmament of the Sierra Leone Army ( SLA ) and the RUF . It also gave the RUF status as a legitimate political party , a role in the Sierra Leone Government , and four of the twenty @-@ two seats in the cabinet . Foday Sankoh , leader of the RUF , was given responsibility for the diamond mines — an appointment much criticised by observers and the international media given the RUF 's history of diamond smuggling . However , Peter Hain , Minister of State for Africa , suggested that the British government had no choice but to endorse the Lomé agreement given the RUF 's dominance , and that the only alternative was continued civil war . A military intervention by the United Kingdom in 1999 was ruled out as the British government had received no request for military assistance and felt it lacked the backing of the international community for a unilateral intervention . An intervention was also deemed to be politically and militarily impractical given the British military 's involvement with NATO operations in Yugoslavia . = = = Tony Blair and the British Armed Forces = = = The intervention in Sierra Leone was the fourth expeditionary operation and the second significant deployment undertaken by Her Majesty 's Armed Forces under Tony Blair , who was elected as Prime Minister in 1997 . The first two were relatively minor operations : a series of air strikes against Iraq in 1998 codenamed Operation Desert Fox , and a deployment of a company of Gurkhas and special forces on peacekeeping operations in East Timor in 1999 . The third operation , the first major deployment under Blair , was in Kosovo in 1999 , where British forces led a NATO intervention in the Kosovo War . During the British operations in Kosovo , Blair delivered a speech in Chicago , in which he outlined his " Doctrine of the International Community " . Blair advocated a greater use of humanitarian intervention — the use of armed force to protect a civilian population , rather than exclusively to protect national interests . Kosovo did not diminish Blair 's belief in the use of military force for humanitarian purposes " where a strong moral case could be made " , and he outlined a set of criteria for intervention . The intervention in Sierra Leone , according to Andrew M. Dorman of King 's College London , " appears to embody much of the ethos contained within [ the Chicago speech ] " . = = Previous British deployments = = The intervention in May 2000 was the first major deployment of British forces to Sierra Leone during the civil war , but was not the first time British personnel had served there . In May 1997 , a two @-@ man training team from the British Army was sent to train SLA officers but discovered that the SLA 's strength was much lower than it had reported . The government was overthrown in a coup before any training could take place . Following the restoration of the elected government by the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group ( ECOMOG ) in February 1998 , HMS Cornwall sailed to Freetown with food and medical supplies . Her crew assisted with infrastructure repairs and her helicopter was used to move people and supplies around Sierra Leone until she left in mid @-@ April . As the security situation in Sierra Leone deteriorated later in the year , the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) conducted a non @-@ combatant evacuation operation under the codename Operation Spartic over Christmas 1998 . Approximately 80 people — predominantly British citizens , many of them staff or dependants from the British High Commission — were evacuated over two days . In January 1999 , the RUF attacked Freetown . They were pushed back to the eastern edges of the city by ECOMOG , after which HMS Norfolk was sent to offer assistance . On arrival , a team from the Department for International Development ( DfID ) was based on board the ship to assist the crew 's efforts . Peter Penfold , the British High Commissioner — who had been evacuated to Guinea — temporarily lived on the ship before it was deemed safe for him to return to his residence in Freetown . He flew ashore on the Norfolk 's helicopter for daily meetings , with a detachment of Royal Marines ensuring security . HMS Norfolk was replaced by HMS Westminster , shortly after which Penfold moved back to his residence and the Royal Marines took over security of the compound temporarily . The fighting was eventually ended by the Lomé Peace Accord , which was signed in July 1999 . The United Nations Observer Mission to Sierra Leone was replaced with the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ( UNAMSIL ) , which included a force of 260 military observers . The observers were unarmed and tasked with monitoring the ceasefire mandated by the Lomé Agreement . The observer force , like UNAMSIL itself , was primarily made up of personnel from other African nations , but the United Kingdom contributed a small number of officers from the British Army and Royal Marines . In addition to the observers in Sierra Leone , personnel from the Royal Logistic Corps were serving in New York , assisting UNAMSIL with organising air @-@ lifts to bring the mission up to its authorised strength . = = Build @-@ up to the intervention = = In accordance with the Lomé Agreement , UNAMSIL set up disarmament camps throughout Sierra Leone that were intended to disarm the Sierra Leone Army , the RUF , and the militia groups operating in the country . The SLA and some militia groups began to enter the camps but the RUF did not . In April 2000 , 10 members of the RUF entered a UNAMSIL camp without the knowledge of the RUF 's leadership . Upon locating its fighters , the RUF demanded their return . The military observers refused , and the RUF responded by besieging the camp and attacking other UNAMSIL bases in the area . They took large numbers of UN personnel prisoner , and then began to advance into areas previously controlled by the Sierra Leone government . On 3 May , the RUF took control of the town of Kambia . Foreign diplomats in the country estimated that the RUF could be in Freetown within a week , since the SLA had been confined to barracks and had handed over most of its weapons in accordance with the Lomé Agreement . The United Nations issued a statement condemning the violence , after which Secretary @-@ General Kofi Annan told the British representative to the UN that it expected the United Kingdom , as the former colonial power , to intervene in Sierra Leone directly , rather than relying on the international community . On 5 May , the British government continued to state that it would provide only logistical and technical support to UNAMSIL , but was privately exploring its options for a military deployment . The United Kingdom had a greater level of political involvement in Sierra Leone than in any other African country and , with the country 's stability deteriorating , it was reluctant to see that investment wasted . In addition , an estimated 1 @,@ 000 entitled personnel were in Sierra Leone , and the government feared for their safety . Academics have since suggested that the credibility of UNAMSIL and future UN peacekeeping operations would have been at stake had the mission in Sierra Leone been allowed to fail . The British Armed Forces were not as widely deployed in 2000 as they were to be later in the decade . The British Army had two brigades serving with NATO in the Balkans , and the Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) had ongoing commitments to Cyprus , the Falkland Islands , and elsewhere , but the armed forces — particularly units threatened by proposed cuts to the defence budget — were keen to participate in an operation . Senior officers thus advised the government that an operation in Sierra Leone was feasible . Over the following days , there was debate within the British government as to what the aims of a military deployment to Sierra Leone would be . The Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( FCO ) advocated a full @-@ scale intervention to assist UNAMSIL , arguing that a non @-@ combatant evacuation operation would not be sufficient and would undermine the UN , but the MoD believed that the armed forces would be unable to sustain a larger @-@ scale operation . The British government 's emergency committee , COBRA , was convened and presented with three options for an evacuation of entitled persons — deployment of aircraft and special forces to conduct an evacuation via Lungi airport , deployment of regular ground forces for a similar operation , or re @-@ routing the Amphibious Ready Group ( ARG ) . COBRA concluded that it lacked sufficient information to recommend one of the three options and instructed the MoD to continue to develop them , while also recommending that an " operational reconnaissance and liaison team " ( ORLT ) be sent to Sierra Leone to assess the situation and advise on how the military could be useful . The Prime Minister , Tony Blair , approved the ORLT , which was led by Brigadier David Richards , Chief of Joint Force Operations . Richards had previously visited Sierra Leone twice during the civil war — first on the HMS Norfolk in early 1999 and again in early 2000 — and was familiar with the political leadership of the country . He and his team left from RAF Northolt eight hours later accompanied by a close protection force , and arrived in Freetown in the early hours of 6 May . The ORLT established itself in the British High Commission in Freetown , where daily political – military coordination meetings were held throughout the operation . The readiness of several other assets was heightened on 5 May . Two Royal Navy vessels — the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious and the frigate HMS Argyll — were ordered to sail to the area , as was the ARG ( which had been on exercise in southern France ) . The standby special forces squadron and 1st Battalion , Parachute Regiment ( 1 PARA ) , were both ordered to prepare for a potential operation in Sierra Leone ; and several RAF transport aircraft were taken off other duties and ordered to be prepared to airlift special forces and / or 1 PARA to Lungi airport . At the same time , four RAF CH @-@ 47 Chinooks were ordered to deploy to Sierra Leone — two from the Balkans and two from their base in the United Kingdom . The RAF lacked aircraft large enough to transport Chinooks and so the helicopter crews flew themselves to Freetown . The 3 @,@ 000 @-@ mile ( 4 @,@ 800 km ) flight undertaken by the two aircraft based in the UK was the longest self @-@ deployment of helicopters in British history . = = Operation Palliser = = On 6 May , the RUF blocked the road connecting Freetown to Lungi Airport , prompting UNAMSIL staff to evacuate to the Mamy Yoko Hotel in preparation for a total withdrawal from Sierra Leone if the RUF advance continued towards Freetown . In response to the deterioration Richards requested that British troops be sent to Dakar , Senegal , to decrease the time required to launch an operation in Sierra Leone . Richards also spoke to the 1 PARA command to update them on the situation . Following the conversation , 1 PARA ( with 2 PARA 's D Company replacing A Company , who were on exercise in Jamaica , and with several attached assets including artillery ) moved to the Air Movements Centre in South Cerney , Gloucestershire . The following day Richards was designated Joint Task Force Commander and his ORLT became the forward headquarters for a British deployment . At the same time , the authority to launch an evacuation operation was delegated to Richards and the British High Commissioner , Alan Jones . With the RUF rapidly advancing on Freetown and controlling most of the interior of Sierra Leone , the only means of rapidly evacuating entitled persons or reinforcing UNAMSIL was by air via Lungi airport . Thus , the enhanced 1 PARA was flown to Dakar on 7 May , where C Company and the special forces squadron were almost immediately put aboard RAF Hercules C @-@ 130s with orders to secure the airport . They arrived at Lungi before sunset and were joined by the remaining elements of 1 PARA the next morning . The soldiers were able to deploy rapidly and with minimal equipment , knowing that they would not have to wait long for the ARG 's reinforcements and supplies should they be needed . The soldiers immediately set about securing the areas that would be vital to an evacuation , including the Mamy Yoko hotel , which became the evacuation centre , and Lungi airport . Jones requested in the afternoon of 8 May that Richards commence the evacuation — codenamed Operation Palliser — which Richards did almost immediately . Entitled persons who wished to leave were instructed to assemble at the Mamy Yoko hotel . From there , they would be helicoptered to the airport by Chinooks and then flown to Dakar . Over the course of a week , British forces evacuated approximately 500 entitled persons from Sierra Leone — almost 300 of whom left in the first two days of the operation . The arrival of British soldiers boosted morale in the country , and many foreign citizens opted to stay . The operation took on a slower pace after the first two days , but personnel and aircraft remained ready to evacuate any entitled persons who had been unable to reach Freetown earlier and to evacuate the British High Commission if the security situation deteriorated . = = Mission expansion = = In Westminster , the three government departments concerned with the British role in Sierra Leone — the MoD , the FCO , and DfID — struggled to agree on the objectives of the military deployment beyond the evacuation , which led to delays in issuing orders . Richards did not receive precise instructions until after Operation Palliser had commenced , and rules of engagement ( ROEs ) were not issued before the start of the operation . Commanders defaulted to the ROEs used in Northern Ireland , their most recent relevant experience . With the evacuation largely complete , the British government turned its attention to the four British United Nations Military Observers ( UNMOs ) being held by the RUF . British forces in Freetown helped facilitate the escape of four UNMOs ( three British and one from New Zealand ) from a UNAMSIL camp at Makeni , which had been besieged by the RUF since ten RUF fighters had been accepted into the disarmament process . After consulting with the British command in Freetown , the four officers left the camp and covertly passed the RUF line before trekking west . They arrived at the UN base at Mile 91 almost 24 hours later , and an RAF Chinook picked them up and flew them to Freetown . No longer having the unarmed observers to protect , the Kenyan UNAMSIL detachment at Makeni fought their way out of the siege and proceeded west to join other UNAMSIL forces . With the three British officers from Makeni freed , only one British UNMO — Major Andy Harrison — remained a prisoner of the RUF , and the British government began discreetly attempting to establish his location . Harrison and ten other UNMOs had initially been held by the RUF at the latter 's base until Harrison convinced the RUF to allow the observers to join the Indian UNAMSIL contingent at Kailahun . In addition to the missing UNMOs , the British government faced political and diplomatic problems . The deployment of British troops to Sierra Leone had lifted morale and halted the RUF advance on Freetown , and there were concerns that violence would resume once the British left . Another consequence of the British operation was that it effectively sidelined UNAMSIL . The United Nations and several of the contributing nations to UNAMSIL applied pressure on the British government to integrate its forces into UNAMSIL , but the MoD lacked faith in the competence of UNAMSIL headquarters and was unwilling to place its troops under UNAMSIL command . The MoD was also reluctant to deploy the brigade @-@ sized force necessary to take command of UNAMSIL , given the armed forces ' commitments elsewhere , and thus the British force in Sierra Leone remained outside UNAMSIL . The British government was also reluctant to commit British troops to an open @-@ ended peacekeeping operation , especially given the opposition in the House of Commons — particularly from the Conservative Party — to the initial deployment to Sierra Leone , and accusations from the British media of " mission creep " . By contrast , the operation was well @-@ received on the international stage , and met with the approval of the UN Security Council . On 12 May , Baroness Symons , a junior minister in the MoD , told the House of Lords that British forces would remain in Sierra Leone , mainly to ensure the security of Lungi airport while UNAMSIL brought in reinforcements . Soldiers also remained at the evacuation point in Freetown to ensure its security , while others patrolled the streets of Freetown in an attempt to reassure residents . HMS Illustrious , with her air group , and the ARG both arrived on 14 May , bringing the number of British personnel in the operational area to approximately 4 @,@ 500 . Harriers from Illustrious began flying reassurance patrols over Freetown and the ARG supplemented British firepower , particularly at Lungi , with the provision of artillery . In the field , the British forces divided their efforts between three lines of operation : support to UNAMSIL , support to the SLA , and preparation to provide humanitarian assistance , should it be necessary , though the expanded mandate only became formal government policy several days later . During the following week , the RUF began to remobilise in the north of the country . The UN and the Sierra Leonean government feared that UNAMSIL troops between the RUF and Freetown might not be able to stand up to an assault by the RUF , and so the RAF Chinooks — in the country to conduct the evacuation — were used to ferry reinforcements from Lungi as they arrived . Meanwhile , President Ahmad Kabbah formed an alliance of militia groups ( including the self @-@ styled Civil Defence Force and the West Side Boys ) and the remnants of the SLA , totalling around 6 @,@ 000 personnel , to assist UNAMSIL forces in blocking the RUF advance . The British also provided reconnaissance for UNAMSIL using ground @-@ based signals and intelligence personnel and special forces as well as flights by Harriers and a Nimrod R1 . The RUF continued to advance , resulting in sporadic confrontations with UNAMSIL and government forces , until on 17 May they came into direct contact with British forces . The Pathfinder Platoon had stationed itself at Lungi Lol , a village 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of Freetown close to Lungi airport , and shortly after were confronted by a group of RUF members . The resulting series of firefights lasted several hours , after which the RUF withdrew , having suffered 30 casualties . According to Richards , the British success in the confrontation provided an " immense " psychological victory and a deterrent against further attacks . Foday Sankoh , leader of the RUF , was captured later the same day by forces loyal to President Kabbah and handed over to the Sierra Leone Police , but had to be evacuated by an RAF Chinook after a hostile crowd gathered outside the building in which he was held . Sankoh 's capture created a power vacuum at the top of the RUF and the subsequent in @-@ fighting provided an opportunity for the MoD to order a rotation of forces deployed in Sierra Leone . The 1 PARA battlegroup was ordered back to the United Kingdom to resume its spearhead role as the permanent stand @-@ by battalion that would form the basis of any emergency deployment , while 42 Commando , Royal Marines , came ashore to replace the soldiers . In Whitehall , the British government laid out its longer @-@ term objectives for the military intervention in Sierra Leone on 23 May . These were : to establish sustainable peace and security in Sierra Leone , to support UNAMSIL operations , to prevent another humanitarian disaster in Freetown , to see the release of captive UN personnel , and finally to avoid British casualties and devise an exit strategy that avoided " mission creep " without undermining UNAMSIL or the Sierra Leonean government . = = Operation Khukri = = The British government was particularly keen to secure the release of Major Andy Harrison — the last British UNMO being held by the RUF . Harrison 's contingent of UNMOs was protected by an Indian Army detachment . The Indian Army Gurkhas — attached to UNAMSIL — were under siege by the RUF at their base in Kailahun . The British and Indian commands in Sierra Leone had devised a plan to extract the UNMOs . British special forces remained in the country , ready to carry it out , but the UN and the British command feared that the RUF would retaliate against other UNAMSIL forces they had besieged if the UNMOs were extracted . Thus , Major General Vijay Kumar Jetley , Commander of UNAMSIL , was allowed to continue negotiations for the release of the other besieged UNAMSIL contingents . When the last besieged garrison ( aside from Kailahun ) was evacuated on 30 May , preparations for a military extraction — should Jetley 's negotiations fail — began to increase . The operation ( codenamed Operation Khukri ) was eventually launched on 10 July . Two RAF Chinooks transported Indian special forces to the outskirts of Kailahun . The helicopters returned to Freetown with Harrison , his fellow UNMOs , and several Gurkhas who had been wounded during the siege . Harrison was safely extracted and the 600 Gurkhas successfully fought their way out of Kailahun , suffering one casualty in the process . = = Training the SLA = = The British government had decided that the RUF could not be trusted , and would have to be confronted and forced to enter the UN 's Disarmament , Demobilisation , and Reintegration ( DDR ) process . They assessed that there were three options available to achieve this — to deploy British forces against the RUF , for UNAMSIL to expand its operations and confront the RUF , or for the Sierra Leonean government to use loyal forces ( the SLA , former SLA personnel , the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council , and several other militia groups ) to take on the RUF . Richards estimated that a British deployment against the RUF would require at least a brigade @-@ sized force ( in excess of 5 @,@ 000 troops ) . Nevertheless , British forces ' involvement in Sierra Leone was politically unpopular in Westminster and the MoD could not assemble such a force while maintaining its commitments elsewhere , so the use of British forces to directly confront the RUF was ruled out . Also ruled out was a UNAMSIL @-@ led confrontation . Although UNAMSIL 's mandate would have allowed it to enter into combat with the RUF , the national contingents were reluctant to leave their bases and its focus remained on peacekeeping rather than the peace enforcement that the British and others believed was necessary . This left the SLA and the alliance of militia groups — which became known as the " Unholy Alliance " , and was directed by a " Joint Military Committee " — the only forces capable of confronting the RUF . The SLA had been disarmed through the UN 's DDR process ; to restructure it and allow it to re @-@ arm , the UN lifted its arms embargo on Sierra Leone , and the British forces began advising and training the SLA . An international team had been planned to deploy to Sierra Leone to assist the SLA with longer @-@ term development and democratic accountability , and a British Short @-@ Term Training Team ( STTT ) deployed simultaneously to improve the SLA 's infantry skills . The STTT mission was codenamed Operation Basilica and based at the Benguema Training Centre , an abandoned barracks near Waterloo that had been refurbished for the purpose . The first unit to take on the role was based around 2nd Battalion , The Royal Anglian Regiment , and comprised approximately 250 personnel , including 45 instructors and a force protection company . The Anglians arrived at Benguema on 15 June to train 1 @,@ 000 SLA recruits , and the ARG withdrew . The training at Benguema included instruction on the Geneva Convention , unit cohesiveness , and other skills and knowledge to build the SLA into a professional army . Despite the British training , the SLA was not large enough or strong enough to enter into combat with the RUF while also holding the ground it had recaptured , so the British persuaded UNAMSIL to move forward behind the advancing SLA to defend its recaptured ground . Additional British liaison officers were attached to UNAMSIL , and the British facilitated a daily coordination meeting for SLA and UNAMSIL commanders , while also assisting the UN forces in drawing up a campaign plan . = = Operation Barras = = The Anglians were replaced by a detachment of 1st Battalion , The Royal Irish Regiment , formed around C Company . On 25 August , a patrol from the Royal Irish went to visit a militia group known as the West Side Boys ( WSB ) . At the village of Magbeni , where the WSB were based , the Royal Irish were overpowered and taken captive . British officers undertook negotiations with the WSB , leading to the release of five of the eleven soldiers on 31 August . On 9 September , the WSB 's spokesman stated that the remaining six members of the patrol , who had now been held for over a fortnight , would only be released after a new government was formed in Sierra Leone , leading negotiators to conclude that the increasingly unrealistic demands were stalling tactics rather than a serious attempt to conclude the crisis . At around the same time , teams that had been observing the West Side Boys ' base for four days reported that they had seen no sign of the captive soldiers in that time . There were also concerns that an assault would become more dangerous if the West Side Boys moved the hostages . The combination of these factors led COBRA to order an extraction mission . The mission , codenamed Operation Barras , was undertaken by D Squadron of 22 Special Air Service Regiment , who assaulted the village of Gberi Bana to extract the soldiers , while a company group formed around A Company , 1 PARA , assaulted Magbeni , on the opposite side of Rokel Creek . The operation was successful and all the British captives were extracted , along with their SLA liaison and 22 Sierra Leonean civilians , while the WSB were defeated as a military force . A British soldier and at least 25 West Side Boys were killed in the operation . Many other West Side Boys fled and later surrendered to Jordanian peacekeepers . The Jordanians had received 30 by the end of the day , and 371 — including 57 children — had surrendered within a fortnight . Some of those who surrendered went on to volunteer for the new Sierra Leone Army , and those who were accepted went into the British @-@ run training programme at Benguema . Following Operation Barras , two SLA battalions — graduates of the British short @-@ term training programme — swept the area surrounding the West Side Boys ' camp to clear it of any remaining gang members . The risks of Operation Barras were acknowledged by the MoD and by officers involved in the planning and the assault . It was described by an SAS soldier as " not a clinical , black balaclava , Princes Gate type operation . It was a very grubby , green operation with lots of potential for things to go wrong " . Despite the risks , Richard Connaughton observed in Small Wars & Insurgencies that the operation showed the Blair government was not averse to the possibility of casualties when they felt the cause was just . During the crisis and its immediate aftermath , the British government came under pressure from opposition politicians to end the deployment to Sierra Leone , and Dorman suggested that the success or failure of Operation Barras was " inextricably linked " to the fate of the wider British operation . He suggested that , had the British forces been defeated , the United Kingdom would have been forced to withdraw all its forces from Sierra Leone . = = Confronting the RUF = = The capture of the Royal Irish patrol reinforced to the British government that its efforts so far — and those of the international community — would not be sufficient to bring the civil war to an end . In Westminster , meanwhile , opposition politicians renewed their objection to the continued presence of British forces in Sierra Leone . The government was seeking an exit strategy that would end a politically unpopular deployment without abandoning Sierra Leone . In August 2000 , the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1313 , which blamed the RUF for the continuing conflict in Sierra Leone , citing multiple breaches of the Lomé Peace Accord . The resolution authorised an increase in the size of UNAMSIL and strengthened its mandate , which prompted the UN to once again apply pressure to the British government for a troop contribution . Several countries were reluctant to send their own troops to Sierra Leone without contributions from Western nations , and felt that the United Kingdom in particular should be contributing to the UN mission . Despite the political pressure , the MoD continued to lack confidence in UNAMSIL leadership . Thus , the British government refused to place combat troops under UN command , but did second additional staff officers to UNAMSIL , to the UN headquarters in New York , and to the SLA . The officers attached to UNAMSIL were tasked with assisting its commanders in planning and mounting operations and were led by a brigadier who became UNAMSIL 's chief of staff , while in New York , the officers attached to UN headquarters provided planning support for logistics operations to bring UNAMSIL up to its mandated strength . At the same time , the focus of the British training programme shifted . Although six battalions had been trained , the SLA still lacked many combat support functions as well as command and control capabilities . The STTTs set out to improve the SLA 's capabilities in these areas by providing the next set of recruits with more specialised training in addition to basic infantry training provided to the first intake . The British trainers also constructed an operations room at the SLA 's headquarters and provided other support to improve the SLA 's communications and logistical capabilities . Resolution 1313 was a significant shift in attitude for UNAMSIL , away from its previous neutrality to support of the Sierra Leone government , a shift that made the governments of several troop @-@ contributing nations uncomfortable . In particular , the governments of Jordan and India — two of the largest contributors , with nearly 5 @,@ 000 troops between them serving with UNAMSIL — were moved to withdraw their forces . The withdrawal coincided with the end of the rainy season , after which there were fears that the RUF would resume its advance towards Freetown , and the UN and British government feared that UNAMSIL would be vulnerable . As a deterrent , the ARG was once more deployed off the coast , and was instructed to conduct amphibious landing demonstrations as a show of force . = = Ceasefire = = The RUF was coming under increasing pressure from political angles as well as from the British @-@ trained SLA . It was heavily dependent on Sierra Leone 's south @-@ eastern neighbour Liberia , led by Charles Taylor , and derived the majority of its income from the sale of diamonds smuggled through Liberia , which became known as blood diamonds . In late 2000 , the Sierra Leone government — supported by the British , UNAMSIL , and the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) — entered into talks with the RUF . On 10 November , the two parties signed a 30 @-@ day ceasefire that provided for UNAMSIL to deploy throughout the entire country ( it had previously been prevented from operating in many RUF @-@ controlled areas ) , for the RUF to return seized weapons and equipment to UNAMSIL , and for the RUF to enter the DDR process . The ceasefire was later extended by a further 90 days . The UN Security Council embargoed Liberian diamonds in Resolution 1343 in March 2001 . Shortly afterwards , the RUF began large @-@ scale disarmament and agreed to a simultaneous disarmament with the Civil Defence Force , a militia group loyal to the government . By September , over 16 @,@ 000 militia members ( including around 6 @,@ 500 RUF ) had been through the DDR process and the combatants in the diamond @-@ producing areas had all disarmed . By March 2002 , over 50 @,@ 000 people had been through the DDR process and the RUF had been entirely disarmed . A company of Gurkhas and a Royal Navy frigate were sent to the area in March 2003 to ensure stability while several prominent people — including Charles Taylor of Liberia , cabinet minister Samuel Hinga Norman , and several former RUF leaders — were arrested and indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone . The last STTT , formed around 2nd Battalion , The Light Infantry , left Sierra Leone at the end of September 2001 . Approximately 8 @,@ 500 SLA personnel were trained by the STTTs , which were replaced by the International Military Assistance and Training Team ( IMATT ) — an organisation formed of personnel from countries including Australia , Canada , and the United States , with the UK providing the largest contingent as well as an infantry company for force protection . The STTTs also formed a small special forces unit within the SLA — the Force Reconnaissance Unit ( FRU ) — to provide a morale boost and to give soldiers something to which they could aspire . Later in 2001 , the British Army advised the Sierra Leonean government on a merger of Sierra Leone 's armed forces into a unified command , which became the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces in early 2002 . In 2008 , the permanent British contingent in Sierra Leone was reduced to 100 personnel . British soldiers remained in Sierra Leone as of 2013 , continuing to form part of the IMATT , whose size has further reduced in accordance with the increased capabilities of the Sierra Leone armed forces . = = Impact = = According to Penfold , who served as High Commissioner until the week before the deployment of British troops , " The fact that the major country in the region , i.e. Nigeria , and a permanent member of the UN Security Council , i.e. the UK , took an active interest was crucial in resolving the conflict " . On the other hand , he believed that the international community had failed to recognise that the Sierra Leone Civil War was part of a larger conflict in the sub @-@ region , and " it was not until the problem of Charles Taylor and Liberia was addressed that the conflict was resolved " . In a later book , Penfold praised Richards ' leadership of the operation , stating that it was " extremely fortunate that Operation Palliser was under the command of an officer of the calibre of David Richards , with his knowledge of the situation and his experience and commitment . David Richards knew that with the resources available he could do more than just assist an evacuation ... he realised that he could actively stabilise the situation " . Richards received the Distinguished Service Order for his leadership of British forces in Sierra Leone , while several other personnel received decorations for gallantry or distinguished service . The intervention in Sierra Leone was the fourth deployment of British forces abroad during the premiership of Tony Blair , and the largest operation undertaken by the United Kingdom alone since the Falklands War ( 1982 ) . It was the second major operation of the Blair government , after Kosovo . During his remaining time in office , British forces undertook operations in Afghanistan and Iraq , but Sierra Leone was the only unilateral operation . Unlike Afghanistan and Iraq , the intervention in Sierra Leone was widely regarded as successful . It became a " benchmark " for successful expeditionary operations , and was cited by Blair in his rationale for later deployments to Afghanistan and Iraq . Success in Sierra Leone encouraged the Blair government to continue its support to Africa , particularly with regard to resolving conflicts . Sierra Leone also encouraged Blair 's policy of humanitarian intervention . Critics claimed that it led Blair to see military force as " just another foreign policy option " and that the apparent ease of the success shifted his focus towards the effectiveness of the use of force rather than the political and military risks . In his autobiography , Blair described the operation as one of the least @-@ discussed aspects of his time in office but one of the things of which he is most proud . He was keen to intervene in other African nations where civilian populations were at risk , particularly Darfur and Zimbabwe , but a lack of political support , combined with the pressure of large deployments to Afghanistan and Iraq after the 11 September attacks on the United States , prevented further interventions in Africa . It was not until 2011 — when Operation Ellamy was launched as part of a multi @-@ national intervention in Libya — that the United Kingdom undertook another military intervention in Africa . The experience in Sierra Leone proved the effectiveness of relatively small numbers of well trained and equipped soldiers . It inspired the British government to work more closely with European allies , particularly France after the latter led Operation Artemis , a UN @-@ mandated intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2003 . After a summit in 2003 , the two governments called on the European Union ( EU ) to develop the capability to rapidly deploy a battle group of around 1 @,@ 500 personnel able to respond to crises , particularly in Africa . The member states of the EU approved the creation of 13 battle groups in 2004 . Sierra Leone convinced Blair and his Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon of the need to alter the focus of British defence policy towards less conventional conflicts and away from more traditional wars between states . The MoD published a white paper in 2003 , Delivering Security in a Changing World , which revisited aspects of the 1998 " Strategic Defence Review " ( SDR ) . The SDR had focused on the Middle East and North Africa , and had not envisaged a need to deploy troops to sub @-@ Saharan Africa other than for a potential non @-@ combatant evacuation operation in Zimbabwe . Thus , the white paper recommended preparations for relatively short , intense operations against forces with inferior technology , with a particular focus on Africa . The rapidity with which forces were required to deploy to Sierra Leone emphasised the need for the United Kingdom to retain high @-@ readiness forces . That need also vindicated concepts such as the ARG and the spearhead battalion ( the capacity in which 1 PARA was serving when it deployed ) , and protected 1 PARA in the 2004 review of the infantry structure . The 2004 review reduced the total number of British Army battalions from 40 to 36 and created the Special Forces Support Group ( SFSG ) , which was inspired by the success of 1 PARA in Operation Barras . The SFSG — initially formed around 1 PARA — provides specialist capabilities or acts as a force multiplier for British special forces on large or complex operations . As the largest unilateral operation undertaken by the United Kingdom since their creation , the intervention in Sierra Leone was the first major test of the ORLT and joint task force concepts . Both were created as a result of the 1997 SDR and provide a headquarters staff at very high readiness to command an expeditionary operation at operational level . According to Richards , both were " thoroughly validated " and were vital in coordinating the large numbers of assets deployed at short notice and reporting back to the Permanent Joint Headquarters in Northwood . A 2015 study in the Journal of Strategic Studies finds that the intervention in Sierra Leone was a success . = Paraceratherium = Paraceratherium is an extinct genus of hornless rhinoceros , and one of the largest terrestrial mammals that has ever existed . It lived from the early to late Oligocene epoch ( 34 – 23 million years ago ) ; its remains have been found across Eurasia between China and the Balkans . It is classified as a member of the hyracodont subfamily Indricotheriinae . " Paraceratherium " means " near the hornless beast " , in reference to Aceratherium , a genus that was once thought similar . The exact size of Paraceratherium is unknown because of the incompleteness of the fossils . Its weight is estimated to have been 15 to 20 tonnes ( 33 @,@ 000 to 44 @,@ 000 lb ) at most ; the shoulder height was about 4 @.@ 8 metres ( 16 feet ) , and the length about 7 @.@ 40 metres ( 24 @.@ 3 feet ) . The legs were long and pillar @-@ like . The long neck supported a skull that was about 1 @.@ 3 metres ( 4 @.@ 3 ft ) long . It had large , tusk @-@ like incisors and a nasal incision that suggests it had a prehensile upper lip or proboscis . The lifestyle of Paraceratherium may have been similar to that of modern large mammals such as the elephants and extant rhinoceroses . Because of its size , it would have had few predators and a slow rate of reproduction . It was a browser , eating mainly leaves , soft plants , and shrubs . It lived in habitats ranging from arid deserts with a few scattered trees to subtropical forests . The reasons for the animal 's extinction are unknown , but various factors have been proposed . The taxonomy of the genus and the species within has a long and complicated history . Other genera of Oligocene indricotheres , such as Baluchitherium , Indricotherium , and Dzungariotherium have been named , but no complete specimens exist , making comparison and classification difficult . Most modern scientists consider these genera to be junior synonyms of Paraceratherium , and that it contains four discernible species ; P. bugtiense ( the type species ) , P. transouralicum , P. prohorovi , and P. orgosensis , although the last may be a distinct genus . The most completely @-@ known species is P. transouralicum , so most reconstructions of the genus are based on it . Differences between P. bugtiense and P. transouralicum may be due to sexual dimorphism , which would make them the same species . = = Taxonomy = = The taxonomic history of Paraceratherium is complex due to the fragmentary nature of the known fossils and because western , Soviet , and Chinese scientists worked in isolation from each other for much of the 20th century and published research mainly in their respective languages . Scientists from different parts of the world did attempt to compare their finds to get a more complete picture of these animals , but were hindered by politics and wars . The opposing taxonomic tendencies of " lumping and splitting " have also contributed to the problem . Inaccurate geological dating previously led scientists to believe various geological formations that are now known to be contemporaneous were of different ages . Many genera were named on the basis of subtle differences in molar characteristics — features that vary within populations of other rhinoceros taxa — and are therefore not accepted by most scientists for distinguishing species . Early discoveries of indricotheres were made through various colonial links to Asia . The first known indricothere fossils were collected from Balochistan ( in modern @-@ day Pakistan ) in 1846 by a soldier named Vickary , but these fragments were unidentifiable at the time . The first fossils now recognised as Paraceratherium were discovered by the British geologist Guy Ellcock Pilgrim in Balochistan in 1907 – 1908 . His material consisted of an upper jaw , lower teeth , and the back of a jaw . The fossils were collected in the Chitarwata Formation of Dera Bugti , where Pilgrim had previously been exploring . In 1908 , he used the fossils as basis for a new species of the extinct rhinoceros genus Aceratherium ; A. bugtiense . Aceratherium was by then a wastebasket taxon ; it included several unrelated species of hornless rhinoceros , many of which have since been moved to other genera . Fossil incisors that Pilgrim had previously assigned to the unrelated genus Bugtitherium were later shown to belong to the new species . In 1910 , more partial fossils were discovered in Dera Bugti during an expedition by the British palaeontologist Clive Forster @-@ Cooper . Based on these remains , Foster @-@ Cooper moved A. bugtiense to the new genus Paraceratherium , meaning " near the hornless beast " , in reference to Aceratherium . His rationale for this reclassification was the species ' distinctly down @-@ turned lower tusks . In 1913 , Forster @-@ Cooper named a new genus and species , Thaumastotherium ( " wonderful beast " ) osborni , based on larger fossils from the same excavations , but he renamed the genus Baluchitherium later that year because the former name was preoccupied , as it had already been used for a hemipteran insect . The fossils of Baluchitherium were so fragmentary that Foster @-@ Cooper was only able to identify it as a kind of odd @-@ toed ungulate , but he mentioned the possibility of confusion with Paraceratherium . The American palaeontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn , which B. osborni was named after , suggested it may had been a titanothere . A Russian Academy of Sciences expedition later found fossils in the Aral Formation near the Aral Sea in Kazakhstan ; it was the most complete indricothere skeleton known , but it lacked the skull . In 1916 , based on these remains , Aleksei Alekseeivich Borissiak erected the genus Indricotherium named for a mythological monster , the " Indrik beast " . He did not assign a species name , I. asiaticum , until 1923 , but Maria Pavlova had already named it I. transouralicum in 1922 . Also in 1923 , Borissiak created the subfamily Indricotheriinae to include the various related forms known by then . In 1939 , Borissiak also named a new species of Paraceratherium from Kazakhstan , P. prohorovi . In 1922 , American explorer Roy Chapman Andrews led a well documented expedition to China and Mongolia sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History . Various indricothere remains were found in formations of the Mongolian Gobi Desert , including the legs of a specimen standing in an upright position , indicating that it had died while trapped in quicksand , as well as a very complete skull . These remains became the basis of Baluchitherium grangeri , named by Osborn in 1923 . Dzungariotherium orgosensis was described in 1973 based on fossils — mainly teeth — from Dzungaria in Xinjiang , northwest China . A multitude of other species and genus names — mostly based on differences in size , snout shape , and front tooth arrangement — have been coined for various indricothere remains . Fossils attributable to Paraceratherium continue to be discovered across Eurasia , but the political situation in Pakistan has become too unstable for further excavations to occur there . = = = Species and synonyms = = = In 1936 , American palaeontologists Walter Granger and William K. Gregory proposed that Forster @-@ Cooper 's Baluchitherium osborni was likely a junior synonym ( an invalid name for the same taxon ) of Paraceratherium bugtiense , because these specimens were collected at the same locality and were possibly part of the same morphologically variable species . William Diller Matthew and Forster @-@ Cooper himself had expressed similar doubts few years earlier . Although it had already been declared a junior synonym , the genus name Baluchitherium remained popular in various media because of the publicity surrounding Osborn 's B. grangeri . In 1989 , palaeontologists Spencer G. Lucas and Jay C. Sobus published a revision of indricothere taxa , which is followed by most western scientists today . They concluded that Paraceratherium , as the oldest name , was the only valid indricothere genus from the Oligocene , and contained four valid species , P. bugtiense , P. transouralicum , P. prohorovi , and P. orgosensis . They considered most other names to be junior synonyms of those taxa , or as dubious names , based on remains too fragmentary to identify properly . By analysing alleged differences between named genera and species , Lucas and Sobus found that these most likely represented variation within populations , and that most features were indistinguishable between specimens , as had been pointed out in the 1930s . The fact that the single skull assigned to P. transouralicum or Indricotherium was domed , while others were flat at the top was attributed to sexual dimorphism . Therefore , it is possible that P. bugtiense fossils represent the female , while P. transouralicum represents the male of the same species . According to Lucas and Sobus , the type species P. bugtiense from the late Oligocene of Pakistan includes junior synonyms such as B. osborni and P. zhajremensis . P. transouralicum , formerly Indricotherium , from the late Oligocene of Kazakhstan , Mongolia , and northern China includes B. grangeri and I. minus . P. orgosensis , formerly Dzungariotherium from the middle and late Oligocene of northwest China includes D. turfanensis and P. lipidus . P. orgosensis may be distinct enough to warrant its original genus name , but its exact position requires evaluation . P. prohorovi from the late Oligocene of Kazakhstan may be too incomplete for its position to be resolved in relation to the other species ; the same applies to proposed species such as I. intermedium and P. tienshanensis , as well as genera like Benaratherium and Caucasotherium . Though the genus name Indricotherium is now a junior synonym of Paraceratherium , the subfamily name Indricotheriinae is still in use because genus name synonymy does not affect the names of higher level taxa that are derived from these . Members of the subfamily are therefore still commonly referred to as indricotheres . In contrast to the revision by Lucas and Sobus , a 2003 paper by Chinese researchers suggested that Indricotherium and Dzungariotherium were valid genera , and that P. prohorovi did not belong in Paraceratherium . They also recognised the validity of species such as P. lipidus , P. tienshanensis , and P. sui . A 2004 paper by Chinese paleontologist Tao Deng and colleagues also recognised three distinct genera . Some western writers have similarly used names otherwise considered invalid since the 1989 revision , but without providing detailed analysis and justification . = = = Evolution = = = The superfamily Rhinocerotoidea , which includes modern rhinoceroses , can be traced back to the early Eocene — about 50 million years ago — with early precursors such as Hyrachyus . Rhinocerotoidea contains three families ; the Amynodontidae , the Rhinocerotidae ( " true rhinoceroses " ) , and the Hyracodontidae . The diversity within the rhinoceros group was much larger in prehistoric times ; they ranged from dog @-@ sized to the size of Paraceratherium . There were long @-@ legged , cursorial forms adapted for running and squat , semi aquatic forms . Most species did not have horns . Rhinoceros fossils are identified as such mainly by characteristics of their teeth , which is the part of the animals most likely to be preserved . The upper molars of most rhinoceroses have a pi @-@ shaped ( π ) pattern on the crown , and each lower molar has paired L @-@ shapes . Various skull features are also used for identification of fossil rhinoceroses . The Indricotheriinae subfamily , to which Paraceratherium belongs , was first classified as part of the Hyracodontidae family by Leonard B. Radinsky in 1966 . Previously , they had been regarded as a subfamily within Rhinocerotidea , or even a full family , Indricotheriidae . In a 1999 cladistic study of tapiromorphs , Luke Holbrook found indricotheres to be outside the hyracodontid clade , and wrote that they may not be a monophyletic ( natural ) grouping . Radinsky 's scheme is the prevalent hypothesis today . The hyracodont family contains long @-@ legged members adapted to running , such as Hyracodon , and were distinguished by incisor characteristics . Indricotheres are distinguished from other hyracodonts by their larger size and the derived structure of their snouts , incisors and canines . The earliest known indricothere is the dog @-@ sized Forstercooperia from the middle and late Eocene of western North America and Asia . The cow @-@ sized Juxia is known from the middle Eocene ; by the late Eocene the genus Urtinotherium of Asia had almost reached the size of Paraceratherium . Paraceratherium itself lived in Eurasia during the Oligocene period , 23 to 34 million years ago . The genus is distinguished from other indricotheres by its large size , nasal incision that would have supported a muscular snout , and its down @-@ turned premaxillae . It had also lost the second and third lower incisors , lower canines , and lower first premolars . The cladogram below follows the 1989 analysis of Indricotheriinae by Lucas and Sobus , and shows the closest relatives of Paraceratherium : Lucas and colleagues had reached similar conclusions in a previous 1981 analysis of Forstercooperia , wherein they still retained Paraceratherium and Indricotherium as separate genera . = = Description = = Paraceratherium is one of the largest known land mammals that have ever existed , but its exact size is unclear because of the lack of complete specimens . Early estimates of 30 tonnes ( 66 @,@ 000 lb ) are now considered exaggerated ; it may have been in the range of 15 to 20 tonnes ( 33 @,@ 000 to 44 @,@ 000 lb ) at maximum , and as low as 11 tonnes ( 24 @,@ 000 lb ) on average . Calculations have mainly been based on fossils of P. transouralicum because this species is known from the most complete remains . Estimates have been based on skull , teeth , and limb bone measurements , but the known bone elements are represented by individuals of different sizes , so all skeletal reconstructions are composite extrapolations , resulting in several weight ranges . Its total body length was estimated as 8 @.@ 70 m ( 28 @.@ 5 ft ) from front to back by Granger and Gregory in 1936 , and 7 @.@ 40 m ( 24 @.@ 3 ft ) by Vera Gromova in 1959 , but the former estimate is now considered exaggerated . The weight of Paraceratherium was similar to that of some extinct proboscideans , with the largest complete skeleton known belonging to the steppe mammoth ( Mammuthus trogontherii ) . In spite of the roughly equivalent mass , Paraceratherium may have been taller than any proboscidean . Its shoulder height was estimated as 5 @.@ 25 m ( 17 @.@ 2 ft ) at the shoulders by Granger and Gregory , but 4 @.@ 8 m ( 16 ft ) by Gregory S. Paul in 1997 . The neck was estimated at 2 to 2 @.@ 5 m ( 6 @.@ 6 to 8 @.@ 2 ft ) long by Michael P. Taylor and Mathew J. Wedel in 2013 . The teeth of P. orgosensis ( which that species is mainly known from ) are 25 percent larger than those of P. transouralicum , making it the largest known indricothere . No complete set of vertebrae and ribs of Paraceratherium have yet been found and the tail is completely unknown . The atlas and axis vertebrae of the neck are wider than in most modern rhinoceroses , with space for strong ligaments and muscles that would be needed to hold up the large head . The rest of the vertebrae were also very wide , and had large zygapophyses with much room for muscles , tendons , ligaments , and nerves , to support the head , neck , and spine . The neural spines were long and formed a long " hump " along the back , where neck muscles and nuchal ligaments for holding up the skull were attached . The ribs were similar to those of modern rhinoceroses , but the ribcage would have looked smaller in proportion to the long legs and large bodies , because modern rhinoceroses are comparatively short @-@ limbed . The last vertebra of the lower back was fused to the sacrum , a feature found in advanced rhinoceroses . Like sauropod dinosaurs , Paraceratherium had pleurocoel @-@ like openings ( hollow parts of the bone ) in their pre @-@ sacral vertebrae , which may have helped to lighten the skeleton . The limbs were large and robust to support the animal 's large weight , and were in some ways similar to and convergent with those of elephants and sauropod dinosaurs with their likewise graviportal ( heavy and slow moving ) builds . Unlike such animals , which tend to lengthen the upper limb bones while shortening , fusing and compressing the lower limb , hand , and foot bones , Paraceratherium had short upper limb bones and long hand and foot bones — except for the disc @-@ shaped phalanges — similar to the running rhinoceroses from which they descended . Some foot bones were almost 50 centimetres ( 20 in ) long . The thigh bones typically measured 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) , a size only exceeded by those of some elephants and dinosaurs . The thigh bones were pillar @-@ like and much thicker and more robust than those of other rhinoceroses , and the three trochanters on the sides were much reduced , as this robustness diminished their importance . The limbs were held in a column @-@ like posture instead of bent , as in smaller animals , which reduced the need for large limb muscles . The front limbs had three toes . Due to the fragmentary nature of known Paraceratherium fossils , the animal has been reconstructed in several different ways since its discovery . In 1923 , W. D. Matthew supervised an artist to draw a reconstruction of the skeleton based on the even less complete P. transouralicum specimens known by then , using the proportions of a modern rhinoceros as a guide . The result was too squat and compact , and Osborn had a more slender version drawn later the same year . Some later life restorations have made the animal too slender , with little regard to the underlying skeleton . Gromova published a more complete skeletal reconstruction in 1959 , based on the P. transouralicum skeleton from the Aral Formation , but this also lacked several neck vertebrae . There are no indications of the colour and skin texture of the animal because no skin impressions or mummies are known . Most life restorations show the creature 's skin as thick , folded , grey , and hairless , based on modern rhinoceroses . Because hair retains body heat , modern large mammals such as elephants and rhinoceroses are largely hairless . American palaeontologist Donald Prothero has proposed that , contrary to most depictions , Paraceratherium had large , elephant @-@ like ears that it used for thermoregulation . The ears of elephants enlarge the body 's surface area and are filled with blood vessels , making the dissipation of excess heat easier . According to Prothero , this would have been true for Paraceratherium ; he points to robust bones around the ear openings . The palaeontologists Pierre @-@ Olivier Antoine and Darren Naish have expressed scepticism towards this idea . = = = Skull = = = The largest skulls of Paraceratherium are around 1 @.@ 3 metres ( 4 @.@ 3 ft ) long , 33 to 38 centimetres ( 13 to 15 in ) at the back of the skull , and 61 centimetres ( 24 in ) wide across by the zygomatic arches . Paraceratherium had a long forehead , which was smooth and lacked the roughened area that serves as attachment point for the horns of other rhinoceroses . The bones above the nasal region are long and the nasal incision goes far into the skull . This indicates that Paraceratherium had a prehensile upper lip similar to that of the black rhinoceros and the Indian rhinoceros , or a short proboscis or trunk as in tapirs . The back of the skull was low and narrow , without the large lambdoid crests at the top and along the sagittal crest , which are otherwise found in horned and tusked animals that need strong muscles to push and fight . It also had a deep pit for the attachment of nuchal ligaments , which hold up the skull automatically . The occipital condyle was very wide and Paraceratherium appears to have had large , strong neck muscles , which allowed it to sweep its head strongly downwards while foraging from branches . One skull of P. transouralicum has a domed forehead , whereas others have flat foreheads , possibly because of sexual dimorphism . A brain endocast of P. transouralicum shows it was only 8 percent of the skull length , while the brain of the Indian rhinoceros is 17 @.@ 7 percent of its skull length . The species of Paraceratherium are mainly discernible through skull characteristics . P. bugtiense and P. orgosensis share features such as relatively slender maxillae and premaxillae , shallow skull roofs , mastoid @-@ paroccipital processes that are relatively thin and placed back on the skull , a lambdoid crest which extends less back , and an occipital condyle with a horizontal orientation . P. transouralicum has robust maxillae and premaxillae , upturned zygomata , domed frontal bones , thick mastoid @-@ paroccipital processes , a lambdoid crest that extends back , and occipital condyles with a vertical orientation . P. orgosensis is distinguished from the other species by the larger size of its teeth , and distinct crochets of its molars . Unlike most primitive rhinoceroses , the front teeth of Paraceratherium were reduced to a single pair of incisors in either jaw , which were large and conical , and have been described as tusks . The upper incisors pointed downwards ; the lower ones were shorter and pointed forwards . Among known rhinoceroses , this arrangement is unique to Paraceratherium and the related Urtinotherium . The incisors may have been larger in males . The canine teeth otherwise found behind the incisors were lost . The incisors were separated from the row of cheek teeth by a large diastema ( gap ) . This feature is found in mammals where the incisors and cheek teeth have different specialisations . The upper molars , except for the third upper molar that was V @-@ shaped , had a pi @-@ shaped ( π ) pattern and a reduced metastyle . The premolars only partially formed the pi pattern . Each molar was the size of a human fist ; among mammals they were only exceeded in size by proboscideans , though they were small relative to the size of the skull . The lower cheek teeth were L @-@ shaped , which is typical of rhinoceroses . = = Palaeobiology = = Zoologist Robert M. Alexander has suggested that overheating may have been a serious problem in Paraceratherium due to its size . According to Prothero , the best living analogues for Paraceratherium may be large mammals such as elephants , rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses . To aid in thermoregulation , these animals cool down during the day by resting in the shade or by wallowing in water and mud . They also forage and move mainly at night . Because of its large size , Paraceratherium would not have been able to run and move quickly , but they would have been able to cross large distances , which would be necessary in an environment with a scarcity of food . They may therefore have had large home ranges and have been migratory . Prothero suggests that animals as big as indricotheres would need very large home ranges or territories of at least 1 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 250 @,@ 000 acres ) and that , because of a scarcity of resources , there would have been little room in Asia for many populations or a multitude of nearly identical species and genera . This principle is called competitive exclusion ; it is used to explain how the black rhinoceros ( a browser ) and white rhinoceros ( a grazer ) exploit different niches in the same areas of Africa . Most predators in their habitat were relatively small — about the size of a wolf — and were not a threat to Paraceratherium . Adult individuals would be too large for most predators to attack but the young would have been vulnerable . Bite marks on bones from the Bugti beds indicate that even adults may have been preyed on by 10 @-@ to @-@ 11 @-@ metre ( 33 to 36 ft ) -long crocodiles , Crocodylus bugtiensis . As in elephants , the gestation period of Paraceratherium may have been lengthy and individuals may have had long lifespans . Paraceratherium may have lived in small herds , perhaps consisting of females and their calves , which they protected from predators . It has been proposed that 20 tonnes ( 44 @,@ 000 lb ) may be the maximum weight possible for land mammals , and Paraceratherium was close to this limit . The reasons mammals cannot reach the much larger size of sauropod dinosaurs are unknown . The reason may be ecological instead of biomechanical , and perhaps related to reproduction strategies . Movement , sound , and other behaviours seen in CGI documentaries such as " Walking With Beasts " are entirely conjectural . = = = Diet = = = The simple , low @-@ crowned teeth indicate that Paraceratherium was a browser with a diet consisting of relatively soft leaves and shrubs . Later rhinoceroses were grazers , with high @-@ crowned teeth because their diets contained grit that quickly wore down their teeth . Studies of mesowear on Paraceratherium teeth confirm the creatures had a soft diet of leaves ; microwear studies have yet to be conducted . Isotope analysis shows that Paraceratherium fed chiefly on C3 plants , which are mainly leaves . Like its perissodactyl relatives the horses , tapirs , and other rhinoceroses , Paraceratherium would have been a hindgut fermenter ; it would extract relatively little nutrition	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
2 ] The parkway heads through wooded surroundings near industrial areas and passes over MD 201 , where there is a ramp from southbound MD 201 to the southbound B – W Parkway . It continues northeast , passing near Prince George 's Hospital Center , to interchanges with MD 202 ( Landover Road ) in Cheverly and with MD 450 ( Annapolis Road ) in Bladensburg and Landover Hills and the former Capital Plaza Mall . Bladensburg itself is a historical waterfront town that consists of houses dating back to the mid @-@ 18th century . It continues north as a four @-@ lane road with a wide , tree @-@ filled median , and passes through woodland , skirting residential neighborhoods hidden by the trees . The road has a junction with MD 410 ( Riverdale Road ) west of New Carrollton . This route provides access to the towns of Riverdale Park , which features an 1801 mansion named Riversdale surrounded by suburban development , and Hyattsville , which has buildings dating back to the railroad days of the 1870s and the streetcar and automobile days of the early 20th century . North of here , the route runs near more residences before entering Greenbelt , a suburban garden community built as a model " green town " during the New Deal program in the 1930s , and Greenbelt Park , a park under the jurisdiction of the NPS that has the nearest public camping area to Washington , D.C. In the northeastern corner of the park , the Baltimore – Washington Parkway comes to an interchange with I @-@ 95 and I @-@ 495 ( the Capital Beltway ) . This interchange is the only place where the park service has used green signs compliant with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ( MUTCD ) . Just past the Capital Beltway , the route heads into the heart of the city of Greenbelt , having an interchange with MD 193 ( Greenbelt Road ) . The headquarters of the U.S. Park Police , which patrol this portion of the parkway , is located off this exit along MD 193 . MD 193 provides access to College Park , which is home to the College Park Airport , a 1909 airport where the Wright Brothers taught the U.S. Army how to fly an airplane , and the University of Maryland , College Park , a public educational institution established in 1862 . At the northern edge of the town , the route has employee @-@ only access to the Goddard Space Flight Center , the first NASA space flight center opened in 1958 that contributed majorly to many space missions ; from here , the route then enters the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , the largest agricultural research center in the world owned by the United States Department of Agriculture . The parkway 's only interchange within the center is at Powder Mill Road , south of Capitol College . Outside the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , the parkway comes to MD 197 ( Laurel – Bowie Road ) south of Laurel . Near this exit of the parkway is the Montpelier Mansion , a Georgian mansion built by Major Thomas Snowden in 1783 . Past MD 197 , the road passes through the western edge of the Patuxent National Wildlife Research Refuge , a wildlife center established in 1936 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt , crossing the Patuxent River into Anne Arundel County . Here the parkway continues northeast through dense woodland and comes to the exit for MD 198 ( Fort Meade Road ) to the east of Laurel , which itself is a suburb that originated in the 1830s as a mill town that contains many historical sites such as the Laurel Railroad Station ( still used today by MARC Train ) , an 1844 Queen Anne house , and an 1840s millworkers house that is home to the Laurel Museum . Continuing north , the parkway encounters MD 32 ( Savage Road ) near Fort Meade . MD 32 offers northbound travelers direct access into the fort and to the National Security Agency , while the next interchange , another employee @-@ only access road into Fort Meade , features only a southbound exit and northbound entrance . Fort Meade itself is a military installation opened in 1917 that trained 3 @.@ 5 million troops during World War II and is still a major fort . To the west of the parkway off MD 32 is the Savage Mill , which was an operating cotton mill from 1822 to 1947 and is currently an antique mall , and the Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge , an 1869 cast and wrought iron bridge along the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad ( now CSX ) line between Baltimore and Washington D.C. After this interchange , the road continues to a cloverleaf interchange with MD 175 ( Jessup Road ) , where NPS maintenance of the parkway comes to an end at the south end of the interchange . = = = Maryland Route 295 = = = Past the MD 175 junction , MD 295 signage begins and the road continues north as a four @-@ lane grade @-@ separated freeway maintained by the Maryland State Highway Administration , where the truck ban ends . This section of the road features standard MUTCD green signage . It heads through wooded areas and comes to MD 713F ( Arundel Mills Boulevard ) , which provides access to the Arundel Mills shopping mall and the Maryland Live ! Casino at a diverging diamond . Past this interchange , MD 295 comes to a cloverleaf interchange with MD 100 . Continuing northeast , the route curves to the northwest of Baltimore – Washington International Airport ( the largest airport in Maryland ) , passing near an industrial park before reaching I @-@ 195 , the main access road to the airport . Within this interchange , before passing under I @-@ 195 , the road crosses over Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor . I @-@ 195 westbound provides access from the Baltimore – Washington Parkway to the Thomas Viaduct , which carries the B & O railroad line over the Patapsco River , and Patapsco Valley State Park , a 14 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 57 km2 ) state park that preserves the valley of the Patapsco River for recreational purposes . Still on a northeast track , the route widens to six lanes and intersects West Nursery Road near Linthicum , adjacent to the BWI Hotel District . Past West Nursery Road , the road meets I @-@ 695 ( the Baltimore Beltway ) at a full cloverleaf interchange . Turning north , the route passes under MD 168 ( Nursery Road ) before crossing the Patapsco River into Baltimore County . Upon crossing into Baltimore County , MD 295 reaches a partial interchange with I @-@ 895 ( Harbor Tunnel Thruway ) , with access from northbound MD 295 to northbound I @-@ 895 and from southbound I @-@ 895 to southbound MD 295 . Past I @-@ 895 , the road continues through wooded surrounding with residential developments behind the trees , before entering the city of Baltimore . In Baltimore , MD 295 continues as a limited @-@ access freeway maintained by the Baltimore Department of Transportation , still surrounded by trees with urban residential and industrial neighborhoods nearby and interchanging with MD 648 ( Annapolis Road ) and Waterview Avenue just beyond the city line . Now running due north , the parkway soon reaches its northern terminus at I @-@ 95 , where MD 295 downgrades from a limited @-@ access freeway to a six @-@ lane divided city street called Russell Street . MD 295 continues northeast on Russell Street , where it is unsigned for the remainder of the route , through a mix of industrial and commercial areas , heading to the northwest of Horseshoe Casino Baltimore . Farther north , the street passes to the west of M & T Bank Stadium , where the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League play . Past here , the road features an interchange with Martin Luther King Jr . Boulevard , which becomes I @-@ 395 south of Russell Street . After this interchange , MD 295 runs west of Oriole Park at Camden Yards , home to Major League Baseball 's Baltimore Orioles , as a four @-@ lane divided street . Immediately after Camden Yards , MD 295 splits into a one @-@ way pair at the intersection with Washington Boulevard with northbound traffic following Paca Street and southbound traffic following Greene Street . Along the one @-@ way pair , the route intersects many major streets in downtown Baltimore , including Pratt Street , Lombard Street , Baltimore Street , Fayette Street , and Saratoga Street . Greene Street passes the University of Maryland Medical Center between Lombard Street and Baltimore Street , the Baltimore VA Medical Center between Baltimore Street and Fayette Street , and Westminster Hall and Burying Ground at the corner of Fayette Street . Paca Street passes by the Sonneborn Building north of Pratt Street ; the Heiser , Rosenfeld , and Strauss Buildings north of Lombard Street ; the historic Paca Street Firehouse and Sanitary Laundry Company Building just north of the intersection with Fayette Street ; and Lexington Market at the intersection with Lexington Street . MD 295 officially ends at US 40 , which follows Mulberry Street eastbound and Franklin Street westbound , in downtown Baltimore . MD 129 continues north from the northern terminus of MD 295 , following Paca Street northbound and Pennsylvania Avenue southbound . = = History = = = = = Planning = = = Plans for a parkway connecting Baltimore and Washington date back to the 1920s as a part of a system that was initially included in Pierre Charles L 'Enfant 's layout of Washington , D.C from the 18th century . In 1924 , Harry W. Nice , who would later become Governor of Maryland , called for the parkway to be constructed . Early proposals made by the National Capital Park and Planning Commission involved a route that followed US 1 north to MD 198 , then east to Fort Meade , but lack of funding led to simpler plans to widen US 1 instead . During the 1930s , the New Deal programs promulgated by President Franklin Roosevelt led to a heightened awareness of the parkway proposals ; a 1937 report by the Maryland State Planning Commission increased awareness further . Increasing accident levels on US 1 ( which was called one of the deadliest roads in the world at the time ) along with awareness of the need to mobilize national defense before World War II provided additional motivation for construction of the parkway . In 1942 , the Bureau of Public Roads began the process to start the construction design for the parkway . Federal and state officials commissioned the firm J.E. Greiner to create designs for the parkway , which included a large Y @-@ junction at the southern terminus to connect with New York Avenue and the proposed Anacostia Freeway . Meanwhile , the northern end included a similar wye , with one end running to US 40 ( Franklin Street ) and the other end crossing the Inner Harbor , but this was modified in 1945 to the current configuration . = = = Construction = = = Construction on the northern portion of the highway began in 1947 by the state of Maryland , while construction on the NPS segment started in 1950 . The land for the portion that was to be built by the NPS was acquired at the same time as Greenbelt Park , a park that is under the jurisdiction of the NPS . The state @-@ maintained portion was completed in December 1950 between MD 46 ( now I @-@ 195 ) and Hollins Ferry Road at the Baltimore city line and in 1952 from MD 175 to MD 46 . The portion of the parkway within the city of Baltimore opened in 1951 while the NPS @-@ maintained portion opened in October 1954 . The portion of the road not maintained by the NPS was known as the Baltimore – Washington Expressway while the section maintained by the NPS was called the Baltimore – Washington Parkway . = = = Post @-@ construction = = = Around the time the highway was completed , the federal government began to promote suburbanization by moving several federal agencies out of the capital in order to protect them against nuclear attack . As a result , suburban neighborhoods began to appear in Laurel , Severn , Bowie , and Greenbelt . In addition , the road became a prime commuting route into both Washington and Baltimore , leading to suburban growth that would eventually cause the two distinct cities to merge into one large metropolitan area . In 1963 , the State Roads Commission , the National Park Service , and the Bureau of Public Roads ( the predecessor of the Federal Highway Administration ) ( FHWA ) created tentative plans to transfer the NPS segment of the parkway to the state of Maryland , who would then rebuild it to modern freeway standards , with trucks and buses permitted throughout . The plan collapsed due to the state 's reluctance to spend the money necessary to reconstruct the parkway , which was one of the most dangerous roads in the NPS road system . In 1968 , the State Roads Commission proposed to the FHWA that the parkway be included in the Interstate Highway System and designated Interstate 295 ( in anticipation of the completion of the parallel @-@ running I @-@ 95 that occurred in 1971 ) . The designation was granted in 1969 , but later withdrawn from all except the current portion signed as I @-@ 295 due to lack of funds available to modernize the route . As a result of the withdrawal of the Interstate designation , the parkway remained an unnumbered road south of I @-@ 695 while the portion north of there became a part of MD 3 by 1975 . Despite this setback , however , plans still existed to widen the parkway to six or even eight lanes . Even though the 1970 Federal Highway Act provided $ 65 million ( equivalent to $ 396 million in 2016 ) for this purpose , funding was insufficient to execute these projects . The cancellation of the North Central Freeway and the Northeast Freeway ( I @-@ 95 's routing between New York Avenue and the College Park Interchange ) offered a chance for modernization , as plans existed to route I @-@ 95 via the B – W Parkway ; however , this did not happen and trucks were banned from the parkway again . By 1973 , MD 3 was designated along the Baltimore – Washington Expressway between I @-@ 695 and Monroe Street in Baltimore . MD 295 was designated along the state @-@ maintained portions of the expressway , replacing the MD 3 designation between I @-@ 695 and Monroe Street , by 1981 . By the 1990s , the portion of the road known as the Baltimore – Washington Expressway became known as the Baltimore – Washington Parkway . In the mid @-@ 1980s , the National Park Service , along with the Federal Highway Administration , began a reconstruction of the NPS segment to modernize the road , including the improvement of several interchanges . Around 2002 , the federal government completed the project with the reconstruction of the MD 197 interchange . In 2004 , Maryland Governor Robert L. Ehrlich announced plans to widen portions of MD 295 near Baltimore – Washington International Airport . The MDSHA widened the parkway from two lanes on each side to three lanes on each side from I @-@ 195 north to I @-@ 695 . Construction on the $ 12 @.@ 4 million project , which began in late 2008 , was completed in late 2011 . The widening made use of the median as the extra travel lanes were to be added inside of each carriageway . The Maryland State Highway Administration closed the southbound ramps of the interchange between the Baltimore – Washington Parkway and Arundel Mills Boulevard starting Monday , May 7 , 2012 . The closure was for the expedited replacement of the existing dumbbell interchange with Maryland 's first diverging diamond interchange . The new interchange was part of $ 5 million in road upgrades being funded by the Cordish Company ahead of the June 6 opening of the company 's Maryland Live ! development , which features a casino , near Arundel Mills . The new interchange opened on June 11 . = = = Dedications = = = In 1983 , the NPS @-@ maintained section of the Baltimore – Washington Parkway was named in honor of Gladys Noon Spellman , a congresswoman who represented Maryland 's 5th congressional district from January 3 , 1975 , to January 3 , 1981 , after a bill introduced into the United States Senate by Senator Paul Sarbanes was signed into law . Gladys Noon Spellman was an educator in Prince George 's County and chairperson of the National Mental Health Study Center before becoming the first woman to serve on the county ’ s Board of Commissioners . She suffered a heart attack that ended her congressional career on October 13 , 1980 , leaving her in a coma until her death on June 19 , 1988 . On May 9 , 1991 , the Baltimore – Washington Parkway was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . = = = Incidents = = = In 1989 , an overpass being built at MD 198 over the B – W Parkway just east of Laurel collapsed during rush hour , injuring fourteen motorists and construction workers . The incident was blamed on faulty scaffolding used to support the uncompleted span . On July 9 , 2005 , a sinkhole opened beneath the parkway at a construction site , leading to the complete closure of the northbound roadway . The sinkhole was filled with concrete to shore up the roadbed and prevent further collapse ; the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers attempted to expedite repairs , but the route remained closed until the next day . On August 24 , 2007 , both directions of the parkway were closed when chunks of concrete fell from the overpass at MD 193 ( Greenbelt Road ) onto the northbound lanes . = = = Renovation = = = MD 295 is planned to be widened to six lanes between MD 100 and I @-@ 195 with a new interchange is planned to be constructed at Hanover Road . The type of interchange has not yet been decided upon with choices including a diamond interchange , a single @-@ point urban interchange , and a modified cloverleaf interchange . Planning for the $ 24 million project concluded in 2012 . = = Exit list = = = Arthur Sullivan = Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan MVO ( 13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900 ) was an English composer . He is best known for his series of 14 operatic collaborations with the dramatist W. S. Gilbert , including H.M.S. Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado . His works comprise 23 operas , 13 major orchestral works , eight choral works and oratorios , two ballets , incidental music to several plays , and numerous hymns and other church pieces , songs , and piano and chamber pieces . The best known of his hymns and songs include " Onward Christian Soldiers " and " The Lost Chord " . The son of a military bandmaster , Sullivan composed his first anthem at age eight . He was selected as soloist in the boys ' choir of the Chapel Royal . In 1856 , the Royal Academy of Music awarded the first Mendelssohn Scholarship to the 14 @-@ year @-@ old Sullivan , allowing him to study first at the Academy and then in Germany , at the Leipzig Conservatoire . His graduation piece was a suite of incidental music to Shakespeare 's The Tempest . When it was performed in London in 1862 , it was an immediate sensation . Sullivan began his composing career with a series of ambitious works , interspersed with hymns , parlour ballads and other light pieces . Among his best received early pieces were a ballet , L 'Île Enchantée ( 1864 ) , and his Irish Symphony , Cello Concerto and Overture in C ( In Memoriam ) ( all in 1866 ) . From 1861 to 1872 , he supplemented his income by working as a church organist and music teacher , and writing hymns and songs . In 1866 , Sullivan composed a one @-@ act comic opera , Cox and Box , which is still widely performed . His most successful orchestral work , the Overture di Ballo , premiered in 1870 . Sullivan 's talent and native charm earned him many friends in musical and social circles , including Queen Victoria 's son Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh . In 1871 , Sullivan wrote his first opera with W. S. Gilbert , Thespis . Sullivan then produced his Festival Te Deum ( 1872 ) , an oratorio , The Light of the World ( 1873 ) , and incidental music for West End productions of several Shakespeare plays . He also had conducting and academic appointments . In 1875 , producer Richard D 'Oyly Carte reunited Gilbert and Sullivan to create a one @-@ act piece , Trial by Jury , which was a surprise hit . Their 1878 opera H.M.S. Pinafore became an international sensation , as did The Pirates of Penzance ( 1879 ) and Patience ( 1881 ) . Sullivan never married but had a long love affair with an American socialite , Fanny Ronalds . After the death of his brother Fred in 1877 , Sullivan supported Fred 's large family financially for the rest of his life , effectively adopting his nephew Bertie . Carte used his profits from the Gilbert and Sullivan partnership to build the Savoy Theatre in 1881 , and their joint works then became known as the Savoy operas . Later hits in the series were Iolanthe ( 1882 ) , The Mikado ( 1885 ) , The Yeomen of the Guard ( 1888 ) and The Gondoliers ( 1889 ) . Sullivan was knighted for his contributions to music in 1883 . His infrequent serious pieces during the 1880s included two cantatas , The Martyr of Antioch ( 1880 ) and The Golden Legend ( 1886 ) , his most popular choral work . Sullivan 's only serious opera , Ivanhoe , though initially successful in 1891 , was little @-@ heard after that . Gilbert broke from Sullivan and Carte in 1890 , quarrelling over expenses at the Savoy . They reunited in the 1890s for two more operas , but those did not achieve the popularity of their earlier works . Sullivan continued to compose comic operas with other librettists and wrote a number of other major and minor works throughout the decade . He died at the age of 58 , regarded as Britain 's foremost composer . His comic opera style served as a model for the generations of musical theatre composers that followed , and his music is still frequently performed , recorded and pastiched . = = Life and career = = = = = Beginnings = = = Sullivan was born in Lambeth , London . His parents were Thomas Sullivan ( 1805 – 1866 ) , a military bandmaster , clarinettist and music teacher born in Ireland and raised in Chelsea , London , and Mary Clementina ( née Coghlan , 1811 – 1882 ) , English born , of Irish and Italian descent . Thomas Sullivan was based from 1845 to 1857 at the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , where he was the bandmaster and taught music privately to supplement his income . Young Sullivan became proficient with many of the instruments in the band and had composed an anthem , " By the waters of Babylon " , by the age of eight . He later recalled : I was intensely interested in all that the band did , and learned to play every wind instrument , with which I formed not merely a passing acquaintance , but a real , life @-@ long , intimate friendship . I gradually learned the peculiarities of each ... what it could do and what it was unable to do . I learned in the best possible way how to write for an orchestra . While recognising the boy 's obvious musical talent , his father knew the insecurity of a musical career and discouraged him from pursuing it . While studying at a private school in Bayswater , Sullivan , then aged 11 , persuaded his parents and the headmaster to allow him to apply for membership in the choir of the Chapel Royal . Despite concerns that Sullivan at nearly 12 years of age was too old to give much service as a treble before his voice broke , he was accepted and soon became a soloist and , by 1856 , was promoted to " first boy " . Even at this age , Sullivan 's health was delicate , and he was easily fatigued . Sullivan flourished under the training of the Reverend Thomas Helmore , master of the choristers , and began to compose anthems and songs . Helmore encouraged the young Sullivan 's composing talent and arranged for one of his pieces , " O Israel " , to be published in 1855 , Sullivan 's first published work . Helmore also enlisted Sullivan 's assistance in creating harmonisations for a volume of The Hymnal Noted and arranged for Sullivan 's compositions to be performed ; one of the boy 's anthems was given at the Chapel Royal in St James 's Palace under the direction of Sir George Smart . = = = Mendelssohn scholar = = = In 1856 , the Royal Academy of Music awarded the first Mendelssohn Scholarship to the 14 @-@ year @-@ old Sullivan , granting him a year 's training at the academy . His principal teacher there was John Goss , whose own teacher , Thomas Attwood , had been a pupil of Mozart . He studied piano with the head of the academy , William Sterndale Bennett , and with Arthur O 'Leary . During this year at the Royal Academy , Sullivan continued to sing solos with the Chapel Royal , which provided a small amount of spending money . Sullivan 's scholarship was extended to a second year , and in 1858 in what the biographer Arthur Jacobs calls an " extraordinary gesture of confidence " the scholarship committee extended his grant for a third year so that he could study in Germany , at the Leipzig Conservatoire . While there , Sullivan studied composition with Julius Rietz and Carl Reinecke , counterpoint with Moritz Hauptmann and Ernst Richter and the piano with Louis Plaidy and Ignaz Moscheles . He was trained in Mendelssohn 's ideas and techniques but was also exposed to a variety of musical styles , including Schubert , Verdi , Bach , and Wagner . Visiting a synagogue , he was so struck by some of the cadences and progressions of the music that thirty years later he could recall them for use in his serious opera , Ivanhoe . Though the scholarship was extended to permit Sullivan to spend one year in Leipzig , he stayed for three years . There , he became friendly with the impresario Carl Rosa and the violinist Joseph Joachim . For his last year at Leipzig , his father scraped together the money for living expenses , and the conservatoire assisted by waiving its fees . Sullivan credited his Leipzig period with tremendous musical growth . His graduation piece , completed in 1861 , was a set of incidental music to Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Revised and expanded , it was performed at the Crystal Palace in 1862 , a year after his return to London , and was an immediate sensation . He began building a reputation as England 's most promising young composer . = = = Rising composer = = = Sullivan embarked on his composing career with a series of ambitious works , interspersed with hymns , parlour songs and other light pieces in a more commercial vein . His compositions were not enough to support him financially , and from 1861 to 1872 he supplemented his income by working as a church organist , which he enjoyed , and as a music teacher , sometimes at the Crystal Palace School , which he hated and gave up as soon as he could . Sullivan had an early chance to compose several pieces for royalty in connection with the wedding of the Prince of Wales in 1863 . Sullivan 's association with works for voice and orchestra began with The Masque at Kenilworth ( Birmingham Festival , 1864 ) . During a spell as organist at Covent Garden , he composed his first ballet , L 'Île Enchantée ( 1864 ) . In 1866 , he premiered his Irish Symphony and Cello Concerto , his only works in each such genre . In the same year , his Overture in C ( In Memoriam ) , commemorating the recent death of his father , was a commission from the Norwich Festival . During his lifetime , it achieved considerable popularity . In 1867 , his overture Marmion was premiered by the Philharmonic Society . The Times called it " another step in advance on the part of the only composer of any remarkable promise that just at present we can boast . " In the autumn of 1867 , Sullivan travelled with George Grove to Vienna in search of neglected manuscript scores by Schubert . They found and copied several and were particularly excited about their final discovery , the score to Rosamunde . Sullivan 's first attempt at opera , The Sapphire Necklace ( 1863 – 64 ) to a libretto by Henry F. Chorley , was not produced and is now lost , except for the overture and two songs from the work , which were separately published . His first surviving opera , Cox and Box ( 1866 ) , was written for a private performance . It then received charity performances in London and Manchester , and was later produced at the Gallery of Illustration , where it ran for an extraordinary 264 performances . W. S. Gilbert , writing in Fun magazine , pronounced the score superior to F. C. Burnand 's libretto . Sullivan and Burnand were soon commissioned by Thomas German Reed for a two @-@ act opera , The Contrabandista ( 1867 ; revised and expanded as The Chieftain in 1894 ) , but it did not do as well . Sullivan wrote a group of seven part songs in 1868 , the best @-@ known of which is " The Long Day Closes " . Sullivan 's last major work of the 1860s was a short oratorio , The Prodigal Son , premiered in Worcester Cathedral as part of the 1869 Three Choirs Festival to much praise . = = = 1870s ; first collaborations with Gilbert = = = Sullivan 's most enduring orchestral work , the Overture di Ballo , was composed for the Birmingham Festival in 1870 . Also in 1870 , Sullivan met Gilbert . 1871 was a busy year for Sullivan . He published his only song cycle , The Window ; or , The Songs of the Wrens , to words by Tennyson , and he wrote the first of a series of suites of incidental music for West End productions of Shakespeare plays . Still in 1871 , Sullivan composed a dramatic cantata , On Shore and Sea , for the opening of the London International Exhibition , and the hymn Onward , Christian Soldiers , with words by Sabine Baring @-@ Gould . The Salvation Army adopted the latter as its favoured processional , and it became Sullivan 's most enduring hymn . At the end of 1871 , the impresario John Hollingshead commissioned Sullivan to work with W. S. Gilbert to create the burlesque @-@ style comic opera Thespis for the Gaiety Theatre . Played as a Christmas entertainment , it ran through to Easter 1872 , a good run for such a piece . After Thespis , Gilbert and Sullivan went their separate ways until they collaborated on three parlour ballads in late 1874 and early 1875 . Sullivan 's large @-@ scale works of the early 1870s were the Festival Te Deum ( Crystal Palace , 1872 ) ; and the oratorio , The Light of the World ( Birmingham Festival , 1873 ) . He provided suites of incidental music for productions of The Merry Wives of Windsor at the Gaiety in 1874 and Henry VIII at the Theatre Royal , Manchester in 1877 . He continued to compose hymns throughout the decade . In 1873 , Sullivan contributed songs to Burnand 's Christmas " drawing room extravaganza " , The Miller and His Man . In 1875 , the manager of the Royalty Theatre , Richard D 'Oyly Carte , needed a short piece to fill out a bill with Offenbach 's La Périchole . Carte had conducted Sullivan 's Cox and Box . Remembering that Gilbert had suggested a libretto to him , Carte reunited Gilbert and Sullivan , and the result was the one @-@ act comic opera Trial by Jury . Trial , starring Sullivan 's brother Fred as the Learned Judge , became a surprise hit , earning glowing praise from the critics and playing for 300 performances over its first few seasons . The Daily Telegraph commented that the piece illustrated the composer 's " great capacity for dramatic writing of the lighter class " , and other reviews emphasised the felicitous combination of Gilbert 's words and Sullivan 's music . One wrote , " it seems , as in the great Wagnerian operas , as though poem and music had proceeded simultaneously from one and the same brain . " Soon after the opening of Trial , Sullivan wrote The Zoo , another one @-@ act comic opera , with a libretto by B. C. Stephenson . But the latter work had only a few short runs , and for the next 15 years Sullivan 's sole operatic collaborator was Gilbert ; the two created an additional 12 operas together . Sullivan also turned out more than 80 popular songs and parlour ballads , most of them written before the end of the 1870s . His first popular song was " Orpheus with his Lute " ( 1866 ) , and a well @-@ received part song was " Oh ! hush thee , my babie " ( 1867 ) . The best known of his songs is " The Lost Chord " ( 1877 , lyrics by Adelaide Anne Procter ) , written in sorrow at the death of his brother Frederic . The sheet music for his best received songs sold in large numbers and were an important part of his income ; many of them were adapted as dance pieces . In this decade , Sullivan 's conducting appointments included the Glasgow Choral Union concerts ( 1875 – 77 ) and the Royal Aquarium , London ( 1876 ) . In addition to his appointment as Professor of Composition at the Royal Academy of Music , of which he was a Fellow , he was appointed as the first Principal of the National Training School for Music in 1876 . He accepted the latter post reluctantly , fearing that discharging the duties thoroughly would leave too little time for composing . In this he was correct , as his successor Hubert Parry also discovered . Sullivan was not effective in the post , and he resigned in 1881 . Sullivan 's next collaboration with Gilbert , The Sorcerer ( 1877 ) , ran for 178 performances , a success by the standards of the day , but H.M.S. Pinafore ( 1878 ) , which followed it , turned Gilbert and Sullivan into an international phenomenon . The bright and cheerful music of Pinafore was composed during a time when Sullivan suffered from excruciating pain from a kidney stone . Pinafore ran for 571 performances in London , the then @-@ second @-@ longest theatrical run in history , and more than 150 unauthorised productions were quickly mounted in America alone . Among other favourable reviews , The Times noted that the opera was an early attempt at the establishment of a " national musical stage " ... free from risqué French " improprieties " and without the " aid " of Italian and German musical models . The Times and several of the other papers agreed , however , that while the piece was entertaining , Sullivan was capable of higher art , and frivolous light opera would hold him back . This criticism would follow Sullivan throughout his career . In 1879 , Sullivan suggested to a reporter from The New York Times the secret of his success with Gilbert : " His ideas are as suggestive for music as they are quaint and laughable . His numbers ... always give me musical ideas . " Pinafore was followed by The Pirates of Penzance in 1879 , another international success , which opened in New York and then ran in London for 363 performances . = = = Early 1880s = = = In 1880 , Sullivan was appointed director of the triennial Leeds Music Festival . For his first festival he was commissioned to write a sacred choral work . He chose Henry Hart Milman 's 1822 dramatic poem based on the life and death of Saint Margaret the Virgin for its basis . Gilbert adapted the libretto for Sullivan . The Martyr of Antioch premiered in October 1880 . Sullivan was not a showy conductor , and some thought him dull and old fashioned on the podium , but his composition had an enthusiastic reception and was frequently revived . A grateful Sullivan presented his collaborator with an engraved silver cup inscribed " W.S. Gilbert from his friend Arthur Sullivan . " After the run of The Pirates of Penzance , Carte opened the next Gilbert and Sullivan piece , Patience , in April 1881 at London 's Opera Comique , where their past three operas had played . In October , Patience transferred to the new , larger , state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art Savoy Theatre , built with the profits of the previous Gilbert and Sullivan works . The rest of the partnership 's collaborations were produced at the Savoy , as a result of which they are widely known as the " Savoy Operas " . Iolanthe ( 1882 ) , Gilbert and Sullivan 's fourth hit in a row , was the first of the operas to premiere at the new theatre . Sullivan , despite the financial security of writing for the Savoy , increasingly viewed his work with Gilbert as unimportant , beneath his skills , and also repetitious . After Iolanthe , Sullivan had not intended to write a new work with Gilbert , but he suffered a serious financial loss when his broker went bankrupt in November 1882 . Therefore , he concluded that his financial needs required him to continue writing Savoy operas . In February 1883 , he and Gilbert signed a five @-@ year agreement with Carte , requiring them to produce a new comic opera on six months ' notice . On 22 May 1883 , Sullivan was knighted by Queen Victoria for his " services ... rendered to the promotion of the art of music " in Britain . The musical establishment , and many critics , believed that this should put an end to his career as a composer of comic opera – that a musical knight should not stoop below oratorio or grand opera . Having just signed the five @-@ year agreement , Sullivan suddenly felt trapped . In mid @-@ December , he bade farewell to his sister @-@ in @-@ law Charlotte , Fred 's widow , who emigrated with her young family to America . Sullivan 's oldest nephew , Herbert , stayed behind in England as his uncle 's ward . The next opera , Princess Ida ( 1884 , the duo 's only three @-@ act , blank verse work ) , had a noticeably shorter run than its four predecessors , although Sullivan 's score was praised . With box office receipts lagging in March 1884 , Carte gave the six months ' notice , under the partnership contract , requiring a new opera . Sullivan 's close friend , the composer Frederic Clay , had suffered a serious stroke in early December 1883 that effectively ended his career at the age of 45 . Sullivan , reflecting on this , on his own longstanding kidney problems , and on his desire to devote himself to more serious music , replied to Carte , " [ I ] t is impossible for me to do another piece of the character of those already written by Gilbert and myself . " Gilbert had already started work on a new opera involving a plot in which people fell in love against their wills after taking a magic lozenge . The composer wrote , on 1 April 1884 that he had " come to the end of my tether " with the operas : " I have been continually keeping down the music in order that not one [ syllable ] should be lost . ... I should like to set a story of human interest & probability where the humorous words would come in a humorous ( not serious ) situation , & where , if the situation were a tender or dramatic one the words would be of similar character . " In a lengthy exchange of correspondence , Sullivan pronounced Gilbert 's plot sketch ( particularly the " lozenge " element ) unacceptably mechanical , and too similar in both its grotesque " elements of topsyturveydom " and in actual plot to their earlier work , especially The Sorcerer , and repeatedly requested that Gilbert find a new subject . The impasse was finally resolved on 8 May when Gilbert proposed a plot that did not depend on any supernatural device . The result was Gilbert and Sullivan 's most successful work , The Mikado ( 1885 ) . The piece ran for 672 performances , which was the second @-@ longest run for any work of musical theatre , and one of the longest runs of any theatre piece , up to that time . = = = Later 1880s = = = In 1886 , Sullivan composed his second and last large @-@ scale choral work of the decade . It was a cantata for the Leeds Festival , The Golden Legend , based on Longfellow 's poem of the same name . Apart from the comic operas , this proved to be Sullivan 's best received full @-@ length work . It was given hundreds of performances during his lifetime , and at one point he declared a moratorium on its presentation , fearing that it would become over @-@ exposed . Only Handel 's Messiah was performed more often in Britain in the 1880s and 90s . It remained in the repertory until about the 1920s , but since then it has been seldom performed , although it received its first professional recording in 2001 . The musical scholar and conductor David Russell Hulme writes that the work influenced Elgar and Walton . Ruddigore followed The Mikado at the Savoy in 1887 . It was profitable , but its nine @-@ month run was disappointing compared with most of the earlier Savoy operas . For their next piece , Gilbert submitted another version of the magic lozenge plot ; Sullivan immediately rejected it . Gilbert finally proposed a comparatively serious opera , to which Sullivan agreed . Although it was not a grand opera , The Yeomen of the Guard ( 1888 ) provided him with the opportunity to compose his most ambitious stage work to date . As early as 1883 , Sullivan had been under pressure from the musical establishment to write a grand opera . In 1885 , he told an interviewer , " " The opera of the future is a compromise [ among the French , German and Italian schools ] – a sort of eclectic school , a selection of the merits of each one . I myself will make an attempt to produce a grand opera of this new school . ... Yes , it will be an historical work , and it is the dream of my life . " After The Yeomen of the Guard opened , Sullivan turned once again to Shakespeare , composing incidental music for Henry Irving 's production of Macbeth ( 1888 ) . Sullivan wished to produce further serious works with Gilbert . He had collaborated with no other librettist since 1875 . But Gilbert felt that the reaction to The Yeomen of the Guard had " not been so convincing as to warrant us in assuming that the public want something more earnest still . " He proposed instead that Sullivan should go ahead with his plan to write a grand opera , but should continue also to compose comic works for the Savoy . Sullivan was not immediately persuaded . He replied , " I have lost the liking for writing comic opera , and entertain very grave doubts as to my power of doing it . " Nevertheless , Sullivan soon commissioned a grand opera libretto from Julian Sturgis ( who was recommended by Gilbert ) , while suggesting to Gilbert that he revive an old idea for an opera set in colourful Venice . The comic opera was completed first : The Gondoliers ( 1889 ) was a piece described by Gervase Hughes as a pinnacle of Sullivan 's achievement . It was the last great Gilbert and Sullivan success . = = = 1890s = = = The relationship between Gilbert and Sullivan suffered its most serious breach in April 1890 , during the run of The Gondoliers , when Gilbert objected to Carte 's financial accounts for the production , including a charge to the partnership for the cost of new carpeting for the Savoy Theatre lobby . Gilbert believed that this was a maintenance expense that should be charged to Carte alone . Carte was building a new theatre to present Sullivan 's forthcoming grand opera , and Sullivan sided with Carte , going so far as to testify erroneously as to certain old debts . Gilbert took legal action against Carte and Sullivan and vowed to write no more for the Savoy , and so the partnership came to an acrimonious end . Sullivan wrote to Gilbert in September 1890 that he was " physically and mentally ill over this wretched business . I have not yet got over the shock of seeing our names coupled ... in hostile antagonism over a few miserable pounds " . Sullivan 's only grand opera , Ivanhoe , based on Walter Scott 's novel , opened at Carte 's new Royal English Opera House on 31 January 1891 . Sullivan completed the score too late to meet Carte 's planned production date , and costs mounted ; Sullivan was required to pay Carte a contractual penalty of £ 3 @,@ 000 for his delay . The production lasted for 155 consecutive performances , an unprecedented run for a serious opera , and earned good notices for its music . Afterwards , Carte was unable to fill the new opera house with other opera productions , however , and Ivanhoe was blamed for the failure of the opera house . The opera passed into obscurity after a touring revival in 1894 – 95 . The episode was , as the critic Herman Klein observed , " the strangest comingling of success and failure ever chronicled in the history of British lyric enterprise ! " Sullivan did not seriously consider writing grand opera again . Later in 1891 , Sullivan composed music for Tennyson 's The Foresters , which ran well at Daly 's Theatre in New York in 1892 , but failed in London the following year . Sullivan returned to comic opera , but because of the fracture with Gilbert , he and Carte sought other collaborators . Sullivan 's next piece was Haddon Hall ( 1892 ) , with a libretto by Sydney Grundy based loosely on the historical elopement of Dorothy Vernon with John Manners . Although still comic , the tone and style of the work was considerably more serious and romantic than most of the operas with Gilbert . It enjoyed a modest popularity , running for 204 performances , and earned critical praise . In 1895 , Sullivan once more provided incidental music for the Lyceum , this time for J. Comyns Carr 's King Arthur . The partnership with Gilbert had been so profitable that Carte and his wife sought to reunite the author and composer , eventually succeeding with the help of Tom Chappell , their music publisher . Their next opera , Utopia Limited ( 1893 ) , ran for 245 performances , barely covering the expenses of the lavish production , although it was the longest run at the Savoy in the 1890s . Sullivan came to disapprove of the leading lady , Nancy McIntosh , and refused to write another piece featuring her , while Gilbert insisted that she must appear in his next opera . Instead , Sullivan teamed up again with his old partner , F. C. Burnand . The Chieftain ( 1894 ) , a heavily @-@ revised version of their earlier two @-@ act opera , The Contrabandista , flopped . Gilbert and Sullivan reunited one more time , after McIntosh announced her retirement from the stage , for The Grand Duke ( 1896 ) . This also failed , and Sullivan never worked with Gilbert again , although their operas continued to be revived with success at the Savoy . In May 1897 , Sullivan 's full @-@ length ballet , Victoria and Merrie England , opened at the Alhambra Theatre to celebrate the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee . The work 's seven scenes celebrate English history and culture , with the Victorian period as the grand finale . Its six @-@ month run was considered a great achievement . The Beauty Stone ( 1898 ) , with a libretto by Arthur Wing Pinero and J. Comyns Carr was based on mediaeval morality plays . The collaboration did not go particularly well : Sullivan wrote that Pinero and Comyns Carr were " gifted and brilliant men , with no experience in writing for music " , and , when he asked for alterations to improve the structure , they refused . Sullivan 's score , moreover , was too serious for the Savoy audiences ' tastes . The opera was a critical failure and did not attract a following , running for only seven weeks . In 1899 , to benefit " the wives and children of soldiers and sailors " on active service in the Boer War , Sullivan composed the music of a jingoistic song , " The Absent @-@ Minded Beggar " , to a text by Rudyard Kipling , which became an instant sensation and raised an unprecedented £ 250 @,@ 000 from performances and the sale of sheet music and related merchandise . In The Rose of Persia ( 1899 ) , Sullivan returned to his comic roots , writing to a libretto by Basil Hood that combined an exotic Arabian Nights setting with plot elements of The Mikado . Sullivan 's tuneful score was well received , and the opera proved to be his most successful full @-@ length collaboration apart from those with Gilbert . Another opera with Hood , The Emerald Isle , quickly went into preparation , but Sullivan died before it could be completed . = = = Death , honours and legacy = = = Having suffered from long @-@ standing recurrent kidney disease that made it necessary , from the 1880s , for him to conduct sitting down , Sullivan died of heart failure , following an attack of bronchitis , at his flat in London on 22 November 1900 . His unfinished opera , The Emerald Isle , was completed by Edward German and produced in 1901 . His Te Deum Laudamus , written to commemorate the end of the Boer War , was performed posthumously . A monument in the composer 's memory featuring a weeping Muse was erected in the Victoria Embankment Gardens in London and is inscribed with Gilbert 's words from The Yeomen of the Guard : " Is life a boon ? If so , it must befall that Death , whene 'er he call , must call too soon " . Sullivan wished to be buried in Brompton Cemetery with his parents and brother , but by order of the Queen he was buried in St. Paul 's Cathedral . In addition to his knighthood , honours awarded to Sullivan in his lifetime included Doctor in Music , honoris causa , by the universities of Cambridge ( 1876 ) and Oxford ( 1879 ) ; Chevalier , Légion d 'honneur , France ( 1878 ) ; The Order of the Medjidieh conferred by the Sultan of Turkey ( 1888 ) ; and appointment as a Member of the Fourth Class of the Royal Victorian Order ( MVO ) in 1897 . In all , Sullivan 's artistic output included 23 operas , 13 major orchestral works , eight choral works and oratorios , two ballets , one song cycle , incidental music to several plays , numerous hymns and other church pieces , and a large body of songs , parlour ballads , part songs , carols , and piano and chamber pieces . Sullivan 's operas have often been adapted , first in the 19th century as dance pieces and in foreign adaptations of the operas themselves . Since then , his music has been made into ballets ( Pineapple Poll ( 1951 ) and Pirates of Penzance - The Ballet ! ( 1991 ) ) and musicals ( The Swing Mikado ( 1938 ) , The Hot Mikado ( 1939 ) and Hot Mikado ( 1986 ) , Hollywood Pinafore ( 1945 ) , The Black Mikado ( 1975 ) , etc . ) . His operas are not only frequently performed , but also frequently parodied , pastiched , quoted and imitated in comedy routines , advertising , law , film , television , and other popular media . His legacy , apart from writing the Savoy operas and his other works , is felt perhaps most strongly today through his influence on the American and British musical theatre . The innovations in content and form of the works that he and Gilbert developed directly influenced the development of the modern musical throughout the 20th century . In addition , biographies and scholarly articles and analyses continue to be written about Sullivan 's life and work . = = Personal life = = = = = Romantic life = = = Sullivan never married , but he had serious love affairs with several women . The first was with Rachel Scott Russell ( 1845 – 1882 ) , the daughter of the engineer John Scott Russell . Sullivan was a frequent visitor at the Scott Russell home in the mid @-@ 1860s , and by 1865 the affair was in full bloom . Rachel 's parents did not approve of a possible union with a young composer with uncertain financial prospects , but the two continued to see each other covertly . At some point in 1868 , Sullivan started a simultaneous ( and secret ) affair with Rachel 's sister Louise ( 1841 – 1878 ) . Both relationships had ceased by early 1869 . Sullivan 's longest love affair was with the American socialite , Fanny Ronalds , a woman three years his senior , who had two children . He met her in Paris around 1867 , and the affair began in earnest soon after she moved to London permanently in 1871 . A contemporary account described Fanny Ronalds this way : " Her face was perfectly divine in its loveliness , her features small and exquisitely regular . Her hair was a dark shade of brown – châtain foncé [ deep chestnut ] – and very abundant ... a lovely woman , with the most generous smile one could possibly imagine , and the most beautiful teeth . " Sullivan called her " the best amateur singer in London " . She often performed Sullivan 's songs at her famous Sunday soirees . She became particularly associated with " The Lost Chord " , singing it both in private and in public , often with Sullivan accompanying her . When Sullivan died , he left her the autograph manuscript of that song , along with other bequests . Ronalds was separated from her American husband , but they never divorced . Social conventions of the time compelled Sullivan and Ronalds to keep their relationship private . In his diary , he would refer to her as " Mrs. Ronalds " when he saw her in a public setting , but " L. W. " ( for " Little Woman " ) or " D. H. " ( possibly " Dear Heart " ) when they were alone together , often with a number in parentheses indicating the number of sexual acts completed . Ronalds was apparently pregnant on at least two occasions and procured abortions in 1882 and 1884 . Sullivan had a roving eye , and his diary records the occasional quarrel when Ronalds discovered his other liaisons , but he always returned to her . She was a constant companion up to the time of Sullivan 's death , but around 1889 or 1890 , the sexual relationship seems to have ended . He started to refer to her in the diary as " Auntie " , and the tick marks indicating sexual activity were no longer there , although similar notation continued to be used for his relationships with other women who have not been identified , and who were always referred to by their initials . In 1896 , the 54 @-@ year @-@ old Sullivan proposed marriage to the 22 @-@ year @-@ old Violet Beddington ( 1874 – 1962 ) , but she refused him . = = = Leisure and family life = = = Sullivan loved to spend time in France ( both in Paris and the south of France ) , where his friends ranged from European royalty to the composer Claude Debussy , and where the casinos enabled him to indulge his passion for gambling . He enjoyed hosting private dinners and entertainments at his home , often featuring famous singers and well @-@ known actors . In 1865 he was initiated into Freemasonry and was Grand Organist of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1887 during Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee . Sullivan 's talent and native charm gained him the friendship of many not only in the musical establishment , such as Grove , Chorley , and Herman Klein , but also in society circles , such as Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh . Sullivan enjoyed playing tennis although , according to George Grossmith , " I have seen some bad lawn @-@ tennis players in my time , but I never saw anyone so bad as Arthur Sullivan " . Sullivan was devoted to his parents , particularly his mother , with whom he corresponded regularly , when away from London , until her death in 1882 . Henry Lytton wrote , " I believe there was never a more affectionate tie than that which existed between [ Sullivan ] and his mother , a very witty old lady , and one who took an exceptional pride in her son 's accomplishments . Sullivan was also very fond of his brother Fred , whose acting career he assisted whenever possible , and of Fred 's children . When Fred died at the age of 39 , he left his pregnant wife , Charlotte , with seven children under the age of 14 . After Fred 's death , Arthur visited the family often and became guardian to all of the children . In late 1883 , Charlotte and six of her children emigrated to Los Angeles , California , leaving the oldest boy , " Bertie " , in Sullivan 's sole care . Despite his reservations about the move to America , Sullivan paid all the costs and gave substantial financial support to the family . Only a year later , in January 1885 , Charlotte died , leaving the six children to be raised mostly by her brother and the older girls . From June to August 1885 , after The Mikado premiered , Sullivan visited the family in Los Angeles and took them on a sightseeing trip of the American west . Throughout the rest of his life , and in his will , he contributed financially to Fred 's children , continuing to correspond with them and to be concerned with their education , marriages and financial affairs . Bertie stayed with his uncle Arthur for the rest of the composer 's life . Three of Sullivan 's cousins , the daughters of his uncle John Thomas Sullivan , performed with D 'Oyly Carte : Rose , Jane ( " Jennie " ) and Kate Sullivan , the first two of whom used the stage surname Hervey . Kate was a chorister who defected to the Comedy Opera Company 's rival production of H.M.S. Pinafore , where she had the opportunity to play Josephine in 1879 . Jennie was a D 'Oyly Carte chorister for fourteen years . Rose took principal roles in many of the companion pieces that played with the Savoy operas . = = Music = = = = = Method of composition and text setting = = = Sullivan told an interviewer , Arthur Lawrence , " I don 't use the piano in composition – that would limit me terribly " . Sullivan explained that his process was not to wait for inspiration , but " to dig for it . ... I decide on [ the rhythm ] before I come to the question of melody . ... I mark out the metre in dots and dashes , and not until I have quite settled on the rhythm do I proceed to actual notation . " Sullivan 's text setting , compared with that of his 19th century English predecessors or his European contemporaries , was " vastly more sensitive . ... Sullivan 's operatic style attempts to create for itself a uniquely English text @-@ music synthesis " , and , in addition , by adopting a conservative musical style , he was able to achieve " the clarity to match Gilbert 's finely honed wit with musical wit of his own . " In composing the Savoy operas , Sullivan wrote the vocal lines of the musical numbers first , and these were given to the actors . He , or an assistant , improvised a piano accompaniment at the early rehearsals ; he wrote the orchestrations later , after he had seen what Gilbert 's stage business would be . He left the overtures until last and often delegated their composition , based on his outlines , to his assistants , often adding his suggestions or corrections . Those Sullivan wrote himself include Thespis , Iolanthe , Princess Ida , The Yeomen of the Guard , The Gondoliers , The Grand Duke and probably Utopia Limited . Most of the overtures are structured as a potpourri of tunes from the operas in three sections : fast , slow and fast . Those for Iolanthe and The Yeomen of the Guard are written in a modified sonata form . The overtures from the Gilbert and Sullivan operas remain popular , and there are many recordings of them . Sullivan invariably conducted the operas on their opening nights . In 1957 , a review in The Times gave this rationale for " the continued vitality of the Savoy operas " : " [ T ] hey were never really contemporary in their idiom . ... Gilbert and Sullivan 's [ world was ] an artificial world , with a neatly controlled and shapely precision . ... For this , each partner has his share of credit . The neat articulation of incredibilities in Gilbert 's plots is perfectly matched by his language . ... [ Of ] equal importance ... Gilbert 's lyrics almost invariably take on extra point and sparkle when set to Sullivan 's music . ... Sullivan 's tunes , in these operas , also exist in a make @-@ believe world of their own . ... [ He is ] a delicate wit , whose airs have a precision , a neatness , a grace , and a flowing melody " . = = = Melody and rhythm = = = The Musical Times noted that Sullivan 's tunes , at least in the comic operas , appeal to the professional as much as to the layman : his continental contemporaries such as Debussy , Leoncavallo and Saint @-@ Saëns held the Savoy operas in high regard . Hughes writes , " When Sullivan wrote what we call ' a good tune ' it was nearly always ' good music ' as well . Outside the ranks of the giants there are few other composers of whom the same could be said . " Although his melodies sprang from rhythm , some of his themes may have been prompted by his chosen instrumentation or his harmonic techniques . In the comic operas , where many numbers were in verse @-@ plus @-@ refrain form , Sullivan frequently produced two climaxes in the melodic line . Hughes instances " If you go in " ( Iolanthe ) as a good example . In Hughes 's view , though most of the tunes in the Savoy operas are good ones , Sullivan rarely reached the same class of excellence elsewhere when he had no librettist to feed his imagination . Even so , on those occasions when Gilbert wrote in unvaried metre , Sullivan often followed suit and produced phrases of simple repetition , such as " Love is a plaintive song " ( Patience ) and " A man who would woo a fair maid " ( The Yeomen of the Guard ) . Sullivan 's deliberate echoes of other composers are covered below under " Musical Quotations " , but other echoes may not have been conscious : Hughes cites the concluding bars of " Tell a tale of cock and bull " from The Yeomen of the Guard as an example of Handel 's influence , and another critic , Edward Greenfield , found a theme in the slow movement of the Irish Symphony " an outrageous crib " from Schubert 's Unfinished Symphony . = = = Harmony and counterpoint = = = Harmony Sullivan was trained in the classical style , and contemporary music did not greatly attract him . Harmonically his early works used the conventional formulae of Auber , Donizetti , Balfe and Schubert . Later he drew on Gounod and Bizet . Mendelssohn 's influence , conspicuous in early works , appears intermittently in later ones . As a contemporary writer observed , Sullivan draws on these various influences while remaining recognisably himself . Yet , in the field of harmony , Hughes writes , Sullivan remained an eclectic : " He had easily recognisable habits but his style never achieved individuality " . In general , Sullivan preferred to write in major keys . In the Savoy operas , there are only eleven substantial numbers wholly in a minor key ( less than 5 % of the musical numbers ) , and even in his serious works the major prevails . Examples of Sullivan 's rare excursions into minor keys include the long E minor melody in the first movement of the Irish Symphony , " Go away , madam " in the Act I finale of Iolanthe ( echoing Verdi and Beethoven ) and the funeral march in the Act I finale of The Yeomen of the Guard . Sullivan was happy on occasion to use chords traditionally considered technically incorrect . When reproached for using consecutive fifths in Cox and Box , he replied " if 5ths turn up it doesn 't matter , so long as there is no offence to the ear . " Hughes comments that harmonic contrast in the Savoy works is enhanced by Sullivan 's characteristic modulation between keys , as in " Expressive glances " ( Princess Ida ) , where he smoothly negotiates E major , C sharp minor and C major , or " Then one of us will be a queen " ( The Gondoliers ) , where he writes in F major , D flat major and D minor . Both Hughes and Jacobs in Grove 's Dictionary of Music and Musicians comment adversely on Sullivan 's over @-@ use of tonic pedals , usually in the bass , which Hughes attributes to " lack of enterprise or even downright laziness " . Another Sullivan trademark criticised by Hughes is the repeated use of the chord of the augmented fourth at moments of pathos . In his serious works , Sullivan attempted to avoid harmonic devices associated with the Savoy operas , with the result , according to Hughes , that The Golden Legend is a " hotch @-@ potch of harmonic styles " . Counterpoint Despite his thorough contrapuntal training in London and Leipzig , as well as his experience as a church organist , Sullivan rarely composed fugues . Hughes cites examples from the Epilogue to The Golden Legend and Victoria and Merrie England . In the Savoy operas , fugal style is reserved for making fun of legal solemnity in Trial by Jury and Iolanthe ( e.g. , the Lord Chancellor 's leitmotif in the latter ) . Less formal counterpoint is employed in numbers such as " Brightly Dawns our Wedding Day " ( The Mikado ) and " When the Buds are Blossoming " ( Ruddigore ) . Sullivan 's best known contrapuntal device was " the simultaneous presentation of two or more distinct melodies previously heard independently " . He was not the first composer to combine themes in this way , but it became a characteristic feature of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas . Sometimes the melodies were for solo voices , as in " Once more the face I loved so well " ( The Zoo ) , and " I am so proud " ( The Mikado ) , which combines three melodic lines ; other examples are in choruses , where typically a graceful tune for the ladies is combined with a robust one for the men . Examples include " When the Foeman bares his steel " ( The Pirates of Penzance ) , " In a doleful train " ( Patience ) and " Welcome , gentry " ( Ruddigore ) . At other times , notably in " How beautifully blue the sky " ( The Pirates of Penzance ) , one theme is given to the chorus and the other to solo voices . = = = Orchestration = = = Gervase Hughes concludes his chapter on Sullivan 's orchestration : " [ I ] n this vitally important sector of the composer 's art he deserves to rank as a master . " Sullivan was a competent player of at least four orchestral instruments ( flute , clarinet , trumpet and trombone ) and a technically highly skilled orchestrator . Though sometimes inclined to indulge in grandiosity when writing for a full symphony orchestra , he was adept in using smaller forces to the maximum effect . Percy Young writes that orchestral players generally like playing Sullivan 's music : " Sullivan never asked his players to do what was either uncongenial or impracticable . " Sullivan 's orchestra for the Savoy Operas was typical of any other pit orchestra of his era : 2 flutes ( + piccolo ) , oboe , 2 clarinets , bassoon , 2 horns , 2 cornets , 2 trombones , timpani , percussion and strings . According to Geoffrey Toye , the number of players in the Savoy orchestra was originally 31 . Sullivan argued hard for an increase in the pit orchestra 's size , and starting with The Yeomen of the Guard , the orchestra was augmented with a second bassoon and a bass trombone . Sullivan generally orchestrated each score at almost the last moment , noting that the accompaniment for an opera had to wait until he saw the staging , so that he could judge how heavily or lightly to orchestrate each part of the music . For his large @-@ scale orchestral pieces , Sullivan added a second oboe part , sometimes double bassoon and bass clarinet , more horns , trumpets , tuba , and sometimes an organ and / or a harp . Many of these pieces used very large orchestras . One of the most recognisable features in Sullivan 's orchestration is his woodwind scoring . Hughes especially notes Sullivan 's clarinet writing , exploiting all registers and colours of the instrument , and his particular fondness for oboe solos . For instance , the Irish Symphony contains two long solo oboe passages in succession , and in the Savoy operas there are many shorter examples . In the operas , and also in concert works , another characteristic Sullivan touch is his fondness for pizzicato passages for all the string sections . Most of the operas have at least one number that Hughes calls " virtually a pizzicato ostinato " ; he instances " Kind sir , you cannot have the heart " ( The Gondoliers ) , " Free from his fetters grim " ( The Yeomen of the Guard ) and " In vain to us you plead " ( Iolanthe ) . = = = Musical quotations and parodies = = = Sullivan often quoted or imitated famous themes and passages from well @-@ known tunes or parodied the styles of famous composers . He also liked to evoke familiar musical styles , such as his madrigals in The Mikado , Ruddigore and The Yeomen of the Guard , glees in H.M.S. Pinafore and The Mikado and gavottes in Ruddigore and The Gondoliers . In The Sorcerer , there is a country dance in " If you 'll marry me " . In Ruddigore , the sailor character dances a hornpipe , while in The Mikado , Sullivan quotes a Japanese war song in " Miya Sama " . Sullivan 's 1882 trip to Egypt inspired musical styles in his later opera , The Rose of Persia . Of the sextette " I hear the soft note " in Patience , Sullivan said to the singers , " I think you will like this . It is Dr. Arne and Purcell at their best . " In early pieces , he imitated Mendelssohn ( for example in his incidental music for The Tempest ) , Auber in his Henry VIII music and Gounod in The Light of the World . In his comic operas , Sullivan followed Offenbach 's lead in parodying the idioms of French and Italian opera , such as those of Donizetti , Bellini and Verdi . His music also shows the influence of Handel , Schubert and , conspicuously in the fairy music in Iolanthe , Mendelssohn . The then @-@ popular composer Michael Balfe is parodied in The Sorcerer and The Pirates of Penzance , and " Twenty Love Sick Maidens " imitates William Vincent Wallace 's " Alas Those Chimes " from Maritana . The sextet " A Nice Dilemma " in Trial by Jury parodies " D 'un pensiero " in Bellini 's La sonnambula . Other examples of opera parody include Mabel 's aria " Poor Wand 'ring One " in The Pirates of Penzance and the duet " Who are you , sir ? " from Cox and Box . In H.M.S. Pinafore , the whispered plans for elopement in " This very night " parody the conspirators ' choruses in Verdi 's Il trovatore and Rigoletto , and the octet , " Farewell , my own , " evokes the ensemble " Mag der Himmel euch vergeben " in Flotow 's Martha and such concerted numbers as the sextet in Donizetti 's Lucia di Lammermoor . The mock @-@ jingoistic " He is an Englishman " in H.M.S. Pinafore and choral passages in The Zoo satirise patriotic British tunes such as Arne 's " Rule , Britannia ! " . The chorus " With catlike tread " from Pirates is an imitation of Verdi 's " Anvil Chorus " from Il trovatore . In Princess Ida , there is a strong Handelian flavour to Arac 's song in Act III ( " This helmet , I suppose " ) , and the Act II quartet " The world is but a broken toy " has been called " Gounodesque " . Florian 's statement in " Gently , Gently " : " In this college , useful knowledge / Everywhere one finds " is a quotation from Chopin 's Waltz No. 5 in A @-@ flat Major ( Op. 42 ) . In The Gondoliers , there are the Spanish cachucha , the Italian saltarello and tarantella , and the Venetian barcarolle . Hughes compares " Here is a case unprecedented " from The Gondoliers to the Act II quintet from Bizet 's Carmen . In " A more humane Mikado " , when the Mikado mentions " Bach interwoven with Spohr and Beethoven " , the clarinet and bassoon quote the fugue subject of Bach 's Fantasia and Fugue in G minor . The Golden Legend shows the influence of Liszt and Wagner . Sullivan frequently gives groups or locations their own characters and motifs . Hughes points to the striking difference between the male chorus of rustics in The Sorcerer and the eponymous gondoliers , and between the fairies in Iolanthe and the undergraduates in Princess Ida . H.M.S Pinafore retains " a nautical tang throughout " , and in The Yeomen of the Guard the Tower of London is evoked continually by its own motif . A distinctive four @-@ note theme is associated with the character Iolanthe , and the Fairy Queen 's music parodies that of Wagnerian heroines such as Brünnhilde . This use of Wagnerian leitmotif technique is repeated and developed further in Ivanhoe . = = Reputation and criticism = = = = = Early reception = = = Sullivan 's critical reputation has undergone extreme changes since he first came to prominence in the 1860s . At first , critics were struck by his potential , and he was hailed as the long @-@ awaited great English composer . His incidental music to The Tempest received an acclaimed premiere at the Crystal Palace just before Sullivan 's 20th birthday in April 1862 . The Athenaeum wrote : It ... may mark an epoch in English music , or we shall be greatly disappointed . Years on years have elapsed since we have heard a work by so young an artist so full of promise , so full of fancy , showing so much conscientiousness , so much skill , and so few references to any model elect . His Irish Symphony of 1866 won similarly enthusiastic praise , but as Arthur Jacobs notes , " The first rapturous outburst of enthusiasm for Sullivan as an orchestral composer did not last . " A comment typical of those that followed him throughout his career was that " Sullivan 's unquestionable talent should make him doubly careful not to mistake popular applause for artistic appreciation . " When Sullivan turned to comic opera with Gilbert , the serious critics began to express disapproval . Peter Gammond writes of " misapprehensions and prejudices , delivered to our door by the Victorian firm Musical Snobs Ltd . ... frivolity and high spirits were sincerely seen as elements that could not be exhibited by anyone who was to be admitted to the sanctified society of Art . " As early as 1877 The Figaro wrote that Sullivan " has all the ability to make him a great composer , but he wilfully throws his opportunity away . ... He possesses all the natural ability to have given us an English opera , and , instead , he affords us a little more @-@ or @-@ less excellent fooling . " Few critics denied the excellence of Sullivan 's theatre scores . The Theatre wrote that " Iolanthe sustains Dr Sullivan 's reputation as the most spontaneous , fertile , and scholarly composer of comic opera this country has ever produced . " However , comic opera , no matter how skilfully crafted , was viewed as an intrinsically lower form of art than oratorio . The Athenaeum 's review of The Martyr of Antioch declared : " [ I ] t is an advantage to have the composer of H.M.S. Pinafore occupying himself with a worthier form of art . " = = = Knighthood and later years = = = Sullivan 's knighthood in 1883 gave the serious music critics further ammunition . The Musical Review of that year wrote : [ S ] ome things that Mr. Arthur Sullivan may do , Sir Arthur ought not to do . In other words , it will look rather more than odd to see announced in the papers that a new comic opera is in preparation , the book by Mr. W. S. Gilbert and the music by Sir Arthur Sullivan . A musical knight can hardly write shop ballads either ; he must not dare to soil his hands with anything less than an anthem or a madrigal ; oratorio , in which he has so conspicuously shone , and symphony , must now be his line . Here is not only an opportunity , but a positive obligation for him to return to the sphere from which he has too long descended [ and ] do battle for the honour of English art ... against all foreign rivals , and arouse us thoroughly from our present half @-@ torpid condition . Even Sullivan 's friend George Grove wrote : " Surely the time has come when so able and experienced a master of voice , orchestra , and stage effect – master , too , of so much genuine sentiment – may apply his gifts to a serious opera on some subject of abiding human or natural interest . " Sullivan finally redeemed himself in critical eyes with The Golden Legend in 1886 . The Observer hailed it as a " triumph of English art " . The World called it " one of the greatest creations we have had for many years . Original , bold , inspired , grand in conception , in execution , in treatment , it is a composition which will make an " epoch " and which will carry the name of its composer higher on the wings of fame and glory . ... The effect of the public performance was unprecedented . " Hopes for a new departure were evident in the Daily Telegraph 's review of The Yeomen of the Guard ( 1888 ) , Sullivan 's most serious opera to that point : " [ T ] he music follows the book to a higher plane , and we have a genuine English opera , forerunner of many others , let us hope , and possibly significant of an advance towards a national lyric stage . " Sullivan 's only wholly serious opera , Ivanhoe ( 1891 ) , received generally favourable reviews , although J. A. Fuller Maitland , in The Times , expressed reservations , writing that the opera 's " best portions rise so far above anything else that Sir Arthur Sullivan has given to the world , and have such force and dignity , that it is not difficult to forget the drawbacks which may be found in the want of interest in much of the choral writing , and the brevity of the concerted solo parts . " Sullivan 's 1898 ballet Victoria and Merrie England was one of several late pieces that won praise from most critics : Sir Arthur Sullivan 's music is music for the people . There is no attempt made to force on the public the dullness of academic experience . The melodies are all as fresh as last year 's wine , and as exhilarating as sparkling champagne . There is not one tune which tires the hearing , and in the matter of orchestration our only humorist has let himself run riot , not being handicapped with libretto , and the gain is enormous . ... All through we have orchestration of infinite delicacy , tunes of alarming simplicity , but never a tinge of vulgarity . Although the more solemn members of the musical establishment could not forgive Sullivan for writing music that was both comic and accessible , he was , nevertheless , " the nation 's de facto composer laureate " . = = = Posthumous reputation = = = In the decade after his death , Sullivan 's reputation sank considerably . In 1901 , Fuller Maitland took issue with the generally laudatory tone of most of the obituaries : " Is there anywhere a case quite parallel to that of Sir Arthur Sullivan , who began his career with a work which at once stamped him as a genius , and to the height of which he only rarely attained throughout life ? ... It is because such great natural gifts – gifts greater , perhaps , than fell to any English musician since ... Purcell – were so very seldom employed in work worthy of them . " Edward Elgar , to whom Sullivan had been particularly kind , rose to Sullivan 's defence , branding Fuller Maitland 's obituary " the shady side of musical criticism ... that foul unforgettable episode . " Fuller Maitland 's followers , including Ernest Walker , also dismissed Sullivan as " merely the idle singer of an empty evening " . As late as 1966 , Frank Howes , music critic of The Times condemned Sullivan for a " lack of sustained effort ... a fundamental lack of seriousness towards his art [ and ] inability to perceive the smugness , the sentimentality and banality of the Mendelssohnian detritus ... to remain content with the flattest and most obvious rhythms , this yielding to a fatal facility , that excludes Sullivan from the ranks of the good composers . " Thomas F. Dunhill wrote a in 1928 that Sullivan 's " music has suffered in an extraordinary degree from the vigorous attacks which have been made upon it in professional circles . These attacks have succeeded in surrounding the composer with a kind of barricade of prejudice which must be swept away before justice can be done to his genius . " Sir Henry Wood continued to perform Sullivan 's serious music . In 1942 , Wood presented a Sullivan centenary concert at the Royal Albert Hall , but it was not until the 1960s that Sullivan 's music other than the Savoy operas began to be widely revived and reassessed . In 1960 Hughes published the first full @-@ length book about Sullivan 's music " which , while taking note of his weaknesses ( which are many ) and not hesitating to castigate his lapses from good taste ( which were comparatively rare ) [ attempted ] to view them in perspective against the wider background of his sound musicianship . " The work of the Sir Arthur Sullivan Society , founded in 1977 , books about Sullivan by musicians such as Young ( 1971 ) and Jacobs ( 1986 ) , and a growing number of recordings have contributed to the re @-@ evaluation of Sullivan 's serious music . The Symphony in E had its first professional recording in 1968 , and a considerable number of Sullivan 's non @-@ Gilbert works have since been recorded . Scholarly critical editions of a growing number of Sullivan 's works have been published . In a 2000 article in The Musical Times , Nigel Burton wrote : [ Sullivan ] spoke naturally to all people , for all time , of the passions , sorrows and joys which are forever rooted in the human consciousness . He believed ... that the human being 's prime duty in life is to serve humanity . It is his artistic consistency in this respect which obliges us to pronounce him our greatest Victorian composer . Time has now sufficiently dispersed the mists of criticism for us to be able to see the truth , to enjoy all his music , and to rejoice in the rich diversity of its panoply . ... [ L ] et us resolve to set aside the " One @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ hurrahs " syndrome once and for all , and , in its place , raise THREE LOUD CHEERS . = = Recordings = = On 14 August 1888 , George Gouraud introduced Thomas Edison 's phonograph to London in a press conference , including the playing of a piano and cornet recording of Sullivan 's " The Lost Chord " , one of the first recordings of music ever made . Sullivan was invited to a party on 5 October 1888 given to demonstrate the technology . After dinner , he recorded a speech to be sent to Edison , saying , in part : I can only say that I am astonished and somewhat terrified at the result of this evening 's experiments : astonished at the wonderful power you have developed , and terrified at the thought that so much hideous and bad music may be put on record forever . But all the same I think it is the most wonderful thing that I have ever experienced , and I congratulate you with all my heart on this wonderful discovery . These recordings were discovered in the Edison Library in New Jersey in the 1950s : The first commercial recordings of Sullivan 's music , beginning in 1898 , were of individual numbers from the Savoy operas . In 1917 , the Gramophone Company ( also known as HMV ) produced the first album of a complete musical score of a Gilbert and Sullivan opera , The Mikado , followed by recordings of eight more of the operas . Electrical recordings of the complete musical scores of most of the operas were then issued by the Gramophone Company and Victor Talking Machine Company beginning in the late 1920s . These recordings were supervised by Rupert D 'Oyly Carte . The D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company continued to produce recordings until 1979 . Between 1988 and 2003 , after the company was revived , it recorded seven of the operas . Other recordings have been made by opera companies such as Gilbert and Sullivan for All , and Australian Opera , among many others . Ad hoc companies of operatic singers conducted by Sir Malcolm Sargent in the 1950s and 60s and Sir Charles Mackerras in the 1990s have made audio sets of several Savoy operas , and in the 1980s Alexander Faris conducted video recordings of most of the operas with casts including show @-@ business stars as well as professional singers . The long @-@ running Broadway production of The Pirates of Penzance presented by Joseph Papp , re @-@ orchestrated with synthesisers replacing the strings , was put on record in 1981 . Since 1994 , the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival has released numerous professional and amateur CDs and videos of its productions and other Sullivan recordings . Sullivan 's non @-@ Savoy works were infrequently recorded until the 1960s . A few of his songs were put on disc in the early years of the 20th century , including versions of " The Lost Chord " by Enrico Caruso and Clara Butt . The first of many recordings of the Overture di Ballo was made in the 1940s . Sullivan 's Irish Symphony was first recorded in 1968 under Sir Charles Groves . Since then , much of Sullivan 's serious music and his operas without Gilbert have been recorded . Some highlights include the cello concerto by Julian Lloyd Webber ( 1986 ) , The Golden Legend under Ronald Corp ( 2001 ) and Ivanhoe , under the conductor David Lloyd @-@ Jones ( 2009 ) . Mackerras 's Sullivan ballet score , Pineapple Poll , has received many recordings since its premiere in 1951 , four of them conducted by Mackerras . = Lord Snow = " Lord Snow " is the third episode of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones . It first aired on May 1 , 2011 . It was written by the show creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss , and directed by series regular Brian Kirk . Critical reception was generally positive , and viewership was up 10 % from the first two episodes of the series . The plot follows Jon Snow 's training at The Wall ; Eddard 's arrival at King 's Landing , followed by Catelyn , looking for Bran 's would @-@ be murderer ; Arya reveals her desire to learn sword fighting to her father ; Joffrey is given a lesson in ruling the Kingdom by Cersei , and Robert longs for the glory of his past . Meanwhile , Daenerys learns she is pregnant . The episode was the first to feature Old Nan , played by Margaret John , who died before the series was broadcast ; the episode is dedicated to her memory in the final credit . = = Plot = = = = = In the Dothraki Sea = = = Daenerys ( Emilia Clarke ) is beginning to gain confidence in her new role as Drogo 's wife and gains the respect of the exiled knight Ser Jorah Mormont ( Iain Glen ) , but her relationship with her brother Viserys ( Harry Lloyd ) becomes strained when he angrily assaults her under the assumption that she is giving him commands . As punishment , Viserys is choked and nearly killed by Daenerys 's bloodrider Rakharo ( Elyes Gabel ) and is forced to walk back to camp after Daenerys intervenes to spare his life . Irri ( Amrita Acharia ) notices that Daenerys is pregnant and shares the news with Jorah and Rakharo . Rather than be pleased , Jorah mysteriously departs for the Free City of Qohor for supplies . In their tent , Daenerys reveals to Drogo ( Jason Momoa ) that their child is a boy . = = = In Winterfell = = = With Bran ( Isaac Hempstead @-@ Wright ) now awake , Old Nan ( Margaret John ) tells him a tale of a long @-@ ago endless winter , when the White Walkers first appeared riding their dead horses and raising Wights from the men they slaughtered . Her story is interrupted by Robb ( Richard Madden ) who sadly confirms to Bran that his injuries are permanent , and he 'll never walk again . Bran , saying he is unable to remember anything about his fall , wishes he were dead . = = = At the Wall = = = Jon has joined the other recruits under the firm hand of Ser Alliser Thorne ( Owen Teale ) and easily beats every opponent sent against him . Ser Alliser berates them all for their poor performance , but has no kind words for Jon , dubbing him " Lord Snow " to mock his bastard heritage and telling him that he 's " the least useless person here . " Disheartened , Jon asks Benjen ( Joseph Mawle ) to take him in a several @-@ month @-@ long ranging north of the Wall , but his uncle blocks this , telling Jon that " here , a man gets what he earns when he earns it . " Tyrion ( Peter Dinklage ) tells Jon that he isn 't " better " than any of his new " brothers , " but only more fortunate , as he was trained by a master @-@ at @-@ arms , while the others are all orphan boys or criminals who have likely never held a sword before today . To make amends , Jon decides to give his fellow recruits proper sword training . Later , Tyrion is beseeched by Lord Commander Jeor Mormont ( James Cosmo ) and the elderly , blind Maester Aemon ( Peter Vaughan ) to ask his sister and brother @-@ in @-@ law for more men for the Night 's Watch , as the wildlings are massing in numbers greater than the Watch is able to deal with , and rumours that the White Walkers have returned are becoming more widespread . Tyrion is skeptical , but agrees to do so . Before leaving the Wall , Tyrion fulfills his ambition to urinate off the top of the Wall and says goodbye to Jon , who finally accepts Tyrion as a friend . = = = In King 's Landing = = = Eddard 's party arrives at King 's Landing . Eddard ( Sean Bean ) is immediately summoned to a meeting of the king 's Small Council . On his way through the throne room , Eddard encounters Jaime Lannister ( Nikolaj Coster @-@ Waldau ) , and the audience is told that Jaime killed the Mad King Aerys Targaryen , the father of Daenerys and Viserys Targaryen . Jaime reminds Eddard that Aerys had murdered Eddard 's father and brother ; however , Eddard does not consider this grounds for Jaime to break his oath as a knight of the Kingsguard . Eddard joins the Small Council , consisting of the king 's brother , Lord Renly ( Gethin Anthony ) , the eunuch Lord Varys ( Conleth Hill ) , Grand Maester Pycelle ( Julian Glover ) and the Master of Coin Lord Petyr " Littlefinger " Baelish ( Aidan Gillen ) . Littlefinger had once dueled Eddard 's brother for Catelyn 's hand in marriage and implies that he is still in love with her . Renly announces that Robert plans to hold a great tourney in honor of Eddard 's appointment as the Hand of the King . Eddard learns that the crown is heavily indebted , primarily to the queen 's father , Lord Tywin Lannister . Catelyn arrives in King 's Landing , supposedly in secret . However , she is taken by a pair of city watchmen to a brothel owned by Littlefinger . He meets her to tell her that he had her brought there to keep her safe and hidden . Varys , also present , reveals that he learned of Catelyn 's arrival through his spies . The three of them and Ser Rodrik ( Ron Donachie ) discuss the attempted murder of Bran . Littlefinger shocks them all by admitting that the assassin 's dagger was once his own . He claims that he lost it to Tyrion Lannister , betting on Jaime Lannister to win a previous tourney . Littlefinger arranges a meeting between Eddard and Catelyn , and Lord Stark reluctantly takes on Littlefinger as an ally who will help them find Bran 's assailant . Eddard returns to his keep , only to find his daughters arguing . Arya ( Maisie Williams ) is furious at Sansa ( Sophie Turner ) for lying to protect Joffrey Baratheon . Ned reminds her that Joffrey is a prince and will be king one day with Sansa as his wife . Learning that his younger daughter aspires to be a swordsman and has a sword of her own , he hires the Braavosi " water dancer " ( fencer ) Syrio Forel ( Miltos Yerolemou ) to teach her the art of swordsmanship . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = " Lord Snow " was written by the show creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss , based on the original book by George R. R. Martin , chapters Eddard IV , Arya II , Bran IV , Catelyn IV , Jon III , Tyrion III , and Daenerys IV . = = = Casting = = = The third episode introduces a number of new characters to the story , due to the expansion of the story to the new locales of King 's Landing and the Wall . In the capital city the members of the council are presented . Series regular Aidan Gillen , known for his roles in Queer as Folk and The Wire takes the role of Lord Petyr Baelish , the king 's master of coin known as " Littlefinger . " Gethin Anthony plays the king 's youngest brother Renly Baratheon , and veteran actor Julian Glover , well known to science fiction and fantasy fans after appearing in films such as The Empire Strikes Back and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , was cast as Grand Maester Pycelle after actor Roy Dotrice had to be replaced for medical reasons . Author George R. R. Martin wrote on the casting of Conleth Hill as spymaster Varys : " Hill , like Varys , is quite a chameleon , an actor who truly disappears inside the characters he portrays , more than capable not only of bringing the slimy , simpering eunuch to life . " Ian McElhinney plays Ser Barristan Selmy , the commander of the Kingsguard , and Miltos Yorelemou appears as the fencing instructor Syrio Forel . McElhinney had previously played Gillen 's father in Queer as Folk . The hierarchy of the Wall is introduced with James Cosmo as commander Jeor Mormont , Peter Vaughan as the blind maester Aemon , Owen Teale as the trainer of the new recruits Ser Alliser Thorne , and Francis Magee as the recruiter Yoren . This episode also marks the first appearance of the Welsh actress Margaret John as Old Nan . 84 @-@ year @-@ old Margaret John died on 2 February 2011 , a few months after having finished recording her scenes in Game of Thrones , which was her last role on television . With a 50 @-@ year acting career , she is remembered for her role of Doris on the BBC television show Gavin and Stacy . Executive producers David Benioff and Dan Weiss issued a statement grieving her death . The episode " Lord Snow " is dedicated to her , with the last credit being " In the memory of Margaret John . " = = = Filming locations = = = To film the scenes at the Wall the production built a set on the abandoned quarry of Magheramorne , a few minutes north of Belfast . The composite set ( with both exteriors and interiors ) consisted of a large section of Castle Black including the courtyard , the ravenry , the mess hall and the barracks , and used the stone wall of the quarry as the basis for the ice wall that protects Westeros from the dangers that dwell beyond . They also made a real elevator to lift the rangers to the top of the Wall . For the streets of King 's Landing , the production flew to Malta . The gate of Fort Ricasoli doubled as the The King 's Gate , shown at the beginning of the episode when the royal entourage enters the city . The entrance of the Red Keep used when Catelyn and Rodrik enter the fortification corresponds to Mdina Gate , and also in Mdina the Pjazza Mesquita is the location for the entrance to the brothel owned by Lord Baelish . Ron Donachie , the actor playing Ser Rodrik Cassel , said that the scene where he entered King 's Landing was his favourite moment . Visiting a museum in the Maltese capital of Valletta , Donachie had seen a painting of armed knights riding through that Gate of Mdina itself and found exciting that to be able to do the same thing , " especially in Rodrik ’ s full @-@ scale Stark battle regalia " . = = = Other = = = On the scene where Old Nan offers to tell Bran stories , she claims that his favorites are the ones about Ser Duncan the Tall . The tales of Duncan and his squire Egg are a series of novellas written by author George R. R. Martin , taking place about a hundred years before the events of Game of Thrones . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Lord Snow " ' s first airing was seen by 2 @.@ 4 million viewers , which represented a 10 % increase in the ratings from the two previous episodes . Combined with the second airing it reached 3 @.@ 1 million viewers , which were considered good results especially considering that the news of Osama Bin Laden 's death broke during the West Coast airing of the episode . In the UK , the viewership figures were in line with those obtained on the previous week , with around 510 @,@ 000 viewers . Those figures are in the top end for the network , Sky Atlantic . = = = Critical response = = = While the majority of the critics gave " Lord Snow " a positive review , many suggested that it suffered from having to introduce many new characters and locations . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 10 reviews of the episode and judged 80 % of them to be positive . The website 's critical consensus reads , " ' Lord Snow ' is an intriguing and heavy transitional episode with standout performances from Bean and Gillen , though it would be better served with more focus on character change and development . " Myles McNutt wrote at Cultural Learnings that it was " perhaps the most narratively uninteresting episode of the first six , " although he highlighted that it was " hardly a bad episode of television , filled as it is with satisfying sequences that capture many themes key to the series , " and added that many issues introduced in this episode had a payoff in future installments . Entertainment Weekly 's James Hibberd also thought that it was his least favorite episode of the first six , due to too much character development . However , Alan Sepinwall from HitFix , liked the " more rambling quality of ' Lord Snow , ' " and while admitting it is heavy on exposition he felt it worked " because the stories are being told with such passion . " IGN 's Matt Fowler wrote that " Lord Snow " was " dense and filled with tons of exposition and backstory , which may or may not have interested those new to this story - but I found myself hanging on every precious word . " Alan Sepinwall wrote a positive review of the episode for HitFix , saying " Arya 's fencing lesson is a wonderful scene , carried by the joy of Maisie Williams ' performance and the playful , Inigo Montoya @-@ ish quality of her new teacher Syrio , but it 's also such a small , simple thing that you wouldn 't ordinarily expect it to be the note that an episode of dramatic television goes out on " and continued " I liked the looser , more rambling quality of " Lord Snow , " an episode largely about transitions , fish out of water , and old ghosts . Some of the scenes were highly praised by reviewers . The closing scene with Arya taking her first lesson from the Braavosi Syrio Forel was highlighted . Maureen Ryan from AOL TV stated that it was her favorite scene of the series so far , and James Hibberd remarked upon the quality of all the child actors of the show and stated that Maisie Williams owned her role in this episode . Other scenes that were noted by the critics were the father @-@ daughter dialogue with Eddard Stark and Arya , King Robert remembering with the members of his Kingsguard their first killings , and Eddard attending his first session of the Small Council . = Schneller Orphanage = Schneller Orphanage , also called the Syrian Orphanage , was a German Protestant orphanage that operated in Jerusalem from 1860 to 1940 . It was one of the first structures to be built outside the Old City of Jerusalem ( the others are Mishkenot Sha ’ ananim and the Russian Compound ) and paved the way for the expansion of Jerusalem in the 19th century . As a philanthropic institution offering academic and vocational training to hundreds of orphaned and abandoned Arab children , it also exerted a strong influence on the Arab population of Jerusalem and the Middle East through its graduates , who spread its philosophies of " orderliness , discipline , and German language " throughout the region . The orphanage provided both academic and vocational training to orphaned boys and girls from Palestine , Syria , Egypt , Ethiopia , Armenia , Turkey , Russia , Iran , and Germany , graduating students skilled in such trades as tailoring , shoemaking , engraving , carpentry , metalworking , pottery , painting , printing , farming , and gardening . In 1903 a school for the blind was opened on the premises , including dormitories , classrooms and vocational workshops . The orphanage also operated its own printing press and bindery ; flour mill and bakery ; laundry and clothing @-@ repair service ; carpentry ; pottery factory ; tree and plant nursery ; and brick and tile factory . Located on high ground and surrounded by a high stone wall , the orphanage 's distinctive onion @-@ dome tower , multistory buildings , and decorative facades exuded the power and influence of European Christians in Jerusalem in the mid @-@ 19th century . Continuous building and land acquisitions increased the size of the orphanage grounds to nearly 150 acres ( 600 dunam ) by World War I. At the beginning of World War II , the British mandatory government deported the German teachers and turned the compound into a closed military camp with the largest ammunition stockpile in the Middle East . On March 17 , 1948 , the British abandoned the camp and the Etzioni Brigade of the Haganah used it as a base of operations during the 1948 Israeli War of Independence . For the next 60 years the site served as an Israeli army base known as Camp Schneller . The army vacated the premises in 2008 . As of 2011 , the compound is being developed for luxury housing . In 2015 , remains of a Jewish settlement of the late Second Temple period were discovered at the site . In 2016 , archaeologists unearthed an ancient Roman bathhouse and a large wine production facility . = = History = = In the mid @-@ 19th century , English and German Protestant missions were operating in the Old City of Jerusalem . In 1854 Johann Ludwig Schneller ( 1820 – 1896 ) , a German Lutheran missionary , came to Jerusalem from Württemberg together with his wife Magdalene Böhringer and six other members of the Brudergemeinde of Saint Chrischona , Basel , Switzerland , in order to manage the German Protestant mission . On 11 October 1855 Schneller bought from the people of Lifta , a parcel of land outside Lifta , approximately 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) northwest of Jaffa Gate , with the intention of living among and missionizing to the local Arab population , and drew up plans for the construction of a home for his family . The house was constructed from 1855 – 56 . After Schneller and his family took occupancy , the house was attacked several times by Arab robbers from the village of Beit Sorek , forcing them to retreat to the safety of the Old City . At the end of the decade , after the Turks had erected outposts and dispatched armed guards on horseback to patrol Jaffa Road ( the route between Jerusalem and the port city of Jaffa , which lay near the Schneller compound ) , Schneller and his family were able to return to their home . In 1860 Lebanese Druze massacred thousands of Maronite Christians in Lebanon and Syria . Schneller traveled to Beirut with the intention of rescuing battle @-@ orphaned children . He was rebuffed by the local community , which did not trust foreign Protestant missionaries , but managed to bring back nine orphaned boys to Jerusalem in October 1860 . He decided to open an orphanage for them in his home , and by the end of 1861 had enrolled 41 boys in what became known as the Syrian Orphanage ( German : Syrisches Waisenhaus ) . Over the next four years Schneller expanded his property to 13 @.@ 6 acres ( 55 dunam ) and erected a 3 @.@ 5 metres ( 11 ft ) -high stone wall around it . Through 1867 Schneller expanded and added new infrastructure , creating a kitchen , dining room , storage cellar , bedrooms and living areas . In 1867 the orphanage began accepting girls . Funds for construction and expansion , together with clothing and blankets , were solicited from Protestant communities in Germany and Switzerland . Between 1861 and 1885 Schneller collected a total of 550 @,@ 000 francs in donations . Schneller was determined to give orphaned and abandoned Arab children a complete education , including teaching them a trade . To that end , he employed both academic and vocational teachers , primarily from Germany . The latter led professional workshops in tailoring , shoemaking , engraving , carpentry , metalworking , pottery , painting , printing , farming , and gardening . Children stayed at the orphanage for up to 10 years , graduating at the age of 18 . They came from all parts of Palestine as well as Syria , Egypt , Ethiopia , Armenia , Turkey , Russia , Iran , and Germany . They were also of differing religious denominations , including Protestant , Greek Orthodox , Catholic , Coptic , and Maronite . Notwithstanding the ethnic diversity of the student body , the language of instruction was German and Arabic . Most of the teachers employed during the orphanage ’ s first 50 years were German , with some Armenians and Arabs . In 1876 the orphanage had an enrollment of 70 students aged 4 to 17 . By 1898 enrollment stood at 200 students . By the time of Schneller ’ s death on 18 October 1896 , 1500 students had passed through the orphanage ’ s doors . The actual number of graduates totaled 425 in 1885 and 1169 at the 50th anniversary of the orphanage in 1910 . In 1901 a German noble bequeathed his entire fortune of 700 @,@ 000 marks toward the establishment of a school for the blind at the orphanage . It opened in 1903 with space for 40 to 50 children , plus workshops to teach the blind weaving and spinning . Besides classes and vocational workshops , the orphanage operated its own printing press and bindery where it produced its own textbooks , Braille books , and German @-@ language newspapers . It also operated a flour mill and bakery that produced 35 @,@ 000 loaves of bread a year , a laundry and clothing @-@ repair service , a carpentry , a pottery factory that produced all the clay utensils used in the orphanage , and a tree and plant nursery . At the beginning of the 20th century , a large brick and tile factory was erected on the premises , which produced one million bricks and 250 @,@ 000 tiles annually . In 1889 Schneller acquired 1 @,@ 235 acres ( 5 @,@ 000 dunam ) in Bir Salem ( today Kibbutz Netzer Sereni ) in order to develop an agricultural school and land for settlement for his students and graduates . In 1906 another 890 acres ( 3 @,@ 600 dunam ) was added to the original parcel . Although the agricultural school did not materialize , the grain , fruits and vegetables produced by the farm supplemented the orphanage diet during the food shortages of World War I. In 1889 Schneller gave over the operation of the orphanage to a consortium based in Stuttgart , while his eldest son , Theodor ( 1856 – 1935 ) , became manager of the institution . In 1927 Theodor ’ s youngest son , Ernst , took over the management of the institution until its confiscation by the British in 1940 . = = Architecture = = Like other European Christian institutions built in Jerusalem in the 1800s , the Schneller Orphanage was situated on high ground and was surrounded by a high stone wall , with an iron gate that was locked at night . The property exuded the power and influence of European Christians in Jerusalem with its multistory buildings , a clock tower , and decorative façade , including reliefs in stone and epigrams . Engraved on the façade of the main building is the verse " Jesus the Messiah has compassion upon us " in German and Arabic , as well as the name of the institution , Syrian Orphanage ( German : Syrisches Waisenhaus ) . There is also a stone relief of a lamb carrying a flag with a cross on it . Following the visit of Kaiser Wilhelm to Jerusalem in 1898 , the orphanage received three bells for its tower . The architectural style of the main building is a combination of Southern German and local Arabic . The tile roof and onion @-@ dome tower mounted on a square base reflects the former , while wide , rounded arches for doors and windows reflect the latter . A lightning rod extends from the onion dome . The H @-@ shaped main building has two interior courtyards which held a water cistern , garden and play area . The entire building covers an area of 50 @,@ 590 square feet ( 4 @,@ 700 square meters ) . At three stories , the main building housed the central dining room , a kitchen , a study hall , a library , a reading room , a small museum , and a Lutheran church in which students and staff worshipped . Johann Ludwig Schneller brought in skilled Arab laborers from Bethlehem and Beit Jala to construct a total of eight buildings , which were constructed in stages and completed in the early 20th century . The year of completion and the name of the German city in which the donors for that building lived were engraved on each building façade . One of the buildings , called “ the Red House ” or “ the model house , ” was built entirely from materials produced on the orphanage grounds , including bricks , floor tiles and wrought @-@ iron work . For most of its existence , the orphanage was in a continual state of expansion and modernization . Ruth Kark et al. notes : ... the locksmith @-@ shop was remodeled and changed location within the complex five times between the period of 1861 and 1930 ( 1861 , 1867 , 1900 , 1908 , 1930 ) . The bakery changed place and was modernized six times and – in a similar way – most of the functions and uses of the rooms changed during the seventy years of the institution ’ s existence . Johann Ludwig Schneller also purchased land in the vicinity of the orphanage and constructed houses for workers . Two of these Batei Schneller ( Schneller Houses ) still stand across the street from the main entrance , as well as three of the original five homes built several yards to the west ( near the present corner of Malkhei Yisrael and Sarei Yisrael Streets ) . A plaque on each home bears the name of the German city of its donors . The cities are : Halle , Stuttgart , Kletz , Munich , Hamburg , Petersberg , and Erpfingen , Schneller ’ s birthplace . = = 20th century = = By 1903 the educational facility had grown to eight buildings and included the orphanage , the school for the blind , and vocational workshops for youth . In 1910 , the jubilee year of the orphanage ’ s founding , a fire destroyed the third floor and wooden roof of the main building , and damaged the second floor where the church was housed . Ludwig Schneller , a son of the founder who was the administrator at the time , managed to collect over 200 @,@ 000 marks in donations from Germany and rebuilt the entire structure . The upper story of the building was rebuilt in stone . Building and expansion continued up to World War I , by which time the orphanage occupied 150 acres ( 600 dunam ) of land . The Schneller grounds reached all the way to present @-@ day Romema , where Schneller planted forests on land that eventually housed the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo . The orphanage ’ s holdings were gradually reduced to 17 @.@ 5 acres with the sale of land to the new neighborhoods of Mekor Baruch and Kerem Avraham . During World War I , the compound was used by the Turkish army and its allies as a barracks . From 1921 to 1927 , Theodor Schneller resumed management of the orphanage , overseeing the modernization of the property with electrical and sewage installations , as well as new machinery for the various workshops . His son Ernst directed the orphanage from 1927 until its confiscation by the British army in 1940 . The orphanage 's German funding sources were severely curtailed during the 1930s when the Nazi government of Germany banned citizens from sending funds abroad . = = Military base = = = = = British military camp = = = When World War II broke out , the British shut down the orphanage and deported its German teachers . The British turned the compound into a closed military camp known as the Schneller Barracks , installing about 50 watchtowers and huts . The camp housed the largest ammunition stockpile in the Middle East , as well as grain storehouses . The Royal Army Pay Corps 90th Battalion occupied the barracks in the late 1940s . The British camp was targeted for attack by the Irgun on two occasions . On 27 June 1939 , the paramilitary group placed a letter bomb in the mailbox attached to the outside wall ; the subsequent explosion collapsed part of the wall and injured five Arabs in the vicinity . On 12 March 1947 , the Irgun penetrated the camp itself in a pre @-@ dawn operation and detonated explosives in one of the buildings to protest the imposition of martial law on Jerusalem . One British soldier was killed and eight injured in the blasts ; martial law was lifted four days later . = = = Israeli military base = = = On 17 March 1948 , the British abandoned the camp and the Etzioni Brigade of the Haganah used it as a home base during the 1948 Israeli War of Independence . For the next 60 years , the compound served as a training base for the Israel Defense Forces and an army clinic ; at one point , it also served as headquarters for the Home Front Command . In 1951 the Israeli army summoned representatives of the World Lutheran Church to remove religious artifacts from the orphanage church ; church representatives removed bells , windows and a pipe organ , but left the heavy marble altar encased in a wooden chest . The church was then converted into a basketball arena for the soldiers . In October 2009 , on a tour of the facility after the army had vacated the grounds , the provost of the Evangelical German Lutheran Church of the Redeemer noticed the chest and asked for it to be opened , exposing the altar . The Lutherans negotiated for it to be moved to the Lutheran church at Augusta Victoria Hospital , where it was inaugurated in November 2010 . During the 60 years of occupancy by the Israeli army , the base was served by an army synagogue in one of the halls of the main building , including a Torah ark , bookcase , and a balcony door set with 12 stained @-@ glass windows depicting the Twelve Tribes of Israel . = = Current use = = In 2008 the army base relocated to the Ofrit base near Mount Scopus . The Jerusalem municipality put together a " preservation and construction plan " for the Schneller compound , calling for the eight historic buildings to be developed for public use by the Orthodox Jewish community nearby . In November 2010 , part of the Schneller grounds were designated as a public parking lot by the municipality to ease the parking problems in the neighboring Geula commercial district . One hundred parking spaces were made available for up to three hours . In 2011 the Israel Land Administration approved plans for the development of 218 luxury apartments on the property while preserving the eight historic orphanage buildings . As of 2012 , parts of the complex are being used for a Bais Yaakov girls ' school , a Gerrer Talmud Torah , a training area for urban combat police , and municipal waste storage . = = Successor schools = = The philosophy and mission of the Schneller Orphanage continued after World War II in two successor schools in the Middle East . The Johann Ludwig Schneller School in Khirbat Qanafar , Western Beqaa District , Lebanon , was started in Lebanon in 1948 by Elias al @-@ Haddad and 12 Schneller students , and was established in its present location in 1952 by Hermann Schneller , a grandson of Johann Ludwig Schneller . Like the Schneller Orphanage in Jerusalem , it provides academic and vocational training for impoverished local children . Today the school is owned and operated by the National Evangelical Church of Beirut . The Theodor Schneller School was founded in Marka , 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) northwest of Amman , Jordan , in 1959 by Hermann Schneller and graduates of the Schneller Orphanage in Jerusalem . Providing academic and vocational training for 265 orphaned and impoverished boys , it is funded by the Schneller Schools Society in Stuttgart and is under the auspices of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem . The Marka refugee camp , established nearby in 1968 , is often called the " Schneller camp " because of its proximity to this school . = James McCormack = James McCormack , Jr . ( 8 November 1910 – 3 January 1975 ) was a United States Army officer who served in World War II , and was later the first Director of Military Applications of the United States Atomic Energy Commission . A 1932 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point , McCormack also studied at Hertford College , Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar , and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , where he earned a Master of Science degree in civil engineering . In 1942 , he was assigned to the War Department General Staff . On 1 July 1944 , he became the Chief of the Movements Branch of Twelfth United States Army Group , remaining in this role until 28 May 1945 . He then returned to the War Department General Staff , where he served in the Operations and Plans Division . In 1947 McCormack was chosen as the Director of Military Applications of the United States Atomic Energy Commission with the rank of brigadier general . He took a pragmatic approach to handling the issue of the proper agency to hold custody of the nuclear weapons stockpile , and encouraged and supported Edward Teller 's development of thermonuclear weapons . He transferred to the United States Air Force on 25 July 1950 , and was appointed Director of Nuclear Applications at the Air Research and Development Center in Baltimore , Maryland , in 1952 . He was subsequently promoted to major general , and became Deputy Commander of the Air Research and Development Command . After retiring from the Air Force in 1955 , McCormack became the first head of the Institute for Defense Analysis , a non @-@ profit research organization created to provide advice and support to the Department of Defense 's scientific and technological research efforts formed by ten universities . In 1958 he became vice president for industrial and governmental relations at MIT , in which capacity he originated the proposal that the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics be used as the basis for a new space agency , which eventually became the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . He was Chairman of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority , and from 1965 to 1970 was chairman of the Communications Satellite Corporation . = = Early life and career = = James McCormack , Jr . , was born in Chatham , Louisiana , on 8 November 1910 . He attended the Riverside Military Academy in Gainesville , Georgia , before entering the United States Military Academy at West Point on 2 July 1928 . He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army Corps of Engineers on graduation on 14 August 1932 , ranking 19th in his class . He departed for England where he studied at Hertford College , Oxford , as a Rhodes Scholar . He was promoted to first lieutenant in August 1935 , and awarded his Bachelor of Arts degree from Oxford . On returning to the United States , he was posted to the 8th Engineers at Fort McIntosh , Texas , as a troop commander . In June 1936 he became a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , from which he graduated with a Master of Science degree in civil engineering in August 1937 . He then became a student officer at the Engineering School at Fort Belvoir , Virginia . In June 1938 , he reported to Vicksburg , Mississippi , as Assistant Project Engineer on the Sardis Reservoir Project . = = World War II = = McCormack reported to Fort Benning , Georgia , as a company commander in the 21st Engineers in October 1939 . He was promoted to captain on 9 September 1940 , and after serving as adjutant of the 20th Engineers at Fort Benning , he temporarily commanded one of the regiment 's battalions before assuming command of the 76th Engineer Company at Fort McClellan , Alabama , in mid @-@ 1941 . Later that year he attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College , after which he was promoted to major on 1 February 1942 , and posted to the War Department General Staff . He was Assistant Chief of the Types and Allowances Branch of G @-@ 4 from March 1942 to March 1943 , with a promotion to lieutenant colonel on 9 October 1942 , and then Chief of the Construction Branch of G @-@ 4 from March 1943 to September 1943 . In October 1943 , McCormack became Chief of the Transportation Branch of the First United States Army Group , and was promoted to colonel on 1 December 1943 . On 1 July 1944 , he became the Chief of the Movements Branch of Twelfth United States Army Group , remaining in this role until 28 May 1945 . For his services in the European Theater of Operations , he was awarded the Legion of Merit on 30 December 1944 , and the Bronze Star Medal in May 1945 . The British government made him an honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 24 March 1945 , while the French government awarded him the Croix de guerre with the silver star on 29 January 1945 , and made him a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor on 3 October 1945 . On 4 June 1945 , McCormack returned to duty with the War Department General Staff as a member of the Policy Section of the Strategy and Policy Group , becoming the assistant section chief on 16 September 1945 . He was then a staff officer with the Strategy and Policy Group from 16 February until 16 August 1946 , when he became chief of the Politico @-@ Military Survey Section of the Operations and Plans Division . For his service with the War Department General Staff , he was awarded an oak leaf cluster to his Legion of Merit on 8 April 1947 . = = Cold War = = At this point , McCormack had become apprehensive about his career , but in early 1947 a new and exciting opportunity opened up . The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 had created the United States Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) to oversee research and development of nuclear power and nuclear weapons . The Act had created a statutory position inside the AEC called the Director of Military Applications , which the AEC commissioners envisaged as a staff post responsible for military planning and policy formulation . By law , the Director of Military Applications had to be a serving armed forces officer . The frontrunner for the post was the wartime commander of the Manhattan District , Brigadier General Kenneth Nichols . Indeed , Nichols was the War Department 's only nominee . However , the AEC commissioners had different ideas . Nichols was seen as too closely identified with the wartime Manhattan Project ; he had opinions at variance with the commissioners on whether the Director of Military Applications was a staff or a line position ; and he had a strong disagreement with the commissioners over the vexing issue of which agency should hold custody of the nuclear weapons stockpile . Accordingly , the AEC commissioners decided to find another candidate . The AEC commissioners asked for Major General Lauris Norstad , the head of the Operations and Plans Division , but neither the Chief of Staff of the Army , General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower , nor the Secretary of War , Robert P. Patterson , was willing to release him . The commissioners then selected McCormack . The job came with a promotion to brigadier general . The commissioners got the kind of officer that they wanted . McCormack was willing to accept the post as a staff job , and took a pragmatic approach to the custody issue . Like most military officers , he was convinced that the men who had to use the nuclear weapons in battle needed to have experience in their proper maintenance , storage and handling . However , he was also aware of the sensitivity of the issue of custody , which Congress had assigned to the AEC . Rather than continue to press for changes in the law , he accepted the situation as it was , and strove to make the best of it , working within the existing framework . McCormack became involved in discussions with Edward Teller over the possibility of developing thermonuclear weapons , then known as the " Super " . McCormack became an early advocate of the Super , which promised yields in the megaton range , and directed Norris Bradbury at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to proceed with its development even at the detriment of other weapons . The debate over the merits of the Super pitted the United States Air Force against the other services , which wanted more small , tactical weapons . Concurrently , there was a technical debate between Teller and other scientists like Robert Oppenheimer over the feasibility of the Super , because there was no guarantee that it would work , and even after Operation Greenhouse , the processes involved in thermonuclear reactions were not fully understood . It ultimately became apparent that the Super design would not work , but the development of the Teller @-@ Ulam design provided a new path to high yield thermonuclear weapons . For his services as Director of Military Applications , McCormack was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal . = = Later life = = McCormack transferred to the United States Air Force on 25 July 1950 . After leaving the AEC in August 1951 , he became Special Assistant to the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Air Force for Development . In January 1952 he was appointed Director of Nuclear Applications at the Air Research and Development Center in Baltimore , Maryland . He was subsequently promoted to major general , and became Deputy Commander of the Air Research and Development Command . He was called to testify at the Oppenheimer security hearing . Like other witnesses , McCormack testified that Oppenheimer was loyal , and that while the two men had disagreed over the merits of the Super , that he saw nothing dishonest or disloyal in Oppenheimer 's opposition to it . McCormack retired from the Air Force in 1955 , and became the first head of the Institute for Defense Analysis , a non @-@ profit research organization to provide advice and support to the Department of Defense 's scientific and technological research efforts formed by ten universities . In 1958 he became vice president for industrial and governmental relations at MIT . He originated the proposal that the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics be used as the basis for a new space agency , which eventually became the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . In 1964 , the Governor of Massachusetts , Endicott Peabody , appointed McCormack as Chairman of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority . In October 1965 , he was appointed chairman of the Communications Satellite Corporation ( COMSAT ) , with a $ 125 @,@ 000 salary . To allow himself to concentrate on his new position , he resigned all his company directorships , along with his post at MIT . He attended his first board meeting in Washington , DC , in his dinner jacket , having flown from Los Angeles after a speaking engagement . As head of a quasi @-@ government organization , McCormack strove to employ the company 's resources to carry out the policies of Congress and the President , and was able to persuade Congress to declassify plans for a domestic satellite network so he could consult with the television networks . He retired as chairman due to ill health in 1970 , although he remained a director . McCormack died at his winter home in Hilton Head Island , South Carolina , on 3 January 1975 , and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery . He was survived by his wife , Eleanor née Morrow ; his son , Major James R. McCormack , who was stationed at Fort Rucker , Alabama ; and his daughter , Anne M. Stanton , who was living at Fort Campbell , Kentucky . = Inglourious Basterds = Inglourious Basterds is a 2009 German @-@ American war film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino and starring Brad Pitt , Christoph Waltz and Mélanie Laurent . The film tells the fictional alternate history story of two plots to assassinate Nazi Germany 's political leadership , one planned by Shosanna Dreyfus ( Laurent ) , a young French Jewish cinema proprietor , and the other by a team of Jewish @-@ American soldiers led by First Lieutenant Aldo Raine ( Pitt ) . Christoph Waltz co @-@ stars as Hans Landa , an SS colonel tracking down Raine 's group who has a connection to Shosanna 's past . The film 's title was inspired by Italian director Enzo G. Castellari 's macaroni combat film , The Inglorious Bastards ( 1978 ) . Tarantino wrote the script in 1998 but struggled with the ending and chose to hold off filming and instead direct the two @-@ part film Kill Bill . After directing Death Proof in 2007 ( as part of the double feature Grindhouse ) , Tarantino returned to work on Inglourious Basterds . A co @-@ production of the United States and Germany , the film began principal photography in October 2008 and was filmed in Germany and France with a $ 70 million production budget . Inglourious Basterds premiered on May 20 , 2009 , at the 62nd Cannes Film Festival . It was widely released in theaters in the United States and Europe in August 2009 by The Weinstein Company and Universal Pictures . The film was commercially successful , grossing over $ 321 million in theaters worldwide , making it Tarantino 's highest @-@ grossing film at that point , and second @-@ highest to date , after Django Unchained ( 2012 ) . It received multiple awards and nominations , among them eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director and Best Original Screenplay . For his role as Landa , Waltz won the Cannes Film Festival 's Best Actor Award , as well as the BAFTA , Screen Actors Guild , Golden Globe , and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . = = Plot = = = = = Chapter One : Once Upon a Time ... In Nazi @-@ Occupied France = = = In 1941 , SS colonel Hans Landa , the " Jew Hunter , " interrogates French dairy farmer Perrier La Padite as to the whereabouts of the last unaccounted @-@ for Jewish family in the area . In exchange for the Germans agreeing to leave his family alone for the rest of the war , La Padite reveals that the Dreyfus family is hidden under the floor . Landa orders SS soldiers to shoot through the floorboards . The whole family is killed except for Shosanna , a young woman who escapes when Landa decides not to shoot her as she flees . = = = Chapter Two : Inglourious Basterds = = = Three years later , Lieutenant Aldo " The Apache " Raine of the First Special Service Force recruits Jewish @-@ American soldiers to the Basterds , who spread fear among the German soldiers by brutally killing and scalping them . The Basterds also recruit Sergeant Hugo Stiglitz , a German soldier who murdered thirteen Gestapo officers . Adolf Hitler interviews a German soldier , Private Butz , the only survivor of a Basterd attack on his squad . Raine carved the Nazi swastika into Butz 's forehead with a knife so he could never hide that he served in the German Heer . = = = Chapter Three : German Night in Paris = = = Meanwhile , Shosanna is operating a cinema in Paris under an assumed name . She meets Fredrick Zoller , a German sniper who killed 250 soldiers in a single battle ; Zoller is to star in a Nazi propaganda film , Stolz der Nation ( Nation 's Pride ) . Infatuated with Shosanna , Zoller convinces Joseph Goebbels to hold the premiere of the film at her cinema . Shosanna plots with her projectionist and lover , Marcel , to kill the Nazi leaders attending the premiere by setting the cinema ablaze . = = = Chapter Four : Operation Kino = = = Unknown to Shosanna , British Army Lieutenant Archie Hicox is working with the Basterds to plan an attack on the same premiere . Hicox goes to a tavern with Hugo Stiglitz and Basterd Wilhelm Wicki to meet with an undercover agent , the German film star Bridget von Hammersmark . A German soldier named Wilhelm engages them in friendly conversation , but Gestapo Major Dieter Hellstrom overhears them and becomes suspicious of Hicox 's German accent . Hicox convinces him that he is from the Swiss mountains , but then gives himself away by ordering three drinks and gestures three with his fingers , but the German three is the thumb with your first two fingers . After they are discovered , the Basterds open fire and everyone is killed except Wilhelm and Hammersmark , who is wounded . Raine arrives and negotiates with Wilhelm for Hammersmark to be released , but the actress kills Wilhelm when he lowers his guard . Raine learns from Hammersmark that Hitler himself will be attending the film premiere and decides to continue the mission . Later , Landa investigates the aftermath at the tavern and finds one of Hammersmark 's shoes and a napkin with her signature , clues that will lead him to her . = = = Chapter Five : Revenge of the Giant Face = = = At the premiere , two of the Basterds , Donny " The Bear Jew " Donowitz and Omar Ulmer , join him in posing as Italians , hoping to fool the Germans unfamiliar with the language . However , Landa , who speaks fluent Italian , converses briefly with the Basterds before sending Donowitz and Ulmer to their seats . He takes Hammersmark to a private room , verifies that the shoe from the tavern fits her foot , then strangles her to death . Raine and another of his men , Smithson " The Little Man " Utivich , are taken prisoner , but Landa has Raine contact his superior with the OSS and cuts a deal : He will allow the mission to proceed in exchange for immunity and rewards . During the screening , Zoller slips away to the projection room to see Shosanna . After she rejects his advances , he becomes aggressive . She pretends to acquiesce , then pulls a pistol from her bag and shoots him . Zoller , mortally wounded , raises his pistol and shoots her before they both die . As the film reaches its climax , spliced @-@ in footage of Shosanna tells the audience that they are about to be killed by a Jew . Marcel , having locked the doors of the cinema , ignites a pile of flammable nitrate film behind the screen as Shosanna 's image laughs . Ulmer and Donowitz break into the box containing Hitler and Goebbels , killing them , then fire their submachine guns into the crowd until the bombs go off , killing everyone in the theater . Landa and his radio operator drive Raine and Utivich into Allied territory , where they surrender . Raine shoots the radio operator , carves a swastika into Landa 's forehead , and tells Utivich with a grin ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
015 @-@ 16 season " Lobito " played in 28 games of the regular season , he averaged 23 minutes , 10 @.@ 6 points and 4 @.@ 3 assists per game . In the Second Division playoffs he started 16 games , averaged 8 @.@ 1 points and 4 @.@ 3 assist per game helping Basket Brescia Leonessa win the finals against Fortitudo Bologna in 5 games and returning to Italian League after 28 years . = = Argentine national team = = Fernández was a participant in the 2008 Under @-@ 18 World Championship representing the junior national team of Argentina . In six U18 matches , he averaged 8 @.@ 4 points , 3 @.@ 0 assists , 1 @.@ 4 steals and 17 minutes per game . In a victory over the United States squad in the World Championship game , he scored 16 points . In the 2009 U19 World Championship , he averaged 8 @.@ 4 points , 3 @.@ 6 rebounds , and 3 @.@ 6 assists per game . Fernández has also been a member of the senior Argentine national basketball team . = = Statistics = = = = = NCAA = = = = = Awards and accomplishments = = = = = College = = = 2009 – 10 All @-@ Atlantic 10 Honorable Mention 2010 Atlantic 10 Tournament MVP 2010 – 11 All @-@ Atlantic 10 Third Team 2010 – 11 All @-@ Atlantic 10 Academic Team = Kingdom ( 2007 TV series ) = Kingdom is a British television series produced by Parallel Film and Television Productions for the ITV network . It was created by Simon Wheeler and stars Stephen Fry as Peter Kingdom , a Norfolk solicitor who is coping with family , colleagues , and the strange locals who come to him for legal assistance . The series also starred Hermione Norris , Celia Imrie , Karl Davies , Phyllida Law and Tony Slattery . The first series of six one @-@ hour episodes was aired in 2007 and averaged six million viewers per week . Despite a mid @-@ series ratings dip , the executive chairman of ITV praised the programme and ordered a second series , which was filmed in 2007 and broadcast in January and February 2008 . Filming on the third series ran from July to September 2008 for broadcast from 7 June 2009 . Stephen Fry announced in October 2009 that ITV was cancelling the series , a fact later confirmed by the channel , which said that given tighter budgets , more expensive productions were being cut . = = Series synopses = = The series follows Peter Kingdom , a small @-@ town solicitor whose work revolves around cases brought by the eclectic and eccentric populace of Market Shipborough . The series retains a largely episodic format , where self @-@ contained plots play out before the hour concludes , though a continuing storyline concerns the mysterious disappearance of Simon Kingdom , Peter 's half @-@ brother . The first episode reveals that he vanished at sea six months previously and that everybody who knew him ( including Peter ) assumed that he committed suicide . Each week there are further indications that he did not die , culminating in episode six when it is revealed that he had a relationship with a woman , and that she had become pregnant with his child after he had supposedly died . In the first series we are also introduced to Peter 's half @-@ sister , Beatrice , who slowly becomes an integral character in the series . Simon returns in the second series and is charged with faking his own death . He is released from custody after Lyle uses Simon 's own money to bail him , and when Simon reveals he was actually attempting suicide . Beatrice learns that she is pregnant , so she leaves Market Shipborough until the baby is born in the last episode of the series . Lyle threatens to leave Kingdom & Kingdom when his mentor Peter begins to neglect him , but he changes his mind when Peter makes him a partner . In the final episode , a torrential storm hits Market Shipborough , flooding much of the town . While searching for his brother , who drove off the previous night , Peter encounters something unseen by the audience , which is revealed to be Simon 's dead body in Series 3 . Series 3 largely steps away from Simon as we are now aware that he has died . Instead , this series focuses more on Peter 's life , Beatrice and her new baby ( Petra ) , Lyle , and Gloria , the receptionist . Toward the end of the series Peter begins to suffer from small blackouts . He has some minor tests done to find out the cause of the problem . It is revealed in the last episode that Peter has Type 2 diabetes . When Peter asks the doctor whether he should tell Beatrice and Petra to get checked out , the doctor revealed that diabetes isn 't the only thing they discovered . In the final scenes Peter reveals that he has found out that he has no blood relation to Beatrice or Simon , and that therefore " their " father was not in fact his father . = = Characters = = The characters are described by Wheeler as " three families " ; Peter 's relations , his colleagues , and the populace of Market Shipborough . Peter Kingdom ( played by Stephen Fry ) is Cambridge @-@ graduated lawyer and one half of Kingdom & Kingdom , a practice he ran with his father . Peter is respected and regarded as compassionate by the local community . Fry describes him as " kind and empathetic " , " on the side of the ordinary people " and as being " lonely and isolated " and not revealing his true emotions . Phyllida Law describes Peter as " into the community like one of those old French village priests " . Beatrice Kingdom ( played by Hermione Norris ) is Peter 's half @-@ sister , who arrives in the first episode after leaving rehabilitation . She is described by Wheeler as intended to be the " ultimate annoying little sister " . By series two , she is successfully controlling her mental illness with medication and has become more responsible and reliable . Norris 's second pregnancy ( with her daughter , Hero ) was worked into the series storyline ; Beatrice is portrayed as promiscuous in the first series and takes several pregnancy tests in the second series , which all come up positive . Beatrice goes into labour in episode five of the second series and asks Simon to be present at the birth . The identity of Petra 's father is initially not known , and Simon tells Peter he " will totally flip " when he finds out . It is later revealed her father is a local philandering judge . Petra is played by twin girls in the third series . Their mother answered a casting call for young twins in a local newspaper . Lyle Anderson ( played by Karl Davies ) is a trainee solicitor at Kingdom & Kingdom during the first series . At the end of the second series , he qualifies , and is offered and accepts a partnership in the practice . Lyle is a somewhat comic character often having bad luck , whether he misses out on a potential relationship or gets hit by a golf ball . The writers created a running joke for the character , where he gets wet in almost every episode , from falling in swimming pools to landing in dykes . Gloria Millington ( played by Celia Imrie ) is a legal secretary who is recovering from the death of her husband a year before the first series . She has a young son ( played by Angus Imrie , the actress 's son ) and is " the sister he ( Peter ) deserved " but never had . Gloria is antagonised by Beatrice during the first series , but the two become friends after a day out together . Sidney Snell ( played by Tony Slattery ) is a smelly local and a frequent client of Peter who often finds ways to sue the local council . Slattery described Snell as an " everyman anti @-@ hero " , with Wheeler calling him an " unlikely guardian of Market Shipborough " on account of his numerous attempts to stop building work . Snell develops a close friendship with the recently widowed Gloria in the first series . To emphasise his unwashed state , the wardrobe department rotated Snell 's costume only once in the first series . Aunt Auriel ( played by Phyllida Law ) is Peter 's aunt and confidante . She lives in a retirement home on a large country estate . Nigel Pearson ( played by John Thomson ) is introduced in the second series as the captain of Market Shipborough 's cricket team . Peter investigates Nigel after discovering he has not honoured sponsorship contracts made with several local businesses . Nigel confides in Peter that his marriage is breaking down - his wife ( played by Rachel Fielding ) is having an affair with Simon , and he returns the money owed . Nigel returns as a regular cast member in the third series , now working as a relationship counsellor . Simon Kingdom ( played by Dominic Mafham ) was an unseen character ( with the exception of some photographs ) in the first series , with the final episode revealing that he had fled to Dublin , apparently to escape large debts . In the second series , he returns to Market Shipborough and is charged with faking his own death . Simon has a reputation as a ne 'er @-@ do @-@ well , and usually behaves in a self @-@ centered manner . At the end of the second series , he disappears after fleeing from a Mafia @-@ type gang during a storm . It is revealed at the start of series three that he now really is dead , with the opening scene showing Peter , Beatrice and Auriel standing at his grave . Thomas Fisher plays Ted , a local yokel who is the landlord of the local pub and a friend of Sidney Snell . Gerard Horan plays DC Yelland , who is in charge of prosecuting the Simon Kingdom case but also sometimes appears on other matters . Both Ted and Yelland 's roles are expanded in the second series . In the first series , Maryann Turner plays a recurring minor character referred to only as " Mrs Thing " , whom Peter is constantly trying to avoid . Simon 's pregnant partner , Honor O 'Sullivan ( played by Kelly Campbell ) , is introduced in the final episode of the first series . By the second series she has given birth to baby Daniel and is living with Beatrice and Peter , where she develops an attraction to Lyle . She leaves after Simon returns . Guest appearances in the first series are made by Richard Wilson ( as Peter 's old university tutor in episode four ) , Robert Bathurst ( as a cross @-@ dressing husband in episode five ) , Lynsey De Paul as Sheila Larsen , who drowns in her own swimming pool , Joss Ackland ( as an Auschwitz survivor in episode six ) , and Rory Bremner ( as a vicar , also in episode six ) . Bremner , known more for satire than acting , has joked that he played the vicar " as " Michael Howard and Rowan Williams and that his character 's name was " Jane " , due to an error in the script . Wilson returned for the second series , which also includes roles by Lucy Benjamin and Richard Briers , and Diana Quick . Local residents appear as background extras and in crowd scenes . Guest stars confirmed for the third series include Pippa Haywood , James and Oliver Phelps , June Whitfield , Peter Sallis , Colin Baker , Sandi Toksvig , Jack Dee , Miriam Margolyes , Adrian Scarborough , Sophie Winkleman , Anna Massey and Jaye Griffiths . = = Production = = Wheeler spent two years developing the idea for the series before filming began in 2006 and proposed the Peter character as " helping people more than doing the law " . The series was originally to be based around a probate solicitor , with the title Where There 's a Will . Stephen Fry disapproved of the title and raised the point that it would be difficult to produce six scripts featuring his character dealing with probate issues . A series of six episodes was announced in June 2006 . The series is primarily a vehicle for Fry , and was his first television drama series for ITV since the conclusion of Jeeves and Wooster in 1993 . Most of the main cast had worked with Fry before : Slattery had been in Footlights with Fry , and he and Law appeared with him in Peter 's Friends ; Imrie appeared in Gormenghast though the two did not share any scenes . Already being acquainted allowed the cast to appear more relaxed in front of the camera . Norris had not made any appearances with the rest of the cast beyond a credit with Imrie in Hospital ! , a one @-@ off Channel 5 comedy . However she is married to Wheeler , and he had previously written for Wire in the Blood , in which she formerly starred . She took the role as a change of pace from the " ice maiden " characters she often portrays . Location filming is primarily based in Swaffham . Filming of the first series began on 10 July 2006 and was scheduled for 12 weeks . Shooting also took place in nearby Hunstanton , Holkham , Thetford and Dereham . Beach and harbour scenes were shot at Wells , as well as the Lifeboat station being used for that of Market Shipborough . Fry recommended Swaffham to the producers , citing market towns as " more revealing of what Britain is like than a city is . " Locations used within Swaffham include Oakleigh House ( as the offices of Kingdom and Kingdom ) and the Greyhound pub ( renamed " The Startled Duck " ) , among others . The producers noted that Oakleigh House was ideal for the offices as there was an " authenticity " of opening the door straight onto the market square , instead of a transition from studio to location footage . First @-@ series scenes featuring Fry driving an Alvis TE 21 were placed in jeopardy when the actor was caught speeding in May 2006 . His counsel successfully postponed the hearing until December , allowing filming to resume unaffected ( Fry was eventually banned from driving for six months ) . The first two episodes were directed by Robin Sheppard , the third and fourth by Metin Hüseyin and the final two by Sandy Johnson . A making @-@ of special was filmed for the ITV3 Behind the Scenes strand and was broadcast on 27 May 2007 , immediately following the end of episode six on ITV . Filming of the second series was scheduled in two blocks : the first — directed by Andrew Grieve — ran from 2 July to 11 August and the second — directed by Edward Hall — from 20 August to 29 September . Shooting was again based in Swaffham . Norris took a break from filming in August to give birth to her daughter , returning to the set to complete her scenes in September . Series 3 commenced filming in July 2008 . Scenes were filmed on Holkham beach featuring the Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry , who have been based in nearby Watton . During September , scenes set in Stockport , Greater Manchester were filmed in Kings Lynn and Halifax . Shooting concluded at the end of the month . Edward Hall returned to direct three episodes . = = Reception = = In a preview , Radio Times described it as " Sunday night television at its cosiest " , though called the plot of episode one " feeble " . Comments by The Stage echoed this , calling the storyline a " run of the mill affair " , but praised the locations and referred to the series as a whole as " nice " . Following the broadcast of the first episode The Guardian wrote that the series " slips down as smoothly as a pint of Adnams " and ( with tongue in cheek ) welcomed it as a change from " loutish " Michael Kitchen in " relentlessly vulgar " fellow Sunday @-@ night drama Foyle 's War . The Times had a negative view , awarding the episode one star out of five and criticising Stephen Fry for " playing Stephen Fry " . The casting of the other characters was also criticised , though the costuming was wryly praised . The programme received some criticism in Norfolk for its inaccurate depiction of local accents . Local journalist and broadcaster Keith Skipper told the Eastern Daily Press : " If they are going to set these dramas in a specific location with locals and extras surely they should get the accent right otherwise it is self defeating . " An ITV spokesman told the paper : " We hired a professional dialect coach to help the actors achieve their Norfolk accent . The Norfolk accent is different in one area of Norfolk to another . What we are trying to achieve is something that resembles a Norfolk accent that cannot be pinned down . " However , he failed to identify any area of Norfolk in which the accent contains a Mummerset " r " . ITV executive chairman Michael Grade was pleased with the series , describing it at a conference in June 2007 as having " done well for [ ITV ] " in the prestigious 9 p.m. slot . Following Simon 's reappearance in the second series , a writer on The Herald expressed disappointment that the air of mystery had gone from the programme ; " As the sage and saintly Peter , Stephen Fry no longer has any great detective @-@ style fraternal conundrum to unravel , or agonise over . " The fifth episode of Series 2 won the 9 p.m. slot with 5 @.@ 4 million viewers and a 22 % audience share , beating the BAFTA coverage on BBC One . The series has been compared to Doc Martin , another ITV series featuring a professional working in a rural town . The ratings for the first episode of Series 3 were affected by a scheduling clash with the finale of The Apprentice on BBC One ; the episode had 4 @.@ 95 million viewers and a 19 @.@ 1 % audience share . = = = " The Kingdom effect " = = = Filming of the series in Swaffham and surrounding areas has given a boost to the local economy , dubbed " the Kingdom effect " by producer Georgina Lowe . Businesses have capitalised on the popularity of the series by offering guided tours of featured locations , as well as tourist merchandise such as " Kingdom rock " and postcards . Lowe gave a lecture to Swaffham 's Iceni Partnership in 2007 , in which she explained that the production team used local businesses " for everything from equipment and scaffold rental to buying props , costumes , food and drink " . By the end of the filming of the second series , Parallel Productions had invested approximately £ 2 @.@ 5 million into the local economy . = = Ratings = = = = Series information = = = = = Broadcast history = = = The first series aired on the ITV network in the UK at 9 p.m. on Sunday nights from 22 April to 27 May 2007 . The second series was commissioned before the first episode was broadcast . It was filmed from July to September 2007 and broadcast from January to February 2008 . The third series was commissioned in March 2008 and began broadcast on 7 June 2009 . STV decided not to broadcast series 3 . International distribution rights were bought by Portman Film and Television , which sold the series to 14 international networks by February 2007 . Seven regional European Hallmark Channels broadcast it , with other showings on NRK in Norway , RÚV in Iceland , YLE in Finland , Rai Tre in Italy and één in Flanders . The Australian rights were picked up by the Seven Network , although the ABC aired seasons 1 and 2 in 2011 and season 3 late in 2012 , with TVNZ buying it for New Zealand . The programme aired in the United States on some PBS affiliates in early 2008 . A wider syndication deal was struck with American Public Television later that year for the first two series to be available to all affiliates , and other public stations ; the third season begins distribution on 1 December 2009 . In Canada , the first and second series are being broadcast this year , ( April – June , 2010 ) , on the Vision TV network . The third series premièred on the Flemish channel één on 10 April 2009 . = = = DVD releases = = = The first series was released by 2 Entertain Video on 28 May 2007 and includes the ITV3 Behind the Scenes special . 2 Entertain holds the worldwide rights to the DVD release in 2007 . The complete second series was released on six DVDs in The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Telegraph between 1 and 7 March 2008 and was also generally released from the 15th of June 2009 . = = = Digital release = = = In August 2009 , the six episodes of the first season were released in the United States on Hulu , as part of Hulu 's partnership with ITV . All series of Kingdom are also available in the UK on the internet TV service SeeSaw which launched on 17 February 2010 As of 2011 , it is available on Netflix streaming video . From June 2012 , it is also available on lovefilm . = = = Music = = = A soundtrack album featuring the original music from the series , composed and conducted by Mark Russell was released on the 15th of June 2009 and is only available through the iTunes Store at the moment . The album mainly contains music from the third series although some of it has been used earlier in the series . = Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages = Artillery in the Middle Ages primarily consisted of the introduction of the cannon , large tubular firearms designed to fire a heavy projectile over a long distance . Guns , bombs , rockets and cannons were first invented in China during the Han Chinese Song Dynasty and then later spread to Europe and the Middle East during the period . Although gunpowder was known in Europe during the High Middle Ages due to the usage of guns and explosives by the Mongols and the Chinese firearms experts employed by the Mongols as mercenaries during the Mongol conquests of Europe , it was not until the Late Middle Ages that European versions of cannons were widely developed . The first cannons introduced into Europe were probably used in Iberia , during the Christian wars against Muslims in the 13th century ; their use was also first documented in the Middle East around this time . English cannons first appeared in 1327 , and later saw more general use during the Hundred Years ' War , when primitive cannons were engaged at the Battle of Crécy in 1346 . By the end of the 14th century , the use of cannons was also recorded in Russia , Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire . The earliest medieval cannon , the pot @-@ de @-@ fer , had bulbous , vase @-@ like shape , and was used more for psychological effect than for causing physical damage . The later culverin was transitional between the handgun and the full cannon , and was used as an anti @-@ personnel weapon . During the 15th century , cannon advanced significantly , so that bombards were effective siege engines . Towards the end of the period , the cannon gradually replaced siege engines — among other forms of aging weaponry — on the battlefield . The Middle English word Canon was derived from the Old Italian word cannone , meaning large tube , which came from Latin canna , meaning cane or reed . The Latinised word canon has been used for a gun since 1326 in Italy , and since 1418 in English . The word Bombardum , or " bombard " , was earliest term used for " cannon " , but from 1430 it came to refer only to the largest weapons . = = Early use in China and East Asia = = The first documented battlefield use of gunpowder artillery took place on 28 January 1132 , when Song General Han Shizhong used huochong to capture a city in Fujian . The world 's earliest known hand cannon is the Heilongjiang hand cannon dated 1288 , which was found in Mongol @-@ held Manchuria . The first known illustration of a cannon is dated to 1326 . In his 1341 poem , The Iron Cannon Affair , one of the first accounts of the use of gunpowder artillery in China , Xian Zhang wrote that a cannonball fired from an eruptor could " pierce the heart or belly when it strikes a man or horse , and can even transfix several persons at once . " = = Use in the Islamic world = = The Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder some time after 1240 , but before 1280 , by which time had written , in Arabic , recipes for gunpowder , instructions for the purification of saltpeter , and descriptions of gunpowder incendiaries . Ahmad Y. al @-@ Hassan claims that the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 saw the Mamluks use against the Mongols in " the first cannon in history " gunpowder formulae which were almost identical with the ideal composition for explosive gunpowder , which he claims were not known in China or Europe until much later . However , Iqtidar Alam Khan states that it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world and cites Mamluk antagonism towards early riflemen in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always met with open acceptance in the Middle East . Al @-@ Hassan interprets Ibn Khaldun as reporting the use of cannon as siege machines by the Marinid sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf at the siege of Sijilmasa in 1274 . Super @-@ sized bombards were used by the troops of Mehmed II to capture Constantinople , in 1453 . Urban , a Hungarian cannon engineer , is credited with the introduction of this cannon from Central Europe to the Ottoman realm . It could fire heavy stone balls a mile , and the sound of their blast could reportedly be heard from a distance of 10 miles ( 16 km ) . A piece of slightly later date ( see pic ) was cast in bronze and made in two parts : the chase and the breech , which , together , weighed 18 @.@ 4 tonnes . The two parts were screwed together using levers to facilitate the work . = = Use in Europe = = In Europe , one of the earliest mentions of gunpowder appeared in Roger Bacon 's " Opus Maior " . It describes a recipe for gunpowder and recognized its military use : We can , with saltpeter and other substances , compose artificially a fire that can be launched over long distances ... By only using a very small quantity of this material much light can be created accompanied by a horrible fracas . It is possible with it to destroy a town or an army ... In order to produce this artificial lightning and thunder it is necessary to take saltpeter , sulfur , and Luru Vopo Vir Can Utriet . In 1250 , the Norwegian Konungs skuggsjá mentioned , in its military chapter , the use of " coal and sulphur " as the best weapon for ship @-@ to @-@ ship combat . = = = Muslim and Christian Iberia = = = The Almohad dynasty of Al @-@ Andalus used Moorish cannon defensively at the sieges of Seville , in 1248 , and Niebla , in 1262 . In reference to the siege to Alicante in 1331 , the Spanish historian Zurita recorded a " new machine that caused great terror . It threw iron balls with fire . " The Spanish historian Juan de Mariana recalled further use of cannon during the Siege of Algeciras ( 1342 @-@ 1344 ) : The besieged did great harm among the Christians with iron bullets they shot . This is the first time we find any mention of gunpowder and ball in our histories . Juan de Mariana also relates that the English Earl of Derby and Earl of Salisbury had both participated in the siege of Algeciras , and they could have conceivably transferred the knowledge about the effectiveness of cannon to England . The Iberian kings at the initial stages enlisted the help of Moorish experts : The first artillery @-@ masters on the Peninsula probably were Moors in Christian service . The king of Navarre had a Moor in his service in 1367 as maestro de las guarniciones de artilleria . The Morisques of Tudela at that time had fame for their capacity in reparaciones de artilleria . = = = Britain and France = = = Cannon seem to have been introduced to the Kingdom of England in the 14th century , and is mentioned as being in use against the Scots in 1327 . The first metal cannon was the pot @-@ de @-@ fer , first depicted in an illuminated manuscript by Walter de Milamete , of 1327 that was presented to Edward III upon his accession to the English throne . The manuscript shows a four @-@ legged stand supporting a " bulbous bottle " , while the gunner stands well back , firing the charge with a red @-@ hot iron bar . A bolt protrudes from the muzzle , but no wad is shown . Although illustrated in the treatise , no explanation or description was given . This weapon , and others similar , were used by both the French and English during the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 – 1453 ) , when cannon saw their first real use on the European battlefield . The cannon of the 14th century were still limited in many respects , as a modern historian summarises : Early cannon were inferior in every respect to the great siege @-@ engines : they were slow and small , they were limited … [ in the 14th century ] to firing bolts or ' garrots ' and they had a very limited range . The weaknesses were due to limited technology : inability to forge or cast in one piece or make iron balls . They were probably as dangerous to their users as to the enemy and affected the morale of men ( and horses ) rather than damaged persons or buildings . During the 1340s , cannon were still relatively rare , and were only used in small numbers by a few states . " Ribaldis " were first mentioned in the English Privy Wardrobe accounts during preparations for the Battle of Crécy between 1345 and 1346 . These were believed to have shot large arrows and simple grapeshot , but they were so important they were directly controlled by the Royal Wardrobe . According to the contemporary chronicler Jean Froissart , the English cannon made " two or three discharges on the Genoese " , which is taken to mean individual shots by two or three guns because of the time taken to reload such primitive artillery . The Florentine Giovanni Villani agreed that they were destructive on the field , though he also indicated that the guns continued to fire upon French cavalry later in the battle : The English guns cast iron balls by means of fire … They made a noise like thunder and caused much loss in men and horses … The Genoese were continually hit by the archers and the gunners … [ by the end of the battle ] the whole plain was covered by men struck down by arrows and cannon balls . = = Advances in the Late Middle Ages = = Similar cannon to those used at Crécy appeared also at the Siege of Calais in the same year , and by the 1380s the " ribaudekin " clearly became mounted on wheels . Wheeled gun carriages became more commonplace by the end of the 15th century , and were more often cast in bronze , rather than banding iron sections together . There were still the logistical problems both of transporting and of operating the cannon , and as many three dozen horses and oxen may have been required to move some of the great guns of the period . Another small @-@ bore cannon of the 14th century was the culverin , whose name derives from the snake @-@ like handles attached to it . It was transitional between the handgun and the full cannon , and was used as an anti @-@ personnel weapon . The culverin was forged of iron and fixed to a wooden stock , and usually placed on a rest for firing . The culverin was also common in 15th century battles , particularly among Burgundian armies . As the smallest of medieval gunpowder weapons , it was relatively light and portable . It fired lead shot , which was inexpensive relative to other available materials . There was also the demi @-@ culverin , which was smaller and had a bore of 4 inches ( 10 cm ) . Considerable developments in the 15th century produced very effective " bombards " — an early form of battering cannon used against walls and towers . These were used both defensively and offensively . Bamburgh Castle , previously thought impregnable , was taken by bombards in 1464 . The keep in Wark , Northumberland was described in 1517 as having five storeys " in each of which there were five great murder @-@ holes , shot with great vaults of stone , except one stage which is of timber , so that great bombards can be shot from each of them . " An example of a bombard was found in the moat of Bodiam Castle , and a replica is now kept inside . Artillery crews were generally recruited from the city craftsmen . The master gunner was usually the same person as the caster . In larger contingents , the master gunners had responsibility for the heavier artillery pieces , and were accompanied by their journeymen as well as smiths , carpenters , rope makers and carters . Smaller field pieces would be manned by trained volunteers . At the Battle of Flodden , each cannon had its crew of gunner , matrosses and drivers , and a group of " pioneers " were assigned to level to path ahead . Even with a level path , the gunpowder mixture used was unstable and could easily separate out into sulphur , saltpetre and charcoal during transport . Once on site , they would be fired at ground level behind a hinged timber shutter , to provide some protection to the artillery crew . Timber wedges were used to control the barrel 's elevation . The majority of medieval cannon were breechloaders , although there was still no effort to standardise calibres . The usual loading equipment consisted of a copper loading scoop , a ramrod , and a felt brush or " sponge " . A bucket of water was always kept beside the cannon . Skins or cloths soaked in cold water could be used to cool down the barrel , while acids could also be added to the water to clean out the inside of the barrel . Hot coals were used to heat the shot or keep the wire primer going . Some Scottish kings were very interested in the development of cannon , including the unfortunate James II , who was killed by the accidental explosion of one of his own cannon besieging Roxburgh Castle in 1460 . Mons Meg , which dates from about the same time , is perhaps the most famous example of a Scottish cannon . James IV was Scotland 's first Renaissance figure , who also had a fascination with cannon , both at land and at sea . By 1502 , he was able to invest in a Scottish navy , which was to have a large number of cannon — his flagship , the Great Michael , was launched in 1511 , with 36 great guns , 300 lesser pieces and 120 gunners . = = Use in Eastern Europe = = = = = Russia = = = The first cannon appeared in Russia in the 1370 @-@ 1380s , although initially their use was confined to sieges and the defence of fortresses . The first mention of cannon in Russian chronicles is of tyufyaks , small howitzer @-@ type cannon that fired case @-@ shot , used to defend Moscow against Tokhtamysh Khan in 1382 . Cannon co @-@ existed with throwing @-@ machines until the mid @-@ 15th century , when they overtook the latter in terms of destructive power . In 1446 , a Russian city fell to cannon fire for the first time , although its wall was not destroyed . The first stone wall to be destroyed in Russia by cannon fire came in 1481 . = = = Byzantine and Ottoman Empires = = = During the 14th century , the Byzantine Empire began to accumulate its own cannon to face the Ottoman threat , starting with medium @-@ sized cannon 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) long and of 10 " calibre . Only a few large bombards were under the Empire 's control . The first definite use of artillery in the region was against the Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1396 , as the attackers did not yet have any gunpowder of their own . These loud Byzantine weapons , possibly operated by the Genoese or " Franks " of Galata , forced the Turks to withdraw . The Ottomans had acquired their own cannon by the siege of 1422 , using " falcons " , which were short but wide cannon . The two sides were evenly matched technologically , and the Turks had to build barricades " in order to receive … the stones of the bombards . " Because the Empire at this time was facing economic problems , Pope Pius II promoted the affordable donation of cannon by European monarchs as a means of aid . Any new cannon after the 1422 siege were gifts from European states , and aside from these , no other advances were made to the Byzantine arsenal . In contrast , when Sultan Mehmet II laid siege to Constantinople in April 1453 , he used 68 Hungarian @-@ made cannon , the largest of which was 26 feet ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) long and weighed 20 tons . This fired a 1 @,@ 200 pound stone cannonball , and required an operating crew of 200 men . Two such bombards had initially been offered to the Byzantines by the Hungarian artillery expert Urban , which were the pinnacle of gunpowder technology at the time ; he boasted that they could reduce " even the walls of Babylon " . However , the fact that the Byzantines could not afford it illustrates the financial costs of artillery at the time . These cannon also needed 70 oxen and 10 @,@ 000 men just to transport them . They were extremely loud , adding to their psychological impact , and Mehmet believed that those who unexpectedly heard it would be struck dumb . The 55 @-@ day bombardment of Constantinople left massive destruction , as recounted by the Greek chronicler Kritovoulos : And the stone , borne with enormous force and velocity , hit the wall , which it immediately shook and knocked down and was itself broken into many fragments and scattered , hurling the pieces everywhere and killing those who happened to be nearby . Byzantine counter artillery allowed them to repel any visible Turkish weapons , and the defenders repulsed any attempts to storm any broken points in the walls and hastily repaired any damage . However , the walls could not be adapted for artillery , and towers were not good gun emplacements . There was even worry that the largest Byzantine cannon could cause more damage to their own walls than the Turkish cannon . Gunpowder had also made the formerly devastating Greek fire obsolete , and with the final fall of what had once been the strongest walls in Europe on May 29 , " it was the end of an era in more ways than one " . = = Cannon at the end of the Middle Ages = = Toward the end of the Middle Ages , the development of cannon made revolutionary changes to siege warfare throughout Europe , with many castles becoming susceptible to artillery fire . The primary aims in castle wall construction were height and thickness , but these became obsolete because they could be damaged by cannonballs . Inevitably , many fortifications previously deemed impregnable proved inadequate in the face of gunpowder . The walls and towers of fortifications had to become lower and wider , and by the 1480s , " Italian tracing " had been developed , which used the corner bastion as the basis of fortifications for centuries to come . The introduction of artillery to siege warfare in the Middle Ages made geometry the main element of European military architecture . In 16th century England , Henry VIII began building Device Forts between 1539 and 1540 as artillery fortresses to counter the threat of invasion from France and Spain . They were built by the state at strategic points for the first powerful cannon batteries , such as Deal Castle , which was perfectly symmetrical , with a low , circular keep at its centre . Over 200 cannon and gun ports were set within the walls , and the fort was essentially a firing platform , with a shape that allowed many lines of fire ; its low curved bastions were designed to deflect cannonballs . To guard against artillery and gunfire , increasing use was made of earthen , brick and stone breastworks and redoubts , such as the geometric fortresses of the 17th century French Marquis de Vauban . Although the obsolescence of castles as fortifications was hastened by the developments of cannon from the 14th century on , many medieval castles still managed to " put up a prolonged resistance " against artillery during the English Civil War of 17th century . = Paramount Television Network = The Paramount Television Network ( PTN ) was a venture by American film corporation Paramount Pictures to organize a television network in the late 1940s . The company built television stations KTLA in Los Angeles and WBKB in Chicago ; it also invested US $ 400 @,@ 000 in the DuMont Television Network , which operated stations WABD in New York City , WTTG in Washington , D.C. , and WDTV in Pittsburgh . Escalating disputes between Paramount and DuMont concerning breaches of contract , company control , and network competition erupted regularly between 1940 and 1956 , and culminated in the dismantling of the DuMont Network . Television historian Timothy White called the clash between the two companies " one of the most unfortunate and dramatic episodes in the early history of the television industry . " The Paramount Television Network aired several programs , including the Emmy Award @-@ winning children 's series Time for Beany . Filmed in Hollywood , the programs were distributed to an ad @-@ hoc network of stations across the United States . The network signed affiliation agreements with more than 50 television stations in 1950 ; despite this , most of Paramount 's series were not widely viewed outside the West Coast . The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , which filed suit against Paramount for anti @-@ trust violations , prevented the studio from acquiring additional television stations . Paramount executives eventually gave up on the idea of a television network , and continued to produce series for other networks . In 1995 , after four decades of television production for other companies , Paramount re @-@ entered the broadcast network field when the company and Chris @-@ Craft Industries launched the United Paramount Network ( UPN ) , a television network that operated until 2006 . Paramount 's television division is now owned by CBS Television Studios . = = Origins = = William Wadsworth Hodkinson founded American film corporation Paramount Pictures in 1914 . Famous Players @-@ Lasky Corporation acquired the company in 1916 and by the 1920s Paramount became a key player in Hollywood . The company founded or acquired many film production and exhibition properties ; among these were the 2 @,@ 000 @-@ screen theater chain United Paramount Theatres ( UPT ) , newsreel service Paramount News and animation studio Famous Studios . The company became one of the " big five " Hollywood studios . By the 1940s , however , Paramount was the target of several anti @-@ trust lawsuits by the federal government , culminating with U.S. vs. Paramount Pictures , et al . ( 1948 ) , which found that Paramount and other studios conducted monopolistic practices . Due to this Supreme Court decision , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) forced Paramount to sell off its theater division in 1949 . As early as 1937 , executives at Paramount Pictures were interested in the new medium of television . The following year , Paramount purchased a minority interest in DuMont Laboratories , a pioneer in early television technology founded by Dr. Allen B. DuMont . Relations between Paramount and DuMont staff were strained by 1940 , when Paramount , without DuMont , opened Chicago television station WBKB and Los Angeles station KTLA . Dr. DuMont claimed that the original 1937 acquisition proposal required that Paramount would expand its television interests " through DuMont " . Paramount representative Paul Raibourn denied that any such restriction was ever discussed ( a 1953 examination of the original draft document vindicated DuMont on this point ) . The stock in DuMont , coupled with the Chicago and Los Angeles stations , gave Paramount full or partial ownership of four of the first nine television stations in the United States . DuMont Laboratories launched the DuMont Television Network in 1946 . Despite Paramount 's partial ownership of DuMont , Paramount 's two stations never aired television programs from DuMont 's television network ( with the exception of KTLA , which ran DuMont programs for one year from 1947 to 1948 ) , and competed against DuMont 's affiliates in Los Angeles and Chicago . According to authors Auter and Boyd , Paramount 's construction of KTLA and WBKB and its subsequent launch of the Paramount Television Network " undercut " DuMont , a company it had invested in . KTLA began commercial broadcasts on January 22 , 1947 ; its first evening broadcast was hosted by Bob Hope and featured Kirk Douglas , William Bendix , Dorothy Lamour , William Demarest , Ray Milland and Cecil B. DeMille . KTLA was the first commercial television station to sign on west of the Mississippi River . Although other Los Angeles television stations operated experimentally and eventually received commercial licenses , KTLA had a head start as the first commercially @-@ licensed station in Los Angeles . The revenue stream from commercials helped to fund more professional programming , therefore generating a large viewership ; a 1949 audience estimate from the C. E. Hooper company indicated that KTLA was broadcasting 28 of the top 30 television series in Los Angeles . The popularity of KTLA 's local programs opened up the possibility that they would become national hits if released to other stations across the country . = = Launch = = Paramount 's television division , Television Productions , Inc . , created the Paramount Television Network in 1948 . A full @-@ page advertisement announcing the newly created network , with KTLA as the flagship station , ran in Billboard on May 22 of that year . Filming of programs took place at KTLA ; a coaxial cable link between KTLA and KFMB @-@ TV in San Diego transmitted a live signal to San Diego viewers . Other television stations across the United States received Paramount programs via kinescope recording for airing ; these filmed series allowed stations to " fill in " their schedules during hours when ABC , NBC , CBS and DuMont were not broadcasting shows , or when station managers preferred Paramount 's filmed offerings to those of the four networks . Station managers at WBKB @-@ TV in Chicago also had plans to distribute their own kinescoped programs . Paramount management planned to acquire additional owned @-@ and @-@ operated stations ( " O & Os " ) ; the company applied to the FCC for additional stations in San Francisco , Detroit and Boston . Officials at the FCC , however , denied Paramount 's applications . A few years earlier , the federal regulator had placed a five @-@ station cap on all television networks : no network was allowed to own more than five VHF television stations . Paramount was hampered by its minority stake in the DuMont Television Network . Although both DuMont and Paramount executives stated that the companies were separate , the FCC ruled that Paramount 's partial ownership of DuMont meant that DuMont and Paramount were in theory branches of the same company . Since DuMont owned three television stations and Paramount owned two , the federal agency ruled neither network could acquire additional television stations . The FCC requested that Paramount relinquish its stake in DuMont , but Paramount refused . According to television historian William Boddy , " Paramount 's checkered anti @-@ trust history " helped convince the FCC that Paramount controlled DuMont . Both television networks suffered as a result , with neither company being able to acquire five O & Os . Meanwhile , CBS , ABC and NBC had each acquired the maximum of five stations by the mid @-@ 1950s . Author Timothy White has called Paramount 's efforts to launch its own television service , which directly competed with the DuMont Television Network , an unwise decision – Paramount in effect was competing with itself . The resulting ill feelings between Paramount 's and DuMont 's executives continued to escalate throughout the early 1950s , and the lack of cooperation hindered both entities ' network plans . According to White , by 1953 , even the public pretense of cooperation between Paramount and DuMont was gone . = = Programs = = The Paramount Television Network aired several television series during its years of operations . The following is a partial list : Adventures in Music – hosted by the " godfather of exotica " , Korla Pandit , playing the Novachord and Hammond Organ Armchair Detective – a half @-@ hour crime reenactment series produced at KTLA that aired on CBS and Paramount stations Bandstand Revue – a 30 @-@ minute long music program sponsored by Ralston Purina Dixie Showboat – a weekly country and western musical variety program Frosty Frolics – an ice skating show that also briefly aired ( for four weeks ) on ABC Harry Owens ' Royal Hawaiians – a series featuring Hawaiian music which aired in Los Angeles and San Francisco and later moved to the CBS television network Hollywood Opportunity – a talent show Hollywood Reel – a Hollywood gossip program narrated by Hollywood columnist Erskine Johnson Hollywood Wrestling – an early professional wrestling series Latin Cruise – a musical series starring Bobby Ramos Magazine of the Week – a women 's program Meet Me in Hollywood – a man on the street interview series that was broadcast from the famed intersection of Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street Movietown , RSVP – a charades program Olympic Wrestling – another professional wrestling series Sandy Dreams – a children 's program that also briefly aired on ABC stations The Spade Cooley Show – a variety program hosted by Spade Cooley and that featured Dick Lane , Anita Aros , Phil Gray , and Kay Cee Jones Time for Beany – a children 's series that received an Emmy Award in 1949 , in the category Best Children 's Show Yer Ole Buddy – a comedy program Various press releases indicated that other KTLA series would be offered on the network . There is no indication , however , that the following series aired outside Los Angeles : Girls Only – a comedy / drama starring Mary Gordon as an aging ex @-@ actress with four young female charges The Ina Ray Hutton Show – a series featuring bandleader Ina Ray Hutton The Lawrence Welk Show – a musical program starring Lawrence Welk that moved to ABC in summer 1955 Mayfair Mystery House – a 39 @-@ episode drama filmed in England Spade Cooley 's Western Varieties – another series featuring Spade Cooley = = Staff = = Paul Raibourn served as the president of Paramount Television Productions . Raibourn was also appointed vice president of Paramount Pictures Corporation , and , due to Paramount 's minority interest in DuMont , was installed as treasurer of the DuMont Television Network . This appointment created another point of conflict between Paramount and DuMont . According to Leonard Goldenson , president of ABC during this era , Raibourn " constantly nitpicked and needled [ Allen DuMont ] over the smallest expenditures . DuMont came to the point where , psychologically , he thought he couldn 't do anything without Raibourn 's approval . " Raibourn trimmed DuMont 's budgets at a time when the network should have been expanding . Goldenson credits Raibourn as one of the reasons ABC eventually became a successful , established television network while the DuMont network failed : " the name of the television game is programs . If you won 't put money into programs , you won 't succeed . " Klaus Landsberg , a German immigrant , produced many Paramount Television Network series ; he also served as one of the company 's vice presidents and as KTLA 's general manager . Other Paramount executives included George T. Shupert , Paramount Television Productions ' program sales executive ; Burt Balaban , programming executive ; John Howell , sales executive ; and Bernard Goodwin , a director and vice president of Paramount Television Productions . = = Affiliates = = During the 1940s and 1950s , television networks in the United States were restricted to owning no more than five local VHF television stations . This system , which evolved from similar FCC regulations governing radio , resulted in executives of television networks forming alliances with local station owners in order to air network programs across the U.S. These alliances were codified in network affiliation contracts ; Paramount Television Network staff required affiliate station managers to sign a network contract even if the station only aired one Paramount program . At its peak in late 1950 , the Paramount Television Network was distributing five television series a week to over 40 affiliated television stations . Most Paramount stations were in the United States , but at least two were Canadian stations . During this era , American television programs were either broadcast live to local television stations via microwave relay and AT & T 's coaxial cable service or were recorded on kinescope and delivered through the mail to local stations . The live broadcast method was expensive , but was preferred by executives at each of the four major U.S. television networks ( ABC , NBC , CBS and DuMont ) ; in 1954 , DuMont alone spent $ 3 million on live television broadcasts . The major networks sent kinescopes to stations when live transmissions were not possible . " Film networks " , which sent out only prerecorded material , also existed ; kinescopes were cheap to produce and cost little to mail . Paramount 's television service was a hybrid of the two systems , with a live connection between KTLA and KFMB @-@ TV in San Diego , and other affiliates broadcasting programs from kinescope recordings . Paramount executives considered a live connection between Los Angeles and San Francisco too expensive . Uniquely , Paramount 's The Harry Owens Show was broadcast live in Los Angeles and San Francisco by having the program 's performers and crew commute via airplane between the two stations for sequential performances . The table below lists stations that carried Paramount Television Network programs , including the company 's two owned @-@ and @-@ operated stations , KTLA and WBKB . DuMont 's three VHF stations , WABD , WTTG and WDTV , which aired little or no Paramount programming but which the FCC ruled were O & Os of the same entity , also appear in this list . Also included are DuMont 's two short @-@ lived UHF licenses : KCTY @-@ TV – which only operated for a few months , and WHK @-@ TV – which never signed on . A number of stations carried Armchair Detective , Sandy Dreams and Frosty Frolics when those programs aired on CBS and ABC . Stations that aired those programs as part of an ABC or CBS affiliation are not shown in the table below . = = End of network = = In May 1951 , ABC chairman Edward Noble and United Paramount Theatres president Leonard Goldenson announced a proposed merger between their companies . The plan was to merge ABC and its five television stations with United Paramount Theatres , a company only recently spun off from Paramount Pictures . UPT also owned the network 's Chicago station , WBKB ; that station would have to be sold in order for the merged company to stay under the five @-@ station cap . Because the proposed merger involved the sale of a television station , it required the approval of the FCC , which opened a hearing on the issue that August . The proposed deal was complex , and would affect many parties involved in television broadcasting , including Paramount , DuMont , and CBS ( CBS executives wanted to purchase WBKB ) . During the hearing , Allen DuMont asked the FCC to force Paramount to sell its share of the DuMont Network . He stated that Paramount in effect owned two television networks , the PTN and DuMont ; the FCC had similarly forced NBC to sell off one of its two radio networks eight years earlier due to concerns about multi @-@ network ownership . Paramount executives , however , denied ever having operated a television network . Evidence presented against Paramount included network affiliation contracts and advertisements for the Paramount Television Network from 1951 . Despite Paramount executives ' testimony , advertisements for the Paramount Television Network ran as late as 1952 . After a grueling 18 @-@ month trial , the federal agency allowed the ABC @-@ UPT merger , but never ruled on Paramount 's partial ownership of a second network ; Paramount was allowed to retain its shares in DuMont . Leo Resnick , hearing examiner for the Commission , concluded that Paramount did not control DuMont , but the FCC rejected this portion of Resnick 's findings , restricting Paramount and DuMont to a total of five stations . The commissioners had not forgotten Paramount 's previous anti @-@ trust violations , and believed Paramount executives were attempting to control television by operating two television networks . According to White , the FCC 's ruling " ensured that television broadcasting would be controlled by the same three companies that had dominated radio broadcasting , thus fostering a lack of diversity in both station and network ownership " . The February 1953 merger of ABC and United Paramount Theatres lead to the divestiture of WBKB ( now WBBM @-@ TV ) , which was sold to CBS . Paramount retained KTLA and applied to the FCC for a new station in Boston , but the construction permit was never granted . By this time , Paramount 's television arm was called Paramount TV Productions , Incorporated ; Paramount ceased using the PTN name . The company continued to distribute programs nationally , however , and continued to sign network affiliation agreements with local television stations . With just one owned @-@ and @-@ operated station , Paramount 's program service never gelled into a true television network ; television historians such as Alex McNeil ( 1996 ) consider Paramount programs syndicated rather than network series . While the Paramount series Hollywood Wrestling and Time For Beany were widely seen on stations across the United States , most other Paramount television programs aired in only a handful of markets ( another exception , Hollywood Reel , aired in fourteen major cities in 1950 ) . Paramount 's revenues were much smaller than those of a true television network , and gradually Paramount began losing program sponsors or ended production on formerly @-@ popular television series . American Vitamin Corporation , Paramount 's sponsor for both The Spade Cooley Show and Frosty Frolics , pulled its $ 25 @,@ 000 weekly sponsorship in October 1951 . In June 1953 , it was announced that Time For Beany and Paramount Television Productions were " calling it a day " . Paramount ended production of its flagship series in October 1953 ; rival Los Angeles station KTTV and independent distributor Consolidated Television respectively took over production and distribution of Time For Beany . Independent distributor Cinema @-@ Vue took over Hollywood Wrestling . By late 1955 , Billboard reported the Paramount Network consisted of just 15 stations airing Bandstand Revue . Billboard called this a " sort of " network . Management changes at KTLA , coupled with low local ratings , caused the cancellation of Bandstand Revue in October 1956 . Klaus Landsberg , who had produced many of the series for KTLA , died in September 1956 and the new station manager made what Billboard called " sweeping changes " at the station . By the autumn of 1955 , Hollywood insiders were predicting that Paramount would launch a major television network using KTLA and the DuMont stations as charters . Articles reported that Paramount was seeking television scripts , and was constructing theaters and studios that rivaled those of ABC , CBS and NBC . In a dramatic move , Paramount 's board of directors seized control of DuMont Laboratories in a boardroom coup in August 1955 . Paramount executives replaced DuMont 's board of directors , Dr. DuMont was removed as president of the company , and DuMont Network operations ceased the following year . However , no combined Paramount @-@ DuMont network ever materialized ; according to television historian Timothy White , by this time " a television network was no longer among Paramount 's plans for exploitation of the small screen " . Paramount sold its interest in DuMont ( by this time renamed as the " Metropolitan Broadcasting Company " ) in 1959 ; the sale ended Paramount 's first ventures into network television . = = Paramount 's later involvement with television = = Despite Paramount 's failure to build a national broadcast television network , the company retained KTLA , and executives at Paramount continued to toy with the idea of entering the television medium once more . Paramount sold its library of shorts and cartoons in separate deals to U.M. & M. TV Corporation , Associated Artists Productions and Harvey Comics ( the Superman cartoons were already sold to National Comics when Paramount 's license to Superman expired ) . In 1957 , Paramount sold most of its pre @-@ 1950 sound live action feature film library to EMKA , Ltd . , a subsidiary of MCA . The live action films would end up with what became Universal Television after MCA bought Universal Pictures in 1962 . KTLA was eventually sold to Golden West Broadcasters , a company owned by actor and singer Gene Autry , for $ 12 million in 1964 . After acquiring Desilu Productions in 1967 , the company continued to produce series for the " big three " broadcast networks . Among them were Here 's Lucy , Mission : Impossible and Mannix for CBS ; The Brady Bunch , The Odd Couple and Happy Days for ABC ; and ( in later years ) Family Ties and Cheers for NBC . In 1978 , Paramount CEO Barry Diller planned to launch the Paramount Television Service , a new " fourth television network " ; its programs would have aired only one night a week . 30 " Movies of the Week " would have followed Star Trek : Phase II on Saturday nights . This plan was aborted when Paramount made the decision to transform Phase II into Star Trek : The Motion Picture . Despite this failure , Diller would eventually launch a successful fourth network , when in late 1986 , he joined the Rupert Murdoch @-@ owned News Corporation to create the Fox network , which went on to be one of the most successful networks in the country . In the 1980s , Paramount became increasingly involved with original syndicated programming in the U.S. , with such successful series being Entertainment Tonight , Star Trek : The Next Generation , Friday the 13th : The Series and The Arsenio Hall Show , all of which were among the most popular syndicated series broadcast during that decade ; with the continuing success of the Star Trek franchise ( notably , Star Trek : Deep Space Nine ) and the purchase of television station owner TVX Broadcast Group ( which owned independent stations in several large and mid @-@ sized markets ) , the groundwork for a new network venture was laid . On January 16 , 1995 , Paramount launched a new broadcast television network , the United Paramount Network ( UPN ) , in a programming partnership with Chris @-@ Craft Industries ; Viacom ( which acquired Paramount Pictures and its related holdings in 1994 ) would acquire 50 % interest in the network in 1996 and acquire Chris @-@ Craft 's remaining stake in 2000 . During its 11 @-@ year existence , UPN never made a profit ; The New Yorker reported that the network had lost $ 800 million during its first five years of operation . UPN ceased operations in September 2006 , when it merged with the WB Television Network to form The CW Television Network . Today , Paramount 's television division is part of the CBS Corporation subsidiary CBS Television Studios . = Currency war = Currency war , also known as competitive devaluations , is a condition in international affairs where countries seek to gain a trade advantage over other countries by causing the exchange rate of their currency to fall in relation to other currencies . As the exchange rate of a country 's currency falls exports become more competitive in other countries , and imports into the country become more expensive . Both effects benefit the domestic industry , and thus employment , which receives a boost in demand from both domestic and foreign markets . However , the price increases for import goods ( as well as in the cost of foreign travel ) are unpopular as they harm citizens ' purchasing power ; and when all countries adopt a similar strategy , it can lead to a general decline in international trade , harming all countries . Historically , competitive devaluations have been rare as countries have generally preferred to maintain a high value for their currency . Countries have generally allowed market forces to work , or have participated in systems of managed exchanges rates . An exception occurred when a currency war broke out in the 1930s when countries abandoned the gold standard during the Great Depression and used currency devaluations in an attempt to stimulate their economies . Since this effectively pushes unemployment overseas , trading partners quickly retaliated with their own devaluations . The period is considered to have been an adverse situation for all concerned , as unpredictable changes in exchange rates reduced overall international trade . According to Guido Mantega , former Brazilian Minister for Finance , a global currency war broke out in 2010 . This view was echoed by numerous other government officials and financial journalists from around the world . Other senior policy makers and journalists suggested the phrase " currency war " overstated the extent of hostility . With a few exceptions , such as Mantega , even commentators who agreed there had been a currency war in 2010 generally concluded that it had fizzled out by mid @-@ 2011 . States engaging in possible competitive devaluation since 2010 have used a mix of policy tools , including direct government intervention , the imposition of capital controls , and , indirectly , quantitative easing . While many countries experienced undesirable upward pressure on their exchange rates and took part in the ongoing arguments , the most notable dimension of the 2010 – 11 episode was the rhetorical conflict between the United States and China over the valuation of the yuan . In January 2013 , measures announced by Japan which were expected to devalue its currency sparked concern of a possible second 21st century currency war breaking out , this time with the principal source of tension being not China versus the US , but Japan versus the Eurozone . By late February , concerns of a new outbreak of currency war had been mostly allayed , after the G7 and G20 issued statements committing to avoid competitive devaluation . After the European Central Bank launched a fresh programme of quantitative easing in January 2015 , there was once again an intensification of discussion about currency war . = = Background = = In the absence of intervention in the foreign exchange market by national government authorities , the exchange rate of a country 's currency is determined , in general , by market forces of supply and demand at a point in time . Government authorities may intervene in the market from time to time to achieve specific policy objectives , such as maintaining its balance of trade or to give its exporters a competitive advantage in international trade . = = = Reasons for intentional devaluation = = = Devaluation , with its adverse consequences , has historically rarely been a preferred strategy . According to economist Richard N. Cooper , writing in 1971 , a substantial devaluation is one of the most " traumatic " policies a government can adopt – it almost always resulted in cries of outrage and calls for the government to be replaced . Devaluation can lead to a reduction in citizens ' standard of living as their purchasing power is reduced both when they buy imports and when they travel abroad . It also can add to inflationary pressure . Devaluation can make interest payments on international debt more expensive if those debts are denominated in a foreign currency , and it can discourage foreign investors . At least until the 21st century , a strong currency was commonly seen as a mark of prestige , while devaluation was associated with weak governments . However , when a country is suffering from high unemployment or wishes to pursue a policy of export @-@ led growth , a lower exchange rate can be seen as advantageous . From the early 1980s the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) has proposed devaluation as a potential solution for developing nations that are consistently spending more on imports than they earn on exports . A lower value for the home currency will raise the price for imports while making exports cheaper . This tends to encourage more domestic production , which raises employment and gross domestic product ( GDP ) – though the effect may not be immediate due to the Marshall – Lerner condition . Devaluation can be seen as an attractive solution to unemployment when other options , like increased public spending , are ruled out due to high public debt , or when a country has a balance of payments deficit which a devaluation would help correct . A reason for preferring devaluation common among emerging economies is that maintaining a relatively low exchange rate helps them build up foreign exchange reserves , which can protect against future financial crises . = = = Mechanism for devaluation = = = A state wishing to devalue , or at least check the appreciation of its currency , must work within the constraints of the prevailing International monetary system . During the 1930s , countries had relatively more direct control over their exchange rates through the actions of their central banks . Following the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s , markets substantially increased in influence , with market forces largely setting the exchange rates for an increasing number of countries . However , a state 's central bank can still intervene in the markets to effect a devaluation – if it sells its own currency to buy other currencies then this will cause the value of its own currency to fall – a practice common with states that have a managed exchange rate regime . Less directly , quantitative easing ( common in 2009 and 2010 ) , tends to lead to a fall in the value of the currency even if the central bank does not directly buy any foreign assets . A third method is for authorities simply to talk down the value of their currency by hinting at future action to discourage speculators from betting on a future rise , though sometimes this has little discernible effect . Finally , a central bank can effect a devaluation by lowering its base rate of interest ; however this sometimes has limited effect , and , since the end of World War II , most central banks have set their base rate according to the needs of their domestic economy . If a country 's authorities wish to devalue or prevent appreciation against market forces exerting upwards pressure on the currency , and retain control of interest rates , as is usually the case , they will need capital controls in place — due to conditions that arise from the impossible trinity trilemma . = = = Quantitative easing = = = Quantitative easing ( QE ) is the practice in which a central bank tries to mitigate a potential or actual recession by increasing the money supply for its domestic economy . This can be done by printing money and injecting it into the domestic economy via open market operations . There may be a promise to destroy any newly created money once the economy improves in order to avoid inflation . Quantitative easing was widely used as a response to the financial crises that began in 2007 , especially by the United States and the United Kingdom , and , to a lesser extent , the Eurozone . The Bank of Japan was the first central bank to claim to have used such a policy . Although the U.S. administration has denied that devaluing their currency was part of their objectives for implementing quantitative easing , the practice can act to devalue a country 's currency in two indirect ways . Firstly , it can encourage speculators to bet that the currency will decline in value . Secondly , the large increase in the domestic money supply will lower domestic interest rates , often they will become much lower than interest rates in countries not practising quantitative easing . This creates the conditions for a carry trade , where market participants can engage in a form of arbitrage , borrowing in the currency of the country practising quantitative easing , and lending in a country with a relatively high rate of interest . Because they are effectively selling the currency being used for quantitative easing on the international markets , this can increase the supply of the currency and hence push down its value . By October 2010 expectations in the markets were high that the United States , UK , and Japan would soon embark on a second round of QE , with the prospects for the Eurozone to join them less certain . In early November 2010 the United States launched QE2 , the second round of quantitative easing , which had been expected . The Federal Reserve made an additional $ 600 billion available for the purchase of financial assets . This prompted widespread criticism from China , Germany , and Brazil that the United States was using QE2 to try to devalue its currency without consideration to the effect the resulting capital inflows might have on emerging economies . Some leading figures from the critical countries , such as Zhou Xiaochuan , governor of the People 's Bank of China , have said the QE2 is understandable given the challenges facing the United States . Wang Jun , the Chinese Vice Finance Minister suggested QE2 could " help the revival of the global economy tremendously " . President Barack Obama has defended QE2 , saying it would help the U.S. economy to grow , which would be " good for the world as a whole " . Japan also launched a second round of quantitative easing though to a lesser extent than the United States ; Britain and the Eurozone did not launch an additional QE in 2010 . = = = International conditions required for currency war = = = For a widespread currency war to occur a large proportion of significant economies must wish to devalue their currencies at once . This has so far only happened during a global economic downturn . An individual currency devaluation has to involve a corresponding rise in value for at least one other currency . The corresponding rise will generally be spread across all other currencies and so unless the devaluing country has a huge economy and is substantially devaluing , the offsetting rise for any individual currency will tend to be small or even negligible . In normal times other countries are often content to accept a small rise in the value of their own currency or at worst be indifferent to it . However , if much of the world is suffering from a recession , from low growth or are pursuing strategies which depend on a favourable balance of payments , then nations can begin competing with each other to devalue . In such conditions , once a small number of countries begin intervening this can trigger corresponding interventions from others as they strive to prevent further deterioration in their export competitiveness . = = Historical overview = = = = = Up to 1930 = = = For millennia , going back to at least the Classical period , governments have often devalued their currency by reducing its intrinsic value . Methods have included reducing the percentage of gold in coins , or substituting less precious metals for gold . However , until the 19th century , the proportion of the world 's trade that occurred between nations was very low , so exchanges rates were not generally a matter of great concern . Rather than being seen as a means to help exporters , the debasement of currency was motivated by a desire to increase the domestic money supply and the ruling authorities ' wealth through seigniorage , especially when they needed to finance wars or pay debts . A notable example is the substantial devaluations which occurred during the Napoleonic wars . When nations wished to compete economically they typically practiced mercantilism – this still involved attempts to boost exports while limiting imports , but rarely by means of devaluation . A favoured method was to protect home industries using current account controls such as tariffs . From the late 18th century , and especially in Great Britain which for much of the 19th century was the world 's largest economy , mercantilism became increasingly discredited by the rival theory of free trade , which held that the best way to encourage prosperity would be to allow trade to occur free of government imposed controls . The intrinsic value of money became formalised with a gold standard being widely adopted from about 1870 – 1914 , so while the global economy was now becoming sufficiently integrated for competitive devaluation to occur there was little opportunity . Following the end of WWI , many countries other than the US experienced recession and few immediately returned to the gold standard , so several of the conditions for a currency war were in place . However , currency war did not occur as Great Britain was trying to raise the value of its currency back to its pre @-@ war levels , effectively cooperating with the countries that wished to devalue against the market . By the mid @-@ 1920s many former members of the gold standard had rejoined , and while the standard did not work as successfully as it had pre war , there was no widespread competitive devaluation . = = = Currency War in the Great Depression = = = During the Great Depression of the 1930s , most countries abandoned the gold standard . With widespread high unemployment , devaluations became common , a policy that has frequently been described as " beggar thy neighbour " , in which countries purportedly compete to export unemployment . However , because the effects of a devaluation would soon be offset by a corresponding devaluation and in many cases retaliatory tariffs or other barriers by trading partners , few nations would gain an enduring advantage . The exact starting date of the 1930s currency war is open to debate . The three principal parties were Great Britain , France , and the United States . For most of the 1920s the three generally had coinciding interests ; both the US and France supported Britain 's efforts to raise Sterling 's value against market forces . Collaboration was aided by strong personal friendships among the nations ' central bankers , especially between Britain 's Montagu Norman and America 's Benjamin Strong until the latter 's early death in 1928 . Soon after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , France lost faith in Sterling as a source of value and begun selling it heavily on the markets . From Britain 's perspective both France and the US were no longer playing by the rules of the gold standard . Instead of allowing gold inflows to increase their money supplies ( which would have expanded those economies but reduced their trade surpluses ) France and the US began sterilising the inflows , building up hoards of gold . These factors contributed to the Sterling crises of 1931 ; in September of that year Great Britain substantially devalued and took the pound off the gold standard . For several years after this global trade was disrupted by competitive devaluation and by retaliatory tariffs . The currency war of the 1930s is generally considered to have ended with the Tripartite monetary agreement of 1936 . = = = Bretton Woods era = = = From the end of World War II until about 1971 , the Bretton Woods system of semi @-@ fixed exchange rates meant that competitive devaluation was not an option , which was one of the design objectives of the systems ' architects . Additionally , global growth was generally very high in this period , so there was little incentive for currency war even if it had been possible . = = = 1973 to 2000 = = = While some of the conditions to allow a currency war were in place at various points throughout this period , countries generally had contrasting priorities and at no point were there enough states simultaneously wanting to devalue for a currency war to break out . On several occasions countries were desperately attempting not to cause a devaluation but to prevent one . So states were striving not against other countries but against market forces that were exerting undesirable downwards pressure on their currencies . Examples include Great Britain during Black Wednesday and various tiger economies during the Asian crises of 1997 . During the mid @-@ 1980s the United States did desire to devalue significantly , but were able to secure the cooperation of other major economies with the Plaza Accord . As free market influences approached their zenith during the 1990s , advanced economies and increasingly transition and even emerging economies moved to the view that it was best to leave the running of their economies to the markets and not to intervene even to correct a substantial current account deficit . = = = 2000 to 2008 = = = During the 1997 Asian crisis several Asian economies ran critically low on foreign reserves , leaving them forced to accept harsh terms from the IMF , and often to accept low prices for the forced sale of their assets . This shattered faith in free market thinking among emerging economies , and from about 2000 they generally began intervening to keep the value of their currencies low . This enhanced their ability to pursue export led growth strategies while at the same time building up foreign reserves so they would be better protected against further crises . No currency war resulted because on the whole advanced economies accepted this strategy — in the short term it had some benefits for their citizens , who could buy cheap imports and thus enjoy a higher material standard of living . The current account deficit of the US grew substantially , but until about 2007 , the consensus view among free market economists and policy makers like Alan Greenspan , then Chairman of the Federal Reserve , and Paul O 'Neill , US Treasury secretary , was that the deficit was not a major reason for worry . This is not say there was no popular concern ; by 2005 for example a chorus of US executives along with trade union and mid @-@ ranking government officials had been speaking out about what they perceived to be unfair trade practices by China . These concerns were soon partially allayed . With the global economy doing well , China was able to abandon its dollar peg in 2005 , allowing a substantial appreciation of the Yuan up to 2007 , while still increasing its exports . The dollar peg was later re @-@ established as the financial crises began to reduce China 's export orders . Economists such as Michael P. Dooley , Peter M. Garber , and David Folkerts @-@ Landau described the new economic relationship between emerging economies and the US as Bretton Woods II . = = = Competitive devaluation after 2009 = = = By 2009 some of the conditions required for a currency war had returned , with a severe economic downturn seeing global trade in that year decline by about 12 % . There was a widespread concern among advanced economies about the size of their deficits ; they increasingly joined emerging economies in viewing export led growth as their ideal strategy . In March 2009 , even before international co @-@ operation reached its peak with the 2009 G @-@ 20 London Summit , economist Ted Truman became one of the first to warn of the dangers of competitive devaluation . He also coined the phrase competitive non @-@ appreciation . On 27 September 2010 , Brazilian Finance Minister Guido Mantega announced that the world is " in the midst of an international currency war . " Numerous financial journalists agreed with Mantega 's view , such as the Financial Times ' Alan Beattie and The Telegraph 's Ambrose Evans @-@ Pritchard . Journalists linked Mantega 's announcement to recent interventions by various countries seeking to devalue their exchange rate including China , Japan , Colombia , Israel and Switzerland . Other analysts such as Goldman Sach 's Jim O 'Neill asserted that fears of a currency war were exaggerated . In September , senior policy makers such as Dominique Strauss @-@ Kahn , then managing director of the IMF , and Tim Geithner , US Secretary of the Treasury , were reported as saying the chances of a genuine currency war breaking out were low ; however by early October , Strauss @-@ Kahn was warning that the risk of a currency war was real . He also suggested the IMF could help resolve the trade imbalances which could be the underlying casus belli for conflicts over currency valuations . Mr Strauss @-@ Kahn said that using currencies as weapons " is not a solution [ and ] it can even lead to a very bad situation . There 's no domestic solution to a global problem . " Considerable attention had been focused on the US , due to its quantitative easing programmes , and on China . For much of 2009 and 2010 , China has been under pressure from the US to allow the yuan to appreciate . Between June and October 2010 , China allowed a 2 % appreciation , but there are concerns from Western observers that China only relaxes its intervention when under heavy pressure . The fixed peg was not abandoned until just before the June G20 meeting , after which the yuan appreciated by about 1 % , only to devalue slowly again , until further US pressure in September when it again appreciated relatively steeply , just prior to the September US Congressional hearings to discuss measures to force a revaluation . Reuters suggested that both China and the United States were " winning " the currency war , holding down their currencies while pushing up the value of the Euro , the Yen , and the currencies of many emerging economies . Martin Wolf , an economics leader writer with the Financial Times , suggested there may be advantages in western economies taking a more confrontational approach against China , which in recent years had been by far the biggest practitioner of competitive devaluation . Though he advised that rather than using protectionist measures which may spark a trade war , a better tactic would be to use targeted capital controls against China to prevent them buying foreign assets in order to further devalue the yuan , as previously suggested by Daniel Gros , Director of the Centre for European Policy Studies . A contrasting view was published on 19 October , with a paper from Chinese economist Yiping Huang arguing that the US did not win the last " currency war " with Japan , and has even less of a chance against China ; but should focus instead on broader " structural adjustments " at the November 2010 G @-@ 20 Seoul summit . Discussion over currency war and imbalances dominated the 2010 G @-@ 20 Seoul summit , but little progress was made in resolving the issue . In the first half of 2011 analysts and the financial press widely reported that the currency war had ended or at least entered a lull , though speaking in July 2011 Guido Mantega told the Financial Times that the conflict was still ongoing . As investor confidence in the global economic outlook fell in early August , Bloomberg suggested the currency war had entered a new phase . This followed renewed talk of a possible third round of quantitative easing by the US and interventions over the first three days of August by Switzerland and Japan to push down the value of their currencies . In September , as part of its opening speech for the 66th United Nations Debate , and also in an article for the Financial Times , Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff called for the currency war to be ended by increased use of floating currencies and greater cooperation and solidarity among major economies , with exchange rate policies set for the good of all rather than having individual nations striving to gain an advantage for themselves . In March 2012 , Rousseff said Brazil was still experiencing undesirable upwards pressure on its currency , with its Finance Minister Guido Mantega saying his country will no longer " play the fool " and allow others to get away with competitive devaluation , announcing new measures aimed at limiting further appreciation for the Real . By June however , the Real had fallen substantially from its peak against the Dollar , and Mantega had been able to begin relaxing his anti @-@ appreciation measures . = = = Currency war in 2013 = = = In mid January 2013 , Japan 's central bank signaled the intention to launch an open ended bond buying programme which would likely devalue the yen . This resulted in short lived but intense period of alarm about the risk of a possible fresh round of currency war . Numerous senior central bankers and finance ministers issued public warnings , the first being Alexei Ulyukayev , the first deputy chairman at Russia 's central bank . He was later joined by many others including Park Jae @-@ wan , the finance minister for South Korea , and by Jens Weidmann , president of the Bundesbank . Weidmann held the view that interventions during the 2009 – 11 period were not intense enough to count as competitive devaluation , but that a genuine currency war is now a real possibility . Japan 's economy minister Akira Amari has said that the Bank of Japan 's bond buying programme is intended to combat deflation , and not to weaken the yen . In early February , ECB president Mario Draghi agreed that expansionary monetary policy like QE have not been undertaken to deliberately cause devaluation . Draghi 's statement did however hint that the ECB may take action if the Euro continues to appreciate , and this saw the value of the European currency fall considerably . A mid February statement from the G7 affirmed the advanced economies commitment to avoid currency war . It was initially read by the markets as an endorsement of Japan 's actions , though later clarification suggested the US would like Japan to tone down some of its language , specifically by not linking policies like QE to an expressed desire to devalue the Yen . Most commentators have asserted that if a new round of competitive devaluation occurs it would be harmful for the global economy . However some analysts have stated that Japan 's planned actions could be in the long term interests of the rest of the world ; just as he did for the 2010 – 11 incident , economist Barry Eichengreen has suggested that even if many other countries start intervening against their currencies it could boost growth world @-@ wide , as the effects would be similar to semi @-@ coordinated global monetary expansion . Other analysts have expressed skepticism about the risk of a war breaking out , with Marc Chandler , chief currency strategist at Brown Brothers Harriman , advising that : " A real currency war remains a remote possibility . " On 15 February , a statement issued from the G20 meeting of finance ministers and central bank governors in Moscow affirmed that Japan would not face high level international criticism for its planned monetary policy . In a remark endorsed by US Fed chairman Ben Bernanke , the IMF 's managing director Christine Lagarde said that recent concerns about a possible currency war had been " overblown " . Paul Krugman has echoed Eichengreen 's view that central bank 's unconventional monetary policy is best understood as a shared concern to boost growth , not as currency war . Goldman Sachs strategist Kamakshya Trivedi has suggested that rising stock markets imply that market players generally agree that central bank 's actions are best understood as monetary easing and not as competitive devaluation . Other analysts have however continued to assert that ongoing tensions over currency valuation remain , with currency war and even trade war still a significant risk . Central bank officials ranging from New Zealand and Switzerland to China have made fresh statements about possible further interventions against their currencies . Analyses has been published by currency strategists at RBS , scoring countries on their potential to undertake intervention , measuring their relative intention to weaken their currency and their capacity to do so . Ratings are based on the openness of a country 's economy , export growth and real effective exchange rate ( REER ) valuation , as well as the scope a country has to weaken its currency without damaging its economy . As of January 2013 , Indonesia , Thailand , Malaysia , Chile and Sweden are the most willing and able to intervene , while the UK and New Zealand are among the least . From March 2013 , concerns over further currency war diminished , though in November several journalists and analysts warned of a possible fresh outbreak . The likely principal source of tension appeared to shift once again , this time not being the U.S. versus China or the Eurozone versus Japan , but the U.S. versus Germany . In late October U.S. treasury officials had criticized Germany for running an excessively large current account surplus , thus acting as a drag on the global economy . = = = Currency war in 2014 = = = Since September 2014 , several journalists , commentators and financial sector insiders have again raised the prospect of further currency war . This time , rather than being intended as a means to boost competitiveness , some states , especially Japan and the Eurozone , may be motivated to devalue their currencies as a means to counter the threat of deflation . ECB President Mario Draghi has however denied any intent to engage in competitive devaluation . = = = Currency war in 2015 = = = A € 60bn per month quantitative easing programme was launched in January 2015 by the European Central Bank . While lowering the value of the Euro was not part of the programme 's official objectives , there was much speculation that the new Q.E. represents an escalation of currency war , especially from analysts working in the FX markets . David Woo for example , a managing director at Bank of America Merrill Lynch , stated there was a " growing consensus " among market participants that states are indeed engaging in a stealthy currency war . A Financial Times editorial however claimed that rhetoric about currency war was once again misguided . In August 2015 , China devalued the yuan by just under 3 % , partially due to a weakening export figures of -8.3 % in the previous month . The drop in export is caused by the loss of competitiveness against other major export countries including Japan and Germany , where the currency had been drastically devalued during the previous quantitative easing operations . It sparked a new round of devaluation among Asian currencies , including the Vietnam dong and the Kazakhstan tenge . = = Comparison between 1932 and 21st century currency war = = Both the 1930s episode and the outbreak of competitive devaluation that began in 2009 occurred during global economic downturns . An important difference with the 2010s period is that international traders are much better able to hedge their exposures to exchange rate volatility due to more sophisticated financial markets . A second difference is that during the later period devaluations have invariably been effected by nations expanding their money supplies — either by creating money to buy foreign currency , in the case of direct interventions , or by creating money to inject into their domestic economies , with quantitative easing . If all nations try to devalue at once , the net effect on exchange rates could cancel out leaving them largely unchanged , but the expansionary effect of the interventions would remain . So while there has been no collaborative intent , some economists such as Berkeley 's Barry Eichengreen and Goldman Sachs 's Dominic Wilson have suggested the net effect will be similar to semi @-@ coordinated monetary expansion which will help the global economy . James Zhan of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) however warned in October 2010 that the fluctuations in exchange rates were already causing corporations to scale back their international investments . Comparing the situation in 2010 with the currency war of the 1930s , Ambrose Evans @-@ Pritchard of the Daily Telegraph suggested a new currency war may be beneficial for countries suffering from trade deficits , noting that in the 1930s it was the big surplus countries that were severely impacted once competitive devaluation began . He also suggested that overly confrontational tactics may backfire on the US as they may damage the status of the dollar as a global reserve currency . Ben Bernanke , chairman of the US Federal Reserve , also drew a comparison with competitive devaluation in the inter @-@ war period , referring to the sterilisation of gold inflows by France and America which helped them sustain large trade surpluses , but which also caused deflationary pressure on their trading partners , contributing to the Great Depression . Bernanke has stated the example of the 1930s implies that the " pursuit of export @-@ led growth cannot ultimately succeed if the implications of that strategy for global growth and stability are not taken into account . " In February 2013 , Gavyn Davies for The Financial Times emphasized that a key difference between the 1930s and the 21st century outbreaks is that in the thirties some of the retaliations between countries were carried out not by devaluations , but by increases in import tariffs , which tend to be much more disruptive to international trade . = = Other uses = = The term " currency war " is sometimes used with meanings that are not related to competitive devaluation . In the 2007 book , Currency Wars by Chinese economist Song Hongbing , the term is sometimes used in a somewhat contrary sense , to refer to an alleged practice where unscrupulous bankers lend to emerging market countries and then speculate against the emerging state 's currency by trying to force it down in value against the wishes of that states ' government . In another book of the same name , John Cooley uses the term to refer to the efforts of a state 's monetary authorities to protect its currency from forgers , whether they are simple criminals or agents of foreign governments trying to devalue a currency and cause excess inflation against the home government 's wishes . Jim Rickards , in his 2011 book " Currency Wars : The Making of the Next Global Crisis , " argues that the consequences of the Fed 's attempts to prop up economic growth could be devastating for American national security . Though Rickard 's book is largely concerned with currency war as competitive devaluation , it uses a broader definition of the term , classing policies that cause inflation as currency war . Such policies can be seen as metaphorical warfare against those who have monetary assets in favor of those who do not , but unless the effects of rising inflation on international trade are offset by a devaluation , inflationary policies tend to make a country 's exports less competitive against foreign countries . In their review of the book , Publishers Weekly said : " Rickards 's first book is an outgrowth of his contributions and a later two @-@ day war game simulation held at the Applied Physics Laboratory 's Warfare Analysis Laboratory . He argues that a financial attack against the U.S. could destroy confidence in the dollar . In Rickards 's view , the Fed 's policy of quantitative easing by lessening confidence in the dollar , may lead to chaos in global financial markets . " Kirkus Reviews said : " In Rickards ’ view , the world is currently going through a third currency war ( " CWIII " ) based on competitive devaluations . CWII occurred in the 1960s and ’ 70s and culminated in Nixon 's decision to take the dollar off the gold standard . CWI followed WWI and included the 1923 German hyperinflation and Roosevelt 's devaluation of the dollar against gold in 1933 . Rickards demonstrates that competitive devaluations are a race to the bottom , and thus instruments of a sort of warfare . CWIII , he writes , is characterized by the Federal Reserve 's policy of quantitative easing , which he ascribes to what he calls " extensive theoretical work " on depreciation , negative interest rates and stimulation achieved at the expense of other countries . He offers a view of how the continued depreciation and devaluation of the dollar will ultimately lead to a collapse , which he asserts will come about through a widespread abandonment of a worthless inflated instrument . Rickards also provides possible scenarios for the future , including collaboration among a variety of currencies , emergence of a world central bank and a forceful U.S. return to a gold standard through an emergency powers – based legal regime . The author emphasizes that these questions are matters of policy and choice , which can be different . " Historically , the term has been used to refer to the competition between Japan and China for their currencies to be used as the preferred tender in parts of Asia in the years leading up to Second Sino @-@ Japanese War . = Noble gas = The noble gases make a group of chemical elements with similar properties . Under standard conditions , they are all odorless , colorless , monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity . The six noble gases that occur naturally are helium ( He ) , neon ( Ne ) , argon ( Ar ) , krypton ( Kr ) , xenon ( Xe ) , and the radioactive radon ( Rn ) . Ununoctium ( Uuo ) , which was recognised as an element in December 2015 , is predicted to be a noble gas as well but this theory is not confirmed . For the first six periods of the periodic table , the noble gases are exactly the members of group 18 of the periodic table . It is possible that due to relativistic effects , the group 14 element flerovium exhibits some noble @-@ gas @-@ like properties , instead of the group 18 element ununoctium . Noble gases are typically highly unreactive except when under particular extreme conditions . The inertness of noble gases makes them very suitable in applications where reactions are not wanted . For example , argon is used in light bulbs to prevent the hot tungsten filament from oxidizing ; also , helium is used in breathing gas by deep @-@ sea divers to prevent oxygen and nitrogen toxicity . The properties of the noble gases can be well explained by modern theories of atomic structure : their outer shell of valence electrons is considered to be " full " , giving them little tendency to participate in chemical reactions , and it has been possible to prepare only a few hundred noble gas compounds . The melting and boiling points for a given noble gas are close together , differing by less than 10 ° C ( 18 ° F ) ; that is , they are liquids over only a small temperature range . Neon , argon , krypton , and xenon are obtained from air in an air separation unit using the methods of liquefaction of gases and fractional distillation . Helium is sourced from natural gas fields which have high concentrations of helium in the natural gas , using cryogenic gas separation techniques , and radon is usually isolated from the radioactive decay of dissolved radium , thorium , or uranium compounds ( since those compounds give off alpha particles ) . Noble gases have several important applications in industries such as lighting , welding , and space exploration . A helium @-@ oxygen breathing gas is often used by deep @-@ sea divers at depths of seawater over 55 m ( 180 ft ) to keep the diver from experiencing oxygen toxemia , the lethal effect of high @-@ pressure oxygen , and nitrogen narcosis , the distracting narcotic effect of the nitrogen in air beyond this partial @-@ pressure threshold . After the risks caused by the flammability of hydrogen became apparent , it was replaced with helium in blimps and balloons . = = History = = Noble gas is translated from the German noun Edelgas , first used in 1898 by Hugo Erdmann to indicate their extremely low level of reactivity . The name makes an analogy to the term " noble metals " , which also have low reactivity . The noble gases have also been referred to as inert gases , but this label is deprecated as many noble gas compounds are now known . Rare gases is another term that was used , but this is also inaccurate because argon forms a fairly considerable part ( 0 @.@ 94 % by volume , 1 @.@ 3 % by mass ) of the Earth 's atmosphere due to decay of radioactive potassium @-@ 40 . Pierre Janssen and Joseph Norman Lockyer discovered a new element on August 18 , 1868 while looking at the chromosphere of the Sun , and named it helium after the Greek word for the Sun , ήλιος ( ílios or helios ) . No chemical analysis was possible at the time , but helium was later found to be a noble gas . Before them , in 1784 , the English chemist and physicist Henry Cavendish had discovered that air contains a small proportion of a substance less reactive than nitrogen . A century later , in 1895 , Lord Rayleigh discovered that samples of nitrogen from the air were of a different density than nitrogen resulting from chemical reactions . Along with Scottish scientist William Ramsay at University College , London , Lord Rayleigh theorized that the nitrogen extracted from air was mixed with another gas , leading to an experiment that successfully isolated a new element , argon , from the Greek word αργός ( argós , " inactive " ) . With this discovery , they realized an entire class of gases was missing from the periodic table . During his search for argon , Ramsay also managed to isolate helium for the first time while heating cleveite , a mineral . In 1902 , having accepted the evidence for the elements helium and argon , Dmitri Mendeleev included these noble gases as group 0 in his arrangement of the elements , which would later become the periodic table . Ramsay continued to search for these gases using the method of fractional distillation to separate liquid air into several components . In 1898 , he discovered the elements krypton , neon , and xenon , and named them after the Greek words κρυπτός ( kryptós , " hidden " ) , νέος ( néos , " new " ) , and ξένος ( xénos , " stranger " ) , respectively . Radon was first identified in 1898 by Friedrich Ernst Dorn , and was named radium emanation , but was not considered a noble gas until 1904 when its characteristics were found to be similar to those of other noble gases . Rayleigh and Ramsay received the 1904 Nobel Prizes in Physics and in Chemistry , respectively , for their discovery of the noble gases ; in the words of J. E. Cederblom , then president of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , " the discovery of an entirely new group of elements , of which no single representative had been known with any certainty , is something utterly unique in the history of chemistry , being intrinsically an advance in science of peculiar significance " . The discovery of the noble gases aided in the development of a general understanding of atomic structure . In 1895 , French chemist Henri Moissan attempted to form a reaction between fluorine , the most electronegative element , and argon , one of the noble gases , but failed . Scientists were unable to prepare compounds of argon until the end of the 20th century , but these attempts helped to develop new theories of atomic structure . Learning from these experiments , Danish physicist Niels Bohr proposed in 1913 that the electrons in atoms are arranged in shells surrounding the nucleus , and that for all noble gases except helium the outermost shell always contains eight electrons . In 1916 , Gilbert N. Lewis formulated the octet rule , which concluded an octet of electrons in the outer shell was the most stable arrangement for any atom ; this arrangement caused them to be unreactive with other elements since they did not require any more electrons to complete their outer shell . In 1962 , Neil Bartlett discovered the first chemical compound of a noble gas , xenon hexafluoroplatinate . Compounds of other noble gases were discovered soon after : in 1962 for radon , radon difluoride , which was identified by radiotracer techniques and in 1963 for krypton , krypton difluoride ( KrF 2 ) . The first stable compound of argon was reported in 2000 when argon fluorohydride ( HArF ) was formed at a temperature of 40 K ( − 233 @.@ 2 ° C ; − 387 @.@ 7 ° F ) . In December 1998 , scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research working in Dubna , Russia bombarded plutonium ( Pu ) with calcium ( Ca ) to produce a single atom of element 114 , flerovium ( Fl ) . Preliminary chemistry experiments have indicated this element may be the first superheavy element to show abnormal noble @-@ gas @-@ like properties , even though it is a member of group 14 on the periodic table . In October 2006 , scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory successfully created synthetically ununoctium ( Uuo ) , the seventh element in group 18 , by bombarding californium ( Cf ) with calcium ( Ca ) . = = Physical and atomic properties = = The noble gases have weak interatomic force , and consequently have very low melting and boiling points . They are all monatomic gases under standard conditions , including the elements with larger atomic masses than many normally solid elements . Helium has several unique qualities when compared with other elements : its boiling and melting points are lower than those of any other known substance ; it is the only element known to exhibit superfluidity ; it is the only element that cannot be solidified by cooling under standard conditions — a pressure of 25 standard atmospheres ( 2 @,@ 500 kPa ; 370 psi ) must be applied at a temperature of 0 @.@ 95 K ( − 272 @.@ 200 ° C ; − 457 @.@ 960 ° F ) to convert it to a solid . The noble gases up to xenon have multiple stable isotopes . Radon has no stable isotopes ; its longest @-@ lived isotope , 222Rn , has a half @-@ life of 3 @.@ 8 days and decays to form helium and polonium , which ultimately decays to lead . Melting and boiling points generally increase going down the group . The noble gas atoms , like atoms in most groups , increase steadily in atomic radius from one period to the next due to the increasing number of electrons . The size of the atom is related to several properties . For example , the ionization potential decreases with an increasing radius because the valence electrons in the larger noble gases are farther away from the nucleus and are therefore not held as tightly together by the atom . Noble gases have the largest ionization potential among the elements of each period , which reflects the stability of their electron configuration and is related to their relative lack of chemical reactivity . Some of the heavier noble gases , however , have ionization potentials small enough to be comparable to those of other elements and molecules . It was the insight that xenon has an ionization potential similar to that of the oxygen molecule that led Bartlett to attempt oxidizing xenon using platinum hexafluoride , an oxidizing agent known to be strong enough to react with oxygen . Noble gases cannot accept an electron to form stable anions ; that is , they have a negative electron affinity . The macroscopic physical properties of the noble gases are dominated by the weak van der Waals forces between the atoms . The attractive force increases with the size of the atom as a result of the increase in polarizability and the decrease in ionization potential . This results in systematic group trends : as one goes down group 18 , the atomic radius , and with it the interatomic forces , increases , resulting in an increasing melting point , boiling point , enthalpy of vaporization , and solubility . The increase in density is due to the increase in atomic mass . The noble gases are nearly ideal gases under standard conditions , but their deviations from the ideal gas law provided important clues for the study of intermolecular interactions . The Lennard @-@ Jones potential , often used to model intermolecular interactions , was deduced in 1924 by John Lennard @-@ Jones from experimental data on argon before the development of quantum mechanics provided the tools for understanding intermolecular forces from first principles . The theoretical analysis of these interactions became tractable because the noble gases are monatomic and the atoms spherical	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
1835 , just south of San Antonio de Béxar in the Mexican region of Texas . The Texas Revolution had officially begun on October 2 and by the end of the month the Texians had initiated a siege of Béxar , home of the largest Mexican garrison in the province . Bored with the inactivity , many of the Texian soldiers returned home ; a smaller number of adventurers from the United States arrived to replace them . After the Texian Army rejected commander @-@ in @-@ chief Stephen F. Austin 's call to launch an assault on Béxar on November 22 , Austin resigned from the army . The men elected Edward Burleson their new commander @-@ in @-@ chief . On November 26 , Texian scout Deaf Smith brought news of a Mexican pack train , accompanied by 50 – 100 soldiers , that was on its way to Bexar . The Texian camp was convinced that the pack train carried silver to pay the Mexican garrison and purchase supplies . Burleson ordered Colonel James Bowie to take 45 – 50 cavalry and intercept the train . An additional 100 infantry followed . On seeing the battle commence , Mexican General Martín Perfecto de Cos sent reinforcements from Bexar . The Texians repulsed several attacks by Mexican soldiers , who finally retreated to Bexar . When the Texians examined the abandoned pack train they discovered that , instead of silver , the mules carried freshly cut grass to feed the Mexican Army horses . Four Texians were injured , and historian Alwyn Barr states that three Mexican soldiers were killed , although Bowie and Burleson initially claimed the number was much higher . = = Background = = On October 2 , 1835 , Texas colonists attacked a Mexican force at the Battle of Gonzales , formally launching the Texas Revolution . After the battle ended , disgruntled colonists continued to assemble in Gonzales , eager to put a decisive end to Mexican control over the area . On October 11 the disorganized volunteers elected Stephen F. Austin , who had settled the first English @-@ speaking colonists in Texas , as their commander @-@ in @-@ chief . Several days later Austin marched his newly created Texian Army towards San Antonio de Béxar , where General Martín Perfecto de Cos , brother @-@ in @-@ law of Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna , oversaw the garrison at the Alamo . In late October the Texians initiated a siege of Béxar . = = Battle = = At 10 : 00 a.m. on November 26 , Texian scout Erastus " Deaf " Smith rode into camp to report that a pack train of mules and horses , accompanied by 50 – 100 Mexican soldiers , was within 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) of Béxar . For several days , the Texians had heard rumors that the Mexican Army was expecting a shipment of silver and gold to pay the troops and purchase additional supplies . The Texians had been fighting without pay , and most wanted to charge from camp and loot the expected riches . Burleson calmed the crowd and then ordered Colonel James Bowie to take 35 – 40 mounted men to investigate , but only attack if necessary . After Bowie recruited the army 's 12 best marksmen for the expedition , there was little doubt that he intended to find a reason to attack . Burleson managed to stop the entire army from following by sending Colonel William Jack with 100 infantry to support Bowie 's men . About 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from Béxar , Bowie and his men spotted the Mexican soldiers crossing a dry ravine . This was likely near the confluence of the Alazán , Apache , and San Pedro Creeks . Bowie 's men charged the Mexican party , scattering the mules . The mounted forces briefly exchanged fire , and then both sides dismounted and took cover in dry streambeds . The Mexican forces counterattacked but were repulsed . In Béxar , General Cos saw the battle begin and sent 50 infantry and 1 cannon to provide cover so the cavalry could retreat to town . The Texian infantry also heard the initial shots and rushed toward the battle , at one point wading through waist @-@ deep water . They approached the battlefield during a lull . The lack of noise made it difficult for them to ascertain where the Mexican troops were , and the Texians were surprised to find themselves between the Mexican cavalry and infantry . As the Mexican troops began firing , the Texian infantry troops dropped to the ground . Colonel Thomas Rusk led a group of 15 in an attack on the nearest Mexican cavalry ; as those cavalrymen fled the Texian infantry was able to scramble to cover . The Texian cavalry joined their infantrymen . Burleson 's father , James Burleson , led a cavalry advance on the Mexican position , yelling , " Boys , we have but once to die , they are here in the ditch . Charge them ! " The Mexican artillery fired three times , driving the Texians back . Three times the Mexican cavalry attempted to take a small rise to give the artillery better position ; they were repulsed . The Mexican infantry then attacked . Rusk wrote of the Mexican attack : " These men advanced with great coolness and bravery under a destructive fire from our men , preserving ... strict order and exhibiting no confusion . " The infantry abandoned their charge when they realized that Texian James Swisher had led a band of cavalry to try to take the Mexican cannon . The Mexican forces then withdrew towards Béxar . = = Aftermath = = Four Texians were wounded in the fighting , and one soldier deserted during the battle . In his reports , Burleson claimed that 15 Mexican soldiers had been killed and 7 wounded , while Bowie claimed that 60 Mexican soldiers had been killed . In his book Texans in Revolt : the Battle for San Antonio , 1835 , historian Alwyn Barr stated that only 3 Mexican soldiers had been killed and 14 wounded ; most of the casualties were from the cavalry companies . Burleson praised all of his officers for their conduct ; Bowie received the most mention . The Texians captured 40 horses and mules . To their surprise , the saddlebags did not contain bullion . Instead , the mules had been carrying freshly cut grass to feed the Mexican horses trapped in Béxar ; this prize gave the battle its name . Although the engagement , which historian J. R. Edmondson termed a " ludicrous affair " , did not yield valuable plunder , it did serve to unite the Texian Army . Days before , the army had been bitterly divided and unwilling to risk a prolonged siege or assault . With their success at the Grass Fight , however , the Texian soldiers began to believe that , although outnumbered , they could prevail over the Béxar garrison . The Texians believed that Cos must have been desperate to send troops outside of the safety of Béxar . Several days later , on December 1 , a handful of Americans in Béxar convinced Cos to allow them free passage from the city . Although they had promised to leave the country , the men , including Samuel Maverick , instead joined the Texian Army and provided information about the Mexican defenses and the low morale within the town . Buoyed by their Grass Fight victory , on December 5 the Texians launched an attack on Béxar ; Cos surrendered on December 9 . As a condition of their parole , the Mexican troops were forced to leave the province , leaving the Texas colonists in full control . = Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident = On November 2 , 2002 , U.S. Marine Corps Major Michael Brown attempted an indecent assault on a Filipina bartender in Okinawa , Japan . The bartender accused Brown of attempting to rape her and of throwing her cell phone into a nearby river ; Brown denied the rape charges . The victim later recanted and attempted to withdraw the accusation , though prosecutors presented evidence that she had received a cash payment just before doing so . The case received extensive attention in the Japanese media , especially in Okinawa , and the crime sparked a public debate over the U.S. military presence in Japan , the privileges of extraterritoriality , as well as the fair trial practices of Japanese legal system and the Japanese police . The case involved the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan and the U.S. – Japan Status of Forces Agreement ( SOFA ) . On July 8 , 2004 , after a 19 @-@ month trial , Brown was convicted by a Japanese court of attempted indecent assault and destruction of private property and received a one @-@ year suspended prison sentence . As a result of this incident and others involving crimes committed by U.S. military personnel in Japan , both countries entered into negotiations aimed at modifying the SOFA in July 2003 ; ultimately , no changes were made to the agreement . In 2005 , Brown was arrested and charged with a separate kidnapping in the United States . He was demoted and involuntarily retired from the military in 2006 and at his trial in 2009 entered a Kennedy plea , receiving probation on the felony conviction . = = Crime and arrest = = Early in the morning of November 2 , 2002 , a female employee of the Camp Courtney officers ' club on Okinawa drove up to the Courtney main gate and reported to base security personnel that a Marine Corps major had just attempted to sexually assault her in her car on a deserted road near the back gate of the base . She identified the Marine as Major Michael Brown and stated that during the assault the major threw her mobile phone into the nearby Tengan River . The woman , later identified with the initials V.N. , who was 40 years old , and originally from the Philippines , had lived in Okinawa for 17 years , and was married to a Japanese citizen of Okinawan descent . She reported that she had picked up Brown in her car about 1 : 30 a.m. after the officers ' club closed and that he directed her to the deserted road behind the base and after parking , Brown tried to rape her and then threw her mobile phone into the river when she tried to call the police . The Camp Courtney security personnel called the Japanese National Police Agency ( NPA ) . Japanese officers came and took V. N. ' s report . Michael Brown was at the time 39 years old , was married , had two small children , and was a 19 @-@ year Marine veteran assigned to the command element of the III Marine Expeditionary Force at Camp Courtney on his second tour on Okinawa . Brown voluntarily underwent several hours of questioning at the JNP station in Gushikawa . He told Japanese police investigators that V. N. had propositioned him for sex and that , when he refused , a physical altercation ensued . During the altercation , Brown said , V. N. took his wallet and Brown grabbed her mobile phone , which he , " out of frustration " , proceeded to toss into the nearby river . Brown stated that V. N. drove away but returned a few minutes later and gave his wallet back to him . Both Brown 's and V. N. ' s accounts agreed that V. N. had originally picked up Brown in her car after meeting him for the first time at the base officers ' club that evening . Both stated that V. N. had agreed to give Brown , who was intoxicated , a ride home . On December 3 , 2002 , the JNP issued a warrant for Brown 's arrest . The Japanese government asked that Brown be turned over to Japanese authorities immediately . Although the U.S. – Japan Status of Forces Agreement stated that service members would only be turned over to Japanese law enforcement if formally indicted , the U.S. had agreed to give " sympathetic consideration " for serious crimes in response to the 1995 Okinawan rape incident , in which a U.S. Navy sailor and two Marines raped a 12 @-@ year @-@ old Okinawan girl . The United States , in this case , decided not to turn Brown over to the Japanese authorities before he was formally indicted and restricted Brown to base on Camp Courtney . On December 9 , the JNP filed formal charges against Brown and , on December 19 , he was formally indicted on charges of attempted rape and destruction of private property . The next day , Brown , escorted by U.S. Marine Corps military police , was turned over to the custody of Japanese police at the Naha detention center . When asked why they had waited ten days after the formal charges to indict Brown , Japanese Deputy Chief Prosecutor Junichi Okumura stated that they wanted to give Brown a chance to apologize ( called jidan in Japanese ) to the victim . Since that apparently did not occur and V. N. still expressed a desire to press charges , the Japanese authorities went ahead with the indictment . On December 25 , Naha District Court judge Yayoi Ikeda ( 池田弥生 , Ikeda Yayoi ) denied bail for Brown because , " there was concern that he [ Brown ] might try to destroy evidence or intimidate witnesses if he was set free . " Ikeda also said that she was concerned over the seriousness of the charges and the large discrepancy between the statements of Brown and V. N .. Brown was represented at the hearing by a local Japanese defense attorney , Masayuki Akamine ( 赤嶺允之 , Akamine Masayuki ) . Akamine reported that Brown 's family in the United States had begun jidan negotiations with the victim . At this time , Brown 's brother also launched a website to protest Brown 's detention and to complain about what he perceived to be unfair treatment of Brown by the Japanese courts . Brown later reported that Japanese prison officials " admonished " him over the launching of the protest website by his family . On January 9 , 2003 , bail was denied for Brown by the same judge for a second time . Brown then appealed the bail decision to a three @-@ judge panel of the Naha court who upheld the denial of bail on January 16 . The Naha court scheduled Brown 's trial to begin on March 13 , but later changed the date to May 26 because of delays incurred by legal motions filed by Brown 's attorneys . The trial was expected to last for some time because , under the procedures of the Japanese justice system , trial hearings are usually only conducted for one or two days a month . = = Pre @-@ trial = = On January 24 , Brown hired two new defense attorneys , Michael Griffith and Toshimitsu Takaesu . Griffith was a New York attorney who had previously represented Marines in Okinawa . Takaesu was a former Okinawa chief prosecutor . Both were described as " outspoken critics of Japan 's legal system " . The first week of March , another attorney hired by Brown filed a habeas corpus petition with the United States District Court for the District of Columbia claiming that the legality of Brown 's incarceration was open to question due to what Brown claimed was the inherent unfairness of the Japanese judicial system . The U.S. court dismissed the motion on March 12 , citing jurisdictional issues . Throughout the trial , Brown wrote numerous public missives about what he felt was the unfairness and corruption of the Japanese justice system and accusing the local Okinawan government of pursuing a political agenda in the prosecution of his case . Brown 's letters were posted on his family 's website and informally distributed throughout Okinawa 's U.S. military population . Brown and his family also wrote many letters to U.S. politicians and government officials complaining of Brown 's treatment by Japanese authorities and actively encouraged other U.S. military members and U.S. citizens to do the same . On March 13 , an Okinawan newspaper reported that the JNP had matched DNA taken from saliva on the victim 's upper body with DNA in a blood sample obtained from Brown during the investigation . Brown was again denied bail on March 17 . Takaesu blamed the anonymous report about the DNA evidence in the newspaper as the reason for the bail denial and criticized the Naha District Prosecutor 's Office for not including the DNA evidence in the evidence list submitted before the trial was scheduled to begin . In reply , Junichi Okumura , a Naha District deputy chief prosecutor stated , " Here in Japan , unlike the United States , there is no problem if evidence is submitted later " . Brown was granted a ¥ 10 million bail ( approximately US $ 100 @,@ 000 , c.2003 ) by the Naha court on May 13 but he was restricted to Camp Courtney for the duration of the trial . Brown 's family hired Gene Warfield , an American ex @-@ special forces soldier who had lived in Okinawa for 17 years , as a consultant to assist them in " looking into the allegations levied against Michael [ Brown ] " . On the evening of May 7 , as Warfield , his Japanese wife , and daughter arrived at a restaurant on Okinawa , a man attacked Warfield with a knife , injuring him slightly . Warfield described the man 's attack as " professional " . The JNP investigated , but no arrests were made . = = Trial = = Brown 's trial began in Naha on May 26 with testimony from V. N .. Over the next three days of testimony , V. N. repeatedly stated that Brown was innocent and that she wanted to withdraw her complaint . She said that any contact between her and Brown on the night in question was consensual and that she allowed Brown to fondle and kiss her breasts . At that point , V. N. said , she began to resist and Brown became angry . V. N. testified that when she threatened to call police , Brown threw her cell phone into the [ Tengan ] river . Angry at the loss of her cell phone , V. N. stated that she then embellished the story when she told it to the guards at the Courtney main gate . V. N. further claimed that she had been coerced by police , prosecutors and her employer , a local agency that provides temporary workers for USMC bases on Okinawa , to file the charges . She said that once the charges were filed , Japanese prosecutors told her she could only withdraw the charges in court . One of the Naha judges then asked V. N. why she was not angry at Brown to which V. N. replied , " Because he didn 't attempt to rape me . Before , I was angry at him for throwing away my cell phone . But not now . " The next trial hearing took place on June 4 . At the hearing , Takaesu stated that Brown had arranged with the Camp Courtney officers ' club manager to have sex with V. N. , but that V. N. resisted Brown 's advances after driving him to the secluded road off base . The Naha prosecutor said during the hearing that V. N. had insisted on pressing charges . The next court session was on July 1 . At this session , Satoshi Kawamitsu , an attorney for the employment agency that V. N. worked for , testified that he had tried to arrange a jidan settlement between Brown and V. N. in December 2002 , but V. N. had insisted on pressing charges . He stated that he informed her that once the charges were filed , she would not be able to withdraw them until the trial began . At the next court session on July 15 , prosecutors submitted evidence that V. N. had received 13,500US $ from an unknown source just before she recanted the charges during the May court session . The prosecution submitted the evidence in an attempt to show that V. N. ' s original statements and desire to press the charges were valid , and later attempts to recant were in bad faith . Brown then took the stand but refused to answer questions as to why his initial statements to Japanese police were different from what Takaesu later stated in court had actually happened on the night in question . The prosecutor asked Brown , " Your original statement that she made sexual advances was false ? " Brown replied , " I am not going to answer that . " When asked why he would not answer , Brown replied , " Because I want the opportunity for this court to see publicly the type of corruption and distortion of evidence by the police and the prosecutor . " Takaesu later said that another reason for Brown 's refusal to answer most of the questions was because his answers could be used by the USMC in separate military justice actions against Brown . During a later court session on September 9 , Takaesu attempted to submit medical evidence that Brown had suffered a back injury in 1999 and had a steel collar and bolts inserted around his spine . According to Brown , these injuries made it impossible to for him to assault V. N. as described in the police report . The Naha court panel of three judges agreed to issue a decision as to whether the evidence was submissable at a later date . During another trial session later in September , the Naha court decided to accept V. N. ' s pre @-@ trial statements and accusations of Brown along with her later attempts to recant . Brown appealed this decision to the Fukuoka High Court 's Naha branch , which dismissed the appeal . Japan 's supreme court upheld the Fukuoka court 's dismissal of the appeal in late November 2003 . In October 2003 , Brown requested that the three Naha court judges assigned to the trial disqualify themselves , stating that they were " prejudiced against him " . The Naha court judges declined to do so , and the trial was set to resume in January 2004 . The trial resumed on January 16 , 2004 , when the Naha court accepted the evidence of Brown 's spinal and neck injuries . Takaesu testified that it would have been physically impossible for Brown to commit a violent sexual assault on V. N .. When Takaesu called for the clothing V. N. wore the night of the alleged assault to be entered as evidence , the prosecutor , Tsuyoshi Satake , refused to present it . During a hearing in March , Brown admitted that he had lied to Japanese police about what had happened on the night in question . Brown stated that he and V. N. had engaged in some " heavy petting " in her car and that she objected when he began to take it " too far " . After Brown said that he insulted her , she threatened to call the police and he grabbed her cell phone and threw it in the river . On April 24 , Takeshi Oda , representing the prosecution , made his closing arguments , describing the alleged crime as " vicious and atrocious " , and calling for a three @-@ year prison sentence for Brown . Oda added that the alleged crime had affected the local community , stating , " There 's a feeling of anxiety among the residents because of this incident . " During the same hearing , Takaesu submitted as evidence a letter Brown wrote to V. N. apologizing for using bad language with her and giving her ¥ 8 @,@ 000 ( about 75 US $ , c.2004 ) to replace her cell phone . Following a 19 @-@ month trial , on July 8 , 2004 , Brown was convicted by the Naha District Court of " attempting an indecent act " and " destruction of property " but was acquitted of the rape charge . The court gave Brown a one @-@ year prison sentence , suspended for three years , and fined him 1 @,@ 400 US $ . Chief Judge Nobuyuki Yokota said Brown was given a light sentence because the 21 @-@ year Marine veteran had no prior criminal record . Citing the victim 's stated unwillingness to punish Brown , the prosecution declined to appeal the verdict . Brown appealed the verdict to Japan 's supreme court , which dismissed the appeal in July 2004 . Brown was permanently transferred by the U.S. military to Marine Corps Base Quantico , Virginia in August 2004 . = = SOFA controversy = = The issue of violent crime , especially rape and murder , committed by U.S. servicemembers on Japanese citizens in Okinawa has often strained relations between the U.S. , Japan , and the local Okinawan government . The U.S. has argued that " extraterritoriality " or " extrality " ( meaning the right of a foreigner charged with a crime to be turned over for trial to his own diplomatic representatives in accordance with his national law ) granted its military members under the SOFA is necessary to afford them the same rights that exist under the U.S. criminal justice system . Since the SOFA also exempts most U.S. military members from Japanese visa and passport laws , past incidents occurred in which U.S. military members charged with crimes by Japanese authorities on Okinawa were transferred back to the U.S. without facing prosecution in Japanese courts . In cases where the charged servicemember remained in Japan , Japanese authorities often did not have access to question or interrogate the U.S. servicemember , making it difficult for Japanese prosecutors to prepare a case for indictment . The issue became central to the demand by many Okinawans and other Japanese citizens for the significant reduction and eventual elimination of U.S. military forces stationed in Okinawa . In the opinion of many Japanese citizens living in Okinawa , the U.S. used the SOFA to shield U.S. servicemembers who committed crimes against Japanese citizens from the Japanese criminal justice system . The September 4 , 1995 , widely reported rape of an Okinawan schoolgirl by three U.S. servicemen caused the U.S. and Japan to revise the SOFA , stating that in the future , the U.S. would give " sympathetic consideration " to the hand @-@ over of U.S. servicemembers accused of violent crimes such as rape or murder to Japanese authorities before indictment . To many in Okinawa , the incident involving Brown appeared to fall under this new provision in the SOFA . After the initial allegations involving Brown were publicized and before charges had even been filed , Okinawa Governor Keiichi Inamine publicly stated , " This is a heinous crime trampling on female human rights . Moreover , this is a crime committed by a marine corps major , a person who should be in a leadership position . " Japan had requested that the U.S. hand over suspects before indictment in three previous cases to which the U.S. had complied . On December 3 , 2002 , Japan 's national government asked that Brown be transferred to Japanese police officials for confinement , but in this case the United States declined to do until an indictment was handed down . The U.S. embassy stated , " The government of the United States has concluded that the circumstances of this case as presented by the government of Japan do not warrant departure from the standard practice as agreed between the United States and Japan . " On December 10 , 2002 , the Okinawa Prefectural Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution calling on the United States to immediately transfer Brown to Japanese authorities and called on the Japanese national government to again demand Brown 's immediate hand @-@ over . The resolution condemned the United States ' refusal to hand over Brown , calling it , " in defiance of our country 's judicial setup and in disregard of its sovereignty " and " intolerable " . Keiichi Inamine added , " I have come to fully realize anew that a thorough review of the Japan – U.S. Status of Forces Agreement is necessary . " Because of this and subsequent incidents by U.S. servicemembers on Okinawa , including another rape of a local woman by a U.S. Marine , the governors of fourteen Japanese prefectures in which U.S. military forces were stationed urged the ruling Liberal Democratic Party " to secure a true Japan – U.S. partnership through a revised Status of Forces Agreement " . On July 2 , 2003 , Japan and the United States opened negotiations into modifying the SOFA , but the negotiations failed to produce any change to the current agreement . = = Subsequent arrest and conviction = = In October 2005 , Brown was arrested and charged with kidnapping an 18 @-@ year @-@ old Vietnamese @-@ American high school student from a flea market in Milton , West Virginia on October 2 , 2005 . According to the police , Brown , allegedly upset that collectible coins he had purchased a few weeks before were worthless , returned to the flea market representing himself as a police officer , handcuffed her , and drove the girl to Kanawha County under the pretense of taking her in for questioning . The girl escaped from Brown 's car a few hours later after realizing he was not an officer , according to West Virginia State Police . After the arrest , the USMC demoted Brown to Captain and involuntarily retired him at that rank on February 1 , 2006 . On August 14 , 2009 Brown entered a Kennedy plea , meaning he did not admit guilt but did not contest that prosecutors had evidence to prove his guilt , and was convicted on a felony charge of attempting to commit kidnapping and a misdemeanor petty larceny charge in Cabell County , West Virginia Circuit Court . Brown was sentenced to three years probation , two years of which were to be spent in home confinement , and agreed to pay restitution and all court costs . = DeKalb County Courthouse ( Illinois ) = The DeKalb County Courthouse is located in the county seat of DeKalb County , Illinois , U.S.A. , the city of Sycamore . The Classical Revival structure sits on a square facing Illinois Route 64 as it passes through the city . The current courthouse was constructed in 1905 amid controversy over where the courthouse and thus , ultimately , the county seat would be located . The current building is the third structure to bear the name " DeKalb County Courthouse . " DeKalb County 's Courthouse still serves as the county 's primary judicial center and is a contributing property to the Sycamore Historic District . The district joined the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . As the county 's primary courthouse for over 100 years , the site has been host to many trials , including prominent murder cases . The building is cast in the Classical Revival architectural style and contains elements common to that style . Stained glass , columns and a pediment are among the more noticeable features at a glance . The rear facade of the building is designed to resemble a temple and also features stained glass windows . A stone porte @-@ cochere covers the rear driveway . Inside the building 's third floor courtroom is more stained glass , in the form of a skylight . During the early 1980s a made for television movie had scenes filmed in the DeKalb County Courthouse 's courtroom . = = History = = Today 's DeKalb County Courthouse is the third in a line of structures to carry that name . In 1839 a log structure was built and called the county courthouse ; the log building stood across the street from the current courthouse . Ten years later , in 1850 , the second DeKalb County Courthouse was erected . From December 13 , 1902 until April 17 , 1924 , DeKalb @-@ Sycamore Electric Traction Company operated a trolley route between the two cities ( DeKalb and Sycamore ) , which ended at the DeKalb County Courthouse . The current courthouse , which sits on the same site as the 1850 building , was erected in 1905 . = = = First courthouse = = = The DeKalb County Circuit Court came into existence in June 1839 when the first session of court met in Sycamore 's first courthouse building , though the building was somewhat incomplete . At first , it seemed , that Sycamore might not be the location of the DeKalb County Courthouse ; other towns were vying for the county seat title . A now defunct town called Brush Point was the choice of a Dr. Henry Madden and Rufus Colton would have preferred Coltonville , where he made his home . Colton , the Clerk of the Court and preparer of the writs and process of the court , had set the first session of county court to be held at his home , in Coltonville . In his attempt to make Coltonville the county seat , Colton decided to hold a new election for the status . Colton made sure that Coltonville would win the election by telling only the population of Coltonville about it . His political tactics were eventually cancelled by an act of the Illinois General Assembly , after the DeKalb County court intervened . When court convened the sheriff served a court order declaring a courthouse be built in Sycamore . Afterward , Coltonville eventually suffered the same fate as Brush Point and disappeared from the map . These events seemingly settled the issue of where the courthouse and , in turn , the DeKalb County seat was going to be located . = = = Second courthouse = = = By 1849 growth in DeKalb County necessitated a new courthouse . That year the county commissioners appointed three citizens , Ellzey P. Young , Kimball Dow , and J.C. Kellogg , to contract for a new courthouse building . The courthouse building was to be constructed at the center of the public square ; the location of the 1850 DeKalb County Courthouse . The county commissioners also stipulated the building be brick and 60 by 40 feet ( 12 m ) wide . The cost , as directed by the commissioners , was not to exceed $ 6 @,@ 000 . Twenty five percent of that cost was contributed by private citizens . Young and the other appointees were also authorized , by the county , to sell the old courthouse as well as any town lots owned by the county in order to help raise money for the project . Eventually , William Phelps was contracted for the construction of the two @-@ story brick structure which was topped with a large cupola clock tower . It was completed in 1850 and the county inaugurated the courthouse with Grand Ball in 1851 . = = = Third courthouse = = = The third and current DeKalb County Courthouse was constructed in 1905 at an approximate cost of $ 137 @,@ 000 . The project reignited the debate over the county courthouse 's location and , once again , the debate over which town would hold the coveted title of county seat . The county Board of Supervisors authorized the project in 1901 and appropriated $ 100 @,@ 000 for the new building . The idea for a new courthouse originated as early as 1900 , when the essential design elements of the Lee County courthouse were chosen as the model for the new DeKalb County Courthouse . Though the courthouse was modeled after the Lee County structure it does differ ; the Lee County building , in Dixon , Illinois , has a rooftop dome and also is longer and wider than the DeKalb County building . By 1903 , the appropriation had been upped to $ 140 @,@ 000 and the battle over the county seat had begun . This time , it was the city of DeKalb that sought to wrest the title of county seat away from Sycamore . Two of DeKalb 's most prominent citizens , Jacob Haish and Isaac L. Ellwood , each promised to donate $ 20 @,@ 000 to help absorb some of the new building 's cost ; their donation hinged upon the courthouse being moved to and constructed in DeKalb . The city of Sycamore responded by raising $ 70 @,@ 000 in donations from its citizens and legal wrangling continued , until 1904 . Haish eventually pledged $ 103 @,@ 000 for a DeKalb courthouse but it was decided that the county seat would stay in Sycamore and ground was broken , despite the continuing legal battle , on October 29 , 1903 . The building was completed on March 1 , 1905 and the Crew Brothers Company was hired to demolish the 1850 DeKalb County Courthouse . In recent history the third DeKalb County Courthouse has figured in films , as well as the Global War on Terrorism . Courtroom scenes for the 1982 made for television movie Will , the story of G. Gordon Liddy ( of Watergate infamy ) , were filmed in the courthouse 's third floor courtroom . In 2006 the United States Department of Justice announced it had arrested Derrick Shareef on terrorism related charges . Among the crimes the government accused Shareef of plotting was a plan to assault the DeKalb County Courthouse in order to " smoke a judge . " = = = Circuit court history = = = The DeKalb County Courthouse serves DeKalb County , Illinois as its main judiciary building . As such , it is the location of any trials and court proceedings in the county . The DeKalb County Circuit Court falls under the Illinois 16th Judicial Circuit , along with the circuit courts in Kendall and Kane Counties . Through its 100 @-@ year history prominent criminal trials and other events have occurred at the courthouse . One of the earliest notable cases in the DeKalb County Circuit Court was the murder trial of Henry C. Atwood in 1866 , in the second DeKalb Courthouse building . Atwood , 17 years old at the time , was charged with murdering his wife , Ada , then 15 . The Chicago Tribune called the events " a thrilling tragedy enacted in the little town of DeKalb , in the county of DeKalb . " Prominent DeKalb resident Jacob Haish testified for the prosecution during Atwood 's trial . During the summer of 1966 the trial of Russell Charles Dewey was underway at the courthouse . Dewey was accused of murdering and burning the body of Susan Brady , who disappeared on December 20 , 1965 ; he was arrested in for the crime in February 1966 . Dewey was convicted of the crime on August 21 , 1966 . On March 22 , 1971 a group of Northern Illinois University students were arrested while protesting the clear cutting of a forested area on the DeKalb , Illinois campus . About 150 students blockaded the roads leading to the forested site with debris ; twelve were arrested and the subsequent proceedings at the DeKalb County Courthouse were covered by the Chicago Tribune . All charges were eventually dismissed in the case . During the summer of 1990 an exiting judge , Rex Meilinger , presented an unusual request to the DeKalb County Board . Meilinger announced , partway through his term , that he planned to retire and requested that his retirement dinner be held " at the courthouse " when asked . Meilinger assured the board that the move was legal and preparations began for a catered dinner for more than 200 guests at the DeKalb County Courthouse . Tables were set up in the lobbies on each floor of the building and the circuit clerk 's first floor office was transformed into a bar . The third floor courtroom hosted an after @-@ dinner roast in honor of the exiting judge . = = Architecture = = = = = Exterior = = = The building faces south , toward Illinois Route 64 and was designed by architect Herbert T. Hazelton , of the Chicago firm Watson & Hazelton . The 128 @-@ foot ( 39 m ) by 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) building stands three stories ; its exterior covered in Bedford Indiana limestone . The courthouse 's setting , on the public square in downtown Sycamore , renders it an impressive structure from most approach angles . Heavily carved stone brackets support a lintel over the main doors on the building 's front facades . The four columns dominating the front extend two stories and blend Ionic and Corinthian elements as they ascend from the second floor to the cornice level of the courthouse . Stone balustrades accent the small balcony on the second floor and the windows on the same floor , in the east and west wings , have a row of six balustrades below their sills , which form a continuous stringcourse around the building . Classical sculpture covers the pediment above the front colonnade , with the seal of the State of Illinois dominating the relief . Stained glass windows can be found topping the third floor windows . The cornice on the roof consists of three rows of eight balustrades and stone blocks . A common decorative ornament in Greek Revival and Classical Revival architecture can be found in an anthemion at the peak of the pediment . The courthouse roof is enclosed in stonework and balustrades . The north side of the DeKalb County Courthouse is not as ornately decorated as the south face but each has its own distinctive qualities . The courthouse drive , entering from Exchange Street , crosses below a stone porte @-@ cochere on the courthouse property . The back side of the building features four pilasters with composite capitals which give the courthouse a temple appearance . = = = Interior = = = From November 1984 to June 1987 the DeKalb County Courthouse underwent an interior restoration , which was completed in time for the sesquicentennial celebration for DeKalb County . The restoration , at an approximate cost of $ 100 @,@ 000 , was undertaken by Conrad Schmitt Studios of New Berlin , Wisconsin . The modern front doors to the courthouse hide the original , beveled glass front doors from view . Once inside the modern doors , the nonfunctional original doors can be seen , standing wide open , to be admired ; each door weighs several hundred pounds . Past the doors , in the building 's main lobby , is the large , marble staircase to the second floor . The staircase , as well as the lobby 's wainscoting , is done in gray Tennessee marble . Most of the first floor is original to the building , including the hexagonal marble flooring , stained glass windows and two original , first floor courtrooms . The plasterwork along the walls and ceilings of the lobby is ornately decorated . Ascending the staircase are bronze railings with mahogany banisters . The railings are decorated with the swastika symbol which , whilst mostly associated with Nazi Germany , has been traced back as far as the 3rd millennium B.C.E. in Asia . The stairway 's newel posts , on the landing between the second and third floors , are a pair of bronze ram 's heads , identical newel posts grace the bottom of the stairs as well . The second floor landing offers a view of the stained glass windows , all original , which were fully restored during the 1980s renovation . Elevator access is also located on the second floor landing , the elevator was a 1950s addition to the courthouse . Originally , to access the third floor , the only option was one of two staircases . Both staircases rose from the second floor landing to the third floor , one staircase was located to either side of the stairwell leading to the landing . When the elevator was installed the staircase on the left @-@ hand side of the landing was removed . Inside the ornate building 's third floor courtroom is a stained glass skylight centered by a ten @-@ pointed star . The room is adorned with six brass lamps , and chandeliers , which are clustered with glass globes . In its original state an old @-@ fashioned , four @-@ bladed ceiling fan hung from the courtroom ceiling . The third floor courtroom has been called , " the building 's single most distinctive interior space " by Steve Bigolin . The furnishings in the courtroom , including the chandeliers , plasterwork , beveled glass doors and stained glass work are all original . = = Significance = = The courthouse was included in the National Register of Historic Places nomination for the Sycamore Historic District in 1978 . Of the 209 structures contained within the district when it was originally nominated the courthouse is one of 40 possessing " special architectural and / or historical significance , " which strongly contributes to the character of the historic district . The courthouse was one of twenty structures detailed on the 1978 nomination form and was noted as having " architectural significance . " = Hulme Arch Bridge = The Hulme Arch Bridge in Hulme , Manchester , England , supports Stretford Road as it passes over Princess Road , and is located at grid reference SJ838968 . The construction of the bridge formed part of the regeneration of the Hulme district of Manchester , both by re @-@ establishing the former route of Stretford Road , which had been cut into two halves by the construction of Princess Road in 1969 , and by providing a local landmark . The location was previously occupied by a footbridge . The bridge consists of a deck supported by cables from a single arch that spans the bridge diagonally . The design was selected in June 1995 , with construction running between May 1996 and April 1997 . It was opened on 10 May 1997 by Alex Ferguson . = = History = = Stretford Road was divided into two halves in 1969 by the construction of Princess Road . A footbridge was subsequently constructed , crossing Princess Road at the same place as the road previously ran . As part of the regeneration of the Hulme district , it was decided to construct a new bridge to rejoin the two sections of the road , and also to provide a local landmark . The design of the bridge was selected via a two @-@ staged , closed design competition , commissioned by Hulme Regeneration Ltd and Manchester City Council . The first stage of the competition was held in March 1995 , and had six entries . The winning design was selected in June 1995 , and was from architects Chris Wilkinson Architects , with the structural engineer being Ove Arup & Partners . The reference for the design of the bridge was Eero Saarinen 's Gateway Arch in St. Louis , Missouri , USA . = = Design = = The bridge consists of a 50 metres ( 160 ft ) bridge deck of three 17 by 17 m ( 56 by 56 ft ) steel and concrete decking segments covered with tarmac . The deck is supported by twenty @-@ two 51 mm diameter spiral steel cables originating from both sides of a 25 metres ( 82 ft ) high arch . The parabolic arch is made of six prefabricated trapezoid steel box sections , and spans the bridge diagonally . The bridge is illuminated at night . The arch varies between 1 @.@ 6 metres ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) deep at the bases to 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) wide and 0 @.@ 7 metres ( 2 @.@ 3 ft ) deep at the top . It is supported by a pair of 8 @.@ 5 by 6 @.@ 5 by 5 @.@ 5 m ( 27 @.@ 9 by 21 @.@ 3 by 18 ft ) concrete blocks , which bear most of the weight of the bridge . The deck is supported by piled abutments , which incorporate areas for bearing and expansion joint inspection and maintenance . The arch is kept in shape by a number of internal stiffeners and diaphragms , with the top section filled with concrete . To minimise internal rust , the lower sections of the arch were coated with a vapour corrosion inhibitor , with portholes with removable covers inserted into the arch so that the inside can have additional coats applied in the future . = = Construction = = The three sections of decking were assembled on the broad central reservation of Princess Road , and were craned into position over a weekend when Princess Road was closed . The decking was temporarily supported by trestles until the arch was ready . The six sections of the arch were welded together on site into two halves before being lifted into position during a second weekend . The cables were connected on third weekend . The bridge was formally opened on 10 May 1997 by Alex Ferguson in a ceremony including the Lord Mayor of Manchester and Tony Wilson . The ceremony was concluded by them being driven over the bridge in a Rolls @-@ Royce Silver Ghost , and was followed by a street festival . The bridge has been described by the structural engineers as " a perfect example of how imaginative design combined with leading @-@ edge engineering technology can be used to create a landmark structure which captures the public 's imagination . " In 1997 the bridge was shortlisted for the British Construction Civil Engineering Award . In 1998 , the bridge received four awards : the RIBA Award for Architecture , a Structural Steel Design Awards Commendation , a Civic Trust Award Commendation and the Institute of Civil Engineers Merit Award . = Michael Boulding = Michael Thomas Boulding ( born 8 February 1976 ) , sometimes referred to as Micky Boulding , is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward and winger from 1998 to 2011 . Prior to his football career , he was a promising young tennis player , ranking among the top 20 players in Britain . Born in Sheffield , England , Boulding excelled at both football and tennis , but chose to adopt the latter after he was spotted by coach Tony Pickard , who trained Boulding for 10 years . However , having continued to train as a footballer and play in the non @-@ league with Hallam , he finished his tennis career in 1999 , when he turned a professional footballer with Mansfield Town . He played for two years in Division Three with Mansfield , before he moved up two divisions to Grimsby Town . After scoring 11 goals in a season with Grimsby , he attracted interest from Premier League @-@ side Aston Villa . However , his stay with Villa was short @-@ lived and his only first team action was in the Intertoto Cup , before he returned to Grimsby . He spent another two years with Grimsby and then another two with Barnsley , before he decided to retire in 2005 . Boulding worked in the family business but returned to football in March 2006 , with Rotherham United . He did not play for Rotherham in two months and instead returned to Mansfield Town , along with his brother , Rory , at the end of the season . Boulding scored just six goals in his first season with Mansfield . However , after he scored 25 in his second season , when the team were relegated from The Football League , he attracted interest from a number of League One and Two clubs . He eventually decided to join Bradford City , again with his brother , but the pair were released early from their contracts after less than two years with the club . The brothers were given trials back at Mansfield Town , but while Rory joined Accrington Stanley , Michael returned to Barnsley on short @-@ term deal and later had a similar contract at Derby County but never featured in either first team . He has also been involved with running the family 's property business . = = Personal life = = Michael Boulding was born on 8 February 1976 in Sheffield , England , to Mick and Deirdre Boulding . Boulding has four sisters , Sally , Mary , singer @-@ songwriter Helen , and Laura , who plays rounders for England , and a younger brother , Rory , who is 12 years his junior , and was born after the family moved to Sheffield . Boulding 's family own a property business , Merlin Estates , which he briefly worked for when he decided to retire from football in 2005 . The firm went into compulsory liquidation in 2009 . Boulding lives with his brother , Rory . He also has a helicopter pilot 's licence . = = Tennis career = = Boulding was both a skilled footballer and tennis player as a schoolboy , but he was persuaded to pursue a career in the latter sport when he was talent spotted by coach Tony Pickard at the age of 13 . Boulding was part of the national squad and played in events across the world , including India , South America , the Far East , and also the junior Wimbledon Championships and the qualifying rounds of the main Grand Slam event . During his career he roomed with Tim Henman and was ranked the top 20 players in Britain . He held an ATP singles world ranking between 8 July 1996 and 1 November 1999 , apart from between 25 August 1997 and 24 August 1998 , which peaked at 1 @,@ 119 with four world ranking points on 3 May 1999 . His highest doubles ranking was 964 on 10 February 1997 with 15 ranking points . = = Football career = = = = = Hallam and Mansfield Town = = = Boulding maintained his links with football and trained with Doncaster Rovers , and in 1998 he joined non @-@ league Hallam near his home in Sheffield . His form at Hallam attracted the interest of a number of league clubs , and Boulding was offered a trial by Mansfield Town . He was given a contract by the Division Three side and turned professional in 1999 , which brought an end to his tennis career . He made his debut with Mansfield in a League Cup game against Nottingham Forest on 11 August 1999 as a late substitute for Gary Tallon , before his first league game came three days later against Cheltenham Town . He had to wait until his 12th game as a professional to register his first goal when he scored in a 2 – 1 victory over Shrewsbury Town on 23 October . He eventually finished his first season with six goals with Mansfield coming 17th but 17 points above Carlisle United , the only side to be relegated out of The Football League . During September and October of the 1999 – 2000 season , Boulding scored in four successive league games . However , he could only score another two goals during the rest of the campaign to once again record a tally of six goals . His last goal came only two minutes after he had come on as a substitute during Mansfield 's penultimate game of the season against Scunthorpe United , which helped the team to their fourth successive home victory and a final league position of 13th . Boulding 's two @-@ year contract with Mansfield had finished and he left after playing 74 appearances in all competitions for Mansfield , of which 41 were as a substitute . During his two seasons he scored 12 goals , all in the league . = = = Grimsby Town = = = Having left Mansfield , Boulding joined Division One side Grimsby Town on a free transfer in September 2001 . His debut was as a second @-@ half substitute in a 3 – 3 draw with Stockport County on 22 September 2001 , before he scored his first Grimsby goal a week later away at Bradford City . Boulding was involved in Grimsby 's League Cup upset , when they defeated cup holders Liverpool with a 2 – 1 extra @-@ time victory , but they struggled in the league . Boulding was in and out of the starting eleven , but when he was recalled to the side for the visit of Crystal Palace on 2 March 2002 in place of Martin Pringle , who had broken his leg , Boulding scored in a 5 – 2 victory to ease their relegation worries . He scored again three days later in a defeat , and followed it up with the first hat @-@ trick of his career in a 6 – 2 victory later the same month against Wimbledon , which moved them out of the relegation zone . Grimsby 's survival was ensured before the end of the season , when they defeated Burnley 3 – 1 , with two goals from Boulding . Boulding finished Grimsby 's leading scorer for the 2001 – 02 season with 11 goals in 39 appearances , and with his one @-@ year contract due to expire in the summer , he was offered a new contract by the club . Boulding , however , turned down the offer and instead joined Aston Villa in July 2002 on a Bosman free transfer . = = = Aston Villa and return to Grimsby Town = = = Boulding was immediately involved in Aston Villa 's Intertoto Cup campaign , making his debut against FC Zurich on 21 August 2002 in a 2 – 0 defeat , before he scored the first goal in the second leg as Aston Villa overturned the first leg deficit to win 3 – 2 on aggregate . However , he did not make an appearance in the Premier League and in September 2002 , he joined Sheffield United on a one @-@ month loan with a view to a permanent move . The loan deal was extended for a second month , but an ankle injury restricted his opportunities at Sheffield United and he returned to Aston Villa in November 2002 . He played seven times for United , scoring one goal in a League Cup tie with Wycombe Wanderers . Only six months after joining Aston Villa , Boulding returned to Grimsby Town in January 2003 , initially on a one @-@ month loan , to allow him to play the following day against Wimbledon , and then on an 18 @-@ month contract only days later He opened the scoring on his return in a 3 – 3 with Wimbledon , and added another three goals in his following five games . However , he was unable to add any more goals by the end of the season and Grimsby were relegated from Division One in 24th place . Boulding scored Grimsby 's first goal of the 2003 – 04 season , during the opening day 2 – 2 draw with Plymouth Argyle . He continued to be in the goals at the start of the season and added another five by mid @-@ September , scored in successive games during October to guide Grimsby to back @-@ to @-@ back victories , and had scored 13 goals by the end of 2003 . However , manager Paul Groves was sacked in January 2004 following a run of poor results which culminated in a 6 – 0 defeat to Oldham Athletic , leaving Grimsby one point off the relegation places . Boulding , who said he had previously stayed because of Groves , himself immediately left the club , moving to Barnsley in February 2004 for a fee of £ 50 @,@ 000 , having scored a total of 17 goals from 42 games during his second spell with Grimsby . He later said the decision to leave was the worst of his career and that he had had his happiest times at Grimsby , saying " Grimsby is the club I have been happiest at . Leaving for Barnsley was the biggest mistake I 've made in my football career . " Despite leaving the club early in the season , Boulding finished top @-@ scorer – tied with Phil Jevons – with 13 goals . = = = Barnsley and Rotherham United = = = Barnsley , like Grimsby Town , were in Division Two , but in a mid @-@ table position . Boulding 's first game for his new club was on 14 February 2004 , in a 1 – 0 defeat to Wrexham . Three games after Boulding signed for Barnsley , they sacked manager Gudjon Thordarsson and replaced him with Paul Hart , who asked Boulding to play at left wing , a position Boulding described as the " graveyard shift " . Boulding played six games in total before the end of the season , which included an early return to Grimsby resulting in a 6 – 1 defeat for Barnsley , but he failed to score a goal . He recorded his first goals for his new club in the third game of the 2004 – 05 season in a 4 – 3 defeat to Luton Town on 14 August 2004 , when he scored twice . He failed to score again until November and only netted one more by the end of 2004 , but in the first four games of the New Year he scored another five goals . He ended up scoring 10 goals for Barnsley from 38 games but he fell out of favour and was sent out on loan to Cardiff City in March 2005 for the rest of the season . He played four games for the Championship @-@ side , all as substitute , without scoring . He returned to Barnsley but was released by manager Andy Ritchie at the end of the season . Boulding was tracked by Bradford City and Crewe Alexandra , with whom he was offered a contract after a successful trial , but instead decided to retire from professional football after being asked to play on the left wing . Crewe manager Dario Gradi said : " He told me he was going to retire because he didn 't want to sit on the bench all season — or drop down the divisions . " His retirement lasted seven months while he worked for his father 's company until he joined Rotherham United in March 2006 following three reserve games . He signed for the rest of the 2005 – 06 season , but did not make any first @-@ team appearances for Rotherham and left the club at the end of the season . = = = Return to Mansfield Town = = = In July 2006 , Boulding returned to League Two side Mansfield Town , and after impressing manager Peter Shirtliff in pre @-@ season training , he was offered a contract . His younger brother Rory Boulding also joined Mansfield at the same time . His first game back at Mansfield was on the opening day of the 2006 – 07 season in a 2 – 2 draw with Shrewsbury Town , before he scored in the following game as Mansfield defeated Milton Keynes Dons 2 – 1 . At the end of September he was sidelined by a knee injury , which kept him out of the side for a month , and in January 2007 he was angry after he was dropped to the substitutes ' bench in favour of fellow strikers Barry Conlon and Martin Gritton for a game against Hereford United . Mansfield won the game 3 – 1 with Boulding coming on to score one of the goals . He finished the season with just six goals from 45 games , as Mansfield finished in 17th position . Boulding 's 2007 – 08 season started in better form , when he scored in a 1 – 1 draw with Brentford on the opening day of the campaign , which was followed up with goals in each of Mansfield 's next three league fixtures . Despite his goals , Mansfield were soon at the bottom of the table . The club found some respite from their league form in the FA Cup ; their run started with a 3 – 0 victory against Conference South side Lewes when both Boulding brothers scored , and was followed with a 3 – 2 defeat of another non @-@ league team , Harrogate Railway Athletic , when Boulding scored twice in a televised game . However , Boulding missed a penalty in Mansfield 's next league game as they remained bottom of the table following a goalless draw with Bradford City , before they were knocked out of the FA Cup by Premier League club Middlesbrough in the fourth round once again live on television . Boulding , who hit the crossbar during the game , was pleased with the side 's performance , saying : " If we can take that sort of performance into the league , we 'll definitely get out of this relegation battle . " While Boulding 's own goalscoring form continued , Mansfield failed to pick up enough points to stay up . He finished the season with 25 goals , including a hat @-@ trick in his penultimate game against Shrewsbury Town . By the end of the season , Boulding had made 92 appearances , scoring 31 goals , in his second spell at Mansfield . After Mansfield 's relegation to the Football Conference , he was out of contract , and as well as being offered new terms by the club , at least four League Two clubs also tried to sign him . In July 2008 , he and his brother both decided to leave Mansfield Town after turning down their offer , with a reported 15 other clubs interested in offering him a contract . = = = Bradford City = = = Boulding 's goals attracted interest from a number of clubs including League One side Cheltenham Town , and League Two teams Bradford City , former clubs Grimsby Town and Rotherham United , and Lincoln City . Boulding and his brother were expected to sign for Cheltenham Town but had a change of heart and instead moved to League Two side Bradford City on a two @-@ year contract in July 2008 , joining the team on their tour of Scotland . Boulding was one of four Bradford players to make his debut on the opening day of the 2008 – 09 season against Notts County . He was a second half substitute replacing fellow striker Barry Conlon , as Bradford won 2 – 1 . His first goal for City came in their third game of the season to open the scoring in a 2 – 0 victory against Rochdale on 23 August 2008 , which put them second in the table . Along with Barry Conlon and Peter Thorne , Boulding was one of three strikers at City who all scored 10 goals by February as City maintained their push for the play @-@ offs . Boulding finished the season with 13 goals , but admitted his performance had been " very average " , and was one player who took a pay cut after the club missed out on promotion . Boulding started the first game of his second season with Bradford City , which ended with City losing 5 – 0 to Notts County , but he soon lost his place to new signings Gareth Evans and James Hanson and so had to wait another seven weeks for his second start which came against Northampton Town because Evans was suspended . He scored his first goal of the season in the game to give City a 2 – 0 lead , but his side conceded twice for the game to finish in a 2 – 2 draw . He scored in the club 's following two games , but was then kept out of the side for two weeks by a virus . Upon his return , he scored his 100th career goal and his fourth goal in five games as a late consolation in an FA Cup defeat to Notts County . However , Boulding continued to struggle to maintain a first @-@ team place and was released early from his contract in March 2010 , along with his brother under mutual consent , after failing to make a single start under new manager Peter Taylor . He had played 71 games at City , although nearly one @-@ third were as substitute , and scored 19 goals . = = = Return to Barnsley and transfer to Derby County = = = Boulding returned on trial to former clubs Mansfield Town , with his brother Rory , and Barnsley . Boulding offered to play for free on a short @-@ term deal at the latter club and started the season with the Championship side , being named on the bench for the club 's opening match away to Queens Park Rangers . He was an unused substitute as his new side lost 4 – 0 . Boulding was limited to reserve team football , which included a goal against Nottingham Forest . He failed to appear for the first @-@ team and in February 2011 , he was given a trial with another Championship club Derby County scoring in a reserve game against Walsall . After his trial , Boulding joined Derby on a non @-@ contract deal until the end of the 2010 – 11 season . He played for the reserves before he earned his first call @-@ up to the Derby team for a game against Crystal Palace . He was an unused substitute in a 2 – 2 draw . Boulding did not feature in the Derby first @-@ team and they did not retain him at the end of the season . He did however train with the club during pre @-@ season ahead of the 2011 – 12 season and played in a friendly against Burton Albion . = = Career statistics = = Updated to 25 February 2011 . = Caesars Palace 2000 = Caesars Palace 2000 is a gambling simulation video game developed by Runecraft and published by Interplay Entertainment . It was released in North America and Europe in June 2000 for the PlayStation , Dreamcast and Microsoft Windows ' PCs . It is named after the famous Caesars Palace luxury hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas , Nevada . Interplay announced in late 1999 that they were working on a title for the Dreamcast which was known to be a 3D simulation of gambling with traditional casino games . The game was fully licensed by the Caesars Palace casino and features six card games , table games , five slot machine themes , and video game machines . Each game plays by official Caesars Palace rules and uses casino odds and payouts verified by a Ph.D in statistics . The PC version of the game received praise for its graphics and sound , but the Dreamcast version received criticism for its presentation , graphics , and slow pace . = = Gameplay = = There are eleven casino games , authentic Caesars Palace cards , chips , rules , and tutorial guides for beginners throughout each game . In the PlayStation version of the game , there are six card games , including variations of poker and blackjack ; table games , including roulette and craps ; video game machines , including video poker and keno ; and five slot machine themes . For each of the various games included , official Caesars Palace tables and equipment are used . Each game plays by official Caesars Palace rules and uses casino odds and payouts confirmed by statistician William Bertram , Ph.D. Tutorials and in @-@ game hints can be shown on each of Caesar 's Palace 2000 : Millennium Gold Edition 's various games . The tutorials and hints are displayed at times when the game notices that the player is making moves considered incorrect by casino standards . For further assistance , Caesar 's Palace 2000 : Millennium Gold Edition also features the Caesars Palace Guide to Gaming Handbook , which details rules and strategies for the included games . In the PC and Dreamcast versions of the game , an initial stake of $ 2 @,@ 000 is given , though more is available through loans at a virtual automated teller machine . Official Caesars Palace rules and tutorials are given for each game , along with genuine cards and chips . Odds and payouts are confirmed by Bertram . The card games include blackjack , Pai gow poker , Mini @-@ Baccarat , Red dog , Casino war , and Spanish 21 . The table games include craps and roulette , while machine gambling include video poker , poker challenge , and video Keno . The five slot machine themes include Ancient Egypt , Baseball Challenge , Halloween Spooky , Progressive Fruit , and Wild West . They all have different payouts and odds . The settings can be customized for some games , including the volume , coaching , number of decks , card tracking , bet limits , and animations . = = Development = = In September 1999 , publisher Interplay Entertainment announced the arrival of several Dreamcast titles to be developed by Rage Software . Interplay revealed that they were working on another title , known as Caesars Palace 2000 for the Dreamcast . It was known to be a 3D simulation of gambling , and they promised that it will be " one of the most realistic portrayals of the casino atmosphere ever " . It was going to have traditional casino games , like blackjack , poker , and slots , and was slated for a late fourth @-@ quarter release in 1999 . In May 2000 , developer Runecraft was simultaneously working with publisher Ripcord Games on the Dreamcast port of Spec Ops , while developing Caesars Palace 2000 . It was announced that the game was set for release on the PC , Dreamcast , and PlayStation . They promised to include all the things associated with gambling , and a release in late May 2000 . The game was fully licensed by the Caesars Palace casino , with twenty @-@ three different gambling games and adhering to the Official Caesars Palace Rules . Runecraft promised a title that " reflects the ambiance of Caesars Palace , including dealers with personality " . Players would also be able to track their performance and do some statistical analysis . = = Reception = = Caesars Palace 2000 received mixed reviews from critics , while the PC version received the most positive reaction . It received aggregate scores of 55 % and 45 % from GameRankings for PC and Dreamcast respectively . For the PC version , GameSpot editor Stephen Poole stated " You 'll be better off looking for free online versions of the various games contained in Caesars Palace 2000 " . In contrast , IGN was more favorable to the PC version of the game . Francois Laramee of Allgame praised the game for its " excellent audio @-@ visuals . The 3D accelerated graphics , specifically the tables , the cards and the dealers ' hands , are well modeled and lit , and the playing chips are beautiful . The sound effects are accurate , and the voice actors , competent " . However , he noted that " some of the 3D effects are not particularly wieldy , the menus flicker , it 's often hard to stop the scrolling menus at the right time , and the camera angles switch too fast and frequently to be anything but distracting . The slot machine wheels are a bit on the small side and difficult to read " . Laramee went on to call the game " a competent effort , but is essentially dry and uninspired " . ComputerAndVideoGames.com 's Alex Huhtala criticized the game for its " Poor , vomit @-@ inducing presentation " . For the PlayStation version , IGN 's David Zdyrko cited that " Many of the games are quite enjoyable , but the truth of the matter is that it never quite matches the thrill of the real thing " and criticized on how " the visuals are very bland on the whole . It has low @-@ resolution backgrounds , and pretty much nothing at all to get excited about " . He also called the music " boring and completely uninspiring " . Allgame editor Matt Grandstaff commended the card games , as they " require a fair amount of strategy , and thus remain entertaining " and that " the look and feel of Caesars Palace 2000 recaptures the feel of one of the most successful casinos of all @-@ time " . He stated that the game " is definitely not about the looks " but " does an admirable job recreating the casino experience " . Grandstaff felt that the game " has the sound of a real casino . From background clatter to the voices of the dealer , this is Caesar 's Palace " . He noted that players " will enjoy sitting through hours of card games " but to " Avoid the slots " . Grandstaff also commented that the strategy book that comes with the game " should be packed on any trip to Vegas " . The Dreamcast version was heavily criticized . Ryan Davis of GameSpot stated that " the best bet for all involved would be to take your chips elsewhere " . Similarly , IGN editor Jeremy Dunham noted that " the blandness of the game 's presentation would probably disappoint the most basic of cavemen . Even the graphics are disappointing . True , those card tables can look very realistic , but what else is there to marvel at ? Nothing ! Without any type of exploration feature , or other characters there isn 't anything to render " . Allgame 's Bryan Hightower criticized that " there are not enough games , there are annoying wait times , and the help mode is terrible " . He also complained that " the dealer deals painfully slow and has to say what cards you have twice . You can already read your hand right on the screen , so you don 't need the dealer to waste your time " . Hightower also cited that " when you win at slots , the camera always goes to the bottom of the machine to show you the payout scale " which " becomes frustrating after a few credits because it is so slow . The act of leaving the table or machine is even slower " . He also said that the advice the game gives you is " Perhaps the most irritating ' feature ' of this game " because " Each time you do something the computer wouldn 't have done , a pop @-@ up screen will appear that adds more time to the lengthy procedure of completing a bet " . Hightower commented that " The above @-@ par graphics are quickly negated by the rock @-@ bottom enjoyment factor " and that " this game doesn 't have any of the character the real casino has " . = I Am Furious ( Yellow ) = " I Am Furious ( Yellow ) " is the eighteenth episode of The Simpsons ' thirteenth season . It first aired in the United States on the Fox network on April 28 , 2002 . In the episode , Bart creates a comic book series based on his father Homer 's anger problems , which turns into a popular Internet cartoon series called Angry Dad . Homer finds out about this and is at first outraged , but after talking to his family , he decides to try to become a less angry person . The episode was directed by Chuck Sheetz and written by John Swartzwelder . The idea for the episode was pitched by Matt Selman , and the staff took inspiration for the episode from the Simpsons staff 's own experience with web cartoons , such as Queer Duck and Hard Drinkin ' Lincoln . The episode includes references to the dot @-@ com bubble , Danish physicist Niels Bohr and comic book publishers Marvel Comics and DC Comics . It also features American comic book writer Stan Lee as himself . Before its original broadcast , " I Am Furious ( Yellow ) " faced scrutiny from the series fans , who thought that Homer would literally transform into the Hulk in the episode . In its original broadcast , the episode was seen by approximately 7 @.@ 8 million viewers , finishing in 26th place in the ratings the week it aired . Following its home video release , the episode received positive reviews from critics , and is often considered a favorite among fans . On February 20 , 2011 , " Angry Dad : The Movie " , an episode in which Bart and Homer make a short film based on the Angry Dad internet cartoon , aired in the United States . = = Plot = = Principal Skinner and Mrs. Krabappel take Lisa 's advice and visit the Springfield Writer 's Forum to find a better speaker . They find Jeff Jenkins , creator of a popular TV cartoon , Danger Dog . He comes to the school to give a presentation on Danger Dog , including showing them a sneak preview for the next Easter special , and fascinates the kids by telling them about the cartoon industry . Much to Skinner 's horror , Jenkins tells the students how easy his job is and how he never needed to work hard to get his job . Panicking , Skinner pulls the fire alarm and interrupts the speech , hoping to keep the students from absorbing Jenkins lazy attitude . Unfortunately , every kid in school creates their own comic book , all of which are actually rip @-@ off versions of Danger Dog . Bart also creates his own comic Danger Dude ( which is actually a dog ) and tries to sell it to Comic Book Guy , who criticizes his work . Stan Lee enters Comic Book Guy 's store and tells Bart that his comic is bad . However , he encourages Bart to keep trying to " find his own voice " . At home , Bart comes up with a character called Angry Dad , based on Homer and his frequent outbursts when he does something stupid . Bart rolls out the first issue of Angry Dad , which becomes a hit with the kids in school . However , Lisa points out that the character is a carbon copy of Homer . Bart responds by deciding to make a supporting character for Angry Dad : a character named Know @-@ it @-@ All Sister based on Lisa 's annoying yet wise personality . Soon , Lisa relents as long she gets a pony and the last line of the comic , allowing Bart to make more issues of Angry Dad . Upon reading Angry Dad comics , Comic Book Guy deems them impressive enough to sell , much to Bart 's delight . During an autograph signing session in the schoolyard , Bart is approached by a spokesman for an Internet entertainment site . He wants to make Angry Dad into an online animated cartoon series , and Bart agrees in exchange for stock . The cartoon becomes an Internet hit , becoming the single most popular non @-@ pornographic website of all time , which according to Lenny makes it " tenth trillionth " overall . The only one still unaware of Angry Dad is Homer , who finds out one day at work when Lenny , Carl , Smithers , and Mr. Burns find it hilarious . At first , Homer finds it very funny , but learns that he looks exactly like Angry Dad and that Bart is the one who created it , much to his anger . He becomes a laughingstock both on the web and in Springfield . While driving home , the humiliated Homer is stopped by various townsfolk , who do what they can to make him all the more angry . As a result , he carelessly slams the car door on his own hand , causing him immense pain . The townspeople respond with even more jubilance as the humiliated Homer flees towards home . Once he arrives , the apoplectic Homer finds Bart and Milhouse laughing at a new Angry Dad cartoon . He strangles Bart for the humiliation the town has given to him through his cartoons . Eventually , Marge and Lisa stop Homer and manage to calm him down . Though Lisa admits to not being a fan of Bart 's comic , she does tell Homer to address his anger management issues once and for all . Homer agrees to try to tame his anger from that point on . However , he refuses Marge 's request to go on a diet while he is dealing with his anger issues . The next day , Homer stays true to his word and remains calm , despite having difficulty maintaining it , as it is evident that whenever aggravating situations occur , Homer tries to suppress his rage , causing lumps to grow on his neck . However , his new calm demeanor has taken away Bart 's inspiration for his cartoon , so Bart and Milhouse set up a prank for Homer to trigger another outburst . Later , they go to the Internet company office , where they find the company has gone bankrupt , due to its poor financial model and devalued stock . Realizing that this means he doesn 't need more material for Angry Dad , Bart and Milhouse rush back to the house to defuse the trap . Homer reaches home and happens upon Bart 's trap , but he keeps his calm throughout its run , causing more lumps to develop on his neck . The trap ends with Homer falling into a pool full of green paint and resembling the Incredible Hulk , finally prompting him to go berserk and storm through town , causing much damage . The police restrain him and Homer is admitted to the hospital . At the hospital , Marge tells Bart she is disappointed in him for aggravating Homer 's rage with his prank , because of the $ 10 million in damages his father has caused with his rage , and she mentions that when they get home , she will punish him for it . However , Dr. Hibbert arrives and disagrees with Marge by telling her that Bart actually saved Homer 's life by enraging him . He explains the lumps on his neck were actually boils caused by suppressed rage and would have otherwise overwhelmed his nervous system if Bart 's prank had not set him off . Hibbert convinces a reluctant Marge that she should go easy on her son for it . Homer thanks Bart by taking him fishing , where he continues to make his father angry , though this time , Homer tries to control it for good . = = Production = = " I Am Furious ( Yellow ) " was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Chuck Sheetz . It was first broadcast on Fox in the United States on April 28 , 2002 . The episode 's storyline was pitched by Simpsons writer Matt Selman . In the DVD audio commentary for the episode , he stated that Matt Groening , the creator of the series , would usually tell the writers about how he was the class clown and did not pay attention in school , and yet grew up to become very successful . After hearing this , Selman thought that if Groening went back to his school to talk about his career , it " [ would be ] the last message that a principal and the teachers would wanna hear . " Selman pitched the story because he thought it would be " humorously infuriating " to teachers . The episode was also partly based on some of the Simpsons staff members ' experience with making internet cartoons , such as Queer Duck and Hard Drinkin ' Lincoln , both of which were created by Mike Reiss . The Angry Dad internet cartoon , as well as the other internet cartoons in the episode , were originally going to be animated using Macromedia Flash , however , the department of Film Roman that handled Flash animation would not be able to complete the scenes in time . Because of this , director Sheetz had to draw the scenes himself , mimicking the look of Flash animation . At the end of Bart 's trap , Homer falls into a pool of green paint , making him resemble the Hulk . Selman originally wanted Homer to fall into blue paint , since the blue paint mixed with his yellow skin would make green , however the idea never came to fruition . The episode features comic book writer Stan Lee as himself . In John Ortved 's book The Simpsons : An Uncensored , Unauthorized History , Lee stated that he attended the episode 's table read , and was impressed with the size and quality of the creative staff , who all sat around the conference table . Lee recalled in 2009 , " Honestly , there was so much genuine talent around that table that you could have cut it with a knife . " Afterward , Lee met the writers of the show , and was pleasantly surprised to find that they were familiar with his work and he was with theirs . Afterward , executive producer Al Jean took Lee out to lunch , who he called " one of the nicest and most unassuming guys you could hope to meet . " Lee continued , " Of course , I probably said something wrong to him , or he didn 't like my table manners , because I haven 't been invited back for another guest shot . But hey one lives in hope . " The voice actor who plays Angry Dad in the episode was portrayed by Dan Castellaneta , who also does the voice for Homer among other characters in the series . The design of the character is also based on Castellaneta . = = Cultural references = = The title of the episode is a parody of 1967 Swedish art house film I Am Curious ( Yellow ) . The episode references the dot @-@ com bubble , a speculative bubble covering roughly 1995 – 2000 . In their article " 15 Simpsons Moments That Perfectly Captured Their Eras " , Genevieve Koski , Josh Modell , Noel Murray , Sean O 'Neal , Kyle Ryan and Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club wrote : " By April 2002 , the dot @-@ com bubble of the late ' 90s had been popped for a couple of years , taking with it myriad Internet start @-@ ups . A sobering soul @-@ searching settled in their place , which The Simpsons captured in this episode about Bart creating a popular Internet cartoon called Angry Dad . Touring the laid @-@ back start @-@ up that hosts the cartoons , Lisa asks head honcho Todd Linux about their business model . ' How many shares of stock will it take to end this conversation ? ' he retorts . Lisa asks for two million , which Linux grabs from a paper @-@ towel dispenser . When Bart and Lisa return later , the company has gone bust , and Linux is stealing copper wire out of the walls . " When Stan Lee approaches Database , who is playing with a toy Batmobile , he asks him if he would rather prefer a more exciting action figure . Lee then begins shoving a The Thing action figure into the Batmobile , effectively destroying it . This scene pokes fun at the DC vs. Marvel rivalry ( Batman 's Batmobile of DC Comics and The Thing a property of Marvel Comics ) . Another scene in the episode references Danish physicist Niels Bohr . In his book What 's science ever done for us ? : what The Simpsons can teach us about physics , robots , life and the universe , Paul Halpern wrote " In the episode [ ... ] , one of Homer 's favorite TV shows is preempted by the program The Boring World of Niels Bohr . Homer is so upset that he clutches an ice @-@ cream sandwich , aims it at the screen like it 's a remote control , squeezes out its contents , and splatters Bohr 's image . In contrast to Homer 's reaction , most physicists heap nothing but accolades upon Bohr , whose revolutionary ideas shaped the modern concept of the atom . " The line used by Stan Lee is similar to Zim 's line in The Nightmare Begins . The ( fictional ) cartoon series introduced in the first act , " Danger Dog " is a spoof of the popular 80s British cartoon series , Danger Mouse . The hero 's secret headquarters inside a red fire hydrant is conspicuously similar to Danger Mouse 's base being a red mailbox . Milhouse 's character " Trouble Dog " is based off Pochacco from Sanrio . = = Release and reception = = = = = Broadcast and re @-@ release = = = In its original American broadcast on April 28 , 2002 , " I Am Furious ( Yellow ) " received a 7 @.@ 4 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 7 @.@ 8 million viewers . It finished in 26th place in the ratings for the week of April 22 – 28 , 2002 , making it the most watched program on the network that night . Combined with a new episode of Malcolm in the Middle , The Simpsons beat CBS 's Everybody Loves Raymond special ( " Everybody Loves Raymond : The First Six Years " ) in the ratings , besting the special by a full rating point and a half among adults between ages 18 to 49 . On August 24 , 2010 , the episode was released as part of The Simpsons : The Complete Thirteenth Season DVD and Blu @-@ ray box set . Matt Groening , Al Jean , Matt Selman , Mike Reiss , Chuck Sheetz , Don Payne , Tom Gammill , Max Pross , David Silverman , and Stan Lee participated in the DVD audio commentary for the episode . = = = Critical reception = = = Upon the episode 's release , a promotional image of Homer mimicking the Hulk caused some of the series ' internet fans to speculate that the show had jumped the shark . " [ ... ] I still remember the publicity it [ the episode ] got , " Jean said in the DVD commentary for the episode . " The internet people were like , ' They jumped the shark . They 're having Homer turn into The Hulk . ' [ ... ] We clearly did it in a logical fashion . He 's not really super strong . " Following its broadcast , " I Am Furious ( Yellow ) " garnered critical acclaim from reviewers , and is often considered a fan favourite . Colin Jacobsson of DVD Movie Guide called the episode one of the better installments from Season 13 , referring to it as " very good " and saying that " the series has milked Homer 's rage [ as one of its chief sources of humor ] for years , but it does so in creative and satisfying ways here . " R.L. Shaffer of IGN described " I Am Furious ( Yellow ) " , along with " Brawl in the Family " and " Half @-@ Decent Proposal " , as being " cleverly written " and the best episodes of the season . Aaron Peck of High @-@ Def Digest stated that the episode is one of his " personal favourites , " and Ron Martin of 411Mania called it a " standout episode . " Adam Rayner of Obsessed With Film gave the episode a favorable review as well . He wrote that , even though it is not " as rooted in reality as the great episodes , " the episode is " consistently hilarious . " He concluded that the episode is " great comedy from start to finish . " Blu @-@ ray.com 's Casey Broadwater called it a " strong character @-@ centric episode , " and added that the episode 's title is one of his " favourites . " Writing for Project @-@ Blu , Nate Boss wrote " Just when you think The Simpsons is broke , we get Angry Dad . To quote Stan Lee : ' Broke ? Or made it BETTER ? ' That 's right . Stan ' the man ' Lee . " Jennifer Malkowski of DVD Verdict gave the episode a B + , describing " Homer 's random exclamation while running around on fire , ' Oh , I hope no one 's drawing this ! ' " as the episode 's " highlight . " Ryan Keefer of DVD Talk described the episode as being " flat out funny . " Lee 's appearance in the episode was also praised . Rayner called his performance " one of the all time great cameos , " and Jacobson called it " fun . " Broadwater considered Lee 's appearance to be one of the season 's " highlights , " and Total Film 's Nathan Ditum ranked Lee 's performance as the 12th best guest appearance in the show 's history , describing it as " a deranged , childish and brilliant version of himself . " = = = Legacy = = = The episode has been used as an indicator to the growth of internet companies . In his article " Best Indicator Ever : The Simpsons Foreclosure " , Jonathan Hoenig of SmartMoney wrote that the twentieth season episode " No Loan Again , Naturally " , an episode in which the Simpsons are foreclosed from their house , could have indicated that " the worst of the housing crisis " at the time the article was written , was over . Hoenig based this theory on the fact that shortly after " I Am Furious ( Yellow ) " , which satirizes the dot @-@ com bubble , aired , the dotcom stocks " began a massive rebound from bear @-@ market lows . " " I Am Furious ( Yellow ) " inspired the idea for the twenty @-@ second season episode " Angry Dad : The Movie " , which originally aired on February 20 , 2011 in the United States . In " Angry Dad : The Movie " , Bart and Homer create a short film based on the Angry Dad cartoon seen in " I Am Furious ( Yellow ) " , but after the film wins a myriad of prizes , the two start fighting over who created the series . = New York State Route 311 = New York State Route 311 ( NY 311 ) is a state highway located entirely within Putnam County , New York , in the United States . The highway begins at NY 52 in Lake Carmel , and intersects Interstate 84 ( I @-@ 84 ) shortly thereafter . It crosses NY 164 and NY 292 as it heads into the northeastern part of the county , finally curving east to reach its northern terminus at NY 22 just south of the Dutchess County line . The route passes several historical sites . Part of modern @-@ day Route 311 was originally the Philipstown Turnpike , a road built in 1815 to overcome a lack of transportation when the Hudson River froze during the winter months . The turnpike was a large business center for the county , though it was abandoned due to insufficient tolls to maintain it . Another section was constructed in the early 1900s , from the Patterson Baptist Church near the modern @-@ day intersection of Route 311 and Route 164 to the Village of Patterson , by a group of Italian immigrants . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the segment of former NY 39 east of West Patterson was renumbered to NY 311 . NY 52 was realigned c . 1937 to follow its current alignment between Stormville and Lake Carmel . The former routing of NY 52 from West Patterson to Lake Carmel became part of an extended NY 311 . = = Route description = = NY 311 begins at NY 52 in the Kent hamlet of Lake Carmel . It heads northeast , crossing over the northernmost portion of Lake Carmel on a short causeway . The lake has a surface area of about 200 acres ( 81 ha ) , and it sits at 618 feet ( 188 m ) in elevation . It was created by developers in the early 20th century by damming the Middle Branch of the Croton River , and is one of the few large bodies of water in Putnam County not used as a reservoir by New York City . The road then crosses into the town of Patterson and meets I @-@ 84 by way of an interchange . Construction is planned to start in summer 2012 for general bridge rehabilitation of the I @-@ 84 interchange . Proceeding eastward , it follows an erratic path , turning in different directions due to the hilly terrain of the area . It passes by a Christian youth camp and intersects with NY 164 . NY 311 curves gradually northeast before turning almost due north to an intersection with NY 292 in the community of West Patterson . Past NY 292 , NY 311 parallels the Putnam – Dutchess county line east into the hamlet of Patterson , serving as the main street of the community . After crossing the Harlem Line tracks , NY 311 crosses the East Branch Croton River at the north end of the wetland area known as the Great Swamp . At nearly 6 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 400 ha ) , the Great Swamp is the second largest wetland in New York , extending as far north as Dover in Dutchess County . Continuing eastward , NY 311 passes the Patterson Fire Department , and terminates at NY 22 at a junction known as Akins Corners . In the hamlet of Patterson , an historic district exists along the route . A number of historic sites are located on NY 311 , including the Patterson Presbyterian Church , the Fellowship Hall , Christ Episcopal Church , the Maple Avenue Cemetery and the Grange Hall . = = History = = = = = Pre @-@ designation history = = = Part of modern @-@ day NY 311 from the NY 292 intersection to the route 's ending terminus was once part of the Philipstown Turnpike . Initially , the county 's proximity to the Hudson River supplied cheap means of transporting goods to Albany and New York City , though in the winter months , the river froze over . To resolve the issue , in 1815 , the Philipstown Turnpike Company was organized to improve upon a toll road from Cold Spring to the Connecticut border . On April 15 , 1815 , " an act to incorporate the Philipstown turnpike company in the county of Putnam " was passed . East of the Connecticut border , the turnpike continued as the New Milford and Sherman Turnpike . On the turnpike , wagons transported manufactures inland , and carried produce from the eastern part of the county . Before the advent of the railroad , the road was a business center for much of the county . One of the intentions of the turnpike was to " greatly promote the public good , as well contribute to their individual interest " . However , the turnpike was eventually abandoned , because the tolls received were not sufficient to defray the expense of maintaining the road and associated bridges . The tolls were also inadequate for investors in the Philipstown Turnpike Company to make a profit . In November 1901 , the Putnam County 's Board of Supervisors hired an engineer to create plans for a new road that would run from the Westchester – Putnam County border into Dutchess County . By early the next year , a group of engineers led by H. W. Degaff surveyed the region , with the goal of constructing a 16 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) wide road . In October 1902 , the Board of Supervisors was informed that the engineers planned to build the new road along a path similar to an existing road . Surveys were completed in 1907 , resulting in the elimination of a dangerous railroad crossing via a trestle . Actual construction began on the Patterson portion of the state road in April 1909 , beginning from the Patterson Baptist Church near the modern @-@ day intersection of NY 311 and NY 164 . The working crew was composed of Italian immigrants , some of whom were given temporary residence within the Putnam Cigar Factory . By June , the construction had reached the Village of Patterson , and was thus completed . = = = Designation = = = The portion of modern NY 311 from NY 292 in West Patterson and NY 22 in Patterson was designated in the mid @-@ 1920s as part of NY 39 , an east – west route extending from Poughkeepsie to Patterson via East Fishkill and West Pawling . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the segment of NY 39 east of West Patterson was renumbered to NY 311 while the portion of 1920s NY 39 from East Fishkill to West Patterson became part of NY 52 . NY 52 also continued south from West Patterson through what is now Lake Carmel to Carmel , where it continued east on an overlap with U.S. Route 6 ( US 6 ) . In March 1936 , a " great and unusual ice flood " caused local water levels to rise . The bridge carrying the highway over the Great Swamp received cracks in its foundation due to the pressure of the water and melting ice , and was lifted off its foundation and swept into the swamp . NY 52 was realigned c . 1937 to follow its current alignment between Stormville and Lake Carmel . The former routing of NY 52 from West Patterson to Lake Carmel became part of an extended NY 311 . = = = Recent history = = = In June 1960 , the Presbyterian Men 's Club produced a film called Our Town , part of which was filmed on the Main Street portion of NY 311 at Boot Hill , a replica western frontier town . Children were asked to participate in the filming by dressing in western or American Indian apparel ; girls dressed as frontier women . The film debuted at the Patterson Town Hall on September 24 , 1960 . By 1966 , Putnam County 's men began drafting into the armed forces to fight in the Vietnam War . In November of that year , Local Board No. 14 announced that 21 local men would be drafted into the military , the highest total to be called since the Korean War . Of the 21 , two were residents of Patterson . To honor the Patterson veterans who lost their lives , a plaque commemorating the Vietnam War was added to the War Memorial by the American Legion at the intersection of NY 311 and Maple Avenue . The Patterson Post Office underwent several re @-@ locations throughout the years . After the Lloyd Lumber Company moved to a larger building along NY 311 , the post office occupied the smaller structure ; both were situated on the east side of the New York Central tracks . Residents complained that the new location was inadequate , claiming that parking was insufficient at nearby companies , and that walking along a busy road to reach the post office was dangerous . After a bidding process to determine the future location , the office was again moved to a former car service station along Front Street . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Putnam County . = He Could Be the One = " He Could Be the One " is a pop song by American recording artist and actress Miley Cyrus , performing as Hannah Montana – the alter ego of Miley Stewart – a character she played on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana . The song was co @-@ written and co @-@ produced by Kara DioGuardi and Mitch Allan . " He Could Be the One " was released to Radio Disney on June 12 , 2009 as promotion for an episode of the same title and the series ' third soundtrack , Hannah Montana 3 . A karaoke version is available in Disney 's Karaoke Series : Hannah Montana 3 . The song contains country pop elements in its music . The song became Cyrus ' best @-@ charting song as Montana , reaching the top twenty in Norway and the United States . " He Could Be the One " peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 , thus becoming Cyrus ' first top ten single as Montana . The song 's accompanying music video was arranged from clips from various Hannah Montana episodes . = = Background = = " He Could Be the One " was co @-@ written by Kara DioGuardi , who composed a total of four songs on Hannah Montana 3 , and Mitch Allan , who composed a total of two songs on the album . A karaoke version is available in Disney 's Karaoke Series : Hannah Montana 3 . The song premiered on Radio Disney on June 12 , 2009 in order to promote the soundtrack and an episode from Hannah Montana of the same title . " He Could Be the One " is pop song with a length of three minutes . According to Allmusic , its genre has some teen pop influences , while Warren Truitt of About.com noted its country music elements with " fizzy " pop rock . The song is set in common time and has a moderate tempo of 132 beats per minute . It is written in the key of E major and Cyrus ' vocals span two octaves , from B3 to D6 . Truitt described Cyrus ' vocals to be with a slight twang and husky . The lyrics of " He Could Be the One " , according to him , about a special crush . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = Warren Truitt of About.com was immediately reminded of Shania Twain after listening to " He Could Be the One " due to its music and Cyrus ' voice in the track . " Throw in a little Gwen Stefani , Joan Jett , and Avril Lavigne , produce it with some [ ... ] Radio Disney " , Truitt added about the song 's influences . Truitt later listed the song as the seventh best song by Hannah Montana . = = = Chart performance = = = As it was not released as a single , " He Could Be the One " received exclusive airplay on Radio Disney , thus its chart appearances consisted mainly of digital downloads . It soon peaked at number two on the Top 30 Countdown , behind " Here We Go Again " by Demi Lovato . The song debuted at number two on Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs Chart , selling 150 @,@ 000 copies , which led to an appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 , on the week ending July 25 , 2009 . " He Could Be the One " debuted and peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 , thus making the song Montana 's highest @-@ charting effort , surpassing her previous best @-@ charting effort " Life 's What You Make It " , which peaked at number twenty @-@ five in July 2007 . It became Cyrus ' first and only song to chart in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 as Hannah Montana . It spent a total of five weeks on the chart . The song debuted and peaked at number ninety @-@ seven on the Canadian Hot 100 , spending one week on the chart . " He Could Be the One " peaked at number sixty @-@ four on the Australian Singles Chart , becoming Cyrus ' best @-@ charting effort as Hannah Montana in Australia . On the week ending January 5 , 2010 , " He Could Be the One " debuted and peaked at number thirteen on the Norwegian Singles Chart , becoming Cyrus ' first entry as Montana in the country . It fell from the Norwegian Singles Chart in the following week . = = Music video = = The song 's accompanying music video premiered on June 12 , 2009 on Disney Channel . The video begins with a narrator speaking , who says , " Boyfriends , one 's a heartbreaker . One 's got a lot of heart . Miley Stewart wants to know who could be the one " , as American actors Cody Linley and Drew Roy are introduced . In the episode " He Could Be the One " , Linley portrays Jake Ryan , Stewart 's longtime love interest and ex @-@ boyfriend , and Roy portrays Jesse , a guitar player who she eventually becomes attracted to . Stewart is then seen holding a pair of photographs of the two , in confusion . Throughout the remainder of the video , clips from numerous episodes from Hannah Montana are integrated . The video concludes with a scene of Stewart grunting as she again holds the photographs and slams herself against a bed . = = Charts = = = Khaplu Palace = Khaplu Palace ( Urdu : خپلو محل ; Balti : تھوقسی کھر ) , locally known as Yabgo Khar ( meaning " The fort on the roof " ) , is an old fort and palace located in Khaplu , in the Baltistan region of Gilgit @-@ Baltistan Province in Northern Pakistan . The palace , considered an architectural heritage and a tourist attraction , was built in the mid @-@ 19th century , replacing an earlier fort located nearby . It served as a royal residence for the Raja of Khaplu . From 2005 to 2011 the palace , having earlier stood in vulnerable conditions , underwent a restoration project carried out by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture under the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme . The palace now houses a hotel operated by Serena and a museum depicting the history and culture of Baltistan . = = Location = = The town of Khaplu is located in the eastern part of Baltistan , at an altitude of 2 @,@ 600 metres ( 8 @,@ 500 ft ) above sea level and is the administrative capital of the Ghanche District . River Shyok a tributary of River Indus , passes through the town , along which is the ancient trade route to Ladakh . Khaplu Palace is located north of the Khaplu town and south of the Shyok river in front of the high mountains of Karakoram range . A trek behind the palace in a ravine leads to the village of Pari in Skardu District . = = History = = Khaplu Palace was built in 1840 by the Yabgo Raja Daulat Ali Khan of Khaplu after the Dogra of Kashmir who captured the region decided to move the seat of government from the old fort . The site of the palace was chosen by rolling a large stone down from a nearby cliff ; it stopped at the Doqsai village , and the palace was built there . The earlier fort was located near the location of the present @-@ day palace . Khaplu Palace replaced the former fort as the royal residence after its completion . According to Jane E. Duncan , the people of Khaplu used to live inside this fort and were not allowed to build their homes outside its premises . This practice was changed after Maharaja of Kashmir took control of the area , resulting in a cessation of conflict among neighbouring rulers . The former fort was captured by Murad Khan of Maqpon Dynasty , the ruler of Baltistan , in the Conquest of Khaplu in the 1590s by cutting off the water and other supplies to the fort . The troops of Murad besieged the fort for three months , resulting in the surrender of Rahim Khan , the 62nd Yabgo dynasty ruler of Khaplu . The fort again fell to invaders in the 1660s and 1674 . The Yabgo descendants continued to live there even after their kingdom was abolished in 1972 . The last Raja of Khaplu who lived in the house was Raja Fatah Ali Khan , who died in 1983 . = = Architecture = = The palace was constructed with the help of Kashmiri and Balti craftsmen . Being on the border of multiple regions , the structure of the palace has Tibetan , Kashmiri , Ladakhi , Balti , and Central Asian influences . The palace building consists of four floors built with timber , mud bricks , clay , and soil mortar . A carved wooden gate that Yabgo Raja Hatim Khan took from a fort in Skardu after conquering most of the Baltistan was erected at the entrance of the palace . The passage beyond the main gate , which formerly housed a stable , leads to the front lawn of the palace , which was used by the musical band during festivities in the reign of Yabgo Rajas . The wooden ceiling of the palace is crafted with designs using chisel and paint , without the use of nail . A hall at the top floor that was used as a leisure room overlooks the Karakoram mountain range and the lawns around the palace . Other notable rooms of the palace include the Royal meeting room ( Chogoraftal ) , Royal balcony ( Chogojarokh ) , Princess dressing room ( Lainakhang ) , and Queen room . Following the renovation of the palace , a section of residential area is being used as a hotel , operated by Serena Hotels and employing people from 35 local households . The hotel has 21 rooms , six of which are located inside the palace building and utilise its 70 percent of income for the development of the Khaplu region , while another area serves as a museum . = = Renovation = = Khaplu Palace is the second fort in Baltistan to be renovated by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture . Renovation started in 2005 and was completed in 2011 . The project was funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs via its embassy in Islamabad . USAID helped fund an exhibition centre for Balti culture inside the fort . The exhibition centre takes up two @-@ thirds of the site . The renovation work was carried out with the help of people from 400 local families employed as an initiative towards community building . The survey encompassing the topographical features of the renovation site. begun in 2005 , used Electronic Distance Measurement ( EDM ) devices . The survey helped in finding the original state of a number of decrepit portions of the palace . The renovation project was carried out following the Venice Charter 's standards for restoration . The material procured for the restoration amounted to thirty million rupees ( Rs 30 m ) , while the wages of the labourers aggregated to about twenty five million rupees ( Rs 25 m ) . = = Shooting and Filmings = = In 2014 , Momina Duraid , senior producer of channel Hum TV and Haseeb Hassan one of TV directors choose Khaplu Palace for shooting of their TV Series , " Dayar @-@ e @-@ Dil " the series was the hence first show to be shot in Scardu and was shot in scenic areas of northern region . Khaplu Palace was set as one of the Protagonist Agha Jan 's ( played by Abid Ali ) Haveli . Shooting / filming was started in late August 2014 and ended in April 2015 , It took approx.8 months for shooting , Khaplu Palace gave a vast popularity catch towards the series the show was seen by several viewers in 2015 and northern beauty gave series a higher rating . The show parodies the culture of the northern society and filmed a Persian song fort the series . = = Awards = = The rescue and renovation work of the palace was commended by Virgin Holidays for having social and economic effects on the locals of the area . The palace won the Virgin Holidays Responsible Tourism Award as the best project in the " Poverty Reduction " category in 2012 . In 2013 the palace was awarded the Award for Distinction by UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards , along with Lal Chimney Compound in India and The Great Serai in Afghanistan . The famous drama serial Dayar @-@ e @-@ Dil was shot at Khaplu fort . = Bryan Gunn = Bryan James Gunn ( born 22 December 1963 ) is a Scottish former professional goalkeeper and football manager . After learning his trade with Aberdeen in the early 1980s , he spent most of his playing career at Norwich City , the club with which he came to be most closely associated . This was followed by a brief spell back in Scotland with Hibernian before his retirement as a player in 1998 . Gunn feels the peak of his playing career was making what he calls the save of his life in the UEFA Cup match against Bayern Munich in 1993 . This event was called the summit of Norwich City 's history by The Independent . He is one of only nine Norwich players to win the club 's Player of the Year award twice . He was made an inaugural member of Norwich City 's Hall of Fame . He was a member of the Scotland national football team , making six appearances for his country in the early 1990s . Gunn worked for years behind the scenes at Norwich in a variety of roles , from matchday hosting to coaching . He was appointed temporary manager towards the end of the 2008 – 09 season and then confirmed as permanent manager during the summer . However , after a 7 – 1 home defeat in the opening game to local rivals Colchester United , he lost his job a week into the 2009 – 10 Football League One season . Since the death of his young daughter from leukaemia in 1992 , Gunn has been extensively involved in fundraising to combat the disease and its effects . As of 2011 he has raised more than £ 1 million for research into childhood leukaemia . The money has been used to fund projects to improve the lives of children with leukaemia and their families , notably a national telephone support line . The city of Norwich recognised Gunn 's charity work and his long association with the city 's football club by naming him Sheriff for 2002 . Published in 2006 , his autobiography , In Where it Hurts : My Autobiography , includes a foreword by his former manager Alex Ferguson . = = Early life = = Gunn was born on 22 December 1963 in Thurso , Scotland , " twenty miles from John o ’ Groats " . His parents were James Gunn , a long @-@ distance lorry driver , and Jessie Sinclair , a canteen worker at the Dounreay nuclear power plant ; the pair had married despite being on opposite sides of a family feud stretching back to the 16th century . James was an amateur sportsman , playing football on the right wing for local team Invergordon F.C. and winning medals at highland games events . The Gunn family home in Thurso was a farm , and the young Bryan would often pester the farmhands to play football with him . They would use a turnip if no ball was available . By the age of four he was keen on goalkeeping ; he was fearless of injury and enjoyed diving on the ball . When Bryan was four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half , the family moved to Invergordon , 20 miles from Inverness . He attended Park Primary School in the town and joined the school football team . Future professional Bobby Geddes was favoured over him as first @-@ choice goalkeeper for the team ; Gunn played as an outfield player until Geddes moved on to secondary school . Gunn attended secondary school at Invergordon Academy from 1975 to 1980 , and gained O Levels in a variety of subjects , including English , maths , history and chemistry . He failed his French exam after taking it while " on the road " with Scotland under @-@ 15s . At the age of 13 , he was invited to play for the under @-@ 15 Invergordon F.C. team by one of his school teachers , who managed the team . The team was beaten 9 – 0 in Gunn 's debut , but his subsequent performances attracted the attention of national selectors , and he joined the Scotland under @-@ 15 squad around the same time he signed for Aberdeen at age 14 . = = Playing career = = = = = Aberdeen = = = Gunn commenced his professional career with Aberdeen in 1980 , and forged a good relationship with then @-@ Aberdeen manager Alex Ferguson — evidenced by the fact that in 1997 Ferguson brought Manchester United to Carrow Road for Gunn 's testimonial match . While an apprentice at Aberdeen , Gunn was a frequent babysitter for Ferguson 's children . He later said , "	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
I probably babysat more than I played " . Gunn portrays the relationship as warm , but businesslike : I 'd stay over and we 'd read the Sunday papers together . He was good to me . I was struggling for cash once and went in and told him I was going on holiday and was there any chance of an advance . He got on the phone and said : " Big Bryan Gunn 's coming down to sign a new contract . " It wasn 't what I meant . I got my holiday money but he got another year out of me , too . As a youngster , Gunn did not always play in goal and he was viewed as a handy outfield player in his early years at Aberdeen . Ferguson recalls , " He could strike a ball as well as anyone , so well in fact that I once played him at centre @-@ forward in a reserve match ... He scored a brilliant goal ... It was a marvellous moment . " However , as a professional , and at his adult height of 6 ft 2 in ( 1 @.@ 88 m ) , Gunn settled into playing in goal . Gunn ascribes much of his goalkeeping success to the support of Belgian Marc De Clerck , a specialist goalkeeping coach at Aberdeen . At a time when few British teams provided such training , De Clerck introduced Gunn and Scottish international keeper Jim Leighton to what were then innovative training techniques . The goalkeepers would participate in special drills whilst training with the rest of the squad . Gunn also notes the influence of Aberdeen coach Teddy Scott , who taught the value of hard work and dedication ; Gunn also served as a boot boy for Alex McLeish . Leighton 's presence meant that Gunn played only 21 games for Aberdeen . He made his debut against Hibernian at Pittodrie on 30 October 1982 , and went on to keep four clean sheets for the club . Despite being rivals for a first @-@ team place , Gunn had an excellent relationship with Leighton that included joining Leighton 's family for a meal once a week . Gunn 's training and performances for the reserve team and occasional first @-@ team appearances paid dividends : he was called up for the Scotland under @-@ 21 team , and made his debut in November 1983 against East Germany . He also received Scottish League Cup and European Cup Winners Cup winner 's medals while with Aberdeen , although he was an unused substitute in both finals . He made an unexpected appearance in the 1986 European Cup quarter final , against Gothenburg . " Jim and I were warming up and he lost [ his ] contact lenses [ so ] I ended up being included in the starting line up , " Gunn recalls . Gunn had an excellent match : The Glasgow Herald 's match report stated , " Only outstanding work by Willie Miller and Bryan Gunn kept the Swedes at bay " . As well as making several key saves , he was credited with playing a part in Aberdeen 's second goal following a long kick upfield . As Leighton was unlikely to be dislodged , Ferguson promised to find Gunn another club , and fulfilled his pledge when he sold him for £ 100 @,@ 000 to Norwich City in October 1986 . The transfer nearly went through in the summer of 1986 , but Ferguson delayed the move until October to allow time for Leighton to recover from an injury . = = = Norwich City = = = Gunn says of the move south : " Norwich was easy to settle into , a bit like Aberdeen in many ways — a city surrounded by lovely countryside and lots of farms . " However , since he joined the club partway into the new season , he initially found it difficult to take over as first @-@ choice goalkeeper . Gunn had been bought as a replacement for England international goalkeeper Chris Woods , who had moved to Rangers F.C. Meanwhile , reserve team keeper Graham Benstead made a series of good performances and Norwich were top of the league . Ken Brown wanted to be fair to Benstead and made Gunn wait . A 6 – 2 defeat at Anfield proved to be the catalyst for Gunn 's promotion to the first team . He made his debut in a Full Members Cup win against Coventry City , conceding a penalty , and made his league debut in a 2 – 1 victory against Tottenham Hotspur at Carrow Road on 8 November 1986 . Norwich went on to finish fifth in the First Division in his first season , their highest @-@ ever league finish at the time . By May 1988 Gunn 's consistency meant his value had risen considerably , and the club reportedly declined a £ 500 @,@ 000 offer from Ian Porterfield to take the goalkeeper back to Aberdeen . The purpose of the proposed transfer was to replace Leighton , who by then had moved to Manchester United , where he was reunited with Alex Ferguson . Norwich reached the semi @-@ final of the FA Cup in 1989 with Gunn in goal , but he missed the semi @-@ final in 1992 through injury . What has been described as his — and Norwich 's — greatest moment came in their upset victory over European giants Bayern Munich in the UEFA Cup in 1993 . The Independent described the match as " the pinnacle of Norwich City 's history " . Gunn made several saves that kept the Canaries in the match . He describes the save he made from Bayern striker Adolfo Valencia as the finest of his career ; it has also been described as " one of the most outstanding saves by a City goalkeeper " . However , he was involved in an own @-@ goal incident in an East Anglian derby match in the 1995 – 96 season , when a backpass from Robert Ullathorne bounced awkwardly off the pitch and over Gunn 's attempted clearance kick . In November 1989 , Gunn was involved in a controversial incident that attracted significant media attention . Norwich played Arsenal at Highbury and with five minutes remaining , Arsenal 's David O 'Leary scored an equaliser that brought the scores to 3 – 3 . Then , in the dying seconds of the match , the referee awarded Arsenal a penalty kick — and the chance to seal the match . The Norwich players were already annoyed by the match situation , and their perception was that the decision was " really dodgy " . Gunn saved Lee Dixon 's shot , but the ball was not cleared . In the resulting melee , Mark Bowen and Ian Culverhouse for Norwich and Alan Smith for Arsenal challenged for the ball . " The three of them got in an almighty tangle and the ball , along with all of them , was bundled over the line , " Gunn remembers . The goal was awarded , but the situation rapidly deteriorated : the three players in the goal had " a little skirmish " . Separately , Arsenal 's Nigel Winterburn gave " a gloat to Dale Gordon , who promptly pushed him " . The result was mayhem : All of a sudden it was kicking off , big time . Everyone started piling in , right in front of me ... The only people not involved were [ Arsenal players ] John Lukic , Tony Adams , David O 'Leary and me ... I went over to break things up ... and spotted the cavalry coming over the half @-@ way line , in the shape of O 'Leary and Adams . I felt it was my job to head them off at the pass and moved in , instinctively grabbing Adams with one hand and thumping him with the other . " All but one of the 22 players on the pitch were involved in the fracas , but no one was sent off . The next day , the newspapers carried headlines and photos of what they called ' The Highbury Brawl ' . That afternoon , Gunn received a phone call from a Today journalist , who told him that the Arsenal players had said Gunn had instigated the fight . Enraged , the Norwich keeper retorted that it was the other way around . Monday 's headline read " Gunn blames Arsenal " . Gunn was censured by The Football Association and warned about his future conduct . Both clubs were fined , and Gunn was docked a fortnight 's wages ( about £ 800 ) by Norwich City . Under the management of Gary Megson , Norwich were seventh in the Premier League in the 1994 – 95 season when Gunn broke and dislocated his ankle whilst playing against Nottingham Forest . His importance to the team was underlined when they subsequently plummeted down the table , winning just one of their remaining 17 games as Gunn recovered . The team was ultimately relegated . Gunn retained a regular first team place for the 1995 – 96 season and , beginning with the match against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 17 February 1996 , began to captain the side , initially in the absence of regular captain Jon Newsome then on a permanent basis after Newsome left the club . However , when Mike Walker took over as manager for the following 1996 – 97 season , he appointed Ian Crook as captain instead . Gunn 's final first @-@ team game for the club was a 1 – 0 defeat at Crewe on 31 January 1998 . According to the Sunday Mirror , he produced " a sparkling display " , which proved his abilities had " not been dulled by time " . Gunn made 478 first team appearances for Norwich in all competitions . He was voted Norwich City Player of the Year in 1988 and 1993 . The latter award came at the end of the 1992 – 93 FA Premier League season , in which Norwich finished third in the Premier League , their best @-@ ever performance . The club awarded Gunn a testimonial match in 1996 , and Alex Ferguson brought Manchester United to Carrow Road . = = = Hibernian = = = In the 1997 – 98 season , Gunn was forced out of the Norwich team by the emergence of Andy Marshall . With his first @-@ team opportunities at Norwich now limited , he signed a deal with Hibernian in February 1998 , for a three @-@ month loan . According to Scottish transfer regulations the loan deal was invalid , so instead he was swiftly transferred on a permanent basis for an undisclosed fee , later revealed by Gunn to have been £ 25 @,@ 000 . Gunn 's reflections on joining Hibernian are tinged with regret : " [ leaving Norwich was ] very difficult indeed . I had spent 12 great years at Norwich and suddenly I was not regarded as the number 1 ( by Mike Walker ) anymore . " He joined Hibernian when they were bottom of the Scottish Premier Division ; Alex McLeish had recently been appointed manager . Gunn was unable to save the club from relegation to the First Division , but signed a two @-@ year contract in July 1998 . However , a hairline fracture to his leg , sustained during the 1998 close season , effectively ended his playing career . On his doctors ' advice , Gunn formally retired in March 1999 . Despite his mixed feelings on joining the club , Gunn 's overall impression of his time in Edinburgh is upbeat : " I only played 12 games for the Hibees but it was great . We beat Hearts in my only derby game 2 – 1 ( John Robertson scored his 50th goal for Hearts in derbies but I told him it was worth nothing as we had won ) and had a clean sheet at Celtic Park ( stopping them from winning the SPL that day ) . " He received what he described as a " wonderful reception " from Aberdeen fans when playing for Hibernian against his former club . = = = Internationals = = = Gunn represented Scotland at the youth international level . He was part of the squad that won the 1982 UEFA European Under @-@ 18 Football Championship , but was unavailable to play in the final because Aberdeen had reached the 1982 Scottish Cup Final . He was replaced by Robin Rae for the final , in which the Scots beat Czechoslovakia 3 – 1 . In 1983 , Gunn travelled with the Scotland Under @-@ 19s to Mexico for the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship . Gunn played in all four of Scotland 's matches and it was a formative experience , as he faced a variety of challenges in the tournament . The adidas ball in use " really zipped through the air " , which encouraged long @-@ range shots at the high altitude . In the first match , against South Korea , an element of the 26 @,@ 000 crowd " clearly didn 't like us at all ... I got absolutely pelted with coins ... and rotten fruit " . The final insult was when he was hit on the back of the neck by a rancid @-@ smelling plastic bag containing rotten fish . Gunn found it " intimidation ... a nightmare " but adopted the strategy of patrolling the edge of his area to stay out of range and had " one of the best games of my life " : he kept a clean sheet as Scotland won 2 – 0 . Scotland 's coach and future manager of the full international team Andy Roxburgh told Gunn " it was the best performance he 'd ever seen from a Scottish goalkeeper , at any level . " The final group match , which Scotland needed to win in order to progress , was against the home side , Mexico . The official attendance at the Azteca Stadium was 86 @,@ 582 , although Gunn believes the true figure was over 100 @,@ 000 . Once more , Gunn was targeted with a variety of missiles , including a bottle of Johnnie Walker , but as Scotland held on to their early 1 – 0 lead , the fans became disillusioned with their own team and switched to sending a " hail of bottles and coins " on the Mexican players . Scotland lost 1 – 0 in the quarter final against Poland . Gunn made six full international appearances for Scotland , conceding 10 goals . He was a member of the squad for the 1990 FIFA World Cup , but played in none of Scotland 's three matches at the tournament , as he was third @-@ choice goalkeeper behind Jim Leighton and Andy Goram . He made his Scotland debut in a pre @-@ tournament friendly match against Egypt , but was at fault for two Egyptian goals , resulting in a 3 – 1 defeat for Scotland . The embarrassment was made worse by the fact that his parents were watching . Gunn made four appearances for Scotland in 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification matches . His last cap was as a second @-@ half substitute in a 3 – 1 friendly defeat by the Netherlands in May 1994 . = = = Honours = = = UEFA European Under @-@ 18 Football Championship winner , 1982 European Cup Winners ' Cup winner , 1983 Scottish League Cup winner , 1985 Norwich City player of the year ( Barry Butler trophy ) winner , 1988 , 1993 Norwich City F.C. Hall of Fame inaugural member , 2002 = = Coaching career and other activities = = Gunn obtained his coaching certification while still with Aberdeen , in 1983 , at Largs . After his retirement from playing professional football in 1999 , Gunn initially worked on the hospitality staff at Carrow Road , particularly in " The Gunn Club " , a catering outlet named in his honour . Over the years , Gunn progressed from hospitality into other corporate positions at Norwich ; he acted as sponsorship manager from 1999 to 2006 . Manager Peter Grant moved Gunn to the " backroom " sports management side of the business in 2007 . Gunn worked in a liaison role in negotiations of possible transfers and loan signings , tasks where he could make use of contacts gained during his playing career . When Glenn Roeder was appointed manager in November 2007 , goalkeeping coach James Hollman parted company with the club , and Gunn replaced him for the rest of the season — his first formal coaching role . Later in the season , Gunn was promoted to head of player recruitment , while retaining his goalkeeping coach role . = = = Manager of Norwich City = = = Following the sacking of Roeder as Norwich manager in January 2009 , Gunn was asked to take temporary charge of the first team . In an interview with BBC Radio Norfolk , he revealed that he " told the players that they 've let people down . " In his first match as caretaker manager , he received " a euphoric reception " from the fans , and Norwich beat Barnsley 4 – 0 . The players were equally supportive : according to Scotland on Sunday , " in the dressing room afterwards , [ Norwich ] midfielder , Darel Russell , dragged the chairman , Roger Munby , into the shower , and demanded that Gunn be appointed permanently . " Momentum gathered , and a Facebook group called " Bryan Gunn for manager " , created by his then 17 @-@ year @-@ old daughter , Melissa , soon attracted about 3 @,@ 000 members . Gunn considered applying for the role on a longer @-@ term basis ; he had previously applied without success to be Norwich manager in 1998 . On 19 January 2009 he phoned the directors and requested to be considered . He was interviewed that afternoon and " by 10 @.@ 30 am the next day had been appointed manager until the end of the season " . Gunn appointed a backroom staff of former Norwich colleagues , making Ian Crook first @-@ team coach and John Deehan chief scout . However , the initial turnaround in form could not be maintained ; having lost their last three games of the season , Norwich were relegated from the Championship . Gunn labelled his players as an " embarrassment " after the 4 – 2 defeat to Charlton Athletic that sealed relegation to League One . Despite relegation to the third tier of English football for the first time in nearly 50 years , Writing in Tales from the City , Gunn said of the match " Even going to Charlton on the last day , I thought we could survive … We lost 4 @-@ 2 and were relegated to the third tier . I was shell @-@ shocked ; the emptiest I have ever felt in a sporting or professional context . The directors went on the field to face the fans and to thank them for their support and I had tears in my eyes when I saw Delia and Michael doing that . I told them how sorry I was . " Relegation changed Gunn 's mind about taking the Norwich job . He had decided not to continue in the role if Norwich had remained in The Championship , and would have tried to land a job with Norwich that would have allowed more time to be spent with his family . However , " Relegation was a failure and I felt I couldn ’ t quit then . I felt I had to do everything I could to put things right , if I was given the chance . And I was . " Norwich re @-@ appointed Gunn as manager for the 2009 – 10 season . Crook , as first team coach , and former Canary Ian Butterworth , as assistant manager , completed the management team . Over the summer , Gunn signed 12 players , most of those on free transfers , including Australian Michael Theoklitos , a goalkeeper from Melbourne Victory . He then steered the club through a programme of pre @-@ season friendly matches , in which Norwich was unbeaten . Just under a month after Gunn 's reappointment , Norwich appointed a new managing director , David McNally . With the disappointment of relegation , Gunn 's reappointment was controversial , and more was to follow . For the opening game of the new season , Norwich were to play at home against Colchester United , rivals for the Pride of Anglia . Gunn 's team suffered a 7 – 1 defeat , and Theoklitos , signed by Gunn on a free transfer , was particularly blamed by the press for the scale of the defeat . Theoklitos later admitted it was " the worst performance of my career " . Despite this , he retained Gunn 's support , although in the eventuality , Theoklitos never played for Norwich again . As early as during the match itself , fans and the media began to react strongly to the shock of Norwich 's worst @-@ ever home defeat . During the first half , after the side had gone 4 – 0 down , two supporters approached the Norwich bench , appearing to throw their season tickets at Gunn . Many fans walked out before the match ended , and around 300 people protested outside the ground afterwards . Media coverage of the match was unsurprisingly negative : the BBC used terms such as " calamitous defending " , " Colchester run riot " , " dismal " , and a " disastrous start " ; journalists also speculated about Gunn 's competence as a manager . Matters seemed to stabilise a little with a 4 – 0 League Cup win at Yeovil the following Tuesday . However , Gunn was sacked by McNally on 14 August 2009 , six days after the defeat by Colchester . Gunn was influenced in his management philosophy by former Norwich manager Mike Walker . Himself a former goalkeeper , Walker believed — contrary to popular opinion — that goalkeepers can make good managers because their excellent view of the game enables them to develop a good tactical awareness . Gunn 's short time at Norwich remains his only experience of professional football management . He says of the time spent as manager that his only regret is that " there must be a generation of fans who only know me as the manager who lost 7 @-@ 1 against Colchester … My own memories are different . " = = Managerial statistics = = As of 14 August 2009 . = = After football = = Gunn began work in November 2009 as director of business development for OneStream , part of the Digital Phone Company , based in Great Yarmouth . His role was to " promote their communication and mobile working solutions " . In 2011 , Gunn announced he was leaving OneStream for a new job as a sports agent . In his new role as director of talent recruitment at a sports agency , he is responsible for recruiting young footballers . = = Family and personal life = = Gunn 's wife , Susan Gunn , is a painter . She won the inaugural Sovereign Art Prize in 2008 , which included a cash award of € 25 @,@ 000 . According to The Daily Telegraph , before her marriage , Susan was " a beauty queen turned lingerie model " who " launched a fashion business " . The couple met in Spain , where Susan had a bridal wear company , when Gunn was there on holiday . She told the Telegraph , " When I first met Bryan , I knew nothing about football and had no idea who he was because he told me he was a joiner . " Gunn explained that he was unsure what her attitude would be to footballers ; he later confessed his calling to her . He proposed within three days of their meeting , and they were married the following year . They lived in Framingham Pigot , near Norwich , until moving to Cheshire in May 2011 . The Gunns have had three children : Francesca , Melissa and Angus . Melissa is a model , while their son , Angus , is a footballer and plays in goal , like his father . On the books as a youth player at Norwich City , in October 2010 he was selected for England under @-@ 16s , a full year ahead of the age group . In July 2011 , Angus joined Manchester City ; he has " sharp reflexes and strong wrists " and an " ambitious streak " . According to Scotland on Sunday , Gunn suffers from ankylosing spondylitis , " a rheumatic spinal condition " , diagnosed in about 1995 , " which he controls with medication " . He appeared in an ITV2 celebrity football quiz called " Taking the Pitch " in 1998 , alongside singer Fish . Gunn 's autobiography — In Where it Hurts — was published in 2006 , and includes a foreword by his former manager Alex Ferguson . He said of writing the book , " it brought up a lot of good memories and a lot of awkward memories " . The book was described by The Times as " shot through with sharp humour and astute observation " . The publishers agreed to donate £ 1 to Gunn 's Leukaemia appeal fund for every book sold . = = = Leukaemia appeal = = = In 1992 , Gunn 's two @-@ year @-@ old daughter , Francesca , was diagnosed with leukaemia . Norwich City fans were at first astonished by the sight of the goalkeeper running out with a completely shaven head . In the words of author and Norwich supporter , Kevin Baldwin , " Occasionally , the gap between the crowd and the players can cause unfortunate misunderstandings . A few months ago , Gunn shaved his head and we all laughed at him ... I was especially keen ... to shout " Baldy ! " ... It now turns out that his daughter was undergoing chemotherapy at the time , which made her hair fall out . He shaved his head to show her that this was nothing to be ashamed of . Sorry , Bryan . " When news spread of the reason for Gunn 's shaven head , he received " support from the whole of the sporting world and the people of Norfolk " . Gunn describes the period of Francesca 's illness and death and how it caused him to reflect on his career : " We had a charmed life ... then Francesca became ill . There was a game in the autumn of ' 92 ... that we lost 7 – 1 at Blackburn . The team stayed in a bleak hotel and it rained endlessly . I just wanted to get back home . With hindsight you think , ' Why the bloody hell was I playing ? ' Very soon afterwards , Francesca died . She was sleeping between us . I realised what was happening and woke Susan . We cradled Francesca and cried . " Francesca died in 1992 , aged two . Gunn played a match for Norwich against Queens Park Rangers at Carrow Road just days after his daughter died ; he said of it , " When I ran out , I thought , wow , I could feel the whole stadium was with me . I never thought about packing it in . " At the end of the season , Gunn won Norwich 's Player of the Year award , as the club finished third in the Premiership , its highest ever league position . Following Francesca 's death , Gunn established " Bryan Gunn 's Leukaemia Appeal " , a fund to raise money to combat the disease . He initially set a target of £ 10 @,@ 000 , but by 2011 he has raised £ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , under the auspices of The Dove Trust . The fund aims to address three issues : " Equipping local hospitals to be better able to deal with children suffering from the disease on both in @-@ patient and out @-@ patient bases . Providing training for nurses and other staff involved in the care of children with leukaemia over and above that which is available from their employers . To support further research into the causes and cures of leukaemia . " The third of these ambitions has prompted the funding of research into leukaemia at the Norwich @-@ based University of East Anglia . Gunn says : " The ultimate aim is to find a cure and if that can be done in the laboratory at the University of East Anglia bearing Francesca 's name , then it would be the biggest testimony of all . Norwich is now one of the leading centres for leukaemia research and , with links to computer systems around the world , hopefully we 'll get there . " In addition to the research , Gunn set up a telephone support line that offers advice and assistance for parents of children who have leukaemia or other forms of cancer . Known as gaps : line ( an acronym for Gunn Appeal Parent Support ) , the service quickly grew . From its initial pilot launch in Norfolk in early 2004 , it expanded to cover the " eastern region " by the end of the year , and launched nationally in early 2006 . The appeal has also funded other research and support work . = = Playing style , personality , achievements and legacy = = As a player , Gunn was described as " a leader with a big presence " by his manager at Hibernian , Alex McLeish . Aberdeen manager Alex Ferguson recalls , " the first thing that hit me was his personality . It was abundantly clear ... that he was a warm , outgoing and endearing character " , adding " He was a tremendous young keeper ... always totally professional and I could never fault his discipline , effort or commitment . " Gunn had a " fantastic rapport with the Norwich supporters " . As a player , he liked " to tease the crowd during the game " . Before each half of a match , Gunn would run toward his goal and pretend to attempt to headbutt the crossbar . Gunn says this is a habit he began as a youngster , and cannot remember how or why he began to do it . Norwich fans noticed it soon after his arrival at the club and , in Gunn 's words , " would wait until I got to about the 18 @-@ yard line and then start a small " Wooo ... " which would build into a full @-@ blown " WOOOO ... AH ! " ... I loved it and came close to smacking my head against the woodwork a couple of times " . During play , he would cup his ear , which would prompt shouts of " Bryan , Bryan , give us a wave " . Gunn is described as " a legend in Norwich " , the result of his long years of service as player and official for the club . In 2002 , he was made one of 25 inaugural members of the Norwich City Hall of Fame . A 2005 Football Focus fan poll for " Norwich 's cult heroes " saw Gunn finish in first place . He polled 37 % of votes , ahead of Robert Fleck and Iwan Roberts . Gunn is one of just nine players to have twice won Norwich City Player of the Year , in 1988 and 1993 , and the only goalkeeper to do so . In 2003 , as part of the Premier League 10 Seasons Awards , he was one of 10 players to be recognised by the Premier League with an " Outstanding Contribution to the Community " award . In response to his achievements with Norwich City and his charitable work , which has benefited the local university , in 2002 Gunn was made Sheriff of Norwich for the year by the City Council . = Business routes of Interstate 96 = There have been six business routes of Interstate 96 ( I @-@ 96 ) in the US state of Michigan . There are two business loops designated Business Loop Interstate 96 ( BL I @-@ 96 ) : one through Lansing and one through Howell . Both follow the old route of US Highway 16 ( US 16 ) , with appropriate connections to I @-@ 96 . There are three former business spurs that were designated Business Spur Interstate 96 ( BS I @-@ 96 ) . One connected to the carferry docks in Muskegon , running concurrently with part of Business US 31 ( Bus . US 31 ) along former US 16 , but it has been eliminated . The second spur ran into downtown Portland until it was decommissioned in 2007 . Two routes in the Detroit area — a loop through Farmington and a spur into Detroit — both using Grand River Avenue , and meeting at the temporary end of I @-@ 96 near Purdue Avenue , were eliminated when I @-@ 96 was moved to the completed Jeffries Freeway in 1977 . These Detroit @-@ area business routes are still state @-@ maintained as unsigned highways . = = Muskegon = = Business Spur Interstate 96 ( BS I @-@ 96 ) was a business spur of I @-@ 96 in the Muskegon area . It was formerly the route of US 16 from the carferry docks in Muskegon to the end of I @-@ 96 in Norton Shores . The spur ran concurrently with M @-@ 46 southeasterly from the docks along Mart Street and Sixth Street . At the intersections with the one @-@ way pairing of Webster Avenue ( southbound ) and Muskegon Avenue ( northbound ) in downtown Muskegon , BS I @-@ 96 separated from M @-@ 46 and turned southward to follow Bus . US 31 while M @-@ 46 turned northward along Bus . US 31 . From there , BS I @-@ 96 / Bus . US 31 ran southwesterly along the one @-@ way pair for a few blocks before the two directions of traffic merged onto the north – south section of Seaway Drive southwest of downtown . The business route then ran due south along Seaway Drive , exiting Muskegon at Sherman Drive and crossing onto a section of the Norton Shores – Muskegon Heights city line . South of Norton Avenue , Seaway Drive turned eastward along the southern edge of Muskegon Heights . BS I @-@ 96 / Bus . US 31 ran along the northern edge of Mona Lake and crossed the Black Creek in Norton Shores . Southwest of the lake , the business route came to an end at the interchange along US 31 that marked the western starting point of I @-@ 96 . When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , the east – west highway from Grand Haven through Nunica to Detroit was assigned the M @-@ 16 designation ; there was no state highway between Muskegon and Nunica , This was redesignated US 16 in 1926 . By 1934 , a state highway numbered M @-@ 126 was designated between Muskegon and Nunica , and this was replaced by a rerouted US 16 in 1940 . On December 12 , 1962 , the freeway that is now I @-@ 96 was initially completed across the state of Michigan from Muskegon to the Detroit area . After this completion , US 16 was decommissioned . West of Grand Rapids , the freeway was originally I @-@ 196 , and the route of former US 16 past the end of the freeway to the ferry dock was numbered BS I @-@ 196 . The freeway was redesignated I @-@ 96 on October 21 , 1963 , and BS I @-@ 196 became BS I @-@ 96 thereafter . In 1970 , the SS Milwaukee Clipper across Lake Michigan ceased to run . In 1984 , the section of BS I @-@ 96 / M @-@ 46 between the ferry docks and Bus . US 31 was turned over to local control . The BS I @-@ 96 designation was decommissioned and removed from its concurrency with Bus . US 31 , and M @-@ 46 was truncated to end at its other junction with Bus . US 31 . Major intersections The entire highway was in Muskegon County . = = Portland = = Business Spur Interstate 96 ( BS I @-@ 96 ) was a business spur of I @-@ 96 through the city of Portland . The western terminus was at the corner of Grand River Avenue and Kent Street in downtown Portland . From there the highway followed Grand River Avenue eastward through downtown and past businesses roughly parallel to the Looking Glass River . East of downtown , the spur turned southeasterly past another commercial area . The highway 's eastern terminus was at exit 77 south of the city . When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , the east – west highway across the Lower Peninsula through Portland to Detroit was assigned the M @-@ 16 designation , This was redesignated US 16 in 1926 . The section of US 16 through Portland was decommissioned on March 7 , 1960 . It would remain under local control until the first quarter @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 4 km ) section was transferred to state control on September 18 , 1978 . The route was first marked on state highway maps in 1982 along the full mile and a quarter ( 2 @.@ 0 km ) . It was transferred back to local control on October 31 , 2007 . Major intersections The entire highway was in Portland , Ionia County . = = Lansing = = Business Loop Interstate 96 ( BL I @-@ 96 ) is a business loop of I @-@ 96 through the city of Lansing . The western terminus is at I @-@ 96 's exit 90 northwest of Lansing in Watertown Township in Clinton County near the I @-@ 96 / I @-@ 69 junction . From there , it follows Grand River Avenue under I @-@ 96 . East of I @-@ 96 , BL I @-@ 96 intersects Francis Road , which provides access to I @-@ 69 , and then passes under I @-@ 69 . Grand River Avenue is three lanes , one in each direction divided by a central turn lane , and runs past light industrial areas , crossing into Lansing and Eaton County near the Capital Region International Airport . The area around the airport is commercial , but east of there North Grand River Avenue runs through residential neighborhoods . Near the intersection with Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard , the business loop runs along the Grand River and then BL I @-@ 96 turns eastward on North Street to an interchange with Cedar and Larch streets . The business loop turns and splits onto the one @-@ way pairing of the two @-@ lane Cedar ( southbound ) and Larch ( northbound ) . As it runs southward , the highway runs parallel to the Grand River through eastern downtown Lansing . At Oakland Avenue ( westbound ) and Saginaw Avenue ( eastbound ) , BL I @-@ 96 intersects the two one @-@ way streets that carry BL I @-@ 69 . Near Cooley Law School Stadium at the intersection with Michigan Avenue , BL I @-@ 96 meets the Capitol Loop , Lansing 's third business loop . The two highways run concurrently south of Michigan Avenue as Cedar Street angles southeasterly . The two directions of BL I @-@ 96 merge at an interchange with I @-@ 496 that also marks the end of the Capitol Loop . South of this interchange , Cedar Street continues as a five @-@ lane street through a commercial corridor on the south side of Lansing . The business loop crosses the Red Cedar River three blocks south of the I @-@ 496 interchange . On either side of the business loop , the adjacent neighborhoods are residential in character . South of an intersection with Jolly Road , Cedar Street starts angling southeasterly . BL I @-@ 96 ends at an indirect interchange with I @-@ 96 near the Edgewood Town Center . When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , the east – west highway across the Lower Peninsula through Lansing to Detroit was assigned the M @-@ 16 designation . M @-@ 16 was rerouted in the Lansing area in 1925 , running along Grand River Avenue from Grand Ledge to East Lansing . The former routing through Downtown Lansing on Michigan Avenue became part of M @-@ 39 . This was redesignated US 16 in 1926 . With the completion of I @-@ 96 in between Lansing and Brighton , US 16 was decommissioned in Michigan in 1962 . The former routing of US 16 on the north side of Lansing was redesignated as BL I @-@ 96 . Through downtown , it followed the former US 27 on Larch Street . There , BL I @-@ 96 joined US 27 along a one @-@ way pairing of Larch and Cedar streets . Where US 27 turned to join M @-@ 78 at Main Street , BL I @-@ 96 continued along US 127 along Cedar Street to terminate at I @-@ 96 south of the city at exit 104 . In 1963 , BL I @-@ 96 was rerouted onto the first portion of the I @-@ 496 freeway to be constructed southeast of the city . This rerouting would last until 1966 when it was transferred back to the original routing with the completion of the US 127 freeway between Lansing and Mason . BL I @-@ 96 was rerouted along M @-@ 43 / Bus . M @-@ 78 to the I @-@ 496 / M @-@ 78 freeway and back to I @-@ 96 at exit 106 . Once the US 127 freeway was completed , BL I @-@ 96 was rerouted back along the former US 127 routing to I @-@ 96 . Major intersections = = Howell = = Business Loop Interstate 96 ( BL I @-@ 96 ) is a business loop of I @-@ 96 through the city of Howell . The western terminus is at the M @-@ 59 interchange with I @-@ 96 northwest of Howell . BL I @-@ 96 runs concurrently with M @-@ 59 along a four @-@ lane divided highway for about a one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) before turning southeasterly onto Grand River Avenue near the Livingston County Airport . The business loop passes through a residential neighborhood on the western side of Howell before entering downtown . In downtown , BL I @-@ 96 runs along a four @-@ lane street and meets the northern end of the unsigned M @-@ 155 at Michigan Avenue . Southeast of downtown , the business loop passes through more residential areas before following a commercial corridor to a partial interchange with I @-@ 96 south of Lake Chemung . When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , the east – west highway across the Lower Peninsula through Howell to Detroit was assigned the M @-@ 16 designation . This was redesignated US 16 in 1926 . In 1962 , I @-@ 96 was completed between Lansing and Brighton , and US 16 was decommissioned in Michigan . At the time , a new limited @-@ access connector road was constructed between I @-@ 96 and Grand River Avenue , providing access for the business loop and M @-@ 59 to I @-@ 96 . Afterwards , the former route of US 16 along Grand River Avenue through Howell was redesignated BL I @-@ 96 . Major intersections The entire highway is in Livingston County . = = Farmington = = Old Business Loop I @-@ 96 ( Old BL I @-@ 96 ) is a 4 @.@ 129 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 6 @.@ 645 km ) segment of unsigned state trunkline highway and was a former business loop of I @-@ 96 along Grand River Avenue through the city of Farmington . The western terminus is at the interchange between M @-@ 5 and Grand River Avenue west of the city . From there , the highway runs eastward through residential areas on the border of Farmington and Farmington Hills . At the intersection with Shiawasee Road , Grand River Avenue turns southeasterly into downtown Farmington . The highway is bounded by businesses from downtown southeasterly to its eastern terminus is at the intersection between M @-@ 5 and Grand River Avenue southeast of Farmington . When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , the east – west highway across the Lower Peninsula through Lansing to Detroit was assigned the M @-@ 16 designation . This highway was the original route of US 16 though downtown Farmington . In 1933 , US 16 was routed onto a bypass route which had been constructed south of the city ( the present @-@ day Freedom Road ) and the route through Farmington was retained as state trunkline . In 1956 , a new bypass freeway was built just to the south of the old bypass as part of the Brighton – Farmington Expressway and the route through downtown was designated Business US 16 . ( Bus . US 16 ) The original plans for I @-@ 96 called for it to replace US 16 and to run parallel to Grand River Avenue all the way from Farmington into downtown Detroit . In 1959 , the Farmington bypass freeway was given the I @-@ 96 designation in addition to the US 16 moniker , and the business route was redesignated as BL I @-@ 96 two years later . In 1977 , as the Jeffries Freeway was completed , I @-@ 96 was rerouted south through Livonia and then east into Detroit , the portion of freeway bypassing Farmington was redesignated M @-@ 102 . Simultaneously , the BL I @-@ 96 designation through downtown Farmington was removed , and Grand River Avenue became an unsigned state trunkline , a status it has retained to this day . Major intersections The entire highway is in Oakland County . = = Detroit = = Old Business Spur I @-@ 96 ( Old BS I @-@ 96 ) is the section of Grand River Avenue in Detroit between I @-@ 96 and the intersection with Cass Avenue and Middle Street in downtown Detroit and an unsigned state trunkline highway . It was previously a business spur of I @-@ 96 . Picking up where M @-@ 5 ends at the interchange with I @-@ 96 , Old BS I @-@ 96 follows Grand River Avenue southeasterly . The road itself is bounded by businesses as it passes through residential neighborhoods on Detroit 's West Side . About a mile and three @-@ quarters ( 2 @.@ 8 km ) along , the highway crosses I @-@ 96 again , and I @-@ 96 from here into the downtown area parallels Grand River Avenue . Old BS I @-@ 96 here is mostly residential . It passes Bishop Park near Grand Boulevard and then crosses I @-@ 94 . In the North Corktown neighborhood , Grand River Avenue crosses M @-@ 10 ( Lodge Freeway ) near the MotorCity Casino . About a half mile ( 0 @.@ 7 km ) past M @-@ 10 , Old BS I @-@ 96 crosses I @-@ 75 ( Fisher Freeway ) and enters Downtown Detroit 's Foxtown neighborhood . State maintenance ends at the five @-@ way intersection between Grand River Avenue , Cass Avenue , and Middle Street . Grand River Avenue continues another five blocks to Woodward Avenue and another four blocks as it curves in an arc around Grand Circus Park . When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , the east – west highway across the Lower Peninsula through Grand Rapids and Lansing to Detroit was assigned the M @-@ 16 designation . The section of highway had previously been part of US 16 . When US 16 was decommissioned in 1962 , Grand River Avenue was redesignated BS I @-@ 96 . Upon completion of I @-@ 96 ( Jeffries Freeway ) in Detroit in 1977 , portions were re @-@ designated M @-@ 102 and M @-@ 5 . From I @-@ 96 southeast into downtown Detroit , Grand River Avenue remained under state control as an unsigned state trunkline highway . In 2004 , the state transferred several blocks at the eastern end of Grand River Avenue to the City of Detroit . State jurisdiction now ends at the corner of Grand River Avenue , Middle Street , and Cass Avenue . Major intersections The entire highway is in Detroit , Wayne County . = Invincible ( Michael Jackson album ) = Invincible is the final studio album by American recording artist Michael Jackson . It is his sixth studio album released through Epic Records and his tenth studio album overall . It was released on October 30 , 2001 . Similar to Jackson 's previous material , Invincible explores themes such as love , romance , isolation , media criticism , and social issues . The album peaked at number one in eleven territories worldwide , including the United States ( with first @-@ week sales of 363 @,@ 000 units ) , the United Kingdom , Australia , France and Switzerland . Invincible charted within the top ten in six other territories ; its least successful charting area was Mexico , where the album peaked at number 29 . Total sales for the album are estimated to be at 10 million copies . Upon release , the album received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics . = = Background = = During Jackson 's time as a member of The Jackson 5 , he frequently wrote material for the group and began working on projects as a solo artist , which eventually led to recording his own studio albums , notably Thriller ( 1982 ) and Bad ( 1987 ) . The success of Thriller , which still holds its place as the best selling album of all time with a reported 110 million units sold , often over @-@ shadowed Jackson 's other projects . Prior to the release of Invincible , Jackson had not released any new material since Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix in 1997 , or a studio album since HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I in 1995 . Invincible was thus looked at as Jackson 's ' career come back ' . Invincible is dedicated to the fifteen @-@ year @-@ old Afro @-@ Norwegian boy Benjamin " Benny " Hermansen who was stabbed to death by a group of neo @-@ Nazis in Oslo , Norway , in January 2001 . The reason for this tribute was partly due to the fact that another Oslo youth , Omer Bhatti , Jackson 's friend , was also a good friend of Hermansen . The dedication in the album reads , " Michael Jackson gives ' special thanks ' : This album is dedicated to Benjamin ' Benny ' Hermansen . May we continue to remember not to judge man by the color of his skin , but the content of his Character . Benjamin ... we love you ... may you rest in peace . " The album is also dedicated to Nicholette Sottile and his parents Joseph and Katherine Jackson . = = Production = = Jackson began recording new material for the album in October 1997 , and finished with " You Are My Life " being recorded only eight weeks before the album 's release in October 2001 - the most extensive recording of Jackson 's career . The tracks with Rodney Jerkins were recorded at The Hit Factory in Miami , Florida . Jackson had shown interest in including a rapper on at least one song , and had noted that he did not want a ' known rapper ' . Jackson 's spokesperson suggested New Jersey rapper named Fats ; after Jackson heard the finished product of the song , the two agreed to record another song together for the album . Rodney Jerkins stated that Jackson was looking to record material in a different musical direction than his previous work , describing the new direction as " edgier " . Jackson received credit for both writing and producing a majority of the songs on Invincible . Aside from Jackson , the album features productions by Jerkins , Teddy Riley , Andre Harris , Andraeo " Fanatic " Heard , Kenneth " Babyface " Edmonds , R. Kelly and Dr. Freeze Bill Gray and writing credits from Kelly , Fred Jerkins III , LaShawn Daniels , Nora Payne and Robert Smith . The album is the third collaboration between Jackson and Riley , the other two being Dangerous and Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix . Invincible is Jackson 's tenth and final studio album to have been recorded and released . It was reported that it cost thirty million dollars to make the album , making it the most expensive album ever made . = = Composition = = Invincible is composed of R & B , hip hop , dance @-@ pop , adult contemporary and urban songs . The album 's full length is seventy @-@ seven minutes eight seconds , and it contains 16 songs - fifteen of which were written ( or co @-@ written ) by Jackson . It was noted that the album shifts between aggressive songs and ballads . Invincible opens with " Unbreakable " ; the last line in the first verse recites the lyrics , " With all that I 've been through / I 'm still around " . In a 2002 interview with the magazine Vibe , Jackson commented on his inspiration for writing " Speechless " , saying You 'll be surprised . I was with these kids in Germany , and we had a big water @-@ balloon fight - I 'm serious - and I was so happy after the fight that I ran upstairs in their house and wrote " Speechless " . Fun inspires me . I hate to say that , because it 's such a romantic song . But it was the fight that did it . I was happy , and I wrote it in it 's [ sic ] entirety right there . I felt it would be good enough for the album . Out of the bliss comes magic , wonderment , and creativity . " Privacy " , a reflection on Jackson 's own personal experiences , is about media invasions and tabloid inaccuracies . " The Lost Children " is about imperiled children . Jackson sings in a third person in " Whatever Happens " . The song 's lyrics , described by Rolling Stone magazine as having a " jagged intensity " , narrate the story of two people involved in an unnamed threatening situation . Invincible features four ballads : " You Are My Life " , " Butterflies " , " Don 't Walk Away " and " Cry " . " Cry " , similar to Jackson 's " Man in the Mirror " , is about healing the world together . The lyrics to " Butterflies " and " Break of Dawn " were viewed as " glaringly banal " and it was implied that they could have been written by anyone . " Threatened " was viewed as being a story teller . The song was viewed as a " Thriller redux " . The song " You Are My Life " is about Jackson 's two children at the time , Prince and Paris . The song features Jackson singing , " You are the sun , you make me shine , more like the stars . " = = Promotion and singles = = It was reported that the album had a budget of twenty five million dollars set aside for promotion . Despite this , however , due to the conflicts between Jackson and his record label , little was done to promote the album . The album spawned three singles , although all were given limited releases . " You Rock My World " was only released to radio airplay in the United States , consequently only peaking at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . Internationally , where it was released as a commercial single , it was more successful , peaking at number one in France , number two in Norway , Finland , Denmark , Belgium and the United Kingdom , number three in Italy , number four in Australia , and five in Sweden and Switzerland . The second single , " Cry " , was not released in the United States . It was only moderately successful , with the song 's most successful territories being Spain , Denmark , France and Belgium , charting at number six , sixteen , thirty and thirty one . The album 's third single , " Butterflies " , was only released in the United States to radio airplay , consequently only peaking at number fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number two for five weeks on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles Chart . " Heaven Can Wait " also charted at the bottom of the R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Charts , at number seventy two due to radio airplay without an official release ; the song did not chart internationally . " Unbreakable " was originally supposed to be released as a single , but it was ultimately cancelled . It was however , later included on The Ultimate Collection box set . Unlike with most of Jackson 's adult studio albums , there was no world tour to promote the album ( world tour was cancelled due to conflict between Jackson and his record label ) . There was , however , a special 30th Anniversary celebration at Madison Square Garden in September 2001 to mark Jackson 's 30th year as a solo artist . The singer performed a song from Invincible and marked his first appearance onstage alongside his brothers since The Jacksons ' Victory Tour in 1984 . The show also featured performances by Britney Spears , Mýa , Usher , Whitney Houston , Tamia , ' N Sync , and Slash , among other artists . The show aired on CBS in November 2001 as a two @-@ hour television special and garnered 29 @.@ 8 million viewers . Following Sony 's decision to abruptly end all promotion for the album , Jackson made allegations in July 2002 that Mottola was a " devil " and a " racist " who did not support his African @-@ American artists , but merely used them for his own personal gain . The singer accused Sony and the record industry of racism , deliberately not promoting or actively working against promotion of his album . Sony disputed claims that they had failed to promote Invincible with sufficient energy , maintaining that Jackson refused to tour in the United States . = = Critical and public reception = = Invincible received mixed reviews . At Metacritic , which assigns a high rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received a mixed score of 51 based on 19 reviews . AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented that it has a " spark " and " sound better than anything Jackson has done since Dangerous . " Erlewine noted that while the album had good material it was " not enough to make Invincible the comeback Jackson needed - he really would have had to have an album that sounded free instead of constrained for that to work - but it does offer a reminder that he can really craft good pop . " David Browne of Entertainment Weekly , felt that Invincible is Jackson 's " first album since Off the Wall that offers virtually no new twists " but remarked that the album " feels like an anthology of his less @-@ than @-@ greatest hits " . James Hunter of Rolling Stone critiqued that the album 's later ballads made the record too long . Hunter also commented that Jackson and Riley made " Whatever Happens " " something really handsome and smart " , allowing listeners " to concentrate on the track 's momentous rhythms " such as " Santana 's passionate interjections and Lubbock 's wonderfully arranged symphonic sweeps " . Mark Beaumont of NME called it " a relevant and rejuvenated comeback album made overlong " , while Blender also found it " long @-@ winded " . In his review for The Village Voice , Robert Christgau said that Jackson 's skills as a musician are often forgotten , but noted that the album seemed too long compared to other Jackson albums . While Christgau felt some material was " offensive " , he described the album 's first three tracks as being the " Rodney Jerkins of the year " adding that he did not " believe the [ album 's ] hype matters " . Nikki Tranter of PopMatters said that it is both innovative and meaningful because exceptional songs such as " The Lost Children " and " Whatever Happens " more than make up for overly sentimental songs like " Heaven Can Wait " and " You Are My Life " . Q magazine said that it is an aurally interesting , albeit inconsistent , album . In a negative review for The New York Times , Jon Pareles suggested that the album is somewhat impersonal and humorless , as Jackson rehashes ideas from his past songs and is " so busy trying to dazzle listeners that he forgets to have any fun . " In a retrospective review for The Rolling Stone Album Guide , Pareles said that Invincible showed Jackson had lost his suave quality to " grim calculation " . Shortly after the release of the album , in a poll conducted by Billboard magazine , " an overwhelming majority " of people — 79 % of 5 @,@ 195 voters — were not surprised by Invincible entering the Billboard 200 at number one . Billboard also reported that 44 % agreed with the statement , proclaiming that Jackson was " still the King of Pop " . Another 35 % said they were not surprised by the album 's ranking , but doubted Invincible would hold on for a second week at the top of the chart . Only 12 % of people who responded to the poll said they were surprised by the album 's charting debut because of Jackson 's career over past six years and another 9 % were taken aback by the album 's success , in light of the negativity that preceded the album 's release . Invincible received one Grammy Award nomination at the 2002 ceremony . The album 's song " You Rock My World " was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male , but lost to James Taylor 's " Don 't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight " . Due to the album 's release in October 2001 , it was not eligible for any other nomination from the 2002 Grammy Awards . In December 2009 , ( just a few months after Jackson 's death ) readers of Billboard magazine voted Invincible as the best album of the decade , from their readers poll . = = Commercial performance = = Invincible was Jackson 's first studio album to be released in four years , since Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix in 1997 . In the album 's first week of release , with the sales of 363 @,@ 000 units , the album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 on the charts issue date of November 17 , 2001 . Invincible was Jackson 's fifth number one entry on the Billboard 200 , and the fourth to chart at number one in its debut week as a solo artist . Despite the first week sales of Invincible being good , the album sold less than HIStory in its opening week , with the album having sold 391 @,@ 000 units . Invincible also charted at number one on Billboards R & B / Hip Hop Albums Chart for four weeks . After eight weeks of release , in December 2001 , Invincible was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for the sales of five hundred thousand units . In the same month the album was certified platinum for the sale of one million units . On January 25 , 2002 , the album was certified two times platinum for the sales of two million units . Some of the songs from Invincible would be used for the Immortal World Tour Internationally , Invincible was a commercial success . The album peaked at number one in twelve countries worldwide , including the United Kingdom , Australia , Belgium , Denmark , The Netherlands , Germany , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland . It also charted within the top ten in several countries , including Austria , Canada , Finland , Italy , New Zealand , and Norway . Mexico was the album 's least successful charting territory , peaking within the top thirty at number twenty nine . The album has reportedly sold 10 million units worldwide . However , the sales for Invincible were notably low compared to his previous releases , due in part to a diminishing pop music industry , the lack of promotion , no supporting world tour and the label dispute . Commenting on the sales of Invincible back in late 2003 , Bernard Zuel of The Sydney Morning Herald stated : " Holly Valance or Delta Goodrem would think their Christmases had come at once if they sold five or six million copies of their albums worldwide . Michael Jackson did something similar in the past two years with his seventh solo album , Invincible , and he 's been branded a failure in the industry and the media . Unfair ? Yes , of course , because his Invincible figures are better than those for 95 per cent of the thousands of artists released each year and would provide a healthy retirement fund for anyone . What 's more , that failure tag is consistently applied by comparisons with his 1982 album , Thriller , which has sold about 100 million copies and its follow @-@ ups , Bad , that sold about 30 million copies . However , selling 10 million copies is still phenomenal compared to the album sales of most artists . " In 2004 , Invincible re @-@ entered Billboard charts . Invincible placed at 154 on the Billboard 200 on December 4 , 2004 . The album also reached at number forty eight on Billboards R & B / Hip Hop Albums Chart that same week . Following Jackson 's death in June 2009 , his music experienced a surge in popularity . Invincible charted at number twelve on Billboards Digital Albums Chart on July 11 , 2009 . Having not charted on the chart prior to its peak position , the album was listed as the ninth biggest jump on that chart that week . It also charted within the top ten , peaking at number nine , on Billboard 's Catalog Albums Chart on the issue date of July 18 . On the week of July 19 , 2009 , Invincible charted at number eighteen in Italy . Invincible peaked at number sixty four on the European Albums Chart on the charts issue date of July 25 . The album also charted at number twenty nine in Mexico in July , and eighty four on the Swiss Albums Chart on July 19 , 2009 . Internationally , the album has received multiple certifications . Invincible was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry , for the sales of over 300 @,@ 000 units in the United Kingdom . The album was certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) for the sales of 40 @,@ 000 units in Switzerland . The IFPI also certified the album gold in Austria for the sales of 15 @,@ 000 units . Australian Recording Industry Association certified Invincible two times platinum for the sales of 140 @,@ 000 units in Australia . Other certifications include , a gold certification from Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers for the sales of 20 @,@ 000 units in Argentina . = = Track listing = = Notes " Unbreakable " features a rap verse by The Notorious B.I.G. The rap verse was originally from the song " You Can 't Stop the Reign " by Shaquille O 'Neal . It was written by Carl McIntosh , Jane Eugene and Steve Nichol . " Heartbreaker " and " Invincible " feature a rap verse by Fats . " Break of Dawn " , " 2000 Watts " and " Threatened " were excluded from the original Chinese release . In the Chinese version box set The Collection released in 2013 , all the 16 tracks are included . = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from Invincible album liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = Boeing 767 = The Boeing 767 is a mid- to large @-@ size , long @-@ range , wide @-@ body twin @-@ engine jet airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes . It was Boeing 's first wide @-@ body twinjet and its first airliner with a two @-@ crew glass cockpit . The aircraft has two turbofan engines , a conventional tail , and , for reduced aerodynamic drag , a supercritical wing design . Designed as a smaller wide @-@ body airliner than earlier aircraft such as the 747 , the 767 has seating capacity for 181 to 375 people , and a design range of 3 @,@ 850 to 6 @,@ 385 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 130 to 11 @,@ 825 km ) , depending on variant . Development of the 767 occurred in tandem with a narrow @-@ body twinjet , the 757 , resulting in shared design features which allow pilots to obtain a common type rating to operate both aircraft . The 767 is produced in three fuselage lengths . The original 767 @-@ 200 entered service in 1982 , followed by the 767 @-@ 300 in 1986 and the 767 @-@ 400ER , an extended @-@ range ( ER ) variant , in 2000 . The extended @-@ range 767 @-@ 200ER and 767 @-@ 300ER models entered service in 1984 and 1988 , respectively , while a production freighter version , the 767 @-@ 300F , debuted in 1995 . Conversion programs have modified passenger 767 @-@ 200 and 767 @-@ 300 series aircraft for cargo use , while military derivatives include the E @-@ 767 surveillance aircraft , the KC @-@ 767 and KC @-@ 46 aerial tankers , and VIP transports . Engines featured on the 767 include the General Electric CF6 , Pratt & Whitney JT9D and PW4000 , and Rolls @-@ Royce RB211 turbofans . United Airlines first placed the 767 in commercial service in 1982 . The aircraft was initially flown on domestic and transcontinental routes , during which it demonstrated the reliability of its twinjet design . In 1985 , the 767 became the first twin @-@ engined airliner to receive regulatory approval for extended overseas flights . The aircraft was then used to expand non @-@ stop service on medium- to long @-@ haul intercontinental routes . In 1986 , Boeing initiated studies for a higher @-@ capacity 767 , ultimately leading to the development of the 777 , a larger wide @-@ body twinjet . In the 1990s , the 767 became the most frequently used airliner for transatlantic flights between North America and Europe . The 767 is the first twinjet wide @-@ body type to reach 1 @,@ 000 aircraft delivered . As of June 2016 , Boeing has received 1 @,@ 170 orders for the 767 from 74 customers ; 1 @,@ 088 have been delivered . A total of 765 of these aircraft were in service in July 2015 ; the most popular variant is the 767 @-@ 300ER , with 583 delivered ; Delta Air Lines is the largest operator , with 95 aircraft . Competitors have included the Airbus A300 , A310 , and A330 @-@ 200 , while a successor , the 787 Dreamliner , entered service in October 2011 . Despite this , the 767 still remains in production . = = Development = = = = = Background = = = In 1970 , Boeing 's 747 became the first wide @-@ body jetliner to enter service . The 747 was the first passenger jet that was wide enough to feature a twin @-@ aisle cabin . Two years later , the manufacturer began a development study , code @-@ named 7X7 , for a new wide @-@ body aircraft intended to replace the 707 and other early generation narrow @-@ body jets . The aircraft would also provide twin @-@ aisle seating , but in a smaller fuselage than the existing 747 , McDonnell Douglas DC @-@ 10 , and Lockheed L @-@ 1011 TriStar wide @-@ bodies . To defray the high cost of development , Boeing signed risk @-@ sharing agreements with Italian corporation Aeritalia and the Civil Transport Development Corporation ( CTDC ) , a consortium of Japanese aerospace companies . This marked the manufacturer 's first major international joint venture , and both Aeritalia and the CTDC received supply contracts in return for their early participation . The initial 7X7 was conceived as a short take @-@ off and landing airliner intended for short @-@ distance flights , but customers were unenthusiastic about the concept , leading to its redefinition as a mid @-@ size , transcontinental @-@ range airliner . At this stage the proposed aircraft featured two or three engines , with possible configurations including over @-@ wing engines and a T @-@ tail . By 1976 , a twinjet layout , similar to the one which had debuted on the Airbus A300 , became the baseline configuration . The decision to use two engines reflected increased industry confidence in the reliability and economics of new @-@ generation jet powerplants . While airline requirements for new wide @-@ body aircraft remained ambiguous , the 7X7 was generally focused on mid @-@ size , high @-@ density markets . As such , it was intended to transport large numbers of passengers between major cities . Advancements in civil aerospace technology , including high @-@ bypass @-@ ratio turbofan engines , new flight deck systems , aerodynamic improvements , and lighter construction materials were to be applied to the 7X7 . Many of these features were also included in a parallel development effort for a new mid @-@ size narrow @-@ body airliner , code @-@ named 7N7 , which would become the 757 . Work on both proposals proceeded through the airline industry upturn in the late 1970s . In January 1978 , Boeing announced a major extension of its Everett factory — which was then dedicated to the manufacture of the 747 — to accommodate its new wide @-@ body family . In February 1978 , the new jetliner received the 767 model designation , and three variants were planned : a 767 @-@ 100 with 190 seats , a 767 @-@ 200 with 210 seats , and a trijet 767MR / LR version with 200 seats intended for intercontinental routes . The 767MR / LR was subsequently renamed 777 for differentiation purposes . The 767 was officially launched on July 14 , 1978 , when United Airlines ordered 30 of the 767 @-@ 200 variant , followed by 50 more 767 @-@ 200 orders from American Airlines and Delta Air Lines later that year . The 767 @-@ 100 was ultimately not offered for sale , as its capacity was too close to the 757 's seating , while the 777 trijet was eventually dropped in favor of standardizing around the twinjet configuration . = = = Design effort = = = In the late 1970s , operating cost replaced capacity as the primary factor in airliner purchases . As a result , the 767 's design process emphasized fuel efficiency from the outset . Boeing targeted a 20 to 30 percent cost saving over earlier aircraft , mainly through new engine and wing technology . As development progressed , engineers used computer @-@ aided design for over one @-@ third of the 767 's design drawings , and performed 26 @,@ 000 hours of wind tunnel tests . Design work occurred concurrently with the 757 twinjet , leading Boeing to treat both as almost one program to reduce risk and cost . Both aircraft would ultimately receive shared design features , including avionics , flight management systems , instruments , and handling characteristics . Combined development costs were estimated at $ 3 @.@ 5 to $ 4 billion . Early 767 customers were given the choice of Pratt & Whitney JT9D or General Electric CF6 turbofans , marking the first time that Boeing had offered more than one engine option at the launch of a new airliner . Both jet engine models had a maximum output of 48 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 210 kN ) of thrust . The engines were mounted approximately one @-@ third the length of the wing from the fuselage , similar to previous wide @-@ body trijets . The larger wings were designed using an aft @-@ loaded shape which reduced aerodynamic drag and distributed lift more evenly across their surface span than any of the manufacturer 's previous aircraft . The wings provided higher @-@ altitude cruise performance , added fuel capacity , and expansion room for future stretched variants . The initial 767 @-@ 200 was designed for sufficient range to fly across North America or across the northern Atlantic , and would be capable of operating routes up to 3 @,@ 850 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 130 km ) . The 767 's fuselage width was set midway between that of the 707 and the 747 at 16 @.@ 5 feet ( 5 @.@ 03 m ) . While it was narrower than previous wide @-@ body designs , seven abreast seating with two aisles could be fitted , and the reduced width produced less aerodynamic drag . However , the fuselage was not wide enough to accommodate two standard LD3 wide @-@ body unit load devices side @-@ by @-@ side . As a result , a smaller container , the LD2 , was created specifically for the 767 . The adoption of a conventional tail design also allowed the rear fuselage to be tapered over a shorter section , providing for parallel aisles along the full length of the passenger cabin , and eliminating irregular seat rows toward the rear of the aircraft . The 767 was the first Boeing wide @-@ body to be designed with a two @-@ crew digital glass cockpit . Cathode ray tube ( CRT ) color displays and new electronics replaced the role of the flight engineer by enabling the pilot and co @-@ pilot to monitor aircraft systems directly . Despite the promise of reduced crew costs , United Airlines initially demanded a conventional three @-@ person cockpit , citing concerns about the risks associated with introducing a new aircraft . The carrier maintained this position until July 1981 , when a U.S. presidential task force determined that a crew of two was safe for operating wide @-@ body jets . A three @-@ crew cockpit remained as an option and was fitted to the first production models . Ansett Australia ordered 767s with three @-@ crew cockpits due to union demands ; it was the only airline to operate 767s so configured . The 767 's two @-@ crew cockpit was also applied to the 757 , allowing pilots to operate both aircraft after a short conversion course , and adding incentive for airlines to purchase both types . = = = Production and testing = = = To produce the 767 , Boeing formed a network of subcontractors which included domestic suppliers and international contributions from Italy 's Aeritalia and Japan 's CTDC . The wings and cabin floor were produced in @-@ house , while Aeritalia provided control surfaces , Boeing Vertol made the leading edge for the wings , and Boeing Wichita produced the forward fuselage . The CTDC provided multiple assemblies through its constituent companies , namely Fuji Heavy Industries ( wing fairings and gear doors ) , Kawasaki Heavy Industries ( center fuselage ) , and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries ( rear fuselage , doors , and tail ) . Components were integrated during final assembly at the Everett factory . For expedited production of wing spars , the main structural member of aircraft wings , the Everett factory received robotic machinery to automate the process of drilling holes and inserting fasteners . This method of wing construction expanded on techniques developed for the 747 . Final assembly of the first aircraft began in July 1979 . The prototype aircraft , registered N767BA and equipped with JT9D turbofans , rolled out on August 4 , 1981 . By this time , the 767 program had accumulated 173 firm orders from 17 customers , including Air Canada , All Nippon Airways , Britannia Airways , Transbrasil , and Trans World Airlines ( TWA ) . On September 26 , 1981 , the prototype took its maiden flight under the command of company test pilots Tommy Edmonds , Lew Wallick , and John Brit . The maiden flight was largely uneventful , save for the inability to retract the landing gear because of a hydraulic fluid leak . The prototype was used for subsequent flight tests . The 10 @-@ month 767 flight test program utilized the first six aircraft built . The first four aircraft were equipped with JT9D engines , while the fifth and sixth were fitted with CF6 engines . The test fleet was largely used to evaluate avionics , flight systems , handling , and performance , while the sixth aircraft was used for route @-@ proving flights . During testing , pilots described the 767 as generally easy to fly , with its maneuverability unencumbered by the bulkiness associated with larger wide @-@ body jets . Following the successful completion of 1 @,@ 600 hours of flight tests , the JT9D @-@ powered 767 @-@ 200 received certification from the US Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) and the UK Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) in July 1982 . The first delivery occurred on August 19 , 1982 , to United Airlines . The CF6 @-@ powered 767 @-@ 200 received certification in September 1982 , followed by the first delivery to Delta Air Lines on October 25 , 1982 . = = = Service entry and operations = = = The 767 entered service with United Airlines on September 8 , 1982 . The aircraft 's first commercial flight used a JT9D @-@ powered 767 @-@ 200 on the Chicago @-@ to @-@ Denver route . The CF6 @-@ powered 767 @-@ 200 commenced service three months later with Delta Air Lines . Upon delivery , early 767s were mainly deployed on domestic routes , including U.S. transcontinental services . American Airlines and TWA began flying the 767 @-@ 200 in late 1982 , while Air Canada , China Airlines , and El Al began operating the aircraft in 1983 . The aircraft 's introduction was relatively smooth , with few operational glitches and greater dispatch reliability than prior jetliners . In its first year , the 767 logged a 96 @.@ 1 percent rate of takeoff without delay due to technical issues , which exceeded the industry average for new aircraft . Operators reported generally favorable ratings for the twinjet 's sound levels , interior comfort , and economic performance . Resolved issues were minor and included the recalibration of a leading edge sensor to prevent false readings , the replacement of an evacuation slide latch , and the repair of a tailplane pivot to match production specifications . Seeking to capitalize on its new wide @-@ body 's potential for growth , Boeing offered an extended @-@ range model , the 767 @-@ 200ER , in its first year of service . Ethiopian Airlines placed the first order for the type in December 1982 . Featuring increased gross weight specifications and greater fuel capacity , the extended @-@ range model could carry heavier payloads at distances up to 6 @,@ 385 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 825 km ) , and was targeted at overseas customers . The 767 @-@ 200ER entered service with El Al on March 27 , 1984 . The type was mainly ordered by international airlines operating medium @-@ traffic , long @-@ distance flights . In the mid @-@ 1980s , the 767 spearheaded the growth of twinjet flights across the northern Atlantic under extended @-@ range twin @-@ engine operational performance standards ( ETOPS ) regulations , the FAA 's safety rules governing transoceanic flights by aircraft with two engines . Before the 767 , over @-@ water flight paths of twinjets could be no more than 90 minutes away from diversion airports . In May 1985 , the FAA granted its first approval for 120 @-@ minute ETOPS flights to 767 operators , on an individual airline basis starting with TWA , provided that the operator met flight safety criteria . This allowed the aircraft to fly overseas routes at up to two hours ' distance from land . The larger safety margins were permitted because of the improved reliability demonstrated by the twinjet and its turbofan engines . The FAA lengthened the ETOPS time to 180 minutes for CF6 @-@ powered 767s in 1989 , making the type the first to be certified under the longer duration , and all available engines received approval by 1993 . Regulatory approval spurred the expansion of transoceanic 767 flights and boosted the aircraft 's sales . = = = Stretched derivatives = = = Forecasting airline interest in larger @-@ capacity models , Boeing announced the stretched 767 @-@ 300 in 1983 and the extended @-@ range 767 @-@ 300ER in 1984 . Both models offered a 20 percent passenger capacity increase , while the extended @-@ range version was capable of operating flights up to 5 @,@ 990 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 090 km ) . Japan Airlines placed the first order for the 767 @-@ 300 in September 1983 . Following its first flight on January 30 , 1986 , the type entered service with Japan Airlines on October 20 , 1986 . The 767 @-@ 300ER completed its first flight on December 9 , 1986 , but it was not until March 1987 that the first firm order , from American Airlines , was placed . The type entered service with American Airlines on March 3 , 1988 . The 767 @-@ 300 and 767 @-@ 300ER gained popularity after entering service , and came to account for approximately two @-@ thirds of all 767s sold . After the debut of the first stretched 767s , Boeing sought to address airline requests for even more capacity by proposing larger models , including a partial double @-@ deck version informally named the " Hunchback of Mukilteo " ( from a town near Boeing 's Everett factory ) with a 757 body section mounted over the aft main fuselage . In 1986 , the manufacturer announced the 767 @-@ X , a revised model with extended wings and a wider cabin , but received little interest . By 1988 , the 767 @-@ X had evolved into an all @-@ new twinjet , which revived the 777 designation . Until the 777 's 1995 debut , the 767 @-@ 300 and 767 @-@ 300ER remained Boeing 's second @-@ largest wide @-@ bodies behind the 747 . Buoyed by a recovering global economy and ETOPS approval , 767 sales accelerated in the mid @-@ to @-@ late 1980s , with 1989 being the most prolific year with 132 firm orders . By the early 1990s , the wide @-@ body twinjet had become its manufacturer 's annual best @-@ selling aircraft , despite a slight decrease due to economic recession . During this period , the 767 became the most common airliner for transatlantic flights between North America and Europe . By the end of the decade , 767s crossed the Atlantic more frequently than all other aircraft types combined . The 767 also propelled the growth of point @-@ to @-@ point flights which bypassed major airline hubs in favor of direct routes . Taking advantage of the aircraft 's lower operating costs and smaller capacity , operators added non @-@ stop flights to secondary population centers , thereby eliminating the need for connecting flights . The increase in the number of cities receiving non @-@ stop services caused a paradigm shift in the airline industry as point @-@ to @-@ point travel gained prominence at the expense of the traditional hub @-@ and @-@ spoke model . In February 1990 , the first 767 equipped with Rolls @-@ Royce RB211 turbofans , a 767 @-@ 300 , was delivered to British Airways . Six months later , the carrier temporarily grounded its entire 767 fleet after discovering cracks in the engine pylons of several aircraft . The cracks were related to the extra weight of the RB211 engines , which are 2 @,@ 205 pounds ( 1 @,@ 000 kg ) heavier than other 767 engines . During the grounding , interim repairs were conducted to alleviate stress on engine pylon components , and a parts redesign in 1991 prevented further cracks . Boeing also performed a structural reassessment , resulting in production changes and modifications to the engine pylons of all 767s in service . In January 1993 , following an order from UPS Airlines , Boeing launched a freighter variant , the 767 @-@ 300F , which entered service with UPS on October 16 , 1995 . The 767 @-@ 300F featured a main deck cargo hold , upgraded landing gear , and strengthened wing structure . In November 1993 , the Japanese government launched the first 767 military derivative when it placed orders for the E @-@ 767 , an Airborne Early Warning and Control ( AWACS ) variant based on the 767 @-@ 200ER . The first two E @-@ 767s , featuring extensive modifications to accommodate surveillance radar and other monitoring equipment , were delivered in 1998 to the Japan Self @-@ Defense Forces . In November 1995 , after abandoning development of a smaller version of the 777 , Boeing announced that it was revisiting studies for a larger 767 . The proposed 767 @-@ 400X , a second stretch of the aircraft , offered an over 12 percent capacity increase versus the 767 @-@ 300 , and featured an upgraded flight deck , enhanced interior , and wider wingspan . The variant was specifically aimed at Delta Air Lines ' pending replacement of its aging Lockheed L @-@ 1011 TriStars , and faced competition from the A330 @-@ 200 , a shortened derivative of the Airbus A330 . In March 1997 , Delta Air Lines launched the 767 @-@ 400ER when it ordered the type to replace its L @-@ 1011 fleet . In October 1997 , Continental Airlines also ordered the 767 @-@ 400ER to replace its McDonnell Douglas DC @-@ 10 fleet . The type completed its first flight on October 9 , 1999 , and entered service with Continental Airlines on September 14 , 2000 . = = = Further developments = = = In the early 2000s , cumulative 767 deliveries approached 900 , but new sales declined during an airline industry downturn . In 2001 , Boeing dropped plans for a longer @-@ range model , the 767 @-@ 400ERX , in favor of the proposed Sonic Cruiser , a new jetliner which aimed to fly 15 percent faster while having comparable fuel costs as the 767 . The following year , the manufacturer announced the KC @-@ 767 Tanker Transport , a second military derivative of the 767 @-@ 200ER . Launched with an order in October 2002 from the Italian Air Force , the KC @-@ 767 was intended for the dual role of refueling other aircraft and carrying cargo . The Japanese government became the second customer for the type in March 2003 . In May 2003 , the United States Air Force ( USAF ) announced its intent to lease KC @-@ 767s to replace its aging KC @-@ 135 tankers . The plan was suspended in March 2004 amid a conflict of interest scandal , resulting in multiple U.S. government investigations and the departure of several Boeing officials , including Philip Condit , the company 's chief executive officer , and chief financial officer Michael Sears . The first KC @-@ 767s were delivered in 2008 to the Japan Self @-@ Defense Forces . In late 2002 , after airlines expressed reservations about its emphasis on speed over cost reduction , Boeing halted development of the Sonic Cruiser . The following year , the manufacturer announced the 7E7 , a mid @-@ size 767 successor made from composite materials which promised to be 20 percent more fuel efficient . The new jetliner was the first stage of a replacement aircraft initiative called the Boeing Yellowstone Project . Customers embraced the 7E7 , later renamed 787 Dreamliner , and within two years it had become the fastest @-@ selling airliner in the company 's history . In 2005 , Boeing opted to continue 767 production despite record Dreamliner sales , citing a need to provide customers waiting for the 787 with a more readily available option . Subsequently , the 767 @-@ 300ER was offered to customers affected by 787 delays , including All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines . Some aging 767s , exceeding 20 years in age , were also kept in service past planned retirement dates due to the delays . To extend the operational lives of older aircraft , airlines increased heavy maintenance procedures , including D @-@ check teardowns and inspections for corrosion , a recurring issue on aging 767s . The first 787s would ultimately enter service with All Nippon Airways in October 2011 , three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years behind schedule . In 2007 , the 767 received a production boost when UPS and DHL Aviation placed a combined 33 orders for the 767 @-@ 300F . Renewed freighter interest led Boeing to consider enhanced versions of the 767 @-@ 200 and 767 @-@ 300F with increased gross weights , 767 @-@ 400ER wing extensions , and 777 avionics . However , net orders for the 767 declined from 24 in 2008 to just three in 2010 . During the same period , operators upgraded aircraft already in service ; in 2008 , the first 767 @-@ 300ER retrofitted with blended winglets from Aviation Partners Incorporated debuted with American Airlines . The manufacturer @-@ sanctioned winglets , at 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 35 m ) in height , improved fuel efficiency by an estimated 6 @.@ 5 percent . Other carriers including All Nippon Airways and Delta Air Lines also ordered winglet kits . On February 2 , 2011 , the 1,000th 767 rolled out , destined for All Nippon Airways . The aircraft was the 91st 767 @-@ 300ER ordered by the Japanese carrier , and with its completion the 767 became the second wide @-@ body airliner to reach the thousand @-@ unit milestone after the 747 . The 1,000th aircraft also marked the last model produced on the original 767 assembly line . Beginning with the 1,001st aircraft , production moved to another area in the Everett factory which occupied nearly half the space as before . The new assembly line made room for 787 production and aimed to boost manufacturing efficiency by over 20 percent . At the inauguration of its new assembly line , the 767 's order backlog numbered approximately 50 , only enough for production to last until 2013 . Despite the reduced backlog , Boeing officials expressed optimism that additional orders were forthcoming . On February 24 , 2011 , the USAF announced its selection of the KC @-@ 767 Advanced Tanker , an upgraded variant of the KC @-@ 767 , for its KC @-@ X fleet renewal program . The selection followed two rounds of tanker competition between Boeing and Airbus parent EADS , and came eight years after the USAF 's original 2003 announcement of its plan to lease KC @-@ 767s . The tanker order encompassed 179 aircraft and was expected to sustain 767 production past 2013 . In December 2011 , FedEx Express announced a 767 @-@ 300F order for 27 aircraft to replace its DC @-@ 10 freighters , citing the USAF tanker order and Boeing 's decision to continue production as contributing factors . FedEx Express announced an agreement to buy an additional 19 of the − 300F variant in June 2012 . In June 2015 , FedEx said it was accelerating retirements of planes both to reflect demand and to modernize its fleet , recording charges of $ 276 million . On July 21 , 2015 FedEx announced an order for 50 767 @-@ 300F with options on another 50 , the largest order for the type . FedEx confirmed that it has firm orders for 106 of the freighters for delivery between 2018 and 2023 . = = Design = = = = = Overview = = = The 767 is a low @-@ wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit featuring a single fin and rudder . The wings are swept at 31 @.@ 5 degrees and optimized for a cruising speed of Mach 0 @.@ 8 ( 533 mph or 858 km / h ) . Each wing features a supercritical cross @-@ section and is equipped with six @-@ panel leading edge slats , single- and double @-@ slotted flaps , inboard and outboard ailerons , and six spoilers . The airframe further incorporates Carbon @-@ fiber @-@ reinforced polymer composite material wing surfaces , Kevlar fairings and access panels , plus improved aluminum alloys , which together reduce overall weight by 1 @,@ 900 pounds ( 860 kg ) versus preceding aircraft . To distribute the aircraft 's weight on the ground , the 767 has a retractable tricycle landing gear with four wheels on each main gear and two for the nose gear . The original wing and gear design accommodated the stretched 767 @-@ 300 without major changes . The 767 @-@ 400ER features a larger , more widely spaced main gear with 777 wheels , tires , and brakes . To prevent damage if the tail section contacts the runway surface during takeoff , 767 @-@ 300 and 767 @-@ 400ER models are fitted with a retractable tailskid . The 767 has exit doors near the front and rear of the aircraft on the left side . In addition to shared avionics and computer technology , the 767 uses the same auxiliary power unit , electric power systems , and hydraulic parts as the 757 . A raised cockpit floor and the same forward cockpit windows result in similar pilot viewing angles . Related design and functionality allows 767 pilots to obtain a common type rating to operate the 757 and share the same seniority roster with pilots of either aircraft . = = = Flight systems = = = The original 767 flight deck uses six Rockwell Collins CRT screens to display Electronic flight instrument system ( EFIS ) and engine indication and crew alerting system ( EICAS ) information , allowing pilots to handle monitoring tasks previously performed by the flight engineer . The CRTs replace conventional electromechanical instruments found on earlier aircraft . An enhanced flight management system , improved over versions used on early 747s , automates navigation and other functions , while an automatic landing system facilitates CAT IIIb instrument landings in low visibility situations . The 767 became the first aircraft to receive CAT IIIb certification from the FAA for landings with 980 feet ( 300 m ) minimum visibility in 1984 . On the 767 @-@ 400ER , the cockpit layout is simplified further with six Rockwell Collins liquid crystal display ( LCD ) screens , and adapted for similarities with the 777 and the Next Generation 737 . To retain operational commonality , the LCD screens can be programmed to display information in the same manner as earlier 767s . In 2012 , Boeing and Rockwell Collins launched a further 787 @-@ based cockpit upgrade for the 767 , featuring three landscape @-@ format LCD screens that can display two windows each . The 767 is equipped with three redundant hydraulic systems for operation of control surfaces , landing gear , and other equipment . Each engine powers a separate hydraulic system , and the third system uses electric pumps . A ram air turbine is fitted to provide power for basic controls in the event of an emergency . An early form of fly @-@ by @-@ wire is employed for spoiler operation , utilizing electric signaling instead of traditional control cables . The fly @-@ by @-@ wire system reduces weight and provides for the independent operation of individual spoilers . = = = Interior = = = The 767 features a twin @-@ aisle cabin with a typical configuration of six abreast in business class and seven across in economy . The standard seven abreast , 2 – 3 – 2 economy class layout places approximately 87 percent of all seats at a window or aisle . As a result , the aircraft can be largely occupied before center seats need to be filled , and each passenger is no more than one seat from the aisle . It is possible to configure the aircraft with extra seats for up to an eight abreast configuration , but this results in a cramped cabin and is therefore uncommon . The 767 interior introduced larger overhead bins and more lavatories per passenger than previous aircraft . The bins are wider to accommodate garment bags without folding , and strengthened for heavier carry @-@ on items . A single , large galley is installed near the aft doors , allowing for more efficient meal service and simpler resupply while at airports . Passenger and service doors are an overhead plug type , which retract upwards , and commonly used doors can be equipped with an electric @-@ assist system . In 2000 , a 777 @-@ style interior , known as the Boeing Signature Interior , debuted on the 767 @-@ 400ER . Subsequently adopted for all new @-@ build 767s , the Signature Interior features even larger overhead bins , indirect lighting , and sculpted , curved panels . The 767 @-@ 400ER also received larger windows derived from the 777 . Older 767s can be retrofitted with the Signature Interior . Some operators have adopted a simpler modification known as the Enhanced Interior , featuring curved ceiling panels and indirect lighting with minimal modification of cabin architecture , as well as aftermarket modifications such as the NuLook 767 package by Heath Tecna . = = Variants = = The 767 has been produced in three fuselage lengths . These debuted in progressively larger form as the 767 @-@ 200 , 767 @-@ 300 , and 767 @-@ 400ER , respectively . Longer @-@ range variants include the 767 @-@ 200ER and 767 @-@ 300ER , while cargo models include the 767 @-@ 300F , a production freighter , and conversions of passenger 767 @-@ 200 and 767 @-@ 300 models . When referring to different variants , Boeing and airlines often collapse the model number ( 767 ) and the variant designator ( e.g. – 200 or – 300 ) into a truncated form ( e.g. " 762 " or " 763 " ) . Subsequent to the capacity number , designations may or may not append the range identifier . The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) aircraft type designator system uses a similar numbering scheme , but adds a preceding manufacturer letter ; all variants based on the 767 @-@ 200 and 767 @-@ 300 are classified under the codes " B762 " and " B763 " , respectively , while the 767 @-@ 400ER receives the designation of " B764 . " = = = 767 @-@ 200 = = = The 767 @-@ 200 was the original model and entered service with United Airlines in 1982 . The type has been used primarily by mainline U.S. carriers for domestic routes between major hub centers such as Los Angeles to Washington . The 767 @-@ 200 was the first aircraft to be used on transatlantic ETOPS flights , beginning with TWA on February 1 , 1985 under 90 @-@ minute diversion rules . Deliveries for the variant totaled 128 aircraft . There were 49 passenger and freighter conversions of the model in commercial service as of July 2015 . The type 's competitors included the Airbus A300 and A310 . The 767 @-@ 200 ceased production in the late 1980s due to being superseded by the extended @-@ range 767 @-@ 200ER . Some early 767 @-@ 200s were subsequently upgraded to extended @-@ range specification . In 1998 , Boeing began offering 767 @-@ 200 conversions to 767 @-@ 200SF ( Special Freighter ) specification for cargo use , and Israel Aerospace Industries has been licensed to perform cargo conversions since 2005 . The conversion process entails the installation of a side cargo door , strengthened main deck floor , and added freight monitoring and safety equipment . The 767 @-@ 200SF was positioned as a replacement for Douglas DC @-@ 8 freighters . = = = 767 @-@ 2C = = = A commercial freighter version of the Boeing 767 @-@ 200 with series 300 wings and an updated flightdeck was first flown on 29 December 2014 . A military tanker variant of the Boeing 767 @-@ 2C is being developed for the U.S. Air Force as the KC @-@ 46 . Boeing is building two aircraft as commercial freighters which will be used to obtain Federal Aviation Administration certification , a further two Boeing 767 @-@ 2Cs will be modified as military tankers . As of 2014 , Boeing does not have customers for the freighter . = = = 767 @-@ 200ER = = = The 767 @-@ 200ER was the first extended @-@ range model and entered service with El Al in 1984 . The type 's increased range is due to an additional center fuel tank and a higher maximum takeoff weight ( MTOW ) of up to 395 @,@ 000 lb ( 179 @,@ 000 kg ) . The type was originally offered with the same engines as the 767 @-@ 200 , while more powerful Pratt & Whitney PW4000 and General Electric CF6 engines later became available . The 767 @-@ 200ER was the first 767 to complete a non @-@ stop transatlantic journey , and broke the flying distance record for a twinjet airliner on April 17 , 1988 with an Air Mauritius flight from Halifax , Nova Scotia to Port Louis , Mauritius , covering a distance of 8 @,@ 727 nmi ( 10 @,@ 000 mi ; 16 @,@ 200 km ) . The 767 @-@ 200ER has been acquired by international operators seeking smaller wide @-@ body aircraft for long @-@ haul routes such as New York to Beijing . Deliveries of the type totaled 121 with no unfilled orders . As of July 2015 , 35 examples of passenger and freighter conversion versions were in airline service . The type 's main competitors of the time included the Airbus A300 @-@ 600R and the A310 @-@ 300 . = = = 767 @-@ 300 = = = The 767 @-@ 300 , the first stretched version of the aircraft , entered service with Japan Airlines in 1986 . The type features a 21 @.@ 1 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 43 m ) fuselage extension over the 767 @-@ 200 , achieved by additional sections inserted before and after the wings , for an overall length of 180 @.@ 25 ft ( 54 @.@ 9 m ) . Reflecting the growth potential built into the original 767 design , the wings , engines , and most systems were largely unchanged on the 767 @-@ 300 . An optional mid @-@ cabin exit door is positioned ahead of the wings on the left , while more powerful Pratt & Whitney PW4000 and Rolls @-@ Royce RB211 engines later became available . The 767 @-@ 300 's increased capacity has been used on high @-@ density routes within Asia and Europe . Deliveries for the type totaled 104 aircraft with no unfilled orders remaining . As of July 2015 , 67 of the variant were in airline service . The type 's main competitor was the Airbus A300 . = = = 767 @-@ 300ER = = = The 767 @-@ 300ER , the extended @-@ range version of the 767 @-@ 300 , entered service with American Airlines in 1988 . The type 's increased range was made possible by greater fuel tankage and a higher MTOW of 407 @,@ 000 lb ( 185 @,@ 000 kg ) . Design improvements allowed the available MTOW to increase to 412 @,@ 000 lb ( 187 @,@ 000 kg ) by 1993 . Power is provided by Pratt & Whitney PW4000 , General Electric CF6 , or Rolls @-@ Royce RB211 engines . Typical routes for the type include Los Angeles to Frankfurt . The combination of increased capacity and range offered by the 767 @-@ 300ER has been particularly attractive to both new and existing 767 operators . It is the most successful version of the aircraft , with more orders placed than all other variants combined . As of June 2016 , 767 @-@ 300ER deliveries stand at 583 with no unfilled orders . There were 467 examples in service as of July 2015 . The type 's main competitor is the Airbus A330 @-@ 200 . = = = 767 @-@ 300F = = = The 767 @-@ 300F , the production freighter version of the 767 @-@ 300ER , entered service with UPS Airlines in 1995 . The 767 @-@ 300F can hold up to 24 standard 88 @-@ by @-@ 125 @-@ inch ( 220 by 320 cm ) pallets on its main deck and up to 30 LD2 unit load devices on the lower deck , with a total cargo volume of 15 @,@ 469 cubic feet ( 438 m3 ) . The freighter has a main deck cargo door and crew exit , while the lower deck features two port @-@ side cargo doors and one starboard cargo door . A general market version with onboard freight @-@ handling systems , refrigeration capability , and crew facilities was delivered to Asiana Airlines on August 23 , 1996 . As of June 2016 , 767 @-@ 300F deliveries stand at 114 with 78 unfilled orders . Airlines operated 115 examples of the freighter variant and freighter conversions in July 2015 . In June 2008 , All Nippon Airways took delivery of the first 767 @-@ 300BCF ( Boeing Converted Freighter ) , a modified passenger @-@ to @-@ freighter model . The conversion work was performed in Singapore by ST Aerospace Services , the first supplier to offer a 767 @-@ 300BCF program , and involved the addition of a main deck cargo door , strengthened main deck floor , and additional freight monitoring and safety equipment . Since then , Boeing , Israel Aerospace Industries , and Wagner Aeronautical have also offered passenger @-@ to @-@ freighter conversion programs for 767 @-@ 300 series aircraft . = = = 767 @-@ 400ER = = = The 767 @-@ 400ER , the first Boeing wide @-@ body jet resulting from two fuselage stretches , entered service with Continental Airlines in 2000 . The type features a 21 @.@ 1 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 43 @-@ metre ) stretch over the 767 @-@ 300 , for a total length of 201 @.@ 25 feet ( 61 @.@ 3 m ) . The wingspan is also increased by 14 @.@ 3 feet ( 4 @.@ 36 m ) through the addition of raked wingtips . Other differences include an updated cockpit , redesigned landing gear , and 777 @-@ style Signature Interior . Power is provided by uprated Pratt & Whitney PW4000 or General Electric CF6 engines . The FAA granted approval for the 767 @-@ 400ER to operate 180 @-@ minute ETOPS flights before it entered service . Because its fuel capacity was not increased over preceding models , the 767 @-@ 400ER has a range of 5 @,@ 625 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 418 km ) , less than previous extended @-@ range 767s.This is roughly the distance from Shenzhen to Seattle . No 767 @-@ 400 version was developed , while a longer @-@ range version , the 767 @-@ 400ERX , was offered for sale in 2000 before it was cancelled a year later , leaving the 767 @-@ 400ER as the sole version of the largest 767 . Boeing dropped the 767 @-@ 400ER and the -200ER from its pricing list in 2014 . A total of 37 aircraft were delivered to the variant 's two airline customers , Continental Airlines ( now merged with United Airlines ) and Delta Air Lines , with no unfilled orders . All 37 examples of the -400ER were in service in July 2015 . One additional example was produced as a military testbed , and later sold as a VIP transport . The type 's closest competitor is the Airbus A330 @-@ 200 . = = = Military and government = = = Versions of the 767 serve in a number of military and government applications , with responsibilities ranging from airborne surveillance and refueling to cargo and VIP transport . Several military 767s have been derived from the 767 @-@ 200ER , the longest @-@ range version of the aircraft . Airborne Surveillance Testbed – the Airborne Optical Adjunct ( AOA ) was modified from the prototype 767 @-@ 200 for a United States Army program , under a contract signed with the Strategic Air Command in July 1984 . Intended to evaluate the feasibility of using airborne optical sensors to detect and track hostile intercontinental ballistic missiles , the modified aircraft first flew on August 21 , 1987 . Alterations included a large " cupola " or hump which ran along the top of the aircraft from above the cockpit to just behind the trailing edge of the wings , and a pair of ventral fins below the rear fuselage . Inside the cupola was a suite of infrared seekers used for tracking theater ballistic missile launches . The aircraft was later renamed as the Airborne Surveillance Testbed ( AST ) . Following the end of the AST program in 2002 , the aircraft was retired for scrapping . E @-@ 767 – the Airborne Early Warning and Control ( AWACS ) platform for the Japan Self @-@ Defense Forces ; it is essentially the Boeing E @-@ 3 Sentry mission package on a 767 @-@ 200ER platform . E @-@ 767 modifications , completed on 767 @-@ 200ERs flown from the Everett factory to Boeing Integrated Defense Systems in Wichita , Kansas , include structural strengthening to accommodate a dorsal surveillance radar system , engine nacelle alterations , as well as electrical and interior changes . Japan is the operator of four E @-@ 767s . The first E @-@ 767s were delivered in March 1998 . KC @-@ 767 Advanced Tanker – the 767 @-@ 200ER @-@ based aerial tanker developed for the USAF KC @-@ X tanker competition . It is an updated version of the KC @-@ 767 , originally selected as the USAF 's new tanker aircraft in 2003 , designated KC @-@ 767A , and then dropped amid conflict of interest allegations . The KC @-@ 767 Advanced Tanker is derived from studies for a longer @-@ range cargo version of the 767 @-@ 200ER , and features a fly @-@ by @-@ wire refueling boom , a remote vision refueling system , and a 767 @-@ 400ER @-@ based flight deck with LCD screens and head @-@ up displays . Boeing was awarded the KC @-@ X contract to build a 767 @-@ based tanker , to be designated KC @-@ 46A , in February 2011 . KC @-@ 767 Tanker Transport – the 767 @-@ 200ER @-@ based aerial refueling platform operated by the Italian Air Force ( Aeronautica Militare ) , and the Japan Self @-@ Defense Forces . Modifications conducted by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems include the addition of a fly @-@ by @-@ wire refueling boom , strengthened flaps , and optional auxiliary fuel tanks , as well as structural reinforcement and modified avionics . All four KC @-@ 767Js ordered by Japan have been delivered . The Aeronautica Militare received the first of its four KC @-@ 767As in January 2011 . Tanker conversions – the 767 MMTT or Multi @-@ Mission Tanker Transport is a 767 @-@ 200ER @-@ based aircraft operated by the Colombian Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Colombiana ) and modified by Israel Aerospace Industries . In 2013 , the Brazilian Air Force ordered two 767 @-@ 300ER tanker conversions from IAI for its KC @-@ X2 program . = = = Undeveloped variants = = = = = = = 767 @-@ 400ERX = = = = Boeing offered the 767 @-@ 400ERX , a longer @-@ range version of the largest 767 model , for sale in 2000 . Introduced along with the 747X , the type was to be powered by the 747X 's engines , namely the Engine Alliance GP7000 and the Rolls @-@ Royce Trent 600 . An increased range of 6 @,@ 492 nautical miles ( 12 @,@ 023 km ) was specified . Kenya Airways provisionally ordered three 767 @-@ 400ERXs to supplement its 767 fleet , but after Boeing cancelled the type 's development in 2001 , switched the order to the 777 @-@ 200ER . = = = = E @-@ 10 MC2A = = = = The Northrop Grumman E @-@ 10 MC2A was to be a 767 @-@ 400ER @-@ based replacement for the USAF 's 707 @-@ based E @-@ 3 Sentry AWACS , Northrop Grumman E @-@ 8 Joint STARS , and RC @-@ 135 SIGINT aircraft . The E @-@ 10 MC2A would have included an all @-@ new AWACS system , with a powerful active electronically scanned array ( AESA ) that was also capable of jamming enemy aircraft or missiles . One 767 @-@ 400ER aircraft was produced as a testbed for systems integration , but the program was terminated in January 2009 and the prototype sold to Bahrain as a VIP transport . = = Operators = = The customers that have ordered the most 767s are FedEx , Delta Air Lines , All Nippon Airways and United Airlines . Delta Air Lines is the largest customer , having received 117 aircraft . The Atlanta @-@ based carrier is also the only customer to have ordered all passenger versions of the 767 . Its 100th example , a 767 @-@ 400ER , was delivered in October 2000 . FedEx confirmed that it had placed firm orders for 50 of the freighters for delivery between 2018 and 2023 . United Airlines was the only carrier operating all versions of the 767 ER series ( 762ER , 763ER , and 764ER ) as of November 2012 . The largest cargo customer is UPS Airlines , having received 59 aircraft as of June 2016 . A total of 765 aircraft ( all 767 variants ) were in airline service in July 2015 , with airline operators Delta Air Lines ( 95 ) , UPS Airlines ( 59 ) , American Airlines ( 56 ) , All Nippon Airways ( 52 ) , United Airlines ( 51 ) , Japan Airlines ( 44 ) , Air Canada ( 31 ) , and others with fewer aircraft of the type . = = = Orders and deliveries = = = Data through June 30 , 2016 = = = Model summary = = = Data through end of June 2016 . = = Accidents and notable incidents = = As of October 2015 , the Boeing 767 has been in 45 aviation occurrences , including 15 hull @-@ loss accidents . Six fatal crashes , including three hijackings , have resulted in a total of 851 occupant fatalities . The airliner 's first fatal crash , Lauda Air Flight 004 , occurred near Bangkok on May 26 , 1991 , following the in @-@ flight deployment of the left engine thrust reverser on a 767 @-@ 300ER ; none of the 223 aboard survived ; as a result of this accident all 767 thrust reversers were deactivated until a redesign was implemented . Investigators determined that an electronically controlled valve , common to late @-@ model Boeing aircraft , was to blame . A new locking device was installed on all affected jetliners , including 767s . On October 31 , 1999 , EgyptAir Flight 990 , a 767 @-@ 300ER , crashed off Nantucket Island , Massachusetts , in international waters killing all 217 people on board . The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) determined the probable cause to be due to a deliberate action by the first officer ; Egypt disputed this conclusion . On April 15 , 2002 , Air China Flight 129 , a 767 @-@ 200ER , crashed into a hill amid inclement weather while trying to land at Gimhae International Airport in Busan , South Korea . The crash resulted in the death of 129 of the 166 people on board , and the cause was attributed to pilot error . An early 767 incident was survived by all on board . On July 23 , 1983 , Air Canada Flight 143 , a 767 @-@ 200 , ran out of fuel in @-@ flight and had to glide with both engines out for almost 43 nautical miles ( 80 km ) to an emergency landing at Gimli , Manitoba . The pilots used the aircraft 's ram air turbine to power the hydraulic systems for aerodynamic control . There were no fatalities and only minor injuries . This aircraft was nicknamed " Gimli Glider " after the airport at which it landed . The aircraft , registered C @-@ GAUN , continued flying for Air Canada until its retirement in January 2008 . The aircraft was subsequently scrapped in 2008 . The 767 has been involved in six hijackings , three resulting in loss of life , for a combined total of 282 occupant fatalities . On November 23 , 1996 , Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 , a 767 @-@ 200ER , was hijacked and crash @-@ landed in the Indian Ocean near the Comoros Islands after running out of fuel , killing 125 out of the 175 persons on board ; survivors have been rare among instances of land @-@ based aircraft ditching on water . Two 767s were involved in the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001 , resulting in the collapse of its two main towers . American Airlines Flight 11 , a 767 @-@ 200ER , crashed into the north tower , killing all 92 people on board , and United Airlines Flight 175 , a 767 @-@ 200 , crashed into the south tower , with the death of all 65 on board . In addition , more than 2 @,@ 600 people were killed in the towers or on the ground . A foiled 2001 shoe bomb plot involving an American Airlines 767 @-@ 300ER resulted in passengers being required to remove their shoes for scanning at U.S. security checkpoints . On November 1 , 2011 , LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16 , a 767 @-@ 300ER , safely landed at Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport in Warsaw , Poland after a mechanical failure of the landing gear forced an emergency landing with the landing gear up . There were no injuries , but the aircraft involved was damaged and subsequently written off . At the time of the incident , aviation analysts speculated that it may have been the first instance of a complete landing gear failure in the 767 's service history . Subsequent investigation however determined that while a damaged hose had disabled the aircraft 's primary landing gear extension system , an otherwise functional backup system was inoperative due to an accidentally deactivated circuit breaker . In January 2014 , the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration issued a directive that ordered inspections of the elevators on more than 400 767s beginning in March 2014 ; the focus is on fasteners and other parts that can fail and cause the elevators to jam . The issue was first identified in 2000 and has been the subject of several Boeing service bulletins . The inspections and repairs are required to be completed within six years . The aircraft has suffered from multiple occurrences of " uncommanded escape slide inflation ” during maintenance or operations . A number of these incidents involved the slide inflating during flight . In late 2015 , the FAA issued a preliminary directive to address the issue . = = Retirement and display = = As new 767s roll off the assembly line , older models have been retired and scrapped . One complete aircraft is known to have been retained for exhibition , specifically N102DA , the first 767 @-@ 200 to operate for Delta Air Lines and the twelfth example built . The exhibition aircraft , named " The Spirit of Delta " by the employees who helped purchase it in 1982 , underwent restoration at the Delta Air Lines Air Transport Heritage Museum in Atlanta , Georgia . The restoration was completed in 2010 . Featuring the original delivered interior as well as historical displays , the aircraft is viewable by visitors ( self @-@ guided ) daily , during the museum 's operating hours . Hangar renovations , begun in June 2013 , are now complete , and the museum is accessible on a daily basis . In 2005 , four retired American Airlines 767 @-@ 200s were dismantled for parts in Roswell , New Mexico , and their nose sections removed intact for collector or film use . Of these four aircraft , the cockpit of N301AA , the eighth 767 built and the first of its type delivered to American Airlines , was transported to Victorville , California , to be restored for museum display . As of 2013 , the cockpit section of N301AA is housed at the interim museum location of the American Museum of Aviation , a nonprofit organization in Las Vegas , Nevada , along with a display of American Airlines photographs . = = Specifications = = Sources : Boeing 767 general specifications , and other sources . = Ram Narayan = Ram Narayan ( Hindi : राम नारायण ; IAST : Rām Nārāyaṇ , IPA : [ ˈraːm naːˈraːjn ] ; born 25 December 1927 ) , often referred to with the title Pandit , is an Indian musician who popularised the bowed instrument sarangi as a solo concert instrument in Hindustani classical music and became the first internationally successful sarangi player . Narayan was born near Udaipur and learned to play the sarangi at an early age . He studied under sarangi players and singers and , as a teenager , worked as a music teacher and travelling musician . All India Radio , Lahore , hired Narayan as an accompanist for vocalists in 1944 . He moved to Delhi following the partition of India in 1947 , but wishing to go beyond accompaniment and frustrated with his supporting role , Narayan moved to Mumbai in 1949 to work in Indian cinema . After an unsuccessful attempt in 1954 , Narayan became a concert solo artist in 1956 , and later gave up accompaniment . He recorded solo albums and began to tour America and Europe in the 1960s . Narayan taught Indian and foreign students and performed , frequently outside India , into the 2000s . He was awarded India 's second highest civilian honour , the Padma Vibhushan , in 2005 . = = Early life = = Ram Narayan was born on 25 December 1927 in Amber village , near Udaipur in northwestern India . His great @-@ great @-@ grandfather , Bagaji Biyavat , was a singer from Amber , and he and Narayan 's great @-@ grandfather , Sagad Danji Biyavat , sang at the court of the Maharana of Udaipur . Narayan 's grandfather , Har Lalji Biyavat , and father , Nathuji Biyavat , were farmers and singers , Nathuji played the bowed instrument dilruba , and Narayan 's mother was a music lover . Narayan 's first language was Rajasthani and he learned Hindi and , later , English . At an age of about six , he found a small sarangi left by the family 's Ganga guru , a genealogist , and was taught a fingering technique developed by his father . Narayan 's father taught him , but was worried about the difficulty of playing the sarangi and its association with courtesan music , which gave the instrument a low social status . After a year , Biyavat sought lessons for his son from sarangi player Mehboob Khan of Jaipur , but changed his mind when Khan told him Narayan would have to change his fingering technique . Narayan 's father later encouraged him to leave school and devote himself to playing the sarangi . At about ten years of age , Narayan learned the basics of dhrupad , the oldest genre of Hindustani classical music , by studying and imitating the practice of sarangi player Uday Lal of Udaipur , a student of dhrupad singers Allabande and Zakiruddin Dagar . After Uday Lal died of old age , Narayan met travelling singer Madhav Prasad , originally of Lucknow , who had performed at the court of Maihar . With Prasad , Narayan enacted the ganda bandhan , a traditional ceremony of acceptance between a teacher and his pupil , in which Narayan swore obedience in exchange for being maintained by Prasad . He served Prasad and was taught in khyal , the predominate genre of Hindustani classical music , but returned to Udaipur after four years to teach music school . Prasad later visited Narayan and convinced him to resign his position and dedicate his time to improvement as a musician , although the idea of giving up a steady life was not well received by Narayan 's family . He stayed with Prasad and travelled to several Indian states until Prasad fell ill and advised him to learn from singer Abdul Wahid Khan in Lahore . Following Prasad 's death in Lucknow , Narayan enacted the ganda bandhan with another teacher who gave him lessons , but soon left for Lahore and never performed the ritual again . = = Career = = Narayan travelled to Lahore in 1943 and auditioned for the local All India Radio ( AIR ) station as a singer , but the station 's music producer , Jivan Lal Mattoo , noticed grooves in Narayan 's fingernails : sarangis are played by pressing the fingernails sideways against three playing strings , which strains the nails . Mattoo instead employed Narayan as a sarangi player . Traditionally , the sarangi is supposed to play after the singer and imitate the vocal performance , and play in the space between phrases . Mattoo advised Narayan and helped him contact khyal singer Abdul Wahid Khan , a rigorous teacher under whom Narayan learned four ragas through singing lessons . Narayan was allowed sporadic solo performances on AIR and began to consider a solo career . After the partition of India in 1947 , Narayan moved to Delhi and played at the local AIR station . His work for popular singers increased his repertoire and knowledge of styles . Narayan played with the classical singers Omkarnath Thakur , Bade Ghulam Ali Khan , Hirabai Badodekar , and Krishnarao Shankar Pandit , and he accompanied singer Amir Khan in 1948 , when Khan sang for the first time at AIR Delhi following the partition . As an accompanist for vocalists , Narayan showed his own talent and came to the foreground . Singers of the city complained that he was not a dependable accompanist and too assertive , but he maintained he wanted to keep vocalists in tune and inspire them in a cordial contest . Other tabla ( percussion ) players and singers , including Omkarnath Thakur and Krishnarao Shankar Pandit , expressed admiration for Narayan 's playing . Narayan became frustrated with his supporting role for vocalists and moved to Mumbai in 1949 to work independently in film music and recording . He recorded three solo 78 rpm gramophone records for the British HMV Group in 1950 and an early ten @-@ inch LP album in Mumbai in 1951 , but the album was not in demand . The Mumbai film industry offered a good salary and obscurity for work that would have lowered his stature among classical musicians . For the next 15 years he played and composed songs for films , including Adalat , Gunga Jumna , Humdard , Kashmir Ki Kali , Milan , Mughal @-@ e @-@ Azam , and Noorjehan . He was considered a desired choice of film music director O. P. Nayyar . Narayan performed in Afghanistan in 1952 and in China in 1954 and was well received in both countries . His first solo concert at a 1954 music festival in the Cowasji Jehangir Hall , Mumbai , was cut short when an impatient audience , waiting for performances by famous artists , drove him from the stage . Narayan pondered giving up the sarangi and becoming a singer . He later regained confidence , performed solo for smaller crowds , and was favourably received in his second attempt to play solo for a Mumbai music festival in 1956 . He has since performed at the major music festivals of India . Narayan later gave up accompaniment ; this decision carried a financial risk because interest in solo sarangi was not yet substantial . After sitar player Ravi Shankar successfully performed in Western countries , Narayan followed his example . He recorded solo albums and made his first international tour in 1964 to America and Europe with his older brother Chatur Lal , a tabla player who had toured with Shankar in the 1950s . The European tour included performances in France , Germany , sponsored by the Goethe @-@ Institut , and at the City of London Festival , England . Beginning in the 1960s , Narayan often taught and gave concerts outside of India . On his Western tours he encountered interest in the sarangi because of its similarity to cello and violin . The tabla player Suresh Talwalkar became a frequent accompanist for Narayan in the late 1960s . Narayan continued to perform and record in India and abroad for the next decades and his recordings appeared on Indian , American , and European labels . During the early 1980s he typically spent months each year visiting Western nations . Narayan performed less frequently in the 2000s and rarely in the 2010s . = = Style = = Narayan 's style is characteristic of Hindustani classical music , but his choice of solo instrument and his background of learning from teachers outside his community are not common for the genre . He has stated that he aims to please the audience and create a feeling of harmony , and expects the audience to reciprocate by reacting to his playing . Narayan 's performances are strung together from the meditative and measured alap ( non @-@ metrical introduction ) and jor ( performance with pulse ) in dhrupad style , followed by a faster and less reserved gat section ( composition with rhythmic pattern provided by the tabla ) in khyal style . He experimented with a style of jhala ( performance with rapid pulse ) developed by Bundu Khan , but considered it more appropriate for plucked instruments and stopped performing it . The gat section includes one or two parts with compositions . When two gats are used , the first one tends to be at a slow or medium tempo , and the second one is faster ; the gats are usually performed in the 16 @-@ beat rhythmic cycle tintal . Narayan often completes performances with ragas associated with thumri ( a popular light classical genre ) , which are referred to as mishra ( Sanskrit : mixed ) because they allow for additional notes , or with a dhun ( song based on folk music ) . Narayan practices and teaches using a limited number of paltas , exercises in a small scale range that are used to prepare playing different numbers of notes per bow . Derived from paltas are lengthy note patterns called tans , which contain characteristic " melodic shapes " and are used by Narayan for fast playing . He uses his left ( fingering ) hand for runs and to play an extended melodic range , and his right ( bowing ) hand for rhythmic accentuations . Narayan 's fingering technique , his low right hand position , keeping the bow in a close to right angle to the string , and his use of the full bow length are unusual among sarangi players . Narayan is associated with the Kirana gharana ( stylistic school of Kirana ) through Abdul Wahid Khan , but his performance style is not strongly connected to it . Most of Narayan 's compositions are from the singing repertoire of his teachers and were modified and adapted to the sarangi . He has created original compositions and in performance varies those he was taught . Narayan disfavors the creation of new ragas , but developed compound ragas , including those of Nand with Kedar and Kafi with Malhar . Narayan uses a sarangi obtained from Uday Lal and built in Meerut in the 1920s or 1930s in his concerts and recordings . He plays on foreign harp strings to produce a clearer tone . Narayan experimented with modifications to his instrument and added a fourth string , but removed it because it hindered playing . In the 1940s , he exchanged gut with steel for the first string and found it easier to play , but reverted to using only gut strings because the steel string altered the sound . = = Contributions and recognition = = Narayan increased the status of the sarangi to that of a modern concert solo instrument , made it known outside of India , and was the first sarangi player with international success , an example later followed by Sultan Khan . Narayan 's simplified fingering technique allows for glide ( meend ) and affected the modern sarangi concert style , as aspects of his playing and tone creation were taken up by sarangi players from Narayan 's recordings . Narayan taught at the American Society for Eastern Arts and the National Centre for the Performing Arts in Mumbai in the 1970s and 1980s , where he gave the first master class for sarangi . Narayan privately trained sarangi players , including his daughter Aruna Narayan Kalle , his grandson Harsh Narayan , and Vasanti Srikhande . He also taught sarod players , including his son Brij Narayan , as well as vocalists and a violinist . In 2002 , he taught 15 Indian students and more than 500 students in the United States and Europe had studied with him . Indian music in performance : a practical introduction , released in 1980 by Neil Sorrell in cooperation with Narayan , was described as " one of the best presentations on modern North Indian music practice " by Hans Neuhoff in Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart . Narayan argued that appreciation of the sarangi and him came only after acknowledgment by the Western audience . He attributed the lack of sarangi students to a lack of competent teachers and said that the Indian government should assist in preserving the instrument . The Pt ( Pandit ) Ram Narayan Foundation in Mumbai awards scholarships to sarangi students , but Narayan stated he was skeptical the sarangi would survive . Narayan received the national awards Padma Shri in 1976 , Padma Bhushan in 1991 , and Padma Vibhushan in 2005 . The Padma Vibhushan , India 's second highest civilian honor , was presented by Indian President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam . Narayan	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
action in the Korengal Valley . Junger later wrote a highly acclaimed book , War , and , with Hetherington , produced the award @-@ winning documentary , Restrepo , about the deployment . Only two weeks before the brigade was to return to Europe , a platoon of 45 soldiers from the brigade stationed in the Dara @-@ I @-@ Pech district was attacked by a large force of insurgents during the Battle of Wanat . Though the platoon was able to drive the insurgents back with air support , the fight resulted in 9 soldiers killed and 16 wounded ; the deadliest attack on troops in the country since 2005 . The brigade repositioned the base three days later . The 173rd 's tour ended in July 2008 , and the last redeploying paratrooper from the brigade returned to Europe by the beginning of August 2008 . 42 soldiers from the brigade lost their lives during the deployment . The brigade returned to Europe and home station after once again proving itself in combat throughout the eastern mountains of Afghanistan . On 14 June 2009 , the 173rd Airborne Brigade was announced as one of the brigade combat teams deploying to Afghanistan , and the unit prepared to once again return . = = = Afghanistan , 2009 – 10 = = = From November 2009 until November 2010 , the 173rd Airborne Brigade once again returned to Afghanistan , this time to the provinces of Logar and Wardak . With combat experience already earned in other similar mountain regions in 2007 and 2008 , the Brigade distinguished itself in combat regularly against the Taliban and fought tenaciously against them , while still promoting and attempting to legitimize the Afghan government . The 1st and 2nd Battalions saw extensive action in eastern Logar and Wardak . The 1 / 91st Cavalry was given a mission to transform western Logar province into a secure environment ; a mission that was not greeted as an easy task . Given the province and its three major districts saw a massive influx of both foreign and domestic fighters due to the relatively calm winter prior to the brigade 's arrival , its company @-@ sized and platoon @-@ sized elements found themselves in combat against anti @-@ Coalition forces almost daily from the start of March 2010 until its relief . The brigade returned to its home station in Europe in November 2010 . Seven soldiers from the brigade lost their lives during the deployment . = = = Afghanistan , 2012 – 13 = = = In July 2012 , the 173rd Airborne Brigade once again deployed to Afghanistan as part of Task Force Bayonet to relieve the 3rd Brigade Combat Team , 1st Armored Division , Task Force Bulldog in the Logar and Wardak Provinces . This was the brigade 's fifth deployment since 2003 , their fourth to Afghanistan as they prepare for a complete transition of the security of Afghanistan to the Afghan National Security Forces . The brigade returned in early 2013 . Nine soldiers from the brigade lost their lives during the deployment . In the summer of 2013 , some of the returning forces reorganized and consolidated at a single location in Vicenza , Italy . A second base was opened in Vicenza called Del Din , and is the current headquarters of the 173rd ABCT . Del Din hosts 173rd Brigade Headquarters , 2nd Battalion , 503rd Infantry ( ABN ) , the Brigade Support Battalion ( BSB ) , and the Brigade Special Troops Battalion ( STB ) . The unit did this to cover some of the spaces in Southern Europe that have opened up with the withdraw of other American forces from the area . Also during the summer of 2013 , 1st Squadron , 91st Cavalry Regiment ( ABN ) moved from Schweinfurt , Germany to Grafenwoehr , Germany . = = = Poland , Baltic States , 2014 = = = On 23 April 2014 , four paratrooper companies of the 173rd were deployed to Poland , Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania to reassure America 's NATO allies threatened by Russian military maneuvers along the borders of eastern Ukraine during the 2014 – 15 Russian military intervention in Ukraine . The companies will train with NATO allies and conduct military exercises . = = = Ukraine , 2014 = = = In September 2014 , about 200 soldiers of 1st Battalion , 503rd Airborne Regiment , 173rd BDE participated in the Rapid Trident exercise near Lviv in western Ukraine . = = = Hungary , 2015 = = = In February 2015 , 750 soldiers from the brigade and from units of the Hungarian Armed Forces , namely 24th Bornemissza Gergely Reconnaissance Battalion , 34th Bercsényi László Special Operations Battalion , and the 25 / 88th Light Mixed Battalion participated in the exercise " Warlord Rock 2015 " . The goal of the activity was to exercise the combat , combat support and combat service units of both armies and to achieve a higher cooperation level in airborne operations planning , organization and management tasks . = = = Ukraine , 2015 = = = In March 2015 , a 173rd Airborne battalion of around 600 American paratroopers headed to Ukraine to train Ukrainian national guard troops . The training took place at the Yavoriv training center near the western Ukrainian city of Lviv . The 173rd Airborne paratroopers trained the Ukrainians on how to better defend themselves against Russian and rebel artillery and rockets . Training also included securing roads , bridges , and other infrastructure and treating and evacuating casualties . = = Honors = = = = = Unit decorations = = = = = = Campaign streamers = = = = = Heraldry = = = = = Shoulder Sleeve Insignia = = = Description / Blazon : On a blue silhouetted right cylinder 3 inches ( 7 @.@ 62 cm ) in height and 2 inches ( 5 @.@ 08 cm ) in width overall within a 1 / 8 inch ( .32 cm ) white border a vertical white wing in flight , the ulna ( lower end ) extended and hooked around a red bayonet . Attached above the insignia is a blue tab inscribed " AIRBORNE " in white . Symbolism ; The bayonet is used to refer to the brigade being borne by the wing alludes to the brigade 's airborne status . Red , white and blue are the national colors . Background : The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved on 13 May 1963 . It was amended to correct the dimensions on 29 July 1963 . The insignia was amended to include the tab and update the description on 26 April 2000 . It was redesignated for the 173d Airborne Brigade Combat Team on 11 October 2006 . ( TIOH Drawing Number A @-@ 1 @-@ 310 ) = = = Distinctive Unit Insignia = = = Description / Blazon : A silver color metal and enamel device 1 1 / 4 inches ( 3 @.@ 18 cm ) in height overall consisting of a semi @-@ circle divided into three sections each with concave base , the outer two sections silver and the center section of red , a vertical silver unsheathed sword point to base , the hilt resting on the red section of the semi @-@ circle the lower edge of the guard coinciding with the concave base and the ends conjoined with the silver sections the blade between two lightning flashes points to base the points converging toward the point of the blade the flashes parallel to and enclosed by two narrow inclined silver lines starting at the diameter periphery of the semi @-@ circle and meeting beneath the point of the sword , the area so enclosed of blue all above a stylized motto scroll , the ends simulating wings and terminating at the base of the semi @-@ circle , bearing the inscription " SKY SOLDIERS " in blue letters ; the areas between the narrow silver lines and motto scroll recessed and of silver . Symbolism : The simulated parachute and stylized wings refer to the airborne mission of the Brigade . The unsheathed sword , point to base ( implying from sky to ground ) and the hilt against the red section of the parachute canopy , alludes to the combat assault jump made by the Brigade in February 1967 , the first such jump made by any unit in Vietnam indicated by the " V " formed by the two lightning flashes on the V @-@ shaped silver edged blue area . The single sword also alludes to other Brigade " firsts " such as first American ground unit in Vietnam , first in War Zones C and D and first in the Iron Triangle . The lightning flashes are also symbolic of the Brigade 's striking power and surprise and rapidity of movement . The numerical designation of the Brigade can be readily simulated by various combinations of the design elements , i.e. , the sword indicating one ( 1 ) , the sum of the wings , the two lightning flashes and the three sections of the parachute canopy being Seven ( 7 ) and the latter by itself also being used for three ( 3 ) . Background : The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 173d Airborne Brigade on 10 August 1967 . The insignia was redesignated for the 173d Airborne Brigade Combat Team with the description updated on 11 October 2006 . = = = Combat Service Identification Badge = = = Description / Blazon : A silver color metal and enamel device 2 inches ( 5 @.@ 08 cm ) in height consisting of a design similar to the shoulder sleeve insignia . = = Legacy = = The 173rd 's service , particularly in Vietnam , has been featured several times in popular culture . The most prominent of these is the 2006 single released by the country music duo Big & Rich , entitled " 8th of November " . The song was based on the story of Niles Harris , a member of the 173rd , during Operation Hump . On 1 July 2006 , a documentary inspired by the song and based on the brigade 's actions during the operation premiered on the GAC Channel . Illinois Route 173 , which runs for 66 miles along the Illinois / Wisconsin border was designated the " 173rd Airborne Brigade Highway " in 2008 . Captain Willard , a fictional character portrayed by Martin Sheen in the 1979 film Apocalypse Now , was a member of the 173rd assigned to Military Assistance Command , Vietnam Studies and Observations Group . He was depicted as being in " the 505th battalion " , although no such unit was ever part of the 173rd . Throughout the movie , he wears the Vietnam @-@ era , mustard yellow , " subdued " shoulder sleeve insignia worn by 173rd paratroopers on their jungle fatigues during the Vietnam War . In the 1987 movie Lethal Weapon , the patch worn by Danny Glover 's fictional character Roger Murtaugh during a retrospective of his time in Vietnam was that of the 173rd Airborne Brigade . In the 1998 movie The Siege , fictional Major General William Devereaux , played by Bruce Willis , states that he was in the 173rd Airborne Brigade at the same time that character Anthony Hubbard was in the 82nd Airborne Division . Numerous servicemen from the 173rd , mostly from the Vietnam era , gained notability after their military careers ended . These include Congressmen Duncan Hunter and Charlie Norwood , Archbishop of Baltimore Edwin Frederick O 'Brien , Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Robert M. Kimmitt , business owner Barney Visser , activist Stan Goff , and Sergeant Major of the Army Gene C. McKinney . Sixteen soldiers have been awarded the Medal of Honor for service with the 173rd Airborne Brigade and its subordinate units . Lloyd G. McCarter and Ray E. Eubanks earned the medal while fighting with the 503rd Infantry in World War II , while 13 other soldiers earned medals fighting under the 173rd in Vietnam ; John A. Barnes III , Michael R. Blanchfield , Glenn H. English Jr . , Lawrence Joel , Terry T. Kawamura , Carlos J. Lozada , Don L. Michael , Charles B. Morris , Milton L. Olive III , Larry S. Pierce , Laszlo Rabel , Alfred Rascon , and Charles J. Watters . Staff Sergeant Salvatore Giunta received the Medal of Honor for heroic actions as a rifle team leader in Company B , 2 – 503 INF ( Airborne ) when his squad was caught in a near @-@ ambush the night of 25 October 2007 during Operation Rock Avalanche in the Korengal Valley of Afghanistan . He was the first living Medal of Honor recipient since the Vietnam War . On 13 May 2014 , former 503rd Infantry Regiment Sergeant Kyle White received the Medal of Honor during a White House ceremony . = Montgomery Gentry = Montgomery Gentry is an American country music duo composed of vocalists Eddie Montgomery and Troy Gentry , both natives of Kentucky . The two began performing in the 1990s as part of two different bands with Montgomery 's brother , John Michael Montgomery . Although Gentry won a talent contest in 1994 , he reunited with Eddie Montgomery after Gentry was unable to find a solo record deal , and Montgomery Gentry was formed in 1999 . The duo is known for its Southern rock influences , and has collaborated with Charlie Daniels , Toby Keith , Five for Fighting , and members of The Allman Brothers Band . Montgomery Gentry released six studio albums for Columbia Records ' Nashville division : Tattoos & Scars ( 1999 ) , Carrying On ( 2001 ) , My Town ( 2002 ) , You Do Your Thing ( 2004 ) , Some People Change ( 2006 ) , and Back When I Knew It All ( 2008 ) and a Greatest Hits package . These albums have produced more than twenty chart singles for the duo on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , including the number 1 hits " If You Ever Stop Loving Me " , " Something to Be Proud Of " , " Lucky Man " , " Back When I Knew It All " and " Roll with Me " . Ten more of their songs have reached top 10 on the country charts , including the number 3 hit " Gone " , the most played country song by a duo in 2005 . Tattoos & Scars , My Town and You Do Your Thing are all certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . In 1999 , they were awarded Favorite New Artist — Country at the American Music Awards . Both the Academy of Country Music and Country Music Association named them Duo of the Year in 2000 , an award for which they have been nominated by both associations in every year since . In 2009 , they were inducted into the Grand Ole Opry . = = History = = Gerald Edward " Eddie " Montgomery was born September 30 , 1963 , in Danville , Kentucky , and Troy " T @-@ Roy " Gentry was born April 5 , 1967 , in Lexington , Kentucky . When Montgomery was 13 , he played drums in his parents ' band , Harold Montgomery and the Country River Express . In 1990 , Montgomery founded the band Early Tymz , which included his younger brother , John Michael Montgomery , and Troy Gentry . After Early Tymz broke up , the Montgomery brothers and Gentry briefly performed as Young Country , with John Michael as lead vocalist . John Michael left for a solo career in the early 1990s . Gentry went solo and won the Jim Beam National Talent Contest in 1994 , which led to him opening for Patty Loveless and Tracy Byrd . Gentry initially wanted to pursue a solo career , but after he was unable to find a record deal , he reunited with Eddie Montgomery to form a duo called Deuce , which played at local nightclubs . The duo later changed its name to Montgomery Gentry , and signed with Columbia Records ' Nashville division in 1999 . = = Musical career = = = = = 1999 – 2000 : Tattoos & Scars = = = Montgomery Gentry released its debut single , " Hillbilly Shoes " , in early 1999 . It entered the Billboard country singles charts two weeks before its scheduled release date , peaking at number 13 on the country charts and 62 on the Billboard Hot 100 . High radio demand for the single led to the label advancing the release date of the duo 's debut album , Tattoos & Scars , from early May to April 6 . " Lonely and Gone " was the album 's second single , peaking at number 5 on the country charts by year 's end . Following it was the top 20 " Daddy Won 't Sell the Farm " , which won its co @-@ writer , Canadian country singer Steve Fox , the 2000 Society of Composers , Authors and Music Publishers of Canada ( SOCAN ) award for Song of the Year . After it , Montgomery Gentry charted the number 31 singles " Self Made Man " and " All Night Long " . The latter , which featured guest vocals from Charlie Daniels , was previously the b @-@ side to " Hillbilly Shoes " . It was also Daniels ' first appearance in the top 40 since " Mister DJ " in 1990 . The duo won the Vocal Duo of the Year award at the Country Music Association Awards in late 2000 , the first time in eight years that Brooks & Dunn did not win this award . They also won the Top New Vocal Duo or Group award from the Academy of Country Music and the 2000 Favorite New Artist — Country award at the American Music Awards . By the end of 2000 , Montgomery Gentry charted at number 38 with a cover of Robert Earl Keen 's " Merry Christmas from the Family " , itself the b @-@ side to " All Night Long " . Tattoos & Scars was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 2001 , for shipments of one million copies . The album received generally positive reviews for the duo 's Southern rock influences . Thom Jurek of Allmusic gave it four stars out of five , calling it " one of the best pop records of the year . Period . " and Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly rated it " B " , saying that the album was " testosterone @-@ laden " . In comparison , Country Standard Time reviewer Jeffrey B. Remz thought that many of the duo 's songs lacked distinctiveness , saying that they seemed to be derivative of Daniels and Travis Tritt . = = = 2001 – 2002 : Carrying On = = = Montgomery Gentry 's second album , Carrying On , was released in mid @-@ 2001 . Lead @-@ off single " She Couldn 't Change Me " peaked at number 2 on the country charts and number 37 on the Hot 100 , making their first Top 40 entry there . The album 's only other single , " Cold One Comin ' On " , reached number 23 on the country charts . Also included on the album was a cover of Waylon Jennings ' " I 'm a Ramblin ' Man " . In March 2002 , they charted at number 45 with the track " Didn 't I " , a cut from the soundtrack to the film We Were Soldiers which was never officially released as a single . The duo promoted the album both on a headline tour sponsored by Jim Beam , and on the Brooks & Dunn Neon Circus & Wild West Tour , which included Toby Keith and Keith Urban . Later in 2002 , they toured with Kenny Chesney on his No Shoes , No Shirt , No Problems tour . Mike Kraski , then the senior vice president of sales and marketing at Sony Music Nashville , thought that Carrying On showed an artistic growth over Tattoos & Scars , and the duo itself thought that Carrying On was more " edgy " in comparison . It was less favorably received than its predecessor ; William Ruhlmann thought that many of the songs " sound like they 're trying to [ sic ] hard to be macho " , and Country Standard Time 's Mike Clark thought that the duo was " playing it safe " , although he described the singles favorably . The album was certified gold for shipments of 500 @,@ 000 copies . = = = 2002 – 2004 : My Town = = = On August 27 , 2002 , Montgomery Gentry released My Town . After working with producer Joe Scaife on their first two albums , they switched to Blake Chancey . He allowed them to pick different session musicians than typically used on mainstream country albums , such as Chuck Leavell and Johnny Neel of The Allman Brothers Band , whose " Good Clean Fun " was covered on it . They also chose songs co @-@ written by songwriters who had not appeared on their previous albums , including Jeffrey Steele and Rivers Rutherford . The album produced three singles , all co @-@ written by Steele : the title track and " Speed " both at number 5 , and " Hell Yeah " at number 4 . Along with Blake Shelton and Andy Griggs , they contributed a guest appearance on Tracy Byrd 's mid @-@ 2003 single " The Truth About Men " , which made the country top 20 . In March 2004 , My Town became the duo 's second platinum @-@ certified album . Ruhlmann gave the album a generally positive review , saying that it " rocks harder as it goes along " . On the same site , Rick Cohoon praised " My Town " for " painting in words and music both the pace of living in a small town " , and " Speed " for being " slower and more deliberate than the recklessness the title suggests . " On Country Standard Time , Tom Netherland called it " their third and finest release " . = = = 2004 – 2006 : You Do Your Thing and Something To Be Proud Of : The Best Of 1999 – 2005 = = = You Do Your Thing , their fourth album , was issued in mid @-@ 2004 . It was led off by " If You Ever Stop Loving Me " , which in mid @-@ 2004 became Montgomery Gentry 's first number 1 single on the country charts . It was also their biggest hit on the Hot 100 , reaching number 30 there . Following it , the album 's title track went to number 22 on the country charts , while " Gone " peaked at number 3 and " Something to Be Proud Of " became their second number 1 single . The song spent two weeks at number 1 , thus making it the first single for Columbia Records ' Nashville division to spend more than one week at number 1 since " Daddy 's Money " by Ricochet in 1996 . " Gone " was also the most @-@ played single by a country music duo in 2005 , and it received a digital gold certification for 500 @,@ 000 certified music downloads . You Do Your Thing became their third platinum @-@ selling album . Scaife , Chancey , Rutherford , Steele , and Mark Wright split production duties on the album . Steele also co @-@ wrote " Gone " and " Something to Be Proud Of " with Bob DiPiero and Chris Wallin , respectively , while Rutherford and DiPiero co @-@ wrote " If You Ever Stop Loving Me " with Tom Shapiro . In October 2005 , You Do Your Thing became the duo 's third platinum album . Rick Bell gave the album a favorable review on Country Standard Time , saying that the duo " unleash [ Southern rock ] in a torrent of brash lyrics , wailing guitars and pounding percussion . " Jurek wrote that it " is easily the finest outing by modern country 's most relevant duo ; it rocks , it 's soulful , and it 's memorable . " Montgomery Gentry toured in late 2004 – early 2005 with Trace Adkins in support of the album . " Something to Be Proud Of " also served as the title track to Montgomery Gentry 's first greatest hits album , Something to Be Proud Of : The Best of 1999 – 2005 . Also included on this disc were " Didn 't I " , " Merry Christmas from the Family " and the new song " She Don 't Tell Me To " ( also co @-@ written by Rutherford , Shapiro and DiPiero ) , which peaked at number 5 on the country charts in early 2006 . Something to Be Proud Of was certified gold . = = = 2006 – 2007 : Some People Change = = = Some People Change was the title of Montgomery Gentry 's fifth album , which was released in 2006 under the production of Rutherford and Wright . Its title track , co @-@ written by Neil Thrasher , Jason Sellers and Michael Dulaney , was previously recorded by Kenny Chesney on his 2004 album When the Sun Goes Down . Gentry told the Edmonton Sun that Some People Change " is based more on family issues , the love of the family , the love of neighbors , relationships " , and said that the title track " is about being able to challenge your inner demons and the things that can bring people down , alcoholism , or hatred or racism . " Montgomery Gentry 's version of the song peaked at number 7 , followed by the two @-@ week number 1 hit " Lucky Man " and the number 3 " What Do Ya Think About That " . In 2008 , " Lucky Man " was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , the duo 's first Grammy nomination . Some People Change was Montgomery Gentry 's lowest @-@ selling album at the time . Joe Galante , then @-@ president of Sony Music Nashville , thought that the album 's poor sales were because it " strayed musically from what the base had been . They have an edge to their sound , and I think we got a little too soft . " Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times gave a mixed review , saying that it was more " touchy @-@ feely " than You Do Your Thing , and that " no one works a snarling country chorus like Montgomery Gentry " . Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a " C " , criticizing the duo for the contradictory viewpoints of personal changes on the title track versus the " defense of the American right to piss off your neighbors " in " What Do Ya Think About That " . Jurek comparatively called it a " masterpiece " and said that it was " a new pinnacle for the duo " , calling the title track " one of those tunes that defines something that lies at the heart of what is good about Americans . " = = = 2008 – 2009 : Back When I Knew It All = = = In 2008 , the duo went to the Ardent studios in Memphis , Tennessee to record their sixth album , Back When I Knew It All . Once again , they worked with Blake Chancey as producer . This album 's title track , co @-@ written by Trent Willmon , was the duo 's fastest @-@ climbing single . Both it and followup " Roll with Me " , which included a backing vocal from Five for Fighting , went to number 1 . " One in Every Crowd " , co @-@ written by Montgomery with Kim Tribble and former Trick Pony bassist Ira Dean , was issued in January 2009 as the third single . By the middle of the year , this song peaked at number 5 . The fourth single , the number 23 " Long Line of Losers " , was co @-@ written and previously recorded by Kevin Fowler . Toby Keith , with whom Montgomery Gentry toured in mid @-@ 2008 , contributed a guest vocal on the Terri Clark co @-@ write " I Pick My Parties " , and Lillie Mae Rische of Jypsi made an appearance on " God Knows Who I Am " . Thom Jurek wrote of this album , " The hardcore fans will love it , but this isn 't the album that will win over many new ones . " On May 26 , 2009 , Montgomery Gentry was formally invited by Charlie Daniels to become members of the Grand Ole Opry . Marty Stuart and Little Jimmy Dickens inducted them on June 23 . Also in May 2009 , Cracker Barrel restaurants released an exclusive compilation titled For Our Heroes , which included some of their hits along with " Didn 't I " and three other songs which had previously been released only as bonus tracks . The restaurant chain donated a portion of all profits from the album to the Wounded Warrior Project . = = = 2009 – 2011 : Freedom and Hits And More : Life Beside A Gravel Road = = = On November 30 , 2009 , Montgomery Gentry released the single " Oughta Be More Songs About That " . It was to have been included on an album titled Freedom , which was to have included a song that the two wrote with Gary Hannan and Phil O 'Donnell titled " Freedom Never Goes Out of Style " . The label scrapped Freedom and instead chose to release an extended play titled Hits and More : Life Beside a Gravel Road , which would have included past hits and three new songs . Its first single , " While You 're Still Young " , peaked at number 32 in mid @-@ 2010 . On September 17 , 2010 , a day before the extended play 's slated release , Montgomery Gentry exited the label , and Hits and More was shelved . Both members told Country Weekly that they decided to leave Columbia because " there were so many people trying to encourage us to do something a little different musically . Some of it worked and some of it didn 't . " = = = 2011 – 2012 : Rebels On The Run and Friends and Family = = = Montgomery Gentry signed to Average Joes Entertainment , a label co @-@ owned by country rap artist Colt Ford , in March 2011 . Their first release for the label , " Where I Come From " , appears on their seventh album Rebels on the Run , released on October 18 . The album was produced by Michael Knox , who also produces for Jason Aldean . Jurek thought that the album was " the most consistent offering " since Some People Change " even if it doesn 't quite scale those heights " , and Country Weekly reviewer Jessica Nicholson called it " classic Montgomery Gentry " . In early 2012 , " Where I Come From " peaked at number 8 on the country charts . It was followed by " So Called Life " , which failed to make Top 40 . On October 23 , 2012 , the duo released a digital @-@ only EP titled Friends and Family . The EP contains four tracks , including " I 'll Keep the Kids " , which was released as a single . = = = 2013 – present : Folks Like Us = = = The duo spent the better part of 2012 and 2013 touring . They signed to Blaster Records in February 2014 and announced that a new album , to be produced by Michael Knox , would be released within the year . However , the album 's lead single , titled " Headlights " , did not perform as expected on the charts , peaking at # 44 on country airplay . As a result , the album 's release was delayed . The album 's second single " Folks Like Us " , was release to country radio in March 2015 . The album , Folks Like Us , was released on June 9 , 2015 . = = Musical styles = = Montgomery Gentry 's sound is defined by Southern rock influences . Steve Huey of Allmusic wrote that the duo " evokes the sound and spirit of Southern rockers like Lynyrd Skynyrd , the Marshall Tucker Band , and Charlie Daniels , painting themselves as rowdy redneck rebels who still hold small @-@ town values . " They cite Daniels , Lynyrd Skynyrd and Hank Williams , Jr. as primary musical influences . Montgomery and Gentry alternate as lead vocalists , with Gentry often accompanying on acoustic guitar . Jurek wrote that " Montgomery 's rough hewn baritone and Gentry 's almost unreal range and trademark phrasing make something highly original " . In his book Country , Richard Carlin describes Montgomery Gentry as " rock [ ing ] harder than Brooks & Dunn , although their music could be seen as an extension of that successful pair 's boot @-@ scootin ' sound . " He also writes that Gentry sings with a " sweet , high tenor " while Montgomery " complements with an earthy , sometimes raspy , baritone " , and notes that the duo has an " energetic stage show and dress " . Many of the duo 's mid @-@ tempo songs , such as " My Town " , centralize on a theme of rural life . Others , such as " You Do Your Thing " and " Some People Change " , have messages of tolerance towards others with differing opinions . = = Personal lives = = In 2004 , Gentry purchased a black bear from a facility called the Minnesota Wildlife Connection and shot the bear from inside an electrified enclosure , commonly known as a " canned hunting " . On November 27 , 2006 , Gentry pleaded guilty to a charge of falsely tagging a bear that was killed in a fenced enclosure as if it had been killed in the wild . Under the plea agreement , he agreed to pay a $ 15 @,@ 000 fine , give up hunting , fishing and trapping in Minnesota for 5 years , and forfeit both the stuffed bear and the bow used to shoot the animal in 2004 . Gentry posted a statement on the duo 's website on November 9 , 2010 , apologizing for his actions as well as the unethical manner in which he killed the animal . In November 2010 , Montgomery told Great American Country that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer . The cancer was successfully removed a month later . The same month , his wife , Tracy , announced their divorce , and served his papers at Eddie Montgomery 's Steakhouse , a restaurant he owned in Harrodsburg , Kentucky . The restaurant closed abruptly in spring , 2013 . The couple had four children and had been married for over 20 years . At first , Montgomery posted to Twitter and Facebook that she divorced him because she did not want to " cope with his illness " , which she later denied . On September 27 , 2015 , Montgomery 's 19 @-@ year @-@ old son , Hunter , was killed in an accident . Gentry married Angie McClure in late 1999 . They have one daughter named Kaylee , born in November 2002 ; Gentry also has an older daughter , Taylor , from a previous marriage . = = Awards = = = = Discography = = = = = Albums = = = Tattoos & Scars ( 1999 ) Carrying On ( 2001 ) My Town ( 2002 ) You Do Your Thing ( 2004 ) Some People Change ( 2006 ) Back When I Knew It All ( 2008 ) Rebels on the Run ( 2011 ) Folks Like Us ( 2015 ) = Tyus Jones = Tyus Robert Jones ( born May 10 , 1996 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils in his freshman season as part of the 2014 – 15 National Championship team . He was ranked among the top 10 players in the national high school class of 2014 by Rivals.com , Scout.com and ESPN . He was a Minnesota State High School League ( MSHSL ) Class 4A state champion , three @-@ time Minnesota Associated Press Boys Basketball Player of the Year and three @-@ time Minnesota Boys Basketball Gatorade Player of the Year for Apple Valley High School . He played in the 2014 McDonald 's All @-@ American Boys Game , 2014 Jordan Brand Classic and the 2014 Nike Hoop Summit . He won the skills competition at the 2014 McDonald 's All @-@ American Game and posted the only double @-@ double in the 2014 Jordan Brand Classic . He committed to the Duke University men 's basketball team as a package with Jahlil Okafor . He was a 2014 USA Today second team All @-@ USA Boys Basketball Team selection . At Duke , he was an All @-@ ACC third team and All @-@ ACC Freshman first team selection . He earned NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player during Duke 's victory in the championship game of the 2015 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . Subsequently , he announced he would enter the 2015 NBA draft . He was selected with the 24th overall pick by the Cleveland Cavaliers and traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves . = = High school career = = Jones earned the role as a varsity starter for Apple Valley as an eighth grader for the 2009 – 10 season . That year , he averaged 16 @.@ 8 points per game and 8 @.@ 1 assists per game , starting every game for a team that went 20 – 8 . That season he received his first recruiting letter ( at age 13 ) from USC . = = = Freshman season = = = As a freshman , he received his first scholarship offer from Iowa . That season , he averaged 20 @.@ 1 points , 7 @.@ 1 assists and 2 @.@ 6 steals per game in 16 games , after missing 7 weeks due to a lacerated kidney . Following his freshman season , he was invited to attend separate skills camps hosted by LeBron James and Chris Paul . However , he was also invited by USA Basketball to the United States Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs , Colorado to be one of 27 athletes try out for the 12 @-@ man FIBA Americas Under @-@ 16 Championship team , which he eventually was selected to . Team USA won the tournament . By the time he attended the July 2011 Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) Peach Jam tournament he already had offers from Minnesota and Baylor . In the days after the four @-@ day tournament that was attended by leading coaches such as Thad Matta , Tom Izzo , Jim Boeheim , Roy Williams , John Calipari , Josh Pastner , Bill Self , Sean Miller and Rick Pitino , he received offers from Ohio State , Michigan State , Marquette , Providence , Arizona and Iowa State . = = = Sophomore season = = = As a sophomore he was a unanimous selection as the 2012 Minnesota Associated Press Player of the Year for high school boys basketball and was named to the 2012 Associated Press All @-@ state team along with Siyani Chambers , Joey King , Tyler Vaughan and Johnny Woodard . Jones ' Apple Valley team was eliminated in the MSHSL Class 4A , Section 3 final by Eastview High School . Jones averaged 28 points and 8 assists in 31 minutes per game . He earned the 2012 Minnesota Boys Basketball Gatorade Player of the Year . He was the 2012 Star Tribune Metro Player of the Year in boys ' basketball as well as the Pioneer Press ' boys basketball player of the year . By the end of his sophomore season , he had an offer from Duke to go along with his earlier offers from Minnesota , Iowa State , Michigan State , Ohio State , Providence , Arizona , Baylor and Marquette . Following the season , Jones again played for Team USA at the 2012 FIBA Under @-@ 17 World Championship in Kaunas , Lithuania from June 29 – July 8 , 2012 . The team went undefeated in 8 games . = = = Junior season = = = Jones entered his 2012 – 13 junior season as the national class of 2014 's top ranked basketball player according to ESPN . Sports Illustrated columnist Frank Burlison listed him second to Jahlil Okafor on August 16 , 2012 . On September 11 , when Okafor was named a monthly blogger for USA Today High School Sports , he noted that he and Jones wanted to attend a Michigan State Spartans football game together . Jones was one of 10 USA Today preseason All @-@ USA selections ( along with Aaron Gordon , Andrew Harrison , Aaron Harrison , Kasey Hill , Okafor , Parker , Julius Randle , Noah Vonleh , Andrew Wiggins ) . At the January 5 , 2013 , Timberwolves Shootout at the Target Center , Jones led Apple Valley on a 31 – 9 run to overcome an 11 @-@ point deficit with 9 minutes and 19 seconds remaining against Rashad Vaughn and Robbinsdale Cooper High School . The head @-@ to @-@ head matchup of class of 2014 guards Jones and Vaughn was described as " arguably the best individual @-@ to @-@ individual matchup in Minnesota high school basketball history " by the Star Tribune . Two weeks before the matchup of ESPN 100 top 10 high school players , NBA.com had anticipated the matchup with a feature story . Following his junior season , he was co @-@ winner of the Minnesota Associated Press Player of the Year award for high school boys basketball , with DeLaSalle fellow junior Reid Travis . Jones led Apple Valley to the MSHSL Class 4A championship , while Travis led DeLaSalle to the 3A championship . They were joined on the Associated Press All @-@ State team by Anders Broman , Rashad Vaughn and Graham Woodward . Jones earned the 2013 Minnesota Boys Basketball Gatorade Player of the Year and the Pioneer Press player of the year . However , Travis was the 2013 Star Tribune Metro Player of the Year in boys ' basketball . Following the season , Jones was selected by HighSchoolHardwood.com as one of two juniors ( along with Okafor ) on its first or second five selections of its 2012 @-@ 13 High School Hardwood All @-@ American teams . Stanley Johnson was the only other junior on the 20 @-@ man All @-@ American First Team . On March 9 Jones listed his final seven schools : Baylor , Duke , Kentucky , Kansas , Michigan State , Minnesota and Ohio State . Jones had unofficially visited all seven of these schools before his junior season ended . In late April 2013 , Okafor 's father believed it was very possible that Okafor and Jones would matriculate together as a package . By late April , there were rumors that Cliff Alexander and Justise Winslow would attend whatever school Jones and Okafor attended . = = = Senior season = = = On May 30 , Okafor cut his list of schools to eight : Arizona , Baylor , Duke , Illinois , Kentucky , Kansas , Michigan State and Ohio State , which overlapped with Jones in six schools . Although Alexander was ranked as the fifth best player in the class of 2014 by Rivals.com and had offers from four of the six schools common to both by the beginning of June , he said the chances of him matriculating with Jones and Okafor was slim . As the summer evaluation period continued , the unique nature of the possibility of Okafor and Jones , who are not related and not teammates , going to college as a package continued to get a lot of press . Jones was co @-@ MVP for the 2013 Under Armour Elite 24 All @-@ star game 's winning team . On August 13 , Jones announced that he would take official visits to four schools Baylor August 30 @-@ September 1 ; Kentucky September 27 – 29 ; Kansas October 18 – 20 ; and Duke October 25 – 27 . Notably , Duke , which is the favorite according to Star Tribune writer Amelia Rayno , is scheduled last . On August 14 , Jones confirmed that he might make a fifth official visit ( the maximum allowed by the NCAA ) to Minnesota , although they remained an unlikely underdog . Okafor visited Baylor on August 29 with Jones as the two were ranked 1 – 2 in the Rivals.com class of 2014 rankings . One of the reasons Baylor was a serious contender is that Jared Nuness , a member of the Baylor basketball staff , is Jones ' cousin . On September 4 , 2013 , Rivals.com updated their ranking with Jones slipping from 2nd to 5th ( behind Emmanuel Mudiay , Johnson and Alexander ) and the top point guard position to second ( behind Mudiay ) . Rivals clarified that Okafor and Jones , who are considered a package deal , had visited Baylor together and would visit both Kansas and Duke together , but that they would visit Kentucky separately . On September 13 , class of 2014 point guard Tyler Ulis committed to Kentucky . Subsequently , Jones canceled his September 27 – 29 visit to Kentucky . As Okafor and Jones visited Kansas and Duke together during the last two weekends of October , those two schools were considered the favorites for the services of both . At Kansas , head coach Bill Self scheduled a second open practice for the weekend of the Okafor / Jones visit . ESPN.com 's number 14 overall prospect Winslow attended Duke for an official visit the same weekend that Okafor and Jones did . At the beginning of October , rumors began that Jones and Okafor would meet in a nationally televised game on December 12 that could be the first regular season high school basketball game ever broadcast on ESPN from Minnesota . On November 15 , ESPN announced the high school basketball broadcast schedule for its family of networks and the rumors were verified . On November 2 , Jones reduced his list to Baylor , Kansas and Duke and was still committed to joint matriculation with Okafor . On November 7 Jones was ranked fifth behind points leader Mudiay , Alexander , Okafor and Stanley Johnson in the Mr. Basketball USA preseason tracker . He had the most points of all players without any first place votes . The preseason points leader has gone on to win the award in four of the prior five years . On November 11 , Jones and Okafor tweeted simultaneously that they would make simultaneous verbal commitments on November 15 from their local high schools . His verbal commitment announcement was scheduled on the same date as Alexander and Stanley Johnson . According to ESPN , all four were among the top 10 in the national class ( Okafor # 1 , Alexander # 3 , Jones # 4 and Johnson # 9 ) . On the eve of their announcement , Duke was the heavy favorite to land Jones and Okafor . He made his verbal commitment on ESPNU to Duke basketball on November 15 . Prior to his senior season , USA Today named him to its 10 @-@ man preseason All @-@ USA team along with Alexander , Stanley Johnson , Trey Lyles , Mudiay , Malik Newman , Okafor , Kelly Oubre , D 'Angelo Russell , and Myles Turner . On November 21 , Winslow committed to Duke , giving them the number one recruiting class in the nation with Jones , Okafor , Winslow and Grayson Allen all committed . On December 12 , Apple Valley had a 5 – 0 record ( including victories over state powerhouses DeLaSalle — with a sidelined Reid Travis — and Hopkins ) and national rankings of 41 by USA Today and 16 by MaxPreps , while Whitney Young entered the game 1 – 1 with a 34 ranking . That day , in front of Mike Krzyzewski and ESPN2 's national audience , Okafor 's Whitney Young beat Jones ' Apple Valley 80 – 70 . Okafor had 22 points and 15 rebounds , while Jones had 29 points , 5 rebounds and 6 assists . On January 4 in the Timberwolves Shootout at the Target Center , Jones led Apple Valley over the Kansas defending Class 6A champion Blue Valley High School who was ranked number 18 by USA Today at the time . On March 6 of 2014 , Defending state champion Apple Valley lost to Cretin @-@ Derham Hall High School 89 – 77 in double overtime in the Class 4A Section 3 championship despite 35 points from Jones , ending his high school career . Jones won the skills competition at the McDonald 's All @-@ American Game on March 31 . In the April 2 , 2014 , McDonald 's All @-@ American Game Jones posted 7 points and a game @-@ high 10 assists for the losing east team . 5 of the 7 points came in the final 2 minutes as the east briefly recovered the lead from a 99 – 95 deficit before losing 105 – 102 . On April 12 , he posted a 13 @-@ point 6 @-@ assist 5 @-@ steal effort in a 84 – 73 Team USA Nike Hoops Summit victory over the world team . On April 18 in the Jordan Brand Classic , he posted the only double @-@ double with 10 points , a game @-@ high 12 assists and 7 rebounds . = = = = Awards and honors = = = = Jones was selected to the 10 @-@ man Team USA for the 17th annual Nike Hoop Summit on April 12 , 2014 at the Moda Center . He was selected along with fellow Duke commits Okafor and Winslow. and the 24 @-@ player 37th annual April 2 , 2014 McDonald 's All @-@ American Boys Game at the United Center . He was joined as a McDonald 's All @-@ American by fellow Minnesotans Travis and Vaughn as well as fellow Duke commits Okafor , Winslow and Grayson Allen . On March 10 he was one of 26 players selected for the April 18 , 2014 Jordan Brand Classic again along with fellow Minnesotans Travis and Vaughn as well as fellow Duke commits Okafor , Winslow and Allen . On March 17 , he won Associated Press Co @-@ Player of the Year ( with J. P. Macura ) . On March 18 , he was named as one of three finalists for the McDonald 's All @-@ American Morgan Wootten National Player of the Year ( along with Stanley Johnson and Cliff Alexander ) . On March 20 , Jones was named Minnesota Mr. Basketball . The following day he won his third consecutive Minnesota Gatorade Player of the Year Award . He was a 2014 USA Today second team All @-@ USA Boys Basketball Team selection and a second team All @-@ American according to MaxPreps . = = = Rankings and comparison = = = By the summer after his 2010 – 11 freshman season , he was described as the best point guard from the state of Minnesota since Khalid El @-@ Amin . Another Minnesotan who is a measuring stick for Jones is Sam Jacobson . According to Bleacher Report 's Kerry Miller , when he plays for Duke , Jones is likely to finish among the top 5 in the nation in assists per game but may need to work on his defense . = = College career = = As he entered his freshman season at Duke , he was expected to battle with senior point guard Quinn Cook and junior guard Rasheed Sulaimon for playing time following the graduation of Tyler Thornton . Well before the season there were expectations that Jones would win the starting point guard position . Thus , he was selected by USA Today to its Preseason All @-@ American second team and by CBS Sports to its Preseason All @-@ American third team . In its preseason top 100 player ranking , Jones was listed at number 45 by ESPN . Jones was named to the 36 @-@ man Bob Cousy Award Preseason Watch List . He was also listed as a John R. Wooden Award Preseason Top 50 candidate and a Wayman Tisdale Award Watch List selection . Jones was also included in the early December Naismith Award top 50 watch list . Jones began the season starting alongside Cook , with Sulaimon coming off the bench . On November 14 , he debuted with 15 points and 7 assists against Presbyterian . He posted 17 points against # 19 Michigan State on November 18 in the 2014 State Farm Champions Classic . On November 30 , Jones posted a season @-@ high 10 assists along with 16 points for his first career double @-@ double against Army . In the ACC – Big Ten Challenge against # 2 Wisconsin , Jones led the way to an 80 – 70 victory with 22 points , 6 rebounds and 4 assists , which were all team highs . For his performance , Jones earned ACC Rookie of the week and Wayman Tisdale National Freshman of the Week award . He was named to the John R. Wooden Award Midseason Top 25 list on January 14 . Jones tied his career high on January 19 with 22 points against Pittsburgh in Mike Krzyzewski 's 999th career victory , and on January 25 he also had 22 points against St. John 's in Krzyzewski 's 1000th career victory . As a result of these two performances , Jones earned ACC Co @-@ Rookies of the Week honors along with Xavier Rathan @-@ Mayes . Jones posted a season @-@ high tying and game @-@ high tying 22 points as well as 8 assists against North Carolina in his first Carolina – Duke rivalry game on February 18 . He scored the team 's final nine points in the final 1 : 25 of regulation to force overtime and became the first player in the rivalry to score tally 22 points , 8 assists and 7 rebounds since assists became official stats in 1983 @-@ 84 . As a result , he earned both ACC Rookie of the Week and Wayman Tisdale National Freshman of the Week recognition . On March 9 , Jones earned his fourth ACC Freshman of the Week honor after a week that included a new career high with 24 points in the rematch against North Carolina on March 7 . Following the 2014 – 15 Atlantic Coast Conference men 's basketball season , Jones was named to the All @-@ ACC third team and was among a trio that was the first to be selected to the All @-@ ACC Freshman first team ( along with Okafor and Winslow ) . He was also recognized by the Associated Press as an honorable mention selection for its All @-@ America team . He earned NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player by scoring 23 points with 5 rebounds in the championship game of the 2015 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . = = Professional career = = = = = Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2015 – present ) = = = On April 15 , 2015 , Jones announced he was ending his college career to enter the 2015 NBA draft . He was selected with the 24th overall pick in the draft by the Cleveland Cavaliers , who then traded his draft rights to his hometown team , the Minnesota Timberwolves , in exchange for a 2019 second round draft pick and the draft rights to the 31st and 36th picks in the draft , Cedi Osman and Rakeem Christmas , respectively . On July 7 , 2015 , he signed his rookie scale contract with the Timberwolves . Jones started in the preseason opener when Ricky Rubio was sidelined , but did not fare well against Russell Westbrook , going scoreless and nearly giving up a triple double . Jones began the season fourth on the Timberwolves depth chart at point guard ( behind Rubio , Zach LaVine and Andre Miller ) and was inactive for the October 28 season opener against the Los Angeles Lakers . Jones was active for the first time on November 7 when Kevin Martin had to be away from the team for the game against the Chicago Bulls . Two games later on November 10 , he was active again when three starters were sidelined , including Rubio who was scratched from the lineup right before tipoff . He made his debut that night against the Charlotte Hornets , posting his first assist , steal , rebound and point . On December 5 , using the flexible assignment rule , the Timberwolves assigned Jones to the Idaho Stampede , the D @-@ League affiliate of the Utah Jazz . On December 22 , he was recalled by the Timberwolves after he averaged 24 @.@ 7 points , 3 @.@ 9 rebounds , 5 @.@ 0 assists and 1 @.@ 5 steals in 35 @.@ 2 minutes per game in six starts in the D @-@ League . He made his first NBA field goals on December 23 against the San Antonio Spurs , scoring 6 points in 20 minutes . Jones didn 't play in 17 consecutive games ( since January 4 ) and then had a season @-@ high 5 assists on February 8 against the New Orleans Pelicans . By late February , head coach Sam Mitchell noted that Jones would be getting sufficient playing time to be evaluated . He achieved a career @-@ high on February 22 with 9 points on 4 @-@ of @-@ 7 shooting against the Boston Celtics . On February 28 , he posted 6 assists against the Dallas Mavericks . Jones posted 6 assists and 10 points against the San Antonio Spurs on March 8 . On April 7 , Jones tallied 4 steals against the Sacramento Kings . On April 13 , he closed out the season with a 12 @-@ assist effort against the New Orleans Pelicans . During the 2016 NBA Summer League , Jones was named MVP of the league . He led Minnesota to four consecutive wins during the tournament to advance to the NBA Summer League 's Championship game after losing the opening three games in Las Vegas . In seven games in Las Vegas , Jones averaged 19 @.@ 4 points on 45 @.@ 7 percent shooting to go with 6 @.@ 3 assists , 4 @.@ 0 rebounds and 1 @.@ 3 steals per game . = = NBA career statistics = = = = = Regular season = = = = = International career = = Jones helped USA Basketball win gold at both the 2011 FIBA Americas Under @-@ 16 Championship and 2012 FIBA Under @-@ 17 World Championship . Jones ' 28 assists over 5 games led the U16 team . The U17 team went undefeated in 8 games as Jones led the team with 43 assists . On May 5 , 2014 , USA Basketball announced the 21 athletes ( including Jones ) invited to tryout from June 10 to June 19 for the 12 @-@ member USA national team for the June 20 – 24 , 2014 FIBA Americas Under @-@ 18 Championship . Jones was one of 10 incoming freshman to be selected . Eventually , 24 players tried out for the team and the roster was cut to 15 on June 12 . In the end , Jones made the final 12 man roster that was announced on June 15 . The United States claimed a gold medal in the tournament as Jones served as captain . = = Personal life = = Jones ' parents are Rob and Debbie and he has two brothers named Jadee and Tre . Tre has also represented Team USA . His parents are divorced . At age 4 , Jones was a Space Jam fanatic and used it to gear up for his Michael Jordan miniature basketball hoop sessions . Jones has been friends with Jahlil Okafor since age 8 . Debbie , a point guard , led Devils Lake High School to the North Dakota high school championship . His aunt Darcy Cascaes , DeLaSalle High School 's athletic director , earned two high school state championships at Devils Lake and was an all @-@ conference guard for University of North Dakota . Rob Jones , his father , stands at 6 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 98 m ) and played for University of Wisconsin – Parkside in the 1980s when they competed at the Division III level . His cousin Al Nuness , who Tyus refers to as an uncle , was a captain for Minnesota Gophers basketball in the 1960s . His cousin Jared Nuness was 1997 Minnesota Gatorade player of the year and runner @-@ up Minnesota Mr. Basketball . His half @-@ brothers Jadee Jones and Reggie Bunch both played college basketball . Jones was named after Tyus Edney . Jones played American football quarterback in middle school and was also a respected baseball pitcher and shortstop . = Steep , Hampshire = Steep is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire , England . Its nearest town is Petersfield , which lies 1 @.@ 4 miles ( 2 @.@ 3 km ) south of the village , just off the A3 road . The nearest railway station is Petersfield , at 1 @.@ 6 miles ( 2 @.@ 6 km ) south of the village . It has two public houses , The Harrow and the Cricketers Inn , with the former being an 18th @-@ century Grade II listed building . According to the 2011 census , it had a population of 849 . Iron Age and Roman remains have been found in the area . Steep formerly included a detached parish enclave called Ambersham , which lies deeply in West Sussex . It was the only detached part of Hampshire and was returned to West Sussex when a new law came into effect in 1844 . The church of All Saints was built around 1125 . From medieval times , Steep was included in the parish of East Meon until it became an independent parish in 1867 . Since 1899 the village has been the location of Bedales School , a progressive public school . = = History = = = = = Prehistory to Roman = = = The village name has been spelled in various ways , including La Stuppe , La Stiepe , and Stupe ( 14th century ) and Steepe ( 17th century ) . There is evidence of Roman occupation in the village , with pottery , coins , baths and a Roman villa being discovered on Bell Hill , directly opposite the village centre . A Roman earthworks ridge was also found on Stoner Hill , which suggests evidence of Roman roads passing through the causeway . Iron Age remains found in the area include pottery , boilers , and a site of a " sub @-@ rectangular enclosure " found in Steep village centre . A Bronze Age barrow house was also excavated in the parish . = = = Medieval to Tudor = = = The village was not mentioned in the Domesday Survey of 1086 , however it was likely included under the entry of ' Menes ' . Beginning at an unknown point in the medieval period , the village of Steep formerly included a detached parish enclave called Ambersham , which lies 10 @.@ 3 miles ( 16 @.@ 6 km ) east in the county of West Sussex , situated near Midhurst and Petworth . Under the Counties Act of 1844 , Ambersham was detached from Steep and became part of West Sussex . For ecclesiastical reasons , it was split into two individual settlements ; North Ambersham and South Ambersham , with the former being annexed to Fernhurst and the latter to Easebourne . Steep was not likely settled until late in the Anglo @-@ Saxon period when it was first documented under the name of ' Stepe Place ' in the 12th century . The church of All Saints was built around 1125 , and the oldest surviving dwelling in the village dates from the late 16th century , which lies opposite the church . In the early medieval period , Steep was included as a ' sub @-@ parish ' of East Meon . By 1600 , Steep had a prospering local cloth @-@ making industry and two fulling mills in operation , which were driven by the nearby Ashford Stream . The early 17th century was also described by historian William Page as a " great rebuilding " of the village , in which redevelopment of many wooden buildings were replaced by stone structures . However , a decline in the cloth @-@ making industry caused a depression in the latter half of the 17th century , which resulted in the closure of both mills . = = = 19th century to Second World War = = = By the 1830s the British Agricultural Revolution had disturbed traditional society and created a class of labourers who struggled to support their families in rural areas . This led to an unrest known as the Swing riots which swept across southern England , consequently reaching Selborne and Liphook in September 1830 . The Parliamentary Enclosure Acts of 1856 established a new land pattern for nearby Steep Marsh and Stroud , which still exists today . There was also extensive land drainage between 1860 and 1880 ; conduits and sluices were constructed to take water from Ashford Stream for the artificial flooding of hay meadows . In Steep , hops were grown for use in local breweries , watercress produced for commercial use , and a condensed milk factory was in operation in Steep Marsh . Voluntary schools were built in Steep in 1875 , and the first almshouses were constructed by William Eames in 1882 . Bedales School was constructed in 1899 at a cost of approximately £ 60 @,@ 000 , which at the time of 1912 , had an enrolment of 160 children . However , another source described the school as being constructed in 1900 , and was formerly located in Lindfield , West Sussex . The First World War poet Edward Thomas lived in the village ; his children attended Bedales School and his wife also taught there . = = Geography and demographics = = Steep is located in the eastern part of southern Hampshire in South East England , 1 @.@ 4 miles ( 2 @.@ 3 km ) north of Petersfield , its nearest town . The parish covers an area of 2 @,@ 658 acres ( 1 @,@ 076 ha ) , of which 1 @,@ 222 acres ( 495 ha ) are permanent grass , 443 @.@ 7 acres ( 179 @.@ 6 ha ) of fertile land and 233 acres ( 94 ha ) of woodland . The village is situated at the foot of the steep forested slopes of Stoner Hill and Wheatham Hill , which both lie on the western edge of the South Downs National Park . The parish has two streams ; the first stream rises from Ashford Lodge and flows east to Steep Marsh , whereas a second stream rises at the foot of Wheatham Hill follows the northern boundaries of the parish , joining the first stream close to the village of Sheet . Two main roads run through the parish , from Petersfield to Farnham on the east and the Petersfield and Ropley road on the southwest , the latter winding up the steep slopes of Stoner Hill . The soil is of marl , clay , and sandy loam , with the subsoil being gravel and sand . The prominent crops are wheat , barley , and oats , and a smaller number of hops . According to the 2011 census , Steep had a population of 849 people . = = Notable landmarks = = The church of All Saints was first constructed in the 12th century and has some parts which still date to its original design . It has a chancel that measures 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) by 13 feet ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) , a nave which measures 50 feet ( 15 m ) by 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) and north and south aisles which run from 13 feet ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) to 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) wide , respectively . The eastern bays of the south arcade of the nave date from 1180 ; however , it seems probable that the oldest masonry on the site belongs to an older church from either Colemore or Ropley . Before the north aisle was constructed , there is evidence to suggest that a wooden north @-@ west tower existed . In approximately 1200 a north aisle was added , with its width being determined by the projection of the north transept chapel , with the west and east walls taken down at the time . The different thickness of the walls in the present church suggests that the wall for the length of the first three bays of the arcade was taken down and rebuilt in the 13th century . The church underwent a restoration in 1839 , with £ 370 being spent , and in 1875 at a cost of £ 2 @,@ 377 . The Harrow is a Grade II listed public house which was first built in the 18th century . It is on the Campaign for Real Ale 's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors . = Great Hurricane of 1780 = The Great Hurricane of 1780 , also known as Huracán San Calixto , the Great Hurricane of the Antilles , and the 1780 Disaster , is the deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record . Between 20 @,@ 000 and 22 @,@ 000 people died throughout the Lesser Antilles when the storm passed through them from October 10 – 16 . Specifics on the hurricane 's track and strength are unknown since the official Atlantic hurricane database only goes back to 1851 . The hurricane struck Barbados with winds possibly exceeding 320 km / h ( 200 mph ) , before moving past Martinique , Saint Lucia , and Sint Eustatius ; thousands of deaths were reported on the islands . Coming in the midst of the American Revolution , the storm caused heavy losses to British and French fleets contesting for control of the area . The hurricane later passed near Puerto Rico and over the eastern portion of Hispaniola . There , it caused heavy damage near the coastlines . It ultimately turned to the northeast and was last observed on October 20 southeast of Atlantic Canada . The death toll from the Great Hurricane alone exceeds that of many entire decades of Atlantic hurricanes . Estimates are marginally higher than for Hurricane Mitch , the second @-@ deadliest Atlantic storm , for which figures are likely more accurate . The hurricane was part of the disastrous 1780 Atlantic hurricane season , with two other deadly storms occurring in October . = = Meteorological history = = The exact origin of the hurricane is unknown but it probably developed , as do many hurricanes , in the east Atlantic Ocean off the Cabo Verde Islands in early October . The system strengthened and expanded as it tracked slowly westward and first began affecting Barbados late on October 9 . Late on October 10 , the worst of the hurricane passed over the island . Early on October 11 , the hurricane turned north @-@ northwest about 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) east of Saint Lucia , and later that night it neared the island of Martinique . The cyclone gradually weakened as it passed to the southwest of Dominica early on October 12 and subsequently struck the island of Guadeloupe . After hitting Guadeloupe , the hurricane turned west @-@ northwest , passing about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) southwest of Saint Kitts . The hurricane steadily neared Puerto Rico as it paralleled the southern coastline , and on October 14 made its closest point of approach , to the southwest portion of the island . It subsequently turned to the northwest , hitting the island of Mona in the Mona Passage before making landfall near the present @-@ day Dominican Republic province of Samaná . Late on October 15 , it reached the Atlantic Ocean and after passing about 260 kilometres ( 160 mi ) east of Grand Turk Island , it is estimated to have recurved to the northeast . The hurricane passed 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) southeast of Bermuda on October 18 , and was last observed two days later about 475 kilometres ( 295 mi ) southeast of Cape Race , Newfoundland , Canada . On October 19 , strong winds and high tides were reported in the British province of East Florida ( the northeastern portion of present @-@ day Florida ) . One modern historian suggests the hurricane passed much closer to the province than previously thought . Another possibility considered was an extension to a hurricane in the western Caribbean Sea . Because of lack of data , the exact track of the Great Hurricane is unknown . = = Impact = = The Great Hurricane first began affecting Barbados with rain late on October 9 . Northwesterly winds increased through the day on October 10 . " ... a dreadful hurricane which began to rage with great fury at noon and continue with great violence till four o 'clock the next morning , the 11th ; At eight o 'clock at night St. Thomas 's parsonage was demolished and the church where the Rector and his family saought shelter began to fall about two hours after , the Chancel fell while the family were in the church ... St. Thomas 's Chapel , St. Michael 's , St. George 's , Christ Church 's and St. Lucy 's churches were totally destroyed , the other churches were severely ‘ injured ’ ( except St. Peter 's and St. Philip 's ) . Because of the demolition of the parish church and chapel ‘ divine services ’ continued in the ‘ boiling house ’ at the ‘ Rock Hall ’ estate of Thomas Harper by Rev Wm Duke and curate Hugh Austin of St Thomas . Most other buildings and works were blown down and many lives were lost . The dead could not be brought to a church so were buried in gardens and private land . ” The ships in the bay broke their moorings by 4 pm , and the " full impact " arrived by 6 pm . The wind gradually backed to westerly through the night and peaked at midnight . Wind speed returned to normal by 8 am on October 11 . These winds suggest that the eye of the storm passed north of Barbados . The hurricane produced violent winds " so deafening that people could not hear their own voices . " The hurricane stripped the bark off trees and left none standing on the island . Even the strongest hurricanes do not strip the bark off trees , and Cuban meteorologist José Carlos Millás estimated that this phenomenon would require rain and winds over 200 miles per hour ( 320 km / h ) . The winds also destroyed every house on Barbados . The hurricane also destroyed all forts on the island . According to British admiral George Brydges Rodney , 1st Baron Rodney , the winds carried their heavy cannons aloft 100 feet ( 30 m ) . About 4 @,@ 500 people died on Barbados . In Saint Vincent , the hurricane destroyed 584 of the 600 houses in Kingstown . At Grenada , 19 Dutch ships were wrecked . On Saint Lucia , rough waves and a strong storm tide struck the fleet of British Admiral Rodney at Port Castries , with one ship destroying the city 's hospital by being lifted on top of it . The hurricane destroyed all but two houses at Port Castries , and throughout the island about 6 @,@ 000 perished . Among the ships lost from Rodney 's fleet were the frigates HMS Phoenix wrecked on the Cuban coast , and HMS Blanche which disappeared without a trace , the sixth rate frigates HMS Andromeda and HMS Laurel which were wrecked on Martinique with heavy loss of life and five other smaller vessels either wrecked or foundered . By far the worst losses in the British fleet however were among the squadron of Rear @-@ Admiral Joshua Rowley , which was caught at sea by the hurricane off the San Domingo coast . Ships of the line HMS Thunderer which foundered with all hands , and HMS Stirling Castle which was smashed on the coast with fewer than 50 survivors , were lost and the remaining six ships were all severely damaged . A fleet of 40 French ships involved in the American Revolutionary War capsized as a result of the hurricane off Martinique ; about 4 @,@ 000 soldiers drowned . Among the French losses were the ships of the line Palmier , Intrépide and Magnifique and the frigate Junon . The hurricane produced a 25 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) storm surge on Martinique , destroying all houses in Saint @-@ Pierre ; 9 @,@ 000 died on the island . High winds , rains , and storm surge caused severe damage at Roseau , Dominica . A storm surge also struck the south coast of Guadeloupe and caused considerable damage . Strong winds affected Antigua and Saint Kitts , and in the latter island , many ships were washed ashore . A Dutch sea @-@ officer whose ship was blown from St. Eustatius to Martinique by the hurricane reports on the damage in Saint @-@ Pierre ( Martinique ) , St. Vincent and St. Lucia . On his return to St. Eustatius he reports that here " too some houses are destroyed " and the sea water ruined the merchandise that was left on the beach . However , he says that the situation was not as bad as on the French and English islands and does not speak of any dramatic death toll ( Jong , C. de . Reize naar de Caribische Eilanden , 1807 @.@ p . 140 ) . Heavy damage was reported in southern Puerto Rico , primarily in Cabo Rojo and Lajas . Severe damage also occurred in the eastern region of Santo Domingo . The hurricane later grounded 50 ships near Bermuda . Throughout its path , the hurricane killed over 20 @,@ 000 people , possibly as high as 24 @,@ 000 , making it the deadliest hurricane in Atlantic hurricane history . = Olivia . In the Lab . With the Revolver . = " Olivia . In the Lab . With the Revolver . " is the 17th episode of the second season of the American science @-@ fiction drama television series Fringe , and the 37th episode overall . In terms of production , it is the season ’ s sixteenth episode , " Unearthed " being held over from the first season . In the episode , Olivia ( Anna Torv ) investigates a man with a possible connection to her who has the lethal ability to spread cancer by touch . The episode was written by Matthew Pitts and directed by Brad Anderson . In addition to featuring recurring guest actors Kevin Corrigan and Omar Metwally , the episode marked the only guest appearance from actress / model Diane Kruger . First broadcast in the United States on April 8 , 2010 on Fox , " Olivia . In the Lab . With the Revolver . " received generally positive reviews , with one critic praising the mixture of mythology and standalone elements for the episode . = = Plot = = In Providence , Rhode Island , lawyer Miranda Green ( Diane Kruger ) takes a lunch meeting with sickly young man James Heath ( Omar Metwally ) . While he claims to have been with her in preschool , she doesn ’ t remember him . She does believe that her firm can help him against those who made him sick . Driving back to her office , Miranda spontaneously develops tumors all over her body and dies in her car . Olivia ( Anna Torv ) has a sleepless night owing to her recent discovery that Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) was abducted from the " Over There " universe by a grief @-@ stricken Walter ( John Noble ) . She goes to the bowling alley , managed by Sam Weiss ( Kevin Corrigan ) , where he tells her she ’ s one of the best people he ’ s known , and he ’ s sure she ’ ll do the right thing . In the case , it transpires that victims of attacks similar to Miranda Green ’ s have been connected to the Cortexiphan trials in Jacksonville , Florida . Olivia visits Nina Sharp ( Blair Brown ) at Massive Dynamic 's headquarters and demands a full list of the subjects , one of which she knows herself to be . Nina claims not to have any such list . They also discuss Peter , and Nina guesses that Olivia is looking for a reason not to tell him . Heath confronts Olivia in the hall of her apartment building . When he sees her badge , he attacks her but Olivia fends him off with a candlestick . He tells her the story of how he was sick with cancer as a child , and a man visited him in the hospital claiming he could help him fight the disease . But instead of getting better , he got worse , and contagious . At the end of the episode , Olivia has decided not to tell Peter about his origins . Walter says that he has made the opposite decision , and that the truth must be known . = = Production = = The episode was written by production staffer Matthew Pitts , a former assistant to series co @-@ creator J.J. Abrams , while former Fringe producer Brad Anderson served as director . " Olivia . In the Lab . With the Revolver . " featured the first guest appearances by actor Omar Metwally and German model / actress Diane Kruger . Kruger was in a relationship with star Joshua Jackson at the time , and requested that her part be as a " gooey monster " , where her " eyes are popped out " of her head . Kruger 's character Miranda Green became the first victim of Metwally 's character James Heath , though her character died from malignant tumors on her body rather than what she commented . Metwally later made his second appearance in the first part of the second season finale , " Over There " . The episode contains a deleted scene between Broyles and Olivia discussing the James Heath case , which was available on the second season 's DVD as a special feature . As with other Fringe episodes , Fox and Science Olympiad released a lesson plan for grade school children based upon the science depicted in " Olivia . In the Lab . With the Revolver . " ; the lesson 's intention was for " students [ to ] learn about the science behind cancer , with a focus on the causes and prevention of skin cancer . " = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = On its initial American broadcast on April 8 , 2010 , the episode was watched by an estimated 6 @.@ 33 million viewers . It scored a 3 @.@ 9 / 6 rating among all households , and a 2 @.@ 3 / 7 rating for those aged 18 – 49 . Fringe dropped from 6 @.@ 7 million to 6 @.@ 1 million viewers in its second half hour , but because it aired against repeats of the normally competitive CSI : Crime Scene Investigation from CBS and ABC 's Grey 's Anatomy , Fringe came in second place for the night . = = = Reviews = = = The episode was viewed positively by CJ Stewart at The Celebrity Cafe , who stated " Overall , this was an exciting return to the familiar story structure that Fringe started out with , and yet it also moved along this season ’ s main story arch , with the writers doing an excellent job of that with plenty of references to the series ’ mythos for fans to pick out . It ’ s always exciting when a serial drama like this throws us longtime viewers a few bones , isn ’ t it ? " The Los Angeles Times ' Andrew Hanson thought there were too many " Really " ? moments , such as Olivia recalling the height notches in Jacksonville when playing a game of Clue . Hanson also believed the episode seemed too long , especially when compared to the " best episode ever , " ( " Peter " ) , which aired the previous week . Writing for The A.V. Club , Noel Murray graded the episode with a B + , explaining that after the previous week 's episode , " Olivia . In The Lab . With The Revolver . " was a " return to normalcy " . Murray appreciated the episode 's use of a secret that " eats at people when they can ’ t bring themselves to air it out " , particularly spotlighting the " look of panic " on Walter 's face when Olivia and Peter leave his lab . Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly also appreciated the balance between mythology and single @-@ episode elements . " This week ’ s episode stood up as a perfectly comprehensible hour even if you were new to the series , thanks to its medical mystery and fun side @-@ moments such as Walter making brightly colored taffy . But is [ sic ] also wove in characters and names from previous episodes — Nick Lane , Nancy Lewis — and raised the tantalizing suggestion that the illness James Heath suffered from might be a malady that ’ s also afflicting parts of the alternate universe . " MTV columnist Josh Wigler positively noted " Mysteries of the week are always compelling when they have interplay with the overarching mythology of Fringe , which was exactly the case in tonight 's installment . " He also liked the " interesting dynamic " between the still @-@ clueless Peter and the Fringe team about his unknown past . Ramsey Isler from IGN rated the episode 7 @.@ 8 / 10 ; he compared it to " Peter " , believing that this week 's episode 's had " a tough act to follow ... this story definitely isn 't as good , but it did keep us going along an interesting path to more answers . " The IGN writer praised Walter going back to his old jokes while at the same time possessing " an undercurrent of fear and shame in his personality as he deals with Olivia 's knowledge of Peter 's secret " , but disliked the first half 's " slow , procedural " elements as well as the cancer make @-@ up . Despite these small critiques , Isler " liked most of this installment " , expressing delight that there were a rare two mythology episodes in a row and that there were subtle references to previous episodes such as Nick Lane in " Bad Dreams " . Some reviewers liked the episode title but were disappointed that more elements from the boardgame had not been incorporated into the episode . = Locked Out of Heaven = " Locked Out of Heaven " is a song by American singer Bruno Mars from his second studio album , Unorthodox Jukebox ( 2012 ) . It was released as the lead single from the album on October 1 , 2012 . The song was written by Mars , Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine of The Smeezingtons , and produced by Mark Ronson , Jeff Bhasker , Emile Haynie and The Smeezingtons . " Locked Out of Heaven " is a reggae rock song influenced by new wave and funk . The song 's lyrics are about the rapturous feelings brought about by a relationship infused with positive emotion as well as euphoria from sex . " Locked Out of Heaven " was well received by most critics , some of whom complimented Mars ' different musical direction , his vocals were praised , being called " smooth " and " sweet , " while its sound was lauded , with the song being called " interesting " and a " musical evolution " . While some critics noted influences from various bands , Mars stated that The Police were the ones who influenced him the most to write the song . The single charted inside the top ten in over twenty countries , including the United States , where it became Mars ' fourth number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 , where it spent six consecutive weeks and topped the Canadian Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks . " Locked Out of Heaven " was certified six @-@ tuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Due to the certifications , " Locked out of Heaven " was able to join an elite group of the best @-@ selling singles worldwide . The song 's music video was shot by director Cameron Duddy and by Mars , and depicts Mars and his bandmates leisurely engaging in activities such as smoking , drinking and playing games . The singer performed " Locked Out of Heaven " on television shows such as Saturday Night Live and The X Factor and included it on The Moonshine Jungle Tour and at his Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show set list . The song won several awards and received three Grammy nominations . The song has been covered by various recording artists , including Leona Lewis and Bastille . = = Background = = After his 2010 debut album Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans , which produced the singles " Just the Way You Are " and " Grenade " , Mars revealed he wanted to create something unexpected with its follow @-@ up . " This is me going into the studio and recording and writing whatever I want , " Mars said confidently . " This album represents my freedom . " Jeff Bhasker , one of the producers of the song , explained how they came up with the song " That song came in the middle of the process of putting together the album , " he explains of the song 's roots . " We were just having a jam session , tracking some things , and Bruno started playing this groove and making up something on the spot ; we all thought it was pretty good . We wound up working a long time on that , trying to get it just right . " The Smeezingtons co @-@ wrote and co @-@ produced the track , and was also handled by Mark Ronson , Jeff Bhasker , and Emile Haynie . " Locked Out of Heaven " was unveiled digitally and on radio on October 1 , 2012 , and became available for purchase the following day . Regarding the song , Mars says " Man , there 's a good pocket on this song right now . Let 's keep it going . " Mars mentioned that it took a long time to create the song , commenting " People didn 't see us going at each other 's throats in the studio and pulling out our hair . " He added , " Trying to get these drums right and figure out a base line . " " Locked Out of Heaven " was mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in Hollywood by Manny Marroquin . Jeff Bhasker , Bruno Mars , Nick Movshon , and Homer Steinweiss played the instruments , with additional assistance by Emile Haynie . The recording was done by ALALAL , Ari Levine , Mark Ronson and Wayne Gordon , while Bob Mallory and Tyler Hartman served as the recording assistants at the Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , Daptone Studios in Brooklyn and Avatar Studios in New York . Levine was responsible for engineering the song , with Charlez Moniz assisting him . David Kutch mastered the song . = = Release = = " Locked Out of Heaven " was released as the lead single from Unorthodox Jukebox . Atlantic Records serviced the song to download and to Mainstream Radio in the United States on October 1 , 2012 . It was released as a CD single in Germany on October 3 , 2012 . On November 5 , 2013 a CD single was released on Poland and included the album version of " Locked Out of Heaven " and a poster and stickers of Bruno Mars . On November 11 , 2012 , the song was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom . The song was released as an available download on November 21 , 2012 . On January 21 , 2013 , four remixes were released for download and a CD single in the UK . = = Composition and influences = = Mars co @-@ wrote " Locked Out of Heaven " with Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine of The Smeezingtons . The three co @-@ produced the song with Mark Ronson , Jeff Bhasker , and Emile Haynie . It was written in the key of D minor , with Mars 's vocals range from the low note of A3 the high note of C5 . Levine said that on " Locked Out of Heaven " some part in the song are not even instruments . On " Locked Out Of Heaven " Bruno was like " we need a dep @-@ dep @-@ dep @-@ dep sound , " Ari Levine recalls . " I said , " Sing it into the microphone " and then I chopped it up . It sounds like it ’ s a instrument , but it ’ s really his voice . We do that a lot . " The song finds Mars singing a confession of a relationship that is so good that he repeats to his love " Your sex takes me to paradise . " " You make me feel like I 've been locked out of heaven for too long / Can I just stay here , spend the rest of my days here ? " he sings . During his Google Hangout on the day of the song 's release , Mars was asked by a fan to name his favorite lyrics from the track . Mars picked the phrase " But swimming in your water is something spiritual , " and later said that the single 's exploration of feeling and being in love fits into the " sensual , sensual and sensual " theme of the album . It has been described as a pop rock and reggae fusion track heavily influenced by new wave and funk . Tim Sendra of AllMusic described the song as " a breezy mashup of ' Beat It ' , The Police , and Dire Straits . " For Paul MacInnes of The Guardian called it " a brazen – but successful – welding of Dire Straits ' ' Sultans of Swing ' and ' Can 't Stand Losing You ' by the Police . " Carl Williott of Idolator found out that " the angular guitars and Mars ' Sting @-@ like staccato delivery are heavily indebted to The Police , " also seeing " hints of Foster the People on the omnipresent " eh @-@ eh @-@ eh @-@ eh @-@ ooo " punctuating the beat . " Melinda Newman of HitFix commented that the song has a " Police / ‘ 80s rock skipping beat plus a touch of The Romantics ' ' What I Like About You ' . " Mikael Wood of Los Angeles Times expressed , " think the Police ( circa Ghost in the Machine ) infiltrating the Human League . " Jon Caramanica of The New York Times simply called it " a vivid carbon copy of Zenyatta Mondatta @-@ era Police . " Though critics have pointed out the song 's similarities to some of the hits by the Police , Mars told MTV News that he did not set out to write anything inspired by the Sting @-@ fronted band . Instead , it came to him out of the blue , one night during his studio sessions prior to recording the Unorthodox Jukebox album . " I don 't think it initially tried to sound like anybody else , but I picked up the guitar and just started playing [ the song 's opening chords ] , " Mars explained . " That 's how it normally works ; I 'll pick up a guitar and I 'll start humming a melody , and I started singing that , and I was up there in Sting @-@ ville , in that register , so that 's what you get ... " . = = Critical reception = = The song has received positive reviews from most music critics . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy was positive , giving the song a rating of 5 out of 5 stars , praising the " 80s @-@ styled funk beats and wildly infectious percussion " , the " singalong chorus may be a hasty reminder that his strength lies in fist @-@ clenching " . He also wrote that considered the song " one of the most interesting musical evolutions of 2012 . " Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone gave the song 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars , writing that " The song is about unbridled passion , but as usual with Mars , the aesthetic is tidy and impeccable , pop songcraft polished to a high @-@ gloss gleam : jittery Police @-@ esque rock @-@ reggae verses that erupt , amid thunder @-@ boom synths , into a steamrolling four @-@ on @-@ the @-@ floor chorus . " Carl Williott of Idolator also gave the song a positive review , writing that it " shows an interesting musical evolution , " and called the song " interesting " and evolutionary for Mars . JT of Neon Limelight also praised the song , calling it " irresistible " and " funky " . Ryan Reed of Paste Magazine called it " a driving pop anthem that moves from a punchy , ' Roxanne ' -esque new @-@ wave groove to a soulful , synth @-@ driven chorus . " Matt Cibula of PopMatters further explained the track , writing , " It starts out like an early Police single , with some straight @-@ up Reggatta de Blanc syncopation and a shockingly good Sting vocal impression . But the chorus opens up to turn into something less Police @-@ y and more , dare I say it , Bruno Mars @-@ y . " Kitty Empire of The Observer wrote that the song " channels the Police , but its 21st @-@ century builds owe as much to rave @-@ pop as they do to producer Mark Ronson . It 's an ill @-@ omened meeting that somehow gels . " Jason Lipshut of Billboard gave a very positive review , stating that " ' Locked out of Heaven ' is Mars ' best solo single to date , with the singer @-@ songwriter yelping about fornication as a tossed salad of chopped guitars and vocal exclamations buttress his sumptuous leading @-@ man act . Sometimes , the perfect lead single is hard to find ; other times , it walks right up to you and delivers a big , cozy hug . " Melinda Newman of HitFix praised " Mars ' singing and the catchy little background vocals , " which according to her , " keep the song moving downstream at a rapid pace . " She also noted that " Even clumsy lyrics like ' your sex takes me to paradise ' can ’ t diminish that joy that the beats and melody bring . " = = = Accolades = = = " Locked Out of Heaven " received several nominations . Including Outstanding Song at 2013 NAACP Image Award . It was nominated for Top Radio Song and Top Pop Song at the 2013 Billboard Music Awards . In the same year , " Locked Out of Heaven " received the accolade for Top 10 Gold International Gold Songs at the RTHK International Pop Poll . It also received a nomination for the " Choice Single by a Male Artist " award at the 2013 Teen Choice Awards . At the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards it won the award Best Song , only category the song was nominated . In December , 2013 , the song was nominated at Los Premios 40 Principales 2013 for Best International Song , however it lost to " Impossible " by James Arthur . The song was one of the several winners of the 2014 ASCAP Pop Music Awards for Most Performed Song . In 2014 , " Locked Out of Heaven " received nominations for Record of the Year , Song of the Year and Best Remixed Recording , Non @-@ Classical for its Sultan + Ned Shepard remix at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards , but was not able to win any . = = Chart performance = = = = = North America = = = In the US , " Locked Out of Heaven " debuted at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold 92 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . In its third week , it climbed to number 15 on the chart with 106 @,@ 000 downloads sold . In its fourth week , " Locked Out of Heaven " climbed to number 7 , becoming his ninth Hot 100 top 10 , only in 2 years . On December 22 , 2012 , the song replaced Rihanna 's " Diamonds " in the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Mars ' fourth Hot 100 topper since his arrival in 2010 , becoming the fastest collection of a male artist 's first four number @-@ ones in 48 years . " Locked Out of Heaven " charted for a second consecutive week atop the Hot 100 , with Mars becoming one of nine male soloists in the Hot 100 's 54 @-@ year history to tally at least two weeks on top with each of his first four leaders . On its third consecutive week on the top , the song was the first to lead all the four talies ( Hot 100 , Radio Songs , Digital Songs , On @-@ Demand Songs ) simultaneously . The song spent 6 weeks at the top , becoming the second longest @-@ reigning of Mars ' six number @-@ one singles ( surpassed by Uptown Funk , which stayed for fourteen weeks ) . It became his eighth song to reach the best five positions on the chart and the fourth to achieve number one , equating the record held by the singer Bobby Vinton for less time to make four singles reaching number one in less time ( 4 years , 10 months and a week ) . On the Radio Songs chart , " Locked Out of Heaven " debuted at number 54 . In its sixth week , it climbed to number 7 , becoming Mars ' 9th top ten consecutive career @-@ opening , extending his record among men . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , " Locked Out of Heaven " debuted at number 26 , extending Mars ' career @-@ opening streak among men in the chart 's 20 @-@ year history . The song also debuted on the Adult Pop Songs at number 26 , marking the highest entrance by a solo male , unaccompanied by another artist , since Rob Thomas debuted at number 20 with " Lonely No More " . By November 2013 , " Locked Out of Heaven " sold 4 @,@ 366 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . In 2013 , Mediabase ranked " Locked Out of Heaven " as the most played song on Top 40 radio stations . While , according to Nielsen SoundScan , the song was the fifth most played song across the U.S. and the seventh most played on the Top 40 . As of December 16 , 2012 , the song became the first track to be streamed more than a million times in a one @-@ week period on Spotify . In the same week it also became the most @-@ streamed in Spotify 's history at the time . In Canada , the song peaked at number one on Canadian Hot 100 for the issue dated December 22 , 2012 , becoming Mars ' third single to reach number one on the chart . It remained atop of it for three consecutive weeks . = = = Europe and Oceania = = = " Locked Out of Heaven " made its first chart appearance in Spain and on France on October 6 , 2012 , where it debuted at number 35 and 85 , respectively . In Spain , the song left the charts for two weeks , it re @-@ entered at number 40 . The song kept fluctuating on the chart for the next six weeks , until it peaked at number 3 , while on SNEP it peaked at number 3 , remaining at the position for one week . In the UK , the song peaked at number 2 , on the week ending December 24 , 2012 . The song sold 421 @,@ 000 copies in the UK in 2012 , the 33rd best @-@ selling single of the year . Since 2004 , it is the 66th most downloaded song in the UK , and was the fourth most played pop track on the radio in 2013 . In Austria , it debuted at number 28 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 , on October 19 , 2012 . It peaked at number 5 , on November 9 , 2012 . " Locked Out of Heaven " debuted at number 32 in Denmark , becoming Mars ' fifth top @-@ fifteen single in the country and peaked at number 2 , spending one week . " Locked Out of Heaven " peaked at number 7 in Germany . " Locked Out of Heaven " peaked at number 8 in Norway , in Sweden the peak was 6 , Switzerland peaked at number 8 and in Finland the peak was at number 11 . " Locked Out of Heaven " entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 23 on October 15 , 2012 . After five weeks the song jumped in the top ten , to number 8 , remaining for two weeks , before climbing to number 6 . Eventually the song peaked at number 4 after four weeks . The single has received a double @-@ platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand , denoting sales of 30 @,@ 000 copies . " Locked Out of Heaven " debuted at number 21 on the Australian Singles Chart on October 21 , 2012 . The song reached a peak of number 4 on November 11 , 2012 . = = Music video = = = = = Development and synopsis = = = A music video for the song was directed by Cameron Duddy and Mars , and was released on October 15 , 2012 . The concept of the video is about Mars having a good time with his bandmates doing things like smoking , drinking beer and playing games . He is also seen singing the song with his band at a club . The video has a vintage style , like those of VHS tapes . Mars explained to MTV News , " The concept is just old @-@ fashioned fun . No story line , it 's not me singing to a girl , you get a good sense of what you 're going to get live ... It 's very VHS @-@ y . I love that man , it takes me back to my childhood , when the tracking is off and the color is off , there 's a beauty in that . You 'd have to stand by the TV with , like , aluminum foil all over you . " Hugh McIntire of Billboard explained the video , writing , " Everything about " Locked Out of Heaven " – whether it be the video or the track itself – is retro . While the song references the early discography of The Police , the video takes us back a little bit further . From the style of their dress and the wonky @-@ TV effects on the video , one might guess that Bruno and his friends are partying in the ' 70s . Only the Akai MPC sampler being played by a band member reminds the viewer that this video is , in fact , modern . " = = = Reception = = = Idolator reviewer Sam Lansky wrote that Mars is " serving up all kinds of retro flavor in the clip for that song , which eschews the higher @-@ concept vibe of his other videos ( dancing monkeys in ' The Lazy Song ' ) for a mellower vibe " , adding that the video is " all filtered with Instagram @-@ evoking effects that give it the grainy feel of an old tape . " Rolling Stone , commented that the video takes place " in a dingy club " however , " the real attraction here are the grainy visuals filmed in fake fuzziness , giving the clip a retro feel . " Chris Martins of Spin believes that " The vintage may be slightly off since the Unorthodox Jukebox single sounds far more Sting than Curtis Mayfield " , however praised the video " the look is a good one nonetheless . " The music video for the song received multiple awards and nominations . In 2013 , it received a nomination for Outstanding Music Video at the NAACP Image Award . At the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan received three nominations for Best Male Video , Video of the Year and Best Karaokee ! Song . It also received nominations for Video of the Year , Best Pop Video and Best Male Video , winning the latter at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards . The video received a nomination for Best Videoclip , a category decided by a Jury at the 2013 Los Premios Principales . = = Live performances = = Mars performed the song live for the first time on Saturday Night Live on October 20 , 2012 . His performance was well received by critics . Rolling Stone magazine wrote , " With a little oomph , a whole lotta shimmy @-@ shimmy @-@ ya and a few hip swivels , Bruno 's ska @-@ bop jam was given new life . It all seems so effortless ; so cool and fresh ; pop performances don 't often fall ahead of the curve , but this one does . " Sam Lansky of Idolator praised the performance , writing that " Mars turned it out on the show , with an energetic rendition of ' Locked Out of Heaven ' backed by a fleet of impeccably choreographed dancers . " A live performance was also done on The X Factor UK , on 25 November 2012 . On December 4 , Mars performed on the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show , aired on CBS . His performance happened during the Calendar Girls . On the December 8 , 2012 , Mars performed in the 2012 edition of Jingle Bell Ball , event annually held and promoted by Capital FM which happened at The O2 Arena in London . On December 13 , he performed it live on the FOX reality television singing competition , The X Factor . Mars also performed the song with Sting at 2013 Grammy Awards , joined later by Rihanna , Ziggy Marley and Damian Marley to pay tribute to reggae legend Bob Marley. and was fifteenth on the set list of his second worldwide tour , The Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 ) . On February 2 , 2014 the single was featured as the third number in the mini @-@ set medley , in the halftime performance of Super Bowl XLVIII at MetLife Stadium in New Jersey . = = Cover versions and usage in other media = = British quartet Bastille covered " Locked Out of Heaven " for BBC Radio 1 DJ Sara Cox in the Live Lounge on January 21 , 2013 . The band 's version saw a mash @-@ up between the track and Rihanna 's " Diamonds " ; also incorporating " Niggas in Paris " by Jay @-@ Z and Kanye West and " Angels " by The xx . The female members of the New Directions glee club covered the song in the " Sadie Hawkins " episode of Glee . On 22 February 2013 , Alex Rudiart sings " Locked Out of Heaven " during the first gala show of the first season of X Factor Indonesia . English singer Leona Lewis included an acoustic version of " Locked Out of Heaven " on the set @-@ list for her 2013 concert tour , Glassheart Tour . American singer Bridgit Mendler covered an acoustic version of the song for her online series called The Hurricane Sessions and the official video of her cover was uploaded on YouTube on May 15 , 2013 . The video received nearly 500 @,@ 000 views in its first week , landing herself in the 46th position of Billboard Social 50 Artists . English singer Amelia Lily performed the song in her set on the Girls Aloud Ten : The Hits Tour in 2013 and during her summer gigs . The song was covered by English band Peace for the Live Lounge in March 2013 , including a homage to The Police 's " Message in a Bottle " . The duo Major Lazer produced a remix of the song that was include on the Target Edition and later on the deluxe edition of Unorthodox Jukebox . The song was made available as DLC for the music video game Rock Band 4 on February 9 , 2016 . = = Formats and track listing = = = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at : Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California , Daptone Studios in Brooklyn , New York and Avatar Studios in New York , New York ; mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unorthodox Jukebox , Atlantic Records = = Charts and certifications = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Apple Inc. litigation = The multinational technology corporation Apple Inc. has been a participant in various legal proceedings and claims since it began operation and , like its competitors and peers , engages in litigation in its normal course of business for a variety of reasons . In particular , Apple is known for and promotes itself as actively and aggressively enforcing its intellectual property interests . From the 1980s to the present , Apple has been plaintiff or defendant in civil actions in the United States and other countries . Some of these actions have determined significant case law for the information technology industry and many have captured the attention of the public and media . Apple 's litigation generally involves intellectual property disputes , but the company has also been a party in lawsuits that include antitrust claims , consumer actions , commercial unfair trade practice suits , defamation claims , and corporate espionage , among other matters . = = Background = = Apple is a member of the Business Software Alliance ( BSA ) , whose principal activity is trying to stop copyright infringement of software produced by BSA members ; Apple treats all its intellectual property as a business asset , engaging in litigation as one method among many to police its assets and to respond to claims by others against it . Apple 's portfolio of intellectual property is broad enough , for trademarks alone , to encompass several pages of the company 's web site and , in April 2012 , it listed 176 general business trademarks , 79 service marks , 7 trademarks related to NeXT products and services , and 2 trademarks related to FileMaker . Apple claims copyright interests in multiple products and processes and owns and licenses patents of various types as well and , while it states it generally does not license its patent portfolio , it does work with third parties having an interest in product interoperability . Steve Jobs alone was a named inventor on over 300 design and utility patents . Between January 2008 and May 2010 , Apple Inc. filed more than 350 cases with the U.S. Patent and Trademark office ( USPTO ) alone , most in opposition to or taking exception to others ' use of the terms " apple " , " pod " , and " safari " ; those cases include sellers of apples ( the fruit ) , as well as many others ' less unassuming use of the term " apple " . = = Antitrust = = = = = Apple iPod , iTunes antitrust litigation = = = The case In re Apple iPod iTunes Antitrust Litigation was filed as a class action in 2005 claiming Apple violated the U.S. antitrust statutes in operating a music @-@ downloading monopoly that it created by changing its software design to the proprietary FairPlay encoding in 2004 , resulting in other vendors ' music files being incompatible with and thus inoperable on the iPod . The suit initially alleged that five days after RealNetworks released in 2004 its Harmony technology making its music playable on iPods , Apple changed its software such that the RealNetworks music would no longer play on iPods . The claims of Apple 's changes to its encoding and its refusal to license FairPlay technology to other companies were dismissed by the court 2009 , but the allegation of Apple 's monopoly on the iPod 's music download capabilities between 2004 and 2009 remained as of July 2012 . In March 2011 , Bloomberg reported that , after a related 3 @-@ year inquiry by the Competition Commission , Apple agreed in 2008 to lower its prices on iTunes tracks sold in the United Kingdom and that Steve Jobs had been directed by the court in March 2011 to make himself available to be deposed on Apple 's FairPlay changes as they relate to the plaintiffs ' monopolization claim . = = = Apple and AT & T Mobility antitrust class action = = = In October 2007 ( four months after the iPhone was introduced ) , Paul Holman and Lucy Rivello filed a class action lawsuit ( numbered C07 @-@ 05152 ) in the Northern District of California . The lawsuit referenced Apple 's SIM lock on the iPhone and Apple 's ( at the time ) complete ban on third @-@ party apps , and alleged that the 1 @.@ 1 @.@ 1 software update was " expressly designed " to disable unapproved SIM cards and apps . The lawsuit said that this was an unfair , unlawful , and fraudulent business practice ( see False advertising ) under California 's Unfair Competition Law ; that the combination of AT & T Mobility and Apple was to reduce competition and cause a monopoly in violation of California 's antitrust law and the Sherman Antitrust Act ; and that this disabling was a violation of the Consumer Fraud and Abuse Act . Shortly after this initial filing , other lawsuits were filed , and these were consolidated with the original Holman suit , bringing in additional plaintiffs and complaints : Timothy Smith , et al . , v. Apple , Inc. et al . , No . C 07 @-@ 05662 RMW , adding complaints related to ringtones , and Kliegerman v. Apple , Inc . , No . C 08 @-@ 948 , bringing in allegations under the federal Magnuson – Moss Warranty Act . The combined case title was changed to " In Re Apple & AT & TM Anti @-@ Trust Litigation . " The court appointed lead counsel from the various plaintiffs ' lawyers , and several versions of a combined complaint were filed . In October 2008 , the court denied the defendants ' motions to dismiss the case on the federal claims and granted their motions to dismiss the state unfair trade practice claims except in California , New York , and Washington , but gave the plaintiffs leave to amend those claims . In December 2011 , the district court granted Apple and AT & T 's motions to compel arbitration , following the Supreme Court decision in AT & T Mobility v. Concepcion , and decertified the class ; in April 2012 the Ninth Circuit denied plaintiffs permission to appeal . In December 2011 , immediately after class decertification of the previous case , a new group of plaintiffs led by Robert Pepper won the race to the courthouse by filing a complaint in the Northern District , which was combined with some slightly later filers and titled " In re Apple iPhone Antitrust Litigation " , case 11 @-@ cv @-@ 06714 @-@ YGR . The new case is essentially the same but is filed only against Apple , not AT & T Mobility . In late 2013 , the various parts of the case were dismissed by the district court . The parts relating to SIM locking were rejected because AT & T was not a party and the plaintiffs were not willing to add AT & T. The remaining claim , in its final version , was that Apple monopolised the market for iPhone applications and that the plaintiffs were damaged by paying Apple 's 30 % commission for paid applications in the App Store , which the court rejected saying that the commission was " a cost passed @-@ on to consumers by independent software developers " , not paid by the consumers directly , and so the plaintiffs did not have standing under the Illinois Brick doctrine . = = = European antitrust investigation = = = In 2008 , Apple agreed to cut the price UK consumers pay to download music for their iPods after a formal complaint to the European Commission from the UK consumer group Which ? demonstrated higher prices in UK for the same iTunes songs sold elsewhere in the European Union ( EU ) . The Commission began an antitrust investigation in 2007 of Apple 's business practices after the complaint was made , but ultimately the Commission probe found no agreements between Apple and major record labels on how iTunes is run in Europe , only that Apple had been paying higher wholesale prices to UK music labels and was passing the cost along to UK customers . = = = eBook price @-@ fixing lawsuit = = = In April 2012 , the U.S. Justice Department ( DOJ ) and 33 U.S. states brought a civil antitrust action against Apple , HarperCollins , Macmillan Publishers , Penguin Books , Simon & Schuster , and Hachette Book Group , Inc . , alleging violations of the Sherman Act . The suit was filed in the Southern District of New York and alleges the defendants conspired to restrain retail price competition in the sale of e @-@ books because they viewed Amazon 's price discounting as a substantial challenge to their traditional business model . Regarding Apple in particular , the federal complaint alleged that " Apple facilitated the Publisher Defendants ' collective effort to end retail price competition by coordinating their transition to an agency model across all retailers . Apple clearly understood that its participation in this scheme would result in higher prices to consumers . " In such an agency @-@ model , publishers set prices rather than sellers . Fifteen states and Puerto Rico also filed a companion federal case in Austin , Texas , against Apple , Penguin , Simon & Schuster and Macmillan . In the same month , HarperCollins , Hachette and Simon & Schuster settled with both the DOJ and the state attorneys general , with HarperCollins and Hachette agreeing to pay Texas and Connecticut $ 52 million in consumer restitution , leaving Apple , Penguin , and Macmillan as remaining defendants . As of July 2012 , the case was still in the discovery stage of litigation . On July 10 , 2013 , District Court Judge Denise Cote in Manhattan found Apple Inc. guilty of the violation of federal antitrust law , citing " compelling evidence " that Apple played a " central role " in a conspiracy with publishers to eliminate retail competition and the prices of e @-@ books . For more information read United States v. Apple Inc . = = = High @-@ Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation = = = In 2014 , Apple settled out of court both an antitrust lawsuit and a related class @-@ action suit regarding cold calling employees of other companies . = = Consumer class actions = = = = = Technical support class action = = = From 1993 to 1996 , Apple developed a marketing strategy that promised free and unlimited live @-@ telephone support on certain products for as long as the original purchaser owned those products ; by 1997 , however , changes in Apple 's AppleCare support policy led Apple to rescind the offer , resulting in a consumer class action lawsuit for breach of contract . Apple denied wrongdoing but , in settlement of the claims , Apple ultimately reinstated the telephone support for the duration of original ownership of the otherwise obsolete products and customers affected by the change were given a limited reimbursement if they had been refused telephone support , had been charged per incident , or had incurred third party support charges . = = = iPod battery life class action = = = In 2004 and 2005 , two state @-@ level class action suits were filed against Apple in New York and California alleging the first , second , and third generation iPod music players sold prior to May 2004 did not have the battery life represented and / or that the battery 's capacity to take and hold a charge substantially diminished over time . Rather than litigate these claims , Apple entered into a settlement agreement in August 2005 after a fairness hearing in the California action , with the settlement terms designed to end the New York action as well . An appeal followed the California court 's approval of the settlement but the appellate court upheld the settlement in December 2005 . Eligible members of the class were entitled to extended warranties , store credit , cash compensation , or battery replacement , and some incentive payments , with all unfiled claims expiring after September 2005 . Apple agreed to pay all costs of the litigation , including incentive payments to the class members and the plaintiffs ' attorney fees , but admitted no fault . In 2006 Apple Canada , Inc . , also settled several similar Canadian class action suits alleging misrepresentations by Apple regarding iPod battery life . = = = iPad and iPhone privacy issue class action = = = In December 2010 , two separate groups of iPhone and iPad users sued Apple , alleging that certain software applications were passing personal user information to third @-@ party advertisers without the users ' consent . The individual cases were consolidated in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California , San Jose division , under the title In Re iPhone Application Litigaton , and further defendants were added to the action . The complainants petitioned the court for a ban on the " passing of user information without consent and monetary compensation , " claimed damages for breach of privacy , and sought redress for other enumerated claims . Press reports stated that in April 2011 , Apple agreed to amend its developer agreement to stop this from happening " except for information directly necessary for the functionality of the apps " ; however , the suit alleged that Apple took no steps to do this or enforce it " in any meaningful way due to criticism from advertising networks " . The Associated Press reported a pending congressional inquiry into the matter , with United States Congress members stating that commercial storage and usage of location information without a consumer 's express consent is illegal under current law , but Apple defended its use of customer tracking in a letter released May 9 , 2011 , by the House of Representatives . National Public Radio 's senior director of technology published an article examining the data collected by his own iPhone , showing examples of the data collected and maps correlating the data . Separately , digital forensics researchers reported they regularly use the data collected from Apple mobile devices in working with law enforcement officials investigating crimes and have been doing so since at least mid @-@ 2010 . In contrast with earlier statements , Apple revealed in a hearing with the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee that a " software bug " caused iPhones to continue to send anonymous location data to the company 's servers , even when location services on the device were turned off . In September 2011 , the District Court granted Apple 's motion to dismiss for lack of Article III standing and failure to state a claim , but gave the plaintiffs leave to amend their complaint , thereby not shutting out the claims permanently . The court ruled that without a showing of legal damages compensable under current law , the plaintiffs had not shown they sustained injury in fact by the defendants ' actions . The problem facing the plaintiffs is the current state of electronic privacy law , the issue being that there is no national privacy law that provides for compensatory damages for breach of privacy , and this is the same issue faced by victims of data breaches , as breaches , per se , sustain no legal damages without a showing of actual and measurable harm such as monetary loss . Under U.S. law as of July 2012 , it is only when a data breach results in actual loss as defined by applicable law that compensable damages arise . The case remained on the California court 's docket as of July 2012 . = = = iTunes price @-@ switching class action = = = In June 2009 , a group of consumers filed the class action suits Owens v. Apple , Inc. and Johnson v. Apple Inc. against Apple on behalf of American individuals who purchased iTunes gift cards and who were then unable to use the cards to purchase iTunes music at the price advertised on the card because Apple raised the price of the music after it sold the cards to consumers . The Johnson case absorbed the Owens case and was settled on February 10 , 2012 , with payments to be made to consumers by Apple . The Owens complaint alleged that Apple wrongfully marketed , distributed , and sold iTunes gift cards and songs through its online iTunes store , while representing that consumers could use the gift cards to purchase songs for US $ .99 a song and then , after such gift cards were purchased , raised the price on certain songs to $ 1 @.@ 29 on April 7 , 2009 . The lawsuit 's allegations included that Apple 's conduct constituted breach of contract , violated the state consumer fraud statute , and violated consumer protection statutes of other states . The plaintiffs sought a $ .30 refund remedy for each song that class members purchased using a $ .99 iTunes card for which they were charged $ 1 @.@ 29 , plus their attorneys ' fees and costs . Apple mounted a vigorous defense and sought to dismiss the suit but lost its motion in December 2009 . Individuals are part of the class of plaintiffs if they are U.S. residents who purchased or received an iTunes Gift Card on which the card itself or its packaging contained language to the effect that songs were priced at $ 0 @.@ 99 and who used the card to purchase one or more $ 1 @.@ 29 songs from the iTunes Store on or before May 10 , 2010 . The settlement provides class members with an iTunes Store credit of $ 3 @.@ 25 if an online claim form was submitted on or before September 24 , 2012 . = = = Macbook MagSafe power adapter class action = = = Apple settled a U.S. class action in 2011 regarding the older T @-@ shaped MagSafe power adapters . Apple agreed to replace the adapters with newer adapters , and to compensate customers who were forced to buy replacement adapters . = = Trade practice = = = = = Resellers v. Apple = = = In 2004 , independent Apple resellers filed a lawsuit against Apple alleging the company used misleading advertising practices by using unfair business practices that harmed the resellers ' sales while boosting Apple @-@ owned outlets , in effect by favoring its own outlets over those of its resellers . The lawsuit claimed that Apple favored company @-@ owned stores by providing significant discounts unavailable to independent dealers . The complaint alleged Apple 's acts in favoring its own stores constituted breach of contract , false advertising , fraud , trade libel , defamation , and intentional interference with prospective economic advantage . As of 2006 , Apple reached settlements with all of the plaintiffs , including the bankruptcy trustee for one reseller that failed , while the former principal of that company appealed the bankruptcy court 's approval of the settlement . = = Defamation = = = = = Libel dispute with Carl Sagan = = = In 1994 , engineers at Apple Computer code @-@ named the mid @-@ level Power Macintosh 7100 " Carl Sagan " after the popular astronomer in the hope that Apple would make " billions and billions " with the sale of the computer . Apple used the name only internally , but Sagan was concerned that it would become a product endorsement and sent Apple a cease @-@ and @-@ desist letter . Apple complied , but its engineers retaliated by changing the internal codename to " BHA " for " Butt @-@ Head Astronomer " . Sagan then sued Apple for libel in federal court . The court granted Apple 's motion to dismiss Sagan 's claims and opined in dicta that a reader aware of the context would understand Apple was " clearly attempting to retaliate in a humorous and satirical way " , and that " It strains reason to conclude that Defendant was attempting to criticize Plaintiff 's reputation or competency as an astronomer . One does not seriously attack the expertise of a scientist using the undefined phrase ' butt @-@ head ' . " Sagan then sued for Apple 's original use of his name and likeness , but again lost and appealed that ruling . In November 1995 , Apple and Sagan reached an out @-@ of @-@ court settlement and Apple 's office of trademarks and patents released a conciliatory statement that " Apple has always had great respect for Dr. Sagan . It was never Apple 's intention to cause Dr. Sagan or his family any embarrassment or concern " . Apple 's third and final code name for the project was " LaW " , short for " Lawyers are Wimps " . = = Trademarks , copyrights , and patents = = = = = Trademark = = = = = = = Apple Corps = = = = For nearly 30 years Apple Corps ( The Beatles @-@ founded record label and holding company ) and Apple Inc . ( then Apple Computer ) litigated a dispute involving the use of the name " Apple " as a trademark and its association with music . In 1978 , Apple Corps filed suit against Apple Computer for trademark infringement and the parties settled in 1981 with Apple Computer paying an undisclosed amount to Apple Corps , later revealed to be $ 80 @,@ 000 . A primary condition of the settlement was that Apple Computer agreed to stay out of the music business . In 1991 , after Apple introduced the Apple IIgs with an Ensoniq music synthesizer chip , Apple Corps alleged the product to be in violation of the terms of their settlement . The parties then reached another settlement agreement and Apple paid Apple Corps around $ 26 @.@ 5 million , with Apple agreeing it would not package , sell , or distribute physical music materials . In September 2003 , Apple Corps again sued Apple Computer alleging Apple Computer had breached the settlement once more , this time for introducing iTunes and the iPod . Apple Corps alleged Apple Computer 's introduction of the music @-@ playing products with the iTunes Music Store violated the terms of the previous agreement in which Apple agreed not to distribute music . The trial opened on March 29 , 2006 , in the UK. and ended on May 8 , 2006 , with the court issuing judgement in favor of Apple Computer . " [ I ] find no breach of the trademark agreement has been demonstrated , " the presiding Justice Mann said . On February 5 , 2007 , Apple Inc. and Apple Corps announced another settlement of their trademark dispute , agreeing that Apple Inc. would own all of the trademarks related to ' Apple ' and would license certain of those trademarks back to Apple Corps for its continued use . The settlement ended the ongoing trademark lawsuit between the companies , with each party bearing its own legal costs , and Apple Inc. continuing to use the Apple name and logos on iTunes . The settlement 's full terms were confidential . = = = = Domain name disputes = = = = = = = = = appleimac.com = = = = = In an early domain name dispute , two months before announcing the iMac in July 1998 , Apple sued then @-@ teenager Abdul Traya . Having registered the domain name appleimac.com in an attempt to draw attention to the web @-@ hosting business he ran out of his parents ' basement , a note on Traya 's site stated that his plan was to " generate traffic to our servers and try to put the domain to sale . [ sic ] " After a legal dispute lasting for nearly a year , Apple settled out of court , paying Traya 's legal fees and giving him a ' token payment ' in exchange for the domain name . = = = = = itunes.co.uk = = = = = The Apple @-@ Cohen dispute was a cybersquatting case where a top @-@ level domain registrar 's decision differed from prior decisions by awarding a domain name to a subsequent registrant ( Apple ) , rather than to the prior registrant ( Cohen ) . As the decision recounts , in November 2000 , Benjamin Cohen of CyberBritain registered the domain name itunes.co.uk. The domain initially pointed to skipmusic.com , and then to cyberbritain.com , and was then inoperative for some time . Apple applied for a UK trademark for iTunes in October 2000 which was granted in March 2001 , and then launched its UK iTunes music store service in 2004 . Afterward , Cohen reactivated his registered domain name , redirecting it to iTunes ' then @-@ rival , Napster ; later Cohen forwarded the domain name to his CyberBritain 's cash back / rewards website . In 2005 , Apple took the matter to the Dispute Resolution Service operated by .uk domain name registry Nominet UK ( the DRS ) , claiming that Apple had trademark rights in the name " iTunes " and that the use of the domain name by Cohen 's company was abusive ( these being the two tests under the DRS rules for prevailing in a matter where the complaint related only to the later use of a trademarked name ) . The dispute was unresolved at the free mediation stage and so Apple paid for an independent expert to decide the case ; the expert decided the dispute in Apple 's favor . Cohen thereafter launched a media offensive claiming the DRS was biased in favor of large businesses and made frequent threats of lawsuits against Nominet . Cohen stated he believed that the DRS system was unfair for a number of reasons and would seek redress against Nominet with the High Court via judicial review . Nominet stated that Cohen should appeal the case via the appeal process in the DRS . Cohen refused and , after several months , instead issued proceedings for judicial review . The High Court at first instance rejected Cohen 's case in August 2005 , noting that Cohen 's company , Cyberbritain Group Ltd . , should have used the appeal process forming part of Nominet 's domain resolution service . Afterward , Cohen 's company asked for a rehearing and , as that case progressed , the interim domain name was transferred to Apple in accord with the expert 's decision and thereafter pointed to the Apple music site . In November 2005 , Cohen dropped all legal action against Apple . = = = = Cisco Systems : iPhone mark = = = = In 2006 , Cisco Systems and Apple negotiated over allowing Apple rights to use Cisco 's Linksys iPhone trademark , but the negotiations stalled when Cisco pushed for the two products to be interoperable . Following the public unveiling of the Apple iPhone at the 2007 Macworld Expo , Cisco filed a lawsuit against Apple in January 2007 , alleging Apple 's iPhone name infringed on Cisco 's iPhone trademark . Cisco alleged that Apple created a front company subsequent to their negotiations to try to acquire the rights another way , while Apple countered that there would be no likelihood of confusion between the two products , because Apple 's iPhone product was the first cell phone with such a name , while Cisco 's iPhone was a VoIP phone . Bloomberg reported Cisco 's iPhone as a product marketed for less than $ 100 and part of the Linksys home routers , enabling internet @-@ based calls through Skype and Yahoo ! Messenger , and contrasted it with Apple 's iPhone as a mobile phone which sold for around $ 600 . In February 2007 , Cisco and Apple announced an agreement under which both companies would be allowed to use the iPhone name worldwide . = = = = Sector Labs : use of Pod = = = = In March 2007 , Apple opposed a trademark application by startup Sector Labs , which sought to register " Video Pod " as a mark identifying goods associated with a video projector product . Apple argued that the proposed mark was merely " descriptive " and should be denied because the registration would cause a likelihood of confusion with Apple 's pre @-@ existing " iPod " marks . In March 2012 , the U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ( TTAB ) ruled in Apple 's favor and denied Sector Labs ' registration , finding that the " iPod " mark was " famous " and therefore entitled to broad protection under U.S. trademark law . = = = = New York City " GreeNYC " logo = = = = In January 2008 , Apple filed an opposition with the U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board against New York City 's ( NYC ) trademark application for the " Big Apple " logo for NYC 's GreeNYC initiative , by designer Blake E. Marquis . NYC originally filed for its trademark : " a stylized apple design " for " [ e ] ducation services , namely , providing public service announcements on policies and practices of the City of New York in the field of environmentally sustainable growth " in May 2007 , with an amendment filed in June 2007 . The TTAB 's Notice of Publication was published in September 2007 and Apple filed an opposition with the TTAB the following January , claiming a likelihood of confusion . In June 2008 , NYC filed a motion to amend its application to delete the leaf element from its design , leaving the stem , and the TTAB dismissed Apple 's opposition and counterclaims in accordance with the parties ' stipulation in July 2008 . In November 2011 , the TTAB issued NYC 's trademark registration . = = = = Victoria School of Business and Technology = = = = In September 2008 , Apple sent a cease and desist letter to the Victoria School of Business and Technology in Saanich , British Columbia , claiming the school 's logo infringed Apple 's trademark rights	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
two touchdowns . = = Later life = = Kindt retired from football after the 1955 season to focus on a coaching career . In 1956 , Curly Lambeau named Kindt as one of the assistant coaches for his College All @-@ Stars squad , alongside future Hall of Famers Tony Canadeo , and Mike Michalske to play against the Cleveland Browns in an exhibition game . Again he was named as a coach for the College All @-@ Stars in 1957 . Kindt was the person in charge of the University of Wisconsin alumni varsity football game in 1958 . He was married for over 50 years , and had three children , one of whom , Don Kindt , Jr. also played for the Chicago Bears in 1987 . After his brief coaching stint ended , Kindt became a salesperson for the Badger Meter Company in Milwaukee , retiring in 1988 . Kindt also dabbled with an acting career , appearing in amateur plays in his hometown . = Banglapedia = Banglapedia , or the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh , is the first Bangladeshi encyclopedia . It is available in print , CD @-@ ROM format and online , in both Bengali and English . The print version comprises ten 500 @-@ page volumes . The first edition was published in January 2003 by the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh , with a plan to update it every two years . The second edition was issued in 2012 . Banglapedia was not designed as a general encyclopedia but as a specialized encyclopedia on Bangladesh @-@ related topics . For the encyclopedia 's purposes , Bangladesh is defined as the territory comprising ancient Eastern India , Suba Bangla , Shahi Bangalah , Mughal Suba Bangla , Bengal Presidency , Bengal Province , East Bengal , East Pakistan , and the independent Bangladesh , in historical succession . The encyclopedia 's chief editor is Sirajul Islam . Over 1200 writers and specialists in Bangladesh and abroad helped create the entries . Banglapedia has over 5 @,@ 700 entries in six editorial categories , each of which is overseen by an expert editor , as well as over 2 @,@ 000 single and four @-@ colour illustrations and 2 @,@ 100 cross @-@ references . The project was funded by the Bangladeshi government , private sector organizations , academic institutes and the UNESCO . Though its original budget was 800 @,@ 000 taka ( roughly 10 @,@ 000 USD ) , the Asiatic Society eventually spent 80 million taka ( roughly 1 million USD ) on the project . Despite controversies over entries on the Bangladesh Liberation War and indigenous people , both the Bengali and English versions became popular upon publication . = = Development = = The Banglapedia project originated when the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh was working on a three @-@ volume study titled History of Bangladesh , 1704 @-@ 1971 in 1991 . The editors felt the need for a standard desk reference , as that project progressed laboriously , culling facts from various libraries . The idea finally led to a concept paper prepared by Sirajul Islam and his colleagues and submitted to the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh in early 1994 . The Banglapedia project was formally adopted on 19 February 1997 , and Islam was appointed project director and chief editor . As the head of the Project Implementation Committee , his task was to plan and manage the project funding . In 1996 , some three dozen committees were formed with three to four people in each committee to recommend the entries . Twenty @-@ seven thousand entries were proposed , requiring a 20 volume compendium . Because of financial constraints , the number of entries was cut down to around 6 @,@ 000 . The project officially took off in 1998 . When the project began , the Society had only eight hundred thousand taka in its coffers for the project . Banglapedia raised further contributions from universities , banks , multinational companies , international organisations and even private individuals . A pool of agencies , including UNESCO , the University Grants Commission , universities , financial institutions and NGOs initially financed the project , which was completed at a cost of taka 80 million . Education Ministry funded about 74 % of the cost , while 26 % of the fund came mostly from universities and banks . Before direct sales started on 3 January 2003 , 4 @,@ 000 copies of the English version and all but 250 copies of the Bengali version were sold in advance out of the initial print of 5 @,@ 000 copies for each versions . For an additional run of 10 @,@ 000 prints people waited in queues outside the Asiatic Society office on the day of the release , and sales continued until 9 : 30 in the evening . A total of 4 @,@ 500 sets of the Bengali version and 2 @,@ 500 of the English version were sold on the day of release . = = History of Bengali language encyclopedias = = The first attempt to compile a Bengali encyclopedia was undertaken by Felix Carey ( 1786 – 1822 ) , who was the son of Reverend William Carey ( 1761 – 1834 ) of Serampore and the first lexicographer of the Burmese language . In 1819 , he began the translation of the fifth edition of Encyclopædia Britannica , naming it Vidyarthabali . From October 1819 till November 1820 the book was printed by Felix Carey every month in 48 @-@ page installments . Thus completed , the first part of Vidyarthabali was compiled into the 638 @-@ page Vyabachchedvidya , the first book on anatomy and surgery in Bengali . Work on the second part , Smritishastra , which was largely on jurisprudence , then began . But , Carey died after only two 40 @-@ page installments were printed in February and March 1821 . It was followed by Maharaja Kalikirshna Dev Bahadur 's ( 1808 – 1974 ) Sankshipta Sadvidyabali ( 1833 ) , a concise encyclopedia . Then came Raja Radhakanta Deb 's Sabdakalpadrum ( 1822 – 1858 ) , a Sanskrit encyclopedic dictionary in eight parts . Next was Rajkrishna Ray ( 1849 – 1894 ) and Saratchandra Dev 's ( 1858 @-@ unknown ) joint work Bharatkosh , the first Bengali encyclopedia laid @-@ out in alphabetical order ( 1880 – 1892 ) published in three volumes . Reverend Krishna Mohan Banerjee 's ( 1813 – 1885 ) adaptation of Encyclopædia Britannica , Vidyakalpadruma or Encyclopædia Bengalensis ( 1846 – 51 ) , and the 22 @-@ volume Bangla Visvakosh ( 1886 – 1911 ) , edited by Nagendranath Basu ( 1866 – 1938 ) with contributions from many major personalities of contemporary Bengal , were published next . After the independence of Pakistan and the partition of Bengal in 1947 , there have been more attempts to compile and publish an encyclopedia . The first was a project to produce a Bengali adaptation of Columbia Viking Desk Encyclopedia by Franklin Book Programs Inc . , undertaken in 1959 and aborted ten years later . The unfinished papers were compiled into four unequal volumes as Bangla Visvacos ( 1972 ) with Khan Bahadur Abdul Hakim as the chief editor . After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971 , three specialized encyclopedias were published - the multi @-@ volume Islami Bishwakosh ( Encyclopedia of Islam , 1986 ) by Islamic Foundation Bangladesh , 5 @-@ volume Shishu @-@ Biswakosh ( Encyclopedia for Children , 1995 ) by Bangladesh Shishu Academy , and 4 @-@ volume Vijnan Biswakosh ( Encyclopedia of Science , 1998 ) by Bangla Academy . = = Content = = Banglapedia contains over 5 @,@ 700 entries , which are divided into six categories : arts and humanities , history and heritage , state and governance , society and economy , natural sciences , and biological sciences . The writing of each article was overseen by an expert editor . Banglapedia was not designed as a general encyclopedia . Its purpose is to provide a standard desk reference for Bangladeshis , as well as for people interested in Bangladesh , Bengali @-@ speaking people , and related political , cultural and geographical contexts . The encyclopedia 's editors intended to cover the rise of the Bengal Delta on the physical plane , and its evolution to date , and the changing features of the formation of the delta 's janapada or human settlements on the human plane . The latter includes the rise and fall of kingdoms , invasions from within and beyond and their implications , dynastic rules and administration , as well as other aspects of Bangladesh 's past and present . Entries on topics after 1947 are restricted to the geographical region of Bangladesh . However , for biographical entries , the linguistic identity prevails . The range of topics covered by Banglapedia includes political geography , religion , literature , art and architecture , folk practices and institutions , indigenous and colonial administration , politics , society , economy , ethnicity , and the sciences . All 64 districts of Bangladesh , as well as 451 upazilas , have been described in details ranging from topographical accounts to the number of dairy farms and hatcheries . Over 2 @,@ 000 single- and four @-@ colour illustrations depict Bangladeshi art and architecture , everyday life , cities and villages and personages . It has about 2 @,@ 100 cross @-@ references , cartographic information , tables and statistics . It is laid out in alphabetical order and is prefaced by an essay by the Chief Editor . There is a section explaining how to use the Banglapedia , which clarifies issues such as date systems , contributors , cross references , and headings . = = = Operational definition of Bangladesh = = = According to the publisher , the goal of this reference tool is to inquire , interpret and integrate the lived experiences and achievements of the people of Bangladesh from ancient times to the present . The project , conceptually and territorially , interprets the term " Bangladesh " to mean successively ancient Eastern India , Suba Bangla , Shahi Bangalah , Mughal Suba Bangla , Bengal Presidency , Bengal Province , East Bengal , East Pakistan , and Bangladesh . The editor 's preface states : From ancient times to 1971 , the political geography of the region has changed often , and with that its name has also undergone changes . The cognates of Vanga , Bangalah , Vangla , Bengal , Vangadesh , Vangladesh , etc. have the closest affinity both territorially and linguistically with the term Bangla . With the rise of Bangladesh as a sovereign nation state , the term has no doubt obtained a specific meaning . It may be noted here that the term Bangalah or Bengala , from which Bangla and Bengal originated , was coined and circulated by Muslim rulers whose seats of administration were located mostly within the present territory of Bangladesh . = = Working team = = Over 1 @,@ 200 writers and specialists contributed to the encyclopedia , one fifth of whom were foreign experts in Bangladesh or experts working abroad . They are mostly academics , as well as specialists in districts and upazilas for locality inputs and people from professions and occupations . District and upazila cartography has been processed at the Geographic information system ( GIS ) and cartographic laboratory set up for the Banglapedia . A gazetteer group was created to focus on districts and upazilas . The fact that around 400 local intellectuals were charged with writing about their respective zillas and upazilas was described as a unique approach to information gathering . In addition , 250 people worked in research management for seven years . A total of 2 @,@ 000 scholars and technicians were involved . There were 270 full @-@ time personnel on the project in all , with 35 to 40 people employed at any given time . Sirajul Islam is the chairman of the Board of Editors of Banglapedia , and the editor of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . A professor of history at the University of Dhaka , the oldest and largest university in Bangladesh , Islam gave up his day job five years before the formal date for retirement , to make time for Banglapedia . He also edited the 3 volumes of the History of Bangladesh ( political , economic and socio @-@ cultural ) , published by the Asiatic Society In 1991 . He is now working on the Children ’ s Banglapedia and the Cultural Survey of Bangladesh , and is also in charge of the National Online Biography project of the Society and the Banglapedia Trust . The encyclopedia was prepared by a board of editors that included Professor Sirajul Islam of the Department of History , Dhaka University , as the Chairman and Chief Editor , Professor Sajahan Miah of the Department of Philosophy , Dhaka University , as the Convenor and Managing Editor , Professor M. Aminul Islam as the Chairman of Project Implementation Committee , the Chairman of Fund Management Committee , and the Chairman of Cartography Committee , Professor Abdul Momin Chowdhury as the Chairman of Publication Committee , Professor S M Mahfuzur Rahman as the Convenor of Purchase and Procurement Committee , Shahida Alam as the Convenor of Public Relations and Communication Committee , and Professor Jamilur Reza Chowdhury as the Chairman of Multimedia Committee . The management structure includes a total of sixty members , divided into six different sub @-@ committees headed by six subject editors . Each sub @-@ committee covered a particular discipline . There were six consulting editors , four language editors , and three translation editors . Each subject editor received assistance from six assistant and associate editors . Banglapedias subject editors were : Professor Abdul Momin Chowdhury ( History and Heritage ) , Professor Wakil Ahmed ( Arts , Humanities , Religion ) , Professor Mahfuzur Rahman ( Society and Economy ) , Dr Kamal Siddiqui ( State and Governance ) , and Professor S M H Kabir ( Science and Technology ) . = = Electronic versions = = The CD @-@ ROM version of Banglapedia has more entries than the print version , along with 65 video clips , 49 audio clips , 2 @,@ 714 images and thumbnails , and 647 maps . The audio clips include songs by Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam , while the video clips include Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 's speech on 7 March 1971 . Some images that appear in black and white in the print version are in color in the CD @-@ ROM version . Designed to run on Windows 98 , Windows ME , Windows 2000 and Windows NT , the CD @-@ ROM version includes about 70 @,@ 000 links and an option to create a personal " favorite list " . Banglapedia has had several online addresses , some are no longer authorised by the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . = = Controversy = = Controversy over Banglapedia broke out even before publication , when the Inqilab group , a major Bangladeshi newspaper publishing house , got hold of a few entries on religion and related issues . There have also been complaints about an omission of Jamaat @-@ e @-@ Islami 's activities during the Bangladesh Liberation War . A study by Bdnews24.com , a news portal , claimed that Banglapedia is biased and inaccurate about Bangladesh 's indigenous population . The encyclopedia is also reported to have used derogatory coinage such as Mogh for Marma and Rakhine , Tipra for Tripuri and Murang for Mros , as well as upajati ( literally " sub @-@ nation " , used to mean " tribal " ) to define them all . Leaders of the indigenous community , including Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council member and Parbattya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti leader Rupayan Dewan and General secretary of Adivasi Forum Sanjib Drong , have endorsed the study 's findings . Chief editor Islam acknowledged the complaint and promised to amend the second edition accordingly . = Japanese battleship Katori = Katori ( 香取 ( 戦艦 ) ) was the lead ship of the two Katori @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleships built in the first decade of the 20th century , the last to be built by British shipyards for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) . Ordered just before the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 , the ship was completed a year after its end . She saw no combat during World War I , although the ship was present when Japan joined the Siberian Intervention in 1918 . Katori was disarmed and scrapped in 1923 – 25 in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 . = = Design and description = = The Katori @-@ class ships were ordered just before the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War in 1904 as improved versions of the Royal Navy ’ s King Edward VII @-@ class battleships . Katori was 456 feet 3 inches ( 139 @.@ 1 m ) long overall and had a beam of 78 feet ( 23 @.@ 8 m ) . She had a full @-@ load draught of 27 feet ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) and normally displaced 15 @,@ 950 long tons ( 16 @,@ 210 t ) and had a crew of 864 officers and enlisted men . The ship was powered by two vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines using steam generated by 20 Niclausse boilers . The engines were rated at 16 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 000 kW ) , using forced draught , and were designed to reach a top speed of 18 @.@ 5 knots ( 34 @.@ 3 km / h ; 21 @.@ 3 mph ) . Katori , however , reached a top speed of 19 @.@ 5 knots ( 36 @.@ 1 km / h ; 22 @.@ 4 mph ) from 18 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 13 @,@ 800 kW ) on her sea trials . She carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 150 long tons ( 2 @,@ 180 t ) of coal and 377 long tons ( 383 t ) of fuel oil which was sprayed on the coal to increase their power . This allowed her to steam for 12 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 22 @,@ 000 km ; 14 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 11 knots ( 20 km / h ; 13 mph ) . The ship 's main battery consisted of four 12 @-@ inch guns mounted in two twin @-@ gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary armament consisted of four 10 @-@ inch guns mounted in four single @-@ gun turrets positioned on each side of the superstructure . Katori also carried 12 quick @-@ firing ( QF ) QF 6 @-@ inch guns , mounted in casemates on the sides of the hull and in the superstructure . A number of smaller guns were carried for defence against torpedo boats . These included a dozen QF 12 @-@ pounder guns and three 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) 3 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns . She was also armed with five submerged 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes , two on each broadside and one in the stern . Katori 's waterline armour belt consisted of Krupp cemented armour and was 3 @.@ 5 – 9 inches ( 89 – 229 mm ) thick . The armour of her main gun turrets had a maximum thickness of 9 in ( 229 mm ) and her deck ranged from 2 to 3 inches ( 51 to 76 mm ) in thickness . = = Construction and career = = Katori , named for a Shinto shrine in Katori City , was ordered in January 1904 from Vickers . The ship was laid down at their Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness shipyard on 27 April 1904 . She was launched on 4 July 1905 , Prince and Princess Arisugawa were on hand for the official launching ceremony. and completed on 20 May 1906 . Katori departed Britain on 7 June on her maiden voyage and shakedown cruise and arrived at Yokosuka on 15 August . In a naval review off Yokosuka on 10 November 1913 , she served as the flagship for the Taishō Emperor . Katori occupied the German colony of Saipan , shortly after the start of World War I , on 14 October 1914 . Afterward the ship began a refit in 1914 that lasted until late 1916 and was assigned to the 2nd Battleship Squadron upon its completion . During this refit , two 12 @-@ pounder anti @-@ aircraft guns were replaced two of the low @-@ angle 12 @-@ pounders . She became the flagship of the 5th Battleship Squadron in 1917 – 18 and served as the flagship for the Japanese commander @-@ in @-@ chief at Nikolayevsk @-@ on @-@ Amur in late 1918 as Japan decided to intervene in the Russian Civil War . On 3 March 1921 , Katori , escorted by Kashima , departed Yokohama bound for Great Britain carrying Crown Prince Hirohito , the first Japanese crown prince to travel abroad . The ships arrived at Portsmouth on 9 May and Hirohito left the ship to tour Europe ; he boarded the battleship again in Naples several months later for the voyage home . The ship was disarmed in April 1922 , stricken from the Navy List on 20 September 1923 and scrapped at Maizuru Naval Arsensal by 29 January 1925 to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty . = Joel Palmer = General Joel Palmer ( October 4 , 1810 – June 9 , 1881 ) was an American pioneer of the Oregon Territory in the Pacific Northwest region of North America . He was born in Canada , and spent his early years in New York and Pennsylvania before serving as a member of the Indiana House of Representatives . Palmer traveled to the Oregon Country in 1845 . He played a central role in blazing the last leg of the Oregon Trail , the Barlow Road , with Sam Barlow and others . Specifically , Palmer is noted for having climbed high on Mount Hood to observe the surrounding area when the party ran into difficulty . He wrote a popular immigrant guidebook , co @-@ founded Dayton , Oregon , and served as a controversial Indian Affairs administrator . After Oregon became a state , Palmer served in both branches of the Oregon Legislative Assembly . He was selected as Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives for one session in 1862 , and in 1870 lost a bid to become Governor of Oregon . The Palmer House , his former home in Dayton , was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 . = = Early life = = Joel Palmer was born in Elizabethtown , Ontario , Canada , on October 4 , 1810 . His parents , Hannah Phelps and Ephraim Palmer , were American Quakers . When he was two years old , they moved to New York 's Catskill Mountains in response to the War of 1812 . He received only three months of formal education in elementary school . In 1822 , when Palmer was 12 , his parents indentured him to the Haworth family for a period of four years . When he gained his freedom , he moved to Bucks County , Pennsylvania , to work on canals and bridges . He was married to Catherine Coffee from 1830 until her death after childbirth . On October 8 , 1832 , Palmer became a United States citizen . Palmer married his second wife , Sarah Ann Derbyshire , in 1836 , and bought land near Laurel , Indiana , in the Whitewater Valley , where he supervised a construction project for a canal . In 1843 , he was elected as a Democrat to the Indiana House of Representatives for a one @-@ year term . Representing Franklin County , he was re @-@ elected to the legislature in 1844 . = = Oregon pioneer = = In the spring of 1845 , Palmer traveled to Oregon without his family , as captain of a wagon train of 23 wagons . Stephen Meek served as the train 's paid guide . Meek left the group at Fort Hall to lead some of the members on the Meek Cutoff . The remaining parts of the wagon train reached the end of the overland Oregon Trail at the Columbia River , and unwilling to wait for transport down the dangerous Cascade Rapids , Palmer 's party joined Sam Barlow 's party in a quest for passage through the Cascade Range around the south side of Mount Hood . Palmer climbed to the 9 @,@ 000 @-@ foot level of Mount Hood on October 7 , 1845 — with little food and the scant protection of moccasins — to scout a route off the mountains . This was Mount Hood 's first recorded climb ; the Palmer Glacier on the mountain is named for him . Because of the onset of winter , the Barlow , Rector , and Palmer parties were forced to leave their wagons on the mountain 's eastern foothills . Palmer left on horseback for Oregon City , while Barlow and Rector blazed a trail to Oregon City on foot . Sam Barlow later returned with partner Philip Foster to establish the Mount Hood Toll Road , which became known as the Barlow Road . In 1846 , Palmer returned to his family in Indiana and in 1847 he published his diary as Palmer 's Journal of Travels Over the Rocky Mountains , 1845 – 1846 . This book provided equipment guidance and comprehensive route information for those crossing the Oregon Trail . The publication also had a general description of the Oregon Country , a detailed description of the Willamette Valley , and included a copy of the Organic Laws of Oregon adopted by settlers at the Champoeg Meetings . It was a popular guidebook for immigrants for the next ten years . Also in 1847 , Palmer traveled with his family to Oregon as captain of that year 's major wagon train . While passing through the Walla Walla Valley he met Marcus and Narcissa Whitman at their mission shortly before their deaths in the Whitman massacre — the event that precipitated the Cayuse War . Perhaps motivated by meeting the Whitmans , Palmer later returned to serve as a peace commissioner to tribes considering joining the Cayuse . At the outset of the war he was appointed as commissary @-@ general of the Provisional Government ’ s militia forces . After the war , in 1848 , Palmer joined the California Gold Rush but returned in 1849 to co @-@ found Dayton , Oregon on the lower Yamhill River where he built a sawmill on his donation land claim . = = Oregon politician = = In 1853 , President Franklin Pierce appointed Palmer Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Oregon Territory . The debate of what to do with Native Americans ranged from full integration to total extermination . Palmer proved effective negotiating " Cessation of Hostility treaties " with the native tribes in 1854 and 1855 , brokering nine of fifteen treaties . He joined Isaac Stevens , his counterpart for the Washington Territory , in the successful Walla Walla Treaty Council of the Yakima Indian War . Approximately 5 @,@ 000 Indians attended deliberations from May 29 , 1855 to June 11 , 1855 . Palmer gained an anti @-@ settler reputation among immigrants , newspapers and officials , who said he acted too favorably toward the Indians , even though he moved the tribes to reservations outside the Willamette Valley , seeking to avoid friction between settlers and natives by physical distance . In late 1855 , while moving the Rogue River tribes to the Grand Ronde Reservation , violent resistance was threatened by settlers who felt the land should not be given to the tribes . Palmer succeeded , but the territorial legislature petitioned for his removal from office , which became effective in 1857 . After leaving office as Indian Affairs Superintendent , Palmer worked his farm on his land claim and operated his sawmill and several other enterprises . Between 1858 and 1861 he spent time in British Columbia as a merchant to prospectors in the gold rushes of the Thompson River , Similkameen Valley , and Fraser River . Palmer blazed a route to the gold fields of the Okanogan Valley and the upper portions of the Columbia River from Priest Rapids in 1860 . In 1862 , he was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives to represent Yamhill County . Now a member of the Republican Party , he was named Speaker of the House during that session . That year Palmer also established the Columbia River Road Company to build a trail through the Columbia River Gorge on the Oregon side of the river . In 1864 , Palmer was elected to the State Senate and served in that chamber through 1866 . This included the 1865 special session of the legislature when Oregon adopted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution that abolished slavery throughout the United States . He ran for governor in the 1870 election as the Republican candidate , but was narrowly defeated by La Fayette Grover , largely for his Indian policies . = = = Treaties negotiated by Palmer = = = Treaty with the Rogue River , 1853 Treaty with the Umpqua – Cow Creek Band , 1853 Treaty with the Rogue River , 1854 Treaty with the Chasta , etc . , 1854 Treaty with the Umpqua and Kalapuya , 1854 Treaty with the Kalapuya , etc . , 1855 Treaty with the Wallawalla , Cayuse , etc . , 1855 Treaty with the Middle Tribes of Oregon , 1855 Treaty with the Molala , 1855 = = Later years and legacy = = Palmer 's brother , named Ephraim like their father , also immigrated to Oregon and served as a captain in the first regiment of the Oregon Infantry . In 1871 , Joel was the state 's Indian agent to the Siletz tribe , remaining in the office until 1873 . All eight of Palmer 's children completed higher education . Joel Palmer died in Dayton on June 9 , 1881 , at the age of 70 . His former home that he built in 1852 , Palmer House , was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 , and is now operating as a restaurant . Palmer 's name is one of 158 memorialized in the frieze of the two chambers of the Oregon Legislative Assembly at the Oregon State Capitol , with his located in the Senate chamber . During World War II the SS Joel Palmer Liberty ship was built and named in his honor . = Sivaji ( film ) = Sivaji is a 2007 Indian Tamil language masala film directed by S. Shankar and produced by AVM Productions . Rajinikanth and Shriya Saran play the lead roles , with Suman , Vivek and Raghuvaran playing other significant roles in the film . A. R. Rahman composed the soundtrack and background music , while Thotta Tharani and K. V. Anand were the film 's art director and cinematographer respectively . The film revolves around a well @-@ established software systems architect , Sivaji , who returns home to India after finishing work in the United States . On his return , he dreams of giving back to society with free medical treatment and education . However his plans face a roadblock in the form of the influential businessman , Adiseshan . When corruption also arises , Sivaji is left with no option but to fight the system in his own way . The film was initially scheduled for release on 14 April 2007 ( Tamil New Year ) , but due to post @-@ production delays , it was released worldwide on 15 June 2007 in Tamil , and subsequently released in Telugu as a dubbed version on the same date . The film was also dubbed in Hindi , which released on 8 January 2010 . The film was positively received by critics , and became a commercial success worldwide . It went on to win a National Film Award , three Filmfare Awards and two Vijay Awards . The film was converted into 3D and released on 12 December 2012 as Sivaji 3D . The runtime of the 3D version was shorter than the original , cut to 155 minutes , and released amidst moderate fanfare and fared positively critically and commercially . It also became the first Indian film to use Dolby Atmos surround sound technology . = = Plot = = Sivaji , an Indian software architect , returns to India from the United States . He aims to establish a non @-@ profit trust called the Sivaji Foundation to build a network of hospitals and educational institutions to serve the poor free of charge . However , the influential businessman Adiseshan sees Sivaji as his competitor with the fact of the matter being that he runs profit @-@ making educational institutions and hospitals . Sivaji is forced to bribe the corrupt civil service , but eventually , the bribes demanded become so high that he has to mortgage his house and sell his car to pay them . When Sivaji goes to court , he loses the case filed against him by Adiseshan regarding the methods Sivaji had used to open his foundation as a result of bribing numerous government officials . Simultaneously , Sivaji falls in love with a girl named Tamizhselvi . However , upon asking for his horoscope , an astrologer warns that their union will result in Sivaji 's death . When Tamizhselvi refuses the proposal due to her concern for Sivaji , he calms her fears and convinces her to marry him . Following the loss in the court case , Tamizhselvi requests Sivaji out of fear not to come for her again . Sivaji is reduced to poverty . In revenge , Sivaji acquires evidence of ₹ 2 billion worth of illegal earnings in the possession of Adiseshan and uses the documents to blackmail him into giving him half the money . He further obtains details on people who have similar amounts of illegal earnings across Tamil Nadu , and blackmails them to give him half of their illegal wealth . He then transfers the money to the bank accounts of his friends around the world by " hawala " forgery . They then deposit the money as donations to Sivaji Foundation , making the money usable and legitimate . Sivaji then informs the Income Tax Investigation and Vigilance Department about the details of the illegal money held by the tax evaders ( including Adiseshan ) and gets them arrested . He reopens the foundation , and soon is able to provide free , good quality education , infrastructure , services and employment to people in every district of Tamil Nadu . Led by Adiseshan , those who Sivaji blackmailed exploit Tamizhselvi 's innocence to silence him . Fearing for Sivaji 's life , she hands over Sivaji 's laptop to CBI and Income Tax officers hired by Adiseshan with all the information regarding the illegal money transactions . With presentable evidence , Sivaji is arrested . At the jail , Adiseshan and the police force Sivaji to unlock his laptop . When Sivaji refuses , Adiseshan assaults him , leaving him for dead . To cover this up , Adiseshan and the police organise for thugs to shoot at the police van that will carry Sivaji 's corpse , making it look like murder by a third party . Sivaji , however , is faking ; he was informed of the plans to kill him by a sympathetic police constable prior to the interrogation . Left alone in the room , he electrifies himself . Sivaji 's friend Dr. Chezhian and Tamizhselvi intercept the police van after being informed by Sivaji through a MMS and replace Sivaji 's body with a dummy before the thugs open fire . While everyone thinks that Sivaji is dead , Chezhian revives him using a defibrillator . Following Sivaji 's " death " , Adiseshan and the CBI still try to open Sivaji 's laptop by trying to fool the voice @-@ detection program ; this fails and all the data in the laptop is erased . A few days later , while everyone wonders about the future of Sivaji Foundation , the revived Sivaji returns to take control of the foundation in the guise of a friend , M. G. Ravichandran . Though Adiseshan immediately realises that Ravichandran is actually Sivaji , he is unable to prove this to the police due to the tangible evidence of Sivaji 's " death " ( his death being certified by a government hospital ) . " Ravichandran " promises to avenge Sivaji 's " death " and eventually manages to corner Adiseshan in the terrace of his medical college and fights him . During the fight , Adiseshan inadvertently strikes the roof of his campus 's terrace causing money hidden in the roof to fly around the campus . The students who spot the money go after them causing a stampede ; Adiseshan is killed in the stampede . Sivaji Foundation soon becomes a frontier for India 's economic and industrial rise . = = Cast = = = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Following the success of his film Jeans ( 1998 ) , S. Shankar wrote a script for his next film titled Mudhalvan ( 1999 ) having Rajinikanth in mind for the lead role . However , Rajinikanth could not act in the film due to schedule conflicts with Padayappa ( 1999 ) . Hence the role went to Arjun Sarja . Post Anniyan ( 2005 ) , Shankar decided to take a break before preparing for his next project . In August 2005 , Rajinikanth signed up for his next film which was to be produced by Chennai 's oldest operative studio , AVM Productions , which was run by M. S. Guhan and M. Saravanan . This time Shankar was confirmed to be the film 's director . After consulting Sivaji Ganesan 's family to avoid any issues with the film 's name , the project was subsequently announced on 24 August 2005 . The film was titled Sivaji , after Rajinikanth 's name at birth – Sivaji Rao Gaekwad . A tagline , The Boss , which stands for " Bachelor of Social Service " , was suffixed to the title . In addition to being AVM Productions ' 168th film , Sivaji was also Rajinikanth 's 154th film , his 100th Tamil film and his ninth film with AVM Productions . According to Rajinikanth 's biographer Naman Ramachandran , the film was also made to commemorate the 100th birth anniversary of the production company 's founder , A. V. Meiyappan . Sivaji was also noted for its change in the traditional yellow coloured Rajinikanth introductory text which made its debut with Annamalai . Instead the text is displayed in Chrome . = = = Cast and crew = = = In October 2005 , Shankar and Rajinikanth announced that actress Shriya Saran would play the female lead role . Saran 's voice was dubbed by actress Kanika , who was selected after a successful voice test , thereby collaborating for the second time with Shankar . Actor Vivek was signed up for the role of Sivaji 's maternal uncle , Arivu , in November 2005 . Actress Sunaina made her acting debut through this film in a special appearance , however the scene was later deleted and her role was left uncredited . Nayantara , who had earlier worked with Rajinikanth in Chandramukhi , was signed up to perform alongside Rajinikanth in the song " Baleilakka " . Suman was confirmed in March 2006 to play the role of Adiseshan after Amitabh Bachchan , Prakash Raj and Mohanlal were considered . For his role , Suman removed his moustache and used dentures to make his smile visible . Shankar instructed one of the costume designers to give the character a spotless white dhoti , shirt , shoes , a Rolex watch and Ray @-@ Ban sunglasses . Prior to this , Suman had acted with Rajinikanth in Thee ( 1981 ) . Subbu Panchu Arunachalam , son of filmmaker Panchu Arunachalam , dubbed for Suman . Debate speakers Solomon Pappaiah and Pattimandram Raja were selected to play supporting roles making their cinematic acting debut . Vadivukkarasi and Manivannan were selected to play Sivaji 's parents . Raghuvaran appeared in a small role as Dr. Chezhian . Shankar , who also wrote the film 's story and screenplay , was paid a then record salary of ₹ 30 million ( Indian rupees ) for the project . A. R. Rahman , who was selected to compose the film 's soundtrack and background score , was also paid ₹ 30 million . Sujatha Rangarajan was assigned to write the dialogues for Sivaji . Tha . Prabhu Raja Cholan , who would later direct the film Karuppampatti ( 2013 ) , worked as an assistant director in this film . Rajinikanth 's daughter Soundarya worked as a graphics designer , creating the title for this film ; she had earlier worked in the same position on two of her father 's films – Baba ( 2002 ) and Chandramukhi ( 2005 ) . K. V. Anand was hired as the cinematographer in August 2005 . Manish Malhotra was responsible for designing the film 's costumes , while Anthony and Thota Tharani were the editor and art director respectively . Additional make @-@ up for Rajinikanth was done by make @-@ up artist Banu . = = = Filming = = = Principal photography commenced on 28 November 2005 with a puja at AVM Productions . The film 's launch was a secret event , with only pivotal members of the cast and crew being called for the event 's attendance . The first schedule of Sivaji began on 14 December 2005 with the song " Vaaji Vaaji " featuring Rajinikanth and Saran being shot at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad . The idea of shooting at Ramoji Film City was suggested to Shankar by Tharani who felt that the place offered a lot of scope for him to utilise his skills and experience as an art director . " Vaaji Vaaji " was picturised with an intention to showcase a Babylonian palace setting when Shankar requested Tharani to show " a palace with lots of colour " . Tharani created a four @-@ storey Babylonian palace to accommodate 80 dancers and 100 junior artists for the number . Shooting of the number , which according to K. V. Anand was filmed in Super 35 motion picture film format , was completed in eight days . G. Dhananjayan mentions in his book The Best of Tamil Cinema that ₹ 35 million was spent on the song 's making . Tharani described the set designing for the song " Sahana " , which was also shot at Ramoji Film City , as " extremely challenging " . After listening to the lyrics of the song which speaks of the four traditional calendar seasons , Tharani thought of using a concept titled Living in Seasons , which he used at a symposium held in Japan . For the set 's design which depicted the four seasons , Tharani proposed three concepts – a traditional Japanese house , a contemporary house and a futuristic house . Shankar chose the futuristic house concept , which consisted of three domes in the shapes of a square , a circle and a pyramid adjacent to one another . The circular dome had a pathway around it and water falling from a 50 feet high rock , which would seep under the set . Tharani made use of acrylic glass and normal glass with the former being implemented on the floor to make the dance movements more easier to perform . Construction of the set for the number was completed in 30 days . In addition to these two songs , Tharani contributed to similar creations for the music store where Tamizhselvi works as a saleswoman , the street surrounding the music store , the warehouse behind the music store , the interior portions of Thamizhselvi 's house and Adiseshan 's office room . The music shop was designed in the Victorian architecture style , while the warehouse was constructed at AVM Productions with the fight sequence being filmed there as well . Filming of another action sequence in an open @-@ air theatre , which was also designed by Tharani , took place for approximately 15 – 20 days . K. V. Anand used balloon lights brought from a French company Airstar Space Lighting for the sequence . The interior portions of Thamizhselvi 's house was designed using clippings of flats constructed by the Tamil Nadu Housing Board . The " Style " segment was filmed in May 2006 at the Frank Gehry @-@ designed Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao , Spain . The fair look of Rajinikanth 's character in the segment was created using computer @-@ generated imagery , which was performed by V. Srinivas Mohan , the head of the Chennai @-@ based firm Indian Artists . K. V. Anand re @-@ shot every single movement of Rajinikanth with a British woman named Jacky , who was also one of the song 's background dancers . All the shots featuring Rajinikanth in the song and those featuring Jacky were scanned in 4K resolution to enhance their clarity after which Jacky 's skin colour was digitally implemented onto Rajinikanth 's skin . French hair @-@ stylist Sandrin Veriar Seth designed two distinct hair @-@ styles for the entire film and 13 hair @-@ styles for the segment alone . In order to avoid disruptions that could occur at the shooting spot due to Rajinikanth 's fan following in Tamil Nadu , Brinda choreographed " Balleilakka " , Rajinikanth 's introduction song sequence in Wai , a hill station near Pune with 500 people for eight days . To add more colour to the sequence , a 50 @-@ member team of Puli Kali artists from Thrissur were employed by Shankar as background dancers . In November 2006 , sequences featuring Rajinkanth , Saran and Vivek were shot at the Pune Junction railway station . Filming of a key portion involving Rajinikanth and Vivek took place in the Victoria Public Hall building in Chennai . A fight sequence and the song " Athiradi " were filmed at Binny Mills . The sets for the song were made bearing resemblance to the city of Venice . For the climax scenes , which were filmed at the Magarpatta city SEZ towers , Rajinikanth tonsured his head . The scenes where Sivaji gets the money he transferred to his friends by forgery were filmed in New York . The completion of those scenes in February 2007 marked the end of the principal photography . The climactic fight between Sivaji and Adiseshan was filmed at Vels University . K. V. Anand told Shobha Warrier of Rediff that the portions other than the songs and action sequences were completed in 65 days . = = Themes and influences = = Many critics stated that the theme of the film has been inspired from director 's previous films Gentleman ( 1993 ) and Mudhalvan ( 1999 ) . The film deals with the concept of corruption and money laundering and how the film 's protagonist employs methods to get rid of those elements . Sivaji , who is a software engineer is frustrated with the corruption in India which is shown in the scene where he watches the pitiable condition of poor people stating that : " The rich get richer , the poor get poorer " . Sivaji 's love for his country is also illustrated in a scene where he is advised by his uncle to go back to abroad but he says " Where else will I go ? This is home . " = = Soundtrack = = After some re @-@ recording of the background score in Paraguay , A.R. Rahman had been to London for additional re @-@ recording . A month and a half prior to the film 's official soundtrack release , three songs from the soundtrack were leaked into the Internet . The songs , however , were only unofficial with low quality , where the official versions were composed slightly different and sung by different artists . = = Release = = The television rights of the film were sold to Kalaignar TV for ₹ 40 million . The film 's distribution rights , as distributed by AVM Productions to various companies are ₹ 35 million ( US $ 520 @,@ 000 ) for the selling of rights to Kerala , ₹ 140 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 1 million ) for Andhra Pradesh and ₹ 139 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 1 million ) for the rights to Ayngaran , an international Tamil film distributor . Sivaji was awarded a " U " ( Universal ) rating by the Central Board of Film Certification , only cutting three scenes – a suggestive dialogue by Vivek and two scenes of close up views of Shriya Saran 's navel and cleavage . The trailer was released by CNN @-@ IBN on 30 May 2007 lasting for three minutes . The official trailer was released by AVM to Galatta.com , the official online sponsor and Ayngaran International . The film was supposed to be released on the Tamil New Year 's day , 14 April 2007 , but due to post @-@ production delays , the film was released worldwide on 15 June 2007 . On 15 July 2007 , AVM Productions , the producers of the film , announced their decision to dub the film into Hindi . That version was released on 14 January 2010 . M. Satyamoorthy , on 9 July 2007 , sought to stop the film being screened , claiming that it defamed the Indian National Congress , a political party , as well as its President , Sonia Gandhi , and the Prime Minister of India , Manmohan Singh . Satyamoorthy cited a scene in which portraits of Gandhi and Singh are visible behind Adiseshan 's ( the villain 's ) chair , implying that he was a member of the Indian National Congress . Satyamoorthy also claimed ₹ 500 million ( US $ 7 @.@ 4 million ) in damages from the film 's producer , director and lead actor to be paid to the Tamil Nadu section of the party . Jaya Rajadevan , one of the film 's assistant directors , sought an injunction in civil court to stop screening of the film for alleged plagiarism . Rajadevan claimed that he had written the film 's story and had discussed it with Shankar 's manager in 2005 . Although the court sent notices to Shankar , among others , the screening of the film was not stopped . = = = Special screenings = = = Rajinikanth used his political affiliations to screen the film for several politicians . He went to Hyderabad to showcase the film for the former Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister , Chandrababu Naidu , on 14 June 2007 . At the screening , Rajinikanth told the media that he would invite the Chief Minister , Rajasekhara Reddy , for a special viewing as well . Rajinikanth said that he had screened the film to current and former Tamil Nadu Chief Ministers , Dr. Karunanidhi and Jayalalitha , respectively , and that India 's Finance Minister , P Chidambaram , was also keen to watch the film . A private screening was also shown to Amitabh Bachchan . = = = 3D re @-@ release = = = A 2012 re @-@ release , also known as Sivaji 3D , was created by re @-@ mastering the original to Dolby Atmos and post @-@ converting to 3D format and cutting half an hour of running time . Sivaji 3D is the first Indian film to be launched with the new Dolby Atmos platform . The trailer of 3D version was launched on 13 August 2012 at Prasad Labs along with Rajinikanth . The 3D version released on 12 December 2012 , coinciding with Rajinikanth 's birthday . The runtime of 3D version was shorter than original , cut to 155 minutes . = = Box office = = The theatrical rights of the film were sold for ₹ 26 million ( US $ 390 @,@ 000 ) in Kerala and ₹ 80 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 2 million ) in Andhra Pradesh . Worldwide , the film was estimated to have been released in about 750 screens . The film opened to virtually full cinemas . Sivaji was released in 303 screens in Tamil Nadu , 300 screens in Andhra Pradesh ; 12 screens in North India and 145 screens across the rest of the world . It was released in 16 screens in Chennai and grossed ₹ 13 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 200 @,@ 000 ) within the first four days , at that point a new record for Tamil cinema . The film also debuted well in Kerala and in Bangalore . Despite protests from pro @-@ Kannada groups , the film debuted in 13 screens . In the national capital , New Delhi , the film debuted on 4 screens in PVR Cinemas . Based on what the distributors claim , there was " overwhelming response to the film " , with the number of screens increasing to 12 by the second week . The film made a good debut in the nation 's other metros as well such as Mumbai and Kolkata , as well as in other non @-@ traditional markets for Tamil films such as Pune and Baroda , . The film grossed ₹ 40 @.@ 7 million in two weeks ; ₹ 85 million in five weeks , and ₹ 100 million in seven weeks in Chennai . Sivaji was also successful in international markets . The film had a wide release with over 145 prints and in 200 theatres ( Tamil Version alone ) in over 20 countries across South East Asia , Europe , North America , GCC and Australia and others , one of the widest release for an Indian film in the international markets . Internationally , Sivaji had good screenings in Malaysia. grossing over US $ 2 million in Malaysia , Sivaji made a debut with 150 shows in Singapore . In Sri Lanka , the film debuted across 70 screens with all 700 shows virtually sold out . In the Persian Gulf that contains a sizeably large Indian diaspora , the film opened to a good response . The film has collected over $ 8 @.@ 5 Million from the overseas markets . In Canada , the film released in 10 screens in 3 major cities along with special screenings for the Tamil diaspora in the smaller cities . In United Kingdom , the film debuted on the box @-@ office list at No.9 with earnings of about £ 14 @,@ 000 per screen and was the first Tamil film to enter UK Top 10 . In United States , Sivaji was released in 24 screens with subsequent additions of 19 and 21 screens for the Tamil version and Telugu version respectively . The producers of the film claimed that the film was going to be dubbed in Chinese and Japanese by Ayngaran International , the holder of international rights of the film . The response in Cape Town was disappointing , while the box @-@ office collections in Johannesburg and Durban allowed it to become the first Tamil film to feature in the South African box @-@ office top 10 . Singapore Airlines bought a 3 @-@ month exclusive in @-@ flight screening rights to the film , a first for the airline for any Tamil film . In the UK , 13 seconds of the film was cut . The original film showed Rajinikanth throwing a firecracker into his mouth , lighting it and then spitting it out at Pattimanram Raja , which was removed to give the film a 12A rating , The Ayngaran UK DVD release was uncut and given an 18 rating by the BBFC . It was also the first Tamil film to be officially released on a 1080p High Definition Blu @-@ ray disc . The overseas distributor Ayngaran International reported collections as follows : US $ 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , Canada $ 500 @,@ 000 , UK $ 750 @,@ 000 , Europe and Gulf $ 750 @,@ 000 , Malaysia $ 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , Singapore $ 750 @,@ 000 , Sri Lanka $ 1 @,@ 250 @,@ 000 , Australia , New Zealand & Thailand $ 250 @,@ 000 . Sivaji was released in South Africa in late July 2007 after six weeks of its release by the leading South African distributor Ster Kinekor with four prints and released in Johannesburg , Cape Town and Durban . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Malathi Rangarajan of the The Hindu , in a review about the story , said that the lead character carrying out a rebellion against corruption was something " not be true to life " . She concluded by saying that " the story sags towards the end " . She , however , appreciated the performances of the prominent actors , the soundtrack , art direction , photography and the animation . Ananth Krishnan , another review from The Hindu , a month after the film 's release , said that the film " ... presents an effective diagnosis of entrenched corruption but the rather disturbing remedy it offers is , good old vigilantism . " It concluded by saying that , though the film did well at the box @-@ office , the message of rejecting the corrupt system instead of reforming it was troubling . T. S. V. Hari of Hindustan Times said that the director , Shankar , was not creative enough for the film and added this by saying " Sivaji turns out to be a rehash of all his previous jingoistic claptrap efforts " . It appreciated the other technical departments and suggested a good response at the box office . The Times of India had a similar review about the story saying that " it had nothing new to offer " but promised it to be entertaining and gave it four stars . R G Vijayasarathy of Rediff.com summed the film by saying , " No logic , only Rajni 's magic " . About the story , he said , " Unfortunately , ( the ) message is lost in the maze of illogical and sometimes absurd sequences " . The review , however , praised the performances of Rajinikanth , Shriya and Vivek and the technical crew . A. R. Rahman 's score and Shankar 's directorial abilities were also lauded in the review . Sify wrote : " There is only one hero here , [ .. ] - Rajni himself . Such is the overpowering screen presence of his cinematic charisma in every frame of the film . The film works big time as Shankar has made the film on a grand scale , [ .. ] which is a visual treat with superbly choreographed action scenes . All this comes with top @-@ of @-@ the line techno @-@ finesse , perhaps the best ever in Tamil cinema " and also wrote that " Technically , [ .. ] a revelation [ .. ] there are stunning visuals , which is paisa vasool . K.V.Anand 's cinematography is top class . Art director Thotta Tharani work is enticing , especially the sets in songs " . = = = Accolades = = = 2008 National Film Awards Won – Silver Lotus Award for Best Special Effects – M.S. Indian Artists , Chennai 2008 Filmfare Awards South Won – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – A.R. Rahman Won – Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – K. V. Anand Won – Filmfare Best Art Director Award – Thotta Tharani Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Rajinikanth Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Film – Sivaji Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Playback Singer Female – Chinmayi 2007 Vijay Awards Won – Vijay Award for Favourite Hero – Rajinikanth Nominated – Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine – Shriya Saran Won – Vijay Award for Best Music Director – A.R. Rahman Nominated – Best Playback Singer Female – Chinmayi Nominated – Best Playback Singer Male – Udit Narayan = Hurricane Andrew = Hurricane Andrew was , at the time of its occurrence in August 1992 , the most destructive hurricane in United States history . It caused major damage in the Bahamas and Louisiana , but the greatest impact was in South Florida , where it made landfall at Category 5 hurricane intensity on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane scale , with wind speeds up to 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) . Passing directly through the town of Homestead , Florida , a suburb south of Miami , Andrew obliterated entire blocks of homes , in many cases leaving only the concrete foundations . Over 25 @,@ 000 houses were destroyed in Miami @-@ Dade County alone , and nearly 100 @,@ 000 more were severely damaged . The damage total across the affected regions exceeded $ 26 billion ( 1992 USD ) , and 65 people lost their lives in the hurricane . Andrew originated from a tropical wave over the central Atlantic , becoming the fourth tropical cyclone and the first hurricane of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season . Initially , strong wind shear prevented much intensification , but after turning westward , Andrew entered a stage of rapid intensification ; it peaked as a powerful Category 5 hurricane near the Bahamas on August 23 . Though it briefly weakened to Category 4 strength while traversing the island nation , Andrew regained its Category 5 status before making two separate landfalls in South Florida — the first on Elliott Key and the second in Homestead . In Miami @-@ Dade County alone , damage was originally estimated at $ 25 billion ( 1992 USD ) . Several hours later , the hurricane emerged over the Gulf of Mexico at Category 4 strength , with the Gulf Coast of the United States in its projected path . After weakening slightly , Andrew moved ashore near Morgan City , Louisiana , as low @-@ end Category 3 storm . The effects of land caused the small hurricane to rapidly lose its intensity , and it diminished to a depression by August 27 while crossing Mississippi . The next day , Andrew merged with a frontal system over the southern Appalachian Mountains . In the Bahamas , Andrew brought storm surge , hurricane @-@ force winds , and tornadoes , causing widespread structural damage , especially on Cat Cays . About 800 houses were destroyed in the archipelago , and there was substantial damage to the transport , water , sanitation , agriculture , and fishing sectors . Overall , Andrew left four dead and $ 250 million ( 1992 USD ) in damage throughout the Bahamas . In parts of southern Florida , Andrew produced severe winds ; a wind gust of 177 mph ( 282 km / h ) was observed at a house in Perrine . These winds wreaked catastrophic damage in Florida — Miami @-@ Dade County cities of Florida City , Homestead , and Cutler Ridge receiving the brunt of the storm . A total of 63 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed and more than 101 @,@ 000 others were damaged , leaving roughly 175 @,@ 000 people homeless . As many as 1 @.@ 4 million people lost power at the height of the storm . In the Everglades , 70 @,@ 000 acres ( 280 km2 ) of trees were downed . Rainfall in Florida was substantial , peaking at 13 @.@ 98 in ( 355 mm ) in western Miami @-@ Dade County . Altogether , Andrew killed 44 and left a record $ 25 billion in damage in the state . Before moving ashore Andrew caused extensive damage to oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico , leading to $ 500 million in losses for oil companies . It produced hurricane @-@ force winds along its path through Louisiana , leaving about 152 @,@ 000 without electricity . Over 80 % of trees in the Atchafalaya River Basin were downed , and the agriculture there was devastated . Throughout the basin and Bayou Lafourche , 187 million freshwater fish were killed in the hurricane . An F3 tornado in St. John the Baptist Parish wrecked 163 structures . With 23 @,@ 000 houses damaged , 985 others destroyed , and 1 @,@ 951 mobile homes demolished , property losses in Louisiana exceeded $ 1 @.@ 5 billion . The hurricane caused the deaths of 17 people in the state , six of whom drowned offshore . Andrew spawned at least 28 tornadoes along the Gulf Coast , especially in Alabama , Georgia , and Mississippi . Throughout its path , Andrew left 65 dead and $ 26 billion in damage ( 1992 USD , $ 43 @.@ 8 billion 2016 USD ) ; it is currently the fourth costliest hurricane in Atlantic hurricane history , behind only hurricanes Katrina and Wilma in 2005 , Ike in 2008 , and Sandy in 2012 . Some sources put the damage from Andrew as high as $ 34 billion ( 1992 USD , $ 57 @.@ 3 billion 2016 USD ) . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 14 . Under the influence of a ridge of high pressure to its north , the wave tracked quickly westward . An area of convection developed along the wave axis to the south of the Cape Verde islands , and on August 15 , meteorologists began classifying the system with the Dvorak technique . The thunderstorm activity became more concentrated , and narrow spiral rainbands developed around a developing center of circulation . Based on a Dvorak T @-@ number of 2 @.@ 0 , it is estimated that Tropical Depression Three developed late on August 16 , while about 1 @,@ 630 miles ( 2 @,@ 620 km ) east @-@ southeast of Barbados . Embedded within the deep easterlies , the depression tracked west @-@ northwestward at 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) . Initially , moderate wind shear prevented strengthening , until a decrease in shear allowed the depression to intensify into Tropical Storm Andrew at 1200 UTC on August 17 . By early August 18 , the storm maintained concentrated convection near the center with spiral bands to its west as the winds increased to 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . Shortly thereafter the thunderstorms decreased markedly during the diurnal minimum and as the storm turned to the northwest , increased southwesterly wind shear from an upper @-@ level low prevented Andrew from maintaining deep convection . On August 19 , a Hurricane Hunters flight into the storm failed to locate a well @-@ defined center and on the following day , a flight found that the cyclone had degenerated to the extent that only a diffuse low @-@ level circulation center remained ; observations indicated the pressure rose to an unusually high 1 @,@ 015 mbar ( 30 @.@ 0 inHg ) . The flight indicated Andrew maintained a vigorous circulation aloft , with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) recorded at flight level . Subsequently , the upper @-@ level low weakened and split into a trough , which decreased the wind shear over the storm . Simultaneously , a strong high pressure cell developed over the southeastern United States , which built eastward and caused Andrew to turn to the west . Convection became more organized as upper @-@ level outflow became better established . An eye formed , and Andrew attained hurricane status early on August 22 , while located about 650 miles ( 1 @,@ 050 km ) east @-@ southeast of Nassau , Bahamas . Six hours after becoming a hurricane , Andrew was predicted to make landfall near Jupiter , Florida with winds of 105 mph ( 169 km / h ) . The hurricane accelerated as it tracked due westward into an area of very favorable conditions , and began to rapidly intensify late on August 22 ; in a 24 ‑ hour period the atmospheric pressure dropped by 47 mbar ( 47 hPa ; 1 @.@ 4 inHg ) to a minimum of 922 mbar ( 922 hPa ; 27 @.@ 2 inHg ) . On August 23 , the storm attained Category 5 status on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane scale , and at 1800 UTC , Andrew reached peak winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) while located a short distance off Eleuthera island in the Bahamas . Operationally , the National Hurricane Center assessed its peak intensity as 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) , which was upgraded to 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) in a post @-@ analysis after the season ended ; the hurricane was later re @-@ classified as a Category 5 hurricane . Even with winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) , Andrew was a small tropical cyclone , with winds of 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) extending out only about 90 miles ( 140 km ) from its center . After reaching that intensity , the hurricane underwent an eyewall replacement cycle . At 2100 UTC on August 23 , Andrew made landfall on Eleuthera with winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) . The cyclone weakened further while crossing the Bahama Banks , and at 0100 UTC on August 24 , Andrew hit the southern Berry Islands of the Bahamas with winds of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) . As it crossed over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream , the hurricane rapidly re @-@ intensified as the eye decreased in size and its eyewall convection deepened . At 0840 UTC on August 24 , Andrew struck Elliott Key with winds of 165 mph ( 266 km / h ) and a pressure of 926 mbar ( 27 @.@ 3 inHg ) . About 25 minutes after its first Florida landfall , Andrew hit just northeast of Homestead with a slightly lower pressure of 922 mbar ( 922 hPa ; 27 @.@ 2 inHg ) . As the eye moved onshore in Florida , the convection in the eyewall strengthened due to increased convergence , and Hurricane Hunters reported a warmer eyewall temperature than two hours prior . However , Andrew weakened as it continued further inland , and after crossing southern Florida in four hours , the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico with winds of 135 mph ( 217 km / h ) . In the Gulf of Mexico , the eye remained well @-@ defined as the hurricane turned to the west @-@ northwest , a change due to the weakening of the ridge to its north . Andrew steadily re @-@ intensified over the Gulf of Mexico , reaching winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) late on August 25 . As the high pressure system to its north weakened , a strong mid @-@ latitude trough approached the area from the northwest . This caused the hurricane to decelerate to the northwest , and winds decreased as Andrew approached the Gulf Coast of the United States . At 0830 UTC on August 26 , the cyclone made its final landfall in a sparsely populated area of Louisiana about 20 miles ( 32 km ) west @-@ southwest of Morgan City with winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . Hurricane Andrew weakened rapidly as it turned to the north and northeast , falling to tropical storm intensity within ten hours . After entering Mississippi , the cyclone deteriorated to tropical depression status early on August 27 . Accelerating northeastward , the depression began merging with the approaching frontal system , and by midday on August 28 , Andrew ceased to meet the qualifications of a tropical cyclone while located over the southern Appalachian Mountains . The remnants continued moving towards northeast and lost its identity on August 28 , while merging with the remnants of Hurricane Lester within the frontal zone over the Mid @-@ Atlantic states . = = Preparations = = = = = Bahamas = = = Before the hurricane passed through the Bahamas , forecasters predicted a storm surge of up to 18 ft ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) , as well as up to 8 in ( 200 mm ) of rain . On August 22 , hurricane watches were issued from Andros and Eleuthera islands northward through Grand Bahama and Great Abaco . They were upgraded to hurricane warnings later that day , and on August 23 , additional warnings were issued for the central Bahamas , including Cat Island , Exuma , San Salvador Island , and Long Island . All watches and warnings were discontinued on August 24 . Advance warning was credited for the low death toll in the country . = = = Florida = = = Initially , forecasters predicted tides up to 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) above normal along the east coast of Florida , near the potential location of landfall . The National Hurricane Center later noted that storm surge up to 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) would occur along the east coast of Florida , as high as 13 feet ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) in Biscayne Bay , and to a height of 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) of the west coast of Florida . Rainfall was predicted to be between 5 and 8 inches ( 130 and 200 mm ) along the path of the storm . In addition , the National Hurricane Center noted the likelihood of isolated tornadoes in Central and Southern Florida during the passage of Andrew on August 23 and August 24 . Late on August 22 , a hurricane watch was issued for the east coast of Florida from Titusville to the Florida Keys , which included Dry Tortugas . On the following day , a hurricane warning was posted from Vero Beach southward to the Florida Keys , including Dry Tortugas . To the north , the east coast of Florida from Vero Beach to Titusville was placed under a tropical storm warning on August 23 . Simultaneously , a hurricane watch was issued for the west coast of Florida from Bayport southward to near Flamingo . Later that day , the portion to the south of Venice was upgraded to a hurricane warning and was expanded to include Lake Okeechobee . To the north of Venice , the hurricane watch was downgraded to a tropical storm warning . By 1800 UTC on August 24 , all watches and warnings issued in anticipation of the storm were discontinued . Evacuations were ordered in nine counties : Broward , Charlotte , Collier , Lee , Martin , Miami @-@ Dade , Monroe , Palm Beach , and Sarasota . In addition , officials in Lee County recommended an evacuation for the county on August 23 , about 20 hours before tropical storm force winds were reported there . Overall , almost 1 @.@ 2 million people evacuated , which contributed to low number of fatalities , despite the intensity of the storm . United States Coast Guard vessels on or near the Florida coastline were either secured onshore or sent to ride out the storm at sea . As Andrew was approaching , an estimated 20 @,@ 000 @-@ 30 @,@ 000 tourists were in the Florida Keys ( Monroe County ) . Ultimately , the sheer number of evacuees led to likely the largest traffic jam in the history of Florida , mostly along Interstate 95 . = = = Gulf Coast of the United States = = = While the hurricane was approaching the Gulf Coast of the United States , the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch from Mobile , Alabama to Vermilion Bay , Louisiana , about 43 hours before landfall . Eight hours later , the agency upgraded the watch to a warning from Pascagoula , Mississippi to Vermilion Bay , which was later extended to Bolivar Peninsula , Texas . Due to the hurricane 's threat , about 1 @.@ 25 million people evacuated the Louisiana coast , and another 250 @,@ 000 people evacuated from Orange and Jefferson counties in Texas . = = Impact = = Though Andrew was a small tropical cyclone for most of its lifespan , it caused extreme damage , especially in the Bahamas , Florida , and Louisiana . The vast majority of the damage was as a result of extremely high winds , although a few tornadoes spawned by Andrew caused considerable damage in Louisiana . Throughout the areas affected , almost 177 @,@ 000 people were left homeless . Outside of the Bahamas , Florida , and Louisiana , effects were widespread , although damage was minimal . Overall , $ 26 @.@ 5 billion in losses and 65 fatalities were attributed to Andrew . Many other estimates , however , indicate Andrew caused next to $ 34 billion in damage overall . As a result of damage in Florida and Louisiana , Andrew was listed as the costliest hurricane in U.S. history , but is now fourth following Hurricanes Katrina ( 2005 ) , Sandy ( 2012 ) , and Ike ( 2008 ) . = = = Bahamas = = = In the Bahamas , Andrew produced hurricane @-@ force winds in North Eleuthera , New Providence , North Andros , Bimini , Berry Islands . The storm first struck Eleuthera , where it produced a high storm surge that was described as a " mighty wall of water " . At The Current , a small village in the northwestern portion of the island , more than half of the houses were destroyed and the rest of the buildings sustained minor to major damage . One person drowned from the surge in Lower Bogue , Eleuthera , and two others died in nearby The Bluff . On Current Island , the hurricane destroyed 24 of the 30 houses . Harbour Island , also situated near Eleuthera , reported wind gusts of 138 mph ( 222 km / h ) – the strongest gust speed observed in the Bahamas during Andrew 's passage . News reports indicated severe damage to 36 houses on Harbor Island . The hurricane produced several tornadoes in the area . At the capital city of Nassau , sustained winds reached 92 mph ( 148 km / h ) , while gusts up to 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) were reported . According to the Bahamas Red Cross , only minor damage occurred in Nassau . However , on the private island of Cat Cay , many expensive homes sustained heavy damage . Much of the northwestern Bahamas received damage , with estimates reaching $ 250 million . A total of 800 houses were destroyed , leaving 1 @,@ 700 people homeless . Additionally , the storm cause severe damage to the sectors of transport , communications , water , sanitation , agriculture , and fishing . Four deaths in the country were attributed to the hurricane , of which three were direct ; the indirect fatality was due to heart failure during the passage of the storm . = = = Florida = = = Tides were generally between only 4 to 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 to 1 @.@ 8 m ) above normal in the Biscayne Bay area , though near the Burger King International Headquarters , tides reached as high as 16 @.@ 9 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) above normal . Storm surge on the west coast was widespread , but mostly light , with a peak height of 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) , measured at both Everglades City and Goodland . The storm surge was reported as far north as Homosassa . Strong winds from the storm were confined to a relatively small area , stretching from Key Largo to about Miami Beach . A house in Perrine initially reported a wind gust of 212 mph ( 341 km / h ) ; this measurement was reduced to 177 mph ( 285 km / h ) , after a wind @-@ tunnel testing at Clemson University of the same type of anemometer revealed a 16 @.@ 5 % error . At some locations , the instruments measuring wind speeds failed before the highest winds occurred . At the National Hurricane Center , sustained winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) and gusts to 164 mph ( 264 km / h ) were measured before the anemometer failed . The highest sustained wind speed in relation to the storm was 146 mph ( 235 km / h ) , recorded at the Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station , before instruments failed there , too . In Key Largo , a 13 @-@ minute wind speed of 114 mph ( 183 km / h ) was reported . Tropical storm force winds reached as far north as West Palm Beach . On the west coast of Florida , sustained winds did not exceed 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) at Marco Island , though a wind gust of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) was reported in Collier County . Rainfall was generally light , possibly as a result of the storm 's relatively fast movement . Overall , precipitation from Andrew peaked at nearly 14 inches ( 360 mm ) in western Miami @-@ Dade County . Heavy rainfall in other areas was sporadic , with precipitation reported as far north as Central Florida . Storm surge from Andrew caused more than $ 500 million in losses to boats and a hotel , which had its lobby flooded with 2 to 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 to 0 @.@ 91 m ) of water . Almost all the damage in Florida was caused by strong winds . Although effects from Andrew were catastrophic , the extent of damage was limited mainly from Kendall to Key Largo due to the small wind field of the storm . At the height of the storm , more than 1 @.@ 4 million people lost electricity and another 150 @,@ 000 were without telephone service . It is estimated that throughout Florida some 63 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed , leaving at least 175 @,@ 000 people homeless . In addition to homes , the storm damaged or destroyed 82 @,@ 000 businesses , 32 @,@ 900 acres of farmland , 31 public schools , 59 health facilities / hospitals , 9 @,@ 500 traffic signals , 3 @,@ 300 miles ( 5 @,@ 300 km ) of power lines , and 3 @,@ 000 watermains . At the Homestead Air Force Base , re @-@ opened two years later as Homestead Air Reserve Base , most of the 2 @,@ 000 buildings on the base became " severely damaged or unusable " . The Cutler Ridge Mall suffered severe wind and water damage ; after the storm , significant looting was reported at that location . In Everglades National Park and Biscayne National Park , more than 25 % of trees were damaged or destroyed , including one @-@ fourth of the royal palms and one @-@ third of the pine trees in the former . Some officials in Florida considered Andrew the worst storm in the state since the Labor Day hurricane in 1935 . Within Miami @-@ Dade County alone , the storm destroyed about 25 @,@ 524 homes and damaged 101 @,@ 241 others . Additionally , 90 % of mobile homes in the county were destroyed , while the destruction of 99 % of mobile homes occurred in Homestead . More than 50 streets were blocked by fallen trees and power lines . Approximately 20 million cubic yards of debris left by the storm were disposed of . Outside of Miami @-@ Dade County , effects were relatively minimal , except in Broward , Monroe , and Collier counties . In Broward County , property damage reached about $ 100 million and three fatalities were reported . In addition to the damage at Everglades National Park , effects in Monroe County were significant , especially in the Upper Florida Keys . Strong winds damaged billboards , awnings , commercial signs , several boats , planes , trees , and 1 @,@ 500 homes , with 300 of those becoming uninhabitable . Damage in that county was about $ 131 million . In Collier County , slight damage to houses occurred , with property losses reaching $ 30 million . Overall , Andrew caused 44 fatalities and $ 25 @.@ 3 billion in damage ( 1992 USD , $ 42 @.@ 7 billion 2016 USD ) in Florida alone , making it the costliest hurricane to hit the state . Some sources estimated that Andrew caused more than $ 32 billion in damage in the state ( 1992 USD , $ 54 billion 2016 USD ) . Of the 44 deaths , 15 were direct fatalities , while 29 were indirectly caused by the storm . It was later noted that had the storm been slightly larger or made landfall a few miles further north , it would have significantly affected Miami and Fort Lauderdale , which would have resulted in an even higher damage and death toll . An analysis by the American Meteorological Society indicated that unusual to most hurricanes , wind damage from Andrew was mostly north of the eyewall path and occurred primarily on the eastern edge of the storm . = = = Louisiana = = = After hitting Florida , Andrew moved across the Gulf of Mexico and made landfall about 23 mi ( 37 km ) west @-@ southwest of Morgan City in south @-@ central Louisiana ; at landfall , the maximum sustained winds were 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . As it moved ashore , the hurricane produced storm tides of at least 8 ft ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) , causing flooding along the coast from Vermilion Bay to Lake Borgne . River flooding was also reported , with the Tangipahoa River in Robert cresting at 3 @.@ 8 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) above flood stage . Before making landfall , Andrew spawned an F3 tornado in Laplace , which killed two people and injuring 32 . The tornado was on the ground for about 10 minutes , during which it damaged or destroyed 163 structures , leaving 60 families homeless . Collectively , 14 tornadoes were reported in the parishes of Ascension , Iberville , Pointe Coupee , and Avoyelles , as well as in Baton Rouge . Heavy rains accompanied the storm 's passage through the state , peaking at 11 @.@ 02 in ( 280 mm ) in Robert . Elsewhere in the state , 9 fatalities and at least 75 injuries were reported . Offshore Louisiana , a group of six fishermen from Alabama perished due to drowning . Along the Louisiana coastline , damage largely resembled that of a Category 2 hurricane . Damage was heaviest in St. Mary Parish , about 32 mi ( 51 km ) east of where Andrew made landfall . Hurricane @-@ force winds damaged roofs , although most homes fared well during the storm , with the main exception being large trees falling onto houses . In Cypremort Point State Park , where winds were estimated at 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) , several mobile homes were destroyed . Houses in the Morgan City , Patterson , and Berwick areas suffered minor damage , mainly limited to shingles being torn off ; some large trees fell , causing severe damage to mobile homes . Similar damage was experienced further north in St. Mary Parish , in the towns of Franklin , Charenton , and Jeanerette , where mobile homes were toppled and debris from homes were scattered . At Port Fourchon , power lines were knocked down and a restaurant was unroofed , where winds were estimated to be between 80 and 85 mph ( 129 and 137 km / h ) . Damage was lighter in Jefferson Parish , where damage to mobile homes was reported and shingles were blown off , due to winds between 60 and 65 mph ( 97 and 105 km / h ) . The levee in the parish remained untouched . Across the state , the hurricane damaged 23 @,@ 000 homes and destroyed 985 homes and 1 @,@ 951 mobile homes ; private property damage was estimated at $ 1 billion . The high winds destroyed large areas of sugar and soybean crops , estimated at $ 289 million in damage . During the storm 's passage , upwelling occurred in the Atchafalaya Basin and Bayou Lafourche , killing 187 million freshwater fish . Damage to the fishing industry was estimated at $ 266 million . Overall , losses in the state of Louisiana reached approximately $ 1 @.@ 56 billion . = = = Remainder of United States = = = While Andrew was entering the Gulf of Mexico , oil companies evacuated hundreds of employees from offshore drilling platforms . The storm damaged 240 oil and gas facilities off the coast of Louisiana . Overall , Hurricane Andrew caused about $ 500 million in damage to oil facilities . One company reported 13 platforms lost , 104 structures damaged , and five drilling wells blown off course . As Andrew moved ashore in Louisiana , its outer fringes produced a storm tide of about 1 @.@ 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 40 m ) in Sabine Pass , Texas . Winds were minor in the state , reaching 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) in Port Arthur . After moving through Louisiana , Tropical Storm Andrew crossed Mississippi , prompting 3 severe thunderstorm warnings , 21 tornado warnings , and 16 flood warnings . Funnel clouds were observed near the path of the storm , along with 26 tornadoes . Structural damage was generally minimal , occurring from the tornadoes and severe thunderstorms . Strong winds knocked down trees in the southwestern portion of the state . The storm dropped rainfall across much of the state , peaking at 9 @.@ 30 in ( 236 mm ) at Sumrall . In Alabama , rainfall caused flooding in low @-@ lying areas and creeks , covering a few county roads but not entering many houses or businesses . Along the coast , the storm produced flooding and high tides . Along Dauphin Island , high tides left severe beach erosion , with up to 30 ft ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) lost in some areas . Precipitation amounts in the state peaked at 4 @.@ 71 in ( 120 mm ) in Aliceville . Two damaging tornadoes occurred in the state , and wind gusts of 41 mph ( 67 km / h ) were reported in Huntsville . Damage was generally minor in Alabama . Tropical storm force wind gusts and damaging tornadoes extended eastward into Georgia . Monetary losses in the state reached about $ 100 @,@ 000 . Rainfall from Andrew spread across the southeastern United States along the Appalachian Mountains corridor ; totals of over 5 inches ( 125 mm ) were reported near the tri @-@ point border between Georgia , South Carolina , and North Carolina . Rainfall continued along the path of Andrew 's remnants through the Mid @-@ Atlantic and Ohio Valley , with precipitation measured as far north as Upstate New York . = = Aftermath = = Initially , the Bahamas National Disaster Coordinator believed that foreign aid was not required . However , shortly after the storm , the Government of the United Kingdom began distributing blankets , food , ice , and water . The HMS Cardiff , a Royal Navy type 42 destroyer , was the operational guard ship at the time and assisted in relief operations in and around the Gregorytown area . In addition , assistance came from Canada , Japan , and the United States , as well as the United Nations . The American Red Cross delivered 100 tents , 100 rolls of plastic sheeting , and 1 @,@ 000 cots . In Florida , then @-@ President of the United States George H. W. Bush assessed damage in the Miami area with then @-@ Governor of Florida Lawton Chiles . Shortly thereafter , Bush declared the region a disaster area , which provided public assistance to victims of the storm in Broward , Collier , Miami @-@ Dade , and Monroe Counties . Then @-@ Lieutenant Governor of Florida Buddy MacKay flew over the impact area and described the scene as looking " like a war zone " . Governor Chiles considered asking the Florida State Legislature to raise taxes , stating that " No matter how much Congress appropriates to repair damage from Hurricane Andrew , the state will face a substantial cleanup bill " . In September 1992 , President Bush initially proposed a $ 7 @.@ 1 billion aid package to provide disaster benefits , small @-@ business loans , agricultural recovery , food stamps , and public housing for victims of Hurricane Andrew . After the United States House of Representatives appropriated aid to victims of Hurricane Iniki in Hawaii and Typhoon Omar in Guam , the cost was later increased to $ 11 @.@ 1 billion . The bill , which was the most costly disaster aid package at the time , was passed by Congress as House Resolution 5620 on September 18 , and signed into law by President Bush on September 23 . Crime , especially looting and theft , rose sharply in the areas south of Miami immediately after Andrew . Reports indicate that merchandise was stolen at a number of damaged or destroyed shopping centers in southern Miami @-@ Dade County . Additionally , looting occurred in neighborhoods severely affected by the storm , regardless of the how few of the owners possessions remained . Initially , the slow response of federal aid prompted Dade County Emergency Management Director Kate Hale to famously exclaim at a nationally televised news conference , " Where in the hell is the cavalry on this one ? They keep saying we 're going to get supplies . For God 's sake , where are they ? " Almost immediately , President Bush promised , " Help is on the way , " and mobile kitchens , food , and tents , along with over 20 @,@ 000 units from the Florida Army National Guard ( 124th Infantry Regiment from Florida ) ; the 24th Infantry Division from Fort Wainwright , the 82nd Airborne Division in Fort Bragg , and the 10th Mountain Division from Fort Drum . In order to provide temporary housing for the homeless , military personnel set up six tent cities , five in Florida City and Homestead , with an additional one later opened at the Miccosukee Indian Reservation . The storm struck Florida in the midst of 1992 presidential election campaign . A poll conducted by CBS News in September showed that 65 % of Miami @-@ Dade County residents approved of Bush 's handling of the disaster , while 61 % of approved statewide . Despite the support of Bush 's response and his proposal to rebuild Homestead Air Force Base , he benefited little politically and trailed 48 % -42 % against Bill Clinton in another poll taken in September . Additionally , 75 % of voters in Miami @-@ Dade County and 82 % of Floridians overall stated that the president 's actions in response to Andrew would not impact their vote in November . Bush went on to carry the state of Florida , but by a margin of only 1 @.@ 89 % . In the aftermath of the storm , extensive psychological effects were reported . Difficulty during clean @-@ up and recovery lead to increased divorce rates and a spike in Posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) . The cases of PTSD primarily impacted children . A sampling of 378 adolescents by the University of South Carolina 's Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics indicated that 3 % of males and 9 % of females met the criteria for PTSD . Dozens of children in the area attempted suicide , while counselors reported that between 50 and 60 children discussed killing themselves between December 1992 and January 1993 . More than 930 @,@ 000 policyholders in South Florida lost coverage after 11 insurance companies went bankrupt , caused by more than 600 @,@ 000 insurance claims filed . This led the Florida Legislature to create new entities , such as the Joint Underwriting Association , the Florida Windstorm Underwriting Association , and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund , in effort to restore adequate insurance capacity . Stricter building codes were created in Florida in the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew . In July 1996 , Governor Chiles established the Florida Building Codes Study Commission , with the purpose of assessing the buildings codes at the time , as well as enacting improvements and reform to the system . The commission study indicated that building codes and regulations were developed , amended , and administered by over 400 local jurisdictions and state agencies . In 1998 , the Florida Building Code was established and put into effect by 2002 . It phased out local laws and regulations and replacing them with universal statewide building codes . After hurricanes Charley , Frances , Ivan , and Jeanne in 2004 , a study conducted by the University of Florida in the following year noted that " Homes built under the new Florida Building Code that became effective in 2002 sustained less damage on average than those built between 1994 and 2001 . " A report by the Florida Legislature in 2006 after Hurricanes Dennis , Katrina , and Wilma in 2005 came to a similar conclusion , indicating that " they added further evidence that the Florida Building Code is working . " On August 26 , George H. W. Bush toured devastated areas of Louisiana with Governor Edwin Edwards . President Bush remarked , " The destruction from this storm goes beyond anything we have known in recent years , " but noted that damage was less severe than in Florida . After his visit to Louisiana , President Bush declared only Terrebonne Parish as a disaster area , but later included 34 other parishes under this declaration . 1 @,@ 300 National Guardsmen were deployed to southern Louisiana . In early September , officials announced that 1 @,@ 400 mobile homes , homes , and apartments would become available to residents whose dwellings became uninhabitable . H.R. 5620 also included disaster aid to the state of Louisiana . = = = Retirement = = = After the season had ended , the World Meteorological Organization 's RA IV Hurricane Committee retired the name Andrew from the Atlantic tropical cyclone naming lists and replaced it with Alex . The name Andrew will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane . = USS Enterprise vs Flambeau = The USS Enterprise vs Flambeau was a single ship action fought in October 1800 during the Quasi @-@ War . During the action the USS Enterprise defeated the French privateer brig Flambeau off the leeward side of the island of Dominica in the Caribbean Sea . Although Enterprise was outgunned by Flambeau , she was still able to take her as a prize after a short battle . The battle helped bring to fame Enterprise 's commanding officer , Lieutenant John Shaw , who added the capture of Flambeau to his already long list of French prizes . = = Background = = During the Quasi @-@ War American merchant ships often became the target of French privateers who seized them in large quantities . In an effort to stem these depredations against American shipping several United States Navy warships were dispatched to hunt down French privateers . One such vessel was USS Enterprise , an American naval schooner under the command of Lieutenant John Shaw . Enterprise had been sent out to the Caribbean Sea in March 1800 with orders to cruise against French shipping in the region . Enterprise had already previously engaged and defeated several French privateers when on the night of 24 October she sighted the privateer Flambeau off the leeward side of Dominica . The French letter of marque Flambeau was a brig that was slightly more powerful than Enterprise , having twelve eight @-@ pound cannon as compared to the American schooner 's dozen six @-@ pounders . The French privateer also had more crew than the American vessel , 110 opposed to Enterprise 's 83 . With a broadside of 48 pounds to Enterprise 's 36 pounds and with a larger crew , Flambeau had an advantage over Enterprise . Nonetheless , Shaw decided to engage Flambeau . Enterprise could not catch up to Flambeau but when morning came Flambeau found herself becalmed . Her captain then used sweeps to close with Enterprise . = = Action = = Eventually a wind came and the two ships managed to maneuver towards each other until they were within musket range . After engaging with small arms for a while , Lieutenant Shaw eventually veered his schooner away and Flambeau opened up on the Americans with a broadside of roundshot . Enterprise replied with her own broadside and the two vessels engaged each other with cannon for twenty minutes . Flambeau was beginning to receive heavy damage when her captain decided to disengage and maneuvered away from Enterprise . However , Enterprise pursued the French brig and continued to engage her . Flambeau 's foretopmast was in danger of being dismasted from damage it had received from Enterprise , so the French captain sent men aloft to try to repair it . However after a sudden gust of wind the mast flew off the ship carrying six French sailors with it . Enterprise ceased her attacks upon Flambeau and sent out a boat to rescue the French sailors adrift on the topmast . After rescuing the French topmen , Enterprise caught up with the French brig and came alongside . Before the action could continue the French captain struck her colours as Flambeau 's medicine chest had been destroyed and the hull compromised multiple times . = = Aftermath = = The entire action lasted about forty minutes . The French were much worse off than the Americans in terms of casualties , with 7 Frenchmen killed and 33 wounded compared to 3 Americans killed and 7 wounded . A prize crew from Enterprise was sent aboard Flambeau and sailed her to Saint Kitts where she was condemned . The proceeds from the sale of Flambeau were adjudicated to the crew of Enterprise . The capture of Flambeau brought further acclaim to Shaw , who had already defeated several other French privateers and taken them as prizes . Enterprise continued her cruise , next chasing down and capturing Pauline and later Guadaloupeenne . Shortly afterward , chronic illness forced Shaw to transfer command of the vessel to Lieutenant Andrew Sterett . Sterret continued to cruise the Caribbean , taking several more prizes before returning home . Upon Shaw 's return home the president and other public officials personally thanked him for his service . Shaw later continued his naval career , serving with distinction during the War of 1812 . = Interstate 37 = Interstate 37 ( I @-@ 37 ) is a 143 @.@ 0 @-@ mile ( 230 @.@ 1 km ) Interstate Highway located within the U.S. state of Texas . The highway was first designated in 1959 as a route between Corpus Christi and San Antonio . Construction in the urban areas of Corpus Christi and San Antonio began in the 1960s and the segments of the Interstate Highway in rural areas were completed by the 1980s . Prior to I @-@ 37 , the route between Corpus Christi and San Antonio was served by a combination of State Highway 9 ( SH 9 ) from Corpus Christi to Three Rivers and U.S. Route 281 ( US 281 ) from Three Rivers to San Antonio . As a result of the construction of I @-@ 37 , SH 9 was removed from the State Highway System . The highway begins in Corpus Christi at US 181 and SH 35 and heads north to San Antonio , where it ends at I @-@ 35 . Beyond I @-@ 35 , the freeway continues as US 281 to northern San Antonio as a major freeway . In Corpus Christi , the highway provides access to the downtown area , the Port of Corpus Christi , and the Corpus Christi International Airport . In San Antonio , it provides access to Downtown , Brooks City @-@ Base , the Alamodome , the Tower of the Americas , the River Walk , the Alamo , and by extension via US 281 , the San Antonio International Airport . The route provides an important connection between I @-@ 35 and the Texas Gulf Coast as well as one of the few limited @-@ access hurricane evacuation routes away from the southern Texas coast . = = Route description = = Interstate 37 starts near the Gulf Coast in Corpus Christi and heads northwest toward San Antonio . It links South Texas to the northern parts of the state via I @-@ 69E , US 77 , and US 281 . The highway functions as one of the few freeway hurricane evacuation routes for the southern Texas coast . It roughly parallels US 181 , which both begins and ends at I @-@ 37 , and US 281 . Unofficially , I @-@ 37 begins at an intersection with Shoreline Boulevard on the edge of Corpus Christi Bay . It then heads west as a surface street for three blocks where it becomes entrance and exit ramps which connect to the freeway . I @-@ 37 begins officially at the gore point for these ramps , which is part of an interchange complex that also represents the southern ends of US 181 and SH 35 . It heads west from US 181 through Corpus Christi and intersects two freeways , SH 286 ( the Crosstown Expressway ) and SH 358 ( Padre Island Drive ) . The highway turns towards the northwest after the SH 358 interchange roughly parallel to the south of the Nueces River . Just prior to leaving the Corpus Christi city limits , it intersects and has a short concurrency with US 77 ( future I @-@ 69E ) . US 77 ( future I @-@ 69E ) merges with I @-@ 37 as a freeway from the south ; the two continue to the north and split after crossing the Nueces River . The Interstate continues to the northwest as US 77 ( future I @-@ 69E ) continues to the northeast . I @-@ 37 transitions to a rural setting once outside of the Corpus Christi city limits on its way to Mathis and Lake Corpus Christi . It continues on to the northwest and intersects US 59 ( future I @-@ 69W ) east of George West . It begins paralleling US 281 to the east before the two intersect and have a concurrency north of Three Rivers near Choke Canyon Reservoir . U.S. Highway 281 Alternate ( US 281 Alt ) splits off from I @-@ 37 near Sunniland and parallels I @-@ 37 before rejoining north of Campbellton . The two routes remain concurrent until US 281 splits off to head to Pleasanton , while I @-@ 37 bypasses the city to the east . After US 281 leaves towards the northwest , I @-@ 37 turns to the north towards San Antonio . As I @-@ 37 enters the San Antonio city limits , it intersects the northern terminus of US 181 . Continuing to the north , it intersects I @-@ 410 , the inner loop around San Antonio , at a stack interchange . At this junction , the Interstate once again runs concurrently with US 281 which had been concurrent with I @-@ 410 . Heading north through the south side of San Antonio , I @-@ 37 provides access to Brooks City @-@ Base ( formerly Brooks AFB ) . After a cloverleaf interchange at Loop 13 , the freeway turns towards the northwest . The highway intersects I @-@ 10 , which is concurrent with US 90 and US 87 , at a stack interchange on the southeastern corner of Downtown . After the interchange , it once again heads north on the east side of Downtown . It passes near the Alamodome , the Tower of the Americas , the River Walk and the Alamo . I @-@ 37 ends at the northeastern corner of Downtown at a junction with I @-@ 35 . US 281 continues to the north as a freeway and provides access to the San Antonio International Airport and later far north central Texas . From I @-@ 410 to I @-@ 10 in San Antonio , I @-@ 37 is designated the Lucian Adams Freeway , after the World War II veteran . Adams is a native of Port Arthur , and received the Medal of Honor for his service in France , along with the Bronze Star and Purple Heart for his gallantry during the Cassino Campaign . From I @-@ 10 to its northern terminus at I @-@ 35 , it is designated the Staff Sergeant William J. Bordelon Freeway . Bordelon was the first San Antonio native to receive the Medal of Honor after being killed in action during World War II . = = History = = Prior to I @-@ 37 , the routing between Corpus Christi and San Antonio was covered by SH 9 from Corpus Christi to Three Rivers and US 281 from Three Rivers to San Antonio . Beginning in 1971 , sections of SH 9 were officially removed from the State Highway System as I @-@ 37 was completed . No sections of US 281 were removed from the State Highway System as a result of the construction of I @-@ 37 , but the two do share the same alignment at two different points between San Antonio and Three Rivers . Also , US 281 was rerouted onto I @-@ 37 in San Antonio in 1978 . I @-@ 37 was first designated in 1959 to provide a route between San Antonio and Corpus Christi . Construction began in the 1960s and the route was completed by the 1980s . The first sections of the freeway completed were in Corpus Christi . The freeway was completed from its southern terminus to 1 @.@ 2 miles ( 1 @.@ 9 km ) to the west at the Port Avenue overpass to include the SH 286 interchange in 1963 . In 1964 , the freeway was extended another 1 @.@ 1 miles ( 1 @.@ 8 km ) westward with the completion of the overpasses at Nueces Bay Boulevard and Buddy Lawrence Boulevard . By 1965 , the freeway had been extended west 1 @.@ 4 miles ( 2 @.@ 3 km ) to Navigation Boulevard . In 1966 , the interchange at SH 358 was complete , as were the mainlanes to Corn Products Road , 1 @.@ 0 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of the SH 358 interchange . By 1968 , the freeway had been completed an additional 8 @.@ 1 miles ( 13 @.@ 0 km ) further west to Callicoatte Road . The southbound I @-@ 37 bridge over the Nueces River was built in 1933 for US 77 ( future I @-@ 69E ) when it was first routed through Corpus Christi . The northbound bridge was built in 1958 with the expansion of US 77 ( future I @-@ 69E ) to four lanes . Construction in San Antonio also began in the 1960s and was completed in 1972 . The first sections were completed in 1967 to include the portion just south of I @-@ 410 at the US 181 interchange . The section from Steves Avenue north to Florida Street to include the I @-@ 10 interchange was also complete in 1967 . In 1968 , the section south of I @-@ 410 was extended south to Loop 1604 . In 1969 , the two sections were connected with the completion of overpasses at Goliad Road , Pecan Valley Drive , Fair Avenue and Hackberry Street as well as the completion of the interchanges at I @-@ 410 and Loop 13 . The last sections left were on the east side of downtown . The downtown overpasses at Durango Boulevard , Commerce Street and the overpass stretching from Houston Street to Jones Avenue were all completed in 1972 . The last portion completed in San Antonio was the stack interchange at I @-@ 35 ( also known as the San Antonio " Downtown Mixer " ) , near the Pearl Brewery . With the completion of the interchange in 1972 , the city had a complete freeway loop in conjunction with I @-@ 10 and I @-@ 35 around the central business district of the city . At the time construction began in July 1969 , the I @-@ 35 interchange was the largest highway construction project in state history at $ 11 million ( $ 65 million in 2007 ) . The rural sections of the freeway were completed later than those in the urban areas . Construction of the highway in Corpus Christi and Nueces County continued north over the Nueces River into San Patrico County . The interchange at US 77 ( future I @-@ 69E ) was completed in 1969 . The road that was already in existence along this stretch , SH 9 , would be utilized as a frontage road as many of the bridges along this stretch were from when SH 9 was built in the 1930s . The main lanes were extended northward to SH 234 in 1969 . By 1970 , the freeway had been extended as far north as SH 188 . In 1971 , I @-@ 37 reached FM 888 and service to the city of Mathis . During the mid @-@ 1970s , the southern section and northern section were both being extended . The southern section was extended northward in Live Oak County to US 59 ( future I @-@ 69W ) in 1975 and FM 799 in 1976 . The northern section saw completion in Atascosa County to FM 541 in 1975 and FM 1099 in 1976 . By the early 1980s , the freeway was nearly complete . In 1980 , the interchange at US 281 southeast of Pleasanton was complete . With the completion of the interchange at SH 72 and other bridges in the Pleasanton area in 1981 , I @-@ 37 was complete . = = Exit list = = = Norman Biggs = Norman Witchell Biggs ( 3 November 1870 – 27 February 1908 ) was a Welsh international rugby union wing who played club rugby for Cardiff and county rugby for Glamorgan . Both Biggs and his brother Selwyn played international rugby for Wales , though they never played together in the same match for Wales . Biggs also played cricket for Glamorgan and in 1893 was part of a team that took on Cardiff in a two @-@ day match ; he faced his brother Selwyn , who was a member of the Cardiff team . Biggs is notable for being a member of the 1893 Triple Crown winning Wales team , being the youngest capped player to represent the Wales international team , a record he held for over a century , and the unusual circumstances of his death by poison arrow . = = Early history = = Norman Biggs was born in Cardiff to John and Emily Biggs . His father , who lived at Park Place in the centre of the city , was a brewer by trade who owned businesses in Cardiff and Bristol . Biggs was privately educated at several proprietary schools including Lewinsdale School in Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare , before matriculating to University College Cardiff and later Trinity Hall , Cambridge , playing rugby for both university teams . It was reported that Biggs should have won a sporting ' Blue ' while at Cambridge , but an injury to his ribs ruled him out . As well as playing rugby , Biggs was a keen sprinter and he was able to run 100 yards in even time , and was able to beat world sprint champion Charlton Monypenny at this distance . On returning to Cardiff he joined his father 's brewing business . In 1887 , Biggs played his first senior game for Cardiff RFC , in a match against Penarth . Biggs came from a large sporting family and was one of six brothers to play rugby for Cardiff . His most notable brothers were Selwyn , who also played for Wales , and Cecil , who captained Cardiff during their 1904 / 05 season . = = Rugby career = = = = = International debut = = = Biggs gained his first cap for Wales when he was selected to play against the touring New Zealand Natives in 1888 at St. Helen 's Ground . At the time Biggs was 18 years and 49 days old , making him the youngest Wales international , a record that would last for more than a century before being broken by Tom Prydie in 2010 . The New Zealanders were the first touring team from the Southern Hemisphere and brought with them a reputation for	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Ravens signed veteran wide receiver Steve Smith Sr. After Smith started out the 2014 season slowly , he lost his starting job to Smith Sr. Even though Smith would have another productive season , most of his impressive games seemed to be overshadowed by other players . Smith would have his first decent performance of 2014 in Week 4 , when he had 2 receptions for 53 yards and a touchdown in a 38 @-@ 10 blowout victory against the Carolina Panthers . In Week 6 , Smith finally had a performance that was considered good . On the game ’ s first drive , he scored on a 15 @-@ yard touchdown catch . On the Ravens ' next possession , Smith scored another touchdown . He would finish the game with 4 receptions , 51 yards and two touchdowns , as he helped Joe Flacco set the NFL record for the fastest time to record five touchdown passes ( 16 minutes and 3 seconds ) . The Ravens would rout the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 48 @-@ 17 . The following week , against the Atlanta Falcons , Smith would score the game @-@ sealing touchdown . With less than two minutes left in the game and facing a fourth down , Flacco lofted a pass to Smith , and he hauled it in for a 39 @-@ yard score . Smith would finish the game with 3 receptions , 81 yards and the 39 yard touchdown , as the Ravens again had a blowout win of 29 @-@ 7 . Two weeks later , the Ravens faced their division rivals , the Pittsburgh Steelers . Smith scored the game ’ s opening touchdown , a 35 @-@ yard touchdown catch . However , this week the Ravens would be on the other side of the blowout , and would lose 43 @-@ 23 . Smith still had a good game , as he had 4 receptions for 63 yards and the 35 yard score . The next week against the Tennessee Titans , Smith would again seal the game with a 32 @-@ yard score . He would finish the game with 5 receptions for 75 yards and the previously mentioned touchdown , in another dominating win of 21 @-@ 7 . Two weeks later , the Ravens faced the New Orleans Saints on Monday Night Football . Smith was tied with Saints wide receiver Kenny Stills as the game ’ s leading receiver , having 5 receptions for 98 yards . The Ravens would win in a 34 @-@ 27 shootout . The following week , the Ravens played the San Diego Chargers . On the first possession , Smith again scored the game ’ s opening touchdown , on a very impressive juggle in the endzone . In the third quarter , he would score again . Despite having the lead for nearly the entire game , the Ravens would lose it when San Diego scored a touchdown with less than two minutes left in regulation , and would suffer a shocking 34 @-@ 33 home defeat . Despite the heartbreaking loss Smith played his best game of the season , catching 6 receptions for 65 yards and the pair of touchdowns . In Week 14 , against the Miami Dolphins , the Ravens would get redemption for their mistake the previous week with a 28 @-@ 13 victory . However , Smith had no catches in this game , surprisingly not being targeted at all . During Week 16 , the Ravens looked to clinch a playoff spot . However , they had their worst game of the season , losing to the Houston Texans by a score of 25 @-@ 13 . However , Smith still had one of his best games of the season , with 5 receptions , 59 yards and both of the Ravens ’ touchdowns . In their regular season finale , the Ravens took on their division rivals , the Cleveland Browns , needing a win to get into the playoffs . They also needed the Kansas City Chiefs to defeat or tie the San Diego Chargers . Trailing 10 @-@ 6 in the final quarter , Smith stepped up big time . He caught a deep pass from Flacco , and on the very next play , a 16 @-@ yard touchdown to give Baltimore the lead . The Ravens and Chiefs would both be victorious that day , giving Baltimore another playoff berth . Smith finished the game with 4 receptions for 83 yards , including those two huge fourth quarter plays . In the Wild Card round of the playoffs , the Ravens faced the division rival Steelers once again . They would win the game 30 @-@ 17 , and Smith would contribute . He may have only had 2 catches for 28 yards , but one of them was a touchdown . In the Divisional Round of the playoffs , the Ravens would face the New England Patriots . Trailing 35 @-@ 31 in the game ’ s final minutes , Flacco lofted a deep throw to Smith , but he missed the throw and Smith didn ’ t attempt to catch the ball . The pass was intercepted by safety Duron Harmon in the back of the endzone , ending the Ravens ' season . The Patriots would go on to win Super Bowl XLIX . Smith finished the season with 49 receptions , 767 yards and a career high 11 touchdown catches . He also had three games in which he scored multiple touchdowns . During March 2015 , Smith sent a letter to the entire city of Baltimore , announcing that he would test free agency . The letter was a goodbye note , which thanked Baltimore , Ravens ' fans and the entire Baltimore Ravens organization for starting out his career on such a strong note . = = = San Francisco 49ers = = = = = = = 2015 = = = = On March 10 , 2015 , Smith signed a five @-@ year , $ 40 million contract ( $ 22 million guaranteed ) with the San Francisco 49ers , the team Smith and the Ravens defeated in the Super Bowl two seasons prior . Smith would start alongside Anquan Boldin ( former teammate with the Ravens ) , replacing Michael Crabtree who left for the Oakland Raiders . = = = Career Statistics = = = = = Charity work = = Smith founded the non @-@ profit Torrey Smith Foundation ( TSF ) , whose mission is to provide support to at @-@ risk youth with physical , educational and financial challenges , and to focus on the enhancement of lives of those that have been affected by domestic violence . The TSF 's website states its goals as : Education of youth on subjects useful to the individual and beneficial to the community , Increasing the awareness of financial and hands on support needed in the fight against domestic violence and supporting other organizations conducting charitable activities that align with the TSF mission . For the past 2 years , Torrey has participated in the Madieu Williams Football Camp , a free camp held by the current Redskins safety for kids ages 6 – 14 . = = Personal life = = On September 23 , 2012 , Smith lost his 19 @-@ year @-@ old brother due to a motorcycle accident . Tevin Chris Jones was riding on Route 672 in Westmoreland County , Virginia , when he ran off the right side of the roadway and struck a utility pole , according to the Virginia State Police . Jones was pronounced dead at the scene . He was wearing a helmet , and alcohol was not a factor . The accident is still under investigation . Smith left the Ravens ' hotel on Sunday at 2 a.m. ET , accompanied by a member of the Ravens ' security staff , to be with his family . Smith told Ravens coach John Harbaugh that he wanted to play in that night 's game against the New England Patriots . Harbaugh told him that it was Smith 's call to make . Smith chose to play , and finished the game with 6 receptions for 127 yards and two touchdowns in a 31 @-@ 30 win over the New England Patriots . In March 2013 , Smith worked as an intern for Maryland Rep. Elijah Cummings , working out of Baltimore . On March 28 , 2013 Smith was picked by the Ravens to represent the team at the Maryland State capital in Annapolis . Smith , along with Ravens ' president Dick Cass spoke to the assembled members of the Maryland House of Delegates and then the Maryland State Senate . Smith married his longtime girlfriend , Chanel Williams , on July 11 , 2013 . On September 30 , 2013 , Smith tweeted that his wife is pregnant . On April 4 , 2014 , Chanel gave birth to their first child , a son named Torrey " TJ " Jeremiah . = Mass in B minor structure = The Mass in B minor is Johann Sebastian Bach 's only setting of the complete Latin text of the Ordinarium missae ( short : mass ) . Towards the end of his life , mainly in 1748 and 1749 , he finished composing new sections and compiling it into a complex , unified structure . Bach structured the work in four parts : No. 1 Missa No. 2 Symbolum Nicenum No. 3 Sanctus No. 4 Osanna , Benedictus , Agnus Dei et Dona nobis pacem The four sections of the manuscript are numbered , and Bach 's usual closing formula ( S.D.G = Soli Deo Gloria ) is found at the end of the Dona nobis pacem . Some parts of the mass were used in Latin even in Lutheran Leipzig , and Bach had composed them : five settings of the Missa , containing Kyrie and Gloria , and several additional settings of Kyrie and Sanctus . To achieve the Missa tota , a setting of the complete text of the mass , he combined his most elaborate Missa , the Missa in B minor , written in 1733 for the court in Dresden , and a Sanctus , written for Christmas of 1724 . He added a few new compositions , but mostly derived movements from cantata movements , in the technique known as parody . The Mass is a compendium of his styles in vocal composition , containing Gregorian chant , " stile antico " reminiscent of Renaissance music and the Baroque concertante style of his own time , fugal writing and dances , arias and a movement for two four @-@ part choirs . Formally , the mass is a missa solemnis . Similar to architecture of the period , Bach achieved a symmetry of parts , with the profession of faith ( Credo ) in the center and the movement Crucifixus in its center . Bach scored the work for five vocal parts ( two sopranos , alto , tenor and bass , SSATB ) . While some choral movements are for only four parts , the Sanctus is scored for six voices ( SSAATB ) , and the Osanna even for two four @-@ part choirs . Bach called for a rich instrumentation of brass , woodwinds and strings , assigning specific varied obbligato parts to different instruments . = = History and parody = = The Mass was Bach 's last major artistic undertaking . The reason for the composition is unknown . Scholars found no plausible occasion for which the work may have been intended . Joshua Rifkin notes : ... likely , Bach sought to create a paradigmatic example of vocal composition while at the same time contributing to the venerable musical genre of the Mass , still the most demanding and prestigious apart from opera . Bach first composed a Missa in B minor of Kyrie and Gloria , often held in Latin even in Lutheran services , in 1733 , for the Catholic royal court in Dresden . He devoted the parts to the new king Augustus III , Elector of Saxony ( later Augustus III of Poland ) , accompanied by a letter : In deepest Devotion I present to your Royal Highness this small product of that science which I have attained in Musique , with the most humble request that you will deign to regard it not according to the imperfection of its Composition , but with a most gracious eye ... and thus take me into your most mighty Protection . He arranged the text in diverse movements for a five @-@ part choir and solo voices , according to the taste in Dresden where sacred music " borrowed " from Italian opera with a focus on choral movements , as musicologist Arthur Wenk notes . Bach expanded the Missa of 1733 to a Missa tota from 1748 to 1749 , near the end of his life . In these last years , he added three choral parts of the Credo : its opening Credo in unum Deum , Confiteor and Et incarnatus est . The Sanctus was originally an individual movement composed for Christmas 1724 in Leipzig . Most other movements of the mass are parodies of music from earlier cantata movements , dating back as far as 1714 . Wenk points out that Bach often used parody to " bring a composition to a higher level of perfection " . The original musical sources of several movements are known , for others they are lost but the score shows that they are copied and reworked . Bach selected movements that carried a similar expression and affekt . For example Gratias agimus tibi ( We give you thanks ) is based on Wir danken dir , Gott , wir danken dir ( We thank you , God , we thank you ) . Crucifixus ( Crucified ) is based on the general lamenting about the situation of the Christian , Weinen , Klagen , Sorgen , Zagen ( Weeping , lamenting , worrying , fearing ) which Bach had composed already in 1714 as one of his first cantatas for the court of Weimar . Bach quoted Gregorian chant twice , in the Credo in unum Deum as a theme , in the Confiteor as a cantus firmus embedded in complex polyphony . Formally , the mass is a missa solemnis . Bach achieved a symmetry of the parts , with the profession of faith ( Credo ) in the center and the movement Crucifixus in its center . Markus Rathey , Associate Professor of Music History at the Institute of Sacred Music at the Yale School of Music , sees a similarity to architecture of the period , such as the Palace of Versailles . Bach knew buildings in that style , for example Schloss Friedrichsthal in Gotha , built in 1710 . Rathey continues : The symmetry on earth mirrors the symmetric perfection of heaven . The purpose of art at this time — in architecture , the visual arts , and music — was not to create something entirely new , but to reflect this divine perfection , and in this way to praise God . We find such a symmetric outline in many pieces by Johann Sebastian Bach , 19 but only in a few cases is this outline as consequent as in the B Minor Mass . The parts Kyrie , Gloria and Credo are all designed with choral sections as the outer movements , framing an intimate center of theological significance . According to Christoph Wolff , the Mass can be seen as a " kind of specimen book of his finest compositions in every kind of style , from the stile antico of Palestrina in the ' Credo ' and ' Confiteor ' and the expressively free writing of the ' Crucifixus ' and ' Agnus Dei ' , to the supreme counterpoint of the opening Kyrie as well as so many other choruses , right up to the most modern style in galant solos like ' Christe eleison ' and ' Domine Deus ' " . Bach made " a conscious effort to incorporate all styles that were available to him , to encompass all music history as far as it was accessible " . The Mass is a compendium of vocal sacred music , similar to other collections that Bach compiled during the last decade of his life , such as Clavier @-@ Übung III , The Art of Fugue , Goldberg Variations , Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes and The Musical Offering . = = Overview = = Due to Bach 's Lutheran background and the history of the composition , developed over several decades , he deviated from the typical structure of the mass in five parts , Kyrie , Gloria , Credo , Sanctus and Agnus Dei . He had composed the Sanctus in 1724 , and the Missa of Kyrie and Gloria in 1733 . When he compiled the Mass , he used these parts , added the Credo , including new compositions , and a final part beginning with Osanna which is normally part of the Sanctus . = = Scoring = = The work is scored for five vocal soloists , chorus and orchestra . Its movements are listed in a table for the scoring in voices and instruments , key , tempo marking , time signature and source . The movement numbers follow the Bärenreiter editions of the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe , first in a consecutive numbering ( NBA II ) , then in numbering for the four individual parts ( NBA I ) . The voices are abbreviated S for soprano , A for alto , T for tenor , B for bass . Bach asked for two sopranos . Practical performances often have only one soprano soloist , sharing the parts for the second soprano ( SII ) between soprano and alto . A four @-@ part choir is indicated by SATB , a five @-@ part choir by SSATB . The Sanctus requires six vocal parts , SSAATB , which are often divided in the three upper voices versus the lower voices . The Osanna requires two choirs SATB . Instruments in the orchestra are three trumpets ( Tr ) , timpani ( Ti ) , corno da caccia ( Co ) , two flauti traversi ( Ft ) , two oboes ( Ob ) , two oboes d 'amore ( Oa ) , two bassoons ( Fg ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) , and basso continuo . The continuo is not mentioned in the table as it is present all the time . The other instruments are grouped by brass , woodwinds and strings . If no source for a parody is given , the movement was composed for the Mass , otherwise the title of the original music and a year are provided if known . For several movements , scholars assume that they are a parody , looking at indications such as similarities of text , musical style and the manuscript , where parodies look neater . The Missa of 1733 is not mentioned as the source for the Kyrie and Gloria , but earlier compositions that Bach used as the basis for movements of the Missa are shown . = = Structure = = = = Parts and movements = = = = = No. 1 Missa = = = Kyrie and Gloria The section Kyrie is structured , following tradition , in a threefold acclamation of God , a choral Kyrie I , a duet Christe , and a different choral Kyrie II . Kyrie I is in B minor , Christe in D major , Kyrie II in F @-@ sharp minor . The three notes B , D and F @-@ sharp form the B minor triad . Butt notes D major as the central key , corresponding to the " atonement of Christ " . The Gloria is structured in symmetry as a sequence of choral movements and solo movements , arias and a central duet , in three sections . The first is opened by a chorus followed by an aria , closed in the last section in symmetry by an aria followed by a chorus ; the middle section alternates choral music with solo . The trumpets are introduced as a symbol of divine glory in several movements , beginning and ending in D major , with a planned architecture of keys in the middle movements . The central duet is in the " lowly " key of G major , referring to Christ as a " human incarnation of God " . A corno da caccia appears only once in the whole work , in the movement Quoniam , which is about the holiness of God . = = = = Kyrie I = = = = The first movement is scored for five @-@ part choir , woodwinds and strings . As the Dresden Mass style required , it opens with a short homophonic section , followed by an extended fugue in two sections , which both begin with an instrumental fugue . Christoph Wolff notes a similarity between the fugue theme and one by Johann Hugo von Wilderer , whose mass Bach had probably copied and performed in Leipzig before 1731 . Wilderer 's mass also has a slow introduction , a duet as the second movement and a motet in stile antico , similar to late Renaissance music , as the third movement . Bach based the work on a composition in C minor , as mistakes in the copying process show . The vast movement has aspects of both a fugue and a ritornello movement . In the first fugal section , the voices enter in the sequence tenor , alto , soprano I , soprano II , bass , expanding from middle range to the extreme parts , just as the theme expands from the repeated first notes to sighing motives leading upwards . In the second fugal section , the instruments begin in low registers , and the voices build , with every part first in extremely low range , from bass to soprano I. In both sections , the instruments open the fugue , but play with the voices once they enter . = = = = Christe = = = = The acclamation of Christ stresses the second person of the Trinity and is therefore rendered as a duet of the two sopranos . Their lines are often parallel , in an analogy to Christ and God proclaimed as " two in one " . Probably a parody of an earlier work , it is Bach 's only extant duet for two sopranos , stressing that idea . Rathey points out that the duet is similar in many aspects to the love duets of Neapolitan opera . Typical features of these duets are consonant melodies , in parallel thirds and sixths , or imitating each other , with sigh motifs as on the word Christe . Rendering Christe eleison as a duet followed the Dresden Mass style . = = = = Kyrie II = = = = The second acclamation of God is a four @-@ part choral fugue , set in stile antico , with the instruments playing colla parte . The style was preferred at court in Dresden . The theme begins with intervals such as minor seconds and major seconds , similar to the motif B @-@ A @-@ C @-@ H. The first entrances build from the lowest voice in the sequence bass , tenor , alto , soprano . According to Christoph Wolff , Bach assimilated the stricter style of the Renaissance only in the early 1730s , after he had composed most of his cantatas , and this movement is his first " significant product " in the style . = = = = Gloria = = = = The Gloria is structured in nine movements . The first and last are similar in style , concertante music of the eighteenth century . In further symmetry , the opening in two different tempos corresponds to the final sequence of an aria leading to " Cum sancto spiritu " , the soprano II solo with obbligato violin " Laudamus te " to the alto solo with obbligato oboe " Qui sedes " , and the choral movements " Gratias " frame the central duet of soprano I and tenor " Domine Deus " . The text of the Hymnus Gloria begins with the angels ' song from Luke 's Christmas story . Bach used this section , the central duet and the concluding doxology as a Christmas cantata , Gloria in excelsis Deo , BWV 191 ( Glory to God in the Highest ) , probably in 1745 , a few years before the completion of the Mass . The opening is set as a five @-@ part chorus , beginning with an instrumental presentation of the material . In great contrast to the first section Kyrie , it is in D major , introducing the trumpets and timpani . The first thought , " Gloria in excelsis Deo " ( Glory to God in the Highest ) , is set in 3 / 8 time , compared by Wenk to the dance Giga . = = = = Et in terra pax = = = = The continuation of the thought within the angels ' song , " Et in terra pax " ( and peace on earth ) , is in common time . The duration of an eighth note stays the same , Bach thus achieves a contrast of " heavenly " three eights , a symbol of the Trinity , and " earthly " four quarters . The voices start this section , and the trumpets are silent for its beginning , but return for its conclusion . = = = = Laudamus te = = = = An aria for soprano II and obbligato violin express the praise and adoration of God in vivid coloraturas . It has been argued that Bach might have thought of the Dresden taste and the specific voice of Faustina Bordoni . = = = = Gratias agimus tibi = = = = A four @-@ part chorus in stile antico illustrates the idea of thanks and praise , again with trumpets and timpani . It is based on the first choral movement of Wir danken dir , Gott , wir danken dir , BWV 29 , which also expresses the idea of thanks to God and praise of his creation . The first part of the text , devoted to thanks , is a melody in even tempo that rises gradually and falls again . The voices enter without instrumental support in dense succession . The countersubject on the second line " propter magnam gloriam tuam " ( for your great glory ) , devoted to the glory of God , is more complex in rhythm . Similarly , in the cantata the second line " und verkündigen deine Wunder " ( and proclaim your wonders ) lead to a more vivid countersubject . Towards the end of the movement , the trumpets take part in the polyphony of the dense movement . = = = = Domine Deus = = = = The section addressing God as Father and Son is again a duet , this time of soprano I and tenor . The voices are often in canon and in parallel , as in the Christe . The movement is likely another parody , possibly from the 1729 cantata Ihr Häuser des Himmels , BWV 193a . As the Christe , it is a love @-@ duet addressing Jesus . Both duets appear as the center of the symmetry within the respective part , Kyrie and Gloria . Here an obbligato flute opens a concerto with the orchestra and introduces material that the voices pick up . Rathey points out , that the scoring at a first glance seems not to match the text " Domine Deus , Rex coelestis " ( Lord God , Heavenly King ) , but it matches the continuation " Domine Deus , Agnus Dei " ( Lord God , Lamb of God ) , stressing the Lutheran " theologia crucis " ( theology of the cross ) that the omnipotent God is the same as the one revealed on the cross . = = = = Qui tollis = = = = When the text reaches the phase " Qui tollis peccata mundi " ( who takes away the sins of the world ) , the music is given attacca to a five @-@ part choir with an obbligato flute . The movement is based on the first choral movement of Schauet doch und sehet , ob irgend ein Schmerz sei , BWV 46 . The cantata text was based on the Book of Lamentations , Lamentations 1 : 12 , a similar expression of grief . Bach changed the key , and the rhythm for the different text . The key of B minor connects this description of " Christ 's suffering and mankind 's plea for mercy " to the similar quest in the first Kyrie . The keys G – B – D form the G major triad , leading to the " home key " of the Gloria , D major . Bach uses only part of the cantata movement , without the instrumental introduction and the second part . = = = = Qui sedes = = = = The continuation of the thought , " Qui sedes ad dexteram Patris " ( who sits at the right [ hand ] of the Father ) , is expressed by an aria for alto and obbligato oboe d 'amore . It is probably a parody . In Bach 's earlier settings of the mass he had treated " Qui tollis and " Qui sedes " as one movement , here he distinguished Jesus at the right hand of the father by dance @-@ like music . Wenk likens it to a gigue . = = = = Quoniam tu solus sanctus = = = = The last section begins with an aria for bass , showing " Quoniam tu solus sanctus " ( For you alone are holy ) in an unusual scoring of only corno da caccia and two bassoons . Paczkowski points out the symbolic function of this corno da caccia as well as the polonaise . By using the polonaise , Bach not only expressed the text by musical means , but also paid respect to the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony , August III , to whom the Mass in dedicated . Probably a parody , it is the only movement in the work using the horn . The unusual scoring provides a " solemn character " . Butt observes that Bach uses a rhythmic pattern throughout the movement in the two bassoons which is even extended into the following movement , although they originally were independent . The repeated figure of an anapaest provides the " rhythmic energy of the texture . " = = = = Cum sancto spiritu = = = = On the continuing text " Cum sancto spiritu " ( with the Holy Spirit ) , the choir enters in five parts , in symmetry to the beginning . A homophonic section is followed by a fugue . The concertante music corresponds in symmetry to the opening of the Gloria , both praising God . = = = No. 2 Symbolum Nicenum = = = The text of the profession of faith , Credo , is the Nicene Creed . It is structured in three sections , regarding Father , Son and Holy Spirit . Bach follows the structure , devoting two choral movements to the first section , beginning the second section with a duet , followed by three choral movements , and opening the third with an aria , followed by two choral movements . The center is the movement Crucifixus , set in E minor , the lowest key of the part . Crucifixus is also the oldest music in the Mass , dating back to 1714 . The part begins and ends a sequence of two connected choral movements in contrasting style , a motet and stile antico , containing a chant melody , and a concerto . The chant melodies are devoted two the key words of this part : Credo ( I believe ) and Confiteor ( I confess ) . = = = = Credo in unum Deum = = = = The Credo begins with " Credo in unum Deum " ( I believe in one God ) , a polyphonic movement for five @-@ part choir , to which two obbligato violins add independent parts . The theme is the Gregorian Chant , first presented by the tenor in long notes on a walking bass of the continuo . The other voices enter in the sequence bass , alto , soprano I , soprano II , each one before the former one even finished the line . The two violins enter independently , reaching a seven @-@ part fugue . The complex counterpoint of the seven parts , five voices and two violins , expands the theme of the chant , often in stretto function , and uses a variety of countersubjects . In the second exposition ( sequence of fugue entries ) , the bass voice is missing , leading to anticipation and a climactic entry in augmentation ( long notes ) beginning the third exposition , just as an entry of the first violin ends the second exposition . Musicologist John Butt summarizes : " By using numerous stile antico devices in a particular order and combination , Bach has created a movement in which a standardised structure breeds a new momentum of its own " . This movement in stile antico contrasts with the following modern concerto @-@ style movement , Patrem omnipotentem . This contrast is reminiscent of the contrast between the two Kyrie movements and foreshadows the last two movements of the Symbolum Nicenum . Recent research dates the movement to 1747 or 1748 and suggests that it might have been the introduction to a Credo by a different composer , before Bach began to assemble the Mass . = = = = Patrem omnipotentem = = = = The thought is continued in " Patrem omnipotentem " ( to the Father , almighty ) , in a four @-@ part choral movement with trumpets . The movement probably shares its original source with the opening chorus of Gott , wie dein Name , so ist auch dein Ruhm , BWV 171 ( God , as Your name is , so is also Your praise ) , which also expresses the idea of thanks to God and praise of his creation . The voices sing a fugue to a concerto of the orchestra . The bass introduces the theme , without an instrumental opening , while the other voices repeat simultaneously in homophony : " Credo in unum Deum " as a firm statement . The theme contains all eight notes of the scale , as a symbol completeness . Bach noted at the end of the movement that it contains 84 measures , the multiplication of 7 and 12 , a hint at the symbolic meaning of numbers . The word " Credo " appears 49 times ( 7 * 7 ) , the words " Patrem omnipotentem " 84 times . = = = = Et in unum Dominum = = = = The belief in Jesus Christ begins with " Et in unum Dominum " ( And in one Lord ) , another duet , this time of soprano and alto , beginning in a canon where the second voice follows the first after only one beat . The instruments often play the same line in different articulation . The movement is based on a lost duet which serves already in 1733 as the basis for a movement of Laßt uns sorgen , laßt uns wachen , BWV 213 . Bach headed the movement " Duo voces articuli 2 " which can be translated as " Two voices express 2 " or " the two vocal parts of Article 2 " . The text included originally the line " Et incarnatus est de Spiritu sancto ex Maria virgine et homo factus est " , illustrating " descendit " by a descending figure for the violins . When Bach treated " Et incarnatus est " as a separate choral movement , he rearranged the text , and the figure lost its " pictorial association " . = = = = Et incarnatus est = = = = The virgin birth , " Et incarnatus est " ( And was incarnate ) , is a five @-@ part movement . It is probably Bach 's last vocal composition , dating from end of 1749 or the first weeks of 1750 . Until then , the text had been included in the preceding duet . The late separate setting of the words which had been given special attention by previous composers of the mass , established the symmetry of the Credo . The humiliation of God , born as man , is illustrated by the violins in a pattern of one measure that descends and that combines the symbol of the cross and sighing motifs , alluding to the crucifixion . The voices sing a motif of descending triads . They enter in imitation starting in measure 4 , one voice every measure in the sequence alto , soprano II , soprano I , tenor , bass , forming a rich texture . The text " ex Maria vergine " ( out of the virgin Mary ) appears in an upward movement , " et homo factus est " ( and made man ) even in upward triads . = = = = Crucifixus = = = = " Crucifixus " ( Crucified ) , the enter of the Credo part , is the oldest music in the setting of the Mass , dating back to 1714 . It is a passacaglia , with the chromatic fourth in the bass line repeated thirteen times . Wenk likens it to the dance Sarabande . The movement is based on the first section of the first choral movement of Weinen , Klagen , Sorgen , Zagen , BWV 12 . Bach transposed the music from F minor to E minor , changed the instrumentation and repeated each bass note for more expressiveness . Bach begins the movement with an instrumental setting of the bass line , while the cantata movement started immediately with the voices . The suffering of Jesus is expressed in chromatic melodic lines , dissonant harmonies , and sigh @-@ motifs . The final line , on the 13th repeat of the bass line , " et sepultus est " ( and was buried ) was newly composed , with the accompaniment silent and a modulation to G major , to lead to the following movement . At the end , soprano and alto reach the lowest range of the movement on the final " et sepultus est " ( and was buried ) . A pianissimo ending of the movement , contrasted by a forte Et resurrexit followed the Dresden Mass style . = = = = Et resurrexit = = = = " Et resurrexit " ( And is risen ) is expressed by a five @-@ part choral movement with trumpets . The concerto on ascending motifs renders the resurrection , the ascension and the second coming , all separated by long instrumental interludes and followed by a postlude . " Et iterum venturus est " ( and will come again ) is given to the bass only , for Bach the vox Christi ( voice of Christ ) . Wenk likens the movement to the dance Réjouissance , a " light festive movement in triple meter , upbeat three eighth notes " . = = = = Et in Spiritum Sanctum = = = = A bass aria renders " Et in Spiritum Sanctum " ( And in the Holy Spirit ) with two obbligato oboes d 'amore . Only wind instruments are used to convey the idea of the Spirit as breath and wind . Speaking about the third person of the Trinity , the number three appears in many aspects : the aria is in three sections , in a triple 6 / 8 @-@ time , in A major , a key with three sharps , in German " Kreuz " ( cross ) . A major is the dominant key to D major , the main key of the part , symbolising superiority , in contrast to the E minor of the " Crucifixus " as the lowest point of the architecture . The two oboes d 'amore open the movement with a ritornello , with an ondulating theme played in parallels , which is later picked up by the voice . The ritornello is played between the three sections , the second time shortened , and it concludes the movement . The sections cover first the Holy Spirit , then his adoration with the Father and the Son , finally how he acted through the prophets and the church . The voice sings in highest register for the words " Et unam sanctam catholicam ... ecclesiam " ( and one holy universal ... church ) , and expands in a repeat of the text in long coloraturas the words " catholicam " and " ecclesiam " . Wenk likens the movement to a Pastorale , a " Christmas dance " , often on a drone bass . = = = = Confiteor = = = = The belief of one baptism for the forgiveness of sins , " Confiteor " ( I confess ) , is expressed in strict counterpoint , which incorporates a cantus firmus in plainchant . The five @-@ part choir is accompanied only by the continuo as a walking bass . The voices first perform a double fugue in stile antico , the first entries of the first theme , " Confiteor unum baptisma " ( I proclaim the one baptism ) , from soprano to bass , followed by the first entries of the second theme , " in remissionem peccatorum " ( for the remission of sinners ) , in the sequence tenor , alto , soprano I , soprano II , bass . The voices follow each other in fast succession , only one or two measures apart . The two themes appear in complex combinations , until the cantus firmus is heard from measure 73 as a canon in the bass and alto , and then in augmentation ( long notes ) from measure 92 in the tenor . Then the movement slows down to Adagio ( a written tempo change , rare in Bach ) , as the altos sing the word " peccatorum " ( sinners ) one last time in an extremely low range . As the text turns to the words " Et expecto resurrectionem mortuorum " ( and expect the resurrection of the dead ) , the slow music modulates daringly with enharmonic transformations through several keys , touching E @-@ flat major and G @-@ sharp major , vividly bringing a sense of dissolving into disorder as well as expectation before the resurrection to come . Whenever the word " mortuorum " appears , the voices sing long low notes , whereas " resurrectionem " is illustrated in triad motifs leading upwards . = = = = Et expecto = = = = The expectation of a world to come , " Et expecto " ( And I expect ) is a joyful concerto of five voices with trumpets . Marked " Vivace a Allegro " , the voices begin with the trumpets fanfares in imitation on the same text as before . The movement is based on the first choral movement of Gott , man lobet dich in der Stille , BWV 120 , Jauchzet , ihr erfreuten Stimmen ( Exult , you delighted voices ) . After this statement , which ends in homophony , the instruments begin a short section in which runs in rising sequences alternate with the fanfares , in which the voices are later embedded . The word " resurrectionem " appears then in the runs in the voices , one after the other in cumulation . A second turn of instruments , embedded voices and upward runs brings the whole section to a jubilant close on the words " et vitam venturi saeculi . Amen " ( and the life of the world to come . Amen ) , with extended runs on " Amen " . Wenk likens the movement to the dance Bourrée , a " quick duple meter with an upbeat " . = = = No. 3 Sanctus = = = = = = = Sanctus = = = = " Sanctus " ( Holy ) was an independent movement written for Christmas , scored for six voices SSAATB and a festive orchestra with trumpets and three oboes . In the original , dating from 1724 , Bach had asked for three soprano parts , alto , tenor and bass . Only the score and duplicate parts of this performance survived . The music in D major is in common time , but dominated by triplets . The three upper voices sing frequently alternating with the thee lower voices , reminiscent of a passage by Isaiah about the angels singing " Holy , holy , holy " to each other ( Isaiah 6 : 23 ) . The number of voices may relate to the six wings of the seraphim described in that passage . = = = = Pleni sunt coeli = = = = The continuation , " Pleni sunt coeli " ( Full are the heavens ) , follows immediately , written for the same scoring as a fugue in dancing 3 / 8 time with " quick runs " . = = = No. 4 Osanna , Benedictus , Agnus Dei et Dona nobis pacem = = = = = = = Osanna in excelsis = = = = " Osanna in excelsis " ( Osanna in the Highest ) is set for two choirs and a festive orchestra , in the same key and time as the previous movement . The movement is based , as is the opening chorus of the secular cantata Preise dein Glücke , gesegnetes Sachsen , BWV 215 , probably on the opening movement of the secular cantata Es lebe der König , der Vater im Lande , BWV Anh 11 , of 1732 . The movement contrasts homophonic sections with fugal development . Wenk likens the movement to the dance Passepied , a " fast triple meter with an upbeat " . = = = = Benedictus = = = = The following thought , " Benedictus " , " blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord " , is sung by the tenor in an aria with an obbligato instrument , probably a flauto traverso , leading to a repeat of the Osanna . The intimate music contrasts with the Osanna like the Christe eleison with Kyrie eleison . It is written in the latest Empfindsamer Stil ( sensitive style ) as if Bach had wanted to " prove his command of this style " . = = = = Agnus Dei = = = = " Agnus Dei " ( Lamb of God ) is sung by the alto with obbligato violins in unison . The source for the aria is possibly the aria " Entfernet euch , ihr kalten Hertzen " ( Leave , you cold hearts ) , the third movement of the lost wedding cantata Auf , süß entzückende Gewalt , BWV Anh 196 . It was the basis also for the fourth movement of the Ascension Oratorio , Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen , BWV 11 , the aria Ach , bleibe doch , mein liebstes Leben . = = = = Dona nobis pacem = = = = The final movement , " Dona nobis pacem " ( Give us peace ) , recalls the music of the thanks expressed in Gratias agimus tibi . A choral movement in Renaissance style as the conclusion followed the Dresden Mass style . As the Gratias agimus tibi , the movement is based on the first choral movement of Wir danken dir , Gott , wir danken dir , BWV 29 , with minor alterations because of the different text . The text appears on both the theme and the countersubject , here stressing " pacem " ( peace ) at the beginning of the line . By quoting Gratias , Bach connects asking for peace to thanks and praise to God . He also connects the Missa composed in 1733 to the later parts . = Ben Stiller = Benjamin Edward Meara " Ben " Stiller ( born November 30 , 1965 ) is an American actor , comedian , and filmmaker . He is the son of veteran comedians and actors Jerry Stiller and the late Anne Meara . After beginning his acting career with a play , Stiller wrote several mockumentaries , and was offered his own show entitled The Ben Stiller Show , which he produced and hosted for its 13 @-@ episode run . Having previously acted in television , he began acting in films ; he made his directorial debut with Reality Bites . Throughout his career he has written , starred in , directed , and / or produced more than 50 films , including The Secret Life of Walter Mitty , Zoolander , The Cable Guy , There 's Something About Mary , the Meet the Parents trilogy , DodgeBall , Tropic Thunder , the Madagascar series , and the Night at the Museum trilogy . In addition , he has had multiple cameos in music videos , television shows , and films . Stiller is a member of a group of comedic actors colloquially known as the Frat Pack . His films have grossed more than $ 2 @.@ 6 billion in Canada and the United States , with an average of $ 79 million per film . Throughout his career , he has received multiple awards and honors , including an Emmy Award , multiple MTV Movie Awards and a Teen Choice Award . = = Early life = = Benjamin Edward Meara Stiller was born on November 30 , 1965 in New York City . His father , comedian and actor Jerry Stiller ( born 1927 ) , is from a Jewish family that emigrated from Poland and Galicia in Eastern Europe . His mother , actress / comedian Anne Meara ( 1929 @-@ 2015 ) , who was from an Irish Catholic background , converted to Reform Judaism after marrying his father . While the family was " never very religious " , they celebrated both Hanukkah and Christmas , and Stiller had a Bar Mitzvah . His parents frequently took him on the sets of their appearances , including The Mike Douglas Show when he was six . He considered his childhood unusual , stating " In some ways , it was a show @-@ business upbringing — a lot of traveling , a lot of late nights — not what you 'd call traditional . " His elder sister , Amy , has appeared in many of his productions , including Reality Bites , DodgeBall : A True Underdog Story , and Zoolander . Stiller displayed an early interest in filmmaking and made Super 8 movies with his sister and friends . At nine years old , he made his acting debut as a guest on his mother 's short @-@ lived television series , Kate McShane . In the late 1970s , he performed with the New York City troupe NYC 's First All Children 's Theater , playing several roles , including the title role in Clever Jack and the Magic Beanstalk . After being inspired by the television show Second City Television while in high school , Stiller realized that he wanted to get involved with sketch comedy . During his high school years , he was also the drummer of the punk band Capital Punishment , which released a studio album named Roadkill in 1982 . Stiller attended The Cathedral School of St. John the Divine and graduated from the Calhoun School in New York in 1983 . He started performing on the cabaret circuit as opening act to the cabaret siren Jadin Wong . Stiller then enrolled as a film student at the University of California , Los Angeles . After nine months , Stiller left school to move back to New York City . He made his way through acting classes , auditioning and trying to find an agent . = = Acting career = = = = = Early work = = = When he was approximately 15 , Stiller obtained a small part with one line on the television soap opera Guiding Light , although in an interview he characterized his performance as poor . He was later cast in a role in the 1986 Broadway revival of John Guare 's The House of Blue Leaves , alongside John Mahoney ; the production would garner four Tony Awards . During its run , Stiller produced a satirical mockumentary whose principal was fellow actor Mahoney . His comedic work was well received by the cast and crew of the play , and he followed up with a 10 @-@ minute short called The Hustler of Money , a parody of the Martin Scorsese film The Color of Money . The film featured him in a send @-@ up of Tom Cruise 's character and Mahoney in the Paul Newman role , only this time as a bowling hustler instead of a pool shark . The short got the attention of Saturday Night Live , which aired it in 1987 , and two years later offered him a spot as a writer . In the meantime , he also had a bit part in Steven Spielberg 's Empire of the Sun . In 1989 , Stiller wrote and appeared on Saturday Night Live as a featured performer . However , since the show did not want him to make more short films , he left after four episodes . He then put together Elvis Stories , a short film about a fictitious tabloid focused on recent sightings of Elvis Presley . The film starred friends and co @-@ stars John Cusack , Jeremy Piven , Mike Myers , Andy Dick , and Jeff Kahn . The film was considered a success , and led him to develop the short film Going Back to Brooklyn for MTV ; it was a music video starring comedian Colin Quinn that parodied LL Cool J 's recent hit " Going Back to Cali " . = = = The Ben Stiller Show = = = Producers at MTV were so impressed with Back to Brooklyn that they offered Stiller a 13 @-@ episode show in the experimental " vid @-@ com " format . Titled The Ben Stiller Show , this series mixed comedy sketches with music videos and parodied various television shows , music stars , and films . It starred Stiller , along with main writer Jeff Khan and Harry O 'Reilly , with his parents and sister making occasional appearances . Although the show was canceled after its first season , it led to another show titled The Ben Stiller Show , on the Fox Network in 1992 . The series aired 12 episodes on Fox , with a 13th unaired episode broadcast by Comedy Central in a later revival . Among the principal writers on The Ben Stiller Show were Stiller and Judd Apatow , with the show featuring the ensemble cast of Stiller , Janeane Garofalo , Andy Dick , and Bob Odenkirk . Both Denise Richards and Jeanne Tripplehorn appeared as extras in various episodes . Throughout its short run , The Ben Stiller Show frequently appeared at the bottom of the ratings , even as it garnered critical acclaim and eventually won an Emmy Award for " Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program " posthumously . = = = Directorial debut = = = Stiller had a few minor roles in the early 1990s , in films such as Stella , Highway to Hell and in a cameo , The Nutt House . In 1992 , Stiller was approached to direct the film Reality Bites , based on a script by Helen Childress . Stiller devoted the next year and a half to rewriting the script with Childress , fundraising and recruiting cast members for the film . It was eventually released in early 1994 , directed by Stiller and featuring him as a co @-@ star . The film was produced by Danny DeVito , who would later direct Stiller 's 2003 film Duplex and produce his 2004 film Along Came Polly . Reality Bites debuted as the highest @-@ grossing film in its opening weekend and received mixed reviews . Stiller joined his parents in the family film Heavyweights ( 1995 ) , in which he played two roles , and then had a brief uncredited role in Adam Sandler 's Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) . Next , he had lead roles in If Lucy Fell and Flirting with Disaster , before tackling his next directorial effort with The Cable Guy , which starred Jim Carrey . Stiller once again was featured in his own film , as twins . The film received mixed reviews , but was noted for paying the highest salary for an actor up to that point , as Carrey received $ 20 million for his work in the film . The film also connected Stiller with future Frat Pack members Jack Black and Owen Wilson . Also in 1996 , MTV invited Stiller to host the VH1 Fashion Awards . Along with SNL writer Drake Sather , Stiller developed a short film for the awards about a male model known as Derek Zoolander . It was so well received that he developed another short film about the character for the 1997 VH1 Fashion Awards and finally remade the skit into a film . = = = Comedic work = = = In 1998 , Stiller put aside his directing ambitions to star in a surprise hit with a long @-@ lasting cult following , the Farrelly Brothers ' There 's Something About Mary , alongside Cameron Diaz , which accelerated Stiller 's acting career . That year , he also starred in several dramas , including Zero Effect , Your Friends & Neighbors , and Permanent Midnight . Stiller was invited to take part in hosting the Music Video awards , for which he developed a parody of the Backstreet Boys and performed a sketch with his father , commenting on his current career . In 1999 , he starred in three films , including Mystery Men , where he played a superhero wannabe called Mr. Furious . He returned to directing with a new spoof television series for Fox titled Heat Vision and Jack , starring Jack Black ; however , the show was not picked up by Fox after its pilot episode and the series was cancelled . In 2000 , Stiller starred in three more films , including one of his most recognizable roles , a male nurse named Gaylord " Greg " Focker in Meet the Parents , opposite Robert De Niro . The film was well received by critics , grossed over $ 330 million worldwide , and spawned two sequels . Also in 2000 , MTV again invited Stiller to make another short film , and he developed Mission : Improbable , a spoof of Tom Cruise 's role in Mission : Impossible II and other films . In 2001 , Stiller directed his third feature film , Zoolander , starring himself as Derek Zoolander . The film featured multiple cameos from a variety of celebrities , including Donald Trump , Paris Hilton , Lenny Kravitz , Heidi Klum , and David Bowie , among others . The film was banned in Malaysia ( as the plot centered on an assassination attempt of a Malaysian prime minister ) , while shots of the World Trade Center were digitally removed and hidden for the film 's release after the September 11 terrorist attacks . After Stiller worked with Owen Wilson in Zoolander , they joined together again for The Royal Tenenbaums . Over the next two years , Stiller continued with the lackluster box office film Duplex , and cameos in Orange County and Nobody Knows Anything ! He also guest @-@ starred on several television shows , including an appearance in an episode of the television series The King of Queens in a flashback as the father of the character Arthur ( played by Jerry Stiller ) . He also made a guest appearance on World Wrestling Entertainment 's WWE Raw . In 2004 , Stiller appeared in six different films , all of which were comedies , and include some of his highest @-@ grossing films : Starsky & Hutch , Envy , DodgeBall : A True Underdog Story , Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( in which he had an uncredited cameo ) , Along Came Polly and Meet the Fockers . While the critical flop Envy only grossed $ 14 @.@ 5 million , the most successful film of these was Meet the Fockers , which grossed over $ 516 @.@ 6 million worldwide . As well as these , he also made extended guest appearances on Curb Your Enthusiasm and Arrested Development in the same year . In 2005 , Stiller appeared in Madagascar , which was his first experience as a voice actor in an animated film . Madagascar was a massive worldwide hit , and spawned the sequels Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa in 2008 and Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted in 2012 . In 2006 , Stiller had cameo roles in School for Scoundrels and Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny , for which he served as executive producer . In December 2006 , he had the lead role in Night at the Museum . Although not a critical favorite , it earned over $ 115 million in ten days . In 2007 , Stiller starred alongside Malin Åkerman in the romantic comedy The Heartbreak Kid . The film earned over $ 100 million worldwide despite receiving mostly negative reviews . 2008 saw the release of Tropic Thunder , a film Stiller directed , co @-@ wrote and co @-@ produced , and in which he starred with Robert Downey , Jr. and Jack Black ; Stiller had originally conceived of the film 's premise while filming Empire of the Sun in 1987 . In 2009 , he starred with Amy Adams in the sequel Night at the Museum 2 : Battle of the Smithsonian . In 2010 , Stiller made a brief cameo in Joaquin Phoenix 's mockumentary I 'm Still Here and played the lead role in the comedy @-@ drama Greenberg . He again portrayed Greg Focker in the critically panned yet successful Little Fockers , the second sequel to Meet the Parents . Stiller had planned to voice the main character in Megamind , but later dropped out while still remaining a producer and voicing a minor character in the film . In 2011 , Stiller starred with Eddie Murphy and Alan Alda in Tower Heist , about a group of maintenance workers planning a heist in a residential skyscraper . Stiller produced , directed , and starred in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty , which was released in 2013 . = = " Frat Pack " = = Stiller has been described as the " acknowledged leader " of the Frat Pack , a core group of actors that have worked together in multiple films . The group includes Jack Black , Will Ferrell , Vince Vaughn , Owen Wilson , Luke Wilson , and Steve Carell . Stiller has been acknowledged as the leader of the group because of his multiple cameos and for his consistent use of the other members in roles in films which he produces and directs . He has appeared the most with Owen Wilson — in eleven films . Of the 35 primary films that are considered Frat Pack films , Stiller has been involved with 20 , in some capacity . Stiller is also the only member of this group to have appeared in a Brat Pack film ( Fresh Horses ) . Stiller himself rejects the " Frat Pack " label , saying in a 2008 interview that the concept was " completely fabricated " . = = Personal life = = Stiller dated several actresses during his early television and film career , including Jeanne Tripplehorn , Calista Flockhart , and Amanda Peet . In May 2000 , Stiller married Christine Taylor at an oceanfront ceremony in Kauai , Hawaii . He met her while filming a never @-@ broadcast television pilot for the Fox Broadcasting network called Heat Vision and Jack . The couple have appeared onscreen together in Zoolander , DodgeBall : A True Underdog Story , Tropic Thunder , Zoolander 2 , and Arrested Development . He and his wife reside in Westchester County , New York . The couple have two children , a daughter , Ella Olivia , born April 9 , 2002 , and a son , Quinlin Dempsey , born July 10 , 2005 . Quinlin was a voice actor at age 3 in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , playing his father 's character , Alex , as a cub , a role he shared with another boy , Declan Swift . Stiller is a supporter of the Democratic Party and donated money to John Kerry 's 2004 U.S. Presidential campaign . In February 2007 , Stiller attended a fundraiser for Barack Obama and later donated to the 2008 U.S. Presidential campaigns of Democrats Obama , John Edwards , and Hillary Clinton . Stiller is also a supporter of several charities , including Declare Yourself , the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation , and the Starlight Starbright Children 's Foundation . Stiller is actively involved in support of animal rights . In 2010 , Stiller joined Jennifer Aniston , Courteney Cox , Robin Williams , and other Hollywood stars in " The Cove PSA : My Friend is ... " , an effort to stop the slaughter of dolphins and protect the Japanese population from the toxic levels of mercury found in dolphin meat . Stiller frequently does impersonations of many of his favorite performers , including Bono , Tom Cruise , Bruce Springsteen , and David Blaine . In an interview with Parade , he commented that Robert Klein , George Carlin , and Jimmie Walker were inspirations for his comedy career . Stiller is also a self @-@ professed Trekkie and appeared in the television special Star Trek : 30 Years and Beyond to express his love of the show , as well as a comedy roast for William Shatner . He frequently references the show in his work , and named his production company Red Hour Productions after a time of day in the original Star Trek episode " The Return of the Archons " . = = Filmography = = Stiller has mostly appeared in comedy films . Stiller is an Emmy Award winner for his directed , produced and written television show The Ben Stiller Show . = = Awards and honors = = Stiller was awarded an Emmy Award for " Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program " for his work on The Ben Stiller Show . He has been nominated twelve times for the Teen Choice Awards , and won once , for " Choice Hissy Fit " for his work in Zoolander . He has been nominated for the MTV Movie Awards thirteen times , and has won three times : for " Best Fight " in There 's Something About Mary , " Best Comedic Performance " in Meet the Parents , and " Best Villain " in DodgeBall : A True Underdog Story . He also received the MTV Movie Awards ' MTV Generation Award , the ceremony 's top honor , in 2009 . Princeton University 's Class of 2005 inducted Stiller as an honorary member of the class during its " Senior Week " in April 2005 . On February 23 , 2007 , Stiller received the Hasty Pudding Man of the Year award from Harvard 's Hasty Pudding Theatricals . According to the organization , the award is given to performers who give a lasting and impressive contribution to the world of entertainment . On March 31 , 2007 , Stiller received the " Wannabe Award " ( given to a celebrity whom children " want to be " like ) at the Kids ' Choice Awards . In 2011 he was awarded the BAFTA Britannia - Charlie Chaplin Britannia Award for Excellence in Comedy by BAFTA Los Angeles . In 2014 , Stiller was nominated for Best Actor at the 40th Saturn Awards for The Secret Life of Walter Mitty . On February 6 , 2016 , Stiller set the Guinness World Record for longest selfie stick ( 8 @.@ 56 meters ) at the World Premiere of Zoolander 2 . = U.S. Route 141 = US Highway 141 ( US 141 ) is a north – south United States Numbered Highway in the states of Wisconsin and Michigan . The highway runs north @-@ northwesterly from an interchange with Interstate 43 ( I @-@ 43 ) in Bellevue , Wisconsin , near Green Bay , to a junction with US 41 / M @-@ 28 near Covington , Michigan . In between , it follows city streets in Green Bay and has a concurrent section with US 41 in Wisconsin . North of Green Bay , US 141 is either a freeway or an expressway into rural northern Wisconsin before downgrading to an undivided highway . In Michigan , US 141 is an undivided highway that runs through rural woodlands . The highway has two segments in each state ; after running through Wisconsin for about 103 miles ( 166 km ) , it crosses into Michigan for approximately another 8 miles ( 13 km ) . After that , it crosses back into Wisconsin for about 14 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 23 km ) before crossing the state line one last time . The northernmost Michigan section is about 43 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 70 km ) , making the overall length about 169 miles ( 272 km ) . When the US Highway System was formed on November 11 , 1926 , US 141 ran from Milwaukee to Green Bay , and one segment of the modern highway in Michigan was originally designated US 102 . This other designation was decommissioned in 1928 when US 141 was extended north from Green Bay into Michigan . Michigan has rebuilt the highway in stages over the years to smooth out sharp curves in the routing . Since the 1960s , the section south of Green Bay has been converted into a freeway in segments . US 141 has ended southeast of Green Bay in Bellevue since the 1980s — the southern freeway segment was redesignated as I @-@ 43 . The section north of Abrams , Wisconsin , was converted to a freeway in the opening years of the 21st century , with an additional divided @-@ highway section opening a few years later . = = Route description = = As a bi @-@ state highway , US 141 is a state trunk highway in Wisconsin and a state trunkline highway in Michigan . In Wisconsin , the segment through the Green Bay area is not on the National Highway System ( NHS ) , except for about four blocks along Broadway Avenue that is part of an intermodal connector with the Port of Green Bay . The NHS is a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . From the Green Bay suburb of Howard northward , including the entire length through Michigan , US 141 is a part of the NHS . From the I @-@ 43 interchange in Howard north to the split at Abrams , US 141 is also a part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour ( LMCT ) , a tourist route that surrounds Lake Michigan . = = = Green Bay to Niagara = = = US 141 starts at an interchange with I @-@ 43 southeast of Green Bay in the suburb of Bellevue . From the terminus at exit 178 , US 141 runs north to Main Street , and then northwesterly along Main Street through town . Wisconsin Highway 29 ( WIS 29 ) merges with US 141 at an intersection on the northwest side of Bellevue , and the two highways run concurrently through residential subdivisions . Main Street passes over I @-@ 43 and continues to the north and into the city of Green Bay . US 141 / WIS 29 crosses Baird Creek and runs along the banks of the East River . At the intersection with Monroe Avenue , WIS 29 turns south , joining WIS 54 / WIS 57 while US 141 continues westward on Main Street to cross the Fox River on the Ray Nitschke Memorial Bridge . On the west side of the river , the highway follows Dousman Street for a block before turning north along Broadway Avenue for four blocks . From there , the highway follows Mather Street west to Velp Avenue . US 141 follows that street northwesterly and parallel to I @-@ 43 on the north side of Green Bay . This area is mostly residential with some businesses immediately on either side . In the suburb of Howard , US 141 merges onto the US 41 freeway via the interchange at exit 170 . US 41 / US 141 has an interchange for I @-@ 43 just south of the Duck Creek crossing . From Howard northward , the freeway runs through suburban Brown County to Suamico , parallel to a line of the Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad ( ELS ) , through a mixture of farm fields and residential subdivisions . There are frontage roads on both sides of the freeway to provide access to the properties immediately adjacent to US 41 / US 141 . There are a number of interchanges with county @-@ maintained roads between Suamico and Abrams in Oconto County . At Abrams , US 141 splits from US 41 and heads northward while the latter freeway turns northeasterly . The landscape north of the split transitions to forest , and the freeway crosses the Oconto River in Stiles south of the interchange with WIS 22 . The freeway bypasses Lena to the east and continues north through mixed farm fields and forest to the county line . North of the line , US 141 continues to the Marinette County communities of Coleman and Pound as an expressway . Through Coleman and Pound there is also a Business US 141 . Past the latter town , US 141 transitions from expressway to a two @-@ lane undivided highway . South of Crivitz , US 141 crosses the Peshtigo River . The highway crosses a branch line of the ELS on the east side of Crivitz and continues north through woodland to the community of Middle Inlet . North of town , the roadway turns northeasterly to the community of Wausaukee where it intersects WIS 180 . From there , the highway passes through the communities of Amberg and Beecher before coming into Pembine . That town is where US 8 merges in from the west . The two highways run concurrently north and northeasterly to an intersection southeast of Niagara . US 8 separates to the east , and US 141 turns northwestly along River Street into Niagara . The highway then turns north along Roosevelt Road and over the Menominee River to exit the state of Wisconsin . = = = Quinnesec northward = = = Once in Michigan , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of Quinnesec , US 141 meets and joins US 2 . The two highways run concurrently westward into Iron Mountain along Stephenson Avenue , passing through a retail business corridor and into downtown . M @-@ 95 joins the two highways , and all three pass Lake Antoine . M @-@ 95 turns off north of town and US 2 / US 141 crosses the Menominee River back into Wisconsin . US 2 / US 141 makes a 14 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 23 @.@ 3 km ) run through Florence County , passing the Spread Eagle Chain of Lakes . The highway serves the communities of Spread Eagle and Florence . The only junction with another state trunk highway in Wisconsin on the northern section is with the concurrent highways WIS 70 / WIS 101 in Florence . The highway crosses back into Michigan on a bridge over the Brule River south of Crystal Falls . Across the state line , the trunkline runs through forest near several smaller bodies of water such as Stager , Kennedy and Railroad lakes . The highway enters Crystal Falls on 5th Street . US 2 / US 141 runs along the top of the hill in town and intersects the western terminus of M @-@ 69 next to the Iron County Courthouse . US 141 continues westward on Crystal Avenue and separates from the US 2 concurrency on the western edge of town . Running north and northwesterly , US 141 passes to the east of the Ottawa National Forest through rural Iron County . The highway crosses the Paint River and continues through forest to the community of Amasa . The trunkline crosses the Hemlock River on the west side of town . From there , US 141 runs northward into the southwest corner of Baraga County and also enters the Eastern Time Zone . West of Worm Lake , US 141 meets M @-@ 28 in the community of Covington . The two highways merge and run easterly for about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) before US 141 terminates at US 41 ; M @-@ 28 continues eastward , merging with US 41 . = = History = = = = = Initial state highways = = = In 1918 , when Wisconsin initially numbered its highway system , the route of what later became US 141 followed two separate state highways : WIS 17 from downtown Milwaukee to Manitowoc and WIS 16 from Manitowoc north to Green Bay . Segments that later became US 141 in Wisconsin were numbered WIS 15 between Green Bay and Abrams , and WIS 38 between Abrams and Wausaukee . North of Wausaukee , the future US Highway was an unnumbered secondary highway . In 1919 , Michigan signed its highway system , but the state did not have a highway running south from Quinnesec to the state line . The highway from Quinnesec into Iron Mountain was part of M @-@ 12 . The segment through Florence County , Wisconsin , was WIS 69 , and from the Crystal Falls area north to Covington , the M @-@ 69 moniker was used . In 1919 , the WIS 38 designation was extended northward to Niagara and the state line . The highway was straightened to eliminate a series of sharp curves between Crivitz and Beaver in 1921 . The same year , WIS 17 was realigned between Sheboygan and Cedar Grove to run via Oostburg . WIS 17 was also realigned in 1922 to follow a separate routing south of Port Washington ; previously it was routed concurrently with WIS 57 in the area . By 1924 , maps showed an unnumbered roadway running south from Quinnesec to connect with WIS 57 at the state line . = = = Conversion to a US Highway = = = As originally proposed in 1925 , several US Highways in Wisconsin and Michigan 's Upper Peninsula were to be designated . However , the routings for two highways were different in Michigan in 1925 than on the final 1926 map . In the original plan , US 102 was supposed to replace M @-@ 15 from US 2 at Rapid River , continue via Marquette into Baraga County , and end at US 41 near Covington . At the same time , US 41 was to have followed US 2 from Powers to Crystal Falls and continued north to Covington . However , when the final plan was approved and implemented on November 11 , 1926 , US 41 took the eastern routing through Rapid River and Marquette , and US 102 was routed between Crystal Falls and Covington . In both plans , US 141 was only routed between Milwaukee and Green Bay , replacing WIS 17 and WIS 16 . At the time the two US Highways were created , WIS 57 was left untouched between Abrams and Niagara . The next year , the M @-@ 57 designation was assigned to connect WIS 57 to Quinnesec , and US 8 was extended to follow US 141 to US 2 near Iron Mountain . By September 20 , 1928 , the extension of US 141 northward from Green Bay along WIS 57 to the Michigan state line had been approved , and the signage was readied for installation the following month . The US 102 designation was decommissioned when US 141 was also extended to replace M @-@ 57 from the state line , along US 2 to Crystal Falls and north to Covington . US 8 's eastern end was rerouted along a separate bridge over the Menominee River to a new terminus at an intersection with US 2 in Norway in 1929 . US 141 was fully paved in Wisconsin in the early 1930s ; the last segment to be completed was between Pound and Abrams . The next major changes were made at the beginning of the 1930s in Michigan . A realignment in the Iron Mountain area shifted US 2 / US 141 to a new bridge over the Menominee River between 1932 and 1934 . In 1940 , a new routing from the state line north to Crystal Falls was opened ; the previous routing was returned to local control . The northern end was relocated near Covington in late 1948 or early 1949 when US 41 was realigned in the area . This terminus was shifted again when US 141 / M @-@ 28 was realigned in the area in late 1955 or early 1956 . = = = Freeway era = = = At about the same time as the realignments in Michigan , two @-@ lane bypasses of Manitowoc and Port Washington in Wisconsin were opened in 1957 . The state built a divided @-@ highway segment that opened the following year running from the Milwaukee area northward to the Ozaukee – Milwaukee county line . The highway was rerouted to run further inland , bypassing Haven , Wisconsin , in 1959 . In late 1961 , the highway in Michigan was rebuilt in northern Iron and southern Baraga counties between Amasa and Covington as the state smoothed out sharp corners in the routing and finished paving US 141 ; a similar project was completed in 1972 south of Amasa to Crystal Falls . Wisconsin proposed an addition to the Interstate Highway System in the 1950s to connect Green Bay , the state 's third @-@ largest city , to the system . Variations on this proposal included using either the US 41 or US 141 corridors , or a new corridor in between . This request was rejected in the 1950s , but it was approved in the 1960s . After approval , the state started the process to convert US 141 between Milwaukee and Abrams into a freeway . The first segments of freeway were opened in the Milwaukee area , starting in 1963 between Locust Street and Good Hope Road . The following year , an extension of the freeway opened southward from Locust to North Avenue . By 1965 , the bypass of Sheboygan was opened ; the Milwaukee area freeway was extended northward to Brown Deer Road the following year . Another freeway segment in the Milwaukee area opened in 1967 , extending northward to Grafton in Ozaukee County . The last section of US 141 in the city of Milwaukee to open as a freeway was completed in 1968 when I @-@ 94 was finished through downtown ; at the same time , US 141 was extended southward from North Avenue to meet I @-@ 94 . Another freeway section from north of Green Bay to Suamico was opened in 1971 . In 1972 , the divided @-@ highway segment between Suamico and Abrams opened , and the state started the construction of additional freeways between Green Bay and Milwaukee . The bypasses of Sheboygan and Cedar Grove were converted to full freeways in 1973 . Another segment of freeway opened in 1975 that bypassed Port Washington and connected the freeway sections that ended near Grafton and Cedar Grove . I @-@ 43 was first designated on the 1978 official state highway map along US 141 from Milwaukee to Sheboygan ; missing segments of I @-@ 43 between Green Bay and Milwaukee are shown as either under construction or proposed . By 1980 , the northern bypass of Green Bay was under construction and I @-@ 43 / US 141 was open from Maribel to Branch northwest of Manitowoc ; US 141 was truncated to end at the northern end of the Sheboygan bypass . I @-@ 43 was initially completed in 1981 , and the southern terminus of US 141 was moved again , truncating the highway to end in Bellevue by 1983 . In 1986 , the states in the Great Lakes region created the LMCT as part of a larger program of tourist routes in the region ; US 141 carries the LMCT between the northern I @-@ 43 junction in the Green Bay area north to the split with US 41 at Abrams . In the first years of the 21st century , US 141 was expanded to a four @-@ lane expressway northward from Abrams to Oconto Falls . A further upgrade in 2006 expanded the highway to four @-@ lanes northward to Beaver . On April 7 , 2015 , the segment of US 141 that runs concurrently with US 41 on the west side of Green Bay designated a part of I @-@ 41 by the Federal Highway Administration . = = Major intersections = = = = Business route = = Business U.S. Highway 141 ( Bus . US 141 ) is a business loop of US 141 that runs through the communities of Coleman and Pound . The loop follows County Trunk Highway B ( CTH @-@ B ) northeasterly from the US 141 expressway into downtown Coleman and then turns northward near Coleman High School . Bus . US 141 continues northward into Pound , crossing the Peshtigo River in between the two communities . North of Pound , the loop crosses over US 141 on 21st Road and continues to an intersection with WIS 64 . The business loop follows WIS 64 back to an interchange on US 141 northwest of Pound where the loop terminates . In 2006 , the US 141 expressway was extended northward near Beaver , and the former route of US 141 , plus a connector roadway southwest of downtown Coleman was designated as a business loop . This route does not appear on the official Wisconsin Department of Transportation maps , so it is a locally designated business loop under local maintenance . = The Incentive = " The Incentive " is the second episode of the eighth season of the American comedy television series The Office . It was written by showrunner Paul Lieberstein and directed by Charles McDougall . The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on September 29 , 2011 . The series — presented as if it were a real documentary — depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , after Robert California ( James Spader ) challenges the Dunder Mifflin staffers to double their sales , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) , taking matters into his own hands , creates an incentive program . Eventually , he promises to tattoo himself if the staff earn a certain amounts of points . Meanwhile , Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) strikes up an unlikely friendship with Angela Lipton ( Angela Kinsey ) , both of whom are pregnant . The episode introduces Sabre 's Pyramid tablet , a device that serves as a parody of several tablet computers , specifically the Apple iPad . The device would be explored later on in the season . " The Incentive " received mixed reviews from critics with many mainly criticizing the episode for recycling stories . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was viewed by 6 @.@ 7 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 5 rating / 9 percent share among adult between the ages of 18 and 49 , marking a drop in the ratings from the season premiere , " The List " . = = Plot = = Robert California ( James Spader ) challenges office manager Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) to double sales after a rousing motivational speech . After Andy tries unsuccessfully to mine ideas from the office employees , he consults a book on management techniques and decides to try an incentives program . He presents a number of items catered to individual employees , which they can purchase with " points " earned by exceptional workplace performance . This idea garners mixed reactions from the employees , but when Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) jokingly asks Andy what prizes he will offer for inordinately large numbers of points , he offers to tattoo whatever his co @-@ workers would like on his butt in exchange for 5 @,@ 000 points , not anticipating that anyone will be able to even come close to this amount . The entire staff agrees to pool their points towards Andy 's butt tattoo , and the office suddenly becomes a hubbub of activity , with Stanley Hudson ( Leslie David Baker ) even giving up his nap @-@ time to make sales calls for Sabre 's new Pyramid tablet . To Andy 's great dismay , they earn 5 @,@ 000 points by the end of the day . When Andy and the crew go to the tattoo parlor , Andy backs down and admits to Jim that he isn 't sure why Robert made him manager . Jim reassures Andy that he managed to pick up sales , and that no one in the office expects him to go through with the tattoo idea . Pepped up by Jim 's talk , Andy enthusiastically agrees to getting the tattoo , which Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) changes , without telling Andy , to an image of a dog that has " Nard " written on it , a reference to Andy 's nickname " Nard Dog . " Upon seeing his completed tattoo in a mirror , Andy is pleased with the result . Robert then reveals to the cameras that he picked Andy because he is an uncomplicated choice which causes people to rally behind him , because he is an underdog . Meanwhile , Pam and Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) become walking buddies at Angela 's request , but after Angela says she 's reported Pam to Social Services for drinking herbal tea out of coffee mugs while pregnant , a disgusted Pam tells Angela they should not have anything else to do with each other . = = Production = = The episode was written by executive producer and showrunner Paul Lieberstein , who also portrays Toby Flenderson on the series , his 15th writing credit for the series . It was directed by Charles McDougall , the sixth episode he has directed for the series . The episode also featured guest star James Spader as CEO Robert California , his third appearance in the series . He appeared in 15 episodes of the season , before leaving the show . The subplot wherein California listens to Kevin 's ideas was crafted to make the character " connect with his employees " . Novak later said that " He thinks Kevin is a genius who speaks in metaphors . Everyone 's jealous that Kevin 's become his favorite . " The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include Erin trying to comfort Andy by giving him a gift , Andy describing his low key management style , and Andy seeking more advice on which tie combination to wear . = = Cultural references = = The episode marks the first appearance of Sabre 's Pyramid tablet . The device serves as a parody of several tablet computers , specifically the Apple iPad . B. J. Novak described the device as " really the worst piece of technology that you 've ever seen . " The device was created by Paul Lieberstein , who originally envisioned that the device only had the rights to the 1993 film Coneheads . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = Upon its original American broadcast , " The Incentive " was viewed by an estimated 6 @.@ 70 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 5 rating / 9 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 9 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 9 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a 13 @-@ percent drop in the ratings from the previous episode , " The List " . Despite this , it ranked as the highest @-@ rated NBC show on Thursday . The episode ranked third in its timeslot beating Person of Interest which received a 2 @.@ 7 rating / 7 percent share in the 18 – 49 demographic and The Secret Circle which received a 1 @.@ 0 rating / 2 percent share , but was defeated by Grey 's Anatomy which received a 3 @.@ 6 rating / 9 percent share and The X Factor which received a 3 @.@ 9 rating / 11 percent share . = = = Reviews = = = " The Incentive " received average reviews from critics with multiple critics criticizing the episode for recycling storylines . The A.V. Club reviewer Myles McNutt noted that the episode " wasn 't a trainwreck by any means " , but he was disappointed by the fact that the episode recycled storylines from the early seasons of The Office . He also criticized the series for low stakes writing that " While Andy 's character might be reflecting on his management skills , and Pam and Angela might be pregnant , nothing about the eighth season " of the series suggested that the show would try anything other than what it had already established as the status quo . He ultimately gave the episode a " C " . M. Giant from Television Without Pity awarded the episode a " B – " . Cindy White from IGN gave the episode a mixed review , writing that it took a " step back " from the promise of the season premiere and resorted to " recycl [ ing ] familiar plot elements " for the sake of the plot . She did , however , compliment the fact that Andy went through on his promise in the end . Dan Forcella of TV Fanatic awarded the episode three stars out of five and concluded that " allowing [ Andy ] to be the lead character of The Office is not off to a strong start . " Jonathan Teigland of Starpulse called the episode 's dynamic " interesting " and stated that " The Incentive " ended on " a sweet note " . The episode 's cold opening received negative reviews from critics . White called it " dumb " , and noted that the joke " became grating very quickly " . Teigland called the subplot " stale " and argued that it " [ fell ] a little flat " . McNutt was hoping that the cold opening would have attempted to explain Kevin 's lower intelligence , instead of just using it as a crutch for a joke . = K @-@ 171 ( Kansas highway ) = K @-@ 171 is a state highway in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Kansas . The 4 @.@ 890 @-@ mile ( 7 @.@ 870 km ) highway mostly lies on the Crawford County / Cherokee County line except for the easternmost 0 @.@ 4 miles ( 0 @.@ 64 km ) of the highway when it is entirely in Cherokee County . Its eastern terminus is at the Missouri state line near Opolis ; its western terminus is at the intersection of U.S. Route 69 / 160 and U.S. Route 400 south of Pittsburg . K @-@ 171 's current route was established in 2003 , and the routing has not changed since . = = Route description = = K @-@ 171 begins at a four @-@ way stop south of Pittsburg . The west arm of this intersection serves as US @-@ 400 , the north arm carries US @-@ 69 and 160 , the south arm is US @-@ 69 , 160 , and 400 , and the east arm forms the beginning of K @-@ 171 . From this intersection , the highway heads due east to Opolis . The highway begins to curve to the south just before crossing the state line and becoming Route 171 in Missouri . The entire route travels through mostly rural fields . The total length of the route is 4 @.@ 890 miles ( 7 @.@ 870 km ) . K @-@ 171 is not a part of the United States National Highway System . The first 4 @.@ 000 miles ( 6 @.@ 437 km ) of the route is paved with composite pavement and has annual average daily traffic values of 2600 , while the remaining 0 @.@ 890 miles ( 1 @.@ 432 km ) is paved with full design bituminous pavement and has annual average daily traffic values of 3271 . = = History = = The eastern K @-@ 171 was first designated in 2003 . Prior to K @-@ 171 's formation , the road was a part of K @-@ 57 . The highway 's route has stayed the same since it was commissioned . For several years there was a western K @-@ 171 from the town of Bushton to K @-@ 4 highway . This western K @-@ 171 was decommissioned in 2010 . = = Junction list = = = Simpson Safari = " Simpson Safari " is the seventeenth episode of The Simpsons ' twelfth season . It was produced in 2000 and aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 1 , 2001 . When the Simpsons run out of food thanks to a bag boy strike , the family finds an old box of Animal Crackers in their attic . In the box is a golden cracker that was part of a contest conducted by the owners of Animal Crackers . Finding out that anyone that found the golden cracker would win a trip to Africa , Homer shows it to the company 's owners , who refuse to honor the prize . When he is injured by one of the box 's sharp corners however , the family is given a free trip to Africa as compensation . Although " Simpson Safari " was written by John Swartzwelder , the idea for the episode was pitched by a former staff writer Larry Doyle . The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland , who had been to Africa as a child . Because of his visit there , Kirkland attempted to make the episode look as authentic as possible , even though the Simpsons trip to Africa was " all over the place " geographically . The episode features Frank Welker as all the animals in Africa . In its original broadcast , the episode was seen by approximately 7 @.@ 7 million viewers , finishing in 42nd place in the ratings the week it aired . Following its broadcast , the episode received mixed reviews from critics . The episode was also nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series in 2001 , which it ultimately lost . = = Plot = = While Marge takes Maggie to the hospital after Maggie swallowed an issue of Time magazine whole , Homer , Bart and Lisa go grocery shopping . Homer and many others mistreat the bag boys at the grocery store , and every bag boy in Springfield goes on strike . Presumably and strangely having no ability to shop without bag boys to pack their bags , they are unable to buy more food . Homer thus goes on a search for food when it runs out , and Santa 's Little Helper finds a box of animal crackers in the attic , which is more than 30 years old . Homer bites into a giraffe , but he does not know that it is made of solid gold , which indicates Homer has won a trip to Africa . The makers of the animal crackers initially refuse to honor the prize because the contest ended a number of years ago , but when Homer is injured by the sharp corner of the box , they reconsider in order to avoid a lawsuit . The family lands in Tanzania . When the family is in Africa , they experience such sights as the Masai Mara , Ngorongoro Crater , Olduvai Gorge , Mount Kilimanjaro , and meet with a group of Maasai tribesmen . During a vigorous tribal dance , Homer manages to enrage a hippo . It chases after the family , who escape on a raft going down a raging river . After surviving the plunge over Victoria Falls , the family stumble upon a chimpanzee sanctuary maintained by the scientist Dr. Joan Bushwell ( a parody of Jane Goodall ) . She claims to be researching the animals behavior when a group of poachers arrive to take the chimps . The Simpsons try to hold the poachers but eventually they break into the sanctuary . The poachers are revealed to be Greenpeace activists , who prove that Dr. Bushwell is actually a chimp slave master , exploiting their labor at a nearby diamond mine . Worried that the Simpsons will report her to the authorities , Dr. Bushwell offers everyone diamonds as a bribe , which all except Lisa happily accept . The Simpsons leave Africa , and return to Springfield with the diamonds offered to them by Dr. Bushwell . On the plane , it is revealed that their former tour guide , Kitenge , is now president of the country , with the former president now the Simpsons ' flight attendant . = = Production = = " Simpson Safari " ' s setpiece shows some of Springfield 's citizens mistreating the bag boys in a grocery store , prompting the bag boys to go on strike . The sequence was inspired by an Albertsons store in Los Angeles , whose employees went on strike at the time the episode was written . The idea to have the Simpsons visit Africa was pitched by former staff writer Larry Doyle . Former staff writer John Swartzwelder was then assigned to write the first draft of the episode 's script . Because of his involvement with the episode , " Simpson Safari " contains several " classic " Swarzwelder @-@ type jokes , according to staff writer Matt Selman .	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
attractive surroundings ( both mountain and coastal areas ) , diverse tourist attractions , excellent international and local restaurants , and the friendliness of the local people . According to BBC Travel released in 2011 , Bali is one of the World 's Best Islands , ranking second after Santorini , Greece . Bali is a major world surfing destination , with popular breaks dotted across the southern coastline and around the offshore island of Nusa Lembongan . As part of the Coral Triangle , Bali , including Nusa Penida , offers a wide range of dive sites with varying types of reefs . Urban tourism activities includes shopping , sightseeing in big cities , or enjoying modern amusement parks , resorts , spas , nightlife and entertainment . Beautiful Indonesia Miniature Park as well as Ancol Dreamland with Dunia Fantasi ( Fantasy World ) theme park and Atlantis Water Adventure are Jakarta 's answer to Disneyland @-@ style amusement park and water park . The capital city , Jakarta , is a shopping hub in Southeast Asia . The city has numerous shopping malls and traditional markets . With a total of 550 hectares , Jakarta has the world 's largest shopping mall floor area within a single city . The annual " Jakarta Great Sale " is held every year in June and July to celebrate Jakarta 's anniversary . Bandung is a popular shopping destination for fashion products among Malaysians and Singaporeans . Since January 2011 , Wonderful Indonesia has been the slogan of an international marketing campaign directed by the Indonesian Ministry of Culture and Tourism to promote tourism . In year 2015 , 10 @.@ 4 million international visitors entered Indonesia , staying in hotels for an average of 8 @.@ 5 nights and spending an average of US $ 1 @,@ 190 per person during their visit , or US $ 140 per person per day . = = Culture = = Indonesia has about 300 ethnic groups , each with cultural identities developed over centuries , and influenced by Indian , Arabic , Chinese , and European sources . Traditional Javanese and Balinese dances , for example , contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology , as do wayang kulit ( shadow puppet ) performances . Textiles such as batik , ikat , ulos and songket are created across Indonesia in styles that vary by region . In October 2009 , Indonesian batik has been recognized by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity , and has become the national costume . Currently , Indonesia holds 6 items of UNESCO 's Intangible Cultural Heritage , which include wayang puppet theatre , Indonesian kris , batik and angklung . Wood carving traditions exist in many parts of the country , with exceptional examples are in Jepara in Central Java , Bali , and Asmat . Traditional carpentry , masonry , stone and woodwork techniques and decorations are also thrived in Indonesian vernacular architecture , with numbers of traditional houses ' styles has been developed . The traditional houses and settlements of the several hundreds ethnic groups of Indonesia are extremely varied and all have their own specific history . The Indonesian film industry 's popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia , although it declined significantly in the early 1990s . Between 2000 and 2005 , the number of Indonesian films released each year has steadily increased . = = = Architecture = = = Architecture reflects the diversity of cultural that have shaped Indonesia as a whole . Invaders , colonisers , missionaries , merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a profound effect on building styles and techniques . The most dominant influences on Indonesian architecture have traditionally been Indian ; however , Chinese , Arab , and European architectural influences have been significant . The Indonesia traditional houses are at the centre of a web of customs , social relations , traditional laws , taboos , myths and religions that bind the villagers together . The house provides the main focus for the family and its community , and is the point of departure for many activities of its residents . Traditional houses hold a prominent position in the society , relates to its social significance . Example of Indonesian vernacular architecture including Toraja 's Tongkonan , Minangkabau 's Rumah Gadang and Rangkiang , Javanese style Pendopo pavilion with Joglo style roof , Dayak 's longhouses , various Malay houses , Balinese houses and temples , and also various styles of lumbung ( rice barns ) . = = = Music = = = The music of Indonesia predates historical records . Various native Indonesian tribes incorporate chants and songs accompanied with musical instruments in their rituals . Traditional Indonesian instruments include angklung , kacapi suling , siteran , gong , gamelan , degung , gong kebyar , bumbung , talempong , kulintang and sasando . The diverse world of Indonesian music genres was the result of the musical creativity of its people , and subsequent cultural encounters with foreign musical influences into the archipelago . Next to distinctive native form of musics , several genres can trace their origins to foreign influences , such as gambus and qasidah from Middle Eastern Islamic music , keroncong from Portuguese influences , and dangdut — one of the most popular music genres in Indonesia — with notable Hindi music influence as well as Malay orchestras . Today , Indonesian music industry enjoys nationwide popularity . Thanks to common culture and intelligible languages between Indonesian and Malay , Indonesian music enjoyed regional popularity in neighbouring countries such as Malaysia , Singapore and Brunei . However , the overwhelming popularity of Indonesian music in Malaysia had alarmed the Malaysian music industry . In 2008 , Malaysian music industry demanded the restriction of Indonesian songs on Malaysian radio broadcasts . = = = Dance = = = Traditional dance of Indonesia reflect the rich diversity of Indonesian people . The dance traditions in Indonesia ; such as Javanese , Sundanese , Minangkabau , Balinese , Malays , Acehnese and many other dances traditions are age old traditions , yet also a living and dynamic traditions . Several royal houses ; the istanas and keratons still survived in some parts of Indonesia and become the haven of cultural conservation . The obvious difference between courtly dance and common folk dance traditions is the most evident in Javanese dance . The palace court traditions also evident in Balinese and Malay court which usually imposed refinement and prestige . Sumatran courtly culture such as the remnant of Aceh Sultanate and Palembang Sultanate , are more influenced by Islamic culture , while Java and Bali are more deeply rooted in their Hindu @-@ Buddhist heritage . Dances in Indonesia are believed by many scholars to have had their beginning in rituals and religious worship . Such dances are usually based on rituals , like the war dances , the dance of witch doctors , and dance to call for rain or any agricultural related rituals such as Hudoq dance ritual of Dayak people . In Bali , dances has become the integral part of Hindu Balinese rituals . Sacred ritual dances performed only in Balinese temples such as sacred Sanghyang dedari and Barong dance . The commoners folk dance is more concerned with social function and entertainment value than rituals . The Javanese Ronggeng and Sundanese Jaipongan is the fine example of this common folk dance traditions . Both are social dances that are more for entertainment purpose than rituals . Randai is a folk theatre tradition of the Minangkabau people which incorporates dance , music , singing , drama and the martial art of silat . Certain traditional folk dances has been developed into mass dance with simple but structurised steps and movements , such as Poco @-@ poco dance from Minahasa and Sajojo dance from Papua . = = = Sports = = = Sports in Indonesia are generally male @-@ oriented and spectator sports are often associated with illegal gambling . The most popular sports are badminton and football . Indonesian players have won the Thomas Cup ( the world team championship of men 's badminton ) thirteen of the twenty @-@ six times that it has been held since 1949 , as well as numerous Olympic medals since the sport gained full Olympic status in 1992 . Indonesian women have won the Uber Cup , the female equivalent of the Thomas Cup , 3 times , in 1975 , 1994 and 1996 . Liga Super Indonesia is the country 's premier football club league . On the international stage , Indonesia experienced limited success despite being the first Asian team to qualify for the FIFA World Cup in 1938 as Dutch East Indies . In 1956 , the football team played in the Olympics and played a hard @-@ fought draw against the Soviet Union . On the continent level , Indonesia won the bronze medal once in football in the 1958 Asian Games . Indonesia 's first appearance in Asian Cup was back in 1996 . The Indonesian national team qualified for the Asian Cup in 2000 , 2004 and 2007 AFC Asian Cup , however unable to move through next stage . Boxing is a popular combative sport spectacle in Indonesia . Some of famous Indonesian boxers are Ellyas Pical , three times IBF Super flyweight champion ; Nico Thomas , Muhammad Rachman , and Chris John . For racing sport , Indonesia has Rio Haryanto who become the first Indonesian to compete in Formula One . Traditional sports include sepak takraw , and bull racing in Madura . In areas of Indonesia with a history of tribal warfare , mock fighting contests are held , such as caci in Flores and pasola in Sumba . Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art and in 1987 , became one of the sporting events in Southeast Asian Games , with Indonesia appearing as one of the leading forces in this sport . In Southeast Asia , Indonesia is one of the major sport powerhouses by winning the Southeast Asian Games 10 times since 1977 . = = = Media = = = Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President Suharto 's rule , during which the now @-@ defunct Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media , and restricted foreign media . The TV market includes ten national commercial networks , and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI . Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters supply programs . At a reported 25 million users in 2008 , Internet usage was estimated at 12 @.@ 5 % in September 2009 . More than 30 million cell phones are sold in Indonesia each year , and 27 % of them are local brands . = = = Cinema = = = The first domestically produced film in the Indies was in 1926 : Loetoeng Kasaroeng , a silent film by Dutch director L. Heuveldorp . This adaptation of the Sundanese legend was made with local actors by the NV Java Film Company in Bandung . After independence , the film industry expanded rapidly , with six films made in 1949 rising to 58 in 1955 . Djamaluddin Malik 's Persari often emulating American genre films and the working practices of the Hollywood studio system , as well as remaking popular Indian films . The Sukarno government used cinema for nationalistic , anti @-@ Western purposes . Foreign film imports were banned . After the overthrow of Sukarno by Suharto 's New Order regime , films were regulated through a censorship code that aimed to maintain the social order . Usmar Ismail , a director from West Sumatra made a major imprint in Indonesian film in the 1950s and 1960s . The industry reached its peak in the 1980s , with such successful films as Nagabonar ( 1987 ) and Catatan Si Boy ( 1989 ) . Warkop 's comedy films , directed by Arizal also proved to be successful . The industry has also found appeal among teens with such fare as Pintar @-@ pintar Bodoh ( 1982 ) , and Maju Kena Mundur Kena ( 1984 ) . Actors during this era included Deddy Mizwar , Eva Arnaz , Meriam Bellina , and Rano Karno . Under the Reformasi movement , independent filmmaking was a rebirth of the filming industry in Indonesia , where film 's started addressing topics which were previously banned such as ; religion , race , love and other topics . Riri Riza and Mira Lesmana were the new generation of Indonesian film figures who co @-@ directed of Kuldesak ( 1999 ) , Petualangan Sherina ( 2000 ) , Ada Apa dengan Cinta ? ( 2002 ) , Gie ( 2005 ) , and Laskar Pelangi ( 2008 ) . Locally made film quality has gone up in 2012 , this is attested by the international release of films such as The Raid : Redemption , Modus Anomali , Dilema , Lovely Man , and Java Heat . = = = Literature = = = The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century . Many of Indonesia 's peoples have strongly rooted oral traditions , which help to define and preserve their cultural identities . In written poetry and prose , a number of traditional forms dominate , mainly syair , pantun , gurindam , hikayat and babad . Some of these works are Syair Raja Siak , Syair Abdul Muluk , Hikayat Abdullah , Hikayat Bayan Budiman , Hikayat Hang Tuah , Sulalatus Salatin , and Babad Tanah Jawi . Early modern Indonesian literature originates in Sumatran tradition . Balai Pustaka , the government bureau for popular literature , was instituted around 1920 to promote the development of indigenous literature , it adopted Malay as the preferred common medium for Indonesia . Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include : Dutch author Multatuli , who criticised treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule ; Sumatrans Mohammad Yamin and Hamka , who were influential pre @-@ independence nationalist writers and politicians ; and proletarian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer , Indonesia 's most famous novelist . Pramoedya earned several accolades , and was frequently discussed as Indonesia 's and Southeast Asia 's best candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature . Indonesian literature and poetry flourished even more in the first half of the 20th century . Chairil Anwar was considered as the greatest literary figure of Indonesia by American poet and translator , Burton Raffel . He was among those youngsters who pioneered in changing the traditional Indonesian literature and modifying it on the lines of the newly independent country . Some of his popular poems include Krawang @-@ Bekasi , Diponegoro and Aku . Other major authors include Marah Roesli ( Sitti Nurbaya ) , Merari Siregar ( Azab dan Sengsara ) , Abdul Muis ( Salah Asuhan ) , Djamaluddin Adinegoro ( Darah Muda ) , Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana ( Layar Terkembang ) , and Amir Hamzah ( Nyanyi Sunyi ) whose works are among the most well known in Maritime Southeast Asia . = = = Cuisine = = = Indonesian cuisine is one of the most vibrant and colourful cuisines in the world , full of intense flavour . It is diverse , in part because Indonesia is composed of approximately 6 @,@ 000 populated islands of the total 18 @,@ 000 in the world 's largest archipelago , with more than 300 ethnic groups calling Indonesia their home . Many regional cuisines exist , often based upon indigenous culture and foreign influences such as Chinese , European , Middle Eastern , and Indian precedents . Rice is the main staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables . Spices ( notably chili ) , coconut milk , fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients . Some popular Indonesian dishes such as nasi goreng , gado @-@ gado , sate , and soto are ubiquitous in the country and considered as national dishes . The official national dish of Indonesia however , is tumpeng , chosen in 2014 by Indonesian Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy as the dish that binds the diversity of Indonesia 's various culinary traditions . Another popular Indonesian dishes like rendang which is one of many Minangkabau cuisine , beside of dendeng and gulai . Fermented food such as oncom , similar in some ways to tempeh but using a variety of bases ( not only soy ) , created by different fungi , and particularly popular in West Java . = M @-@ 119 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 119 is a 27 @.@ 548 @-@ mile ( 44 @.@ 334 km ) state trunkline highway entirely within Emmet County in the US state of Michigan . The highway follows the shore of Lake Michigan and the Little Traverse Bay , with its southern terminus at US Highway 31 ( US 31 ) near Bay View , about four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) east of Petoskey ; the northern terminus is at a junction with county roads C @-@ 66 and C @-@ 77 in Cross Village . North of Harbor Springs , the highway is known as the Tunnel of Trees Scenic Heritage Route . This section of highway lacks a centerline and is known for its scenic beauty . On an average day , between 2 @,@ 000 and 15 @,@ 000 vehicles use various parts of the highway . The first highways along the route of the modern M @-@ 119 was a section of the original M @-@ 13 designated by July 1 , 1919 . This highway was later redesignated M @-@ 131 in late 1926 , a designation it held until 1979 . During this timeframe , another highway bore the M @-@ 119 moniker in the southern part of the state near Paw Paw from the 1930s until the early 1970s . In between 1926 and 1979 , M @-@ 131 was extended and truncated on both its northern and southern ends at various times . Since the M @-@ 119 designation was applied to the current highway , no changes have been made to the routing . = = Route description = = M @-@ 119 starts at an intersection with US 31 about four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) northeast of Petoskey near the community of Bay View in Bear Creek Township . The highway runs north between Petoskey State Park on the west and Round Lake on the east as it rounds the east end of Little Traverse Bay . The trunkline passes the eastern and northern edges of the Harbor Springs Municipal Airport as it turns westward near the junction with C @-@ 81 ( Pleasantview Road ) . Through this area , M @-@ 119 runs through the community of Wequetonsing and forests just inland from the bay 's northern shore . As it passes into the city limits of Harbor Springs , the highway follows Main Street into downtown . It turns north and then westward along State Street in the middle of town , intersecting the southern end of C @-@ 77 in the central business district . M @-@ 119 continues westward , passing through a residential area on Bluff Drive as it leaves the city . From Harbor Springs on , M @-@ 119 is the Tunnel of Trees Scenic Heritage Route , one of the Pure Michigan Byways in the state . Bluff Drive becomes Lake Shore Drive near the Harbor Point Golf Course , and M @-@ 119 turns northward to follow the Lake Michigan shoreline at the mouth of Little Traverse Bay . The roadway meanders through oaks , maples , birch and cedars along an old Ottawa trail . The writers at National Geographic said that " only sometimes can you catch glimmers of Lake Michigan through the trees , but the dense foliage lends beauty to the winding road . " Along this area of the routing , the highway narrows in width and continues through the forest without a centerline most of the remainder of the way . As the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) states on their website , " M @-@ 119 is not a road for those in a hurry . " the trunkline continues through the community of Good Hart up the Lake Michigan shoreline to the community of Cross Village . M @-@ 119 , and state maintenance , end at the intersection between Lake Shore Drive and C @-@ 66 / C @-@ 77 ( State Road ) in the middle of town . As part of the state 's maintenance of M @-@ 119 , MDOT tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadway . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 119 were the 14 @,@ 647 vehicles daily near the southern terminus ; the lowest counts were the 2 @,@ 036 vehicles per day at the northern terminus . None of M @-@ 119 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . The Discovery Channel named the roadway as one of the " Top 10 Motorcycle Rides in North America " . = = History = = = = = Previous designation = = = The first incarnation c . 1930 of the M @-@ 119 designation ran four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) south from US 12 in Paw Paw south to Lawton in Van Buren County . By the middle of 1936 , it had been extended further south to US 112 near Mottville . In 1971 , all of M @-@ 119 was redesignated as M @-@ 40 . = = = Current designation = = = The current highway was designated in 1979 , replacing the former route of M @-@ 131 ; the routing has remained unchanged since . This section of highway had been part of M @-@ 13 on July 1 , 1919 , when the state trunkline highway system debuted . Later on November 11 , 1926 , M @-@ 13 south of Fife Lake was redesignated as part of US 131 , and the remainder of M @-@ 13 was designated as M @-@ 131 . Until 1933 , M @-@ 131 had terminated in Harbor Springs ; the highway was extended to the north along Little Traverse Bay and the Lake Michigan shoreline through the community of Good Hart before terminating in Cross Village . This section of highway would be stripped of its designation in 1937 and truncated back to Harbor Springs . In late 1938 or early 1939 , the State Highway Department extended US 131 along the M @-@ 131 corridor to Petoskey . This allowed US 131 to finally connect to its parent , US 31 for the first time since their inception in 1926 . The MSHD re @-@ extended M @-@ 131 back to Cross Village in 1945 . The highway remained as such until 1967 when a slight realignment was made in Emmet County along the lakeshore as M @-@ 131 is routed on to its final alignment . = = Major intersections = = The entire highway is in Emmet County . = Time Has Come Today ( Grey 's Anatomy ) = " Time Has Come Today " is the first episode of the third season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 37th episode overall . Written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Daniel Minahan , the episode aired on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on September 21 , 2006 . The episode primarily focuses on Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) coping with the unexpected death of her fiancé , Denny Duquette ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) , while dealing with the decision to quit the internship program . Further storylines include Dr. Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) facing the repercussions of his being shot , and Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) dealing with the aftermath of her affair with Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , which puts a strain in his already troubled marriage to Dr. Addison Montgomery @-@ Shepherd ( Kate Walsh ) . Although the episode was fictionally set in Seattle , Washington , filming occurred in Los Angeles , California . The recurring characters of Adele Webber ( Loretta Devine ) , Finn Dandrige ( Chris O 'Donnell ) , Dr. Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton ) and Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) were portrayed with guest star billing . The title of the episode refers to the song , " Time Has Come Today " , by the soul music band , The Chambers Brothers . The episode received mixed to favorable reviews , with Heigl being particularly praised . The episode was viewed by 25 @.@ 41 million Americans in the United States upon its original airing , ranked first in weekly viewership and garnered a 9 @.@ 0 Nielsen rating in the 18 – 49 demographic . = = Plot = = " Time Has Come Today " opens to a voice @-@ over narration from Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) about the rapid passing of time . Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) has a mental collapse after the loss of her fiancé , Denny Duquette ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) , as she refuses to deal with the repercussions of her decision to leave the internship program , by lying on the bathroom floor . Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) and Dr. George O 'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) support Stevens during her grieving , becoming influential in her recovering . Dr. Addison Montgomery @-@ Shepherd ( Kate Walsh ) finds Grey 's underwear in Dr. Derek Shepherd 's ( Patrick Dempsey ) shirt , and finds difficulty in conceiving a future for their already troubled marriage . Grey unwillingly finds herself in a love triangle involving Shepherd and Finn Dandridge ( Chris O 'Donnell ) . Dr. Richard Webber 's ( James Pickens , Jr . ) wife , Adele Webber ( Loretta Devine ) , gives him an ultimatum after spending the night in his office , giving him a choice between his career as a surgeon and his marriage to her . Dr. Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) faces the aftermath of being shot , which leads to him experiencing hand tremors that could lead to his giving up cardiothoracic surgery . An infant with a severe heart condition is admitted in neonatology , and is revealed to have been abandoned in a schoolyard by his biological mother , whose identity lies between four pre @-@ adolescents . Montgomery quickly becomes emotionally involved in the case , reliving the feelings she went through after aborting the child conceived with Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) . Shepherd and O 'Malley get quarantined after an outburst at the hospital , due to a patient suspected of having the plague . Their incapacity to leave the hospital leads to numerous confessions between the two , including Shepherd 's reveal of his desire to divorce his wife and reconcile with Grey . Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) takes a leave of absence from the hospital , in a continuous attempt to bond with the grieving interns , who do not approve of her relationship with O 'Malley . When a patient , Giselle Toussant ( Elizabeth Goldstein ) , is admitted to the hospital , and ultimately dies in Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) ' s care , she begins to question her abilities as a surgeon , due to the guilt over the death of both Toussant and Duquette , whom she also performed surgery on . At the conclusion of the episode , Stevens overcomes her grief and gets off the floor , which metaphorically expresses her desire to move on . = = Production = = The episode was written by show runner and executive producer Shonda Rhimes , while filmmaker Daniel Minahan directed it . Sara Ramirez began receiving star billing in the season premiere , after numerous appearances during the last episodes of the second season . Although the episode was fictionally set in Seattle , Washington , it was filmed in Los Angeles , California . Fisher Plaza , which is the headquarters building for Fisher Communications and Fisher 's ABC affiliated Komo radio and television stations for Seattle , is used for some exterior shots of Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , such as air ambulances landing on the Komo Television newscopter 's helipad . This puts Seattle Grace conveniently close to the Space Needle , which is directly across the street from Fisher Plaza , the Seattle Monorail , and other local landmarks . However , the hospital used for most other exterior and many interior shots is not in Seattle , are shot at the VA Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center in North Hills , California . Most scenes are primarily filmed in Los Feliz , Los Angeles , at the Prospect Studios , and the set occupies two stages , including the hospital pieces , but some outside scenes are shot at the Warren G. Magnuson Park in Seattle . Featured music includes The Dixie Chicks ' " Lullaby " , Tegan and Sara 's " Take Me Anywhere " , Sleeping at Last 's " Quicksand " , Emilíana Torrini 's " Nothing Brings Me Down " , Gnarls Barkley 's " Gone Daddy Gone " , Grant Lee Phillips 's " Under the Milky Way " and Matt Kearney 's " All I Need " . Rhimes disclosed that the main concept for the episode was to " go in places the audience can imagine , but doesn 't expect " , in an attempt to " freshen up " the series for the new season . Rhimes stated that she originally planned to move the timeline three months after the conclusion of the second season , but the process did not occur , due to her not wanting the audience to miss significant moments from the character 's complex lives . " I feel like so much happened at the end of last season that I owe it to the characters to have them deal with the aftermath . And I owe it to the audience to let them watch the aftermath " , stated Rhimes , in response to her decision to continue the storyline from where the previous season left off . Rhimes also described the prominence which Grey 's underwear has in the first episode of the season , noting how they are " a key element " in the development of her character : " Meredith never put them back on . She rushed out to deal with Izzie and left Derek who was asking what that meant , and she never had a chance to put those panties back on . " Prior to the episode 's broadcast , Rhimes described it as achieving a balance between the aftermath of the recent events and the past experiences that define each character . In addition , she noted how the episode marked the transition to a new chapter in the personal backgrounds of the protagonists , stating : " It was mean to bring us to a place where we can say goodbye to Denny , as well as deal with Meredith 's love triangle . Just remember that nothing is ever wrapped up easily on this show . Because things aren 't neat and clean in real life . " = = Reception = = The episode was originally broadcast on September 21 , 2006 at 9 : 00 ET , and averaged 25 @.@ 41 million viewers , ranking first in weekly viewership with a 9 @.@ 0 rating , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode was the third most @-@ watched episode of the season , airing in the first week of the seasonal prime time schedule . Showing a significant increase in ratings , the episode attracted approximately 2 @.@ 91 more million viewers than the previous season finale , which was watched by 22 @.@ 50 and garnered an 8 @.@ 0 rating . " Time Has Come Today " was also the lead in weekly viewership , and , therefore , the lead in the time slot , with approximately 2 @.@ 84 more million viewers than CBS 's juggernaut CSI , which ranked third in weekly viewership with an 8 @.@ 0 rating . Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV had a generally mixed to positive perspective on the episode , expressing hope in its further development . Although originally criticizing the predictability of the event , Dahl noted an " undeniable sense of originality " , deeming the episode a portal to the series becoming " a medical chick flick , but a damn good one " . Highly praising the " big and attractive " cast , Dahl positively received the interaction between the characters , noting the " smart " dialogue that helps each character evolve . However , Dahl expressed disappointment in the over emotional scenes , describing them as " off @-@ putting " and " not believable " , while comparing them to real life interactions between people who emote in a more sublte manner than displayed on television . " Emotions ran high in the premiere and there was much crying " , stated Dahl , but noted that the dialogue , who he had previously been worried would be " too cutesy " , was not bothering , and rather realistic , noting how the show is " smartly written " . He also described the Pompeo and Heigl 's as " worthy of attention " . After the episode 's broadcast , Robert Rorke of the New York Post deemed Stevens " the heart and soul " of the series , due to the episode mostly focusing on the events that come to define her as a person . Rorke named her the show 's heroine , and wrote that " Izzie is a welcome , calming presence , despite the devastation she experienced when she failed to save her patient and fiance Denny Duquette " , considering her to have been more prominent than the title character , Grey , whose storyline received negative critiques : " She used to be the queen of the romantic dilemmeas . But lately , she 's been a little dopey , with that endless McDreamy soliloquies . " Abigail Chao of Television Without Pity had a positive outlook on the episode . She praised the storyline of Izzie lying on the bathroom floor , describing at as " a perfect opportunity for flashbacks " , which proved the strong friendship the five interns share . Montgomery 's reaction to the discovery of Grey 's underwear was deemed by Chao " hilarious " , whereas Bailey 's interaction with the quarantined patient was described as " touching " . " Now it 's Meredith 's turn to be feckless and indecisive " , stated Chao , noting the lack of realism in Grey 's love triangle with Shepherd and Dandridge . However , she praised the interaction of the three characters , who she deemed " lovely adolescents " . = Peterotica = " Peterotica " is the 24th episode from season four of the animated comedy series Family Guy . The episode was originally broadcast on April 23 , 2006 , and was written by Patrick Meighan and directed by Kurt Dumas . The title of the episode is a portmanteau of " Peter " and " Erotica " . The plot follows Peter 's brief career writing erotic novels . After Peter asks Carter Pewterschmidt for publishing money , Carter is sued by a man who has a car accident while listening to an audiobook of one of Peter 's novels ; the settlement forces Carter into bankruptcy . Peter attempts to help Carter accept life as a middle @-@ class citizen , then decides to work with Carter so they can both become wealthy , but gives up after multiple failed attempts . Carter soon gets his fortune back when his wife returns to him , and he resumes hating Peter . Meanwhile , Stewie attempts to train for the Olympics , despite discouraging comments from Brian . = = Plot = = Peter , Joe , and Cleveland accompany Quagmire to a sex shop called Pornoslavia . Peter buys an erotic book entitled Much Ado About Humping and finds it disappointing . Peter writes a letter to the author including an example of what he would consider a better writing style for an erotic novel , which impresses his friends when he reads it to them . Encouraged by their enthusiasm , Peter decides to write his own erotic novel , which is received well by all who read it.The novels he authors are converted into audio books read by Betty White , and published by Peter 's father @-@ in @-@ law , Carter Pewterschmidt . While listening to one of Peter 's audio books , an aroused driver tries to take off his shirt while driving and crashes his car into the Kool Aid Guy 's house . The man sues Carter , who is liable as the publisher . Carter immediately loses his fortune . Blaming Peter for his penniless state , Carter arrives at the Griffin house intending to shoot Peter . Lois persuades Carter to spare him , and Peter agrees to let Carter live with them until he has income . Barbara divorces Carter and marries Ted Turner . Peter attempts to teach Carter how to live as a " regular person " , but Carter does not acclimate well . Peter and Carter attempt to make money , robbing a train after several other failed attempts , but the robbery is unsuccessful also . Carter punched Peter into the Kool Aid Guy 's house after many repairs . As Peter and Carter begin to accept that they will never be rich , Barbara returns and informs Carter that they are rich again , because she has divorced Ted Turner and taken half his assets . Despite Peter 's help , Carter abandons him . Lois informs Peter she refused $ 10 million that her parents offered her ten years ago because money would just complicate things ; as she explains this , Peter fantasizes about killing her . Meanwhile , Stewie trains in gymnastics to participate in the Olympics , but an accident during training leaves him with a shard of glass in his forehead . = = Production = = " Peterotica " was written by Patrick Meighan and directed by Kurt Dumas . The episode ran into multiple objections from broadcasting standards and the show 's producers . For instance , the original title of the episode was " A Connecticut Yankee and King Arthur 's Butt " , but broadcasting standards objected . A sequence showing all of the different erotic novels written by Peter was edited for the television version ; one entitled " Catcher in the Eye " was removed from the television version as broadcasting standards disliked the cover , which implied her eye was a target for semen during ejaculation . The scene of Peter reading his new erotic novel to Lois was never cut from airing , although the producers of Family Guy had some trouble with it , as it is the second semen joke of the episode . When Lois ' father , Carter , sits down at the breakfast table , Lois states : " Daddy , did you remember to clean up ? " Originally , she was meant to say , " Daddy , did you remember to wipe yourself ? " , but broadcasting standards objected , so it was modified to " Daddy , did you remember to clean yourself ? " However , standards still objected , so it was changed to its current version . Stewie is seen practicing for the Olympics and is disturbed by Chris ; this scene was originally meant to be the start of a subplot in which Stewie would build a machine to make Chris intelligent . Although it would be successful , Chris would become more clever than Stewie . The subplot was scrapped because it was deemed not funny enough . The gag in which Peter is a landlord over a rat family in the Griffin family basement was removed from television broadcasting for timing purposes . The " thinking grenade " sketch , in which Peter uses live grenades to help him think , was originally intended to be used in " PTV " in a scene in The Drunken Clam , but there were no windows in the Clam nearby for Peter to throw the grenades through , so instead of adding windows to the building 's design for that episode , the gag was moved to this episode . The " naughty flapper girl " gag was included in the original draft of the episode . = = Cultural references = = The episode features multiple references to popular culture . The song Quagmire sings in the sex shop is a part of " Make ' Em Laugh " from the 1952 musical film Singin ' in the Rain . The erotic book Peter buys at the sex shop is Much Ado About Humping , a parody of the William Shakespeare play Much Ado About Nothing . The four porn books shown on screen are references to works of literature : Angela 's Asses to Angela 's Ashes by Frank McCourt , Catcher in the Eye to Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger , Shaved New World to Brave New World by Aldous Huxley , and Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Black Chick to Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince by J. K. Rowling . After returning from the porn shop , Peter is shown watching an episode of Blind Justice . The lawyer who attempts to sue Carter is forced into a battle with a rancor in a scene that mirrors Luke Skywalker 's fight with the Rancor in the 1983 film Return of the Jedi . When Peter and Carter are trying to make money , they start their own sitcom called Quahog Creek , a ripoff of WB 's Dawson 's Creek . The theme song " I Don 't Want to Wait " uses misinterpreted lyrics of the actual theme song performed by Paula Cole . While Peter and Carter try to steal money from Lois ' purse , Peter balances on a unicycle and hums Aram Khachaturian 's " Sabre Dance " . When waiting in line at the movies , Peter tells Carter about a new movie , The Picnic , starring Jude Law and Renée Zellweger . The song used is " Roll to Me " , by Del Amitri . A reference to The Simpsons ' appearance in The Tracey Ullman Show is made when the Griffins are shown as characters in the show . Family Guy producer David A. Goodman comments that , contrary to what some think , the show was not trying to criticize The Simpsons , but rather trying to show the differences in voices and character appearance . = = Reception = = In a review of the Family Guy , Volume Four DVD collection , Mike Drucker of IGN singled out " Peterotica " and " PTV " as " new classics . " In a review of the episode , Bob Sassone of TV Squad commented on the scene where Peter acts as a landlord over a rat , writing , " to be honest , I 'm not even sure what the hell was going on there , it was so disturbing . " Geoffrey D. Roberts of Real Talk Reviews criticized the episode , writing that " the story is thin and the laughter absent . " The episode sparked controversy over a depiction of the Charwoman cleaning character , a character used by Carol Burnett in The Carol Burnett Show that was used in the episode without her consent . Burnett sued , but the case was later dismissed . = USS Roanoke ( 1855 ) = USS Roanoke was a wooden @-@ hulled Merrimack @-@ class screw frigate built for the United States Navy in the mid @-@ 1850s . She served as flagship of the Home Squadron in the late 1850s and captured several Confederate ships after the start of the American Civil War in 1861 . The ship was converted into an ironclad monitor during 1862 – 63 ; the first ship with more than two gun turrets in history . Her conversion was not very successful as she rolled excessively and the weight of her armor and turrets strained her hull . Her deep draft meant that she could not operate off shallow Confederate ports and she was relegated to harbor defense at Hampton Roads , Virginia for the duration of the war . Roanoke was placed reserve after the war and sold for scrap in 1883 . = = Description = = Roanoke was 263 feet 8 inches ( 80 @.@ 4 m ) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 51 feet 4 inches ( 15 @.@ 6 m ) . The ship had a draft of 23 feet 9 inches ( 7 @.@ 2 m ) and a depth of hold of 26 ft 2 in ( 8 @.@ 0 m ) . She displaced 4 @,@ 472 long tons ( 4 @,@ 544 t ) and had a burthen of 3 @,@ 400 tons . Roanoke 's hull was strongly reinforced by wrought iron straps . Her crew numbered 674 officers and enlisted men . The ship had one horizontal two @-@ cylinder trunk steam engine driving a single propeller using steam provided by four Martin boilers . The engine produced a total of 996 indicated horsepower ( 743 kW ) and the ship had a maximum speed of 8 @.@ 8 knots ( 16 @.@ 3 km / h ; 10 @.@ 1 mph ) under steam alone . The propeller could be hoisted and the single funnel lowered to increase speed under sail alone . Roanoke was ship rigged and had a sail area of 28 @,@ 008 square feet ( 2 @,@ 602 m2 ) . In 1861 , the ship 's armament consisted of one 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) smoothbore Dahlgren pivot gun , twenty @-@ eight 9 @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) Dahlgren guns and fourteen 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) Dahlgren guns . The 10 @-@ inch Dahlgren weighed 12 @,@ 500 pounds ( 5 @,@ 700 kg ) and could fire a 103 @-@ pound ( 46 @.@ 7 kg ) shell up to a range of 3 @,@ 000 yards ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) at + 19 ° elevation . The nine @-@ inch gun weighed 9 @,@ 200 pounds ( 4 @,@ 200 kg ) and could fire a 72 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 32 @.@ 9 kg ) shell to a range of 3 @,@ 357 yards ( 3 @,@ 070 m ) at an elevation of + 15 ° . The eight @-@ inch Dahlgren had a range of 2 @,@ 300 yards ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) at an elevation of + 10 ° with a 51 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 23 @.@ 4 kg ) shell . It weighed 6 @,@ 500 pounds ( 2 @,@ 900 kg ) . = = = Steam frigate service = = = Roanoke , named after the Roanoke River , was laid down at the Norfolk Navy Yard in May 1854 and launched on 13 December 1855 . The ship sank when launched and had to be refloated before she could be completed . She was commissioned on 4 May 1857 with Captain John B. Montgomery in command . Assigned to the Home Squadron as flagship , Roanoke transported the American filibuster and former President of Nicaragua , William Walker , and his men back to the United States from Aspinwall , Colombia , ( now called Colón , Panamá ) . Roanoke arrived on 4 August and the ship was decommissioned at the Boston Navy Yard on 24 September 1857 . Recommissioned on almost a year later on 18 August 1858 , Roanoke resumed her duties as flagship of the Home Squadron . For over a year , she was stationed at Aspinwall awaiting the arrival of the first Japanese embassy to the United States to ratify the 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce . They reached Aspinwall on 25 April 1860 and Roanoke reached Hampton Roads on 12 May 1860 with the delegation and was again decommissioned . After the start of the Civil War , Roanoke recommissioned on 20 June 1861 and was assigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron . She destroyed the schooner Mary off Lockwood Folly Inlet , North Carolina , on 13 July 1861 . The ship subsequently helped to capture the schooners Albion and Alert and the ship Thomas Watson off Charleston , South Carolina , on 15 October 1861 . Roanoke 's deep draft prevented her from engaging the Confederate casemate ironclad CSS Virginia ( her former sister USS Merrimack ) during the Battle of Hampton Roads on 8 – 9 March 1862 . The ship ferried north survivors from the sailing frigates USS Congress and USS Cumberland which Virginia had sunk . She arrived at New York City on 25 March , and decommissioned the same day to begin reconstruction as a monitor . = = = Ironclad reconstruction = = = On 19 March 1862 , 10 days after the Battle of Hampton Roads where the Monitor fought the Confederate ironclad Virginia to a standstill , John Lenthall , Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair , and the Chief of Steam Engineering , Benjamin F. Isherwood , wrote a letter to Gideon Welles , the Secretary of the Navy recommending that Roanoke be converted into a seagoing ironclad as that would be cheaper and faster than new construction . They suggested that the ship be cut down to the top of her gun deck , armoring her sides and deck and mounting four revolving Ericsson gun turrets , each mounting two 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) or 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) guns . This scheme would give her an ample 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) of freeboard . Aside from reinforcing her hull to carry the weight of the turrets , the only other changes that they recommended were the elimination of the hoisting screw , replacement by a propeller smaller in diameter , and the addition of a ram . The wrought iron side armor would be a maximum of 6 inches ( 152 mm ) in thickness with a taper down to 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 114 mm ) at its bottom edge , about 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) below the waterline . The deck armor was to be 2 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 64 mm ) thick and an additional steam engine would be necessary to rotate the turrets and run the ventilation fans . They estimated that this conversion would take three and a half months and cost $ 495 @,@ 000 . Welles accepted their recommendation and Roanoke began her reconstruction at the Brooklyn Navy Yard when she arrived in New York City on 25 March . The navy yard removed her masts , rigging and everything above the upper deck except her funnel while the Novelty Iron Works received a contract in early April to shape and mount all of her metal work . To save weight the number of turrets was reduced to three and her deck armor to 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) . Each turret was virtually identical to those of the Passaic @-@ class monitors and consisted of eleven layers of 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) plates . The forward two turrets were surmounted by a stationary pilothouse with armor nine inches thick . Novelty was given a choice in protecting Roanoke 's sides , it could either with six layers of 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) plates or a single plate 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 114 mm ) thick that reduced to 3 @.@ 5 inches ( 89 mm ) inches below the waterline . It chose the latter and delays in their delivery were largely responsible for drawing out the reconstruction time to around a year . The plates were manufactured by the " Franklin Forge " of Tugnot , Dally & Co . An auxiliary boiler was added to provide steam for the engines that powered the turrets , fans and steering and little to nothing was done to reinforce the hull to withstand the weight of her armor and turrets . The deck beneath each 125 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 127 t ) turret was reinforced by a series of stanchions that transferred their weight to the ship 's bottom , which was not reinforced to handle their weight . The stress caused Roanoke to leak around 1 @.@ 5 feet ( 0 @.@ 5 m ) per day by the end of the war . In her new configuration , her crew numbered 347 officers and men . Roanoke was armed with two muzzle @-@ loading smoothbore 15 @-@ inch Dahlgren guns , two 11 in ( 279 mm ) Dahlgren guns and a pair of eight @-@ inch , 150 @-@ pounder Parrott rifles . The forward turret mounted one 15 @-@ inch Dahlgren and a 150 @-@ pounder Parrot rifle , the middle turret was fitted with 15- and 11 @-@ inch Dahlgrens and the aft turret with one 11 @-@ inch Dahlgren and a 150 @-@ pounder rifle . Shortages of the 15 @-@ inch Dahlgren forced the substitution of two 11 @-@ inch Dahlgrens . Each of the former guns weighed approximately 43 @,@ 000 pounds ( 20 @,@ 000 kg ) . They could fire a 350 @-@ pound ( 158 @.@ 8 kg ) shell up to a range of 2 @,@ 100 yards ( 1 @,@ 900 m ) at an elevation of + 7 ° . The 11 @-@ inch Dahlgren weighed 16 @,@ 000 pounds ( 7 @,@ 300 kg ) and could fire a 136 @-@ pound ( 61 @.@ 7 kg ) shell up to a range of 1 @,@ 710 yards ( 1 @,@ 560 m ) at + 5 ° elevation . The 150 @-@ pounder Parrot rifle weighed 16 @,@ 300 pounds ( 7 @,@ 400 kg ) and fired eight @-@ inch shells that weighed 132 to 175 pounds ( 60 to 79 kg ) . Roanoke was also fitted with an ax @-@ shaped ram . It was formed from two 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch plates that projected past her bow and presumably was the height of a single plate , 24 inches ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) . = = = Ironclad service = = = The ship was accepted by the Navy on 16 April 1863 although she was not recommissioned until 29 June , the first warship with more than two turrets in history . Ignoring pressure by local politicians to keep Roanoke in New York , the Navy ordered her to Hampton Roads , Virginia , to join the blockading squadron there . On the voyage south , the ship reached a maximum speed of 8 @.@ 5 knots ( 15 @.@ 7 km / h ; 9 @.@ 8 mph ) and averaged 7 knots ( 13 km / h ; 8 @.@ 1 mph ) . Captain Benjamin F. Sands reported that the ship 's roll was so great that it would " preclude the possibility of fighting her guns at sea , and I was obliged to secure them with pieces of timber to prevent them fetching away " . Roanoke was assigned as harbor defense ship at Hampton Roads where she remained through the end of the war . On 14 July , Sands test @-@ fired his guns for the first time and both of the 15 @-@ inch Dahlgrens and one 150 @-@ pounder Parrott rifle dismounted themselves by their violent recoil . Her rear turret required nearly 5 minutes to make a full rotation . Captain Guert Gansevoort replaced Sands in command of the ship later in 1863 . He was succeeded by Captain Augustus Kilty . Roanoke arrived back in New York on 27 April 1865 . She was decommissioned and placed in reserve on 20 June at New York Navy Yard . The ship 's only postwar service was as flagship of the Port Admiral at New York . She was recommissioned on 13 January 1874 until reduced to reserve again on 12 June 1875 . On 5 August 1882 , Roanoke was struck from the Navy List and later sold for scrap on 27 September 1883 . = Tom Wills = Thomas Wentworth " Tom " Wills ( 19 August 1835 – 2 May 1880 ) was an Australian sportsman who is credited with being his country 's first cricketer of significance and a pioneer of Australian rules football . Born in the British colony of New South Wales to a wealthy family descended from convicts , Wills grew up in the bush on properties owned by his father , the pastoralist and politician Horatio Wills , in what is now the Australian state of Victoria . He befriended local Aborigines , learning their language and customs . At the age of 14 , Wills was sent to England to attend Rugby School , where he became captain of its cricket team , and played an early version of rugby football . After Rugby , Wills represented the Cambridge University Cricket Club in the annual match against Oxford , and played in first @-@ class matches for Kent and the Marylebone Cricket Club . An athletic all @-@ rounder with devastating bowling analyses , he was regarded as one of the finest young cricketers in England . Returning to Victoria in 1856 , Wills achieved Australia @-@ wide stardom as a cricketer , captaining the Victorian team to repeated victories in intercolonial matches . He played for many clubs , most notably the Melbourne Cricket Club , with which he had a fraught and complex relationship . In 1858 he called for the formation of a " foot @-@ ball club " with a " code of laws " to keep cricketers fit during the off @-@ season . After founding the Melbourne Football Club the following year , Wills and three other members codified the first laws of Australian rules football . He and his cousin H. C. A. Harrison spearheaded the sport as team captains and administrators . In 1861 , at the height of his fame , Wills joined his father on an eight @-@ month trek into the Queensland outback to establish a family property . Two weeks after their arrival , Wills ' father and 18 others were murdered in the largest massacre of settlers by Aborigines in Australian history . Wills survived and returned to Victoria in 1864 . He continued to play football and cricket , and , in 1866 – 67 , coached and captained an Aboriginal XI — the first Australian cricket team to tour England . In a career marked by controversy , Wills challenged cricket 's amateur @-@ professional divide , and was frequently accused of bending rules to the point of cheating . Called for throwing in 1872 , he mounted a failed comeback four years later on the eve of the first Test cricket match , by which time his sporting glory belonged to a colonial past that seemed " like a distant land " . Psychological trauma from the massacre was worsened by his alcoholism . Now destitute , Wills was admitted to the Melbourne Hospital in 1880 , suffering from delirium tremens , but shortly afterwards escaped and returned to his home on the city 's margins , where he committed suicide by stabbing himself in the heart . Wills fell into obscurity after his death , but has undergone a resurgence in Australian culture since the 1990s . He was an inaugural inductee into the Australian Football Hall of Fame , and is the subject of a statue outside the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Today he is characterised as an archetype of the tragic sports hero , and as a symbol of reconciliation between Indigenous and non @-@ Indigenous Australians . The theory that he incorporated features of an Aboriginal game into Australian football has been hotly debated . According to biographer Greg de Moore , Wills " stands alone in all his absurdity , his cracked egalitarian heroism and his fatal self @-@ destructiveness — the finest cricketer and footballer of the age . " = = Family and early years = = Tom Wills was born on 19 August 1835 on the Molonglo Plain near modern @-@ day Canberra , in what was the British penal colony of New South Wales , as the elder child of Horatio and Elizabeth ( née McGuire ) Wills . Tom was a third @-@ generation Australian of convict descent : his mother was born to convicts from Ireland , and his paternal grandfather was Edward Wills , an English highwayman whose death sentence was commuted to transportation , arriving in Botany Bay aboard the " hell ship " Hillsborough in 1799 . After receiving a conditional pardon in 1803 , Edward amassed immense wealth through mercantile activity in Sydney with his free wife Sarah ( née Harding ) . He died in 1811 , five months before Horatio 's birth , and Sarah remarried to convict George Howe , owner of Australia 's first newspaper , the Sydney Gazette . During his tenure as the newspaper 's editor , Horatio met Elizabeth , an orphan from Parramatta . They married in December 1833 . Seventeen months after his birth , Tom was baptised Thomas Wentworth Wills in the parish of St Andrew 's , Sydney , in honour of statesman William Charles Wentworth . Drawing on Wentworth 's pro @-@ Currency rhetoric and the emancipist cause , Horatio set forth a strident nationalist agenda in his journal The Currency Lad ( 1832 – 33 ) , the first publication to call for an Australian republic . Horatio took up pastoral pursuits in the mid @-@ 1830s and moved with his family to the sheep run " Burra Burra " on the Molonglo River . Although athletic from an early age , Tom was prone to illness , and at one stage in 1839 his parents " almost despaired of his recovery " . In November 1840 , in light of Thomas Mitchell 's discovery of " Australia Felix " , they overlanded south to the Grampians in the colony 's Port Phillip District ( now the state of Victoria ) ; and , after establishing a run on Mount William , moved a few miles north through the foothills of Mount Ararat , named so by Horatio because " like the Ark , we rested there " . Horatio went through a period of intense religiosity while in the Grampians ; at times his diary descends into incantation , " perhaps even madness " . He implored himself and Tom to base their lives upon the New Testament . Living under canvas , the Wills family settled on a large property named " Lexington " ( near present @-@ day Moyston ) in an area inhabited by Djab wurrung Aboriginal clans . Tom , as an only child , " was thrown much into the companionship of aborigines " . In an account of corroborees from childhood , his cousin H. C. A. Harrison remembered Tom 's ability to learn Aboriginal songs , mimic their voice and gestures , and " speak their language as fluently as they did themselves , much to their delight . " It is speculated that Tom may have also played Aboriginal sports . Horatio wrote fondly of his son 's kinship with Aborigines , and allowed local clans to live and hunt on Lexington . However , like many frontiersmen in the area , Horatio was implicated in deadly conflict with Aborigines , the occurrence of which he blamed on " distant predatory tribes " . Tom 's first sibling , Emily , was born on Christmas Day 1842 . In 1846 Wills began attendance at William Brickwood 's School in Melbourne . There he was looked after by Horatio 's brother Thomas ( Tom 's namesake ) , a Victorian separatist and son @-@ in @-@ law of the Wills family 's partner in the shipping trade , convict Mary Reibey . Tom played in his first cricket matches at school , and he came in contact with the Melbourne Cricket Club through Brickwood , the club 's vice @-@ president . Wills returned to Lexington in 1849 where the family had grown to include siblings Cedric , Horace and Egbert . Mainly self @-@ educated , Horatio had ambitious plans for the education of his children , especially Tom : I now deeply vainly deplore my want of a mathematical and classical education . Vain regret ! ... But my son ! May he prove worthy of my experience ! May I be spared for him — that he may be useful to his country — I never knew a father 's care . = = England = = = = = Rugby School = = = Wills ' father sent him to England in February 1850 , aged fourteen , to attend Rugby School , the most prestigious school in the country . Horatio wanted Tom to study law and return to Australia as a " professional man of eminence " . He arrived in London after a five @-@ month sea voyage . There , during school holidays , he stayed with his paternal aunt Sarah , who moved from Sydney after the death of her first husband , convict William Redfern . The reforms enacted by famed headmaster Thomas Arnold made Rugby the crucible of muscular Christianity , a " cult of athleticism " into which Wills was inculcated . Wills took up cricket within a week of entering Evans House . At first he bowled underhand , but it was considered outdated , so he tried roundarm bowling . He clean bowled a batsman with his first ball using this style and declared : " I felt I was a bowler . " Wills soon topped all of his house 's cricket statistics . At bat he was a " punisher " with a sound defence ; however , in an era when graceful stroke @-@ play was expected of a gentleman cricketer , he was deemed to have no style at all . In April 1852 , aged sixteen , Wills joined the Rugby School XI , and on his debut at Lord 's a few months later , against the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) , he took a match @-@ high 12 wickets . That year he formed one half of a bowling attack that established Rugby as the greatest public school in English cricket . In a prelude to his colonial career , he was accused of throwing by critics in the national media . Rugby coach John Lillywhite , himself a key campaigner against throwing , defended his protégé . Wills survived the scandal . He won fame for his performances and played with the leading cricketers of the age , as well as royalty . William Clarke , his hero , invited him to join the touring All @-@ England Eleven , but he remained at Rugby . Then in 1855 he took over as Rugby XI captain , the most revered position within the school . Rugby , like other English public schools , had evolved its own variant of football . The game in Wills ' era — a rough and highly defensive struggle involving hundreds of boys — was confined to a competition amongst the houses . Spanning the years he played , Wills is pivotal to any of the brief match reports in Bell 's Life in London . His creative play and " eel @-@ like agility " baffled the opposition , and his penchant for theatrics endeared him to the crowds . One journalist noted his use of " slimy tricks " , a possible early reference to his gamesmanship . As a " dodger " in the forward line , he was a long and accurate shot at goal and served as his house 's kicker . Wills also shone in the school 's annual athletics carnival and his long @-@ distance running ability in Hare and Hounds was unparalleled . Wills cut a dashing figure with " impossibly wavy " hair and blue , almond @-@ shaped eyes that " [ burnt ] with a pale light " . By age 16 at 5 ' 8 " he was already taller than his father . In Lillywhite 's Guide a few years later he measured in at 5 ' 10 " and it was written that " few athletes can boast of a more muscular and well @-@ developed frame " . Consumed by sport , Wills , to his father 's chagrin , showed little interest in academics . It was said that he " could not bring himself to study for professional work " after " having led a sort of nomadic life when a youth in Australia " . Suffering from homesickness , he decorated his study with objects to remind him of Lexington , including Aboriginal weapons . Horatio wrote to remind him of his childhood friends , the Djab wurrung : " They told me to send you up to them as soon as you came back . " = = = Libertine cricketer = = = Wills had built a reputation as " one of the most promising cricketers in the kingdom " . Held aloft as Rugby 's exemplar sportsman , his status as a cricketer came to define him . In June 1855 , nearing his 20th birthday , Wills finished his schooling . In a farewell note from his fellow students he was simply called " the school bowler " . After leaving Rugby , and with a steady supply of money from his father , Wills wandered throughout Britain in pursuit of cricketing pleasure . He made first @-@ class appearances for the MCC , Kent , and various Gentlemen sides , and also fell in with the I Zingari — the " gypsy lords of English cricket " — an amateur club known for its exotic costumes and hedonistic lifestyle . Against Horatio 's wishes , Tom did not continue his studies at Cambridge , but did play cricket for the university 's team ( as well as Magdalene College ) , most notably when rules were passed over to allow him to compete against Oxford in the 1856 University Match , Cambridge being " one man short " . In June , Wills played cricket at Rugby School for the last time , representing the MCC alongside Lord Guernsey , the Earl of Winterton , and Charles du Cane , governor @-@ to @-@ be of Tasmania . Following a cricketing sojourn in Ireland , Wills , at the behest of Horatio , returned to England to prepare for his journey home . The last eighteen months had exposed Wills to " the richest sporting experience on earth " . His six years in England charted a way of life — one of drinking , profligate spending and playing games — that he would continue to lead until his death . = = Colonial hero = = Wills returned to Australia aboard the Oneida steamship , arriving in Melbourne on 23 December 1856 . The minor port city of his youth had risen to world renown as the booming financial centre of the Victorian gold rush . Horatio , now a member of the Legislative Assembly in the Victorian Parliament , was living on " Belle Vue " , a farm at Point Henry near Geelong , the Wills ' family home since 1853 . In his first summer back in Melbourne , Wills stayed with his extended family , the Harrisons , at their home on Victoria Parade , and entered a Collins Street law firm to appease his father , but he seems never to have practiced ; the few comments he made about law suggest it meant little to him . " Tom was no dunce " , writes Greg de Moore . He was " negotiating a path to greatness . " The Australian colonies were described as " cricket mad " in the 1850s , and Victorians , in particular , were said to live " in an atmosphere of cricket " . Intercolonial contests , first held in 1851 , provided an outlet for the at times intense rivalry between Victoria and New South Wales . With his reputation preceding him , Wills became the bearer of Victoria 's hopes of winning its first match against the elder colony . Victorian captain William Hammersley recalled the moment Wills first graced the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) for a trial match , staged one week after his return : ... the observed of all observers , with his Zingari stripe and somewhat flashy get up , fresh from Rugby and college , with the polish of the old country upon him . He was then a model of muscular Christianity . Wills ' batting style amused the crowd , but he still top scored with 57 not out . In January , he travelled as part of the Victoria cricket team to Sydney to play against New South Wales on the Domain . Wills was the leading wicket @-@ taker with 10 victims . Bowling fast round @-@ arm , the Victorians regarded themselves as superior to their opponents , who used an " antiquated " underhand action . The latter style proved effective , giving New South Wales a 65 @-@ run win . Wills spent the rest of the season playing for numerous clubs , most notably the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) . Parliament and business came to a standstill in Melbourne for the January 1858 intercolonial match between Victoria and New South Wales , held at the MCG . Captaining Victoria , Wills took 8 wickets , the most of his side , and on the second day , batting in the middle order , a ball hit an imperfection in the pitch and knocked him unconscious . He recovered , played on for two hours , and won the match at day 's end with a top score of 49 * . The crowd rushed the field and chaired Wills off in triumph , and victory celebrations lasted for several days throughout the colony . Now a household name and the darling of Melbourne 's elite , Wills was proclaimed " the greatest cricketer in the land " . Although Wills enjoyed his lofty amateur status , he liked to socialise with and support working class professional cricketers — an egalitarian attitude that sometimes led to conflict with sporting officialdom but endeared him to the common man . Wills ' allegiance to professionals was highlighted by an incident in Tasmania in February 1858 when the Launceston Cricket Club shunned professional members of his touring Victorian side . Infuriated , he spoke out against being " forsaken " in a " strange land " . One week later , during a game in Hobart , Wills earned the locals ' ire as he " [ jumped ] about exultantly " after maiming a Tasmanian batsman with a spell of hostile fast bowling . Wills was elected secretary of the MCC during the 1857 – 58 season . It was a role in which he proved to be chaotic and disorganised . MCC delegates took issue with Wills ' " continued non @-@ attendance " at meetings , and when the club fell into debt , his poor administrative skills were blamed . He acted on year @-@ long threats in mid @-@ 1858 and deserted the MCC , leaving its records and amenities in a mess ; to this day , the only minutes that cannot be found are from his secretaryship . A lasting tension existed between Wills and the MCC 's inner circle . According to Martin Flanagan , " It was a relationship which couldn 't last as Wills only knew one way — his own . " = = Football pioneer = = Wills was a compulsive writer to the press on cricketing matters and in the late 1850s his letters sometimes appeared on a daily basis . An agitator like his father , he used language " in the manner of a speaker declaiming forcefully from a platform " . On 10 July 1858 , the Melbourne @-@ based Bell 's Life in Victoria and Sporting Chronicle published a letter by Wills that is regarded as a catalyst for a new style of football , known today as Australian rules football . Titled " Winter Practice " , it begins : Now that cricket has been put aside for some few months to come , and cricketers have assumed somewhat of the chrysalis nature ( for a time only ' tis true ) , but at length will again burst forth in all their varied hues , rather than allow this state of torpor to creep over them , and stifle their new supple limbs , why can they not , I say , form a foot @-@ ball club , and form a committee of three or more to draw up a code of laws ? In endeavouring to bring his English sporting experience to Melbourne , Wills made the first public declaration of its kind in Australia : that football should be a regular and organised activity . He went on to help foster football in Melbourne 's schools . The local headmasters , his collaborators , were inspired in large part by Thomas Hughes ' novel Tom Brown 's School Days ( 1857 ) , an account of life at Rugby School under the headship of Thomas Arnold . Due to similarities between their sporting careers at Rugby , Wills has been called the " real @-@ life embodiment " of fictitious hero Tom Brown . Wills ' letter was alluded to two weeks later in an advertisement posted by his friend , professional cricketer and publican Jerry Bryant , for a " scratch match " held adjacent to the MCG at the Richmond Paddock . It was the first of several kickabouts held that year involving Wills , Bryant and other local cricketers . One participant called the affair " football Babel " ; a " short code of rules " were to be drawn up afterwards , however this does not seem to have occurred . Another landmark game , played without fixed rules over three consecutive Saturdays and co @-@ umpired by Wills and John Macadam , began on the same site on 7 August between forty Scotch College students and a like number from Melbourne Grammar . The two schools have since competed annually . Wills emerged as the standout figure in accounts of Melbourne football in 1858 . These early experimental games were more rugby @-@ like than anything else — low @-@ scoring , low @-@ to @-@ the @-@ ground " gladiatorial " tussles . The last recorded match of the year is the subject of the first known Australian football poem , published in Punch . Wills , the only player named , is reified as " the Melbourne chief " , leading his men to victory against a side from South Yarra . Following a scratch match at the start of the 1859 football season , the Melbourne Football Club officially came into being on 14 May . Three days later , Wills and three other members — journalists Hammersley and J. B. Thompson and teacher Thomas H. Smith — met at Bryant 's Parade Hotel near the MCG to pen the club 's rules . Wills heads the list of signatories . The men went over the rules of four English schools ; Hammersley recalled Wills ' preference for the Rugby game , but it was found to be confusing and too violent . Subsequently , they rejected common features such as " hacking " ( shin @-@ kicking ) and devised a simple code of ten rules suited to grown men and Australian conditions . Wills , too , saw the need for compromise . He wrote to his brother Horace : " Rugby was not a game for us , we wanted a winter pastime but men could be harmed if thrown on the ground so we thought differently . " Thompson and Hammersley 's promotion of the new code , together with Wills ' star power , encouraged the spread of football throughout Victoria . = = Height of celebrity = = After falling out with the MCC , Wills moved freely about the colony , playing for any club of his choosing . He joined Richmond , serving as vice @-@ president and raising the standard of its play to make it the premier Victorian club . His presence greatly distorted the outcome of and betting on games , and his lack of loyalty to any one club was regarded with contempt by the MCC . Victoria reappointed Wills as captain for the January 1859 intercolonial match against New South Wales , held at the Domain . On the first day he broke his right middle finger while attempting a catch . Undeterred , he top scored in the first innings with 15 * and took 5 / 24 and 6 / 25 , carrying Victoria to an upset win . He resigned from the intercolonial match committee in protest after Thompson assailed him for not turning up to practice ahead of the next match against New South Wales . During a follow @-@ up practice game , players struggled in the day 's heat , and ignoring calls to retire , Wills suffered from a near @-@ fatal sunstroke . Hammersley wrote that Wills felt obliged to perform for the large crowd that had gathered to watch him . Over 25 @,@ 000 people attended the MCG in February 1860 to watch Victoria , captained by Wills , play New South Wales . Wills bowled unchanged in both innings , taking 6 / 23 and 3 / 16 , and top scored with 20 * . Victoria won by 69 runs . The Melbourne media gave Wills the sobriquet " Great Gun of the Colony " . The Victorian Cricketers ' Guide called him the ideal all @-@ rounder . The Sydney press , championing Wills as a native New South Welshman , agreed : Tall , muscular , and slender , Mr. Wills seems moulded by nature to excel in every branch of the noble game , ... on the field we find him the admiration of the ground , while in the combination of his successes , [ his teammates ] recognise with pride the still more arduous duties of an unwearied and most discreet captain . Wills remained an influential figure in Australian football from 1859 to 1860 . While he fought for the adoption of many Rugby School customs — such as a free kick for marking , the use of an oval @-@ shaped ball , and ( unsuccessfully ) a crossbar — he improvised on the field and devised innovative tactics and strategies , pushing the game in new directions . His exploitation of the code 's lack of an offside law in 1860 has been cited as the point at which " the full potential of the sport started to be realised " . At Wills ' invitation , his cousin Harrison joined the footballing scene in 1859 , quickly becoming a leading player and captain . He looked up to Wills , terming him " the beau @-@ ideal of an athlete " — high praise given that Harrison was the champion runner of Victoria . Their presence in Geelong fuelled a local craze for football and ensured the Geelong Football Club 's supremacy in the early 1860s . In an era when players moved freely amongst clubs , Wills still represented Melbourne , and was the first captain and secretary of the Richmond Football Club ( no connection with the AFL club ) in 1860 . The code underwent revisions around this time , principally in response to the on @-@ field actions of dominant players . " And there were none more dominant than Wills and Harrison " , writes James Coventry . = = Queensland = = With plans underway for the first tour of Australia by an English cricket team , Wills announced his retirement from sport . At the beckoning of his father , Wills agreed to leave Victoria to found a new family property , Cullin @-@ la @-@ ringo , on the Nogoa River in outback Queensland . He prepared for six months in country Victoria where learnt the crafts of a squatter . In his will , Horatio — showing a " deep understanding " of Tom 's personality — wrote that his son would be removed from the station and receive a diminished inheritance in the event of " misconducting himself " as manager . In January 1861 , Tom , Horatio and a party of employees and their families travelled by steamer to Brisbane , disembarked in Moreton Bay , and then , with livestock and supplies , set out on an eight @-@ month trek through Queensland 's rugged interior . Food was scarce and Tom hunted native game to fend off starvation . They suffered many other hardships and even death when , in Toowoomba , one of Horatio 's men drowned . On the Darling Downs over 10 @,@ 000 sheep were collected . The size of the Wills party attracted the attention of local Aborigines , and the two groups engaged in games of mimicry . Wary of entering the region 's frontier war , Horatio maintained a conciliatory attitude to the Aborigines . The party reached Cullin @-@ la @-@ ringo , situated on Kairi Aboriginal land , in early October , and proceeded to set up camp . = = = Cullin @-@ la @-@ ringo massacre = = = On the afternoon of 17 October , two weeks after their arrival , Horatio and eighteen of his party were murdered in the deadliest massacre of settlers by Aborigines in Australian history . Tom was away from the property at the time , having been sent with two stockmen to collect supplies left en route to Cullin @-@ la @-@ Ringo . He returned several days later to a scene of devastation . Despairing and in shock , Wills immediately wrote to H. C. A. Harrison in Melbourne : " ... all our party except I have been slaughtered by the black 's on the 17th . I am in a great fix no men . " Police , native police and vigilante groups from neighbouring stations swiftly tracked down and killed at least 70 local Aborigines ; the total may have been 300 . Wills took refuge near Cullin @-@ la @-@ ringo , and though he desired to avenge his father 's death , there is no evidence that he joined the reprisal raids . Conflicting reports reached the outside world and for a time it was feared that Tom had died . In the press , Horatio was accused of ignoring warnings and allowing Aborigines to encroach on his property . The retribution was also called excessive . Tom vehemently defended his father against any perceived criticism . Privately , in his first letter to Harrison , he admitted , " if we had used common precaution all would have been well " . It was later revealed that , prior to leaving the camp , Tom advised Horatio to be watchful of the local Aborigines , but according to Hammersley , " the old man prided himself on being able to manage the blacks ... and said they would never harm him . " The Queensland press , still in the wake of the massacre , suggested that Wills , " now a Queenslander " , be approached to captain the colony 's cricket team . Different reasons were put forward at the time to account for the Wills tragedy . For many colonists , it confirmed the popular belief that Aborigines were bloodthirsty savages . Tom never articulated his version of events in writing , but Cedric Wills wrote years later that it was an act of revenge for an attack made on local Aborigines by squatter Jesse Gregson . He quoted Tom as saying , " If the truth is ever known , you will find that it was through Gregson shooting those blacks ; that was the cause of the murder . " In the years following the massacre , Wills experienced flashbacks , nightmares and an irritable heart — features of what is now known as post @-@ traumatic stress disorder . Having immersed himself in the drinking culture of colonial sport , he increased his alcohol consumption in a likely attempt to blot out memories and alleviate sleep disturbance . Wills ' sister Emily wrote of him two months after the massacre : " He says he never felt so changed in the whole course of his life " . = = = Riot and expulsion = = = Wills vowed to stay on Cullin @-@ la @-@ ringo and fulfill his father 's agrarian dream — words that , according to de Moore , " enshrined and imprisoned " Tom as the new head of the family . Hypervigilant , he slept only three hours a night with a rifle beside his bed and watched for signs of another attack . He began to rebuild the station pending the arrival of his uncle , William Roope , who took control of Cullin @-@ la @-@ ringo in December 1861 , but soon left as a result of Wills acting " exceedingly ill " to him . Wills struggled to cope with the harsh conditions and isolation of the outback . He went blind for weeks after contracting " sandy blight " . He went to Sydney in January 1863 to captain Victoria against New South Wales on the Domain . The match turned into a riot when the crowd invaded the field during a dispute over the Victorian umpire 's impartiality . Wills , leading his men from the Domain , was struck in the face by a stone , and professionals George Marshall and William Greaves fled the city , reducing the Victorian side to nine players . Wills took eight wickets and top scored in both innings ( 25 * and 17 * ) , but Victoria lost by 84 runs . The Melbourne media castigated Wills for allowing the game to continue and called him a traitor when evidence surfaced that he agreed to play for New South Wales in the weeks prior to the match . He denied all accusations and wrote in an angry letter to The Sydney Morning Herald : " I for one do not think that Victoria will ever send an Eleven up here again . " Back in Victoria , he became engaged to Julie Anderson , a farmer 's daughter from Skipton and friend of the Wills family . Her name does not appear in any of Wills ' surviving letters ; he rarely mentioned the women he courted , let alone his feelings towards them . Wills stayed in Geelong for the start of the 1863 football season , breaking his promise of an early return to Cullin @-@ la @-@ ringo , much to the dismay of his mother and the holding 's trustees . Wills finally returned to Queensland in May and was sworn in as a Justice of the Peace upon arrival in Brisbane . Over the next few months , he reported at least three murders of local settlers by Aborigines , including that of a shepherd on Cullin @-@ la @-@ ringo . He accosted government officials over the lack of protection against Aboriginal attacks and scorned " Brisbane saints " for sympathising with the plight of Aborigines in the Nogoa region . With the cricket season approaching , Wills agreed to captain Queensland against New South Wales , and then left the station to lead a Victoria XXII at the MCG against George Parr 's All @-@ England Eleven . In awe of his cross @-@ continental dash to play cricket , the English thought it a madman 's journey . Wills arrived on the final day of the match to a thunderous reception , and joined the visitors on their Victorian tour . During the 1863 – 64 season , Wills ' engagement to Anderson broke off , possibly due to his womanising , and it was revealed that he had been squandering family finances on alcohol while claiming it as station expenditure . The trustees demanded that he stay in Victoria to answer for the property 's runaway debt . In response , Wills joined Parr 's XI on a month @-@ long tour New Zealand . He captained local teams against the English and filled the same role for Victoria at the tour 's end in Melbourne . He faced the trustees soon after . His mother struggled to condemn him but ultimately approved his dismissal from Cullin @-@ la @-@ ringo , thus fulfilling the premonition in Horatio 's will . = = Return to Victoria = = Wills stayed at the family home in Geelong . Always a black sheep of sorts , he now became increasingly estranged from his mother and sister Emily . Family letters from mid @-@ 1864 reveal that Wills had a " wife " — a " bad woman " according to Emily . It is likely a reference to the already @-@ married Sarah Barbor ( née Duff ) . Born in Dublin , she is a mysterious figure , but is known to have remained Wills ' lifelong partner . The de facto nature of their relationship , and even Barbor 's existence , were probably kept secret from Wills ' mother for a number of years . Throughout the 1865 football season , Wills played for and often captained Melbourne and Geelong , two of the game 's most powerful clubs . At the end of a winter beset with public brawls over which team " owned " him , Wills moved to Geelong for the remainder of his career , prompting Bell 's Life in Victoria to report that Melbourne had lost " the finest leader of men on the football field " . The following year , when the running bounce and other rules were formalised at a meeting of club delegates under Harrison 's chairmanship , Wills was not present ; his move to Geelong had rendered him peripheral to the process of rule @-@ making in Melbourne . Intercolonials between Victoria and New South Wales resumed at the MCG on Boxing Day 1865 , nearly three years since the Sydney riot . Sam Cosstick , William Caffyn and other Victorian professionals defected to the rival colony due to pay disputes with the MCC . Wills , leading the weakened Victorian side to an against @-@ the @-@ odds win , took 6 wickets and contributed 58 — the first half century in Australian first @-@ class cricket — to 285 , a record intercolonial total . Cheating allegations against Wills failed to endanger his status as a folk hero and " a source of eternal hope " for Victoria . = = Aboriginal cricket team = = In May 1866 , the MCC 's minute book featured an unusual request : Roland Newbury , the club 's pavilion keeper , wanted " use of the ground for two days ... for purpose of a match with the native black eleven " . It was the first intimation of a cricket match between the MCC and an Aboriginal team from Victoria 's Western District . The motive behind the match , scheduled for late December , was a financial one , and in August , Wills agreed to coach the Aborigines . Wills ' reasons for accepting the role remain a mystery , but his need for money was likely a factor . This was to mark the beginning of his transition from amateur to professional sportsman . Wills travelled inland in November to Edenhope and Harrow to convene the players from local pastoral properties , where they worked as station hands . One of their employers , William Hayman , acted as the team 's manager and " protector " . They were mostly Jardwadjali men who shared common vocabulary with the neighbouring Djab wurrung people , which enabled Wills to use the Aboriginal language he learnt as a child . From their training ground at Lake Wallace , Wills , in a " tactical strike " , boasted to the Melbourne press of the Aborigines ' powers , especially the batsmanship of Mullagh , spurring an anxious MCC to strengthen its ranks with players from outside the club . Public sympathy was with the Aborigines when they arrived in Melbourne and over 10 @,@ 000 spectators attended the MCG on Boxing Day to witness the match . Wills captained the team in a losing struggle and afterwards spoke defiantly against the MCC 's " treachery " . It is unknown what Wills and the Aborigines made of the broader social and political dimensions of the enterprise . Some of Wills ' contemporaries were shocked that he would associate with Aborigines in the shadow of his father 's death . Others , such as this writer in The Empire , called him a hero : Although you may not be fully aware of the fact , allow me to tell you that you have rendered a greater service to the aboriginal races of this country and to humanity , than any man who has hitherto attempted to uphold the title of the blacks to rank amongst men . While Melburnians were enthralled by the Aborigines , the annual intercolonial contest between Victoria and New South Wales — usually the highlight of the season — failed to excite public interest , and Victoria 's loss in Sydney was put down to Wills ' absence . The Aboriginal team embarked on a tour of Victoria , improving as it went . After an easy win in Geelong , Wills , without warning his mother , took the players to meet her at " Belle Vue " . Back in Melbourne in mid @-@ January , two of the Aborigines , Bullocky and Cuzens , joined Wills in representing Victoria against a Tasmanian XVI . The team 's successes provoked a public discourse over past mistreatment of Aboriginal people and future relations between the races . As the only white member , Wills ' role took on a symbolic significance . His status as a ' native ' ( a native @-@ born Australian ) blurred the distinction between him and his ' native ' teammates , and he was also noted for speaking in " their own lingo " . The " team jester " Jellico teased Wills : " He too much along of us . He speak nothing now but blackfellow talk . " They went to Sydney in February to begin a planned tour of the colonies and overseas . Aware of the tour 's lucrative potential , Englishman Charles Lawrence , captain of New South Wales , invited the team to stay at his hotel on Manly Beach . The first match against his club at the Albert Ground in Redfern came to a dramatic halt when Wills was arrested and briefly gaoled for a breach of contract . He and W. E. B. Gurnett , the tour 's promoter , had been competing to take over as manager . Gurnett , a con artist , left the team stranded and broke , dashing any hope of a trip abroad . Lawrence set up a " benefit " match , and by the end of the tour 's New South Wales leg , had worked his way into the team to usurp Wills as captain . No longer feted by the media , they returned to Victoria in May , and Wills was playing football within two weeks of reaching Geelong . It has been said that he exercised a " bad influence " upon the Aborigines with his drinking habit . Four players died over the course of the tour ; at least one death , that of Watty , was officially linked to alcohol . The surviving members formed part of the Aboriginal team which Lawrence took to England in 1868 , ten years before the first Australian XI classed as representative went overseas . Wills resented Lawrence for reviving the team without him ; his exclusion has been called the tragedy of his sporting career . = = Ambiguous professional = = Without career prospects outside of sport , Wills joined the MCC as a professional at the start of the 1867 – 68 season ; however , he wasn 't openly referred to as such . Instead , the club devised the title of ' tutor ' in order that he maintain the prestige of his amateur background . Played on the MCG , the December 1867 intercolonial between Victoria and New South Wales ended in a sound victory for the former , principally due to Wills ' nine @-@ wicket haul and Richard Wardill 's century . Wills had been Victoria 's preferred captain for over a decade . Writing in his sports column , Hammersley claimed that , as a paid cricketer , Wills lacked " moral ascendancy " over amateurs . When he lost the captaincy to Wardill , an amateur , on the eve of the March 1869 match against New South Wales , he refused to play under him , or , indeed , anyone else . The Victorians condemned Wills and resolved to go on without him , after which he retracted his decision not to play . This was the last intercolonial played on the Domain and Victoria recovered from Wardill 's diamond duck to win by 78 runs . Wills scalped 7 wickets in a single innings . Wills announced in early 1869 that he would not play for Victoria again , even if the colony wanted him . He planned to leave for Cullin @-@ la @-@ ringo , but his mother , still " very dissatisfied " with him , requested that he stay away from the property . The MCC took him back and he continued to act as a tutor with the club . Members of the recently returned Aboriginal XI , Mullagh and Cuzens , joined him as paid bowlers . Barred from having Wills in matches against the MCC , Geelong was allowed to field an extra five men to make up for his loss . Wills ' appearance had deteriorated ; gaining weight , balding and generally unkempt , with " an alcoholic blush of his cheeks " , he looked older than his years . Describing his body as " stiff " during a cricket match in 1870 , he hinted , for the first time , that his talent was fading . = = No @-@ ball plot and downfall = = For Mr. Wills to no @-@ ball Mr. Wardill for throwing is like Satan reproving sin . Hardly a year had passed since Wills ' return to Australia in 1856 without public comment on his suspect bowling action . Australia 's most famous and outspoken bowler to be accused of throwing , Wills became a " convenient caricature " upon which to cast blame for cheating in cricket . His amateur status had protected him , as had the collusion between newspapers , spectators and clubs when he was a certain match @-@ winner , but as his skills faded with age , the campaign against his throwing gathered strength . In February 1870 , Wills captained Victoria to a 265 @-@ run win over New South Wales at the MCG . The match featured Twopenny , an Aboriginal paceman who was said to have been recruited by opposing captain Lawrence as a foil to Wills ' " chucks " . Comparing the two , the Melbourne press surmised : " Undoubtedly Wills throws sometimes , but there is some decency about it , some disguise . " In March , Victoria trounced a Tasmanian XVI in Launceston under Wills ' leadership , though not without criticism of his bowling action . The accusations of Wills ' throwing were growing louder , and one @-@ time ally Hammersley emerged as his most severe critic . In the face of a looming crisis in his career , Wills openly admitted to throwing in his 1870 – 71 Australian Cricketers ' Guide , and in so doing taunted his enemies to stop him . A villainous Wills was held as inciting a plague of throwing and corrupting younger bowlers . Throwing allowed him to increase pace , and he was criticised for introducing a style of fast bowling designed to injure and intimidate batsmen . Nonetheless , the Victorian team reappointed him as captain for the March 1871 intercolonial match against New South Wales , held at the Albert Ground in Sydney . Wills ' first innings top score of 39 * was offset by his drunkenness on the field and a reluctance to bowl for fear of being called . Victoria won by 48 runs . Not long after , Wills was no @-@ balled for throwing for the first time in a club match . Rumour spread that it was the result of a conspiracy against him . A series of superb club cricket performances removed any doubt that Wills would play for Victoria in the next intercolonial against New South Wales , scheduled for March 1872 on the MCG . Before the game , representatives from both colonies met and signed a bilateral agreement designed to call Wills . When he opened the bowling , Wills became the first cricketer to be called for throwing in a major Australian match . Two more balls were ruled as throws in two overs , and Wills did not bowl again . He was again no @-@ balled when a Victorian side under his captaincy played and lost to a combined XIII from New South Wales , Tasmania and South Australia late in 1872 . Hammersley had seemingly succeeded in his campaign to see Wills banished from intercolonial cricket . In an exchange of personal attacks in the press , Wills implied that Hammersley was an architect of the no @-@ ball plot , and protested that he and other English colonists were out to oppress native @-@ born Australians . Hammersley closed : You are played out now , the cricketing machine is rusty and useless , all respect for it is gone . You will never be captain of a Victorian Eleven again , ... Eschew colonial beer , and take the pledge , and in time your failings may be forgotten , and only your talents as a cricketer remembered . Farewell , Tommy Wills . = = Grace and comeback attempt = = W. G. Grace , the Victorian era 's most famous cricketer , brought an English team to Australia in 1873 – 74 . Wills was desperate to play for Victoria against Grace and rival cricketing factions fought over his possible inclusion . Hammersley , a selector , ensured his omission . Wills toured with the team , playing for country sides . Irked by Wills ' constant presence , Grace remarked that he seemed to regard himself as a representative of the whole of Australia . It was assumed that , on his homeward journey , Grace would play a final match in the South Australian capital of Adelaide , but he bypassed the city when Kadina , a remote mining town in the Copper Triangle , offered him more money . Wills coached the locals . Played in an open , rock @-@ strewn plain of baked earth , the game was deemed a farce . Wills made a pair and Grace later wrote derisively of the " old Rugbeian " as a has @-@ been . Grace neglected to mention that Wills bowled him , ending with 6 / 28 . In Geelong , Wills was still idolised , though he seemed discontented , seeking any chance to earn money through cricket in the major cities . He maintained an interest in the development of football , what he called " the king of games " . He continued to suggest rule changes , such as the push in the back rule to curb injuries , and , as captain of Geelong , had shaped the sport 's playing style . Utilising the young squad 's speed and skill , Wills devised a revolutionary game plan — what he called " scientific football " — based on passing and running into open space . He pioneered another tactical manoeuvre in Ballarat by ordering his players to flood the backline to prevent the home side from scoring . Having inicited the crowd , he and his men wasted time and deliberately kicking the ball out of bounds , inflaming the situation . A few years later , in a rare act of diplomacy , Wills quelled tensions after a rival club used his " unchivalrous tactics " against Geelong . He played his last football game in 1874 . In his 1874 – 75 Australian Cricketers ' Guide , Wills argued that the ailing Victoria XI needed a new captain . " No one reading his words could mistake its intent — what Victoria needed was Tom Wills " , writes de Moore . For the first time since his demise , selectors considered Wills for the next intercolonial against New South Wales . Noting his faded skills and tendency to throw , the Melbourne press lamented , " there is some sentimental notion afloat that as a captain he is peerless . " Pessimism gave way to hope as Wills promised a victory , and in February 1876 he led the Victorians onto the Albert Ground . He went for 0 and 4 and failed to pick up a wicket despite keeping himself on longer than any other Victorian bowler . He was blamed for Victoria 's 195 @-@ run loss . In turn , he laid the blame on his team @-@ mates . By 1877 , Wills ' cricket career " had become a series of petty disputes in petty games " of " ever @-@ deteriorating standards . " In a brief postscript to one of several rejected applications for employment at the MCC , Wills gave voice to professionals " left in the cold " . It has been interpreted as " an unmistakable backhander for the club . To see Wills simply as a beggar would be to misunderstand him . " = = Final years = = Following his retirement as a footballer , Wills turned to umpiring and committee work , and despite his continued slide into debt , donated money and trophies for football competitions . He served as Geelong 's vice @-@ president from 1873 to 1876 , and was one of three delegates appointed by the club after the 1877 formation of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , but was dropped soon after for unknown reasons . During the 1878 VFA season , he acted as central umpire , and defended his adjudication of a June match between Carlton and Albert Park in what would be his last public letter . That year , Wills , broke and hounded by creditors , began selling his land in Geelong to help clear his debt , and moved with Sarah Barbor to South Melbourne . Wills held no positions of power at the South Melbourne Cricket Club and only occasionally appeared in local team lists . He convinced the club to open its ground to football in winter . Other clubs followed , and football adapted to an oval @-@ shaped field . By now , the sport had spread throughout Australasia , and Melbourne matches were attracting the world 's largest football crowds yet seen . In late 1878 , the MCC rejected his last overture to the club , and his dwindling income from cricket was " finally asphyxiated " . From February 1879 onwards , Wills lived with his de facto in Heidelberg , a small village on the outskirts of Melbourne . He rarely left it for the remainder of his life . His alcoholism worsened , as did Sarah 's , also a heavy drinker . He coached the local cricket team , and , on 13 March 1880 , played for the side in his last recorded game . His " chucks " were still noted . In his last surviving letters , sent two days later to his brothers on Cullin @-@ la @-@ ringo , he wrote of Heidelberg as a place of exile — " I 'm out of the world here " — and fantasised about escaping to Tasmania . Begging for money to help pay off debts , he promised , " I will not trouble any of you again " . = = = Suicide = = = Isolated and disowned by most of his family , Wills had become , in the words of cricket historian David Frith , " a complete and dangerous and apparently incurable alcoholic " . Contrary to legend , Wills was never incarcerated in a lunatic asylum . He started to show signs of delirium tremens in late April , including paranoid delusions , and Sarah , fearing that a calamity was at hand , admitted him to the Melbourne Hospital on 1 May to be kept under restraint . Wills absconded soon after , returned home and the next day committed suicide by stabbing a pair of scissors into his heart three times . The inquest , on 3 May , presided over by coroner Richard Youl , found that Wills " killed himself when of unsound mind from excessive drinking " . Wills was buried the next day in an unmarked grave in Heidelberg Cemetery at a private funeral attended by only six people : his brother Egbert , sister Emily and cousin Harrison ; Harrison 's sister Adela and her son Amos ; and cricketer Verney Cameron . His death certificate declared that his parents were unknown . When asked by a journalist about her late son , Elizabeth Wills is reported to have denied that Tom ever existed . = = Personality = = Wills struck his contemporaries as peculiar and at times narcissistic , with a prickly temperament , but also kind , charismatic and companionable . Often embroiled in controversy , he seemed to lack an understanding of how his words and actions could repeatedly get him into trouble . His obsession with sport was such that he showed little interest in anything else . Through his research , journalist Martin Flanagan concluded that Wills was " utterly bereft of insight into himself " , and football historian Gillian Hibbins described Wills as " an overbearing and undisciplined young man who tended to blame others for his troubles and was more interested in winning a game than in respecting sporting rules . " Wills ' family and peers , though angered by his misbehaviour , frequently forgave him . It is unlikely that he sought popular favour , but his strong egalitarian streak helped solidify his folk hero status . This affection for him , coupled with an understanding of his waywardness , found expression in the public motto : " With all thy faults I love thee still , Tommy Wills " . As a young adult back in Australia , Wills developed a peculiar stream of consciousness style of writing that sometimes defied syntax and grammar . His letters are laced with puns , oblique classical and Shakespearean allusions , and droll asides , such as this one about Melbourne in a letter to his brother Cedric : " Everything is dull here , but people are kept alive by people getting shot at in the streets " . The overall effect is one of " a mind full of energy and histrionic ideas without a centre " . He could be dismissive , triumphant and brazen all within a single sentence . Whatever his inner world was , he rarely let it be known . Lines of argument or considered opinion were not developed . His stream of thought was in rapid flux and a string of defiant jabs . To give emphasis he underlined his words with a flourish . His punctuation was idiosyncratic . Language was breathless and explosive and he revelled in presenting himself and his motives as mysterious . Unlike his provocative written language , Wills spoke in a breezy and laconic manner . In one of his borderline " thought disordered " letters , it is evident that at times he entered a state of depersonalisation : " I do not know what I am standing on ... when anyone speaks to me I cannot for the life of me make out what they are talking about — everything seems so curious . " In 1884 , Hammersley compared Wills ' incipient madness and fiery glare to that of Adam Lindsay Gordon , the Australian bush poet . Wills ' mental instability is a source for speculation : epilepsy has been suggested as a possible cause of his perplexed mental state , and a variant of bipolar illness may account for his disjointed thinking and flowery , confused writings . In 1923 , the MCC discovered Tom 's old cricket cap and put it on display in the Block Arcade , prompting Horace Wills to reflect : " My brother was the nicest man I ever met . Though his nature was care @-@ free , amounting almost to wildness , he had the sweetest temper I have seen in a man , and was essentially a sportsman . " = = Playing style and captaincy = = 'Great ' athletes seem to be anointed every day ; far rarer are those entitled to be considered ' original ' . Tom Wills is such a figure in every respect . Wills was the greatest Australian all @-@ round cricketer of his era and " almost , if not quite , equal " to the best all @-@ rounders of early Test cricket . " The picture of the athlete " in his prime , " full to overflowing with animal vigor " , Wills seemed indestructible . Intensely competitive , Wills ' win @-@ at @-@ all @-@ costs mentality , his intimidation of opponents , and his bending and breaking of rules undermined the amateur ideal of friendly competition . A natural born leader , he emboldened the less gifted on his team with his supreme confidence . Even in the face of imminent defeat , he never appeared to despair the fortunes of his side . On the off @-@ chance that he sought another player 's opinion , he invariably followed his own mind , and his resources at any critical juncture in a match were said to be always clever , and sometimes unique . " As a judge of the game he never had a superior " , wrote Britain 's The Sportsman . The rarity of Wills ' genius was compared to William Shakespeare 's . As a bowler , Wills varied his pace and style considerably , and was quick to work out a batsman 's weak points . He had in his repertoire " sparklers , rippers , fizzers , trimmers and shooters . " Noted for his deceptive slow deliveries , dropping mid @-@ flight and big on break , Wills ' fast round arm balls sometimes reared head @-@ high from the pitch , terrorising his opponent . English batsman Sir David Serjeant said that Wills was the only bowler he ever feared . Wills was a " peculiarly ugly " batsman with a dogged defence and a capacity for explosive hitting . His characteristic shots — cuts and to the leg side — ensured the primacy of defence . He explained his stonewalling thus : " The ball can 't get through the bat . " An outstanding fieldsman anywhere , Wills excelled in the slips and ran out batsmen with deadly accurate throwing . Wills was a " tear away " Australian rules footballer whose " pluck and skill " , it was said , only George O 'Mullane matched . As at Rugby , he won praise as an elusive dodger and unrivalled drop kick , and excelled in different positions , moving from a follower and goal @-@ scorer in the ruck to full back . Of the early footballers , Wills was appraised as the greatest , most astute captain , and is credited with opening up the game to new tactics and skills and a more free @-@ flowing style of play . In July 1860 — in what the press called a " coup de main " , and what has since been recognised as a " tactical leap " that foreshadowed modern football — Wills breached the era 's notional offside line by positioning his Richmond men down the field from defence to attack , who , by a series of short kick passes towards goal , succeeded in scoring . That same month , captaining Melbourne to victory , he pioneered a rudimentary form of flooding ; and in another win for the club , exploited the low player turnout by instructing his men to dart with the ball in open spaces . Historian Bernard Whimpress called Wills an innovator who " would fit easily into today 's game " . Historian Geoffrey Blainey writes : " How many of the tricks and stratagems of the early years came from this clever tactician we will never know . " = = Legacy = = Australia 's first celebrity sportsman , Wills began to fade from public consciousness within his own lifetime . His dark reputation and suicide , and his links to convictism and frontier violence — sources of cultural cringe — have been posited as reasons for his descent	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
, it nearly provoked a diplomatic incident with Belgium ; even some Congolese politicians perceived it as unnecessarily provocative . Nevertheless , independence was celebrated across the Congo . Politically , the new state had semi @-@ presidential constitution , known as the loi fondamentale , in which executive power was shared between President and Prime Minister in a system known as bicephalisme . Kasa @-@ Vubu was proclaimed President , and Lumumba Prime Minister , of the Republic of the Congo . Despite the objections of CONAKAT and others , the constitution was largely centralist , concentrating power in the central government in Léopoldville , and did not devolve significant powers to provincial level . = = Beginning of the crisis = = = = = Force Publique mutiny , racial violence and Belgian intervention = = = Despite the proclamation of independence , neither the Belgian nor the Congolese government intended the colonial social order to end immediately . The Belgian government hoped that whites might keep their position indefinitely . The Republic of the Congo was still reliant on colonial institutions like the Force Publique to function from day to day , and white technical experts , installed by the Belgians , were retained in the broad absence of suitably qualified black Congolese replacements ( partly the result of colonial restrictions regarding higher education ) . Many Congolese people had assumed that independence would produce tangible and immediate social change , so the retention of whites in positions of importance was widely resented . Lieutenant @-@ General Émile Janssens , the Belgian commander of the Force Publique , refused to see Congolese independence as marking a change in the nature of command . The day after the independence festivities , he gathered the black non @-@ commissioned officers of his Léopoldville garrison and told them that things under his command would stay the same , summarising the point by writing " Before Independence = After Independence " on a blackboard . This message was hugely unpopular among the rank and file — many of the men had expected rapid promotions and increases in pay to accompany independence . On 5 July , several units mutinied against their white officers at Camp Hardy near Thysville . The insurrection spread to Léopoldville the next day and later to garrisons across the country . Rather than deploying Belgian troops against the mutineers as Janssens had wished , Lumumba dismissed him and renamed the Force Publique the Armée Nationale Congolaise ( ANC ) . All black soldiers were promoted by at least one rank . Victor Lundula was promoted directly from sergeant @-@ major to major @-@ general and head of the army , replacing Janssens . At the same time , Joseph @-@ Désiré Mobutu , an ex @-@ sergeant @-@ major and close personal aide of Lumumba , became Lundula 's deputy as army chief of staff . The government attempted to stop the revolt — Lumumba and Kasa @-@ Vubu intervened personally at Léopoldville and Thysville and persuaded the mutineers to lay down their arms — but in most of the country the mutiny intensified . White officers and civilians were attacked , white @-@ owned properties were looted and white women were raped . The Belgian government became deeply concerned by the situation , particularly when white civilians began entering neighbouring countries as refugees . Lumumba 's stance appeared to many Belgians to justify their prior concerns about his radicalism . On 9 July , Belgium deployed paratroopers , without the Congolese state 's permission , in Kabalo and elsewhere to protect fleeing white civilians . The Belgian intervention divided Lumumba and Kasa @-@ Vubu ; while Kasa @-@ Vubu accepted the Belgian operation , Lumumba denounced it and called for " all Congolese to defend our republic against those who menace it . " At Lumumba 's request , white civilians from the port city of Matadi were evacuated by the Belgian Navy on 11 July . Belgian ships then bombarded the city ; at least 19 civilians were killed . This action prompted renewed attacks on whites across the country , while Belgian forces entered other towns and cities , including Léopoldville , and clashed with Congolese troops . = = = Katanga and South Kasai secessions = = = On 11 July 1960 , Moise Tshombe , the leader of CONAKAT , declared the Congo 's southern province of Katanga independent as the State of Katanga , with Élisabethville as its capital and himself as President . The mineral @-@ rich Katanga region had traditionally shared closer economic ties with the Copperbelt of neighbouring Northern Rhodesia ( then part of the Central African Federation ) than with the rest of the Congo , and because of its economic importance it had been administered separately from the rest of the country under the Belgians . CONAKAT furthermore contended that Katangese people were ethnically distinct from other Congolese . The secession was partly motivated by the Katangese separatists ' desire to keep more of the wealth generated by the province 's mining operations and to avoid sharing it with the rest of the Congo . Another major factor was what CONAKAT held to be the disintegration of law in order in the central and north @-@ eastern Congo . Announcing Katanga 's breakaway , Tshombe said " We are seceding from chaos . " The major mining company in Katanga , the Union Minière du Haut Katanga ( UMHK ) , had begun supporting CONAKAT during the latter days of Belgian rule amid worries that the MNC might seek to nationalise the company 's assets after independence . UMHK was largely owned by the Société Générale de Belgique , a prominent holding company based in Brussels that had close ties to the Belgian government . Encouraged by the UMHK , the Belgian government provided military support to Katanga and ordered its civil servants in the region to remain in their posts . Tshombe also engaged mercenaries , mainly whites from South Africa and the Rhodesias , to supplement and command Katangese troops . Although supported by the Belgians , Katanga never received formal diplomatic recognition from any country . The Katangese secession highlighted the " fundamental weakness " of the central government in Léopoldville which had been the chief advocate of a unified state . Less than a month after the Katangese secession , on 8 August , a section of the region of Kasai situated slightly to the north of Katanga also declared its autonomy from the central government as the Mining State of South Kasai ( Sud @-@ Kasaï ) based around the city of Bakwanga . South Kasai was much smaller than Katanga , but was also a mining region . It was largely populated by the Luba ethnic group , and its President , Albert Kalonji , claimed that the secession was largely sparked by persecution of the Baluba in the rest of the Congo . The South Kasai government was supported by Forminière , another Belgian mining company , which received concessions from the new state in return for financial support . = = = Foreign reaction and UN intervention = = = Disquiet about Belgium 's support for the secessionist states led to calls within the United Nations ( UN ) to remove all Belgian troops from the country . The Secretary General of the UN , Dag Hammarskjöld , believed that the crisis would provide the organisation with a chance to demonstrate its potential as a major peacekeeping force and encouraged the sending of a multinational contingent of peacekeepers to the Congo under UN command . On 14 July , the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 143 , calling for total Belgian withdrawal from the Congo and their replacement with a UN @-@ commanded force . The arrival of the United Nations Operation in the Congo ( ONUC ) was initially welcomed by Lumumba and the central government who believed the UN would help suppress the secessionist states . ONUC 's initial mandate , however , only covered peacekeeping . Viewing the secessions as an internal political matter , Hammarskjöld refused to use UN troops to assist the central Congolese government against them ; he argued that doing so would represent a loss of impartiality and breach Congolese sovereignty . Frustrated , Lumumba turned to the Soviet Union , which agreed to provide weapons , logistical and material support . Around 1 @,@ 000 Soviet military advisors soon landed in the Congo . Lumumba 's actions distanced him from the rest of the government , especially Kasa @-@ Vubu , who feared the implications of Soviet intervention . The Americans also feared that a Soviet @-@ aligned Congo could form the basis of a major expansion of communism into central Africa . With Soviet support , 2 @,@ 000 ANC troops launched a major offensive against South Kasai . The attack was extremely successful , but during the course of the offensive , the ANC became involved in infighting between the Baluba and Bena Lulua ethnic groups . As a result , the ANC perpetrated a number of large massacres of Luba civilians . Around 3 @,@ 000 were killed . The violence of the advance caused an exodus of thousands of Baluba civilians who fled their homes to flee the fighting . The involvement of the Soviet Union alarmed the United States . The American government of Dwight D. Eisenhower , in line with Belgian criticism , had long believed that Lumumba was communist and that the Congo could be on track to become a strategically placed Soviet client state . In August 1960 , Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) agents in the region reported to their agency that " Congo [ is ] experiencing [ a ] classic communist ... takeover " and warned that the Congo might follow the same path as Cuba . = = Political disintegration = = = = = Central government split and first Mobutu coup = = = Lumumba 's appeal for Soviet support split the government and led to mounting pressure from Western countries to remove him from power . In addition , both Tshombe and Kalonji appealed to Kasa @-@ Vubu , who they believed to be both a moderate and federalist , to move against Lumumba 's centralism and resolve the secession issue . Meanwhile , Mobutu took effective control of the army , routing foreign aid and promotions to specific units and officers to secure their allegiance . On 5 September 1960 , Kasa @-@ Vubu announced that he had unilaterally dismissed Lumumba on national radio using the massacres in South Kasai as a pretext and with the promise of American backing . Andrew Cordier , the American UN representative in the Congo , used his position to block communications by Lumumba 's faction and to prevent a coordinated MNC @-@ L reaction to the news . Both chambers of parliament , however , supported Lumumba and denounced Kasa @-@ Vubu . Lumumba attempted to dismiss Kasa @-@ Vubu from his position , but could not get support for this , precipitating a constitutional crisis . Ostensibly in order to resolve the deadlock , Joseph @-@ Désiré Mobutu launched a bloodless coup and replaced both Kasa @-@ Vubu and Lumumba with a College of Commissionaires ( Collège des commissaires ) consisting of a panel of university graduates , led by Justin Bomboko . Soviet military advisors were ordered to leave . Allegedly , the coup was intended to force the politicians to take cooling @-@ off period before they could resume control . In practice , however , Mobutu sided with Kasa @-@ Vubu against Lumumba , who was placed under house arrest , guarded by Ghanaian UN troops and an outer ring of ANC soldiers . Kasa @-@ Vubu was re @-@ appointed President by Mobutu in February 1961 . From the coup onwards , Mobutu was able to exert considerable power in Congolese politics behind the scenes . Following Kasa @-@ Vubu 's reinstatement , there was an attempted rapprochement between the Congolese factions . Tshombe began negotiations for the end of the secession and the formation of a confederal Congo . Although a compromise agreement was reached , it was prevented from taking effect as negotiations broke down amid personal animosity between Kasa @-@ Vubu and Tshombe . An attempted reconciliation in July 1961 led to the formation of a new government , led by Cyrille Adoula , which brought together deputies from both Lumumbist and South Kasai factions but also failed to bring a reconciliation with Katanga . Rebel members of the MNC @-@ L fled to Stanleyville where , led by Antoine Gizenga , they formed a rebel government in November 1960 in opposition to the central government in Léopoldville . The Gizenga government was recognised by some states , including the Soviet Union and China , as the official government of the Congo and could call on approximate 5 @,@ 500 troops compared to the central government 's 7 @,@ 000 . Faced with UN pressure , the Gizenga government however collapsed in January 1962 after Gizenga was arrested . = = = Killing of Lumumba = = = Lumumba escaped house arrest and fled eastwards towards Stanleyville where he believed he could rally support . Pursued by troops loyal to Mobutu , he was captured at Port Francqui on 1 December 1960 and flown back to Léopoldville with his hands bound . Despite UN appeals to Kasa @-@ Vubu for due legal process , the Soviet Union denounced the UN as responsible for the arrest and demanded his release . A meeting of the UN Security Council was called on 7 December 1960 to consider Soviet demands that the UN seek Lumumba 's immediate release , his restoration to the head of the Congolese government and the disarming of Mobutu 's forces . The pro @-@ Lumumba resolution was defeated on 14 December 1960 by a vote of 8 – 2 . Still in captivity , Lumumba was tortured and transported to Thysville and later to Katanga where he was handed over to forces loyal to Tshombe . On 17 January 1961 , Lumumba was executed by Katangese troops near Élisabethville . News of the execution , released on 13 February , provoked international outrage . The Belgian Embassy in Yugoslavia was attacked by protesters in Belgrade , and violent demonstrations occurred in London and New York . = = = United Nations escalation and the end of the Katangese secession = = = Since its initial resolution of July 1960 , the UN had issued further resolutions calling for the total withdrawal of Belgian and mercenary forces from Katanga in progressively stronger terms . By 1961 , ONUC comprised nearly 20 @,@ 000 men . Although their mandate prevented them from taking sides , ONUC had a mandate to arrest foreign mercenaries wherever they encountered them . In September 1961 , an attempt to detain a group of Katangese mercenaries without violence during Operation Morthor went wrong and turned into a fire @-@ fight . ONUC 's claim to impartiality was undermined in mid @-@ September when a company of Irish UN troops were captured by numerically superior Katangese forces following a six @-@ day siege in Jadotville . Katanga proceeded to hold the Irishmen as prisoners of war , a development that deeply embarrassed the UN mission and its proponents . On 18 September 1961 Hammarskjöld flew to Ndola , just across the border in Northern Rhodesia , to attempt to broker a cease @-@ fire between UN and Katangese forces . His aircraft crashed while attempting to land at Ndola Airport , killing him and everybody else on board . In stark contrast to Hammarskjöld 's attempts to pursue a moderate policy in the Congo , his successor U Thant supported a more radical policy of direct involvement in the conflict . Katanga released the captured Irish soldiers in mid @-@ October as part of a cease @-@ fire deal in which ONUC agreed to pull its troops back — a propaganda coup for Tshombe . Restated American support for the UN mission , and the murder of ten Italian UN pilots in Port @-@ Émpain in November 1961 , strengthened international demands to resolve the situation . In December 1961 , South Kasai was finally overrun by ANC troops and Kalonji was arrested , ending the South Kasai secession . Resolution 169 , issued in November 1961 , called for ONUC to respond to the deteriorating human rights situation and prevent the outbreak of full @-@ scale civil war . The resolution " completely rejected " Katanga 's claim to statehood and authorised ONUC troops to use all necessary force to " assist the Central Government of the Congo in the restoration and maintenance of law and order " . The Katangese made further provocations and , in response , ONUC launched Operation Unokat to dismantle Katangese roadblocks and seize strategic positions around Élisabethville . Faced with international pressure , Tshombe signed the Kitona Declaration in December 1962 in which he agreed in principle to accept the authority of the central government and state constitution and to abandon any claim to Katangese independence . Following the declaration , however , talks between Tshombe and Adola reached a deadlock , while Katangese troops continued to harass UN troops . Diminishing support and Belgium 's increasing reluctance to support Katanga demonstrated that the state could not survive indefinitely . On 24 December 1962 , UN troops and Katangese gendarmes clashed near Élisabethville and fighting broke out . After attempts to reach a ceasefire failed , UN troops occupied Élisabethville , prompting Tshombe to leave the country . A ceasefire was agreed soon thereafter . Indian UN troops , acting against their orders , then occupied Jadotville , preventing Katangese loyalists from regrouping . Gradually , the UN overran the rest of the Katanga and , on 21 January 1963 , Tshombe surrendered his final stronghold of Kolwezi , effectively ending the Katangese secession . = = = Attempted political reconciliation = = = Following the end of the Katanga secession , political negotiations began to reconcile the disparate political factions . The negotiations coincided with the formation of an émigré political group , the Conseil National de Libération ( CNL ) , by dissident Lumumbists and others in neighbouring Congo @-@ Brazzaville . The negotiations culminated in the creation of a new , revised constitution , known as the Constitution of Luluabourg , after the city in which it was written , to create a compromise balance of power . The new constitution increased the power of the presidency , ending the system of joint consultation between President and Prime Minister , and appeased federalists by increasing the number of provinces from six to 21 while increasing their autonomy . The constitution also changed the name of the state from the Republic of the Congo to Democratic Republic of the Congo . The constitution was passed in a constitutional referendum in June 1964 and parliament was dissolved to await new elections . Kasa @-@ Vubu appointed Tshombe , the exiled Katangese leader , as interim Prime Minister . Although personally capable , and supported as an anti @-@ communist by Western powers , Tshombe was denounced by other African leaders such as King Hassan II of Morocco as an imperialist puppet for his role in the Katangese secession . Under Tshombe 's interim government , fresh elections were scheduled for 30 March and the rebellion broke out in the central and eastern parts of the Congo . = = Kwilu and Simba rebellions = = The period of political crisis had led to widespread disenchantment with the central government brought in by independence . Demands for a " second independence " from kleptocracy and political infighting in the capital grew . The " second independence " slogan was taken up by Maoist @-@ inspired Congolese revolutionaries , including Pierre Mulele who had served in a junior capacity in the Lumumba government . The political instability of the Congo helped to channel wider discontentment into outright revolt . Disruption in the rural Congo begun with agitation by Lumumbists , led by Mulele , among the Pende and Mbundu peoples . By the end of 1963 , there was unrest in regions of the central and eastern Congo . The Kwilu Rebellion broke out on 16 January 1964 in the cities of Idiofa and Gungu in Kwilu Province . Further disruption and uprisings then spread to Kivu in the east and later to Albertville , sparking further insurrection elsewhere in the Congo and the outbreak of the larger Simba Rebellion . The rebels began to expand their territory and rapidly advances northwards , capturing Port @-@ Émpain , Stanleyville , Paulis and Lisala between July and August . The rebels , who called themselves " Simbas " ( from the Kiswahili for " lion " ) , had a populist but vague ideology , loosely based on communism , which prioritised equality and aimed to increase overall wealth . Most of the active revolutionaries were young men who hoped that the rebellion would provide them with opportunities which the government had not . The Simbas used magic to initiate members and believed that , by following a moral code , they could become invulnerable to bullets . Magic was also very important to the rebels who also made extensive use of witchcraft to protect themselves and also demoralise their ANC opponents . As they advanced , the rebels perpetrated numerous massacres in the territory they captured in order to remove political opposition and terrorise the population . The rebels founded a state , the People 's Republic of the Congo ( République populaire du Congo ) , with its capital at Stanleyville and Christophe Gbenye as President . The new state was supported by the Soviet Union and China , which supplied it with arms , and various African states , notably Tanzania . It was also supported by Cuba , which sent a team of over 100 advisors led by Che Guevara to advise the Simbas on tactics and doctrine . The Simba rebellion coincided with a wide escalation of the Cold War amid the Tonkin Gulf Incident and it has been speculated that , had the rebellion not been rapidly defeated , a full @-@ scale American military intervention could have occurred as in Vietnam . = = = Suppression and Belgian and American intervention = = = From the end of August 1964 the rebels began to lose ground to the ANC . Albertville and Lisala were recaptured in late August and early September . Tshombe , backed by Mobutu , recalled many of his former mercenaries from the Katangese secession to oppose the Simba . The mercenaries , led by " Mad Mike " Hoare and mostly whites from central and southern Africa , were formed into a unit known as 5 Commando ANC . 5 Commando served as the spearhead of the ANC , but were known for widespread unsanctioned killing , torture , looting and mass rapes in recaptured rebel areas . In a press interview , Hoare himself described his men as " appalling thugs " . The mercenaries were also materially supported by the CIA . In November 1964 , the Simbas rounded up the remaining white population of Stanleyville and its environs . The whites were held hostage in the Victoria Hotel in the city to use as bargaining tools with the ANC . In order to recover the hostages , Belgian parachute troops were flown to the Congo in American aircraft to intervene . On 24 November , as part of Operation Dragon Rouge , Belgian paratroopers landed in Stanleyville and quickly secured the hostages . In total , around 70 hostages and 1 @,@ 000 Congolese civilians were killed but the vast majority were evacuated . The Belgian troops were only under orders to liberate the hostages , rather than push the Simbas out of the city , but the attack nevertheless " broke the back of the eastern insurrection , which never recovered . " The paratroopers and the civilians then returned to Belgium . In the aftermath of the intervention , Belgium itself was publicly accused of neocolonialism . As a result of the intervention , Tshombe lost the support of Kasa @-@ Vubu and Mobutu and was dismissed from his post as prime minister in October 1965 . Soon after Dragon Rouge , ANC and mercenary troops captured Stanleyville putting an end to the Simba rebellion . Pockets of Simba resistance continued to hold out in the eastern Congo , most notably in South Kivu where Laurent @-@ Désiré Kabila led a Maoist cross @-@ border insurgency which lasted until the 1980s . = = Second Mobutu coup d 'état = = In the scheduled March 1965 elections , Tshombe 's Convention Nationale Congolaise ( CONACO ) won a large majority of the seats , but a large part of his party soon defected to form the new Front Démocratique Congolais ( FDC ) making the overall result unclear as CONACO controlled the Chamber of Deputies while the FDC controlled the Senate . Kasa @-@ Vubu , attempting to use the situation to block Tshombe , appointed an anti @-@ Tshombe leader , Évariste Kimba of the FDC , to be prime minister @-@ designate in November 1965 but the largely pro @-@ Tshombe Parliament refused to ratify the appointment . Instead of seeking a compromise candidate , Kasa @-@ Vubu again unilaterally declared Kimba to be Prime Minister , which was again rejected , creating a political deadlock . With the government in near @-@ paralysis , Mobutu seized power in a bloodless coup , ostensibly to stop the political deadlock , on 25 November 1965 . Under the auspices of a régime d 'exception ( the equivalent of a state of emergency ) , Mobutu assumed sweeping , almost absolute , power for five years after which , he claimed , democracy would be restored . Mobutu 's coup , which promised both economic and political stability , was supported by the United States and other Western governments . Initially , his rule met widespread popularity . He increasingly took other powers , abolishing the post of Prime Minister in 1966 and dissolving parliament in 1967 . = = Aftermath and legacy = = Once established as the sole source of political power , Mobutu gradually consolidated his control in the Congo . The number of provinces was reduced , and their autonomy curtailed , resulting in a highly centralised state . Mobutu increasingly placed his supporters in the remaining positions of importance . In 1967 , to demonstrate his legitimacy , he created a party , the Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution ( MPR ) , which until 1990 , was the nation 's only legal political party under Mobutu 's new constitution . In 1971 , the state was renamed Zaire and efforts were made to remove all colonial influences . He also nationalised the remaining foreign @-@ owned economic assets in the country , including the UMHK which became Gécamines . Despite initial successes , by the time of its disestablishment Mobutu 's rule was characterised by widespread croneyism , corruption and economic mismanagement . In the years after the Congo Crisis , Mobutu was able to remove many opposition figures from the crisis who might threaten his control . Tshombe was sent into a second exile in 1965 after being accused of treason . Between 1966 and 1967 , two mutinies in Stanleyville broke out involving up to 800 Katangese gendarmes and former mercenaries of Tshombe . The mutinies were eventually repressed . In 1967 , Tshombe was sentenced to death in absentia and the same year was kidnapped in a hijack and held under arrest in Algeria . His death in 1969 , allegedly from natural causes , has provoked speculation that the Mobutu government may have been involved . Mulele was also lured back to the Congo from exile by the promise of an amnesty but was tortured and murdered . = = = Political legacy = = = The issues of federalism , ethnicity in politics and state centralisation were not resolved by the crisis and partly contributed to a decline in support for the concept of the state among Congolese people . Mobutu was strongly in favour of centralisation and one of his first acts , in 1965 , were to reunify provinces and abolish much of their independent legislative capacity . Subsequent loss of faith in central government is one of the reasons that the Congo has been labeled as a failed state , and has contributed violence by factions advocating ethnic and localised federalism . Local insurgencies continued in the eastern Congo into the 1980s left a legacy of instability along the Congo 's eastern borders . Laurent @-@ Désiré Kabila , who had led an anti @-@ Mobutu insurrection during the crisis succeeded in deposing Mobutu in 1997 . His son , Joseph Kabila , is the incumbent president of the restored Democratic Republic of the Congo . Following the fall of Mobutu , Antoine Gizenga founded a political party , the Parti Lumumbiste Unifié ( PALU ) , and was elected Prime Minister in 2006 . = = = Historical controversy = = = The presentation of the Congo Crisis , and particularly the role of American and Western intervention , has been controversial and academics have accused various governments of distortion . In Belgium , allegations of Belgian complicity in the killing of Lumumba led to a state @-@ backed enquiry and subsequent official apology for " moral responsibility " , though not direct involvement , in the assassination in 2001 . In the United States , the multi @-@ volume official history of the American foreign service , Foreign Relations of the United States , was accused by academics of being deliberately misleading about American involvement in the crisis and in the installation of Mobutu . = = International importance = = The turmoil of the Congo Crisis destabilised Central Africa and helped to ignite the Portuguese Colonial War , especially the war of independence in neighbouring Angola . Angolan nationalists had long had close ties with the Congo where many had lived as exiles . The União dos Povos de Angola ( UPA ) , an Angolan nationalist organisation which drew support from the Angolan Bakongo , was supported ABAKO politicians who had hopes of rebuilding the Kingdom of Kongo , altering the borders established during the colonial period . Believing that the independence of Congo was the first stage in this process , the UPA launched the Baixa de Cassanje revolt in 1961 , igniting the conflict in Angola that would last until 1974 . The Congolese , later Zairian , governments continued to provide support to Angolan rebels and even participated directly in the subsequent Angolan Civil War . The Crisis caused the newly independent African states to reconsider their allegiances and internal ties . In particular , it led to the division of African states into factions . Moderate @-@ leaning states joined the Brazzaville Group , which called for a degree of unity between Francophone African states and the maintenance of ties with France . Radical states joined the Casablanca Group which called for a Pan @-@ African federation . The chaotic violence of the crisis and the fate of the country 's whites , many of whom entered Northern and Southern Rhodesia as refugees , contributed to the widespread belief among whites there that black nationalist politicians were not ready to govern , and prompted fears that immediate majority rule in Rhodesia might lead to a similar situation . After negotiations with Britain repeatedly broke down , Southern Rhodesia 's predominantly white government declared independence unilaterally in 1965 . The Katangese secession would prove to be politically influential in Africa . During the Chadian Civil War between 1965 and 1979 , the Front de Libération Nationale du Tchad ( FROLINAT ) explicitly rejected secessionism in its bid to remove the southern @-@ backed government of François Tombalbaye following the experience of the Katanga secession , officially stating that " there will be no Katanga in Chad " . In the Nigerian Civil War , between 1967 and 1970 , the ethnically Igbo region of Biafra seceded from Nigeria which it accused of privileging the interests of northern ethnic groups and discriminating against the Igbo . The secessions of Biafra and Katanga have frequently been compared in academic writing . Unlike Katanga , Biafra achieved limited official international recognition and rejected the support of Western multinational companies involved in the local oil industry . Biafra was defeated in 1970 and re @-@ integrated into Nigeria . = Stephen Colbert ( character ) = Dr. Stephen T. Colbert is the fictionalized persona of political satirist Stephen Colbert , as portrayed on the Comedy Central series The Colbert Report . Described as a " well @-@ intentioned , poorly informed high @-@ status idiot " and a " self @-@ important right @-@ wing commentator , " the character incorporates aspects of the real Colbert 's life and interests but is primarily a parody of cable news pundits , particularly Fox News commentator Bill O 'Reilly . Colbert first appeared as a correspondent on Comedy Central 's news parody series The Daily Show in 1997 and remained a regular contributor until 2005 , when he left to host The Colbert Report , a spin @-@ off show satirizing personality @-@ driven political pundit programs . He has also been featured in a number of other public performances , most notably at the 2006 White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner , and as the author of the books I Am America ( And So Can You ! ) , I Am a Pole ( And So Can You ! ) , and America Again : Re @-@ Becoming the Greatness We Never Weren 't . Colbert 's performance attracted widespread critical attention and acclaim , with a reviewer writing for Time magazine calling it " one of the greatest sustained performances in pop culture , TV or otherwise . " On April 23 , 2014 , the character appeared on The Daily Show to announce that he had clearly " won television " and would be ending The Colbert Report because he had met his goal . This came after the real Colbert announced he would not be using the character when he replaced David Letterman as the host of Late Show on CBS in 2015 . The final episode of The Colbert Report aired on December 18 , 2014 . The character has made a few media appearances following the conclusion of The Colbert Report . He made a cameo appearance in the House of Cards season three episode " Chapter 27 " , which was released on February 27 , 2015 . He returned for the August 6 , 2015 episode of The Daily Show to honor Jon Stewart during his final episode as host of the series . He appeared on the July 18 , 2016 episode The Late Show with Stephen Colbert to do a special segment of " The Wørd " , during the show 's coverage of the 2016 Republican National Convention . = = Development and inspirations = = = = = The Dana Carvey Show = = = Colbert 's earliest mainstream exposure came in the prime time sketch comedy program The Dana Carvey Show . While only lasting seven episodes in early 1996 , it provided Colbert with roles that would help forge his future onscreen persona . This was largely due to its format of delivering sketch performances directly to the camera . Although they did not air , several sketches inspired by The Onion also had Colbert playing a deadpan anchor delivering the news . In an interview with The New York Times regarding The Dana Carvey Show , Colbert noted , " If you have an opportunity to give it right to the audience , there ’ s a special connection that you make by looking at the camera . " Upon the show 's cancellation , Colbert was cast for The Daily Show by co @-@ creator Madeleine Smithberg . This was thanks to his performance as a nauseated waiter on The Dana Carvey Show . = = = The Daily Show = = = Colbert appeared as a correspondent on The Daily Show between 1997 and 2005 . During this time , the comedian developed the character that would later form the basis for his Colbert Report persona , one that its creator calls a " fool who has spent a lot of his life playing not the fool . " Colbert frequently cites Stone Phillips — whom he describes as having " the greatest neck in journalism " — as a source of inspiration for the character , as well as Geraldo Rivera , " because he 's got this great sense of mission ... He just thinks he 's gonna change the world with this report . " As a correspondent , Colbert was regularly pitted against knowledgeable interview subjects , fellow correspondent Steve Carell , or host Jon Stewart in scripted exchanges which typically revealed the character 's lack of knowledge of whatever subject he was discussing . Other Daily Show correspondents have since adopted a similar style ; former correspondent Rob Corddry recalls that when he and Ed Helms first joined the show 's cast in 2002 , they " just imitated Stephen Colbert for a year or two " . = = = The Colbert Report = = = In 2005 , Colbert left The Daily Show to host a spin @-@ off series entitled The Colbert Report , a parody of personality @-@ driven political pundit programs such as Fox News 's The O 'Reilly Factor that center largely on the personal views of their hosts . Because of this enlarged role , the personality and beliefs of the Stephen Colbert character have become more clearly defined over the course of the show , complete with a fictitious backstory that has been revealed piecemeal in short monologues accompanying a part of the program . The character Colbert portrays in Report originated as an amplification of his self @-@ important Daily Show correspondent . As they developed the character and the show Colbert and his staff began to look at some more specific models . Bill O 'Reilly , whom the character affectionately nicknames " Papa Bear " , is the most commonly cited point of reference . In a 2006 episode of The Colbert Report , Colbert remarked that , " if it wasn 't for [ O 'Reilly ] , this show wouldn ’ t exist " . In adapting the character for the Report , Colbert has also mentioned Aaron Brown , Anderson Cooper , Sean Hannity , Lou Dobbs and Joe Scarborough as having an influence over his performance . References to the character 's abuse of prescription drugs are believed to be an allusion to Rush Limbaugh 's addiction to painkillers . The nightly in @-@ character guest interviews were initially of concern to Colbert , who worried his character 's belligerent nature would be off @-@ putting to guests . However , since the show 's debut , he says he has found he is able to " slide the intensity " of his behavior depending on his interviewee 's ability to respond to his aggressive approach . Colbert now often cites the interview segment as his favorite part of the show , because it allows him to improvise . Colbert advises his guests to disabuse the character of his ignorance . " Don 't let me get away with anything . Don 't try to play my game . Be real . Be passionate . Hold your ideas . Give me resistance . Give me traction I can work against . " = = = Books = = = Colbert is the central character in the 2007 book I Am America ( And So Can You ! ) . Co @-@ written with Paul Dinello and the writers of The Colbert Report , I Am America delves into what the character considers to be the most pressing issues facing America . The book takes influence from the literary endeavors of the character 's pundit models , such as O 'Reilly 's The O 'Reilly Factor ( 2000 ) and Hannity 's Deliver Us From Evil ( 2004 ) , which Colbert says he " forced " himself to read as a reference . I Am America is considered a pure extension of the Report ; the written medium allowed the writers to employ different styles , such as long @-@ format arguments , that they could not have used on television . " You can actually spend 20 pages talking about religion whereas in the show , two pages is about as long as we hold any one idea " , Colbert explains . In doing this , the writers " discovered things that [ the character ] cared about that ... they didn 't know he cared about before " . A character similar to Colbert 's Daily Show persona featured in the 2003 book Wigfield : The Can Do Town That Just May Not by Colbert , Paul Dinello and Amy Sedaris . Russell Hokes , a self @-@ aggrandizing journalist , was voiced by Colbert in both stage performances of the text and the audiobook . Colbert likens Hokes to his self @-@ important correspondent character , but " more extreme , more self @-@ involved " . = = Non @-@ fictional elements = = Certain elements of the character are drawn from the real Colbert 's personal life . Both the real Colbert and the character were raised in Charleston , South Carolina ; both are the youngest of 11 children ; both played Dungeons & Dragons as teenagers ; and both are practicing Roman Catholics . Colbert 's own interest in and knowledge of religion , science fiction , and J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings story will often show through in the Report . His character has a chocolate portrait of Viggo Mortensen ( who portrayed Aragorn in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings films ) in a place of honor on his shelf ; Mortensen briefly reprised the role of Aragorn in the Report 's September 13 , 2007 episode . He also owns a Sting sword presented to him by Peter Jackson . Occasionally , Colbert will mention his real @-@ life siblings on the show . In one episode , he placed his brother Ed , a lawyer who advises the International Olympic Committee , " on notice " for refusing to grant the show the rights to air footage of a dispute between two American speed skaters . Ed later appeared at the start of the February 22 , 2010 edition advising Stephen on how to cover the Vancouver Winter Olympics since his character does not have the television rights to the games . Footage from the Richmond Olympic Oval was used after Stephen was named a special advisor to USA Speedskating . Generally , journalists covering the Olympics do not have access to the venues unless their employer has the rights to Olympic TV coverage , and cannot show moving video coverage of any official Olympic event unless they have permission from the rights holder . When his sister Elizabeth Colbert Busch declared her intention to run for congress , he mentioned the event . Later , when she was nominated to run against Mark Sanford and the MSNBC show Morning Joe declared their support for Sanford and mentioned Colbert , he defended his sister 's campaign . In an appearance at Harvard University in 2006 , Colbert revealed that his character 's fear of bears was in part inspired by a recurring nightmare he has had , in which a bear is standing between him and his goal . The character 's phobia , which was initially referenced in the show 's first " ThreatDown " skit , was originally slated to be a fear of alligators . By the time the Report went to air , the alligator story was several weeks old , and the writers chose to use a more recent news item involving a bear in its place . After Colbert received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from Knox College , the show began listing his name in the ending credits as " Dr. Stephen T. Colbert , D.F.A. " even though using both the honorific prefix and post @-@ nominal letters is incorrect . During the show , the character will sometimes refer to the degree and the qualifications he mistakenly believes it bestows upon him . In May 2007 , Colbert was voted the " second most influential person in the world " by a Time magazine online poll . The first spot was taken by Rain , a young Korean pop star with a large following in Asia and the United States . Colbert then declared Rain his " arch @-@ nemesis " and began mentioning him frequently on the Report . Colbert filmed a satirical music video poking fun at Rain 's popular single " How to Avoid the Sun " and referencing several stereotypical South Korean dishes and products . The one @-@ sided feud eventually culminated in Colbert challenging Rain to a competition on air . After telling Colbert " not to quit his day job , " Rain appeared in a short segment on the show and competed ( and won ) a DDR dance @-@ off with Colbert . Both have been defeated by Shigeru Miyamoto in recent polls , though they still continue to be strong contenders . On June 21 , 2007 , Colbert broke his left wrist on the set of the Report while performing his warm @-@ up for the show . This quickly became a regular source of comedy on the show as the self @-@ absorbed character requested his audience send flowers , launched a campaign against Hollywood 's supposed glorification of " wrist violence " , and began a " wrist awareness " campaign with " WristStrong " silicone bracelets . Although his wrist has healed , he continues to wear and promote his " WristStrong " bracelets . On August 23 , 2007 , the cast was removed on air and was put up for auction to the general public , complete with celebrity signatures , on eBay , where it achieved a winning bid of $ 17 @,@ 200 . All of the proceeds from both the cast and the bracelets were donated to the Yellow Ribbon Fund . Colbert occasionally makes comments that he would also make were he not in character . In an interview with The Buffalo News , Colbert said " The weird thing about my character , even on the show , is sometimes I say what I mean . It doesn 't matter to me that the audience doesn 't know when that is . " On June 19 , 2013 , Colbert returned from an unplanned break of several days following the passing of his 92 @-@ year @-@ old mother , Lorna Colbert . The emotional Colbert started the show with a tribute to his mother , in which he presented a brief biography of her life in photos , accompanied by his eulogy of her . = = Titles and styling = = The titles and styling of Her Excellency The Rev. Sir Doctor Stephen Tyrone Mos Def Colbert , D.F.A. , Heavyweight Champion of the World ✱ ✱ featuring Flo Rida La Premiere Dame De France are mostly for comedic reasons . Colbert became ordained minister on June 2 , 2011 , granting himself the title of Reverend . Colbert was mock @-@ knighted by Queen Noor of Jordan on April 7 , 2009 , bestowing him with the title of Sir . He was granted an honorary doctorate of fine arts by Knox College in 2006 , giving him the title of Doctor and use of the suffix D.F.A. ( Doctor of Fine Arts ) . This title is featured regularly during his segments Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert , DFA . Yasiin Bey gave Colbert the use of his stage name Mos Def on October 5 , 2011 . Colbert was set to interview Mike Tyson on July 23 , 2013 . Tyson did not appear which led Colbert to declare himself Heavy Weight Champion of the World and grant himself use of the title . The large asterisk in the title is to denote that he did not defeat Tyson in a boxing match . The suffix featuring Flo Rida was added during the segment I tried to sign up for Obamacare on October 23 , 2013 , where his name on the ACA form said featuring Flo Rida . Her Excellency was added to the title as Colbert was seated next to Michelle Obama at the White House state dinner in February 2014 , in which the President of France François Hollande was not accompanied by a partner . Because it is customary that the first lady of a visiting nation is seated next to the First Lady of the United States , Colbert proclaimed himself First Lady of France on February 12 , 2014 . = = Fictional biography = = Colbert 's fictional history is not always rigidly adhered to by the show 's writers . The comedian himself says that , " My character 's history may not always be perfectly consistent ... There 's my bio and there 's my character 's bio , and then there 's my character 's history , which is slightly different than my character 's bio . " His early life , prior to becoming host of The Colbert Report , is expanded upon in I Am America ( And So Can You ! ) . Like the actor who portrays him , Stephen T. Colbert is the youngest of 11 children , born into a devout Roman Catholic family — the character 's family was so devout , in fact , they sent their teenage son to an " exorcism day camp located in Canton , Ohio " when they discovered he liked Dungeons & Dragons . In his in @-@ character appearance on The O 'Reilly Factor , Colbert stated that he is of Irish descent and only adopted the French pronunciation of his surname to " get the cultural elites " on his side . Colbert has made conflicting statements regarding his middle name , which he has at different times stated to be Tyrone ( Colbert 's actual middle name ) , Tiberius ( like that of Captain James T. Kirk ) , Lee @-@ Harvey , and Qxyzzy . The character has said he was regularly beaten up in high school , and by the time he left for college he was determined never to be a victim again . As such , on the first day of his freshman year he walked into class and punched the first person he saw ( unfortunately , this happened to be his ethics professor ) . He attended Dartmouth College ( instead of his first pick , Hogwarts , claiming that his white owl led them to reject him ) , and was a member of the ΣΑΕ fraternity , although his acceptance into the college appears to have been largely influenced by a claimed familial relationship with a wealthy donor , and graduated in the top 47 percent of his class with a major in history . He has also referred to Bob Jones University as an alma mater . Prior to embarking on a career in journalism , Colbert worked as a carnival roustabout and a construction worker . During the 1980s , he was the lead singer and guitarist of an ABC @-@ like new wave band called " Stephen and the Colberts . " The comedian portrays his character 's younger self in the band 's music video , wearing worn jeans , cowboy boots and a spiky hair style . Their only revealed song to date is entitled " Charlene ( I 'm Right Behind You ) " , one of numerous references to an ex @-@ girlfriend ( and cousin ) whom he continues to stalk despite numerous restraining orders . This song has been made available for download for free in the video game Rock Band . On the May 14 , 2008 episode , Colbert claimed to have been the " totalitarian ruler of Malawi from 1982 to 1984 " . He mentions that his wife 's first name is Lorraine . Colbert later moved into reporting , working in TV news for several stations in Virginia and North Carolina . Occasionally he will show footage of himself as a " young man " ( portrayed by Colbert , wearing a false moustache ) working as an anchor at a local news station ( WPTS ) in Patterson Springs , North Carolina , still displaying his trademark outrage over minor municipal issues in the manner of 20 / 20 correspondent John Stossel . In 1997 , Colbert was promoted to anchor of the Channel 7 News on WPTS Patterson Springs after outing the previous anchor , Wayne Colt , for his cocaine addiction . His ensuing investigative reports into Colt 's downfall earned him a local Emmy , and eventually a correspondent position at The Daily Show . This corresponds with the year the comedian joined the cast of the show . Colbert often makes digs at the expense of Daily Show host Jon Stewart . He has implied a strained relationship with Stewart , in contrast with the real Colbert 's admiration for the comedian , and suggests that his departure from The Daily Show occurred under dubious circumstances . The character has described Stewart as a sexual predator and has been known to become tearful when his name is brought up . On the other hand , Colbert has also implied that he only got his own show by blackmailing Stewart with incriminating photographs . Colbert is described in America ( The Book ) : A Citizen 's Guide to Democracy Inaction , to which he was a contributor while serving as a ' Daily Show ' correspondent , as holding the positions of the Arthur Schlesinger Professor of American Studies at Harvard University , and of Chief Defender of International War Crimes at the World Court in the Hague . The book also states that he is the seven @-@ time recipient of the Werner Heisenberg Prize for Excellence in Theoretical Mathematics . Paradoxically , Colbert is described as being barely capable of feeding himself as well as being " personally unpleasant " . Colbert was mock @-@ knighted by Queen Noor of Jordan with a prop sword from The Lord of the Rings films , on his April 7 , 2009 show in exchange for leading the " Colbert Nation " in signing the Global Zero declaration . = = = Retirement from television = = = On April 10 , 2014 it was announced that the real @-@ life Colbert will be replacing David Letterman as the host of CBS 's The Late Show in 2015 . It was also announced that The Colbert Report will be ending and Colbert will not be using the character on CBS show . Following the announcement , the character made a special surprise appearance on the April 23 , 2014 episode of The Daily Show to report that it has become clear to him that he has " won television " and changed the world , the goal he originally set out to do , and thus no longer feels the need to continue . He expressed interest in taking over The Late Show after Letterman retires but could not because " they already gave it to some fat guy " . During the final episode , Colbert accidentally kills " lifelong friend and colleague " Grimmy in the final segment of " Cheating Death " , after which he becomes immortal and uses his powers to fuel a star @-@ studded celebrity singalong of " We 'll Meet Again " , before boarding a sleigh driven by Santa Claus , Abraham Lincoln , and " the man with all the answers " . At the end of the show , Colbert tosses back to Stewart at The Daily Show , implying that the show 's existence was just an extended correspondent report for the program . On the July 18 , 2016 of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , Colbert is revealed to have been living with a now @-@ retired Stewart in a remote cabin in a forest . In the skit , the real Colbert visited Stewart , asking him to explain how Donald Trump became the 2016 Republican nominee for president . Perplexed , Stewart turned to Colbert the character , who briefly returned to television to deliver an edition of " The Word " explaining Trump 's appeal , before turning the show back to " that other guy , " the real Colbert . = = Presidential campaigns = = = = = Colbert ' 08 = = = Colbert dropped hints of a potential presidential run throughout 2007 , with speculation intensifying following the release of his book , I Am America ( And So Can You ! ) , which was rumored ( invariably by Colbert himself ) to be a sign that he was indeed testing the waters for a future bid for the White House . Colbert staunchly refused to confirm or deny his candidacy , stating he had not yet made up his mind and must first talk the possibility over with his family . Colbert confirmed his presidential ambitions on his October 16 , 2007 show , stating his intention to run both on the Republican and Democratic platforms , but only as a favorite son in his native South Carolina . In an interview with Larry King he revealed that , as his running mate , he would consider Mike Huckabee ( who himself jokingly offered Colbert the vice presidential position ) . He also speculated on the possibility of a Colbert @-@ Putin or Colbert @-@ Colbert ticket . Colbert abandoned plans to run as a Republican due to the $ 35 @,@ 000 fee required to file for the South Carolina primary . On November 1 , 2007 , it was announced that he would not appear on the Democratic primary ballot either , after being deemed ineligible by the South Carolina Democratic Party executive committee . Several days later he announced that he was withdrawing from the race , saying that he did not wish to put the country through an agonizing Supreme Court battle . The show went on hiatus immediately after this as a result of the Writers Guild of America Strike . When it returned to air on January 7 , 2008 without a writing staff , the character justified his absence by stating that he had taken some time off to have " a good cry " about his failed presidential attempt . He said that he had returned to air in celebration of Huckabee 's success in the Iowa Caucus , something for which he considers himself personally responsible as Huckabee has appeared on the Report on numerous occasions to invite Colbert to be his running mate . Despite having withdrawn from the presidential race , Colbert continued to be referred to as an active candidate in the Marvel Universe . Colbert ' 08 paraphernalia appeared in the artwork of various Marvel comics , and Colbert himself teamed up with Spider @-@ Man in the October 2008 comic Amazing Spider @-@ Man # 573 . On November 5 , 2008 , Marvel announced that its fictional newspaper The Daily Bugle was reporting Colbert 's victory over both John McCain and Barack Obama . Several hours later Marvel released a second Daily Bugle article correcting its initial reports , stating that while Colbert had won the popular vote Obama had secured more electoral votes , thus winning the presidency . " Oops , our bad " , said Marvel editor @-@ in @-@ chief Joe Quesada of the confusion . " We completely forgot the Marvel Universe reflects what happens in the real world . " = = = 2012 exploration for " President of the United States of South Carolina " = = = During the September 28 , 2011 episode of The Colbert Report , Colbert consulted his lawyer and they set up his own 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organization , similar to American Crossroads . As a super PAC the organization can raise unlimited sums of money from corporations , unions and other groups , as well as wealthy individuals . With Colbert as president of the Colbert Super PAC , the PAC ran several political ads prior to the Ames Straw Poll . The first ad , titled " Episode IV : A New Hope " , told Iowans to write @-@ in " Rick Parry " instead of Rick Perry , and the second ad , " Behind the Green Corn " , supported " Parry " as well . During the January 12 , 2012 episode of The Colbert Report , Colbert announced his plans to form an exploratory committee to lay the groundwork for his possible candidacy for " President of the United States of South Carolina " . In the process , he transferred control of the Super PAC to Jon Stewart , renaming it The Definitely Not Coordinating With Stephen Colbert Super PAC , since , according to Colbert 's lawyer , Trevor Potter , it would definitely be illegal for Colbert and Stewart to coordinate their efforts in super PAC activities . A CBS news report called Colbert 's run " essentially a joke " , saying , " The real significance of Colbert 's announcement may be the spotlight it puts on super PACs , into which donors can pour unlimited money in order to support or attack candidates , and thus influence election outcomes . Super PACs were made possible by the 2010 " Citizens United " Supreme Court decision that effectively classified money as speech " . Colbert 's timing was too late for his name to be added the South Carolina primary ballot , and South Carolina law would not allow for write @-@ in candidates . Polling showed that 21 % of the potential Republican primary electorate reported they would be " more likely " to vote for former candidate Herman Cain , who remained on the ballot , if that vote served as encouragement for Colbert . Herman Cain received 6 @,@ 338 votes in the South Carolina Republican Primary , which was more than all the other withdrawn candidates received combined . On the next episode of The Colbert Report broadcast on January 23 , 2012 , Colbert boasted about passing the 1 % threshold and for Cain receiving many more votes in South Carolina than in Iowa and New Hampshire . Colbert then announced that he would no longer be exploring a run for President of the United States of South Carolina . = = Characteristics = = Described as a " caustic right @-@ wing bully , " an " arch @-@ conservative blowhard , " and by his creator and namesake as a " well @-@ intentioned , poorly informed , high status idiot , " Colbert is egomaniacal , xenophobic and fiercely anti @-@ intellectual . He claims to be politically independent , like his idol Bill " Papa Bear " O 'Reilly ; although in fact the character fawns over the Bush administration and the Republican Party , and frequently asks his guests , " George Bush : Great president , or the greatest president ? " Following the election of Barack Obama in 2008 , Colbert continued his right @-@ wing views , but stated he would " support our new President as long as [ he ] remains popular . " Colbert emphasizes that his character is genuinely well @-@ meaning and wants to do the right thing , but does not have the tools to achieve it " because he has no curiosity , he doesn 't like to read and he won 't listen to anybody except the voices in his head . " Colbert is deeply self @-@ centered and takes everything personally , a trait which is reflected in his discussion of the news and current events . According to the comedian , " There 's nothing too large that doesn 't involve him . Every news story is really about him ... Everything he cares about is a news story because he cares about it . " This is expressed in his frequent attacks on and feuds with well @-@ known figures such as The Decemberists , Sean Penn , Conan O 'Brien , Rain , Barry Manilow , Tony Bennett , and Don Rickles ( the latter three of whom beat out Colbert for Best Individual in a Variety or Music Program at the Emmys ) . The comedian equates these feuds with Bill O 'Reilly 's culture wars . Central to Colbert 's personality is his rigid belief that " what I say is right , and [ nothing ] anyone else says could possibly be true , " regardless of any evidence to the contrary . He discussed this in the Report 's first Wørd segment , using the term " truthiness " as he explained what he perceives to be the difference between " those who think with their head and those who know with their heart . " He has further gone on to ascribe " truthiness " to other institutions including Wikipedia , which he believes upholds his view that reality can be determined by consensus opinion , and often encourages viewers to use Wikipedia to " change reality . " Colbert believes that if a majority of people want something to be true , that thing therefore must become the truth . For instance , after months of scoffing at global warming , Colbert suddenly reversed his position , conceding its existence only due to the box office success of An Inconvenient Truth , a sign that " the free market has spoken . " Colbert describes himself as racially color @-@ blind and unable to visually identify a person 's race , explaining , " Now , I don 't see race ... People tell me I 'm white , and I believe them , because I own a lot of Jimmy Buffett albums . " His race @-@ blindness is a recurring joke , and this statement is often repeated on the show with different punch lines . For this same reason he believed that he was black when he had an emotional breakdown after watching Obama 's inauguration video . He later qualified these statements in his book , stating , " When I say I don 't see race , I mean I don 't see Black people . But I can spot a Mexican at a hundred paces . " Despite all these claims , Colbert often boasts that he has a large number of token minority friends ( including Jon Stewart as " [ his ] Jewish friend " and Oprah Winfrey as " [ his ] black friend " ) , although in the photos shown these friends appear decidedly uninterested in him . He has stated a similar inability to distinguish between the sexes , claiming to only " see an American . " This comes in contradiction of his at times sexist behavior , for instance , calling only on men during an open discussion with his audience on women 's issues . The comedian has said that he likes playing weak characters , and particularly revealing weaknesses in high status figures . During the course of the show , he will frequently peel back the Colbert character 's apparent bravado to expose a very weak inner core . In one instance , Colbert demands one of his staff members subject him to simulated waterboarding , only to break down into pleas for mercy upon hearing a water bottle cap popped . In another episode , he criticizes The Today Show cohost Matt Lauer for saying that it 's unacceptable for men to cry , only to sob hysterically upon learning that Katie Couric has left the show . These status shifts occur commonly , and constitute a central component of the show 's comedy . Colbert frequently uses his show as a platform for promoting his own fictional merchandise , including colognes , science fiction novels , medication , and his own sperm . = = 2009 visit to Baghdad , Iraq = = Colbert arrived in Baghdad , Iraq on June 5 , 2009 , to film a week of shows called " Operation Iraqi Stephen : Going Commando " . The episodes were filmed June 7 – 9 , 2009 , which was sponsored by the USO ( United Service Organizations ) . Al @-@ Faw Palace 's rotunda was used for the filming of Operation Iraqi Stephen . Corbert had a suit tailored for him in the Army Combat Uniform pattern and went through an abbreviated version of the Army 's basic training regimen . The suit was specially tailored by Brooks Brothers . As a tribute to Bob Hope , Colbert brought a golf club on stage , a Hope trademark . The first episode included an interview with Multinational Force - Iraq commander General Ray Odierno , which was interrupted by U.S. President Barack Obama . Obama stated that if Colbert really wanted to be a soldier , along with his attendance to Basic Combat Training , he needed to have his hair shaved off . Obama then ordered General Odierno to " shave that man 's head " . General Odierno then began to shave Colbert 's head ; the job was finished during the commercial break by one of Colbert 's staff members . One Army major said that " shaving of the hair is an amazing show of support " that was " very touching . " The episode also featured a message to the troops from U.S. Senator John McCain with a friendly reminder to " always remember to clean your muskets " , a lesson he claimed to have learned at Valley Forge , as a reference to old age jokes that he faced during the 2008 Presidential Election . Several other prominent politicians , including former presidents Bill Clinton , George H. W. Bush , and George W. Bush , along with Vice President Joe Biden and then Alaska governor Sarah Palin recorded messages for the troops that were aired in the following episodes . = = Other appearances = = White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner April 29 , 2006 58th Primetime Emmy Awards , presenter , August 27 , 2006 Night of Too Many Stars : An Overbooked Benefit for Autism , October 15 , 2006 Friendly Neighborhood Spider @-@ Man # 15 , December 20 , 2006 The O 'Reilly Factor , in @-@ character interview , January 18 , 2007 59th Primetime Emmy Awards , presenter , September 16 , 2007 Meet the Press , in @-@ character interview as presidential candidate , October 21 , 2007 60th Primetime Emmy Awards , presenter , September 21 , 2008 The Amazing Spider @-@ Man # 573 , October 15 , 2008 Late Night with Conan O 'Brien , February 4 , 2008 and February 17 , 2009 United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration Policy and Enforcement , September 24 , 2010 . However , Colbert did break character when he responded to questions by Congresswoman Judy Chu about the plight of immigrant workers . Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear , Co @-@ organizer October 30 , 2010 This Week with George Stephanopoulos , January 15 , 2012 A White House state dinner in honor of French president , Francois Hollande , February 11 , 2014 . Colbert was seated at the head table , in a seat which would have gone to Hollande 's guest had he brought one . The following night , Colbert referenced on his show his seating assignment at the head table , calling himself the " First Lady of France " . In 2014 the character was used in an ad campaign for Wonderful Pistachios , which launched with a Super Bowl commercial that aired during Super Bowl XLVIII The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , February 17 , 2014 , the first episode . Fallon had several celebrities come on stage and give him $ 100 bills paying off bets that they lost because he got to host The Tonight Show . Colbert was the last celebrity and he came with $ 100 in a bucket of pennies , pouring them down Fallon 's clothes . 2014 RSA Conference 2014 Comic @-@ con : appeared both as a panel moderator as well as in costume portraying a character called " Prince Hawkcat " which is supposed to be " Half Hawk . Half Cat . Whole Prince " . The attendance in costume was not revealed until two months after the event . October 2014 Apple Inc. press event : Colbert participated in the event via phone where he asked to be given the title " Supreme Allied Commander of Super Secrecy " Colbert appeared in the November 6 , 2014 episode of @ midnight to announce the " Hashtag Wars " for the episode . = = = After the conclusion of The Colbert Report = = = Colbert made an appearance in the House of Cards season three episode " Chapter 27 " . The segment was taped before The Colbert Report set was transformed into the set for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore . It was first released on February 27 , 2015 , two months after the final episode of The Colbert Report aired . On August 6 , 2015 , Colbert ( both in and out of character ) returned for Jon Stewart 's last night on The Daily Show , along with many other correspondents to serve under his tenure , to pay tribute to the departing host . On July 18 , 2016 , Colbert reprised the character on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert . The character appeared with Jon Stewart and Colbert ( as himself , in his capacity as host ) , before the character hosted the Colbert Report segment , " The Wørd . " = Russian battleship Tri Sviatitelia = Tri Sviatitelia ( Russian : Три Святителя meaning the Three Holy Hierarchs ) was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Russian Navy during the 1890s . She served with the Black Sea Fleet and was flagship of the forces pursuing the mutinous battleship Potemkin in June 1905 . During World War I the ship encountered the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben ( formally Yavuz Sultan Selim ) twice , but never hit the German ship , nor was she damaged by her . From 1915 onward she was relegated to the coast bombardment role as she was the oldest battleship in the Black Sea Fleet . Tri Sviatitelia was refitting in Sevastopol when the February Revolution of 1917 began and she was never operational afterwards . Tri Sviatitelia was captured when the Germans took the city in May 1918 and was turned over to the Allies after the Armistice in November 1918 . Her engines were destroyed in 1919 by the British when they withdrew from Sevastopol to prevent the advancing Bolsheviks from using her against the White Russians . She was abandoned when the Whites evacuated the Crimea in 1920 and was scrapped in 1923 . = = Design = = Tri Sviatitelia 's design was based on an enlarged version of the Baltic Fleet battleship Navarin with some improvements in armour and armament . = = = General characteristics = = = Tri Sviatitelia was 371 feet ( 113 @.@ 1 m ) long at the waterline and 378 feet ( 115 @.@ 2 m ) long overall . She had a beam of 73 feet 3 inches ( 22 @.@ 3 m ) and a draught of 28 feet 6 inches ( 8 @.@ 7 m ) . She displaced 13 @,@ 415 long tons ( 13 @,@ 630 t ) , over 800 long tons ( 810 t ) more than her designed displacement of 12 @,@ 480 long tons ( 12 @,@ 680 t ) . Tri Sviatitelia was considerably larger than Navarin , being 23 feet 6 inches ( 7 @.@ 2 m ) longer , 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) wider and displacing 3 @,@ 000 long tons ( 3 @,@ 000 t ) more . She had a metacentric height of 5 @.@ 58 feet ( 1 @.@ 7 m ) . = = = Propulsion = = = Tri Sviatitelia had two three @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines built by the British firm of Humphreys & Tennant that had a total designed output of 10 @,@ 600 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 900 kW ) . 14 cylindrical fire @-@ tube boilers provided steam to the engines at a pressure of 128 psi ( 883 kPa ; 9 kgf / cm2 ) , which drove two four @-@ bladed screw propellers . On sea trials , the powerplant produced a total of 11 @,@ 308 ihp ( 8 @,@ 432 kW ) and a top speed of 16 @.@ 5 knots ( 30 @.@ 6 km / h ; 19 @.@ 0 mph ) . She carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 000 long tons ( 1 @,@ 000 t ) of coal at full load that provided a range of 2 @,@ 250 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 170 km ; 2 @,@ 590 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Tri Sviatitelia had three dynamos with a total output of 305 kW , but these were too small and could not supply full power to all the electrical equipment simultaneously . = = = Armament = = = Her main armament consisted of two pairs of 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) Obukhov Model 1895 40 @-@ calibre guns mounted in hydraulically powered twin turrets fore and aft . Each turret had a firing arc of 270 ° . The guns had a rate of fire of 105 seconds between rounds . These guns had a maximum elevation of 15 degrees and could depress to − 5 degrees . They fired a 731 @.@ 3 @-@ pound ( 331 @.@ 7 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 598 ft / s ( 792 m / s ) to a range of 12 @,@ 010 yards ( 10 @,@ 980 m ) at an elevation of 10 ° . 75 rounds per gun were carried . All eight 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) Canet Pattern 1892 45 @-@ caliber guns were mounted in casemates on the upper deck . The guns could elevate to a maximum of 20 degrees and depress to − 5 degrees . They fired shells that weighed 91 @.@ 27 lb ( 41 @.@ 40 kg ) with a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ( 790 m / s ) . They had a maximum range of 12 @,@ 600 yards ( 11 @,@ 500 m ) when fired at maximum elevation . The anti @-@ torpedo boat armament consisted of a large number of different guns . Four 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 119 mm ) Canet Pattern 1892 45 @-@ calibre guns were mounted at the corners of the superstructure . The gun fired 45 @.@ 15 @-@ pound ( 20 @.@ 48 kg ) shells to a range of about 11 @,@ 000 yards ( 10 @,@ 000 m ) at 18 degrees elevation with a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 700 ft / s ( 820 m / s ) . The rate of fire was between twelve and fifteen rounds per minute . A total of 10 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns were carried : six between the 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch guns , two at the forward end of the superstructure and two in embrasures in the aft hull . They fired a 3 @.@ 3 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 5 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 476 ft / s ( 450 m / s ) at a rate of 20 rounds per minute to a range of 2 @,@ 020 yards ( 1 @,@ 850 m ) . A total of 40 37 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss guns were mounted ; eight in each of the fighting tops , eight on top of the superstructure , twelve in small hull embrasures fore and aft and the locations of the remaining four are uncertain . They fired a 1 @.@ 1 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 50 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 450 ft / s ( 440 m / s ) at a rate of 20 rounds per minute to a range of 3 @,@ 038 yards ( 2 @,@ 778 m ) . Tri Sviatitelia carried six 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) torpedo tubes . The forward broadside tubes were underwater , but the other four tubes were above water , one each in the bow and stern and the aft pair of broadside tubes . The Type L torpedo carried a 141 @-@ pound ( 64 kg ) warhead of TNT . It had two speed settings which gave it a maximum range of 980 yards ( 900 m ) at 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) or 660 yards ( 600 m ) at 29 knots ( 54 km / h ; 33 mph ) . = = = Protection = = = Tri Sviatitelia was the first Russian ship to use Harvey armour . The armour was made by Vickers in Britain as well as the French firms of Schneider et Cie and Saint Chamond . The maximum thickness of the waterline belt was 18 inches ( 457 mm ) which reduced to 16 inches ( 406 mm ) abreast the magazines . This was the thickest armour ever carried by a Russian battleship . It covered 246 feet ( 75 @.@ 0 m ) of the ship 's length . The belt was 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) high , and tapered down to a thickness of 9 inches ( 229 mm ) at the bottom edge . The upper 18 inches ( 457 @.@ 2 mm ) of the belt was intended to be above the waterline , but the ship was overweight and much of the belt was submerged . The belt terminated in 14 – 16 @-@ inch ( 356 – 406 mm ) transverse bulkheads . The lower casemate was above the belt , 218 feet ( 66 @.@ 4 m ) long and eight feet high , and was intended to protect the bases of the turrets . It had 16 @-@ inch sides and was closed off by 16 @-@ inch transverse bulkheads fore and aft . The upper casemate protected the six @-@ inch guns and was 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick on all sides . The sides of the turrets were 16 inches ( 406 mm ) thick and the conning tower 's sides were 12 inches ( 305 mm ) in thickness . The nickel steel armor deck was 2 inches ( 51 mm ) thick over the lower casemate , but 3 inches ( 76 mm ) thick forward and aft of the main armor belt to the bow and stern . = = = Major refit in 1911 – 12 = = = Tri Sviatitelia was reconstructed between November 1911 and August 1912 . A number of different proposals had been considered earlier , including one to replace all of her obsolete Harvey armour with modern Krupp armour and others to replace her main guns or turrets , but these were rejected as too expensive . Her masts and fighting tops were replaced by pole masts and all of her light guns and torpedo tubes were removed with the exception of two 47 @-@ millimetre guns retained for use as saluting guns . Her 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch guns were replaced by four shielded 6 @-@ inch guns on the roof of the upper casemate . The upper casemate was modified to accommodate two extra 6 @-@ inch guns and her superstructure was reduced in size . The maximum elevation of her main guns was increased to 25 ° and their breeches and loading mechanisms were upgraded to increase their rate of fire to one round every 40 seconds . These modifications had the effect of reducing her displacement by almost 100 long tons ( 102 t ) and she was capable of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) on her post @-@ reconstruction sea trials . = = Service = = Tri Sviatitelia was named after the Three Holy Hierarchs of the Orthodox Church . She was built by Nikolayev Dockyard and laid down 15 August 1891 , although actual construction had begun about January 1891 . The ship was launched 12 November 1893 and transferred to Sevastopol for completion the following year . Officially she entered service in 1895 with the Black Sea Fleet , but her sea trials did not begin until September – October 1896 . In 1899 Tri Sviatitelia became the first ship in the world to be fitted with a radio , an installation designed by the Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov that had a range of about 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) . The ship was flagship of Rear Admiral F. F. Vishnevetskii during the failed attempt to recapture the mutinous battleship Potemkin on 30 June [ O.S. 17 June ] 1905 . Her forward fighting top was removed about 1908 . = = = World War I = = = Tri Sviatitelia , accompanied by the pre @-@ dreadnoughts Evstafi ( flagship ) , Ioann Zlatoust , Panteleimon ( the former Potemkin ) , Rostislav , bombarded Trebizond on the morning of 17 November 1914 and was intercepted by the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and the light cruiser SMS Breslau the following day on their return voyage to Sevastopol in what came to be known as the Battle of Cape Sarych . Despite the noon hour the conditions were foggy and the capital ships initially did not spot each other . The Black Sea Fleet had experimented on concentrating fire from several ships under the control of a " master ship " before the war and Evstafi held her fire until Ioann Zlatoust , the master ship , could see Goeben . When the gunnery commands were finally received they showed a range 4 @,@ 000 yards ( 3 @,@ 700 m ) in excess of Evstafi 's own estimate of 8 @,@ 000 yards ( 7 @,@ 300 m ) , so Evstafi opened fire using her own data before the Goeben turned to unmask its broadside . However the Tri Sviatitelia used Ioann Zlatoust 's inaccurate range data and failed to register any hits on the German ship . Tri Sviatitelia and Rostislav bombarded Ottoman fortifications at the mouth of the Bosphorus on 18 March 1915 , but only fired 105 rounds before sailing north to rejoin the covering force . Tri Sviatitelia and Rostislav were to have repeated the bombardment the following day , but heavy fog prevented the operation . On 3 April , Goeben and several ships of the Turkish navy raided the Russian port at Odessa ; the Russian battleship squadron sortied to intercept them . The battleships chased Goeben the entire day , but were unable to reach effective gunnery range and were forced to break off the chase . On 25 April Tri Sviatitelia and Rostislav repeated their bombardment of the Bosporus forts . Sviatitelia , Rostislav and Panteleimon bombarded the forts again on 2 and 3 May . However , this time a total of 337 main	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
s motto on preparing oneself : " You can set your sails , but you can 't set the wind " . The Giants viewed Wheatley as their running back of the future , since Rodney Hampton was in the final year of his contract . Despite the original visions , Wheatley was used sparingly and started only eight games over the course of four seasons with the Giants . Off the field , Wheatley moved his half @-@ brother with him to New Jersey to keep him out of the tumultuous environment and to provide him a strong learning environment . In 1995 and 1996 , under Dan Reeves the Giants had losing seasons and relied heavily on Rodney Hampton who received the bulk of the carries on rushing plays . In 1995 , running back Herschel Walker received more passing downs and in 1996 fullback Charles Way was a main weapon . Wheatley returned kickoffs for the 1995 and 1996 , with 10 returns for 18 @.@ 6 yards per return in 1995 and 23 returns for 21 @.@ 9 yards per return in 1996 . While Hampton led the team in rushing with 827 yards to Wheatley 's 400 yards in 1996 , Wheatley 's 503 return yards and 51 yards receiving gave him the team all @-@ purpose yards leadership . However , Wheatley had 6 fumbles on only 147 touches ( 112 rushes , 12 receptions , and 23 kickoff returns ) . The drafting of Wheatley had been hotly contested . Some Giant draft war @-@ room personnel had wanted to select Korey Stringer and others had an interest in Rashaan Salaam when the Giants ' selection came . After Wheatley was selected with the seventeenth pick , running backs Napoleon Kaufman , James Stewart and Rashaan Salaam were chosen with the eighteenth , nineteenth and twenty @-@ first selections , respectively . Reeves made it no secret that he would have selected Salaam over Wheatley in the draft . Wheatley 's introduction to the Giants was a contract squabble that kept him from getting to training camp on time . Then , in rookie season training camp , he had the misfortune of pulling a hamstring while running sprints on the first day . Speculation had been that the injury had occurred in a stumble in a June track meet . Reeves held the prompt injury against the running back he never wanted . Wheatley later fell asleep in a meeting which drew a fine from Reeves . Although he only actually fell asleep in one meeting , he also had mental concentration issues in practice . He was not known for living erratically so his falling asleep and loss of concentration was enough of a problem that the Giants had Wheatley evaluated . On top of this , Wheatley was fined several times for tardiness to team meetings . = = = = Jim Fassel era ( 1997 – 1998 ) = = = = In 1997 , by the end of training camp , Rodney Hampton 's knees had given out , and although Wheatley had a great camp , Tiki Barber was named the starting tailback . That season , Jim Fassel 's first , the Giants went to the playoffs with a 10 – 5 – 1 record . Wheatley led the team in carries that season despite missing two games and shared the ballcarrying responsibilities with Way and Barber . On October 12 , Wheatley had his first 100 @-@ yard game with 102 yards on 22 carries against the Arizona Cardinals in a 27 – 13 victory on the road . While Wheatley and Way divided the rushing load , Barber and Way divided most of the responsibility for the running backs ' role in the passing attack , while Wheatley had less than half as many receptions and reception yards as either of them . An ankle injury caused Wheatley to miss the final two regular season games and the wild card playoff game . By 1998 , Wheatley was the only four @-@ year veteran in the Giants backfield and although he developed another good relationship with an offensive coordinator , he was becoming accustomed to being described as an enigma . The Giants fell to 8 – 8 while relying on Barber , Way and Gary Brown . During the season , Wheatley often performed scout team duties and was inactive for some games . Fassel was not sympathetic to Wheatley 's desire for playing time and thought that Wheatley was overweight . Over the course of the season , there was controversy about a season long weight limit of 235 pounds ( 107 kg ; 16 st 11 lb ) that had been placed on Wheatley . Wheatley 's playing weight limit had been set at 230 pounds ( 104 kg ; 16 st 6 lb ) in training camp and had been raised to 235 on Wheatley 's request . He had played at 233 pounds ( 106 kg ; 16 st 9 lb ) in the final game of his college career . By week 11 , Wheatley had only dressed in five games and played in four and was relegated to a role as an alternate when he played . Wheatley thought he was treated unfairly in New York although two different coaching staffs had issues with him . He points out double standards that gave him bad feelings in retrospect . In situations where he was not the only Giant who was overweight or stuck in traffic , he was punished while others were not and those with worse problems such as showing up at practice drunk or being cited for D.U.I. were not vilified . Wheatley had the responsibility of driving his brother , Leslie Mongo , to his school that opened at 8 : 15 and thought he was the victim of New Jersey traffic in relation to occasionally being late for 9 : 00 a.m. team meetings . Charles Way , by contrast , Wheatley 's closest friend on the team and roommate on the road , was nicknamed " Teacher 's Pet . " According to The New York Times , there was a misperception of Wheatley as a " cancer " in the locker room by most accounts . Although he had some issues , his teammates remembered him for his personality and mannerly nature . The general opinion of Wheatley was that he was blessed with enormous talent , but as a package he was an enigma . According to Michael Strahan , Wheatley " ... could outrun the wide receivers , outlift the linemen and outdebate anyone . " Thus , his off @-@ season workout pattern of sloughing the weights for discussion of politics and current affairs was troubling , but not challenged because he could outlift most . However , in addition to the enigmatic issues , Wheatley had physical problems in New York . He was injured and unable to perform for parts of all four of the training camps . After the 1998 season Wheatley was traded to Jimmy Johnson 's Miami Dolphins . In the February trade , the Giants were satisfied receiving a seventh round draft pick in return . = = = Oakland Raiders = = = The Dolphins hoped that Wheatley would compete for the starting tailback position with Abdul @-@ Karim al @-@ Jabbar , who had rushed for a league @-@ leading 15 touchdowns in 1997 but whose production had fallen off to only 6 in 1998 . However , Wheatley was cut from the Miami Dolphins training camp roster . He had only gone through one week of Dolphins training camp before being released , making him available to the Raiders . The Raiders signed Wheatley on August 4 , 1999 to help make up for the loss of Zack Crockett who suffered a broken foot . Ironically , Wheatley , the seventeenth overall selection in the 1995 NFL Draft , earned his 1999 roster spot in a battle with Rashaan Salaam , the twenty @-@ first overall selection in the 1995 NFL Draft , who had been Dan Reeves ' preferred draft choice in 1995 . Wheatley was paired in the Raiders backfield with Napoleon Kaufman , the eighteenth overall selection in the 1995 NFL Draft . While in Oakland , Wheatley would achieve much greater success than he had in New York . Wheatley rushed for 1 @,@ 000 yards in a season , led the Raiders in rushing three times , appeared in three consecutive playoffs ( including one Super Bowl ) and finished in the top @-@ 10 in the NFL for rushing touchdowns twice . Through the 2007 NFL season , Wheatley was the seventh leading rusher in Oakland Raider history with 3 @,@ 682 yards as a Raider . In his role as a Raider , Wheatley was able to contribute to some of the greatest memories in the history of the franchise . Seven of his eight career 100 @-@ yard rushing games came as a Raider . Five of these games were at the Oakland Coliseum and two were on the road against the Seattle Seahawks . None of these games came in the playoffs where his highest rushing total was 56 yards . = = = = Jon Gruden era ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = = = How well Wheatley complemented Napoleon Kaufman in Oakland was quickly evident to the New York media , and his newfound success was noticed when the Giants had an impotent running game in his absence . In his early years with the Raiders , Wheatley quickly made good on the promise of his potential with a combination of the power to run inside and the speed to run outside . Wheatley was quite popular in Oakland . The players liked him and his coach , Jon Gruden , even joked with him during his interviews . On the field , Wheatley became an important part of a surprisingly efficient West Coast offense run by Jon Gruden . In 1999 , Wheatley was the Raiders ' leading rusher and their only running back to have more than one touchdown reception . For the first time , Wheatley had multiple 100 @-@ yard games in the same season : 100 yards on 20 rushes on October 3 against the Seattle Seahawks and 111 yards on 19 rushes on December 19 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . The players gelled as a unit and not only did Wheatley have his best seasons in Oakland , but also long time NFL veterans on the Raiders amassed their best season upon his arrival . For example , Rich Gannon , an NFL veteran quarterback since 1987 , made his first four Pro Bowl appearances with Wheatley as a weapon . The team only compiled an 8 – 8 record , however . Wheatley had the best season of his career in the 2000 as Raiders went 12 – 4 and reached the American Football Conference championship game of the 2000 – 01 NFL playoffs . Wheatley amassed 1 @,@ 046 yards rushing and 9 touchdowns on 232 carries and added 20 receptions for 156 yards . Wheatley combined effectively with Kaufman to form an inside and outside attacking combination in these first two years . Wheatley ’ s 4 @.@ 5 yards per carry ranked ninth in the NFL . Not only did Wheatley amass a career @-@ high three 100 @-@ yard rushing games that season , but he also had his three highest career single @-@ game performances : 156 yards on only 15 carries on October 22 at home against the Seattle Seahawks , 146 yards on December 16 at Seattle and 112 yards on November 5 against the Kansas City Chiefs . The 100 @-@ yard performances against Seattle were his second and third in his first four games against them as a Raider . In the playoffs , Wheatley only posted a total of 63 yards rushing on 31 carries and one reception for four yards in two home playoff games . On January 6 , 2001 , Wheatley posted what would turn out to be his career ( seven career games ) playoff high 56 yards rushing and his only playoff touchdown . In the January 14 conference championship against the Baltimore Ravens he only rushed for 7 yards on 12 carries . In 2001 , with the arrival of Jerry Rice and Charlie Garner , the offense focused on the passing game , running five more pass attempts per game than the year before . The team produced two 1 @,@ 000 @-@ yard receivers with Rice amassing 1 @,@ 139 yards and Tim Brown totaling 1 @,@ 165 yards . Garner led the team in rushing and accumulated 72 receptions . Meanwhile , Wheatley only started three games and accumulated only 12 receptions over the course of the season . For the first time as a Raider , Wheatley went an entire season without a 100 @-@ yard rushing game . The team went 10 – 6 and returned to the 2001 – 02 NFL playoffs , but Wheatley only had 88 carries during the regular season despite tying Zack Crockett for the running back leadership with 6 touchdowns . In the first round wild card game , Wheatley posted his second highest playoff total of 37 yards . In Wheatley 's first and only career road playoff game , he only posted five yards rushing on four carries . = = = = Bill Callahan era ( 2002 – 2003 ) = = = = Under new coach Bill Callahan , the 2002 Raiders became more reliant on Garner as the primary running back . Again , Rice and Brown were primary targets for Gannon who , while having his best season with 4 @,@ 689 yards , did not use Wheatley as a receiver as much as other players . Wheatley had more carries than in 2001 , but did not start a single game and did not see the end zone often . Again , Wheatley went an entire season without a 100 @-@ yard rushing game . However , as a role player he was able to play in three 2002 – 03 playoff games including the 2003 Super Bowl against former coach Gruden . As in his previous seasons , Wheatley posted his best playoff numbers in his first game , this time 30 yards on only four carries . A week later on January 19 , 2003 , Wheatley had his final post @-@ season carry , a 5 @-@ yard run on his only carry of the game . In Super Bowl XXXVII on January 26 , Wheatley 's only touch came on a seven @-@ yard reception . Although the Raiders did not win the Super Bowl , Tyrone Wheatley was re @-@ signed . In 2003 , Wheatley reclaimed his role as the Raiders ' leading rusher although Garner , the second leading rusher , continued to be the target of more passes and Crockett made it to the end zone as a rusher as often as Wheatley and Garner combined . Wheatley became the sixth person to lead the Raiders franchise in rushing yards three times ( Clem Daniels , Marv Hubbard , Mark van Eeghen , Marcus Allen , Napoleon Kaufman ) . The 2003 Raiders fell to 4 – 12 and had no 1 @,@ 000 @-@ yard receivers or runners . Wheatley ’ s only 100 @-@ yard rushing game came on November 16 at home against the Minnesota Vikings . Wheatley 's name and those of several of his teammates were found on the list of clients of the Bay Area Laboratory Co @-@ operative ( BALCO ) that had given performance @-@ enhancing drugs to Marion Jones and others . As a result , he , and teammates Chris Hetherington , Dana Stubblefield , and Chris Cooper were called to testify before a 2003 federal grand jury investigating a laboratory that produces nutritional supplements . Johnnie Morton was called before the same jury . Wheatley , Stubblefield , and Morton all declined to comment . This court appearance in the BALCO hearings was notable for Wheatley 's assault of a freelance photographer who attempted to take Wheatley 's photo outside the Philip Burton Federal Building just after Wheatley had informed the KNTV cameraman that he would sue anyone who took his picture . = = = = Norv Turner era ( 2004 ) = = = = Although Wheatley 's 2003 performance had been modest compared with the other seasons that he led the Raiders in rushing ( 1999 , 2000 ) , it was sufficient to convince the Raiders that they did not need to re @-@ sign the pass catching running back Charlie Garner for the 2004 season with the new coach Norv Turner . The 2004 Raiders used a platoon of five runners ( Wheatley , Crockett , Justin Fargas , J. R. Redmond and Amos Zereoue ) who all rushed for between 100 and 500 yards and caught between 10 and 40 passes . Wheatley compiled his final 100 @-@ yard rushing game on September 26 in week 3 of the season at home against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers with 102 yards on 18 carries . This was the earliest point in the season Wheatley had rushed for 100 yards in a game as a professional . Wheatley 's career ended in week 12 of the season on November 28 , 2004 in a 25 – 24 win over the Denver Broncos with an injury that was first described as an injured hamstring . The hamstring tear turned out to be acute . Wheatley had been under contract until 2009 with a 2005 base salary of $ 800 @,@ 000 and a 2006 base salary of $ 2 million . = = Coaching = = Unable to adequately rehabilitate his hamstring , Wheatley retired from the NFL and returned to Ann Arbor , Michigan . At the University of Michigan , in 2005 , he volunteered as a track coach while finishing his Bachelor 's degree in sport management . In November 2006 , Wheatley was hired at his alma mater , Robichaud High School , as the track coach . After taking Robichaud to their first conference title he was also hired as the football coach . To prepare for his coaching duties he partook in Jon Gruden 's NFL minority coaching internship by working with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as a NFL Minority coaching fellow during the 2006 training camp . As football coach in 2007 , Wheatley started with a 6 – 1 record before facing the team 's rival , the undefeated Inkster High School . Despite losing on the field to Inkster , the team was credited with a forfeit victory and compiled an 8 – 1 regular season record . The team achieved its first berth in 13 years in the MHSAA Class B playoffs , one year after going 0 – 9 . The team won its first round playoff match against Dearborn Heights Annapolis High School and lost its second to Milan High School to finish with a 9 – 2 record . The team last won the MHSAA title in 1990 during Wheatley 's senior season with a 12 – 1 record . During Wheatley 's absence the team was a state semifinalist in 1991 with a 10 – 2 record and made a playoff appearance in 1994 . In addition to coaching , Wheatley has worked as an athletic trainer to about 30 clients . In 2008 , he joined John Fontes ' coaching staff as an assistant coach for Team Michigan in the All American Football League . He was to serve as the running backs coach for the team in the league that planned to begin play in April 2008 . However , the league never materialized . Wheatley interned as an NFL Minority coaching fellow with the Pittsburgh Steelers during the summer of 2008 training camp . He also served at the Rising Stars Football Camp as an assistant instructor . In late August 2008 , he became the assistant coach at Ohio Northern University , with responsibility for the team 's running backs . After the end of Wheatley 's coaching internship at the conclusion of the season , he was hired by Ron English as a running backs coach at Eastern Michigan University for the 2009 season . In February 2010 , he was hired to replace Roger Harriott on Doug Marrone 's staff at Syracuse University . In 2013 , he left Syracuse , along with Marrone , to join the Buffalo Bills , Wheatley 's first NFL coaching position . In 2015 , Tyrone decided to return to his alma mater and coach the running backs at the University of Michigan on the staff for the new Michigan head coach Jim Harbaugh . = = Personal life = = In addition to his guardianships , Wheatley and Kimberly have three sons and two daughters as of February 2010 . Wheatley and his wife Kimberly , had their first child , Tyrone Jr . , in 1997 , and their second in late 1998 . In 2012 , Wheatley was selected for induction into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame . On February 4 , 2015 , Tyrone Jr . ( known as TJ ) signed the National Letter of Intent to play football for his father 's Alma Mater , Michigan . Prior to Michigan 's hiring of Jim Harbaugh as coach and Wheatley on his staff , TJ had been deciding between UCLA , USC , Alabama and Oregon . = = Statistics = = = = = College = = = As of March 2013 , Wheatley ranked fifth in career rushing at Michigan : = = = Professional = = = 100 @-@ Yard Games N.B. : Home team is in bold . = Climax Series = The Climax Series ( クライマックスシリーズ , Kuraimakkusu Shirīzu ) is the annual playoff system employed by Japan 's Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) . It determines which two teams from the Central League ( CL ) and the Pacific League ( PL ) will compete in the Japan Series for the national championship . Since the creation of the NPB 's two @-@ league system in 1950 , the leagues have used several different methods to determine entry to the Japan Series . The current system has been used since the 2007 season . Both leagues play a 144 @-@ game regular season , after which the top three teams in each league compete against one another in a two @-@ stage playoff . In Stage 1 , the teams that finish the regular season with the second- and third @-@ best records play one another in a best @-@ of @-@ three series . The winners of these three @-@ game series advance to Stage 2 to face each league 's regular @-@ season champion in a six @-@ game series , which the regular @-@ season champion starts with a one @-@ game advantage . The winners of each league 's Stage 2 series compete against one another in that year 's Japan Series . = = History = = Since the creation of the NPB 's two @-@ league system , the regular @-@ season winner of the CL had always advanced to the Japan Series , where it competed against the PL champion . The PL used the same system until 1973 , when the league created NPB 's only postseason play prior to 2004 ( other than the Japan Series ) . This system matched the team with the best first @-@ half record against the team with the best second @-@ half record . The winner of this best @-@ of @-@ five series advanced to the Japan Series , where they played against the CL champion . This system proved problematic when the Hankyu Braves won both the first and second halves of the 1976 and 1978 seasons , making a playoff series unnecessary . The system was eliminated after the 1982 season . Instead , the PL announced the following season that the first- and second @-@ place teams would compete in a best @-@ of @-@ five playoff series after the 130 @-@ game regular season if five or fewer games separated the two teams . Unpopular with most baseball media and fans , the idea was scrapped after three seasons with a series never needing to be played . The two leagues returned to sending the team with the best regular season record in their respective league to compete against each other in the championship series . = = = Pacific League playoffs = = = In February 2003 , the PL board of directors agreed to reintroduce a playoff system to be used for the 2004 NPB season . If a first @-@ place team had a substantial lead in the standings nearing the end of the regular season , there was no pennant race and little excitement until the Japan Series began . The decision to add a PL playoff was an attempt to rectify this problem and increase the league 's popularity . The new postseason plan initiated a two @-@ stage playoff in which the top three PL teams competed . In Stage 1 , the teams that finished the newly shortened , 135 @-@ game regular season with the second- and third @-@ best records played each other in a best @-@ of @-@ three series . The winner of this series faced the league 's top finisher in the second and final stage . The Stage 2 winner advanced to the Japan Series , where they competed against the CL 's first @-@ place team . Originally , the top finisher in the league at the end of the season was supposed to receive home @-@ field advantage throughout Stage 2 , but in August 2003 , PL officials announced that if the first @-@ place team led the second @-@ place team by more than five games at the end of the regular season , that team would also receive a one @-@ game winning advantage in Stage 2 's best @-@ of @-@ five series . For the 2006 season , PL officials removed the five @-@ game lead requirement in favor of automatically awarding the first @-@ place team the one @-@ win advantage . In conjunction with this change , the first @-@ place team no longer had home @-@ field advantage for the entirety of Stage 2 ; instead , the remaining four games were to be split evenly between both teams ' stadiums . This rule change became a non @-@ factor after the eventual first @-@ place Hokkaido Nippon @-@ Ham Fighters clinched a Japan Series berth in two straight games . During the three years of the PL 's playoff system , the winner of the PL 's postseason tournament competed against the CL team who finished the regular season with the best record . The disparity between the two leagues ' postseasons provoked some criticism from baseball analysts . During the 2005 Japan Series , The Japan Times ' Stephen Ellsesser called NPB 's unbalanced postseason a " bad system " and believed that the CL 's decision to not implement a playoff system of their own was " foolish " . Citing the Hanshin Tigers ' poor Japan Series performance , he speculated that the CL 's lack of postseason play was a disadvantage . Ellsesser believed that the 17 days between their last regular @-@ season game and the first Japan Series game did nothing to prepare the Tigers for the eventual championship series against the Chiba Lotte Marines , who had played continuously . = = = Climax Series creation = = = The CL had situational playoff scenarios written into its bylaws that required either a tie in the standings or a team with more wins finishing with a worse winning percentage than the top team , but a permanent playoff plan had never been created . In March 2006 , encouraged by the success of the PL 's playoff series , CL officials announced their intention to introduce postseason playoffs for the 2007 season to help boost declining attendance . During meetings held later that year , PL and CL officials disagreed over proposed plans detailing the new playoff system . Since the creation of the PL playoffs in 2004 , the league awarded its pennant titles to the playoff winners rather than the team who finished the regular season with the best record . The PL disapproved of the CL 's intentions to continue awarding their league title to the first @-@ place finisher in the regular season while using the playoffs to determine which team would compete against in the Japan Series , as the PL had been awarding its pennant to its playoff champion . In September 2006 , both leagues agreed on a unified postseason system . The CL implemented a playoff system identical to the PL 's , and the entire playoff series was dubbed the " Climax Series " . The PL agreed to name the regular season first @-@ place finishers league champions rather than the team that won the leagues ' respective playoffs — a reversal from the previous three seasons . It was decided that both leagues would play 144 regular @-@ season games , the first time both leagues would play the same number of games since the PL introduced its playoff system in 2004 . The two leagues agreed that neither regular @-@ season champion should receive a one @-@ game advantage in Stage 2 of the Climax Series , claiming that it was unnecessary from a business point of view . This decision was overturned when each league awarded its champion a one @-@ win advantage in Stage 2 starting with the 2008 Climax Series . At the same time , the series became a best @-@ of @-@ six series , where the first team to win four games advances to the Japan Series . This format has drawn some criticism , with some players describing the rule as " unfair " , " bull " and " messed up " , but it is still in use . = = Current format = = Both leagues employ the same two @-@ series playoff format , with the top three teams from each league participating in their own two @-@ stage playoff . If two teams vying for a third Climax Series spot finish the regular season with identical records , the team that finished the previous season with a better record is allowed to advance to the playoffs , unless if both teams finished with the same previous season record . This contrasts with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , which employs a one @-@ game playoff , or other professional leagues that may use head @-@ to @-@ head season records ( and further tiebreakers such as non @-@ interleague play records , second half records , et al . ) . The first series , Stage 1 , is a best @-@ of @-@ three series involving the regular season 's second- and third @-@ place finishers , with all games played at the second @-@ place team 's home field . The winner of this series goes on to face the league 's pennant @-@ winner in Stage 2 . This series is best @-@ of @-@ six . The league champion is awarded a one @-@ win advantage as well as home field advantage for the entire series , unlike most professional leagues where a 5 @-@ game playoff series runs 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 1 or 2 @-@ 3 or a 7 @-@ game playoff series that runs 2 @-@ 3 @-@ 2 with the higher seed receiving the extra game . The winning teams advance to the Japan Series , where they compete against one another . Unlike MLB , NPB games may end in a tie if there is no winner after 12 innings of play . If a Climax Series game results in a tie , the win is credited to neither team . If this causes the series to end in a tie , the team who finished higher in the regular @-@ season standings advances , unless if both teams finished with the same regular @-@ season record . If both teams finished with the same regular season record , the team who won the most matches against the other team will advance . = = Results = = = The Bacon Cookbook = The Bacon Cookbook : More than 150 Recipes from Around the World for Everyone 's Favorite Food is a cookbook on bacon by James Villas . It was published by Wiley in 2007 . Villas is a former food editor for Town & Country magazine , and The Bacon Cookbook is his 15th book on food . He notes on the book 's jacket that he was " beguiled by bacon since he was a boy . " He describes the appeal of bacon in the book 's preface , and in the introduction recounts the history of the product , as well as its variations from different locations internationally . Chapters are structured by type of recipe and food course , and in total the book includes 168 recipes . The book received generally positive reception in book reviews and media sources , receiving praise in Publishers Weekly and Library Journal . In 2009 the National Pork Board highlighted recipes from the book for International Bacon Day . Chef Bobby Flay highlighted one recipe from The Bacon Cookbook , for " Bacon @-@ Wrapped Figs Stuffed With Almonds In Port " , as one of his favorites . AM New York , The Baltimore Sun , and the Star Tribune , recommended the book in articles on suggested gift @-@ giving ideas . The Independent highlighted the book as number 11 on a list of " The 50 Best Cookbooks " . = = Content summary = = In the preface to the book , Villas states that vegetarians and those that do not eat pork for religious reasons are " haunted instinctively by the sensuous , irresistible enticement " . He asserts , " There 's no one who doesn 't love bacon . It 's the greatest food God has ever created . " Villas asks , " Who , under any circumstances , is not rendered almost helpless by the tantalizing sound of bacon sizzling slowly in a skillet , by the taunting backwoods aroma that permeates the air ... ? " He notes that " the greatest and most beloved food on earth " is one of the worlds oldest forms of cooked meat . The author comments on the surge in interest in bacon products in the years prior to the book 's publication , " Just the 40 percent increase in bacon consumption in the United States over the past five years might have justified my writing this book . " The book includes photographs by Andrea Grablewski . The introduction contains a guide to " the international world of bacon " , and Villas compares dishes Salt Pork and Pancetta ; and Paprikaspeck and Bauchspeck . The introduction also includes a list of places to receive mail @-@ order products . The book goes over the history of curing bacon , discussing the various international traditions . Smokehouses listed as resources in the book include Benton 's in Tennessee , Newsom 's in Kentucky , Edwards & Sons in Virginia , Nueske in Wisconsin , and Lazy H Smokehouse in Kirbyville , Texas . Villas instructs the reader in techniques of smoking bacon , how to buy and store it , and how to utilize bacon fat for cooking purposes . Villas explains the derivation of the phrase " bring home the bacon " , writing , " An Old English tradition whereby a flitch , or side , of bacon was offered as a prize to any man who could swear before the church that for a year and a day he had neither quarreled with his wife nor wished himself single . " He recounts how the Chinese discovered methods of preserving pork bellies around 1500 B.C. By the first century A.D. , Romans had established a practice of breeding hogs for the production of bacon . During the Middle Ages , bacon and beans was considered a staple food for the poor . According to Villas , bacon was eaten aboard the Mayflower , and was a staple food product in the early American colonies . Villas describes how Oscar F. Mayer began to package sliced bacon for his customers during the 1920s . The author describes contemporary practices of utilizing old @-@ fashioned style curing and smoking methods by food manufacturers in the United States . Chapters are structured according to each type of recipe , including main course , soup , and breads . 168 recipes from the United States and globally are included in the book . The author notes that bacon is not as bad nutritionally as had previously been thought . He compares the nutritional characteristics of two slices of cooked bacon to one pork hot dog , noting that the bacon contains approximately " 73 calories , 202 milligrams of sodium , 6 grams of fat and 11 milligrams of cholesterol " , while the hot dog has " 182 calories , 638 milligrams of sodium , 17 grams of fat and 29 milligrams of cholesterol " . " If health concerns sometimes make you feel guilty about loving bacon ... relax ... yes , it ’ s high in sodium and fat , but if eaten in moderation or used as a flavoring agent ... it is a guilt free indulgence , " writes Villas . Breakfast dishes include French Cheese and Bacon souffle , and Bacon Scrapple . A recipe for BLT sandwich is included in the section on sandwiches , but the majority of Villas 's other sandwich recipes are more extreme , and include ingredients such as Jamaican smoked fish . Dishes that contain vegetables include Lima Bean and Bacon Casserole ; and Spanish Chicken , Bacon , Meatball and Chickpea Stew . For dessert , Villas includes six recipes such as bacon @-@ wrapped figs , and Bacon and Peanut Butter Chocolate Truffles , and Portuguese Egg and Bacon Pudding . = = Background = = James Villas is a former food editor for Town & Country magazine . The back flap of the book 's jacket notes that Villas was " beguiled by bacon since he was a boy . " Prior to The Bacon Cookbook , Villas had written other cookbooks including The Glory of Southern Cooking , My Mother 's Southern Kitchen , and Biscuit Bliss . The Bacon Cookbook is his 15th book on food . In the lead @-@ up to the 2009 International Bacon Day , Villas commented to Pork Magazine , " People are starting to realize that bacon is no longer just a breakfast staple . Bacon is , without a doubt , one of the most versatile and flavorful options in the grocery aisle . Most importantly , a little bacon goes a long way . A sprinkle can enhance not only the flavor , but also the aroma and appeal of nearly any dish . We ’ re seeing chefs and home cooks add bacon to dishes you wouldn ’ t expect , like popcorn or cookies , and take traditional tastes to another dimension . " Villas explained to Salon , " Bacon has the perfect balance of sweet , salty , smoky flavor , and the perfect balance of meaty and crispy texture . " Villas commented to CBS News that his book was part of a growing interest in bacon products , " We have a lot more conscientious producers today , you know , really turning out fresh great product like we 've got here in this store . I mean quality bacon . And America really should be out there searching for this stuff . And it 'll change your life . It will really change your life . " = = Reception = = A review in Publishers Weekly called the book an " exuberant parade of pork fat " , and commented , " there 's plenty good to be had in these pages " . Writing for Library Journal , Judith Sutton concluded , " There are , in fact , several other cookbooks devoted to bacon , including Sara Perry 's Everything Tastes Better with Bacon , but with its irresistible recipes and wealth of information and lore , Villas 's new title is recommended for most collections . " Amy Culbertson of the Fort Worth Star @-@ Telegram also compared the Villas 's work to another book on bacon , writing , " His is a more definitive cookbook than last year 's " Seduced by Bacon " by Joanna Pruess " . The book was highlighted in the " Holiday Cookbook Roundup : Gift Guide " column of The Austin Chronicle , where writer Mick Vann concluded , " This is one of the few cookbooks you 'll find where every single recipe makes you want to head straight for the stove , whether it 's a bacon , goat cheese , and sweet @-@ onion pie ; Russian borscht ; beef @-@ stuffed plantains ; or braised Japanese pork belly . For those fellow bacon lovers in our midst , Villas ' The Bacon Cookbook is required reading . " In honor of International Bacon Day in 2009 , the National Pork Board offered recipes from The Bacon Cookbook . Bonnie Stern of Financial Post recommended the book , and commented , " Few of us can resist the allure of sizzling , smokey , crispy bacon . Though not usually high on the list of foods that are considered good for you , if you don 't eat it often , you can have your bacon and eat it , too . If you want to know all about bacon , have a look at The Bacon Cookbook by James Villas " . Chef Bobby Flay highlighted the recipe from The Bacon Cookbook for " Bacon @-@ Wrapped Figs Stuffed With Almonds In Port " as one of his favorites . Jonathan Cheung , co @-@ owner of the cookbook store Bon Appétit in Montreal , Canada , recommended the book to his customers when they asked for books on cooking with pork products . AM New York highlighted the book among its recommendations of " Best cookbooks to give as gifts " , noting that the author , " presents a mouthwatering array of recipes to nudge the pork lover . " Writing for The Advocate , Cheramie Sonnier commented , " James Villas comes through once again with a cookbook that is sure to please cooks who love both classic comfort foods and exotic new dishes . " The San Jose Mercury News noted that Villas " turns his meticulous eye to the cured pork product " in the book , which includes " recipes featuring bacon in every imaginable way " . The Winston @-@ Salem Journal observed , " His history of bacon , short and to the point , should be required reading for bacon lovers . " The Baltimore Sun highlighted the book in an article " Gifts to savor " , commenting that " James Villas covers everything about this trendy ingredient " . Marialisa Calta of The Douglas Daily Dispatch wrote , " in the unusual @-@ but @-@ oddly @-@ compelling @-@ single @-@ subject @-@ cookbook category , props go to “ The Bacon Cookbook ” by James Villas " . Writing for the Star Tribune , Lee Svitak Dean recommended the book as a holiday gift for cooks , commenting , " It 's all here , from guacamole and bacon canapés to New England apple and bacon griddlecakes and German fennel and bacon soup . " " No publishing season is complete without a bacon book , " wrote Kristen Browning @-@ Blas of The Denver Post , who noted that Joanna Pruess 's Seduced by Bacon was released the previous year . The New York Daily News noted that the book " includes an introductory primer on the many wondrous bacon varieties along with easy @-@ to @-@ follow instruction for more than 150 international dishes , from guacamole with bacon to bacon @-@ duck stew . " The Independent highlighted the book as number 11 on a list of " The 50 Best Cookbooks " , commenting , " Bacon is a standard choice for many a simple supper , but there is nothing standard about Villas 's book . The irresistible smell of bacon oozes from the pages , as Villas shows the versatility of bacon , even bacon desserts – for example , bacon and peanut butter chocolate truffles . Vegetarians beware ; these dishes could prove too tempting . " = The Uncertainty Principle ( The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man ) = " The Uncertainty Principle " is the ninth episode of the animated television series The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man , which is based on the comic book character Spider @-@ Man , created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko . It originally aired on the Kids WB ! programming block on The CW Network on May 10 , 2008 . The episode chronicles Spider @-@ Man on Halloween , as he partakes in his final battle with the villain Green Goblin and finally discovers the villain 's true identity . Meanwhile , Air Force Colonel John Jameson attempts to land his badly damaged space craft back on Earth . The episode was written by Kevin Hopps and directed by Dave Bullock . Hopps researched all the available comic books he had that featured Green Goblin in order to prepare his penning of the episode 's teleplay . " The Uncertainty Principle " served as a conclusion to the Green Goblin storyline for the first season . The supposed revelation of Goblin 's identity in the episode would later be disproved by the second season finale " Final Curtain , " which the writers had planned since the series began . " The Uncertainty Principle " is available on both the third volume DVD set for the series , as well as the complete season box set . The episode received a generally positive critical response from television critics — reviewers singled out elements such as the Halloween motif and Mary Jane 's vampire costume . = = Plot summary = = On the night before Halloween , Green Goblin gases and kidnaps Hammerhead , taking him to a steel mill . The Goblin tries to convince him to join his ranks , but Hammerhead refuses as his loyalty lies solely with the " Big Man , " Tombstone . Later , Goblin confronts Tombstone and steals a jump drive he is carrying , declaring that he can take it back from him later that night before he sails off on his glider . Spider @-@ Man spots him and they begin to juggle . Goblin reveals that he possesses the jump drive stolen from Tombstone and that he can have it later that night , before kicking him off his glider . Spider @-@ Man tries to catch up with him and notices him sneaking into his friend Harry 's apartment . Sneaking in , he spots Harry 's father Norman coming out of a secret passageway and theorizes that Norman is the Goblin . Spider @-@ Man is forced to slip out after Harry walks in , and misses Harry drinking an experimental , drug @-@ like formula . A short while later , Peter Parker calls Harry and invites him to a Bleecker Street Halloween carnival along with Gwen , Mary Jane and Liz . Harry accepts the invitation . On his way to the carnival , Peter attempts to sell some Spider @-@ Man photographs to Daily Bugle editor J. Jonah Jameson , but he refuses and tells him to try selling them to the Globe . Goblin breaks into OsCorp when Norman is talking with investor and steals an inhibitor prototype . Peter arrives at the carnival , still dressed as Spider @-@ Man , but everyone assumes it is just his costume and applauds him for it . Peter slips out after spotting fireworks caused by the Goblin erupting in the sky . He follows them to a steel mill , where he finds Tombstone . The two enter together , and find Goblin has Hammerhead suspended over a vat of molten metal . The Goblin reveals that the jump drive is fake . Goblin readjusts his focus on Tombstone and Spider @-@ Man , who are forced to team up to fight the villain . While accusing Goblin of being Norman Osborn , Spider @-@ Man fires one of the villain 's pumpkin bombs and injures Goblin 's leg . Goblin escapes on his injured glider and Spider @-@ Man follows him to the Osborn apartment . An injured Goblin takes off his mask and is revealed to be Harry . Harry collapses and Norman and Spider @-@ Man agree to arrange the Goblin 's disappearance while taking Harry on an extended leave from school so he can receive special help . The next day , Peter learns that Mary Jane has transferred to his high school . Meanwhile , while orbiting the Earth during a routine space mission with his crew , Colonel John Jameson and his ship are hit by a meteor shower . John struggles to get the ship back safely on Earth but eventually succeeds in landing it at Cape Canaveral . The next day , Jonah learns that the Globe 's cover story on the Goblin 's rampage — featuring Peter 's photos — is outselling the Bugle 's story on John 's heroic space journey . An infuriated Jameson decides to meet with the public 's demand by publishing a new cover story questioning if Spider @-@ Man is a hero or a menace . Meanwhile , John is interviewed at the shuttle hangar when he spots a mysterious , vibrating black goo on the bottom of the shuttle . = = Production = = " The Uncertainty Principle " was written by Kevin Hopps and directed by Dave Bullock . It originally aired on the Kids WB ! block for The CW on May 10 , 2008 , at 10 : 00 a.m. Eastern / Pacific time . It proceeded a repeat of the episode " Catalysts , " which marked the introduction of Green Goblin into the series . The episode 's title , " The Uncertainty Principle , " expands the series theme " The Education of Peter Parker " chosen by developer Greg Weisman . Episodes in the third season one arc all shared a naming scheme based on chemistry . Hopps , who had previously written for animated series such as Buzz Lightyear of Star Command , Justice League , and Darkwing Duck , researched for the episode by re @-@ reading every available comic book that featured Green Goblin . Hopps notes that " you might consider him [ Green Goblin ] crazed , but he 's truly brilliant and has thought things out far in advance . He 's always several steps ahead of where you think he is . So while I 'm writing Goblin , I 'm always trying to keep in mind where he 's going next . " While penning the fight sequence between Goblin and Spider @-@ Man , Hopps paid close attention to brawls detailed in " Catalysts " in order to better grasp " how we could make it different and really up the stakes . " The episode served as the conclusion of the Green Goblin storyline for the first season that started with " Catalysts . " In the climax , Spider @-@ Man supposedly discovers that Harry has been the Goblin the whole time after stealing the experimental Goblin formula from OsCorp . The second season finale , " Final Curtain , " would disprove this revelation and explain that Norman was in fact the actual Green Goblin and he had pitted the blame on his son after learning he had been taking the formula secretly . The episode also revealed that the Chameleon had been impersonating Norman so he could secretly be the Goblin without raising suspicion . The writers had planned the revelation since the series began . " The Uncertainty Principle " became available on the DVD The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man , Volume 3 , on March 17 , 2009 , alongside the episodes " Catalysts " and " Reaction . " The volume featured episodes that detailed Green Goblin as a prominent character . " The Uncertainty Principle " also became available on the full season DVD box set entitled The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man : The Complete First Season DVD Review , which featured every other episode of season one for the series . = = Reception = = " The Uncertainty Principle " received critical acclaim . Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode an 8 @.@ 8 . ( " Great " ) rating . He enjoyed Mary Jane 's " sexy " vampire uniform and the large , three @-@ way battle between Tombstone , Goblin , and Spider @-@ Man , writing that it was " one hell of a fun fight " and " amazing . " Goldman opted that the supposed reveal of Goblin 's true identity could possibly be false based on the original comic book story and noted that Jonah 's hatred of Spider @-@ Man that was formed in the episode was " perhaps the most understandable and best way it 's ever been portrayed before . " Writing for DVD Talk , reviewer Justin Felix considered setting the episode on Halloween to be " a nice touch . " Tim Janson of Mania named it among the best episodes of the season , describing it as " a Halloween episode complete with a gothic setting . " Ultimate Disney reviewer Luke Bonanno did not include the episode among his top five episodes of The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man 's first season , but " feel [ s ] obligated to point out that the uniform excellence of the lot [ makes ] this a challenging task . " = 2012 Guinea @-@ Bissau coup d 'état = On 12 April 2012 , a coup d 'état in Guinea @-@ Bissau was staged by elements of the armed forces about two weeks before the second round of a presidential election between Carlos Gomes Júnior and Kumba Ialá . The coup started in the evening with military personnel and equipment making its way onto the streets , followed by the state @-@ owned media taken off @-@ air . Both second @-@ round candidates and the incumbent president were initially arrested by the junta . Members of the Military Council , which ran the country until an interim National Transitional Council was established on 15 April , said that one of the reasons for the coup was the incumbent civilian administration 's call for Angola help to reform the military . Following international condemnation and sanctions against leaders of the junta , an agreement was signed that led to the third place candidate in the election , Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo , selected as interim president . The presidential election was aborted and postponed for at least two years into the future . An interim government is tasked with administering Guinea @-@ Bissau in the meantime . = = Background = = The media and international think @-@ tanks have highlighted the country 's instability and labelled it a narcostate . The country has frequently featured military involvement in civil administration since independence . As such , the events leading up to the 2012 coup include military unrest in 2010 and a failed coup attempt in 2011 . The latter followed infighting between the country 's Navy and the Army . Guinea @-@ Bissau 's instability is also exacerbated as a transit point for drug shipments from Latin America to Europe and there are allegations that government ministers and military personnel are bribed to keep silent . Following the death of President Malam Bacai Sanhá on 9 January 2012 , a new election was scheduled to be held within 90 days in accordance with the constitution . Despite a peaceful campaign , there were external fears of possible violence or a coup d 'état if the army did not approve of the winner . In this regard , UN Secretary General Ban Ki @-@ moon called for a " peaceful , orderly and transparent " election . Just before the attack , presidential candidate Kumba Ialá , who claimed to have ties with members of his Balanta ethnic group , who are the largest ethnicity in the military , warned of " consequences " if there was campaigning for the second round of the election due to his allegations of fraud in the first round that were unanswered . The first round result was rejected by five of the nine candidates . Campaigning was due to start on 13 April for the second round , until its disruption as a result of the coup d 'état . Days before the coup , fellow Lusophone country Angola announced its forces would be ending the two @-@ year @-@ old Angolan Military Mission in Guinea Bissau ( MISSANG ) that followed a similar failed effort by the European Union as part of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea @-@ Bissau ( UNIOGBIS ) . State @-@ owned Angolan news agency ANGOP said that the Angolan troops were sent to Guinea @-@ Bissau in March 2011 in accordance with a bilateral military agreement to reform the armed forces . On 16 April , Guinea @-@ Bissau Defense Minister Jorge Tolentino Araújo was scheduled to arrive in Angola to meet his counterpart Cândido Pereira dos Santos Van @-@ Dúnem and the Army Chief @-@ of @-@ Staff Geraldo Sachipengo Nunda . He was also expected to visit the Higher Warfare School ( ESG ) and the Higher Technical Military Institute ( ISTM ) . The same day as the coup , the two Lusophone countries of Angola and Cape Verde agreed to review their defense cooperation agreements . Presidential candidate and former Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior was also unpopular with the army for his attempts to reform the institution . = = Rationale = = According to Portugal 's SIC Notícias , a day before the coup an unidentified military commander claimed Gomes Júnior would allow Angolan troops into the country . He also claimed that soldiers possessed a " secret document " that allowed the Guinea @-@ Bissau government to sanction an Angolan attack on Guinea @-@ Bissau 's military . The leaders of the junta released an unsigned communique that read they " did not have ambitions of power " and that the coup was a reaction to the alleged agreement with Angola because the 200 military trainers would " annihilate Guinea @-@ Bissau 's armed forces . " The spokesman for the junta that took over after the coup , Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Daha Bana na Walna later said that Gomes Júnior and Pereira were ousted because of " unease " in the armed forces over the election , a sentiment echoed by diplomats . Gomes Junior was also viewed as the " candidate of Angola " in the election , according to Chatham House 's Africa director Alex Vines . He also said that the months leading up to the events featured media commentary and hostility towards Angola . = = Coup d 'etat = = On 12 April , gunfire was heard between 19 : 00 and 21 : 00 , as mutinous troops attempted to overthrow the government by seizing control of the centre of the capital Bissau . Initial reports by diplomats in the country said presidential candidate Carlos Gomes Júnior and interim President Raimundo Pereira were missing . The mutineers seized control of the offices of the incumbent African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde ( PAIGC ) and radio stations . They also fought police officers loyal to the government , forcing them to retreat after coming under fire from RPGs . The soldiers blocked the roads into and out of the capital city and the national radio and television was taken off @-@ air at 20 : 00 . The perpetrators of the coup targeted Gomes Júnior 's residence , which was attacked by grenades and surrounded by troops , as gunfire was heard nearby . Journalists were also prevented from approaching the scene . Camilo Lima da Costa , the son of the head of the national election commission Desejado Lima da Costa , told RDP África , one of the radio stations still broadcasting , that the soldiers had looted his father 's house but that both his parents were safe . Soldiers ransacked and looted other houses they raided as well . Soldiers also sealed off the embassies to prevent members of the government from fleeing and hiding with foreign diplomats . Several unnamed politicians were arrested during the night by the army . Peter Thompson , the head of the U.K. Electoral Observation Mission in the country for the election , described the situation on the night of the coup as " a very large presence of the military in the streets . It did seem quite coordinated last night in terms of how the roads were shut off ... Today the streets are very calm , the city is much quieter than it normally would be . People are staying home . I do know that the army has taken control of the state media and state television , and they haven 't released anything official . " There was speculation on Senegal 's RFM radio by reporter Noah Mankali that Gomes Júnior had been assassinated by the army during the night by soldiers from the same Balanta ethnic group as Ialá Embaló . An unnamed number of government ministers , as well as the Director General of the Judicial Police João Biague , were in hiding . Interior Minister Fernando Gomes , who may have been in the custody of the mutinous soldiers , said he " feared for his life . " On 14 April , Lusa journalist Antonio Aly Silva told the outlet that he had been arrested for a short while , but was later released at the same time as singer Dulce Neves and many of Gomes Junior 's bodyguards . Senegal closed its land border with Guinea @-@ Bissau on 13 April . People began to venture out of their homes at dawn and there appeared to be little to no presence of soldiers on the streets and no messages over radio or television from either the government or the coup leaders . There was an " unusual " quiet in Bissau , although photographs showed a big hole in Gomes Júnior 's residence as a result of the attack . Soldiers were seen standing guard outside radio and television stations , including the state @-@ run television office , and the presidential offices in Bissau . An overnight curfew was imposed the following day with orders for the members of the civilian government to turn themselves over to the army . Private radio stations were also shut . On 14 April , some businesses started to reopen but they closed early in accordance with the curfew . = = Aftermath and National Unity Government = = The coup leaders formed the " Military Command " under the leadership of the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces General Mamadu Ture Kuruma . The next day , they put forth conditions for a national unity government after having announced the ousting of Gomes Júnior . Its goals were : the removal of obstacles to reforming the security sector ; fighting against drug trafficking and consumption ; overcoming a culture of immunity ; and the continuation of enhancing the democratic process . The interim President Raimundo Pereira and the Chief @-@ of @-@ Staff of the Armed Forces General Antonio Indjai were " under the control of the army , " however there were rumours circulating that Indjai could be hiding and that soldiers were going to every embassy looking for him . Indjai 's spokesman Daba Naualna said that Periera and Gomes Júnior were " well and alive " and added that " the [ army chief @-@ of @-@ staff ] thinks , for the sake of the country , that power cannot fall into the streets and decided to have [ the military ] play its part in seeking solutions with the political class to resolve this crisis . " The Military Command later announced that they were also holding Ialá Embaló . The detained officials were later released . The UN later reported that the head of the Supreme Court and the Election Commission were also in hiding , along with three unnamed cabinet ministers . Senior officers of the army also met the leaders of the political parties and called on them to form the transitional government , but added that the army would control the defence and interior ministries . The meeting was also attended by : Indjai , who was later arrested ; the deputy chief @-@ of @-@ staff General Mamadu Ture Kuruma ; the heads of the army , air force and navy ; the army 's spokesman Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Daha Bana na Walna and four colonels ; however there was no one from the incumbent PAIGC . Consultations with 23 parliamentary and extra @-@ parliamentary parties discussed issues such as : a transitional government including , an interim president and head of the National Assembly , as well as a PAIGC @-@ nominated prime minister other than the incumbent and a government of national unity inclusive of all parties ; and the dissolution of the National Assembly with a government led by the National Transitional Council ( NTC ) under interim leadership . The five leading opposition candidates ( Mohamed Ialá Embaló , Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo , Henrique Rosa , Baciro Djá , and Vicente Fernandes ) announced at a joint news conference that the boycott of the second round of the election would be in the name of " justice . " Agnela Regalla of Union for Change , who also attended the meeting , said that " the military chiefs suggested the idea of new presidential and legislative elections . " The spokesman for the coalition of opposition parties , Fernando Vaz , said that discussion continued for a third day and that the grouping had invited PAIGC to participate . After the meeting the coalition agreed upon a set of proposals to put forward to the Military Command for a transitional unity government . There were some small protests supporting Gomes Junior in downtown Bissau , although , according to Peter Thompson , soldiers arrested several of the protesters and put roadblocks on the streets . PAIGC , commenting on the transitional government , said that it " rejects any anti @-@ constitutional or anti @-@ democratic proposal of a solution to the crisis , " while also calling for the release of those detained . Tensions mounted within PAIGC between factions supporting Gomes Junior and Nhamadjo . On 15 April , a demonstration of about 30 people at the National Assembly , where talks on a transition government were ongoing , was dispersed by soldiers . The National Union of Workers of Guinea @-@ Bissau , which has a membership of about 8 @,@ 000 mostly civil servants , called for a general strike the next day . On 16 April , an agreement , which intentionally excluded PAIGC , was reached with 22 of the 35 opposition parties to set up a National Transitional Council . According to Vaz , the size , composition and mandate period would be determined the following day and then discussed with the Military Command . He also said that existing institutions would be dissolved and that two committees would run the country , one would manage foreign affairs and the other would handle social affairs . The former committee was due to meet the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) the following day . The transitional civilian government will rule up to two years before new elections will be held . National Assembly speaker Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo , who had previously rejected the office of interim president in April 2012 , was again selected as interim president on 11 May 2012 . Sory Djaló was the speaker of the NTC . = = Reactions = = = = = Domestic = = = At an ECOWAS summit in Ivory Coast convened to discuss the Malian crisis , Foreign Minister Mamadu Saliu Djaló Pires , upon learning of the events unfolding in his country , called for international support as " the situation is serious . The soldiers are occupying the streets . I spoke to the interim Prime Minister [ Adiato Djaló Nandigna ] and she said she was under fire " and added that the international community should have an " energetic reaction " to the coup . Pires also dismissed claims that Indjai was arrested suggesting that he was , in fact , a part of it ( he was also involved in the 2010 military unrest before being appointed chief @-@ of @-@ staff ) . = = = International = = = = = = = Supranational = = = = During the early hours of the event , the Foreign Minister of Ivory Coast ( the host country of ECOWAS ) Daniel Kablan Duncan said that the " information indicates to us that there is a coup underway . ECOWAS formally and rigorously condemns such an attempted coup d 'etat , " he added that " it 's sad that after the example of Senegal , where the elections finished so well , that we have , after Mali , a new forceful intervention in Guinea @-@ Bissau . What I can say at this moment is that ... the situation won 't be accepted by ECOWAS . " ECOWAS Commission President Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo issued a statement that read : " The commission firmly denounces this latest incursion by the military into politics and unreservedly condemns the irresponsible act , which has once more demonstrated their penchant to maintain Guinea @-@ Bissau as a failed state . " ECOWAS later decided to send a contingent of military personnel in order to provide security . The delegation , which would also include civilians , would be led by Guinean President Alpha Condé . ECOWAS also said the election runoff should go ahead . ECOWAS constitutes a contact group , chaired by Nigeria and comprising delegations from Benin , Cape Verde , Gambia , Guinea , Senegal and Togo , to coordinate its efforts at resolving the crisis . ECOWAS also had a stanby force to fill a vacuum that could be left by the departing MISSANG force , as well as considering International Criminal Court recommendations . The United Nations Security Council ( which included fellow Lusophone country Portugal ) unanimously condemned the coup with a resolution that stated " the forcible seizure of power from the legitimate government of Guinea @-@ Bissau by some elements of its armed forces . [ We ] firmly denounce this incursion by the military into politics " . The President of the UNSC , U.S. Ambassador Susan Rice , said " the [ UN ] Secretariat urged the international community to address the cycle of violence and impunity in Guinea @-@ Bissau " and also called for " the immediate restoration of civilian authority ... [ We ] note with profound regret that these events are occurring just prior to the launch of the campaign for the second round of the presidential election " . Secretary @-@ General Ban Ki @-@ moon said that he was " extremely concerned " about the arrests of the civilian leadership , while his spokesman Martin Nesirky said that Ki @-@ Moon called for the mutineers " to immediately and unconditionally release all detainees and ensure the safety and security of the general population . " The UNSC unanimously voted to " restore constitutional order " in the country and approved Resolution 2048 with sanctions , including issuing travel bans on the diplomatic passports , on five members of the military junta on 18 May . The five members sanctioned were : General Antonio Indjai , Major General Mamadu Ture Kuruma , Inspector @-@ General of the Armed Forces General Estêvão na Mena , Chief of Staff of the Air Force Brigadier General Ibraima Camara and MC spokesman Lieutenant Colonel Daha Bana na Walna . In December , the UNSC expressed concern over the transition process back towards civilian administration . The UN recommended steps to ensuring a " way forward " entailed : mediation between national actors , targeted sanctions on the perpetrators , the deployment of training and protections forces in accordance with the ECOWAS / CPLP road map or the recommendation of the incumbent prime minister and foreign minister for a peacekeeping force . The Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( CPLP ) called an extraordinary meeting to take place in Lisbon on 14 April . The meeting was to be attended by the foreign ministers of the member countries : Angola 's Georges Rebelo Chicoti , Brazil 's Antonio Patriota , Guinea @-@ Bissau 's Mamadou Djalo Pires , Mozambique 's Oldemiro Julio Marques Baloi and Portugal 's Paulo Portas . The CPLP also condemned the coup and exhorted the UN , African Union ( AU ) and ECOWAS to work towards restoring the " constitutional order " of Guinea @-@ Bissau . They further called for a cessation of military actions that threatened the state or the " legality " of Guinea @-@ Bissau . At the CPLP meet in Lisbon , Pires had said that the " persecution is continuing . " The CPLP later issued a statement of condemnation and also called for a UN @-@ authorised military intervention saying that it had " take [ n ] the initiative of ... forming an interposition force in Guinea @-@ Bissau , with a mandate defined by the United Nations Security Council " that would seek to maintain " constitutional order , protect civilians and the country 's legitimate institutions . " It added that it supported the Angolan presence in the country and the initiate would be carried out according to consultations with ECOWAS , the AU and the EU . Rifts developed between ECOWAS and CPLP over the resolution mechanisms . The former , supported by Nigeria , Senegal , Côte d 'Ivoire and Burkina Faso , advocated a year @-@ long transitional process ; while the later , supported by Portugal and Angola , advocated an immediate resumption of the election . The African Union Commission 's chairperson Jean Ping said that he condemned the " outrageous acts which undermine the efforts to stabilise the situation in Guinea @-@ Bissau and tarnish the image of the country and Africa . " In mid @-@ May , Guinea @-@ Bissau was suspended from the AU . A spokesman for the European Union 's High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton said that " the EU has already suspended most of its aid to Guinea @-@ Bissau " and called on the Military Command to release the detained leaders and restore the " legitimate government . " Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu , the Secretary @-@ General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , called the coup a " heinous and unacceptable act " , adding that it would hinder security and the democratic process as it had occurred weeks before the runoff . He also called for the detained politicians to be released . Meanwhile , on 24 April the African Union Peace and Security Council ministerial meeting met at its headquarters in Addis Ababa to discuss matters pertaining to resolving the crisis in the country . = = = = States = = = = Angolan Defense Minister Cândido Pereira dos Santos Van @-@ Dúnem said that Angola will " continue to provide full support [ to Guinea @-@ Bissau because of ] excellent ties , " adding that the withdrawal date for the troops was being discussed . On 1 October , the UN Ambassador Ismael Abraao Gaspar Martins said that it was seeking a solution to " normalisation of constitutional order " through the work of the UNSC , AU , CPLP and ECOWAS . Angola 's Lusa reported that Portugal , the former coloniser , issued advisories to its citizens to stay in their homes It also rejected claims of an " untoward " attitude by Angola . A Foreign Ministry spokesman said that " the Portuguese government is appealing for a halt to the violence and respect for the law . " Portas later called for the detained civilian leadership to be released . Defence Minister José Pedro Aguiar @-@ Branco said that the Portuguese military was ready to evacuate its citizens . " It is our responsibility and our job to ensure adequate preparedness in the event that the evacuation be necessary . " Portugal also issued a travel warning for its citizens . On 15 April , it was announced that two naval vessels and an aircraft were on their way to somewhere in West Africa ready for a possible evacuation of 4 @,@ 000 – 5 @,@ 000 Portuguese citizens . On 1 October , Portugal 's UN Ambassador José Filipe Moraes Cabral echoed the statement of Angola at the same meeting . Fellow Lusophone countries Brazil and Timor Leste also reacted to the events , with Brazil 's Ministry of External Relations expressing their " preoccupation " with the events and saying that it would call for an extraordinary meeting of the UNSC to discuss the issue . Timor Leste 's President José Ramos @-@ Horta said that " the situation in Guinea @-@ Bissau , which I have followed over the years , is extraordinarily complex , dangerous , because it can degrade into more violence , and the country is not in a position to afford that new setback in the peace process and its democratisation . " He also offered to mediate the crisis . His offer was accepted on 16 April . Guinean Foreign Minister Edouard Niankoye Lama called for " restoration of peace and stability " and of " all democratic institutions , " when speaking at the General debate of the sixty @-@ seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA ) . Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf also criticised the " unconstitutional unraveling , of democratic governments " at the UNGA . Namibian President Hifikepunye Pohamba said at the UNGA General debate that he denounced the " unconstitutional changes " and praised ECOWAS for its work in trying to resolve the issue . Nigeria also condemned the coup and President Goodluck Jonathan also told the UNGA General debate : " Guinea @-@ Bissau is another flash point of instability in the sub @-@ region in which Nigeria and ECOWAS are engaged . Indeed , the Contact Group , headed by Nigeria was set up by the Authority of Heads of State and Government of ECOWAS to help establish a transitional government with a view to returning that country to political and constitutional order . In furtherance of this objective , Nigeria provided the sum of 10 million US dollars to the Interim Government in Guinea @-@ Bissau to assist in the stabilisation of the country . " Russia called for the restoration of the civilian government . Canada condemned the coup ; while the United States ' White House Press Secretary Jay Carney said , " We call for the release of all government leaders and urge all parties to reconcile their differences through the democratic process . " The United States ' embassy issued a statement that read : " It is regrettable that elements of the Bissau @-@ Guinean military have chosen to derail the democratic process in Guinea @-@ Bissau . " At a daily press briefing , the State Department spokesman Mark Toner called on all sides to the conflict to " put down their weapons , release government leaders immediately and restore legitimate civilian leadership , " adding that it " appeared the junta had taken control of media outlets , as they were off @-@ air and the headquarters of PAIGC and were trying to restrict movement " and that " we regret that they have chosen to disrupt the democratic process , which already was challenged by the opposition 's call to boycott the second round of elections . " The State Department also issued a travel warning to the country and called on its citizens already in the country " to shelter in place and avoid the downtown area of Bissau . " = = Subsequent apolitical events = = On 9 June , the last police and armed forces personnel of the MISSANG mission left the country . In late August , the Commissioner for Natural resources , Environment and Rural Development Ibraima Dieme announced the Union had approved a loan of 15 billion CFA francs to the country for security system reforms . However , the spokesman of the transitional government , Fernando Vaz , also announced that an agreement with Angola Bauxite to build a deepwater port so as to export bauxite would need to be renegotiated as " the agreement signed in 2007 by the government of Carlos Gomes Junior is not fair ... As a result , the terms of the agreement must be reviewed . The transitional government will not accept that Bissau receives 10 percent [ of revenues ] while Angola Bauxite takes 90 percent . " The project , which had been inaugurated in July 2011 , had previously stalled prior to the coup as a result of concern over political instability and an environmental impact study that had not yet been published despite passing the deadline . If completed the port at Buba would have a capacity to host three 70 @-@ tonne vessels at any given time , while the project as a whole would also lead to the creation of a three million tonne @-@ a @-@ year mine in Boe . By the end of the year the New York Times reported an increase in drug trafficking in the country and thus calling the events " cocaine coup ; " it also cited a U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration employee as saying the country is " probably the worst narco @-@ state that ’ s out there on the continent . [ Guinea @-@ Bissau is ] a major problem [ for the U.S.A. ] . People at the highest levels of the military are involved in the facilitation [ of trafficking ] . In other African countries government officials are part of the problem . In Guinea @-@ Bissau , it is the government itself that is the problem . " A sentiment echoed by regional UN staff . The head of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime for West and Central Africa Pierre Lapaque also said : " There has clearly been an increase in Guinea @-@ Bissau in the last several months . We are seeing more and more drugs regularly arriving in this country ; " while the EU 's ambassador to the country Joaquin Gonzalez @-@ Ducay added : " As a country it is controlled by those who formed the coup d ’ état . They can do what they want to do . Now they have free rein . " = = Continued political instability = = On 21 October , soldiers again attacked an army barracks in what the New York Times said was a coup attempt against the interim government . It also cited the arrest of an unnamed dissident army captain on 27 October as the organiser of the countercoup attempt and reported that two other unnamed government critics were assaulted and left outside Bissau . Army Chief of Staff General Antonio Indjai laughed off questions that he was the power behind the throne and responded to the criticism in saying : " People say I ’ m a drug trafficker . Anybody who has the proof , present it ! We ask the international community to give us the means to fight drugs . " Gonzalez @-@ Ducay then responded : " I can 't believe that the one who controls the drug trafficking is going to fight the drug trafficking . " The U.S. State Department 's Foreign Service Officer for Guinea @-@ Bissau Russell Hanks , who is not present in the country following the U.S. shutting its embassy during the Bissau @-@ Guinean Civil War in 1998 , said : " You will only have an impact on this transition by engagement , not by isolation . These are the people who came in to pick up the pieces after the coup . " His staff pointed to photographs of newly created stretches of road in a remote rural area near the Senegal border that had space for small planes to land and they suggested was under the supervision of the armed forces . Chief of Guinea @-@ Bissau 's judicial police João Biague reported on a dubious aircraft landing months before the coup near Indjai 's farm . He also added that " The traffickers know [ our judicial authority ] can 't do much . The agents we have in the field want to give up because they have nothing to eat . " Guinea @-@ Bissau 's former prosecutor general added : " A country that ’ s not capable of discussing its own problems — it 's not a country , it 's not a state . " The leader of the coup attempt was Pansau Ntchama , a commando who is the ex @-@ bodyguard of Guinea @-@ Bissau 's former army chief of staff . Fernando Vaz said of him : " He is a man with political ambitions living in Portugal . He appeared here in order to carry out this attempted coup ... He flew to Gambia , and then he went to Angola to pick up arms ... He has fled into the bush , but we are confident that we will catch him . " = = = Resolution process = = = In response to the UNSC resolution for the restoration of civilian and constitutional rule , Secretary @-@ General Ban Ki @-@ moon appointed Timor @-@ Leste 's Jose Ramos @-@ Horta as his special representative to the country on 31 January 2013 , replacing Rwanda 's Joseph Mutaboba . = Planet = A planet is an astronomical object orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity , is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion , and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals . The term planet is ancient , with ties to history , astrology , science , mythology , and religion . Several planets in the Solar System can be seen with the naked eye . These were regarded by many early cultures as divine , or as emissaries of deities . As scientific knowledge advanced , human perception of the planets changed , incorporating a number of disparate objects . In 2006 , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) officially adopted a resolution defining planets within the Solar System . This definition is controversial because it excludes many objects of planetary mass based on where or what they orbit . Although eight of the planetary bodies discovered before 1950 remain " planets " under the modern definition , some celestial bodies , such as Ceres , Pallas , Juno and Vesta ( each an object in the solar asteroid belt ) , and Pluto ( the first trans @-@ Neptunian object discovered ) , that were once considered planets by the scientific community , are no longer viewed as such . The planets were thought by Ptolemy to orbit Earth in deferent and epicycle motions . Although the idea that the planets orbited the Sun had been suggested many times , it was not until the 17th century that this view was supported by evidence from the first telescopic astronomical observations , performed by Galileo Galilei . By careful analysis of the observation data , Johannes Kepler found the planets ' orbits were not circular but elliptical . As observational tools improved , astronomers saw that , like Earth , the planets rotated around tilted axes , and some shared such features as ice caps and seasons . Since the dawn of the Space Age , close observation by space probes has found that Earth and the other planets share characteristics such as volcanism , hurricanes , tectonics , and even hydrology . Planets are generally divided into two main types : large low @-@ density giant planets , and smaller rocky terrestrials . Under IAU definitions , there are eight planets in the Solar System . In order of increasing distance from the Sun , they are the four terrestrials , Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars , then the four giant planets , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune . Six of the planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites . More than two thousand planets around other stars ( " extrasolar planets " or " exoplanets " ) have been discovered in the Milky Way . As of 15 July 2016 , 3 @,@ 472 known extrasolar planets in 2 @,@ 597 planetary systems ( including 589 multiple planetary systems ) , ranging in size from just above the size of the Moon to gas giants about twice as large as Jupiter have been discovered , out of which more than 100 planets are the same size as Earth , nine of which are at the same relative distance from their star as Earth from the Sun , i.e. in the habitable zone . On December 20 , 2011 , the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of the first Earth @-@ sized extrasolar planets , Kepler @-@ 20e and Kepler @-@ 20f , orbiting a Sun @-@ like star , Kepler @-@ 20 . A 2012 study , analyzing gravitational microlensing data , estimates an average of at least 1 @.@ 6 bound planets for every star in the Milky Way . Around one in five Sun @-@ like stars is thought to have an Earth @-@ sized planet in its habitable zone . = = History = = The word " planet " derives from the Ancient Greek ἀστήρ πλανήτης astēr planētēs , or πλάνης ἀστήρ plánēs astēr , which means " wandering star , " and originally referred to those objects in the night sky that moved relative to one another , as opposed to the " fixed stars " , which maintained a constant relative position in the sky . The idea of planets has evolved over its history , from the divine lights of antiquity to the earthly objects of the scientific age . The concept has expanded to include worlds not only in the Solar System , but in hundreds of other extrasolar systems . The ambiguities inherent in defining planets have led to much scientific controversy . The five classical planets , being visible to the naked eye , have been known since ancient times and have had a significant impact on mythology , religious cosmology , and ancient astronomy . In ancient times , astronomers noted how certain lights moved across the sky in relation to the other stars . Ancient Greeks called these lights πλάνητες ἀστέρες ( planētes asteres , " wandering stars " ) or simply πλανῆται ( planētai , " wanderers " ) , from which today 's word " planet " was derived . In ancient Greece , China , Babylon , and indeed all pre @-@ modern civilizations , it was almost universally believed that Earth was the center of the Universe and that all the " planets " circled Earth . The reasons for this perception were that stars and planets appeared to revolve around Earth each day and the apparently common @-@ sense perceptions that Earth was solid and stable and that it was not moving but at rest . = = = Babylon = = = The first civilization known to have a functional theory of the planets were the Babylonians , who lived in Mesopotamia in the first and second millennia BC . The oldest surviving planetary astronomical text is the Babylonian Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa , a 7th @-@ century BC copy of a list of observations of the motions of the planet Venus , that probably dates as early as the second millennium BC . The MUL.APIN is a pair of cuneiform tablets dating from the 7th century BC that lays out the motions of the Sun , Moon and planets over the course of the year . The Babylonian astrologers also laid the foundations of what would eventually become Western astrology . The Enuma anu enlil , written during the Neo @-@ Assyrian period in the 7th century BC , comprises a list of omens and their relationships with various celestial phenomena including the motions of the planets . Venus , Mercury and the outer planets Mars , Jupiter and Saturn were all identified by Babylonian astronomers . These would remain the only known planets until the invention of the telescope in early modern times . = = = Greco @-@ Roman astronomy = = = The ancient Greeks initially did not attach as much significance to the planets as the Babylonians . The Pythagoreans , in the 6th and 5th centuries BC appear to have developed their own independent planetary theory , which consisted of the Earth , Sun , Moon , and planets revolving around a " Central Fire " at the center of the Universe . Pythagoras or Parmenides is said to have been the first to identify the evening star ( Hesperos ) and morning star ( Phosphoros ) as one and the same ( Aphrodite , Greek corresponding to Latin Venus ) . In the 3rd century BC , Aristarchus of Samos proposed a heliocentric system , according to which Earth and the planets revolved around the Sun . The geocentric system remained dominant until the Scientific Revolution . By the 1st century BC , during the Hellenistic period , the Greeks had begun to develop their own mathematical schemes for predicting the positions of the planets . These schemes , which were based on geometry rather than the arithmetic of the Babylonians , would eventually eclipse the Babylonians ' theories in complexity and comprehensiveness , and account for most of the astronomical movements observed from Earth with the naked eye . These theories would reach their fullest expression in the Almagest written by Ptolemy in the 2nd century CE . So complete was the domination of Ptolemy 's model that it superseded all previous works on astronomy and remained the definitive astronomical text in the Western world for 13 centuries . To the Greeks and Romans there were seven known planets , each presumed to be circling Earth according to the complex laws laid out by Ptolemy . They were , in increasing order from Earth ( in Ptolemy 's order ) : the Moon , Mercury , Venus , the Sun , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn . = = = India = = = In 499 CE , the Indian astronomer Aryabhata propounded a planetary model that explicitly incorporated Earth 's rotation about its axis , which he explains as the cause of what appears to be an apparent westward motion of the stars . He also believed that the orbits of planets are elliptical . Aryabhata 's followers were particularly strong in South India , where his principles of the diurnal rotation of Earth , among others , were followed and a number of secondary works were based on them . In 1500 , Nilakantha Somayaji of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics , in his Tantrasangraha , revised Aryabhata 's model . In his Aryabhatiyabhasya , a commentary on Aryabhata 's Aryabhatiya , he developed a planetary model where Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Sun , which in turn orbits Earth , similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century . Most astronomers of the Kerala school who followed him accepted his planetary model . = = = Medieval Muslim astronomy = = = In the 11th century , the transit of Venus was observed by Avicenna , who established that Venus was , at least sometimes , below the Sun . In the 12th century , Ibn Bajjah observed " two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun " , which was later identified as a transit of Mercury and Venus by the Maragha astronomer Qotb al @-@ Din Shirazi in the 13th century . Ibn Bajjah could not have observed a transit of Venus , because none occurred in his lifetime . = = = European Renaissance = = = With the advent of the Scientific Revolution , use of the term " planet " changed from something that moved across the sky ( in relation to the star field ) ; to a body that orbited Earth ( or that were believed to do so at the time ) ; and by the 18th century to something that directly orbited the Sun when the heliocentric model of Copernicus , Galileo and Kepler gained sway . Thus , Earth became included in the list of planets , whereas the Sun and Moon were excluded . At first , when the first satellites of Jupiter and Saturn were discovered in the 17th century , the terms " planet " and " satellite " were used interchangeably – although the latter would gradually become more prevalent in the following century . Until the mid @-@ 19th century , the number of " planets " rose rapidly because any newly discovered object directly orbiting the Sun was listed as a planet by the scientific community . = = = 19th century = = = In the 19th century astronomers began to realize that recently discovered bodies that had been classified as planets for almost half a century ( such as Ceres , Pallas , and Vesta ) were very different from the traditional ones . These bodies shared the same region of space between Mars and Jupiter ( the asteroid belt ) , and had a much smaller mass ; as a result they were reclassified as " asteroids " . In the absence of any formal definition , a " planet " came to be understood as any " large " body that orbited the Sun . Because there was a dramatic size gap between the asteroids and the planets , and the spate of new discoveries seemed to have ended after the discovery of Neptune in 1846 , there was no apparent need to have a formal definition . = = = 20th century = = = In the 20th century , Pluto was discovered . After initial observations led to the belief it was larger than Earth , the object was immediately accepted as the ninth planet . Further monitoring found the body was actually much smaller : in 1936 , Raymond Lyttleton suggested that Pluto may be an escaped satellite of Neptune , and Fred Whipple suggested in 1964 that Pluto may be a comet . As it was still larger than all known asteroids and seemingly did not exist within a larger population , it kept its status until 2006 . In 1992 , astronomers Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail announced the discovery of planets around a pulsar , PSR B1257 + 12 . This discovery is generally considered to be the first definitive detection of a planetary system around another star . Then , on October 6 , 1995 , Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz of the Geneva Observatory announced the first definitive detection of an exoplanet orbiting an ordinary main @-@ sequence star ( 51 Pegasi ) . The discovery of extrasolar planets led to another ambiguity in defining a planet : the point at which a planet becomes a star . Many known extrasolar planets are many times the mass of Jupiter , approaching that of stellar objects known as brown dwarfs . Brown dwarfs are generally considered stars due to their ability to fuse deuterium , a heavier isotope of hydrogen . Although objects more massive than 75 times that of Jupiter fuse hydrogen , objects of only 13 Jupiter masses can fuse deuterium . Deuterium is quite rare , and most brown dwarfs would have ceased fusing deuterium long before their discovery , making them effectively indistinguishable from supermassive planets . = = = 21st century = = = With the discovery during the latter half of the 20th century of more objects within the Solar System and large objects around other stars , disputes arose over what should constitute a planet . There were particular disagreements over whether an object should be considered a planet if it was part of a distinct population such as a belt , or if it was large enough to generate energy by the thermonuclear fusion of deuterium . A growing number of astronomers argued for Pluto to be declassified as a planet , because many similar objects approaching its size had been found in the same region of the Solar System ( the Kuiper belt ) during the 1990s and early 2000s . Pluto was found to be just one small body in a population of thousands . Some of them , such as Quaoar , Sedna , and Eris , were heralded in the popular press as the tenth planet , failing to receive widespread scientific recognition . The announcement of Eris in 2005 , an object then thought of as 27 % more massive than Pluto , created the necessity and public desire for an official definition of a planet . Acknowledging the problem , the IAU set about creating the definition of planet , and produced one in August 2006 . The number of planets dropped to the eight significantly larger bodies that had cleared their orbit ( Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune ) , and a new class of dwarf planets was created , initially containing three objects ( Ceres , Pluto and Eris ) . = = = = Extrasolar planets = = = = There is no official definition of extrasolar planets . In 2003 , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) Working Group on Extrasolar Planets issued a position statement , but this position statement was never proposed as an official IAU resolution and was never voted on by IAU members . The positions statement incorporates the following guidelines , mostly focused upon the boundary between planets and brown dwarfs : Objects with true masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium ( currently calculated to be 13 times the mass of Jupiter for objects with the same isotopic abundance as the Sun ) that orbit stars or stellar remnants are " planets " ( no matter how they formed ) . The minimum mass and size required for an extrasolar object to be considered a planet should be the same as that used in the Solar System . Substellar objects with true masses above the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are " brown dwarfs " , no matter how they formed or where they are located . Free @-@ floating objects in young star clusters with masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are not " planets " , but are " sub @-@ brown dwarfs " ( or whatever name is most appropriate ) . This working definition has since been widely used by astronomers when publishing discoveries of exoplanets in academic journals . Although temporary , it remains an effective working definition until a more permanent one is formally adopted . It does not address the dispute over the lower mass limit , and so it steered clear of the controversy regarding objects within the Solar System . This definition also makes no comment on the planetary status of objects orbiting brown dwarfs , such as 2M1207b . One definition of a sub @-@ brown dwarf is a planet @-@ mass object that formed through cloud collapse rather than accretion . This formation distinction between a sub @-@ brown dwarf and a planet is not universally agreed upon ; astronomers are divided into two camps as whether to consider the formation process of a planet as part of its division in classification . One reason for the dissent is that often it may not be possible to determine the formation process . For example , a planet formed by accretion around a star may get ejected from the system to become free @-@ floating , and likewise a sub @-@ brown dwarf that formed on its own in a star cluster through cloud collapse may get captured into orbit around a star . The 13 Jupiter @-@ mass cutoff represents an average mass rather than a precise threshold value . Large objects will fuse most of their deuterium and smaller ones will fuse only a little , and the 13 MJ value is somewhere in between . In fact , calculations show that an object fuses 50 % of its initial deuterium content when the total mass ranges between 12 and 14 MJ . The amount of deuterium fused depends not only on mass but also on the composition of the object , on the amount of helium and deuterium present . The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia includes objects up to 25 Jupiter masses , saying , " The fact that there is no special feature around 13 MJ in the observed mass spectrum reinforces the choice to forget this mass limit . " The Exoplanet Data Explorer includes objects up to 24 Jupiter masses with the advisory : " The 13 Jupiter @-@ mass distinction by the IAU Working Group is physically unmotivated for planets with rocky cores , and observationally problematic due to the sin i ambiguity . " The NASA Exoplanet Archive includes objects with a mass ( or minimum mass ) equal to or less than 30 Jupiter masses . Another criterion for separating planets and brown dwarfs , rather than deuterium fusion , formation process or location , is whether the core pressure is dominated by coulomb pressure or electron degeneracy pressure . = = = = 2006 IAU definition of planet = = = = The matter of the lower limit was addressed during the 2006 meeting of the IAU 's General Assembly . After much debate and one failed proposal , 232 members of the 10 @,@ 000 member assembly , who nevertheless constituted a large majority of those remaining at the meeting , voted to pass a resolution . The 2006 resolution defines planets within the Solar System as follows : A " planet " [ 1 ] is a celestial body that ( a ) is in orbit around the Sun , ( b ) has sufficient mass for its self @-@ gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium ( nearly round ) shape , and ( c ) has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit . [ 1 ] The eight planets are : Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune . Under this definition , the Solar System is considered to have eight planets . Bodies that fulfill the first two conditions but not the third ( such as Ceres , Pluto , and Eris ) are classified as dwarf planets , provided they are not also natural satellites of other planets . Originally an IAU committee had proposed a definition that would have included a much larger number of planets as it did not include ( c ) as a criterion . After much discussion , it was decided via a vote that those bodies should instead be classified as dwarf planets . This definition is based in theories of planetary formation , in which planetary embryos initially clear their orbital neighborhood of other smaller objects . As described by astronomer Steven Soter : " The end product of secondary disk accretion is a small number of relatively large bodies ( planets ) in either non @-@ intersecting or resonant orbits , which prevent collisions between them . Minor planets and comets , including KBOs [ Kuiper belt objects ] , differ from planets in that they can collide with each other and with planets . " The 2006 IAU definition presents some challenges for exoplanets because the language is specific to the Solar System and because the criteria of roundness and orbital zone clearance are not presently observable . Astronomer Jean @-@ Luc Margot proposed a mathematical criterion that determines whether an object can clear its orbit during the lifetime of its host star , based on the mass of the planet , its semimajor axis , and the mass of its host star . This formula produces a value π that is greater than 1 for planets . The eight known planets and all known exoplanets have π values above 100 , while Ceres , Pluto , and Eris have π values of 0 @.@ 1 or less . Objects with π values of 1 or more are also expected to be approximately spherical , so that objects that fulfill the orbital zone clearance requirement automatically fulfill the roundness requirement . = = = Objects formerly considered planets = = = The table below lists Solar System bodies once considered to be planets . Beyond the scientific community , Pluto still holds cultural significance for many in the general public due to its historical classification as a planet from 1930 to 2006 . A few astronomers , such as Alan Stern , consider dwarf planets and the larger moons to be planets , based on a purely geophysical definition of planet . = = Mythology and naming = = The names for the planets in the Western world are derived from the naming practices of the Romans , which ultimately derive from those of the Greeks and the Babylonians . In ancient Greece , the two great luminaries the Sun and the Moon were called Helios and Selene ; the farthest planet ( Saturn ) was called Phainon , the shiner ; followed by Phaethon ( Jupiter ) , " bright " ; the red planet ( Mars ) was known as Pyroeis , the " fiery " ; the brightest ( Venus ) was known as Phosphoros , the light bringer ; and the fleeting final planet ( Mercury ) was called Stilbon , the gleamer . The Greeks also made each planet sacred to one among their pantheon of gods , the Olympians : Helios and Selene were the names of both planets and gods ; Phainon was sacred to Cronus , the Titan who fathered the Olympians ; Phaethon was sacred to Zeus , Cronus 's son who deposed him as king ; Pyroeis was given to Ares , son of Zeus and god of war ; Phosphoros was ruled by Aphrodite , the goddess of love ; and Hermes , messenger of the gods and god of learning and wit , ruled over Stilbon . The Greek practice of grafting of their gods ' names onto the planets was almost certainly borrowed from the Babylonians . The Babylonians named Phosphoros after their goddess of love , Ishtar ; Pyroeis after their god of war , Nergal , Stilbon after their god of wisdom Nabu , and Phaethon after their chief god , Marduk . There are too many concordances between Greek and Babylonian naming conventions for them to have arisen separately . The translation was not perfect . For instance , the Babylonian Nergal was a god of war , and thus the Greeks identified him with Ares . Unlike Ares , Nergal was also god of pestilence and the underworld . Today , most people in the western world know the planets by names derived from the Olympian pantheon of gods . Although modern Greeks still use their ancient names for the planets , other European languages , because of the influence of the Roman Empire and , later , the Catholic Church , use the Roman ( Latin ) names rather than the Greek ones . The Romans , who , like the Greeks , were Indo @-@ Europeans , shared with them a common pantheon under different names but lacked the rich narrative traditions that Greek poetic culture had given their gods . During the later period of the Roman Republic , Roman writers borrowed much of the Greek narratives and applied them to their own pantheon , to the point where they became virtually indistinguishable . When the Romans studied Greek astronomy , they gave the planets their own gods ' names : Mercurius ( for Hermes ) , Venus ( Aphrodite ) , Mars ( Ares ) , Iuppiter ( Zeus ) and Saturnus ( Cronus ) . When subsequent planets were discovered in the 18th and 19th centuries , the naming practice was retained with Neptūnus ( Poseidon ) . Uranus is unique in that it is named for a Greek deity rather than his Roman counterpart . Some Romans , following a belief possibly originating in Mesopotamia but developed in Hellenistic Egypt , believed that the seven gods after whom the planets were named took hourly shifts in looking after affairs on Earth . The order of shifts went Saturn , Jupiter , Mars , Sun , Venus , Mercury , Moon ( from the farthest to the closest planet ) . Therefore , the first day was started by Saturn ( 1st hour ) , second day by Sun ( 25th hour ) , followed by Moon ( 49th hour ) , Mars , Mercury , Jupiter and Venus . Because each day was named by the god that started it , this is also the order of the days of the week in the Roman calendar after the Nundinal cycle was rejected – and still preserved in many modern languages . In English , Saturday , Sunday , and Monday are straightforward translations of these Roman names . The other days were renamed after Tiw ( Tuesday ) , Wóden ( Wednesday ) , Thunor ( Thursday ) , and Fríge ( Friday ) , the Anglo @-@ Saxon gods considered similar or equivalent to Mars , Mercury , Jupiter , and Venus , respectively . Earth is the only planet whose name in English is not derived from Greco @-@ Roman mythology . Because it was only generally accepted as a planet in the 17th century , there is no tradition of naming it after a god . ( The same is true , in English at least , of the Sun and the Moon , though they are no longer generally considered planets . ) The name originates from the 8th century Anglo @-@ Saxon word erda , which means ground or soil and was first used in writing as the name of the sphere of Earth perhaps around 1300 . As with its equivalents in the other Germanic languages , it derives ultimately from the Proto @-@ Germanic word ertho , " ground " , as can be seen in the English earth , the German Erde , the Dutch aarde , and the Scandinavian jord . Many of the Romance languages retain the old Roman word terra ( or some variation of it ) that was used with the meaning of " dry land " as opposed to " sea " . The non @-@ Romance languages use their own native words . The Greeks retain their original name , Γή ( Ge ) . Non @-@ European cultures use other planetary @-@ naming systems . India uses a system based on the Navagraha , which incorporates the seven traditional planets ( Surya for the Sun , Chandra for the Moon , and Budha , Shukra , Mangala , Bṛhaspati and Shani for Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter and Saturn ) and the ascending and descending lunar nodes Rahu and Ketu . China and the countries of eastern Asia historically subject to Chinese cultural influence ( such as Japan , Korea and Vietnam ) use a naming system based on the five Chinese elements : water ( Mercury ) , metal ( Venus ) , fire ( Mars ) , wood ( Jupiter ) and earth ( Saturn ) . In traditional Hebrew astronomy , the seven traditional planets have ( for the most part ) descriptive names - the Sun is חמה Ḥammah or " the hot one , " the Moon is לבנה Levanah or " the white one , " Venus is כוכב נוגה Kokhav Nogah or " the bright planet , " Mercury is כוכב Kokhav or " the planet " ( given its lack of distinguishing features ) , Mars is מאדים Ma 'adim or " the red one , " and Saturn is שבתאי Shabbatai or " the resting one " ( in reference to its slow movement compared to the other visible planets ) . The odd one out is Jupiter , called צדק Tzedeq or " justice . " Steiglitz suggests that this may be a euphemism for the original name of כוכב בעל Kokhav Ba 'al or " Baal 's planet , " seen as idolatrous and euphemized in a similar manner to Ishbosheth from II Samuel = = Formation = = It is not known with certainty how planets are formed . The prevailing theory is that they are formed during the collapse of a nebula into a thin disk of gas and dust . A protostar forms at the core , surrounded by a rotating protoplanetary disk . Through accretion ( a process of sticky collision ) dust particles in the disk steadily accumulate mass to form ever @-@ larger bodies . Local concentrations of mass known as planetesimals form , and these accelerate the accretion process by drawing in additional material by their gravitational attraction . These concentrations become ever denser until they collapse inward under gravity to form protoplanets . After a planet reaches a mass somewhat larger than Mars ' mass , it begins to accumulate an extended atmosphere , greatly increasing the capture rate of the planetesimals by means of atmospheric drag . Depending on the accretion history of solids and gas , a giant planet , an ice giant , or a terrestrial planet may result . When the protostar has grown such that it ignites to form a star , the surviving disk is removed from the inside outward by photoevaporation , the solar wind , Poynting – Robertson drag and other effects . Thereafter there still may be many protoplanets orbiting the star or each other , but over time many will collide , either to form a single larger planet or release material for other larger protoplanets or planets to absorb . Those objects that have become massive enough will capture most matter in their orbital neighbourhoods to become planets . Protoplanets that have avoided collisions may become natural satellites of planets through a process of gravitational capture , or remain in belts of other objects to become either dwarf planets or small bodies . The energetic impacts of the smaller planetesimals ( as well as radioactive decay ) will heat up the growing planet , causing it to at least partially melt . The interior of the planet begins to differentiate by mass , developing a denser core . Smaller terrestrial planets lose most of their atmospheres because of this accretion , but the lost gases can be replaced by outgassing from the mantle and from the subsequent impact of comets . ( Smaller planets will lose any atmosphere they gain through various escape mechanisms . ) With the discovery and observation of planetary systems around stars other than the Sun , it is becoming possible to elaborate , revise or even replace this account . The level of metallicity — an astronomical term describing the abundance of chemical elements with an atomic number greater than 2 ( helium ) — is now thought to determine the likelihood that a star will have planets . Hence , it is thought that a metal @-@ rich population I star will likely have a more substantial planetary system than a metal @-@ poor , population II star . = = Solar System = = There are eight planets in the Solar System , which are in increasing distance from the Sun : Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Jupiter is the largest , at 318 Earth masses , whereas Mercury is the smallest , at 0 @.@ 055 Earth masses . The planets of the Solar System can be divided into categories based on their composition : Terrestrials : Planets that are similar to Earth , with bodies largely composed of rock : Mercury , Venus , Earth and Mars . At 0 @.@ 055 Earth masses , Mercury is the smallest terrestrial planet ( and smallest planet ) in the Solar System . Earth is the largest terrestrial planet . Giant planets ( Jovians ) : Massive planets significantly more massive than the terrestrials : Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune . Gas giants , Jupiter and Saturn , are giant planets primarily composed of hydrogen and helium and are the most massive planets in the Solar System . Jupiter , at 318 Earth masses , is the largest planet in the Solar System , and Saturn is one third as massive , at 95 Earth masses . Ice giants , Uranus and Neptune , are primarily composed of low @-@ boiling @-@ point materials such as water , methane , and ammonia , with thick atmospheres of hydrogen and helium . They have a significantly lower mass than the gas giants ( only 14 and 17 Earth masses ) . = = = Planetary attributes = = = = = Exoplanets = = An exoplanet ( extrasolar planet ) is a planet outside the Solar System . More than 2000 such planets have been discovered ( 3 @,@ 472 planets in 2 @,@ 597 planetary systems including 589 multiple planetary systems as of 15 July 2016 ) . In early 1992 , radio astronomers Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail announced the discovery of two planets orbiting the pulsar PSR 1257 + 12 . This discovery was confirmed , and is generally considered to be the first definitive detection of exoplanets . These pulsar planets are believed to have formed from the unusual remnants of the supernova that produced the pulsar , in a second round of planet formation , or else to be the remaining rocky cores of giant planets that survived the supernova and then decayed into their current orbits . The first confirmed discovery of an extrasolar planet orbiting an ordinary main @-@ sequence star occurred on 6 October 1995 , when Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz of the University of Geneva announced the detection of an exoplanet around 51 Pegasi . From then until the Kepler mission most known extrasolar planets were gas giants comparable in mass to Jupiter or larger as they were more easily detected . The catalog of Kepler candidate planets consists mostly of planets the size of Neptune and smaller , down to smaller than Mercury . There are types of planets that do not exist in the Solar System : super @-@ Earths and mini @-@ Neptunes , which could be rocky like Earth or a mixture of volatiles and gas like Neptune — a radius of 1 @.@ 75 times that of Earth is a possible dividing line between the two types of planet . There are hot Jupiters that orbit very close to their star and may evaporate to become chthonian planets , which are the leftover cores . Another possible type of planet is carbon planets , which form in systems with a higher proportion of carbon than in the Solar System . A 2012 study , analyzing gravitational microlensing data , estimates an average of at least 1 @.@ 6 bound planets for every star in the Milky Way . On December 20 , 2011 , the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of the first Earth @-@ size exoplanets , Kepler @-@ 20e and Kepler @-@ 20f , orbiting a Sun @-@ like star , Kepler @-@ 20 . Around 1 in 5 Sun @-@ like stars have an " Earth @-@ sized " planet in the habitable zone , so the nearest would be expected to be within 12 light @-@ years distance from Earth . The frequency of occurrence of such terrestrial planets is one of the variables in the Drake equation , which estimates the number of intelligent , communicating civilizations that exist in the Milky Way . There are exoplanets that are much closer to their parent star than any planet in the Solar System is to the Sun , and there are also exoplanets that are much farther from their star . Mercury , the closest planet to the Sun at 0 @.@ 4 AU , takes 88 @-@ days for an orbit , but the shortest known orbits for exoplanets take only a few hours , e.g. Kepler @-@ 70b . The Kepler @-@ 11 system has five of its planets in shorter orbits than Mercury 's , all of them much more massive than Mercury . Neptune is 30 AU from the Sun and takes 165 years to orbit , but there are exoplanets that are hundreds of AU from their star and take more than a thousand years to orbit , e.g. 1RXS1609 b . The next few space telescopes to study exoplanets are expected to be Gaia launched in December 2013 , CHEOPS in 2017 , TESS in 2017 , and the James Webb Space Telescope in 2018 . = = Planetary @-@ mass objects = = A planetary @-@ mass object ( PMO ) , planemo / ˈplænᵻmoʊ / , or planetary body is a celestial object with a mass that falls within the range of the definition of a planet : massive enough to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium ( to be rounded under its own gravity ) , but not enough to sustain core fusion like a star . By definition , all planets are planetary @-@ mass objects , but the purpose of this term is to refer to objects that do not conform to typical expectations for a planet . These include dwarf planets , which are rounded by their own gravity but not massive enough to clear their own orbit , the larger moons , and free @-@ floating planemos , which may have been ejected from a system ( rogue planets ) or formed through cloud @-@ collapse rather than accretion ( sometimes called sub @-@ brown dwarfs ) . = = = Rogue planets = = = Several computer simulations of stellar and planetary system formation have suggested that some objects of planetary mass would be ejected into interstellar space . Some scientists have argued that such objects found roaming in deep space should be classed as " planets " , although others have suggested that they should be called low @-@ mass brown dwarfs . = = = Sub @-@ brown dwarfs = = = Stars form via the gravitational collapse of gas clouds , but smaller objects can also form via cloud @-@ collapse . Planetary @-@ mass objects formed this way are sometimes called sub @-@ brown dwarfs . Sub @-@ brown dwarfs may be free @-@ floating such as Cha 110913 @-@ 773444 and OTS 44 , or orbiting a larger object such as 2MASS J04414489 + 2301513 . Binary systems of sub @-@ brown dwarfs are theoretically possible ; Oph 162225 @-@ 240515 was initially thought to be a binary system of a brown dwarf of 14 Jupiter masses and a sub @-@ brown dwarf of 7 Jupiter masses , but further observations revised the estimated masses upwards to greater than 13 Jupiter masses , making them brown dwarfs according to the IAU working definitions . = = = Former stars = = = In close binary star systems one of the stars can lose mass to a heavier companion . Accretion @-@ powered pulsars may drive mass loss . The shrinking star can then become a planetary @-@ mass object . An example is a Jupiter @-@ mass object orbiting the pulsar PSR J1719 @-@ 1438 . These shrunken white dwarfs may become a helium planet or carbon planet . = = = Satellite planets and belt planets = = = Some large satellites are of similar size or larger than the planet Mercury , e.g. Jupiter 's Galilean moons and Titan . Alan Stern has argued that location should not matter and that only geophysical attributes should be taken into account in the definition of a planet , and proposes the term satellite planet for a planet @-@ sized satellite . Likewise , dwarf planets in the asteroid belt and Kuiper belt should be considered planets according to Stern . = = = Captured planets = = = Free @-@ floating planets in stellar clusters have similar velocities to the stars and so can be recaptured . They are typically captured into wide orbits between 100 and 105 AU . The capture efficiency decreases with increasing cluster volume , and for a given cluster size it increases with the host / primary mass . It is almost independent of the planetary mass . Single and multiple planets could be captured into arbitrary unaligned orbits , non @-@ coplanar with each other or with the stellar host spin , or pre @-@ existing planetary system . = = Attributes = = Although each planet has unique physical characteristics , a number of broad commonalities do exist among them . Some of these characteristics , such as rings or natural satellites , have only as yet been observed in planets in the Solar System , whereas others are also commonly observed in extrasolar planets . = = = Dynamic characteristics = = = = = = = Orbit = = = = According to current definitions , all planets must revolve around stars ; thus , any potential " rogue planets " are excluded . In the Solar System , all the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction as the Sun rotates ( counter @-@ clockwise as seen from above the Sun 's north pole ) . At least one extrasolar planet , WASP @-@ 17b , has been found to orbit in the opposite direction to its star 's rotation . The period of one revolution of a planet 's orbit is known as its sidereal period or year . A planet 's year depends on its distance from its star ; the farther a planet is from its star , not only the longer the distance it must travel , but also the slower its speed , because it is less affected by its star 's gravity . No planet 's orbit is perfectly circular , and hence the distance of each varies over the course of its year . The closest approach to its star is called its periastron ( perihelion in the Solar System ) , whereas its farthest separation from the star is called its apastron ( aphelion ) . As a planet approaches periastron , its speed increases as it trades gravitational potential energy for kinetic energy , just as a falling object on Earth accelerates as it falls ; as the planet reaches apastron , its speed decreases , just as an object thrown upwards on Earth slows down as it reaches the apex of its trajectory . Each planet 's orbit is delineated by a set of elements : The eccentricity of an orbit describes how elongated a planet 's orbit is . Planets with low eccentricities have more circular orbits , whereas planets with high eccentricities have more elliptical orbits . The planets in the Solar System have very low eccentricities , and thus nearly circular orbits . Comets and Kuiper belt objects ( as well as several extrasolar planets ) have very high eccentricities , and thus exceedingly elliptical orbits . The semi @-@ major axis is the distance from a planet to the half @-@ way point along the longest diameter of its elliptical orbit ( see image ) . This distance is not the same as its apastron , because no planet 's orbit has its star at its exact centre . The inclination of a planet tells how far above or below an established reference plane its orbit lies . In the Solar System , the reference plane is the plane of Earth 's orbit , called the ecliptic . For extrasolar planets , the plane , known as the sky plane or plane of the sky , is the plane perpendicular to the observer 's line of sight from Earth . The eight planets of the Solar System all lie very close to the ecliptic ; comets and Kuiper belt objects like Pluto are at far more extreme angles to it . The points at which a planet crosses above and below its reference plane are called its ascending and descending nodes . The longitude of the ascending node is the angle between the reference plane 's 0 longitude and the planet 's ascending node . The argument of periapsis ( or perihelion in the Solar System ) is the angle between a planet 's ascending node and its closest approach to its star . = = = = Axial tilt = = = = Planets also have varying degrees of axial tilt ; they lie at an angle to the plane of their stars ' equators . This causes the amount of light received by each hemisphere to vary over the course of its year ; when the northern hemisphere points away from its star , the southern hemisphere points towards it , and vice versa . Each planet therefore has seasons , changes to the climate over the course of its year . The time at which each hemisphere points farthest or nearest from its star is known as its solstice . Each planet has two in the course of its orbit ; when one hemisphere has its summer solstice , when its day is longest , the other has its winter solstice , when its day is shortest . The varying amount of light and heat received by each hemisphere creates annual changes in weather patterns for each half of the planet . Jupiter 's axial tilt is very small , so its seasonal variation is minimal ; Uranus , on the other hand , has an axial tilt so extreme it is virtually on its side , which means that its hemispheres are either perpetually in sunlight or perpetually in darkness around the time of its solstices . Among extrasolar planets , axial tilts are not known for certain , though most hot Jupiters are believed to have negligible to no axial tilt as a result of their proximity to their stars . = = = = Rotation = = = = The planets rotate around invisible axes through their centres . A planet 's rotation period is known as a stellar day . Most of the planets in the Solar System rotate in the same direction as they orbit the Sun , which is counter @-@ clockwise as seen from above the Sun 's north pole , the exceptions being Venus and Uranus , which rotate clockwise , though Uranus 's extreme axial tilt means there are differing conventions on which of its poles is " north " , and therefore whether it is rotating clockwise or anti @-@ clockwise . Regardless of which convention is used , Uranus has a retrograde rotation relative to its orbit . The rotation of a planet can be induced by several factors during formation . A net angular momentum can be induced by the individual angular momentum contributions of accreted objects . The accretion of gas by the giant planets can also contribute to the angular momentum . Finally , during the last stages of planet building , a stochastic process of protoplanetary accretion can randomly alter the spin axis of the planet . There is great variation in the length of day between the planets , with Venus taking 243 days to rotate , and the giant planets only a few hours . The rotational periods of extrasolar planets are not known . However , for " hot " Jupiters , their proximity to their stars means that they are tidally locked ( i.e. , their orbits are in sync with their rotations ) . This means , they always show one face to their stars , with one side in perpetual day , the other in perpetual night . = = = = Orbital clearing = = = = The defining dynamic characteristic of a planet is that it has cleared its neighborhood . A planet that has cleared its neighborhood has accumulated enough mass to gather up or sweep away all the planetesimals in its orbit . In effect , it orbits its star in isolation , as opposed to sharing its orbit with a multitude of similar @-@ sized objects . This characteristic was mandated as part of the IAU 's official definition of a planet in August , 2006 . This criterion excludes such planetary bodies as Pluto , Eris and Ceres from full @-@ fledged planethood , making them instead dwarf planets . Although to date this criterion only applies to the Solar System , a number of young extrasolar systems have been found in which evidence suggests orbital clearing is taking place within their circumstellar discs . = = = Physical characteristics = = = = = = = Mass = = = = A planet 's defining physical characteristic is that it is massive enough for the force of its own gravity to dominate over the electromagnetic forces binding its physical structure , leading to a state of hydrostatic equilibrium . This effectively means that all planets are spherical or spheroidal . Up to a certain mass , an object can be irregular in shape , but beyond that point , which varies depending on the chemical makeup of the object , gravity begins to pull an object towards its own centre of mass until the object collapses into a sphere . Mass is also the prime attribute by which planets are distinguished from stars . The upper mass limit for planethood is roughly 13 times Jupiter 's mass for objects with solar @-@ type isotopic abundance , beyond which it achieves conditions suitable for nuclear fusion . Other than the Sun , no objects of such mass exist in the Solar System ; but there are exoplanets of this size . The 13 @-@ Jupiter @-@ mass limit is not universally agreed upon and the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia includes objects up to 20 Jupiter masses , and the Exoplanet Data Explorer up to 24 Jupiter masses . The smallest known planet is PSR B1257 + 12A , one of the first extrasolar planets discovered , which was found in 1992 in orbit around a pulsar . Its mass is roughly half that of the planet Mercury . The smallest known planet orbiting a main @-@ sequence star other than the Sun is Kepler @-@ 37b , with a mass ( and radius ) slightly higher than that of the Moon . = = = = Internal differentiation = = = = Every planet began its existence in an entirely fluid state ; in early formation , the denser , heavier materials sank to the centre , leaving the lighter materials near the surface . Each therefore has a differentiated interior consisting of a dense planetary core surrounded by a mantle that either is or was a fluid . The terrestrial planets are sealed within hard crusts , but in the giant planets the mantle simply blends into the upper cloud layers . The terrestrial planets have cores of elements such as iron and nickel , and mantles of silicates . Jupiter and Saturn are believed to have cores of rock and metal surrounded by mantles of metallic hydrogen . Uranus and Neptune , which are smaller , have rocky cores surrounded by mantles of water , ammonia , methane and other ices . The fluid action within these planets ' cores creates a geodynamo that generates a magnetic field . = = = = Atmosphere = = = = All of the Solar System planets except Mercury have substantial atmospheres because their gravity is strong enough to keep gases close to the surface . The larger giant planets are massive enough to keep large amounts of the light gases hydrogen and helium , whereas the smaller planets lose these gases into space . The composition of Earth 's atmosphere is different from the other planets because the various life processes that have transpired on the planet have introduced free molecular oxygen . Planetary atmospheres are affected by the varying insolation or internal energy , leading to the formation of dynamic weather systems such as hurricanes , ( on Earth ) , planet @-@ wide dust storms ( on Mars ) , a greater @-@ than @-@ Earth @-@ sized anticyclone on Jupiter ( called the Great Red Spot ) , and holes in the atmosphere ( on Neptune ) . At least one extrasolar planet , HD 189733 b , has been claimed to have such a weather system , similar to the Great Red Spot but twice as large . Hot Jupiters , due to their extreme proximities to their host stars , have been shown to be losing their atmospheres into space due to stellar radiation , much like the tails of comets . These planets may have vast differences in temperature between their day and night sides that produce supersonic winds , although the day and night sides of HD 189733 b appear to have very similar temperatures , indicating that that planet 's atmosphere effectively redistributes the star 's energy around the planet . = = = = Magnetosphere = = = = One important characteristic of the planets is their intrinsic magnetic moments , which in turn give rise to magnetospheres . The presence of a magnetic field indicates that the planet is still geologically alive . In other words , magnetized planets have flows of electrically conducting material in their interiors , which generate their magnetic fields . These fields significantly change the interaction of the planet and solar wind . A magnetized planet creates a cavity in the solar wind around itself called the magnetosphere , which the wind cannot penetrate . The magnetosphere can be much larger than the planet itself . In contrast , non @-@ magnetized planets have only small magnetospheres induced by interaction of the ionosphere with the solar wind , which cannot effectively protect the planet . Of the eight planets in the Solar System , only Venus and Mars lack such a magnetic field . In addition , the moon of Jupiter Ganymede also has one . Of the magnetized planets the magnetic field of Mercury is the weakest , and is barely able to deflect the solar wind . Ganymede 's magnetic field is several times larger , and Jupiter 's is the strongest in the Solar System ( so strong in fact that it poses a serious health risk to future manned missions to its moons ) . The magnetic fields of the other giant planets are roughly similar in strength to that of Earth , but their magnetic moments are significantly larger . The magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune are strongly tilted relative the rotational axis and displaced from the centre of the planet . In 2004 , a team of astronomers in Hawaii observed an extrasolar planet around the star HD 179949 , which appeared to be creating a sunspot on the surface of its parent star . The team hypothesized that the planet 's magnetosphere was transferring energy onto the star 's surface , increasing its already high 7 @,@ 760 ° C temperature by an additional 400 ° C. = = = Secondary characteristics = = = Several planets or dwarf planets in the Solar System ( such as Neptune and Pluto ) have orbital periods that are in resonance with each other or with smaller bodies ( this is also common in satellite systems ) . All except Mercury and Venus have natural satellites , often called " moons " . Earth has one , Mars has two , and the giant planets have numerous moons in complex planetary @-@ type systems . Many moons of the giant planets have features similar to those on the terrestrial planets and dwarf planets , and some have been studied as possible abodes of life ( especially Europa ) . The four giant planets are also orbited by planetary rings of varying size and complexity . The rings are composed primarily of dust or particulate matter , but can host tiny ' moonlets ' whose gravity shapes and maintains their structure . Although the origins of planetary rings is not precisely known , they are believed to be the result of natural satellites that fell below their parent planet 's Roche limit and were torn apart by tidal forces . No secondary characteristics have been observed around extrasolar planets . The sub @-@ brown dwarf Cha 110913 @-@ 773444 , which has been described as a rogue planet , is believed to be orbited by a tiny protoplanetary disc and the sub @-@ brown dwarf OTS 44 was shown to be surrounded by a substantial protoplanetary disk of at least 10 Earth masses . = Ragnall ua Ímair = Ragnall ua Ímair ( Old Norse : Røgnvaldr , died 921 ) was a Viking leader who ruled Northumbria and the Isle of Man in the early 10th century . He was a grandson of Ímar and a member of the Uí Ímair . Ragnall was most probably among those Vikings expelled from Dublin in 902 , whereafter he may have ruled territory in southern Scotland or the Isle of Man . In 917 , he and his kinsman Sitric Cáech sailed separate fleets to Ireland where they won several battles against local kings . Sitric successfully recaptured Dublin and established himself as king , while Ragnall returned to England . He fought against Constantín mac Áeda , King of Scotland , in the Battle of Corbridge in 918 , and although the battle was not decisive it did allow Ragnall to establish himself as king at York . Ragnall 's rule was immediately challenged by a group of Christian Vikings opposed to his paganism . This group tried to organise an alliance with Æthelflæd , Lady of the Mercians but this attempt was cut short by her death in 918 . His reign saw three issues of coinage , although this was perhaps done on the orders of Hrotheweard , Archbishop of York . In 920 Ragnall and his neighbouring northern kings came to an agreement with Edward the Elder , King of the Anglo @-@ Saxons , though it is a matter of dispute whether Ragnall recognised Edward as his overlord . Ragnall died the following year , whereupon the Annals of Ulster describe him as " king of the fair foreigners and the dark foreigners " . He was succeeded as king by Sitric Cáech . = = Background = = The ruling Vikings of Dublin were expelled from the city in 902 by a joint force led by Máel Finnia mac Flannacán , overking of Brega and Cerball mac Muirecáin , overking of Leinster . Those Vikings that survived the capture of the city split into different groups ; some went to France , some to England , and some to Wales . Archaeological evidence suggests Dublin remained occupied in the years immediately following this expulsion , perhaps indicating only the ruling elite were forced to leave . However , Viking raids on Irish settlements continued , and in 914 , a large Viking fleet travelled to Waterford . The arrival of this fleet marked the re @-@ establishment of Viking rule over parts of Ireland , and was followed by more Vikings settling in Limerick the following year . The main historical sources for this period are the Norse sagas and the Irish annals . Some of the annals , such as the Annals of Ulster , are believed to be contemporary accounts , whereas the sagas were written down at dates much later than the events they describe and are considered far less reliable . A few of the annals such as the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland and the Annals of the Four Masters were also complied at later dates , in part from more contemporary material and in part from fragments of sagas . According to Downham : " apart from these additions [ of saga fragments ] , Irish chronicles are considered by scholars to be largely accurate records , albeit partisan in their presentation of events " . = = Biography = = Ragnall is presumed to have left Dublin with the rest of the ruling Vikings in 902 . It appears he settled in southern Scotland or the Isle of Man , and is described by some scholars as a King of Mann . He may or may not have ruled territory in western and northern Scotland including the Hebrides and Northern Isles , but contemporary sources are silent on this matter . The earliest mention of him in the Irish Annals is in 914 when he is described as defeating Bárid mac Oitir in a naval battle off the Isle of Man . Bárid may have been a son of Otir mac Iercne , the man who killed a son of Auisle in 883 , or a son of Jarl Otir , who later accompanied Ragnall and fought alongside him in England . Ragnall is mentioned in the annals again in 917 when he and Sitric , another grandson of Ímar , are described as leading their fleets to Ireland . Sitric sailed his fleet to Cenn Fuait in Leinster , and Ragnall sailed his fleet to Waterford . Niall Glúndub , overking of the Northern Uí Néill saw these Vikings as a threat , and he marched an army south to repel them . The Vikings fought against the men of the Uí Néill at Mag Femen in County Tipperary and claimed victory , though only through timely reinforcement by Ragnall and his army . This was followed by another at the Battle of Confey ( also known as the Battle of Cenn Fuait ) , against Augaire mac Ailella , overking of Leinster , who died in the battle . Augaire 's death marked the end of effective opposition to the Vikings ' return to Ireland , and Sitric led his men on a triumphant return to Dublin , where he established himself as king . The Annals of Ulster record Ragnall , with his kinsman Gofraid and two earls , Ottir Iarla and Gragabai , leaving Ireland in 918 to fight against Constantín son of Áed , the king of Scotland . According to the northern English historical tract Historia de Sancto Cuthberto ( completed in the 11th century but probably with access to earlier material ) Constantín was assisting Ealdred son of Eadwulf , ruler of all or some part of Northumbria . The battle , known as the Battle of Corbridge , was indecisive , but this appears to have been enough to allow Ragnall to establish himself as king at York . Ragnall moved quickly and soon imposed his authority on the Vikings there . His position as king of Northumbria was immediately challenged by a group of Christian Vikings ( York was mostly Christian by this time ) who opposed Ragnall 's paganism . This faction approached Æthelflæd , Lady of the Mercians , an Anglo @-@ Saxon and a Christian , with an offer of submission , but negotiations were ended by her premature death in June 918 . Ragnall had three separate issues of coins produced while he ruled York , showing that the machinery of government in Northumbria continued to function , though it is possible that the day @-@ to @-@ day working of mints and collection of taxes rested with the Archbishop of York , Hrotheweard , rather than with Ragnall . The southern Anglo @-@ Saxon king , Edward the Elder , made some manner of agreement with Ragnall and the other northern kings in about 920 , the exact nature of which is unclear . The Anglo @-@ S	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
axon Chronicle states that they " chose him [ Edward ] as father and lord " , perhaps indicating that Ragnall acknowledged Edward 's overlordship , although many scholars have contested this as unlikely . Ragnall died in 921 , and is described as " king of the fair foreigners and the dark foreigners " by the Annals of Ulster . It may be that he was already dying in 920 when the Irish annals note the departure of Sitric from Dublin , replaced there by Gofraid . Sitric succeeded Ragnall as king of the Northumbrians at York . = = Origins = = The historian Alex Woolf has identified Ragnall with Rognvald Eysteinsson , Earl of Møre , a figure closely associated with Harald Fairhair , the first King of Norway . Woolf provides two pieces of evidence in support of this theory . Firstly , both Ragnall and Rognvald are the grandsons of ' Ivars ' – this would equate Ragnall 's grandfather Ímar with Ívarr Upplendingajarl , a son of the legendary king Halfdan the Old . Secondly , Rognvald 's son Ivar was killed while in Scotland , as was Ragnall 's kinsman Ímar ua Ímair . Other attempts have also been made in the modern era to link the Kings of Lochlann with historical figures in Norway – Smyth has suggested that Amlaíb Conung can be identified with Olaf Geirstad @-@ Alf , King of Vestfold , ( who was the son of Gudrød the Hunter and half @-@ brother of Halfdan the Black ) , though speculation of this nature has not received much support . Ó Corrain states that there is " no good historical or linguistic evidence to link Lothlend / Laithlind with Norway , and none to link the dynasty of Dublin to the shadowy history of the Ynglings of Vestfold " . = = Family = = In the annals Ragnall is identified by the use of " ua Ímair " , meaning " grandson of Ímar " , but never with a patronymic . As such , it is not possible to identify which of the three known sons of Ímar ( Bárid , Sichfrith or Sitriuc ) – if any – was the father of Ragnall . One possible reason for the lack of a patronym might be that Ragnall was the child of a son of Ímar who never ruled Dublin , or who spent most of his time outside Ireland , thus making Ragnall 's legitimacy to rule Dublin dependent the identity of his grandfather , not his father . Another possibility is that Ragnall was a grandson of Ímar through a daughter , again with his right to rule dependent on his grandfather . Sitric 's kinsmen Ímar , Sitric , Amlaíb and Gofraid are the other known grandsons of Ímar identified by the use of " ua Ímair " . All except for Amlaíb ruled as either King of Dublin or King of Northumbria at one time or another . An individual identified as Mac Ragnaill ( son of Ragnall ) by the annals may have been Ragnall 's son , though no name is given . In 942 Mac Ragnaill led a raid on Downpatrick , but within a week he was killed by Matudán , Overking of Ulster . The Annals of the Four Masters call Mac Ragnaill a jarl , but the Annals of Ulster call him a king . The Annals of the Four Masters also suggests he and his fellow plunderers came from an island . = = = Family tree = = = = Central Commission for Discipline Inspection = The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ( CCDI ) is the highest internal @-@ control institution of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) , tasked with enforcing internal rules and regulations and combating corruption and malfeasance in the Party . Since the vast majority of officials at all levels of government are also Communist Party members , the commission is in practice the top anti @-@ corruption body in China . The modern commission was established at the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee in December 1978 . Control systems had existed previously under the name " Central Control Commission " for a brief period in 1927 and again between 1955 and 1968 , and under its present name from 1949 to 1955 . It was disbanded during the Cultural Revolution in 1969 . In 1993 , the internal operations of the agency and the government 's Ministry of Supervision ( MOS ) were merged . Although the commission is theoretically independent of the Party 's executive institutions such as the Central Committee and its Politburo , historically the work of the CCDI has been directed by the Party 's top leaders . However , beginning with Hu Jintao 's term as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China in November 2002 , and especially following Xi Jinping 's assumption of the party leadership in November 2012 , the CCDI has undergone significant reforms to make it more independent from party operations below the Central Committee . According to the Party 's Constitution , the members of the CCDI are elected by the National Congress and serve for a term of five years . After the national congress in which it is elected , the CCDI convenes to elect its Secretary , deputy secretaries , secretary general and Standing Committee . Elected officials must then be endorsed by the Central Committee to take office . The Secretary of the CCDI has , since 1997 , been a member of the Politburo Standing Committee and , since 2009 , served as the leader of the Central Leading Group for Inspection Work . The current secretary is Wang Qishan , who took office on 15 November 2012 . = = History = = = = = Before the People 's Republic = = = The idea of a control system was inspired by Vladimir Lenin in The State and Revolution . Lenin argued that every communist vanguard party , at all levels , needed a system to supervise party @-@ official elections , dismissals and performance . His writings led to the establishment of the Soviet Central Control Commission ; the control system and the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) structure were imported to China . The importance of discipline and supervision was emphasised since the CPC 's founding . The 2nd National Congress amended the party constitution , devoting a chapter to party discipline . However , no institution was established to safeguard party norms or supervise cadre behaviour . Until the establishment of the Central Control Commission ( CCC ) at the 5th National Congress in 1927 , local party committees were responsible for supervising members and control commissions were established at the central and provincial level . The 5th National Congress again amended the party constitution , adding a chapter on control commissions and their aims but devoting little attention to their operations . Partly because of this , the control commissions actively participated in several party rectification campaigns during the late 1920s and early 1930s . At that time the commissions tended to participate in political struggles , most notably the purges of Zhang Guotao and Wang Ming . The control system was reorganised as the Central Review Committee ( 1928 – 1933 ) , the Central Party Affairs Committee ( 1933 – 1945 ) and the Central Control Commission ( 1945 – 1949 ) . Despite these changes , the duties and responsibilities of the control bodies remained vague until the amendments to the party constitution at the 7th National Congress in 1945 . Although it may be argued that the 1945 amendments did little to clarify the role of a control body , the party leadership expanded on the theoretical reasons for its existence . It was argued in the party constitution that the control system " was born to serve the needs of a Leninist party for its ideological and organisational consolidation . Such a role was reinforced in the Party 's frequent campaigns against its real or perceived enemies in and out of the party organisation . " In 1949 the Central Committee established the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ( CCDI ) . It differed from its predecessors in several respects . It was responsible to the Politburo and its local organisations were responsible for their corresponding party committees , despite the committees ' authority to restrict their behaviour . In reality , the CCDI was established to check all party organisations except the central leadership . = = = Political history = = = During its early years , the CCDI was not a powerful institution . Although it focused on abuses by party veterans and senior officials , the CCDI rarely appeared on record at that time as investigating ( or solving ) those problems . The few mentions of CCDI inspectors in the press highlighted their failures . Despite the support of Mao Zedong and the central party leadership , it was often unable to fulfill its mandate in the provinces . According to a People 's Daily editorial , party inspectors " gave up the struggle and proved themselves unable to persist in ... upholding the dignity of Party discipline when they encountered great obstacles . " Aware of Yan 'an Rectification Movement successes and CCDI failures , the party leadership used mass mobilisation and ideological campaigns to tackle party corruption during the 1950s . In the wake of the Gao Gang – Rao Shushi affair , the CCDI was replaced by the CCC . Although the CCC became a powerful political force in the following years , at the 8th National Congress in 1956 its inspectors were warned about abusing their power and becoming independent of their local party committees . Its power waned during the Great Leap Forward , but the CCC , the Secretariat and the Organisation Department became the chief weapons in the aftermath of the Great Leap to combat corruption and reverse verdicts on rightists . The CCC played its new role until the Cultural Revolution , a socio @-@ political movement which lasted from 1966 until 1976 , when it was affected by purges ( partly due to its close ties to Peng Zhen , one of the first highly ranked officials purged during the Cultural Revolution ) . At the 9th National Congress in 1969 the CCC was abolished , removed from the party constitution and replaced by special @-@ case organisations ( such as the Central Case Examination Group ) formed under Mao and Kang Sheng . Despite its abolition at the congress , little criticism was directed at the CCC during the Cultural Revolution ; although CCC Deputy Secretary Min Yifan was criticised by the Red Guards , a revolutionary youth movement independent of the party ( but inspired by Mao ) during the Cultural Revolution , most of their disapproval focused on his career on local committees rather than the CCC . Talk of an internal party @-@ control system would not resurface until the death of Mao and the arrest of the Gang of Four in 1976 . The CCDI was reestablished at the 11th National Congress in 1977 . It had three goals : removing the social influence of the Gang of Four , implementing the leadership 's cadre policy and removing " despotic " local party secretaries , and reversing poor verdicts handed down during the Cultural Revolution . Due to the power struggle between Deng Xiaoping and Hua Guofeng , the control system was not implemented in 1977 – 1978 . The 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee in December 1978 formed a new control system under its 1949 – 1955 name , with responsibilities identical to those of the CCC before its abolition . After the 3rd Plenary Session , the CCDI convened its 1st Plenary Session and elected Chen Yun First Secretary , Deng Yingchao Second Secretary , Hu Yaobang Third Secretary and Huang Kecheng Permanent Secretary . However , the election of these people ( and others ) was purely symbolic ; the new CCDI consisted generally of people who had never been involved in control affairs , and overwhelmingly of members considered too young to be taken seriously . In its 1st Plenary Session , the CCDI stated three overarching goals : to " protect party members ' rights " , to enforce and safeguard the system of collective leadership " with the division of labor by the individual " and to generally oppose the over @-@ concentration of power in one individual . It would combat corrupt tendencies in the Party and handle individual complaints . Although the press and the CCDI highlighted its fight against corruption , the commission was powerless against many " local despots " : leaders who ruled largely by fiat . During the early 1980s , the 11th Central Committee was forced to enact emergency measures to combat corruption . Instead of fighting corrupt officials , the CCDI 's local branches focused on the rank and file . It was an organisational weapon against the " leftists " ( who advanced during the Cultural Revolution or supported it ) and the " rightists " ( supporters of bourgeois democracy ) . After weakening under Zhao Ziyang , CCDI power increased in the aftermath of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 under the tutelage of Deng and Jiang Zemin . Despite the commission 's position as the Party 's – and China 's – leading anti @-@ corruption agency , its leaders have admitted serious deficiencies in its work . CCDI Secretary Wei Jianxing allegedly tendered his resignation " on the eve " of the 5th Plenary Session of the 15th Central Committee in 2000 to protest the commission 's impotence . His successor Wu Guanzheng found himself in a similar situation , allegedly tendering his resignation in August 2005 . Although neither resigned before the end of his term , they were unable to increase CCDI independence from the committees or end the Central Secretariat 's interference in its activities . In late 2013 , Zhou Yongkang , a former member of the Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ) and head of China 's security agencies , was placed under investigation by the CCDI for abuse of power and corruption , a decision state media announced in July 2014 . Zhou was the first PSC member – and the most senior @-@ ranked official – since the founding of the People 's Republic of China to be tried and convicted of corruption @-@ related charges . Following his investigation , Zhou was expelled from the CPC . On 11 June 2015 , Zhou was convicted of bribery , abuse of power and the intentional disclosure of state secrets by the Intermediate Court in Tianjin . Zhou and his family members were said to have taken 129 million yuan ( over $ 20 million ) in bribes . He was sentenced to life in prison . According to scholar Xuezhi Guo , " From 1992 to 2009 , China brought disciplinary sanctions against approximately two million personnel " . The CCDI cited similar numbers : " [ B ] etween July 2003 and December 2008 , the CCDI had tried and closed 852 @,@ 000 cases , resulting in 881 @,@ 000 officials receiving disciplinary sanctions . " In 2009 the CCDI imposed disciplinary sanctions on 106 @,@ 626 party members and officials ; 146 @,@ 517 in 2010 ; 142 @,@ 893 in 2011 ; 160 @,@ 718 in 2012 , and 182 @,@ 000 in 2013 . As of 2014 , five of the 31 CDI secretaries are women : Huang Xiaowei , Hong Qiang , Zhang Xiaolan , Ma Yongxia and Song Airong . Of these Zhang , at age 50 , is currently the youngest serving CDI provincial secretary . = = = Institutional history = = = = = = = Founding , abolition and reestablishment ( 1949 – 1980 ) = = = = The Chinese control system was inspired by Soviet control institutions , most notably the Party Control Committee ( PCC ) . Although according to Lenin the Soviet PCC was established to cure the Party 's bureaucratic ills , it evolved into a tool wielded by party secretaries . The CCDI system was not empowered to the same extent as its Soviet counterpart , since Mao favoured mass mobilisation and ideological campaigns over party disciplinary measures to kerb bad behaviour . Even those who shared the Soviet fascination with organisational self @-@ correction , like Liu Shaoqi and Dong Biwu , did not share their obsession with " scientific administration " . The CCDI was cumbersome ; twenty @-@ seven separate procedures had to be completed before an official could be placed under investigation . Other problems were institutional ; for example , the commission had no organisation below the provincial level . In response to the CCDI 's failures , the 1955 National Conference established the CCC . Delegates noted that the CCDI 's problems were its lack of independence from party committees and the lack of meaningful collaboration between a control commission at one level and those at higher levels . The institutional balance favouring party committees led some ( such as Gao Gang and Rao Shushi ) to pack local commissions for discipline inspection ( CDI ) with loyalists who had no interest in carrying out their responsibilities . The control commissions had the power to appeal committee decisions , and were required to report their work to the higher @-@ level control commission . Unlike the CCDI , the CCC had an organisation below the provincial level . It was empowered to " examine , approve , and change decisions by lower control committees " , was required to verify the composition of control committees at the provincial level and below and had the power to investigate unreliable elements at will . Bonds were forged with the Ministry of Supervision ( MOS ) and the Supreme People 's Procuratorate to strengthen the anti @-@ corruption agencies ' control of " the rapidly expanding party organisation and an increasingly elaborate state bureaucracy " . The main goals of these reforms were to strengthen the autonomy of the control commissions from the local ruling committees and safeguard the powers of the centre , which were threatened during the Gao Gang – Rao Shushi affair . However , the Party leadership backtracked ; at the 8th National Congress , the autonomy of the CCC and the control commissions was reduced . The congress was held in a conservative atmosphere , with the leadership calling for collective leadership of all institutions ; the concept of the CCC and the local control commissions having " special rights " to carry out their duties was antithetical to collegial decision @-@ making . The CCC was abolished at the 9th Congress ( during the Cultural Revolution ) , and was reestablished at the 11th National Congress . The 11th National Congress amended the party constitution to state that the " Central Committee of the Party , local Party committees at the county level and above and Party committees in the army units at the regimental level and above should set up commissions for inspecting discipline " . The system was in place by December 1978 , and a corresponding control system in the military was established in 1981 as the Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission . The CCDI 's importance was institutionalised by a party regulation that its head must be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee . = = = = " Dual @-@ leadership " system ( 1980 – 2002 ) = = = = According to Lawrence Sullivan , during the 1980s some cadres saw the CCDI 's lack of independence as problematic ; they argued that it should be independent from the Central Committee , not involving itself in the committee 's power struggles . This was opposed by the CCDI leadership , with Huang saying that loyalty to the Central Committee was " more important " than fighting corruption . The chief problem during the early 1980s was CCDI links to local party committees . The local committees elected the commission for discipline inspection ( CDI ) at their level , but the higher @-@ level CDI could endorse – or reject – the proposed committee . This made the local CDI responsible to its party committee , rather than to the CCDI . Although the organisers of the system were aware of the danger , they believed that the CDIs ( through their connection with the central leadership ) would be able to carry out their assigned task despite their election by the committee they were supposed to inspect . This institutional anomaly secured the position of corrupt ( or " despotic " ) committee members . Because of this institutional structure , it was nearly impossible for the CCDI to carry out its mandate . On the few occasions when it attempted to investigate leading officials , it often experienced retaliation . These problems were widespread , leading the Third Secretary to say that " considerable and , in some cases , shocking obstructions in the [ CCDI 's ] work [ occurred often ] . " The party leadership tried to solve these problems at the 12th National Congress , in 1982 , by expanding CCDI jurisdiction and authority . The amended party constitution stated that the CCDI 's responsibility was " to safeguard the Party 's Constitution and other important rules and regulations , to assist Party committees in rectifying Party style , to inspect implementation of the Party 's line , principles , policies and resolutions . " The commission became the defender of party orthodoxy , party organisation , rules and regulations , the Central Committee and democratic centralism ( defined as obeying the Central Committee ) . The amendment allowed local CDIs to " take their case to the next @-@ higher party committee " if they considered the committee decision at their level faulty . The 12th National Congress introduced " dual leadership " in local CDIs ; they were responsible to the party committees at their ( and the higher ) level and to the higher @-@ level CDI . Although each CDI elects a Standing Committee , the 12th National Congress retained a regulation that the Standing Committee must obtain the endorsement of its party committee . That was why the CCDI , elected by the National Congress ( not the Central Committee , as it was previously ) , remained subordinate to the Central Committee . If a Central Committee member was suspected , the CCDI would have to inform ( and obtain a ruling from ) the Central Committee to begin an investigation . Unlike the 12th National Congress , the 13th National Congress in 1987 reduced the CCDI 's power . Reformist general secretary Zhao Ziyang wanted to end CCDI meddling in China 's legal system and reduce its scope to party @-@ discipline issues . Forty @-@ nine CCDI discipline @-@ inspection groups in central ministries and party organisations were abolished at the congress ( 75 percent of all inspection groups ) , and the CCDI 's chief lost his seat on the Politburo Standing Committee . In the aftermath of the Tiananmen Square demonstrations Zhao Ziyang 's reforms were rescinded , and the former CCDI inspection groups were reestablished . Commission power was increased , and the CCDI issued the " five forbiddens " ; party members could not " ( 1 ) operate a business , ( 2 ) work in an economic entity , ( 3 ) trade in stocks , ( 4 ) accept gifts , or ( 5 ) use public funds for lavish entertainment . " The 14th National Congress , in 1992 , strengthened CCDI and local CDI investigative powers . According to the amended party constitution , local CDIs could initiate preliminary investigations against members of the local party committee at the CDI 's level before a formal investigation began . If a full investigation was warranted , the local CDI had to obtain approval from its higher @-@ level CDI and the corresponding party committee . In 1995 its powers were increased further , with each CDI given the responsibility to vet officials before their appointment to a post . The shuanggui system ( see below ) was established in 1994 by order of the CCDI ; it was first officially mentioned in Article 28 of the Regulation on Dealing with Cases of Party Discipline Violations , which came into effect on 1 May 1994 . = = = = Institution @-@ building ( 2002 – present ) = = = = The CCDI was further reformed at the 16th National Congress in 2002 ; the CCDI Secretary was now the chief coordinator of all anti @-@ corruption efforts on the mainland , a position later known as Leader of the Central Leading Group for Inspection Work . This was further codified in 2004 and 2005 with the " Internal Supervision Regulation " ( ISR ) , institutionalising the inner @-@ party supervision system and the Interim Provisions on DICs ' Role in Assisting the party Committees with the Organisation and Coordination of Anti @-@ Corruption Work . The terminology used in the battle against corruption was changed at the congress ; " fighting corruption " became " fighting and preventing corruption " . The Hu Jintao @-@ led leadership , which lasted from the 16th – 18th National Congress , saw growth in CCDI power and influence , demonstrated most clearly by the increased attendance of PSC members at CCDI plenary sessions . Under Secretary Wu Guanzheng , the CCDI established its first central inspection teams in August 2003 . These teams , led by retired ministerial @-@ level officials and reporting to the CCDI rather than local party committees , were empowered to initiate investigations , conduct interviews and review relevant documents . The opinion of a central inspection team was an important factor in determining whether or not an official was disciplined , and the teams played an important role in the expulsion of Shanghai party chief ( and Politburo member ) Chen Liangyu from the party because of corruption . The dual @-@ leadership system was reformed during Hu Jintao 's term . In the aftermath of the Shanghai pension scandal , the central party leadership appointed the CDI leaders of the four direct @-@ controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Shanghai , Tianjin and Chongqing ) and suggested a preference for outsiders as CDI leaders in the provinces . Beginning in 2009 , localities below the prefecture level began to abolish the practice of a control body in every party @-@ controlled organisation . Before the reforms , every organisation ( civil , party or government ) with an embedded party committee or party group had a corresponding CDI @-@ style department . The reforms consolidated control and supervision resources ( including finances and personnel ) under the auspices of the prefecture- or county @-@ level CDI , which became an " umbrella supervision organ " of all party @-@ controlled bodies in its area of jurisdiction and those below it . The umbrella organisation gave the CDI control of the staffing of party organisations it was tasked with overseeing , allowing more efficient use of CDI resources and reducing potential conflicts of interest arising from CDI staff involvement in the operations of a party committee it was supposed to regulate . The CCDI underwent another round of reforms under general secretary Xi Jinping , elected in the immediate aftermath of the 18th National Congress in 2012 . Xi and CCDI Secretary Wang Qishan further institutionalised CCDI independence from the day @-@ to @-@ day operations of the Party , improving its ability to function as a bona fide control body . At the 3rd Plenum of the 18th Central Committee in the fall of 2013 , the Party declared that it would " strengthen the ' dual leadership ' system [ over the CCDI ] by making it more defined , procedure @-@ oriented , and institutionalised . " In practice , this signalled the intention of the leadership that CDIs across the country operate separate from the party apparatus , with local CDIs responsible to higher @-@ level CDIs in nearly all substantive respects . Beginning in 2014 , CDI chiefs across the country began to shed concurrent executive positions which could create conflicts of interest ( for example , a CDI chief also serving as a vice @-@ mayor or department head ) ; CDI personnel also began removing themselves from " leading groups " and similar policy @-@ coordination and consultation groups . These changes were intended to free CDI resources to " solely focus on the work of enforcing discipline " . Since the 18th National Congress the CCDI has established several new organisations , including four new discipline and inspection offices . On 28 March 2013 the Central Committee ordered the establishment of Propaganda and Organisation Departments in the CCDI , the first such departments in a central @-@ level institution other than the Central Committee . According to China scholar Willy Lam , the establishment of a CCDI Organisation Department means " that the CCDI leadership can recruit cadres outside the established channels of the CCP Organisation Department , which has since 1949 been responsible for the Party 's human resources @-@ related operations . " In 2014 , the CCDI established an internal Office for the Supervision of Disciplinary System Officials . The office , an internal check on CCDI officials , ensures that officials charged with enforcing discipline operate within the rules themselves and has jurisdiction over CDI officials at all administrative levels . The CCDI intends " zero tolerance " towards CDI officials breaching discipline themselves , and they will be " exposed by name in the media " if they break the rules . That year , the CCDI set up offices in bodies directly reporting to the central committee ( such as the Organisation and Propaganda Departments ) and State Council bodies . These offices , known as " Commissioned Bodies " , report directly to the CCDI and are not responsible to the institutions in which they are located . = = Organisation = = = = = Central level = = = The Secretary , known as the First Secretary during Chen Yun 's term ( 1978 – 1987 ) , is head of the CCDI . Elections of its Secretary , Deputy Secretary and Secretary @-@ General are held at its 1st Plenary Session , held immediately after a national congress . The CCDI proposes an elected Secretary to the 1st Plenary Session of a central committee , which can approve or reject them . The CCDI Secretary has a number of elected deputies ; currently , there are eight deputy secretaries . Each CCDI Secretary since 2003 has concurrently headed the Central Leading Group for Inspection Work . Since 1978 all CCDI heads have been members of the PSC , although Wei Jianxing was a member from 1997 – 2002 but not from 1992 – 1997 . The 12th National Congress required that the CCDI head serve concurrently on the PSC , but this was rescinded by Zhao Ziyang at the 13th National Congress in 1987 . Although most of Zhao Ziyang 's reforms were later themselves rescinded , concurrent PSC membership was not reintroduced until the 15th National Congress in 1997 . The Standing Committee is the highest body when the CCDI is not convened for a plenary session . Elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the CCDI , it requires approval from the 1st plenary session of the Central Committee to take office . The Standing Committee presents a report to the CCDI at every plenary session ; the latter is the only national @-@ level organisation , with the National People 's Congress and the Central Committee , which holds at least one plenary session a year . CCDI plenary sessions , which discuss its past and future work , are usually held in January . The 18th Standing Committee has 19 members , one of whom ( Huang Xiaowei ) is a woman . The CCDI employs about 1 @,@ 000 people . Since the 1993 merger of its internal functions with the MOS , it has grown to 27 bureaus and offices ; of these , the Office for Discipline Inspection and Supervision , the Case Hearing Office and the Office for Circuit Inspection Work are the most important . ODIS and its ten divisions are responsible for investigating breaches of party discipline and unlawful acts by party members . Of the ten divisions , four investigate cases at the vice @-@ ministerial level and above ; the remaining six investigate " officials at the level of provincial governor , vice @-@ governor , chair and vice @-@ chair of provincial standing committees of the National People 's Congress , chair and vice @-@ chair of provincial Political Consultative Conferences , city mayors and deputies . " In addition , there are twelve institutions which are directly subordinate to the CCDI . = = = Lower levels and inspection teams = = = Below the central level there are several commissions for discipline inspection ( CDI ) . The CDI 's composition is decided by the CDI a level above it , and endorsed by its party committee and the committee superior to it ; the establishment of discipline commissions at the local level is decided by the upper @-@ level party committee . The main duties and responsibilities of local CDIs are to educate party members on their duties and rights , preserve party discipline , uphold party decisions , see that party members exercise their duties in accordance with the party constitution , examine cases and investigate corruption . It is expected to report its findings regularly to its corresponding @-@ level party committee . If a member of the local party committee is involved in corruption , the local CDI should ask the party committee at the corresponding level and the CDI at the level above to approve a full investigation . Before the 2014 reforms it was difficult for the CDIs to carry out their responsibilities ; although they no longer needed approval from the secretary of the corresponding @-@ level party committee , CDI officials were often appointed to positions of power within the institutions they were tasked to supervise ( see above ) . The 2004 reforms increased CDI independence from the party committee ; they were previously elected by the corresponding @-@ level party committee , but beginning in 2004 CDI membership was selected by the upper @-@ level CDI . The 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee in 2013 again reformed the CCDI 's structure , with each CDI directly responsible to the CCDI . The Office for Circuit Inspection Work sends inspection teams throughout the country to help the local CDIs . In 2003 there were five inspection teams , and by 2013 the number had grown to twelve . In 2010 , the CCDI was authorised to send inspection teams to the People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) . Despite this , there are several weaknesses to its institutional design in the sense that certain informal aspects of CPC rule compete with formal procedures ( that the CCDI and its lower @-@ level organs are tasked with supervising ) for hegemony ; examples are , as outlined Xuezhi Guo , " vague institutional positions , incrementally declining effects as time goes by , vulnerability to patron @-@ clientelism or guanxi network at the grassroots level , and the dilemma of ' open ' or ' undercover ’ investigation " . The CCDI and its inspection teams initiate ordinary and intensive inspection of party organisations at all levels and , in the eyes of many in the provinces , are a " tribunal of justice " : handing down verdicts to the guilty and exonerating the innocent . Inspection teams are not empowered to initiate formal investigations , make arrests or met out punishments . If an inspection team gathers on wrongdoing and corruption in general , the information is passed on to either the Organization Department or the CCDI . When an investigation is completed , they need to submit a report to the Central Leading Group for Inspection Work , to the region it inspected and the individuals which were the target of the investigation . The report is then uploaded on the CCDI 's website and made public . The regulations which govern inspection team conduct states that they must " Learn from the reports from local party committees ; Participate in party disciplinary meetings ; Manage whistleblower letters , phone calls , and visits ; Regarding issues of party members or officials ; Organize forums to understand public opinions of local leaders ; Communicate with individuals ; Review relevant documents and records ; Conduct surveys and evaluate the opinions of the public ; Visit the local bureau or individual department ; and Consult with other government departments to gain better understand [ ing ] of the issues . = = Work with other institutions = = = = = Central Military Commission = = = The military has its own discipline @-@ enforcement body , known as the Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission ( CDICMC ) and modelled on the CCDI . The CDICMC has " dual responsibility " to the CCDI and the Central Military Commission , and its membership is selected by the Central Military Commission . The first military disciplinary organisation was established in 1955 and was dissolved during the Cultural Revolution . The modern incarnation of the CDICMC was formed in January 1980 under the direction of the Central Committee of the Communist Party . Since 1990 the CDICMC 's work has largely been carried out by the PLA 's General Political Department , the military 's highest political body . The head of the CDICMC is customarily also deputy chief of the General Political Department , and ( since the 16th Party Congress in 2002 ) a concurrent Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection . Occasionally , the CCDI has directly intervened in cases involving high @-@ ranking officers of the PLA . Direct CCDI involvement has only been cited in high @-@ profile cases , such as Vice Admiral Wang Shouye in 2005 and Lieutenant General Gu Junshan in 2012 . When the CDICMC completes such an investigation , the case is usually given to military prosecution authorities for court @-@ martial . Unlike CCDI cases ( whose conclusions are generally announced in press releases ) , details of CDICMC cases are rarely publicly recorded . The CDICMC will occasionally conduct an " initial investigation " of alleged wrongdoing by a military officer , then handing the case over to the CCDI for " further investigation " . = = = Ministry of Supervision = = = The Ministry of Supervision ( MOS ) was established by the State Council in 1987 to supervise in " government departments , state organs and public officials , and maintaining administrative discipline . " Since its inception , the MOS ' jurisdiction was unclear ; most government personnel , as party officials , were under the purview of the CCDI . Before 1987 , the CCDI was responsible for issuing administrative sanctions to public officials ; since it enforced party discipline and the MOS enforced state law , in theory " the two agencies operated in separate spheres " . The reality was less clear @-@ cut ; most public servants were party members , and the MOS and CCDI customarily began separate investigations of the same person . In these dual investigations , the CDIs ( and sometimes the CCDI ) claimed primary jurisdiction over cases involving important party figures and tried to prevent the MOS from doing its work . To solve this problem , the MOS and the CCDI were effectively merged in 1993 – 1994 ; although their organisational identities remained separate , the internal offices of the MOS merged with the CCDI . Since then , the CCDI has conducted the work of the MOS ; the Minister of Supervision customarily holds the concurrent post of Deputy Secretary of the CCDI , and the organisations share a website . = = Duties and responsibilities = = = = = Inner @-@ party supervision = = = The CCDI ( and its local affiliates ) enforces the inner @-@ party supervision system . Although the system 's history dates back to the 1970s and 1980s , it was not formalised until the 2004 " Internal Supervision Regulation " ( ISR ) . The ISR reaffirmed the powers of the CCDI , institutionalised the central inspection teams and clearly separated the Party 's decision @-@ making institutions from its supervisory ones . With the ISR the CPC issued a list of member responsibilities subject to oversight by the CCDI and its local affiliates . Member supervision was not new ; however , information on what was supervised ( and explanations for why things were under supervision ) was novel . Every party member is subject to supervision , but the ISR emphasises that leaders would be its focus . This was probably in reaction to the fact that no institutions except the central party leadership ( including the local CDIs ) had the de facto ability to supervise lower @-@ level party institutions . The ISR defines three forms of inner @-@ party supervision : top @-@ to @-@ bottom , bottom @-@ to @-@ top and peer @-@ to @-@ peer . Of the three , bottom @-@ to @-@ top is the least institutionalised and was presented as the moral – but not institutional – responsibility of ordinary party members . The mechanism for lodging complaints against higher @-@ level party officials or proposing their dismissal was unspecified . According to Ting Gong , the main problem is that if an ordinary party member lodges a complaint or accuses an official of corruption , " there is no guarantee that personal petitions will be accommodated or even processed as they are subject to further investigation and the approval of higher @-@ level authorities " . The top @-@ to @-@ bottom system requires party committees at higher levels to supervise lower @-@ level committees . According to the ISR , the central party leadership should regularly send central inspection teams to regions , state organisations and state @-@ owned enterprises . The central inspection teams ' structure was reformed by the ISR ; before it , they were ad hoc institutions in the fight against corruption . The ISR introduced formal criteria for joining a central inspection team and empowered its investigative authority . Peer @-@ to @-@ peer supervision is defined as regular " democratic life meetings " and the duty of standing committees to report their work to the party committee to whom they are responsible . The primary goal of peer @-@ to @-@ peer supervision is to strengthen party members ' subjective responsibility by making them feel collectively responsible for the Party as a whole . This system is supervised by the party committee and the CDI at the next higher level . = = = Jurisdiction = = = The jurisdiction of the party discipline inspection system mirrors that of the MOS , with the CCDI responsible for cases involving breaches of party discipline and state law by party members . Like the MOS , the CCDI lacks judicial authority and is limited to investigating allegations of corruption and breaches of party discipline . Since the CCDI does not have the power to prosecute , it is supposed to transfer cases ( after investigation ) to the Supreme People 's Procuratorate or the Supreme People 's Court . Despite this , its formal jurisdiction is loosely defined . The CDI 's ability to begin investigations and administer party sanctions has often led to the slow transfer ( or sometimes no transfer ) of cases to the Supreme People 's Procuratorate . According to Graham Young , the CCDI 's " responsibilities deal with four types of offences : [ w ] ork mistakes , [ p ] olitical mistakes , [ l ] ine mistakes [ and ] [ c ] ounter @-@ revolutionary actions " . Andrew Wederman wrote that by looking at the " offences based on annual reports by provincial DICs contained in provincial yearbooks " , its responsibility includes 20 types of offences ; " [ a ] rbitrary and dictatorial exercise of power , [ a ] narchism , [ f ] actionalism , [ f ] avouritism , [ i ] nsubordination , [ h ] eterodoxy ( such as bourgeois spiritual pollution , leftism ) , [ p ] rivilege seeking , [ n ] epotism and use of Party authority to advance their families , friends and relatives , [ b ] ureaucratism , [ a ] dministrative inefficiency , [ c ] ommandism , [ h ] oarding , [ p ] etty corruption , [ f ] raud , [ e ] mbezzlement , [ t ] heft , [ s ] muggling , [ b ] ribery , [ i ] llegal acquisition of and dealing in foreign exchange [ and ] [ w ] asting and squandering public funds " . According to Jeffrey Becker , " CDIC handbooks and regulations typically list six general types of mistakes ( cuowu ) ; political , economic , organisational , dereliction of one 's duty , opposition to the party 's socialist morals , and violations of integrity laws and regulations . " Although the CCDI overlaps the MOS , it has more responsibilities since it is obligated to prevent breaches of party rules , norms and other non @-@ criminal behaviour . The party constitution vaguely defines the CCDI 's jurisdiction : Resolutely implement the Party 's basic line , principles , and policies ... correctly exercise the powers entrusted to them by the people , be honest and upright , work hard for the people , make themselves an example , carry forward the style of hard work and plain living , forge closes ties with the masses , uphold the Party 's mass line , accept criticism and supervision by the masses , oppose bureaucratism , and oppose the unhealthy trend of abusing one 's power for personal gain . = = = Petition system , investigative procedures and Shuanggui = = = For a case to be investigated , a person needs to petition the CCDI . Although the main petition office is the Complaints Office , petitions are usually sent to other offices and institutions ( such as the Supreme People 's Court , Supreme People 's Procuratorate , the National People 's Congress and party leadership as high as the PSC ) as well . Petitions may also be filed on the CCDI website , and the commission receives cases through the Office for Circuit Inspection Work ( which sends inspection teams throughout the country ) . In a case handled by former ODIS Third Division director and Case Hearing Office director Li Huiran , a petition was sent to all department heads in the ministry employing the petitioner , several offices of the CCDI and PSC members Jiang Zemin , Li Peng , Zhu Rongji and Wei Jianxing . An investigation has eight steps : " preliminary evidence and complaint management , preliminary confirmation of disciplinary violations , approval for opening the case , investigation and evidence collection , case hearing , implementation of disciplinary sanctions , appeal by the disciplined official , and continued supervision and management of the case " . The first step begins with the receipt a petition , which is formally accepted when the CCDI has proof ( or suspicion ) of wrongdoing . This process depends on the position of the accused ; if the person has a vice @-@ ministerial or deputy @-@ gubernatorial rank , the investigation must first be approved by the CCDI Standing Committee . If approved , the CCDI Standing Committee will request permission from the PSC for a full investigation . An investigation of a provincial party leader must be accepted by the Politburo . To investigate a member of the Politburo or the PSC , the full backing of the PSC and retired high @-@ level leaders is required . When a case is approved , the subject enters Shuanggui ( " double designation " ) and must appear at a " designated location at a designated time . " During Shuanggui , the subject is questioned about specific disciplinary violations . The length of Shuanggui is unspecified , and the subject is not protected by the state legal system . This system gives the CCDI precedence over the legal system in the investigation of party leaders . According to Chinese media , Shuanggui was instituted to prevent a subject 's protection by his patron or a network ( guanxi ) and scholars such as Ting Gong and Connie Meaney agree that guanxi is a genuine threat to CCDI investigative teams . The suspect is then subject to " off @-@ site detention " " to prevent interference from ' local protectionism ' and ' factionalism ' " ( guanxi ) , preserving the investigation 's integrity . The subject is detained in an unspecified location under a 24 @-@ hour suicide watch by a team of six to nine " accompanying protectors " ( as they are officially called ) , working eight @-@ hour shifts . Shuanggui does not condone corporal punishment and the accused is , in theory , respectfully treated until proven guilty . Despite this proscription of force , according to Flora Sapio it " can easily occur because all basic procedural guarantees are removed as soon as shuanggui begins " . Problems with Shuanggui , such as forced confessions , have occurred with inadequately @-@ trained officials in areas controlled by local CDIs . = = = Regulations = = = CDIs at every level have , as one of their most important duties , the authority to issue and interpret regulations . In recent years the CCDI has issued several regulations on behalf of the central committee , including " Internal Supervision Regulation " in 2004 ; " Regulations on Inner @-@ Party Supervision " , " Provisions on the CCP 's Disciplinary Penalties " and " Provisions About Establishing the Responsibility System for Party Construction and Clean Government " in 2005 , and " Interim Stipulations : Leading Cadres ’ Integrity Report " in 2006 . The importance of law in the struggle against corruption has been emphasised since the early 1980s . Deng pointed out in 1980 that the anti @-@ corruption effort was a political struggle which , to be successful , must be fought in an institutional environment . At the 4th Plenary Session of the 15th CCDI in 2000 , Jiang drew a similar conclusion : " The most important thing is to uphold and improve a system of institutions which can guarantee the Party ’ s strong leadership and socialist prosperity , and make sure that the system is functioning by means of laws , regulations , policies and education . " Despite this , until the 16th National Congress the CPC 's anti @-@ corruption system was based on campaign @-@ style events rather than formal procedures ( partially due to the 1940s Yan 'an Rectification Movement and its legacy ) . The idea that campaigns – not institutions – were the best weapon against corruption predominated under Deng , and is best seen in the establishment of the Central Party Rectification Steering Committee during the 1980s . This was the CPC central leadership 's preferred way to combat corruption , since its enforcement depended largely on the leadership . However , the sharp increase in corrupt activities during the 1990s led the Party to change course . Under Wei Jianxing , the 15th CCDI reviewed an estimated 1 @,@ 600 corruption @-@ related party regulations and documents in the run @-@ up to the 16th National Congress ; of these , an estimated 1 @,@ 100 were still considered viable . During this period , it published " Plan for Building Honest Morals and Controlling Corruption from 2004 to 2007 " and the six @-@ volume " Complete Regulations on Building Honest Morals and Controlling Corruption Within the Party " in an effort to institutionalise the Party 's anti @-@ corruption system . To formalise its procedures , the 16th CCDI Standing Committee passed regulations requiring all local CDIs to combat corruption with lawful methods . Signaling their serious intent , the CCDI , the CPC 's Organisation Department , the MOS and the State @-@ owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission issued joint " Regulations on Honestly Conducting Business by Leaders of the State @-@ Run Enterprises " in 2005 . According to CPC analyst Shao Daosheng , " The pace of institutional anti @-@ corruption [ development ] by the CCP has been unprecedented . " = Tay Whale = The Tay Whale , known locally as The Monster , was a humpback whale that swam into the Firth of Tay of eastern Scotland in 1883 . It was harpooned in a hunt , but escaped , and was found floating dead off Stonehaven a week later . It was towed into Dundee by a showman , John Woods , and exhibited on a train tour of Scotland and England . The Regius Professor of Anatomy at Aberdeen University , John Struthers dissected the whale , much of the time in public with a military band playing in the background , organised by Woods . The decomposing whale made Woods a great deal of money , and Struthers famous . William McGonagall wrote an infamously bad poem about the events . = = History = = In December 1883 , a humpback whale appeared in the Firth of Tay off the shore of Dundee , at that time the country 's major whaling port , and attracted much local interest . The whalers normally hunted in the Arctic , but as the whaling boats were in harbour for the winter , some of the whalers decided to hunt this animal in their own waters . After several failed attempts , they harpooned the humpback on 31 December 1883 . It was a strong male , and it towed two rowing boats and two steamboats as far as Montrose and then to the Firth of Forth . After a struggle that lasted all night , the harpoon lines broke and the whale escaped . A week later the whale was found dead , floating out at sea . It was towed to Stonehaven and dragged onto the beach . John Struthers , the Regius professor of Anatomy at Aberdeen , quickly visited the carcass , recording it as 40 feet long with flukes measuring 11 feet 4 inches . A local entrepreneur , John Woods , bought the whale and had it transported to his yard in Dundee . On the first Sunday that it was there , 12 @,@ 000 people paid to see it . The local newspaper , the Dundee Courier , published at least 21 stories on the Tay Whale between 12 November 1883 and 11 January 1884 . The headlines included : Appearance of a Whale in the River - 12 November Whale Hunting in the Tay - 16 November Return of the Whale to the Tay - 21 November On the Trail of the Whale - 7 December Christmas Greeting from the Whale - 25 December The Whale Interviewed by his Mother on his Exploits in the River Tay ( poem ) - 27 December The Whale Hunt in the Tay . Exciting Chase - 1 January The Whale Hunt in the Tay . Escape of the Whale - 2 January The Runaway Whale - 4 January The Tay Whale Found Dead - 8 January The Whale 's Corpus - 9 January The Recovered Whale at Stonehaven . Sale of the Monster to a Dundee Man - 11 January Finally on 25 January 1884 , when the whale was too badly decomposed for further public exhibition , Struthers was allowed to come and dissect the famous specimen . He was well used to working on stinking carcasses : his dissecting room was reputed to stink " like the deck of a Greenland whaler " . He had two assistants ; but the dissection was disturbed by John Woods , who admitted the public , for a fee , to watch the dissection in progress , while a military band played in the background . There were snow showers , but Struthers was able to remove much of the skeleton before Woods had the flesh embalmed ; the carcass was then stuffed and sewn up to be taken on a profitable tour as far as Edinburgh and London . Finally on 7 August 1884 Struthers was able to remove the skull and the rest of the skeleton . Struthers eventually wrote seven anatomy articles over the next decade on the whale , and ultimately published a complete monograph on it in 1889 , entitled Memoir on the Anatomy of the Humpback Whale , Megaptera Longimana . In 2011 , the whale 's skeleton was displayed in the McManus Galleries in Dundee . = = Fame for anatomist = = Struthers became popularly famous for his dissection of the Tay Whale , his largest specimen . It was one of a wide range of specimens of many species that he energetically collected to form a museum of zoology , to illustrate Darwin 's theories . = = Fame in doggerel = = The whale became so famous that the doggerel poet William Topaz McGonagall ( 1825 – 1902 ) wrote a notably bad poem , " The Famous Tay Whale " , about it . Two of the verses run : And my opinion is that God sent the whale in time of need , No matter what other people may think or what is their creed ; I know fishermen in general are often very poor And God in His goodness sent it to drive poverty from their door . So Mr. John Wood has bought it for two hundred and twenty @-@ six pound , And has brought it to Dundee all safe and all sound ; Which measures forty feet in length from the snout to the tail , So I advise the people far and near to see it without fail . This was not the only piece of doggerel verse about the whale , as a poet signing himself " Spectator " published " The Whale Interviewed by his Mother on his Exploits in the River Tay " in the Dundee Courier , with verses such as : Oh ! why went you there , my son , my son , Within the range of their banging gun ? " Fear not , mother , ’ twas only a lark , I reckoned they would shoot wide of the mark . " = = Anatomical drawings of the Tay Whale by John Struthers = = = Elmo Tanner = William Elmo Tanner , known as Elmo Tanner ( August 8 , 1904 – December 20 , 1990 ) was an American whistler , singer , bandleader and disc jockey , best known for his whistling on the chart @-@ topping song “ Heartaches ” with the Ted Weems Orchestra . Tanner and Weems recorded the song for two different record companies within a period of five years . Neither recording was successful originally . The song became a hit for both record companies after a Charlotte , North Carolina disk jockey played it at random in 1947 . Tanner was originally hired by Weems as a vocalist ; the bandleader discovered Tanner 's whistling ability while the band was traveling to an engagement . Like Bing Crosby , he was able to whistle from his throat due to the muscles in his larynx . He subsequently became a featured performer as a whistler , earning the nicknames " Whistler ’ s Mother ’ s Boy " , " The Whistling Troubador , " and " the nation ’ s best @-@ known whistler " . He began appearing in films as part of the Ted Weems Orchestra in 1936 ; his first film role was in The Hatfields and McCoys , and he later appeared in the movie Swing , Sister , Swing ( 1938 ) and the musical film short , Swing Frolic ( 1942 ) . Weems considered Tanner 's whistling important enough to his orchestra that in 1939 he insured Tanner 's throat for $ 10 @,@ 000 . Besides musical whistling , he also imitated birds for Disney . After a failed attempt at running a restaurant in his native Nashville in the early 1950s , he toured with the Elmo Tanner Quartet until 1958 , when he found work as a disc jockey in Florida . After working as an auto dealer in the 1960s , in the early 1970s he resumed musical activity , singing with a St. Petersburg , Florida @-@ based quartet . = = Early life = = Tanner was born on August 8 , 1904 in Nashville , Tennessee . He grew up in Detroit , and moved to Memphis with his family by 1926 . As a young boy , Tanner studied the violin and was successful with it until eye trouble made it difficult for him to read notes . His musical training helped Tanner to develop the ability to scan music or lyrics quickly and then either sing or whistle what he had just read . On his walk home from work , Tanner passed a cemetery each night and started whistling as he passed by . Not everyone appreciated Tanner 's whistling in the evening ; he was once jailed in Albuquerque , New Mexico for whistling after 10pm . A graduate of the University of Tennessee , Tanner raced automobiles and worked as a mechanic in Memphis . While performing the duties of his employment he liked to whistle and sing . One day in 1928 , he had a repair job for a customer who happened to work at WMC radio . After hearing Tanner singing while working on his car , the announcer suggested Tanner audition for the radio station . His consequent on @-@ air appearance brought a call from Paramount Records , which had offices in Chicago . = = Career = = By the late 1920s , Elmo Tanner had moved to the Chicago area and had established himself as a professional musician . Although Elmo Tanner never gained a large reputation as a singer , he was occasionally featured as such with Weems . It was as a vocalist that he made his initial recordings . He recorded a few dozen sides as a soloist for Paramount and Vocalion in 1927 through 1929 . Interestingly , the Paramount discs appeared in the Race record series , and the Vocalion sides were likewise marketed to African Americans . His versatility was noted by Vocalion , who utilized him to provide vocals for jazz outfits such as Jimmie Noone and for more sedate recordings with the Victor Young orchestra and with organist Eddie House . Not having signed an exclusive contract with any recording company , he was able to appear on the prestigious Victor label with Nathaniel Shilkret . In 1928 he formed a duet with Fred Rose as " The Tune Peddlers " and appeared on radio stations WLS , KYW , and WBBM . While working at KYW with Rose , Tanner received an offer from Ted Weems . Weems offered a higher salary than Tanner was making at the radio station , but Tanner was hesitant because the job with Weems involved substantial travel . The KYW station manager offered to match the $ 50 per week salary . A few days later , Weems made a higher offer which was met by the station manager 's offer to match it . This continued until only Fred Rose came to work . When he arrived , Rose told the station manager that Weems now offered Tanner $ 100 a week and he had accepted it . = = = Ted Weems Orchestra and “ Heartaches ” = = = Tanner joined the Ted Weems band as a singer in 1929 and became a prominent feature of the group . Tanner 's whistling talent was unveiled by accident . In high spirits on their way to their next performance , the band members were singing , yelling and whistling on the bus . When Tanner joined in , Weems was impressed enough to add a whistling segment to one of the band 's sets . Tanner whistled the Show Boat song , " Make Believe " ; the audience asked for an encore . Tanner 's whistling became so popular that Perry Como , another featured performer in the band , said “ The whistler was the whole band . ” On occasion , Tanner ’ s lips would pucker up , interfering with his whistling . Although generally noted for his graciousness as a bandleader , Weems would have fun at Tanner ’ s expense , running him through the most difficult songs in his repertoire when he noticed Tanner was struggling . Tanner became known as " Whistler ’ s Mother ’ s Boy " , " The Whistling Troubador , " and " the nation ’ s best @-@ known whistler " . Tanner was noted for the ease with which he hit high notes and performed trills . He had the ability to whistle while triple @-@ tonguing , and like Bing Crosby , he was able to whistle from his throat due to the muscles in his larynx . His range was from low G to high B ♭ . Professional whistler Joel Brandon has named Tanner as a " top pick " . Ted Weems considered Tanner 's whistling so important to his band , he insured the musician 's throat with Lloyd 's of London for $ 10 @,@ 000 in 1939 . The policy provided payment for any medical expenses related to Tanner 's possible inability to whistle and included payment to the holder if Tanner was unable to perform . In an era when whistling was commonly featured on popular recordings , Tanner was often confused with Fred Lowery , who was blind and worked with Horace Heidt and his Musical Knights . People would come up to Tanner and ask if it was true that he was blind . “ Only on Saturday night , ” he would reply . When not singing or whistling , Elmo played guitar in the band . The primary purpose was evidently to show Tanner was " doing something " while keeping him in view , as it became a standard joke that the guitar he was playing had rubber bands in place of strings . Tanner began appearing in films as part of the Ted Weems Orchestra in 1936 ; his first film role was in The Hatfields and McCoys , In 1938 he appeared in the movie Swing , Sister , Swing with the Weems outfit . Tanner also featured with Ted Weems and his Orchestra in a 1942 musical film short , Swing Frolic . During this time period Tanner appeared on the popular radio show Beat the Band with Weems ; the program ran from January 28 , 1940 until February 23 , 1941 . Tanner , Ted Weems , and the rest of his orchestra joined the Merchant Marine in 1942 . At ( and intermittently before ) his discharge in 1944 he pursued a solo career . He headlined in various nightclubs and theaters such as Chicago ’ s Oriental and Colosimo ’ s and at the Orpheum in Los Angeles alongside the King Sisters and Maurice Rocco . Besides musical whistling , he also imitated birds for Disney . He continued to perform songs that were associated with Weems , such as “ Nola ” . Tanner announced he would be fronting a twelve @-@ piece band in September 1946 ; the band 's theme was " Heartaches " . He took over the Andy Anderson unit that was based in Atlanta and signed on with the William Morris Agency . His orchestra featured his whistling and vocals by Carol Bridges . However , this proved to be short @-@ lived because of the surprise success of an old recording . = = = = The delayed success of " Heartaches " = = = = “ Heartaches ” , composed by Al Hoffman and John Klenner in 1931 , was recorded as an unusual half @-@ rumba , half washboard rhythm . In 1933 , Victor had assigned the recording of the song to Ted Weems and his Orchestra , and wanted it recorded quickly . Weems and his band had time for only one rehearsal before recording the song . Initially , Weems did not like the song ; he decided to omit the lyrics by way of having Tanner whistle instead . While running through the song at rehearsal , someone thought of trying it with a speedier tempo than initially written . It was not a large seller , and the master was filed away . In 1938 , Weems was now working with Decca Records and was preparing to make another record . When someone had forgotten to assign a song for the " B " side of the record , Weems and Tanner made another recording of " Heartaches " ; the Decca version was not any more successful than the Victor one had been five years earlier . In 1947 , a young disk jockey in Charlotte , North Carolina who worked the overnight shift had recently received some older records which he brought to work with him . He chose one at random and put it on the turntable . Shortly after the record had finished , the radio station 's telephones began ringing with people asking about the song and requesting to hear it again . By afternoon , the city 's music stores were calling the radio station , hoping to learn where they could order copies of " Heartaches " . Both Victor and Decca went into their vaults to find their masters of the record and began pressing them for southern United States sales . As disk jockeys in other parts of the US began obtaining copies of the record and playing it , the demand for " Heartaches " went from coast to coast . This older recording went to the top of all the main charts in 1947 , including sales , juke box play , and airplay . Unusually , two separate recordings were given equal credit in the charts . Victor ’ s version was recorded on August 4 , 1933 and issued on Bluebird B5131 . Decca ’ s recording was made on August 23 , 1938 and originally appeared on catalog number 2020B . The hit records were credited to RCA Victor 20 @-@ 2175 and Decca 25017 , respectively . Altogether the recordings were credited with selling 8 @.@ 5 million copies . Tanner said in a 1960 interview that neither he nor Ted Weems received any compensation for the " Heartaches " re @-@ issue as they both had let the contracts on the song expire while they were in the Merchant Marine . Tanner and Weems missed collecting an estimated $ 250 @,@ 000 in royalties because of the expired contracts . Because of the renewed success of “ Heartaches ” , Tanner joined the re @-@ formed Weems outfit in March 1947 , and both were signed to Mercury Records . This later outfit often received poor reviews , with the exception of Elmo ’ s “ outstanding ” whistling ; it was Tanner ’ s whistling that audiences most responded to . Tanner made one more recording of " Heartaches " in 1953 with Billy Vaughn for Dot Records . = = = Later life = = = Tanner left Weems in 1950 to open a restaurant in Nashville . This occupied him for a year and a half , but it proved to be a failure and Tanner suffered financially . He formed the Elmo Tanner Quartet and resumed touring for the next few years , until , tired of travel , he broke up his group in Seattle in 1958 . He spent the next fourteen months in Birmingham as a disk jockey and leading a musical combo . He reunited briefly with Weems , then settled in the St. Petersburg , Florida area in Treasure Island . In 1959 , Tanner began working as a disc jockey on radio station WILZ in St. Pete Beach , Florida , a position which lasted several years . During this time he continued to make recordings with orchestras such as David Carroll and Billy Vaughn to continued positive reviews . His association continued with Weems , making the occasional guest appearance with the band he was closely connected to . In the early 1960s , Tanner was also selling Datsuns at a local St. Petersburg auto dealership . In the early 1970s he resumed musical activity , singing with a St. Petersburg @-@ based quartet . = = Personal life and death = = In 1936 , while Tanner was living in Chicago , he was divorced from his first wife , Verne . Tanner married Eleanor Jones of Birmingham on January 31 , 1939 in Indianapolis . While playing an engagement with Weems , Tanner got his marriage license between the first and second acts on the bill , bought a wedding ring between the second and third acts and was married between the third and fourth acts . He met his second wife while working with the Weems band on Catalina Island . They had four children together : Elmo Jr . , twins Margaret and Patricia , and John Emmet . By 1969 he was retired . Tanner underwent gall bladder surgery in 1985 and was able to recover at his home in St. Petersburg . He died on December 20 , 1990 in St. Petersburg , Florida . Tanner is buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery , Nashville , Tennessee . He was posthumously inducted into the Whistlers ' Hall of Fame in 1991 , joining previous inductees Bing Crosby and Fred Lowery . = = Discography = = = John Wilton ( general ) = General Sir John Gordon Noel Wilton , KBE , CB , DSO ( 22 November 1910 – 10 May 1981 ) was a senior commander in the Australian Army . He served as Chief of the General Staff ( CGS ) , the Army 's professional head , from 1963 until 1966 , and as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee ( CCOSC ) , forerunner of the role of Australia 's Chief of the Defence Force , from 1966 until 1970 . His eight @-@ year tenure as senior officer of first the Army and then the Australian military spanned almost the entire period of the nation 's involvement in the Vietnam War . Born in Sydney , Wilton entered the Royal Military College , Duntroon , in 1927 . Owing to lack of opportunity in the Australian military at the time , he took a commission in the British Army following his graduation in 1930 . He spent most of the remainder of the decade with the Royal Artillery in India . Wilton returned to Australia on the eve of World War II and was commissioned into the Royal Australian Artillery . He saw action with the 7th Division in Syria and the 3rd Division in New Guinea , earning a mention in despatches in the former campaign and the Distinguished Service Order in the latter . Finishing the war a temporary colonel , he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1947 . Wilton was posted to Korea in 1953 to take command of the 28th Commonwealth Brigade , leading it in its final action of the war in July . He was raised to Commander of the Order of the British Empire and awarded the US Legion of Merit for his performance in Korea . Wilton was promoted to major general in 1957 and became Commandant of Duntroon . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1962 and made CGS the following January , with the rank of lieutenant general . As CGS he oversaw a reorganisation of the Army 's divisional structure , the reintroduction of conscription , and deployments during the Indonesia – Malaysia Konfrontasi and the Vietnam War . Knighted in 1964 , he handed over the position of CGS in May 1966 and was appointed CCOSC . In this role he had overall responsibility for Australia 's forces in Vietnam , and worked to achieve an integrated defence organisation , including a tri @-@ services academy , a joint intelligence group , and the amalgamation of separate government departments for the Army , Navy and Air Force . Wilton was promoted to general in September 1968 , and retired from the military in November 1970 . He served as Consul @-@ General to the United States in 1973 – 75 , and died in 1981 , aged seventy . = = Early career = = John Wilton was born in Sydney on 22 November 1910 , the second of two sons to English migrants Noel and Muriel Wilton . Noel was an electrical engineer , and moved with his family to Hobart in 1915 to take up employment with the Tasmanian Hydro Electric Department . Attending various schools , John and his brother Maurice lived in Sydney for a time with Muriel following their parents ' separation in 1917 , before Noel brought them back to Hobart in 1921 . In 1923 he moved with them to Grafton , New South Wales , where he managed the Clarence River County Council . John attended Grafton High School , where he attained his leaving certificate . Considered by family to be a " loner " , " a clear thinker " , and a " quite , determined , achiever " , he entered the Royal Military College , Duntroon , in February 1927 , aged sixteen . Early on he was subjected to the usual bastardisation handed out to younger cadets by seniors , but was not known to inflict the same treatment on juniors once he reached the senior class . Although somewhat aloof from his fellows , he did well in team sports such as rugby and hockey , as well as swimming and diving . Second academically in his class of twelve , Wilton graduated from Duntroon on 9 December 1930 . By 1930 , the effects of the Great Depression had reduced the opportunities for Duntroon graduates . Only four of Wilton 's classmates joined the Australian Military Forces , while four transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) and four to the British Army . Wilton was among the last @-@ mentioned , taking a commission as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery , with seniority from 22 November 1930 . Seeking active duty , he requested a posting to India , and sailed with the 6th Field Brigade to Bombay in November 1931 . He spent the next three years based at Fyzabad , near the Nepalese border . Promoted to lieutenant in November 1933 , he undertook training and exercises with his battery , and learned to speak Urdu , but saw no action . In February 1935 he was posted to Burma , joining the 10th ( Abbottabad ) Battery of the Indian Mountain Artillery at Maymyo , near Mandalay . According to biographer David Horner , Wilton 's " first taste of excitement " was in April 1935 , when he joined the hunt for a rogue tiger and shot the animal as it attacked and mauled one of his companions . In November he saw operational service with his unit in skirmishes with local tribesmen in the Wa State of northern Burma , on the Chinese border . After eight months extended leave in 1936 , and a posting to the Indian Army Ordnance Corps , Wilton briefly returned to Australia to marry Helen Marshall on 9 July 1938 at St. Andrew 's Church in Summer Hill , New South Wales . John had met Helen , then a nurse , on a double date in Sydney while he was in his last year at Duntroon ; the couple had two sons and a daughter . On the same trip home he was invited to transfer to the Australian military , and accepted . Promoted to captain in December 1938 , Wilton saw out his British service with a coastal battery in Karachi , and was commissioned into the Royal Australian Artillery on 26 May 1939 . His service with the British Army in India and Burma had afforded him regimental experience that he could never have gained in Australia , as well as an understanding of mountainous and tropical conditions that would benefit him in years to come . = = World War II = = Wilton spent a year in coastal artillery posts at North Head and Port Kembla before transferring to the Second Australian Imperial Force . He was promoted major on 7 May 1940 and given command of a battery in the 2 / 4th Field Regiment , part of the recently formed 7th Division , which embarked for the Middle East in October . On the voyage he wrote his wife a letter in case he was killed , admonishing : " Remember what has always been our motto — nothing can defeat us — not even death ! " Appointed the division 's Brigade Major Royal Artillery on 19 March 1941 , Wilton served under Brigadier Frank Berryman in the Syrian campaign , and was responsible for coordinating operations during the Battle of Merdjayoun in June . Assigned to the staff of Headquarters I Corps , Wilton became General Staff Officer Grade 2 ( Artillery ) on 1 November ; this would be the final artillery posting of his career . He was promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel on 25 November . On 30 December , Wilton was mentioned in despatches for his service with the 7th Division . He entered the Middle East Staff School at Haifa in January 1942 , and graduated in May . Returning to Australia , Wilton became General Staff Officer Grade 1 in Major General Stanley Savige 's 3rd Division in August 1942 . Savige later recalled that " I never had a more competent staff , nor such a co @-@ operative team , than that staff after Wilton came along . " The 3rd Division was part of Lieutenant General Edmund Herring 's II Corps . In October , Herring succeeded Lieutenant General Sydney Rowell as commander of New Guinea Force , and Savige became acting corps commander . With his attention focused on the corps , Savige relied on Wilton to supervise the training of the 3rd Division . Wilton travelled to New Guinea in February 1943 to reconnoitre the terrain and begin plans for the division 's forthcoming campaign in Salamaua . He was attached to Kanga Force in Wau during March 1943 , prior to its absorption by 3rd Division the following month . Herring had ordered that the 3rd Division " threaten " Salamaua , and despite Wilton 's attempts to clarify precisely what this meant , the order remained vague . Savige and Wilton interpreted it as meaning that the 3rd Division was to capture Salamaua , when in fact its main purpose in the campaign was to divert Japanese forces from Lae . In any event , 3rd Division progressed steadily and by August it had to be ordered to slow down so that Lae could be attacked before Salamaua . Wilton received much of the credit for 3rd Division 's performance . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) for his " skill and ability in New Guinea " between July 1942 and April 1943 , the citation being promulgated on 27 April 1944 . In September 1943 , following his service with 3rd Division , Wilton was posted to Washington , D.C. as General Staff Officer , Australian Military Mission ; he spent November and December 1944 in Europe , observing the Allies ' military organisation . He was promoted temporary colonel in May 1945 , and spent the remainder of the war on the staff of General Sir Thomas Blamey 's Advanced Land Headquarters at Morotai in the Dutch East Indies and Forward Echelon Advance Land Headquarters at Manila in the Philippines . On Blamey 's recommendation , Wilton was honoured for the " particularly high standard " of his work on the general staff with appointment as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) , promulgated on 6 March 1947 . = = Post @-@ war career = = = = = Rise to senior command = = = Wilton was still only a substantive captain at the end of hostilities , but was considered by the Military Board to be among those " promising officers who have forced their way to the top during the war " and hence to deserve retention of their wartime rank . He became Deputy Director of Military Operations and Plans at Army Headquarters ( AHQ ) , Melbourne , in March 1946 , and took charge of the same directorate a year later . By now promoted to substantive colonel , in 1950 he was a member of the Bridgeford Mission , which advised the Australian government on the state of the Malayan Emergency . On a visit to Singapore in February – March 1951 as part of a joint planning team , he urged his British counterparts to maintain their presence in Malaya as the basis of a combined force , without which Australia would be reluctant to commit any troops for the region 's security . Wilton relinquished his post at AHQ in November 1951 , and attended the Imperial Defence College in London during 1952 . Having been assigned a combat command in the Korean War , he was promoted to brigadier on 13 March 1953 , arrived in Seoul within the week , and took over the 28th Commonwealth Brigade from fellow Duntroon graduate Brigadier Thomas Daly on 25 March . The 28th was described in the official history of Australia 's involvement in the Korean War as " the most nationally diverse " brigade in the 1st Commonwealth Division , consisting of Australian , British , Indian and New Zealand units , yet also " an outstandingly well @-@ knit formation " . After operating on the eastern side of the Jamestown Line from April , the 28th was transferred westward to relieve the 29th Brigade at the Hook , the Commonwealth Division 's most vulnerable position , on 9 – 10 July . At 6 : 15pm on 23 July , Wilton informed his battalion chiefs that an armistice was ready to be signed , and to keep patrols to the minimum level necessary for the line 's security . The brigade 's last action took place over the next three days , when it used artillery , mortar , machine @-@ gun and rifle fire to repulse a heavy assault by Chinese troops , inflicting as many as 3 @,@ 000 casualties . Wilton later recalled the " terrible and gruesome sight " of no @-@ man 's land " literally carpeted with dead bodies " . He was present for the armistice ceremony at Panmunjom on 27 July . Having succeeded in maintaining his command 's discipline and morale during a potentially problematic time at the end of the conflict and the beginning of peace , he handed over the 28th to Brigadier Ian Murdoch on 19 February 1954 . For his service in Korea , Wilton was raised to Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the Queen 's Birthday Honours on 10 June 1954 . He was also awarded the US Legion of Merit for his " outstanding leadership and initiative " ; the decoration was gazetted on 1 May 1956 . After returning to Australia , Wilton was appointed Brigadier in Charge of Administration at Headquarters Eastern Command , his first administrative post . In November 1955 he was assigned to the General Staff at AHQ , where he was responsible for intelligence , operations and plans , and took part in Australian preparations for SEATO exercises . He was promoted to major general on 24 March 1957 , and became Commandant of the Royal Military College , Duntroon . Although not strongly religious , Wilton considered himself responsible for the spiritual and moral development of younger cadets ; he made a point of attending church parade regularly , and in 1959 personally launched an appeal for public funds to build the college 's Anzac Memorial Chapel , which would open in 1966 . His chief goal , though , was academic : concerned that graduates were at risk of falling behind their increasingly tertiary @-@ qualified peers in industry and public service , he worked assiduously to make the college a degree @-@ granting institution ; this was realised in 1967 . From June 1960 through 1962 , Wilton was Chief of the Military Planning Office at SEATO Headquarters , Bangkok . He believed Thailand to be strategically vital , declaring " if you want to hold Southeast Asia , you need to hold Thailand " . His position allowed him to closely observe the deteriorating situation in Laos , which threatened to spill over into Thailand , and the Western Powers ' growing focus on South Vietnam . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath ( CB ) in the 1962 Queen 's Birthday Honours , in particular for his " conspicuous devotion to duty and his singleness of purpose " as Commandant of Duntroon . On 21 January 1963 , Wilton was promoted lieutenant general and became Chief of the General Staff ( CGS ) , succeeding Lieutenant General Sir Reginald Pollard . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) in the 1964 New Year Honours . = = = Chief of the General Staff = = = Following the lead of the US Army , in 1960 the Australian Army had replaced its former " triangular " divisional structure of three infantry battalions under a brigade headquarters , with a " pentropic " organisation consisting of five larger battalions without a brigade layer between division and battalion headquarters . This had the effect of reducing the total number of Australian battalions , while increasing their individual strength . Wilton was unhappy with the pentropic structure , reasoning that the number of battalions , rather than their relative strength , was the overriding factor when considering potential overseas deployments . The US had in any event abandoned the system in June 1961 . In October 1964 , Wilton commissioned a review that ultimately recommended a return to the triangular formation . In the meantime , as a response to the Indonesia – Malaysia Konfrontasi , the Australian government reintroduced conscription , which Wilton fought until convinced that the government was not going to improve pay and conditions sufficiently to attract by any other means the recruits needed to meet overseas commitments . Wilton was keen to mitigate any prejudices the national servicemen might have against the regular soldiery , and vice versa ; when he found a memo from an Army committee asserting that " it must be recognised that the NS man was likely to be a reluctant soldier " , he wrote on it " This assumption not justified " . In February – March 1965 , following a request from the Malaysian government , Australia despatched 1 Squadron , Special Air Service Regiment , and 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment , to Borneo — a commitment Wilton felt able to recommend as a result of the recent decisions to increase the Army 's personnel and battalion numbers . By mid @-@ 1964 , Australia had already sent a small team of military advisors , as well as a flight of newly acquired DHC @-@ 4 Caribou transports , to aid the South Vietnamese government in its fight against the Viet Cong . The 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment , was deployed in May 1965 . It was attached to a US Army brigade , and Wilton was responsible for setting its operational parameters . In August , he recommended to his opposite number in the RAAF , Air Marshal Alister Murdoch , the despatch of two UH @-@ 1 Iroquois helicopters to Vietnam . Wilton believed that both services would benefit from gaining familiarisation with air / ground operations in the region before any large @-@ scale commitment of Australian forces . He was exasperated when Murdoch rejected the idea on resourcing grounds , despite the fact that two @-@ thirds of the RAAF 's UH @-@ 1 complement had been purchased for the express purpose of army cooperation . According to the official history of the post @-@ war Air Force , when the Federal government deployed No. 9 Squadron and its UH @-@ 1s to Vietnam less than a year later , the unit was under @-@ prepared for combat operations . Wilton supported the RAAF 's request that the deputy commander of Australian Forces Vietnam be an air officer , despite the misgivings of some senior Army personnel and the fact that an appointment of this level was not commensurate with the services ' relative commitments to the conflict . In what the official history of Australia in the Vietnam War described as a " pragmatic and far @-@ sighted approach " , Wilton expressed his hope that such an arrangement would give the Air Force a closer understanding of land / air cooperation , and avoid " increasing differences of views about strategic and tactical concepts with the Australian Armed Forces " . Following the Federal government 's decision in March 1966 to despatch a task force of two battalions to Vietnam , Wilton negotiated with US and South Vietnamese commanders a self @-@ contained area of operations for the Australians , in Phuoc Tuy Province , where they could function with a reasonable degree of independence . He also approved Nui Dat , in the centre of the province forward of the major population areas , as the task force 's main base , despite its distance from support units in Vung Tau and the extra effort required to defend it . Wilton rejected a mobile role for the Australians that would have placed them under the control of a US division because , he believed , " their operations became a bit of a meat grinder " with " tremendous casualties " . On 19 May 1966 , he took over from Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick Scherger as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee ( CCOSC ) , a position foreshadowing that of the modern Chief of the Defence Force . He was succeeded as CGS by Lieutenant General Daly . According to the official history , the timing of the CCOSC handover was " especially significant " as it " coincided with the change in Vietnam from an Army force which was responsible to the Chief of the General Staff to a combined force responsive to the Chairman , Chiefs of Staff Committee . Wilton , therefore , carried through his responsibilities concerning the Vietnam commitment to his new appointment . " = = = Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee = = = = = = = Vietnam = = = = Wilton accepted the domino theory and never wavered in his commitment to Vietnam , but as early as mid @-@ 1967 he doubted that the war could be won unless the US was prepared to go all out and invade the North . Cautious about expanding Australia 's involvement , he advocated deploying a Centurion tank squadron rather than a third infantry battalion when calls came to increase the strength of the task force in Vietnam , but in the end the Federal government announced both commitments in October 1967 . Wilton also advised the government to reject any requests from the US command in Vietnam to rotate the Australian task force out of Phuoc Tuy and display its capabilities in a wider operational arena , reasoning that it was more important for the troops to remain in the countryside they knew and continue to build relations with the local people . He nevertheless strongly backed the Australian task force commander , Brigadier Ronald Hughes , when the latter was criticised at home for conducting " American style operations " outside the immediate vicinity of Phuoc Tuy , such as the set @-@ piece battles of Fire Support Bases Coral and Balmoral in mid @-@ 1968 . Conflict continued to simmer between the Army and the RAAF regarding air support , and Wilton oversaw discussions between Daly and Murdoch that secured a separate Army air organisation , leading to the formation of the Australian Army Aviation Corps in July 1968 . On 22 August , the Federal government announced that Wilton would be promoted to general , effective 1 September , in recognition of his " outstanding contribution to the Commonwealth in his present appointment " . He was the first Australian officer to attain the rank since Blamey , twenty @-@ seven years before . US troop reductions in 1969 under President Richard Nixon 's Vietnamization policy led to increasing demands for similar withdrawals of Australian troops . Wilton , Daly and other senior officers argued that the " balanced " nature of the Australian task force would be damaged by a piecemeal withdrawal and that the only valid form of reduction would be " one out , all out " ; the government chose a phased withdrawal , pulling out one battalion in October 1970 and the other two in October and December 1971 . The divisive nature of the war caused conflict within Wilton 's own family ; all his children actively opposed it , and in September 1969 his son Robert publicly burnt his draft deferment notice outside Parliament House , Canberra , having earlier called upon students at the Australian National University not to register for national service . The Canberra Times ran an article on the Parliament House incident , complete with a photograph of Robert burning his notice . As Australia 's senior soldier , Wilton refused to comment on the situation ; Robert reported that he and his father respected one another 's viewpoints , and relations within the family remained amicable . One of the most controversial aspects of Australia 's conduct of the Vietnam War had been the employment of a barrier minefield around Phuoc Tuy from 1967 to 1969 . Wilton maintained that the minefield was already under construction when he first learned of it , and that he considered the decision within the purview of the commander on the ground , Brigadier Stuart Graham . When confronted with the increasing casualties among Australian troops from mines evidently lifted from the area by the Viet Cong , he pointed out that the South Vietnamese , who had been expected to patrol the minefield , were not playing their part . Wilton further believed that the barrier minefield was an innovative solution to the problems facing the task force and that the commander 's decision to implement it was " better than sitting on his backside and not trying anything " . He rejected suggestions by critics that the minefield was " the biggest blunder " Australia made in Vietnam , declaring that this was " like being wise after the event " . = = = = Joint defence aspirations = = = = Wilton 's position as CCOSC had no statutory authority over the heads of the Army , Navy and Air Force , nor a direct line of command to Australian Forces Vietnam . David Horner noted that in an emergency , Wilton " had to issue directives and then seek retrospective endorsement of them by either the minister or the Chiefs of Staff Committee . " According to historian Eric Andrews , Wilton " chaffed over his lack of command over the services and the need for organisational reform " . While CGS , he had joined Scherger in calling for a single Australian Defence Force organisation with one Minister of Defence , in contrast to the existing arrangement where each service operated with virtual autonomy , supported by its own minister and department . In July 1967 , he became a member of the Tertiary Education ( Services ' Cadet Colleges ) Committee to plan a tri @-@ service military academy , which was eventually opened as the Australian Defence Force Academy in 1986 . He was also able to push through a plan to establish , in 1970 , the Joint Intelligence Organisation to replace the former Joint Intelligence Bureau and three single @-@ service intelligence groups . In 1967 , and again in 1970 , Wilton recommended the creation of a single Defence Board of Administration , consisting of the Defence Minister , the Defence Secretary , CCOSC , and the three service chiefs , to take over the functions of the Air , Military , and Naval Boards , along with those of their separate ministers . While nothing came of this at the time , Wilton was consulted by the Labor Party prior to its reorganisation of the Defence Department , which it commenced soon after defeating the Liberals in the December 1972 Federal election . The following year , the single @-@ service ministries were abolished in favour of an all @-@ encompassing Department of Defence ; by 1984 , the CCOSC position had evolved to become the Chief of the Defence Force , directly commanding all three armed services through their respective chiefs . = = Later life = = Wilton was succeeded as CCOSC by Admiral Sir Victor Smith on 23 November 1970 , and retired from the military . He subsequently worked on the Kerr Committee that reviewed pay and conditions in the armed forces , visiting several overseas bases including Nui Dat and Vung Tau . Wilton finished his career as a diplomat , serving as Australia 's Consul @-@ General in New York from September 1973 to November 1975 . In 1979 he became one of the first sponsors of the Aboriginal Treaty Committee , which advocated for a treaty between the Federal government and Aboriginal representatives . He died of prostate cancer at his home in Canberra on 10 May 1981 , aged seventy . Survived by his wife and children , Wilton was accorded a military funeral at Duntroon , in the Anzac Memorial Chapel he helped found , and cremated at Norwood Park Crematorium , Canberra . = = Legacy = = Reflecting on Australia 's involvement in the Vietnam War , Wilton considered that it was justified , and that the West 's intervention helped delay the takeover of South Vietnam , and the spread of communism to Laos and Cambodia , by almost a decade . " Whether that was worthwhile " , he added , " is a matter for the historian to judge " . The key lesson , he felt , was not to intervene in a conflict " unless you are prepared to win " , because it was " not something that you can just put one foot in and feel the temperature " . Biographer David Horner described Wilton as " arguably the most important and influential Australian Army officer in the second half of the twentieth century " . Horner credited him with making significant contributions to the evolution of the Australian Defence Force through the pursuit of joint command and control . He further noted that whereas Wilton 's predecessor as CCOSC , Scherger , had been promoted to 4 @-@ star rank after four years in the role , and Wilton himself after two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half , Wilton 's successors gained their 4 @-@ star rank upon taking up the position , indicating its growing importance . From an early age Wilton was considered cerebral and introspective ; his colleagues in adulthood found him to have an incisive mind , high standards , and little inclination or capacity for small talk . His serious demeanour earned him the ironic nicknames " Happy Jack " , " Smiling John " and " Sir Jovial " , though he was capable of thoughtful gestures and flashes of humour . Major General Paul Cullen , the Citizen Military Forces member of the Military Board from 1964 to 1966 , described Wilton as " very stiff , very regular , very formal — but a pleasant man " . Korean War historian Robert O 'Neill contended that " One of the most remarkable aspects of his career was that he rose so far through a highly competitive profession without ever playing to the gallery . " = Into the Crevasse = " Into the Crevasse " is the second episode of the fourth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 60th overall episode of the series . The episode was written by co @-@ showrunner and executive producer Robert Carlock and directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller . It originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) network in the United States on October 22 , 2009 . Guest stars in " Into the Crevasse " include Will Arnett , Caitlin Fowler , Shawn Gianella , Jon Glaser , and Savanna Samson . The episode largely revolves around repercussions from a sketch " Dealbreakers " that Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) had written for the fictional sketch comedy show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan ( TGS ) . Meanwhile , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) travels to Washington D.C. for a hearing on microwaves and Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) volunteers at an animal shelter . " Into the Crevasse " received generally positive reception from television critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it was watched by 6 @.@ 684 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 3 @.@ 2 rating / 8 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic . For his performance in this episode , Will Arnett received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series . = = Plot = = = = = Background = = = Liz had written a comedy sketch titled " Dealbreakers " in the episode " Mamma Mia . " In " Dealbreakers " Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) doled out comic catchphrases as relationship advice to other women such as " If he wears an Atlanta Falcons jersey to your sister 's wedding ? That 's a Deal Breaker , ladies ! " Liz tried to gain attention for writing the sketch , including being in a photoshoot for Time Out magazine with Jenna and ultimately on the cover alone and a talk show appearance in the episode " Kidney Now ! " where she dispensed more " Dealbreaker " -style romantic advice . Liz continued to give similar advice to women she knew , such as the wives of Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) and Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) , but both men grow angry with her for the way their spouses ' subsequent anger with them both . At the end of " Kidney Now ! " Liz tells Jack she has signed a book deal on the sketch . = = = " Into the Crevasse " = = = This episode opens with Liz seeing her books and a cardboard cutout of herself in a bookstore window . She shows Mike ( Jon Glaser ) , a nametag @-@ wearing employee that she is the author but he grows angry with her , showing a quote from her book " If your man is over thirty and still wears a nametag to work , that 's a dealbreaker , " and he tears apart her cutout . Several other men in Liz 's life including Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) , J.D. Lutz ( John Lutz ) , Pete , Tracy , and the janitor yell at her for providing advice which they believed damaged their relationships . Tracy 's wife Angie ( Sherri Shepherd ) kicked him out of their home and he moves in with Liz as punishment for damaging his marriage . Once there he reads Liz 's Dealbreakers book in detail and discovers that much of the book was written directly about him ( calling his various oddities " deal breakers " ) . Also Jenna , angry with Liz over the search for a new cast member which started in the previous episode , travels to Iceland to film a low @-@ budget werewolf movie . Meanwhile , Jack , who serves as Vice President of East Coast Television and Microwave Oven Programming for General Electric ( GE ) , travels to Washington , D.C. , to participate in a task force on microwaves as the industry is struggling , but he says he refuses to take any bailout money . He believes the meeting will be quite simple and quick , but once there he is confronted by Devon Banks ( Will Arnett ) who has begun working with the federal government . Devon reveals that he has spent the last year since being fired from GE in " Do @-@ Over " working to get back at Jack by making connections in the Barack Obama administration through a friendship with the president 's daughters , Sasha and Malia . Devon leaks Jack 's controversial testimony from the hearing , believing that public pressure will force Jack to resign in three days . Jack spends that time asking the TGS with Tracy Jordan staff writers — Frank , Lutz , and James " Toofer " Spurlock ( Keith Powell ) — to come up with an idea " as good as the light bulb " to improve the microwave . They try to incorporate suggestions such as making the microwave bigger or making them break down more often so they require replacement , but Jack eventually abandons the project as a failure . However , instead of leaving GE , Jack convinces Devon to give the company bailout money ( which he had previously refused ) , effectively making Devon Jack 's boss . Kenneth takes some time off from his page duties to volunteer at an animal shelter . He claims his time on a pig farm will allow him to not emotionally connect with the dogs being held there , but he quickly names all of the dogs and adopts the many dogs scheduled to be euthanized that day . Kenneth asks for someone at TGS to adopt the dogs and Tracy quickly brings them all to Liz 's apartment to continue annoying her . Liz and Tracy go to Jack to finally resolve their conflict . Jack decides that , because Liz ruined Tracy 's life with her book , Tracy should be given the right to ruin her life , and he orders Liz to sign over her life rights to Tracy . Jack tells Liz a story about an accident he had ice climbing , falling into a crevasse . He broke his leg and was unable to climb upwards to escape , but by going deeper down into the crevasse he found a path out . Liz applies this story to her situation with Tracy and stops resisting him , instead suggesting that Tracy make a pornographic film based on her life . Tracy agrees and moves out of Liz 's apartment . In addition , Jenna and Liz resolve their issues when they see two adult stars acting out a scene of Jenna ( Caitlin Fowler ) and Liz ( Savanna Samson ) apologizing to one another . = = Production = = " Into the Crevasse " was written by co @-@ showrunner and executive producer Robert Carlock and directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller , a long @-@ time television director who worked with 30 Rock creator Tina Fey on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live . " Into the Crevasse " originally aired in the United States on October 22 , 2009 , on NBC as the second episode of the show 's fourth season and the 60th overall episode of the series . Comedic actor Will Arnett made his fifth appearance as Devon Banks on 30 Rock , after appearing on " Fireworks " , " Jack Gets in the Game " , " Succession " , and " Do @-@ Over " . Jon Glaser , a comedy actor , guest starred as Mike , a nametag @-@ wearing employee who grows angry with Liz Lemon after showing her a quote from her book . Caitlin Fowler and Shawn Gianella appeared in " Into the Crevasse " as porn versions of Jenna Maroney and Jack Donaghy , respectively , while adult film actress Savanna Samson played the porn version of Liz , as part of Tracy Jordan owning Liz 's life rights . At the end of the episode , Gianella and Samson recreate an earlier scene in which Jack gives Liz her retainer , though , upon receiving the retainer , Samson asks Gianella " How will I ever thank you ? " prompting Tracy to stop production . This whole scene is a reference to a pornographic parody of 30 Rock released earlier the same year . Despite rumors to the contrary , the actors playing ' porn versions ' of 30 Rock characters were not the same performers featured on the original parody . Carlock was asked in a 2009 interview if the TGS writers were going to be seen more in the upcoming season , to which he replied , " One of the great things about this show and the blessing and the curse is that we have so many characters and so many different interactions between characters that work so well . [ ... ] And so , yeah , absolutely because we love those guys " . In " Into the Crevasse " , Frank , Toofer , and Lutz help Jack come up with ideas on how to improve microwaves . Part of this episode featured Jenna shooting a movie in Iceland as a retaliation to Liz , whom Jenna believes is behind the idea of adding a new cast member on TGS , a show Jenna stars in and Liz is the head writer for , though it was Jack 's idea to cast a new actor . In " Season 4 " , the season premiere episode , Jack explains that the show 's staff have become too elitist and need to change to survive in tough economic times , and informs Liz to begin searching for a new cast member to help lessen this elitist image . Jenna is not happy with this decision as she believes that her position on the show will be lessened with the arrival of a new actor . The search for a new cast member would continue throughout the season . = = Cultural references = = The episode makes several references to the automotive industry crisis of 2008 – 2009 and the financial crisis of 2007 – 2010 . When Liz asks why Jack is taking a bus to Washington he replies " ever since these buffoons from Detroit took private planes the rest of us have to put on a show , " a reference to controversial travel methods by several CEOs en route to a November 19 congressional hearing . The dilemma over bailout money also bears resemblance to federal bailouts of General Motors and Chrysler . In describing how he plans to destroy Jack 's image , Devon says " by the time I 'm done you 're going to make AIG look like the Lehman Brothers of microwaves , " a reference to two notable corporations from the financial crisis . Devon also says that in his search for an organization more powerful than GE he selected the American government because , " American Idol 's not on until January . " In their attempt to design a new microwave Jack , Frank , and Toofer change features on the microwave such as adding four doors and putting wheels on it until Jack stops the project saying they had " invented the Pontiac Aztek . " While living in Liz 's apartment Tracy orders several adult films on pay @-@ per @-@ view including The Curious Case of Benjamin Butt and I 'm @-@ A @-@ Do @-@ Us , puns on the films The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) and Amadeus ( 1984 ) . The story Jack tells Liz about the time he fell down into a crevasse and had to climb down into the darkness is inspired by the 1988 book Touching the Void . In a discussion with Jenna about werewolves , Liz mentions " Thriller " , a music video by recording artist Michael Jackson . = = Reception = = According to the Nielsen ratings system , " Into the Crevasse " was watched by 6 @.@ 684 million households in its original American broadcast . It was a slight increase from the season premiere episode , " Season 4 " , which was seen by 6 @.@ 312 million American viewers . The show claimed a 3 @.@ 2 rating / 8 share in the 18 – 49 demographic , meaning that it was seen by 3 @.@ 2 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 8 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . Will Arnett received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards for his performance in this episode , but lost it to actor Neil Patrick Harris for his guest appearance on Glee . Robert Canning of IGN reviewed the episode , simply saying he " loved this episode , " giving it a perfect 10 out of 10 score . Canning enjoyed Jack and Devon 's back @-@ and @-@ forth , and wrote that Jenna and Tracy " tormenting " Liz in their separate ways were " equally gratifying . " Meredith Blake , a contributor from the Los Angeles Times opined , " To all those haters who say 30 Rock is losing its touch , I say ' poppycock ! ' [ ' Into the Crevasse ' ] was proof that the show is as zippy as ever . " She noted that Jack 's plot " didn 't make a whole lot of sense " , nonetheless " anything that means more Will Arnett on 30 Rock is fine by me . " Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad reported it was great to see Jack and NBC " still being affected by the economy , government bailouts , and Washington hearings " . Sassone much preferred " Into the Crevasse " than " Season 4 " . New York magazine contributor Mark Graham said this episode of 30 Rock saw the series " once again hitting a familiar , meta @-@ flavored stride , as Tina Fey and her writing staff tried a ' ripped from the headlines ' approach and took on recent real @-@ life story lines like the 30 Rock porno " . " The return of Will Arnett , the existence of a Porn Liz , and one deal breaker after another : ' Into the Crevasse ' had some killer lines , even if it didn 't come together in one big narrative " , remarked Margaret Lyons of Entertainment Weekly . In his recap , TV Guide 's Michael Anthony said that the Jack and Devon characters " really [ knew ] how to put a playful spin " on the bail out and government money story . Kevin Aeh of Time Out Chicago said the episode " had some great lines " but overall it " was a little all over the place and , as a whole , not super hilarious . " Sean Gandert of Paste magazine also reviewed " Into the Crevasse , " saying it " makes for an adequate , though not spectacular , episode " and that he was disappointed because he felt 30 Rock was beginning to " coast " as a series . Television columnist Alan Sepinwall from The Star @-@ Ledger was not impressed with Jenna 's trip to Iceland , commenting that the show needs to find something new to do with the character or have her quit TGS . Sepinwall wrote that the writing staff have done " better iterations " of Tracy being mad at Liz story angles . The A.V. Club 's Nathan Rabin disliked " Into the Crevasse " , noting that it fell short for its " tired storylines , an over @-@ reliance on familiar faces to prop up weak gags and characters that are rapidly devolving into glib caricatures of themselves . " = Russian ironclad Ne Tron Menia = The Russian ironclad Ne Tron Menia ( Russian : Не тронь меня ) was the second of the three Pervenets @-@ class broadside ironclads built for the Imperial Russian Navy during the mid @-@ 1860s . She joined the Baltic Fleet upon completion and never left Russian waters . Beginning in 1870 the ship was assigned to the Gunnery Training Detachment and was frequently rearmed . Ne Tron Menia was placed in reserve and hulked a decade later . In 1905 the ship was disarmed and she was sold in 1908 . After the end of the Russian Civil War , she was acquired by the Soviets before being sold to a factory in 1925 . The ship was sunk in the Siege of Leningrad during World War II and was scrapped after she was salvaged in 1950 . = = Design and description = = The Pervenents @-@ class ironclads were designed as Coastal defence ships to protect the approaches to Saint Petersburg and were referred to as " self @-@ propelled armored floating batteries " . As such , a heavy armament and protection were the most important factors in their design . Ne Tron Menia means Touch Me Not and refers to the Biblical verse , John 20 : 17 . Ne Tron Menia was 220 feet ( 67 @.@ 1 m ) long overall , with a beam of 53 feet ( 16 @.@ 2 m ) and a designed draft of 14 feet 6 inches ( 4 @.@ 4 m ) . She displaced 3 @,@ 340 long tons ( 3 @,@ 390 t ) and her iron hull had a pronounced tumblehome . She was fitted with large rams at bow and stern ; the stern ram also serving to protect her rudder and propeller . The ship did not steer well and had " an unpredictable habit of suddenly lurching to one side or another " , probably as a result of poor water flow to the rudder . Ne Tron Menia required six men to man her wheel and her total crew numbered 459 officers and enlisted men . She received the refurbished engine from the steam ship of the line Konstantin as a cost @-@ cutting measure , originally intended for her sister Pervenets . This was probably a direct @-@ acting steam engine and was built by the British firm of Humphrys & Tennant . Steam was provided by four rectangular fire @-@ tube boilers . During sea trials on 18 July 1865 , the engine produced a total of 1 @,@ 200 indicated horsepower ( 890 kW ) and gave the ship a maximum speed of 7 @.@ 75 – 8 knots ( 14 @.@ 35 – 14 @.@ 82 km / h ; 8 @.@ 92 – 9 @.@ 21 mph ) . She carried a maximum of 500 long tons ( 510 t ) of coal , but her endurance is unknown . Ne Tron Menia was schooner @-@ rigged with three iron masts . Under a combination of sail and steam the ship could reach a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) Ne Tron Menia was completed with seventeen 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) rifled guns . Fifteen were mounted on the broadside on the main deck and two guns were placed in pivot mounts on the upper deck to serve as chase guns . One of the main deck guns was removed and a 7 @.@ 72 @-@ inch ( 196 mm ) 60 @-@ pounder smoothbore gun was added on the upper deck in 1868 . Unlike Pervenets , the ship 's tumblehome of 27 ° , intended to deflect shells , began above the waterline so the narrow vertical strake of wrought iron armor at the waterline was increased to a thickness of 5 @.@ 5 inches ( 140 mm ) in compensation for its reduced protective abilities . The rest of the ship 's side was protected with 4 @.@ 5 inches of armor that reduced to 4 inches ( 102 mm ) beginning 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) from the ship 's ends . It backed by 10 inches ( 254 mm ) of teak and extended 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) below the waterline . The ship 's hull was divided by six watertight transverse and two longitudinal bulkheads for protection against underwater damage . The open @-@ topped conning tower was also protected by 4 @.@ 5 inches of armor . = = Construction and service = = Ne Tron Menia , Touch Ne Not ( from the biblical Latin phrase Noli me tangere which appears in John 20 : 17 ) , was ordered on 31 May 1862 when a contract was signed with the British shipbuilder Charles Mitchell . The total price of the ship was 923 @,@ 500 rubles . The state @-@ owned Galerniy Island Shipyard in Saint Petersburg was leased to Mitchell and the Naval Ministry agreed to upgrade the facilities to handle iron @-@ hulled , ironclad warships . The construction of a new slipway large enough to handle the ship delayed the start of construction until 30 January 1863 and the delay allowed the design to be modified to handle larger and more powerful eight @-@ inch rifles about to enter service . These guns required more room to operate than the older , ineffectual smoothbore guns , so the main deck was slightly widened by raising the point at which the hull 's tumblehome began . Based on the experiences with her sister , bilge keels 12 inches ( 305 mm ) deep and 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) were fitted to reduce the ship 's rolling . Ne Tron Menia was not formally laid down until 1 December 1863 and she was launched on 23 June 1864 . The ship entered service on 18 July 1865 with the Baltic Fleet . She collided with the armored frigate Petropavlovsk in July 1869 , and was frequently assigned to the Gunnery Training Detachment after 1870 . As part of this formation , Ne Tron Menia was frequently rearmed to train officers and men on some of the latest guns to enter service . In 1880 she mounted a dozen 8 @-@ inch on her gun deck . On her upper deck , sometimes mounted on platforms that extended over her bulwarks , were a 9 @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) mortar , a 3 @.@ 42 @-@ inch ( 87 mm ) four @-@ pounder , four @-@ barreled gun , a 1 @.@ 75 @-@ inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , and a 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) Palmcrantz auto @-@ cannon . The mortar was removed in 1881 as it strained the ship 's structure . To alleviate the cramped conditions of the steersmen , the ship 's wheel was transferred from the gun deck to a platform that spanned her bulwarks in front of the mizzenmast in 1871 . The conning tower was removed 1876 – 77 and new boilers were installed . These increased the engine 's power to 1 @,@ 700 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 300 kW ) and Ne Tron Menia reached 8 @.@ 5 knots on sea trials . In 1883 , she rammed the Norwegian ship Heiden in 1882 and the ship was placed in reserve three years later . She was reclassified as a coast defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and was hulked on 23 March 1895 . Ne Tron Menia served with the Mine School at Kronstadt before she was disarmed on 15 September 1905 and stricken from the Navy List on 11 October . Turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal , she was sold on 8 September 1908 to be used as a barge . Ne Tron Menia was acquired by the Soviets after the Russian Civil War and then sold to the Leningrad Metal Works on 24 June 1925 . During World War II , she was sunk in the Neva River . She was raised in 1950 and subsequently scrapped . = Battle of Mahé = The Battle of Mahé was a minor naval engagement of the last year of the French Revolutionary Wars , fought on 19 August 1801 in the harbour of Mahé in the Seychelles , a French colony in the Indian Ocean . Since the demise of the French Indian Ocean squadron in 1799 , the Royal Navy had maintained dominance in the East Indies , controlling the shipping routes along which trade flowed and allowing the rapid movement of military forces around the theatre . French First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte had long @-@ harboured ambitions of threatening British India , and in 1798 had launched an invasion of Egypt as an initial step to achieving this goal . The campaign had failed , and the French army in Egypt was under severe pressure by early 1801 , partly due to the presence of a British squadron acting with impunity in the Red Sea . To disrupt British ships supplying the Red Sea squadron the French Navy sent the newly built 36 @-@ gun frigate Chiffonne to the Western Indian Ocean under the command of Pierre Guiyesse . This ship , also carrying 32 exiled political prisoners , was instructed to operate from Mahé . After an eventual journey , Chiffone arrived in the Seychelles in August and Guiyesse ordered his crew to effect repairs before the mission could begin . Anchored in a bay sheltered by coral reefs and protected by a hastily erected gun battery , he believed his ship would be safe from attack . The British commander in the region , Rear @-@ Admiral Peter Rainier , had assumed the French would send a force against the Red Sea squadron and ordered the 38 @-@ gun frigate HMS Sibylle under Captain Charles Adam to investigate . Adam sailed to Mahé and discovered the French ship undergoing repairs . Carefully manoeuvring through the coral reefs , Adam brought Sybille alongside Chiffone and fought a brief but fiercely contested battle before Guiyesse was forced to surrender . A month later , the French brig Flèche , operating from the same harbour on the same mission , was intercepted and sunk by the brig HMS Victor . These operations were the last significant actions of the war	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
cca ; this specified rights and duties of all citizens , and the relationship of the different communities in Medina ( including the Muslim community to other communities , specifically the Jews and other " Peoples of the Book " ) . The community defined in the Constitution of Medina , Ummah , had a religious outlook , also shaped by practical considerations and substantially preserved the legal forms of the old Arab tribes . Several ordinances were proclaimed to win over the numerous and wealthy Jewish population . These were soon rescinded as the Jews insisted on preserving the entire Mosaic law , and did not recognize him as a prophet because he was not of the race of David . The first group of converts to Islam in Medina were the clans without great leaders ; these clans had been subjugated by hostile leaders from outside . This was followed by the general acceptance of Islam by the pagan population of Medina , with some exceptions . According to Ibn Ishaq , this was influenced by the conversion of Sa 'd ibn Mu 'adh ( a prominent Medinan leader ) to Islam . Medinans who converted to Islam and helped the Muslim emigrants find shelter became known as the ansar ( supporters ) . Then Muhammad instituted brotherhood between the emigrants and the supporters and he chose Ali as his own brother . = = = = Beginning of armed conflict = = = = Following the emigration , the people of Mecca seized property of Muslim emigrants to Medina . Armed conflict would later break out between the Meccan pagans and the Muslims . Muhammad delivered Quranic verses permitting Muslims to fight the Meccans ( see sura Al @-@ Hajj , Quran 22 : 39 – 40 ) . According to the traditional account , on 11 February 624 , while praying in the Masjid al @-@ Qiblatayn in Medina , Muhammad received revelations from God that he should be facing Mecca rather than Jerusalem during prayer . Muhammad adjusted to the new direction , and his companions praying with him followed his lead , beginning the tradition of facing Mecca during prayer . In March 624 , Muhammad led some three hundred warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan . The Muslims set an ambush for the caravan at Badr . Aware of the plan , the Meccan caravan eluded the Muslims . A Meccan force was sent to protect the caravan , and went on to confront the Muslims upon receiving word that the caravan was safe . The Battle of Badr commenced . Though outnumbered more than three to one , the Muslims won the battle , killing at least forty @-@ five Meccans with fourteen Muslims dead . They also succeeded in killing many Meccan leaders , including Abu Jahl . Seventy prisoners had been acquired , many of whom were ransomed in return for wealth or freed . Muhammad and his followers saw the victory as confirmation of their faith and Muhammad ascribed the victory as assisted from an invisible host of angels . The Quranic verses of this period , unlike the Meccan verses , dealt with practical problems of government and issues like the distribution of spoils . The victory strengthened Muhammad 's position in Medina and dispelled earlier doubts among his followers . As a result , the opposition to him became less vocal . Pagans who had not yet converted were very bitter about the advance of Islam . Two pagans , Asma bint Marwan of the Aws Manat tribe and Abu ' Afak of the ' Amr b . ' Awf tribe , had composed verses taunting and insulting the Muslims . They were killed by people belonging to their own or related clans , and Muhammad did not disapprove of the killings . This report however is considered by some to be a fabrication . Most members of those tribes converted to Islam and there was hardly any opposition from the pagans left . Muhammad expelled from Medina the Banu Qaynuqa , one of three main Jewish tribes , but some historians contend that the expulsion happened after Muhammad 's death . According to al @-@ Waqidi , after Abd @-@ Allah ibn Ubaiy spoke for them , Muhammad refrained from executing them and commanded that they be exiled from Medina . Following the Battle of Badr , Muhammad also made mutual @-@ aid alliances with a number of Bedouin tribes to protect his community from attacks from the northern part of Hejaz . = = = = Conflict with Mecca = = = = The Meccans were eager to avenge their defeat . To maintain economic prosperity , the Meccans needed to restore their prestige , which had been reduced at Badr . In the ensuing months , the Meccans sent ambush parties to Medina while Muhammad led expeditions against tribes allied with Mecca and sent raiders onto a Meccan caravan . Abu Sufyan gathered an army of three thousand men and set out for an attack on Medina . A scout alerted Muhammad of the Meccan army 's presence and numbers a day later . The next morning , at the Muslim conference of war , dispute arose over how best to repel the Meccans . Muhammad and many senior figures suggested it would be safer to fight within Medina and take advantage of the heavily fortified strongholds . Younger Muslims argued that the Meccans were destroying crops , and huddling in the strongholds would destroy Muslim prestige . Muhammad eventually conceded to the younger Muslims and readied the Muslim force for battle . Muhammad led his force outside to the mountain of Uhud ( the location of the Meccans camp ) and fought the Battle of Uhud on 23 March 625 . Although the Muslim army had the advantage in early encounters , lack of discipline on the part of strategically placed archers led to a Muslim defeat ; 75 Muslims were killed including Hamza , Muhammad 's uncle who became one of the best known martyrs in the Muslim tradition . The Meccans did not pursue the Muslims , instead they marched back to Mecca declaring victory . The announcement is probably because Muhammad was wounded and thought dead . When they discovered that Muhammad lived , the Meccans did not return due to false information about new forces coming to his aid . The attack had failed to achieve their aim of completely destroying the Muslims . The Muslims buried the dead , and returned to Medina that evening . Questions accumulated about the reasons for the loss ; Muhammad delivered Quranic verses 3 : 152 indicating that the defeat was twofold : partly a punishment for disobedience , partly a test for steadfastness . Abu Sufyan directed his effort towards another attack on Medina . He gained support from the nomadic tribes to the north and east of Medina ; using propaganda about Muhammad 's weakness , promises of booty , memories of Quraysh prestige and through bribery . Muhammad 's new policy was to prevent alliances against him . Whenever alliances against Medina were formed , he sent out expeditions to break them up . Muhammad heard of men massing with hostile intentions against Medina , and reacted in a severe manner . One example is the assassination of Ka 'b ibn al @-@ Ashraf , a chieftain of the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir . Al @-@ Ashraf went to Mecca and wrote poems that roused the Meccans ' grief , anger and desire for revenge after the Battle of Badr . Around a year later , Muhammad expelled the Banu Nadir from Medina forcing their emigration to Syria ; he allowed them to take some possessions , as he was unable to subdue the Banu Nadir in their strongholds . The rest of their property was claimed by Muhammad in the name of God as it was not gained with bloodshed . Muhammad surprised various Arab tribes , individually , with overwhelming force , causing his enemies to unite to annihilate him . Muhammad 's attempts to prevent a confederation against him were unsuccessful , though he was able to increase his own forces and stopped many potential tribes from joining his enemies . = = = = Siege of Medina = = = = With the help of the exiled Banu Nadir , the Quraysh military leader Abu Sufyan mustered a force of 10 @,@ 000 men . Muhammad prepared a force of about 3 @,@ 000 men and adopted a form of defense unknown in Arabia at that time ; the Muslims dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack . The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam , Salman the Persian . The siege of Medina began on 31 March 627 and lasted two weeks . Abu Sufyan 's troops were unprepared for the fortifications , and after an ineffectual siege , the coalition decided to return home . The Quran discusses this battle in sura Al @-@ Ahzab , in verses 33 : 9 – 27 . During the battle , the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza , located to the south of Medina , entered into negotiations with Meccan forces to revolt against Muhammad . Although the Meccan forces were swayed by suggestions that Muhammad was sure to be overwhelmed , they desired reassurance in case the confederacy was unable to destroy him . No agreement was reached after prolonged negotiations , partly due to sabotage attempts by Muhammad 's scouts . After the coalition 's retreat , the Muslims accused the Banu Qurayza of treachery and besieged them in their forts for 25 days . The Banu Qurayza eventually surrendered ; according to Ibn Ishaq , all the men apart from a few converts to Islam were beheaded , while the women and children were enslaved . Walid N. Arafat and Barakat Ahmad have disputed the accuracy of Ibn Ishaq 's narrative . Arafat believes that Ibn Ishaq 's Jewish sources , speaking over 100 years after the event , conflated this account with memories of earlier massacres in Jewish history ; he notes that Ibn Ishaq was considered an unreliable historian by his contemporary Malik ibn Anas , and a transmitter of " odd tales " by the later Ibn Hajar . Ahmad argues that only some of the tribe was killed , while some of the fighters were merely enslaved . Watt finds Arafat 's arguments " not entirely convincing " , while Meir J. Kister has contradicted the arguments of Arafat and Ahmad . In the siege of Medina , the Meccans exerted the available strength to destroy the Muslim community . The failure resulted in a significant loss of prestige ; their trade with Syria vanished . Following the Battle of the Trench , Muhammad made two expeditions to the north , both ended without any fighting . While returning from one of these journeys ( or some years earlier according to other early accounts ) , an accusation of adultery was made against Aisha , Muhammad 's wife . Aisha was exonerated from accusations when Muhammad announced he had received a revelation confirming Aisha 's innocence and directing that charges of adultery be supported by four eyewitnesses ( sura 24 , An @-@ Nur ) . = = = = Truce of Hudaybiyyah = = = = Although Muhammad had delivered Quranic verses commanding the Hajj , the Muslims had not performed it due to Quraysh enmity . In the month of Shawwal 628 , Muhammad ordered his followers to obtain sacrificial animals and to prepare for a pilgrimage ( umrah ) to Mecca , saying that God had promised him the fulfillment of this goal in a vision when he was shaving his head after completion of the Hajj . Upon hearing of the approaching 1 @,@ 400 Muslims , the Quraysh dispatched 200 cavalry to halt them . Muhammad evaded them by taking a more difficult route , enabling his followers to reach al @-@ Hudaybiyya just outside Mecca . According to Watt , although Muhammad 's decision to make the pilgrimage was based on his dream , he was also demonstrating to the pagan Meccans that Islam did not threaten the prestige of the sanctuaries , that Islam was an Arabian religion . Negotiations commenced with emissaries travelling to and from Mecca . While these continued , rumors spread that one of the Muslim negotiators , Uthman bin al @-@ Affan , had been killed by the Quraysh . Muhammad called upon the pilgrims to make a pledge not to flee ( or to stick with Muhammad , whatever decision he made ) if the situation descended into war with Mecca . This pledge became known as the " Pledge of Acceptance " ( Arabic : بيعة الرضوان , bay 'at al @-@ ridhwān ) or the " Pledge under the Tree " . News of Uthman 's safety allowed for negotiations to continue , and a treaty scheduled to last ten years was eventually signed between the Muslims and Quraysh . The main points of the treaty included : cessation of hostilities , the deferral of Muhammad 's pilgrimage to the following year , and agreement to send back any Meccan who emigrated to Medina without permission from their protector . Many Muslims were not satisfied with the treaty . However , the Quranic sura " Al @-@ Fath " ( The Victory ) ( Quran 48 : 1 – 29 ) assured them that the expedition must be considered a victorious one . It was later that Muhammad 's followers realized the benefit behind the treaty . These benefits included the requirement of the Meccans to identify Muhammad as an equal , cessation of military activity allowing Medina to gain strength , and the admiration of Meccans who were impressed by the pilgrimage rituals . After signing the truce , Muhammad assembled an expedition against the Jewish oasis of Khaybar , known as the Battle of Khaybar . This was possibly due to housing the Banu Nadir who were inciting hostilities against Muhammad , or to regain prestige from what appeared as the inconclusive result of the truce of Hudaybiyya . According to Muslim tradition , Muhammad also sent letters to many rulers , asking them to convert to Islam ( the exact date is given variously in the sources ) . He sent messengers ( with letters ) to Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire ( the eastern Roman Empire ) , Khosrau of Persia , the chief of Yemen and to some others . In the years following the truce of Hudaybiyya , Muhammad directed his forces against the Arabs on Transjordanian Byzantine soil in the Battle of Mu 'tah . = = = Final years = = = = = = = Conquest of Mecca = = = = The truce of Hudaybiyyah had been enforced for two years . The tribe of Banu Khuza 'a had good relations with Muhammad , whereas their enemies , the Banu Bakr , had allied with the Meccans . A clan of the Bakr made a night raid against the Khuza 'a , killing a few of them . The Meccans helped the Banu Bakr with weapons and , according to some sources , a few Meccans also took part in the fighting . After this event , Muhammad sent a message to Mecca with three conditions , asking them to accept one of them . These were : either the Meccans would pay blood money for the slain among the Khuza 'ah tribe , they disavow themselves of the Banu Bakr , or they should declare the truce of Hudaybiyyah null . The Meccans replied that they accepted the last condition . Soon they realized their mistake and sent Abu Sufyan to renew the Hudaybiyyah treaty , a request that was declined by Muhammad . Muhammad began to prepare for a campaign . In 630 , Muhammad marched on Mecca with 10 @,@ 000 Muslim converts . With minimal casualties , Muhammad seized control of Mecca . He declared an amnesty for past offences , except for ten men and women who were " guilty of murder or other offences or had sparked off the war and disrupted the peace " . Some of these were later pardoned . Most Meccans converted to Islam and Muhammad proceeded to destroy all the statues of Arabian gods in and around the Kaaba . According to reports collected by Ibn Ishaq and al @-@ Azraqi , Muhammad personally spared paintings or frescos of Mary and Jesus , but other traditions suggest that all pictures were erased . The Quran discusses the conquest of Mecca . = = = = Conquest of Arabia = = = = Following the conquest of Mecca , Muhammad was alarmed by a military threat from the confederate tribes of Hawazin who were raising an army twice Muhammad 's size . The Banu Hawazin were old enemies of the Meccans . They were joined by the Banu Thaqif ( inhabiting the city of Ta 'if ) who adopted an anti @-@ Meccan policy due to the decline of the prestige of Meccans . Muhammad defeated the Hawazin and Thaqif tribes in the Battle of Hunayn . In the same year , Muhammad organized an attack against northern Arabia because of their previous defeat at the Battle of Mu 'tah and reports of hostility adopted against Muslims . With great difficulty he assembled thirty thousand men ; half of whom on the second day returned with Abd @-@ Allah ibn Ubayy , untroubled by the damning verses which Muhammad hurled at them . Although Muhammad did not engage with hostile forces at Tabuk , he received the submission of some local chiefs of the region . He also ordered destruction of any remaining pagan idols in Eastern Arabia . The last city to hold out against the Muslims in Western Arabia was Taif . Muhammad refused to accept the city 's surrender until they agreed to convert to Islam and allowed men to destroy the statue of their goddess Allat . A year after the Battle of Tabuk , the Banu Thaqif sent emissaries to surrender to Muhammad and adopt Islam . Many bedouins submitted to Muhammad to safeguard against his attacks and to benefit from the spoils of war . However , the bedouins were alien to the system of Islam and wanted to maintain independence : namely their code of virtue and ancestral traditions . Muhammad required a military and political agreement according to which they " acknowledge the suzerainty of Medina , to refrain from attack on the Muslims and their allies , and to pay the Zakat , the Muslim religious levy . " = = = = Farewell pilgrimage = = = = In 632 , at the end of the tenth year after migration to Medina , Muhammad completed his first truly Islamic pilgrimage , thereby teaching his followers the rites of the annual Great Pilgrimage , known as Hajj . After completing the pilgrimage , Muhammad delivered a famous speech , known as the Farewell Sermon , at Mount Arafat east of Mecca . In this sermon , Muhammad advised his followers not to follow certain pre @-@ Islamic customs . For instance , he said a white has no superiority over a black , nor a black has any superiority over a white except by piety and good action . He abolished old blood feuds and disputes based on the former tribal system and asked for old pledges to be returned as implications of the creation of the new Islamic community . Commenting on the vulnerability of women in his society , Muhammad asked his male followers to " be good to women , for they are powerless captives ( awan ) in your households . You took them in God 's trust , and legitimated your sexual relations with the Word of God , so come to your senses people , and hear my words ... " He told them that they were entitled to discipline their wives but should do so with kindness . He addressed the issue of inheritance by forbidding false claims of paternity or of a client relationship to the deceased , and forbade his followers to leave their wealth to a testamentary heir . He also upheld the sacredness of four lunar months in each year . According to Sunni tafsir , the following Quranic verse was delivered during this event : " Today I have perfected your religion , and completed my favours for you and chosen Islam as a religion for you " ( Quran 5 : 3 ) . According to Shia tafsir , it refers to the appointment of Ali ibn Abi Talib at the pond of Khumm as Muhammad 's successor , this occurring a few days later when Muslims were returning from Mecca to Medina . = = = = Death and tomb = = = = A few months after the farewell pilgrimage , Muhammad fell ill and suffered for several days with fever , head pain , and weakness . He died on Monday , 8 June 632 , in Medina , at the age of 62 or 63 , in the house of his wife Aisha . With his head resting on Aisha 's lap , he asked her to dispose of his last worldly goods ( seven coins ) , then spoke his final words : O Allah , to Ar @-@ Rafiq Al @-@ A 'la ( exalted friend , highest abode or the uppermost , highest company in heaven ) . Ar @-@ Rafiq Al @-@ A 'la may be referring to God . He was buried where he died in Aisha 's house . During the reign of the Umayyad caliph al @-@ Walid I , al @-@ Masjid an @-@ Nabawi ( the Mosque of the Prophet ) was expanded to include the site of Muhammad 's tomb . The Green Dome above the tomb was built by the Mamluk sultan Al Mansur Qalawun in the 13th century , although the green color was added in the 16th century , under the reign of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent . Among tombs adjacent to that of Muhammad are those of his companions ( Sahabah ) , the first two Muslim caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar , and an empty one that Muslims believe awaits Jesus . When bin Saud took Medina in 1805 , Muhammad 's tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornaments . Adherents to Wahhabism , bin Sauds ' followers destroyed nearly every tomb dome in Medina in order to prevent their veneration , and the one of Muhammad is said to have narrowly escaped . Similar events took place in 1925 when the Saudi militias retook — and this time managed to keep — the city . In the Wahhabi interpretation of Islam , burial is to take place in unmarked graves . Although frowned upon by the Saudis , many pilgrims continue to practice a ziyarat — a ritual visit — to the tomb . = = = After Muhammad = = = Muhammad united several of the tribes of Arabia into a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the last years of his life . With Muhammad 's death , disagreement broke out over who his successor would be . Umar ibn al @-@ Khattab , a prominent companion of Muhammad , nominated Abu Bakr , Muhammad 's friend and collaborator . With additional support Abu Bakr was confirmed as the first caliph . This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad 's companions , who held that Ali ibn Abi Talib , his cousin and son @-@ in @-@ law , had been designated the successor by Muhammad at Ghadir Khumm . Abu Bakr immediately moved to strike against the Byzantine ( or Eastern Roman Empire ) forces because of the previous defeat , although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an event that Muslim historians later referred to as the Ridda wars , or " Wars of Apostasy " . The pre @-@ Islamic Middle East was dominated by the Byzantine and Sassanian empires . The Roman @-@ Persian Wars between the two had devastated the region , making the empires unpopular amongst local tribes . Furthermore , in the lands that would be conquered by Muslims many Christians ( Nestorians , Monophysites , Jacobites and Copts ) were disaffected from the Eastern Orthodox Church which deemed them heretics . Within a decade Muslims conquered Mesopotamia , Byzantine Syria , Byzantine Egypt , large parts of Persia , and established the Rashidun Caliphate . = = Early social changes under Islam = = According to William Montgomery Watt religion , for Muhammad , was not a private and individual matter but " the total response of his personality to the total situation in which he found himself . He was responding [ not only ] ... to the religious and intellectual aspects of the situation but also to the economic , social , and political pressures to which contemporary Mecca was subject . " Bernard Lewis says there are two important political traditions in Islam – Muhammad as a statesman in Medina , and Muhammad as a rebel in Mecca . His view believed Islam as a great change , akin to a revolution , when introduced to new societies . Historians generally agree that Islamic social changes in areas such as social security , family structure , slavery and the rights of women and children improved on the status quo of Arab society . For example , according to Lewis , Islam " from the first denounced aristocratic privilege , rejected hierarchy , and adopted a formula of the career open to the talents " . Muhammad 's message transformed society and moral orders of life in the Arabian Peninsula ; society focused on the changes to perceived identity , world view , and the hierarchy of values . Economic reforms addressed the plight of the poor , which was becoming an issue in pre @-@ Islamic Mecca . The Quran requires payment of an alms tax ( zakat ) for the benefit of the poor ; as Muhammad 's power grew he demanded that tribes who wished to ally with him implement the zakat in particular . = = Appearance = = The description given in Muhammad ibn Isa at @-@ Tirmidhi 's book Shama 'il al @-@ Mustafa , attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib is as followed : Muhammad was middle @-@ sized , did not have lank or crisp hair , was not fat , had a white circular face , wide black eyes , and long eye @-@ lashes . When he walked , he walked as though he went down a declivity . He had the " seal of prophecy " between his shoulder blades ... He was bulky . His face shone like the moon . He was taller than middling stature but shorter than conspicuous tallness . He had thick , curly hair . The plaits of his hair were parted . His hair reached beyond the lobe of his ear . His complexion was azhar [ bright , luminous ] . Muhammad had a wide forehead , and fine , long , arched eyebrows which did not meet . Between his eyebrows there was a vein which distended when he was angry . The upper part of his nose was hooked ; he was thick bearded , had smooth cheeks , a strong mouth , and his teeth were set apart . He had thin hair on his chest . His neck was like the neck of an ivory statue , with the purity of silver . Muhammad was proportionate , stout , firm @-@ gripped , even of belly and chest , broad @-@ chested and broad @-@ shouldered . The " seal of prophecy " between Muhammad 's shoulders is generally described as having been a type of raised mole the size of a pigeon 's egg . Another description of Muhammad was provided by Umm Ma 'bad , a woman he met on his journey to Medina : I saw a man , pure and clean , with a handsome face and a fine figure . He was not marred by a skinny body , nor was he overly small in the head and neck . He was graceful and elegant , with intensely black eyes and thick eyelashes . There was a huskiness in his voice , and his neck was long . His beard was thick , and his eyebrows were finely arched and joined together . When silent , he was grave and dignified , and when he spoke , glory rose up and overcame him . He was from afar the most beautiful of men and the most glorious , and close up he was the sweetest and the loveliest . He was sweet of speech and articulate , but not petty or trifling . His speech was a string of cascading pearls , measured so that none despaired of its length , and no eye challenged him because of brevity . In company he is like a branch between two other branches , but he is the most flourishing of the three in appearance , and the loveliest in power . He has friends surrounding him , who listen to his words . If he commands , they obey implicitly , with eagerness and haste , without frown or complaint . Descriptions like these were often reproduced in calligraphic panels ( hilya or , in Turkish , hilye ) , which in the 17th century developed into an art form of their own in the Ottoman Empire . = = Household = = Muhammad 's life is traditionally defined into two periods : pre @-@ hijra ( emigration ) in Mecca ( from 570 to 622 ) , and post @-@ hijra in Medina ( from 622 until 632 ) . Muhammad is said to have had thirteen wives in total ( although two have ambiguous accounts , Rayhana bint Zayd and Maria al @-@ Qibtiyya , as wife or concubine . ) Eleven of the thirteen marriages occurred after the migration to Medina . At the age of 25 , Muhammad married the wealthy Khadijah bint Khuwaylid who was 40 years old . The marriage lasted for 25 years and was a happy one . Muhammad did not enter into marriage with another woman during this marriage . After Khadija 's death , Khawla bint Hakim suggested to Muhammad that he should marry Sawda bint Zama , a Muslim widow , or Aisha , daughter of Um Ruman and Abu Bakr of Mecca . Muhammad is said to have asked for arrangements to marry both . Muhammads marriages after the death of Khajida were contracted mostly for political or humanitarian reasons . The women were either widows of Muslims killed in battle and had been left without a protector , or belonged to important families or clans whom it was necessary to honor and strengthen alliances with . According to traditional sources Aisha was six or seven years old when betrothed to Muhammad , with the marriage not being consummated until she had reached puberty at the age of nine or ten years old . She was therefore a virgin at marriage . Muslim authors who calculate Aisha 's age based on other sources of information , such that available about her sister Asma about whom more is known , estimate that she was over thirteen and perhaps in her late teens at the time of her marriage . After migration to Medina , Muhammad ( now in his fifties ) married several more women . Muhammad did household chores and helped with housework such as preparing food , sewing clothes , and repairing shoes . He is also said to have had accustomed his wives to dialogue ; he listened to their advice , and the wives debated and even argued with him . Khadijah is said to have had four daughters with Muhammad ( Ruqayyah bint Muhammad , Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad , Zainab bint Muhammad , Fatimah Zahra ) and two sons ( Abd @-@ Allah ibn Muhammad and Qasim ibn Muhammad , who both died in childhood ) . All but one of his daughters , Fatimah , died before him . Some Shi 'a scholars contend that Fatimah was Muhammad 's only daughter . Maria al @-@ Qibtiyya bore him a son named Ibrahim ibn Muhammad , but the child died when he was two years old . Nine of Muhammad 's wives survived him . Aisha , who became known as Muhammad 's favourite wife in Sunni tradition , survived him by decades and was instrumental in helping assemble the scattered sayings of Muhammad that form the Hadith literature for the Sunni branch of Islam . Muhammad 's descendants through Fatimah are known as sharifs , syeds or sayyids . These are honorific titles in Arabic , sharif meaning ' noble ' and sayed or sayyid meaning ' lord ' or ' sir ' . As Muhammad 's only descendants , they are respected by both Sunni and Shi 'a , though the Shi 'a place much more emphasis and value on their distinction . Zayd ibn Harith was a slave that Muhammad bought , freed , and then adopted as his son . He also had a wetnurse . According to a BBC summary , " the Prophet Muhammad did not try to abolish slavery , and bought , sold , captured , and owned slaves himself . But he insisted that slave owners treat their slaves well and stressed the virtue of freeing slaves . Muhammad treated slaves as human beings and clearly held some in the highest esteem " . = = Legacy = = = = = Muslim views = = = Following the attestation to the oneness of God , the belief in Muhammad 's prophethood is the main aspect of the Islamic faith . Every Muslim proclaims in Shahadah that " I testify that there is no god but God , and I testify that Muhammad is a Messenger of God " . The Shahadah is the basic creed or tenet of Islam . Islamic belief is that ideally the Shahadah is the first words a newborn will hear ; children are taught it immediately and it will be recited upon death . Muslims repeat the shahadah in the call to prayer ( adhan ) and the prayer itself . Non @-@ Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed . In Islamic belief , Muhammad is regarded as the last prophet sent by God for the benefit of mankind . Quran 10 : 37 states that " ... it ( the Quran ) is a confirmation of ( revelations ) that went before it , and a fuller explanation of the Book – wherein there is no doubt – from The Lord of the Worlds . " . Similarly Quran 46 : 12 states " ... And before this was the book of Moses , as a guide and a mercy . And this Book confirms ( it ) ... " , while 2 : 136 commands the believers of Islam to " Say : we believe in God and that which is revealed unto us , and that which was revealed unto Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the tribes , and that which Moses and Jesus received , and which the prophets received from their Lord . We make no distinction between any of them , and unto Him we have surrendered . " Muslim tradition credits Muhammad with several miracles or supernatural events . For example , many Muslim commentators and some Western scholars have interpreted the Surah 54 : 1 – 2 as referring to Muhammad splitting the Moon in view of the Quraysh when they began persecuting his followers . Islamic historian Denis Gril believes the Quran does not overtly describe Muhammad performing miracles , and the supreme miracle of Muhammad is identified with the Quran itself . According to Islamic tradition , Muhammad was attacked by the people of Ta 'if and was badly injured . The tradition also describes an angel appearing to him and offering retribution against the assailants . It is said that Muhammad rejected the offer and prayed for the people of Ta 'if . The Sunnah represents actions and sayings of Muhammad ( preserved in reports known as Hadith ) , and covers a broad array of activities and beliefs ranging from religious rituals , personal hygiene , burial of the dead to the mystical questions involving the love between humans and God . The Sunnah is considered a model of emulation for pious Muslims and has to a great degree influenced the Muslim culture . The greeting that Muhammad taught Muslims to offer each other , " may peace be upon you " ( Arabic : as @-@ salamu `alaykum ) is used by Muslims throughout the world . Many details of major Islamic rituals such as daily prayers , the fasting and the annual pilgrimage are only found in the Sunnah and not the Quran . The Sunnah contributed much to the development of Islamic law , particularly from the end of the first Islamic century . Muslim mystics , known as sufis , who were seeking for the inner meaning of the Quran and the inner nature of Muhammad , viewed the prophet of Islam not only as a prophet but also as a perfect human @-@ being . All Sufi orders trace their chain of spiritual descent back to Muhammad . Muslims have traditionally expressed love and veneration for Muhammad . Stories of Muhammad 's life , his intercession and of his miracles ( particularly " Splitting of the moon " ) have permeated popular Muslim thought and poetry . Among Arabic odes to Muhammad , Qasidat al @-@ Burda ( " Poem of the Mantle " ) by the Egyptian Sufi al @-@ Busiri ( 1211 – 1294 ) is particularly well known , and widely held to possess a healing , spiritual power . The Quran refers to Muhammad as " a mercy ( rahmat ) to the worlds " ( Quran 21 : 107 ) . The association of rain with mercy in Oriental countries has led to imagining Muhammad as a rain cloud dispensing blessings and stretching over lands , reviving the dead hearts , just as rain revives the seemingly dead earth ( see , for example , the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al @-@ Latif ) . Muhammad 's birthday is celebrated as a major feast throughout the Islamic world , excluding Wahhabi @-@ dominated Saudi Arabia where these public celebrations are discouraged . When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad , they usually follow it with Peace be upon him ( Arabic : sallAllahu `alayhi wa sallam ) . In casual writing , this is sometimes abbreviated as PBUH or SAW ; in printed matter , a small calligraphic rendition is commonly used ( ﷺ ) . = = = = Islamic depictions = = = = In line with the hadith prohibition against creating images of sentient living beings , which is particularly strictly observed with respect to God and Muhammad , Islamic religious art is focused on the word . Muslims generally avoid depictions of Muhammad , and mosques are decorated with calligraphy and Quranic inscriptions or geometrical designs , not images or sculptures . Today , the interdiction against images of Muhammad – designed to prevent worship of Muhammad , rather than God – is much more strictly observed in Sunni Islam ( 85 % – 90 % of Muslims ) and Ahmadiyya Islam ( 1 % ) than among Shias ( 10 % – 15 % ) . While both Sunnis and Shias have created images of Muhammad in the past , Islamic depictions of Muhammad are rare . They have , until recently , mostly been limited to the private and elite medium of the miniature , and since about 1500 most depictions show Muhammad with his face veiled , or symbolically represent him as a flame . The earliest extant depictions come from 13th century Anatolian Seljuk and Ilkhanid Persian miniatures , typically in literary genres describing the life and deeds of Muhammad . During the Ilkhanid period , when Persia 's Mongol rulers converted to Islam , competing Sunni and Shi 'a groups used visual imagery , including images of Muhammad , to promote their particular interpretation of Islam 's key events . Influenced by the Buddhist tradition of representational religious art predating the Mongol elite 's conversion , this innovation was unprecedented in the Islamic world , and accompanied by a " broader shift in Islamic artistic culture away from abstraction toward representation " in " mosques , on tapestries , silks , ceramics , and in glass and metalwork " besides books . In the Persian lands , this tradition of realistic depictions lasted through the Timurid dynasty until the Safavids took power in the early 16th century . The Safavaids , who made Shi 'i Islam the state religion , initiated a departure from the traditional Ilkhanid and Timurid artistic style by covering Muhammad 's face with a veil to obscure his features and at the same time represent his luminous essence . Concomitantly , some of the unveiled images from earlier periods were defaced . Later images were produced in Ottoman Turkey and elsewhere , but mosques were never decorated with images of Muhammad . Illustrated accounts of the night journey ( mi 'raj ) were particularly popular from the Ilkhanid period through the Safavid era . During the 19th century , Iran saw a boom of printed and illustrated mi 'raj books , with Muhammad 's face veiled , aimed in particular at illiterates and children in the manner of graphic novels . Reproduced through lithography , these were essentially " printed manuscripts " . Today , millions of historical reproductions and modern images are available in some Muslim countries , especially Turkey and Iran , on posters , postcards , and even in coffee @-@ table books , but are unknown in most other parts of the Islamic world , and when encountered by Muslims from other countries , they can cause considerable consternation and offense . = = = = Medieval Christian views = = = = The earliest documented Christian knowledge of Muhammad stems from Byzantine sources . They indicate that both Jews and Christians saw Muhammad as a false prophet . Another Greek source for Muhammad is Theophanes the Confessor , a 9th @-@ century writer . The earliest Syriac source is the 7th @-@ century writer John bar Penkaye . According to Hossein Nasr , the earliest European literature often refers to Muhammad unfavorably . A few learned circles of Middle Ages Europe – primarily Latin @-@ literate scholars – had access to fairly extensive biographical material about Muhammad . They interpreted the biography through a Christian religious filter ; one that viewed Muhammad as a person who seduced the Saracens into his submission under religious guise . Popular European literature of the time portrayed Muhammad as though he were worshipped by Muslims , similar to an idol or a heathen god . In later ages , Muhammad came to be seen as a schismatic : Brunetto Latini 's 13th century Li livres dou tresor represents him as a former monk and cardinal , and Dante 's Divine Comedy ( Inferno , Canto 28 ) , written in the early 1300s , puts Muhammad and his son @-@ in @-@ law , Ali , in Hell " among the sowers of discord and the schismatics , being lacerated by devils again and again . " = = = = Emergence of positive views in Europe = = = = After the Reformation , Muhammad was often portrayed in a similar way . Guillaume Postel was among the first to present a more positive view of Muhammad . Gottfried Leibniz praised Muhammad because " he did not deviate from the natural religion " . Henri de Boulainvilliers , in his Vie de Mahomed which was published posthumously in 1730 , described Muhammad as a gifted political leader and a just lawmaker . He presents him as a divinely inspired messenger whom God employed to confound the bickering Oriental Christians , to liberate the Orient from the despotic rule of the Romans and Persians , and to spread the knowledge of the unity of God from India to Spain . Voltaire had both a positive and negative opinion on Muhammad : in his play Le fanatisme , ou Mahomet le Prophète he vilifies Muhammad as a symbol of fanaticism , and in a published essay in 1748 he calls him " a sublime and hearty charlatan " , but in his historical survey Essai sur les mœurs , he presents him as legislator and a conqueror and calls him an " enthusiast " , not an imposter . Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau , in his Social Contract ( 1762 ) , brushing aside hostile legends of Muhammad as a trickster and impostor , presents him as a sage legislator who wisely fused religious and political powers . Emmanuel Pastoret published in 1787 his Zoroaster , Confucius and Muhammad , in which he presents the lives of these three " great men " , " the greatest legislators of the universe " , and compares their careers as religious reformers and lawgivers . He rejects the common view that Muhammad is an impostor and argues that the Quran proffers " the most sublime truths of cult and morals " ; it defines the unity of God with an " admirable concision . " Pastoret writes that the common accusations of his immorality are unfounded : on the contrary , his law enjoins sobriety , generosity , and compassion on his followers : the " legislator of Arabia " was " a great man . " Napoleon Bonaparte admired Muhammad and Islam , and described him as a model lawmaker and a great man . Thomas Carlyle in his book Heroes and Hero Worship and the Heroic in History ( 1840 ) describes Muhammad as " [ a ] silent great soul ; [ ... ] one of those who cannot but be in earnest " . Carlyle 's interpretation has been widely cited by Muslim scholars as a demonstration that Western scholarship validates Muhammad 's status as a great man in history . = = = = Views by modern historians = = = = According to William Montgomery Watt and Richard Bell , recent writers generally dismiss the idea that Muhammad deliberately deceived his followers , arguing that Muhammad " was absolutely sincere and acted in complete good faith " and Muhammad 's readiness to endure hardship for his cause , with what seemed to be no rational basis for hope , shows his sincerity . Watt says that sincerity does not directly imply correctness : In contemporary terms , Muhammad might have mistaken his subconscious for divine revelation . Watt and Bernard Lewis argue that viewing Muhammad as a self @-@ seeking impostor makes it impossible to understand Islam 's development . Alford T. Welch holds that Muhammad was able to be so influential and successful because of his firm belief in his vocation . = = = = Other religious views = = = = Bahá 'ís venerate Muhammad as one of a number of prophets or " Manifestations of God " . He is thought to be the final manifestation , or seal of the Adamic cycle , but consider his teachings to have been superseded by those of Bahá 'u'lláh , the founder of the Bahai faith , and the first of Manifestation of the current cycle . = = = Criticism = = = As early as the 7th century Muhammad was attacked by non @-@ Muslim Arab contemporaries for preaching monotheism . In modern times , criticism has also dealt with Muhammad 's sincerity in claiming to be a prophet , his morality , warfare , and his marriages . = = = Praise and veneration = = = Praise and veneration of Muhammad have been expressed throughout the life of Muhammad , where from an early age , he was referred to as al @-@ Amin ( faithful , trustworthy ) and as @-@ Sadiq ( truthful ) . Muslim scholars , thinkers , mystics and other religious scholars have expressed praise and veneration of Muhammad throughout history and it remains an integral part of the Islamic tradition . Topics of the praise and veneration of Muhammad include the personality , character , teachings , morality , conduct , actions , and way of life . = = = Encyclopedias = = = = Alcoholism = Alcoholism , also known as alcohol use disorder ( AUD ) , is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in problems . It was previously divided into two types : alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence . In a medical context , alcoholism is said to exist when two or more of the following conditions is present : a person drinks large amounts over a long time period , has difficulty cutting down , acquiring and drinking alcohol takes up a great deal of time , alcohol is strongly desired , usage results in not fulfilling responsibilities , usage results in social problems , usage results in health problems , usage results in risky situations , withdrawal occurs when stopping , and alcohol tolerance has occurred with use . Risky situations include drinking and driving or having unsafe sex among others . Alcohol use can affect all parts of the body but particularly affects the brain , heart , liver , pancreas , and immune system . This can result in mental illness , Wernicke – Korsakoff syndrome , an irregular heart beat , liver failure , and an increase in the risk of cancer , among other diseases . Drinking during pregnancy can cause damage to the baby resulting in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders . Generally women are more sensitive to alcohol 's harmful physical and mental effects than men . Both environmental factors and genetics are associated with alcoholism with about half the risk attributed to each . A person with a parent or sibling with alcoholism is three to four times more likely to be alcoholic themselves . Environmental factors include social , cultural , and behavioral influences . High stress levels , anxiety , as well as inexpensive easily accessible alcohol increases risk . People may continue to drink partly to prevent or improve symptoms of withdrawal . A low level of withdrawal may last for months following stopping . Medically , alcoholism is considered both a physical and mental illness . Both questionnaires and certain blood tests may detect people with possible alcoholism . Further information is then collected to confirm the diagnosis . Prevention of alcoholism is possible by regulating and limiting the sale of alcohol , taxing alcohol to increase its cost , and providing inexpensive treatment . Treatment may take several steps . Because of the medical problems that can occur during withdrawal , alcohol detoxification should be carefully controlled . One common method involves the use of benzodiazepine medications , such as diazepam . This can be either given while admitted to a health care institution or occasionally while a person remains in the community with close supervision . Other addictions or mental illness may complicate treatment . After detoxification support such as group therapy or support groups are used to help keep a person from returning to drinking . One commonly used form of support is the group Alcoholics Anonymous . The medications acamprosate , disulfiram , or naltrexone may also be used to help prevent further drinking . The World Health Organization estimates that as of 2010 there were 208 million people with alcoholism worldwide ( 4 @.@ 1 % of the population over 15 years of age ) . In the United States about 17 million ( 7 % ) of adults and 0 @.@ 7 million ( 2 @.@ 8 % ) of those age 12 to 17 years of age are affected . It is more common among males and young adults , becoming less common in middle and old age . It is the least common in Africa at 1 @.@ 1 % and has the highest rates in Eastern Europe at 11 % . Alcoholism directly resulted in 139 @,@ 000 deaths in 2013 up from 112 @,@ 000 deaths in 1990 . A total of 3 @.@ 3 million deaths ( 5 @.@ 9 % of all deaths ) are believed to be due to alcohol . It often reduces a person 's life expectancy by around ten years . In the United States it resulted in economic costs of $ 224 billion USD in 2006 . Many terms , some insulting and others informal , have been used to refer to people affected by alcoholism including : tippler , drunkard , dipsomaniac , and souse . In 1979 , the World Health Organization discouraged the use of " alcoholism " due to its inexact meaning , preferring " alcohol dependence syndrome " . = = Signs and symptoms = = = = = Early signs = = = The risk of alcohol dependence begins at low levels of drinking and increases directly with both the volume of alcohol consumed and a pattern of drinking larger amounts on an occasion . Young adults are particularly at risk . = = = Long @-@ term misuse = = = Alcoholism is characterised by an increased tolerance to and physical dependence on alcohol , affecting an individual 's ability to control consumption . These characteristics play a role decreasing an alcoholic 's ability to stop drinking . Alcoholism can have adverse effects on mental health , causing psychiatric disorders and increasing the risk of suicide . A depressed mood is a common symptom . = = = Warning signs = = = Warning signs of alcoholism include the consumption of increasing amounts of alcohol and frequent intoxication , preoccupation with drinking to the exclusion of other activities , promises to quit and failure to keep them , the inability to remember what was said or done while drinking , personality changes , denial or the making of excuses for drinking , the refusal to admit excessive drinking , dysfunction at work , the loss of interest in personal appearance or hygiene , marital and economic hardships , and the complaint of poor health , with loss of appetite , respiratory infections , or anxiety . = = = = Physical = = = = = = = = = Short @-@ term effects = = = = = Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) of 0 @.@ 03 – 0 @.@ 12 % typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria , increased self @-@ confidence and sociability , decreased anxiety , a flushed , red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination . A BAC of 0 @.@ 09 % to 0 @.@ 25 % causes lethargy , sedation , balance problems and blurred vision . A BAC from 0 @.@ 18 % to 0 @.@ 30 % causes profound confusion , impaired speech ( e.g. , slurred speech ) , staggering , dizziness and vomiting . A BAC from 0 @.@ 25 % to 0 @.@ 40 % causes stupor , unconsciousness , anterograde amnesia , vomiting ( death may occur due to inhalation of vomit ( pulmonary aspiration ) while unconscious and respiratory depression ( potentially life @-@ threatening ) . A BAC from 0 @.@ 35 % to 0 @.@ 80 % causes a coma ( unconsciousness ) , life @-@ threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning . As with all alcoholic beverages , drinking while driving , operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident ; many countries have penalties against drunk driving . = = = = = Long @-@ term effects = = = = = Drinking more than one drink a day for women or two drinks for men increases the risk of heart disease , high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , and stroke . Risk is greater in younger people due to binge drinking which may result in violence or accidents . About 3 @.@ 3 million deaths ( 5 @.@ 9 % of all deaths ) are believed to be due to alcohol each year . Alcoholism reduces a person 's life expectancy by around ten years and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States . No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine . Long @-@ term alcohol abuse can cause a number of physical symptoms , including cirrhosis of the liver , pancreatitis , epilepsy , polyneuropathy , alcoholic dementia , heart disease , nutritional deficiencies , peptic ulcers and sexual dysfunction , and can eventually be fatal . Other physical effects include an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease , malabsorption , alcoholic liver disease , and cancer . Damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur from sustained alcohol consumption . A wide range of immunologic defects can result and there may be a generalized skeletal fragility , in addition to a recognized tendency to accidental injury , resulting a propensity to bone fractures . Women develop long @-@ term complications of alcohol dependence more rapidly than do men . Additionally , women have a higher mortality rate from alcoholism than men . Examples of long @-@ term complications include brain , heart , and liver damage and an increased risk of breast cancer . Additionally , heavy drinking over time has been found to have a negative effect on reproductive functioning in women . This results in reproductive dysfunction such as anovulation , decreased ovarian mass , problems or irregularity of the menstrual cycle , and early menopause . Alcoholic ketoacidosis can occur in individuals who chronically abuse alcohol and have a recent history of binge drinking . The amount of alcohol that can be biologically processed and its effects differ between sexes . Equal dosages of alcohol consumed by men and women generally result in women having higher blood alcohol concentrations ( BACs ) , since women generally have a higher percentage of body fat and therefore a lower volume of distribution for alcohol than men , and because the stomachs of men tend to metabolize alcohol more quickly . = = = = Psychiatric = = = = Long @-@ term misuse of alcohol can cause a wide range of mental health problems . Severe cognitive problems are common ; approximately 10 percent of all dementia cases are related to alcohol consumption , making it the second leading cause of dementia . Excessive alcohol use causes damage to brain function , and psychological health can be increasingly affected over time . Social skills are significantly impaired in people suffering from alcoholism due to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol on the brain , especially the prefrontal cortex area of the brain . The social skills that are impaired by alcohol abuse include impairments in perceiving facial emotions , prosody perception problems and theory of mind deficits ; the ability to understand humour is also impaired in alcohol abusers . Psychiatric disorders are common in alcoholics , with as many as 25 percent suffering severe psychiatric disturbances . The most prevalent psychiatric symptoms are anxiety and depression disorders . Psychiatric symptoms usually initially worsen during alcohol withdrawal , but typically improve or disappear with continued abstinence . Psychosis , confusion , and organic brain syndrome may be caused by alcohol misuse , which can lead to a misdiagnosis such as schizophrenia . Panic disorder can develop or worsen as a direct result of long @-@ term alcohol misuse . The co @-@ occurrence of major depressive disorder and alcoholism is well documented . Among those with comorbid occurrences , a distinction is commonly made between depressive episodes that remit with alcohol abstinence ( " substance @-@ induced " ) , and depressive episodes that are primary and do not remit with abstinence ( " independent " episodes ) . Additional use of other drugs may increase the risk of depression . Psychiatric disorders differ depending on gender . Women who have alcohol @-@ use disorders often have a co @-@ occurring psychiatric diagnosis such as major depression , anxiety , panic disorder , bulimia , post @-@ traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , or borderline personality disorder . Men with alcohol @-@ use disorders more often have a co @-@ occurring diagnosis of narcissistic or antisocial personality disorder , bipolar disorder , schizophrenia , impulse disorders or attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder . Women with alcoholism are more likely to have a history of physical or sexual assault , abuse and domestic violence than those in the general population , which can lead to higher instances of psychiatric disorders and greater dependence on alcohol . = = = = Social effects = = = = The social problems arising from alcoholism are serious , caused by the pathological changes in the brain and the intoxicating effects of alcohol . Alcohol abuse is associated with an increased risk of committing criminal offences , including child abuse , domestic violence , rape , burglary and assault . Alcoholism is associated with loss of employment , which can lead to financial problems . Drinking at inappropriate times , and behavior caused by reduced judgment , can lead to legal consequences , such as criminal charges for drunk driving or public disorder , or civil penalties for tortious behavior , and may lead to a criminal sentence . An alcoholic 's behavior and mental impairment , while drunk , can profoundly affect those surrounding them and lead to isolation from family and friends . This isolation can lead to marital conflict and divorce , or contribute to domestic violence . Alcoholism can also lead to child neglect , with subsequent lasting damage to the emotional development of the alcoholic 's children . For this reason , children of alcoholic parents can develop a number of emotional problems . For example , they can become afraid of their parents , because of their unstable mood behaviors . In addition , they can develop considerable amount of shame over their inadequacy to liberate their parents from alcoholism . As a result of this failure , they develop wretched self @-@ images , which can lead to depression . = = = Alcohol withdrawal = = = As with similar substances with a sedative @-@ hypnotic mechanism , such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines , withdrawal from alcohol dependence can be fatal if it is not properly managed . Alcohol 's primary effect is the increase in stimulation of the GABAA receptor , promoting central nervous system depression . With repeated heavy consumption of alcohol , these receptors are desensitized and reduced in number , resulting in tolerance and physical dependence . When alcohol consumption is stopped too abruptly , the person 's nervous system suffers from uncontrolled synapse firing . This can result in symptoms that include anxiety , life @-@ threatening seizures , delirium tremens , hallucinations , shakes and possible heart failure . Other neurotransmitter systems are also involved , especially dopamine , NMDA and glutamate . Severe acute withdrawal symptoms such as delirium tremens and seizures rarely occur after 1 week post cessation of alcohol . The acute withdrawal phase can be defined as lasting between one and three weeks . In the period of 3 – 6 weeks following cessation increased anxiety , depression as well as sleep disturbance is common ; fatigue and tension can persist for up to 5 weeks as part of the post @-@ acute withdrawal syndrome ; about a quarter of alcoholics experience anxiety and depression for up to 2 years . These post @-@ acute withdrawal symptoms have also been demonstrated in animal models of alcohol dependence and withdrawal . A kindling effect also occurs in alcoholics whereby each subsequent withdrawal syndrome is more severe than the previous withdrawal episode ; this is due to neuroadaptations which occur as a result of periods of abstinence followed by re @-@ exposure to alcohol . Individuals who have had multiple withdrawal episodes are more likely to develop seizures and experience more severe anxiety during withdrawal from alcohol than alcohol dependent individuals without a history of past alcohol withdrawal episodes . The kindling effect leads to persistent functional changes in brain neural circuits as well as to gene expression . Kindling also results in the intensification of psychological symptoms of alcohol withdrawal . There are decision tools and questionnaires which help guide physicians in evaluating alcohol withdrawal . For example , the CIWA @-@ Ar objectifies alcohol withdrawal symptoms in order to guide therapy decisions which allows for an efficient interview while at the same time retaining clinical usefulness , validity and reliability , ensuring proper care for withdrawal patients , who can be in danger of death . = = Causes = = A complex mixture of genetic and environmental factors influences the risk of the development of alcoholism . Genes that influence the metabolism of alcohol also influence the risk of alcoholism , and may be indicated by a family history of alcoholism . One paper has found that alcohol use at an early age may influence the expression of genes which increase the risk of alcohol dependence . Individuals who have a genetic disposition to alcoholism are also more likely to begin drinking at an earlier age than average . Also , a younger age of onset of drinking is associated with an increased risk of the development of alcoholism , and about 40 percent of alcoholics will drink excessively by their late adolescence . It is not entirely clear whether this association is causal , and some researchers have been known to disagree with this view . Severe childhood trauma is also associated with a general increase in the risk of drug dependency . Lack of peer and family support is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism developing . Genetics and adolescence are associated with an increased sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of chronic alcohol abuse . Cortical degeneration due to the neurotoxic effects increases impulsive behaviour , which may contribute to the development , persistence and severity of alcohol use disorders . There is evidence that with abstinence , there is a reversal of at least some of the alcohol induced central nervous system damage . The use of cannabis was associated with later problems with alcohol use . Alcohol use was associated with an increased probability of later use of tobacco , cannabis , and other illegal drugs . = = = Alcohol availability = = = Alcohol is the most available and widely abused substance . Beer alone is the world 's most widely consumed alcoholic beverage ; it is the third @-@ most popular drink overall , after water and tea . It is thought by some to be the oldest fermented beverage . = = = Gender difference = = = Based on combined data from SAMHSA 's 2004 – 2005 National Surveys on Drug Use & Health , the rate of past year alcohol dependence or abuse among persons aged 12 or older varied by level of alcohol use : 44 @.@ 7 % of past month heavy drinkers , 18 @.@ 5 % binge drinkers , 3 @.@ 8 % past month non @-@ binge drinkers , and 1 @.@ 3 % of those who did not drink alcohol in the past month met the criteria for alcohol dependence or abuse in the past year . Males had higher rates than females for all measures of drinking in the past month : any alcohol use ( 57 @.@ 5 % vs. 45 % ) , binge drinking ( 30 @.@ 8 % vs. 15 @.@ 1 % ) , and heavy alcohol use ( 10 @.@ 5 % vs. 3 @.@ 3 % ) , and males were twice as likely as females to have met the criteria for alcohol dependence or abuse in the past year ( 10 @.@ 5 % vs. 5 @.@ 1 % ) . = = = Genetic variation = = = Genetic differences exist between different racial groups which affect the risk of developing alcohol dependence . For example , there are differences between African , East Asian and Indo @-@ racial groups in how they metabolize alcohol . These genetic factors are believed to , in part , explain the differing rates of alcohol dependence among racial groups . The alcohol dehydrogenase allele ADH1 B * 3 causes a more rapid metabolism of alcohol . The allele ADH1 B * 3 is only found in those of African descent and certain Native American tribes . African Americans and Native Americans with this allele have a reduced risk of developing alcoholism . Native Americans however , have a significantly higher rate of alcoholism than average ; it is unclear why this is the case . Other risk factors such as cultural environmental effects e.g. trauma have been proposed to explain the higher rates of alcoholism among Native Americans compared to alcoholism levels in caucasians . = = Diagnosis = = = = = Definition = = = Misuse , problem use , abuse , and heavy use refer to improper use of alcohol which may cause physical , social , or moral harm to the drinker . Moderate use is defined by The Dietary Guidelines for Americans as no more than two alcoholic beverages a day for men and no more than one alcoholic beverage a day for women . Some drinkers may drink more than 600 ml of alcohol per day during a heavy drinking period . The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ( NIAAA ) defines binge drinking as the amount of alcohol leading to a blood alcohol content ( BAC ) of 0 @.@ 08 , which , for most adults , would be reached by consuming five drinks for men or four for women over a 2 @-@ hour period . According to the NIAAA , men may be at risk for alcohol @-@ related problems if their alcohol consumption exceeds 14 standard drinks per week or 4 drinks per day , and women may be at risk if they have more than 7 standard drinks per week or 3 drinks per day . It defines a standard drink as one 12 @-@ ounce bottle of beer , one 5 @-@ ounce glass of wine , or 1 @.@ 5 ounces of distilled spirits . Despite this risk , a 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10 % of either " heavy drinkers " or " binge drinkers " defined according to the above critera also met the criteria for alcohol dependence , while only 1 @.@ 3 % of non @-@ binge drinkers met this criteria . An inference drawn from this study is that evidence @-@ based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases . The term " alcoholism " is commonly used , but poorly defined . The WHO calls alcoholism " a term of long @-@ standing use and variable meaning " , and use of the term was disfavored by a 1979 WHO Expert Committee . The Big Book ( from Alcoholics Anonymous ) states that once a person is an alcoholic , they are always an alcoholic , but does not define what is meant by the term " alcoholic " in this context . In 1960 , Bill W. , co @-@ founder of Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) , said : We have never called alcoholism a disease because , technically speaking , it is not a disease entity . For example , there is no such thing as heart disease . Instead there are many separate heart ailments , or combinations of them . It is something like that with alcoholism . Therefore we did not wish to get in wrong with the medical profession by pronouncing alcoholism a disease entity . Therefore we always called it an illness , or a malady — a far safer term for us to use . In professional and research contexts , the term " alcoholism " sometimes encompasses both alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence , and sometimes is considered equivalent to alcohol dependence . Talbot ( 1989 ) observes that alcoholism in the classical disease model follows a progressive course : if a person continues to drink , their condition will worsen . This will lead to harmful consequences in their life , physically , mentally , emotionally and socially . Johnson ( 1980 ) explores the emotional progression of the addict ’ s response to alcohol . He looks at this in four phases . The first two are considered “ normal ” drinking and the last two are viewed as " typical " alcoholic drinking . Johnson 's four phases consist of : Learning the mood swing . A person is introduced to alcohol ( in some cultures this can happen at a relatively young age ) , and the person enjoys the happy feeling it produces . At this stage there is no emotional cost . Seeking the mood swing . A person will drink to regain that feeling of euphoria experienced in phase 1 ; the drinking will increase as more intoxication is required to achieve the same effect . Again at this stage , there are no significant consequences . At the third stage there are physical and social consequences , i.e. , hangovers , family problems , work problems , etc . A person will continue to drink excessively , disregarding the problems . The fourth stage can be detrimental , as Johnson cites it as a risk for premature death . As a person now drinks to feel normal , they block out the feelings of overwhelming guilt , remorse , anxiety , and shame they experience when sober . Other theorists such as Milam & Ketcham ( 1983 ) focus on the physical deterioration of alcohol . They describe the process in three stages : Adaptive stage – The person will not experience any negative symptoms , and believe they have capacity for alcohol . Physiological changes are happening with the increase in tolerance , but this will not be noticeable to the drinker or others . Dependent stage – At this stage , symptoms build gradually . Hangover symptoms may be confused with withdrawal symptoms . Many addicts will maintain their drinking to avoid withdrawal sickness , drinking small amounts frequently . They will try to hide their problem from others , and will avoid gross intoxication . Deterioration stage – Various organs are damaged due to long @-@ term drinking . Medical treatment will be required ; otherwise the pathological changes will cause death . In psychology and psychiatry , the DSM is the most common global standard , while in medicine , the standard is ICD . The terms they recommend are similar but not identical . The DSM @-@ IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence represents one approach to the definition of alcoholism . In part this is to assist in the development of research protocols in which findings can be compared to one another . According to the DSM @-@ IV , an alcohol dependence diagnosis is : " maladaptive alcohol use with clinically significant impairment as manifested by at least three of the following within any one @-@ year period : tolerance ; withdrawal ; taken in greater amounts or over longer time course than intended ; desire or unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control use ; great deal of time spent obtaining , using , or recovering from use ; social , occupational , or recreational activities given up or reduced ; continued use despite knowledge of physical or psychological sequelae . " Despite the imprecision inherent in the term , there have been attempts to define how the word " alcoholism " should be interpreted when encountered . In 1992 , it was defined by the NCADD and ASAM as " a primary , chronic disease characterized by impaired control over drinking , preoccupation with the drug alcohol , use of alcohol despite adverse consequences , and distortions in thinking . " MeSH has had an entry for " alcoholism " since 1999 , and references the 1992 definition . AA describes alcoholism as an illness that involves a physical allergy ( where " allergy " has a different meaning than that used in modern medicine . ) and a mental obsession . The doctor and addiction specialist Dr. William D. Silkworth M.D. writes on behalf of AA that " Alcoholics suffer from a " ( physical ) craving beyond mental control " . A 1960 study by E. Morton Jellinek is considered the foundation of the modern disease theory of alcoholism . Jellinek 's definition restricted the use of the word " alcoholism " to those showing a particular natural history . The modern medical definition of alcoholism has been revised numerous times since then . The American Medical Association currently uses the word alcoholism to refer to a particular chronic primary disease . = = = Social barriers = = = Attitudes and social stereotypes can create barriers to the detection and treatment of alcohol abuse . This is more of a barrier for women than men . Fear of stigmatization may lead women to deny that they are suffering from a medical condition , to hide their drinking , and to drink alone . This pattern , in turn , leads family , physicians , and others to be less likely to suspect that a woman they know is an alcoholic . In contrast , reduced fear of stigma may lead men to admit that they are suffering from a medical condition , to display their drinking publicly , and to drink in groups . This pattern , in turn , leads family , physicians , and others to be more likely to suspect that a man they know is an alcoholic . = = = Screening = = = Several tools may be used to detect a loss of control of alcohol use . These tools are mostly self @-@ reports in questionnaire form . Another common theme is a score or tally that sums up the general severity of alcohol use . The CAGE questionnaire , named for its four questions , is one such example that may be used to screen patients quickly in a doctor 's office . Two " yes " responses indicate that the respondent should be investigated further . The questionnaire asks the following questions : Have you ever felt you needed to Cut down on your drinking ? Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking ? Have you ever felt Guilty about drinking ? Have you ever felt you needed a drink first thing in the morning ( Eye @-@ opener ) to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover ? The CAGE questionnaire has demonstrated a high effectiveness in detecting alcohol @-@ related problems ; however , it has limitations in people with less severe alcohol @-@ related problems , white women and college students . Other tests are sometimes used for the detection of alcohol dependence , such as the Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire , which is a more sensitive diagnostic test than the CAGE questionnaire . It helps distinguish a diagnosis of alcohol dependence from one of heavy alcohol use . The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test ( MAST ) is a screening tool for alcoholism widely used by courts to determine the appropriate sentencing for people convicted of alcohol @-@ related offenses , driving under the influence being the most common . The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test ( AUDIT ) , a screening questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization , is unique in that it has been validated in six countries and is used internationally . Like the CAGE questionnaire , it uses a simple set of questions – a high score earning a deeper investigation . The Paddington Alcohol Test ( PAT ) was designed to screen for alcohol @-@ related problems amongst those attending Accident and Emergency departments . It concords well with the AUDIT questionnaire but is administered in a fifth of the time . Certain blood tests may also indicate possible alcoholism . = = = Genetic predisposition testing = = = Psychiatric geneticists John I. Nurnberger , Jr . , and Laura Jean Bierut suggest that alcoholism does not have a single cause — including genetic — but that genes do play an important role " by affecting processes in the body and brain that interact with one another and with an individual 's life experiences to produce protection or susceptibility " . They also report that fewer than a dozen alcoholism @-@ related genes have been identified , but that more likely await discovery . At least one genetic test exists for an allele that is correlated to alcoholism and opiate addiction . Human dopamine receptor genes have a detectable variation referred to as the DRD2 TaqI polymorphism . Those who possess the A1 allele ( variation ) of this polymorphism have a small but significant tendency towards addiction to opiates and endorphin @-@ releasing drugs like alcohol . Although this allele is slightly more common in alcoholics and opiate addicts , it is not by itself an adequate predictor of alcoholism , and some researchers argue that evidence for DRD2 is contradictory . = = = Urine and blood tests = = = There are reliable tests for the actual use of alcohol , one common test being that of blood alcohol content ( BAC ) . These tests do not differentiate alcoholics from non @-@ alcoholics ; however , long @-@ term heavy drinking does have a few recognizable effects on the body , including : Macrocytosis ( enlarged MCV ) Elevated GGT Moderate elevation of AST and ALT and an AST : ALT ratio of 2 : 1 High carbohydrate deficient transferrin ( CDT ) With regard to alcoholism , BAC is useful to judge alcohol tolerance , which in turn is sign of alcoholism . However , none of these blood tests for biological markers is as sensitive as screening questionnaires . = = Prevention = = The World Health Organization , the European Union and other regional bodies , national governments and parliaments have formed alcohol policies in order to reduce the harm of alcoholism . Targeting adolescents and young adults is regarded as an important step to reduce the harm of alcohol abuse . Increasing the age at which licit drugs of abuse such as alcohol can be purchased , the banning or restricting advertising of alcohol has been recommended as additional ways of reducing the harm of alcohol dependence and abuse . Credible , evidence based educational campaigns in the mass media about the consequences of alcohol abuse have been recommended . Guidelines for parents to prevent alcohol abuse amongst adolescents , and for helping young people with mental health problems have also been suggested . = = Management = = Treatments are varied because there are multiple perspectives of alcoholism . Those who approach alcoholism as a medical condition or disease recommend differing treatments from , for instance , those who approach the condition as one of social choice . Most treatments focus on helping people discontinue their alcohol intake , followed up with life training and / or social support to help them resist a return to alcohol use . Since alcoholism involves multiple factors which encourage a person to continue drinking , they must all be addressed to successfully prevent a relapse . An example of this kind of treatment is detoxification followed by a combination of supportive therapy , attendance at self @-@ help groups , and ongoing development of coping mechanisms . The treatment community for alcoholism typically supports an abstinence @-@ based zero tolerance approach ; however , some prefer a harm @-@ reduction approach . = = = Detoxification = = = Alcohol detoxification or ' detox ' for alcoholics is an abrupt stop of alcohol drinking coupled with the substitution of drugs , such as benzodiazepines , that have similar effects to prevent alcohol withdrawal . Individuals who are only at risk of mild to moderate withdrawal symptoms can be detoxified as outpatients . Individuals at risk of a severe withdrawal syndrome as well as those who have significant or acute comorbid conditions are generally treated as inpatients . Detoxification does not actually treat alcoholism , and it is necessary to follow @-@ up detoxification with an appropriate treatment program for alcohol dependence or abuse to reduce the risk of relapse . Some symptoms of alcohol withdrawal such as depressed mood and anxiety typically take weeks or months to abate while other symptoms persist longer due to persisting neuroadaptations . Alcoholism has serious adverse effects on brain function ; on average it takes one year of abstinence to recover from the cognitive deficits incurred by chronic alcohol abuse . = = = Psychological = = = Various forms of group therapy or psychotherapy can be used to deal with underlying psychological issues that are related to alcohol addiction , as well as provide relapse prevention skills . The mutual @-@ help group @-@ counseling approach is one of the most common ways of helping alcoholics maintain sobriety . Alcoholics Anonymous was one of the first organizations formed to provide mutual , nonprofessional counseling , and it is still the largest . Others include LifeRing Secular Recovery , SMART Recovery , Women For Sobriety , and Secular Organizations for Sobriety . Rationing and moderation programs such as Moderation Management and DrinkWise do not mandate complete abstinence . While most alcoholics are unable to limit their drinking in this way , some return to moderate drinking . A 2002 US study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ( NIAAA ) showed that 17 @.@ 7 percent of individuals diagnosed as alcohol dependent more than one year prior returned to low @-@ risk drinking . This group , however , showed fewer	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Felix Rohatyn to produce a fiscal plan that could be endorsed by both parties . Kemp was also outspoken on immigration on around this time : according to Kemp 's interpretation of a scientific index that he and Bennett support , " immigrants are a blessing , not a curse . " In 1994 , Kemp and Bennett opposed California ballot Proposition 187 , a measure to bar illegal immigrants from obtaining public services , in direct opposition to first @-@ term Republican California Governor Pete Wilson , one of its endorsers who was running for re @-@ election . Republican Senate candidate Michael Huffington had also endorsed the proposition . Kemp supported rights for illegal immigrants , but opposed Lamar Smith and Alan Simpson 's proposed restrictions on legal immigration . = = = Vice Presidential nomination ( 1996 ) = = = Kemp had a reputation as the highest @-@ profile progressive Republican . When Dole declined an invitation to speak to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , he suggested Kemp as a substitute even before Kemp had become the Vice Presidential nominee . On August 5 , 1996 , Dole announced a 15 % across @-@ the @-@ board tax cut in response to both the Forbes campaign and Kemp 's tax reform commission . Several of Dole 's other campaign ideas came from Kemp and Bill Bennett 's Empower America , which had Jeane Kirkpatrick , Weber , Forbes and Alexander as principals . For example , Dole borrowed Kirkpatrick 's tough foreign policy , Bennett 's " right conduct " and even Alexander 's school choice interest . Bennett declined the offer to be Dole 's running mate but suggested Kemp , a man described as Dole 's antagonist . On August 16 , 1996 , the Republican Party chose Kemp as its vice presidential nominee , running alongside former Senator Dole . Kemp was seen as a means to attract conservative and libertarian @-@ minded voters like those of tough nomination @-@ challengers Forbes and Pat Buchanan . Kemp was chosen over Connie Mack , John McCain , and Carroll Campbell , and it is assumed that this was partly because Kemp had several former staffers in influential positions as Dole 's senior advisors . Dole had had a long history of representing the budget @-@ balancing faction of the Party , while Kemp had had a long history of representing the tax @-@ cutting advocates , and Kemp 's tax @-@ cutting fiscal track record was seen as the perfect fit for the ticket . When Kemp became Dole 's running mate in 1996 , they appeared on the cover of the August 19 , 1996 issue of Time magazine , but the pair barely edged out a story on the reported discovery of extraterrestrial life on Mars , which was so close to being the cover story that Time inset it on the cover and wrote about how difficult the decision was . The two politicians had a storied history stemming from alternative perspectives and objectives . Dole was a longstanding conservative deficit hawk who had even voted against John F. Kennedy 's tax cuts , while Kemp was an outspoken supply @-@ sider . In the early 1980s , according to David Stockman , Kemp persuaded Reagan to make a 30 % across @-@ the @-@ board tax cut a central 1980 presidential campaign feature . Once Reagan was elected , Dole was the Senate Finance Committee chairman who Kemp claims resisted the plan every step of the way . Dole concedes he expressed reservations about the 1981 plan . The big confrontation came after the tax plan was approved and after Dole subsequently proposed tax increases that he referred to as reforms . Kemp was vocal in his opposition to the reforms and even penned an op @-@ ed piece in The New York Times , which enraged Dole . Reagan supported the reforms at Dole 's request , causing Kemp to summon allies to meetings to stop the act , which eventually passed in 1982 . At the 1984 Republican National Convention , Kemp , along with allies such as Gingrich and Lott , added a plank to the party platform that put President Reagan on record as ruling out tax increases . Gingrich called this action " Dole proofing " the platform , and the plank passed over Dole 's opposition . Then , in 1985 , Dole proposed an austere budget that barely passed in the senate with appendectomy patient Pete Wilson casting the tying vote and Vice President Bush casting the deciding vote . In meetings with the president that excluded Dole , Kemp reworked the budget to exclude crucial Social Security cutbacks . This is said to have been Dole 's most crushing political defeat and to have contributed to the Republican loss of control of the Senate . During the 1988 presidential election , the two antagonized each other . After Bush won and Kemp left Congress for the Cabinet , the two did not really cross paths again until 1996 , when Kemp endorsed Dole 's opponent Forbes on the eve of the New York Primary in March . Dole despised Kemp 's economic theories , but he felt Kemp @-@ like tax cuts offered his best chance at electoral success . For his part , Kemp had to make concessions as well : he had to back expelling the children of illegal immigrants from public schools despite his longstanding opposition to Proposition 187 and mute his opposition to abolishing affirmative @-@ action programs in California . Some derided Kemp for his compromise and referred to him as a " con artist " . From the outset of their campaign , Dole @-@ Kemp trailed , and they faced skeptics even from within the party . However , Kemp was able to use the nomination to promote his opposition to Clinton 's partial birth abortion ban veto . During the campaign , Kemp and Forbes advocated for a stronger stand on tax cutting than Dole used . However , in general , the opinion was that Kemp was helpful to the ticket 's chances of catching Bill Clinton , and Kemp 's advocacy gave a clear picture of the tax reforms that would likely occur on the condition of a successful campaign . Kemp was seen as likely to influence several types of swing voters , especially those of his native state of California , and even the Democrats feared Kemp might lure voters . After receiving the nomination , Kemp became the ticket 's spokesman for minorities and the inner @-@ city . Due to agreement on the self @-@ help policy that Louis Farrakhan has endorsed in many fora including the Million Man March , Kemp in a sense aligned himself with Farrakhan . However , Farrakhan was perceived as being anti @-@ Semitic , and Kemp was considered an ally of Republican Jews . This issue necessitated some political sidestepping . As the nominee , Kemp at times overshadowed Dole . In fact , more than once , Kemp was described as if he was the Presidential nominee . In addition to having overshadowed Dole , despite the negative ad campaigns that the ticket used , Kemp was a very positive running mate who relied on a pep rally type of campaign tour full of football @-@ related metaphors and hyperbole . Although some enjoyed Kemp 's style , referring to him as the Good Shepherd , his detractors , such as U.S. News & World Report writer Steven V. Roberts , criticized the extensive use of recounting stories of passing balls relative to the use of recounting stories of passing bills . During the campaign , Kemp expressed the opinion that Republican Party leaders did not stand behind the ticket wholeheartedly . Despite Kemp 's voice on minority issues , Colin Powell 's support and polls that showed about 30 % of blacks identified themselves as conservatives on issues such as school prayer , school vouchers and criminal justice , the Republicans were unable to improve upon historical support levels from African @-@ American voters . Both Al Gore and Kemp had Presidential aspirations , which induced pursuit of debate on a higher plane . In addition , Gore and Kemp were long @-@ time friends , unlike Gore and his previous vice presidential opponent Dan Quayle . Thus , as debaters they avoided personal attacks . However , some felt Kemp failed to counter substantive attacks . In the final October 9 , 1996 Vice Presidential Debate against Al Gore ( held as the Dole – Kemp ticket trailed badly in the national polls ) , Kemp was soundly beaten , and Al Gore 's performance is considered one of the best modern debate performances . The debate topics ranged broadly from the usual such as abortion and foreign policy to the unusual such as an incident preceding the then @-@ current baseball playoffs , in which Roberto Alomar , the Baltimore Orioles ' second baseman , cursed and spat on an umpire . The Mexico policy debate was one of the more interesting topics for critical review . The Gore victory was not a surprise since Kemp had been outmatched by Gore in previous encounters , and Gore had a reputation as an experienced and vaunted debater . = = = Legacy = = = His legacy includes the Kemp – Roth Tax Cut of the 1980s , also known as the first of two " Reagan tax cuts . " These served as the foundation of supply @-@ side economics , known as Reaganomics . Many Republicans have endorsed this Laffer Curve view that tax cuts spur economic growth and reduce deficits . Although George H. W. Bush called this philosophy voodoo economics , George W. Bush and his Treasury Secretary , John W. Snow , were believers . Kemp is also remembered alongside George Wallace and William Jennings Bryan for influencing history by changing the direction of presidential elections despite their defeats . In the early 21st century , Kemp continued to be considered along with Reagan as the politician most responsible for the implementation of supply @-@ side tax cuts and along with Steve Forbes as the political figure most responsible for their continued place in the marketplace of political ideas . He has been described as a beacon of economic conservatism and a hero for his urban agenda . Today , he continues to be described as a hero to fiscal conservatives who believe that free markets and low taxes work better than government bureaucracies . Kemp was considered the leader of the progressive conservatives who adhere to the hard right on social issues , but avoid protectionist fiscal and trade policy . In addition to Roth , he has had numerous political allies . At times , he collaborated with Gingrich and Lott on deregulation and tax cuts , collaborated with McCain and Phil Gramm on tax cuts and spending restraints , legislated with and campaigned for Joseph Lieberman , and fought poverty with James Pinkerton . Pete du Pont was a progressive conservative ally . After retiring from Congress and serving in the Cabinet , Kemp remained close to Gingrich , Lott , Weber , and Mack . Kemp was a member of the federal committee to promote Martin Luther King Jr . Day as a national holiday . As a progressive voter , he hadcivil rights leaders such as Benjamin Hooks , Andrew Young and Coretta Scott King and conservative black intellectuals like Glenn C. Loury and Robert L. Woodson as supporters and friends . He boasted of having Democratic friends such as William H. Gray III , Charles B. Rangel and Robert Garcia . Ken Blackwell was a Deputy Secretary under Kemp . During the Reagan presidency , when Kemp was able to effect tax cutting , a leading United States Senate tax @-@ cutting proponent was Democrat Bill Bradley , a former basketball star . Several American football players have followed Kemp to Congress : Steve Largent , J. C. Watts , and Heath Shuler . Congressman Paul Ryan cites Kemp as a mentor , and mentioned him in his acceptance speech as the Republican Vice @-@ Presidential nominee in 2012 . Senator Arlen Specter in a severe rebuke of federal governmental policy , stated just one day after Kemp died of cancer , that Kemp would still be alive if the federal government had done a better job funding cancer research . = = Late career = = In 1993 , Kemp , Bennett , Kirkpatrick and financial backer Theodore Forstmann co @-@ founded the free market advocacy group Empower America , which later merged with Citizens for a Sound Economy to form Freedom Works . Empower America represented the populist wing of the party : while avoiding divisive issues such as abortion and gay rights , it promoted free markets and growth over balancing the budget and cutting the deficit . He resigned as Co @-@ Chairman of Freedom Works in March 2005 after the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) questioned his ties to Samir Vincent , a Northern Virginia oil trader implicated in the U.N. Oil @-@ for @-@ food scandal who pleaded guilty to four criminal charges , including illegally acting as an unregistered lobbyist of the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein . Testimony about Kemp became prominent in the trial . Also , FBI informant Richard Fino tied Kemp to James Cosentino just weeks before the 1996 election . By 1996 , Kemp had been named a director of six corporate boards . He was a director for Hawk Corporation , IDT Corporation , CNL Hotels and Resorts , InPhonic , Cyrix Corporation and American Bankers Insurance Group . Kemp briefly served on the board of Oracle Corporation , whose CEO was his friend Larry Ellison , in 1996 , but resigned when he ran for Vice President ; he was named to the board of Six Flags , Inc. in December 2005 . Kemp opted not to stand for re @-@ election to IDT 's board in 2006 . He also served on the Habitat for Humanity board of directors , and served on the board of Atlanta @-@ based software maker EzGov Inc . Kemp also served on the board of directors of Election.com , which was the private company that ran the world 's first election on the internet ( won by Al Gore ) , the 2000 Arizona Democratic Primary . Kemp was also a business partner with Edra and Tim Blixseth promoting membership in the elite private ski and golf Yellowstone Club . Kemp also partnered with the Blixseths in a failed anti @-@ terrorism software venture called Blxware which was investigated for " conning " the federal government out of $ 20 million in contracts for software which fraudulently claimed to detect secret messages from Alqaeda in television broadcast signals . Kemp was the founder and chairman of Kemp Partners , a strategic consulting firm that helps clients achieve both business and public policy goals . In addition to corporate boards of directors , Kemp served on several advisory boards such as the UCLA School of Public Policy Advisory Board , and the Toyota Diversity Advisory Board as well as the Howard University Board of Trustees , on which he served since 1993 . On March 25 , 2003 , Kemp was selected as chairman of the board of Directors of USA Football , a national advocacy group for amateur football created by the National Football League ( NFL ) and the NFL Players Association . The organization supports Pop Warner , American Youth Football , Boys and Girls Clubs of America , National Recreation and Park Association , Police Athletic League , YMCA , and the Amateur Athletic Union . He was also vice president of NFL Charities . In the late 1990s , Kemp remained outspoken on political issues : he was critical of Clinton 's International Monetary Fund lax policies toward South Korea . In early 1998 , he was a serious contender for the 2000 United States presidential election , but his campaign possibilities faltered , and he instead endorsed eventual winner George W. Bush . Kemp continued his political advocacy for reform of taxation , Social Security and education . When a 1997 budget surplus was earmarked for debt repayment , Kemp opposed the plan in favor of tax cuts . Along with John Ashcroft and Alan Krueger , he endorsed reform of payroll taxes to eliminate double taxation . In addition to his fiscal and economic policies , Kemp advocated against abortion when Congress was considering a bill banning intact dilation and extractions . He also advocated for retired NFL veterans on issues such as cardiovascular screening , assisted living , disability benefits , and the 2007 joint replacement program . He argued in support of reforming immigration laws . In the late 1990s , Kemp also was a vocal advocate for free market reform in Africa , arguing that the continent had great economic growth potential if it could shed autocratic and statist governmental policies . In 1997 , when Gingrich was embroiled in a House ethics controversy , Kemp served as an intermediary between Dole and Gingrich to save the Republican Party leader . Later , in 2002 , when Lott made caustic remarks about Strom Thurmond , Kemp was upset , and he supported Lott 's apology , saying he had encouraged him to " repudiate segregation in every manifestation . " Kemp was among the prominent leaders who pledged to raise money in 2005 for Scooter Libby 's defense when he was charged with perjury and obstruction of justice in a case regarding the release of Central Intelligence Agency information . In 2006 Kemp , along with 2004 vice @-@ presidential nominee John Edwards , co @-@ chaired the Council on Foreign Relations task force on Russia , producing a document called " Russia 's Wrong Direction : What the United States Can and Should Do " . After their task force roles ended , the pair advocated solutions to poverty in America at various fora . On January 6 , 2008 , Kemp endorsed McCain in the 2008 Republican presidential primaries shortly before the New Hampshire primary , which surprised conservative Republican tax cutters . However , as McCain neared the official nomination , the press associated McCain with Kemp more and more . Kemp prepared an open letter to Sean Hannity , Rush Limbaugh , Laura Ingraham and other conservative talk show hosts on McCain 's behalf to quell their dissatisfactions . In addition , Kemp and Phil Gramm advised McCain on economic policy . In February 2008 , Kemp was associated with a group called " Defense of Democracies " that was advocating an electronic surveillance bill that failed in the House of Representatives . The group 's television ad caused such controversy that some of its advisors , including Schumer and Donna Brazile , resigned . He was a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation and served as Co @-@ Chair of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Cabinet . He was a board member for the Lott IMPACT Trophy , which is named after Pro Football Hall of Fame defensive back Ronnie Lott , and is awarded annually to college football 's Defensive IMPACT Player of the Year . = = Illness and death = = On January 7 , 2009 , Kemp 's office issued a statement announcing that he had cancer ; the type of cancer and the anticipated treatment were not announced . His diagnosis and prognosis were never publicly disclosed . However , he continued to serve as chairman of his Washington @-@ based Kemp Partners consulting firm and continued his involvement in charitable and political work until his death . On May 2 , 2009 , Kemp died at his home in Bethesda , Maryland , from cancer of unknown primary origin ; he was 73 . President Barack Obama praised Kemp 's work on race , adding that Kemp understood that divisions involving race and class stood in the way of the country 's common goals . Former President George W. Bush said that Kemp " will be remembered for his significant contributions to the Reagan Revolution and his steadfast dedication to conservative principles during his long and distinguished career in public service . " In April 2008 , Kemp had announced plans to establish the Jack F. Kemp Institute of Political Economy at Pepperdine University 's School of Public Policy . The plans were later scrapped and Kemp died the next year . Following his death , Jack 's son , James " Jimmy " Kemp , created the Jack Kemp Foundation in late 2009 to continue his father 's legacy . A 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) charitable organization , the foundation 's mission statement is to " develop , engage and recognize exceptional leaders who champion the American Idea " . The foundation is located in Washington , D.C , and is committed to advancing the universal values of the American Idea : growth , freedom , democracy and hope . = = Electoral history = = = = Books = = In addition to authoring significant legislation as a congressman , Kemp wrote or co @-@ authored several books : An American Idea : Ending Limits to Growth , ( Washington , DC : American Studies Center , 1984 , no ISBN ) Tax policy and the economy : a debate between Michael Harrington and Representative Jack Kemp , April 25 , 1979 . , ( New York , N.Y. : Institute for Democratic Socialism , 1979 , no ISBN ) An American Renaissance : Strategy for the 1980s , ( ISBN 0 @-@ 06 @-@ 012283 @-@ 8 , Harper & Row , 1979 ) The IRS v. The People , ( ISBN 0 @-@ 891 @-@ 95077 @-@ X , Heritage Books , 2005 ) Authored by Ken Blackwell and edited by Kemp Trusting the People : The Dole @-@ Kemp Plan to Free the Economy and Create a Better America , ( ISBN 0 @-@ 694 @-@ 51804 @-@ 2 audiobook , ASIN B000OEV5RE HarperCollins , 1996 ) coauthored with Bob Dole , narrated by Christine Todd Whitman Together We Can Meet the Challenge : Winning the Fight Against Drugs , ( ISBN 9780788102721 , U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development , 1994 ) Pro Sports : Should the Government Intervene ? , ( ISBN 9780844720975 , American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research , 1977 ) U.S. By the Numbers : What 's Left , Right & Wrong with America , ( ISBN 9781892123145 , Capital Books , Incorporated , 2000 ) with Raymond J. Keating , and Thomas N. Edmonds Our Communities , Our Homes : Pathways to Housing and Homeownership in America 's Cities and States , ( ISBN 9780976148111 , Joint Center for Housing Studies , 2007 ) with Henry G. Cisneros , Kent W. Colton , and Nicolas P. Retsinas Kemp also wrote the foreword to several books : Reaganomics : Supply Side Economics in Action ( ISBN 0 @-@ 87000 @-@ 505 @-@ 7 , Westport , Conn . : Arlington House , 1981 ) by Bruce R Bartlett with Arthur Laffer Raoul Wallenberg : Angel of Rescue by Harvey Rosenfeld ( ISBN 0879751770 , Prometheus Books , 1982 ) Best Editorial Cartoons of the Year : 1986 Edition by Charles Brooks ( ed . ) ( ISBN 9780882896052 , Pelican Publishing Company , Incorporated , 1986 ) Leadership Is Common Sense by Herman Cain ( ISBN 9781930819023 , Tapestry Press , 2001 ) Whole World 's Watching : Decarbonizing the Economy and Saving the World by Martyn Turner and Brian O 'Connell ( ISBN 9780471499817 , Wiley , John & Sons , Incorporated , 2001 ) = = Papers = = Jack Kemp papers , 1924 – 2009 ( bulk 1963 – 1996 ) . 118 @,@ 500 items . Held by the Library of Congress . = Doom 3 = Doom 3 ( stylized as D00M3 ) is a science fiction survival horror first @-@ person shooter video game developed by id Software and published by Activision . Doom 3 was first released for Microsoft Windows on August 3 , 2004 . The game was later adapted for Linux , as well as being ported by Aspyr Media for Mac OS X. Developer Vicarious Visions ported the game to the Xbox console ( now backwards compatible to the Xbox 360 ) , releasing it on April 3 , 2005 . British developers Splash Damage also assisted in design for the multiplayer elements of the game . The game is a prequel of id Software 's Doom franchise . Doom 3 is set in 2145 on Mars , where a military @-@ industrial conglomerate has set up a scientific research facility to research into fields such as teleportation , biological research and advanced weapons design . However , the teleportation experiments inadvertently open a gateway to Hell , resulting in a catastrophic invasion by demons . The player , an anonymous space marine , must fight through the base and find a way to stop the demons attacking Earth . Doom 3 features an award @-@ winning game engine , id Tech 4 , which has since been licensed out to other developers , and later released under the GNU General Public License in November 2011 . The game was a critical and commercial success for id Software ; with more than 3 @.@ 5 million copies of the game sold , it is the most successful game by the developer to date . Critics praised the game 's graphics and presentation , although reviewers were divided by how close the gameplay was to that of the original Doom , focusing primarily on simply fighting through large numbers of enemy characters . The game was followed by Resurrection of Evil , an expansion pack developed by Nerve Software in April 2005 , while a Doom film loosely based on the series was released in October 2005 . A series of novelizations of Doom 3 , written by Matthew J. Costello , debuted in February 2008 . An expanded and improved BFG Edition was released in the fourth quarter of 2012 . = = Gameplay = = = = = Single @-@ player = = = Doom 3 is a story @-@ driven action game played from a first @-@ person perspective . As with previous Doom games , the main objective is to successfully pass through its levels , defeating a variety of enemy characters intent on killing the player 's character . Doom 3 's more story @-@ centered approach , however , means that the player often encounters friendly non @-@ player characters , who provide key plot information , objectives and inventory items . The game incorporates ten weapons for the player 's use to survive , including conventional firearms and explosives such as a submachine gun , shotgun and grenades , experimental plasma weaponry , and the traditional BFG 9000 and chainsaw weapons of the Doom franchise . Enemies come in multiple forms and with different abilities and tactics , but fall into two broad categories of either zombies or demons . Zombies are humans possessed by demonic forces , who attack the player 's character using their hands and melee weapons or a variety of firearms , while demons are creatures from Hell , most of which attack using claws and spines , or by summoning plasma @-@ based fireballs . The corpses of demons are reduced to ashes after death , leaving no trace of their body behind . The game 's levels are fairly linear in nature and incorporate several horror elements , the most prominent of which is darkness . This design choice is not only intended to foster feelings of apprehension and fear within the player , but also to create a more threatening game environment in which the player is less likely to see attacking enemies . This aspect is further enhanced by the fact that the player must choose between holding a weapon and holding the flashlight ( until the BFG editions released in 2012 made the " duct tape mod " a standard feature ) , forcing the player to choose between being able to see and having a readied weapon upon entering a room , which consequently leads to a more deliberate pace for the player . In addition , the levels are regularly strewn with corpses , dismembered body parts and blood , sometimes used in conjunction with the game 's lighting to disorient the player . Frequent radio transmissions through the player 's communications device also add to the atmosphere , by broadcasting certain sounds and messages from non @-@ player characters meant to unsettle the player . Early in the game , during and directly after the event that plunges the base into chaos , the player often hears the sounds of fighting , screaming and dying through their radio transmitter . The ambient sound is extended to the base itself through such things as hissing pipes , footsteps , and occasional jarringly loud noises from machinery or other sources . Often ambient sounds can be heard that resemble deep breathing , unexplained voices and demonic taunting from the game 's antagonists . Early in the game , the player is provided with a personal data assistant ( PDA ) . PDAs contain security clearance levels , allowing the player to access certain areas that are otherwise locked and off @-@ limits . Additionally , the PDA can be used to read e @-@ mails and play videos that the player 's character acquires during the game . Whenever the player picks up any of the other PDAs found throughout the game , its contents are automatically downloaded to the player 's own device . Other PDAs often contain e @-@ mails and audio logs for other characters , which can provide useful information such as storage or door key codes , as well as significant plot details . = = = Multiplayer = = = Doom 3 was released with a four @-@ player multiplayer element , featuring four game modes . However , the game 's community created a modification to boost this to eight or sixteen players . The Resurrection of Evil expansion would later officially increase the player limit to eight . The four game modes are all deathmatches . The standard deathmatch game mode involves each player moving around a level , collecting weaponry and killing the other players , with the player with the highest kills when the time runs out winning . A team variation of this involves the same principle . The third game mode is " last man standing " , in which each player has a limited amount of respawns , with players losing a life when they are killed . Eventually , all but one player will be eliminated from the game , leaving the survivor as the winner . The final game mode is " tournament " , in which two players fight each other while the other players watch as spectators . The victor of the battle remains in the arena , facing each other player one at a time until the winner of previous rounds is defeated . The loser then moves to the spectators and the new winner remains to fight the next player . The Xbox version of Doom 3 also incorporates an additional two @-@ player co @-@ operative mode for the main single @-@ player game . As of April 15 , 2010 , The Xbox Live service was shut down , thus online multiplayer for original Xbox games through the service is no longer available . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting = = = Doom 3 is set in the year 2145 . Much of the game 's story and dialogue was created by author Matthew J. Costello . According to the game 's backstory , the Union Aerospace Corporation ( UAC ) has grown to become the largest corporate entity in existence , and has set up a research facility on Mars . At this base , the UAC are able to conduct research into several scientific areas , including advanced weapons development , biological research , space exploration and teleportation . On Mars , the UAC can perform its operations outside of legal and moral boundaries . As the player progresses through the game , they learn that the employees on the base are unsettled due to a large number of incidents involving hearing voices , unexplained sightings and increasing cases of paranoia and insanity , often leading to fatal accidents with the facility 's machinery . Rumors regarding the nature of experiments in the UAC 's Delta Labs division are especially prevalent among the base 's employees . = = = Characters = = = There are five main characters in Doom 3 . The player assumes the role of an anonymous space marine corporal who has just arrived on the UAC 's Mars base . The player 's non @-@ commissioned officer in @-@ charge is Master Sergeant Thomas Kelly , voiced by Neil Ross , who gives the player objectives and advice over the player 's radio for the first half of the game . The antagonist in the story is Dr. Malcolm Betruger , head scientist of the UAC 's enigmatic Delta Labs division , who is revealed to be working in collaboration with the forces of Hell to cause the subjugation of humanity . Betruger 's demonic voice , provided by Philip L. Clarke , frequently taunts the player as the game progresses . The final two principal characters are Elliott Swann and Jack Campbell . Swann , voiced by Charles Dennis , is a representative of the UAC 's board of directors , sent to check up on Betruger 's research as well as investigate the rising number of accidents on the Mars base after a request for assistance from a whistleblower . He is almost always accompanied by Campbell , another space marine who acts as Swann 's bodyguard and is armed with a BFG 9000 . Campbell is voiced by Andy Chanley . Swann and Campbell are often shown in the game to be a few steps ahead of the player , but cannot be reached and directly communicated with until late in the game . The game also incorporates a large host of minor characters who add details to the story or assist the player in certain segments . The player encounters multiple scientists involved in the various research and development programs and archaeological digs through the UAC base , as well as fellow marines and security guards . Civilian employees engaged in bureaucratic work and maintenance workers are also seen . = = = Plot = = = The story of Doom 3 is conveyed through in @-@ game dialogue and cut scenes , as well as e @-@ mails , audio logs and video files found throughout the game . The game opens with UAC board member Elliott Swann and his bodyguard Jack Campbell arriving at Mars City , the main access to the UAC 's Mars base , disembarking from an Earth transport , with the player 's anonymous marine just behind them . Swann and Campbell , here to investigate multiple incidents , have a heated conference meeting with the man in charge of the Mars laboratories , Dr. Malcolm Betruger while the marine heads to Master Sergeant Thomas Kelly for orders . Kelly gives the marine instructions to find a scientist from the Delta Labs who has gone missing . The marine finds the scientist in a nearby decommissioned communications facility , where he is frantically trying to send a warning to the UAC on Earth about Betruger 's teleportation experiments . However , as he tries to explain the situation to the marine , another teleportation test takes place and loses containment , at which point the entire Mars base is swept with an unnatural shockwave . This transforms most of the base 's personnel into zombies as the forces of Hell invade through the teleporter 's portal . Now forced to fend off attacks from zombified base personnel and the demons from Hell , the marine returns to Mars City , where Kelly remotely gives the marine orders to link up with another squad of marines ( Bravo Team ) and get a transmission card containing a distress call to the main communications facility to call for reinforcements . As the marine progresses through the base , he learns that Swann and Campbell have survived , and are also en route to the communications facility to prevent any messages being sent in hope of containing the situation on Mars . The marine squad is ambushed by demons and slaughtered in the EnPro Plant , and although the marine recovers the transmission card , he is too late to prevent the bulk of equipment at the communications facility being destroyed by Campbell . Kelly , however , directs the marine to a backup system , where the marine is given the choice of whether to obey Kelly 's orders to send for reinforcements , or accept Swann 's argument to keep Mars isolated until the exact nature of the invasion is understood , so as not to endanger Earth . The marine is told to go to the Delta Labs by Kelly or Swann , depending on whether the transmission is sent or not . On the way to the Delta Labs , the marine is contacted by Betruger , who is now clearly shown to be working in cooperation with Hell in order to invade Earth . If the marine did not send the distress call to Earth , Betruger does so himself , hoping to use the ships bringing reinforcements to transport the demons to Earth . Betruger then unsuccessfully attempts to kill the marine using the toxic gases in the base 's recycling facilities . Upon arriving at the Delta Labs , the marine learns of the details behind the teleportation experiments , expeditions into Hell to retrieve specimens and Betruger 's increasing obsession with the tests , as well as of an archaeological dig under the surface of Mars . The dig is excavating the ruins of an ancient civilization discovered on Mars , and has produced a relic known as the Soul Cube . According to a scientist the marine finds alive in the labs , the Soul Cube is a weapon created by the ancient civilization to defend against the forces of Hell . The scientist also reveals that the invasion began when Betruger took the Soul Cube into the portal at the beginning of the game , depositing it in Hell . The marine pursues Betruger through the labs , but is pulled into the main teleportation portal after being lured into a trap by Betruger . The portal takes the marine directly into Hell , where he proceeds to fight his way through the large number of demons to the Soul Cube , defeating its demonic guardian . The marine is then able to reinitialize the teleportation equipment left by research expeditions into Hell and return to the Delta Labs . Betruger , however , tells the marine that although the main UAC teleporter has been destroyed , Hell is opening a Hellmouth on Mars , capable of bringing millions of demons to Mars . Further in the Delta Labs , the marine encounters the injured Swann . Swann informs the marine that Kelly has been working with Hell for possibly the whole time , and has been transformed by the demons . Telling the marine that Campbell has gone after Kelly , Swann gives the marine his PDA containing information on the location on the Hellmouth under the surface of Mars and assures him that he will try to make his way out of the base alone . However , when the marine catches up with Campbell in the central computer processing sector of the base , Campbell is mortally wounded and only has enough strength to say that Kelly has taken Campbell 's BFG 9000 weapon before expiring . Kelly then begins to taunt the marine in a demonic voice . The marine eventually faces off with Kelly in the central computer core , revealing Kelly as a cybernetic human grafted onto a tank @-@ like base . The marine is able to kill Kelly and takes the BFG 9000 before proceeding deeper under the Martian surface to Site 3 , the archaeological dig site where the Soul Cube was unearthed . At the primary excavation site , the marine discovers the Hellmouth , defended by Hell 's mightiest warrior , the Cyberdemon . Using the Soul Cube , the marine defeats the Cyberdemon in combat , and the Soul Cube then seals the Hellmouth . The ending cut scene shows the reinforcements from Earth arriving at the base to discover the carnage . They find the marine alive , but discover that Swann has died . They are , however , unable to locate Betruger , who in the final scene is shown in Hell , reincarnated as a dragon @-@ like demon . = = Development = = = = = Production = = = In June 2000 , id Software 's game engine designer John Carmack posted an internal company plan announcing a remake of Doom using next generation technology . This plan revealed controversy had been growing within id Software over remaking Doom . Kevin Cloud and Adrian Carmack , two of id Software 's owners , were always strongly opposed to remaking Doom , believing that id was going back to the same formulas and properties too often . However , after the positive reception to Return to Castle Wolfenstein and the latest improvements in rendering technology , most of the employees agreed that a remake was the right idea and presented the two owners with an ultimatum : allow them to remake Doom or fire them . After the reasonably amicable confrontation ( although artist Paul Steed , one of the instigators , was fired in retaliation ) , the agreement to work on Doom 3 was made. id Software began development on Doom 3 in late 2000 , immediately after finishing Quake III : Team Arena . In 2001 , it was first shown to the public at Macworld Conference & Expo in Tokyo and was later demonstrated at E3 2002 , where a fifteen @-@ minute gameplay demo was shown . It won five awards at E3 that year . Early in Doom 3 's development , Trent Reznor of the band Nine Inch Nails , a fan of the Doom games , was set to compose the music and sound effects to Doom 3 . However , due to " time , money and bad management " , none of Trent Reznor 's sound effects or music made the final product . Eventually , Nine Inch Nails ' former drummer , Chris Vrenna , composed and performed the game 's theme song . We never really did come to an actual agreement with Trent . The original idea was just for him to do all of the sound design for the game . I don 't think Trent anticipated how long and how involved that process was and what is involved in game design versus what he does in the music and production side . It just wasn 't a good mix with how much time it was going to take him , the value it was going to provide to the game , and what we could afford to pay . Trent 's a popular guy . He 's a rock star , and his time is valued in rock star dollars . Doom 3 was also intended to be more storyline focused than previous id titles , as was demonstrated by the developers ' conscious effort to have more professional voice acting . Late in 2002 , two employees at ATI Technologies leaked a development version of Doom 3 onto the Internet . One year later , a new trailer was shown at E3 2003 and soon afterwards id Software 's website was updated to showcase Doom 3 as an upcoming project , although it was also announced that Doom 3 would not be ready for the 2003 holiday season . According to John Carmack , the development took longer than expected . = = = = Music = = = = Chris Vrenna — a former Nine Inch Nails band member — and Clint Walsh composed the main theme for the game . = = = Technology = = = According to John Carmack , the lead graphics engine developer at id Software , the technology of Doom 3 was supported by three primary features : unified lighting and shadowing , complex animations and scripting that showed real @-@ time with fully dynamic per @-@ pixel lighting and stencil shadowing , and GUI surfaces that add extra interactivity to the game . The key advance of the id Tech 4 graphics engine developed for Doom 3 is the unified lighting and shadowing . Rather than computing or rendering lightmaps during map creation and saving that information in the map data , most light sources are computed in real @-@ time . This allows lights to cast shadows even on non @-@ static objects such as monsters and machinery , which was impossible with static non @-@ directional lightmaps . A shortcoming of this approach is the engine 's inability to render soft shadows and global illumination . To increase the interactivity with the game @-@ world , id Software designed hundreds of high @-@ resolution animated screens for in @-@ game computers . Rather than using a simple " use key " to operate these computers , the crosshair acts as a mouse cursor over the screens allowing the player to use a computer in the game world . This allows for in @-@ game computer terminal to perform more than one function , from operating security door codes , activating machinery , toggling lights or unlocking weapons lockers . According to the Doom 3 manual , GUI designer Patrick Duffy wrote over 500 @,@ 000 lines of script code , and generated more than 25 @,@ 000 image files to create all of the graphical interfaces , computer screens , and displays throughout Doom 3 . Other important features of the game engine are normal mapping and specular highlighting of textures , realistic handling of object physics , dynamic , ambient soundtrack , and multi @-@ channel sound . Doom 3 on Xbox supports 480p widescreen video display resolution and Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 surround sound . = = Release = = Doom 3 achieved gold status on July 14 , 2004 and a Mac OS X release was confirmed the next day . Doom 3 was released in the United States on August 3 , 2004 and to the rest of the world on August 13 . Due to high demand , the game was made available at select outlets at midnight on the date of release . Additionally , a Linux version was released on October 4 , 2004 by Timothee Besset . The Mac OS X version was released on March 14 , 2005 and on February 20 , 2006 the patch 1 @.@ 3 Rev A included a universal binary , adding support for Mac OS X on the x86 architecture . Finally , the modified Xbox conversion was released on April 3 , 2005 , featuring a limited steel book edition which included Ultimate Doom and Doom 2 . A week before the game 's release , it became known that an agreement to include EAX audio technology in Doom 3 reached by id Software and Creative Labs was heavily influenced by a software patent owned by the latter company . The patent dealt with a technique for rendering shadows called Carmack 's Reverse , which was developed independently by both John Carmack and programmers at Creative Labs. id Software would have placed themselves under legal liability for using the technique in the finished game , so to defuse the issue , id Software agreed to license Creative Labs sound technologies in exchange for indemnification against lawsuits . During the keynote address at QuakeCon 2011 , John Carmack announced that the source code for the Doom 3 engine would be released . The source code was open @-@ sourced under the GPL on November 22 , 2011 . It contains minor tweaks to the shadow rendering code to avoid potential patent infringement with a patent held by Creative Labs . Art assets such as 3D models , music , sound effects etc. remain subject to the EULA . = = Versions = = = = = Expansion = = = On April 3 , 2005 , eight months after the release of Doom 3 , id Software released an expansion pack for Doom 3 on Windows . The expansion , entitled Resurrection of Evil , was developed by Nerve Software , a company that had partnered with id Software on several other projects , including Return to Castle Wolfenstein and the Xbox conversion of Doom . Once again published by Activision , a Linux version was released on May 24 , 2005 , and an Xbox version followed on October 5 , 2005 . The expansion featured a new twelve @-@ level single player campaign , set two years after the original storyline , as well as three new weapons , one of which is geared towards manipulating the physics in the game . Several new enemy characters were also introduced . Multiplayer gameplay was enhanced , officially increasing the player limit to eight and adding new game modes such as capture the flag . Resurrection of Evil 's reception was not as positive as it had been for Doom 3 , but still received generally favorable reviews from the industry 's critics . = = = BFG Edition = = = A re @-@ release of Doom 3 called Doom 3 : BFG Edition , which was published by Bethesda Softworks , was released on October 15 , 2012 , in Australia , October 16 , 2012 in North America , October 19 , 2012 in Europe and November 22 , 2012 in Japan for PC , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . The BFG Edition features enhanced graphics , better sound with more horror effects , a checkpoint save system , and support for 3D displays and HMDs . The game also includes the previous expansion Resurrection of Evil and a new single @-@ player expansion pack called The Lost Mission . Additionally , it includes copies of the original Doom ( the Ultimate Doom edition with the add @-@ on fourth episode , " Thy Flesh Consumed " ) , and Doom II with the expansion No Rest for the Living , previously available for the Xbox 360 . The BFG Edition also features the ability to use the flashlight while holding a weapon , in the form of the so @-@ called armor @-@ mounted flashlight . The PC version of Doom 3 : BFG Edition requires the Steam client and a valid Steam account for installation , play and achievements . The versions of Doom I and II released with BFG have been censored in some ways . And in doom 3 with the noticeable removal of the co @-@ op campaign for single player campaign . = = Reception = = Doom 3 was a critical and commercial success for id Software ; by the beginning of 2007 , over 3 @.@ 5 million copies of Doom 3 had been sold , making it the most successful project by id Software to date . The game engine for Doom 3 , id Tech 4 , has been licensed out for the use of other developers , such as in Human Head Studios ' Prey , Raven Software 's Quake 4 , Splash Damage 's Enemy Territory : Quake Wars , Raven Software 's Wolfenstein and Splash Damage 's Brink ; however id Tech 4 has not been widely licensed compared to Epic Games ' Unreal Engine . Doom 3 received a favorable reception from critics , with the PC version of the game holding an 87 percent score and an 88 percent score at the review compilation sites Metacritic and GameRankings respectively . Much praise was given to the quality of Doom 3 's graphics and presentation ; GameSpot described the game 's environments as " convincingly lifelike , densely atmospheric , and surprisingly expansive " , while PC Gamer UK described the graphics and non @-@ player character modeling and animation as simply " flawless " , stating that Doom 3 signalled the return of the Doom franchise to the forefront of the computer and video game industry , eleven years after the release of the original Doom . IGN 's Dan Adams noted that the game 's presentation comprised a remarkably high proportion of the game , stating that " without the atmosphere , Doom 3 is a plain shooter that hearkens back to those of the ' 90s . " In addition , several reviewers praised id Software for making the game still look surprisingly good even on lower graphics levels . A number of reviewers also praised the attention paid to the game 's premise and setting ; GameSpot 's Greg Kasavin described getting " the impression that Doom 3 takes place in a fully realized world " while IGN noted that " the UAC base also has a very worn and lived @-@ in feel that adds to the realism . " Eurogamer in particular pointed out that the game 's opening sequence " feels like a fitting tribute to the excellent ideas " of Valve Software 's genre @-@ defining Half @-@ Life . Many reviewers noted that Doom 3 stuck with a similar " run and gun " gameplay style that was successful with its predecessors , and the game was alternately praised and criticized for this element . Several reviews were critical of a perceived repetitiveness in gameplay after a while . In addition , the game 's artificial intelligence was not regarded as particularly challenging , with GameSpot noting that " enemies follow the same sorts of predictable patterns that [ players ] may remember from previous Doom games " while GameSpy stated the way enemies would spawn to attack the player was " gimmicky " ; the reviewer noted that players would realize that picking up a lone armor vest would cause a variety of zombies to emerge from hidden compartments in the dark . In addition , several reviewers noted that the game 's methods of conveying the story were " ineffectual " , compounded by the lack of an identity for the player character . Finally , the game 's multiplayer was seen as lacking in innovation , with its low player limits and small number of game modes , particularly in contrast to id Software 's influential Quake III Arena . The Xbox version of Doom 3 received a similar level of critical support , holding a score of 88 percent on Metacritic and an 87 @.@ 7 percent score on GameRankings . The game was praised and faulted on many of the same issues as the PC version , although the game was praised for maintaining smooth and user @-@ friendly controls on a gamepad , as well as for including a two player co @-@ operative multiplayer mode , which IGN described as " worth the price of admission alone . " However , some criticism was directed towards slow @-@ downs in play due to the game engine , despite being scaled down for the Xbox , still being demanding on the Xbox hardware . = = Legacy = = In early 2008 , a new series of Doom novels by Matthew J. Costello were published , an author who had worked on the story and scripts for Doom 3 and Resurrection of Evil ; previous Doom novels had expanded the storyline of the original two Doom games . The series of books aim to novelize the story of Doom 3 , with the first installment , Worlds on Fire , published on February 26 , 2008 . The second book in the series , Maelstrom , was released in March 2009 . On November 22 , 2011 , the source code of the Doom 3 engine was released under the GPL , but the game 's artwork content still remains under the EULA . A later source code drop also included the changes made for the BFG Edition , allowing the re @-@ release to potentially be ported to other previously unsupported platforms such as Linux and OS X , and such a port was eventually released . = = = Film adaptation = = = A Doom film , loosely based on the franchise was released on October 21 , 2005 in the United States and in the United Kingdom on December 2 , 2005 . It was directed by Andrzej Bartkowiak and starred Karl Urban , Rosamund Pike , and The Rock . The film did not fare well and received a poor critical response , with ticket sales for the opening weekend totalling more than US $ 15 @.@ 3 million , but promptly dropping to $ 4 @.@ 2 million in its second weekend . = = = 2016 reboot = = = id Software eventually went on to do another remake , this time following the series ' original roots in minimal storytelling and fast @-@ paced action . Simply titled Doom and powered by the new id Tech 6 , the game was released on May 13 , 2016 by Bethesda Softworks for Microsoft Windows , Xbox One , and PlayStation 4 with cross @-@ platform support in its " Snapmap " multiplayer mode . Development was announced in May 2008 , then slated to run on the id Tech 5 engine and initially titled as Doom 4 . The 2016 release marks a second reboot for the Doom series following the release of Doom 3 , in 2004 . = Æthelstan = Æthelstan or Athelstan ( Old English : Æþelstan , Æðelstān , meaning " noble stone " ; c . 894 – 27 October 939 ) was King of the Anglo @-@ Saxons from 924 to 927 and King of the English from 927 to 939 . He was the son of King Edward the Elder and his first wife , Ecgwynn . Modern historians regard him as the first King of England and one of the greatest Anglo @-@ Saxon kings . He never married , and was succeeded by his half @-@ brother , Edmund . When Edward died in July 924 , Æthelstan was accepted by the Mercians as king . His half @-@ brother Ælfweard may have been recognised as king in Wessex , but died within weeks of their father 's death . Æthelstan still encountered resistance in Wessex for several months , and was not crowned until September 925 . In 927 he conquered the last remaining Viking kingdom , York , making him the first Anglo @-@ Saxon ruler of the whole of England . In 934 he invaded Scotland and forced Constantine II to submit to him , but Æthelstan 's rule was resented by the Scots and Vikings , and in 937 they invaded England . Æthelstan defeated them at the Battle of Brunanburh , a victory which gave him great prestige both in the British Isles and on the Continent . After his death in 939 the Vikings seized back control of York , and it was not finally reconquered until 954 . Æthelstan centralised government ; he increased control over the production of charters and summoned leading figures from distant areas to his councils . These meetings were also attended by rulers from outside his territory , especially Welsh kings , who thus acknowledged his overlordship . More legal texts survive from his reign than from any other tenth @-@ century English king . They show his concern about widespread robberies , and the threat they posed to social order . His legal reforms built on those of his grandfather , Alfred the Great . Æthelstan was one of the most pious West Saxon kings , and was known for collecting relics and founding churches . His household was the centre of English learning during his reign , and it laid the foundation for the Benedictine monastic reform later in the century . No other West Saxon king played as important a role in European politics as Æthelstan , and he arranged the marriages of several of his sisters to continental rulers . = = Background = = By the ninth century the many kingdoms of the early Anglo @-@ Saxon period had been consolidated into four : Wessex , Mercia , Northumbria and East Anglia . In the eighth century , Mercia had been the most powerful kingdom in southern England , but in the early ninth , Wessex became dominant under Æthelstan 's great @-@ great @-@ grandfather , Egbert . In the middle of the century , England came under increasing attack from Viking raids , culminating in invasion by the Great Heathen Army in 865 . By 878 , the Vikings had overrun East Anglia , Northumbria , and Mercia , and nearly conquered Wessex . The West Saxons fought back under Alfred the Great , and achieved a decisive victory at the Battle of Edington . Alfred and the Viking leader Guthrum agreed on a division that gave Alfred western Mercia , while eastern Mercia was incorporated into Viking East Anglia . In the 890s , renewed Viking attacks were successfully fought off by Alfred , assisted by his son ( and Æthelstan 's father ) Edward and Æthelred , Lord of the Mercians . Æthelred ruled English Mercia under Alfred and was married to his daughter Æthelflæd . Alfred died in 899 and was succeeded by Edward . Æthelwold , the son of Æthelred , King Alfred 's older brother and predecessor as king , made a bid for power , but was killed at the Battle of the Holme in 902 . Little is known of warfare between the English and the Danes over the next few years , but in 909 , Edward sent a West Saxon and Mercian army to ravage Northumbria . The following year the Northumbrian Danes attacked Mercia , but suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Tettenhall . Æthelred died in 911 and was succeeded as ruler of Mercia by his widow Æthelflæd . Over the next decade Edward and Æthelflæd conquered Viking Mercia and East Anglia . Æthelflæd died in 918 and was briefly succeeded by her daughter Ælfwynn , but in the same year Edward deposed her and took direct control of Mercia . When Edward died in 924 , he controlled all of England south of the Humber . The Viking king Sihtric ruled the Kingdom of York in southern Northumbria , but Ealdred maintained Anglo @-@ Saxon rule in at least part of the former kingdom of Bernicia from his base in Bamburgh in northern Northumbria . Constantine II ruled Scotland , apart from the southwest , which was the British Kingdom of Strathclyde . Wales was divided into a number of small kingdoms , including Deheubarth in the southwest , Gwent in the southeast , Brycheiniog immediately north of Gwent , and Gwynedd in the north . = = Early life = = According to William of Malmesbury , Æthelstan was thirty years old when he came to the throne in 924 , which would mean that he was born in about 894 . He was the oldest son of Edward the Elder and also the tallest . He was Edward 's only son by his first consort , Ecgwynn . Very little is known about Ecgwynn , and she is not named in any pre @-@ Conquest source . Medieval chroniclers gave varying descriptions of her rank : one described her as an ignoble consort of inferior birth , while others described her birth as noble . Modern historians also disagree about her status . Simon Keynes and Richard Abels believe that leading figures in Wessex were unwilling to accept Æthelstan as king in 924 partly because his mother had been Edward the Elder 's concubine . However , Barbara Yorke and Sarah Foot argue that allegations that Æthelstan was illegitimate were a product of the dispute over the succession , and that there is no reason to doubt that she was Edward 's legitimate wife . She may have been related to St Dunstan . William of Malmesbury wrote that Alfred the Great honoured his young grandson with a ceremony in which he gave him a scarlet cloak , a belt set with gems , and a sword with a gilded scabbard . Medieval Latin scholar Michael Lapidge and historian Michael Wood see this as designating Æthelstan as a potential heir at a time when the claim of Alfred 's nephew , Æthelwold , to the throne represented a threat to the succession of Alfred 's direct line , but historian Janet Nelson suggests that it should be seen in the context of conflict between Alfred and Edward in the 890s , and might reflect an intention to divide the realm between his son and his grandson after his death . Historian Martin Ryan goes further , suggesting that at the end of his life Alfred may have favoured Æthelstan rather than Edward as his successor . An acrostic poem praising prince " Adalstan " , and prophesying a great future for him , has been interpreted by Lapidge as referring to the young Æthelstan , punning on the old English meaning of his name , " noble stone " . Lapidge and Wood see the poem as a commemoration of Alfred 's ceremony by one of his leading scholars , John the Old Saxon . In Michael Wood 's view , the poem confirms the truth of William of Malmesbury 's account of the ceremony . Wood also suggests that Æthelstan may have been the first English king to be groomed from childhood as an intellectual , and that John was probably his tutor . However , Sarah Foot argues that the acrostic poem makes better sense if it is dated to the beginning of Æthelstan 's reign . Edward married his second wife , Ælfflæd , at about the time of his father 's death , probably because Ecgwynn had died , although she may have been put aside . The new marriage weakened Æthelstan 's position , as his step @-@ mother naturally favoured the interests of her own sons , Ælfweard and Edwin . By 920 Edward had taken a third wife , Eadgifu , probably after putting Ælfflæd aside . Eadgifu also had two sons , the future kings Edmund and Eadred . Edward had several daughters , perhaps as many as nine . Æthelstan 's later education was probably at the Mercian court of his aunt and uncle , Æthelflæd and Æthelred , and it is likely that the young prince gained his military training in the Mercian campaigns to conquer the Danelaw . According to a transcript dating from 1304 , in 925 Æthelstan gave a charter of privileges to St Oswald 's Priory , Gloucester , where his aunt and uncle were buried , " according to a pact of paternal piety which he formerly pledged with Æthelred , ealdorman of the people of the Mercians " . When Edward took direct control of Mercia after Æthelflæd 's death in 918 , Æthelstan may have represented his father 's interests there . = = Reign = = = = = The struggle for power = = = Edward died at Farndon in northern Mercia on 17 July 924 , and the ensuing events are unclear . Ælfweard , Edward 's eldest son by Ælfflæd , had ranked above Æthelstan in attesting a charter in 901 , and Edward may have intended Ælfweard to be his successor as king , either of Wessex only or of the whole kingdom . If Edward had intended his realms to be divided after his death , his deposition of Ælfwynn in Mercia in 918 may have been intended to prepare the way for Æthelstan 's succession as king of Mercia . When Edward died , Æthelstan was apparently with him in Mercia , while Ælfweard was in Wessex . Mercia acknowledged Æthelstan as king , and Wessex may have chosen Ælfweard . However , Ælfweard outlived his father by only sixteen days , disrupting any succession plan . Even after Ælfweard 's death there seems to have been opposition to Æthelstan in Wessex , particularly in Winchester , where Ælfweard was buried . At first Æthelstan behaved as a Mercian king . A charter relating to land in Derbyshire , which appears to have been issued at a time in 925 when his authority had not yet been recognised outside Mercia , was witnessed only by Mercian bishops . In the view of historians David Dumville and Janet Nelson he may have agreed not to marry or have heirs in order to gain acceptance . However , Sarah Foot ascribes his decision to remain unmarried to " a religiously motivated determination on chastity as a way of life " . The coronation of Æthelstan took place on 4 September 925 at Kingston upon Thames , perhaps due to its symbolic location on the border between Wessex and Mercia . He was crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Athelm , who probably designed or organised a new ordo ( religious order of service ) in which the king wore a crown for the first time instead of a helmet . The new ordo was influenced by West Frankish liturgy and in turn became one of the sources of the medieval French ordo . Opposition seems to have continued even after the coronation . According to William of Malmesbury , an otherwise unknown nobleman called Alfred plotted to blind Æthelstan on account of his supposed illegitimacy , although it is unknown whether he aimed to make himself king or was acting on behalf of Edwin , Ælfweard 's younger brother . Blinding would have been a sufficient disability to render Æthelstan ineligible for kingship without incurring the odium attached to murder . Tensions between Æthelstan and Winchester seem to have continued for some years . The Bishop of Winchester , Frithestan , did not attend the coronation or witness any of Æthelstan 's known charters until 928 . After that he witnessed fairly regularly until his resignation in 931 , but was listed in a lower position than entitled by his seniority . In 933 Edwin was drowned in a shipwreck in the North Sea . His cousin , Adelolf , Count of Boulogne , took his body for burial at St Bertin Abbey in Saint @-@ Omer . According to the abbey 's annalist , Folcuin , who wrongly believed that Edwin had been king , he had fled England " driven by some disturbance in his kingdom " . Folcuin stated that Æthelstan sent alms to the abbey for his dead brother and received monks from the abbey graciously when they came to England , although Folcuin did not realise that Æthelstan died before the monks made the journey in 944 . The twelfth @-@ century chronicler Symeon of Durham said that Æthelstan ordered Edwin to be drowned , but this is generally dismissed by historians . Edwin might have fled England after an unsuccessful rebellion against his brother 's rule , and his death probably helped put an end to Winchester 's opposition . = = = King of the English = = = Edward the Elder had conquered the Danish territories in Mercia and East Anglia with the assistance of Æthelflæd and her husband , but when Edward died the Danish king Sihtric still ruled the Viking Kingdom of York ( formerly the southern Northumbrian kingdom of Deira ) . In January 926 , Æthelstan arranged for one of his sisters to marry Sihtric . The two kings agreed not to invade each other 's territories or to support each other 's enemies . The following year Sihtric died , and Æthelstan seized the chance to invade . Guthfrith , a cousin of Sihtric , led a fleet from Dublin to try to take the throne , but Æthelstan easily prevailed . He captured York and received the submission of the Danish people . According to a southern chronicler , he " succeeded to the kingdom of the Northumbrians " , and it is uncertain whether he had to fight Guthfrith . Southern kings had never ruled the north , and his usurpation was met with outrage by the Northumbrians , who had always resisted southern control . However , at Eamont , near Penrith , on 12 July 927 , King Constantine of Scotland , King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth , Ealdred of Bamburgh , and King Owain of Strathclyde ( or Morgan ap Owain of Gwent ) accepted Æthelstan 's overlordship . His triumph led to seven years of peace in the north . Whereas Æthelstan was the first English king to achieve lordship over northern Britain , he inherited his authority over the Welsh kings from his father and aunt . In the 910s Gwent acknowledged the lordship of Wessex , and Deheubarth and Gwynedd accepted that of Æthelflæd of Mercia ; following Edward 's takeover of Mercia , they transferred their allegiance to him . According to William of Malmesbury , after the meeting at Eamont Æthelstan summoned the Welsh kings to Hereford , where he imposed a heavy annual tribute and fixed the border between England and Wales in the Hereford area at the River Wye . The dominant figure in Wales was Hywel Dda of Deheubarth , described by the historian of early medieval Wales Thomas Charles @-@ Edwards as " the firmest ally of the ' emperors of Britain ' among all the kings of his day " . Welsh kings attended Æthelstan 's court between 928 and 935 and witnessed charters at the head of the list of laity ( apart from the kings of Scotland and Strathclyde ) , showing that their position was regarded as superior to that of the other great men present . The alliance produced peace between Wales and England , and within Wales , lasting throughout Æthelstan 's reign , though some Welsh resented the status of their rulers as under @-@ kings , as well as the high level of tribute imposed upon them . In Armes Prydein Vawr ( The Great Prophecy of Britain ) , a Welsh poet foresaw the day when the British would rise up against their Saxon oppressors and drive them into the sea . According to William of Malmesbury , after the Hereford meeting Æthelstan went on to expel the Cornish from Exeter , fortify its walls , and fix the Cornish boundary at the River Tamar . This account is regarded sceptically by historians , however , as Cornwall had been under English rule since the mid @-@ ninth century . Thomas Charles @-@ Edwards describes it as " an improbable story " , while historian John Reuben Davies sees it as the suppression of a British revolt and the confinement of the Cornish beyond the Tamar . Æthelstan emphasised his control by establishing a new Cornish see and appointing its first bishop , but Cornwall kept its own culture and language . Æthelstan became the first king of all the Anglo @-@ Saxon peoples , and in effect overlord of Britain . His successes inaugurated what John Maddicott , in his history of the origins of the English Parliament , calls the imperial phase of English kingship between about 925 and 975 , when rulers from Wales and Scotland attended the assemblies of English kings and witnessed their charters . Æthelstan tried to reconcile the aristocracy in his new territory of Northumbria to his rule . He lavished gifts on the minsters of Beverley , Chester @-@ le @-@ Street , and York , emphasising his Christianity . He also purchased the vast territory of Amounderness in Lancashire , and gave it to the Archbishop of York , his most important lieutenant in the region . But he remained a resented outsider , and the northern British kingdoms preferred to ally with the pagan Norse of Dublin . In contrast to his strong control over southern Britain , his position in the north was far more tenuous . = = = The invasion of Scotland in 934 = = = In 934 Æthelstan invaded Scotland . His reasons are unclear , and historians give alternative explanations . The death of his half @-@ brother Edwin in 933 might have finally removed factions in Wessex opposed to his rule . Guthfrith , the Norse king of Dublin who had briefly ruled Northumbria , died in 934 ; any resulting insecurity among the Danes would have given Æthelstan an opportunity to stamp his authority on the north . An entry in the Annals of Clonmacnoise , recording the death in 934 of a ruler who was possibly Ealdred of Bamburgh , suggests another possible explanation . This points to a dispute between Æthelstan and Constantine over control of his territory . The Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle briefly recorded the expedition without explanation , but the twelfth @-@ century chronicler John of Worcester stated that Constantine had broken his treaty with Æthelstan . Æthelstan set out on his campaign in May 934 , accompanied by four Welsh kings : Hywel Dda of Deheubarth , Idwal Foel of Gwynedd , Morgan ap Owain of Gwent , and Tewdwr ap Griffri of Brycheiniog . His retinue also included eighteen bishops and thirteen earls , six of whom were Danes from eastern England . By late June or early July he had reached Chester @-@ le @-@ Street , where he made generous gifts to the tomb of St Cuthbert , including a stole and maniple ( ecclesiastical garments ) originally commissioned by his step @-@ mother Ælfflæd as a gift to Bishop Frithestan of Winchester . The invasion was launched by land and sea . According to the twelfth @-@ century chronicler Simeon of Durham , his land forces ravaged as far as Dunnottar in north @-@ east Scotland , while the fleet raided Caithness , then probably part of the Norse kingdom of Orkney . No battles are recorded during the campaign , and chronicles do not record its outcome . By September , however , he was back in the south of England at Buckingham , where Constantine witnessed a charter as subregulus , that is a king acknowledging Æthelstan 's overlordship . In 935 a charter was attested by Constantine , Owain of Strathclyde , Hywel Dda , Idwal Foel , and Morgan ap Owain . At Christmas of the same year Owain of Strathclyde was once more at Æthelstan 's court along with the Welsh kings , but Constantine was not . His return to England less than two years later would be in very different circumstances . = = = The Battle of Brunanburh = = = In 934 Olaf Guthfrithson succeeded his father Guthfrith as the Norse King of Dublin . The alliance between the Norse and the Scots was cemented by the marriage of Olaf to Constantine 's daughter . By August 937 Olaf had defeated his rivals for control of the Viking part of Ireland , and he promptly launched a bid for the former Norse kingdom of York . Individually Olaf and Constantine were too weak to oppose Æthelstan , but together they could hope to challenge the dominance of Wessex . In the autumn they joined with the Strathclyde Britons under Owain to invade England . Medieval campaigning was normally conducted in the summer , and Æthelstan could hardly have expected an invasion on such a large scale so late in the year . He seems to have been slow to react , and an old Latin poem preserved by William of Malmesbury accused him of having " languished in sluggish leisure " . The allies plundered English territory while Æthelstan took his time gathering a West Saxon and Mercian army . However , Michael Wood praises his caution , arguing that unlike Harold in 1066 , he did not allow himself to be provoked into precipitate action . When he marched north , the Welsh did not join him , and they did not fight on either side . The two sides met at the Battle of Brunanburh , resulting in an overwhelming victory for Æthelstan , supported by his young half @-@ brother , the future King Edmund I. Olaf escaped back to Dublin with the remnant of his forces , while Constantine lost a son . The English also suffered heavy losses , including two of Æthelstan 's cousins , sons of Edward the Elder 's younger brother , Æthelweard . The battle was reported in the Annals of Ulster : A great , lamentable and horrible battle was cruelly fought between the Saxons and the Northmen , in which several thousands of Northmen , who are uncounted , fell , but their king Amlaib [ Olaf ] , escaped with a few followers . A large number of Saxons fell on the other side , but Æthelstan , king of the Saxons , enjoyed a great victory . A generation later , the chronicler Æthelweard reported that it was popularly remembered as " the great battle " , and it sealed Æthelstan 's posthumous reputation as " victorious because of God " ( in the words of the homilist Ælfric of Eynsham ) . The Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle abandoned its usual terse style in favour of a heroic poem vaunting the great victory , employing imperial language to present Æthelstan as ruler of an empire of Britain . The site of the battle is uncertain , however , and over thirty sites have been suggested , with Bromborough on the Wirral the most favoured among historians . Historians disagree over the significance of the battle . Alex Woolf describes it as a " pyrrhic victory " for Æthelstan : the campaign seems to have ended in a stalemate , his power appears to have declined , and after he died Olaf acceded to the kingdom of Northumbria without resistance . Alfred Smyth describes it as " the greatest battle in Anglo @-@ Saxon history " , but he also states that its consequences beyond Æthelstan 's reign have been overstated . In the view of Sarah Foot , on the other hand , it would be difficult to exaggerate the battle 's importance : if the Anglo @-@ Saxons had been defeated , their hegemony over the whole mainland of Britain would have disintegrated . According to historian Michael Livingston : ... it would be no small stretch to consider the battle the moment when Englishness came of age . The men who fought and died on that field forged a political map of the future that remains with us today , arguably making the Battle at Brunanburh one of the most significant battles in the long history not just of England but of the whole of the British Isles . = = Kingship = = = = = Administration = = = Anglo @-@ Saxon kings ruled through ealdormen , who had the highest lay status under the king . In ninth @-@ century Wessex they each ruled a single shire , but by the middle of the tenth they had authority over a much wider area , a change probably introduced by Æthelstan to deal with the problems of governing his extended realm . One of the ealdormen , who was also called Æthelstan , governed the eastern Danelaw territory of East Anglia , the largest and wealthiest province of England . After the king 's death , he became so powerful that he was known as Æthelstan Half @-@ King . Several of the ealdormen who witnessed charters had Scandinavian names , and while the localities they came from cannot be identified , they were almost certainly the successors of the earls who led Danish armies in the time of Edward the Elder , and who were retained by Æthelstan as his representatives in local government . Beneath the ealdormen , reeves — royal officials who were noble local landowners — were in charge of a town or royal estate . The authority of church and state was not separated in early medieval societies , and the lay officials worked closely with their diocesan bishop and local abbots , who also attended the king 's royal councils . As the first king of all the Anglo @-@ Saxon peoples , Æthelstan needed effective means to govern his extended realm . Building on the foundations of his predecessors , he created the most centralised government that England had yet seen . Previously , some charters had been produced by royal priests and others by members of religious houses , but between 928 and 935 they were produced exclusively by a scribe known to historians as " Æthelstan A " , showing an unprecedented degree of royal control over an important activity . Unlike earlier and later charters , " Æthelstan A " provides full details of the date and place of adoption and an unusually long witness list , providing crucial information for historians . After " Æthelstan A " retired or died , charters reverted to a simpler form , suggesting that they had been the work of an individual , rather than the development of a formal writing office . A key mechanism of government was the Royal Council ( or witan ) . Anglo @-@ Saxon kings did not have a fixed capital city . Their courts were peripatetic , and their councils were held at varying locations around their realms . Æthelstan stayed mainly in Wessex , however , and controlled outlying areas by summoning leading figures to his councils . The small and intimate meetings that had been adequate until the enlargement of the kingdom under Edward the Elder gave way to large bodies attended by bishops , ealdormen , thegns , magnates from distant areas , and independent rulers who had submitted to his authority . Frank Stenton sees Æthelstan 's councils as " national assemblies " , which did much to break down the provincialism that was a barrier to the unification of England . John Maddicott goes further , seeing them as the start of centralised assemblies that had a defined role in English government , and Æthelstan as " the true if unwitting founder of the English parliament " . = = = Law = = = The Anglo @-@ Saxons were the first people in northern Europe to write administrative documents in the vernacular , and law codes in Old English go back to Æthelberht of Kent at the beginning of the seventh century . The law code of Alfred the Great , from the end of the ninth century , was also written in the vernacular , and he expected his ealdormen to learn it . His code was strongly influenced by Carolingian law going back to Charlemagne in such areas as treason , peace @-@ keeping , organisation of the hundreds and judicial ordeal . It remained in force throughout the tenth century , and Æthelstan 's codes were built on this foundation . Legal codes required the approval of the king , but they were treated as guidelines which could be adapted and added to at local level , rather than a fixed canon of regulations , and customary oral law was also important in the Anglo @-@ Saxon period . More legal texts survive from Æthelstan 's reign than from any other tenth @-@ century English king . The earliest appear to be his tithe edict and the " Ordinance on Charities " . Four legal codes were adopted at Royal Councils in the early 930s at Grately in Hampshire , Exeter , Faversham in Kent , and Thunderfield in Surrey . Local legal texts survive from London and Kent , and one concerning the ' Dunsæte ' on the Welsh border probably also dates to Æthelstan 's reign . In the view of the historian of English law , Patrick Wormald , the laws must have been written by Wulfhelm , who succeeded Athelm as Archbishop of Canterbury in 926 . Other historians see Wulfhelm 's role as less important , giving the main credit to Æthelstan himself , although the significance placed on the ordeal as an ecclesiastical ritual shows the increased influence of the church . Nicholas Brooks sees the role of the bishops as marking an important stage in the increasing involvement of the church in the making and enforcement of law . The two earliest codes were concerned with clerical matters , and Æthelstan stated that he acted on the advice of Wulfhelm and his bishops . The first asserts the importance of paying tithes to the church . The second enforces the duty of charity on Æthelstan 's reeves , specifying the amount to be given to the poor and requiring reeves to free one penal slave annually . His religious outlook is shown in a wider sacralization of the law in his reign . The later codes show his concern with threats to social order , especially robbery , which he regarded as the most important manifestation of social breakdown . The first of these later codes , issued at Grately , prescribed harsh penalties , including the death penalty for anyone over twelve years old caught in the act of stealing goods worth more than eight pence . This apparently had little effect , as Æthelstan admitted in the Exeter code : I King Æthelstan , declare that I have learned that the public peace has not been kept to the extent , either of my wishes , or of the provisions laid down at Grately , and my councillors say that I have suffered this too long . In desperation the Council tried a different strategy , offering an amnesty to thieves if they paid compensation to their victims . The problem of powerful families protecting criminal relatives was to be solved by expelling them to other parts of the realm . This strategy did not last long , and at Thunderfield Æthelstan returned to the hard line , softened by raising the minimum age for the death penalty to fifteen " because he thought it too cruel to kill so many young people and for such small crimes as he understood to be the case everywhere " . His reign saw the first introduction of the system of tithing , sworn groups of ten or more men who were jointly responsible for peace @-@ keeping ( later known as frankpledge ) . Sarah Foot commented that tithing and oath @-@ taking to deal with the problem of theft had its origin in Frankia : But the equation of theft with disloyalty to Æthelstan 's person appears peculiar to him . His preoccupation with theft — tough on theft , tough on the causes of theft — finds no direct parallel in other kings ' codes . Historians differ widely regarding Æthelstan 's legislation . Patrick Wormald 's verdict was harsh : " The hallmark of Æthelstan 's law @-@ making is the gulf dividing its exalted aspirations from his spasmodic impact . " In his view , " The legislative activity of Æthelstan 's reign has rightly been dubbed ' feverish ' ... But the extant results are , frankly , a mess . " In the view of Simon Keynes , however , " Without any doubt the most impressive aspect of King Æthelstan 's government is the vitality of his law @-@ making " , which shows him driving his officials to do their duties and insisting on respect for the law , but also demonstrates the difficulty he had in controlling a troublesome people . Keynes sees the Grately code as " an impressive piece of legislation " showing the king 's determination to maintain social order . David Pratt describes his legislation as " a deep and far @-@ reaching reform of legal structures , no less important than developments under King Alfred two generations earlier " . = = = Coinage = = = In the 970s , Æthelstan 's nephew , King Edgar , reformed the monetary system to give Anglo @-@ Saxon England the most advanced currency in Europe , with a good quality silver coinage , which was uniform and abundant . In Æthelstan 's time , however , it was far less developed , and minting was still organised regionally long after Æthelstan unified the country . The Grately code included a provision that there was to be only one coinage across the king 's dominion . However , this is in a section that appears to be copied from a code of his father , and the list of towns with mints is confined to the south , including London and Kent , but not northern Wessex or other regions . Early in Æthelstan 's reign , different styles of coin were issued in each region , but after he conquered York and received the submission of the other British kings , he issued a new coinage , known as the " circumscription cross " type . This advertised his newly exalted status with the inscription , " Rex Totius Britanniae " . Examples were minted in Wessex , York , and English Mercia ( in Mercia bearing the title " Rex Saxorum " ) , but not in East Anglia or the Danelaw . In the early 930s a new coinage was issued , the " crowned bust " type , with the king shown for the first time wearing a crown with three stalks . This was eventually issued in all regions apart from Mercia , which issued coins without a ruler portrait , suggesting , in Sarah Foot 's view , that any Mercian affection for a West Saxon king brought up among them quickly declined . = = = Church = = = Church and state maintained close relations in the Anglo @-@ Saxon period , both socially and politically . Churchmen attended royal feasts as well as meetings of the Royal Council . During Æthelstan 's reign these relations became even closer , especially as the archbishopric of Canterbury had come under West Saxon jurisdiction since Edward the Elder annexed Mercia , and Æthelstan 's conquests brought the northern church under the control of a southern king for the first time . Æthelstan appointed members of his own circle to bishoprics in Wessex , possibly to counter the influence of the Bishop of Winchester , Frithestan . One of the king 's mass @-@ priests ( priests employed to say Mass in his household ) , Ælfheah , became Bishop of Wells , while another , Beornstan , succeeded Frithestan as Bishop of Winchester . Beornstan was succeeded by another member of the royal household , also called Ælfheah . Two of the leading figures in the later tenth @-@ century Benedictine revival of Edgar 's reign , Dunstan and Æthelwold , served in early life at Æthelstan 's court and were ordained as priests by Ælfheah of Winchester at the king 's request . According to Æthelwold 's biographer , Wulfstan , " Æthelwold spent a long period in the royal palace in the king 's inseparable companionship and learned much from the king 's wise men that was useful and profitable to him " . Oda , a future Archbishop of Canterbury , was also close to Æthelstan , who appointed him Bishop of Ramsbury . Oda may have been present at the battle of Brunanburh . Æthelstan was a noted collector of relics , and while this was a common practice at the time , he was marked out by the scale of his collection and the refinement of its contents . The abbot of Saint Samson in Dol sent him some as a gift , and in his covering letter he wrote : " we know you value relics more than earthly treasure " . Æthelstan was also a generous donor of manuscripts and relics to churches and monasteries . Indeed , his reputation was so great that some monastic scribes later falsely claimed that their institutions had been beneficiaries of his largesse . He was especially devoted to the cult of St. Cuthbert in Chester @-@ le @-@ Street , and his gifts to the community there included Bede 's Lives of Cuthbert . He commissioned it especially to present to Chester @-@ le Street , and out of all manuscripts he gave to a religious foundation which survive , it is the only one which was wholly written in England during his reign . This has a portrait of Æthelstan presenting the book to Cuthbert , the earliest surviving manuscript portrait of an English king . In the view of Janet Nelson , his " rituals of largesse and devotion at sites of supernatural power ... enhanced royal authority and underpinned a newly united imperial realm " . Æthelstan had a reputation for founding churches , although it is unclear how justified this is . According to late and dubious sources , these churches included minsters at Milton Abbas in Dorset and Muchelney in Somerset . In the view of historian John Blair , the reputation is probably well @-@ founded , but " These waters are muddied by Æthelstan 's almost folkloric reputation as a founder , which made him a favourite hero of later origin @-@ myths . " However , while he was a generous donor to monasteries , he did not give land for new ones or attempt to revive the ones in the north and east destroyed by Viking attacks . He also sought to build ties with continental churches . Cenwald was a royal priest before his appointment as Bishop of Worcester , and in 929 he accompanied two of Æthelstan 's half @-@ sisters to the Saxon court so that the future Holy Roman Emperor , Otto , could choose one of them as his wife . Cenwald went on to make a tour of German monasteries , giving lavish gifts on Æthelstan 's behalf and receiving in return promises that the monks would pray for the king and others close to him in perpetuity . England and Saxony became closer after the marriage alliance , and German names start to appear in English documents , while Cenwald kept up the contacts he had made by subsequent correspondence , helping the transmission of continental ideas about reformed monasticism to England . = = = Learning = = = Æthelstan built on his grandfather 's efforts to revive ecclesiastical scholarship , which had fallen to a low state in the second half of the ninth century . John Blair described Æthelstan 's achievement as " a determined reconstruction , visible to us especially through the circulation and production of books , of the shattered ecclesiastical culture " . He was renowned in his own day for his piety and promotion of sacred learning . His interest in education , and his reputation as a collector of books and relics , attracted a cosmopolitan group of ecclesiastical scholars to his court , particularly Bretons and Irish . Æthelstan gave extensive aid to Breton clergy who had fled Brittany following its conquest by the Vikings in 919 . He made a confraternity agreement with the clergy of Dol Cathedral in Brittany , who were then in exile in central France , and they sent him the relics of Breton saints , apparently hoping for his patronage . The contacts resulted in a surge in interest in England for commemorating Breton saints . One of the most notable scholars at Æthelstan 's court was Israel the Grammarian , who may have been a Breton . Israel and " a certain Frank " drew a board game called " Gospel Dice " for an Irish bishop , Dub Innse , who took it home to Bangor . Æthelstan 's court played a crucial role in the origins of the English monastic reform movement . Few prose narrative sources survive from Æthelstan 's reign , but it produced an abundance of poetry , much of it Norse @-@ influenced praise of the King in grandiose terms , such as the Brunanburh poem . Sarah Foot even made a case that Beowulf may have been composed in Æthelstan 's circle . Æthelstan 's court was the centre of a revival of the elaborate hermeneutic style of later Latin writers , influenced by the West Saxon scholar Aldhelm ( c.639 – 709 ) , and by early tenth @-@ century French monasticism . Foreign scholars at Æthelstan 's court such as Israel the Grammarian were practitioners . The style was characterised by long , convoluted sentences and a predilection for rare words and neologisms . The " Æthelstan A " charters were written in hermeneutic Latin . In the view of Simon Keynes it is no coincidence that they first appear immediately after the king had for the first time united England under his rule , and they show a high level of intellectual attainment and a monarchy invigorated by success and adopting the trappings of a new political order . The style influenced architects of the late tenth @-@ century monastic reformers educated at Æthelstan 's court such as Æthelwold and Dunstan , and became a hallmark of the movement . After " Æthelstan A " , charters became more simple , but the hermeneutic style returned in the charters of Eadwig and Edgar . The historian W. H. Stevenson commented in 1898 : The object of the compilers of these charters was to express their meaning by the use of the greatest possible number of words and by the choice of the most grandiloquent , bombastic words they could find . Every sentence is so overloaded by the heaping up of unnecessary words that the meaning is almost buried out of sight . The invocation with its appended clauses , opening with pompous and partly alliterative words , will proceed amongst a blaze of verbal fireworks throughout twenty lines of smallish type , and the pyrotechnic display will be maintained with equal magnificence throughout the whole charter , leaving the reader , dazzled by the glaze and blinded by the smoke , in a state of uncertainty as to the meaning of these frequently untranslatable and usually interminable sentences . However , Michael Lapidge argues that however unpalatable the hermeneutic style seems to modern taste , it was an important part of late Anglo @-@ Saxon culture , and deserves more sympathetic attention than it has received from modern historians . In the view of historian David Woodman , " Æthelstan A " should " be accorded recognition as an individual author of no little genius , a man who not only overhauled the legal form of the diploma but also had the ability to write Latin that is as enduringly fascinating as it is complex ... In many ways the diplomas of " Æthelstan A " represent the stylistic peak of the Anglo @-@ Saxon diplomatic tradition , a fitting complement to Æthelstan 's own momentous political feats and to the forging of what would become England . " = = = British monarch = = = Historians frequently comment on Æthelstan 's grand and extravagant titles . On his coins and charters he is described as Rex totius Britanniae , or " King of the whole of Britain " . A gospel book he donated to Christ Church , Canterbury is inscribed " Æthelstan , king of the English and ruler of the whole of Britain with a devout mind gave this book to the primatial see of Canterbury , to the church dedicated to Christ " . In charters from 931 he is " king of the English , elevated by the right hand of the almighty to the throne of the whole kingdom of Britain " , and in one manuscript dedication he is even styled " basileus et curagulus " , the titles of Byzantine emperors . Some historians are not impressed . " Clearly " , comments Alex Woolf , " King Æthelstan was a man who had pretensions , " while in the view of Simon Keynes , " Æthelstan A " proclaimed his master king of Britain " by wishful extension " . But according to George Molyneaux " this is to apply an anachronistic standard : tenth @-@ century kings had a loose but real hegemony throughout the island , and their titles only appear inflated if one assumes that kingship ought to involve domination of an intensity like that seen within the English kingdom of the eleventh and later centuries . " Foreign contemporaries described him in panegyric terms . The French chronicler Flodoard described him as " the king from overseas " , and the Annals of Ulster as the " pillar of the dignity of the western world " . Some historians take a similar view . Michael Wood titled an essay , " The Making of King Aethelstan 's Empire : an English Charlemagne ? " , and described him as " the most powerful ruler that Britain had seen since the Romans " . In the view of Veronica Ortenberg , he was " the most powerful ruler in Europe " with an army that had repeatedly defeated the Vikings ; continental rulers saw him as a Carolingian emperor , who " was clearly treated as the new Charlemagne " . She wrote : Wessex kings carried an aura of power and success , which made them increasingly powerful in the 920s , while most Continental houses were in military trouble and engaged in internecine warfare . While the civil wars and the Viking attacks on the Continent had spelled the end of unity of the Carolingian empire , which had already disintegrated into separate kingdoms , military success had enabled Æthelstan to triumph at home and to attempt to go beyond the reputation of a great heroic dynasty of warrior kings , in order to develop a Carolingian ideology of kingship . = = = European relations = = = The West Saxon court had connections with the Carolingians going back to the marriage between Æthelstan 's great @-@ grandfather Æthelwulf and Judith , daughter of the king of West Francia ( and future Holy Roman Emperor ) , Charles the Bald , as well as the marriage of Alfred the Great 's daughter , Ælfthryth to Judith 's son by a later marriage , Baldwin II , Count of Flanders . One of Æthelstan 's half @-@ sisters , Eadgifu , married Charles the Simple , king of the West Franks , in the late 910s . He was deposed in 922 , and Eadgifu sent their son , Louis to safety in England . By Æthelstan 's time the connection was well established , and his coronation was performed with the Carolingian ceremony of anointment , probably to draw a deliberate parallel between his rule and Carolingian tradition . His " crowned bust " coinage of 933 – 938 was the first Anglo @-@ Saxon coinage to show the king crowned , following Carolingian iconography . Like his father , Æthelstan was unwilling to marry his female relatives to his own subjects , so his sisters either entered nunneries or married foreign husbands . This was one reason for his close relations with European courts , and he married several of his half @-@ sisters to European nobles in what historian Sheila Sharp called " a flurry of dynastic bridal activity unequalled again until Queen Victoria 's time " . Another reason lay in the common interest on both sides of the Channel in resisting the threat from the Vikings , while the rise in the power and reputation of the royal house of Wessex made marriage with an English princess more prestigious to European rulers . In 926 Hugh , Duke of the Franks , sent Æthelstan 's cousin , Adelolf , Count of Boulogne , on an embassy to ask for the hand of one of Æthelstan 's sisters . According to William of Malmesbury , the gifts Adelolf brought included spices , jewels , many swift horses , a crown of solid gold , the sword of Constantine the Great , Charlemagne 's lance , and a piece of the Crown of Thorns . Æthelstan sent his half @-@ sister Eadhild to be Hugh 's wife . Æthelstan 's most important European alliance was with the new Liudolfing dynasty in East Francia . The Carolingian dynasty of East Francia had died out in the early tenth century , and its new Liudolfing king , Henry the Fowler , was seen by many as an arriviste . He needed a royal marriage for his son to establish his legitimacy , but no suitable Carolingian princesses were available . The ancient royal line of the West Saxons provided an acceptable alternative , especially as they ( wrongly ) claimed descent from the seventh @-@ century king and saint , Oswald , who was venerated in Germany . In 929 or 930 Henry sent ambassadors to Æthelstan 's court seeking a wife for his son , Otto , who later became Holy Roman Emperor . Æthelstan sent two of his half @-@ sisters , and Otto chose Eadgyth . Fifty years later , Æthelweard , a descendant of Alfred the Great 's older brother , addressed his Latin version of the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle to Mathilde , Abbess of Essen , who was Eadgyth 's granddaughter , and had apparently requested it . The other sister , whose name is uncertain , was married to a prince from near the Alps who has not definitely been identified . In early medieval Europe , it was common for kings to act as foster @-@ fathers for the sons of other kings . Æthelstan was known for the support he gave to dispossessed young royalty . In 936 he sent an English fleet to help his foster @-@ son , Alan II , Duke of Brittany , to regain his ancestral lands , which had been conquered by the Vikings . In the same year he assisted the son of his half @-@ sister Eadgifu , Louis , to take the throne of West Francia , and in 939 he sent another fleet that unsuccessfully attempted to help Louis in a struggle with rebellious magnates . According to later Scandinavian sources , he helped another possible foster @-@ son , Hakon , son of Harald Fairhair , king of Norway , to reclaim his throne , and he was known among Norwegians as " Æthelstan the Good " . Æthelstan 's court was perhaps the most cosmopolitan of the Anglo @-@ Saxon period . The close contacts between the English and European courts ended soon after his death , but descent from the English royal house long remained a source of prestige for continental ruling families . According to Frank Stenton in his history of the period , Anglo @-@ Saxon England , " Between Offa and Cnut there is no English king who played so prominent or so sustained a part in the general affairs of Europe . " = = Death = = Æthelstan died at Gloucester on 27 October 939 . His grandfather Alfred , his father Edward , and his half @-@ brother Ælfweard had been buried at Winchester , but Æthelstan chose not to honour the city associated with opposition to his rule . By his own wish he was buried at Malmesbury Abbey , where he had buried his cousins who died at Brunanburh . No other member of the West Saxon royal family was buried there , and according to William of Malmesbury , Æthelstan 's choice reflected his devotion to the abbey and to the memory of its seventh @-@ century abbot , Saint Aldhelm . William described Æthelstan as fair @-@ haired " as I have seen for myself in his remains , beautifully intertwined with gold threads " . His bones were lost during the Reformation , but he is commemorated by an empty fifteenth @-@ century tomb . = = Aftermath = = After Æthelstan 's death , the men of York immediately chose the Viking king of Dublin , Olaf Guthfrithson ( or his cousin , Anlaf Cuaran ) , as their king , and Anglo @-@ Saxon control of the north , seemingly made safe by the victory of Brunanburh , collapsed . The reigns of Æthelstan 's half @-@ brothers Edmund ( 939 – 946 ) and Eadred ( 946 – 955 ) were largely devoted to regaining control . Olaf seized the east midlands , leading to the establishment of a frontier at Watling Street . In 941 Olaf died , and Edmund took back control of the east midlands , and then York in 944 . Following Edmund 's death York again switched back to Viking control , and it was only when the Northumbrians finally drove out their Norwegian Viking king Eric Bloodaxe in 954 and submitted to Eadred that Anglo @-@ Saxon control of the whole of England was finally restored . = = Legacy = = The reign of Æthelstan has been overshadowed by the achievements of his grandfather , Alfred the Great , but he is now considered one of the greatest kings of the West Saxon dynasty . Modern historians endorse the view of twelfth century chronicler William of Malmesbury that " no one more just or more learned ever governed the kingdom " . Frank Stenton and Simon Keynes both describe him as the one Anglo @-@ Saxon king who will bear comparison with Alfred . In Keynes 's view he " has long been regarded , with good reason , as a towering figure in the landscape of the tenth century ... he has also been hailed as the first king of England , as a statesman of international standing " . David Dumville describes Æthelstan as " the father of mediaeval and modern England " , while Michael Wood regards Offa , Alfred , and Æthelstan as the three greatest Anglo @-@ Saxon kings , and Æthelstan as " one of the more important lay intellectuals in Anglo @-@ Saxon history " . Æthelstan is regarded as the first King of England by modern historians . Although it was Eadred who would achieve the final unification of England by the permanent conquest of Viking York , Æthelstan 's campaigns made this success possible . His nephew Edgar called himself King of the English and revived the claim to rule over all the peoples of Britain . Simon Keynes argued that " the consistent usages of Edgar 's reign represent nothing less than a determined reaffirmation of the polity created by Æthelstan in the 930s " . Historian Charles Insley , however , sees Æthelstan 's hegemony as fragile : " The level of overlordship wielded by Æthelstan during the 930s over the rest of Britain was perhaps not attained again by an English king until Edward I. " George Molyneaux argues that : The tendency of some modern historians to celebrate Æthelstan as " the first king of England " is , however , problematic , since there is little sign that that in his day the title rex Anglorum was closely or consistently tied to an area similar to that which we consider England . Indeed , when Æthelstan 's rule was associated with any definite geographical expanse , the territory in question was usually the whole island of Britain . Simon Keynes saw Æthelstan 's law @-@ making as his greatest achievement . His reign predates the sophisticated state of the later Anglo @-@ Saxon period , but his creation of the most centralised government England had yet seen , with the king and his council working strategically to ensure acceptance of his authority and laws , laid the foundations on which his brothers and nephews would create one of the wealthiest and most advanced systems of government in Europe . Æthelstan 's reign built upon his grandfather 's ecclesiastical programme , consolidating the local ecclesiastical revival and laying the foundation for the monastic reform movement later in the century . Æthelstan 's reputation was at its height when he died . According to Sarah Foot , " He found acclaim in his own day not only as a successful military leader and effective monarch but also as a man of devotion , committed to the promotion of religion and the patronage of learning . " Later in the century , Æthelweard praised him as a very mighty king worthy of honour , and Æthelred the Unready , who named his eight sons after his predecessors , put Æthelstan first as the name of his eldest son . Memory of Æthelstan then declined until it was revived by William of Malmesbury , who took a special interest in him as the one king who had chosen to be buried in his own house . William 's account kept his memory alive , and he was praised by other medieval chroniclers . In the early sixteenth century William Tyndale justified his English translation of the Bible by stating that he had read that King Æthelstan had caused the Holy Scriptures to be translated into Anglo @-@ Saxon . From the sixteenth century onwards Alfred 's reputation became dominant and Æthelstan largely disappeared from popular consciousness . Sharon Turner 's History of the Anglo @-@ Saxons , first published between 1799 and 1805 , played a crucial role in promoting Anglo @-@ Saxon studies , and he helped to establish Brunanburh as a key battle in English history , but his treatment of Æthelstan was slight in comparison with Alfred . Charles Dickens had only one paragraph on Æthelstan in his Child 's History of England , and although Anglo @-@ Saxon history was a popular subject for nineteenth @-@ century artists , and Alfred was frequently depicted in paintings at the Royal Academy between 1769 and 1904 , there was not one picture of Æthelstan . According to Michael Wood : " Among all the great rulers of British history , Æthelstan today is the forgotten man " , and in medieval historian Ann Williams 's view : " If Æthelstan has not had the reputation which accrued to his grandfather , the fault lies in the surviving sources ; Æthelstan had no biographer , and the Chronicle for his reign is scanty . In his own day he was ' the roof @-@ tree of the honour of the western world ' " . = Japanese cruiser Ibuki ( 1943 ) = The Japanese cruiser Ibuki ( 伊吹 ) was a heavy cruiser built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) during World War II . The lead ship of her class , she was converted into a light aircraft carrier before completion . The conversion was delayed and finally stopped in March 1945 in order to concentrate on building small submarines . Ibuki was scrapped in the Sasebo Naval Arsenal beginning in 1946 . = = Design and description = = As originally designed the ship had a length of 200 @.@ 6 meters ( 658 ft 2 in ) overall , a beam of 20 @.@ 2 meters ( 66 ft 3 in ) and a draft of 6 @.@ 04 meters ( 19 ft 10 in ) . Ibuki displaced 12 @,@ 220 metric tons ( 12 @,@ 030 long tons ) at standard load and 14 @,@ 828 metric tons ( 14 @,@ 594 long tons ) at ( full load ) . She was fitted with four Kampon geared steam turbine sets with a total of 152 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 113 @,@ 000 kW ) , each driving a 3 @.@ 9 @-@ meter ( 13 ft ) propeller . Steam was provided by eight Kampon Ro Gō @-@ type three @-@ drum water @-@ tube boilers intended to give the ship a maximum speed of 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) . Ibuki carried 2 @,@ 163 metric tons ( 2 @,@ 129 long tons ) of fuel oil which gave her an estimated range of 6 @,@ 300 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 700 km ; 7 @,@ 200 mi ) at 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . = = = Armament = = = The main armament of the Ibuki class was intended to be ten 50 @-@ caliber 20 cm 3rd Year Type No. 2 guns mounted in twin turrets , three forward and two aft of the superstructure . The first two forward turrets were on the same level , but the third turret could superfire over the first two . The guns could depress to − 5 ° and had a maximum elevation of + 55 ° and a maximum range of 29 @,@ 400 yd ( 26 @,@ 900 m ) . The secondary armament was to consist of eight 40 @-@ caliber 12 @.@ 7 cm Type 89 anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns in twin mounts . They had a maximum range of 14 @,@ 800 meters ( 16 @,@ 200 yd ) , and a maximum ceiling of 9 @,@ 400 meters ( 30 @,@ 800 ft ) . The ships were also intended to be equipped with four twin 25 mm Type 96 light AA guns abreast the funnel . They had a maximum range of 7 @,@ 500 meters ( 8 @,@ 202 yd ) , and an effective ceiling of 5 @,@ 500 meters ( 18 @,@ 000 ft ) . The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute due to the frequent need to change the fifteen @-@ round magazines . Two twin 13 @.@ 2 mm Type 93 machine gun mounts were supposed to be mounted on the bridge with 2 @,@ 000 rounds per gun . The Ibuki @-@ class ships were intended to be armed with four rotating quadruple 61 cm ( 24 in ) Type 92 torpedo tube mounts , two on each broadside . The ship carried 24 Type 93 torpedoes , commonly referred to in post @-@ war literature as the " Long Lance " , 16 in the tubes and eight in reserve . Quick @-@ reloading gear was installed for every mount that allowed the reserve torpedoes to be loaded in three to five minutes in ideal conditions . Early warning would have been provided by a Type 2 , Mark 2 , Model 1 air search radar mounted at the top of the foremast . A Type 93 passive hydrophone system would have been fitted in the bow . The ships were designed to carry three aircraft on a platform between the funnel and the mainmast . These would have consisted of one three @-@ seat Aichi E13A and two two @-@ seat Yokosuka E14Y floatplanes . They would have been launched by a pair of aircraft catapults , one on each side of the aircraft platform . = = = Armor = = = The ship 's waterline armoured belt ran all the way down to the double bottom . It extended from the forward to the rear magazines below the fore and aft turrets . Over the machinery spaces , it was 100 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick and 140 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) thick on the sides of the magazines . The outer ends of the fore and aft machinery compartments was protected by a 105 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) transverse bulkhead . The magazines were protected by fore and aft transverse bulkheads 95 – 140 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 5 in ) thick . The thickness of the armored deck ranged from 35 – 40 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 6 in ) on the flat and 60 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) on the slope . The sides of the conning tower were 100 millimeters thick while its roof was 50 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick . The main gun turrets had 25 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 0 in ) of armor on all sides and on the roof . The barbette armor ranged from 25 to 100 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 0 to 3 @.@ 9 in ) in thickness . = = = Conversion = = = Ibuki 's two aft turbine sets , the four aft boilers and the two innermost propeller shafts were removed with their propellers ; the exhaust uptakes for the remaining boilers were trunked together into a downward @-@ curving funnel on the starboard side of the hull . The space made available was used for avgas tanks ( 133 metric tons ( 131 long tons ) in capacity ) , additional fuel oil tanks , as well as bomb and torpedo magazines that had a capacity of 24 bombs and two torpedoes . The ship now could carry 3 @,@ 060 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 010 long tons ) of oil , enough for 7 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 13 @,@ 900 km ; 8 @,@ 600 mi ) at a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . The reduced power meant that Ibuki 's top speed was only 29 knots ( 54 km / h ; 33 mph ) . As part of the conversion , the existing superstructure was razed , a new hangar deck was built above the existing upper deck and a full @-@ length 205 @-@ meter ( 672 ft 7 in ) flight deck was added . It had a maximum width of 23 meters ( 75 ft 6 in ) , two 13 @-@ by @-@ 11 @.@ 6 @-@ meter ( 42 @.@ 7 by 38 @.@ 1 ft ) aircraft elevators that serviced the single hangar and a small starboard island structure . The ship was bulged to improve her stability , which increased her beam to a maximum of 21 @.@ 2 meters ( 69 ft 7 in ) below the waterline . Ibuki 's trials displacement increased to 14 @,@ 800 metric tons ( 14 @,@ 600 long tons ) and the additional weight increased her draft to 6 @.@ 31 meters ( 20 ft 8 in ) . Initially , the ship was to have a very light armament of only 22 triple 25 @-@ millimeter gun mounts , controlled by eight Type 95 fire @-@ control directors , but this was modified in 1944 to substitute four 60 @-@ caliber 8 cm Type 98 dual @-@ purpose guns , mounted in two twin @-@ gun turrets , and four 28 @-@ tube launchers for 12 @-@ centimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) anti @-@ aircraft rockets for six of the triple 25 @-@ millimeter gun mounts and two directors ( now Type 4s ) . This gave the ship a total of forty @-@ eight 25 mm guns in 16 triple mounts . The Type 98 gun fired a 76 @.@ 2 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) , 5 @.@ 99 @-@ kilogram ( 13 @.@ 2 lb ) projectile . It had a muzzle velocity of 900 – 920 m / s ( 3 @,@ 000 – 3 @,@ 000 ft / s ) that gave it a maximum range of 13 @,@ 600 meters ( 14 @,@ 900 yd ) , and a maximum ceiling of 9 @,@ 100 meters ( 29 @,@ 900 ft ) . The entire turret weighed 12 @,@ 500 kilograms ( 27 @,@ 600 lb ) and the guns could fire at a rate of 25 rounds per minute . At the top of the island , Ibuki was planned to have a 2 @-@ meter ( 6 ft 7 in ) rangefinder and a Type 21 radar . In 1944 , the Type 21 radar was moved to a retractable mount in the flight deck near the bow and a Type 22 surface search and a Type 13 air @-@ search radar were going to be installed on the island . The ship retained the Type 93 hydrophone system . The ship 's air group was designed to consist of 27 aircraft , 15 Mitsubishi A7M Reppū ( Allied codename : " Sam " ) fighters and a dozen Aichi B7A Ryusei ( " Grace " ) dive / torpedo bombers . = = Construction = = Ibuki was ordered under the 1941 Rapid Naval Armaments Supplement Programme , and she was laid down at the Kure Naval Arsenal , Kure , on 24 April 1942 ; however , her construction was suspended on 30 June . Construction resumed a month later to allow the ship to be launched and clear her slipway for carrier construction . She was named after Mount Ibuki on 5 April 1943 as per the IJN 's naming convention for first @-@ class cruisers . The ship was launched on 21 May and construction was suspended in July while the IJN decided what to do with her . The navy considered completing Ibuki as a high @-@ speed replenishment oiler , but decided to convert her into a light aircraft carrier on 25 August . While plans were prepared for the conversion , she was towed to the Sasebo Naval Arsenal , Sasebo , by the submarine tender Jingei 19 – 21 December . Completion of the ship was originally scheduled for March 1945 , but it was rescheduled for August because of delays . Work continued until 16 March 1945 , but it was ordered to halt when she was 80 % complete to concentrate on the construction of small submarines needed to defend Japan against an American invasion . She was anchored in Ebisu Bay , near Sasebo , and surrendered there on 2 September along with the rest of the Japanese military . Ibuki was scrapped in Sasebo Naval Arsenal Drydock No. 7 , 22 November 1946 – 1 August 1947 . = Anne , Queen of Great Britain = Anne ( 6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 ) became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 . On 1 May 1707 , under the Acts of Union , two of her realms , the kingdoms of England and Scotland , united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain . She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death . Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II , who had no legitimate children . Her father , James , was first in line to the throne . His suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England , and on Charles 's instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican . Three years after he succeeded Charles , James was deposed in the " Glorious Revolution " of 1688 . Anne 's Dutch Protestant brother @-@ in @-@ law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife , Anne 's elder sister Mary II . Although the sisters had been close , disagreements over Anne 's finances , status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary 's accession and they became estranged . William and Mary had no children . After Mary 's death in 1694 , William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702 . As queen , Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians , who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents , the Whigs . The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession , until in 1710 Anne dismissed many of them from office . Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough , turned sour as the result of political differences . Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life . From her thirties onwards , she grew increasingly lame and obese . Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband , Prince George of Denmark , she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart . Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 , she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover , who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother , Elizabeth , a daughter of James VI and I. = = Early life = = Anne was born at 11 : 39 p.m. on 6 February 1665 at St James 's Palace , London , the fourth child and second daughter of James , Duke of York ( afterwards James II and VII ) , and his first wife , Anne Hyde . Her father was the younger brother of King Charles II , who ruled the three kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland , and her mother was the daughter of Lord Chancellor Edward Hyde , 1st Earl of Clarendon . At her Anglican baptism in the Chapel Royal at St James 's , her older sister , Mary , was one of her godparents , along with the Duchess of Monmouth and the Archbishop of Canterbury , Gilbert Sheldon . The Duke and Duchess of York had eight children , but Anne and Mary were the only ones to survive into adulthood . As a child , Anne suffered from an eye condition , which manifested as excessive watering known as " defluxion " . For medical treatment , she was sent to France , where she lived with her paternal grandmother , Queen Henrietta Maria , at the Château de Colombes near Paris . Following her grandmother 's death in 1669 , Anne lived with an aunt , Henrietta Anne , Duchess of Orléans . On the sudden death of her aunt in 1670 , Anne returned to England . Her mother died the following year . As was traditional in the royal family , Anne and her sister were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at Richmond , London . On the instructions of Charles II , they were raised as Protestants . Placed in the care of Colonel Edward and Lady Frances Villiers , their education was focused on the teachings of the Anglican church . Henry Compton , Bishop of London , was appointed as Anne 's preceptor . Around 1671 , Anne first made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings , who later became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors . Jennings married John Churchill ( the future Duke of Marlborough ) in about 1678 . His sister , Arabella Churchill , was the Duke of York 's mistress , and he was to be Anne 's most important general . In 1673 , the Duke of York 's conversion to Roman Catholicism became public , and he married a Catholic princess , Mary of Modena , who was only six and a half years older than Anne . Charles II had no legitimate children , and so the Duke of York was next in the line of succession , followed by his two surviving daughters from his first marriage , Mary and Anne . Over the next ten years , the new Duchess of York had ten children , but all were either stillborn or died in infancy , leaving Mary and Anne second and third in the line of succession after their father . There is every indication that , throughout Anne 's early life , she and her stepmother got on well together , and the Duke of York was a conscientious and loving father . = = Marriage = = In November 1677 , Anne 's elder sister , Mary , married their Dutch first cousin , William of Orange , at St James 's Palace , but Anne could not attend the wedding because she was confined to her room with smallpox . By the time she recovered , Mary had already left for her new life in the Netherlands . Lady Frances Villiers contracted the disease , and died . Anne 's aunt Lady Henrietta Hyde ( the wife of Laurence Hyde ) was appointed as her new governess . A year later , Anne and her stepmother visited Mary in Holland for two weeks . Anne 's father and stepmother retired to Brussels in March 1679 in the wake of anti @-@ Catholic hysteria fed by the Popish Plot , and Anne visited them from the end of August . In October , they returned to Britain , the Duke and Duchess to Scotland and Anne to England . She joined her father and stepmother at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh from July 1681 until May 1682 . It was her last journey outside England . Anne 's second cousin George of Hanover ( her eventual successor ) visited London for three months from December 1680 , sparking rumours of a potential marriage between them . Historian Edward Gregg dismissed the rumours as ungrounded , as her father was essentially exiled from court , and the Hanoverians planned to marry George to his first cousin Sophia Dorothea of Celle as part of a scheme to unite the Hanoverian inheritance . Other rumours claimed she was courted by Lord Mulgrave ( later made Duke of Buckingham ) , although he denied it . Nevertheless , as a result of the gossip , he was temporarily dismissed from court . With George of Hanover out of contention as a potential suitor for Anne , King Charles looked elsewhere for an eligible prince who would be welcomed as a groom by his Protestant subjects but also acceptable to his Catholic ally , Louis XIV of France . The Danes were Protestant allies of the French , and Louis XIV was keen on an Anglo @-@ Danish alliance to contain the power of the Dutch . A marriage treaty between Anne and Prince George of Denmark , younger brother of King Christian V , was negotiated by Anne 's uncle Laurence Hyde , who had been made Earl of Rochester , and the English Secretary of State for the Northern Department , Robert Spencer , 2nd Earl of Sunderland . Anne 's father consented to the marriage eagerly because it diminished the influence of his other son @-@ in @-@ law , William of Orange , who was naturally unhappy at the match . Bishop Compton officiated at the wedding of Anne and George of Denmark on 28 July 1683 in the Chapel Royal . Though it was an arranged marriage , they were faithful and devoted partners . They were given a set of buildings in the Palace of Whitehall known as the Cockpit as their London residence , and Sarah Churchill was appointed one of Anne 's ladies of the bedchamber . Within months of the marriage , Anne was pregnant , but the baby was stillborn in May . Anne recovered at the spa town of Tunbridge Wells , and over the next two years , gave birth to two daughters in quick succession : Mary and Anne Sophia . = = Accession of James II and VII = = When Charles II died in 1685 , Anne 's father became king as James II in England and Ireland and James VII in Scotland . To the consternation of the English people , James began to give Catholics military and administrative offices , in contravention of the Test Acts that were designed to prevent such appointments . Anne shared the general concern , and continued to attend Anglican services . As her sister Mary lived in the Netherlands , Anne and her family were the only members of the royal family attending Protestant religious services in England . When her father tried to get Anne to baptise her youngest daughter into the Catholic faith , Anne burst into tears . " The Church of Rome is wicked and dangerous " , she wrote to her sister , " their ceremonies – most of them – plain downright idolatry . " Anne became estranged from her father and stepmother as James moved to weaken the Church of England 's power . In early 1687 , within a matter of days , Anne miscarried , her husband caught smallpox , and their two young daughters died of the same infection . Lady Rachel Russell wrote that George and Anne had " taken [ the deaths ] very heavily ... Sometimes they wept , sometimes they mourned in words ; then sat silent , hand in hand ; he sick in bed , and she the carefullest nurse to him that can be imagined . " Later that year , she suffered another stillbirth . Public alarm at James 's Catholicism increased when his wife , Mary of Modena , became pregnant for the first time since James 's accession . In letters to her sister Mary , Anne raised suspicions that the Queen was faking her pregnancy in an attempt to introduce a false heir . She wrote , " they will stick at nothing , be it never so wicked , if it will promote their interest ... there may be foul play intended . " Anne suffered another miscarriage in April 1688 , and left London to recuperate in the spa town of Bath . Anne 's stepmother gave birth to a son , James Francis Edward , on 10 June 1688 , and a Catholic succession became more likely . Anne was still at Bath , so she did not witness the birth , which fed the belief that the child was spurious . Anne may have left the capital deliberately to avoid being present , or because she was genuinely ill , but it is also possible that James desired the exclusion of all Protestants , including his daughter , from affairs of state . " I shall never now be satisfied " , Anne wrote to her sister Mary , " whether the child be true or false . It may be it is our brother , but God only knows ... one cannot help having a thousand fears and melancholy thoughts , but whatever changes may happen you shall ever find me firm to my religion and faithfully yours . " To dispel rumours of a supposititious child , James had 40 witnesses to the birth attend a Privy Council meeting , but Anne claimed she could not attend because she was pregnant herself ( which she was not ) and then declined to read the depositions because it was " not necessary " . = = " Glorious Revolution " = = In what became known as the " Glorious Revolution " , William of Orange invaded England on 5 November 1688 in an action that ultimately deposed King James . Forbidden by James to pay Mary a projected visit in the spring of 1687 , Anne corresponded with her and was aware of the plans to invade . On the advice of the Churchills , she refused to side with James after William landed and instead wrote to William on 18 November declaring her approval of his action . Churchill abandoned the unpopular king on the 24th . Prince George followed suit that night , and in the evening of the following day James issued orders to place Sarah Churchill under house arrest at St James 's Palace . Anne and Sarah fled from Whitehall by a back staircase , putting themselves under the care of Bishop Compton . They spent one night in his house , and subsequently arrived at Nottingham on 1 December . Two weeks later and escorted by a large company , Anne arrived at Oxford , where she met Prince George in triumph . " God help me ! " , lamented James on discovering the desertion of his daughter on 26 November , " Even my children have forsaken me . " On 19 December , Anne returned to London , where she was at once visited by William . James fled to France on the 23rd . Anne showed no concern at the news of her father 's flight , and instead merely asked for her usual game of cards . She justified herself by saying that she " was used to play and never loved to do anything that looked like an affected constraint " . In January 1689 , a Convention Parliament assembled in England and declared that James had effectively abdicated when he fled , and that the thrones of England and Ireland were therefore vacant . The Parliament or Estates of Scotland took similar action , and William and Mary were declared monarchs of all three realms . The Bill of Rights 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 settled the succession . Anne and her descendants were to be in the line of succession after William and Mary , and they were to be followed by any descendants of William by a future marriage . On 24 July 1689 , Anne gave birth to a son , Prince William , Duke of Gloucester , who , though ill , survived infancy .	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
As King William and Queen Mary had no children , it looked as though Anne 's son would eventually inherit the Crown . = = William and Mary = = Soon after their accession , William and Mary rewarded John Churchill by granting him the Earldom of Marlborough and Prince George was made Duke of Cumberland . Anne requested the use of Richmond Palace and a parliamentary allowance . William and Mary refused the first , and unsuccessfully opposed the latter , both of which caused tension between the two sisters . Anne 's resentment grew worse when William refused to allow Prince George to serve in the military in an active capacity . The new king and queen feared that Anne 's financial independence would weaken their influence over her and allow her to set up a rival political faction . From around this time , at Anne 's request she and Sarah Churchill , Lady Marlborough , began to call each other the pet names Mrs. Morley and Mrs. Freeman respectively , to facilitate a relationship of greater equality between the two when they were alone . In January 1692 , suspecting that Marlborough was secretly conspiring with James 's followers , the Jacobites , William and Mary dismissed him from all his offices . In a public show of support for the Marlboroughs , Anne took Sarah to a social event at the palace , and refused her sister 's request to dismiss Sarah from her household . Lady Marlborough was subsequently removed from the royal household by the Lord Chamberlain , and Anne angrily left her royal lodgings and took up residence at Syon House , the home of the Duke of Somerset . Anne was stripped of her guard of honour ; courtiers were forbidden to visit her , and civic authorities were instructed to ignore her . In April , Anne gave birth to a son who died within minutes . Mary visited her , but instead of offering comfort took the opportunity to berate Anne once again for her friendship with Sarah . The sisters never saw each other again . Later that year , Anne moved to Berkeley House in Piccadilly , London , where she had a stillborn daughter in March 1693 . When Mary died of smallpox in 1694 , William continued to reign alone . Anne became his heir apparent , since any children he might have by another wife were assigned to a lower place in the line of succession , and the two reconciled publicly . He restored her previous honours , allowed her to reside in St James 's Palace , and gave her Mary 's jewels , but excluded her from government and refrained from appointing her regent during his absences abroad . Three months later , William restored Marlborough to his offices . With Anne 's restoration at court , Berkeley House became a social centre for courtiers who had previously avoided contact with Anne and her husband . According to James , Anne wrote to him in 1696 requesting his permission to succeed William , and thereafter promising to restore the Crown to James 's line at a convenient opportunity ; he declined to give his consent . She was probably trying to ensure her own succession by attempting to prevent a direct claim by James . = = = Act of Settlement = = = Anne 's final pregnancy ended on 25 January 1700 , when she miscarried a stillborn son . She had been pregnant at least seventeen times over as many years , and had miscarried or given birth to stillborn children at least twelve times . Of her five liveborn children , four died before reaching the age of two . Anne suffered from bouts of " gout " , pains in her limbs and eventually stomach and head , from at least 1698 . Based on her foetal losses and physical symptoms , she may have had disseminated lupus erythematosus , or Hughes syndrome . Alternatively , pelvic inflammatory disease could explain why the onset of her symptoms roughly coincided with her penultimate pregnancy . Other suggested causes of her failed pregnancies are listeriosis , diabetes , intrauterine growth retardation , and rhesus incompatibility . Rhesus incompatibility , however , generally worsens with successive pregnancies , and so does not fit with the pattern of Anne 's pregnancies , as her only son to survive infancy , Prince William , Duke of Gloucester , was born after a series of stillbirths . Experts also rule out syphilis , porphyria and pelvic deformation as incompatible with her medical history . Anne 's gout rendered her lame for much of her later life . Around the court , she was carried in a sedan chair , or used a wheelchair . Around her estates , she used a one @-@ horse chaise , which she drove herself " furiously like Jehu and a mighty hunter like Nimrod " . She gained weight as a result of her sedentary lifestyle ; in Sarah 's words , " she grew exceeding gross and corpulent . There was something of majesty in her look , but mixed with a gloominess of soul " . Sir John Clerk , 1st Baronet , described her in 1706 " under a fit of the gout and in extreme pain and agony , and on this occasion everything about her was much in the same disorder as about the meanest of her subjects . Her face , which was red and spotted , was rendered something frightful by her negligent dress , and the foot affected was tied up with a poultice and some nasty bandages . I was much affected by this sight ... " . Anne 's sole surviving child , the Duke of Gloucester , died at the age of eleven on 30 July 1700 . She and her husband were " overwhelmed with grief " . Anne ordered her household to observe a day of mourning every year on the anniversary of his death . With William childless and Gloucester dead , Anne was the only individual remaining in the line of succession established by the Bill of Rights 1689 . To address the succession crisis and preclude a Catholic restoration , the Parliament of England enacted the Act of Settlement 1701 , which provided that , failing the issue of Anne and of William III by any future marriage , the Crown of England and Ireland would go to Sophia , Electress of Hanover , and her Protestant descendants . Sophia was the granddaughter of James VI and I through his daughter Elizabeth , who was the sister of Anne 's grandfather Charles I. Over fifty Catholic claimants more closely related to Anne were excluded from the line of succession . Anne 's father died in September 1701 . His widow , Anne 's stepmother , the former queen , wrote to Anne to inform her that her father forgave her and to remind her of her promise to seek the restoration of his line . Anne , however , had already acquiesced to the new line of succession created by the Act of Settlement . = = Reign = = Anne became Queen upon the death of William III on 8 March 1702 , and was immediately popular . In her first speech to the English Parliament , on 11 March , she distanced herself from her late Dutch brother @-@ in @-@ law and said , " As I know my heart to be entirely English , I can very sincerely assure you there is not anything you can expect or desire from me which I shall not be ready to do for the happiness and prosperity of England . " Soon after her accession , Anne appointed her husband Lord High Admiral , giving him nominal control of the Royal Navy . Anne gave control of the army to Lord Marlborough , whom she appointed Captain @-@ General . Marlborough also received numerous honours from the Queen ; he was created a Knight of the Garter and was elevated to the rank of duke . The Duchess of Marlborough was appointed Groom of the Stole , Mistress of the Robes , and Keeper of the Privy Purse . Anne was crowned on St George 's Day , 23 April 1702 . Afflicted with gout , she was carried to Westminster Abbey in an open sedan chair , with a low back to permit her train to flow out behind her . On 4 May , England became embroiled in the War of the Spanish Succession , in which England , Austria and the Dutch Republic fought against France and Spain . Charles II of Spain had died childless in 1700 , and the succession was disputed by two claimants : the Habsburg Archduke Charles of Austria and the Bourbon Philip , Duke of Anjou . = = = Act of Union = = = While Ireland was subordinate to the English Crown and Wales formed part of the kingdom of England , Scotland remained an independent sovereign state with its own parliament and laws . The Act of Settlement 1701 , passed by the English Parliament , applied in the kingdoms of England and Ireland but not Scotland , where a strong minority wished to preserve the Stuart dynasty and its right of inheritance to the throne . Anne had declared it " very necessary " to conclude a union of England and Scotland in her first speech to the English Parliament , and a joint Anglo @-@ Scots commission met at her former residence the Cockpit to discuss terms in October 1702 . The negotiations broke up in early February 1703 having failed to reach an agreement . The Estates of Scotland responded to the Act of Settlement by passing the Act of Security , which gave the Estates the power , if the Queen had no further children , to choose the next Scottish monarch from among the Protestant descendants of the royal line of Scotland . The individual chosen by the Estates could not be the same person who came to the English throne , unless England granted full freedom of trade to Scottish merchants . At first , Anne withheld royal assent to the act , but granted it the following year when the Estates threatened to withhold supply , endangering Scottish support for England 's wars . In its turn , the English Parliament responded with the Alien Act 1705 , which threatened to impose economic sanctions and declare Scottish subjects aliens in England , unless Scotland either repealed the Act of Security or moved to unite with England . The Estates chose the latter option ; the English Parliament agreed to repeal the Alien Act , and new commissioners were appointed by Queen Anne in early 1706 to negotiate the terms of a union . The articles of union approved by the commissioners were presented to Anne on 23 July 1706 , and ratified by the Scottish and English Parliaments on 16 January and 6 March 1707 respectively . Under the Acts of Union , England and Scotland were united into a single kingdom called Great Britain , with one parliament , on 1 May 1707 . Anne , a consistent and ardent supporter of union despite opposition on both sides of the border , attended a thanksgiving service in St Paul 's Cathedral . The Scot Sir John Clerk , 1st Baronet , who also attended , wrote , " nobody on this occasion appeared more sincerely devout and thankful than the Queen herself " . = = = Two @-@ party politics = = = Anne 's reign was marked by the further development of a two @-@ party system . In general , the Tories were supportive of the Anglican church and favoured the " landed interest " of the country gentry , while the Whigs were aligned with commercial interests and Protestant Dissenters . As a committed Anglican , Anne was inclined to favour the Tories . Her first ministry was predominantly Tory , and contained such High Tories as Daniel Finch , 2nd Earl of Nottingham , and her uncle Laurence Hyde , 1st Earl of Rochester . It was headed by Lord Treasurer Lord Godolphin and Anne 's favourite the Duke of Marlborough , who were considered moderate Tories , along with the Speaker of the House of Commons , Robert Harley . Anne supported the Occasional Conformity Bill of 1702 , which was promoted by the Tories and opposed by the Whigs . The bill aimed to disqualify Protestant Dissenters from public office by closing a loophole in the Test Acts , legislation that restricted public office to Anglican conformists . The existing law permitted nonconformists to take office if they took Anglican communion once a year . Anne 's husband was placed in an unfortunate position when Anne forced him to vote for the bill , even though , being a Lutheran , he was an occasional conformist himself . The Whigs successfully blocked the bill for the duration of the parliamentary session . Anne reinstituted the traditional religious practice of touching for the king 's evil that had been eschewed by William as papist superstition . After the Great Storm of 1703 , Anne declared a general fast to implore God " to pardon the crying sins of this nation which had drawn down this sad judgement " . The Occasional Conformity Bill was revived in the wake of the storm , but Anne withheld support , fearing its reintroduction was a ruse to cause a political quarrel . Once again it failed . A third attempt to introduce the bill as an amendment to a money bill in November 1704 was also thwarted . The Whigs vigorously supported the War of the Spanish Succession and became even more influential after the Duke of Marlborough won a great victory at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704 . Many of the High Tories , who opposed British involvement in the land war against France , were removed from office . Godolphin , Marlborough , and Harley , who had replaced Nottingham as Secretary of State for the Northern Department , formed a ruling " triumvirate " . They were forced to rely more and more on support from the Whigs , and particularly from the Whig Junto — Lords Somers , Halifax , Orford , Wharton and Sunderland — whom Anne disliked . Sarah , the Duchess of Marlborough , incessantly badgered the Queen to appoint more Whigs and reduce the power of the Tories , whom she considered little better than Jacobites , and the Queen became increasingly discontented with her . In 1706 , Godolphin and the Marlboroughs forced Anne to accept Lord Sunderland , a Junto Whig and the Marlboroughs ' son @-@ in @-@ law , as Harley 's colleague as Secretary of State for the Southern Department . Although this strengthened the ministry 's position in Parliament , it weakened the ministry 's position with the Queen , as Anne became increasingly irritated with Godolphin and with her former favourite , the Duchess of Marlborough , for supporting Sunderland and other Whig candidates for vacant government and church positions . The Queen turned for private advice to Harley , who was uncomfortable with Marlborough and Godolphin 's turn towards the Whigs . She also turned to Abigail Hill , a woman of the bedchamber whose influence grew as Anne 's relationship with Sarah deteriorated . Abigail was related to both Harley and the Duchess , but was politically closer to Harley , and acted as an intermediary between him and the Queen . The division within the ministry came to a head on 8 February 1708 , when Godolphin and the Marlboroughs insisted that the Queen had to either dismiss Harley or do without their services . When the Queen seemed to hesitate , Marlborough and Godolphin refused to attend a cabinet meeting . Harley attempted to lead business without his former colleagues , and several of those present including the Duke of Somerset refused to participate until they returned . Her hand forced , the Queen dismissed Harley . The following month , Anne 's Catholic half @-@ brother , James Francis Edward Stuart , attempted to land in Scotland with French assistance in an attempt to establish himself as king . Anne withheld royal assent from the Scottish Militia Bill 1708 in case the militia raised in Scotland was disloyal and sided with the Jacobites . She was the last British sovereign to veto a parliamentary bill , although her action was barely commented upon at the time . The invasion fleet never landed and was chased away by British ships commanded by Sir George Byng . As a result of the Jacobite invasion scare , support for the Tories fell and the Whigs were able to secure a majority in the British general election , 1708 . The Duchess of Marlborough was angered when Abigail moved into rooms at Kensington Palace that Sarah considered her own , though she rarely if ever used them . In July 1708 , she came to court with a bawdy poem written by a Whig propagandist , probably Arthur Maynwaring , that implied a lesbian relationship between Anne and Abigail . The Duchess wrote to Anne telling her she had damaged her reputation by conceiving " a great passion for such a woman ... strange and unaccountable " . Sarah thought Abigail had risen above her station , writing " I never thought her education was such as to make her fit company for a great queen . Many people have liked the humour of their chambermaids and have been very kind to them , but ' tis very uncommon to hold a private correspondence with them and put them upon the foot of a friend . " While some modern commentators have concluded Anne was a lesbian , most have rejected this analysis . In the opinion of Anne 's biographers , she considered Abigail nothing more than a trusted servant , and was a woman of strong traditional beliefs , who was devoted to her husband . At a thanksgiving service for a victory at the Battle of Oudenarde , Anne did not wear the jewels that Sarah had selected for her . At the door of St Paul 's Cathedral , they had an argument that culminated in Sarah offending the Queen by telling her to be quiet . Anne was dismayed . When Sarah forwarded an unrelated letter from her husband to Anne , with a covering note continuing the argument , Anne wrote back pointedly , " After the commands you gave me on the thanksgiving day of not answering you , I should not have troubled you with these lines , but to return the Duke of Marlborough 's letter safe into your hands , and for the same reason do not say anything to that , nor to yours which enclosed it . " = = = Death of her husband = = = Anne was devastated by her husband 's death in October 1708 , and the event proved a turning point in her relationship with the Duchess of Marlborough . The Duchess arrived at Kensington Palace shortly before George died , and after his death insisted that Anne leave Kensington for St James 's Palace against her wishes . Anne resented the Duchess 's intrusive actions , which included removing a portrait of George from the Queen 's bedchamber and then refusing to return it in the belief that it was natural " to avoid seeing of papers or anything that belonged to one that one loved when they were just dead " . The Whigs used George 's death to their own advantage . The leadership of the Admiralty was unpopular among the Whig leaders , who had blamed Prince George and his deputy George Churchill ( who was Marlborough 's brother ) for mismanagement of the navy . With Whigs now dominant in Parliament , and Anne distraught at the loss of her husband , they forced her to accept the Junto leaders Lords Somers and Wharton into the cabinet . Anne , however , insisted on carrying out the duties of Lord High Admiral herself , without appointing a member of the government to take George 's place . Undeterred , the Junto demanded the appointment of the Earl of Orford , another member of the Junto and one of Prince George 's leading critics , as First Lord of the Admiralty . Anne appointed the moderate Earl of Pembroke , on 29 November 1708 . Pressure mounted on Pembroke , Godolphin and the Queen from the dissatisfied Junto Whigs , and Pembroke resigned after less than a year in office . Another month of arguments followed before the Queen finally consented to put Orford in control of the Admiralty as First Lord in November 1709 . Sarah continued to berate Anne for her friendship with Abigail , and in October 1709 , Anne wrote to the Duke of Marlborough asking that his wife " leave off teasing & tormenting me & behave herself with the decency she ought both to her friend and Queen " . On Maundy Thursday 6 April 1710 , Anne and Sarah saw each other for the last time . According to Sarah , the Queen was taciturn and formal , repeating the same phrases — " Whatever you have to say you may put in writing " and " You said you desired no answer , and I shall give you none " — over and over . = = = War of the Spanish Succession = = = As the expensive War of the Spanish Succession grew unpopular , so did the Whig administration . The impeachment of Henry Sacheverell , a High Church Tory Anglican who had preached anti @-@ Whig sermons , led to further public discontent . Anne thought Sacheverell ought to be punished for questioning the " Glorious Revolution " , but that his punishment should only be a mild one to prevent further public commotion . In London , riots broke out in support of Sacheverell , but the only troops available to quell the disturbances were Anne 's guards , and Secretary of State Sunderland was reluctant to use them and leave the Queen less protected . Anne declared God would be her guard and ordered Sunderland to redeploy her troops . In line with Anne 's views , Sacheverell was convicted , but his sentence — suspension of preaching for three years — was so light as to render the trial a mockery . The Queen , increasingly disdainful of the Marlboroughs and her ministry , finally took the opportunity to dismiss Sunderland in June 1710 . Godolphin followed in August . The Junto Whigs were removed from office , although Marlborough , for the moment , remained as commander of the army . In their place , she appointed a new ministry , headed by Harley , which began to seek peace with France . Unlike the Whigs , Harley and his ministry were ready to compromise by giving Spain to the Bourbon claimant , Philip of Anjou , in return for commercial concessions . In the parliamentary elections that soon followed his appointment , Harley , aided by government patronage , secured a large Tory majority . In January 1711 , Anne forced Sarah to resign her court offices , and Abigail took over as Keeper of the Privy Purse . Harley was stabbed by a disgruntled French refugee , the Marquis de Guiscard , in March , and Anne wept at the thought he would die . He recovered slowly . Godolphin 's death from natural causes in September 1712 reduced Anne to tears ; she blamed their estrangement on the Marlboroughs . The elder brother of Archduke Charles , Emperor Joseph I , died in April 1711 and Charles succeeded him in Austria , Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire . To give him also the Spanish throne was no longer in Britain 's interests , but the proposed Peace of Utrecht submitted to Parliament for ratification did not go as far as the Whigs wanted to curb Bourbon ambitions . In the House of Commons , the Tory majority was unassailable , but the same was not true in the House of Lords . The Whigs secured the support of the Earl of Nottingham against the treaty by promising to support his Occasional Conformity bill . Seeing a need for decisive action to erase the anti @-@ peace majority in the House of Lords , and seeing no alternative , Anne reluctantly created twelve new peers . Abigail 's husband , Samuel Masham , was made a baron , although Anne protested to Harley that she " never had any design to make a great lady of [ Abigail ] , and should lose a useful servant " . Such a mass creation of peers was unprecedented . On the same day , Marlborough was dismissed as commander of the army . The peace treaty was ratified and Britain 's military involvement in the War of the Spanish Succession ended . By signing the Treaty of Utrecht , King Louis XIV of France recognised the Hanoverian succession in Britain . Nevertheless , gossip that Anne and her ministers favoured the succession of her half @-@ brother rather than the Hanoverians continued , despite Anne 's denials in public and in private . The rumours were fed by her consistent refusals to permit any of the Hanoverians to visit or move to England , and by the intrigues of Harley and the Tory Secretary of State Lord Bolingbroke , who were in separate and secret discussions with her half @-@ brother about a possible Stuart restoration until early 1714 . = = = Death = = = Anne was unable to walk between January and July 1713 . At Christmas , she was feverish , and lay unconscious for hours , which led to rumours of her impending death . She recovered , but was seriously ill again in March . By July , Anne had lost confidence in Harley ; his secretary recorded that Anne told the cabinet " that he neglected all business ; that he was seldom to be understood ; that when he did explain himself , she could not depend upon the truth of what he said ; that he never came to her at the time she appointed ; that he often came drunk ; [ and ] last , to crown all , he behaved himself towards her with ill manner , indecency and disrespect . " On 27 July 1714 , during Parliament 's summer recess , she dismissed Harley as Lord Treasurer . Despite failing health , which her doctors blamed on the emotional strain of matters of state , she attended two late @-@ night cabinet meetings that failed to determine Harley 's successor . A third meeting was cancelled when she became too ill to attend . She was rendered unable to speak by a stroke on 30 July 1714 , the anniversary of Gloucester 's death , and on the advice of the Privy Council handed the treasurer 's staff of office to Whig grandee Charles Talbot , 1st Duke of Shrewsbury . She died at around 7 : 30 a.m. on 1 August 1714 . John Arbuthnot , one of her doctors , thought her death was a release from a life of ill @-@ health and tragedy ; he wrote to Jonathan Swift , " I believe sleep was never more welcome to a weary traveller than death was to her . " Anne was buried beside her husband and children in the Henry VII chapel on the South Aisle of Westminster Abbey on 24 August . The Electress Sophia had died on 28 May , two months before Anne , so the Electress 's son , George , Elector of Hanover , inherited the British Crown pursuant to the Act of Settlement 1701 . The possible Catholic claimants , including Anne 's half @-@ brother , James Francis Edward Stuart , were ignored . The Elector 's accession was relatively stable : a Jacobite rising in 1715 failed . Marlborough was re @-@ instated , and the Tory ministers were replaced by Whigs . = = Legacy = = The Duchess of Marlborough " unduly disparaged " Anne in her memoirs , and her prejudiced recollections persuaded many biographers that Anne was " a weak , irresolute woman beset by bedchamber quarrels and deciding high policy on the basis of personalities " . The Duchess wrote of Anne : She certainly meant well and was not a fool , but nobody can maintain that she was wise , nor entertaining in conversation . She was ignorant in everything but what the parsons had taught her when a child ... Being very ignorant , very fearful , with very little judgement , it is easy to be seen she might mean well , being surrounded with so many artful people , who at last compassed their designs to her dishonour . In the opinion of historians , traditional assessments of Anne as fat , constantly pregnant , under the influence of favourites , and lacking political astuteness or interest may derive from male chauvinist prejudices against women . Author David Green noted , " Hers was not , as used to be supposed , petticoat government . She had considerable power ; yet time and time again she had to capitulate . " Professor Edward Gregg concluded that Anne was often able to impose her will , even though , as a woman in an age of male dominance and preoccupied by her health , her reign was marked by an increase in the influence of ministers and a decrease in the influence of the Crown . She attended more cabinet meetings than any of her predecessors or successors , and presided over an age of artistic , literary , economic and political advancement that was made possible by the stability and prosperity of her reign . In architecture , Sir John Vanbrugh constructed Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard . Writers such as Daniel Defoe , Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift flourished . Henry Wise laid out new gardens at Blenheim , Kensington , Windsor and St James 's . The union of England and Scotland , which Anne had fervently supported , created Europe 's largest free trade area . The political and diplomatic achievements of Anne 's governments , and the absence of constitutional conflict between monarch and parliament during her reign , indicate that she chose ministers and exercised her prerogatives wisely . = = Titles , styles , honours and arms = = = = = Titles and styles = = = 6 February 1665 – 28 July 1683 : Her Highness The Lady Anne 28 July 1683 – 8 March 1702 : Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne of Denmark 8 March 1702 – 1 August 1714 : Her Majesty The Queen The official style of Anne before 1707 was " Anne , by the Grace of God , Queen of England , Scotland , France and Ireland , Defender of the Faith , etc . " After the union , her style was " Anne , by the Grace of God , Queen of Great Britain , France and Ireland , Defender of the Faith , etc . " In line with other monarchs of England between 1340 and 1800 , Anne was styled " of France " , but did not actually reign in France . = = = Arms = = = As queen regnant , Anne 's coat of arms before the union were the Stuart royal arms , in use since 1603 : Quarterly ; I and IV grandquarterly , Azure three fleurs @-@ de @-@ lis Or ( for France ) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England ) ; II , Or , a lion rampant within a double tressure flory @-@ counter @-@ flory Gules ( for Scotland ) ; III , Azure , a harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland ) . In 1702 , Anne adopted the motto semper eadem ( " always the same " ) , the same motto used by Queen Elizabeth I. The Acts of Union declared that : " the Ensigns Armorial of the said United Kingdom be such as Her Majesty shall appoint " . In 1707 , the union was heraldically expressed by the impalement , or placing side @-@ by @-@ side in the same quarter , of the arms of England and Scotland , which had previously been in different quarters . The new arms were : Quarterly ; I and IV , Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England ) impaling Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory @-@ counter @-@ flory Gules ( for Scotland ) ; II , Azure , three fleurs @-@ de @-@ lis Or ( for France ) ; III , Azure , a harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland ) . In Scotland , a separate form of arms was used on seals until the Act of Union . = = Pregnancies = = = = Ancestry = = = = = Family tree = = = = The Mummy ( 1999 film ) = The Mummy is a 1999 American action @-@ adventure horror film written and directed by Stephen Sommers and starring Brendan Fraser , Rachel Weisz , John Hannah , and Kevin J. O 'Connor , with Arnold Vosloo in the title role as the reanimated mummy . It is a loose remake of the 1932 film The Mummy , which starred Boris Karloff in the title role . Filming began in Marrakech , Morocco , on May 4 , 1998 , and lasted seventeen weeks ; the crew had to endure dehydration , sandstorms , and snakes while filming in the Sahara . The visual effects were provided by Industrial Light & Magic , who blended film and computer @-@ generated imagery to create the titular Mummy . Jerry Goldsmith provided the orchestral score . The Mummy opened on May 7 , 1999 , and grossed $ 43 million in 3 @,@ 210 theaters during its opening weekend in the United States ; a surprise hit , the film went on to gross $ 416 million worldwide . The box @-@ office success led to a 2001 sequel , The Mummy Returns , as well as The Mummy : The Animated Series , and the prequel / spin @-@ off film The Scorpion King . Seven years later , the third installment , The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor , opened on August 1 , 2008 . Universal Pictures also opened a roller coaster , Revenge of the Mummy , in 2004 . Novelizations of the film and its sequels were written by Max Allan Collins . = = Plot = = In Thebes , Egypt , 1290 BC , high priest Imhotep engages in an affair with Anck @-@ su @-@ Namun , the mistress and future wife of Pharaoh Seti I. When the Pharaoh discovers the affair , Imhotep and Anck @-@ su @-@ Namun assassinate him . As Seti 's bodyguards arrive too late to save him , Imhotep flees , while Anck @-@ su @-@ Namun kills herself , intending for Imhotep to resurrect her . Imhotep and his priests steal her corpse and travel to Hamunaptra , the city of the dead , but the resurrection ritual is stopped by Seti 's bodyguards , the Medjai . Imhotep 's priests are all mummified alive , while Imhotep himself is sentenced to suffer the Hom Dai , the worst of Egyptian curses , buried alive with flesh eating scarab beetles . Imhotep is sealed away in a sarcophagus at the feet of a statue of the Egyptian god Anubis and kept under strict surveillance by the Medjai , since if Imhotep were ever to return , the world would be doomed . In 1925 , Jonathan Carnahan presents his sister Evelyn , a Cairo librarian and aspiring Egyptologist , an intricate box and map . After the pair discover the map leads to Hamunaptra , Jonathan reveals he stole it from an American adventurer , Rick O 'Connell , who encountered the city while in the French Foreign Legion . Rick makes a deal with Evelyn to lead them there if they release him from prison . Rick leads Evelyn and her party to the city , where the group encounters a band of American treasure hunters guided by Rick 's cowardly colleague Beni Gabor . Shortly after reaching Hamunaptra , the expeditions are then attacked by the Medjai , led by the warrior Ardeth Bay . Despite Ardeth 's warning of the city 's evil , the two expeditions continue to excavate . Evelyn searches for the famous Book of the Living , a book made of pure gold . Instead of finding the book , she , Rick , and Jonathan stumble upon the statue of Anubis and the remains of Imhotep buried underneath . The team of Americans , meanwhile , discover the black Book of the Dead , accompanied by canopic jars carrying Anck @-@ su @-@ Namun 's preserved organs . At night , Evelyn takes the Book of the Dead and reads a page aloud , accidentally awakening Imhotep . The expeditions return to Cairo , but Imhotep follows them with the help of Beni . Imhotep returns to full strength by killing the Americans one by one , and brings the ten plagues back to Egypt . Seeking a way to stop Imhotep , Rick , Evelyn and Jonathan meet Ardeth at a museum . Ardeth hypothesizes that Imhotep wants to resurrect Anck @-@ su @-@ Namun again and plans to do so by sacrificing Evelyn . Evelyn muses that if the Book of the Dead brought Imhotep back to life , the Book of the Living can kill him again , and deduces the book 's whereabouts . Imhotep corners the group with an army of slaves . Evelyn agrees to accompany Imhotep if he spares the rest of the group . Imhotep , Evelyn , and Beni return to Hamunaptra , pursued by Rick , Jonathan , and Ardeth . Imhotep prepares to sacrifice Evelyn , but she is rescued after an intense battle with Imhotep 's mummified priests . When Evelyn reads from the Book of Amun @-@ Ra , Imhotep becomes mortal again and Rick forces him into the River of Death . Rapidly decaying , Imhotep leaves the world of the living , vowing revenge . While looting treasure from the pyramid , Beni accidentally sets off an ancient booby trap and is trapped by a swarm of flesh @-@ eating scarabs as Hamunaptra collapses into the sand . Ardeth rides away as Rick and Evelyn kiss and , with Jonathan , ride off into the sunset on a pair of camels laden with Beni 's treasure . = = Cast = = Brendan Fraser as Richard " Rick " O 'Connell An American adventurer who served in the French Foreign Legion . Producer James Jacks offered the role of Rick O 'Connell to Tom Cruise , Brad Pitt , Matt Damon and Ben Affleck but the actors were not interested or could not fit the role into their respective schedules . Jacks and director Stephen Sommers were impressed with the money that George of the Jungle was making at the box office and cast Brendan Fraser as a result ; Sommers also commented that he felt Fraser fit the Errol Flynn swashbuckling character he had envisioned perfectly . The actor understood that his character " doesn 't take himself too seriously , otherwise the audience can 't go on that journey with him " . Rachel Weisz as Evelyn " Evie " Carnahan A clumsy yet intelligent Egyptologist . Evelyn undertakes the expedition to Hamunaptra to discover an ancient book , proving herself to her peers . Rachel Weisz was not a big fan of horror films but did not see this film as such . As she said in an interview , " It 's hokum , a comic book world . " Arnold Vosloo as Imhotep Pharaoh 's High Priest and one of Pharaoh Seti I 's most trusted advisers , Imhotep betrays his sovereign out of love for Anck @-@ su @-@ namun . He is cursed and slowly killed for his treachery , but is resurrected 3 @,@ 000 years later . South African stage actor Vosloo understood the approach that Sommers was going for in his screenplay , but only agreed to take on the role of Imhotep " if I could do it absolutely straight . From Imhotep 's point of view , this is a skewed version of ' Romeo and Juliet ' . " John Hannah as Jonathan Carnahan Evelyn 's bumbling older brother , whose primary goal is to get rich ; he signs on for the trip to Hamunaptra after learning from Evelyn that the city is supposed to be where the ancient pharaohs hid " the wealth of Egypt . " Jonathan is also a thief ; he steals the key needed to open the Book of Amun @-@ Ra from Rick and manages to pickpocket the same key from Imhotep during the film 's climactic battle . Kevin J. O 'Connor as Beni Gabor A former soldier in the French Foreign Legion , like Rick . Beni is obsessed with wealth , but also extremely cowardly ; he betrays his employers when faced with Imhotep 's wrath , who takes him as his servant when Beni prays in what Imhotep recognizes as the " language of the slaves " . Jonathan Hyde as Dr. Allen Chamberlain An eminent British Egyptologist guiding the American expedition . Oded Fehr as Ardeth Bay A Medjai and protector of the city . Erick Avari as Dr. Terrence Bey The curator of the museum as well as a Medjai . Patricia Velásquez as Anck @-@ Su @-@ Namun A secret lover of Imhotep and the mistress of Pharaoh Seti I. No other man was ever allowed to touch her . Bernard Fox as Captain Winston Havlock An ally of Rick as well as the professional pilot and within his service in the Royal Air Force during the first World War . Omid Djalili as Warden Gad Hassan A Prison Warden in Cairo Prison who releases Rick from prison after being offered a cut of any treasure Evelyn and Jonathan find at the city of the dead , and accompanies them on the expedition to protect his investment . Stephen Dunham , Corey Johnson , and Tuc Watkins as Christopher Henderson , David Daniels and Bernard Burns , the three American treasure hunters respectively . = = Production = = = = = Origins = = = In 1992 , producers James Jacks and Sean Daniel decided to update the original Mummy film for the 1990s . Universal Studios gave them the go @-@ ahead , but only if they kept the budget around $ 10 million . Jacks remembers that the studio " essentially wanted a low @-@ budget horror franchise " ; in response , Jacks and Daniel recruited horror filmmaker / writer Clive Barker on board to direct . Barker 's vision for the film was violent , with the story revolving around the head of a contemporary art museum who turns out to be a cultist trying to reanimate mummies . Jacks recalls that Barker 's take was " dark , sexual and filled with mysticism " , and that , " it would have been a great low @-@ budget movie " . After several meetings , Barker and Universal lost interest and parted company . Filmmaker George A. Romero was brought in with a vision of a zombie @-@ style horror movie similar to Night of the Living Dead , but which also relied heavily upon elements of tragic romance and ambivalence of identity . Romero completed a draft in October 1994 , cowritten with Alan Ormsby and John Sayles , that revolved around female archaeologist Helen Grover and her discovery in Abydos of the tomb of Imhotep , an Egyptian general who lived in the time of Ramesses II . Unfolding in a nameless American city in modern times , events are set into motion when Imhotep inadvertently awakens as a result of his preserved cadaver having been exposed to rays from an MRI scan in a high @-@ tech forensic archaeology lab . The script then progresses to a fish @-@ out @-@ of @-@ water story when Imhotep , having regained his youthful appearance , recognizes the need to adapt to a contemporary society that is three thousand years removed from the one he came from . Assuming at first that he is a representative from the Bureau of Antiquities , Helen finds herself drawn into a tentative relationship with Imhotep while also experiencing clairvoyant flashbacks to a previous life in Nineteenth Dynasty Egypt as a priestess of Isis . Summoning mystical powers through incantation , Imhotep later resurrects the mummy of Karis , a loyal slave whose body had been resting alongside his master 's in the same tomb but is now held in the local museum . After escaping into the city sewer system , Karis embarks on a vengeful rampage against the various criminal fences and high society antiquarians who had acquired stolen relics from his tomb . Romero 's script was considered too dark and violent by Jacks and the studio , who wanted a more accessible picture . Compounding the issue was the fact that Romero was unable to extricate from a contract for a different film project he had in negotiation at the time with MGM , and so his involvement with the film was severed and the development of an entirely new script was commissioned to other writers . Joe Dante was the next choice , increasing the budget for his idea of Daniel Day @-@ Lewis as a brooding Mummy . This version ( co @-@ written by John Sayles ) was set in contemporary times and focused on reincarnation with elements of a love story . It came close to being made with some elements , like the flesh @-@ eating scarabs , making it to the final product . However , at that point , the studio wanted a film with a budget of $ 15 million and rejected Dante 's version . Soon after , Mick Garris was attached to direct but eventually left the project , and Wes Craven was offered the film but turned it down . Then , Stephen Sommers called Jacks and Daniel in 1997 with his vision of The Mummy " as a kind of Indiana Jones or Jason and the Argonauts with the mummy as the creature giving the hero a hard time " . Sommers had seen the original film when he was eight , and wanted to recreate the things he liked about it on a bigger scale . He had wanted to make a Mummy film since 1993 , but other writers or directors were always attached . Finally , Sommers received his window of opportunity and pitched his idea to Universal with an 18 @-@ page treatment . At the time , Universal 's management had changed in response to the box office failure of Babe : Pig in the City , and the loss led the studio to want to revisit its successful franchises from the 1930s . Universal liked this idea so much that they approved the concept and increased the budget from $ 15 million to $ 80 million . = = = Principal photography = = = Filming began in Marrakech , Morocco on May 4 , 1998 and lasted 17 weeks . Photography then moved to the Sahara desert outside the small town of Erfoud , and then to the United Kingdom before completion of shooting on August 29 , 1998 . The crew could not shoot in Egypt because of the unstable political conditions . To avoid dehydration in the scorching heat of the Sahara , the production 's medical team created a drink that the cast and crew had to consume every two hours . Sandstorms were daily inconveniences . Snakes , spiders and scorpions were a major problem , with many crew members having to be airlifted out after being bitten . Brendan Fraser nearly died during a scene where his character is hanged . Weisz remembered , " He [ Fraser ] stopped breathing and had to be resuscitated . " The production had the official support of the Moroccan army , and the cast members had kidnapping insurance taken out on them , a fact Sommers disclosed to the cast only after shooting had finished . Production Designer Allan Cameron found a dormant volcano near Erfoud where the entire set for Hamunaptra could be constructed . Sommers liked the location because , " A city hidden in the crater of an extinct volcano made perfect sense . Out in the middle of the desert you would never see it . You would never think of entering the crater unless you knew what was inside that volcano . " A survey of the volcano was conducted so that an accurate model and scale models of the columns and statues could be replicated back at Shepperton Studios , where all of the scenes involving the underground passageways of the City of the Dead were shot . These sets took 16 weeks to build , and included fiberglass columns rigged with special effects for the movie 's final scenes . Another large set was constructed in the United Kingdom on the dockyard at Chatham which doubled for the Giza Port on the River Nile . This set was 600 feet ( 183 m ) in length and featured " a steam train , an Ajax traction engine , three cranes , an open two @-@ horse carriage , four horse @-@ drawn carts , five dressing horses and grooms , nine pack donkeys and mules , as well as market stalls , Arab @-@ clad vendors and room for 300 costumed extras " . = = = Special effects = = = The filmmakers reportedly spent $ 15 million of the $ 80 million budget on special effects , provided by Industrial Light & Magic ; the producers wanted a new look for the Mummy so that they would avoid comparisons to past movies . John Andrew Berton , Jr . , Industrial Light & Magic 's Visual Effects Supervisor on The Mummy , started developing the look three months before filming started . He said that he wanted the Mummy " to be mean , tough , nasty , something that had never been seen by audiences before " . Berton used motion capture in order to achieve " a menacing and very realistic Mummy " . Specific photography was conducted on actor Arnold Vosloo so that the special effects crew could see exactly how he moved and replicate it . To create the Mummy , Berton used a combination of live action and computer graphics . Then , he matched the digital prosthetic make @-@ up pieces on Vosloo 's face during filming . Berton said , " When you see his film image , that 's him . When he turns his head and half of his face is missing and you can see right through on to his teeth , that 's really his face . And that 's why it was so hard to do . " Vosloo described the filming as a " whole new thing " for him ; " They had to put these little red tracking lights all over my face so they could map in the special effects . A lot of the time I was walking around the set looking like a Christmas tree . " Make @-@ Up Effects Supervisor Nick Dudman produced the physical creature effects in the film , including three @-@ dimensional make @-@ up and prosthetics . He also designed all of the animatronic effects . While the film made extensive use of computer generated imagery , many scenes , including ones where Rachel Weisz 's character is covered with rats and locusts , were real , using live animals . = = Soundtrack = = The Mummy : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was composed and conducted by Jerry Goldsmith , with orchestrations provided by Alexander Courage . The soundtrack was released by Decca Records on May 4 , 1999 . Like many Goldsmith scores , the main theme uses extensive brass and percussion elements ; Goldsmith also used sparing amounts of vocals , highly unusual for most of his work . Overall , Goldsmith 's score was well received . AllMusic described it as a " grand , melodramatic score " which delivered the expected highlights . Other reviews positively noted the dark , percussive sound meshed well with the plot , as well as the raw power of the music . The limited but masterful use of the chorus was also lauded , and most critics found the final track on the CD to be the best overall . On the other hand , some critics found the score lacked cohesion , and that the constant heavy action lent itself to annoying repetition . Roderick Scott off CineMusic.net summed up the score as " representative of both Goldsmith 's absolute best and his most mediocre . Thankfully [ ... ] his favourable work on this release wins out . " = = Reception = = = = = Box office = = = The Mummy opened on May 7 , 1999 , and grossed $ 43 million in 3 @,@ 210 theaters in the United States on its opening weekend . The film went on to gross $ 415 million worldwide ( Domestic : $ 155 million ; Foreign : $ 260 million ) . = = = Critical reaction = = = The Mummy received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 55 % rating , based on 83 reviews , with an average rating of 5 @.@ 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " It 's difficult to make a persuasive argument for The Mummy as any kind of meaningful cinematic achievement , but it 's undeniably fun to watch . " On Metacritic the film has a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 34 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . Roger Ebert , of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , writing " There is hardly a thing I can say in its favor , except that I was cheered by nearly every minute of it . I cannot argue for the script , the direction , the acting or even the mummy , but I can say that I was not bored and sometimes I was unreasonably pleased . " Likewise , Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a " B − " grade and said , " The Mummy would like to make you shudder , but it tries to do so without ever letting go of its jocular inconsequentiality . " Bob Graham of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film high marks for the acting as well as the special effects . Stephen Holden from The New York Times wrote , " This version of The Mummy has no pretenses to be anything other than a gaudy comic video game splashed onto the screen . Think Raiders of the Lost Ark with cartoon characters , no coherent story line and lavish but cheesy special effects . Think Night of the Living Dead stripped of genuine horror and restaged as an Egyptian @-@ theme Halloween pageant . Think Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy grafted onto a Bing Crosby @-@ Bob Hope road picture ( The Road to Hamunaptra ? ) and pumped up into an epic @-@ size genre spoof . " Publications like The Austin Chronicle and Dallas Observer came to the conclusion that despite good acting and special effects , the movie lacked cohesion ; talking about the special effects , the Observer lamented " If only generating a soul for the film itself were so easy . " Other publications such as Jump Cut felt that Industrial Light and Magic 's lock on special effects proved detrimental to The Mummy ; " The mummy " , Ernest Larson wrote for the Jump Cut , " is standard @-@ issue I.L. & M. " . Kim Newman of the British Film Institute judged the picture inferior to the original , as all the time was spent on special effects , instead of creating the atmosphere which made the original film such a classic . USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and felt that it was " not free of stereotypes " , a sentiment with which the BFI concurred . " If someone complains of a foul odor , you can be sure an Arab stooge is about to enter a scene . Fraser , equally quick with weapon , fist or quip , may save the day , but even he can 't save the picture " , USA Today wrote . = = = Accolades = = = = = Adaptations = = The Mummy 's box office performance led to numerous sequels and spinoffs . In 2001 , the sequel The Mummy Returns was released ; the film features most of the surviving principal characters , as a married Rick and Evelyn confront Imhotep and the Scorpion King . The film also introduced the heroes ' son , Alex . The two films inspired both an animated series which lasted two seasons , and a spin @-@ off prequel , The Scorpion King ( 2002 ) , telling the story of the Akkadian warrior as he was crowned king . A second sequel , called The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor , was released on August 1 , 2008 . The story takes place in China with the Terracotta Emperor inspiring the villain , while Rachel Weisz was replaced with Maria Bello . A prequel to The Scorpion King , The Scorpion King 2 : Rise of a Warrior , was released direct @-@ to @-@ DVD . Both films were poorly received by critics . Two video game adaptations of The Mummy were published by Konami and Universal Interactive in 2000 : an Action Adventure for the PlayStation and PC developed by Rebellion Developments , as well as a Game Boy Color puzzle game developed by Konami Nagoya . The film also inspired a roller coaster , Revenge of the Mummy in three Universal Studios Theme Parks : Hollywood , California ; Orlando , Florida ; and Sentosa , Singapore . On April 4 , 2012 , Universal announced their plans to reboot the franchise . = Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle = Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle ( Ukrainian : Кам 'янець @-@ Подільська фортеця ; Polish : twierdza w Kamieńcu Podolskim ; Russian : Каменец @-@ Подольская крепость ; Turkish : Kamaniçe Kalesi ) is a former Ruthenian @-@ Lithuanian castle and a later three @-@ part Polish fortress located in the historic city of Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi , Ukraine , in the historic region of Podolia in the western part of the country . Its name is attributed to the root word kamin ' , from the Slavic word for stone . Historical accounts date Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle to the early 14th century , although recent archaeological evidence has proved human existence in the area back to the 12th or 13th century . Initially built to protect the bridge connecting the city with the mainland , the castle sits on top of a peninsula carved out by the winding Smotrych River , forming a natural defense system for Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi 's historic Old Town neighborhood . Its location on a strategic transport crossroad in Podolia made the castle a prime target for foreign invaders , who rebuilt the castle to suit their own needs , adding to its multicultural architectural diversity . Specifically , the complex consists of the Old Town fortified by King Casimir IV , the Old Castle rebuilt by Kings Sigismund I and Stephen Báthory , and the New Castle founded by Kings Sigismund III and Władysław IV . However , in spite of the many architectural and engineering changes to the original structure , the castle still forms a coherent architectural design , being one of the few medieval constructions in Ukraine that is relatively well preserved . Along with the Old Town neighborhood , the castle is listed as part of the National Historical @-@ Architectural Sanctuary " Kam 'ianets " and the National Environmental Park " Podilski Tovtry " . The complex is a candidate UNESCO World Heritage Site , nominated in 1989 by the Ukrainian representatives , and also one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine . Today , Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle is the most recognized landmark of the city , serving as an important regional and national tourist attraction . = = History = = = = = Foundation and early history = = = Traditionally , Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle was thought to have been founded during the second half of the 14th century , as the first accurate historical accounts of the castle date back to the mid @-@ 14th century , when most of the territories of western Rus ' were under control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . A written document by Prince Yuriy Koriatovych in 1374 , for example , mentions that the Magdeburg rights would be presented to Kamianets inside the castle . Archaeological excavations during the 1960s , however , provided contrasting evidence suggesting that the castle might date back even earlier to the end of the 12th or the beginning of the 13th centuries . It is also clear from historical and archaeological evidence that an earthen fortress existed in the area during the time of the East Slavic state of Kievan Rus ' , but not on the same site as the current castle . The castle was outdated but remained vital to the defense of Kamianets and nearby trade routes ; as a result , the voivode of Kraków , Spytek of Melsztyn , began modernizing the complex at the turn of the 15th century . During the reconstruction , the old towers were renovated and ten new towers were added . A century and a half later , the castle was updated again , this time by military engineer and architect Hiob Bretfus , who built the New Western and Eastern Towers , the castle 's eastern wall and an underground gallery , as well as the Full Gates and housing for the town 's starosta community . = = = Continuous attacks by invaders = = = During the mid @-@ 14th to mid @-@ 15th centuries , Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle was located on one of the main frontiers of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth . From 1434 until its annexation by the Russian Empire in 1793 , the castle played a major role in the defense against the oncoming Cossack , Ottoman and Tatar invasions ; from the 15th through 17th centuries , the castle was attacked by Tatar hordes a total of 51 times . The Tatar invasions of 1448 , 1451 , 1509 and 1528 , as well as the Ottoman siege of 1533 , caused damage to both the castle and the city but all of these invasions were successfully repelled . Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle played an important role during the Khmelnytsky Uprising between 1648 – 54 , when the Zaporozhian Cossacks led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky , allied themselves with the Crimean Tatars and the local Ukrainian peasantry against the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth 's army and militia . During the uprising , the castle was unsuccessfully besieged by local Cossacks and insurgents led by Commander Maksym Kryvonis . In 1651 , the castle was then subject to another Cossack siege led by Hetman Ivan Bohun , before an unexpected counterattack by Polish insurgents under commanders Aleksandrenka and Chuika re @-@ established the Polish presence in the area and relieved the siege . A 60 @,@ 000 force army led by Khmelnytsky himself reasserted Cossack control over the castle in 1652 . Just one year later , the castle was attacked yet again , this time by a 40 @,@ 000 strong Crimean Tatar horde . In the beginning of August 1672 , a 300 @,@ 000 Ottoman force led by Sultan Mehmed IV and a 40 @,@ 000 combined force of Tatars and Cossacks led by Hetman Petro Doroshenko laid siege to the castle . After conducting negotiations with their attackers , the city 's leaders surrendered control of the fortress to the Ottomans on August 18 . In a sign of protest , the fortress 's Commandant Michał Wołodyjowski and Major Hejking blew up the castle 's remaining gunpowder , killing themselves along with 800 defenders . For 27 years after the attack , the fortress served as the base of Ottoman rule in Podolia . The 1699 Karlov Peace Treaty saw the return of Polish control over the area after the Ottoman Empire ceded its control in the area . = = = From a castle to a prison = = = From the beginning of the 18th century , Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle had lost its defensive role , and was used more as a military prison than a military fortification . Numerous people were executed or held captive in the prison , including Cossack starshynas ( officers ) , haidamakas , and even the three @-@ year @-@ old pretender to the Polish throne , Stanisław August Poniatowski . Even though it had lost its defensive role , it was one of the strongest fortresses in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland up until the Second Partition of Poland of April 21 , 1793 @.@ when both Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle and the city were transferred to the sovereignty of the Russian Empire . On the same day , the castle 's commandant gave up the key to the castle and swore allegiance to the empire in the city 's cathedral . One hundred and one artillery cannons later saluted the commandant 's decision inside the castle . During the French invasion of Russia of 1812 , the Russian Imperial Army was stationed in the castle . In 1815 , Konstantin Batyushkov , who later became a well @-@ known poet and writer , was stationed as an officer in the castle . In 1846 , poet Vladimir Raevsky was stationed in the castle , during which time he established a pro @-@ Decembrist organization of progressively @-@ minded army officers . From 1816 until 1914 , the fortress was converted from a military prison into a jail for debtors , criminals and political prisoners . In 1831 , Russian lexicologist Vladimir Dal worked in the castle , at the time writing a dictionary of the Russian language . The castle was the center of the anti @-@ feudalism movement in the Podolia during the 19th century led by the Patriotic War of 1812 cavalry veteran Ustym Karmaliuk ( 1787 @-@ 1835 ) , who is now regarded by Ukrainians as a national folk hero . = = = Museum and conservation = = = After a series of political changes following the 1905 revolution , political parties and organizations were allowed by the law throughout the Russian Empire . In 1906 , a total of 67 political organizations were based in the castle . Among them was the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 's newspaper " Iskra " ( Spark ) . A decree issued by the Sovnarkom of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1928 declared Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle complex a historical @-@ cultural preserve . During the late 1930s , plans were made to turn the castle into a museum , and reconstruction work on the buildings was started in 1937 . Among the museum attractions added was a scene depicting Karmaliuk in the castle 's prison cell in the Pope 's Tower , where he was kept during his imprisonment in the castle . Visitor numbers for the castle during the 1930s reached 300 @,@ 000 a year . In 1947 , Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle was placed on the all @-@ Union list of historic preserves . A memorial plaque and a bas @-@ relief resembling Karmaliuk was erected near the Karmaliuk exposition on April 18 , 1958 . Restorational and archaeological works have been conducted in the castle since 1962 under the supervision of architects Y. Plamenytska and A. Tyupych . On May 18 , 1977 , the National Historic @-@ Architectural Reserve " Kamianets " was established . On September 13 , 1989 , the Ukrainian SSR Government placed " Kamianets " reserve on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites . In 2004 , the " Kamianets " reserve was upgraded to that of a national preservation district . In August 21 , 2007 , the complex was declared one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine when it came in 3rd place in a nationwide competition . A severe storm on August 1 , 2011 partially destroyed the New Western Tower ; the city mayor 's office didn 't deny that the tower 's structural integrity was weakened during its last reconstruction in 2007 , paving the way for its collapse just four years later . = = Architecture = = Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle rests on a limestone formation surrounded by the Smotrych River canyon . Consequently , its foundations were built using limestone , as well as local and imported brick and stone . Indeed , the castle 's name is attributed to the root kamin ' , from the Slavic word for stone . The two main parts of the castle , the Old Castle ( Ukrainian : Старий замок ) and the New Castle ( Ukrainian : Новий замок ) , were built during different periods . The Old Castle defended the approach from Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi 's Old Town , and was constructed to protect against direct assaults from enemy soldiers . The New Castle was formed during the numerous later modernizations of the castle ; its purpose was to provide protection from enemy field armies and was designed to support newer military inventions such as long range artillery cannons . = = = The twelve towers = = = An important and large fortification complex , Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle had as many as 12 towers , some of which were added during later modernizations to the castle . Some of the towers were located on the peninsula on which the main castle sits ; some of the other towers were located on the steep slopes across the Smotrych River . There also were other towers such as the Petty Southern Tower , a Dacia @-@ Roman Tower , while another Dacia @-@ Roman Tower stood just outside the eastern walls and a half tower is located at the western end of the Castle bridge . Of these towers , however , only a few remain unscathed today . Specifically , the 12 towers were the : Pope 's Tower ( also known as Karmeliuk 's Tower , Julian Tower ) was built sometime in the 15th and 16th centuries ; an artillery arsenal , powder warehouse , treasury , and a mill were housed within the tower , interconnected with the extensive southern bastion ; Kovpak Tower ( also called the Szlachta Tower ) an earlier tower originating between the 14th and 16th centuries , where the town 's szlachta nobility were quartered ; Tenchynska Tower , from the 14th to 16th centuries , commemorated to the Tęczyński family ; White Tower ( also known as Laska Tower ) , constructed in the 15th century , which housed an additional artillery arsenal ; Daily Tower ( also called the Dzienna Tower ) , a large tower with a second @-@ floor artillery intersection to move guns into firing position as well as onto the New Western Tower . It also housed a small Lutheran chapel and a smaller " orlyk " ( eaglet ) , or observation tower , at the top ; New Western Tower ( or the Great Tower ) , built in 1544 and which served as a bastion . The tower contained one of the castle 's printing presses , and also provided an artillery platform to cover the vast fields surrounding it . It was damaged in a severe storm in 2011 . Różanka Tower ( also known as the Burgrabska or Kreslavska Tower ) , which was constructed between the 14th and 16th centuries , housed a prison in the tower 's basement . It is one of three towers ( Tenchynska and Lanckorońska ) that were finished with specially designed conical vault to draw away the gases from the gunpowder stored there ; Water Tower ( also known as the Smotrytska Tower ) , one of the castle 's later constructions dating to the 15th to 18th centuries used to be connected to the castle by the Field Gate , located some distance away from the main compound on the northern side . It contained a well which drew water from the adjacent Smotrych River , and a secret tunnel , whose existence was only known to the local starosta and scribes ; Commandant 's Tower , built in the 15th century ; Lanckorońska Tower ( or the second Laska Tower ) , built between the 14th and 16th centuries , commemorated to the Lanckoroński family ; Black Tower . Only the remains of this tower exist , dating back to the 15th and 16th centuries . It served as a magazine and was blown up in a protest ( see earlier history section ) ; New Eastern Tower , built in 1544 . = = = Fortification walls = = = The walls of Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle are divided into three sections or terraces ; the northern , southern , and eastern . The walls of the northern terrace ( about 336 metres or 1 @,@ 102 feet in length ) defend the whole inner courtyard . The courtyard 's northwestern walls form the Old Castle , ending between the Day and Rozhanka Towers . They are made up of two parallel walls , which include the Petty Western Tower , the remnants of the Black Tower , and a two @-@ level casemate , or fortified gun emplacement . The older of the two walls dates back to the beginning of the 12th century and is built with crenelations . Another casemate was located at the eastern walls . An entrance to the castle in the eastern walls is known as the New Castle Gate , and there were two more gates , one , in the northern walls , called the Old Castle Gate , and another , the Field Gate , connecting the Water Tower with the rest of the castle . The northern walls are reinforced with the Northern Bastion along their whole length . The bastion was built in 1790 , just before the second partition of Poland . There is also the New Castle that was designed as a hornwork and located west from the main castle complex . At the eastern side of the castle 's courtyard were the remnants of the St. Stanislaus Church , next to which was located a tomb of M. Potocki . Next to the Kovpak Tower stood an Eastern Orthodox church where Prince Koriatovych was buried . In the courtyard along the southern walls between Kovpak and Tenchynska Towers were a granary and cart shed . Across from these , near the northern walls and Lanckorońska Tower , was the residence of the starosta . Next to the Tenchynska Tower stood the " Rurmush " which served as a water storage tank for the castle . At the southern walls closer to the White Tower ( between Tenchynska and White Towers ) were a kitchen and a bakery . Adjacent to the White Tower at the southern walls between White and Day Towers stood the starosta 's headquarters . Located against the western walls were the chelyadna , or serfs ' quarters , which housed up to 70 serfs who served the castle . Located outside of the northern walls were the castle stables , which could house up to 30 horses . In the 16th century the castle had a garrison of around 300 soldiers , who lived in the town . The Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Industrial Vocational School has investigated the castle walls . They discovered an area of quick sand at the roadside next to the " Podzamche " , or sub @-@ castle , neighborhood of the city , which in the previous year had partially undermined the castle 's supporting walls . The effects of the quick sand had uncovered the fortress 's foundation walls , a little over 5 m ( 16 ft ) deep . The foundation walls were built on the limestone that creates a canyon along the river valley . Further excavation work showed that the walls stretched to the west , as well from the Old Castle to the bastions of the new one . The support footings for the old castle bridge were also found in the ditch . From the south in the wall there is a 2 @.@ 5 m ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) wide and 5 m ( 16 ft ) tall opening , through which the Vocational School assumed water flowed . The preserved northwestern walls are now 13 @.@ 7 m ( 45 ft ) high measured from the outside of the castle and 5 @.@ 7 m ( 19 ft ) high from the courtyard . As a result of the numerous reconstructions , the walls ' depth changed throughout the centuries , being 1 @.@ 45 m ( 4 @.@ 8 ft ) deep in the Medieval period , 2 @.@ 2 m ( 7 @.@ 2 ft ) during the 14th and 15th centuries , and an average of 4 m ( 13 ft ) after the reconstruction of the 16th and 17th centuries . Conservation works have recently been conducted on the walls to preserve the old Rus ' fragments . = = = Castle bridge = = = As a result of the castle 's unique location on a peninsula , the castle bridge ( Ukrainian : Замковий міст ) serves as the only transport link to the city 's Old Town neighborhood . It is considered to represent a considerable feat of medieval engineering . The bridge has a length of 88 m ( 289 ft ) . At the entrance to the bridge , its width is around 8 @.@ 5 m ( 28 ft ) , while at the end , it narrows to 6 @.@ 5 m ( 21 ft ) . The bridge 's height is 27 m ( 89 ft ) at the entrance , dropping to 17 m ( 56 ft ) on the far side . At the beginning of the 15th century , a large round gate tower was constructed at the castle end of the bridge ; the bridge 's height , including the tower , was equivalent to that of eight modern stories . During the unsuccessful Polish siege of the city in 1687 , the castle bridge was rebuilt and fortified by the Turks , acquiring the name " Turkish bridge " ( Ukrainian : Турецький міст ) , which many locals still call it today . The bridge 's stone façade was in poor repair from 1841 until the end of the 19th century . A subsequent lack of preservation work , together with earthquake damage in 1986 , contributed to its poor condition . In 2000 , the World Monuments Fund included Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle bridge in the 2000 World Monuments Watch . = = Legacy = = Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle was the most recognized attraction in the city in 2005 . The castle also sees a large number of tourists from across Ukraine and abroad , attracting thousands of tourists annually . Its legacy has left behind several local legends . According to one legend , when Ottoman Sultan Osman II came to Kamianets in 1621 to capture the city , he was allegedly impressed by its strength and fortifications and asked " Who built this great city ? " . Someone then replied to him , " God himself . " When Osman could not capture the castle , he then replied " Then let God himself take the city . " Another local legend has it that Turkish gold is buried in the Smotrych River and that a 20 km ( 12 mi ) tunnel leads to the Khotyn Fortress from Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi Castle . The events of the 1672 Ottoman siege were depicted in the 1888 historical novel Fire in the Steppe , written by Polish Nobel Prize laureate Henryk Sienkiewicz . The castle has appeared on a commemorative coin of the " Ancient fortresses on the river Dniester " series issued by the Transnistrian Republican Bank of Transnistria , a breakaway , internationally unrecognised republic within Moldova . = 1987 Gulf Coast tropical storm = The 1987 Gulf Coast tropical storm caused flooding along the Gulf Coast of the United States . The second tropical cyclone and first tropical storm of the 1987 Atlantic hurricane season , it originated from a tropical wave in the Gulf of Mexico , southeast of Texas , on August 9 . Initially a tropical depression , the cyclone moved north @-@ northwestward and slightly intensified into a tropical storm later that day . By August 10 , it made landfall between Galveston and Beaumont . The system weakened after moving inland and turned towards the east and later southeast . Briefly reemerging over the Gulf on August 15 , the depression moved onshore a second time in Florida , before dissipating over eastern Georgia on August 17 . Due to the relatively weak nature of the system , it caused relatively little damage . However , the system dropped heavy rainfall , peaking at 21 @.@ 05 inches ( 535 mm ) in southern Mississippi . This resulted in flooding , which forced more than 400 people to evacuate their homes , some of which had 2 to 4 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 to 1 @.@ 22 m ) of water . Flash flooding was reported in a few others states , including Alabama , Florida , and Louisiana . In all , losses from the unnamed storm reached $ 7 @.@ 4 million ( 1987 USD ) and one person was reported missing after being thrown overboard a boat in rough seas . = = Meteorological history = = On July 29 , 1987 , a tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa into the Atlantic Ocean . Tracking westward along the southern edge of the Saharan Air Layer , a feature associated with large masses of dry air , little convective development took place over the following several days . Once near the Lesser Antilles in early August , atmospheric conditions became more favorable for development . Traveling across the Caribbean Sea , the system became increasingly organized and a mid @-@ level circulation formed shortly before the wave moved inland over Central America on August 7 . The following day , the northern portion of the wave interacted with a cold @-@ core low over the Gulf of Mexico , resulting in the formation of a low @-@ level circulation , exhibiting tropical characteristics , on August 9 . Over the following two days , the system tracked in a general north @-@ northwest direction towards the Texas coastline . Aided by an anticyclone aloft , outflow became pronounced and convection increased in coverage and intensity . Around 1200 UTC , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) estimated that the system developed into a tropical depression while located about 145 miles ( 235 km ) south @-@ southeast of Galveston , Texas . Hours after being classified a tropical depression , the convective structure of the system deteriorated , a sign of a weakening storm ; however , nearby oil rigs indicated a gradual increase in winds . Later on August 9 , several rigs reported tropical storm @-@ force winds – winds greater than 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) – and the NHC estimated that the depression strengthened into a tropical storm . Operationally , however , these winds were considered to be related to local convective activity rather than the storm itself and it was not considered to be a tropical storm until post @-@ storm analysis . As such , it was not named and is officially classified as " Unnamed Tropical Storm . " Additionally , the strongest winds were located well away from the center of circulation , a signature of subtropical cyclones . Remaining relatively weak , the unnamed system attained peak winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) before making landfall along the Texas coastline between Galveston and Beaumont at 0600 UTC on August 10 . Once over land , the storm weakened to a tropical depression as it neared the Texas @-@ Louisiana border and began a gradual turn towards the east @-@ southeast . On August 12 , while over central Mississippi , the cyclone attained its lowest barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 007 mbar ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) . On August 15 , the low emerged back over the Gulf of Mexico after crossing the Florida Panhandle . No redevelopment took place during its brief time back over water before making its final landfall near St. Marks , Florida the following day . The depression gradually diminished before losing its identity over eastern Georgia on August 17 . = = Preparations and impact = = Due to the system 's proximity to land upon being declared a tropical depression and subsequent intensity uncertainties , the unnamed storm posed several challenges to forecasters that " vividly illustrated limitations that are of major concern at the National Hurricane Center . " With operational forecasters noting the possibility of intensification , the first @-@ ever tropical storm warning was issued along the northern Gulf Coast between Matagorda , Texas and Morgan City , Louisiana on August 9 . Prior to 1987 , gale warnings were issued in areas where winds above 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) were anticipated . This warning was later discontinued on August 10 once the system moved inland and weakened . The United States Coast Guard advised ships to seek harbor to avoid large swells associated with the cyclone . Additionally , some non @-@ essential workers were evacuated from offshore rigs . By August 13 , several flash flood watches were in place over portions of Mississippi , Alabama and Florida as remnants of the unnamed system slowly moved through the region . Throughout the United States , damage from the tropical storm amounted to $ 7 @.@ 4 million , the majority of which resulted from flooding . Offshore , a woman was reported missing after she was thrown off her boat amidst rough seas produced by the storm . The system produced rainfall across a large swath of the southern states , with many areas recording more than 5 in ( 130 mm ) . Though it made landfall in Texas , the system 's asymmetric structure led to relatively little rain falling in the state , peaking at 4 @.@ 25 in ( 108 mm ) in Umbarger . In parts of Louisiana , many streets were left impassable by high waters , creating widespread traffic delays . The most significant impact took place in southern Mississippi where rainfall in excess of 12 in ( 300 mm ) , peaking at 21 @.@ 06 in ( 535 mm ) in Vancleave , caused significant flash flooding , especially along the Biloxi and Tchoutacabouffa Rivers . The former of these experienced a record crest of 16 @.@ 8 ft ( 5 @.@ 1 m ) . More than 400 people were forced to evacuate due to rising water across the region as several homes were inundated with 2 to 4 ft ( 0 @.@ 61 to 1 @.@ 22 m ) of water . In Columbia , 12 @.@ 2 in ( 310 mm ) of rain fell in just eight hours , triggering flash floods that washed away a portion of a small dam . Further east in Baldwin County , Alabama and Pensacola , Florida , many roads ere closed or left impassable due to high water . Additionally , the system spawned a brief tornado in Mobile County but no damage resulted from it . = Battle of Lanzerath Ridge = The Battle of Lanzerath Ridge was fought on December 16 , 1944 , the first day of the Battle of the Bulge during World War II , near the village of Lanzerath , Belgium , along the key route for the German advance on the northern shoulder of the operation . It was fought between two squads totalling 18 men belonging to an American reconnaissance platoon , four U.S. Forward Artillery Observers , and a battalion of about 500 German paratroopers . During a day @-@ long confrontation , the American reconnaissance troops inflicted dozens of casualties on the Germans and delayed by almost 20 hours the advance of the entire 1st SS Panzer Division , the spearhead of the German 6th Panzer Army . The Germans finally flanked the American forces at dusk , capturing them . Only one American , a forward artillery observer , was killed , while 14 were wounded : German casualties totaled 92 . The Germans paused , believing the woods were filled with more Americans and tanks . Only when SS @-@ Standartenführer Joachim Peiper and his Panzer tanks arrived at midnight , twelve hours behind schedule , did the Germans learn the nearby woods were empty . Due to lost communications with Battalion and then Regimental headquarters , and the unit 's subsequent capture , its disposition and success at delaying the advance of the 6th Panzer Army that day was unknown to U.S. commanders . Lt. Lyle Bouck considered the wounding of most of his men and the capture of his entire unit a failure . When the war ended five months later , the platoon 's men , who were split between two prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camps , just wanted to get home . It was only after the war that Bouck learned that his platoon had prevented the lead German infantry elements from advancing and had delayed by about 20 hours their armored units ' advance . On October 26 , 1981 , after considerable lobbying , a Congressional hearing , and letter @-@ writing by Bouck , every member of the unit were finally recognized for their valor that day , making the platoon the most decorated American unit of World War II . = = Background = = Prior to the Battle of the Bulge , the U.S. Army was engaged in a campaign to attack the Roer River dams before invading the rest of Germany . The 99th Infantry Division was supporting the 2nd Infantry Division in their attack on the German West Wall at Wahlerscheid . During two days of hard fighting , the U.S. Army had finally managed to slip through the heavily fortified lines and penetrate the German defenses . The Americans were expecting a counterattack in the area , but their intelligence completely failed to detect the German 's movement of hundreds of armored vehicles and tens of thousands of infantry into the region . Much of the region was relatively quiet , lending the area the title of " Ghost Front . " During early December 1944 , the American 's defensive line in the Ardennes had a gap south of Losheimergraben . General Leonard T. Gerow , in command of V Corps , recognized this area as a possible avenue of attack by the Germans . This area , which lay between V Corps and Troy H. Middleton 's VIII Corps , was undefended ; just patrolled by jeep . The patrols in the northern part of the area were conducted by the 99th Infantry Division 's 394th Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon , whereas those in the south were conducted by the 18th Cavalry Squadron , 14th Cavalry Group , which was attached to the 106th Infantry Division . In the border area between Germany and Belgium , there was only one road network that could support a military advance : It was through the area known as the Losheim Gap , a 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) long , narrow valley at the western foot of the Schnee Eifel . This was the key route through which the German Sixth and Fifth Panzer Armies planned to advance . On December 11 , General Walter M. Robertson , commander of the battle @-@ hardened 2nd Infantry Division , was ordered to attack and seize the Roer River dams . In case he had to pull back , he chose Elsenborn Ridge as his defensive line . General Walter E. Lauer , commanding the 99th Infantry Division , was charged with building up the defenses around Elsenborn Ridge . Lauer knew his front was extremely long and very thinly manned ; he gave instructions to his division 's soldiers to dig in and build cover for their foxholes . = = Prelude = = = = = Inexperienced American units = = = The troops of the 99th Infantry Division , who lacked battle experience , were deployed to the Ardennes in November 1944 , with the 394th Regiment relieving 9th Infantry Division 's 60th Regiment . Among the units was the 394th I & R platoon consisting of well @-@ trained soldiers , who had been selected because they were expert marksmen and in peak physical condition . Some of the men were college @-@ educated and were former members of the U.S. Army 's abruptly terminated ASTP program . This platoon was led by 20 @-@ year @-@ old Lt. Lyle Bouck , one of the youngest officers in the Army , and the second youngest man in the unit . For the next few weeks his platoon established and maintained regimental listening and observation posts , conducted patrols behind enemy lines , and gathered information . They lived in a brick building in Hünningen , taking advantage of a basement full of potatoes and a home @-@ made stove to supplement the military C @-@ rations . The platoon consisted of two nine @-@ man reconnaissance squads and a seven @-@ man headquarters section , which was attached to the 394th	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
regimental S2 section . As the platoon was not intended , nor trained , for combat , they were told to avoid direct engagement with the Germans . Nonetheless , they took part in several missions behind enemy lines , even as far as Losheim 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) behind the front line , to capture enemy soldiers for intelligence . Bouck and several of his men were among the first group in their regiment to be recognized with the Combat Infantry Badge . Most often their patrols consisted of creeping through snow @-@ clogged defiles obscured by fog in an attempt to fix enemy positions . On December 10 , the reconnaissance platoon was ordered by Major Robert Kriz , commanding officer of the 394th Infantry Regiment , to a new position , about 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) south east of Hünningen , near Lanzerath , Belgium , a village of about 15 homes . The village lay at a critical road junction in the northern part of the Losheim Gap . The 25 men were charged by Kriz with plugging a 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) gap in the front line between the 106th Division to the south and the 99th Division to the north . The only reserve was the 394th Infantry Regiment 's 3rd Battalion , which was at Bucholz Station . Behind them lay roads that would give the enemy rapid access to the Army 's rear and allow them to easily flank the thinly placed 99th Division . = = = American defensive preparations = = = The I & R platoon took over positions on a ridge top immediately northwest of Lanzerath that were formerly occupied by part of the 2nd Infantry Division . They were ordered to improve their foxhole positions and maintain contact with Task Force X , made up of 55 troops manning four towed three @-@ inch guns from the 2nd Platoon , Company A , 820th Tank Destroyer Battalion . The 820th was attached to the 14th Cavalry Group , 106th Infantry Division of VIII Corps . The I & R platoon and the 820th TD were reinforced by the 22 men of the 820th 's 2nd Recon Platoon , commanded by Lieutenant John Arculeer , who were mounted on an armored half @-@ track and two jeeps . Members of the Second Platoon took up positions within two homes inside the village of Lanzerath about 200 yards ( 180 m ) to the southeast . Together , the two units comprised the foremost units in their sector of the American forces facing the Siegfried Line . The Americans were attacking through the Siegfried Line at Walerscheid about 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) to the north , and a localized counter @-@ attack was expected . Lt. Bouck followed procedure and ordered his men to build fortifications with interlocking fields of fire . Taking advantage of the foxholes left by the previous unit , they dug them deeper so that two or three men could stand in them and fire from the concealed edges . They covered each hole with 8 inches ( 20 cm ) to 12 inches ( 30 cm ) pine logs . Their hilltop location was just inside the edge of a forest and overlooked a pasture bisected by a 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) high barbed wire fence parallel to their location . Their position covered about 300 yards ( 270 m ) along a shallow ridge line , about 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) above the road and 200 yards ( 180 m ) northwest of the village . Their foxholes were situated in a shallow curve along the ridge line in a northeast direction , almost to a fork in the road at their left flank . Snow fell , covering their dug @-@ in fortifications inside the woods , leaving them virtually invisible from the road below . They took advantage of a small log hut behind their position , which they used as a warming hut . Bouck had augmented the unit 's weaponry with four extra carbines , two Browning automatic rifles , and one light .30 caliber machine gun . Avoiding official channels , he had also traded his unit 's collection of German memorabilia with an ordnance supply officer for an armored Jeep with a mounted .50 caliber machine gun . His men dug an emplacement for the armored jeep and its .50 caliber gun , placing it in enfilade down the road along the German 's possible axis of advance . Once an hour , in an attempt to fill the gap in their sector , they ran a jeep patrol up and down the line to stay in contact with units on their right and left flank and to detect any enemy movement . They hoped they would be relieved soon : " We weren 't trained to occupy a defensive position in the front lines . We were trained to patrol and get information about the enemy , " Bouck said in an interview 60 years later . On the night of December 16 , they heard the clanking of armor and the sound of vehicles in the distance ; Bouck ordered his men to remain awake . The temperature ranged from 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) to the low 30 ° F ( − 1 ° C ) during the day . = = = German plans = = = Many of the German units were recent conscripts with very little experience . Sergeant Vinz Kuhlbach 's platoon was typical . Most of his soldiers had little combat experience and even less training . The German units had been formed by conscripting teenage boys and men over 50 , men previously rejected as physically unfit for service , wounded soldiers newly released from hospitals , and men transferred from the " jobless " personnel of the shrinking Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe . The German 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division , which had previously acquired a superb combat reputation , had been virtually destroyed during the Normandy Invasion in the Falaise pocket . It had been resurrected by using replacements from the 22nd , 51st , and 53rd Luftwaffe Field Regiments . The German units were usually organized around small cadres of seasoned veterans . Although they carried the new Schmeisser machine pistol and were equipped with rifle grenades , few had ever fired them in combat . The German recruits were told the American soldiers they faced would not have the nerve to stand and fight . Their officers said the Americans were " a gum @-@ chewing , undisciplined half @-@ breed with no stomach for real war . " To preserve the available armor , the infantry of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment , 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division , had been ordered to lead the attack through Lanzerath and clear the village before advancing towards Honsfeld and then Büllingen . The German commanders estimated they would face a full division of U.S. troops at Büllingen . Kampfgruppe Peiper 's initial position was in the forest around Blankenheim , Germany east of the German @-@ Belgium border and the Siegfried Line . Once the infantry captured Lanzerath , Sepp Dietrich ’ s Sixth Panzer Army led by Kampfgruppe SS Standartenführer Joachim Peiper 's 1st SS Panzer Division would proceed without delay . The infantry would then secure the right flank of the attack route near Losheimergraben . Despite the losses that had brought the Allies to the border of their homeland , German morale was surprisingly strong . The men knew the Allies were demanding an unconditional surrender . They were now fighting for the fatherland , defending the soil of their beloved country , not just fighting for Hitler . Dietrich knew the plan had flaws . The Germans had captured the same terrain during the summer of 1940 in three days . Now they were being asked to do it in winter in five days . The plan counted on bad weather to keep the Allied planes grounded . Dietrich only had one @-@ quarter the fuel they needed ; their plan counted on capturing Allied fuel depots and keeping to an ambitious timetable . Dietrich 's assigned route ( or Rollbahn ) included narrow roads – in many places single @-@ tracks – which would force units of the Kampfgruppe to tail each other , creating a column of infantry and armor up to 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) long . The roads would prevent the attackers from concentrating their forces in the blitzkrieg fashion which had served them so well in the past . The main roads designated for their use had many hairpin turns and traversed steep hillsides that would delay his already slow @-@ moving towed artillery and bridging trains . Dietrich knew that a determined fight at one of these critical choke points by even a token U.S. force could seriously impede his schedule . When Hitler 's operations officer Generaloberst Alfred Jodl gave him his orders , Dietrich yelled , " I 'm a general , not a bloody undertaker ! " = = Battle = = = = = German barrage = = = On December 16 , 1944 , at 05 : 30 , the Germans launched a 90 @-@ minute artillery barrage using 1 @,@ 600 artillery pieces across an 80 @-@ mile ( 130 km ) front , although the American platoon was only aware of what was happening in their sector . Their first impression was that this was the anticipated counterattack resulting from the Allies ' recent attack in the Wahlerscheid crossroads to the north where the 2nd Division had knocked a sizable dent into the Siegfried Line . Bouck later said : Suddenly , without warning , a barrage of artillery registered at about 0530 hours and continued until about 0700 hours . The artillery was relentless and frightening , but not devastating . Much landed short , wide and long of our position , and mostly tree bursts . At any rate , our well @-@ protected cover prevented casualties . The telephone lines were knocked out , but our one radio allowed us to report to regiment . I called regiment and told them , ‘ the TDs are pulling out , what should we do ? ’ The answer was loud and clear : ‘ Hold at all costs ! ’ Many shells exploded in the trees , sending shards of steel and wood into the ground , but the men were protected by their reinforced foxholes . The German guns cut deep holes the size of trucks in the pasture . = = = German advance = = = German infantry began to advance near Losheim before the artillery barrage lifted , preparing to cross the front line as soon as it ended . They marched under the glow of massive searchlights , bouncing light off the clouds . The armor was located farther back , near Blankenheim , Germany . At 8 : 00 , as the sun rose , the American platoon heard explosions and guns around Buchholz Station and Losheimergraben to the east and north where the 3rd and 1st Battalions of the 394th Infantry Division was located . The 55 soldiers of U.S. 2nd Platoon , Company A , 820th Tank Destroyer Battalion , 14th Cavalry Group was initially ordered south to help protect Manderfeld , but shortly afterwards were redirected to join the active battle near Buchholz Station . They withdrew from the village and left without contacting the I & R platoon . This left the platoon as the only unit in the sector and without armor support . Bouck sent James , Slape and Creger to set up an observation post in a house on the eastern side of the village that had been abandoned by Task Force X. Accompanying them , he spotted in the dawn light a long column of what appeared to be about 500 German troops headed toward them from the east . Their distinctive helmet style told Bouck they were paratroopers , among the best soldiers Germany could field . None of his training or experience prepared him for this situation , outnumbered as he was by perhaps 20 to 1 . Bouck and James scrambled back to the ridge top and the rest of their unit . The platoon 's telephone land line to 1st Battalion headquarters in Losheimergraben was knocked out , but their SCR @-@ 300 radio still worked . Bouck reached Regimental headquarters at Hünningen on the radio and requested permission to withdraw and engage in a delaying action . He was told to " remain in position and reinforcements from the 3rd Battalion will come to support you . " In town , Creger watched as a forward element of the German infantry advanced , with weapons slung , into Lanzerath . They obviously did not expect to encounter any Americans . Creger radioed Bouck and told him of the Germans advancing through Lanzerath on the road between Creger and Bouck 's position . Bouck sent Robinson , McGeehee and Silvola to assist Creger , who crept down to the Bucholz Station road and thence up a ditch towards Lanzerath . Before the three men reached Creger , he left the village using a more direct route . As he returned to the American lines , he engaged and killed or wounded most of a German platoon . On the eastern side of the road , Robinson , McGeehee and Silvola attempted to rejoin their platoon , but found the way blocked by German soldiers who threatened to flank them . They decided to head for Losheimergraben and seek reinforcements . They crossed a 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) deep railroad cut and once on the far side encountered soldiers from Fusilier Regiment 27 of the 12th Volksgrenadier Division . Trying to outflank the 1st Battalion , 394th Infantry Regiment in Losheimergraben , they spotted the three men . After a brief firefight , Robinson and McGeehee were wounded and all three were captured . Germans entered the home that Creger and Slape were using as an observation post . Slape climbed into the attic , while Creger only had time to hide behind a door . He pulled the pin on a grenade as the door knob jammed into his ribs . Bullets from the I & R platoon struck the building , and the Germans suddenly left . Creger and Slape exited by the back door and ducked into a nearby cowshed . They crossed a field and then found themselves in a minefield . Picking their way forward , they circled through the woods until they encountered a handful of Germans . Opening fire , they killed them . Creger and Slape spotted Bouck and Milosovich across the road and sprinted towards them , drawing German fire . They made it back to their ridge @-@ top position and Bouck called Regimental Headquarters . He requested artillery support , but when he reported the German column advancing on his position , the voice on the other end of the radio told him " he must be seeing things " . Bouck told them he had 20 @-@ 20 vision and demanded artillery fire on the road in front of his unit . = = = U.S. artillery unavailable = = = But the platoon 's position at the southern end of the 99th Division 's sector was not only outside their own regimental boundary , it was outside their Division 's boundary and V Corps boundary . The division prioritized artillery fire for targets within its boundary . Bouck waited in vain for the sound of incoming artillery . He called Regimental Headquarters again , asking for directions . He was told to " hold at all costs , " which essentially meant until dead or captured . Bouck knew that if his platoon gave way , the 99th Division 's right flank , already thin and undermanned , could be in grave danger . Radio operator James Fort attempted to contact headquarters on the SCR @-@ 284 radio mounted on a jeep by the command post and found that German martial music jammed the channel . He then used a side @-@ channel and Morse code , hoping the Germans weren 't listening , to send a status report to regimental headquarters . = = = Platoon 's defensive action = = = As the German forces moved through Lanzerath and in front of their positions , Bouck and his men allowed lead members of the unit to pass , hoping to surprise the Germans . They were preparing to fire on three men who they believed were the Regiment 's officers when a girl from the village emerged from one of the homes . Talking to the officers , she pointed in their general direction . An officer yelled a command , and the paratroopers jumped for ditches on either side of the road . The Americans thought she had given their position away and fired on the Germans , wounding several . ( In October 2006 , more than 50 years later , a writer found the now adult woman , still living in the village . She told him she did not know the Americans were still in the area , and was pointing out the direction the Tank Destroyer unit had departed , towards Bucholz Station . ) Four members of a Forward Observation Team from Battery C , 371st Field Artillery had been in the village when the Tank Destroyer unit withdrew . Lieutenant Warren Springer and the other three men , Sergeant Peter Gacki , T / 4 Willard Wibben , and T / 5 Billy Queen joined Bouck 's unit on the ridge where they could continue to observe the enemy movement . Bouck distributed them among the foxholes to help reload magazines and reinforce their position . The German infantry deployed and about two platoons of the 2nd Company , 1st Battalion , then attacked the Americans head @-@ on , bunched together in the open and charging straight up the hill , directly at the platoon 's hidden and fortified positions . The Americans were surprised at the inexperienced tactics . For the Americans , it was like " shooting clay ducks in California at an amusement park . " Several attackers were killed trying to climb over the 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) -high barbed wire fence that bisected the field , often shot at close range with a single shot to the heart or head . Lt. Springer used his jeep @-@ mounted SCR @-@ 610 radio to call in coordinates for artillery fire . A few shells landed near the road outside Lanzerath , but they did not hinder the German attack . His jeep was then struck by machine gun fire or mortar shrapnel and his radio was destroyed . Slape and Milosevich fired continually , as fast as they could reload . Slape thought the Germans were mad to attack in such a suicidal manner , straight across the open field . He later recalled that it was one of the " most beautiful fields of fire " he had ever seen . After only about 30 seconds , the firing stopped . Nearly all of the attacking Germans had been killed or wounded . McConnell , shot in the shoulder , was the only American casualty . During a second attack made around 11 : 00 am , Milosevich fired the .50 caliber jeep @-@ mounted machine gun until enemy fire drove him back into his foxhole . In both the first and second attack that morning no German soldier got past the fence in the middle of the field . Bodies were piled around it . German medics waved a white flag late in the morning and indicated they wanted to remove the wounded , which the American defenders allowed . The Americans again suffered only one wounded on the second attack , when Pvt. Kalil was struck in the face by a rifle grenade that failed to explode . The Germans mounted a third attack late in the afternoon , around 3 : 00 . Several times German soldiers attempted to penetrate the American lines . The Americans left their foxholes and in close combat fired on the attackers to push them back down the hill . At one point PFC Milsovech spotted a medic working on and talking to a soldier he felt certain was already dead . As mortar fire on his position got more accurate , Milsovech noticed a pistol on the supposed medic 's belt , and decided he must be calling in fire on their position . He shot and killed him . Bouck contacted Regimental Headquarters once more , seeking reinforcements . At 3 : 50 , Fort sent the unit 's last update to Regimental headquarters in Hünningen . He reported they were still receiving some artillery fire but were holding their position against an estimated enemy strength of about 75 , who were attempting to advance from Lanzerath towards the railroad to the northwest . As dusk approached and their ammunition ran dangerously low , Bouck feared they could be flanked at any time . He planned to pull his men back just before dusk , when they would have enough light to escape through the woods . Bouck ordered his men to remove the distributor caps from their Jeeps and to prepare to evacuate to the rear . He dispatched Corporal Sam Jenkins and PFC Preston through the woods to locate Major Kriz at Regimental HQ and seek instructions or reinforcements . Bouck tried to contact Regimental headquarters on the SCR @-@ 300 radio for instructions . A sniper shot the radio as Bouck held it to his ear . The sniper also hit the SCR @-@ 284 radio mounted in the Jeep behind Bouck , eliminating any possibility of calling for reinforcements or instructions . The German troops were reluctant to attack head on once again , and Sergeant Vinz Kulbach pleaded with the officers of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment to allow his men to flank the Americans in the dusk . Fifty men from Fusilier Regiment 27 of the 12th Volksgrenadier Division were dispatched to attack the American 's southern flank through the woods . Just as Bouck was about to blow his whistle to indicate withdrawal , German soldiers penetrated their lines and began overrunning their foxholes . Several attackers were killed by grenades rigged to wires and triggered by Americans in their foxholes . Each of the positions spread out over the ridge top were overrun in turn . Surprisingly , the Germans did not simply kill the defenders in their foxholes . Bouck was pulled from his foxhole by an officer with a machine gun , and he thought he would be shot when the German put his weapon in his back and pulled the trigger ; it was empty . Both Bouck and the German officer were then struck by bullets . The German fell seriously wounded , while Bouck was struck in the calf . Sergeant Kuhlbach asked Bouck who was in command , and Bouck replied that he was . Kuhlbach asked him why the Americans were still shooting , and Bouck said it was not his men doing it . Bouck surrendered and helped carry his wounded men down to the village . = = = Conclusion = = = During their dawn to dusk fight , the 15 remaining men of the I & R platoon plus the four men of the 371st Artillery Forward Observation Team repeatedly engaged elements of the 1st Battalion , 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment , 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division of about 500 men . The Germans reported 16 killed , 63 wounded , and 13 missing in action . Other reports say the Americans inflicted between 60 and five hundred casualties on the Germans . Only one American , forward artillery observer Billy Queen , was killed ; in Bouck 's platoon , 14 out of 18 men were wounded . The small American force had seriously disrupted the schedule of the entire 6th Panzer Army 's drive for Antwerp along the entire northern edge of the offensive . After virtually no sleep during the preceding night and a full day of almost non @-@ stop combat , with only a few rounds of ammunition remaining , flanked by a superior enemy force , the platoon and artillery observers were captured . = = Aftermath = = The German military took over several homes in Lanzerath and turned them into aid stations for the wounded of both sides . The rest of the homes were commandeered as temporary quarters . = = = German armor advance = = = Kampfgruppe Peiper , the lead element of the Sixth Panzer Army 's spearhead , 1st SS Panzer Division , consisted of 4 @,@ 800 men and 600 vehicles . On December 16 , it started as much as 36 kilometres ( 22 mi ) to the east in Tondorf , Germany , and was unable to advance at its scheduled rate because of road congestion . The road from Scheid to Losheim was one solid traffic jam , in part due to two blown railroad overpasses blocking the advance of the 3rd Parachute Regiment and the 12th Volksgranadier Division to Losheimergraben , but also due to the stiff American resistance . Peiper 's lead units did not reach Losheim until 7 : 30 pm , when he was ordered to swing west and join up with the 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division , which had finally cleared the route through Lanzerath . Peiper was furious about the delay . En route to Lanzerath , Peiper 's unit lost five tanks and five other armored vehicles to American mines and anti @-@ tank weapons . Kampfgruppe Peiper finally reached Lanzerath near midnight . Lt. Bouck , held in Café Scholzen , turned 21 years old at midnight on December 17 . At midnight , he watched as a senior German officer ( who he later identified as Peiper ) attempt to obtain accurate information about the U.S. Army 's strength in the area . Peiper was told by Obersturmbannführer i.G. von Hoffman , a former Luftwaffe general staff officer from Berlin and commanding officer of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment , 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division , that his men had run into stiff resistance . He reported that the woods and road ahead were packed with American troops and tanks . He had bedded his troops down for the night and planned to probe the forest for Americans at first light . Their expectations of further resistance was all based on the stiff defense offered by Bouck 's force of just 18 men . Peiper asked the Battalion commander and a Hauptmann ( captain ) in the same unit about the American resistance . Both said they had not personally seen the Americans , but that the woods were heavily fortified . Peiper learned that no patrols had been conducted into the woods and no one had personally reconnoitered the area . Disgusted , Peiper demanded that von Hoffman give him a battalion of paratroops to accompany his tanks . At 4 : 30 on December 17 , more than 18 hours behind schedule , the 1st SS Panzer Division rolled out of Lanzareth and headed northwest for Bucholz Station . The entire timetable of their advance on the River Meuse and Antwerp had been seriously slowed , allowing the Americans precious hours to move in reinforcements . Peiper 's lead units entered Bucholz Station without resistance at 5 : 00 am . They found only two rifle companies from the 3rd Battalion , 394th Infantry Regiment had been left to defend it ; these were quickly captured , except for a headquarters company radio operator . Hidden in a cellar , he called in reports to division headquarters until he was finally captured . Driving west , the Germans entered Honsfield at 6 : 00 am where his column merged in the dark with an American column . In Honsfield , they encountered one of the 99th Division 's rest centers , which was clogged with still sleeping , confused American troops . They killed many , destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles , and took several dozen prisoners , who were later executed by elements of his force . Based on the noise to the northeast , Peiper decided that the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend was encountering more resistance than expected . Unable to contact his division headquarters , and with his vehicles low on fuel , Peiper decided to switch his planned route to the south through Büllingen , where he believed an American fuel depot existed . His units entered the town at 8 : 00 am and easily captured 50 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 190 @,@ 000 l ; 42 @,@ 000 imp gal ) of fuel for his vehicles . He was apparently unaware he had nearly taken the town and unknowingly bypassed an opportunity to flank and trap the entire 2nd and 99th Divisions . Peiper turned south to detour around Hünningen , interested only in hurrying west as quickly as he could . The unit gained notoriety when on this route they encountered a lightly armored American convoy and killed 84 U.S. prisoners of war in what became known as the Malmedy massacre . Peiper was later released after 11 years in prison . The German advance never recovered from its initial delay , and Kampfgruppe Peiper only got as far as Stoumont , where the remaining vehicles ran out of fuel and came under heavy attack from American aircraft , artillery , and tanks . Having advanced less than half @-@ way to the River Meuse , they were forced to abandon more than a hundred vehicles in the town , including six Tiger II tanks . The soldiers were left to find their own way east on foot . Having started the offensive with about 5 @,@ 800 men , 60 tanks ( including 30 King Tigers ) , 3 flak tanks , 75 half @-@ tracks , 14 20mm Flak Wagons , 27 75mm assault guns , plus 105 and 150mm SP Howitzers , Hitler 's prized Kampfgruppe was reduced to 800 S.S. troopers creeping through the brush at night , trying to get back to their own line . The task of defeating the 99th Division was the objective of 12th SS Panzer Division reinforced by additional Panzergrenadier and Volksgenadier divisions . On December 17 , German engineers repaired one of the road bridges over the railroad along the Losheim @-@ Losheimergraben road and the 12th Division 's armor began advancing towards the key road junction at Losheimergraben and the twin villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt . However , in more than ten days of intense battle , the 12th SS Panzer Division was unable to dislodge the Americans from Elsenborn Ridge , where elements of the V Corps of the First U.S. Army prevented the German forces from reaching the key road network to their west . Due to the determined resistance of the 99th Division , which was composed of relatively inexperienced troops , along with the 2nd and 30th Divisions , the northern shoulder of the Battle of the Bulge was a sticking point for the entire offensive operation . Had the Americans given way , the German advance would have overrun the vast supply depots around Liège and Spa and possibly have changed the outcome of the Battle of Bulge . = = = Prisoners of war = = = The I & R platoon members who were able to walk were sent to Germany . James was so seriously wounded he couldn 't speak . He and Kalil , who was also seriously wounded , were loaded onto trucks and eventually put aboard trains . Bouck was jammed into a single railroad cattle car with 71 others POWs and traveled for days without food or water . By Christmas Day , seven men in Bouck 's car had died and the rest were barely hanging on . The prisoners were transported to hospitals in Frankfurt and Hanover . McConnell , also wounded , ended up like James in Stalag XI @-@ B near Bad Fallingbostel , the most primitive POW camp in Germany . Bouck and his men were finally imprisoned in Stalag XIII @-@ D in Nuremberg and later in Stalag XIII @-@ C in Hammelberg , where the non @-@ commissioned and enlisted men were split , with the officers sent to Oflag XIII @-@ B. Hammelberg was designed for 300 prisoners , but it soon housed more than 1500 POWs . Corporal Sam Jenkins and PFC Preston were captured before they reached Allied lines , and they later joined Bouck and the rest of the platoon in prison . The men barely survived , most suffering from the advanced effects of malnutrition . When Task Force Baum from Patton 's 4th Armored Division attempted to liberate the camp , Captain Abe Baum was surprised at the large number of prisoners and was unable to rescue them all . Almost all of Baum 's unit was captured ; Bouck was recaptured and was finally released one week before the war ended . He was too weak to file a combat report , and hospitalized for several months after the war ended . He did not think his men had accomplished that much . " We were in those foxholes and ... what we did was to defend ourselves and try to live through it . " = = = Unit recognition = = = All who were wounded and captured recovered to return home after the war . In 1965 , the U.S. Army published a multi @-@ volume history of World War II , including one on The Ardennes : The Battle of the Bulge . Author Hugh M. Cole only briefly mentioned Bouck 's platoon , which upset former platoon member William James ( who had changed his name from Tsakanikas ) . James contacted Bouck and encouraged him to get his men proper recognition . Bouck contacted his former division commander , Maj. Gen. Walter E. Lauer , who nominated Bouck for a Silver Star . In June 1966 , a Silver Star arrived in Bouck 's mailbox , but no other platoon member was recognized . Bouck was shortly afterward interviewed by John S. D. Eisenhower for his book The Bitter Woods , which described the actions of the unit in detail . Columnist Jack Anderson unsuccessfully campaigned for William James ( Tsakanikas ) to be awarded the Medal of Honor . Congressional hearings on the men 's action resulted in a recommendation to the Secretary of Defense that Bill James be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor . The U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force concurred , but the Marine Corp responded that James failed to show sufficient " intrepidity " . The hearings also resulted in Public Law 96 @-@ 145 , which waived the time limitation exclusively for members of the platoon . It was signed by President Jimmy Carter on December 14 , 1979 . On October 26 , 1981 , after considerable lobbying and letter @-@ writing by Bouck , the men of the unit were finally decorated . Fourteen of the 18 were present at the ceremony hosted by Secretary of the Army John O. Marsh . Every man was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation . Four received the Distinguished Service Cross , five the Silver Star , and nine got the Bronze Star with V device for their 10 @-@ hour struggle against a 500 @-@ man strong German battalion . All members of the platoon who received individual awards also received the Presidential Unit Citation . Platoon members and the citations they received were : First Lt. Lyle J. Bouck Jr . ( DSC ) † Tech . Sgt. William L. Slape ( DSC ) Pfc. William James Tsakanikas ( DSC ) Pfc. Risto " Milo " Milosevich ( DSC ) Pvt. Robert D. Adams ( Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism ) Pvt. Robert D. Baasch ( Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism ) Sgt. William D. Dustman ( Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism ) Pvt. Clifford R. Fansher ( Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism ) T / 3 James Fort ( Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism ) Cpl. Samuel L. Jenkins ( Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism ) Pvt. Joseph A. McConnell ( Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism ) Cpl. Robert H. " Mop " Preston ( Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism ) Sgt. George H. " Pappy " Redmond ( Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism ) Pvt. John B. Creger ( Silver Star ) Pvt. Louis J. Kalil ( Silver Star ) Cpl. Aubrey P. " Schnoz " McGeehee ( Silver Star ) Pfc. Jordan H. " Pop " Robinson ( Silver Star ) Pvt. James R. " Sil " Silvola ( Silver Star ) PFC Carlos A. Fernandez ( Presidential Unit Citation ) PFC John P. Frankovitch ( Presidential Unit Citation ) T / 5 Robert L. Lambert ( Presidential Unit Citation ) Pvt. Vernon G. Leopold ( Presidential Unit Citation ) PFC Elmer J. Nowacki ( Presidential Unit Citation ) Pvt. Samuel J. Oakley ( Presidential Unit Citation ) † Bouck was awarded a Silver Star while a prisoner of war in 1945 , although he did not receive it until 1966 . This was superseded by his DSC award later . Lieutenant Warren Springer and his three @-@ man artillery observation unit — Sergeant Peter Gacki , T / 4 Willard Wibben , and T / 5 Billy Queen - also joined the men in battle . Queen was killed in action before the remainder were captured . All four were awarded the DSC for their valor at Lanzerath . In 2004 , the book The Longest Winter was published , documenting the defensive actions of the platoon . Bouck cooperated with the author , Alex Kershaw , but imposed one condition , " I told him that other authors never wrote about the other men in the platoon , just me . I said I wouldn 't talk to him unless he promised that he 'd also write about the other men . " On May 12 , 2005 , veterans of the 99th Infantry Division and local citizens of Lanzerath , Belgium , dedicated a monument composed of a small brass plaque alongside a bench and a United States flag to commemorate the fight on the grassy hill overlooking the village . Uncommon valor was a common valor In honor and memory of all soldiers who fought here December 16th , 1944 I & R Platoon 394th Regiment 99th Infantry Division = Refugio oil spill = The Refugio oil spill on May 19 , 2015 deposited 142 @,@ 800 U.S. gallons ( 3 @,@ 400 barrels ) of crude oil onto one of the most biologically diverse coastlines of the west coast . The corroded pipeline blamed for the spill has been closed indefinitely , resulting in financial impacts to the county estimated as high as $ 74 million if it and a related pipeline remain out of service for three years . The cost of the cleanup was estimated by the company to be $ 96 million with overall expenses including expected legal claims and potential settlements to be around $ 257 million . The oil spill , located immediately north of Refugio State Beach in Santa Barbara County , California , originated in a 2 feet ( 61 cm ) diameter underground pipeline named Line 901 owned by Plains All American Pipeline . Crude oil produced by offshore platforms was transported from onshore receiving plants to another pipeline that transported the oil inland for processing . The oil pipeline operators in Midland , Texas had turned off an alarm that would have notified them of the leak as they were dealing with a separate problem with a pump . The 28 year old pipeline was not equipped with an automatic shut @-@ off valve and was eventually shut down by control operators when they were notified of the leak from parties who has visually located the spill . Hundreds of animals along the coast were coated with the thick crude oil and many died . State parks and beaches located along the coastline were temporarily closed . While much smaller than the oil rig blowout that resulted in the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill , this spill may have greater long term effects due to its potential impact on four state marine protected areas . Due to the unique characteristics of the area , it is one of the most studied marine environments in the United States . = = Background = = The area was one of the earliest locations in California developed for offshore oil and gas production . Crude oil and natural gas produced by offshore platforms is processed at onshore receiving plants before being transported to distant refineries . The source of the spill was Line 901 , a 10 @.@ 6 @-@ mile pipeline ( 17 @.@ 1 km ) owned by Plains All American Pipeline . The 24 @-@ inch buried line ( 610 mm ) was constructed in 1987 along the Gaviota coast to service the crude oil produced by offshore drilling . The pipeline can transport 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 U.S. gallons ( 48 @,@ 000 barrels ) a day and the contents are heated to as high as 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) . Santa Barbara area pipelines are typically not heated but they are insulated to retain the oil 's heat during transit . The viscous oil is also blended with natural gas liquids to allow it to flow more readily through the pipeline . Truck transportation of oil was phased out in Santa Barbara County in the 1970s because pipelines were considered a safer option . = = = Pipeline corrosion = = = Before the spill , an inspection of the 28 year old Line 901 pipeline found extensive corrosion problems resulting in thinning pipeline walls . The pipeline did not have an automatic shut @-@ off valve that would have been required on an intrastate pipeline as Line 901 is categorized as an interstate pipeline . Officials from Plains All American Pipeline claimed that installing a new valve would present other potential dangers . The line underwent a comprehensive internal inspection in July 2012 and since then the area where the pipe broke had been repaired at least three times . Line 903 is a much longer pipeline that transports the oil from Line 901 inland to gathering facilities and refineries . LIne 903 was also found to be corroded though not as seriously . = = = Offshore oil production = = = Exxon Mobil owns three offshore platforms , Hondo , Harmony and Heritage , that transport their oil to onshore tanks at its Santa Ynez Unit in Las Flores Canyon . They depend on Line 901 to transport the oil from Las Flores to a pump station in a coastal canyon near Gaviota . The crude oil , known as Las Flores Canyon OCS ( Outer Continental Shelf ) , then flows into Line 903 as it is transported inland 128 miles ( 206 km ) to gathering facilities in Kern County and on to refineries throughout Southern California . Venoco ’ s Platform Holly located in the South Ellwood Offshore Oil Field also depends on Lines 901 and 903 . The Holly platform is about 2 @-@ mile offshore ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from the Coal Oil Point where about 4 @,@ 000 U.S. gallons ( 95 barrels ) a day comes from natural seeps . Line 903 is also used to move the production from platforms Hidalgo , Harvest and Hermosa of Point Arguello Unit owned by Freeport @-@ McMoRan to the ConocoPhillips refinery in Santa Maria . = = = Gaviota coast = = = The narrow coastal terrace where the spill took place is primarily used for recreation and cattle grazing . Local land use agencies have kept oil processing facilities to a minimum along the lightly populated Gaviota coast where much of the land is held in agricultural preserves under the Williamson Act and used for avocado and lemon tree orchards . The parks and agricultural areas on this narrow coastal terrace are situated between a rugged coastline and the Santa Ynez Mountains of the Los Padres National Forest . The nearest city is Goleta , about 11 @-@ mile down the coast ( 18 km ) . US 101 and the main coastal railroad line both parallel the coastline and the Hondo and Harmony oil rigs can be easily seen offshore in the Santa Barbara Channel from the highway or railroad . The Gaviota coast with its Mediterranean climate is considered unique for the biodiversity of ocean life . The unusual species found here are the result of the cold water from the north meeting the warm water from the south . The annual migration of about 19 @,@ 000 Gray whales through the Santa Barbara Channel was in progress at the time of the spill . They may come as close as 100 @-@ foot from the shoreline ( 30 m ) . = = Oil spill = = = = = Detection and response = = = On May 19 , 2015 , the pipeline operators in Midland , Texas remotely detected pressure anomalies and shut down Line 901 at 11 : 30 am . The Santa Barbara County Fire Department initially responded around 11 : 40 am to a report of a strong smell coming from the area . Fire crews found the crude oil flowing from a drainage culvert that passed under U.S. 101 , and into the Pacific Ocean and reported the leak to authorities . Local pipeline workers did not know about the leak until they were notified by the state parks staff around noon that there was oil in the water . After struggling to find the leaking pipeline , workers located Line 901 where it had leaked and flowed into the storm culvert around 1 : 30 pm . Company officials in Bakersfield who were responsible for notifying the National Response Center did not do so until 2 : 56 pm . The Center , staffed by United States Coast Guard officers and marine science technicians , is the sole federal point of contact for reporting all hazardous substances releases and oil spills . An oil spill triggers mandatory federal notification requirements in a timely manner but company officials said they were unable to contact employees on site as the employees were busy dealing with the immediate demands and distractions of the situation . On May 20 , 2015 , the state parks agency closed Refugio State Beach and El Capitán State Beach . Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency . Santa Barbara County also declared a state of emergency . The Santa Barbara emergency management team eventually recommended that the Board of Supervisors keep the proclamation of local emergency intact till until May 2016 . They anticipated that a significant winter storm could bring up submerged oil and the situation could be reassessed in the spring . = = = Ecologically sensitive area = = = The oil quickly spread along 7 miles ( 11 km ) of the coastline from Arroyo Hondo Creek to the west to El Capitán State Beach on the east . The slick reached four marine protected areas that have significant for their ecological or cultural significance : Naples , Kashtayit , Campus Point and Goleta Slough . Culturally significant land and artifacts to the Chumash people are also found in this area . An immediate concern of environmentalists was the potential use of chemical dispersants . To keep big slicks from washing ashore , dispersants can be used to break the oil into small droplets that disperse throughout the water column . There are significant concerns about the health effects of the dispersants and the effects on aquatic life . Coast Guard officials overseeing the cleanup indicated that no chemical dispersants were being used but did not immediately rule the use of them out . = = = Size of spill and cleanup efforts = = = Plains All American Pipeline stated on May 20 , 2015 that at the time of the spill the pipeline was operating at maximum capacity of 84 @,@ 000 US gallons per hour ( 2 @,@ 000 bbl / h ) . They reported on August 14 , 2015 that a total of 142 @,@ 800 U.S. gallons ( 3 @,@ 400 barrels ) crude oil had leaked from the pipeline . Preliminary reports estimated that 20 @,@ 000 U.S. gallons ( 480 barrels ) to 21 @,@ 000 U.S. gallons ( 500 barrels ) of oil was spilled into the ocean through a highway drainage culvert adjacent to the broken pipeline . The amount of oil reaching the ocean was later revised to over 105 @,@ 000 U.S. gallons ( 2 @,@ 500 barrels ) . A Unified Command ( ICS ) was established consisting of local , state and federal agencies . This included the United States Coast Guard , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , California Department of Fish and Wildlife including the Office of Spill Prevention and Response , and the Santa Barbara Office of Emergency Management together with the responsible party , Plains All American Pipeline . The federal Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration ordered the pipeline operator to provide them with the ruptured pipe for metallurgical testing in order to establish the condition of the pipe when it failed . All the oil in the pipeline had to be cleaned out before the section could be removed to determine if corrosion , pressure or a series of failures led to the rupture in the pipeline . Scientists from multiple disciplines at the University of California , Santa Barbara and elsewhere began collaborating immediately after the spill . Based on lessons learned from studies of earlier spills , and using refined computer models , they predicted the spill spread and dispersion , including impacts on Los Angeles area beaches . They used his information to provide guidance to cleanup agencies and to monitor the effects on the ecosystem . Some 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 910 m ) of floating containment boom had been deployed to contain the oil by the next day . Boats and helicopters identified patches of slick in the ocean so cleanup vessels could mop up the oil . More than a dozen vessels corralling and skimming the oil from the water were working in the days immediately following the spill . Three days after the spill more than 650 workers and 17 boats were cleaning the shoreline , gathering up an oily water mixture from the ocean , and hauling away more than 5 @,@ 000 cubic yards ( 3 @,@ 800 m3 ) of oil @-@ contaminated soil , sand and vegetation from the coastal bluff . A month after the spill , efforts continued to clean the 8 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 13 km ) portion of shoreline that was most heavily damaged . The sandstone cliff face along with large boulders that were splashed by the oil coming out of the culvert were difficult to clean . While sandy beaches farther south were inundated with tar balls , the beaches and rocky shoreline south of the spill had been drenched with a slick of fresh crude oil that had not been in the ocean long enough to be altered into tar balls by the wind and waves . = = = Tar balls = = = Days after the spill , tar balls began washing ashore on beaches down the coast in nearby Summerland and then farther down the coast in Ventura county . Although the source of these tar balls could not be immediately confirmed , the pipeline company sent workers to clean them up . Crews cleaned up coin @-@ sized clumps of oil along the Rincon shoreline such as Faria , the beaches in the City of Ventura including San Buenaventura State Beach , and the extensive oceanfront of the Oxnard Plain . Many officials and scientists said at first the tar balls appearance might be a coincidence unrelated to the spill . Coal Oil Point is very close and well known for the offshore seepage of oil at about 4 @,@ 000 U.S. gallons ( 95 barrels ) a day . Tar balls continued to show up on beaches farther down the coast in Los Angeles County including Malibu and the South Bay beaches on Santa Monica Bay . When tested , a tar ball recovered in the South Bay at Manhattan Beach matched the chemical signature of the spilled oil . Cleanup crews responded even farther south to beaches in Orange County . By a month after the spill , 93 % of the approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) of beaches damaged after the spill had been cleaned . The remaining 8 miles ( 13 km ) was the area at the spill site near Refugio State Beach and the rest of the Refugio coastline south of the spill . = = Aftermath = = = = = Environmental effect = = = The spill was much smaller than the nearby 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill on January 28 , 1969 in which an oil rig blow @-@ out spilled an estimated 3 @.@ 4 to 4 @.@ 2 million US gallons ( 81 @,@ 000 to 100 @,@ 000 bbl ) of crude oil over a ten @-@ day period . The thick crude oil damaged the coats , skin , beaks , and appendages of hundreds of animals . Workers eventually collected 202 dead birds and 99 dead mammals which included at least 46 sea lions and 12 dolphins . The full impact will never be known since animals may travel a distance before succumbing to their injuries . Sixty @-@ five live birds and sixty @-@ three live mammals were rescued . Of the 69 animals freed after being cleaned and nursed back to health , 10 were adult Brown pelicans that were released at Goleta Beach after spending three weeks in San Pedro with a team of scientists from the Oiled Wildlife Care Network that is administered by the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine . In September 2015 , SeaWorld San Diego released the last three sea lions affected by the oil spill at Border Field State Park . Scientists will monitor the movements of some of the sea lions and at least five of the pelicans with satellite transmitters . The spill cleanup occurred during the nesting season for snowy plovers so special precautions were necessary while cleaning up tar balls . The birds are often found on the beaches along the coast of the Oxnard plain . Their nests are hard to see in the open sand and the birds are easily frightened away by human activity leaving the eggs to fast @-@ moving predators such as sea gulls . Least terns were another endangered species of bird that was a concern during the cleanup efforts . Marine researchers note that mammals and birds get the most attention but smaller creatures at the base of the ocean food chain are also harmed by the oil . Life on the sea floor and near the shore such as mussels , barnacles , and other shellfish are unable to move out of the way . When exposed to oil , these organisms suffer 90 % -plus mortality and recovery of the population can take decades . Researchers from the University of California , Santa Barbara began collecting samples within hours of the spill to monitor the impact on the marine environment . Researchers and volunteers returned to the area many times to collect additional samples . Since students and researchers had previously used this area for study purposes , baseline data was available . David Valentine , a professor in the university ’ s Department of Earth Science said , “ The discharge of heavy oil at Refugio presents a unique opportunity to discover novel metabolic , genomic and ecological feedbacks among marine microbial communities , heavy oil and ecosystem response . We have the opportunity to study ecosystem changes and microbial reactions from the very early stages through an entire year . It ’ s really rare for scientists to get day zero access to any sort of event like this . ” = = = Economic impact = = = Plains All American Pipeline estimated that the cleanup had cost $ 96 million during a joint oversight hearing of the State Assembly Natural Resources Committee and Senate Select Committee on June 26 , 2015 . Overall expenses related to the spill were estimated to be $ 257 million in an earnings report for Plains All American Pipeline issued around the same time . This included the emergency response and cleanup efforts along with the expected legal claims and potential settlements . The CEO stated in the report that all but $ 65 million would be covered by insurance and that the figure did not include lost revenue from the pipelines that have been shutdown . The economic consequences for the county were more difficult to quantify . The financial impact on the county was estimated by the California Economic Forecast Director at at $ 74 million if Line 901 remains dormant for three years because of the dependence of the region ’ s oil and gas industry to move product through this line . Workers income , property taxes , and federal royalties are reduced while the line is out of service . The impact on tourism was not as bad as predicted and thousands of workers involved in the cleanup appear to have benefited some hotels . Although lightly populated , recreation brings outdoor enthusiasts to the Gaviota Coast . The spill affected visitors to both public and private facilities in the area . The state closed heavily used El Capitán State Beach for a month , which was finally reopened on June 26 for camping and day use . Refugio State Beach was more heavily damaged and did not reopen until July 17 , 2015 . These two popular parks quickly filled up with summer crowds when they reopened . Eric Hjelstrom , California State Parks sector superintendent said , “ We were booked full the day we opened . Half of the people didn ’ t know we had been closed , which is a good testament to how clean the park was . ” In response to the spill , 138 square miles ( 360 km2 ) of fisheries were closed . The order was lifted after six weeks when the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment determined that the area ’ s seafood was safe to eat and posed “ no significant health threat . ” The closure impacted commercial fishermen and fishing charters . Local commercial fishermen reported that it was tough to sell the fish caught outside of the closed area because of the impression that all of the region ’ s seafood was tainted from the oil spill . There is also a long term concern that the oil may have wiped out the main food source for some sea life in the area . The predominant products from the Santa Barbara region are red sea urchin and red rock crab with an average of $ 11 million in sales revenue per year The estimate of $ 74 million financial impact over three years to the county includes approximately $ 37 million in lost property taxes , $ 32 million in lessened worker income and $ 5 million in reduced federal royalties . This is the result of the region ’ s oil and gas industry being heavily dependent on Lines 901 and 903 . Prior to the spill , Exxon , which was the region ’ s biggest oil operator at the time , was on pace to generate approximately $ 636 million in revenue in Santa Barbara County during 2015 but as of November 5 , 2015 had only generated an estimated $ 216 @.@ 6 million . The offshore oil platforms that rely on the lines were forced to shut down when onshore storage tanks were filled . As of December 2015 , no timetable had been established to restart the rigs . Truck transport of continuing production from the offshore platforms was not allowed by local agencies . Exceptions have been closely scrutinized by local officials such as allowing Venoco in August 2015 to transport crude oil that was already onshore by truck for a limited period . The oil had been evacuated from tanks and pipelines to allow maintenance of the onshore Ellwood facility in Goleta that serves Platform Holly . = = = Legislation = = = Three bills were signed into law in response to the spill . Under a new law , the California Fire Marshall will be required to review the oil pipelines conditions every year while federal regulations only mandate a review every five years . Another new law provides for making oil spill response times faster and more effective . Finally , a new law will force intrastate pipelines to use the best @-@ known technology such as automatic shut @-@ off valves . = = = Litigation = = = Almost a year after the spill , the Santa Barbara County Grand Jury handing down 46 criminal indictments against Plains . The Santa Barbara County District Attorney also announced a misdemeanor count against one of the company ’ s employees . California state Attorney General Kamala Harris , who had also opened a criminal investigation right after spill , said this prosecution will send a message to Plains and to the oil and gas industry in California . The profound economic impacts on local fishermen , who couldn ’ t fish during the fishery closures , led to the filing of several lawsuits . These suits , along with those by homeowners who are alleging losses in property value , were consolidated into a class @-@ action lawsuit against Plains . An additional class @-@ action suit was filed by stockholders claiming Plains provided “ false and misleading statements ” regarding pipeline maintenance and monitoring . Plains All American Pipeline was ordered in March 2016 to stop misleading claimants who sought interim damages . A U.S. District Court issued an order that stated that Plains was misleading " victims towards unwittingly waiving their rights to full recovery " through the class @-@ action lawsuit where they could obtain further compensation . The city of Santa Barbara filed a lawsuit in May 2016 seeking $ 2 @.@ 1 million in compensation from Plains . The media coverage of the spill had created the perception that the oil spill in the city of Santa Barbara rather than 20 miles ( 32 km ) away in Santa Barbara County according to the city officials . This discouraged visitors during the peak tourism season , losing the city millions of dollars in tax revenue . The federal Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration was requested to provide all records regarding the internal inspection of Line 901 conducted in 2012 and details of all other inspections since 2013 such as maintenance data , monitoring information , incident reports and repair logs . The Environmental Defense Center of Santa Barbara ( EDC ) , who had requested the release of the records along with the Santa Barbara Channelkeepers , filed a lawsuit against the agency in December 2015 since it had been over six months and they had not received any of the requested documents . = = = Regulations = = = The Pipeline Hazardous Material Safety Administration ( PHMSA ) is responsible for developing and enforcing regulations for pipeline operation transportation having been created in 2004 within the United States Department of Transportation . In the months following the spill , they found that the in @-@ line inspection tool used by Plains in Line 901 and Line 903 has miscalculated the degree of corrosion . The company also withheld in @-@ line inspection data so “ it could enhance its interpretation of the data , ” according to a corrective order issued by PHMSA . In October , PHMSA proposed new rules to assist in preventing such inspection discrepancies . = Battle of Vijithapura = The Battle of Vijithapura was a decisive and major battle in the campaign carried out by Sri Lankan king Dutthagamani against the invading South Indian king Elara . The battle is documented in detail in the ancient chronicles of the country . However , they only provide the viewpoint of Dutthagamani and his army , and details are scarce on Elara 's side . After launching a campaign to regain the country from Elara , Dutthagamani captured a number of his strongholds before coming to the fortified city of Vijithapura . A four @-@ month siege ensued , followed by a large assault where Dutthagamani 's champions and royal elephant played a major part . The chronicles focus a lot on these ten champions , and vividly describe some unusual " tests " that Dutthagamani carried out to find out their skills . The battle ended in victory for Dutthagamani 's forces and considerably weakened Elara 's army , ultimately leading to his defeat and death . The exact location of Vijithapura is unknown , though historians have made some speculations on this . The battle is still regarded by Sri Lankans as a legendary event in the country 's history , and has even been compared with victories of the Sri Lanka Army during the country 's civil war . = = Records = = Dutthagamani 's campaign against Elara is given in detail in the ancient chronicles of Sri Lanka ; Mahavamsa , Dipavamsa , Rajavaliya and Thupavamsa . All of them describe the battle in detail , and apply a high importance to it . Dutthagamani is a hero in these chronicles , and his campaign is depicted as a " holy war " aimed at restoring Buddhism in the country . Therefore , these accounts are favourably biased to him , and the description of the Battle of Vijithapura , along with the rest of the campaign , is a mix of fact and legend . However , historians agree that the basic facts from these chronicles are accurate . The one sided accounts given in the chronicles mean that there is very little information to be obtained on Elara and his armies . According to Orientalist Wilhelm Geiger , who translated the Mahavamsa , the problem is " not what is said but what is left unsaid " . = = Background = = At the time of the battle , Elara was the king of Anuradhapura . He was a Chola prince from South India , who had defeated the Sinhalese ruler Asela in an invasion . Although an invader , Elara is described as a just ruler who had even patronized Buddhism . Most of the country came under this Tamil king 's rule , while his rival Kavan Tissa , a Sinhala king from Ruhunu in the south of the country , organized a resistance against him . Kavan Tissa 's son , Dutthagamani , ascended to the throne after the death of his father . Soon after he became the king in Ruhuna , Dutthagamani launched a campaign against Elara with the intention of " restoring and glorifying Buddhism " in the country . After setting out from Magama and crossing the Mahaweli river , Dutthagamani captured a number of forts and cities that were under Elara , and killed several of his generals . The ancient chronicles refer to all of the chieftains or generals defeated by Dutthagamani as Demalas ( Tamils ) . However , it is unlikely that all of them were indeed Tamils , and it is possible that one of them — whose name is given as Dighabaya — may even have been a stepbrother of Dutthagamani himself who had later joined Elara . = = = Vijithapura = = = After these victories , Dutthagamani 's army marched on to the " great fortress of Vijithapura " . Dutthagamani followed a road between Sigiriya and Minneriya to take his army there ; a road that had been used by Pandukabhaya , a previous ruler , in his military campaigns as well . The city of Vijithapura , which the Mahavamsa refers to as Vijitha Nagara , had been founded nearly three hundred years ago by the brother in law of king Panduvasudeva . By the time of the battle , it had become a well @-@ fortified stronghold of Elara . It is said to have been surrounded by three moats and a wall with a height of 18 cubits . The wall had four wrought iron gates on the north , south , east and west . The Rajavaliya describes Vijithapura as a fortress second only to Anuradhapura . The control of Vijithapura was essential to both sides . The loss of the stronghold would be a largely demoralizing factor for Elara 's forces and would significantly reduce their capability to resist Duthhagamani 's advance . For Dutthagamani 's forces , the capture of the city would mean that they could easily move on to Anuradhapura . = = Siege = = Surviving troops of Elara 's forces from previous battles retreated to Vijithapura , further strengthening its defenses . Dutthagamani 's army also arrived and pitched camp close to the fortress . The open stretch of land where they camped later came to be known as Khandavara Pitthi or Kandavurupitiya . They carried out regular assaults against the fortress while the defenders also made occasional sorties , but none of them were able to sway the battle in favour of either side . After laying siege on the city for four months , plans were laid to launch an assault using the entire army . Dutthagamani 's army was led by his ten champions or generals , known as the " Ten Giant Warriors " , who were to play a significant part in the battle to come . = = = Testing the warriors = = = The ancient chronicles mention two tests that Dutthagamani planned to find out these warriors ' skill before the battle . For the first test , Dutthagamani asked the warriors to drink a large cauldron of toddy , intending to test their strength . When all others refused , Suranimala stepped forward and drank the entire cauldron without any effort . The second test was to test Nandimithra , the commander of the army . Dutthagamani had his royal elephant , Kandula , infuriated and set on Nandimithra . However , the warrior stood his ground and taking the elephant by its tusks , pushed it to the ground . Thus clearing all doubts as to the abilities and skill of his warriors , Dutthagamani sounded the war drums and raising his flags , started the assault to take Vijithapura . = = Final assault = = Dutthagamani 's army attacked all four gates of the city simultaneously . He led the main assault on the southern gate with Nandimithra , Suranimala and the elephant Kandula , while the attacks on the northern and western gates were led by Bharana , Khanjadeva , Phussadeva and Labhiyavasabha . The eastern gate was attacked by Mahasona , Gothaimbara , Theraputthabhaya and Velusumana . The defenders of the eastern gates were routed by Velusumana after a cavalry attack , and Elara 's forces withdrew into the city . Elara 's archers , shooting from the walls , inflicted heavy casualties on the attackers , while soldiers on top of the walls prevented any attempt to breach the wall by puring down molten metal on them . The elephant Kandula , attempting to break the southern gate , was injured in such an attack . After tending to his injuries and protecting him using thick animal hides , Dutthagamani encouraged Kandula and drove him against the wall . The wall was breached and Dutthagamani 's army entered the city . The ten champions , unwilling to enter through an opening made by another , destroyed the wall themselves in different places and broke into the city . Led by them , Dutthagamani 's army destroyed the defenders and took control of the fortress city of Vijithapura . The survivors retreated to Anuradhapura . = = Aftermath = = The capture of Vijithapura paved the way for Dutthagamani 's army to advance on to Anuradhapura , and they proceeded immediately afterwards , capturing two more of Elara 's strongholds on the way . In the battle for Anuradhapura , Dutthagamani killed Elara in single combat and became the king of Anuradhapura , bringing the entire country under his rule . = = Modern culture and studies = = The battle of Vijithapura is a legendary battle in Sri Lankan history and a significant milestone in Dutthagamani 's campaign to restore Buddhism in the country . It is often referred to as Vijithapura maha satana ( the great battle of Vijithapura ) . After the ending of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009 , General Sarath Fonseka , the then commander of the Sri Lanka Army , compared several battles they fought to that of Vijithapura . The exact location of the Vijithapura fortress is uncertain . A village with the same name near the ancient Kalawewa reservoir may have been the place where the battle took place . There is an ancient temple here as well as a granite stone that locals believe to have been used by Dutthagamani 's soldiers to sharpen their swords However , other historians and archaeologists believe that the location is close to Kaduruwela near Polonnaruwa , where the ruins of an ancient fortress have been found . = Splendid fairywren = The splendid fairywren ( Malurus splendens ) , also known simply as the splendid wren or more colloquially in Western Australia as the blue wren , is a passerine bird of the Maluridae family . It is found across much of the Australian continent from central @-@ western New South Wales and southwestern Queensland over to coastal Western Australia . It inhabits predominantly arid and semi @-@ arid regions . Exhibiting a high degree of sexual dimorphism , the male in breeding plumage is a small , long @-@ tailed bird of predominantly bright blue and black colouration . Non @-@ breeding males , females and juveniles are predominantly grey @-@ brown in colour ; this gave the early impression that males were polygamous as all dull @-@ coloured birds were taken for females . It comprises several similar all @-@ blue and black subspecies that were originally considered separate species . Like other fairywrens , the splendid fairywren is notable for several peculiar behavioural characteristics ; birds are socially monogamous and sexually promiscuous , meaning that although they form pairs between one male and one female , each partner will mate with other individuals and even assist in raising the young from such trysts . Male wrens pluck pink or purple petals and display them to females as part of a courtship display . The habitat of the splendid fairywren ranges from forest to dry scrub , generally with ample vegetation for shelter . Unlike the eastern superb fairywren , it has not adapted well to human occupation of the landscape and has disappeared from some urbanised areas . The splendid fairywren mainly eats insects and supplements its diet with seeds . = = Taxonomy = = The splendid fairywren is one of 12 species of the genus Malurus , commonly known as fairywrens , found in Australia and lowland New Guinea . Within the genus it is most closely related to the superb fairywren . These two " blue wrens " are closely related to the purple @-@ crowned fairywren of north @-@ western Australia . Specimens were initially collected at King George Sound , and the splendid fairywren then described as Saxicola splendens by the French naturalists Jean René Constant Quoy and Joseph Paul Gaimard in 1830 , three years before John Gould gave it the scientific name of Malurus pectoralis and vernacular name of banded superb @-@ warbler . Though he correctly placed it in the genus Malurus , the specific name of the former authors took priority . The specific epithet is derived from the Latin splendens , which means " shining " . Like other fairywrens , the splendid fairywren is unrelated to the true wren . It was first classified as a member of the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae by Richard Bowdler Sharpe , though it was later placed in the warbler family Sylviidae by the same author , before being placed in the newly recognised Maluridae in 1975 . More recently , DNA analysis has shown the family to be related to Meliphagidae ( honeyeaters ) , and the Pardalotidae in a large superfamily Meliphagoidea . = = = Subspecies = = = Current taxonomy recognises four subspecies : M. s. splendens in Western Australia , M. s. musgravei in central Australia ( subspecies previously recognised as M. s. callainus ) , M. s. melanotus in inland eastern Australia and M. s. emmottorum in southwestern Queensland . Initially , the three were considered separate species as they were described far from their borders with other subspecies . However , as the interior of Australia was explored , it became apparent there were areas of hybridisation where subspecies overlapped . Thus in 1975 , the first three forms below were reclassified as subspecies of Malurus splendens . M. s. splendens , known as the splendid- or banded fairywren , is found in much of central and southern Western Australia . This was the original form named by Quoy and Gaimard in 1830 . M. s. melanotus , known as the black @-@ backed fairywren , was described by John Gould in 1841 as a separate species . It is found in the mallee country of South Australia ( Sedan area north @-@ east of Adelaide ) through western Victoria , western New South Wales and into south western Queensland . It differs from the nominate subspecies in having a black back and whitish lower belly . M. s. musgravei was described in 1922 by amateur ornithologist Gregory Mathews as a separate species from the Lake Eyre Basin in central Australia . It is found in mulga and mallee country across much of South Australia and the southern Northern Territory . It has lighter blue or turquoise upperparts than the splendid fairywren , as well as a black rump . This is largely synonymous with what was known as M. callainus or the turquoise fairywren which had been collected by ornithologist Samuel White and named by John Gould in 1867 . The original collection bearing the name callainus was deemed a hybrid between what is now called musgravei and melanotus , and hence musgravei was resurrected as the name for the turquoise fairywren . M. s. emmottorum was described from southwestern Queensland and given subspecific status in the 1999 review by Schodde and Mason . It was named after Angus Emmott , a farmer and amateur biologist in western Queensland . = = = Evolutionary history = = = In his 1982 monograph , ornithologist Richard Schodde proposed a southern origin for the common ancestor of the superb and splendid fairywrens . At some time in the past it was split into southwestern ( splendid ) and southeastern ( superb ) enclaves . As the southwest was dryer than the southeast , once conditions were more favourable , the splendid forms were more able to spread into inland areas . These split into at least three enclaves which subsequently evolved in isolation in the following drier glacial periods until the current more favourable climate saw them expand once again and interbreed where they overlap . This suggests the original split was only very recent as the forms had insufficient time to speciate . Further molecular studies may result in this hypothesis being modified . = = Description = = The splendid fairywren is a small , long @-@ tailed bird 14 cm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) long . Exhibiting a high degree of sexual dimorphism , the breeding male is distinctive with a bright blue forehead and ear coverts , a violet throat and deeper rich blue back wings , chest and tail with a black bill , eye band and chest band . The blue breeding plumage of the male is often referred to as nuptial plumage . The non @-@ breeding male is brown with blue in the wings and a bluish tail . The female resembles the non @-@ breeding male but has a chestnut bill and eye @-@ patch . Immature males will moult into breeding plumage the first breeding season after hatching , though this may be incomplete with residual brownish plumage and may take another year or two to perfect . Both sexes moult in autumn after breeding , with males assuming an eclipse non @-@ breeding plumage . They will moult again into nuptial plumage in winter or spring . Some older males have remained blue all year , moulting directly from one year 's nuptial plumage to the next . Breeding males ' blue plumage , particularly the ear @-@ coverts , is highly iridescent due to the flattened and twisted surface of the barbules . The blue plumage also reflects ultraviolet light strongly , and so may be even more prominent to other fairywrens , whose colour vision extends into this part of the spectrum . The call is described as a gushing reel ; this is harsher and louder than other fairywrens and varies from individual to individual . A soft single trrt serves as a contact call within a foraging group , while the alarm call is a tsit . Cuckoos and other intruders may be greeted with a threat posture and churring threat . Females emit a purr while brooding . = = Distribution and habitat = = The splendid fairywren is widely distributed in the arid and semi @-@ arid zones of Australia . Habitat is typically dry and shrubby ; mulga and mallee in drier parts of the country and forested areas in the southwest . The western subspecies splendens and eastern black @-@ backed fairywren ( subspecies melanotus ) are largely sedentary , although the turquoise fairywren ( subspecies musgravei ) is thought to be partially nomadic . Unlike the eastern superb fairywren , the splendid fairywren has not adapted well to human occupation of the landscape and has disappeared from some urbanised areas . Forestry plantations of pine ( Pinus spp . ) and eucalypts are also unsuitable as they lack undergrowth . = = Behaviour = = Like all fairywrens , the splendid fairywren is an active and restless feeder , particularly on open ground near shelter , but also through the lower foliage . Movement is a series of jaunty hops and bounces , with its balance assisted by a proportionally large tail , which is usually held upright and rarely still . The short , rounded wings provide good initial lift and are useful for short flights , though not for extended jaunts . However , splendid fairywrens are stronger fliers than most other fairywrens . During spring and summer , birds are active in bursts through the day and accompany their foraging with song . Insects are numerous and easy to catch , which allows the birds to rest between forays . The group often shelters and rests together during the heat of the day . Food is harder to find during winter and they are required to spend the day foraging continuously . Groups of two to eight splendid fairywrens remain in their territory and defend it year @-@ round . Territories average 4 @.@ 4 ha ( 11 acres ) in woodland @-@ heath areas ; size decreases with increasing density of vegetation and increases with the number of males in the group . The group consists of a socially monogamous pair with one or more male or female helper birds that were hatched in the territory , though they may not necessarily be the offspring of the main pair . Splendid fairywrens are sexually promiscuous , each partner mating with other individuals and even assisting in raising the young from such trysts . Over a third of offspring are the result of an ' extramarital ' mating . Helper birds assist in defending the territory and feeding and rearing the young . Birds in a group roost side @-@ by @-@ side in dense cover as well as engaging in mutual preening . Major nest predators include Australian magpies ( Gymnorhina tibicen ) , butcherbirds ( Cracticus spp . ) , laughing kookaburra ( Dacelo novaeguineae ) , currawongs ( Strepera spp . ) , crows and ravens ( Corvus spp . ) , shrike @-@ thrushes ( Colluricincla spp . ) as well as introduced mammals such as the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) , cat ( Felis catus ) and black rat ( Rattus rattus ) . Like other species of fairy wrens , splendid fairywrens may use a ' rodent @-@ run ' display to distract predators from nests with young birds . While doing this , the head , neck and tail of the bird are lowered , the wings are held out and the feathers are fluffed as the bird runs rapidly and voices a continuous alarm call . = = = Diet = = = The splendid fairywren is predominantly insectivorous ; its diet includes a wide range of small creatures , mostly arthropods such as ants , grasshoppers , crickets , spiders and bugs . This is supplemented by small quantities of seeds , flowers , and fruit . They mostly forage on the ground or in shrubs that are less than two metres above the ground ; this has been termed ' hop @-@ searching ' . Unusually for fairywrens , they may also occasionally forage in the canopy of flowering gums . Birds tend to stick fairly close to cover and forage in groups as this foraging practice does render them vulnerable to a range of predators . Food can be scarce in winter and ants are an important ' last resort ' option , constituting a much higher proportion of the diet . Adult fairywrens feed their young a different diet , conveying larger items such as caterpillars and grasshoppers to nestlings . = = = Courtship = = = Several courtship displays by splendid fairywren males have been recorded ; the ' sea horse flight , ' so named for the similarity of movements to those by a seahorse , is an exaggerated undulating flight where the male , with his neck extended and his head feathers erect , flies and tilts his body from horizontal to vertical and by rapidly beating wings is able to descend slowly and spring upwards after alighting on the ground . The ' face fan ' display may be seen as a part of aggressive or sexual display behaviours ; it involves the flaring of the blue ear tufts by erecting the feathers . Another interesting habit of males of this and other fairywren species during the reproductive season is to pluck petals ( in this species , predominantly pink and purple ones which contrast with their plumage ) and show them to female fairywrens . Petals often form part of a courtship display and are presented to a female in the male fairywren 's own or another territory . Outside the breeding season males may sometimes still show petals to females in other territories , presumably to promote themselves . It is notable that fairywrens are socially monogamous and sexually promiscuous : pairs will bond for life , but regularly mate with other individuals ; a proportion of young will have been fathered by males from outside the group . Young are often raised not by the pair alone , but with other males who also mated with the pair 's female assisting . Thus , petal @-@ carrying might be a behaviour that strengthens the pair @-@ bond . Petal carrying might also be a way for extra males to gain matings with the female . In either case , the data does not strongly link petal @-@ carrying and presenting to a copulation soon thereafter . Researchers at Department of Ecology and Evolution , University of Chicago published a paper in Behavioral Ecology in 2010 showing that male splendid fairywrens sing display @-@ like vocalizations ( Type II song ) in response to predator calls . The trills " hitchhike " on the predator 's vocalization and the female splendid fairywrens , which have become more alert due to the predator calls , also respond more strongly to this type II song than when it 's given without a predator call preceding it . = = = Breeding = = = Breeding occurs from late August through to January , though heavy rain in August may delay this . The nest is built by the female ; it is a round or domed structure made of loosely woven grasses and spider webs , with an entrance in one side close to the ground and well @-@ concealed in thick and often thorny vegetation , such as Acacia pulchella or a species of Hakea . One or two broods may be laid during the breeding season . A clutch of two to four dull white eggs with reddish @-@ brown splotches and spots , measuring 12 × 16 mm ( ½ × ⅝ in ) , are laid . Incubation takes about two weeks . The female incubates the eggs for 14 or 15 days ; after hatching , nestlings are fed and their fecal sacs removed by all group members for 10 – 13 days , by which time they are fledged . Young birds remain in the family group as helpers for a year or more before moving to another group , usually an adjacent one , or assuming a dominant position in the original group . In this role they feed and care for subsequent broods . Splendid fairywrens also commonly play host to the brood parasite Horsfield 's bronze cuckoo ( Chalcites basalis ) , with the shining bronze cuckoo ( Chalcites lucidus ) also recorded . = = Cultural depictions = = The bird was intended to be illustrated on an Australia Post 45c pre @-@ stamped envelope released on 12 August 1999 ; however , a superb fairywren was mistakenly illustrated instead . = Vazgen Sargsyan = Vazgen Sargsyan ( Armenian : Վազգեն Սարգսյան , pronounced [ vɑzˈɡɛn sɑɾkʰsˈjɑn ] ; 5 March 1959 – 27 October 1999 ) was an Armenian military commander and politician . He was the first Defence Minister of Armenia from 1991 to 1992 and then from 1995 to 1999 . He served as Armenia 's Prime Minister from 11 June 1999 until his assassination on 27 October of that year . He rose to prominence during the mass movement for the unification of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh with Armenia in the late 1980s and led Armenian volunteer groups during the early clashes with Azerbaijani forces . Appointed Defence Minister by President Levon Ter @-@ Petrosyan soon after Armenia 's independence from the Soviet Union in late 1991 , Sargsyan became the most prominent commander of Armenian forces during the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh War . In different positions , he regulated the military operations in the war area until 1994 , when a ceasefire was reached ending the war with the de facto unification of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh Republic with Armenia . In the post @-@ war years , Sargsyan tightened his grip on the Armed Forces , establishing himself as a virtual strongman . After strongly supporting Ter @-@ Petrosyan to retain power , he forced the president out of office in 1998 due to his support for concessions in the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh settlement negotiations , and helped Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan to be elected president . With their relations deteriorated , Sargsyan merged the influential war veterans group Yerkrapah into the Republican Party and joined forces with Armenia 's ex @-@ communist leader Karen Demirchyan . In the May 1999 elections , their reform @-@ minded alliance secured a comfortable majority in the National Assembly . Sargsyan became Prime Minister , emerging as the de facto decision @-@ maker in Armenia with effective control of the military and the legislature . Sargsyan , along with Demirchyan and several others , was assassinated in the Armenian parliament shooting of 27 October 1999 . The perpetrators were sentenced to life in prison . However , the distrust toward the trial process gave birth to a number of conspiracy theories . Some experts and politicians argue that their assassination was masterminded by Kocharyan and National Security Minister Serzh Sargsyan . Others have suspected the possible involvement of foreign powers in the shooting . Despite his mixed legacy , Sargsyan is now widely recognized as a national hero across the political spectrum and by the public . Given the honorific Sparapet , he made significant contributions to the establishment of Armenia as independent state and ensuring its security as the founder of the Armenian Army . He has also been criticized by human rights organizations for being undemocratic , especially for his role in elections . Sargsyan was awarded the highest titles of Armenia and Nagorno @-@ Karabakh — National Hero of Armenia and Hero of Artsakh . = = Early life and career = = Vazgen Sargsyan was born in Ararat village , Soviet Armenia , near the Turkish border , on 5 March 1959 , to Greta and Zaven Sargsyan . After finishing secondary school in his village , he attended the Yerevan Institute of Physical Culture from 1976 @-@ 79 . He worked as a physical education teacher at the secondary school in Ararat from 1979 to 1983 . Therefore , he was exempt from conscription in the Soviet army . From 1983 to 1986 , he was the Young Communist League ( Komsomol ) leader at the Ararat Cement Factory . An amateur writer , Sargsyan developed a literary and active social life . He wrote his first novel in 1980 , and became a member of the Writers Union of Armenia in 1985 . From 1986 to 1989 , he headed the publicity department of the Garun ( « Գարուն » , " Spring " ) literary monthly in Yerevan . In 1986 , his first book , Bread Temptation ( « Հացի փորձություն » ) , was published , for which he was awarded by the Armenian Komsomol . A number of his works were published in journals , however , his literary career did not last long and ended in the late 1980s . = = Nagorno @-@ Karabakh conflict = = = = = Early stages and independence of Armenia = = = The relative democratization of the Soviet regime under Mikhail Gorbachev 's glasnost and perestroika policies since the mid @-@ 1980s gave rise to nationalism in the republics of the Soviet Union . In Armenia , the Karabakh movement gained widespread public support . Armenians demanded the Soviet authorities unify the mostly Armenian @-@ populated Nagorno @-@ Karabakh Autonomous Oblast ( NKAO ) of Azerbaijan with Armenia . In February 1988 , the NKAO regional legislature requested the transfer of the region from the jurisdiction of Azerbaijan SSR to Armenian SSR , but it was rejected by the Politburo . Tensions between Armenians and Azerbaijanis further escalated with the pogrom in Sumgait . With both groups arming themselves , clashes became frequent , especially in the disputed Nagorno @-@ Karabakh and the border areas of the two Soviet republics . In 1989 and 1990 , Sargsyan took the command of Armenian volunteer groups fighting near Yeraskh , on the Armenian @-@ Azerbaijani ( Nakhchivan ) border , not far from his hometown . By January 1990 , he became part of the leadership of the Pan @-@ Armenian National Movement . Sargsyan was elected to the Armenian parliament ( the Supreme Council ) in the May 1990 election . He served as the head of the Supreme Council Commission on Defense and Internal Affairs until December 1991 . With his initiative , the Special Regiment was established in September 1990 . Composed of 26 platoons and a total of 2 @,@ 300 men , it was the first formal Armenian military unit independent from Moscow . It became the main base of the Armenian army in the following years . By 1991 , most Armenians from Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis from Armenia were forced to move to their respective countries , as remaining in their homes became nearly impossible . Although Armenia had proclaimed its independence from the Soviet Union on 23 August 1990 , it was not until on 21 September 1991 , a month after the failed August Coup in Moscow , when the overwhelming majority of Armenians voted for the independence in a nationwide referendum . Levon Ter @-@ Petrosyan , the leader of the Karabakh Committee and the head of the Supreme Council since 1990 , was elected president of Armenia in October . = = = Active military involvement = = = Due to the fact that Sargsyan was popular among Armenian volunteer units and army officers , he was appointed the first Defense Minister of independent Armenia by President Ter @-@ Petrosyan in December 1991 . On 28 January 1992 , the Armenian government passed the historical decree " On the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Armenia , " which formally created the Armed Forces of Armenia . With the rise of hostilities in Nagorno @-@ Karabakh , in March 1992 , Sargsyan announced that Armenia needed a 30 @,@ 000 @-@ strong army for maintaining security . On 9 May 1992 , the Armenian forces recorded their first major military success in Nagorno @-@ Karabakh with the capture of Shusha . Another significant victory for the Armenian forces was recorded weeks later with the capture of Lachin , which connects Armenia proper with Nagorno @-@ Karabakh . In summer 1992 , the situation turned critical for the Armenian forces following the launch of Operation Goranboy , during which Azerbaijan took control of northern half of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh . On 15 August 1992 , Sargsyan called on Armenian men to gather and form a volunteer unit to fight against the advancing Azerbaijani forces in the northern parts of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh . In a televised speech he stated : If 10 – 15 men from every district of Armenia come together , we can form a battalion of 500 . This battalion must fight in the most dangerous areas , where the chance of survival is 50 – 50 . Together we will go fight in the most difficult parts and we will win . Because , in reality , nothing has changed , the enemy is the same enemy , which was escaping and we are the same . It 's just that we have lost the faith in our power . Now we need another attack and we must do it with the old guys to stimulate others in the army . If the day after tomorrow we will be able to establish a battalion of 500 volunteers , then we will fight and we will win . " The battalion Sargsyan called for , named " Artsiv mahapartner " ( « Արծիվ մահապարտներ » , " Eagles Sentenced to Death " ) , was formed on 30 August 1992 . Under the command of Major @-@ General Astvatsatur Petrosyan , it defeated the Azerbaijani forces near the Gandzasar monastery and Chldran village in Martakert Province , on 31 August and 1 September 1992 , respectively . According to the Armenian Defense Ministry , the battalion 's activity stopped the advancement of the Azerbaijani forces and turned the course of the war in favor of the Armenian side in the part of the region . = = = = Armenian military victory = = = = Between October 1992 and March 1993 , Sargsyan served as the Presidential Adviser on Defence Affairs and the Presidential Envoy to Border Regions of Armenia . Subsequently , he was appointed the State Minister on Defence , Security and Internal Affairs . In these positions , Sargsyan had a major role in the advance of the Armenian army . With other key commanders , he regulated the operations to the Armenian forces in Nagorno @-@ Karabakh . He was particularly active in unifying the various semi @-@ independent detachments active in the war zone . Political chaos in Azerbaijan and the demoralization of the Azerbaijani army resulted in the Armenian forces taking control over the territories outside of the original Soviet @-@ drawn borders of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh . In 1993 , Sargsyan founded and led Yerkrapah , a union of 5 @,@ 000 war veterans , that had a great influence in Armenia 's domestic politics in the post @-@ war years and became the main base for Vazgen Sargsyan to rise	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
YMCA = = = Kingstonian was formed in autumn 1885 , under the name Kingston & Surbiton YMCA . In the period , rugby was the dominant sport in the town , but the Young Men 's Christian Association ( YMCA ) was unable to support a rugby club . This influenced their decision to create a club to play " Football under Association rules " . The new club played their first fixture on 28 November 1885 losing 3 – 1 to Surbiton Hill with home games played at Bushey Park before moving to the Spring grove the following season . Over the two years the club played only friendly matches against other football teams in the region . = = = Saxons F.C. = = = In 1887 the club changed its name to Saxons FC and opened up its membership to players who were not also members of the YMCA . The club however maintained its links to the YMCA and only allowed YMCA members to serve on the decision making committee . In the Summer of 1888 William Carn , the founder of the club , resigned from the YMCA after tensions developed where the YMCA were concerned that the organization was becoming more like a sporting club than a religious organization . As non YMCA members were not allowed to serve on the committee this would have meant Carn also resigning his duties with the club . The members decided however to sever links with the YMCA which allowed Carn to continue . At the same time the club also moved to a ground in Oil Mill Lane ( modern day Villiers Road ) . = = = Kingston Wanderers F.C. = = = At the club 's annual general meeting in 1890 , the secretary at the time , William G. Carn , proposed that the name became " one more identified with the town " . His proposal was successful , and the club became Kingston Wanderers F.C. in the 1890 – 91 season . The club 's first season as Kingston Wanderers also heralded a change of home ground to the Fairfield Recreation Ground . = = = Kingston @-@ on @-@ Thames A.F.C. = = = In the Summer of 1893 , the association clubs of Kingston considered a proposal to amalgamate and produce one larger club that would represent the whole town . Because many of the clubs had already arranged fixtures for the coming season it was only Kingston Wanderers who moved forward with the plan , although several other clubs were to amalgamate with them in future seasons . On 13 September 1893 , the club changed its name to Kingston @-@ on @-@ Thames A.F.C. They entered the Surrey Junior Cup affiliated to the Surrey Football Association . The first competitive match in Kingston 's history was in November 1893 and resulted in a loss , after a replayed game , to Hampton Court & East Molesey F.C. When Kingston @-@ on @-@ Thames ventured into the Surrey Senior Cup in 1894 , the heaviest loss of the club to date was recorded , a 13 – 0 loss to Weybridge F.C. The club re @-@ entered the Surrey Junior Cup and in 1896 joined the Kingston and District League as founder members . In their first season , they won the league but lost the Surrey Junior Cup 2 – 1 in the final , to Chertsey F.C. after a replay . They spent two years in the Kingston and District league , coming runners up to Brentford ' A ' Team in their second season before moving into the East and West Surrey League at the start of the 1898 @-@ 1899 season . The club also underwent several ground changes during this period and from 1898 @-@ 1899 season spent 3 years at Dinton Road before one season playing at Lower Marsh Lane in 1901 @-@ 1902 season . In 1902 @-@ 1903 they made a final move to Thorpe Road which was virtually on the site of the Richmond Road ground that was to become their home for much of the Twentieth Century . The club continued to compete in the East and West Surrey League and also had a one @-@ season foray into the London League in 1903 alongside the East and West Surrey League but the " experiment " backfired with fixture congestion and selection difficulties caused by having too many games and Kingston @-@ on @-@ Thames withdrew from the London League after one season . In 1905 @-@ 1906 season , the club won the newly renamed West Surrey League , a feat which was replicated in 1906 @-@ 1907 season . In addition the 1906 @-@ 1907 season saw them finish runners up in the Surrey Senior Cup which was lost to Clapham F.C. 3 – 1 . = = = Old Kingstonians = = = The newfound success in Surrey amateur football was soon lost when the club split before the start of the 1908 – 09 season after increasing tensions between the First Team members and the " A " Team members . This reached a head after elections for representation on the committee that ran the club . This resulted in treasurer David Judd forming Old Kingstonians F.C. and taking much of the first team with him to a new ground at Norbiton . Kingston @-@ on @-@ Thames continued to compete on the old ground at Thorpe Road , and were made up of the former members of the " A " team as well as two members of the first team who chose to stay . Judd 's team became known as the " OK 's " or the " Juddites " while the Kingston @-@ On @-@ Thames team was known as " The Boys " or simply " The Town club " . Initially Kingston @-@ on @-@ Thames had the upper hand both in league and cup success and in matches between the two clubs . To some extent this justified the belief of the former " A " Team members that they were the better team despite effectively representing the club at a lower Junior level than the first team . It also somewhat justified their opinion that the first team had been holding back progress at the club . Gradually however Old Kingstonians improved , winning the West Surrey League in 1910 , followed by the Surrey Senior Cup in both 1911 and 1914 and the Southern Suburban League in the two seasons before the war . By the start of World War One , Old Kingstonians held a definite supremacy of the two clubs , and in 1913 @-@ 1914 won three trophies including the Southern Suburban League and Surrey Senior Cup . The rivalry between these two clubs was intense and to some extent the competition helped both clubs with their standard of football and improvements to facilities . However there were occasions in which this rivalry spilled over into more serious incidents . Over the period of the split several appeals had been made by both clubs concerning eligibility of players in matches between the two sides , and in two cases the result of the game was overturned . In 1913 @-@ 1914 season the Surrey Charity Shield match between the two clubs saw a number of incidents involving players and spectators and this led to the Surrey FA taking responsibility for the running of the replay with warning notices posted at the ground and a large police presence . An FA enquiry into incidents at the first game led to one of the witnesses being attacked on their return to Kingston after giving evidence . Both teams competed in the West Surrey League in 1908 @-@ 1909 but in 1909 @-@ 1910 season Kingston @-@ on @-@ Thames FC moved into the Southern Suburban League with Old Kingstonians remaining in the West Surrey League . Kingston @-@ on @-@ Thames did however again try a failed " experiment " by re @-@ entering two first teams in both the Southern Suburban League and West Surrey League for the 1910 @-@ 1911 season but again this resulted in selection problems and was dropped at the end of the season . At the start of the 1911 @-@ 1912 season Old Kingstonians also moved to the Southern Suburban League where both teams stayed until the outbreak of World War One . = = = World War One = = = At the outbreak of World War One , Kingston @-@ on @-@ Thames FC immediately cancelled all football . However Old Kingstonians did attempt to continue playing despite heavy political pressure to stop . The club had joined the Athenian League and played two games before the league was cancelled . They also played three rounds in the FA Cup Qualifying stages before losing to Redhill . They then joined the Metropolitan League which had been set up for wartime football and also played in the London Senior Cup ( losing to Walthamstow Grange ) and were entered for the F.A. Amateur Cup . However. despite resisting political pressure , attendances dropped and in December 1914 the club announced that it was ceasing activities . = = = Kingstonian F.C. = = = In 1919 football was rejuvenated in Kingston . The war had dimmed the rivalry between the teams , and they re @-@ united as Kingstonian F.C. Their first match after unification was on 6 September 1919 competing in the Athenian League against Southall F.C. However , the season was plagued with issues regarding their home ground at Richmond Road and a finish in the bottom half of the league meant the team were forced to apply to re @-@ enter the league . Their application was successful , and heralded a change of fortunes for Kingstonian . Before the 1920 @-@ 1921 season it seemed they had lost their ground after confusion over their desire to renew the rent . This meant that Leyland Motors had been given exclusive use but an agreement was reached to allow for a groundshare with Leyland Motors and Leyland Motors took over the fixtures of the Kingstonian Reserve team who had signed up for the Southern Suburban League . The following season Kingstonian were successful in purchasing the Richmond Road ground , although the groundshare arrangement with Leyland Motors continued . They had a more successful spell from 1923 up to the outbreak of World War II , winning the league in 1924 , and in 1926 with a record amount of points . The club progressed to several finals of the London and Surrey Senior Cups . In 1929 , Kingstonian applied to enter the Isthmian League after the withdrawal of Civil Service F.C. In 1933 , Kingstonian won the FA Amateur Cup , they won the League in 1934 and 1937 , and the club won the Surrey Senior Cup in 1935 and 1939 . " Competitive Amateur Football " was called off in September 1939 for World War II , but the K 's , depleted of the majority of their pre @-@ war players , came last in the first league after the war , and had to resort to fundraising to gather money to renovate both the stadium and the changing rooms . In 1949 , the all @-@ time top goalscorer Johnny Whing arrived at the club , and was top scorer in nine different seasons for the club . In 1955 , Kingstonian 's heaviest ever home defeat , 12 – 3 , was recorded at the hands of Bishop Auckland FC in front of the club 's record attendance of 8 @,@ 960 . In the 1959 – 60 season , the K 's had their first Wembley Stadium appearance in the FA Amateur Cup final , which was lost to Hendon F.C. 2 – 1 . In 1963 , Kingstonian won the double ; the Surrey and London Senior Cup . The 1970s were a period of decline for the club , and despite becoming professional in 1975 , they were relegated to Division One in 1979 . In 1985 Kingstonian were once again promoted to the Isthmian League , finishing second . In 1987 , 20 years without silverware was ended by the K 's winning the London Senior Cup . Kingstonian won the Isthmian League in 1998 and the FA Trophy in 1999 and 2000 at Wembley Stadium under manager Geoff Chapple , and then managed to reach the fourth round of the FA Cup in 2001 . Entering the competition at the Fourth Qualifying Round , they beat Devizes Town before beating two Football League clubs – Brentford and Southend United , either side of a win over fellow Conference team Southport – on their way to the FA Cup fourth round , where they were drawn with Bristol City before succumbing to a late winner in the replay , losing 1 – 0 . Relegation and financial problems saw a sharp downturn in the club 's fortunes between 2001 and 2005 , and in 2003 the then manager Kim Harris said that the owner Rajesh Khosla was " raping us " , after Khosla sold the Kingstonian ground for £ 2 million in personal profit . However , in February 2005 Khosla stepped down as chairman , selling the club to Jimmy Cochrane , whilst making a profit . While this did not save Kingstonian from relegation that year , the 2005 – 06 season saw Kingstonian Football Club revitalised . They only narrowly missed out on the promotion playoffs and finished their season by beating AFC Wimbledon in the final of the Surrey Senior Cup at Woking 's ground by one goal to nil . Changes continued during mid @-@ 2006 with Mark Anderson and Malcolm Winwright taking charge of the club , installing Stuart McIntyre as successor to Ian McDonald in the role of head coach . However , McIntyre 's stay in the role was brief and " unsuccessful " , with he himself being replaced by Alan Dowson at the start of 2007 . Under Dowson the club was promoted back to the Isthmian Premier in 2009 . However , after the 2013 – 14 Isthmian League in which Kingstonian finished second but missed out on promotion , on 11 May 2014 Dowson resigned , being replaced by Tommy Williams . = = Colours and badge = = The team 's current crest contains the motto " Palmam Qui Meruit Ferat " , the motto of Lord Nelson which translates as " Let he who has earned it carry the palm " , and is enscribed on the Britannia Monument . Kingstonian have two kits , a home and away : their home kit has red and white hoops on the shirts , with black shorts and red socks . Their away kit is yellow shirts , shorts , and socks . = = Stadiums = = The early precursors to Kingstonian F.C. played home matches at various locations around the town including Oil Mill Lane ( now Villiers Road ) and the Fairfield , near Kingston town centre . In 1891 they participated in a tournament at the rugby club ground in Richmond Road , later to become their home . In 1898 the club moved to their first private enclosed ground at Dinton Road , next to Kingston Barracks , moving again at the turn of the century to Lower Marsh Lane in 1902 , specifically to part of the rugby ground in Richmond Road . The split in 1908 – 09 between Kingston @-@ on @-@ Thames A.F.C. and Old Kingstonians led to the breakaway group Old Kingstonians playing at Norbiton Sports Ground , Kingston @-@ on @-@ Thames A.F.C. remaining at Richmond Road . Reunited after World War I , the club continued to play at Richmond Road but , in 1920 , the site 's owners , the Dysarts , leased the site to Leyland Motors , then establishing a factory base at nearby Ham . The club managed to negotiate a ground @-@ sharing arrangement and were eventually able to buy the land , but the issue impacted their performance . Kingstonian F.C. remained at Richmond Road for most of the 20th Century , it thus being referred to as the club 's ' traditional home ' . The club 's record home attendance of 8 @,@ 960 was attained there in 1955 in a match against Bishop Auckland F.C. The maintenance of the site increasingly became more than the club 's income could support and parts of the site were sold off for redevelopment ; the ' Kingstonian petrol station ' occupying much of the Richmond Road frontage since 1956 , and the former running track and reserve pitch redeveloped for housing in the 1970s . The club eventually sold the site and moved out of Richmond Road in 1988 . The stadium was demolished after 1989 and the remainder of the site redeveloped for housing . After a season and a half ground @-@ sharing at Hampton F.C. ' s Beveree ground , Kingstonian opened their brand new Kingsmeadow Stadium ( on the site of the old Norbiton Sports Ground owned by Kingston Council ) in August 1989 . The lease of the site was subsequently purchased by AFC Wimbledon in 2003 and the clubs have operated a ground @-@ sharing arrangement since then . = = Players = = = = = First team squad = = = As of 31 May 2016 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Out on loan = = = Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = Team management = = As of 9 August 2014 = = Managers = = As of 12 May 2014 , the below is a list of Kingstonian managers available = = Honours = = Kingstonian 's first final came in 1896 , when they came second in the Surrey Junior Cup . A notably prolific spell for the club came in the 1930s , when they won seven , and came runners up in two competitions . The dual FA Trophy victories in 1998 – 99 , 1999 – 2000 were both at Wembley Stadium , but the 2000 final was the last ever FA Trophy final at the old Wembley . = = Records = = Record victory : 15 – 1 v DHC Delft ( 1951 ) Record defeat : 0 – 11 v Ilford ( 1937 ) Record attendance : 8 @,@ 760 v Dulwich Hamlet ( Richmond Road 1933 ) Record goalscorer : 295 Johnny Whing ( 1948 – 62 ) Record appearances : 555 Micky Preston ( 1967 – 85 ) Record fee paid : £ 18 @,@ 000 David Leworthy ( Rushden and Diamonds 1997 ) Record fee received : £ 150 @,@ 000 Gavin Holligan ( West Ham United 1998 ) = = Former players = = 1 . Players that have played / Managed in the football league or any foreign equivalent to this level ( i.e. fully professional league ) . 2 . Players with full international caps . 3 . Players that hold a club record or have captained the club . Steve Scrivens = Fred Dyer = Fred Dyer born Frederick William O 'Dwyer ( 29 April 1888 – date of death unknown ) , was a Welsh boxing champion , boxing manager and baritone singer . Trained by vocal teacher Clara Novello Davies , Dyer was famed for singing to audiences after he had fought in a contest and was nicknamed ' The Singing Boxer ' . In 1913 Dyer was briefly Wales welterweight champion when he beat Jack Delaney , who won the belt back just six weeks later . During his professional career Dyer took two overseas tours , to Australia from 1914 to 1915 and the United States from 1916 to 1919 . Due to the time spent in Australia , he became eligible to contest for national titles , unsuccessfully challenging Les Darcy for the welterweight belt in 1915 . The highpoint of his time in America , then during the ' no decision ' era , was a win over Panama Joe Gans . Due to a knee injury , Dyer was refused active service during the First World War ; instead he was recruited into the United States Army as a boxing instructor . After retiring from fighting Dyer ran various boxing gyms in London , successfully managing British flyweight champion Bert Kirby . Dyer then became a physical culture coach and was at the forefront of a diet fad in the 1920s based on fruit and vegetable drinks . Little is known of his life after the Second World War and he faded into anonymity . = = History = = = = = Early life = = = Dyer was born in 1888 in Cardiff , Wales to a Welsh mother and Irish father . Dyer 's mother came from a musical background and was a member of the Royal Welsh Glee , while his father was a bare knuckle boxer . Dyer showed promise as a baritone singer and was trained by Clara Novello Davies , mother of Ivor Novello . He was also an impressive sportsman , as a swimmer and , like his father , a boxer ; but his family 's poverty decreed that he took up boxing over his singing to provide an income . Dyer fought in the travelling show booths for quick money , but when this was discovered by the amateur boxing association , it led to him being stripped of his amateur status , which in turn saw his hopes of competing at the 1908 Summer Olympics in boxing and in swimming dashed . = = = Professional career = = = = = = = Welsh title = = = = Dyer turned professional in either 1909 or 1910 . Boxrec record his first fight in July 1909 against Jack Delaney , a boxer who Dyer would challenge in 1913 for the Wales welterweight title . Boxing magazine reported in January 1910 that his fight against future British and European welterweight champion Johnny Basham was Dyer 's debut fight . Both fights are recorded as victories for Dyer , but the fight against Basham , held in Newport on New Year 's Day 1910 , was reportedly held back to late at night to allow Dyer to fulfill matinee and evening singer engagements in Stoll 's Panopticon in St. Mary 's Street , Cardiff . Dyer was a popular choice with boxing promoters , helped by the fact that after each bout he would sing Thora , a popular hit of the day to the audience . His careers as a pugilist and baritone earned him the nickname , ' The Singing Boxer ' . His first few bouts were all held in south Wales , but by the autumn of 1910 he was travelling to England to fight , and on 10 October 1910 he was invited to fight at the National Sporting Club in Covent Garden , London . On 15 May 1911 Dyer was scheduled to fight Dick Emden at The Ring in Blackfriars , London . To date , Dyer had recorded over 15 bouts and was unbeaten but the fight with Emden ended in defeat and affected his future boxing career . Dyer was easily ahead in the bout , when in the fifth round he dislocated his knee and fell to the canvas in agony . Emden , who taunted the fallen Dyer , was given the victory and Dyer would not fight for another six months . The injury to his right knee plagued Dyer throughout his entire boxing career , and also stopped him serving in the armed forces during the First World War . After the injury , Dyer always fought with a protector strapped around his knee , and was forced to change his fighting style . He would always stand on the toes of his right foot , as a quick back step could possibly dislocate his knee again . His return bout in November 1911 was a win against Young Lilley at The Ring , but this was again followed by a long absence . Dyer did not fight again until 1 June 1912 . On 7 July 1913 Dyer faced Jack Delaney for the vacant Wales Area Welterweight title , despite Delaney being English . The fight was staged at the Skating Rink on Westgate Street in Cardiff and was scheduled for 20 rounds . The fight went the distance and Dyer was awarded the bout on points decision , making him the Welsh welterweight champion . He held the title for just over a month when a rematch for the title ended in victory for Delaney . Despite the loss , a win over Gus Platts — who would later become British and European middleweight champion — in October resulted in Dyer being touted as one of the preferred challengers to the British welterweight champion Johnny Summers . Summers though had travelled to Australia to extend his boxing campaign , and in the spring of 1914 Dyer decided to follow him abroad to challenge for his title . Dyer stopped off en route in South Africa to play music halls in a bid to help pay his fares . Dyer entertained with a mixture of songs and shadow boxing , and challenged all @-@ comers to fight with him at the end of the show . Unfortunately for Dyer , by the time he reached Australia , Summers had already returned to Britain . = = = = Australia = = = = Despite missing Summers , Dyer decided that the trip to Australia should not be wasted and began his own campaign . As in Britain , his note as a singer preceded him , and at several venues he would sing as well as box . His first fight , in May 1914 , was at the Athletic Pavilion in Melbourne against Knucker Pearce . The six round fight went the distance in Dyer 's favour . On 17 October 1914 he easily beat Sol Jones in a 20 round fight that went the distance , which was followed by a contest with American fighter Fritz Holland . Holland had arrived in Australia in 1914 , and had already beaten English fighter Tom McCormick and local wonderkid Les Darcy . The fight with Holland took place at Baker 's Stadium , where Dyer had beaten Jones just the month before . The 20 round contest went the full distance , but when the referee declared the fight a draw there was uproar from the spectators who considered Dyer the winner . This was backed up by press representatives who had scored 16 of the rounds in favour of Dyer . Dyer 's display against Holland brought about a contest with Les Darcy , the " Maitland Wonder " . After their first contest was delayed when Darcy was detained in quarantine in Sydney , a contest was arranged for Boxing Day at Baker 's Stadium . At the start of the fight , Darcy weighed in at 11 st 1 lb , while Dyer 's weight was not announced beforehand , but in the after @-@ fight weighing , it was recorded as 10 st 2 lbs . Before the bout Dyer was sporting a black @-@ eye sustained in sparring and his knee strapped , which he always did after his dislocating the knee in 1911 . Darcy started the fight in a flurry in an attempt to finish the contest quickly , but after little gain both fighters settled into a more evenly paced bout . The contest went the distance and the referee gave the victory to Darcy , which was seen as a fair result . While in Australia , as in South Africa , Dyer attempted to supplement his boxing income by arranging singing contracts at music halls and theatres , though his attempts to find work at the Tivoli Theatre in Sydney were unsuccessful . During his time in Australia Dyer was involved in exhibition work and was one of the boxers present at the opening of a new stadium at the Broadmeadows Training Camp for soldiers in Melbourne . Dyer 's attempts to continue his boxing career stumbled during this period . A match was arranged with local butcher Jimmy McNabb , but McNabb then switched his fight to face Holland instead , though Holland 's team promised to give Dyer a fight with fellow American Jimmy Fitton , but that too fell through . A further fight was arranged with Belgian fighter Henri Demlen , but an injury to Demlen ending the encounter . In March 1915 Dyer put his boxing on temporary hold and spent some time in New Zealand , performing on the Brennan @-@ Fuller vaudeville circuit . Eventually a bout was secured with Victoria middleweight champion Ed Williams , and the two met at the newly built West Melbourne Stadium on 29 May 1915 . Despite being the lighter boxer , Dyer outpointed Williams from the fourth round of the fight and won by knockout in the ninth . Just a week after defeating Williams , a rematch was announced between Dyer and Holland . The fight venue was Rushcutters Bay Stadium in Sydney and both fighters turned out for a training exhibition in the build @-@ up to the contest . The contest , held on 5 June 1915 , was watched by a crowd of 2 @,@ 000 spectators . The fight went the full distance and in the closing rounds Holland , realising that his only chance of victory was a knockout , attacked Dyer ferociously , staggering the Welshman in the 19th . Despite the late assault , Dyer stayed on his feet and was announced the winner by the referee . After the Holland fight , Dyer made several attempts at a rematch with Darcy , reportedly to the exclusion of other fights , in the belief that the encounter would draw a big crowd and a large purse . The postponed fight with Delmen was again mooted , but this too never occurred . In the meantime Dyer continued to busy himself with charity work , setting up a boxing fund for injured soldiers in Sydney , and continued to tour the vaudeville circuit in New South Wales . Dyer 's persistence eventually paid off , and an encounter with Darcy was arranged for 9 October at Rushcutters Bay Stadium , with the Middleweight Championship title at stake . The fight was a one @-@ sided affair , with Dyer outclassed throughout . Although Darcy was warned for a low blow in the fourth round , Dyer was never in the fight and his corner threw in the towel after one minute of the sixth round . Dyer 's final fight in Australia was a challenge for the Australian Welterweight title , held by Melbourne fighter Fred Kay . Due to the fact that Dyer had been a resident in Australia for over a year he was now allowed to challenge for the Australian belts . The fight was held on 6 November 1915 and was scheduled for 20 rounds . Initially it appeared that Dyer would win the title comfortably , out @-@ scoring the champion for most of the early rounds . Dyer then connected cleanly with Kay 's nose at the start of the eighth , putting Kay down for a count of eight . When Kay rose he was bloodied and spent much of the round in defence , but by the ninth Kay had recovered and was now the aggressor . In the eleventh round Kay caught Dyer with a powerful body shot that put him down for the count . Dyer 's corner called a foul blow , but the ring doctor could find no evidence and Kay retained his belt . = = = = United States = = = = By the end of 1915 Dyer was through with Australia , the New Zealand Truth reporting that he had left by 4 December , and by Christmas Eve the American press were already announcing his arrival in the States . In January , Dyer was in San Francisco , where he fought local boxer Bob McAllister , losing on points in a four round contest . He then travelled to the East Coast and to New York , and on 6 May 1916 he was back in the ring , in a ten round fight with local boxer Tommy Maloney . The fight went the distance ending in a draw , though local newspapers gave the decision to Maloney . After the fight Dyer entertained the crowd with an operatic song . Dyer continued to box regularly in New York State losing to Frankie Notter in June and then recording a draw with George Ashe in July . Dyer appears to have forgone fighting for over a year , but then returned to the ring in July 1917 , both contests held at the Rochester Airdome . He was given his first win since arriving in America in his encounter with Willie Langford but this was followed by another loss , this time to Bryan Downey . On 28 September 1917 , Dyer fought in Boston , Massachusetts , facing local fighter Tommy Robson , in which the referee declared a draw . His next fight , against Frankie Maguire in Pennsylvania , was given to Dyer by the Philadelphia Record after the fight went the distance . Dyer 's next fight was against Lew Williams , which was given to Williams by the New York Evening Telegram , though The New York Sun believed Dyer shaded the match with more precise punching . On 3 November 1917 , A fight with Panama Joe Gans was arranged . The fight was held at the Clermont Avenue Rink in Brooklyn , location of his last two contests , the loss to Williams and then a win over Young Battling Nelson . Dyer easily outpointed Gans and was awarded the decision by several New York papers . The win over Gans caused some members of the press to talk of Dyer as a challenger for welterweight title holder Ted " Kid " Lewis , the London boxer who was then based in America . A match was made but Lewis injured a finger and the match was called off . By the time Lewis was fit he had lost his title to Jack Britton , and Britton was not interested in fighting Dyer . Dyer fought twice more in New York in 1917 , avoiding the newspaper decisions with a knockout win over Kid Queens and then a technical knockout of Kid Carter . In late 1917 Dyer faced Tommy Robson again in two encounters in Massachusetts . The first , fought in Boston , was a disputed result after the bout went the distance , though it is recorded as a win for Robson . The second match , at Cuddy 's Arena in Lawrence , was intended to be between Robson and Ted Lewis , but when Lewis could not fight , Dyer stepped in . This second bout also ended in a newspaper decision for Robson . Despite fighting for twelve rounds against Robson , Dyer entertained the crowd after the fight by playing his ukulele and singing popular songs . As in Australia , Dyer continued to appear at charity events in aid of the war effort . In January 1918 he appeared as part of a fundraiser for the basketball team The Newark Elks , who had several players fighting in Europe . Headlining the bill was world boxing champion Benny Leonard . On 1 February 1918 Dyer was awarded a points victory over Frankie Mack in Boston , which he followed up with another win this time over Terry Brooks . At the start of the Brooks fight , as Dyer was getting into the ring , he was handed a telegram informing him that he had been appointed as a boxing instructor for the National Army . Dyer had been refused admission into the British and American Armies on account of the broken cartilage in his right knee . Dyer was eventually based at Camp Grant in Illinois , but fought one more bout , a win over Walter Butler of Boston before beginning his commission . Dyer did not fight outside the armed forces during the rest of the war , but he proved successful in his role as camp boxing instructor with Camp Grant performing well in boxing tournaments . Dyer also continued his charity work , singing and boxing in front of the public and the armed forces . With the end of the war , Dyer returned to civilian life . His first fight outside the army was against local boxer Tommy Ferguson at the Town Hall in Scranton , Pennsylvania . The Scranton Times gave the decision to Ferguson , though the Evening Public Ledger gave every round to Dyer . Just a day later this was followed by a decisive loss to Eddie Trembley in Jersey City . Dyer then finished with his third fight within the week by facing Joe Egan on 18 February , a late substitute for Paul Doyle . Dyer lost by points decision . After defeating Young Battling Nelson again , in a rematch set in Binghamton , Dyer lost on points a week later to Wisconsin fighter Pal Reed . He continued to appear at charity contests in the early half of 1919 , mainly for the Boxers ' Loyalty League , sparring with the likes of Tim Healy and Silas Green . By now Dyer 's vaudeville bookings were far outnumbering his boxing appearances and in the latter half of 1919 he faced only a handful of opponents in paid boxing matches . These included a newspaper decision loss to Steve Latzo in May and a win over Johnny Evans in New Jersey in July . Between August and September Dyer was part of a touring boxing show organised by the Knights of Columbus , fighting for the entertainment of returned and injured soldiers . Dyer fought a few more professional bouts in America , a draw and a loss to Joe Egan and a newspaper decision win over Jimmy Gray , but by 1920 Dyer had left the country and had returned to Europe . = = = = Career end = = = = When Dyer returned to Europe he initially travelled to France , where he sang and played to theatres in Paris . Only one boxing match is recorded during his time there , against middleweight Jean Audouy . Before the fight Dyer was advised by a doctor not to wear his strapping he had used to support his injured left leg , but in the seventh round his leg gave way again and Audouy was declared the winner . Just a week before his encounter with Audouy , Ted Lewis had regained his British middleweight title but Dyer 's reoccurring injury now ruled out any encounter between the fighters . By July Dyer was back in Britain and was fit enough to re @-@ enter the ring , stopping Nicol Brady via technical knockout in a contest in Wallsend . He followed this with a points decision over Jack Zimmer and then won through Will Brooks ' disqualification in a contest held in Cardiff . In November 1920 Dyer was invited to the National Sporting Club in London to face ' Bermondsey ' Billy Wells . During the bout the referee twice instructed both men to make a proper contest of the fight . The referee let the match go the full fifteen rounds and then , instead of declaring a winner , he called the fight a ' no contest ' , with the fighters ' purse being given to charity . After the National Sporting Club debacle , Dyer turned more and more to his singing and very few fights are recorded after 1920 . A fight against Jim Slater in January 1922 is believed to be his last bout . = = = Later life = = = After retiring from boxing , a decision forced on him by his ailing knee , Dyer focused on his theatre appearances . His voice , though , was not as it once was , and he strained to reach the higher notes of his range and bookings began to dry up . Dyer then refocussed on boxing , but this time as a manager . In the 1920s he moved to London , where he set himself up as a physical culture expert and ran a small stable of fighters . The three fighters training under him were Bristolians George Rose and Reggie Hobbs and most notably Bert Kirby from Birmingham . Kirby went on to become the British flyweight champion when he took the title from Jackie Brown in 1930 . Dyer also ran a gym for gentleman on the Strand , which was used by fighters such as Bantamweight champion Teddy Baldock and American Packey McFarland who Dyer faced when the two men were boxing instructors in the US Army . The gym was later demolished to make way for a new hotel and Dyer was forced to find a new location . Dyer took his role as a physical culture expert very seriously and insisted on managing the diet of his boxers . He was also at the forefront of a fad in the mid @-@ 1920s which was based on a diet of fruit and vegetable drinks , a lifestyle choice that he believed could cure all illnesses . Dyer continued in his career as a physical culture expert into the next decade and was still working out of London in that capacity in 1939 . Dyer slowly slipped into obscurity , and his dealings after London , including his place and date of death , are unknown . = = Boxing record = = As there is no definitive date of when Dyer turned professional and many fights in the early 20th century were poorly recorded , the boxing record associated with Dyer is incomplete . His total bouts and results presently stand , as listed by Boxrec , as 72 fights , of which 44 were wins ( 14 by knockout ) , 20 loses ( 4 by knockout ) , 6 draws and 2 ' no contests ' . It is accepted that this list is incomplete and more bouts could be added in future , or changed . One commonly held misconception connected to Dyer is that he holds the second longest unbeaten record of fights of any boxer in world history , after fellow Welsh fighter Jimmy Wilde . This information was published in Nat Fleischer 's The Ring : Record Book And Boxing Encyclopedia , in which it states Dyer fought 94 unbeaten fights between 1908 and 1912 . Although it could be argued that Dyer may have boxed 94 fights between these years , and may have turned professional in 1908 , it is widely accepted that his fight with Dick Emden in 1911 in which he dislocated his knee was a loss . This therefore challenges Fleischer 's claim . = Hero ( Mariah Carey song ) = " Hero " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released on October 19 , 1993 via Columbia Records as the second single from Carey 's third studio album , Music Box ( 1993 ) . Originally intended for Gloria Estefan , the song was written by Mariah and produced by her and Walter Afanasieff . While writing the song , Carey did not connect to its style or sound , therefore forfeiting it over to the soundtrack of the film of the same name . However , after being convinced to keep it , she personalized it , giving it a more pop and R & B melody , as well as changing some of the lyrics to more precisely fit her personality . Lyrically , the song is regarded as one of Carey 's most inspirational and personal ballads , with its protagonist declaring that even though we may feel discouraged or down at times , in reality we are " heroes " if we look inside ourselves and see our own inner strength ; in time , it will help us " find the way . " The song received mixed reviews by contemporary music critics for its lyrical content , while Carey 's vocal performance was praised . Aside from its lyrics , " Hero " derived its hook and sound from several musical instruments such as the guitar , piano and organ . The song experienced strong success in several international markets , and also became Carey 's eighth chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100 . Additionally , it was ranked number 53 on the Decade @-@ End Chart . Outside the United States , " Hero " enjoyed strong charting , reaching the top five in Canada , France , Ireland , New Zealand and Norway and the top ten in Australia and the United Kingdom . Due to fan requests and letters , as well as their connection to its personal meaning and content , the song remains one of Carey 's most performed songs . Deemed by many as her signature song , the song was originally performed on The Arsenio Hall Show , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , and Hey Hey It 's Saturday during its original chart run . Additionally , Carey performed it on several live telethons and specials , such as Pavarotti and Friends and Michael Jackson & Friends in 1999 , America : A Tribute to Heroes in 2001 , Live 8 in 2005 , and the inaugural ball for Barack Obama in 2009 . Additionally , the song was featured on the set @-@ lists of all of Carey 's tours , usually serving as the encore or closing number , and making its debut during the album 's accompanying set of concerts , the Music Box Tour . The song was included on several of Carey 's compilation albums , # 1 's ( 1998 ) , Greatest Hits ( 2001 ) , The Ballads ( 2008 ) , and # 1 to Infinity ( 2015 ) . Throughout the course of her career , Carey has re @-@ recorded the song twice , and filmed other music videos aside from the original . The first music video for the song was filmed by Larry Jordan in July 1993 during a private concert at Proctor 's Theatre , later released on the home video Here Is Mariah Carey . In 2001 , following the September 11 attacks , Carey re @-@ recorded the song as a mash @-@ up single titled " Never Too Far / Hero Medley , " a medley with her single at the time , " Never Too Far . " Additionally , prior to the release of her compilation album The Ballads , Carey re @-@ recorded " Hero " and filmed a new video featuring behind the scenes footage of the studio . " Hero " won two ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards , one ASCAP Pop Music Award and one BMI Pop Award for the Songwriter Award . The song has been covered many times during both studio and live recordings , such as on global singing competitions . = = Background = = Mariah Carey 's second studio album , Emotions ( 1991 ) , contained influences from mostly 1950 's , 1960s and 1970s balladry and gospel , as well as her continued work of R & B and soul . The album , while praised by some as more mature and raw , failed to reach the critical or commercial heights of her debut effort , and could not introduce Carey to a different market . Following these events , Columbia decided to market the singer in a similar fashion to her debut , only have her produce a more commercial and radio @-@ friendly album . Their plans were to tone down Carey 's vocals , and soften the album 's production , leaving a more contemporary pop record . Agreeing to the change , Carey and producer Walter Afanasieff began writing and recording material for her third studio effort , Music Box ( 1993 ) . = = Writing and recording = = Aside from her work as a vocalist and record artist , Carey was becoming known as a songwriter , having penned and produced all of her own material throughout her career . During the production of Music Box , she was approached by Epic Records to write and record a song alongside Afanasieff , and release it on the soundtrack to the 1992 film Hero , featuring Dustin Hoffman and Geena Davis . While Carey was interested in the project , Mottola was very adamant over allowing Carey to take part in anything involving film , fearing it would hurt her career . Additionally , Columbia felt uneasy about allowing their highest @-@ selling recording artist to contribute to another label , even a branch of the same parent company , Sony . So they wanted to try the next best thing , which was to have us write something . " Still interested in working for the film , Carey agreed to pen the feature song for the film , intended for fellow female singer , Gloria Estefan . Carey and Afanasieff sat together in a studio in New York , and over the course of two hours , composed the song 's melody , lyric and concept . In an interview with Fred Bronson , Afanasieff discussed the process in which they had completed the rough version of the song : I went to New York and we were in the studio and came to a break . I was sitting at the piano and told Mariah about this movie . Within two hours , we had this incredible seed for this song , ' Hero ' . It was never meant for Mariah to sing . In her mind , we were writing a song for Gloria Estefan for this movie . And we went into an area that Mariah didn 't really go into @-@ in her words , it was a little bit too schmaltzy or too ballady or too old @-@ fashioned as far as melody and lyrics . As they completed the song 's demo , Tommy Mottola , CEO of Sony Music Entertainment and Carey 's fiancé , walked into the studio . After hearing the rough version of the song , on which they were still working on , he became interested in it , asking what project the song belonged to . Carey explained to him the concept and how the song would be used for the film Hero . Mottola immediately took an intense liking to the song , responding , " Are you kidding me ? You can 't give this song to this movie . This is too good . Mariah , you have to take this song . You have to do it . " Initially , Carey was guided by the subject of the film , but Afanasieff acknowledged that she made it a very personal song after deciding to keep it , altering some of the lyrics , key and instrumentation . After their decision to keep " Hero , " Afanasieff went back to the staff at Epic and told them that they had failed to come up with a song for the soundtrack . Estefan never heard the tune was originally meant for her , and the song that ended up in the soundtrack was " Heart of a Hero , " written , produced and recorded by Luther Vandross . In the following weeks , after completing the song , Afanasieff spoke with Bronson about its recording , and how Carey created several versions of the track : There was a simpler performance on tape and a more difficult one , with Mariah singing out more , with more licks . But we chose a happy medium . The song really calls for not anything really fancy . But she 's always fighting the forces inside of her because she 's her own devil 's advocate . She wants to do something that 's so over the top and use her talents and the voice she has . But she also knows she has to restrain herself and do what the music really calls for . = = Composition and lyrical content = = " Hero " is a mid @-@ tempo ballad . It was written and produced by Carey and Afanasieff , and was released as the second single from her third studio album , Music Box . It incorporates music from several musical instruments , including the piano , guitar and organ . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing , the song is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 62 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of E major with Carey 's vocal range spanning from the low @-@ note of G ♯ 3 to the high @-@ note of E5 . The song 's chorus has a basic chord progression of Gsus2 – G – G / F ♯ – Em7 – G / D – C @-@ G / B – Am7 . Originally , Carey felt the song was " too schmaltzy " and over the top for her , and not in line with her other work . However , after being convinced by Mottola to keep the song , Carey changed the song and personalized it , during which time she grew to feel a connection to the song and its lyrics . According to author Chris Nickson , " Hero " is one of Carey 's most personal and inspirational ballads . Carey has described how the song was never her favorite , however , after all the fan letters and messages she received about the song , she felt the need to perform it as often as possible . In an interview with Fred Bronson , Carey described the song 's meaning to her and to fans : One person could say that ' hero ' is a schmaltzy piece of garbage , but another person can write to me a letter and say , ' I 've considered committing suicide everyday of my life for the last ten years until I heard that song and I realized after all I can be my own hero . ' And that , that 's an unexplainable feeling , like I 've done something with my life , y 'know ? ... It meant something to someone . The song 's lyrics describe of the individual power that lies inside every person , their ability to be their own hero . According to author Carol K. Ingall , the song inspires anyone to be a hero . Ingall continued how due to a hero 's power to transform and inspire those around them , so too every person has inside of them the light and force needed to help change the world . Similarly , author Darlene Wade connects the song 's lyrical content to the power within the soul , however also with the inclusion of God . According to Maryellen Moffitt , author of " See It , Be It , Write It " , " Hero " is about looking into oneself and discovering the inner courage inside each individual , and being strong and believing in oneself through times of trouble and adversity . Morffitt claims the song personally helped him get through difficult moments when " the answers seemed so far away . " Following her taped performance of " One Sweet Day " at the Honda Center in Anaheim , California during The Adventures of Mimi Tour , Carey described the song 's importance to her and her fans : I wrote a song a while back even before " One Sweet Day " and it was not my favorite song in the world , but I wrote it . Someone asked me to write a song and they told me the story , and you know it was kind of a moving concept or whatever . And I did it , and I was like you know it ’ s not necessarily what I like per se , but after doing the song over and over again and having people coming up to and saying , thank you for writing ‘ Hero ’ because it saved my life or it saved my father ’ s life or my brothers or sisters life , or something of that nature , I said I always have to sing that song when I ’ m performing because if I don ’ t , you never know who I ’ m leaving out and you know what , in times of my life I ’ ve had to turn to that song lyrically and flip it onto my own life and sing it to myself . So its from the ‘ Music Box ’ album , and it ’ s called ‘ Hero ' , this is for you . = = Copyright lawsuits = = " Hero " was the subject of two copyright plagiarism cases ; one by Christopher Selletti and the other by Rhonda Dimmer , filed in 1993 and 1996 . Selletti claimed he had written the song 's lyrics in the form of a poem . One day , as he drove Sly Stone in a limousine to Long Island , he claimed to have shown him the poem . Selletti claimed Stone complimented the poem , taking it and promising to patent it and earn him royalties . After many months , the pair fell out of contact , leading Selletti to mail himself the envelope and poem , performing a " poor man 's copyright . " Three years later in 1996 , he claimed to have listened to Carey 's album Music Box and was shocked when he noted the song 's similar lyrics . He filed a lawsuit against Carey , Stone , Sony and Stone 's manager Jerry Goldstein . Selletti claimed that Stone must have sold or contributed the lyrics to Carey during the recording of the album in late 1992 . However , since Stone did not receive songwriting credits on " Hero " , Selletti then dropped the suit against Stone , leaving him against Carey and Sony . Prior to their court room meeting , Carey told New York Daily News " I feel totally victimized . ' Hero ' is my creation and it holds a very special meaning to me . I have every intention of fighting this all the way . " In court , Carey provided evidence to her innocence , in the form of a dated lyrical and music notebook , with conceptual info on the song dated back to November 20 , 1992 , prior to Selletti 's meeting with Stone . Additionally , Carey stated the fact that she had originally written it for the film Hero alongside Afanasieff , making their connection or the involvement of his material impossible . Judge Denny Chin found Carey innocent , and ordered Selletti to pay her a fine . Years later , after consulting with another lawyer , Selletti made another attempt at suing Carey and Sony . His lawyer , Jeffrey Levitt , had uncovered the fact that the film was released in October 1992 , a full six weeks prior to the November 22 dating in Carey 's notebook . Additionally , " Heart of a Hero " , which was written by Luther Vandross for the film , was submitted in January 1992 , making it impossible for " Hero " to have been the original choice of song for the soundtrack . After uncovering further tapes from the studio dating to the summer of 1992 , recordings provided evidence that Carey and Afansieff had indeed discussed and had parts of the song completed well before the film 's October release . Following the evidence from both parties , the judge dismissed the case , ruling in Carey 's favor for the second time . Following the dismissal of the case , Rhonda Dimmie , another songwriter and an independent singer , filed a lawsuit against Carey , this time claiming the song to have borrowed heavily from her song " Be Your Own Hero " . During the short deposition made by Carey , Afanasieff revealed that they had written the song in two days during the summer of 1992 , " within a matter of hours . " Soon after , the case was dismissed , with the judge claiming there to not be sufficient evidence on Dimmie 's behalf . Following the lawsuits , in 2001 Selletti made further hints to plan another lawsuit , as well as a forensic team of specialists to conduct research on the incident . Following the suits , Cindy Berger , Carey 's publicist released the following statement : " This case has been thrown out of court three times . The federal judge after hearing Selletti 's story and considering all the evidence ruled the case was a ' complete fabrication ' and that it was filed ' to extort a settlement from deep @-@ pocket defendants . " = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Nathan Brackett from Rolling Stone called Carey 's vocal tone " golden " and regarded the song as a standard for weddings , funerals and singing auditions . The Baltimore Sun critic J.D. Considine praised " Hero " , writing " [ Hero ] is a lavish , soul @-@ stirring ballad , the sort of thing other singers would pay Diane Warren to write . " Additionally , she called its chorus " uplifting " and " soaring , " following praise towards Carey 's vocal performance . The song received a mixed review from The Washington Post editor Mike Joyce , who while impressed , claimed it was not as good as competing ballads of the time . Paul Gettelmen of the Orlando Sentinel criticized the song , calling it a " rip @-@ off " of Whitney Houston 's " Greatest Love of All " . Stephen Holden , another editor from Rolling Stone also noted an inspiration and similarity to " Greatest Love of All " and calling its lyrics " made up entirely of pop and soul clichés . " = = = Chart performance = = = " Hero " became Carey 's eighth chart topper on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It reached the number one position in its tenth week and spent four weeks at the top , from December 25 , 1993 to January 15 , 1994 . It replaced " Again " by Janet Jackson , and was replaced by Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart and Sting 's " All for Love " . In total , the song remained in the top 40 for 25 weeks , with 14 of those spent in the top ten . On the Billboard year @-@ end Charts for 1994 , " Hero " finished at number five , number 53 on the decade @-@ end chart and number three on the year @-@ end Airplay Chart . " Hero " has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of over one million units throughout the country . Prior to the song 's recital at Carey 's concert at Madison Square Garden on December 10 , 1993 during her Music Box Tour , she announced that the proceeds from the stateside sales of the single were to be donated to the families of the victims of the Long Island Rail Road ( LIRR ) shootings . The song was dedicated to the three men who subdued the shooter on stage that night , three days after the tragedy . Carey was a frequent rider on the LIRR rush hour service out of Penn Station when she lived on Long Island . In Canada , the song debuted at number 64 on the Canadian RPM Singles Chart during the week of November 6 , 1993 . During the week of December 4 , 1993 , " Hero " reached its peak position of number three , staying there for three consecutive weeks , and a total of 21 weeks within the top 100 . " Hero " finished at numbers 48 and 22 on the Canadian year @-@ end charts for 1993 and 1994 . The song entered the Australian Singles Chart at number 47 on the issue dated November 14 , 1993 , and eventually spent three weeks at its peak position of number seven . " Hero " was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of over 70 @,@ 000 units throughout the country . In France , " Hero " entered the single chart at number 24 during the week dated March 19 , 1994 . After staying six consecutive weeks at its peak position of number five , and a total of 21 weeks in the chart , the song was certified silver by the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) , denoting shipments of over 200 @,@ 000 units . In the Netherlands , the song peaked at number 13 on the Single Top 100 chart , spending eight weeks fluctuating within the chart . " Hero " peaked at number five on the Irish Singles Chart , spending a combined 14 weeks within the chart . In New Zealand , the song peaked at number two on the singles chart , spending five consecutive weeks at the position , and a total of 20 weeks on the chart . " Hero " was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , denoting shipments of 15 @,@ 000 units . During the week of January 21 , 1994 , the song peaked at number two on the Norwegian Singles Chart , spending a total of eight weeks in the chart and being certified gold by the VG @-@ lista . On November 11 , 1993 , the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number eight . The following week , it reached its peak position of number seven , spending a total of 15 weeks in the chart during its original chart run . On November 8 , 2008 , following the release of the " Hero " by the X Factor finalists , it re @-@ entered the chart at number 100 . Two weeks later , " Hero " managed to reach number 67 on the chart , before plummeting outside the top 100 the following week . As of 2010 , MTV estimates sales of " Hero " in the United Kingdom to be at 270 @,@ 000 units . = = = Awards and accolades = = = " Hero " was awarded and nominated for awards throughout the music industry . At the 12th ASCAP Awards , Carey took home the award for " Rhythm & Soul Songwriter " . The following year , at the 13th annual ceremony , " Hero " won Carey awards for " Rhythm & Soul Songwriter " and " Pop Songwriter . " The song was awarded a BMI Pop Award at the ceremony in 1995 . Additionally , it was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 37th annual Grammy Awards , losing to Sheryl Crow 's " All I Wanna Do " . = = Music videos and re @-@ recordings = = Prior to the song 's release towards the end of 1993 , Carey performed an intimate concert at Proctor Theatre , New York on July 15 , 1993 . Following its taping , the concert was released as the home video titled , Here Is Mariah Carey ( 1993 ) . Carey 's performance of the song that night was edited and commissioned as the official music video , directed by Larry Jordan . The video was included on Carey 's DVD # 1 's ( 1998 ) . The video features her in a long dark dress , sporting long curly hair . On few international versions of the album , a Spanish version of the song was included , such as on the Mexican and Argentinian versions . It was titled " Héroe " , and featured translation by Jorge Luis Piloto , a Spanish musician who had come to briefly work with Carey . In 2001 , following the September 11 Attacks , Carey re @-@ recorded the song as a medley with " Never Too Far " , her single at the time . Titled " Never Too Far / Hero Medley " , it was released as a charity single throughout October of that year . In an interview with MTV , Carey described the idea behind the medley : " I started [ performing ] at different charity events where I did a combination of ' Never Too Far ' and ' Hero ' . We made it into a medley and kinda put them both in the same key and just made it work , and people responded really well to it . It 's been interesting for me , since the events of September 11 , the way people have been playing ' Hero ' and talking to me about ' Never Too Far , ' ' cause that song is also about loss . I figured that it would be a nice thing to do , to put them both out for Christmas . ... I feel like it 's our responsibility to do what we can right now in terms of music , just being artists and being human beings . " In 2008 , prior to the release of Carey 's compilation album The Ballads , Carey recorded a version of " Hero " with new vocals , releasing it on the stateside version of the album . Additionally , a music video was filmed and released for the 2008 version , featuring behind the scenes footage of the song 's recording , as well as Carey 's writing music in the studio . = = Live performances = = Due to fan requests and its personal lyrical content , Carey has performed " Hero " on several occasions throughout her career . She first performed the song in July 1993 at the Proctor 's Theater , later to be released as Here Is Mariah Carey . Later , she performed the song live on The Arsenio Hall Show in November 1993 , appearing on stage after a short interview wearing a mid @-@ length black gown and sporting long brown locks . She was joined by three back @-@ up vocalists , Trey Lorenz , Cindi Mizelle and Melodie Daniels . Carey continued stateside promotion of the song with a performance on The Jay Leno Show the following week . Throughout Europe and Australasia , Carey made appearances on Sacrée Soirée in France , Platendaagse in the Netherlands , Sale El Dia in Spain , Sontagsoppet in Sweden , and Hey Hey It 's Saturday in Australia . On May 15 , 1996 , at the Annual National Peace Officers Memorial Service , held in the grounds of the US Capitol Building , Carey performed Hero in tribute to police officers killed in the line of duty . In attendance was the US president at the time , Bill Clinton . Following the release of her sixth studio album Butterfly , Carey performed it alongside " Butterfly " on The Oprah Winfrey Show on September 22 , 1997 . In between both performances , Winfrey interviewed Carey over her failed marriage to Mottola , as well as the several negative rumors that followed their divorce . Two years later , she performed " Hero " together with Luciano Pavarotti in Modena , Italy during the summer of 1999 . Carey appeared on stage alongside him , wearing a long pink evening gown and sporting a long straightened hairstyle . The performance was filmed and released on VHS as Pavarotti and Friends . Carey sang " Hero " in Korea in September of that year during the Michael Jackson & friends benefit concert , which raised money for several charitable organizations . On September 21 , 2001 , following the September 11 attacks , Carey sang " Hero " as part of the America : A Tribute to Heroes telethon . Her appearance on the telethon was her first public appearance since her publicized breakdown and hospitalization , prior to the release of Glitter . In 2003 , Carey performed a medley of songs from her album , Charmbracelet ( 2002 ) , during Michael Jordan 's final NBA All @-@ Star Game in 2003 Following the medley , she included " Hero " onto the short set @-@ list , followed by Jordan 's final game . On July 2 , 2005 , a benefit concert was held in Hyde Park , London titled Live 8 . The televised event was watched by over 9 @.@ 6 million British citizens , and held a live audience of over 200 @,@ 000 . Carey performed a three song set @-@ list , opening with " Make It Happen " and " Hero " , which featured a live choir of African children , and followed by " We Belong Together " , accompanied by actors Chris Barrie , Judy Flynn , Michael Burns and Julia St. John . During a promotional tour for her eleventh studio effort E = MC2 in 2008 , the song was re @-@ recorded by the 2008 UK X Factor finalists and released as a single . Prior to its release , Carey appeared on the program , where she performed her single at the time " I Stay in Love " , followed by a duet of " Hero " in between her and the finalists . In 2009 , during the inaugural ball for Barack Obama , Carey opened the televised event with a live rendition of " Hero " , wearing a long black evening gown while sporting a long wavy hairstyle . On June 5 , 2010 , Carey performed the song alongside " We Belong Together " at the Walmart shareholders meeting . Following the performance , Carey gained heavy media coverage for her apparent weight gain , leading many to suspect her pregnancy with husband Nick Cannon . Aside from the several live televised performances , Carey included " Hero " on the set @-@ lists on all of her tours , usually serving as one of the closing numbers . In an interview , Carey said that although it is not one of her favorite songs , she tries to perform it on each of her shows due to its powerful message , fearing that if she doesn 't , she might miss out on the opportunity to help someone . She first performed the song in concert during her stateside Music Box Tour . During the song 's recital , Carey donned a black gown and matching sandals , while sporting her signature golden locks of the time . During her performances at the Tokyo Dome on her Daydream World Tour ( 1996 ) , Carey performed the song as one of the closing numbers . Prior to the song , Carey introduced Afanasieff , who played the organ throughout the tour . Carey appeared on stage with a straightened hairstyle , and a long black evening gown . On her Butterfly World Tour in 1998 , Carey performed " Hero " as the eighth song on the set @-@ list . Unlike her previous tour , Afanasieff was not present , due to the pair 's continued personal dispute . During the song , Carey was backed up by three vocalists , and wore a long sequined black gown . In 2000 , during her Rainbow World Tour , Carey used " Hero " as the tour 's closing number , leaving the stage to meet and greet fans during the song 's performance . Similarly , " Hero " served as the closing number on her Charmbracelet World Tour ( 2002 – 03 ) , where she wore a long beige gown and feathered frock tail . In 2006 , during The Adventures of Mimi Tour , Carey performed " Hero " as the penultimate song on the set @-@ list . She wore a blue floor @-@ length mid @-@ bearing gown , and received vocal back up from four background singers . Following the release of her twelfth studio effort , Carey embarked on the Angels Advocate Tour . After performing the regular set @-@ list , Carey exited the arena , only to make one re @-@ entry for " Hero " as the encore performance . She also performed the song regularly as a part of her 2014 The Elusive Chanteuse Show world tour , and her first annual Christmas show at New York City 's Beacon Theater , entitled All I Want For Christmas Is You , A Night of Joy & Festivity . In addition , she included the song in her 2015 Las Vegas residency , Mariah Carey Number 1 's , a chronicle of her 18 US number 1 hits . The song was performed 8th in her setlist . She sang on a circular platform on the stage , donning a short white dress . = = Cover versions and uses = = " Hero " has been covered several times through live performances , as well as recorded studio versions . Additionally , since its debut , it has achieved strong media attention . In 2009 , prior to the election results , Barack Obama 's wife Michelle played him the song to give him strength and inner support . A source close to Carey claimed that hearing the song 's use meant a lot to her , saying " She was blown away when she heard . She is so honoured to have played her part in such an occasion . " At the 1994 Essence Awards , Aretha Franklin performed a live rendition of the song as a tribute to The Reverend Jesse Jackson . In 2001 , Neal Schon performed an instrumental version on the album Voice . Filipino singers Regine Velasquez and Sarah Geronimo both performed the song live on television , with the former playing a medley of the song alongside Carey 's " Anytime You Need a Friend " . International male operatic pop group Il Divo included the Spanish version of the song on their second studio album , Ancora ( 2005 ) . Australian singer and actress Natalie Bassingthwaighte performed a live version of the song at the Rugby League World Cup Heroes 08 Campaign . Michael Ball , British singer , actor and radio personality , covered " Hero " for his album titled One Voice ( 2006 ) . In 1994 , Japanese singer Miho Nakayama released the song as a single with Japanese lyrics written by herself and became a big hit . American Idol season 5 contestant Heather Cox performed the song during the top 20 performances week , only to be voted off that night for not being able to successfully carry the song . Similarly , season 7 contestant Brooke White performed the song during the Mariah Carey themed week , while season 8 contestant Danny Gokey performed the song in the top 36 performances. season 10 contestant Karen Rodriguez performed the song in both English and Spanish versions in the top 24 performances , making it into the top 13 the following night . Japanese @-@ American singer Yuna Ito included her rendition of " Hero " on her compilation album Love -Singles Best 2005 – 2010 . Barbadian R & B singer Rihanna sang " Hero " during a live talent show at her high school in Barbados when she was 15 . Soon after , she was signed by Jay @-@ Z to Def Jam . The X Factor winner Melanie Amaro performed the song during the first season of the show , as a song chosen for her by the public . In 2013 , Dami Im recorded a version for her album Dami Im . The album was # 1 in Australia . = = Track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the Music Box liner notes . " Hero " was recorded at The Plant Studios , Sausalito , California and The Record Plant , Los Angeles . Vocals were mixed at Right Track Studios , New York . Mariah Carey – co @-@ production , songwriting , vocals Walter Afanasieff – co @-@ production , songwriting , keyboards , synthesizer , rhythm programming , acoustic guitar Michael Landau – guitar Dana Jon Chappelle – vocal engineering David Gleeson – engineering Mick Guzauski – mixing Bob Ludwig – mastering = = Charts and certifications = = = = The X Factor UK 2008 finalists version = = The twelve finalists from the fifth series of the UK TV talent show The X Factor released a cover of the song on October 27 , 2008 for the Help for Heroes and The Royal British Legion charities . The release was backed by , and originally suggested by , The Sun newspaper . The finalists performed the single for the first time alongside Mariah Carey on October 25 , 2008 during a week when only Carey 's material could be sung . The single was released on download on 26October 2008 , followed by the physical release the day after . On 30 October , it was announced that the British Chancellor of the Exchequer , Alistair Darling , would waive all tax on copies sold on the single . He said , " I support the efforts being made by the X Factor contestants and in recognition of that I 'm proposing effectively to waive the VAT on the sale of these singles . We will do that by making a donation equivalent to the value of the VAT . " Following the single 's release , the music video was sent to music channels on 8 November before the fifth live show , when the finalists ( excluding Diana Vickers , absent because of illness ) sang it again . All the finalists appeared in the video , which also showed still images of soldiers in Iraq . = = = Chart performance = = = Upon its release , the single was expected to top the charts in the United Kingdom , due to strong promotional push from Cowell and his management . On November 2 , 2008 , it debuted atop of the UK Singles Chart , staying there for three consecutive weeks and becoming the fastest @-@ selling single of 2008 . The song sold 100 @,@ 000 copies in the first day of its release and 313 @,@ 244 copies by the end of the week . It raised over £ 1 million for Help for Heroes . It was suggested that the song would become one of the biggest @-@ selling releases of the decade , with HMV spokesman Gennaro Castaldo saying : " This is proving to be one of the biggest single releases for years if not the decade . Only Leona Lewis 's debut hit " A Moment Like This " , which sold over 500 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , can compare . It 's selling more than most Christmas No 1s would , and HMV has placed an urgent order for more copies . " On December 28 , 2008 , the UK Singles Chart listed it as the second biggest selling single for the year end countdown and the nineteenth best @-@ selling single of the decade . The British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) certified the song double @-@ platinum , denoting shipments of over 1 @.@ 2 million copies within the country . = = = Charts and certifications = = = = = Works Cited = = = Termite = Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera , or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea . Termites were once classified in a separate order from cockroaches , but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during the Jurassic or Triassic . However , the first termites possibly emerged during the Permian or even the Carboniferous . About 3 @,@ 106 species are currently described , with a few hundred more left to be described . Although these insects are often called white ants , they are not ants . Like ants and some bees and wasps from the separate order Hymenoptera , termites divide labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female " workers " and " soldiers " . All colonies have fertile males called " kings " and one or more fertile females called " queens " . Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and cellulose , generally in the form of wood , leaf litter , soil , or animal dung . Termites are major detritivores , particularly in the subtropical and tropical regions , and their recycling of wood and plant matter is of considerable ecological importance . Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth , colonising most landmasses except for Antarctica . Their colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to enormous societies with several million individuals . Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world , with some queens living up to 50 years . Unlike ants , which undergo a complete metamorphosis , each individual termite goes through an incomplete metamorphosis that proceeds through egg , nymph , and adult stages . Colonies are described as superorganisms because the termites form part of a self @-@ regulating entity : the colony itself . Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines . Several hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings , crops , or plantation forests . Some species , such as the West Indian drywood termite ( Cryptotermes brevis ) , are regarded as invasive species . = = Etymology = = The infraorder name Isoptera is derived from the Greek words iso ( equal ) and ptera ( winged ) , which refers to the nearly equal size of the fore and hind wings . " Termite " derives from the Latin and Late Latin word termes ( " woodworm , white ant " ) , altered by the influence of Latin terere ( " to rub , wear , erode " ) from the earlier word tarmes . Termite nests were commonly known as terminarium or termitaria . In early English , termites were known as " wood ants " or " white ants " . The modern term was first used in 1781 . = = Taxonomy and evolution = = DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis , originally suggested by Cleveland and colleagues in 1934 , that these insects are most closely related to wood @-@ eating cockroaches ( genus Cryptocercus , the woodroach ) . This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates in the wood @-@ eating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils . In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs . These similarities have led some authors to propose that termites be reclassified as a single family , the Termitidae , within the order Blattodea , which contains cockroaches . Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as the Termitoidae , an epifamily within the cockroach order , which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below . The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous , but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects , they likely originated earlier in the Jurassic or Triassic . Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites , judging from its morphological similarity to modern termite @-@ eating mammals . The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas , where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered . Claims that termites emerged earlier have faced controversy . For example , F. M. Weesner indicated that the Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian , 251 million years ago , and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae , the most primitive living termite , have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas . It is even possible that the first termites emerged during the Carboniferous . Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus . The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina , arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a , resemble those seen in Mastotermes , the only living insect with the same pattern . Krishna et al . , though , consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera . Termites were the first social insects to evolve a caste system , evolving more than 100 million years ago . Termites have long been accepted to be closely related to cockroaches and mantids , and they are classified in the same superorder ( Dictyoptera ) . Strong evidence suggests termites are highly specialised wood @-@ eating cockroaches . The cockroach genus Cryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister @-@ group to termites . Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and social features : for example , most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics , but Cryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis and allogrooming . The primitive giant northern termite ( Mastotermes darwiniensis ) exhibits numerous cockroach @-@ like characteristics that are not shared with other termites , such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings . Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea . Although termites are sometimes called " white ants " , they are actually not ants . Ants belong to the family Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera . The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed to convergent evolution . As of 2013 , about 3 @,@ 106 living and fossil termite species are recognised , classified in 12 families . The infraorder Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups , showing the subfamilies in their respective classification : = = Distribution and diversity = = Termites are found on all continents except Antarctica . The diversity of termite species is low in North America and Europe ( 10 species known in Europe and 50 in North America ) , but is high in South America , where over 400 species are known . Of the 3 @,@ 000 termite species currently classified , 1 @,@ 000 are found in Africa , where mounds are extremely abundant in certain regions . Approximately 1 @.@ 1 million active termite mounds can be found in the northern Kruger National Park alone . In Asia , there are 435 species of termites , which are mainly distributed in China . Within China , termite species are restricted to mild tropical and subtropical habitats south of the Yangtze River . In Australia , all ecological groups of termites ( dampwood , drywood , subterranean ) are endemic to the country , with over 360 classified species . Due to their soft cuticles , termites do not inhabit cool or cold habitats . There are three ecological groups of termites : dampwood , drywood and subterranean . Dampwood termites are found only in coniferous forests , and drywood termites are found in hardwood forests ; subterranean termites live in widely diverse areas . One species in the drywood group is the West Indian drywood termite ( Cryptotermes brevis ) , which is an invasive species in Australia . = = Description = = Termites are usually small , measuring between 4 to 15 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 16 to 0 @.@ 59 in ) in length . The largest of all extant termites are the queens of the species Macrotermes bellicosus , measuring up to over 10 centimetres ( 4 in ) in length . Another giant termite , the extinct Gyatermes styriensis , flourished in Austria during the Miocene and had a wingspan of 76 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) and a body length of 25 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) . Most worker and soldier termites are completely blind as they do not have a pair of eyes . However , some species , such as Hodotermes mossambicus , have compound eyes which they use for orientation and to distinguish sunlight from moonlight . The alates have eyes along with lateral ocelli . Lateral ocelli , however , are not found in all termites . Like other insects , termites have a small tongue @-@ shaped labrum and a clypeus ; the clypeus is divided into a postclypeus and anteclypeus . Termite antennae have a number of functions such as the sensing of touch , taste , odours ( including pheromones ) , heat and vibration . The three basic segments of a termite antenna include a scape , a pedicel ( typically shorter than the scape ) , and the flagellum ( all segments beyond the scape and pedicel ) . The mouth parts contain a maxillae , a labium , and a set of mandibles . The maxillae and labium have palps that help termites sense food and handling . Consistent with all insects , the anatomy of the termite thorax consists of three segments : the prothorax , the mesothorax and the metathorax . Each segment contains a pair of two legs . On alates , the wings are located at the mesothorax and metathorax . The mesothorax and metathorax have well @-@ developed exoskeletal plates ; the prothorax has smaller plates . Termites have a ten @-@ segmented abdomen with two plates , the tergites and the sternites . There are ten tergites , of which nine are wide and one is elongated . The reproductive organs are similar to those in cockroaches but are more simplified . For example , the intromittent organ is not present in male alates , and the sperm is either immotile or aflagellate . However , Mastotermitidae termites have multiflagellate sperm with limited motility . The genitals in females are also simplified . Unlike in other termites , Mastotermitidae females have an ovipositor , a feature strikingly similar to that in female cockroaches . The non @-@ reproductive castes of termites are wingless and rely exclusively on their six legs for locomotion . The alates fly only for a brief amount of time , so they also rely on their legs . The appearance of the legs is similar in each caste , but the soldiers have larger and heavier legs . The structure of the legs is consistent with other insects : the parts of a leg include a coxa , trochanter , femur , tibia and the tarsus . The number of tibial spurs on an individual 's leg varies . Some species of termite have an arolium , located between the claws , which is present in species that climb on smooth surfaces but is absent in most termites . Unlike in ants , the hind @-@ wings and fore @-@ wings are of equal length . Most of the time , the alates are poor flyers ; their technique is to launch themselves in the air and fly in a random direction . Studies show that in comparison to larger termites , smaller termites cannot fly long distances . When a termite is in flight , its wings remain at a right angle , and when the termite is at rest , its wings remain parallel to the body . = = = Caste system = = = Worker termites undertake the most labour within the colony , being responsible for foraging , food storage , and brood and nest maintenance . Workers are tasked with the digestion of cellulose in food and are thus the most likely caste to be found in infested wood . The process of worker termites feeding other nestmates is known as trophallaxis . Trophallaxis is an effective nutritional tactic to convert and recycle nitrogenous components . It frees the parents from feeding all but the first generation of offspring , allowing for the group to grow much larger and ensuring that the necessary gut symbionts are transferred from one generation to another . Some termite species do not have a true worker caste , instead relying on nymphs that perform the same work without differentiating as a separate caste . The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations , and their sole purpose is to defend the colony . Many soldiers have large heads with highly modified powerful jaws so enlarged they cannot feed themselves . Instead , like juveniles , they are fed by workers . Fontanelles , simple holes in the forehead that exude defensive secretions , are a feature of the family Rhinotermitidae . Many species are readily identified using the characteristics of the soldiers ' larger and darker head and large mandibles . Among certain termites , soldiers may use their globular ( phragmotic ) heads to block their narrow tunnels . Different sorts of soldiers include minor and major soldiers , and nasutes , which have a horn @-@ like nozzle frontal projection ( a nasus ) . These unique soldiers are able to spray noxious , sticky secretions containing diterpenes at their enemies . Nitrogen fixation plays an important role in nasute nutrition . The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and male , known as the queen and king . The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for the colony . Unlike in ants , the king mates with her for life . In some species , the abdomen of the queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity , a characteristic known as physogastrism . Depending on the species , the queen will start producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of the year , and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins . These swarms attract a wide variety of predators . = = Life cycle = = Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera ( ants and various species of bees and wasps ) , but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life cycle . In the eusocial Hymenoptera , the workers are exclusively female : males ( drones ) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs , while females ( both workers and the queen ) are diploid and develop from fertilised eggs . In contrast , worker termites , which constitute the majority in a colony , are diploid individuals of both sexes and develop from fertilised eggs . Depending on species , male and female workers may have different roles in a termite colony . The life cycle of a termite begins with an egg , but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis , with egg , nymph and adult stages . After eggs hatch into nymphs , the nymphs will go through a series of moults until they become adults . In some species , eggs go through four moulting stages while nymphs go through three . Nymphs first moult into workers , and then some workers go through further moulting and become soldiers or alates ; workers become alates only by moulting into alate nymphs . The development of nymphs into adults can take months ; the time period depends on food availability , temperature , and the general population of the colony . Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves , workers must feed them , but workers also take part in the social life of the colony and have certain other tasks to accomplish such as foraging , building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen . Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies , preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens . = = = Reproduction = = = Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight takes place . Alate males and females will pair up together and then land in search of a suitable place for a colony . A termite king and queen will not mate until they find such a spot . When they do , they excavate a chamber big enough for both , close up the entrance and proceed to mate . After mating , the pair will never go outside and will spend the rest of their lives in the nest . Nuptial flight time varies in each species . For example , alates in certain species emerge during the day in summer while others emerge during the winter . The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk , when the alates swarm around areas with lots of lights . The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions , the time of day , moisture , wind speed and precipitation . The number of termites in a colony also varies , with the larger species typically having 100 – 1 @,@ 000 individuals . However , some termite colonies , including those with large individuals , can number in the millions . The queen will only lay 10 – 20 eggs in the very early stages of the colony , but will lay as many as 1 @,@ 000 a day when the colony is several years old . At maturity , a primary queen has a great capacity to lay eggs . In some species , the mature queen has a greatly distended abdomen and may produce 40 @,@ 000 eggs a day . The two mature ovaries may have some 2 @,@ 000 ovarioles each . The abdomen increases the queen 's body length to several times more than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely ; attendant workers provide assistance . The king grows only slightly larger after initial mating and continues to mate with the queen for life ( a termite queen can live up to 50 years ) . This is very different from ant colonies , in which a queen mates once with the male ( s ) and stores the gametes for life , as the male ants die shortly after mating . If a queen is absent , a termite king will produce pheromones which encourage the development of replacement termite queens . As the queen and king are monogamous , sperm competition does not occur . Termites going through incomplete metamorphosis on the path to becoming alates form a subcaste in certain species of termite , functioning as potential supplementary reproductives . These supplementary reproductives only mature into primary reproductives upon the death of a king or queen , or when the primary reproductives are separated from the colony . Supplementaries have the ability to replace a dead primary reproductive , and there may also be more than a single supplementary within a colony . Some queens have the ability to switch from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction . Studies show that while termite queens mate with the king to produce colony workers , the queens reproduce their replacements ( neotenic queens ) parthenogenetically . = = Behaviour and ecology = = = = = Diet = = = Termites are detritivores , consuming dead plants at any level of decomposition . They also play a vital role in the ecosystem by recycling waste material such as dead wood , faeces and plants . Many species eat cellulose , having a specialised midgut that breaks down the fibre . Termites are considered to be a major source ( 11 % ) of atmospheric methane , one of the prime greenhouse gases , produced from the breakdown of cellulose . Termites rely primarily upon symbiotic protozoa ( metamonads ) and other microbes such as flagellate protists in their guts to digest the cellulose for them , allowing them to absorb the end products for their own use . Gut protozoa , such as Trichonympha , in turn , rely on symbiotic bacteria embedded on their surfaces to produce some of the necessary digestive enzymes . Most higher termites , especially in the family Termitidae , can produce their own cellulase enzymes , but they rely primarily upon the bacteria . The flagellates have been lost in Termitidae . Scientists ' understanding of the relationship between the termite digestive tract and the microbial endosymbionts is still rudimentary ; what is true in all termite species , however , is that the workers feed the other members of the colony with substances derived from the digestion of plant material , either from the mouth or anus . Judging from closely related bacterial species , it is strongly presumed that the termites ' and cockroach 's gut microbiota derives from their dictyopteran ancestors . Certain species such as Gnathamitermes tubiformans have seasonal food habits . For example , they may preferentially consume Red three @-@ awn ( Aristida longiseta ) during the summer , Buffalograss ( Buchloe dactyloides ) from May to August , and blue grama Bouteloua gracilis during spring , summer and autumn . Colonies of G. tubiformans consume less food in spring than they do during autumn when their feeding activity is high . Various woods differ in their susceptibility to termite attack ; the differences are attributed to such factors as moisture content , hardness , and resin and lignin content . In one study , the drywood termite Cryptotermes brevis strongly preferred poplar and maple woods to other woods that were generally rejected by the termite colony . These preferences may in part have represented conditioned or learned behaviour . Some species of termite practice fungiculture . They maintain a " garden " of specialised fungi of genus Termitomyces , which are nourished by the excrement of the insects . When the fungi are eaten , their spores pass undamaged through the intestines of the termites to complete the cycle by germinating in the fresh faecal pellets . Depending on their feeding habits , termites are placed into two groups : the lower termites and higher termites . The lower termites predominately feed on wood . As wood is difficult to digest , termites prefer to consume fungus @-@ infected wood because it is easier to digest and the fungi are high in protein . Meanwhile , the higher termites consume a wide variety of materials , including faeces , humus , grass , leaves and roots . The gut in the lower termites contains many species of bacteria along with protozoa , while the higher termites only have a few species of bacteria with no protozoa . = = = Predators = = = Termites are consumed by a wide variety of predators . One species alone , Hodotermes mossambicus , was found in the stomach contents of 65 birds and 19 mammals . Arthropods and reptiles such as bees , centipedes , cockroaches , crickets , dragonflies , frogs , lizards , scorpions , spiders , and toads consume these insects , while two spiders in the family Ammoxenidae are specialist termite predators . Other predators include aardvarks , aardwolves , anteaters , bats , bears , bilbies , many birds , echidnas , foxes , galagos , numbats , mice and pangolins . The aardwolf is an insectivorous mammal that primarily feeds on termites ; it locates its food by sound and also by detecting the scent secreted by the soldiers ; a single aardwolf is capable of consuming thousands of termites in a single night by using its long , sticky tongue . Sloth bears break open mounds to consume the nestmates , while chimpanzees have developed tools to " fish " termites from their nest . Wear pattern analysis of bone tools used by the early hominin Paranthropus robustus suggests that they used these tools to dig into termite mounds . Among all predators , ants are the greatest enemy to termites . Some ant genera are specialist predators of termites . For example , Megaponera is a strictly termite @-@ eating ( termitophagous ) genus that perform raiding activities , some lasting several hours . Paltothyreus tarsatus is another termite @-@ raiding species , with each individual stacking as many termites as possible in its mandibles before returning home , all the while recruiting additional nestmates to the raiding site through chemical trails . The Malaysian basicerotine ant Eurhopalothrix heliscata uses a different strategy of termite hunting by pressing themselves into tight spaces , as they hunt through rotting wood housing termite colonies . Once inside , the ants seize their prey by using their short but sharp mandibles . Tetramorium uelense is a specialised predator species that feeds on small termites . A scout will recruit 10 – 30 workers to an area where termites are present , killing them by immobilising them with their stinger . Centromyrmex and Iridomyrmex colonies sometimes nest in termite mounds , and so the termites are preyed on by these ants . No evidence for any kind of relationship ( other than a predatory one ) is known . Other ants , including Acanthostichus , Camponotus , Crematogaster , Cylindromyrmex , Leptogenys , Odontomachus , Ophthalmopone , Pachycondyla , Rhytidoponera , Solenopsis and Wasmannia , also prey on termites . In contrast to all these ant species , and despite their enormous diversity of prey , Dorylus ants rarely consume termites . Ants are not the only invertebrates that perform raids . Many sphecoid wasps and several species including Polybia Lepeletier and Angiopolybia Araujo are known to raid termite mounds during the termites ' nuptial flight . = = = Parasites , pathogens and viruses = = = Termites are less likely to be attacked by parasites than bees , wasps and ants , as they are usually well protected in their mounds . Nevertheless , termites are infected by a variety of parasites . Some of these include dipteran flies , Pyemotes mites , and a large number of nematode parasites . Most nematode parasites are in the order Rhabditida ; others are in the genus Mermis , Diplogaster aerivora and Harteria gallinarum . Under imminent threat of an attack by parasites , a colony may migrate to a new location . Fungi pathogens such as such as Aspergillus nomius and Metarhizium anisopliae are , however , major threats to a termite colony as they are not host @-@ specific and may infect large portions of the colony ; transmission usually occurs via direct physical contact . M. anispliae is known to weaken the termite immune system . Infection with A. nomius only occurs when a colony is under great stress . Inquilinism between two termite species does not occur in the termite world . Termites are infected by viruses including Entomopoxvirinae and the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus . = = = Locomotion and foraging = = = Because the worker and soldier castes lack wings and thus never fly , and the reproductives use their wings for just a brief amount of time , termites predominantly rely upon their legs to move about . Foraging behaviour depends on the type of termite . For example , certain species feed on the wood structures they inhabit , and others harvest food that is near the nest . Most workers are rarely found out in the open , and do not forage unprotected ; they rely on sheeting and runways to protect them from predators . Subterranean termites construct tunnels and galleries to look for food , and workers who manage to find food sources recruit additional nestmates by depositing a phagostimulant pheromone that attracts workers . Foraging workers use semiochemicals to communicate with each other , and workers who begin to forage outside of their nest release trail pheromones from their sternal glands . In one species , Nasutitermes costalis , there are three phases in a foraging expedition : first , soldiers scout an area . When they find a food source , they communicate to other soldiers and a small force of workers starts to emerge . In the second phase , workers appear in large numbers at the site . The third phase is marked by a decrease in the number of soldiers present and an increase in the number of workers . Isolated termite workers may engage in Lévy flight behaviour as an optimised strategy for finding their nestmates or foraging for food . = = = Competition = = = Competition between two colonies always results in agonistic behaviour towards each other , resulting in fights . These fights can cause mortality on both sides and , in some cases , the gain or loss of territory . " Cemetery pits " may be present , where the bodies of dead termites are buried . Studies show that when termites encounter each other in foraging areas , some of the termites deliberately block passages to prevent other termites from entering . Dead termites from other colonies found in exploratory tunnels leads to the isolation of the area and thus the need to construct new tunnels . Conflict between two competitors does not always occur . For example , though they might block each other 's passages , colonies of Macrotermes bellicosus and Macrotermes subhyalinus are not always aggressive towards each other . Suicide cramming is known in Coptotermes formosanus . Since C. formosanus colonies may get into physical conflict , some termites will tightly squeeze into foraging tunnels and die , successfully blocking the tunnel and ending all agonistic activities . Among the reproductive caste , neotenic queens may compete with each other to become the dominant queen when there are no primary reproductives . This struggle among the queens leads to the elimination of all but a single queen , which , with the king , will take over the colony . Ants and termites may compete with each other for nesting space . In particular , ants that prey on termites usually have a negative impact on arboreal nesting species . = = = Communication = = = Most termites are blind , so communication primarily occurs through chemical , mechanical and pheromonal cues . These methods of communication are used in a variety of activities , including foraging , locating reproductives , construction of nests , recognition of nestmates , nuptial flight , locating and fighting enemies , and defending the nests . The most common way of communicating is through antennation . A number of pheromones are known , including contact pheromones ( which are transmitted when workers are engaged in trophallaxis or grooming ) and alarm , trail and sex pheromones . The alarm pheromone and other defensive chemicals are secreted from the frontal gland . Trail pheromones are secreted from the sternal gland , and sex pheromones derive from two glandular sources : the sternal and tergal glands . When termites go out to look for food , they forage in columns along the ground through vegetation . A trail can be identified by the faecal deposits or runways that are covered by objects . Workers leave pheromones on these trails , which are detected by other nestmates through olfactory receptors . Termites can also communicate through mechanical cues , vibrations , and physical contact . These signals are frequently used for alarm communication or for evaluating a food source . When termites construct their nests , they use predominantly indirect communication . No single termite would be in charge of any particular construction project . Individual termites react rather than think , but at a group level , they exhibit a sort of collective cognition . Specific structures or other objects such as pellets of soil or pillars cause termites to start building . The termite adds these objects onto existing structures , and such behaviour encourages building behaviour in other workers . The result is a self @-@ organised process whereby the information that directs termite activity results from changes in the environment rather than from direct contact among individuals . Termites can distinguish nestmates and non @-@ nestmates through chemical communication and gut symbionts : chemicals consisting of hydrocarbons released from the cuticle allow the recognition of alien termite species . Each colony has its own distinct odour . This odour is a result of genetic and environmental factors such as the termites ' diet and the composition of the bacteria within the termites ' intestines . = = = Defence = = = See also Insect defences Termites rely on alarm communication to defend a colony . Alarm pheromones can be released when the nest has been breached or is being attacked by enemies or potential pathogens . Termites always avoid nestmates infected with Metarhizium anisopliae spores , through vibrational signals released by infected nestmates . Other methods of defence include intense jerking and secretion of fluids from the frontal gland and defecating faeces containing alarm pheromones . In some species , some soldiers block tunnels to prevent their enemies from entering the nest , and they may deliberately rupture themselves as an act of defence . In cases where the intrusion is coming from a breach that is larger than the soldier 's head , defence requires a special formations where soldiers form a phalanx @-@ like formation around the breach and bite at intruders . If an invasion carried out by Megaponera analis is successful , an entire colony may be destroyed , although this scenario is rare . To termites , any breach of their tunnels or nests is a cause for alarm . When termites detect a potential breach , the soldiers will usually bang their heads apparently to attract other soldiers for defence and to recruit additional workers to repair any breach . Additionally , an alarmed termite will bump into other termites which causes them to be alarmed and to leave pheromone trails to the disturbed area , which is also a way to recruit extra workers . The pantropical subfamily Nasutitermitinae has a specialised caste of soldiers , known as nasutes , that have the ability to exude noxious liquids through a horn @-@ like frontal projection that they use for defence . Nasutes have lost their mandibles through the course of evolution and must be fed by workers . A wide variety of monoterpene hydrocarbon solvents have been identified in the liquids that nasutes secrete . Soldiers of the species Globitermes sulphureus commit suicide by autothysis – rupturing a large gland just beneath the surface of their cuticles . The thick , yellow fluid in the gland becomes very sticky on contact with the air , entangling ants or other insects which are trying to invade the nest . Another termite , Neocapriterme taracua , also engages in suicidal defence . Workers physically unable to use their mandibles while in a fight form a pouch full of chemicals , then deliberately rupture themselves , releasing toxic chemicals that paralyse and kill their enemies . The soldiers of the neotropical termite family Serritermitidae have a defence strategy which involves front gland autothysis , with the body rupturing between the head and abdomen . When soldiers guarding nest entrances are attacked by intruders , they engage in autothysis , creating a block that denies entry to any attacker . Workers use several different strategies to deal with their dead , including burying , cannibalism , and avoiding a corpse altogether . To avoid pathogens , termites occasionally engage in necrophoresis , in which a nestmate will carry away a corpse from the colony to dispose of it elsewhere . Which strategy is used depends on the nature of the corpse a worker is dealing with ( i.e. the age of the carcass ) . = = = Relationship with other organisms = = = A species of fungus is known to mimic termite eggs , successfully avoiding its natural predators . These small brown balls , known as " termite balls " , rarely kill the eggs , and in some cases the workers will even tend to them . This fungus mimics these eggs by producing a cellulose @-@ digesting enzyme known as glucosidases . A unique mimicking behaviour exists between various species of Trichopsenius beetles and certain termite species within Reticulitermes . The beetles share the same cuticle hydrocarbons as the termites and even biosynthesize them . This chemical mimicry allows the beetles to integrate themselves within the termite colonies . The developed appendages on the physogastric abdomen of Austrospirachtha mimetes allows the beetle to mimic a termite worker . Some species of ant are known to capture termites to use as a fresh food source later on , rather than killing them . For example , Formica nigra captures termites , and those who try to escape are immediately seized and driven underground . Certain species of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae conduct these raids although other ant species go in alone to steal the eggs or nymphs . Ants such as Megaponera analis attack the outside the mounds and Dorylinae ants attack underground . Despite this , some termites and ants can coexist peacefully . Some species of termite , including Nasutitermes corniger , form associations with certain ant species to keep away predatory ant species . The earliest known association between Azteca ants and Nasutitermes termites date back to the Oligocene to Miocene period . 54 species of ants are known to inhabit Nasutitermes mounds , both occupied and abandoned ones . One reason many ants live in Nasutitermes mounds is due to the termites ' frequent occurrence in their geographical range ; another is to protect themselves from floods . Iridomyrmex also inhabits termite mounds although no evidence for any kind of relationship ( other than a predatory one ) is known . In rare cases , certain species of termites live inside active ant colonies . Some invertebrate organisms such as beetles , caterpillars , flies and millipedes are termitophiles and dwell inside termite colonies ( they are unable to survive independently ) . As a result , certain beetles and flies have evolved with their hosts . They have developed a gland that secrete a substance that attracts the workers by licking them . Mounds may also provide shelter and warmth to birds , lizards , snakes and scorpions . Termites are known to carry pollen and regularly visit flowers , so are regarded as potential pollinators for a number of flowering plants . One flower in particular , Rhizanthella gardneri , is regularly pollinated by foraging workers , and it is perhaps the only Orchidaceae flower in the world to be pollinated by termites . Many plants have developed effective defences against termites . However , seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection , as their defence mechanisms only develop when they have passed the seedling stage . Defence is typically achieved by secreting antifeedant chemicals into the woody cell walls . This reduces the ability of termites to efficiently digest the cellulose . A commercial product , " Blockaid " , has been developed in Australia that uses a range of plant extracts to create a paint @-@ on nontoxic termite barrier for buildings . An extract of a species of Australian figwort , Eremophila , has been shown to repel termites ; tests have shown that termites are strongly repelled by the toxic material to the extent that they will starve rather than consume the food . When kept close to the extract , they become disoriented and eventually die . = = Nests = = A termite nest can be considered as being composed of two parts , the inanimate and the animate . The animate is all of the termites living inside the colony , and the inanimate part is the structure itself , which is constructed by the termites . Nests can be broadly separated into three main categories : subterranean ( completely below ground ) , epigeal ( protruding above the soil surface ) , and arboreal ( built above ground , but always connected to the ground via shelter tubes ) . Epigeal nests ( mounds ) protrude from the earth with ground contact and are made out of earth and mud . A nest has many functions such as providing a protected living space and providing shelter against predators . Most termites construct underground colonies rather than multifunctional nests and mounds . Primitive termites of today nest in wooden structures such as logs , stumps and the dead parts of trees , as did termites millions of years ago . To build their nests , termites primarily use faeces , which have many desirable properties as a construction material . Other building materials include partly digested plant material , used in carton nests ( arboreal nests built from faecal elements and wood ) , and soil , used in subterranean nest and mound construction . Not all nests are visible , as many nests in tropical forests are located underground . Species in the subfamily Apicotermitinae are good examples of subterranean nest builders , as they only dwell inside tunnels . Other termites live in wood , and tunnels are constructed as they feed on the wood . Nests and mounds protect the termites ' soft bodies against desiccation , light , pathogens and parasites , as well as providing a fortification against predators . Nests made out of carton are particularly weak , and so the inhabitants use counter @-@ attack strategies against invading predators . Some species build complex nests called polycalic nests ; this habitat is called polycalism . Polycalic species of termites form multiple nests , or calies , connected by subterranean chambers . The termite genera Apicotermes and Trinervitermes are known to have polycalic species . Polycalic nests appear to be less frequent in mound @-@ building species although polycalic arboreal nests have been observed in a few species of Nasutitermes . = = = Mounds = = = Nests are considered mounds if they protrude from the earth 's surface . A mound provides termites the same protection as a nest but is stronger . Mounds located in areas with torrential and continuous rainfall are at risk of mound erosion due to their clay @-@ rich construction . Those made from carton can provide protection from the rain , and in fact can withstand high precipitation . Certain areas in mounds are used as strong points in case of a breach . For example , Cubitermes colonies build narrow tunnels used as strong points , as the diameter of the tunnels is small enough for soldiers to block . A highly protected chamber , known as the " queens cell " , houses the queen and king and is used as a last line of defence . Species in the genus Macrotermes arguably build the most complex structures in the insect world , constructing enormous mounds . These mounds are among the largest in the world , reaching a height of 8 to 9 metres ( 26 to 29 feet ) , and consist of chimneys , pinnacles and ridges . Another termite species , Amitermes meridionalis , can build nests 3 to 4 metres ( 9	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
on Welsh literature with a more pessimistic style of prose championed by T. H. Parry @-@ Williams and R. Williams Parry . The industrialisation of south Wales saw a further shift with the likes of Rhydwen Williams who used the poetry and metre of a bygone rural Wales but in the context of an industrial landscape . Though the inter @-@ war period is dominated by Saunders Lewis , for his political and reactionary views as much as his plays , poetry and criticism . The careers of some 1930s writers continued after World War Two , including those of Gwyn Thomas , Vernon Watkins , and Dylan Thomas , whose most famous work Under Milk Wood was first broadcast in 1954 . Thomas was one of the most notable and popular Welsh writers of the 20th century and one of the most innovative poets of his time . Gwyn Thomas became the voice of the English @-@ speaking Welsh valleys with his humorous take on grim lives . The attitude of the post @-@ war generation of Welsh writers in English towards Wales differs from the previous generation , in that they were more sympathetic to Welsh nationalism and to the Welsh language . The change can be linked to the nationalist fervour generated by Saunders Lewis and the burning of the Bombing School on the Lleyn Peninsula in 1936 , along with a sense of crisis generated by World War II . In poetry R. S. Thomas ( 1913 – 2000 ) was the most important figure throughout the second half of the twentieth century . While he " did not learn the Welsh language until he was 30 and wrote all his poems in English " , he wanted the Welsh language to be made the first language of Wales , and the official policy of bilingualism abolished . The major novelist in the second half of the twentieth century was Emyr Humphreys ( 1919 ) . , who during his long writing career published over twenty novels , which surveys the political and cultural history of twentieth @-@ century Wales . Another novelist of the post @-@ Second @-@ World @-@ War era was Raymond Williams ( 1921 – 88 ) . Born near Abergavenny , Williams continued the earlier tradition of writing from a left @-@ wing perspective on the Welsh industrial scene in his trilogy " Border Country " ( 1960 ) , " Second Generation " ( 1964 ) , and " The Fight for Manod " ( 1979 ) . He also enjoyed a reputation as a cultural historian . = = = Museums and libraries = = = The National Museum [ of ] Wales was founded by royal charter in 1907 and is now a Welsh Government sponsored body . The National Museum is made up of seven sites across the country , including the National Museum Cardiff , St Fagans National History Museum and Big Pit National Coal Museum . In April 2001 , the attractions attached to the National Museum were granted free entry by the Assembly , and this action saw the visitor numbers to the sites increase during 2001 – 2002 by 87 @.@ 8 % to 1 @,@ 430 @,@ 428 . Aberystwyth is home to the National Library of Wales , which houses some of the most important collections in Wales , including the John William 's Library and the Shirburn Castle collection . As well as its printed collection the Library holds important Welsh art collections including portraits and photographs , ephemera such as postcards , posters and Ordnance Survey maps . = = = Visual arts = = = Many works of Celtic art have been found in Wales . In the Early Medieval period , the Celtic Christianity of Wales was part of the Insular art of the British Isles . A number of illuminated manuscripts from Wales survive , of which the 8th century Hereford Gospels and Lichfield Gospels are the most notable . The 11th century Ricemarch Psalter ( now in Dublin ) is certainly Welsh , made in St David 's , and shows a late Insular style with unusual Viking influence . The best of the few Welsh artists of the 16th – 18th centuries tended to leave the country to work , many of them moving to London or Italy . Richard Wilson ( 1714 – 82 ) is arguably the first major British landscapist . Although more notable for his Italian scenes , he painted several Welsh scenes on visits from London . By the late 18th century , the popularity of landscape art grew and clients were found in the larger Welsh towns , allowing more Welsh artists to stay in their homeland . Artists from outside Wales were also drawn to paint Welsh scenery , at first because of the Celtic Revival . Then in the early 19th century , the Napoleonic Wars preventing the Grand Tour to continental Europe , travel through Wales came to be considered more accessible . An Act of Parliament in 1857 provided for the establishment of a number of art schools throughout the United Kingdom and the Cardiff School of Art opened in 1865 . Graduates still very often had to leave Wales to work , but Betws @-@ y @-@ Coed became a popular centre for artists and its artists ' colony helped form the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art in 1881 . The sculptor Sir William Goscombe John made many works for Welsh commissions , although he had settled in London . Christopher Williams , whose subjects were mostly resolutely Welsh , was also based in London . Thomas E. Stephens and Andrew Vicari had very successful careers as portraitists based respectively in the United States and France . Sir Frank Brangwyn was Welsh by origin but spent little time in Wales . Many Welsh painters gravitated towards the art capitals of Europe . Augustus John and his sister Gwen John lived mostly in London and Paris . However , the landscapists Sir Kyffin Williams and Peter Prendergast lived in Wales for most of their lives , while remaining in touch with the wider art world . Ceri Richards was very engaged in the Welsh art scene as a teacher in Cardiff and even after moving to London . He was a figurative painter in international styles including Surrealism . Various artists have moved to Wales , including Eric Gill , the London @-@ Welshman David Jones and the sculptor Jonah Jones . The Kardomah Gang was an intellectual circle centred on the poet Dylan Thomas and poet and artist Vernon Watkins in Swansea , which also included the painter Alfred Janes . South Wales had several notable potteries , one of the first important sites being the Ewenny Pottery in Bridgend , which began producing earthenware in the 17th century . In the 18th and 19th centuries , with more scientific methods becoming available more refined ceramics were produced led by the Cambrian Pottery ( 1764 – 1870 , also known as " Swansea pottery " ) and later Nantgarw Pottery near Cardiff , which was in operation from 1813 to 1822 making fine porcelain and then utilitarian pottery until 1920 . Portmeirion Pottery , founded in 1960 by Susan Williams @-@ Ellis , daughter of Clough Williams @-@ Ellis , creator of the Italianate village of Portmeirion , Gwynedd , is based in Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent , England . = = = National symbols = = = The Flag of Wales incorporates the red dragon ( Y Ddraig Goch ) of Prince Cadwalader along with the Tudor colours of green and white . It was used by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 after which it was carried in state to St. Paul 's Cathedral . The red dragon was then included in the Tudor royal arms to signify their Welsh descent . It was officially recognised as the Welsh national flag in 1959 . The British Union Flag incorporates the flags of Scotland , Ireland and England , but has no Welsh representation . Technically Wales is represented by the flag of England , as the Laws in Wales Act of 1535 annexed Wales to England , following the 13th @-@ century conquest . The daffodil and the leek are also symbols of Wales . The origins of the leek can be traced to the 16th century , while the daffodil became popular in the 19th century , encouraged by David Lloyd @-@ George . This is attributed to confusion ( or association ) between the Welsh for leek , cenhinen , and that for daffodil , cenhinen Bedr or St. Peter 's leek . A report in 1916 gave preference to the leek , which has appeared on British pound coins . The Prince of Wales ' heraldic badge is also sometimes used to symbolise Wales . The badge , known as the Prince of Wales 's feathers , consists of three white feathers emerging from a gold coronet . A ribbon below the coronet bears the German motto Ich dien ( I serve ) . Several Welsh representative teams , including the Welsh rugby union , and Welsh regiments in the British Army ( the Royal Welsh , for example ) use the badge , or a stylised version of it . The Prince of Wales has claimed that only he has the authority to use the symbol . " Hen Wlad fy Nhadau " ( English : Land of My Fathers ) is the National Anthem of Wales , and is played at events such as football or rugby matches involving the Wales national team as well as the opening of the Welsh Assembly and other official occasions . " God Save the Queen " , the national anthem of the United Kingdom , is sometimes played alongside Hen Wlad fy Nhadau during official events with a royal connection . = = = Sport = = = More than 50 national governing bodies regulate and organise their sports in Wales . Most of those involved in competitive sports select , organise and manage individuals or teams to represent their country at international events or fixtures against other countries . Wales is represented at major world sporting events such as the FIFA World Cup , Rugby World Cup , Rugby League World Cup and the Commonwealth Games . At the Olympics Games , Welsh athletes compete alongside those of Scotland , England and Northern Ireland as part of a Great Britain team . Although football has traditionally been the more popular sport in north Wales , rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness . The Wales national rugby union team takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship and has also competed in every Rugby World Cup , hosting the tournament in 1999 . The five professional sides that replaced the traditional club sides in major competitions in 2003 were replaced in 2004 by the four regions : Scarlets ; Cardiff Blues ; Newport Gwent Dragons ; and the Ospreys . The Welsh regional teams play in the Magners League , the Anglo @-@ Welsh Cup ( LV Cup ) , the European Heineken Cup and the European ( Amlin ) Challenge Cup . Wales has had its own football league , the Welsh Premier League , since 1992 . For historical reasons , six Welsh clubs play in the English football league system ; Cardiff City , Swansea City , Newport County , Wrexham , Colwyn Bay and Merthyr Town . Famous Welsh players over the years include John Charles , Ian Rush , Ryan Giggs and Gareth Bale . In international cricket , Wales and England field a single representative team , administered by the England and Wales Cricket Board ( ECB ) , called the England cricket team , or simply ' England ' . Occasionally , a separate Wales team play limited @-@ overs competitions . Glamorgan County Cricket Club is the only Welsh participant in the England and Wales County Championship . Wales has produced several world @-@ class participants of individual sports including snooker players Ray Reardon , Terry Griffiths , Mark Williams and Matthew Stevens . Track athletes who have made a mark on the world stage , including the 110 @-@ metre hurdler Colin Jackson who is a former world record holder and the winner of numerous Olympic , World and European medals as well as Tanni Grey @-@ Thompson who has won 11 Paralympic gold medals . Wales also has a tradition of producing world @-@ class boxers . Joe Calzaghe was WBO world super @-@ middleweight champion and then won the WBA , WBC and Ring Magazine super middleweight and Ring Magazine light @-@ heavyweight titles . Other former boxing world champions include Enzo Maccarinelli , Freddie Welsh , Howard Winstone , Percy Jones , Jimmy Wilde , Steve Robinson and Robbie Regan . Tommy Farr , the " Tonypandy Terror " , came close to defeating world heavyweight champion Joe Louis at the height of his fame in 1937 . Wales has hosted several international sporting events . These include the 1958 Commonwealth Games , the 1999 Rugby World Cup and the 2010 Ryder Cup . = = = Media = = = All Welsh television broadcasts are digital . The last of the analogue transmitters ceased broadcasts in April 2010 , and Wales became the UK 's first digital nation . Cardiff is home to the television output of Wales . BBC Cymru Wales is the national broadcaster . Based in Llandaff , Cardiff , it produces Welsh @-@ oriented English and Welsh @-@ language television for BBC ONE Wales , BBC TWO Wales and S4C channels . BBC Cymru Wales has also produced programmes , such as Life on Mars , Doctor Who and Torchwood , shown worldwide . ITV the UK 's main commercial broadcaster has a Welsh @-@ oriented service branded as ITV Wales , whose studios are in Culverhouse Cross , Cardiff . S4C , based in Llanishen , Cardiff , first broadcast on 1 November 1982 . Its output was mostly Welsh @-@ language at peak hours , but shared English @-@ language content with Channel 4 at other times . Since the digital switchover in April 2010 , the channel has broadcast exclusively in Welsh . BBC Cymru Wales provide S4C with ten hours of programming per week . Their remaining output is commissioned from ITV and independent producers . BBC Cymru Wales is Wales ' only national radio broadcaster . BBC Radio Wales is their English @-@ language radio service , broadcasting throughout Wales in English . BBC Radio Cymru is their Welsh @-@ language radio service , broadcasting throughout Wales in Welsh . A number of independent radio stations broadcast to the Welsh regions , predominantly in English . Several regional radio stations broadcast in Welsh : output ranges from two , two @-@ minute news bulletins each weekday ( Radio Maldwyn ) , through over 14 hours of Welsh @-@ language programmes weekly ( Swansea Sound ) , to essentially bilingual stations offering between 37 % and 44 % of programme content ( Heart Cymru ( formerly Champion 103 ) and Radio Ceredigion respectively ) . Most of the newspapers sold and read in Wales are national newspapers available throughout Britain , unlike in Scotland where many newspapers have rebranded into Scottish @-@ based titles . The Western Mail is Wales ' only national daily newspaper . Wales @-@ based regional daily newspapers include : Daily Post ( which covers north Wales ) ; South Wales Evening Post ( Swansea ) ; South Wales Echo ( Cardiff ) ; and South Wales Argus ( Newport ) . Y Cymro is a Welsh @-@ language newspaper , published weekly . Wales on Sunday is the only Welsh Sunday newspaper to cover the whole of Wales . The Welsh Books Council ( WBC ) is the Welsh Government funded body tasked with promoting Welsh literature . The WBC provides publishing grants for qualifying English- and Welsh @-@ language publications . Around 600 – 650 books are published each year , by some of the dozens of Welsh publishers . Wales ' main publishing houses include Gomer Press , Gwasg Carreg Gwalch , Honno , the University of Wales Press and Y Lolfa . Magazines published in Welsh and English cover general and specialist subjects . Cambria , a Welsh affairs magazine published bi @-@ monthly in English , has subscribers in over 30 countries . Titles published quarterly in English include Planet and Poetry Wales . Welsh @-@ language magazines include the current affairs titles Golwg ( View ) ( published weekly ) and Barn ( Opinion ) ( monthly ) . Among the specialist magazines , Y Wawr ( The Dawn ) is published quarterly by Merched y Wawr , the national organisation for women . Y Traethodydd ( The Essayist ) , a quarterly publication by The Presbyterian Church of Wales , first appeared in 1845 ; the oldest Welsh publication still in print . = = = Cuisine = = = About 78 % of the land surface of Wales is given over to agricultural use . However , very little of this is arable land ; the vast majority consists of permanent grass pasture or rough grazing for herd animals such as sheep and cows . Although both beef and dairy cattle are raised widely , especially in Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire , Wales is more well known for its sheep farming and thus lamb is the meat traditionally associated with Welsh cooking . Traditional dishes include laverbread ( made from laver ( Porphyra umbilicalis ) , an edible seaweed ) ; bara brith ( fruit bread ) ; cawl ( a lamb stew ) ; cawl cennin ( leek soup ) ; Welsh cakes ; and Welsh lamb . Cockles are sometimes served as a traditional breakfast with bacon and laverbread . Although Wales has its own traditional food , and has absorbed much of the cuisine of England , Welsh diets now owe more to the countries of India , China and the United States . Chicken tikka masala is the country 's favourite dish while hamburgers and Chinese food outsell fish and chips as a takeaway . = = = Performing arts = = = = = = = Music = = = = Wales is often referred to as " the land of song " , and is notable for its harpists , male choirs , and solo artists . The principal Welsh festival of music and poetry is the annual National Eisteddfod . The Llangollen International Eisteddfod echoes the National Eisteddfod but provides an opportunity for the singers and musicians of the world to perform . Traditional music and dance in Wales is supported by a myriad of societies . The Welsh Folk Song Society has published a number of collections of songs and tunes . Traditional instruments of Wales include telyn deires ( triple harp ) , fiddle , crwth , pibgorn ( hornpipe ) and other instruments . The Cerdd Dant Society promotes its specific singing art primarily through an annual one @-@ day festival . The BBC National Orchestra of Wales performs in Wales and internationally . The Welsh National Opera is based at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff Bay , while the National Youth Orchestra of Wales was the first of its type in the world . Wales has a tradition of producing notable singers , including Sir Geraint Evans , Dame Gwyneth Jones , Dame Anne Evans , Dame Margaret Price , Sir Tom Jones , Bonnie Tyler , Bryn Terfel , Mary Hopkin , Charlotte Church , Katherine Jenkins , Meic Stevens , Dame Shirley Bassey , Marina and the Diamonds and Duffy . Popular bands that emerged from Wales include the Beatles @-@ nurtured power pop group Badfinger in the 1960s , Man and Budgie in the 1970s and the Alarm in the 1980s . Many groups emerged during the 1990s , led by Manic Street Preachers , followed by the likes of the Stereophonics and Feeder ; notable during this period were Catatonia , Super Furry Animals , and Gorky 's Zygotic Mynci who gained popular success as dual @-@ language artists . Recently successful Welsh bands include Lostprophets , Bullet for My Valentine , Funeral for a Friend and Kids in Glass Houses . The Welsh traditional and folk music scene is in resurgence with performers and bands such as Carreg Lafar , Fernhill , Siân James and the Hennessys . Male voice choirs emerged in the 19th century and continue today . Originally these choirs where formed as the tenor and bass sections of chapel choirs , and embraced the popular secular hymns of the day . Many of the historic choirs survive in modern Wales , singing a mixture of traditional and popular songs . = = = = Drama = = = = The earliest surviving Welsh plays are two medieval miracle plays , Y Tri Brenin o Gwlen ( " The three Kings from Cologne " ) and Y Dioddefaint a 'r Atgyfodiad ( " The Passion and the Resurrection " ) . A recognised Welsh tradition of theatre emerged during the 18th century , in the form of an interlude , a metrical play performed at fairs and markets . The larger Welsh towns began building theatres during the 19th century , and attracted the likes of James Sheridan Knowles and William Charles Macready to Wales . Along with the playhouses , there existed mobile companies at visiting fairs , though from 1912 most of these travelling theatres settled , purchasing theatres to perform in . Drama in the early 20th century thrived , but the country failed to produce a Welsh National Theatre company . After the Second World War the substantial number of amateur companies that had existed before the outbreak of hostilities reduced by two thirds . The increasing competition from television in the 1950s and 1960s led to a need for greater professionalism in the theatre . As a result , plays by Emlyn Williams and Alun Owen and others were staged , while Welsh actors , including Richard Burton , Rachel Roberts , Donald Houston and Stanley Baker , were establishing themselves as artistic talents . Anthony Hopkins was an alumnus of the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama , and has since starred in Hollywood films . Other Welsh actors to have crossed the Atlantic more recently include : Ioan Gruffudd ; Rhys Ifans ; Matthew Rhys ; Michael Sheen ; and Catherine Zeta @-@ Jones . Wales has also produced well known comedians including Tommy Cooper , Terry Jones , Harry Secombe , Rhod Gilbert and Paul Whitehouse . = = = = Dance = = = = Dancing is a popular pastime in Wales ; traditional dances include folk dancing and clog dancing . The first mention of dancing in Wales is in a 12th @-@ century account by Giraldus Cambrensis , but by the 19th century traditional dance had all but died out ; this is attributed to the influence of Nonconformists and their belief that any physical diversion was worthless and satanic , especially mixed dancing . These ancient dances , orally passed down , were almost single @-@ handedly rescued by Lois Blake ( 1890 – 1974 ) who recorded them in numerous instruction pamphlets , recording both steps and music . In a similar vein , clog dancing was preserved and developed by the likes of Howel Wood ( 1882 – 1967 ) who perpetuated the art at local and national stages . Clog dancing , traditionally a male dominated art , is now a common part of eisteddfodau . In 2010 , a 30 @-@ year traditional dance festival held in Caernarvon came to an end due to a lack of participants , though clog dancing has seen a revival in the 21st century . The Welsh Folk Dance Society was founded in 1949 ; it supports a network of national amateur dance teams and publishes support material . Contemporary dance grew out of Cardiff in the 1970s ; one of the earliest companies , Moving Being , came from London to Cardiff in 1973 . Diversions was formed in 1983 , eventually becoming the National Dance Company Wales , now the resident company at the Wales Millennium Centre . Conversely , Wales does not have its own national ballet company . = = = Festivals = = = As well as celebrating many of the traditional religious festivals of Great Britain , such as Easter and Christmas , Wales has its own unique celebratory days . An early festivity was Mabsant , when local parishes would celebrate the patron saint of their local church . This celebration died out in the 19th century , to be replaced by Saint David 's Day , which is celebrated on 1 March throughout Wales , and by Welsh expats around the world . Commemorating the patron saint of friendship and love , Dydd Santes Dwynwen 's popularity has been increasing recently . It is celebrated on 25 January in a similar way to St Valentine 's Day : by exchanging cards and by holding parties and concerts . Calan Gaeaf , associated with the supernatural and the dead , is observed on 1 November ( All Saints Day ) . It has largely been replaced by Hallowe 'en . Other festivities include Calan Mai ( May Day ) , celebrating the beginning of summer ; Calan Awst ( Lammas Day ) ; and Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau ( Candlemas Day ) . = Caesium fluoride = Caesium fluoride or cesium fluoride is an inorganic compound usually encountered as a hygroscopic white solid . It is used in organic synthesis as a source of the fluoride anion . Caesium has the highest electropositivity of all non @-@ radioactive elements and fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all elements . = = Synthesis and properties = = Caesium fluoride can be prepared by the reaction of caesium hydroxide ( CsOH ) with hydrofluoric acid ( HF ) . The resulting salt can then be purified by recrystallization . The reaction is shown below : CsOH ( aq ) + HF ( aq ) → CsF ( aq ) + H2O ( l ) Another way to make caesium fluoride is to react caesium carbonate ( Cs2CO3 ) with hydrofluoric acid . The resulting salt can then be purified by recrystallization . The reaction is shown below : Cs2CO3 ( aq ) + 2 HF ( aq ) → 2 CsF ( aq ) + H2O ( l ) + CO2 ( g ) In addition , elemental fluorine and caesium can be used to form caesium fluoride as well , but doing so is very impractical because of the expense . While this is not a normal route of preparation , caesium metal reacts vigorously with all the halogens to form caesium halides . Thus , it burns with fluorine gas , F2 , to form caesium fluoride , CsF according to the following reaction : 2 Cs ( s ) + F2 ( g ) → 2 CsF ( s ) CsF is more soluble than sodium fluoride or potassium fluoride . It is available in anhydrous form , and if water has been absorbed it is easy to dry by heating at 100 ° C for two hours in vacuo . CsF reaches a vapor pressure of 1 kilopascal at 825 ° C , 10 kPa at 999 ° C , and 100 kPa at 1249 ° C. CsF chains with a thickness as small as one or two atoms can be grown inside carbon nanotubes . = = Structure = = Caesium fluoride has the halite structure , which means that the Cs + and F − pack in a cubic closest packed array as do Na + and Cl − in sodium chloride . = = Applications in organic synthesis = = Being highly dissociated it is a more reactive source of fluoride than related salts . CsF is less hygroscopic alternative to tetra @-@ n @-@ butylammonium fluoride ( TBAF ) and TAS @-@ fluoride ( TASF ) when anhydrous " naked " fluoride ion is needed . = = = As a base = = = As with other soluble fluorides , CsF is moderately basic , because HF is a weak acid . The low nucleophilicity of fluoride means it can be a useful base in organic chemistry . CsF gives higher yields in Knoevenagel condensation reactions than KF or NaF . = = = Formation of C @-@ F bonds = = = Caesium fluoride is also a popular source of fluoride in organofluorine chemistry . For example , CsF reacts with hexafluoroacetone to form a caesium perfluoroalkoxide salt , which is stable up to 60 ° C , unlike the corresponding sodium or potassium salt . It will convert electron @-@ deficient aryl chlorides to aryl fluorides ( halex reaction ) . = = = Deprotection agent = = = Due to the strength of the Si – F bond , fluoride ion is useful for desilylation reactions ( removal of Si groups ) in organic chemistry ; caesium fluoride is an excellent source of anhydrous fluoride for such reactions . Removal of silicon groups ( desilylation ) is a major application for CsF in the laboratory , as its anhydrous nature allows clean formation of water @-@ sensitive intermediates . Solutions of caesium fluoride in THF or DMF attack a wide variety of organosilicon compounds to produce an organosilicon fluoride and a carbanion , which can then react with electrophiles , for example : Desilylation is also useful for the removal of silyl protecting groups . = = = Other uses = = = Single crystals of the salt are transparent into the deep infrared . For this reason it is sometimes used as the windows of cells used for infrared spectroscopy . = = Precautions = = Like other soluble fluorides , CsF is moderately toxic . Contact with acid should be avoided , as this forms highly toxic / corrosive hydrofluoric acid . The caesium ion ( Cs + ) and caesium chloride are generally not considered toxic . = Guy de Beauchamp , 10th Earl of Warwick = Guy de Beauchamp , 10th Earl of Warwick ( c . 1272 – 12 August 1315 ) was an English magnate , and one of the principal opponents of King Edward II and his favourite Piers Gaveston . Guy de Beauchamp was the son of William de Beauchamp , the first Beauchamp earl of Warwick , and succeeded his father in 1298 . He distinguished himself at the Battle of Falkirk and subsequently , as a capable servant of the crown under King Edward I. After the succession of Edward II in 1307 , however , he soon fell out with the new king and the king 's favourite Piers Gaveston . Warwick was one of the main architects behind the Ordinances of 1311 , that limited the powers of the king and banished Gaveston into exile . When Gaveston returned to England in 1312 – contrary to the rulings of the Ordinances – he was taken into custody by the Aymer de Valence , 2nd Earl of Pembroke . Warwick abducted Gaveston and , together with the Thomas , 2nd Earl of Lancaster , had him executed . The act garnered sympathy and support for the king , but Warwick and Lancaster nevertheless managed to negotiate a royal pardon for their actions . After the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 , King Edward 's authority was once more weakened , and the rebellious barons took over control of government . For Warwick the triumph was brief ; he died the next year . Guy de Beauchamp is today remembered primarily for his part in the killing of Gaveston , but by his contemporaries he was considered a man of exceptionally good judgement and learning . He owned what was for his time a large collection of books , and his advice was often sought by many of the other earls . Next to Lancaster , he was the wealthiest peer in the nation , and after his death his lands and title were inherited by his son , Thomas de Beauchamp , 11th Earl of Warwick . = = Family background = = Guy de Beauchamp was the first son and heir of William de Beauchamp , 9th Earl of Warwick , ( c . 1238 – 1298 ) . His mother was Maud FitzJohn , daughter of John fitz Geoffrey , who was Justiciar of Ireland and a member of the council of fifteen that imposed the Provisions of Oxford on King Henry III . William was the nephew of William Maudit , 8th Earl of Warwick , and when his uncle died without issue in 1268 , he became the first Beauchamp earl of Warwick . In 1271 or 1272 his first son was born , and in reference to the new family title , William named his son after the legendary hero Guy of Warwick . William de Beauchamp was a capable military commander , who played an important part in the Welsh and Scottish wars of King Edward I. A marriage between Guy and Isabel de Clare , daughter of Gilbert de Clare , 6th Earl of Hertford , was contemplated , or possibly even took place and then annulled . It was not until early 1309 that Guy married Alice de Toeni , a wealthy Hertfordshire heiress . By this time Guy had already succeeded as Earl of Warwick , after his father 's death in 1298 . By Alice , Guy had two sons , including his heir and successor , Thomas , and five daughters : Maud de Beauchamp ( died 1366 ) ; married Geoffrey de Say , 2nd Lord Say , by whom she had issue . Isabella de Beauchamp ; married John Clinton . Emma de Beauchamp ; married Rowland Odingsells . Thomas de Beauchamp , 11th Earl of Warwick ( 14 February 1313 / 1314 – 13 November 1369 ) , married Katherine Mortimer , by whom he had fifteen children . Lucia de Beauchamp ; married Robert de Napton . John de Beauchamp , Lord Beauchamp KG ( 1315 – 2 December 1360 ) ; carried the royal standard at the Battle of Crecy . Elizabeth de Beauchamp ( c . 1316 – 1359 ) ; married in 1328 Thomas Astley , 3rd Lord Astley , by whom she had a son , William Astley , 4th Lord Astley . = = Service to Edward I = = Edward I knighted Guy de Beauchamp at Easter 1296 . Warwick 's career of public service started with the Falkirk campaign in 1298 . Here he distinguished himself , and received a reward of Scottish lands worth 1000 marks a year . At this point his father was already dead , but it was not until 5 September that Guy did homage to the king for his lands , and became Earl of Warwick and hereditary High Sheriff of Worcestershire for life . He continued in the king 's service in Scotland and elsewhere . In 1299 he was present at the king 's wedding to Margaret of France at Canterbury , and in 1300 he took part in the Siege of Caerlaverock . The next year he was a signatory to a letter to the Pope , rejecting Rome 's authority over the Scottish question , and also participated in negotiations with the French over the release of the Scottish King John Balliol . He was present at the Siege of Stirling in 1304 , serving under Edward , the Prince of Wales . In March 1307 he made preparations to accompany Prince Edward to France , but this journey never took place . Early in 1307 , Edward I made his last grant to Warwick , when he gave him John Balliol 's forfeited lordship of Barnard Castle in County Durham . On 7 July that year , near Burgh by Sands in Cumberland , Warwick was present when King Edward died . Together with Thomas , Earl of Lancaster , and Henry de Lacy , Earl of Lincoln , he carried the ceremonial swords at the coronation of King Edward II on 25 February 1308 . = = Conflict with Edward II = = Before his death , the old king had exiled Prince Edward 's favourite Piers Gaveston , and Warwick was among those charged with preventing Gaveston 's return . The new king , however , not only recalled his favourite , but soon also gave him the title of earl of Cornwall . Warwick was the only one of the leading earls who did not seal the charter , and from the start took on an antagonistic attitude to Edward II . Gaveston was a relative upstart in the English aristocracy , and made himself unpopular among the established nobility by his arrogance and his undue influence on the king . He gave mocking nicknames to the leading men of the realm , and called Warwick the " Black Dog of Arden " . Gaveston was once more forced into exile , but Edward recalled him in less than a year . The king had spent the intervening time gathering support , and at the time , the only one to resist the return of Gaveston was Warwick . With time , however , opposition to the king grew . Another source of contention was Edward abandoning his father 's Scottish campaigns , a policy that opened the Border region up to devastating raids from the Scots . This affected Warwick greatly , with his extensive landed interest in the north . Tensions grew to the point where the king in 1310 had to ban Warwick and others from arriving at parliament in arms . They still did , and at the parliament of March 1310 , the king was forced to accept the appointment of a commission to draft a set of ordinances towards reform the royal government . The leaders of these so @-@ called Lords Ordainers were Robert Winchelsey , Archbishop of Canterbury , on the side of the clergy , and Warwick , Lincoln and Lancaster among the earls . Henry de Lacy , Earl of Lincoln , was the most experienced of the earls , and took on a modifying role in the group . Thomas of Lancaster , who was Lincoln 's son @-@ in @-@ law and heir , was the king 's cousin and the wealthiest nobleman in the realm , but at this point he took a less active part in the reform movement . Warwick is described by some sources as the leader of the Ordainers ; he was certainly the most aggressive . The set of Ordinances they drafted put heavy restrictions on the king 's financial freedom , and his right to appoint his own ministers . It also – once more – ordered Gaveston to be exiled , to return only at the risk of excommunication . = = Gaveston 's death = = Gaveston 's third and final exile was of even shorter duration , and after two months he was reunited with Edward in England . Archbishop Winchelsey responded by excommunicating Gaveston , as the Ordinances had stipulated . Lancaster , who had by this time inherited his father @-@ in @-@ law Lincoln , had taken over leadership of the baronial opposition . A number of the barons set out in pursuit of Gaveston while the king left for York . Gaveston ensconced himself at Scarborough Castle , and on 19 May 1312 agreed on a surrender to Aymer de Valence , Earl of Pembroke , as long as his security would be guaranteed . Pembroke lodged his prisoner in Deddington in Oxfordshire . On 10 June , while Pembroke was away , Warwick forcibly carried away Gaveston to Warwick Castle . Here , in the presence of Warwick , Lancaster and other magnates , Gaveston was sentenced to death at an improvised court . On 19 June he was taken to a place called Blacklow Hill – on Lancaster 's lands – and decapitated . According to the Annales Londonienses chronicle , four shoemakers brought the corpse back to Warwick , but he refused to accept it , and ordered them to take it back to where they found it . Gaveston 's body was eventually taken to Oxford by some Dominican friars , and in 1315 , King Edward finally had it buried at Kings Langley . The brutality and questionable legality of the earls ' act helped garner sympathy for the king in the political community . Pembroke was particularly offended , as he had been made to break his promise of safety to Gaveston , and his chivalric honour had been damaged . From this point on Pembroke sided firmly with King Edward in the political conflict . The king himself swore vengeance on his enemies , but found himself unable to move against them immediately , partly because they were in possession of a number of highly valuable royal jewels taken from Gaveston . A settlement was reached in October , whereby the rebellious barons and their retainers received a pardon . The king nevertheless emerged strengthened from the events , while Warwick and Lancaster were largely marginalised . This all changed in 1314 , when the king decided to stage his first major campaign against the Scots . Warwick and Lancaster refused to participate in the campaign , which ended in a humiliating English defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn on 24 June . This led to another political bouleversement , and Edward was forced to reconfirm the Ordinances , and submit to the leadership of the rebellious barons . = = Death and historical assessment = = In mid @-@ July Warwick had to withdraw from government to his estates , due to illness . Political leadership was soon left almost entirely to Lancaster , when Warwick died on 12 August 1315 . The chronicler Thomas Walsingham reported rumours that the king had him poisoned . He was buried at Bordesley Abbey in Worcestershire , an establishment to which his family had served as benefactors . In value , his possessions were second only to those of the earl of Lancaster among the nobility of England . His lands , though primarily centred on Warwickshire and Worcestershire , were spread out over nineteen counties as well as Scotland and the Welsh Marches . His heir was his oldest son , whom he had named Thomas after the earl of Lancaster . Thomas , born probably on 14 February 1314 , did not succeed to his father 's title until 1326 , as Thomas de Beauchamp , 11th Earl of Warwick . In the meanwhile his possessions went into the king 's hand , who donated his hunting dogs to the earl of Pembroke . A younger son , named John , also became a peer , as John de Beauchamp , 1st Baron Beauchamp . Like his older brother , he distinguished himself in the French wars , and was a founding member of the Order of the Garter . Guy de Beauchamp is probably best remembered by posterity for his opposition to King Edward II , and for his part in the death of Gaveston . To contemporaries , however , he was considered a man of considerable learning and wisdom . His library , of which he donated 42 books to Bordesley Abbey during his lifetime , was extensive . It contained several saints ' lives as well as romances about Alexander and King Arthur . As mentioned , Edward I entrusted the supervision of his son with Warwick . Likewise , when the earl of Lincoln died in 1311 , he supposedly instructed his son @-@ in @-@ law Thomas of Lancaster to heed the advice of Warwick , " the wisest of the peers " . Chronicles also praised Warwick 's wisdom ; the Vita Edwardi Secundi said that " Other earls did many things only after taking his opinion : in wisdom and council he had no peer " . Later historians have reflected this view , in the 19th century William Stubbs called Warwick " a discriminating and highly literate man , the wisdom of whom shone forth through the whole kingdom " . He was politically and economically well connected by traditional ties of kinship and marriage . Warwick 's death came at an inconvenient time ; Thomas of Lancaster proved unequal to the task of governing the nation , and further years of conflict and instability followed . Nevertheless , the problems of Edward II 's reign were deep , and in the words of Michael Hicks : " one must doubt whether even Warwick could have brought unity as one chronicler supposed " . = Le Règne Animal = Le Règne Animal ( The Animal Kingdom ) is the most famous work of the French naturalist Georges Cuvier . It sets out to describe the natural structure of the whole of the animal kingdom based on comparative anatomy , and its natural history . The work appeared in four octavo volumes in 1817 ; a second edition in five volumes was brought out in 1829 – 1830 and a third , written by twelve " disciples " of Cuvier , in 1836 – 1849 . In this classic work , Cuvier presented the results of his life 's research into the structure of living and fossil animals . With the exception of the section on insects , in which he was assisted by his friend Pierre André Latreille , the whole of the work was his own . It was translated into English many times , often with substantial notes and supplementary material updating the book in accordance with the expansion of knowledge . It was also translated into German , Italian and other languages , and abridged in versions for children . Le Règne Animal was influential in being widely read , and in presenting accurate descriptions of groups of related animals , such as the living elephants and the extinct mammoths , providing convincing evidence for evolutionary change to readers including Charles Darwin , although Cuvier himself rejected the possibility of evolution . = = Context = = As a boy , Georges Cuvier ( 1769 @-@ 1832 ) read the Comte de Buffon 's Histoire Naturelle from the previous century , as well as Linnaeus and Fabricius . He was brought to Paris by Étienne Geoffroy Saint @-@ Hilaire in 1795 , not long after the French Revolution . He soon became a professor of animal anatomy at the Musée National d 'Histoire Naturelle , surviving changes of government from revolutionary to Napoleonic to monarchy . Essentially on his own he created the discipline of vertebrate palaeontology and the accompanying comparative method . He demonstrated that animals had become extinct . In an earlier attempt to improve the classification of animals , Cuvier transferred the concepts of Antoine @-@ Laurent de Jussieu 's ( 1748 @-@ 1836 ) method of natural classification , which had been presented in 1789 in Genera plantarum , from botany to zoology . In 1795 , from a " fixist " perspective ( denying the possibility of evolution ) , Cuvier divided Linnaeus 's two unsatisfactory classes ( " insects " and " worms " ) into six classes of " white @-@ blooded animals " or invertebrates : molluscs , crustaceans , insects and worms ( differently understood ) , echinoderms and zoophytes . Cuvier divided the molluscs into three orders : cephalopods , gastropods and acephala . Still not satisfied , he continued to work on animal classification , culminating over twenty years later in the Règne Animal . For the Règne Animal , using evidence from comparative anatomy and palaeontology — including his own observations — Cuvier divided the animal kingdom into four principal body plans . Taking the central nervous system as an animal 's principal organ system which controlled all the other organ systems such as the circulatory and digestive systems , Cuvier distinguished four types of organisation of an animal 's body : I. with a brain and a spinal cord ( surrounded by parts of the skeleton ) II. with organs linked by nerve fibres III. with two longitudinal , ventral nerve cords linked by a band with two ganglia positioned below the oesophagus IV. with a diffuse nervous system which is not clearly discernible Grouping animals with these body plans resulted in four " embranchements " or branches ( vertebrates , molluscs , the articulata that he claimed were natural ( arguing that insects and annelid worms were related ) and zoophytes ( radiata ) ) . This effectively broke with the mediaeval notion of the continuity of the living world in the form of the great chain of being . It also set him in opposition to both Saint @-@ Hilaire and Jean @-@ Baptiste Lamarck . Lamarck claimed that species could transform through the influence of the environment , while Saint @-@ Hilaire argued in 1820 that two of Cuvier 's branches , the molluscs and radiata , could be united via various features , while the other two , articulata and vertebrates , similarly had parallels with each other . Then in 1830 , Saint @-@ Hilaire argued that these two groups could themselves be related , implying a single form of life from which all others could have evolved , and that Cuvier 's four body plans were not fundamental . = = Book = = = = = Editions = = = Le Règne Animal distribué d 'après son organisation , pour servir de base à l 'histoire naturelle des animaux et d 'introduction à l 'anatomie comparée ( 1st edition , 4 volumes , 1817 ) ( Volumes I , II and IV by Cuvier ; Volume III by Pierre André Latreille ) --- ( 2nd edition , 5 volumes , 1829 – 1830 ) --- ( 3rd edition , 22 volumes , 1836 – 1849 ) known as the " Disciples edition " The twelve " disciples " who contributed to the 3rd edition were Jean Victor Audouin ( insects ) , Gerard Paul Deshayes ( molluscs ) , Alcide d 'Orbigny ( birds ) , Antoine Louis Dugès ( arachnids ) , Georges Louis Duvernoy ( reptiles ) , Charles Léopold Laurillard ( mammals in part ) , Henri Milne Edwards ( crustaceans , annelids , zoophytes , and mammals in part ) , Francois Desire Roulin ( mammals in part ) , Achille Valenciennes ( fishes ) , Louis Michel Français Doyère ( insects ) , Charles Émile Blanchard ( insects , zoophytes ) and Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau ( annelids , arachnids etc . ) . The work was illustrated with tables and plates ( at the end of Volume IV ) covering only some of the species mentioned . A much larger set of illustrations , said by Cuvier to be " as accurate as they were elegant " was published by the entomologist Félix Édouard Guérin @-@ Méneville in his Iconographie du Règne Animal de G. Cuvier , the nine volumes appearing between 1829 and 1844 . The 448 quarto plates by Christophe Annedouche , Canu , Eugène Giraud , Lagesse , Lebrun , Vittore Pedretti , Plée and Smith illustrated some 6200 animals . = = = Translations = = = Le Règne Animal was translated into languages including English , German and Italian . Many English translations and abridged versions were published and reprinted in the nineteenth century ; records may be for the entire work or individual volumes , which were not necessarily dated , while old translations were often brought out in " new " editions by other publishers , making for a complex publication history . A translation was made by John Edward Gray and published by Whittaker , Treacher and Co. in 1824 ; another by Edward Griffith and others was published by G. B. Whittaker in 1827 – 1832 and many times reprinted ( up to 2012 and eBook format ) ; another by Henry MacMurtrie was published by G. Henderson in 1834 – 1837 . A translation was made and published by the ornithologist William MacGillivray in Edinburgh in 1839 – 1840 . Another version by Edward Blyth and others was published by William S. Orr and Co. in 1840 . An abridged version by an " experienced teacher " was published by Longman , Brown , Green and Longman in London , and by Stephen Knapp in Coventry , in 1844 . Kraus published an edition in New York in 1969 . Other editions were brought out by H.G. Bohn in 1851 and W. Orr in 1854 . An " easy introduction to the study of the animal kingdom : according to the natural method of Cuvier " , together with examination questions on each chapter , was made by Annie Roberts and published in the 1850s by Thomas Varty . A German translation by H.R. Schinz was published by J.S. Cotta in 1821 – 1825 ; another was made by Friedrich Siegmund Voigt and published by Brockhaus . An Italian translation by G. de Cristofori was published by Stamperia Carmignani in 1832 . A Hungarian translation by Peter Vajda was brought out in 1841 . = = = Approach = = = Each section , such as on reptiles at the start of Volume II ( and the entire work ) is introduced with an essay on distinguishing aspects of their zoology . In the case of the reptiles , the essay begins with the observation that their circulation is so arranged that only part of the blood pumped by the heart goes through the lungs ; Cuvier discusses the implications of this arrangement , next observing that they have a relatively small brain compared to the mammals and birds , and that none of them incubate their eggs . Next , Cuvier identifies the taxonomic divisions of the group , in this case four orders of reptiles , the chelonians ( tortoises and turtles ) , saurians ( lizards ) , ophidians ( snakes ) and batracians ( amphibians , now considered a separate class of vertebrates ) , describing each group in a single sentence . Thus the batracians are said to have a heart with a single atrium , a naked body ( with no scales ) , and to pass with age from being fish @-@ like to being like a quadruped or biped . There is then a section heading , in this case " The first order of Reptiles , or The Chelonians " , followed by a three @-@ page essay on their zoology , starting with the fact that their hearts have two atria . The structure then repeats at a lower taxonomic level , with what Cuvier notes is one of Linnaeus 's genera , Testudo , the tortoises , with five sub @-@ genera . The first sub @-@ genus comprises the land tortoises ; their zoology is summed up in a paragraph , which observes that they have a domed carapace , with a solid bony support ( the term being " charpente " , commonly used of the structure of wooden beams that support a roof ) . He records that the legs are thick , with short digits joined for most of their length , five toenails on the forelegs , four on the hind legs . Then ( on the ninth page ) he arrives at the first species in the volume , the Greek tortoise , Testudo graeca . It is summed up in a paragraph , Cuvier noting that it is the commonest tortoise in Europe , living in Greece , Italy , Sardinia and ( he writes ) apparently all round the Mediterranean . He then gives its distinguishing marks , with a highly domed carapace , raised scales boldly marked with black and yellow marbling , and at the posterior edge a bulge over the tail . He gives its size — rarely reaching a foot in length ; notes that it lives on leaves , fruit , insects and worms ; digs a hole in which to pass the winter ; mates in spring , and lays 4 or 5 eggs like those of a pigeon . The species is illustrated with two plates . = = = Contents = = = The classification adopted by Cuvier to define the natural structure of the animal kingdom , including both living and fossil forms , was as follows , the list forming the structure of the Règne Animal . Where Cuvier 's group names correspond ( more or less ) to modern taxa , these are named , in English if possible , in parentheses . The table from the 1828 Penny Cyclopaedia indicates species that were thought to belong to each group in Cuvier 's taxonomy . I. Vertébrés . ( Vertebrates ) Mammifères ( Mammals ) : 1 . Bimanes , 2 . Quadrumanes , 3 . Carnassiers ( Carnivores ) , 4 . Rongeurs ( Rodents ) , 5 . Édentés ( Edentates ) , 6 . Pachydermes ( Pachyderms ) , 7 . Ruminants ( Ruminants ) , 8 . Cétacés ( Cetaceans ) . Oiseaux ( Birds ) : 1 . Oiseaux de proie ( Birds of prey ) , 2 . Passereaux ( Passerines ) , 3 . Grimpeurs ( Piciformes ) , 4 . Gallinacés ( Gallinaceous birds ) , 5 . Échassiers ( Waders ) , 6 . Palmipèdes ( Anseriformes ) . Reptiles ( Reptiles , inc . Amphibians ) : 1 . Chéloniens ( Chelonii ) , 2 . Sauriens ( Lizards ) , 3 . Ophidiens ( Snakes ) , 4 . Batraciens ( Amphibians ) . Poissons ( Fishes ) : 1 . Chrondroptérygiens à branchies fixes ( Chondrichthyes ) , 2 . Sturioniens ou Chrondroptérygiens à branchies libres ( Sturgeons ) , 3 . Plectognates ( Tetraodontiformes ) , 4 . Lophobranches ( Syngnathidae ) , 5 . Malacoptérygiens abdominaux , 6 . Malacoptérygiens subbrachiens , 7 . Malacoptérygiens apodes , 8 . Acanthoptérygiens ( Acanthopterygians ) . II . Mollusques . ( Molluscs ) Céphalopodes . ( Cephalopods ) Ptéropodes . ( Pteropods ) Gastéropodes ( Gastropods ) : 1 . Nudibranches ( Nudibranchs ) , 2 . Inférobranches , 3 . Tectibranches , 4 . Pulmonés ( Pulmonata ) , 5 . Pectinibranches , 6 . Scutibranches , 7 . Cyclobranches . Acéphales ( Bivalves etc . ) : 1 . Testacés , 2 . Sans coquilles . Brachiopodes . ( Brachiopods , now a separate phylum ) Cirrhopodes . ( Barnacles , now in Crustacea ) III . Articulés . ( Articulated animals : now Arthropods and Annelids ) Annélides ( Annelids ) : 1 . Tubicoles , 2 . Dorsibranches , 3 . Abranches . Crustacés ( Crustaceans ) : 1 . Décapodes ( Decapods ) , 2 . Stomapodes ( Stomatopods ) , 3 . Amphipodes ( Amphipods ) , 4 . Isopodes ( Isopods ) , 5 . Branchiopodes ( Branchiopods ) . Arachnides ( Arachnids ) : 1 . Pulmonaires , 2 . Trachéennes . Insectes ( Insects , inc . Myriapods ) : 1 . Myriapodes , 2 . Thysanoures ( Thysanura ) , 3 . Parasites , 4 . Suceurs , 5 . Coléoptères ( Coleoptera ) , 6 . Orthoptères ( Orthoptera ) , 7 . Hémiptères ( Hemiptera ) , 8 . Névroptères ( Neuroptera ) , 9 . Hyménoptères ( Hymenoptera ) , 10 . Lépidoptères ( Lepidoptera ) , 11 . Ripiptères ( Strepsiptera ) , 12 . Diptères ( Diptera ) . IV . Zoophytes . ( Zoophytes , now Cnidaria ] and other phyla ) Échinodermes ( Echinoderms ) : 1 . Pédicellés , 2 . Sans pieds . Intestinaux ( Intestinal worms ) : 1 . Cavitaires , 2 . Parenchymateux . Acalèphes ( Jellyfish and other free @-@ floating polyps ) : 1 . Fixes , 2 . Libres . Polypes ( Cnidaria ) : 1 . Nus , 2 . À polypiers . Infusoires ( Infusoria , various protistan phyla ) : 1 . Rotifères ( Rotifers ) , 2 . Homogènes . = = Reception = = = = = Contemporary = = = The entomologist William Sharp Macleay , in his 1821 book Horae Entomologicae which put forward the short @-@ lived " Quinarian " system of classification into 5 groups , each of 5 subgroups , etc . , asserted that in the Règne Animal " Cuvier was notoriously deficient in the power of legitimate and intuitive generalization in arranging the animal series " . The zoologist William John Swainson , also a Quinarian , added that " no person of such transcendent talents and ingenuity , ever made so little use of his observations towards a natural arrangement as M. Cuvier . " The Magazine of Natural History of 1829 expressed surprise at the long interval between the first and second editions , surmising that there were too few scientific readers in France , apart from those in Paris itself ; it notes that while the first volume was little changed , the treatment of fish was considerably altered in volume II , while the section on the Articulata was greatly enlarged ( to two volumes , IV and V ) and written by M. Latreille . It also expressed the hope that there would be an English equivalent of Cuvier 's work , given the popularity of natural history resulting from the works of Thomas Bewick ( A History of British Birds 1797 – 1804 ) and George Montagu ( Ornithological Dictionary , 1802 ) . The same review covers Félix Édouard Guérin @-@ Méneville 's Iconographie du Règne Animal de M. le Baron Cuvier , which offered illustrations of all Cuvier 's genera ( except for the birds ) . The Foreign Review of 1830 broadly admired Cuvier 's work , but disagreed with his classification . It commented that " From the comprehensive nature of the Règne Animal , embracing equally the structure and history of all the existing and extinct races of animals , this work may be viewed as an epitome of M. Cuvier 's zoological labours ; and it presents the best outline , which exists in any language , of the present state of zoology and comparative anatomy . " The review continued less favourably , however , that " We cannot help thinking that the science of comparative anatomy is now so far advanced , as to afford the means of distributing the animal kingdom on some more uniform and philosophical principles , — as on the modifications of those systems or functions which are most general in the animal economy " . The review argued that the vertebrate division relied on the presence of a vertebral column , " a part of the organization of comparatively little importance in the economy " ; it found the basis of the mollusca on " the general softness of the body " no better ; the choice of the presence of articulations no better either , in the third division ; while in the fourth it points out that while the echinoderms may fit well into the chosen scheme , it did not apply " to the entozoa , zoophyta , and infusoria , which constitute by much the greatest portion of this division . " But the review notes that " the general distribution of the animal kingdom established by M. Cuvier in this work , are founded on a more extensive and minute survey of the organization than had ever before been taken , and many of the most important distinctions among the orders and families are the result of his own researches . " Writing in the Monthly Review of 1834 , the pre @-@ Darwinian evolutionist surgeon Sir William Lawrence commented that " the Regne Animal of Cuvier is , in short , an abridged expression of the entire science . He carried the lights derived from his zoological researches into kindred but obscure parts of nature . " Lawrence calls the work " an arrangement of the animal kingdom nearly approaching to perfection ; grounded on principles so accurate , that the place which any animal occupies in this scheme , already indicates the leading circumstances in its structure , economy , and habits . " The book was in the library of HMS Beagle for Charles Darwin 's voyage . In The Origin of Species ( 1859 ) , in a chapter on the difficulties facing the theory , Darwin comments that " The expression of conditions of existence , so often insisted on by the illustrious Cuvier , is fully embraced by the principle of natural selection . " Darwin continues , reflecting both on Cuvier 's emphasis on the conditions of existence , and Jean @-@ Baptiste Lamarck 's theory of acquiring heritable characteristics from those Cuvieran conditions : " For natural selection acts by either now adapting the varying parts of each being to its organic and inorganic conditions of life ; or by having adapted them during long @-@ past periods of time : the adaptations being aided in some cases by use and disuse , being slightly affected by the direct action of the external conditions of life , and being in all cases subjected to the several laws of growth . Hence , in fact , the law of the Conditions of Existence is the higher law ; as it includes , through the inheritance of former adaptations , that of Unity of Type . " = = = Modern = = = The palaeontologist Philippe Taquet wrote that " the Règne Animal was an attempt to create a complete inventory of the animal kingdom and to formulate a natural classification underpinned by the principles of the ' correlation of parts ' .. " He adds that with the book " Cuvier introduced clarity into natural history , accurately reproducing the actual ordering of animals . " Taquet further notes that while Cuvier rejected evolution , it was paradoxically " the precision of his anatomical descriptions and the importance of his research on fossil bones " , showing for instance that mammoths were extinct elephants , that enabled later naturalists including Darwin to argue convincingly that animals had evolved . = USAHS Blanche F. Sigman = USAHS Blanche F. Sigman was a United States Army hospital ship during World War II . The ship was completed in April 1943 as Liberty ship SS Stanford White . When selected for conversion to a hospital ship , she was originally assigned the name USAHS Poppy , but never operated under that name . After being decommissioned as a hospital ship , she became U.S. Army transport USAT Blanche F. Sigman . SS Stanford White , named in honor of American architect Stanford White , was built by California Shipbuilding Corporation of Los Angeles for the United States Maritime Commission in early 1943 . Laid down in March 1943 and launched the following month , the ship was assigned to United States Lines , Inc. for merchant operation by the War Shipping Administration ( WSA ) . Stanford White made her way from California to New York and from that port made one transatlantic round trip to Liverpool . In November 1943 , the WSA allocated the ship to the U.S. Army , which converted her to a hospital ship . Though initially assigned the name Poppy , she was instead named in honor of First Lieutenant Blanche F. Sigman , a U.S. Army nurse killed in action in Italy . The hospital ship was initially based in Charleston , South Carolina , and made multiple voyages to ports in England , the Mediterranean , and France . After her homeport was changed to New York in December 1945 , she made several more runs to Europe as a hospital ship , then converted to USAT Blanche F. Sigman in April 1946 . As a transport , the ship made numerous trips bringing home nurses and military personnel prior to entering the National Defense Reserve Fleet in 1948 . The ship was declared surplus by the Army in 1949 , and sold for scrapping in 1974 . = = Liberty ship = = Stanford White ( MC Hull No. 738 ) was laid down on 9 March 1943 on ship way 7 at California Shipbuilding Corp. ( Calship ) of Los Angeles as a standard Liberty ship . The ship was launched on Monday , 5 April 1943 ( the same day as another Calship @-@ built Liberty , Benjamin Cardozo ) , and delivered 17 April 1943 , taking 39 days from start to delivery . The ship was initially to be launched on Saturday , 3 April , but had suffered minor damage from a fire the day before . Though it is not known where Stanford White spent the first five months of her merchant career , she spent the last two in the Atlantic . She sailed from Galveston , Texas on 12 September 1943 and arrived in Key West on 16 September . The ship departed the same day for New York and arrived there on 22 September . On 28 September the ship , carrying a general cargo , joined a convoy headed to Liverpool , where it arrived on 13 October . Five days later , the Stanford White set out for New York , arriving back there on 4 November . = = Hospital ship = = In late November 1943 the ship was transferred by the WSA to the War Department for operation as a Hague Convention hospital ship by the U.S. Army . The ship put into the Todd Hoboken Shipyard at the Port of New York for conversion , remaining there until completion on 30 June 1944 . The ship was initially assigned the name Poppy , under the then @-@ current policy of naming Army hospital ships after flowers , but never operated under that name . The ship was instead named after First Lieutenant Blanche F. Sigman , a U.S. Army nurse killed in action on 7 February 1944 on the beachhead during Operation Shingle , the Allied landings at Anzio . After sailing for the Clyde and back to New York in July on its first mercy mission , Blanche F. Sigman moved to its new homeport of Charleston in August 1944 . Sailing later that month , the Sigman headed to the Mersey and Liverpool . In October the ship sailed for Gibraltar , Oran , and Leghorn . In December , it repeated its previous voyage but also stopped at Naples as well , eventually making its way back to Charleston in January 1945 . Throughout 1945 , the hospital ship made six transatlantic treks , visiting Marseille three times , Naples , Oran , Gibraltar , Milford Haven , Wales , Avonmouth , Cherbourg , and Horta . The Sigman 's sixth mission of the year was a return trip to Cherbourg that ended with a return to its new homeport of New York . From New York , Blanche F. Sigman made three sojourns , calling at Cherbourg for a third time , Bremerhaven three times , The Downs , and Le Havre . While in Europe during the third trip , the ship was decommissioned as a hospital ship in April 1946 and returned to New York with a load of Army and Red Cross nurses , and members of the Women 's Army Corps . Throughout 1947 and into 1948 , the Sigman made numerous trips for the Army , primarily between Bremerhaven and New York . On 22 November 1948 , Blanche F. Sigman entered the National Defense Reserve Fleet ( NDRF ) at the James River in Virginia . Loaded with permanent ballast of 600 long tons ( 610 t ) of pig iron and 490 long tons ( 500 t ) of concrete blocks , the former hospital ship sat in mothballs for 25 years before being offered for disposal in late 1973 . The ship was awarded to Max Wender for scrapping on 23 January 1974 for $ 145 @,@ 115 , and was withdrawn from the NDRF and delivered to Wender on 17 May 1974 . = Alpha Andromedae = Alpha Andromedae ( Alpha And , α And , α Andromedae ) , which has the traditional names Alpheratz ( or Alpherat from the Arabic word الفرس ) and Sirrah ( or Sirah ) , is the brightest star in the constellation of Andromeda . Located immediately northeast of the constellation of Pegasus , it is the northeastern star of the Great Square of Pegasus . Ptolemy considered Alpha Andromedae to be shared by Pegasus , and Bayer assigned it a designation in both constellations : Alpha Andromedae ( α And ) and Delta Pegasi ( δ Peg ) . When the modern constellation boundaries were fixed in 1930 , the latter designation dropped from use . It is located 97 light @-@ years from Earth . Although it appears to the naked eye as a single star , with overall apparent visual magnitude + 2 @.@ 06 , it is actually a binary system composed of two stars in close orbit . The chemical composition of the brighter of the two stars is unusual as it is a mercury @-@ manganese star whose atmosphere contains abnormally high levels of mercury , manganese , and other elements , including gallium and xenon . It is the brightest mercury @-@ manganese star known . = = System = = The radial velocity of a star away from or towards the observer can be determined by measuring the red shift or blue shift of its spectrum . The American astronomer Vesto Slipher made a series of such measurements from 1902 to 1904 and discovered that the radial velocity of α Andromedae varied periodically . He concluded that it was in orbit in a spectroscopic binary star system with a period of about 100 days . A preliminary orbit was published by Hans Ludendorff in 1907 , and a more precise orbit was later published by Robert Horace Baker . The fainter star in the system was first resolved interferometrically by Xiaopei Pan and his coworkers during 1988 and 1989 , using the Mark III Stellar Interferometer at the Mount Wilson Observatory , California , United States . This work was published in 1992 . Because of the difference in luminosity between the two stars , its spectral lines were not observed until the early 1990s , in observations made by Jocelyn Tomkin , Xiaopei Pan , and James K. McCarthy between 1991 and 1994 and published in 1995 . The two stars are now known to orbit each other with a period of 96 @.@ 7 days . The larger , brighter star , called the primary , has a spectral type of B8IVpMnHg , a mass of approximately 3 @.@ 6 solar masses , a surface temperature of about 13 @,@ 800 K , and , measured over all wavelengths , a luminosity of about 200 times the Sun 's . Its smaller , fainter companion , the secondary , has a mass of approximately 1 @.@ 8 solar masses and a surface temperature of about 8 @,@ 500 K , and , again measured over all wavelengths , a luminosity of about 10 times the Sun 's . It is an early @-@ type A star whose spectral type has been estimated as A3V . = = = Chemical peculiarities = = = In 1906 , Norman Lockyer and F. E. Baxandall reported that α Andromedae had a number of unusual lines in its spectrum . In 1914 , Baxandall pointed out that most of the unusual lines came from manganese , and that similar lines were present in the spectrum of μ Leporis . In 1931 , W. W. Morgan identified 12 additional stars with lines from manganese appearing in their spectra . Many of these stars were subsequently identified as part of the group of mercury @-@ manganese stars , a class of chemically peculiar stars which have an excess of elements such as mercury , manganese , phosphorus , and gallium in their atmospheres . , § 3 @.@ 4 . In the case of α Andromedae , the brighter primary star is a mercury @-@ manganese star which , as well as the elements already mentioned , has excess xenon . In 1970 , Georges Michaud suggested that such chemically peculiar stars arose from radiative diffusion . According to this theory , in stars with unusually calm atmospheres , some elements sink under the force of gravity , while others are pushed to the surface by radiation pressure . , § 4 . This theory has successfully explained many observed chemical peculiarities , including those of mercury @-@ manganese stars . , § 4 . = = = Variability of primary = = = α Andromedae has been reported to be slightly variable , but observations from 1990 to 1994 found its brightness to be constant to within less than 0 @.@ 01 magnitude . However , Adelman and his co @-@ workers have discovered , in observations made between 1993 and 1999 and published in 2002 , that the mercury line in its spectrum at 398 @.@ 4 nm varies as the primary rotates . This is because the distribution of mercury in its atmosphere is not uniform . Applying Doppler imaging to the observations allowed Adelman et al. to find that it was concentrated in clouds near the equator . Subsequent Doppler imaging studies , published in 2007 , showed that these clouds drift slowly over the star 's surface . = = Etymology and cultural significance = = The names Alpheratz and Sirrah both derive from the Arabic name , سرة الفرس surrat al @-@ faras " the navel of the mare " . ( سرة alone is surrah . ) The word horse reflects the star 's historical placement in Pegasus . Another term for this star used by medieval astronomers writing in Arabic was راس المراة المسلسلة rās al @-@ mar 'a al @-@ musalsala " the head of the woman in chains " , the chained woman here being Andromeda . Other Arabic names include al @-@ kaff al @-@ khaḍīb and kaff al @-@ naṣīr . In the Hindu lunar zodiac , this star , together with the other stars in the Great Square of Pegasus ( α , β , and γ Pegasi ) , makes up the nakshatras of Pūrva Bhādrapadā and Uttara Bhādrapadā . In Chinese , 壁宿 ( Bì Sù ) , meaning wall , refers to an asterism consisting of α Andromedae and γ Pegasi . Consequently , α Andromedae itself is known as 壁宿二 ( Bì Sù èr , English : the second star of the wall . ) It is also known as one of the " Three Guides " that mark the prime meridian of the heavens , the other two being Beta Cassiopeiae and Gamma Pegasi . It was believed to bless those born under its influence with honour and riches . = = Observation = = The location of α Andromedae in the sky is shown on the left . It can be seen by the naked eye and is theoretically visible at all latitudes north of 60 ° S. During evening from August to October , it will be high in the sky as seen from the northern midlatitudes . = = Optical companion = = The binary system described above has an optical visual companion , discovered by William Herschel on July 21 , 1781 . Designated as ADS 94 B in the Aitken Double Star Catalogue , it is a G @-@ type star with an apparent visual magnitude of approximately 10 @.@ 8 . Although by coincidence it appears near to the other two stars in the sky , it is not close to them in space . = Saint Croix macaw = The Saint Croix macaw ( Ara autocthones ) is an extinct species of parrot . The last populations lived on the Caribbean islands Saint Croix and Puerto Rico . It was originally described by Alexander Wetmore in 1937 based on a subfossil limb bone unearthed by L. J. Korn in 1934 from a kitchen midden at an Amerindian archeological site on Saint Croix . A second specimen was described by Storrs L. Olson and Edgar J. Máiz López based on various limb and shoulder bones excavated from a similar site on Puerto Rico , while a possible third specimen from Montserrat has been reported . The species is one of two medium @-@ sized macaws of the Caribbean , the other being the smaller Cuban red macaw ( Ara tricolor ) . Its bones are distinct from Amazon parrots as well as from the other medium @-@ sized but geographically distant Lear 's macaw ( Anodorhynchus leari ) and blue @-@ throated macaw ( Ara glaucogularis ) . The natural range is unknown because parrots were regularly traded between islands by indigenous people . Like other parrot species in the Caribbean , the extinction of the Saint Croix macaw is believed to be linked to the arrival of humans in the region . = = Name and etymology = = Alexander Wetmore named the species autocthones . An alternative incorrect spelling is autochthones , which comes from the Ancient Greek word autochthōn ( αὐτός — autos " self " and χθών — chthōn " earth " ) meaning " born of the earth " . Misspellings of a name are termed as lapsus ( an accidental misspelling ) . An obvious error in the original publication containing the description of a species may be corrected by a later " emendation " with suitable justification . = = Taxonomy = = Wetmore placed the Saint Croix macaw in the macaw genus Ara based on a single tibiotarsus , a placement confirmed by Olson who reexamined the bone . The discovery of a second specimen by Máiz López at Puerto Rico consisting of several bones confirmed this placement . The Saint Croix macaw is distinguished from other macaws because of the intermediate size of the tibiotarsus and carpometacarpus . Olson and Máiz López determined that the size of this species is only comparable to geographically distant macaws , namely the Lear 's macaw ( Anodorhynchus leari ) from Brazil and the blue @-@ throated macaw ( Ara glaucogularis ) from Bolivia . Their detailed analysis of these and the other bones showed distinct differences from those species , particularly from the genus Anodorhynchus . Based on this , authorities generally recognize the Saint Croix macaw as a valid species . The Saint Croix macaw and the smaller Cuban red macaw ( Ara tricolor ) are the only two Caribbean macaw species that have been described based on physical remains . In addition , seven entirely hypothetical extinct macaw species from various Caribbean islands have been described based only on written accounts . Of the hypothetical species , the geographically nearest range is of the Lesser Antillean macaw ( Ara guadeloupensis ) from Guadeloupe . According to Wetmore , taxonomic affinities with these hypothetical extinct species are unknown . = = Description = = The subfossil left tibiotarsus ( holotype , USNM 483530 ) described by Wetmore was of an immature but full @-@ grown bird . Wetmore described the bone as similar to the tibiotarsus of Ara tricolor , with a larger transverse width , but more slender compared with larger macaws . The slender proportions of the bone and more elongated ridges about the proximal end distinguish the species from the Amazon parrots . The bones found by Máiz López ( USNM 448344 ) include the left coracoid ( missing a portion of the bone 's head ) , the proximal and distal ends of the left humerus , the proximal end of the right radius , the left carpometacarpus ( missing one metacarpal ) , the left femur ( lacking the distal end ) , the right tibiotarsus ( lacking part of the proximal articular surface ) , and the proximal fragment and worn distal portion of the left tibiotarsus . Olson and Máiz López examined the bones and showed that they differed from Amazon parrot bones . The tibiotarsus has a narrower internal condyle ( the round prominences at the end of a bone ) and a distinctive inner cnemial crest ( a ridge at the front side of the head ) that is more pointed and extends further proximally . The carpometacarpus is proportionally much longer with a process on the alular metacarpal that is not curved proximally . The femur has a proportionally larger head while the ectepicondylar process ( a bony elevation ) and the attachment of pronator brevis ( one of the two pronation muscles in the wing ) on the humerus are more proximal . The elongated coracoid has a relatively narrow shaft and the ventral lip of the glenoid facet ( equivalent to the glenoid fossa of mammals ) is more protruded . Olson and Máiz López showed that the Saint Croix macaw is within the same size range as the blue @-@ throated macaw and the Lear 's macaw . The length of the tibiotarsus is shorter than in the blue @-@ throated macaw but longer than in the Lear 's macaw , while the lengths of the coracoid , carpometacarpus , and femur are smaller . In addition to the size , they observed that the pectoral attachment on the humerus is less excavated while the capital groove ( a groove separating two parts of the head of the humerus ) is wider ; the head of the femur is more massive and when seen from the posterior side , more excavated under the head , neck , and trochanter . Furthermore , the more robust shaft of the femur sets it specifically apart from the Lear 's macaw while the tibiotarsus is more robust with a flared distal extremity . = = Distribution = = Bones of the species have been excavated at two islands in the Caribbean , Saint Croix and Puerto Rico . The location at Saint Croix is a pre @-@ Columbian Amerindian village site near the current town of Concordia , near the Southwest Cape . The bones from Puerto Rico were excavated from an inland village of the Saladoid Indians that was located at the eastern bank of the Río Bucaná , north @-@ east of the current city of Ponce . A possible third location is Montserrat , where a nearly complete coracoid was excavated ( UF 4416 ) . The bone of this specimen is slightly smaller than the bone of the Puerto Rico specimen , and could therefore be within the range of the Cuban red macaw ( Ara tricolor ) ; it has not been assigned to either species . Although the species had only been found in St. Croix and Puerto Rico , in both cases it was recovered from Amerindian village sites . Williams and Steadman consider it possible that the species may have been native to St. Croix , but Olson and Máiz López regard this as unlikely , noting that parrots , important to the indigenous people , were likely to have been transported between islands . This makes it difficult to determine the natural geographical origins of the parrots known only from subfossil remains found in the West Indian region . = = Extinction = = The extinction of birds in the Caribbean occurred during three periods . The first period was linked to the sea @-@ level rise after the end of the last ice age . The second period of extinction is linked to the arrival of the Amerindians , while the third extinction period is linked to the arrival of the Europeans . Although the exact causes of the extinction of the Saint Croix macaw are unknown , it is likely related to arrival of the humans in the region . The presence of the bones in kitchen middens suggests that the species was hunted for food . The bones found by Máiz López are dated to about 300 CE , which implies that the extinction of the Saint Croix macaw occurred after that . = = Archeological context = = The species was originally described by Wetmore based on material excavated in 1934 by L. J. Korn from a pre @-@ Columbian Amerindian kitchen midden ( dump for domestic waste ) near Concordia , Saint Croix , without specifying the age of the bone . In 1987 , Máiz López found several bones of a single bird at the Hernández Colón archeological site on the eastern bank of the Río Bucaná in south central Puerto Rico The archeological side in the semi @-@ arid southern foothills is a pre @-@ Columbian Saladoid village of approximately 15 @,@ 000 m2 ( 3 @.@ 7 acres ) situated on an alluvial terrace . Máiz López found the bones in a kitchen midden in the layer that corresponded with the base and beginning of the Pomarrosa phase , which is stylistically related to the Hacienda Grande ceramic style that lasted globally from about 200 BCE to 400 CE . Radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples indicate that the Pomarrosa phase started locally around 300 CE . = 1873 FA Cup Final = The 1873 FA Cup final was a football match between Wanderers and Oxford University on 29 March 1873 at Lillie Bridge in London . It was the second final of the world 's oldest football competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup ( known in the modern era as the FA Cup ) . Unusually , the final was held in the morning , so as to avoid a clash with the annual Oxford @-@ Cambridge Boat Race which was held on the same day . Wanderers reached the final without playing a match , as the original rules of the competition stated that the holders would receive a bye straight to the final and other teams would compete to gain the other place in the final and challenge the holders for the trophy . Oxford reached the final when their semi @-@ final opponents , Queen 's Park , dropped out of the competition Both teams had key players absent for the final , including several who had represented Wanderers in the previous year 's final . The best player on the day was Arthur Kinnaird , who scored the first goal for Wanderers . Charles Wollaston added a second goal towards the end of the match to give Wanderers a 2 – 0 victory and a second consecutive FA Cup win . It was the only Cup final prior to 1893 not played at The Oval . = = Route to the final = = As the previous year 's FA Cup winners , Wanderers received a bye straight to the final in the 1872 – 73 . This was in keeping with the original concept of the competition being a " challenge cup " , in which the holders would qualify directly for the following season 's final and teams would compete for the other place in the final and the right to challenge them for the trophy . This was the only time this rule was used . In the first round Oxford University played Crystal Palace ( a different club to the modern club of the same name ) and won 3 – 2 at home . In the second round , they played an away match against Clapham Rovers , winning 3 – 0 . In the third round Oxford University were paired with the previous season 's runners @-@ up , the Royal Engineers . Oxford won 1 – 0 and went on to play Maidenhead in the quarter @-@ finals . Due to other teams receiving byes , this was the only match at the quarter @-@ final stage , and for the third consecutive round Oxford emerged victorious without conceding a goal , winning 4 – 0 . In the semi @-@ finals , Oxford 's opponents were set to be the leading Scottish club , Queen 's Park , who had received a bye straight to the semi @-@ finals to reduce the amount of travelling required to compete in a competition in which all the other entrants were from the south of England . Queen 's , however , decided to withdraw from the competition , giving Oxford a bye into the final . One modern source states that the Scottish club actually beat Oxford but then could not afford to travel to London for the final so withdrew at that point . = = Match = = = = = Summary = = = As the match was scheduled for the same day as the annual Oxford @-@ Cambridge boat race , the decision was made to stage it in the morning , thereby allowing the spectators to witness both sporting events . Both teams were missing key players . Oxford 's first @-@ choice goalkeeper , Charles Nepean , was unavailable , as were four of Wanderers ' regular players , including Thomas Hooman , William Crake and Albert Thompson , all of whom had been in the cup @-@ winning team the year before . As cup @-@ holders , Wanderers were permitted to choose the stadium at which the match would be played . As the club had no official stadium of its own , its officials chose the Lillie Bridge ground in West Brompton . Oxford dominated the early stages of the game due largely to the strong running of Arnold Kirke @-@ Smith . Newspaper The Sportsman commented that " the whole eleven work [ ed ] well together and with great energy " . Nonetheless , Wanderers came closer to scoring when William Kenyon @-@ Slaney got the ball into the goal , only for the umpires to disallow the goal due to an infringement of the offside rule . After 27 minutes , Wanderers captain Arthur Kinnaird , whom the press rated as the best player of the match due to his dribbling skills , gave his team the lead when he outpaced Oxford 's backs and kicked the ball between the goalposts . In a desperate attempt to secure an equalising goal , Oxford took the unusual step of dispensing with the use of a goalkeeper and moved Andrew Leach , who had been playing in that position , upfield to play as a forward . This plan back @-@ fired at around the 80 @-@ minute mark , however , when Charles Wollaston broke through and scored a second goal for the Wanderers , who thereby retained the trophy which they had won in its inaugural year . The correspondent from The Field stated that the shot would easily have been saved had there been a player in goal . = = = Details = = = = = Post @-@ match = = As was the norm until 1882 , the winning team did not receive the trophy at the stadium on the day of the match , but later in the year at their annual dinner . Oxford 's sporting disappointment continued in the afternoon , as the university 's crew was defeated by three lengths by Cambridge in the Boat Race , Cambridge 's fourth successive victory in the contest . = SMS Gazelle = SMS Gazelle was the lead ship of the ten @-@ vessel light cruiser Gazelle class , built by the Imperial German Navy . She was built by the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel , laid down in 1897 , launched in March 1898 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in June 1901 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Gazelle was capable of a top speed of 19 @.@ 5 knots ( 36 @.@ 1 km / h ; 22 @.@ 4 mph ) . Initially assigned to overseas service , Gazelle participated in the Venezuelan crisis of 1902 – 03 . She returned to German waters in 1904 , and served with the fleet until 1914 . She was employed as a coastal defense ship after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 . She served in this role until the night of 25 – 26 January 1916 , when she struck a mine off Cape Arkona . The Navy deemed Gazelle not worth repairing and reduced her to a mine storage hulk , a role she retained through the end of the war . In August 1920 , she was stricken from the naval register and sold for scrap . = = Construction = = Gazelle was ordered under the contract name " G " and was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel in 1897 . She was launched on 31 March 1898 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 15 June 1901 . Gazelle was 105 meters ( 344 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 12 @.@ 2 m ( 40 ft ) and a draft of 4 @.@ 84 m ( 15 @.@ 9 ft ) forward . She displaced 2 @,@ 963 t ( 2 @,@ 916 long tons ; 3 @,@ 266 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple @-@ expansion engines manufactured by AG @-@ Germania . They were designed to give 6 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 4 @,@ 500 kW ) , for a top speed of 19 @.@ 5 knots ( 36 @.@ 1 km / h ; 22 @.@ 4 mph ) . The engines were powered by eight coal @-@ fired Niclausse boilers . Gazelle carried 500 tonnes ( 490 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 3 @,@ 570 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 610 km ; 4 @,@ 110 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 14 officers and 243 enlisted men . Gazelle 's armament consisted of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side @-@ by @-@ side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side @-@ by @-@ side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 @,@ 200 m ( 40 @,@ 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition , for 100 shells per gun . She was also equipped with three 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes . One was submerged in the hull in the bow and two were mounted in deck launchers on the broadside . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 20 to 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 to 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick . The conning tower had 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick shields . = = Service history = = After her commissioning , Gazelle was sent overseas from 1902 to 1904 . She was assigned to the American Squadron ; starting in December 1902 , Gazelle participated in the Venezuelan crisis of 1902 – 03 . An Anglo @-@ German naval force instituted a blockade of the Venezuelan coast to secure payment of foreign debts . Gazelle and the unprotected cruiser Falke were the German contribution to the blockading squadron ; they joined four British cruisers and three smaller vessels in enforcing the blockade . The Venezuelan gunboat Restaurador was seized during the blockade . The Germans took her into service as SMS Restaurador and put a crew from Gazelle on board under the command of Kapitänleutnant ( Captain Lieutenant ) Titus Türk . In February 1903 the Venezuelan government reached an agreement to pay its debts , concluding the confrontation . In January 1904 , Gazelle conducted a goodwill visit to the port of New Orleans , along with Vineta and two other warships . During this period she was commanded by then Korvettenkapitän Reinhard Scheer , the later commander of the High Seas Fleet . After returning to Germany , she served with the High Seas Fleet until 1914 , when she was reduced to a coastal defense vessel . She served in the Baltic Sea in the first two years after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 . On 17 November , while patrolling in the Baltic , Gazelle was attacked by the British submarine HMS E9 . The submarine fired a pair of torpedoes at the cruiser , but both missed . On the night of 25 – 26 January 1916 , she struck Russian mines to the north of Cape Arkona . The mine explosion tore off both of her screws and she had to be towed back to port . On 22 February , the German Navy decided the old cruiser was not worth repairing , and so she was placed out of service . She was converted into a hulk for minelayers , first at Danzig and then at Cuxhaven . In 1918 , she was moved to Wilhelmshaven . After the end of the war , Gazelle was formally stricken from the naval register on 28 August 1920 and broken up for scrap in Wilhelmshaven . = Omayra Sánchez = Omayra Sánchez Garzón ( August 28 , 1972 – November 16 , 1985 ) was a Colombian girl killed in Armero , department of Tolima , by the 1985 eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano when she was 13 years old . Volcanic debris mixed with ice to form massive lahars ( volcanically induced mudslides , landslides , and debris flows ) that rushed into the river valleys below the mountain , killing nearly 23 @,@ 000 people and destroying Armero and 13 other villages . After a lahar demolished her home , Sánchez became pinned beneath the debris of her house , where she remained trapped in water for three days . Her plight was documented as she descended from calmness into agony . Her courage and dignity touched journalists and relief workers , who put great efforts into comforting her . After 60 hours of struggling , she died , likely as a result of either gangrene or hypothermia . Her death highlighted the failure of officials to respond correctly to the threat of the volcano , contrasted with the efforts of volunteer rescue workers to reach and treat trapped victims , despite inadequate supplies and equipment . Sánchez became internationally famous through a photograph of her taken by the photojournalist Frank Fournier shortly before she died . When published worldwide it generated considerable controversy ; it was later designated the World Press Photo of the Year for 1986 . Sánchez has remained a lasting figure in popular culture , remembered through music , literature , and commemorative articles . = = Background = = On November 13 , 1985 , the Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupted . Pyroclastic flows exploding from the crater melted the mountain 's icecap , forming lahars ( volcanic mudflows and debris flows ) which cascaded into river valleys below . One lahar , consisting of three pulses , did most of the damage . Traveling at 6 meters ( 20 ft ) per second , the first pulse enveloped most of the town of Armero , killing up to 20 @,@ 000 people ; the two later pulses weakened buildings . Another lahar killed 1 @,@ 800 people in nearby Chinchiná . In total 23 @,@ 000 people were killed and 13 villages in addition to Armero were destroyed . Loss of life was exacerbated by the authorities ' failure to take costly preventive measures in the absence of clear signs of imminent danger . There had been no substantial eruption of the volcano since 1845 , which contributed to complacency ; locals called the volcano the " Sleeping Lion " . In September 1985 , as earthquakes and phreatic eruptions rocked the area around the volcano , officials began planning for evacuation . A hazard map was prepared in October ; it highlighted the danger from falling ash and rock near Murillo , Santa Isabel , and Líbano , as well as the threat of lahars in Mariquita , Guayabal , Chinchiná , and Armero . The map was poorly distributed to those at highest risk : many survivors had never heard of it , though several major newspapers had featured it . Henry Villegas of the Colombian Institute of Mining and Geology stated that the maps clearly demonstrated Armero would be affected by the lahars , but had " met with strong opposition from economic interests . " He said that the short time between the map 's preparation and the eruption hindered timely distribution . The Colombian Congress criticised scientific and civil defense agencies for scaremongering , and the government and army were preoccupied with the guerrilla campaign in Bogotá , the national capital , which was then at its height . The death toll was increased by the lack of early warnings , unwise land use , as villages were built in the likely path of lahars , and the lack of preparedness in communities near the volcano . Colombia 's worst natural disaster , the Armero tragedy ( as it came to be known ) was the second @-@ deadliest volcanic disaster of the 20th century ( surpassed only by the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée ) . It was the fourth @-@ deadliest eruption recorded since 1500 AD . Its lahars were the deadliest in volcanic history . = = Life = = Omayra Sánchez lived in the neighborhood of Santander with her parents Álvaro Enrique , a rice and sorghum collector , and María Aleida , along with her brother Álvaro Enrique and aunt María Adela Garzón . Prior to the eruption , her mother had traveled to Bogotá on business . The night of the disaster , Omayra and her family were awake , worrying about the ashfall from the eruption , when they heard the sound of an approaching lahar . After it hit , Omayra became trapped under her home 's concrete and other debris and could not free herself . When rescue teams tried to help her , they realized that her legs were trapped under her house 's roof . Sources differ as to the degree to which Sánchez was trapped . Zeiderman ( 2009 ) said she was " trapped up to her neck " , while Barragán ( 1987 ) said that she was trapped up to her waist . Sánchez was immobilized from the waist down , but her upper body was free of the concrete and mud . For the first few hours after the mudflow hit , she was covered by concrete but got her hand through a crack in the debris . After a rescuer noticed her hand protruding from a pile of debris , he and others cleared tiles and wood over the course of a day . Once the girl was freed from the waist up , her rescuers attempted to pull her out , but found the task impossible without breaking her legs in the process . Each time a person pulled her , the water pooled around her , rising so that it seemed she would drown if they let her go , so rescue workers placed a tire around her body to keep her afloat . Divers discovered that Sánchez 's legs were caught under a door made of bricks , with her aunt 's arms clutched tightly around her legs and feet . = = Death = = Despite her predicament , Sánchez remained relatively positive : she sang to Germán Santa María Barragán , a journalist who was working as a volunteer , asked for sweet food , drank soda , and agreed to be interviewed . At times , she was scared , and prayed or cried . On the third night , Sánchez began hallucinating , saying that she did not want to be late for school , and mentioned a maths exam . Near the end of her life , Sánchez 's eyes reddened , her face swelled , and her hands whitened . At one point she asked the people to leave her so they could rest . Hours later the workers returned with a pump and tried to save her , but her legs were bent under the concrete as if she was kneeling , and it was impossible to free her without severing her legs . Lacking the surgical equipment to save her from the effects of an amputation , the doctors present agreed that it would be more humane to let her die . In all , Sánchez suffered for nearly three nights ( roughly 60 hours ) before she died at approximately 10 : 05 A.M. on November 16 from exposure , most likely from gangrene or hypothermia . Her brother and mother survived the lahars ; her father and sister died . Her mother expressed her feelings about Omayra 's death : " It is horrible , but we have to think about the living ... I will live for my son , who only lost a finger . " As the public became aware of Sánchez 's situation through the media , her death became a symbol of the failure of officials to properly assist victims who could have been saved . Controversy broke out after descriptions of the shortages were released in newspapers , disproving what officials had previously indicated : that they had used the best of their supplies . Volunteer relief workers said that there was such a lack of resources that supplies as basic as shovels , cutting tools , and stretchers ran out . The rescue process was impeded by large crowds and disorganization . An unnamed police officer said that the government should have depended on human resources to alleviate the problems and that the system of rescue was disorganized . Colombia 's Minister of Defense , Miguel Uribe , said he " understood criticism of the rescue effort " , but said that Colombia was " an undeveloped country " that did not " have that kind of equipment . " = = Photograph = = Frank Fournier , a French reporter who landed in Bogotá on November 15 , took a photograph of Sánchez in her final days , titled " The Agony of Omayra Sánchez " . When he reached Armero at dawn on the 16th , a farmer directed him to Sánchez , who by then had been trapped for nearly three days and was near @-@ deserted . Fournier later described the town as " very haunting , " with " eerie silence " punctuated by screaming . He said that he took the photograph feeling that he could only " report properly on the courage and the suffering and the dignity of the little girl " in his attempt to publicize the disaster 's need for relief efforts , feeling otherwise " powerless " . At the time , there was international awareness of the disaster . Sánchez was one of the victims at the center of the associated controversy over responsibility for the destructive aftermath . The image captured international attention . According to an unnamed BBC reporter , " Many were appalled at witnessing so intimately what transpired to be the last few hours of Omayra 's life . " After the photo was published in Paris Match , many accused Fournier of being " a vulture . " He responded , " I felt the story was important for me to report and I was happier that there was some reaction ; it would have been worse if people had not cared about it . ... I believe the photo helped raise money from around the world in aid and helped highlight the irresponsibility and lack of courage of the country 's leaders . " The picture later won the World Press Photo of the Year for 1985 . = = Legacy = = The Armero catastrophe came shortly after the M @-@ 19 guerrilla group 's raid and subsequent Palace of Justice siege on November 6 , worsening an already chaotic situation . After Sánchez 's death , blame for it and for the Armero tragedy fell on the Colombian government for its inaction and general indifference to warning signs prior to the volcano 's eruption . The Nevado del Ruiz volcano is still active , according to the Volcano Watch Center in Colombia . Melting only 10 percent of the ice would produce mudflows with a volume of up to 200 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cubic meters ( 7 @.@ 06 × 109 cu ft ) — similar to the mudflow that destroyed Armero in 1985 . Such lahars can travel up to 100 kilometers ( 62 mi ) along river valleys in a few hours . Estimates show that up to 500 @,@ 000 people living in the Combeima , Chinchiná , Coello @-@ Toche , and Guali valleys are at risk , and 100 @,@ 000 of these are considered to be at high risk . The city of Armero no longer exists . The site was commemorated as a memorial with Christian crosses and a small monument to Sánchez . In the years following the eruption , Sánchez has been repeatedly commemorated , especially in newspapers like El Tiempo . Many victims of the disaster were commemorated , but Sánchez in particular has attracted lasting attention in popular poetry , novels , and music . For example , a punk rock band formed in Chile in 2008 named themselves Omayra Sánchez ; they express their " discontent that they feel with the negligence on the part of the people who in this day and age run the world " . Adiós , Omayra : La catástrofe de Armero ( 1988 ) , written by Eduardo Santa as a response to the eruption , depicts the girl 's last days of life in detail and cites her in its introduction as an eternal symbol of the catastrophe . In No Morirás ( 1994 ) , Germán Santa María Barragán writes that of all the horrors he saw at Armero , nothing was more painful than seeing the face of Omayra Sánchez under the ruins of her house . Isabel Allende 's short story , " And of Clay Are We Created " ( " De barro estamos hechos " ) , is told from the perspective of a reporter who tries to help a girl trapped under the fireplace of her ruined home . Allende later wrote , " Her [ Sánchez 's ] big black eyes , filled with resignation and wisdom , still pursue me in my dreams . Writing the story failed to exorcise her ghost . " To try to prevent repetition of such a disaster , the government of Colombia created the Oficina Nacional para la Atención de Desastres ( National Office for Disaster Preparedness ) , now known as the Dirección de Prevención y Atención de Desastres ( Directorate for Disaster Prevention and Preparedness ) . All Colombian cities were directed to plan for natural disasters . = Battle of Hwanggan = The Battle of Hwanggan was an engagement between United States and North Korean forces that took place on July 23 – 29 , 1950 , on a road north of the village of Hwanggan in southern South Korea , early in the Korean War . The battle ended in a victory for the North Koreans after US troops were forced to withdraw south . The US Army 's 27th Infantry Regiment , 25th Infantry Division , newly arrived in Korea , was moved to a road north of Hwanggan to block the North Korean People 's Army 's 2nd Division , advancing following the Battle of Taejon . In an unusually good first performance , the 27th Infantry was able to delay the North Korean division for almost a week , inflicting heavy casualties on it while suffering few casualties of their own . The North Koreans eventually were able to overwhelm the US forces with sheer numbers , capturing Hwanggan and pushing the American units further south . However , the action solidified the 27th Infantry 's position as a valuable reserve unit for the US Eighth Army during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter . The 27th ditinguished itself in several critical battles , including the Battle of the Bowling Alley . = = Background = = = = = Outbreak of war = = = Following the invasion of the Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) by its northern neighbor , the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( North Korea ) , and the subsequent outbreak of the Korean War , the United Nations decided to commit troops to the conflict on behalf of South Korea . The United States sent ground forces to the Korean peninsula with the goal of fighting back the North Korean invasion and to prevent South Korea from collapsing . However , US forces in the Far East had been steadily decreasing since the end of World War II in 1945 , and at the time the closest forces were the 24th Infantry Division of the Eighth United States Army ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
The XF @-@ 104 's maiden flight came in February 1954 . The flight test program encountered problems , some of which were resolved ; however , the XF @-@ 104 performance proved better than estimates . Both prototypes were lost through accidents . Nevertheless , the USAF ordered 17 service @-@ test F @-@ 104s . Internationally , the production F @-@ 104 Starfighters proved popular , serving as front @-@ line fighters with a number of countries . = = Development = = Clarence L. " Kelly " Johnson , chief engineer at Lockheed 's Skunk Works , visited Korea in December 1951 and talked to fighter pilots about what sort of aircraft they wanted . At the time , U.S. Air Force pilots were confronting the MiG @-@ 15 " Fagot " in their North American F @-@ 86 Sabres , and many of the pilots felt that the MiGs were superior to the larger and more complex American design . The pilots requested a small and simple aircraft with excellent performance . One pilot in particular , Colonel Gabby Gabreski was quoted as saying ; " I 'd rather sight with a piece of chewing gum stuck on the windscreen " and told Johnson that radar " was a waste of time " . On his return to the U.S. , Johnson immediately started the design of just such an aircraft realising that an official requirement would soon be published . In March 1952 , his team was assembled , and they sketched several different aircraft proposals , ranging from small designs at 8 @,@ 000 lb ( 3 @.@ 6 t ) , to fairly large ones at 50 @,@ 000 lb ( 23 t ) . The L @-@ 246 as the design became known remained essentially identical to the " Model L @-@ 083 Starfighter " as eventually delivered . The design was presented to the Air Force in November 1952 , who were interested enough to create a new proposal , inviting several companies to participate . Three additional designs were received : the Republic AP @-@ 55 , an improved version of its prototype XF @-@ 91 Thunderceptor ; the North American NA @-@ 212 , which would eventually evolve into the F @-@ 107 ; and the Northrop N @-@ 102 Fang , a new General Electric J79 @-@ powered design . Although all were interesting , Lockheed had an insurmountable lead and was granted a development contract in March 1953 . Test data from the earlier Lockheed X @-@ 7 unmanned ramjet / rocket program proved invaluable for aerodynamic research since the XF @-@ 104 would share the general design of the X @-@ 7 's wing and tail . Experience gained from the Douglas X @-@ 3 Stiletto was also used in the design phase of the XF @-@ 104 . Over 400 surplus instrumented artillery rockets were launched to test various airfoils and tail designs ; from which the camera film and telemetry were recovered by parachute . The wooden mock @-@ up was ready for inspection at the end of April , and work started on two prototypes late in May . The J79 engine was not yet ready , so both prototypes were instead designed to use the Wright J65 , a licensed built version of the Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire . Construction of the first prototype XF @-@ 104 ( US serial number 53 @-@ 7786 , Buzz number FG @-@ 786 ) began in summer 1953 at Lockheed 's Burbank , California factory . This aircraft was powered by a non @-@ afterburning Buick @-@ built Wright J65 @-@ B @-@ 3 turbojet . The first prototype was completed by early 1954 , and started flying in March . The total time from award of the contract to first flight was only one year , a very short time even then , and unheard of today , when 10 – 15 years is more typical . Construction of the second prototype ( s / n 53 @-@ 7787 ) proceeded at a slower pace . = = Design = = In order to achieve the desired performance , Lockheed chose a minimalist approach : a design that would achieve high performance by wrapping the lightest , most aerodynamically efficient airframe possible around a single powerful engine . The emphasis was on minimizing drag and mass . The XF @-@ 104 had a radical wing design . Most supersonic jets use a swept or delta wing . This allows a reasonable balance between aerodynamic performance , lift , and internal space for fuel and equipment . However the most efficient shape for high @-@ speed , supersonic flight had been found to be a small , straight , mid @-@ mounted , trapezoidal wing of low aspect ratio and high wing loading . The wing was extremely thin , with a thickness @-@ to @-@ chord ratio of only 3 @.@ 4 % . The leading edges of the wing were so thin ( 0 @.@ 016 in / 0 @.@ 41 mm ) and so sharp that they presented a hazard to ground crews , and protective guards had to be installed during ground operations . The thinness of the wings meant that fuel tanks and landing gear had to be contained in the fuselage . The hydraulic actuators driving the ailerons were only one inch ( 25 mm ) thick to fit into the available space and were known as Piccolo actuators because of their resemblance to this musical instrument . The wings had electrically driven leading and trailing edge flaps to increase lift at low speed . The XF @-@ 104 did not feature the Boundary Layer Control System of the production aircraft . After extensive wind tunnel testing , the stabilator was mounted at the top of the fin for optimum stability and control about the pitch axis . Because the vertical tail fin was only slightly shorter than the length of each wing and nearly as aerodynamically effective , it could act as a wing on rudder application ( a phenomenon known as " Dutch roll " ) . To offset this effect , the wings were angled downward to give 10 ° anhedral . The rudder was manually operated and supplemented by a small yaw damper surface mounted at the bottom of the fin . The fuselage of the XF @-@ 104 had a high fineness ratio , i.e. , tapering sharply towards the nose , and a small frontal area of 25 sq ft ( 2 @.@ 3 m2 ) . The fuselage was tightly packed , containing the cockpit , avionics , cannon , all internal fuel , landing gear , and engine . The air intakes , designed by Ben Rich , were of fixed geometry without inlet cones , since the J65 @-@ powered aircraft was incapable of Mach 2 performance . They were similar to those of the F @-@ 94 Starfire , being mounted slightly away from the fuselage , with an inner splitter plate for the boundary layer bleed air . The combination of these features provided extremely low drag except at high angle of attack , at which point induced drag became very high . The XF @-@ 104 featured an unusual downward @-@ ejecting Stanley B seat . It was feared that contemporary ejection seat designs would not have enough explosive power to clear the high " T " tail assembly . In the event of the seat not firing , it was possible to manually release the lower fuselage hatch and then exit the aircraft via gravity . The F @-@ 104 series aircraft would later convert to upward @-@ ejecting seats but the fuselage hatch was retained as a useful maintenance feature . = = Operational history = = = = = Testing and evaluation = = = The first XF @-@ 104 ( Lockheed 083 @-@ 1001 , s / n 53 @-@ 7786 ) was transported to Edwards AFB amidst high secrecy during the night of 24 – 25 February , where Lockheed test pilot Tony LeVier was to do the initial testing . On 28 February 1954 , the XF @-@ 104 made a planned hop of about five ft off the ground during a high @-@ speed taxi , but its first official flight took place on 4 March . During that flight , the landing gear did not retract , and LeVier landed after a low @-@ speed flight of about 20 minutes . Adjustments and further flights discovered that the problem was low pressure in the hydraulic system . Bad weather kept the XF @-@ 104 on the ground until 26 March , when further flights were carried out with the landing gear retracting normally . The second prototype ( Lockheed 083 @-@ 1002 , s / n 53 @-@ 7787 ) , fitted with the afterburning J65 from the start , first flew on 5 October . Since it was to be the armament test bed , it was fitted with the 20 mm ( .79 in ) M61 Vulcan cannon and was equipped with an AN / ASG @-@ 14T @-@ 1 fire control system . XF @-@ 104 # 2 achieved a top speed of Mach 1 @.@ 79 at 60 @,@ 000 feet ( 18 @,@ 000 m ) on 25 March 1955 , piloted by Lockheed test pilot J. Ray Goudey . This was the highest speed achieved by the XF @-@ 104 . XF @-@ 104 # 1 was subsonic in level flight when powered by the non @-@ afterburning J65 , but Mach 1 could be easily exceeded during a slight descent . In July 1954 , the J65 @-@ B @-@ 3 was replaced by the afterburning J65 @-@ W @-@ 7 turbojet . With this engine installed , the performance of the XF @-@ 104 was greatly improved . Maximum level speed was Mach 1 @.@ 49 at 41 @,@ 000 ft ( 12 @,@ 000 m ) , and an altitude of 55 @,@ 000 ft ( 17 @,@ 000 m ) could be attained in a zoom climb , while Mach 1 @.@ 6 could be attained in a dive . The first XF @-@ 104 was accepted by the USAF in November 1955 . Initial aerial firing tests with the Vulcan cannon on the second aircraft were successful , but on 17 December , there was an explosion during a firing burst and the J65 engine suffered severe compressor stalls . Tony LeVier immediately shut down the engine and glided back to make a successful deadstick landing at Rogers Dry Lake . An investigation later showed that one of the 20 mm cannon rounds had exploded in the breech , blowing the bolt out the rear of the gun and through the structure into the forward fuselage fuel cell . Jet fuel had run into the gun bay , and leaked out of the compartment door seals and into the left engine air intake . The engine immediately flooded with fuel , causing the compressor stalls . = = = Crashes = = = XF @-@ 104 53 @-@ 7786 was lost in a crash on 11 July 1957 when it developed an uncontrollable tail flutter while flying chase for F @-@ 104A flight tests . The entire tail group was ripped from the airframe , and Lockheed test pilot Bill Park was forced to eject . Vertical fin flutter was a known problem and the aircraft had been limited to speeds of no more than Mach 0 @.@ 95 at the time of the accident . Tony LeVier had attempted to have the aircraft removed from flight status and placed in a museum , arguing that its performance was not suitable for chase duties . XF @-@ 104 53 @-@ 7787 was lost on 14 April 1955 after accumulating over 1 @,@ 000 flying hours when test pilot Herman Salmon was forced to eject during gun firing trials at 50 @,@ 000 ft ( 15 @,@ 000 m ) . The gun malfunctioned during a test firing , and severe vibrations began to build up which knocked loose the ejection hatch below the cockpit . Cabin pressure was lost with Salmon 's pressure suit inflating and covering his face so that he could not see . Recalling LeVier 's harrowing experience with the exploding cannon shell the previous December , Salmon believed that the same thing had happened to him and that he had no option but to eject . He later found out that he could have saved 53 @-@ 7787 by simply bringing it down to a lower altitude and waiting for his pressure suit to deflate . With the loss of the armament testbed , Lockheed engineers were forced to find an alternative , and armament trials were continued on a modified F @-@ 94C Starfire . The two XF @-@ 104s amassed an approximate total of 250 flight hours . = = = Testing conclusions = = = Flight testing proved that performance estimates were accurate and that even when fitted with the low powered J65 engine , the XF @-@ 104 flew faster than the other Century Series fighters being developed at the time . The XF @-@ 104 's ceiling at 60 @,@ 000 ft ( 18 @,@ 000 m ) was 7 @,@ 000 ft ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) higher than predicted , and it exceeded estimated speed and drag figures by two to three percent . It was noted however that the low thrust of the J65 engine did not enable the full performance potential of the type to be realized . A number of minor problems surfaced , but were readily fixed . The yaw damper of the XF @-@ 104 was found to be ineffective and the rudder did not positively center , these problems were corrected by revising the rudder control system . The unpowered rudder did not provide adequate directional control at high air speeds ( remedied by using hydraulic power on all subsequent versions of the F @-@ 104 ) and some concern was expressed over poor subsonic maneuverability at higher altitudes . During a later interview , Kelly Johnson was asked about his opinion on the aircraft , " Did it come up to my designs ? In terms of performance , yes . In terms of engine , we went through a great many engine problems , not with the J65s but with the J79s . " For his part in designing the F @-@ 104 airframe , Johnson was jointly awarded the Collier Trophy in 1958 , sharing the honor with General Electric ( engine ) and the U.S. Air Force ( Flight Records ) . = = = F @-@ 104 production = = = Official approval of the XF @-@ 104 design led to a contract for 17 YF @-@ 104A service test aircraft and a production run of over 2 @,@ 500 aircraft built both in the United States and under license worldwide . Visible changes from the XF @-@ 104 to production versions of the Starfighter include a longer fuselage ( to accommodate the J79 engine and extra internal fuel ) and a forward @-@ retracting nose landing gear ( except two @-@ seat versions ) to increase clearance for the downward @-@ ejecting seat . A ventral fin for increased stability was added during the YF @-@ 104A test program . Inlet shock cones and a fuselage spine fairing between the canopy and fin that housed fuel piping were further added features . Production aircraft would also feature a redesigned fin structure using stainless steel spars to eliminate the flutter problem . Since the internal fuel capacity was low limiting the useful range of the aircraft , extra capacity was provided on later versions by lengthening the forward fuselage . = = Specifications ( XF @-@ 104 ) = = Data from Bowman , Drendel General characteristics Crew : 1 Length : 49 ft 2 in ( 15 m ) Wingspan : 21 ft 11 in ( 6 @.@ 69 m ) Height : 13 ft 6 in ( 4 @.@ 1 m ) Wing area : 196 ft ² ( 18 @.@ 21 m ² ) Airfoil : Bi @-@ convex 3 @.@ 36 % Empty weight : 11 @,@ 500 lb ( 5 @,@ 216 kg ) Loaded weight : 16 @,@ 700 lb ( 7 @,@ 575 kg ) Max. takeoff weight : 15 @,@ 700 lb ( 7 @,@ 120 kg ) Powerplant : 1 × Wright J65 turbojet Dry thrust : 7 @,@ 800 lbf ( 34 @.@ 70 kN ) Thrust with afterburner : 10 @,@ 300 lbf ( 45 @.@ 82 kN ) Performance Maximum speed : 1 @,@ 151 kn ( 1 @,@ 324 mph , 2 @,@ 131 km / h ) Stall speed : 139 kn ( 160 mph , 257 km / h ) Range : 695 nmi ( 800 mi , 1 @,@ 290 km ) Service ceiling : 50 @,@ 500 ft ( 15 @,@ 500 m ) Armament Guns : 1 × T171 Vulcan 20 mm ( .79 in ) cannon ( XF @-@ 104 083 @-@ 1002 only ) = SEPECAT Jaguar = The SEPECAT Jaguar is an Anglo @-@ French jet attack aircraft , originally used by the British Royal Air Force and the French Air Force in the close air support and nuclear strike role , and still in service with the Indian Air Force . Originally conceived in the 1960s as a jet trainer with a light ground attack capability , the requirement for the aircraft soon changed to include supersonic performance , reconnaissance and tactical nuclear strike roles . A carrier @-@ based variant was also planned for French service , but this was cancelled in favour of the cheaper Dassault Super Étendard . The airframes were manufactured by SEPECAT ( Société Européenne de Production de l 'avion Ecole de Combat et d 'Appui Tactique ) , a joint venture between Breguet and the British Aircraft Corporation , one of the first major joint @-@ Anglo @-@ French military aircraft programs . The Jaguar was exported to India , Oman , Ecuador and Nigeria . With various air forces , the Jaguar was used in numerous conflicts and military operations in Mauritania , Chad , Iraq , Bosnia , and Pakistan , as well as providing a ready nuclear delivery platform for Britain , France , and India throughout the latter half of the Cold War and beyond . In the Gulf War , the Jaguar was praised for its reliability and was a valuable coalition resource . The aircraft served with the French Air Force as the main strike / attack aircraft until 1 July 2005 , and with the Royal Air Force until the end of April 2007 . It was replaced by the Panavia Tornado and the Eurofighter Typhoon in the RAF and the Dassault Rafale in the French Air Force . = = Development = = = = = Background = = = The Jaguar programme began in the early 1960s , in response to a British requirement ( Air Staff Target 362 ) for an advanced supersonic jet trainer to replace the Folland Gnat T1 and Hawker Hunter T7 , and a French requirement ( ECAT or École de Combat et d 'Appui Tactique , " Tactical Combat Support Trainer " ) for a cheap , subsonic dual role trainer and light attack aircraft to replace the Fouga Magister , Lockheed T @-@ 33 and Dassault Mystère IV . In both countries several companies tendered designs : BAC , Hunting , Hawker Siddeley and Folland in Britain ; Breguet , Potez , Sud @-@ Aviation , Nord , and Dassault from France . A Memorandum of Understanding was signed in May 1965 for the two countries to develop two aircraft , a trainer based on the ECAT , and the larger AFVG ( Anglo @-@ French Variable Geometry ) . Cross @-@ channel negotiations led to the formation of SEPECAT ( Société Européenne de Production de l 'Avion d 'École de Combat et d 'Appui Tactique – the " European company for the production of a combat trainer and tactical support aircraft " ) in 1966 as a joint venture between Breguet and the British Aircraft Corporation to produce the airframe . Though based in part on the Breguet Br.121 , using the same basic configuration and an innovative French @-@ designed landing gear , the Jaguar as built also incorporated major elements designed by BAC – notably the wing and high lift devices . Production of the aircraft components would be split between Breguet and BAC and these would be assembled on two production lines ; one in the UK and one in France , There would be no duplication of work ; each component for the aircraft had only one source . The British trainer requirement had been more demanding , requiring supersonic performance and superior avionics ; as a result , the Br.121 needed a thinner wing , increased weapon load and more power , the latter to meet the RAF 's required ferry range of 2 @,@ 600 miles ( 4 @,@ 200 km ) . A separate partnership was formed between Rolls @-@ Royce and Turbomeca to develop the Adour afterburning turbofan engine . The Br.121 was proposed with Turbomeca 's Tourmalet engine for ECAT but Breguet preferred the RR RB.172 and their joint venture would use elements of both . The new engine , which would be used for the AFVG as well , would be built in Derby and Tarnos . Previous collaborative efforts between Britain and France had been complicated – the AFVG programme ended in cancellation , and controversy surrounded the development of the supersonic airliner Concorde . Whilst the technical collaboration between BAC and Breguet went well , when Dassault took over Breguet in 1971 it encouraged acceptance of its own designs , such as the Super Étendard naval attack aircraft and the Mirage F1 , for which it would receive more profit , over the Anglo @-@ French Jaguar . The initial plan was for Britain to buy 150 Jaguar " B " trainers , with its strike requirements being met by the advanced BAC @-@ Dassault AFVG aircraft , with France to buy 75 " E " trainers ( école ) and 75 " A " single @-@ seat strike attack aircraft ( appui ) . Dassault favoured its own Mirage G aircraft above the collaborative AFVG , and in June 1967 , France cancelled the AFVG on cost grounds . This left a gap in the RAF 's planned strike capabilities for the 1970s ; at the same time as France 's cancellation of the AFVG , Germany was expressing a serious interest in the Jaguar , and thus the design became more oriented towards the low @-@ level strike role . By October 1970 , the RAF 's requirements had changed to 165 single @-@ seat strike aircraft and 35 trainers . The Jaguar was to replace the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR2 in the close air support , tactical reconnaissance and tactical strike roles , freeing the Phantom to be used for air defence . Both the French and British trainer requirements had developed significantly , and were eventually fulfilled instead by the Alpha Jet and Hawker Siddeley Hawk respectively . The French , meanwhile , had chosen the Jaguar to replace the Aeronavale 's Dassault Étendard IV , and increased their order to include an initial 40 of a carrier @-@ capable maritime version of the Jaguar , the Jaguar M , for the Aeronavale . From these apparently disparate aims would come a single and entirely different aircraft : relatively high @-@ tech , supersonic , and optimised for ground @-@ attack in a high @-@ threat environment . = = = Prototypes = = = The first of eight prototypes flew on 8 September 1968 , a two @-@ seat design fitted with the first production model Adour engine . This aircraft later went supersonic on its third flight but was lost on landing on 26 March 1970 following an engine fire . The second prototype flew in February 1969 ; a total of three prototypes appeared in flight at the Paris Air Show that year . The first French " A " prototype flew in March 1969 . In October a British " S " conducted its first flight . An " M " prototype flew in November 1969 . The " M " had a strengthened airframe , an arrestor hook and different undercarriage : twin nosewheel and single mainwheels . After testing in France it went to RAE at Thurleigh for carrier landing trials from their land based catapult . In July 1970 it made real take offs and landings from the French carrier Clemenceau . From these trials there were doubts about the throttle response in case of an aborted landing ; the shipboard testing has also revealed problems with the aircraft 's handling when flying on one engine , although planned engine improvements were to have rectified these problems . The " M " was considered a suitable replacement for the Etendard IV but the Aeronavale would only be able to purchase 60 instead of 100 aircraft . Furthermore , the Jaguar M was expensive , limiting the size of the force the French Navy could afford . In 1971 , Dassault proposed the Super Étendard , claiming that it was a simpler and cheap development of the existing Étendard IV , and in 1973 , the French Navy agreed to order it instead of the Jaguar , although rising costs of the Super Étendard meant that only 71 of the planned 100 aircraft were purchased . The M was cancelled by the French government in 1973 . = = Design = = = = = Overview = = = The Jaguar is an orthodox single @-@ seat , swept @-@ wing , twin @-@ engine monoplane design , with tall tricycle @-@ type retractable landing gear . In its original configuration , it had a maximum take @-@ off weight in the 15 tonne class ; and could manage a combat radius on internal fuel alone of 850 km ( 530 mi ) , giving the Jaguar a greater operational range than competitor aircraft such as the Mikoyan MiG @-@ 27 . The aircraft had hardpoints fitted for an external weapons load of up to 10 @,@ 000 lb ( 4 @,@ 500 kg ) , typical weapons fitted included the MATRA LR.F2 rocket pod , BAP 100 @-@ mm bombs , MATRA AS37 anti @-@ radar missiles , AIM @-@ 9 Sidewinder missiles , and Rockeye cluster bombs . The RAF 's Jaguars gained several new weapons during the Gulf War , including CRV7 high @-@ velocity rockets and American CBU @-@ 87 cluster bombs . Finally , the Jaguar was equipped with either a pair of French DEFA cannons , or alternatively British Aden cannons . The Jaguar International had the unusual optional provision for overwing pylons , used for short @-@ range air @-@ to @-@ air missiles , such as the Matra R550 Magic or the AIM @-@ 9 Sidewinder . This option frees up the under @-@ wing pylons for other weapons and stores . RAF Jaguars gained overwing pylons in the buildup to Operation Granby in 1990 , but French Jaguars were not modified . The RAF 's Jaguar 97s were intended to be wired for the carriage of ASRAAMs on the overwing launchers , but clearance of this weapon was never completed because of funding cuts . = = = Engine = = = The SEPECAT Jaguar is powered by the Rolls @-@ Royce Turbomeca Adour turbofan engine , which was developed in parallel and primarily for the Jaguar . A separate partnership was formed between Rolls @-@ Royce and Turbomeca to develop the Adour , a two @-@ shaft turbofan engine equipped with afterburners . Twin engines were selected for survivability ; ease of maintenance was a major consideration , an engine change being possible within 30 minutes . For the Jaguars it needed a high @-@ bypass capable of high thrust for take @-@ off , supersonic flight and low level " dashes " . When the first prototype Jaguar flew on 8 September 1968 , it was also the first flight for the engine . In its initial development the Adour engine had complications with the stability of the afterburner system , and shipboard testing showed slow throttle response times , problematic in the situation of an aborted landing ; engine improvements rectified these problems prior to the Jaguar coming into service . In French service , the Jaguars were introduced using the original Mk.101 engine . RAF Jaguars entered service using the Mk.102 engine , mainly featuring better afterburner @-@ throttle control over the Mk.101. in 1974 , the RAF later had its Jaguars re @-@ engined around 1981 with improved Adour Mk.104 , and again in 1999 with the Mk.106 , each providing greater performance . The Adour was developed into both afterburning and non @-@ afterburning models ; the BAE Hawk , which had beaten the Jaguar to fulfill the Air Staff Target 362 trainer requirement , also adopted the non @-@ afterburning Adour engine developed for the Jaguar . The Adour engine found use in several aircraft abroad , such as the McDonnell Douglas T @-@ 45 Goshawk , the Mitsubishi T @-@ 2 , and the Mitsubishi F @-@ 1 ( which resembles the Jaguar ) . Even following the Jaguar 's retirement in Europe , the Adour continues to be an active product with new variants being developed . As of Feb 2013 , the Indian Air Force was considering the fitting of 125 Jaguars with new Honeywell F125IN engines = = = Avionics = = = Although in operational theatres such as the Gulf War the Jaguar proved to be mechanically more reliable than the Panavia Tornado , the aircraft 's avionics were a hindrance to conducting missions . Owing to the Jaguar 's original shortcomings in navigation and target acquisition , French Jaguars had to be escorted by Dassault Mirage F1CR reconnaissance aircraft to act as guides for the Jaguars . The Jaguar provided a valuable component of the campaign , the RAF detachment of 12 Jaguars flew 612 combat sorties , with no aircraft lost . Significant changes were made both during and shortly after the war . Owing to obsolete navigational systems being unable to provide the accuracy required , both French and British Jaguars were quickly modified with Global Positioning System ( GPS ) receivers , a recent technology at the time . Prior to 1995 NATO bombing campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina known as Operation Deliberate Force , a dozen Jaguars were upgraded with the capability to carry the TIALD laser designator pod and redesignated Jaguar GR1B or T2B respectively . Shortly afterwards , the RAF upgraded its Jaguar fleet to a common standard , incorporating TIALD and the ability to use new reconnaissance pods . The interim GR3 ( Jaguar 96 ) upgrade added a new HUD , a new hand controller and stick top , integrated GPS and TERPROM Terrain Referenced Navigation . The further upgraded Jaguar GR3A introduced the new EO GP1 ( JRP ) digital reconnaissance pod , a helmet @-@ mounted sight , improved cockpit displays , a datalink , and improved night vision goggles compatibility . A single Jaguar was converted into the Jaguar Active Control Technology ( ACT ) with fly @-@ by @-@ wire controls and aerodynamic alterations to the airframe ; the aerodynamic instability improved manoeuvrability and the test data was used in the development of the Eurofighter . = = Operational history = = = = = France = = = The French Air Force took delivery of the first production Jaguar in 1973 , one of an eventual 160 single @-@ seat Jaguar As . For type conversion training , France also took 40 of the two @-@ seat Jaguar E. While the Jaguar was capable of carrying a single AN @-@ 52 nuclear bomb , the French government did not assign any Jaguars for use in the Force de frappe , France 's strategic nuclear deterrent ; this task was carried out by the Dassault Mirage IV , and the later Mirage 2000 @-@ N. Nuclear armed Jaguars were instead assigned the " Pre @-@ Strategic " role , to clear a path for the Strategic strike force . The AN @-@ 52 nuclear bomb was retired from service in September 1991 , when the formerly nuclear @-@ armed squadrons of Escadron de Chasse 7 then concentrated on conventional attack . French Jaguars also performed in the role of Electronic Counter Measures ( ECM ) aircraft , bearing the Martel anti @-@ radiation missile , capable of staying airborne to suppress enemy defences for long periods of time through mid air refuelling . In French service , the Jaguar was frequently deployed in defence of national interests in Africa during the 1970s , a policy sometimes referred to as " Jaguar diplomacy " ( la diplomatie du Jaguar ) . Jaguars made their combat debut against Polisario Front forces in Mauritania in December 1977 , as part of Opération Lamantin . In August 1978 a conventionally armed rapid reaction squadron was established , intended to deploy in support of French forces and interests to anywhere in the world . One Jaguar was shot down in 1978 by an SA @-@ 7 missile of the Polisario Front . France had been involved in the conflict in Chad for many years , and 2 @,@ 000 men of the Force d 'Intervention along with helicopters and Jaguars were deployed to defend central Chad in 1978 , further forces arriving later as part of Opération Tacaud . The Jaguars were engaged in May and June 1978 , contributing significantly in halting an offensive by Goukouni Oueddei 's FROLINAT forces , who were routed . One aircraft was shot down , but the pilot was recovered by helicopter . In support of the further military action in the region , known as Operation Manta , Jaguars were deployed to Bangui , Central African Republic , in 1983 , before being rebased inside Chad at N 'Djamena International Airport . On 25 January 1984 , Jaguars attacked a rebel column that was withdrawing after raiding the town of Zigey . One aircraft was shot down and the pilot , Captain Michel Croci , was killed ; the Libyans denied involvement . The " Manta " forces were withdrawn in 1984 , as part of a de @-@ escalation agreement , whereby both Libyan and French forces were to be withdrawn from Chad . The Libyans did not respect the agreement , and Jaguars returned to Chad in 1986 , as part of Operation Epervier , this time with a more forceful role . On 16 February 1986 , 11 Jaguars , escorted by Mirage F @-@ 1 fighters and supported by C @-@ 135F tankers and Breguet Atlantic aircraft , launched a raid on the airfield at Wadi Doum , which the Libyans had constructed in Northern Chad , using BAP @-@ 100 anti @-@ runway bombs . In response to Libyan incursions , another strike was carried out on 7 January 1987 , when a Jaguar destroyed a Libyan radar with a Martel missile . The Jaguars stationed at Ndjamena were a target for Libyan sabotage owing to their effectiveness against enemy forces , but the attempts were unsuccessful . As France was not then a full member of NATO , joint operations with British Jaguars were limited in the 1980s . Jaguars from France were dispatched to participate in several coalition campaigns in the 1990s , from the 1991 Gulf War to the 1999 Kosovo conflict . In Operation Deliberate Force , the NATO bombing campaign over Bosnia in 1995 , six Jaguars , based in Italy , conducted 63 strike missions . The last Jaguars in French service were retired in 2005 , being replaced in the ground attack roles by the Dassault Rafale . = = = United Kingdom = = = The RAF accepted delivery of the first of 165 single @-@ seat Jaguar GR1s ( the service designation of the Jaguar S ) with 54 ( F ) squadron in 1974 . These were supplemented by 35 two @-@ seat trainers , the Jaguar T2 ( previously Jaguar B ) . The Jaguar S and B had a more comprehensive nav / attack system than the A and E models ( consisting of a Ferranti / Marconi NAVWASS ( NAVigation and Weapon @-@ Aiming Sub @-@ System ) and a Plessey 10 Way Weapon Control System ) used by the French Air Force . RAF Jaguars were used for rapid deployment and regional reinforcement , and others flew in the tactical nuclear strike role , carrying the WE.177 bomb . Beginning in 1975 with 6 Squadron , followed by 54 Squadron based at RAF Coltishall , and a ' Shadow squadron ' , 226 OCU ( a reserve unit with a peacetime training role ) based at RAF Lossiemouth , Jaguar squadrons were declared operational to SACEUR with the British nuclear weapon WE.177. 14 Squadron and 17 Squadron based at RAF Bruggen followed by 1977 . 20 Squadron and 31 Squadron also based at RAF Bruggen brought the RAF Jaguar force to its peak strength of six squadrons plus the OCU , each of twelve aircraft equipped with eight WE.177 nuclear weapons . Two further squadrons , 2 Squadron and 41 Squadron based at RAF Laarbruch and RAF Coltishall respectively , were primarily tasked with tactical reconnaissance . From 1975 the OCU 's wartime role was as an operational squadron in the front line assigned to SACEUR with 12 Jaguar aircraft , eight WE.177 nuclear bombs , and a variety of conventional weapons . In April 1975 , a single Jaguar was used to test the aircraft 's rough airstrip capacity , by landing and taking off multiple times from the M55 motorway , the final test flight was conducted with a full weapons load ; the ability was never used in service but was considered useful as improvised runways might be the only runways left available in a large @-@ scale European conflict . In a high @-@ intensity European war , the role of the Jaguar was to support land forces on the Continent in resisting a Soviet assault on Western Europe , striking targets beyond the forward edge of the battlefield should a conflict escalate . The apparent mismatch between aircraft numbers and nuclear bombs was a consequence of RAF staff planners concluding that there would be one @-@ third attrition of Jaguars in an early conventional phase , leaving the survivors numerically strong enough to deliver the entire allocated stockpile of 56 nuclear bombs . From December 1983 , 75 Jaguar GR1s and 14 T2s were updated to the GR1A and T2A standards with FIN1064 navigation and attack systems replacing the original NAVWASS . At about the same time , most were also re @-@ engined with Adour 104 engines and were fitted with the ability to carry Sidewinder air @-@ to @-@ air missiles or AN @-@ ALQ @-@ 101 ( V ) -10 electronic countermeasures pods under the wings . The RAF Jaguar force was altered in late 1984 , when 17 Squadron , 20 Squadron and 31 Squadron exchanged their Jaguars for Tornado GR1s , although their assignment to SACEUR and their wartime role remained unchanged . The two other RAF Germany units , 14 Squadron and 2 Squadron , followed suit in 1985 and 1989 respectively , which left the operational Jaguar force concentrated in 6 , 41 and 54 Squadrons at RAF Coltishall . In 1991 , 12 RAF Jaguars participated in the Gulf War . In 1994 , in order to meet an urgent need to increase the number of aircraft able to designate targets for laser @-@ guided bombs , 10 GR1As and two T2As were upgraded with the capability to carry the TIALD laser designator pod and redesignated Jaguar GR1B or T2B respectively . TIALD equipped Jaguar GR1Bs were deployed to Italy in August to take part in Operation Deliberate Force against Bosnian Serb forces , being used to designate targets for RAF Harriers . During the Bosnian operations , a Jaguar of 41 Squadron carried out the first RAF bombing raid in Europe since the end of the Second World War fifty years before . Following the success of the GR1B / T2B upgrade , the RAF launched a plan to upgrade its Jaguar fleet to a common standard , incorporating improvements introduced to some aircraft during the Gulf War , together with adding the ability to use TIALD and new reconnaissance pods . The upgrade came in two parts ; the interim GR3 ( Jaguar 96 ) upgrade added a new HUD , a new hand controller and stick top , integrated GPS and TERPROM Terrain Referenced Navigation . It was delivered in two standards , for recce and TIALD . The further upgraded Jaguar GR3A ( also known as Jaguar 97 ) introduced fleet @-@ wide compatibility with TIALD and the new EO GP1 ( JRP ) digital reconnaissance pod , a helmet mounted sight , improved cockpit displays , a datalink , and improved Night vision goggles compatibility . All GR3As were subsequently re @-@ engined with the new Adour 106 turbofan . The Jaguars did not see service in the 2003 Iraq War ; they had been planned to operate from bases in Turkey , to the north of Iraq , but Turkey refused access to its airbases and the northern attack was cancelled . Demands by the UK Treasury to cut the defence budget led to Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon detailing plans on 21 July 2004 to withdraw the Jaguar by 2007 . An expected date of October 2007 for the out of service date was brought forward at just five days notice to 30 April 2007 . On 20 December 2007 , a Jaguar operated by Qinetiq undertook the last ever British military Jaguar flight . Following their retirement from flying service , many Jaguars continue to serve as ground instructional airframes , most notably at RAF Cosford , used in the training of RAF fitters . = = = India = = = India had been approached as a possible customer for the Jaguar as early as 1968 , but had declined , partly on the grounds that it was not yet clear if the French and British would themselves accept the aircraft into service . A decade later they would become the largest single export customer , with a $ 1 billion order for the aircraft in 1978 , the Jaguar being chosen ahead of the Dassault Mirage F1 and the Saab Viggen after a long and difficult evaluation process . The order involved 40 Jaguars built in Europe at Warton , and 120 licence @-@ built aircraft from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited ( HAL ) under the local name Shamsher ( " Sword of Justice " ) . As an interim measure , 18 Royal Air Force Jaguars were loaned to the Indian Air Force , with the first two loaned aircraft operational with Western Air Command on 27 July 1979 . The second batch of aircraft for the Indian Air Force were 40 Jaguar Internationals built at Warton , the first aircraft being delivered in March 1981 . Batch Three was the assembly of another 45 aircraft by HAL of kits shipped from the United Kingdom , the first kit being shipped to India in May 1981 . In the following phases more aircraft would be built in India with less European content . Indian Jaguars were used to carry out reconnaissance missions in support of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990 . They later played an active role in the 1999 Kargil War with Pakistan , dropping both unguided and laser @-@ guided bombs , the IAF defining its role as a " deep penetrating strike aircraft " . The Jaguar is also used in small numbers for the anti @-@ ship role , equipped with the Sea Eagle missile . The Jaguar remains an important element of the Indian military as , along with the Mirage 2000 , the Jaguar has been described as one of the few aircraft capable of performing the nuclear strike role with reasonable chances of success . It has been alleged that the Indian military decided against developing the Jaguar into an active nuclear platform because of its lack of ground clearance for deploying India 's gravity @-@ dropped nuclear bombs . As the aircraft aged , the avionics were viewed as lacking suitable components for the ground attack mission , such as terrain @-@ following radar , GPS navigation or modern night @-@ flight systems ; consequently , several upgrades were carried out in the mid @-@ 1990s , including the addition of the Litening targeting pod . India placed an order for 17 additional upgraded Jaguar aircraft from Hindustan Aeronautics in 1999 and a further 20 in 2001 – 2002 . The Indian Air Force plans to upgrade up to 125 Jaguars starting in 2013 by upgrading the avionics ( including multi mode radar , auto @-@ pilot and other changes ) as part of the DARIN III programme and is considering fitting more powerful engines , Honeywell F125IN to improve performance , particularly at medium altitudes . = = = Persian Gulf War = = = Following the invasion of Kuwait , on 9 August 1990 the British government assigned an initial 12 Jaguar GR1A and 12 Tornado F3 aircraft to the Middle East in Operation Granby , these aircraft operated from bases in Oman and Bahrain . On 23 August 1990 , a squadron of Tornado GR1 interdictors were dispatched to the region as well , but the Tornado GR1 was difficult to keep operational in the high temperatures . Blackburn Buccaneers were dispatched in January 1991 to act as laser designators for the ground strike aircraft . The RAF 's Jaguars gained several new weapons during the Persian Gulf War , including CRV7 high @-@ velocity rockets and American CBU @-@ 87 cluster bombs which were used because the RAF 's existing BL755 bombs were designed for low @-@ level release , and therefore unsuitable for higher @-@ altitude operations common over the Persian Gulf . The RAF 's detachment of 12 Jaguars flew 612 combat sorties , with no aircraft being lost . XZ364 " Sadman " flew 47 missions ; the highest number of missions of any aircraft . France also committed military assets to the coalition ; in October 1990 , eight Jaguar A aircraft along with several Dassault Mirage F1CR reconnaissance aircraft were sent to the Middle East , with the Mirages , which had more advanced avionics , acting as guides for the Jaguars . Owing to obsolete navigational systems being unable to provide the accuracy required , both French and British Jaguars were quickly modified with GPS receivers , RAF Tornadoes also required adaption to a lesser extent . The French Jaguar force in Saudi Arabia built up to a maximum of 28 aircraft , which carried out 615 combat sorties , with one Jaguar damaged by an Iraqi surface @-@ to @-@ air missile . Typical targets were Iraqi armoured units , Scud missile sites , and naval vessels . On 15 January 1991 , 12 French Jaguars bombed Ahmed Al Jaber Air Base , Kuwait ; three were damaged in the attack but all returned to base . On 26 January , RAF Jaguars and Tornadoes raided several Silkworm missile batteries in Kuwait to encourage the perception of an imminent amphibious invasion to liberate the country . On the 30th , two RAF Jaguars destroyed a Polnochny @-@ class landing ship with rockets and cannon . The Iraqi Republican Guard , entrenched on the Kuwait @-@ Saudi border , were subjected to a continuous intensive bombing campaign for weeks to demoralise them , allied Jaguars forming a portion of the delivering aircraft . The Jaguars also performed valuable reconnaissance of the combat area for Coalition forces . Both nations ' Jaguars were withdrawn from the region in March 1991 , at the end of Desert Storm . = = = Other operators = = = Early in development , it was decided that the Jaguar should be offered for export . In 1969 , while still in the prototype stage of development , formal approaches had been made to Switzerland , India , Japan , Australia , the Netherlands , Belgium , and Germany , promoting the aircraft for sale . Japan began negotiations towards licensed production of the Jaguar , but these plans failed in part because of the high royalty payments sought by SEPECAT . A proposal for Turkey to construct Jaguars under licence for their own air force also did not come to fruition . Attempts to export to Kuwait and Pakistan did not transfer into orders . Kuwait initially ordered 50 Jaguars and 16 Mirage 5s , but instead firmed up for F1s . Pakistan approached SEPECAT after the US refused to sell their aircraft of choice , the LTV A @-@ 7 Corsair II , due to an arms embargo ; Pakistan eventually opted for Mirage 5s . Jaguars were successfully sold to a number of overseas countries , India being the most prolific operator . The Jaguar International was an export version which was sold to Ecuador , Nigeria and Oman . The Ecuadorian Air Force , the only Latin American export customer , purchased 10 single- and 2 two @-@ seat variants , officially designated Jaguars ES and EB , respectively . The first of twelve aircraft arrived in January 1977 . They were used mainly for ground attack roles and occasionally for air superiority duties during the Cenepa War with Peru in 1995 , but the main part of the fleet was held in reserve in case of a wider conflict with the Peruvians . Nigeria ordered 13 single @-@ seat SN and 5 two @-@ seat BN variants ; SEPECAT delivered the first of these in May 1984 . A subsequent order for an 18 @-@ aircraft second batch was cancelled . Some of those in service were withdrawn from operations on the grounds of economy , with the remaining aircraft put up for re @-@ sale . The Royal Air Force of Oman , like Ecuador , ordered 10 single @-@ seat and 2 two @-@ seat variants , designated Jaguars OS and OB , respectively ; the first was delivered in March 1977 . A second identical 12 @-@ aircraft order was placed in the mid @-@ 1980s ; these were joined by two ex @-@ IAF and ex @-@ RAF examples . The last of the Omani aircraft were retired on 6 August 2014 . = = Variants = = Jaguar A Single @-@ seat all @-@ weather tactical strike , ground @-@ attack fighter version for the French Air Force , two prototypes and 160 production aircraft built . Jaguar B / Jaguar T2 Two @-@ seat training version for the Royal Air Force , one prototype and 38 production aircraft built . Capable of secondary role of strike and ground attack . Two flown by Empire Test Pilots School and one by Institute of Aviation Medicine . Equipped for inflight refuelling and with a single Aden cannon . Jaguar T2A Jaguar T2 upgrade similar to GR1A , 14 conversions from T2 . Jaguar T2B two Jaguar T2A aircraft given TIALD capability . An " unofficial " designation . Jaguar T4 Jaguar T2A upgraded to Jaguar 96 standard . Jaguar E Two @-@ seat training version for the French Air Force , two prototypes and 40 production aircraft built . Jaguar S / Jaguar GR1 Single @-@ seat all @-@ weather tactical strike , ground @-@ attack fighter version for the Royal Air Force , 165 built . Equipped with NAVigation And Weapon Aiming Sub @-@ System ( NAVWASS ) for attacking without use of radar . Ferranti " laser ranger and marked target seeker " added to nose during production Engines replaced by Adour Mk 104 from 1978 . Jaguar GR1A Jaguar GR1 with navigation ( NAVWASS II ) , chaff / flare , ECM and Sidewinder capability upgrades , 75 conversions from GR1 . Jaguar GR1B Ten GR1 aircraft modified to carry TIALD pods . Jaguar GR3 Jaguar 96 avionics upgrade to GR1A . Jaguar GR3A Jaguar 97 avionics upgrade to GR1B / GR3 . Jaguar M Single @-@ seat naval strike prototype for the French Navy , one built . Jaguar Active Control Technology One Jaguar converted into a research aircraft . Jaguar International Export versions based on either the Jaguar S or Jaguar B. Jaguar ES Export version of the Jaguar S for the Ecuadorian Air Force , 10 built . Jaguar EB Export version of the Jaguar B for the Ecuadorian Air Force , two built . Jaguar S ( O ) Export version of the Jaguar S for the Royal Air Force of Oman , 20 built . Jaguar B ( O ) Export version of the Jaguar B for the Royal Air Force of Oman , four built . Jaguar IS Single @-@ seat all @-@ weather tactical strike , ground @-@ attack fighter for the Indian Air Force , 35 built by BAe and 89 built by HAL ( Shamser ) . Jaguar IB Two @-@ seat training version for the Indian Air Force , five built by BAe and 27 built by HAL . Jaguar IM Single @-@ seat maritime anti @-@ shipping aircraft for the Indian Air Force . Fitted with Agave radar and capable of carrying Sea Eagle anti @-@ ship missile , 12 built by HAL . Jaguar SN Export version of the Jaguar S for the Nigerian Air Force , 13 built . Jaguar BN Export version of the Jaguar B for the Nigerian Air Force , five built . = = Operators = = = = = Current = = = India Indian Air Force No. 5 Squadron " Tuskers " , IAF Ambala with Direct Supply ( i.e. UK built ) Jaguar IS and IB from August 1981 . No. 6 Squadron " Dragons " , ( Jaguar IM , IS , IB ) from 1987 . No. 14 Squadron " Bulls " , IAF Ambala . Operational from September 1980 with loaned RAF Jaguar GR1s and T2s , and re @-@ equipped with Direct Supply Jaguar IS and IBs from March 1981 . No. 16 Squadron " Cobras " . Equipped with Indian @-@ built Jaguar IS and IB from October 1986 . No. 27 Squadron " Flaming Arrows " . Equipped with Indian @-@ built Jaguar IS and IB from June 1985 . No.224 Squadron " Warlords " . = = = Former operator = = = Ecuador Ecuadorian Air Force – ordered 10 single @-@ seat EBs and 2 two @-@ seat ESs in 1974 , with the aircraft being delivered in 1977 . It purchased 3 ex @-@ RAF Jaguar GR.1s as attrition replacements in 1991.Escuadron de Combate 2111 " Aguilas " ( Eagles ) France French Air Force – all retired Escadron de Chasse 3 / 3 " Ardennes " at Nancy ( 1977 – 1987 ) Escadron de Chasse 1 / 7 " Provence " at St Dizier . Re @-@ equipped with Jaguars in May 1973 and declared operational September 1974 . It discarded the Jaguar in July 2005 , the last French squadron to operate the Jaguar . Escadron de Chasse 2 / 7 " Argonne " at St Dizier . French Jaguar OCU . Formed October 1974 . It was disbanded in June 2001 . Escadron de Chasse 3 / 7 " Languedoc " at St Dizier . Received first Jaguars in March 1974 and operational in July 1975 . Disbanded July 1997 . Escadron de Chasse 4 / 7 " Limousin " . Formed April 1980 at St Dizier , but soon moved to Istres . Disbanded July 1989 . Escadron de Chasse 1 / 11 " Roussillon " at Toul . Operational March 1976 . Disbanded June 1994 . Escadron de Chasse 2 / 11 " Vosges " at Toul . Operational June 1977 . Disbanded July 1996 . Escadron de Chasse 3 / 11 " Corse " at Toul . Received Jaguars February 1975 . Disbanded July 1997 . Escadron de Chasse 4 / 11 " Jura " at Bordeaux @-@ Mérignac . Formed August 1978 , disbanded June 1992 . Nigeria Nigerian Air Force ordered 13 Jaguar SNs & 5 Jaguar BNs in 1983 , with delivery from 1984 , being operated by a squadron at Makurdi . Withdrawn from use in 1991 as an economy measure . Oman Royal Air Force of Oman purchased 10 Jaguar OSs and two Jaguar OBs in 1974 , with an identical order following in 1980 , supplementing these aircraft by an ex @-@ RAF Jaguar T2 and GR1 in 1982 and 1986 respectively . Oman 's Jaguars were brought to full GR3A standards during the 1990s . Oman 's last four operational Jaguars were retired on 6 August 2014.No. 8 Squadron RAFO at RAFO Thumrait . No. 20 Squadron RAFO at RAFO Thumrait . United Kingdom Royal Air Force – all retired No. 2 Squadron . Jaguars replaced 2 Squadron 's Phantoms at RAF Laarbruch , Germany in 1976 , with a main role of tactical reconnaissance . It re @-@ equipped with Tornado GR1As in 1988 . No. 6 Squadron formed at RAF Lossiemouth in October 1974 , moving to RAF Coltishall in November 1974 , serving in the attack role . It moved to RAF Coningsby in April 2006 , disbanding in May 2007 . No. 14 Squadron replaced its Phantoms with Jaguars in 1974 , based at RAF Bruggen in Germany . Its Jaguars were replaced by Tornados in 1985 . No. 16 ( Reserve ) Squadron , the OCU was formed at RAF Lossiemouth by renumbering 226 OCU , later moving Coltishall and finally disbanding in March 2005 . No. 17 Squadron at RAF Bruggen replaced its Phantoms in the strike role with Jaguars from 1975 to 1976 , and re @-@ equipped with Tornados in 1984 – 85 . No. 20 Squadron formed at RAF Bruggen in February 1977 in the strike role , disbanding in June 1984 . No. 31 Squadron based at RAF Bruggen replaced its Phantoms in 1976 in the strike role . Its Jaguars were replaced by Tornados in 1984 . No. 41 Squadron formed at RAF Coltishall in 1976 in the reconnaissance role . It disbanded in April 2006 . No. 54 Squadron formed at RAF Lossiemouth in March 1974 in the attack role , moving to RAF Coltishall in August 1974 . It disbanded in March 2005 . No. 226 OCU ( Operational Conversion Unit ) formed at RAF Lossiemouth in October 1974 and was redesignated No. 16 ( Reserve ) Squadron in September 1991 . Jaguar Conversion Team at RAF Lossiemouth ( initial OCU ) . Empire Test Pilots ' School . = = Specifications ( Jaguar A ) = = Data from Jane 's All The World 's Aircraft 1980 – 81 , Air Force Tac Recce Aircraft : NATO and Non @-@ aligned Western European Air Force Tactical Reconnaissance Aircraft of the Cold War General characteristics Crew : One Length : 16 @.@ 83 m ( 55 ft 2 ½ in ) Wingspan : 8 @.@ 68 m ( 28 ft 6 in ) Height : 4 @.@ 89 m ( 16 ft 0 ½ in ) Wing area : 24 @.@ 18 m ² ( 260 @.@ 27 ft ² ) Aspect ratio : 3 @.@ 12 : 1 Empty weight : 7 @,@ 000 kg ( 15 @,@ 432 lb ) Loaded weight : 10 @,@ 954 kg ( 24 @,@ 149 lb ) Max. takeoff weight : 15 @,@ 700 kg ( 34 @,@ 612 lb ) Powerplant : 2 × Rolls @-@ Royce / Turbomeca Adour Mk 102 turbofans Dry thrust : 22 @.@ 75 kN ( 5 @,@ 115 lbf ) each Thrust with afterburner : 32 @.@ 5 kN ( 7 @,@ 305 lbf ) each Performance Maximum speed : Mach 1 @.@ 6 ( 1 @,@ 699 km / h , 917 knots , 1 @,@ 056 mph ) at 11 @,@ 000 m ( 36 @,@ 000 ft ) Combat radius : 908 km ( 490 nmi , 564 mi ) ( lo @-@ lo @-@ lo , external fuel ) Ferry range : 3 @,@ 524 km ( 1 @,@ 902 nmi , 2 @,@ 190 mi ) Service ceiling : 14 @,@ 000 m ( 45 @,@ 900 ft ) Climb to 9 @,@ 145 m ( 30 @,@ 000 ft ) : 1 min 30 sec Armament Guns : 2 × 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 18 in ) DEFA cannons , 150 rounds / gun Hardpoints : 5 total : 4 × under @-@ wing ( Twin Inner pylon Fore & Aft ) and Single Outer Pylon ( For 'd only ) ) and 1 × center @-@ line pylon stations Fore & Aft plus 1 in the centre of the pylon for Special Weapons. with a capacity of 10 @,@ 000 lb ( 4 @,@ 500 kg ) and provisions to carry combinations of : Rockets : 8 × Matra rocket pods with 18 × SNEB 68 mm rockets each Missiles : AS.37 Martel anti @-@ radar missiles or AS @-@ 30L laser guided air @-@ to @-@ ground missiles . 2 × R550 Magic air @-@ to @-@ air missiles on underwing pylons Bombs : various unguided or laser @-@ guided bombs or 2 × WE177A nuclear bombs 1 × AN @-@ 52 nuclear bomb Other : ECM protection pods , Reconnaissance Pod , ATLIS laser / electro @-@ optical targeting pod , external drop tanks for extended range / loitering time = Battle of Thermopylae = The Battle of Thermopylae ( / θərˈmɒpᵻliː / thər @-@ MOP @-@ i @-@ lee ; Greek : Μάχη τῶν Θερμοπυλῶν , Machē tōn Thermopylōn ) was fought between an alliance of Greek city @-@ states , led by King Leonidas of Sparta , and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I over the course of three days , during the second Persian invasion of Greece . It took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Artemisium , in August or September 480 BC , at the narrow coastal pass of Thermopylae ( " The Hot Gates " ) . The Persian invasion was a delayed response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece , which had been ended by the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC . Xerxes had amassed a huge army and navy , and set out to conquer all of Greece . The Athenian general Themistocles had proposed that the allied Greeks block the advance of the Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae , and simultaneously block the Persian navy at the Straits of Artemisium . A Greek force of approximately 7 @,@ 000 men marched north to block the pass in the middle of 480 BC . The Persian army , alleged by the ancient sources to have numbered over one million , but today considered to have been much smaller ( various figures are given by scholars , ranging between about 100 @,@ 000 and 150 @,@ 000 ) , arrived at the pass in late August or early September . The vastly outnumbered Greeks held off the Persians for seven days ( including three of battle ) before the rear @-@ guard was annihilated in one of history 's most famous last stands . During two full days of battle , the small force led by Leonidas blocked the only road by which the massive Persian army could pass . After the second day , a local resident named Ephialtes betrayed the Greeks by revealing that a small path led behind the Greek lines . Leonidas , aware that his force was being outflanked , dismissed the bulk of the Greek army and remained to guard their retreat with 300 Spartans , 700 Thespians , 400 Thebans , and perhaps a few hundred others , most of whom were killed . At Artemisium , the Greek navy , under the command of the Athenian politician Themistocles , received news of the defeat . Since the Greek strategy required both Thermopylae and Artemisium to be held , and given their losses , it was decided to withdraw to Salamis . The Persians overran Boeotia and then captured the evacuated Athens . The Greek fleet — seeking a decisive victory over the Persian armada — attacked and defeated the invaders at the Battle of Salamis in late 480 BC . Fearful of being trapped in Europe , Xerxes withdrew with much of his army to Asia ( losing most to starvation and disease ) , leaving Mardonius to attempt to complete the conquest of Greece . However , the following year saw a Greek army decisively defeat the Persians at the Battle of Plataea , thereby ending the Persian invasion . Both ancient and modern writers have used the Battle of Thermopylae as an example of the power of a patriotic army defending its native soil . The performance of the defenders is also used as an example of the advantages of training , equipment , and good use of terrain as force multipliers and has become a symbol of courage against overwhelming odds . = = Background = = The Greek city @-@ states of Athens and Eretria had encouraged the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499 – 494 BC . The Persian Empire was still relatively young , and prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples . Darius , moreover , was a usurper , and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule . The Ionian revolt threatened the integrity of his empire , and Darius thus vowed to punish those involved ; especially the Athenians , " since he was sure that [ the Ionians ] would not go unpunished for their rebellion " . Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece . A preliminary expedition under Mardonius in 492 BC to secure the land approaches to Greece re @-@ conquered Thrace , and forced Macedon to become a client kingdom of Persia . Darius sent emissaries to all the Greek city @-@ states in 491 BC asking for a gift of " earth and water " in token of their submission to him . Having had a demonstration of his power the previous year , the majority of Greek cities duly obliged . In Athens , however , the ambassadors were put on trial and then executed by throwing them in a pit ; in Sparta , they were simply thrown down a well . This meant that Sparta was also effectively at war with Persia . Darius thus put together an amphibious task force under Datis and Artaphernes in 490 BC , which attacked Naxos , before receiving the submission of the other Cycladic Islands . The task force then moved on Eretria , which it besieged and destroyed . Finally , it moved to attack Athens , landing at the bay of Marathon , where it was met by a heavily outnumbered Athenian army . At the ensuing Battle of Marathon , the Athenians won a remarkable victory , which resulted in the withdrawal of the Persian army to Asia . Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece ; however , in 486 BC , his Egyptian subjects revolted , indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition . Darius then died whilst preparing to march on Egypt , and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I. Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt , and very quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece . Since this was to be a full @-@ scale invasion , it required long @-@ term planning , stockpiling and conscription . Xerxes decided that the Hellespont would be bridged to allow his army to cross to Europe , and that a canal should be dug across the isthmus of Mount Athos ( rounding which headland , a Persian fleet had been destroyed in 492 BC ) . These were both feats of exceptional ambition , which would have been beyond any other contemporary state . By early 480 BC , the preparations were complete , and the army which Xerxes had mustered at Sardis marched towards Europe , crossing the Hellespont on two pontoon bridges . The Athenians had also been preparing for war with the Persians since the mid @-@ 480s BC , and in 482 BC the decision was taken , under the guidance of the Athenian politician Themistocles , to build a massive fleet of triremes that would be essential for the Greeks to fight the Persians . However , the Athenians did not have the manpower to fight on both land and sea ; and therefore combating the Persians would require an alliance of Greek city states . In 481 BC , Xerxes sent ambassadors around Greece asking for ' earth and water ' but making the very deliberate omission of Athens and Sparta . Support thus began to coalesce around these two leading states . A congress of city states met at Corinth in late autumn of 481 BC , and a confederate alliance of Greek city @-@ states was formed . It had the power to send envoys asking for assistance and to dispatch troops from the member states to defensive points after joint consultation . This was remarkable for the disjointed Greek world , especially since many of the city @-@ states in attendance were still technically at war with each other . The ' congress ' met again in the spring of 480 BC . A Thessalian delegation suggested that the Greeks could muster in the narrow Vale of Tempe , on the borders of Thessaly , and thereby block Xerxes ' advance . A force of 10 @,@ 000 hoplites was dispatched to the Vale of Tempe , through which they believed the Persian army would have to pass . However , once there , being warned by Alexander I of Macedon that the vale could be bypassed through Sarantoporo Pass , and that the army of Xerxes was overwhelming , the Greeks retreated . Shortly afterwards , they received the news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont . A second strategy was therefore suggested by Themistocles to the Greeks . The route to southern Greece ( Boeotia , Attica and the Peloponnesus ) would require the army of Xerxes to travel through the very narrow pass of Thermopylae . This could easily be blocked by the Greek hoplites , despite the overwhelming numbers of Persians . Furthermore , to prevent the Persians bypassing Thermopylae by sea , the Athenian and allied navies could block the straits of Artemisium . This dual strategy was adopted by the congress . However , the Peloponnesian cities made fall @-@ back plans to defend the Isthmus of Corinth should it come to that , whilst the women and children of Athens had been evacuated en masse to the Peloponnesian city of Troezen . = = Prelude = = The Persian army seems to have made slow progress through Thrace and Macedon . News of the imminent Persian approach eventually reached Greece in August thanks to a Greek spy . At this time of year the Spartans , de facto military leaders of the alliance , were celebrating the festival of Carneia . During the Carneia , military activity was forbidden by Spartan law ; the Spartans had arrived too late at the Battle of Marathon because of this requirement . It was also the time of the Olympic Games , and therefore the Olympic truce , and thus it would have been doubly sacrilegious for the whole Spartan army to march to war . On this occasion , the ephors decided the urgency was sufficiently great to justify an advance expedition to block the pass , under one of its kings , Leonidas I. Leonidas took with him the 300 men of the royal bodyguard , the Hippeis . This expedition was to try to gather as many other Greek soldiers along the way as possible , and to await the arrival of the main Spartan army . The legend of Thermopylae , as told by Herodotus , has it that the Spartans consulted the Oracle at Delphi earlier in the year . The Oracle is said to have made the following prophecy : O ye men who dwell in the streets of broad Lacedaemon ! Honor the festival of the Carneia ! ! Otherwise , Either your glorious town shall be sacked by the children of Perseus , Or , in exchange , must all through the whole Laconian country Mourn for the loss of a king , descendant of great Heracles . Herodotus tells us that Leonidas , in line with the prophecy , was convinced he was going to certain death since his forces were not adequate for a victory , and so he selected only Spartans with living sons . The Spartan force was reinforced en route to Thermopylae by contingents from various cities and numbered more than 7 @,@ 000 by the time it arrived at the pass . Leonidas chose to camp at , and defend , the ' middle gate ' , the narrowest part of the pass of Thermopylae , where the Phocians had built a defensive wall some time before . News also reached Leonidas , from the nearby city of Trachis , that there was a mountain track which could be used to outflank the pass of Thermopylae . Leonidas stationed 1 @,@ 000 Phocians on the heights to prevent such a manoeuvre . Finally , in mid @-@ August , the Persian army was sighted across the Malian Gulf approaching Thermopylae . With the Persian army 's arrival at Thermopylae the Greeks held a council of war . Some Peloponnesians suggested withdrawal to the Isthmus of Corinth and blocking the passage to Peloponnesus . The Phocians and Locrians , whose states were located nearby , became indignant and advised defending Thermopylae and sending for more help . Leonidas calmed the panic and agreed to defend Thermopylae . According to Plutarch , when one of the soldiers complained that " Because of the arrows of the barbarians it is impossible to see the sun " , Leonidas replied : " Won 't it be nice , then , if we shall have shade in which to fight them ? " Herodotus reports a similar comment , but attributes it to Dienekes . A Persian emissary was sent by Xerxes to negotiate with Leonidas . The Greeks were offered their freedom and the title " Friends of the Persian People " . Moreover , they would be re @-@ settled on land better than that they possessed . When these terms were refused by Leonidas , the ambassador carried a written message by Xerxes , asking him to " Hand over your arms " . Leonidas ' famous response was for the Persians to " Come and take them " ( Μολὼν λαβέ ) . With the Persian embassy returning empty @-@ handed , battle became inevitable . Xerxes delayed for four days , waiting for the Greeks to disperse , before sending troops to attack them . = = Opposing forces = = = = = Persian army = = = The number of troops which Xerxes mustered for the second invasion of Greece has been the subject of endless dispute , because the numbers given in ancient sources are very large indeed . Herodotus claimed that there were , in total , 2 @.@ 6 million military personnel , accompanied by an equivalent number of support personnel . The poet Simonides , who was a near @-@ contemporary , talks of four million ; Ctesias gave 800 @,@ 000 as the total number of the army that was assembled by Xerxes . Modern scholars tend to reject the figures given by Herodotus and other ancient sources as unrealistic , and as a result of miscalculations or exaggerations on the part of the victors . Modern scholarly estimates are generally in the range 70 @,@ 000 – 300 @,@ 000 . These estimates usually come from studying the logistical capabilities of the Persians in that era , the sustainability of their respective base of operations , and the overall manpower constraints affecting them . Whatever the real numbers were , however , it is clear that Xerxes was anxious to ensure a successful expedition by mustering an overwhelming numerical superiority by land and by sea . The number of Persian troops present at Thermopylae is therefore as uncertain as the number for the total invasion force . For instance , it is unclear whether the whole Persian army marched as far as Thermopylae , or whether Xerxes left garrisons in Macedon and Thessaly . = = = Greek army = = = According to Herodotus , and Diodorus Siculus , the Greek army included the following forces : Notes : The number of Peloponnesians Diodorus suggests that there were 1 @,@ 000 Lacedemonians and 3 @,@ 000 other Peloponnesians , for a total of 4 @,@ 000 . Herodotus agrees with this figure in one passage , quoting an inscription by Simonides saying there were 4 @,@ 000 Peloponnesians . However , elsewhere , in the passage summarized by the above table , Herodotus tallies 3 @,@ 100 Peloponnesians at Thermopylae before the battle . Herodotus also reports that at Xerxes ' public showing of the dead , " helots were also there for them to see " , but he does not say how many or in what capacity they served . Thus , the difference between his two figures can be squared by supposing ( without proof ) that there were 900 helots ( three per Spartan ) present at the battle . If helots were present at the battle , there is no reason to doubt that they served in their traditional role as armed retainers to individual Spartans . Alternatively , Herodotus ' " missing " 900 troops might have been Perioeci , and could therefore correspond to Diodorus ' 1 @,@ 000 Lacedemonians . The number of Lacedemonians Further confusing the issue is Diodorus ' ambiguity about whether his 1 @,@ 000 Lacedemonians include the 300 Spartans . At one point he says : " Leonidas , when he received the appointment , announced that only one thousand men should follow him on the campaign ' " . However , he then says that : " There were , then , of the Lacedaemonians one thousand , and with them three hundred Spartiates " . It is therefore impossible to be clearer on this point . Pausanias ' account agrees with that of Herodotus ( whom he probably read ) except that he gives the number of Locrians , which Herodotus declined to estimate . Residing in the direct path of the Persian advance , they gave all the fighting men they had ; according to Pausanias 6 @,@ 000 men , which added to Herodotus ' 5 @,@ 200 would have given a force of 11 @,@ 200 . Many modern historians , who usually consider Herodotus more reliable , add the 1 @,@ 000 Lacedaemonians and the 900 helots to Herodotus ' 5 @,@ 200 to obtain 7 @,@ 100 or about 7 @,@ 000 men as a standard number , neglecting Diodorus ' Melians and Pausanias ' Locrians . However , this is only one approach , and many other combinations are plausible . Furthermore , the numbers changed later on in the battle when most of the army retreated and only approximately 3 @,@ 000 men remained ( 300 Spartans , 700 Thespians , 400 Thebans , possibly up to 900 helots and 1 @,@ 000 Phocians stationed above the pass ; less the casualties sustained in the previous days ) . = = Strategic and tactical considerations = = From a strategic point of view , by defending Thermopylae , the Greeks were making the best possible use of their forces . As long as they could prevent further Persian advance into Greece , they had no need to seek a decisive battle , and could thus remain on the defensive . Moreover , by defending two constricted passages ( Thermopylae and Artemisium ) , the Greeks ' inferior numbers became less of a factor . Conversely , for the Persians the problem of supplying such a large army meant that the Persians could not remain in the same place for too long . The Persians therefore had to retreat or advance ; and advancing required the pass of Thermopylae to be forced . Tactically , the pass at Thermopylae was ideally suited to the Greek style of warfare . A hoplite phalanx would be able to block the narrow pass with ease , with no risk of being outflanked by cavalry . In the pass , the phalanx would have been very difficult to assault for the more lightly armed Persian infantry . The major weak point for the Greeks was the mountain track which led across the highland parallel to Thermopylae , and which would allow their position to be outflanked . Although probably unsuitable for cavalry , this path could easily be traversed by the Persian infantry ( many of whom were versed in mountain warfare ) . Leonidas was made aware of this path by local people from Trachis , and he positioned a detachment of Phocian troops there in order to block this route . = = = Topography of the battlefield = = = At the time , the pass of Thermopylae consisted of a track along the shore of the Malian Gulf so narrow that only one chariot could pass through at a time . On the southern side of the track stood the cliffs that overlooked the pass , and on the north side was the Malian Gulf . Along the path itself was a series of three constrictions , or " gates " ( pylai ) , and at the center gate a short wall that had been erected by the Phocians in the previous century to aid in their defense against Thessalian invasions . The name " Hot Gates " comes from the hot springs that were located there . The terrain of the battlefield was nothing that Xerxes and his forces were accustomed to . Although coming from a mountainous country , the Persians were not prepared for the real nature of the country they had invaded . The pure ruggedness of this area is caused by torrential downpours for four months of the year , combined with an intense summer season of scorching heat that cracks the ground . Vegetation is scarce and consists of low shrubs that are of the thorny type . The hillsides along the pass are covered in thick brush , some plants reaching 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) high . With a dangerous cliff to the ocean on one side and steep , impassable hills on the other , King Leonidas and his men chose the perfect topographical position to battle the Persian invaders . Today , the pass is not near the sea , but is several kilometres inland because of sedimentation in the Malian Gulf . The old track appears at the foot of hills around the plain , flanked by a modern road . Recent core samples indicate that the pass was only 100 metres ( 330 ft ) wide and the waters came up to the gates ; " Little do the visitors realize that the battle took place across the road from the monument . " The pass still is a natural defensive position to modern armies , and British Commonwealth forces in World War II made a defense in 1941 against the Nazi invasion metres from the original battlefield . Maps of the region : Image of the battlefield , from the east = = Battle = = = = = First day = = = On the fifth day after the Persian arrival at Thermopylae and the first day of the battle , Xerxes finally resolved to attack the Greeks . First , he ordered five thousand archers to fire a barrage of arrows , but they were ineffective ; they fired from at least 100 yards away , according to modern day scholars , and the Greeks ' bronze shields and helmets deflected the missiles . After that , Xerxes sent a force of ten thousand Medes and Cissians to take the defenders prisoner and bring them before him . The Persians soon launched a frontal assault , in waves of around 10 @,@ 000 men , on the Greek position . The Greeks fought in front of the Phocian wall , at the narrowest part of the pass , which enabled them to use as few soldiers as possible . Details of the tactics are scant ; Diodorus says " the men stood shoulder to shoulder " and the Greeks were " superior in valor and in the great size of their shields . " This probably describes the standard Greek phalanx , in which the men formed a wall of overlapping shields and layered spear points protruding out from the sides of the shields , which would have been highly effective as long as it spanned the width of the pass . The weaker shields and shorter spears and swords of the Persians prevented them from effectively engaging the Greek hoplites . Herodotus says that the units for each city were kept together ; units were rotated in and out of the battle to prevent fatigue , which implies the Greeks had more men than necessary to block the pass . The Greeks killed so many Medes that Xerxes is said to have stood up three times from the seat from which he was watching the battle . According to Ctesias , the first wave was " cut to ribbons " , with only two or three Spartans killed in return . According to Herodotus and Diodorus , the king , having taken the measure of the enemy , threw his best troops into a second assault the same day , the Immortals , an elite corps of 10 @,@ 000 men . However , the Immortals fared no better than the Medes , failing to make any headway against the Greeks . The Spartans apparently used a tactic of feigning retreat , and then turning and killing the enemy troops when they ran after them . = = = Second day = = = On the second day , Xerxes again sent in the infantry to attack the pass , " supposing that their enemies , being so few , were now disabled by wounds and could no longer resist . " However , the Persians had no more success on the second day than on the first . Xerxes at last stopped the assault and withdrew to his camp , " totally perplexed " . Late that day , however , as the Persian king was pondering what to do next , he received a windfall ; a Trachinian named Ephialtes informed him of the mountain path around Thermopylae and offered to guide the Persian army . Ephialtes was motivated by the desire for a reward . For this act , the name of Ephialtes received a lasting stigma , his name coming to mean " nightmare " in the Greek language and becoming the archetypal traitor in Greek culture . Herodotus reports that Xerxes sent his commander Hydarnes that evening , with the men under his command , the Immortals , to encircle the Greeks via the path . However , he does not say who those men were . The Immortals had been bloodied on the first day , so it is possible that Hydarnes may have been given overall command of an enhanced force including what was left of the Immortals , and indeed , according to Diodorus , Hydarnes had a force of 20 @,@ 000 for the mission . The path led from east of the Persian camp along the ridge of Mt . Anopaea behind the cliffs that flanked the pass . It branched , with one path leading to Phocis and the other down to the Malian Gulf at Alpenus , first town of Locris . = = = Third day = = = At daybreak on the third day , the Phocians guarding the path above Thermopylae became aware of the outflanking Persian column by the rustling of oak leaves . Herodotus says that they jumped up and were greatly amazed . Hydarnes was perhaps just as amazed to see them hastily arming themselves as they were to see him and his forces . He feared that they were Spartans , but was informed by Ephialtes that they were not . The Phocians retreated to a nearby hill to make their stand ( assuming that the Persians had come to attack them ) . However , not wishing to be delayed , the Persians merely shot a volley of arrows at them , before bypassing them to continue with their encirclement of the main Greek force . Learning from a runner that the Phocians had not held the path , Leonidas called a council of war at dawn . According to Diodorus , a Persian called Tyrrhastiadas , a Cymaean by birth , warned the Greeks . Some of the Greeks argued for withdrawal , but Leonidas resolved to stay at the pass with the Spartans . Many of the Greek contingents then either chose to withdraw ( without orders ) , or were ordered to leave by Leonidas ( Herodotus admits that there is some doubt about which actually happened ) . The contingent of 700 Thespians , led by their general Demophilus , refused to leave and committed themselves to the fight . Also present were the 400 Thebans , and probably the helots who had accompanied the Spartans . Leonidas ' actions have been the subject of much discussion . It is commonly stated that the Spartans were obeying the laws of Sparta by not retreating , but it seems it was actually the failure to retreat from Thermopylae that gave rise to the notion that Spartans never retreated . It is also possible that , recalling the words of the Oracle , Leonidas was committed to sacrifice his life in order to save Sparta . However , since the prophecy was specific to him , this seems a poor reason to commit 1 @,@ 500 other men to a fight to the death . The most likely theory is that Leonidas chose to form a rearguard so that the other Greek contingents could get away . If all the troops had retreated , the open ground beyond the pass would have allowed the Persian cavalry to run the Greeks down . If they had all remained at the pass , they would have been encircled and would eventually have all been killed . By covering the retreat and continuing to block the pass , Leonidas could save more than 3 @,@ 000 men , who would be able to fight again . The Thebans have also been the subject of some discussion . Herodotus suggests that they were brought to the battle as hostages to ensure the good behavior of Thebes . However , as Plutarch long ago pointed out , if they were hostages , why not send them away with the rest of the Greeks ? The likelihood is that these were the Theban ' loyalists ' , who unlike the majority of their fellow citizens , objected to Persian domination . They thus probably came to Thermopylae of their own free will and stayed to the end because they could not return to Thebes if the Persians conquered Boeotia . The Thespians , resolved as they were not to submit to Xerxes , faced the destruction of their city if the Persians took Boeotia . However , this alone does not explain the fact that they remained ; the remainder of Thespiae was successfully evacuated before the Persians arrived there . It seems that the Thespians volunteered to remain as a simple act of self @-@ sacrifice , all the more amazing since their contingent represented every single hoplite the city could muster . This seems to have been a particularly Thespian trait – on at least two other occasions in later history , a Thespian force would commit itself to a fight to the death . At dawn , Xerxes made libations , pausing to allow the Immortals sufficient time to descend the mountain , and then began his advance . A Persian force of ten thousand men , consisting of light infantry and cavalry , charged at the front of the Greek formation . The Greeks this time sallied forth from the wall to meet the Persians in the wider part of the pass in an attempt to slaughter as many Persians as they could . They fought with spears until every spear was shattered and then switched to xiphē ( short swords ) . In this struggle , Herodotus states that two brothers of Xerxes fell : Abrocomes and Hyperanthes . Leonidas also died in the assault , shot down by Persian archers , and the two sides fought over his body , the Greeks taking possession . As the Immortals approached , the Greeks withdrew and took a stand on a hill behind the wall . The Thebans " moved away from their companions , and with hands upraised , advanced toward the barbarians ... " ( Rawlinson translation ) , but a few were slain before their surrender was accepted . The king later had the Theban prisoners branded with the royal mark . Of the remaining defenders , Herodotus says : " Here they defended themselves to the last , those who still had swords using them , and the others resisting with their hands and teeth . " Tearing down part of the wall , Xerxes ordered the hill surrounded , and the Persians rained down arrows until every last Greek was dead . In 1939 , archaeologist Spyridon Marinatos , excavating at Thermopylae , found large numbers of Persian bronze arrowheads on Kolonos Hill , changing the identification of the hill on which the Greeks died from a smaller one nearer the wall . The pass at Thermopylae was thus opened to the Persian army , according to Herodotus , at the cost to the Persians of up to 20 @,@ 000 fatalities . The Greek rearguard , meanwhile , was annihilated , with a probable loss of 2 @,@ 000 men , including those killed on the first two days of battle . Herodotus says at one point that 4 @,@ 000 Greeks died , but assuming that the Phocians guarding the track were not killed during the battle ( as Herodotus implies ) , this would be almost every Greek soldier present ( by Herodotus ' own estimates ) , and this number is probably too high . = = Aftermath = = When the body of Leonidas was recovered by the Persians , Xerxes , in a rage against Leonidas , ordered that the head be cut off and the body crucified . Herodotus observes that it was very uncommon for the Persians , as they had the habit of treating " valiant warriors " with great honour ( the example of Pytheas , captured off Skiathos before the Battle of Artemisium , strengthens this suggestion ) . However , Xerxes was known for his rage . Legend has it that he had the Hellespont whipped , the water itself , because it would not obey him . After the Persians ' departure , the Greeks collected their dead and buried them on the hill . After the Persian invasion was repulsed , a stone lion was erected at Thermopylae to commemorate Leonidas . A full 40 years after the battle , Leonidas ' bones were returned to Sparta , where he was buried again with full honors ; funeral games were held every year in his memory . With Thermopylae now opened to the Persian army , the continuation of the blockade at Artemisium by the Greek fleet became irrelevant . The simultaneous naval Battle of Artemisium had been a tactical stalemate , and the Greek navy was able to retreat in good order to the Saronic Gulf , where they helped to ferry the remaining Athenian citizens to the island of Salamis . Following Thermopylae , the Persian army proceeded to burn and sack Plataea and Thespiae , the Boeotian cities that had not submitted , before it marched on the now evacuated city of Athens . Meanwhile , the Greeks ( for the most part Peloponnesians ) prepared to defend the Isthmus of Corinth , demolishing the single road that led through it and building a wall across it . As at Thermopylae , to make this an effective strategy required the Greek navy to stage a simultaneous blockade , barring the passage of the Persian navy across the Saronic Gulf , so that troops could not be landed directly on the Peloponnese . However , instead of a mere blockade , Themistocles persuaded the Greeks to seek a decisive victory against the Persian fleet . Luring the Persian navy into the Straits of Salamis , the Greek fleet was able to destroy much of the Persian fleet in the Battle of Salamis , which essentially ended the threat to the Peloponnese . Fearing that the Greeks might attack the bridges across the Hellespont and trap his army in Europe , Xerxes now retreated with much of the army back to Asia , though nearly all of them died of starvation and disease on the return . He left a handpicked force under Mardonius to complete the conquest the following year . However , under pressure from the Athenians , the Peloponnesians eventually agreed to try to force Mardonius to battle , and marched on Attica . Mardonius retreated to Boeotia to lure the Greeks into open terrain , and the two sides eventually met near the city of Plataea . At the Battle of Plataea , the Greek army won a decisive victory , destroying much of the Persian army , and ending the invasion of Greece . Meanwhile , at the near @-@ simultaneous naval Battle of Mycale , they also destroyed much of the remaining Persian fleet , thereby reducing the threat of further invasions . Thermopylae is arguably the most famous battle in European ancient history , repeatedly referenced in ancient , recent , and contemporary culture . In Western culture at least , it is the Greeks who are lauded for their performance in battle . However , within the context of the Persian invasion , Thermopylae was undoubtedly a defeat for the Greeks . It seems clear that the Greek strategy was to hold off the Persians at Thermopylae and Artemisium ; whatever they may have intended , it was presumably not their desire to surrender all of Boeotia and Attica to the Persians . The Greek position at Thermopylae , despite being massively outnumbered , was nearly impregnable . If the position had been held for even a little longer , the Persians might have had to retreat for lack of food and water . Thus , despite the heavy losses , forcing the pass was strategically a Persian victory , but the successful retreat of the bulk of the Greek troops was in its own sense a victory as well . The battle itself had showed that a few free men were willing to do anything for victory against the invaders . The defeat at Thermopylae had turned Leonidas and the men under his command into martyrs . That boosted the morale of all Greek soldiers in the second Persian invasion . It is sometimes stated that Thermopylae was a Pyrrhic victory for the Persians , one in which the victor is as damaged by the battle as the defeated party . However , there is no suggestion by Herodotus that the effect on the Persian forces was that . The idea ignores the fact that the Persians would , in the aftermath of Thermopylae , conquer the majority of Greece , and the fact that they were still fighting in Greece a year later . Alternatively , the argument is sometimes advanced that the last stand at Thermopylae was a successful delaying action that gave the Greek navy time to prepare for the Battle of Salamis . However , compared to the probable time ( about one month ) between Thermopylae and Salamis , the time bought was negligible . Furthermore , this idea also neglects the fact that a Greek navy was fighting at Artemisium during the Battle of Thermopylae , incurring losses in the process . George Cawkwell suggests that the gap between Thermopylae and Salamis was caused by Xerxes systematically reducing Greek opposition in Phocis and Boeotia , and not as a result of the Battle of Thermopylae ; thus , as a delaying action , Thermopylae was insignificant compared to Xerxes 's own procrastination . Far from labeling Thermopylae as a Pyrrhic victory , modern academic treatises on the Greco @	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Shocker the Big Man is displeased with his failure . Meanwhile , Peter unsuccessfully tries to ask out Jonah 's assistant , Betty Brant . After a tremor rattles the entire city , Peter , as Spider @-@ Man , discovers it is the Shocker , leaving him a trail that leads to a condemned theater . During their fight , Spider @-@ Man unsuccessfully tries to find out who hired him before finally bringing the building down and defeating the Shocker . Meanwhile , Harry returns home where his father Norman tells him to take responsibility and study by himself . Norman then goes to meet with Hammerhead , revealing that he helped them steal the suit from Tri @-@ Corp as they are his company 's competitor . He talks over speaker phone with the Big Man , who wants him to create new supervillains in return for funding . At his house , Peter sends his photos to the Bugle and tries to give Aunt May the money , but she insists that he still uses 10 % of it to buy a new camera . = = Production = = " Market Forces " was written by Andrew Robinson and directed by Dan Fausett . Though the show is done in the style of traditional animation , computer @-@ generated imagery was used to produce the green sonic beams made by Shocker . In the original comic book publications , Shocker 's secret identity was a man named Herman Schultz . For The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man , they changed his identity to that of Enforcer Montana , who had , in the comics , been a prominent character already . Using Montana allowed the writers to not have to come up with a completely new origin for Shocker . His suit was generally the same as that done in the comic books , but had extra features including goggles and vibrators . His voice was provided by veteran voice performer Jeff Bennett . = = Cultural references = = Greg Weisman , one of the producers for the series , came up with the idea to do a title scheme for each arc . For " Market Forces " and its arc , the scheme is economics . A line in the episode asks how deep a location is , using the Mariana Trench and the Ninth Circle of Hell in Dante 's Inferno as comparisons . = = Reception = = " Market Forces " originally broadcast on March 26 , 2008 , on the Kids WB ! block for the CW Network , at 10 : 00 a.m. It received generally positive reviews from television critics . Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode an 8 @.@ 5 out of 10 and wrote " Sometimes change can be fun , and this episode was a great example of that . " Goldman enjoyed the design of Shocker which he felt stayed true to his original design and was " intrigued " by changing his secret identity . He praised the usage of CGI , the portrayal of Peter 's life , and the " cool " ending . Sean Elliot , the senior editor of iF Magazine , gave the episode an " A- " and said about the change of Shocker 's secret identity , " saves the writers from having to come up with a completely different origin for a character that pretty much is a second tier villain anyways . " Elliot wrote that having Norman making a deal to produce new supervillains was " an extremely useful " convention that allows the introduction and creation of enemies for Spider @-@ Man to fight . = First inauguration of Barack Obama = The first inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States took place on Tuesday , January 20 , 2009 . The inauguration , which set a record attendance for any event held in Washington , D.C. , marked the commencement of the first four @-@ year term of Barack Obama as President and Joe Biden as Vice President . Based on the combined attendance numbers , television viewership , and Internet traffic , it was among the most @-@ observed events ever by the global audience . " A New Birth of Freedom " , a phrase from the Gettysburg Address , served as the inaugural theme to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the birth year of Abraham Lincoln . In his speeches to the crowds , Obama referred to ideals expressed by Lincoln about renewal , continuity and national unity . Obama mentioned these ideals in his speech to stress the need for shared sacrifice and a new sense of responsibility to answer America 's challenges at home and abroad . Obama and others paid homage to Lincoln in the form of tributes and references during several of the events , starting with a commemorative train tour from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to Washington , D.C. on January 17 , 2009 . The inaugural events held in Washington from January 18 to 21 , 2009 , included concerts , a national day of community service on Martin Luther King , Jr . Day , the swearing @-@ in ceremony , luncheon and parade , inaugural balls , and the interfaith inaugural prayer service . The presidential oath as administered to Obama during his swearing @-@ in ceremony on January 20 strayed slightly from the oath of office prescribed in the United States Constitution , which led to its re ‑ administration the next day . In addition to a larger than usual celebrity attendance , the Presidential Inaugural Committee increased its outreach to ordinary citizens to encourage greater participation in inaugural events compared with participation in recent past inaugurations . For the first time , the committee opened the entire length of the National Mall as the public viewing area for the swearing @-@ in ceremony , breaking with the tradition of past inaugurations . Selected American citizens participated in the train tour and other inaugural events , and a philanthropist organized a People 's Inaugural Ball for disadvantaged people who otherwise would be unable to afford to attend the inaugural festivities . Among the celebrations for the inauguration , the committee hosted a first @-@ ever Neighborhood Inaugural Ball with free or affordable tickets for ordinary citizens . = = Context = = By definition , the inauguration marked the formal culmination of the presidential transition of Barack Obama that began when he won the United States presidential election on November 4 , 2008 and became the President @-@ elect . In accordance with Article I , Section 6 of the United States Constitution , Obama resigned from the United States Senate effective November 16 , 2008 . He was formally elected by the Electoral College on December 15 , 2008 . The results were certified by a joint session of Congress on January 8 , 2009 . Obama , who originally campaigned using the slogan " Change We Can Believe In " and later " Change We Need " , was widely celebrated as the first African American president of the United States and a symbol of change from his Republican predecessor , George W. Bush . Obama also represented a generational change as the first man elected President who was born in the 1960s . He inherited what Peter Orszag termed an " economic mess " that became known as the late @-@ 2000s financial crisis . According to a CNN poll , he embodied youthful energy and transition at a time of economic despair , and inspired more confidence than his immediate predecessors . = = Planning = = The inauguration was planned primarily by two committees : the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies and the 2009 Presidential Inaugural Committee . Although the election was scheduled for November 4 , 2008 , the congressional committee began construction of the inaugural platform on September 24 , 2008 . = = = Joint Congressional Committee = = = The swearing @-@ in ceremony and the inaugural luncheon for President @-@ elect Obama and Vice President @-@ elect Biden were planned by the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies , a committee composed of United States Senators Dianne Feinstein , committee chair , Bob Bennett and Harry Reid , and United States Representatives John Boehner , Steny Hoyer and Nancy Pelosi . The committee is overseen by the U.S. Senate Committee on Rules and Administration . The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies chose the inaugural theme , " A New Birth of Freedom " , a phrase from Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address from the Civil War era . The theme , which was selected by the committee to mark the inaugural occasion and honor the 200th anniversary year of Lincoln 's birth , expressed " Lincoln 's hope that the sacrifice of those who died to preserve the United States would lead to ' a new birth of freedom ' for the nation . ' " In his reliance on the inaugural theme , Obama wanted " to give Americans reassurance that today , as in Lincoln 's time , the country would find its way through any crisis " . The congressional committee released the full schedule of the January 20 inaugural events on December 17 , 2008 . The inauguration schedule referred to the President ‑ elect as " Barack H. Obama " , although Obama specified previously that he intended to use his full name for his swearing @-@ in ceremony , including his middle name Hussein . Obama decided to use his full name " Barack Hussein Obama " to " follow the tradition , not trying to make a statement one way or the other " for the inaugural ceremony . During the election campaign , Obama 's detractors tried to use his middle name to imply falsely that he was a Muslim . The District of Columbia City Council passed legislation to enable bars and restaurants to stay open around ‑ the ‑ clock to provide hospitality services to the inaugural festivities attendees . After reaching an agreement with the congressional committee , District of Columbia Mayor Adrian Fenty signed legislation to temporarily allow bars and restaurants to operate 24 hours during the weekend leading up to the inauguration , but with 4 : 00 am EST as the cut ‑ off for alcoholic beverage service . The Hotel Association of Metropolitan Washington agreed to pay for extended train service provided by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority on January 19 to accommodate visitors attending inaugural events and workers providing support for those events . = = = Presidential Inaugural Committee = = = The 2009 Presidential Inaugural Committee organized several other inauguration ‑ related events at the direction of the President ‑ elect and Vice President ‑ elect of the United States , such as the train ride , concerts , parade , balls and prayer service . The co @-@ chairs of the committee were William Daley , Penny Pritzker , John Rogers , Patrick Ryan and Julianna Smoot . For the first time in history , the Presidential Inaugural Committee opened the full length of National Mall , which extends from the United States Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial , as the public viewing area for the swearing @-@ in ceremony . The presidential committee set aside a section of the mall close to the U.S. Capitol for people holding reserved tickets for the inaugural event . The committee directed the opening of the entire National Mall to make the event " ' the most open and accessible in history , ' allowing those who [ could not ] get the [ reserved ] tickets to the swearing @-@ in ceremony on the Capitol grounds to fill the mall " . To enable people in attendance to see and hear the swearing @-@ in ceremony , the committee arranged for placement of JumboTrons at points along the entire mall . Despite criticism that such a large event could not be carbon @-@ friendly , the presidential committee incorporated environment @-@ friendly measures in its planning of the inaugural events . The environmental measures included the use of recyclable carpet for the platform , retrieval of recyclable items from outdoor areas after an event , and the use of recycled paper for invitations and inaugural ball tickets . = = = = Fundraising = = = = The 2009 Presidential Inaugural Committee attempted to raise more individual contributions in smaller dollar amounts compared with the second inauguration of George W. Bush in 2005 . The 2009 contribution limit was set at $ 50 @,@ 000 for donations by individuals , whereas individuals and companies were able to give a maximum of $ 250 @,@ 000 apiece for the 2005 event . As of January 30 , 2009 , the presidential committee raised more than $ 53 million , with at least 458 people giving the committee @-@ imposed maximum of $ 50 @,@ 000 , including celebrity donors such as George Soros , Halle Berry , Jamie Foxx and George Lucas . Emphasizing a change from business as usual , the committee set stringent guidelines for campaign contributions , barring donations from corporations , political action committees , registered federal lobbyists , labor and trade unions , registered foreign agents and non @-@ U.S. citizens . The committee did accept donations from people with active lobbying interests before the federal government , but not registered as federal lobbyists , such as Google executive Eric Schmidt and Microsoft executive Steve Ballmer . Based on its fundraising efforts and crowd estimates for the Obama inauguration , the presidential committee set its budget at $ 160 – $ 170 million for the inauguration , including about $ 45 million for the gala events . The federal government contributed about $ 49 million , including $ 1 @.@ 2 million to cover the actual swearing @-@ in ceremony . The District of Columbia and the neighboring states of Maryland and Virginia projected costs to provide support for inaugural events at more than $ 75 million alone for police , fire and medical services . To help fund the efforts , President George W. Bush declared a federal state of emergency as a precaution so that funds could be sought from Federal Emergency Management Agency . = = = Invitations and tickets = = = The Presidential Inaugural Committee and members of the 111th U.S. Congress distributed invitations and color @-@ coded tickets to both dignitaries and ordinary citizens for the reserved sections on or near the U.S. Capitol grounds to view the swearing @-@ in ceremony . Invitations and tickets were sent to ambassadors and chiefs of diplomatic missions to the United States and their spouses , but not to other representatives of foreign countries , and invitations were distributed to U.S. politicians and an array of dignitaries across the spectrum of business and industry . House and Senate congressional members distributed free tickets for the inaugural ceremony to the public by lottery or on a first ‑ come , first served basis because of overwhelming requests to attend the event . Because of high demand and limited availability of the reserved tickets , some people planned to offer their tickets for sale through ticket brokers , Internet auctions and classified listing services . Sales offers for tickets reached as high as $ 1 @,@ 750 each for the reserved standing room section behind the Capitol Reflecting Pool , $ 5 @,@ 500 each for the reserved standing room section in front of the Reflecting Pool and $ 20 @,@ 000 each for the VIP section on the Capitol grounds . In one case , a former legislative aide to Representative Ted Poe was exposed by a prospective buyer after the former aide used Craigslist and e ‑ mail to offer five tickets to the buyer for $ 4 @,@ 500 . Federal and state officials became concerned about ticket scalping and fraud related to sales of the tickets for the swearing @-@ in ceremony . Senator Dianne Feinstein , chair of the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies , introduced legislation in mid @-@ November 2008 to ban sales of tickets to the swearing @-@ in ceremony . At the same time , the joint congressional committee contacted online auction operators , ticket resellers and classified listing services to block sales of the tickets . To address the committee 's concerns , StubHub and eBay agreed to ban ticket sales for the swearing @-@ in ceremony on all of its sites . Senator Feinstein re @-@ introduced legislation in December 2008 to ban ticket sales for the swearing @-@ in ceremony after amending the bill to exempt tickets issued by official presidential inaugural committees for inaugural event fundraising . The U.S. Senate failed to pass the final bill , which caused the bill to die in the closing days of the lame duck legislative session . = = Pre @-@ inaugural events = = = = = Train ride : Commemorating Lincoln = = = On January 17 , 2009 , Obama hosted a whistle stop train tour in honor of the 200th anniversary of the birth year of Abraham Lincoln . Obama reenacted the final part of Lincoln 's 1861 train tour from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania to Washington , D.C. to capture the mood of the 1861 Springfield to Washington train tour traveled by Lincoln to his own inauguration . For his train ride to the nation 's capital , Obama rode in the Georgia 300 , a vintage railroad car used by past presidents and the same one he used for touring Pennsylvania during his presidential primary campaign . On the tour , Obama was accompanied by his wife Michelle , their daughters Malia and Sasha , and a host of friends and guests . For the train ride to Washington , Obama invited 41 " everyday Americans " that he met during his presidential campaign to accompany him on the tour and attend other inaugural events , including the swearing @-@ in ceremony , the parade and an inaugural ball . The group of citizens who joined the tour had shared stories with then @-@ candidate Obama about themselves and their families during the presidential campaign , and included Matt Kuntz and Lilly Ledbetter . Kuntz , who lost his own step ‑ brother to suicide after returning home from the Gulf War , dedicated his efforts to improve mental health screening for Iraq War veterans . Ledbetter , who learned years later that her employer had discriminated against her in pay based on gender , lost her case before the Supreme Court because she did not file her claim within 180 days of the discriminatory act . Nine days after his inauguration , Obama as president signed into law the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act , allowing claims filed against employers not only within 180 days of the pay discrimination , but also restarting the 180 @-@ day period for claims upon receiving any paycheck based on a discriminatory pay action . Obama commenced the tour in Philadelphia by holding a town hall meeting at 30th Street Station with a few hundred supporters . At the first stop in Wilmington , Delaware Vice President ‑ elect Biden and his family joined the tour . Biden , dubbed " Amtrak Joe " for his daily commutes on Amtrak between Wilmington and Washington , built a reputation as a supporter of increased funding for U.S. commuter rail transportation . The train continued to Baltimore , Maryland , its second stop , where Obama spoke to a crowd of about 40 @,@ 000 people . During his speeches to the crowds , he emphasized the theme " A New Birth of Freedom " using phrases associated with Lincoln such as " better angels " and " a new declaration of independence " . Obama referred to patriotic forebearers in his speech when he reminded the crowds that " we should never forget that we are the heirs of that first band of patriots , ordinary men and women who refused to give up when it all seemed so improbable ; and who somehow believed that they had the power to make the world anew . " Thousands of well ‑ wishers gathered at various points along the train route taking pictures , cheering and waving American flags and homemade signs , with Obama reciting his trademark rejoinder " I love you back " to the enthusiastic crowds . The one @-@ day train tour concluded at Union Station in Washington , D.C. = = = We Are One concert = = = On January 18 , 2009 , the day after Obama arrived in Washington , D.C. , an inaugural concert , " We Are One " , took place at the Lincoln Memorial . The concert featured performances and readings of historical passages by more than three dozen celebrities . Attendance at the concert was free to the public , and HBO broadcast the concert live on an open feed , enabling anyone with cable television to watch the event . An estimated 400 @,@ 000 people attended the concert at the Lincoln Memorial . The Washington Metro recorded 616 @,@ 324 passenger trips during the day , breaking the old Sunday ridership record of 540 @,@ 945 passenger trips set on July 4 , 1999 . = = = King Day of Service = = = The eve of the Inauguration Day , January 19 , 2009 , fell on Martin Luther King , Jr . Day , a U.S. federal holiday in recognition of Dr. King 's birthday . Obama called upon communities everywhere to observe the King Day of Service , a day of citizen volunteer service honoring the human rights leader . More than 13 @,@ 000 community service events took place across the nation on the day , the largest participation in the 14 years since Congress passed the King Holiday and Service Act and more than double the previous year 's events . Obama spent an hour at Walter Reed Army Medical Center meeting privately with the families of troops who were recovering from wounds sustained in the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan . After visiting the medical center , he , along with Martin Luther King , III , headed to the Sasha Bruce House homeless shelter for teens to participate with others in service activities . Joe Biden hung drywall at a Habitat for Humanity home in N.E. Washington , D.C. Biden 's wife , Jill , their daughter , Ashley Biden , Michelle Obama and the Obamas ' daughters , Malia and Sasha , spent the morning at Robert F. Kennedy Stadium where they helped thousands of volunteers prepare more than 85 @,@ 000 care packages destined for U.S. troops overseas . Later that evening , the President @-@ elect hosted three separate bipartisan dinners to honor the service of John McCain , Colin Powell and Joe Biden . = = = Kids ' Inaugural : " We Are the Future " = = = On the evening of January 19 , 2009 , Michelle Obama and Jill Biden hosted the " Kids ' Inaugural : We Are the Future " event at the Verizon Center . Demi Lovato , Miley Cyrus , and the Jonas Brothers honored military families in concert . The show was broadcast live on the Disney Channel and on Radio Disney . Other celebrity participants included Bow Wow , George Lopez , Corbin Bleu , Queen Latifah , Billy Ray Cyrus , Shaquille O 'Neal and Jamie Foxx . In keeping with the service theme of the day , Michelle Obama issued a call for children to become engaged in public service by volunteering in homeless shelters , visiting elderly people or writing letters to U.S. troops . = = Inaugural events = = = = = Ceremony : " A New Birth of Freedom " = = = The inaugural ceremony took place at the West Front of the United States Capitol on January 20 , 2009 . The ceremony opened with the playing of pre ‑ recorded music and a live performance by " The President 's Own " United States Marine Band , followed by live performances by the San Francisco Boys Chorus and San Francisco Girls Chorus . Senator Dianne Feinstein , chair of the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies and the first woman to preside over a U.S. presidential inauguration , acted as the day 's Master of Ceremonies . Evangelical pastor Rick Warren delivered the invocation for the inaugural ceremony , followed by a performance by vocalist Aretha Franklin , who sang " My Country , ' Tis of Thee " . The program featured a performance of John Williams ' composition " Air and Simple Gifts " , which was both pre @-@ recorded and performed live synched with the recording by cellist Yo @-@ Yo Ma , violinist Itzhak Perlman , pianist Gabriela Montero and clarinetist Anthony McGill . National Public Radio described the performance by the quartet as " a transporting moment that moved many with its beauty and calm " , while The New York Times called it the " classical @-@ music equivalent of lip @-@ syncing " . Aretha Franklin made a fashion statement by wearing a hat with a distinctive Swarovski crystal @-@ studded bow . Vice President ‑ elect Biden took his oath from Associate Justice John Paul Stevens . After he completed his oath of office , Biden received in his honor as the new Vice President the first playing of four ruffles and flourishes and the march " Hail , Columbia " by members of the armed forces . After the performance of " Air and Simple Gifts " , Chief Justice John Roberts administered the oath of office to President ‑ elect Obama shortly after noon . The inaugural ceremony ran longer than scheduled , which delayed the administering of the oath so that it finished around 12 : 05 pm EST ( 17 : 05 UTC ) . However , Obama assumed the presidency at the expiration of President Bush 's term at noon under the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution . After he completed the presidential oath , Obama received in his honor as the new President the 21 @-@ gun salute , and the first playing of four ruffles and flourishes and the march " Hail to the Chief " by members of the armed forces . Obama delivered his inaugural address to the crowds as the President of the United States following his swearing @-@ in ceremony . Poet Elizabeth Alexander then delivered the inaugural poem , " Praise Song for the Day " , and civil rights activist Joseph Lowery , minister of the United Methodist Church , delivered the benediction . The United States Navy Band " Sea Chanters " chorus concluded the ceremony with a performance of the United States national anthem , " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " . = = = = Oath of office = = = = Chief Justice John Roberts administered the oath of office to Obama . Michelle Obama held the Bible , which was used by Abraham Lincoln at his 1861 inauguration , as Barack Obama placed his hand on the Bible and recited the presidential oath . Nearly four years earlier , then @-@ Senator Obama had been one of 22 Senators to vote against Roberts during Roberts ' Supreme Court nomination ; the inauguration marked the first time a Chief Justice administered the oath to a President @-@ elect who had previously voted against the Chief Justice 's confirmation . Roberts and Obama made several mistakes as they recited the oath . The proper wording for the oath of office is prescribed in the Constitution : I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and will to the best of my ability preserve , protect , and defend the Constitution of the United States . Roberts had practiced for the ceremony carefully . However , a memo noting his planned pauses in the recitation of the oath failed to reach Obama 's staff before the swearing @-@ in . As a result , Obama inadvertently interrupted Roberts during the first phrase , stating " I , Barack " while Roberts was finishing " do solemnly swear " . Obama then correctly repeated the entire phrase " I , Barack Hussein Obama , do solemnly swear . " Roberts , who was not using notes , rendered the next phrase as " that I will execute the office of president to the United States faithfully , " misplacing the word faithfully and saying president to instead of president of . Obama repeated , " that I will execute " , then paused . Roberts attempted to correct the wording , but stumbled : " the off – faithfully the pres – the office of President of the United States . " Obama then repeated Roberts ' initial incorrect wording . Roberts ended the presidential oath by appending the phrase " so help you God " to the end of the constitutionally prescribed oath , and Obama responded " so help me God " when he was prompted . Obama had asked previously to include " so help me God " after the oath . Roberts then congratulated Obama as the new President . = = = = Second oath ceremony = = = = Much public discussion arose about the errors in administering and reciting the oath . Several constitutional scholars said that Obama should retake the oath . Boston University constitutional scholar Jack Beerman suggested that while the courts would likely never even consider a challenge , he would still advise Obama to retake the oath if he were his lawyer since " the Constitution says what he 's supposed to say . " Although Robert Gibbs , White House press secretary , indicated at first that President Obama did not plan to retake the oath , Chief Justice Roberts agreed to re @-@ administer the oath at the request of White House counsel Greg Craig . The second oath ceremony took place on the evening of January 21 , 2009 in the Map Room of the White House before a small audience of presidential aides , reporters and a White House photographer . Craig said that the White House ultimately decided to re @-@ administer the oath out of an abundance of caution . Craig added that " the oath of office was administered effectively and ... the President was sworn in appropriately ... But the oath appears in the Constitution itself . " No Bible was present during the retake of the inauguration . = = = = Inaugural address = = = = A central theme of President Obama 's inaugural address was a call to restore responsibility — both in terms of accountability in Washington and the responsibility of ordinary people to get involved . Obama 's address did not have memorable sound bite phrases . Instead , he used traditional references to connect his new administration with the nation 's history in a speech that was understated deliberately , according to rhetoric expert James Mackin . Obama concluded the second paragraph of his address by saying , " we the people have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebears and true to our founding documents . " The speech reinforced words such as " legacy " and " heritage " , as well as values such as " honesty " , " courage " and " patriotism " , which " are old " values . Near the end of the speech , Obama referred to words written by Thomas Paine in The American Crisis , which were ordered by George Washington to be read to his troops : " Let it be told to the future world ... that in the depth of winter , when nothing but hope and virtue could survive ... that the city and the country , alarmed at one common danger , came forth to meet [ it ] . " Because Obama 's campaign message focused on the need for change , Mackin noted that Obama sought to reassure Americans that he would operate as President within the margins of the nation 's traditions . Obama 's goal for his Inaugural speech was to stir the following response among Americans : " This is why I want to go into public service and be a better politician . This is why I want to go home and be a better parent , better worker , better citizen . " As part of Obama 's call for responsibility , he said " what is required of us now is a new era of responsibility — a recognition , on the part of every American " and " those of us who manage the public 's dollars will be held to account . " Obama quoted the lyrics of the Jerome Kern and Dorothy Fields song " Pick Yourself Up " from the musical comedy Swing Time , saying that " starting today , we must pick ourselves up , dust ourselves off , and begin again the work of remaking America . " In an article for The New York Times , columnist and former drama critic Frank Rich noted the link to the lyric in Field 's song from the movie , writing that Obama offered in his address " one subtle whiff of the Great Depression " . Obama 's speech contained several biblical references and was compared to oratory of the " black church tradition . " Obama also highlighted the United States ' religious diversity , referring to the country 's " patchwork heritage " as a strength and saying , " We are a nation of Christians and Muslims , Jews and Hindus and non @-@ believers . " This was the first time a United States President acknowledged American non @-@ believers in an inaugural address . Obama 's inaugural address received mixed reviews , with some describing the tone of the speech a praiseworthy one of restraint and plain speaking , while others described the speech as low @-@ brow and cliched . Despite his optimism , Obama was critical of former Presidents George W. Bush and Bill Clinton . David E. Sanger , chief Washington correspondent for The New York Times , described the speech as the harshest rebuke of an outgoing President during an inaugural address since Franklin Roosevelt 's call for restoration of American values . The Bush administration was upset about the tone of the speech , saying that the speech veered from that of a ritualistic but respectful thanks to that of a public diatribe . Members of the Republican party viewed the speech as a missed chance to seek unity , while Rahm Emanuel , Obama 's White House Chief of Staff , described the speech as a reflection of the mandate of the people . In an analysis of the inaugural address , one reporter described the speech as one that emphasized the burdens of the moment and the cloudy future whose challenges may be met with the resolve that is part of our American heritage . = = = = Prayers = = = = Obama 's selections of Warren and Lowery to deliver prayers for the inaugural ceremony were controversial . Warren had a history of vocal opposition to same @-@ sex marriage , and Lowery had a background as a civil rights activist . Neither Obama nor Warren made references during the inaugural program to issues of direct concern to the gay community . In the invocation , Warren asked for " forgiveness for Americans ' when we fight each other ' and ' civility in our attitudes even when we differ . ' " Warren mentioned Dr. Martin Luther King and Jesus in the invocation , and he concluded the invocation with the Lord 's Prayer . Lowery used humor as he delivered the benediction . One of his messages was the statement that " as we leave this mountaintop , help us to hold on to the spirit of fellowship and the oneness of our family . " Lowery concluded the benediction with a humorous message of anticipation for the day " when brown can stick around , when yellow will be mellow , when the red man can get ahead man and when white would embrace what is right " . Conservatives , including Rush Limbaugh decried Lowery 's benediction , which quoted from " Lift Every Voice and Sing " ( the " Black National Anthem " ) , as racist , while Democrats disagreed . Another of Lowery 's rhymes , " When black will not be asked to get in back " , particularly offended the likes of Limbaugh who felt that Obama 's ascension on that day symbolized the fact that America had come to that point already . = = = Post @-@ ceremony traditions = = = After the inaugural ceremony , President Obama , First Lady Michelle Obama , Vice President Joe Biden and Dr. Jill Biden escorted former President George W. Bush and former First Lady Laura Bush to a departure ceremony on the east side of the U.S. Capitol . Before the luncheon and in keeping with tradition , President Obama signed his first presidential orders in the President 's Room at the Capitol , and then signed the guest book for the luncheon . The first order signed by Obama was a proclamation declaring his Inauguration Day a " National Day of Renewal and Reconciliation " , in which he called " upon all of our citizens to serve one another and the common purpose of remaking this Nation for our new century " . Next , Obama signed orders to officially present the nominations for his Cabinet and several sub ‑ Cabinet officials to the U.S. Congress for its approval . The Obamas and Bidens then attended an inaugural luncheon at the U.S. Capitol before traveling from there to the presidential reviewing stand at the White House to watch the parade . = = = = Luncheon = = = = As former President and Mrs. Bush began their journey to their Texas home , the Obamas and Bidens joined several congressional guests for the inaugural luncheon in National Statuary Hall at the U.S. Capitol . Guests included top Washington lawmakers as well as former Presidents and Vice Presidents . Commemorating the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial , the red and white china used during the luncheon were replicas of those used in the Lincoln White House . A luncheon at the U.S. Capitol has been part of the inaugural program since 1953 ( before that time , the luncheon was usually held at the White House and hosted by the outgoing President and First Lady ) . The menu for the 2009 inaugural luncheon , which often features dishes representative of the home states of the new President and Vice President , included seafood stew , duck and pheasant entrees with Pinot noir wine , and a dessert of apple cinnamon sponge cake with sweet cream glacé . Since 1985 , a painting has served as a backdrop for the head table . For the 2009 inaugural luncheon , the featured painting was Thomas Hill 's 1865 View of the Yosemite Valley , a painting that commemorated Abraham Lincoln 's 1864 signing of the Yosemite Grant , which was the first time the federal government protected park lands for public use . During the luncheon , Senator Ted Kennedy collapsed after suffering a seizure , and he was transported to a hospital for medical treatment . Early reports about the medical emergency suggested erroneously that Senator Robert Byrd , the oldest member of the Senate , also fell ill during the luncheon . These reports were later denied , and Byrd , a longtime friend of Kennedy , eventually explained that the Kennedy incident disturbed him and caused him to leave . = = = = Parade = = = = The inaugural parade route ran along Pennsylvania Avenue , N.W. from the U.S. Capitol , ending at the north face of the White House . During most of the parade , President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama traveled in the new armored limousine because of potential security threats . The President and First Lady twice exited their limousine , walking on Pennsylvania Avenue for portions of the parade . Vice President Biden and his wife Jill walked the parade route at several points with their children Beau , Hunter and Ashley . The parade lasted more than two hours during the afternoon and early evening following the inaugural ceremony . Parade participants included 15 @,@ 000 people , 240 horses , a mariachi band , dozens of marching bands , the Virginia Military Institute corps of cadets , and two drum and bugle corps : The Cadets and the Colts . Obama invited the marching band from Punahou School , his high school in Hawaii , to perform in the parade along with the marching unit of its Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps . Vice President Joe Biden invited several groups from Delaware to march in the parade . The Delaware section was led by the Delaware Volunteer Firemen 's Association of which Biden is an honorary member , the Fightin ' Blue Hen Marching Band , The Pride of Delaware , from Biden 's alma mater , the University of Delaware , and the Delaware State University Hornets Approaching Storm marching band . NASA astronaut Rex J. Walheim marched in the parade carrying an American flag and wearing a prototype of NASA 's next generation spacesuit . Astronaut Michael L. Gernhardt drove a prototype lunar rover in the parade . In addition to Astronauts Walheim and Gernhardt , the crew of the STS @-@ 126 Space Shuttle Endeavour mission also marched in the inaugural parade . = = = = Inaugural balls = = = = President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama attended 10 official inaugural balls during the evening of January 20 , 2009 . Barack Obama wore a new tuxedo made by Hart Schaffner Marx , a Chicago @-@ based menswear company . He also wore a white bow tie , instead of the conventional black . Traditionalists considered this a fashion faux pas , as a white tie is conventionally only worn with a white waistcoat and tails . Michelle Obama wore a white , one @-@ shouldered , sleeveless gown designed by 26 @-@ year @-@ old New York @-@ based designer Jason Wu , breaking with the recent practice set by former first ladies Laura Bush and Hillary Clinton , who showcased designers from their hometowns . The Neighborhood Inaugural Ball , one of six balls held at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center , was the first stop of the evening for the President and First Lady . The Obamas danced their first song as Beyoncé Knowles serenaded them with her rendition of the Etta James classic " At Last " . According to the Presidential Inaugural Committee , the Neighborhood Inaugural Ball was the first ball ever with free or affordable tickets , a contrast to recent history in which " inaugural balls generally have been closed to everyday Americans , populated instead by an exclusive circle of dignitaries and donors . " A portion of the tickets for the ball was reserved for Washington D.C. residents . The nine other official inaugural balls attended by the Obamas that evening included : The Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief 's Ball , National Building Museum , held only for the second time , included active and reserve duty members of the United States military , the families of American service members currently deployed overseas , the families of military personnel killed in action and recipients of the Purple Heart . The Eastern Ball , Union Station , held for guests from the New England states of Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island and Vermont and the Atlantic territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands . James Taylor performed for guests attending the ball . The Mid @-@ Atlantic Ball , Washington Convention Center , held for guests from the District of Columbia and the Mid @-@ Atlantic States of Maryland , New York , New Jersey , Virginia and West Virginia . This ball featured the first 2009 appearance by The Dead . The Midwestern Ball , Washington Convention Center , held for guests from the Midwestern states of Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , North Dakota , Nebraska , Ohio , South Dakota and Wisconsin . The President Obama Home States Ball , Washington Convention Center , for guests from Barack Obama 's home states of Hawaii and Illinois . The Southern Ball , D.C. Armory , held for guests from the Southern states of Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee and Texas . The Vice President Biden Home States Ball , Washington Convention Center , for guests from Joe Biden 's home states of Delaware and Pennsylvania . The Western Ball , Washington Convention Center , for guests from the Western states of Alaska , Arizona , California , Idaho , Colorado , Montana , Oklahoma , Oregon , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , Washington and Wyoming , and the Pacific territories of American Samoa and Guam . The Youth Ball , Washington Hilton and Towers , an event held specifically for guests between the ages of 18 and 35 years old . President Obama and the First Lady also attended one inaugural ball during the evening of January 21 , 2009 . The Obama for America Staff Ball , D.C. Armory , held for staff members of President Obama 's 2008 presidential campaign . The ball featured speeches by David Plouffe , Joe Biden and Barack Obama , as well as a performance by Jay @-@ Z. After they made their formal visits to the circuit of January 20 inaugural balls , the Obamas hosted an after @-@ midnight gathering at the White House for 70 of their earliest supporters , close friends and family . Guests who attended the after hours celebration at the White House included Oprah Winfrey , Valerie Jarrett , David Axelrod , Chicago Mayor Richard Daley , Representatives Artur Davis of the state of Alabama and Neil Abercrombie of the state of Hawaii , and Michelle Obama 's brother Craig Robinson . Members of the Illinois congressional delegation also attended the after hours event , including Senator Dick Durbin and Representatives Melissa Bean , Jan Schakowsky , Luis Gutierrez and Jerry Costello . = = = = National prayer service = = = = On January 21 , 2009 , President Obama , First Lady Michelle Obama , Vice President Biden and his wife , Dr. Jill Biden , gathered at the Washington National Cathedral for a national day of prayer . At the prayer service , the Obamas and Bidens were joined in the front pew by former President Bill Clinton and his wife , Hillary Clinton , who was sworn in as Secretary of State later that day . The prayer service was attended by about 3 @,@ 200 other invited guests , including members of the U.S. Congress , diplomats and other dignitaries . The theme of the interfaith worship service reflected inclusiveness and religious diversity , with a mix of Protestant pastors , female Hindu and Muslim religious leaders , rabbis and Catholic and Episcopal bishops who delivered scripture readings and prayers throughout the service . Prayers for the service drew from passages from the 1789 inauguration prayer service of George Washington and the 1865 inaugural address of Abraham Lincoln , including phrases such as " with malice toward none , with charity for all " . The featured sermon for the inaugural prayer service was delivered by Reverend Sharon E. Watkins , general minister and president of the Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) and the first woman to deliver the sermon for the inaugural prayer service . In her sermon , Watkins integrated passages from a variety of sources , such as passages summoned from sources rooted in the Hindu , Jewish , Muslim and Cherokee faiths . = = Unofficial events = = In addition to the official events , groups and supporters held an array of gatherings and celebrations throughout Washington , D.C. and the surrounding region in the days before and the evening following the inauguration . One such event , a newly created " People 's Inaugural Ball " was held for economically and physically disadvantaged people from across the United States who otherwise would be unable to afford to attend the inaugural festivities . Earl W. Stafford , a businessman from Fairfax County , Virginia , spent an estimated $ 1 @.@ 6 million through his family 's foundation to bring approximately 300 guests to Washington , D.C. , hosting the ball on January 19 , 2009 for a total of about 450 people . Clothing , shoes , tuxedos and hotel rooms for attendees were provided as part of the invitation . = = Attendance = = = = = Dignitaries , family and celebrity guests = = = Former Presidents Jimmy Carter , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton and George W. Bush and former Vice Presidents Walter Mondale , Dan Quayle , Al Gore and Dick Cheney , along with their wives , attended the inauguration . Cheney was in a wheelchair because of an injury that he suffered while moving boxes . John Lewis , the only living speaker from the historic 1963 rally at the March on Washington , was present on the stage during the inauguration . More than 180 of the Tuskegee Airmen attended as invited guests for the inauguration . The five @-@ person crew of US Airways Flight 1549 attended the swearing @-@ in ceremony , including Chesley Sullenberger , the pilot who landed the aircraft in the Hudson River near Manhattan after losing both engines due to a bird strike just after departing LaGuardia Airport . Eighty @-@ seven @-@ year @-@ old Sarah Obama led a group of Obama 's Kenyan relatives from his father 's home village of Kogelo . Other relatives who traveled from Kenya as guests included Obama 's aunt , Maggie Obama , his uncle , Said Obama , as well as his half @-@ brother Malik Obama . Also , Kenya youth activist and Chair of the Martin Luther King , Jr Africa Foundation , Mwangi Mukami , attended the Inaugural events . Mwangi Mukami had served as Chair of the Obama Worldwide Supporters Campaign though it was unrelated to the official campaign . Joe Biden 's son , Beau , Attorney General for the state of Delaware and an officer and Judge Advocate in the Delaware Army National Guard , received a special furlough from serving in Iraq to participate in the ceremonies . Celebrity guests included the actors Dustin Hoffman , Samuel L. Jackson , Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington , talk show host Oprah Winfrey , singer Beyoncé Knowles , director Steven Spielberg , and golfer Tiger Woods . = = = Crowds and general ticket holders = = = No official count was taken of the number of people attending the inaugural ceremony , although multiple sources concluded that the ceremony had the largest audience of any event ever held in Washington , D.C. Government agencies and federal officials , who coordinated security and traffic management , determined the attendance count to be 1 @.@ 8 million people based on information collected by several cameras and individuals on the ground . The Washington Post reported the estimated crowd size for the inaugural ceremony , and the National Park Service said it did not contest the estimate . Stephen Doig , a professor at Arizona State University , estimated that 1 @.@ 1 million people attended the inauguration ceremony using the same satellite image . Although the image was taken a little less than 45 minutes before Obama 's swearing @-@ in ceremony , Doig adjusted his estimate to include people who were still arriving in the area before the event . In spite of his crowd estimate , Doig stated that " if I had to bet , I would say the [ Barack ] Obama crowd is in fact bigger than those that showed up for [ Johnson ] or any of the other things ... I 'm wholly prepared to think it was the largest crowd . " Approximately 1 @.@ 2 million people had attended the second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965 . Amid the massive crowds that arrived at the U.S. Capitol for the inauguration , about 4 @,@ 000 ticket holders were unable to gain entry to reserved areas on the Capitol grounds after security personnel closed the gates at the start of the formal ceremony . Many ticket holders were stuck in underground tunnels where pedestrian traffic was directed to and from the National Mall . People dubbed one such tunnel " the Purple Tunnel of Doom " , after the purple tickets that would @-@ be viewers held . Others remained stuck in long lines as they waited to gain entry to the reserved areas . Senator Dianne Feinstein , in her capacity as chair of the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies , launched an investigation to address complaints by the affected ticket holders . The committee later announced that ticket holders who were unable to enter the Capitol grounds to view the ceremony would receive a copy of the swearing @-@ in invitation and program , photos of President Obama and Vice President Biden and a color print of the inaugural ceremony . = = = Security = = = As with the 54th and 55th Presidential Inaugurations , in 2001 and 2005 , respectively , the 56th Presidential Inauguration in 2009 was designated as a National Special Security Event ( NSSE ) , resulting in the United States Secret Service being the lead Federal agency for the development and implementation of the overall security plan ; the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) being the lead Federal agency for counter terrorism , intelligence , and criminal investigation ; and the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) being the lead Federal agency for crisis management in the aftermath of any terrorist attack , natural disaster or other catastrophic incident . The United States Capitol Police had primary responsibility for security and emergency response within the Capitol Complex to include the Inaugural Platform and the Inaugural Luncheon . The NSSE designation was made by Michael Chertoff , Secretary of Homeland Security , on December 10 , 2008 . The inauguration took place in an era of enhanced security in the decade following the September 11 attacks . Because of the size of the crowds expected in Washington , D.C. for the inaugural activities , planners raised concerns about public safety and security . Army General Richard Rowe , head of the joint military task force for the Washington , D.C. area , explained that security forces had to stretch their imagination to anticipate previously unthinkable security threats , especially in light of the Mumbai attacks in India that occurred in November 2008 . Attention was heightened by terrorist threats . The police presence in the District of Columbia temporarily doubled , augmented by the addition of 8 @,@ 000 police officers from around the United States . The police force was assisted by 1 @,@ 000 FBI agents to provide security for the event , and the Secret Service Countersniper team was assigned to hidden locations throughout the area . The Transportation Security Administration had over 300 officers from its National Deployment Force on hand to assist the Secret Service with security inspections of attendees entering the National Mall . Ten thousand National Guard troops were on site , with 5 @,@ 000 troops providing security duty in a ceremonial capacity and 1 @,@ 300 unarmed troops aiding Park Police in crowd control at the National Mall . C Company of the 1 – 175 Infantry provided security between the first and second public viewing areas of the National Mall at the 7th Street , N.W. intersection , while the remaining members performed other security functions . The Federal Aviation Administration implemented additional airspace restrictions over Washington , D.C. between 10 : 00 am and 6 : 00 pm on January 20 , 2009 . Secretary of Defense Robert Gates was chosen as the designated survivor to ensure continuity of government in case of catastrophe , and he spent Inauguration Day at a U.S. military installation outside of the Washington , D.C. area . No one from the crowds at the swearing @-@ in ceremony or parade was arrested on Inauguration Day . According to a senior federal agent associated with managing security , the fact that no arrests were made by any agency during the inaugural events was unheard of for a record crowd of nearly two million gathering in Washington , D.C. In the 2009 book In the President 's Secret Service , author and journalist Ronald Kessler said intelligence officials received information that individuals associated with Al @-@ Shabaab , a Somalia @-@ based Islamist insurgency group , might try to disrupt the inauguration . More than a dozen counter @-@ sniper teams were stationed along the inauguration parade route in response , and the criminal records of nearby employees and hotel guests were scrutinized , but no such attack took place . Kessler also reported a number of perceived inadequacies in the security during the inauguration , including an instance in which more than 100 major campaign donors and VIPs were able to board " secure " buses without being checked . = = Viewership = = = = = Television audience = = = Nielsen television ratings indicated that 29 @.@ 2 % of televisions in the 56 largest media markets in the United States were tuned to the inauguration , the largest audience since Ronald Reagan 's first inauguration in 1981 and nearly double the viewership of the 2005 inauguration of George W. Bush . The Raleigh @-@ Durham market had the largest TV audience with more than 51 % of households tuned into the day 's events , a number attributed in part to a snowstorm that kept people inside and in part to the large African American population in that community . Of the top 10 media markets in terms of viewership , four were in North Carolina , two were in Virginia and one was in Maryland , with the Washington D.C. market ranking second highest in television viewership . In addition , schools and workplaces across the country allowed viewing of the inauguration because the event occurred on a weekday . As measured between 10 : 00 am and 5 : 00 pm EST , U.S. television viewership for the Obama inaugural events achieved an average of 37 @.@ 8 million across 17 broadcast and cable channels , not including online viewers who watched live streaming video of the events . Although the Obama inaugural events achieved an average U.S. television viewership of 37 @.@ 8 million across both broadcast networks and cable channels , viewership for the events was lower than the U.S. television viewership for the 1981 Reagan inaugural festivities , which averaged 41 @.@ 8 million across the ABC , CBS and NBC broadcast networks alone . Measurements of television viewership in Europe showed that Germany drew the largest audience for the Obama inauguration at 11 million viewers , followed by France at 7 million and the United Kingdom at 5 @.@ 1 million . According to the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) , 6 @.@ 5 million viewers in the United Kingdom watched highlights of the inauguration during its early evening news program . = = = Internet traffic = = = The Obama inauguration resulted in a surge of Internet traffic to news and social networking websites and a record number of video streams . CNN reported that it generated more than 21 million video streams by 3 : 30 pm EST that day — an all @-@ time record , in addition to receiving 136 million page views that day . At one point during the surge of traffic to view the Obama inauguration , the BBC reported downtime during its own live video feed at its website . The heavy website traffic caused the BBC video feed to cut out for 30 minutes , with web visitors seeing the message " Please come back later " instead of the live video footage . The technology company Akamai reported that 5 @,@ 401 @,@ 250 web users logged on news sites in less than one minute , the fifth highest peak among news websites since the company started tracking data in 2005 . During at @-@ peak usage , news websites served seven million simultaneous video streams , which was the highest number of simultaneous video streams in Akamai 's history . The Obama inaugural ceremony not only achieved the highest Internet viewership for a U.S. presidential inauguration , the inaugural event was the first to feature a live audio description of a swearing @-@ in ceremony and the first to include closed captioning in the live webcast of the event . = = International reaction = = The international community paid unprecedented attention to the inauguration of Barack Obama . Millions of people , including citizens of numerous countries around the world and American expatriates living in those countries , watched the Obama inauguration live on television and on the Internet . In some countries , the Obama inauguration garnered as much viewership as the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics . Celebrations surrounding the inauguration , praise of the event 's significance and congratulations to Obama on his inauguration were internationally diverse . In Kenya , the home country of Obama 's father , people celebrated the inauguration as a public holiday . Indonesians and Americans in Jakarta watched the inauguration at a free midnight ball featuring performances by students from State Elementary School Menteng 01 , the school that Obama attended as a child . The city of Obama in Japan celebrated the event with fireworks , bell @-@ ringing and hula @-@ dancing at the Hagaji Temple . Governor General Michaëlle Jean and Prime Minister Stephen Harper of Canada extended congratulations on behalf of Canadians , while Mexican President Felipe Calderón wished Obama " great success in the work as the new President of the United States " . Israeli President Shimon Peres described Obama 's inauguration as a " great day " for the United States , and British Prime Minister Gordon Brown noted that " The whole world is watching the inauguration of President Obama , witnessing a new chapter in both American history and the world 's history . " Leaders of some countries reserved enthusiasm for the Obama inauguration , with coverage of the event even muted in some places . Cuban President Raúl Castro , brother of former Cuban president Fidel Castro , declared that " [ Obama ] looks like a good man , I hope he is lucky " , while Ricardo Alarcón , president of the Cuban legislature , admitted in his comments about Obama that " the incoming [ U.S. ] president ' is a big question mark . ' " Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki expressed hope for openness for a new direction , noting that " if Obama chooses the right path , compensates the past , lifts hostility and U.S. hegemony , and revises the previous political mistakes , we will have no hostility . " State @-@ owned Channel One Russia , Russia 's flagship early evening news show , covered Obama 's presidential inauguration as a minor news story , devoting much of the day 's airtime instead to the gas war with Ukraine . The People 's Republic of China covered the Obama inauguration live on its state ‑ controlled China Central Television , providing simultaneous translation into Mandarin Chinese with a brief delay to allow censoring of Obama 's comments . When President Obama mentioned " earlier generations faced down fascism and communism " , Chinese state television officials cut away abruptly from the televised speech and switched to a discussion in the studio . State @-@ controlled print , radio and television media in North Korea provided no coverage or mention of the Obama inauguration in the hours after the event , opting instead to cover news about Equatorial Guinea welcoming the North Korean ambassador . Ordinary citizens in Iraq even viewed the new president with cautious optimism . One Iraqi citizen opined that " If [ Obama ] can do as well as he talks , then all our problems are over " , adding a belief that " [ Obama ] is a good man , but many people in Iraq believe all American presidents are the same and that we are a playground for their interests . " Another citizen noted that " Obama won 't get the same treatment , ' ... ' But he won 't have too long to prove himself to us . ' " = Castle Hill , Mere = Castle Hill , also called Mere Castle , was a medieval fortification built by Richard , the Earl of Cornwall , in 1253 on a hill overlooking the village of Mere , Wiltshire , England . The castle was constructed in stone , with six towers , inner buildings and gates . It was abandoned in the 14th century and stripped of its stone and metalwork . Only earthworks remain in the 21st century . = = History = = = = = Construction = = = The village of Mere was a small and unimportant settlement in the early 13th century . In 1243 Richard , the Earl of Cornwall , acquired the manor . Richard was the brother of Henry III and immensely rich . In 1253 he began to build a castle at Mere . The castle was built on Long Hill , a chalk ridge overlooking the village ; the hill was flattened and scarped , with a 5 @-@ metre ( 16 ft ) deep ditch cut into the west side . As archaeologist Phil Mcmahon describes , documentary sources imply the castle was " a rectangular stone @-@ built structure with six towers , incorporating a hall , an inner and outer gate , a deep well and a chapel " , and it may have resembled a smaller version of Framlingham Castle . The castle was probably entered from the west , with a possible road running up the south side of the hill . At the same time the village was expanded into a planned town with an unofficial market . The castle was renovated in 1300 , possibly in response to the threat of rebellion in England at the time . = = = Decline = = = Richard 's son Edmund inherited the property , but on his death it was taken back by the Crown . Edward II gave it to his royal favourite , Piers Gaveston , whom he made Earl of Cornwall . Edward II and Gaveston fell from power in 1327 and John , Edward 's second son , took possession as the new Earl of Cornwall . Edward III then reacquired the castle , which became a permanent part of the Duchy of Cornwall . During the 14th century , however , the castle had declined and became abandoned . In 1398 Richard II had the lead taken from the castle roofs for reuse at Portchester Castle . In 1660 , visitors ' accounts imply that the stonework had all been dismantled , and 18th @-@ century accounts suggest that this was reused for construction work in the town below , which had prospered from the wool and later linen trade . = = = 21st century = = = In the 21st century the site is protected under law as a scheduled monument . It is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall , and leased to the local parish council . A flagpole , which is illuminated at night , and a memorial to the 43rd ( Wessex ) Infantry Division are located on the castle site . A ceremony is held at the castle site each Easter . = = Archaeological investigation = = Archaeological excavations of the site were carried out in 1887 by T. H. Baker and C. N. Wyld , but most of the results of their work were subsequently lost . = Kate Is Enough = " Kate Is Enough " is the fourth episode of the American police procedural drama television series Awake . The episode first premiered on March 22 , 2012 in the United States on NBC , was simultaneously broadcast on Global in Canada , and was subsequently aired on Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom on May 25 , 2012 . It was written and produced by series creator and executive producer Kyle Killen , and was directed by Sarah Pia Anderson . " Kate Is Enough " was well received by television critics , who praised its storylines . Commentators noted that the script was well @-@ written and that the episode was " enjoyable " . Upon airing , the episode garnered 4 @.@ 73 million viewers in the United States and a 1 @.@ 2 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . It ranked second in its timeslot of the night , behind The Mentalist on CBS . The show centers on Michael Britten ( Jason Isaacs ) , a police detective living in two separate realities after a car accident . In this episode , Michael deals with a case where a girl is found after on a hotel top in which she was pushed or jumped from . He sees Kate Porter ( Brianna Brown ) in both realities , after her sister died . In one life , Kate is a successful investment banker , while in the other she is a cocaine addict . Meanwhile , Rex 's ( Dylan Minnette ) racket is broken by his best friend Cole ( Logan Miller ) , which was an accident . Rex is angry because it belonged to his mother , Hannah ( Laura Allen ) . = = Plot = = The episode opens with Rex ( Dylan Minnette ) and his best friend Cole ( Logan Miller ) fighting over a tennis racquet , which Cole broke , which was Hannah 's before the car accident . Rex 's tennis coach Tara ( Michaela McManus ) tries to stop the fight , but Rex had accidentally hit her in the face . Michael ( Jason Isaacs ) , Rex 's father , is called to the school , when Rex tells Michael and Tara that he quit . He is very emotional due to Hannah 's ( Laura Allen ) death , according to Dr. Judith Evans ( Cherry Jones ) . Later in the " red reality " , Efrem Vega ( Wilmer Valderrama ) , Michael 's partner in the reality , and Michael are called on a new case at a hotel room , where a woman falls into a lake from the hotel . They speak to Cameron Fuller ( Eddie Matos ) and Darin Knox ( Eric Lange ) about the case . Fuller and Knox noted that they Fuller dumped the lady , and she was " making a fool of herself " , because she was so drunk . Fuller thought that he " shouldn 't have left her alone " . Soon after , as they walking away , Michael sees Rex 's former babysitter Kate Porter ( Brianna Brown ) . Michael doesn 't introduce Vega to her . Later in his " green reality " , Bird ( Steve Harris ) , Michael 's partner in this reality , works on a case where a man named Charlie Simmons , who is known to party and take drugs , was murdered . They speak to Dora ( Angela Elayne Gibbs ) about the case , she leads them to Kate Porter 's house in the " green reality " . Rather than a successful investment banker , she is a drug addict . She gets some papers and inhales cocaine up her nose in front of the detectives . Dr. Jonathan Lee ( BD Wong ) noted that the " red reality " is real because she shows up in that world first , and in the other the next day . Dr. Evans helps Michael with the case in the " green reality " , while Lee insisted that the picture Evans noted is fake . Michael and Hannah speak about Kate in the " red reality " , when he finds out that her sister had died earlier . Michael thinks that she must be on the cocaine because of that . He shows Rex what they use to do together , Rex is depressed and mad , while Rex walks off claiming that he is studying for a Spanish test at school . Later , they go to a man 's house who has a video camera at his house . This helps Michael with the case in the " green reality " . Vega and Michael continue on the case , and Michael goes to the house . Vega says nothing is there , while Michael thinks to his " green reality " , and looks in the bathroom for evidence , which was shaving cream in the cabinet . They speak to Cameron Fuller and Darin Knox , who committed the crime . Evidence was that a drink was dropped on the person who had fell in the lake . Soon after , Dr. Wild finds evidence from the camera that Kate and her friend had done the crime . She finally confesses to it . They speak in both realities about the story of how it came to the current life . Michael speaks to Rex , again . Rex claimed that he was mad because the racquet was Hannah 's , and that it helped him deal with her death in the " green reality " . Rex goes to the tennis court and apologized to Cole who forgives him . = = Production = = The episode was written and produced by series creator and executive producer Kyle Killen , and was directed by Sarah Pia Anderson ; it was Killen 's third writing credit , after previously writing " The Little Guy " , the second episode aired on March 8 , 2012 . It was Anderson 's first directing credit on the series . The episode is rated TV @-@ 14 on television in the United States . This is the only episode that aired out of production order , with the production code being " 1ATR08 " , but aired fourth due to NBC 's decision to change the broadcasting order . It was teasingly suggested that Isaacs prove his devotion to Kermode and Mayo 's Film Review by having his character say " ukulele " onscreen , which was a case of " Challenge accepted ! " The line , " He 's not going to be playing the ukulele in heaven " , was uttered , while examining a corpse whose fingers had been badly mangled . " When I did that I got a note from the editing room going , ' What the f — are you talking about ? ' " says the actor . " I said , ' You have to keep the line in . If I can ever wield my big stick as a producer , I 'm telling you I want the ukulele line left in ! ' " The line was keep in the episode . = = = Casting = = = The episode guest performances from Logan Miller , who was cast as Cole , Rex 's best friend . Chris McGarry as Dr. Banks . Brianna Brown , as Kate Porter , who was Rex 's former babysitter , Eric Lange , who played as Darin Knox , Eddie Matos as Cameron Fuller . Geoff Meed as Mark Hudson . John Christopher Storey , appeared as Len . Michael Bryan French , who played as Officer Bryce . Tony Colitti , who was cast as Cameron 's Lawyer . J.L. Forbis , played Charlie . Angela Elayne Gibbs , who was cast as Dora . Grinnell Morris appeared as Darin 's Lawyer . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Kate Is Enough " was originally broadcast on March 22 , 2012 in the United States on NBC between 10 : 00 p.m. and 11 : 00 p.m. , preceded by Up All Night . Upon airing , the episode garnered 4 @.@ 73 million viewers in the United States , and ranking second in its timeslot despite airing simultaneously with The Mentalist on CBS , and a rerun of Private Practice on ABC . It acquired a 1 @.@ 2 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , meaning that it was seen by 1 @.@ 2 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode 's ratings had dropped from the previous episode , " Guilty " . It was simultaneously broadcast on Global in Canada , and was subsequently aired on Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom on May 25 , 2012 . It obtained 244 @,@ 000 viewers , making it the third most @-@ watched program for that week on the channel behind Game of Thrones and Hit & Miss . = = = Critical response = = = " Kate Is Enough " was well received by television commentators , who praised its storylines . Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a complimentary review . He thought that the episode " hit us with its most " proceduraly " -feeling episode so far " . Fowler claimed that " it is very self @-@ contained " . Despite this , he wrote that the " murder case wasn 't all that interesting " , and called the episode predictable . Fowler concluded his review by giving the episode a " 8 out of 10 " score , classifying it as " great " . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club enjoyed the episode . In his " A- " review , he noted that it is " difficult it is to be a parent " on the series . Handlen wrote that " Awake benefits from not poking its premise too hard " , and " this single @-@ mindedness stems directly from the show 's leading man " . Nick McHatton from TV Fanatic mainly enjoyed this episode . McHatton claimed that " It 's hard not to wonder if Kate 's story , and her pushing of her sister to go through with their little surfing outing that turned deadly , is some foreshadowing of how Britten 's accident . He concluded his review by giving the episode a " 4 @.@ 8 out of 5 " . Caroline Preece from Den of Geek claimed that " It 's more fun to block this out and theorise for yourself " . She called it " enjoyable " and there were " frustrations " for the episode . HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall complained that " the show telegraphed the importance of the broken racket way too much " . Screenrant 's Kevin Yeoman called the episode " solid " . Matthew Delman of Science Fiction thought that the episode was " rather good offering " . = Barbara Gordon = Barbara Gordon is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics and related media . The character was created by William Dozier , Julius Schwartz , and Carmine Infantino . At the request of the producers of the 1960s Batman television series , DC editor Schwartz called for a new female counterpart to the superhero Batman that could be introduced into publication and the third season of the show simultaneously . The character subsequently made her first comic book appearance as Batgirl in Detective Comics No. 359 , titled " The Million Dollar Debut of Batgirl ! " ( 1967 ) , by writer Gardner Fox and artist Carmine Infantino . Written as the daughter of Gotham City police commissioner James Gordon , her civilian identity is given a doctorate in library science and she is employed as head of Gotham City Public Library , as well as later being elected to the United States Congress . In addition to appearing in other DC publications , she receives her first starring role in Batman Family which debuted in 1975 , partnered with the original Robin , Dick Grayson . In 1988 , following the editorial retirement of the character 's Batgirl persona in Barbara Kesel 's Batgirl Special No. 1 , Alan Moore 's graphic novel Batman : The Killing Joke depicts the Joker shooting her through the spinal cord in her civilian identity , resulting in paraplegia . In subsequent stories , editor Kim Yale and writer John Ostrander establish the character as a computer expert and information broker known as Oracle . Providing intelligence and computer hacking services to assist other superheroes , she makes her first appearance as Oracle in Suicide Squad No. 23 ( 1989 ) . She is featured in the one @-@ shot comic Black Canary / Oracle : Birds of Prey ( 1996 ) written by Chuck Dixon , which later became the monthly title Birds of Prey starring both characters . The series depicts her as a great intellect uninhibited by her paralysis , skilled in the martial art of eskrima . Employing Black Canary as her partner and field agent , Oracle later operates as the leader of a full team of female crimefighters who engage in global espionage missions , under writer Gail Simone . In 2011 , following a company wide relaunch of all DC Comics titles , the character 's mobility is restored and she is given a starring role in the eponymous Batgirl monthly comic , as well as Birds of Prey , as part of The New 52 . Barbara Gordon is described as one of the most popular characters to appear during the Silver Age of Comic Books and is also regarded as a pop icon due to her appearances in the Batman television series and continued media exposure . She has achieved similar popularity in the Modern Age of Comic Books under the Birds of Prey publication and as a disability icon . The character has been the subject of academic analysis concerning the roles of women , librarians and people living with disabilities in mainstream media . The events of The Killing Joke , which led to the character 's paralysis , as well as the restoration of her mobility , has been a subject of debate among comic book writers , artists , editors and readership . Viewpoints range from sexism in comic books , to the limited visibility of disabled characters and the practicality of disabled characters existing in a fictional universe where magic , technology , and medical science exceed the limitations of the real world . As both Batgirl and Oracle , Barbara Gordon has been adapted into various media relating to the Batman franchise , including television , film , animation , video games , and other merchandise . In 2011 , she was ranked 17th in both Comics Buyer 's Guide 's " 100 Sexiest Women in Comics " and IGN 's " Top 100 Comic Books Heroes " . = = Publication history = = = = = Detective Comics , Batman Family and other appearances ( 1967 – 1988 ) = = = Prior to the introduction of Barbara Gordon , the Batwoman character and her side @-@ kick Bat @-@ Girl appeared in Batman @-@ related publications , but were eventually removed at the direction of editor Julius Schwartz for being outdated and unrealistic . Schwartz stated that he had been asked to develop a new female character in order to attract a female viewership to the Batman television series of the 1960s . Executive producer William Dozier suggested that the new character would be the daughter of Gotham City 's Police Commissioner James Gordon , and that she would adopt the identity of Batgirl . When Dozier and producer Howie Horowitz saw rough concept artwork of the new Batgirl by artist Carmine Infantino during a visit to DC offices , they optioned the character in a bid to help sell a third season to the ABC television network . Infantino reflected on the creation of Batgirl , stating " Bob Kane had had a Bat @-@ Girl for about three stories in the ’ 50s but she had nothing to do with a bat . She was like a pesky girl version of Robin . I knew we could do a lot better , so Julie and I came up with the real Batgirl , who was so popular she almost got her own TV show . " Yvonne Craig portrayed the character in the show 's third season . Barbara Gordon and alter ego Batgirl debuted in Detective Comics No. 359 , " The Million Dollar Debut of Batgirl " ( 1967 ) , as the daughter of Gotham City 's Police Commissioner James Gordon . In the debut story , while driving to a costume ball dressed as a female version of Batman , Barbara Gordon intervenes in a kidnapping attempt on Bruce Wayne by the super villain Killer Moth , attracting Batman 's attention and leading to a crime @-@ fighting career . Although Batman insists she give up crime @-@ fighting because of her gender , Batgirl disregards his objections . In her civilian identity , Barbara Gordon , Ph.D. , is depicted as a career woman with a doctorate in library science , as well as being head of Gotham City public library , " presumably one of the largest public libraries in the DC Comics version of reality . " She was given a regular backup slot in Detective Comics starting with issue # 384 ( February 1969 ) , alternating issues with Robin until issue # 404 , after which she had the backup slot to herself . Frank Robbins wrote nearly all of these backups , which were penciled first by Gil Kane and later by Don Heck . Barbara Gordon ’ s Batgirl exceeded the earlier Bat @-@ Girl and Batwoman characters in popularity , and readers requested for her to appear in other titles . Although some readers requested that Batwoman also continue to appear in publication , DC responded to the fan @-@ based acclaim and criticism of the new character in an open letter in Detective Comics No. 417 ( 1971 ) , stating : " I 'd like to say a few words about the reaction some readers have to Batgirl . These are readers who remember Batwoman and the other Bat @-@ girls from years back ... They were there because romance seemed to be needed in Batman 's life . But thanks to the big change and a foresighted editor , these hapless females are gone for good . In their place stands a girl who is a capable crime @-@ fighter , a far cry from Batwoman who constantly had to be rescued [ by ] Batman . " Batgirl continues to appear in DC Comics publications throughout the late 1960s and 1970s , as a supporting character in Detective Comics , in addition to guest appearances in various titles such as Justice League of America , World 's Finest Comics , The Brave and the Bold , Action Comics , and Superman . In the mid @-@ 1970s , Batgirl reveals her secret identity to her father ( who had already discovered it on his own ) , and serves as a member of the United States House of Representatives . She moves to Washington , D.C. , intending to give up her career as Batgirl and in June 1972 , appeared in a story entitled " Batgirl 's Last Case . " Julius Schwartz brought her back a year later in Superman No. 268 ( 1973 ) , in which she has a blind date with Clark Kent , establishing their friendship , and fights alongside Superman . Batgirl and Superman team up twice more , in Superman No. 279 and DC Comics Presents # 19 . Batgirl also guest @-@ starred in other Superman related titles such as No. 453 of Adventure Comics , and in Superman Family No. 171 , where she teams with Supergirl . The character is given a starring role in DC 's Batman Family comic book which debuted in 1975 . The original Robin Dick Grayson became her partner in the series and the two were frequently referred to as the " Dynamite Duo : Batgirl & Robin . " Batgirl meets Batwoman in Batman Family No. 10 , when the retired superhero briefly returns to crime @-@ fighting ( before Kane is murdered by the Bronze Tiger ) . The two fight Killer Moth and Cavalier , and learn each other 's secret identities . Batwoman retires once again at the conclusion of the story , leaving Batgirl to continue crime @-@ fighting . Although this series ended after three years of publication , Batgirl continued to appear in back up stories published in Detective Comics through issue No. 519 ( October 1982 ) . Crisis on Infinite Earths , a limited miniseries published in 1985 , was written in order to reduce the complex history of DC Comics to a single continuity . Although Batgirl is a featured character , her role is relatively small — she delivers Supergirl 's eulogy in issue seven of the 12 @-@ part series . The conclusion of Crisis on Infinite Earths changed DC Universe continuity in many ways . Following the reboot , Barbara Gordon is born to Roger and Thelma Gordon , and she is Jim Gordon 's niece / adopted daughter in current canon . Post @-@ Crisis , Supergirl does not arrive on Earth until after Gordon has established herself as Oracle ; many adventures she shared with Batgirl are retroactively described as having been experienced by Power Girl . In Secret Origins # 20 : Batgirl and the Golden Age Dr. Mid @-@ Nite ( 1987 ) , Barbara Gordon 's origin is rebooted by author Barbara Randal . Within the storyline , Gordon recounts the series of events that led to her career as Batgirl , including her first encounter with Batman as a child , studying martial arts under the tutelage of a sensei , memorizing maps and blue prints of the city , excelling in academics in order to skip grades , and pushing herself to become a star athlete . = = = Batgirl Special and Batman : The Killing Joke ( 1988 ) = = = DC officially retired the hero in the one @-@ shot comic Batgirl Special No. 1 ( July 1988 ) , written by Barbara Kesel . Later that year , Barbara Gordon appeared in Alan Moore 's Batman : The Killing Joke . In this graphic novel , the Joker shoots and paralyzes Barbara in an attempt to drive her father insane , thereby proving to Batman that anyone can be morally compromised . Although events in The Killing Joke exert a great impact on the character , the story has little to do with her . She is employed as a plot device to cement the Joker ’ s vendetta against Commissioner Gordon and Batman . In 2006 , during an interview with Wizard , Moore expressed regret over his treatment of the character calling it " shallow and ill @-@ conceived . " He stated prior to writing the graphic novel , " I asked DC if they had any problem with me crippling Barbara Gordon — who was Batgirl at the time — and if I remember , I spoke to Len Wein , who was our editor on the project " , and following a discussion with then @-@ Executive Editorial Director Dick Giordano , " Len got back onto the phone and said , ‘ Yeah , okay , cripple the bitch . ' " Although there has been speculation as to whether or not editors at DC specifically intended to have the character 's paralysis become permanent , Brian Cronin , author of Was Superman A Spy ? : And Other Comic Book Legends Revealed ( 2009 ) noted that DC had hired Barbara Kesel to write the Batgirl Special specifically to retire the character and set her in place for The Killing Joke . Following the release of the graphic novel , comic book editor and writer Kim Yale discussed how distasteful she found the treatment of Barbara Gordon with her husband , fellow comic writer John Ostrander . Rather than allow the character to fall into obscurity , the two decided to revive her as a character living with a disability . Gail Simone would include the character 's paralysis in a list of " major female characters that had been killed , mutilated , and depowered " , dubbing the phenomenon " Women in Refrigerators " in reference to a 1994 Green Lantern story where the title character discovers his girlfriend 's mutilated body in his refrigerator . = = = Suicide Squad , Birds of Prey and other appearances ( 1989 – 2011 ) = = = Yale and Ostrander oversaw the development of Barbara Gordon 's new persona as Oracle for the next several years . The character made her first comic book appearance as Oracle in Suicide Squad No. 23 , anonymously offering her services to the government 's Task Force X. In the following two years , Oracle , under pen of Ostrander and Yale , made guest appearances in various DC titles until her identity was revealed to be Barbara Gordon in Suicide Squad No. 38 ( 1990 ) and she officially becomes a member of the Squad in issue No. 48 following an invitation from Amanda Waller . In 1992 , Dennis O ’ Neil wrote Oracle as Batman ’ s sole source of information in Batman : Sword of Azrael # 1 . This newly forged partnership established Oracle ’ s status as Batman 's intellectual equal . She is subsequently featured in the 12 @-@ issue miniseries The Hacker Files ( 1993 ) . In " Oracle : Year One " — a story arc contained in The Batman Chronicles No. 5 ( 1996 ) — Yale and Ostrander tell the origin of Barbara Gordon 's new persona as Oracle . Initially , Gordon 's paralysis plunges her into a state of reactive depression . However , she soon realizes that her aptitude for and training in information sciences have provided her with tremendous skills that could be deployed to fight crime . In a world increasingly centered on technology and information , she possesses a genius @-@ level intellect ; photographic memory ; deep knowledge of computers and electronics ; expert skills as a hacker ; and graduate training in library sciences . One night , she has a dream in which an all @-@ knowing woman ( similar to Oracle at Delphi of Greek mythology ) has her own face ; it 's then that she adopts " Oracle " as her codename . She serves as an information broker , gathering and disseminating intelligence to law enforcement organizations and members of the superhero community . She trains under the tutelage of Richard Dragon , one of DC 's premiere martial artists , to engage in combat ( using eskrima ) from her wheelchair . She develops her upper @-@ body strength and targeting skills with both firearms and batarangs . The success of Chuck Dixon ’ s Black Canary / Oracle : Birds of Prey ( 1996 ) led to the comic series Birds of Prey starring the two title characters . During Chuck Dixon 's crossover series Nightwing : Hunt for Oracle , Barbara Gordon and Dinah Lance meet in person and establish a long @-@ term friendship . They form the nucleus of the Birds of Prey organization . While Oracle serves as the basic head of operations , Black Canary becomes her full @-@ time employee and field agent . In 2000 , the first Batgirl monthly comic was launched with Cassandra Cain as the title character . Oracle appears as a supporting character throughout the series , acting as a mentor to the new Batgirl , alongside Batman . Gail Simone took over as writer of Birds of Prey with issue No. 56 , taking the series in a " Bold New Direction ! " In an interview , Simone explained her fondness for Barbara Gordon stating : " Kim Yale and John Ostrander picked up the character and made her into a brilliant master computer operator and one of the most fascinating characters in comics . From there , Chuck Dixon did wonderful things with her in his Birds of Prey run ... She ’ s fantastic because even just sitting in a chair in a dark room by herself , she ’ s tremendously compelling . The DCU without her would be a much less interesting place . " Simone integrates the Huntress into the comic , making her a central character in the series as Oracle 's secondary field agent . In 2003 , comic book authors Scott Beatty and Chuck Dixon revised Barbara Gordon ’ s origin with the miniseries Batgirl : Year One . Gordon is a highly gifted child having graduated from high school early , but initially desires to join law enforcement as opposed to vigilantism in the previous origin myths . During the 2004 crossover event Batman : War Games , Black Mask commandeers Oracle 's computers and satellites and engages in a fight to the death with Batman . In order to prevent Batman from killing his adversary , Oracle initiates the Clock Tower 's self @-@ destruct sequence , provoking Batman to rescue her rather than continue the battle . This results in the destruction of Gordon 's home and headquarters in the clock tower . Subsequently , Oracle decides to move on , and leaves Gotham City altogether . She cuts her ties with Batman , and after a temporary world trip with her team , relocates to Metropolis . In the events comprising Gail Simone 's Birds of Prey : Between Dark and Dawn ( 2005 ) , and Birds of Prey : The Battle Within ( 2005 ) , Oracle is possessed by arch @-@ villain Brainiac , an artificial intelligence entity , in order to become a biological being . Although Oracle overpowers Brainiac and expels him from her body , the advanced virus delivered by him remains despite his absence . The virus steadily causes cybernetic attachments to sprout all over her body . Oracle develops supernatural abilities that allow her to psychically interact with computer information systems . Although she loses these abilities after the virus is rendered dormant following an operation by Doctor Mid @-@ Nite , she discovers she can move her toes . However , this proves to be short @-@ lived ; Gordon remains paralyzed . During the company @-@ wide crossover Infinite Crisis ( 2005 ) , Oracle teams with the Martian Manhunter in Metropolis to coordinate a counterstrike against the Secret Society 's global jailbreak . The renewed romance between Barbara Gordon and Dick Grayson is also cut short by the Infinite Crisis storyline . When DC continuity jumps forward one year after the events of Infinite Crisis , Oracle and her team continue to work in Metropolis . Oracle works with Batman , although not on a regular basis as before . Oracle continues to lead the Birds of Prey , and expands the ranks of the operation . In Birds of Prey No. 99 , Black Canary leaves the team and the Huntress becomes the team 's de facto field leader , while Big Barda is brought in as the group 's heavy @-@ hitter alongside a larger , rotating roster . Oracle also makes an attempt to reforge her alliance with Power Girl . However , when Oracle invites her to rejoin the team , she replies that she will do so " when Hell freezes over . " In the crossover event Countdown to Final Crisis ( 2007 ) , Oracle dispatches the Question and Batwoman to capture Trickster and Piper following their role in the murder of Bart Allen . She struggles to keep the identities of the world 's heroes from being stolen and coordinates the response to a global crisis engineered by the Calculator , a villainous hacker and information broker . In issue No. 5 of the comic book series The All @-@ New Booster Gold ( 2007 ) , the title hero is given the mission of traveling back in time in order to prevent " a tragedy that he discovers never should 've happened — the Joker shooting and paralyzing Barbara Gordon , Batgirl . " Although Booster Gold makes several attempts to prevent the events which took place in Batman : The Killing Joke , he ultimately fails and Barbara Gordon 's chronological history remains unchanged . Rip Hunter convinces him that Barbara 's destiny is to become Oracle . Later , Batman reveals that he kept Joker 's photos of Barbara and Booster Gold for years and waited until Booster Gold 's correct age before confronting him . Batman then thanks Booster Gold for trying to stop the Joker and offers him his friendship . In " Whitewater " , Gail Simone 's final story arc on Birds of Prey ( 2007 ) , Oracle and her team struggle for power with Spy Smasher , a government agent who has taken over the Birds of Prey organization . Eventually , Spy Smasher is forced to admit her defeat and returns control of the Birds of Prey organization to Oracle . At the conclusion of the arc , Oracle also adopts Misfit into the Birds of Prey . Sean McKeever temporarily took over as author of Birds of Prey , writing issues # 113 – 117 , Birds of Prey : Metropolis or Dust ( 2008 ) . The following arch of the series Birds of Prey : Platinum Flats ( 2008 ) is written by Tony Bedard . In the company @-@ wide 2008 Final Crisis storyline , Darkseid — who has finally gained control of the Anti @-@ Life Equation — attempts to put the mind @-@ control equation on the internet . Both Oracle and Mister Terrific make desperate attempts to stop Darkseid , even attempting to shut down the entire Internet . Unfortunately , they both fail and those affected ended up mindless slaves of Darkseid . Freed from Darkseid 's control after the restoration of the Multiverse , she attempts to shut down the criminal Unternet set up by her opposite number , the Calculator , as a Darkseid @-@ free replacement for the regular Internet and still used by tech @-@ savvy criminals . However , the Calculator , preventing her moves , takes control of the Kilg % re , gaining the ability to thrive in cyberspace by controlling digital and cybernetic avatars , and tracks Oracle down with his newfound powers . Even though Oracle foils him , she starts doubting her abilities and fears she 's losing her edge and brilliance , which results in her disbanding the Birds of Prey team to do some soul @-@ searching . Birds of Prey received cancellation in early 2009 , with the final issue being # 127 . Oracle is subsequently featured in a limited series written by Kevin VanHook titled Oracle : The Cure , a crossover arch with Batman : Battle for the Cowl ( 2009 ) . The story chronologically follows the events of Final Crisis and Batman R.I.P. ( 2008 ) . Oracle has returned to Gotham , and although the Birds of Prey are disbanded , she continues to summon them to help Nightwing and Robin deal with the growing crime in Gotham . The Calculator 's plans finally come to their fruition , and Kuttler , hoping to save his dying daughter Wendy takes on the " Babbage " alias and begins prowling the digital world of Alta Viva , a virtual world game , for fragments of the Anti @-@ Life Equation unleashed by Darkseid . Oracle , now living in a dilapidated rented apartment in Gotham , becomes aware of Kuttler 's activities after " Cheesefiend " , one of her informants , is brutally killed , with the Anti @-@ Life Equation itself , after coming in contact with Babbage . Hoping to stop the Calculator and prevent him from piecing together the fragments of the Anti @-@ Life Equation in his possession , Oracle travels to Hong Kong , hoping to steal them back by the means of an advanced supercomputer programmed to track the chunk of data left behind by Babbage . However the Calculator discovers her attempts , swearing vengeance upon her . She manages to defeat Calculator , rendering the Anti @-@ Life Equation 's fragments useless . In 2009 , the Batgirl comic book was relaunched with Stephanie Brown starring as the title character . Although Oracle initially tries to discourage Brown from crime @-@ fighting , she eventually comes to accept her as Batgirl . In addition , she also mentors the Calculator 's daughter , Wendy Harris , who was crippled following an attack at Titans Tower . Oracle later takes a job as an assistant professor at Gotham University . During the Green Lantern limited series Blackest Night , Hal Jordan crashes into the Bat @-@ Signal after a fight with the Black Lantern Martian Manhunter . Oracle and Commissioner Gordon are both present . Origins & Omens hints towards an involvement in the storyline . After sending Green Lantern 's intel to every superhero community across the planet of the Black Lanterns , the Gordons find themselves being attacked by the original Dark Knight 's deceased rogue gallery members , who are all reanimated by the Black Lantern Corps . Oracle and her father are forced to fight for their lives as they witness the Black Lanterns massacring everyone on sight at Gotham Central . During the crisis , Oracle is rendered unconscious by an explosion and is possessed by Deadman , who uses Oracle 's body to save Commissioner Gordon from the reanimated King Snake and the Trigger Twins . After being rescued by Batman , Robin , and Red Robin , the Gordons were attacked by Batman and Red Robin 's parents with their saviors , the reanimated Graysons and the Drakes . While Grayson and Drake battle the Black Lanterns , Robin takes the Gordons to their underground base where Alfred tends her and her father 's wounds . In Greg Rucka 's Detective Comics No. 862 , Barbara Gordon is approached by Huntress and Renee Montoya ( the new Question ) for help in tracking down a mysterious criminal who ordered a hit on them . Montoya is flabbergasted upon discovering that " Commissioner Gordon 's daughter " is a superhero . In 2010 , Birds of Prey was relaunched with Gail Simone returning to write the comic . The first arch is a tie @-@ in with the Green Lantern Brightest Day limited series . Oracle reforms the Birds of Prey , this time with Dove and the recently resurrected Hawk as members . A new villainess calling herself the White Canary begins menacing the Birds , and publicly reveals Black Canary 's civilian identity and frames her for a murder . While the team contends with White Canary in the streets of Gotham , Oracle is kidnapped by her former associates , Savant and Creote . This is eventually revealed to be a ruse in order to trick White Canary . Following the team 's victory against White Canary , Oracle fakes her death during a battle with Calculator . With most of the criminal underworld now believing that she is dead , Oracle cuts off ties with all but a select few Gotham heroes , and is shown refusing to help Blue Beetle , Manhunter , and Booster Gold when they attempt to call her for assistance during battle . In Grant Morrison 's Batman : The Return ( 2010 ) , an installment of the limited series Bruce Wayne : The Road Home ( 2010 ) , Batman enlists Oracle to help him run Batman Incorporated , a new global team of Batmen . He tasks her with helping him fight crime on a virtual front , and shows her a new modified Batgirl design that acts as her virtual avatar . Oracle is later shown directing Cassandra Cain , now known as Blackbat , on a mission in Hong Kong , where she captures some heroin smugglers for Batman . In Scott Snyder 's Black Mirror storyline , Barbara Gordon is kidnapped by her brother , James Gordon Jr . , who had returned to Gotham after a lengthy absence to become a serial killer . He stabs her in both of her legs , positioning the knives so that if she removes them , she will bleed to death . As she slowly bleeds , she is able to use her wits to distract him long enough for Batman and Commissioner Gordon to arrive and defeat her brother . = = = The New 52 : Batgirl , Birds of Prey and other appearances ( 2011 – 2016 ) = = = In September , 2011 , following the company @-@ wide relaunch , Barbara Gordon stars in a new Batgirl series — one of The New 52 titles featuring the company 's most iconic characters . The conclusion of the limited series Flashpoint ( 2011 ) establishes a new continuity within the DC Universe , with all characters regressing to a younger age and earlier stage in their careers , while remaining in a modern timeline . DC Senior VP of Sales , Bob Wayne , explained that with each of their titles reverting to issue No. 1 , " our creative teams have the ability to take a more modern approach — not only with each character , but with how the characters interact with one another and the universe as a whole , and focus on the earlier part of the careers of each of our iconic characters . " Wayne also stated that " The Killing Joke still happened and she was Oracle . Now she will go through physical rehabilitation and become a more seasoned and nuanced character because she had these incredible and diverse experiences . Public reaction to the change has been mixed , and has included criticism that DC has reduced the diversity of their character lineup , as well as " being disrespectful of the power the character had gained as a symbol to the disabled community in her role as Oracle . " Dan DiDio , Co @-@ Publisher of DC Comics explained the decision by stating that " [ w ] e didn 't want to turn our back on the diversity issue , but she 'll always be the most recognizable [ Batgirl ] . We are working with concerns to diversify the line . We 're always looking to re @-@ position to be reflective of today 's audience . " Gail Simone , who will be writing the series , stated : " For many years , I got to write the character as Oracle , and there is to this day , no character who means more to me . This is classic Barbara as she was originally conceived , with a few big surprises . It ’ s a bit of a shock , to be sure , but we ’ re doing everything we can to be respectful to this character ’ s amazing legacy , while presenting something thrilling that a generation of comics readers will be experiencing for the first time ... Barbara Gordon leaping , fighting , and swinging over Gotham . Now , when citizens of that city look up , they are going to see BATGIRL . And that is absolutely thrilling . " In the new , revised continuity , the events of The Killing Joke took place three years before the current storyline , and while it is established she was paraplegic during that time , Barbara Gordon is written as having regained her mobility after undergoing experimental surgery at a South African clinic . Series writer Gail Simone stated that while the character is " one of the smartest and toughest women in comics ... One thing the book is truly about , is that the after @-@ effects of something like PTSD ( post @-@ traumatic stress disorder ) or other trauma @-@ related syndromes , can strike even very smart , very intellectually tough people , even soldiers and cops " , a subject that is generally overlooked in comic books . She also explained the method of the character 's recovery is based upon real life experiences in that " some of the best real world work in the field of mobility rehabilitation is coming from South Africa . People have been talking about this as if it 's some sort of mystical thing like returning from the dead , but there are treatments and surgeries that can restore mobility in some cases . Barbara 's spine was not severed . That makes her a candidate . " Prior to release , Batgirl No. 1 sold out at the distribution level with over 100 @,@ 000 copies printed in its first run according to Diamond Comic Distributors . Along with Action Comics No. 1 , Justice League No. 1 , Batman No. 1 , Batman and Robin No. 1 , Batman : The Dark Knight No. 1 , Detective Comics No. 1 , Flash No. 1 , Green Lantern No. 1 , and Superman No. 1 , retailers were required to order a second printing . Calvin Reid of Publishers Weekly states in a review of the first issue : " The artwork is okay though conventional , while Simone ’ s script tries to tie up of the end of the previous Barbara Gordon / Oracle storyline and setup up the new Batgirl . Her formula : murderous villains , blood splattering violence and high flying superheroics mixed with single @-@ white @-@ female bonding ... plus a cliffhanger ending to the first issue that offers a nifty [ segue ] into the new world of Barbara Gordon and Batgirl . " The New York Times critic George Gene Gustines wrote : " Unlike some of the other DC comics I read this week , Batgirl achieves a deft hat trick : a well @-@ shaped reintroduction to a character , an elegant acknowledgement of fundamental history and the establishment of a new status quo . This is a must @-@ buy series . " Earning a B + rating in a review from Entertainment Weekly , Ken Tucker writes that Simone " [ takes ] her Birds of Prey storytelling powers and focuses them on the newly revived Barbara Gordon as Batgirl . The result is a burst of exhilaration , as Barbara / Batgirl revels in her new freedom even as she encounters a so @-@ far not @-@ terribly @-@ chilling villain called Mirror . " Since the series relaunch in September 2011 , Batgirl has remained within the top 30 of the 300 best @-@ selling monthly comic book publications sold in North America . Monthly estimated sales figures are as follows : Batgirl No. 1 with 81 @,@ 489 copies ( ranked 12th overall ) , Batgirl No. 2 with 75 @,@ 227 ( ranked 14th ) , Batgirl No. 3 with 62 @,@ 974 ( ranked 18th ) , Batgirl No. 4 with 53 @,@ 975 ( ranked 23rd ) , Batgirl No. 5 with 51 @,@ 327 ( ranked 26th ) , and Batgirl No. 6 with 47 @,@ 836 ( ranked 30th ) . The harcover edition of volume 1 , Batgirl : The Darkest Reflection , which collects issues # 1 @-@ 6 , made the The New York Times Best Seller list , alongside Animal Man : The Hunt , Batman & Robin : Born to Kill , Batman : Detective Comics , Wonder Woman : Blood , Batwoman : Hydrology , Green Lantern : Sinestro . Additionally , Barbara Gordon makes an appearance in Birds of Prey No. 1 , where Black Canary offers her a spot on the new Birds of Prey roster . She declines Canary 's invitation , suggesting that Katana take her place instead . Series writer Duane Swierczynski has stated that Batgirl will join the team in issue # 4 . He commented that while she " is an essential part of this team " , she is not the focus of the series , as she is hesitant to be associated with the other characters because of their status as outlaws . In October 2014 , the monthly Batgirl title underwent a soft reboot with the new creative team Brenden Fletcher ( writer ) Cameron Stewart ( writer , layouts ) , Babs Tarr ( artist ) and Maris Wicks ( colors ) . The first six @-@ issue story explored Barbara Gordon 's attempt to start a new life as a PhD student in the hip Gotham borough of Burnside . While seemingly light and engaging compared to Gail Simone 's darker preceding run , the new arc ultimately dealt with Babs ' inability to fully escape her earlier trauma and the villain was revealed as her own brain scans , an algorithm similar to the pre @-@ New 52 Oracle . While the reboot was highly praised for its innovative use of social media , its fun and energy , and particularly for Tarr 's art , several critics condemned the villain Dagger Type in issue # 37 as a transphobic caricature . In response , the creative team issued a joint apology and revised the issue for the subsequent collected edition , Batgirl Vol . 1 : The Batgirl of Burnside . On March 13 , 2015 DC Comics released 25 Joker @-@ themed variant covers for its various monthly series for release that June , in celebration of the character 's 75th anniversary . Among them was a cover to Batgirl # 41 by artist Rafael Albuquerque that took its inspiration from The Killing Joke . The cover depicts the Joker standing next to a tearful Batgirl , who has a red smile painted across her mouth . The Joker has one hand holding a revolver draped over Batgirl 's shoulder and is pointing to her cheek with the other hand , as if gesturing to shoot her . The cover quickly drew criticism for highlighting a dark period in the character 's history , especially when juxtaposed with the youthful , more optimistic direction of the series at the time . The hashtag # changethecover drew hundreds of posts on Twitter and Tumblr asking DC to not release the variant . DC ultimately withdrew the cover from publication at the request of Albuquerque , who stated , " My intention was never to hurt or upset anyone through my art ... For that reason , I have recommended to DC that the variant cover be pulled . " = = = DC Rebirth : Batgirl and Batgirl and the Birds of Prey ( 2016 – present ) = = = In March 2016 , DC Comics announced it would be relaunching all of its monthly titles under the DC Rebirth event . The relaunch restores elements of the pre @-@ Flashpoint DC continuity while maintaining elements of The New 52 as well . Among the new titles and creative teams announced , Batgirl written by Hope Larson and Batgirl and the Birds of Prey written by Julie Benson and Shawna Benson were included . = = = Alternative versions = = = Various alterations of the Barbara Gordon character have appeared in storylines published in and out of mainstream continuity titles . Variants of the character within continuity often appear in stories which involve time travel , such as the crossover limited series Zero Hour : Crisis in Time , a follow @-@ up story preceded by the 1985 limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths which altered mainstream continuity . Notable imprints of DC Comics such as Elseworlds and All Star DC Comics have also featured alternate versions of the character . The Elseworlds imprint takes the company 's iconic characters and places them in alternate timelines , places and events making heroes " as familiar as yesterday seem as fresh as tomorrow . " Barbara Gordon , as both Batgirl and Oracle , has made several appearances in Elseworlds comics since 1997 . The character is given starring roles in the noir @-@ style storyline Thrillkiller : Batgirl & Robin ( 1997 ) , its sequel Batgirl + Batman : Thrillkiller ' 62 ( 1998 ) , and the one @-@ shot comic Elseworld 's Finest : Supergirl & Batgirl ( 1998 ) . In addition , the character has supporting roles in JLA : The Nail ( 1998 ) , JLA : Created Equal ( 2000 ) , Superman & Batman : Generations ( 2003 ) , Batman : Year 100 ( 2006 ) , and Batman : Earth One ( 2012 ) . A version of her appears as " Nightwing " in the Smallville comic series , replacing Stephanie Brown as previously promoted . In 2005 , DC Comics launched its All Star imprint — an ongoing series of comics designed to pair the company 's most iconic characters with the most acclaimed writers and artists in the industry . Similar to Elseworlds , All Star is not restricted to continuity and establishes a fresh perspective for the latest generation of readership . According to Dan DiDio , " [ t ] hese books are created to literally reach the widest audience possible , and not just the comic book audience , but anyone who has ever wanted to read or see anything about Superman or Batman . " An alternate Barbara Gordon was adapted into Frank Miller 's All Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder ( 2005 ) as a teenage Batgirl . In addition , another variation of the character had been set to star in an eponymous All Star Batgirl title , written by Geoff Johns ; however , the series was canceled prior to publication . In 2015 , DC started publishing DC Bombshells , a title that places its characters in an alternate history primarily set during the 1930s and 1940s . In Digital Issue 42 ( collected in Print Issue 14 ) , Harley Quinn tells Pamela Isley about encountering " the Belle of the Bog " , who appears to be Barbara Gordon as a vampire . Barbara Gordon 's origins as the first Bombshell Batgirl will be explored in DC Comics Bombshells Annual # 1 , set to be published on 31 August 2016 . = = Critical and editorial commentary = = In the aftermath of Batman : The Killing Joke , Barbara Gordon 's paralysis has been the subject of debate , with arguments in favor of , and against , restoring her mobility . Writers , artists , editorial staff and critics have spoken in great length about the nature of subject , citing responses from readership , issues of sexism , diversity and representation , as well as other considerations that have impacted decisions regarding the character 's portrayal . = = = Commentary in favor of Batgirl = = = Reacting to The Killing Joke and Barbara Gordon 's later character development as Oracle in Batman : Gotham Knights , Ray Tate , a reviewer at Comics Bulletin , wrote " [ t ] here is absolutely no reason why Barbara Gordon should be in a wheelchair . Alan Moore and Brian Bolland meant The Killing Joke as an imaginary tale dealing with the iconography of Batman and the Joker ... [ Batman ] himself is a certifiable genius in biochemistry . There are countless examples of Batman employing that which is only theoretical in his fight against crime . His knowledge of stem cell technology should surpass that of the real world . There is simply no reason for Barbara Gordon to be confined to that wheelchair . " Regarding her representation as a character living with a disability , and her effectiveness as a hero compared to her incarnation as Batgirl , Tate asserts " [ i ] t 's ridiculous to think somebody wakes up thinking how lucky they are to be confined to a wheelchair , and yet the attitude around DC and among the fans is that Oracle is the better character over Batgirl because of her handicap . Rubbish . Batgirl has fought more crime and done more to aid Batman as Batgirl than she has as Oracle . Batgirl has saved Batman 's life on numerous occasions . Oracle has not . Barbara in this incarnation is not a bad character , but she is not better because she no longer hunts the night in cape and cowl . " Shannon Cochran in an article for Bitch magazine entitled " The Cold Shoulder : Saving Superheroines from Comic @-@ book Violence " noted a long history of inequality regarding the treatment of female heroes . She quotes Gail Simone , who discussed the gender difference regarding the treatment of Batman and Batgirl regarding paralysis : " Both had their backs broken [ Batman broke his in a dramatic Batcave confrontation with the villain Bane ; Batgirl broke hers when she was ambushed in her home and shot in the spine by the Joker , never given a chance to fight ] . Less than a year later , Batman was fine . Batgirl — now named Oracle — was in a wheelchair and remained so for many years . ” Artist Alex Ross and writer / producer Paul Dini have made attempts to return the character to her original conception . Ross explained in an interview that he and Dini had planned to restore her mobility by placing her in a Lazarus Pit , a naturally occurring chemical pool in the DC universe that has rejuvenating effects when a person is submerged within it . He stated that " we pitched then @-@ Batman editor Denny O 'Neil with these drawings of that costume design . The idea of using the red instead of the traditional yellow was meant to invoke the idea that coming from the Lazarus Pit , she was in a way , more compromised as a character ... Denny shot it down , because , according to him , everybody loves Barbara Gordon as Oracle and as a handicapped character . The theory was that DC didn 't have enough handicapped characters , so they weren 't going to do anything with Barbara as she was . And the design went into the drawer . " Kate Kane , the modern Batwoman introduced during 52 , wears a variation of what would have been Gordon 's new Batgirl costume designed by Ross . = = = Commentary in favor of Oracle = = = Although critical reception of Barbara Gordon 's evolution into Oracle have been mixed among critics and other observers , according to John Ostrander : " We have , over the years , on those occasions when I have worked with the character , gotten some letters from those who have disabilities of one stripe or another and all have been very supportive . I feel very proud for my part in creating Oracle . " Supporters of Oracle argue that the Barbara Gordon character provides a greater service to DC Comics and its readers as a disabled character , regardless of the events that caused her paralysis . In her persona as Oracle , Barbara Gordon is not limited to the Batman Family , serving a unique and universal role in the DC universe . DC Senior Vice President Dan DiDio comments , " Some stories ... are so strong that undoing them would be a crime . The DCU would be a lesser place without Barry 's sacrifice , or the crippling of Barbara at the hands of the Joker . " The character went through possible restoration during Birds of Prey when she is infected with microscopic machines known as nanites by the super villain Brainiac , which attempted to repair her DNA . Marc Dipaolo , author of War , Politics and Superheroes : Ethics and Propaganda in Comics and Film ( 2011 ) commented that DC writers and editors would not allow her to recover completely , and that " [ t ] he decision was made because there were not enough handicapped superheroes in the DC Universe to justify ' curing ' one , and because it would have been odd to see Barbara Gordon escape from her wheelchair in the world of fiction when Christopher Reeve never had that opportunity . " = = = Restoration of the character 's mobility and aftermath = = = In June 2011 , DC announced that Barbara Gordon would be returning to the role of Batgirl in September 2011 , in her own eponymous monthly comic , as part of a company @-@ wide relaunch of all of their titles . In addition , former Birds of Prey writer Gail Simone would be writing the series . This announcement became one of the most controversial aspects of the DC Comics relaunch . Supporters of Barbara Gordon in her persona as Oracle have expressed dismay over losing an iconic character for the disabled community . Journalist and blogger Jill Pantozzi , who is diagnosed with muscular dystrophy , stated that " people being disabled is part of the real world , it is essential it be part of the fictional world as well ... Writer Kevin Van Hook did a great job showing what disabled individuals have to go through in the mini @-@ series Oracle : The Cure . It ’ s that type of honesty I expect more of ... While some diverse characters were mishandled over the years , Oracle was always treated with the utmost respect but this move is the most disrespectful I ’ ve seen in a long time . " Gail Simone responded directly by stating that at times when others had attempted to restore Gordon 's mobility , she fought to keep her as a disabled character , even in light of requests from readers who also had disabilities that wished to see the character healed . However , part of her reasoning for reversing her decision and writing Batgirl with Gordon as the title character was that " [ a ] rms and legs get ripped off , and they grow back , somehow . Graves don 't stay filled . But the one constant is that Barbara stays in that chair . Role model or not , that is problematic and uncomfortable , and the excuses to not cure her , in a world of purple rays and magic and super @-@ science , are often unconvincing or wholly meta @-@ textual . And the longer it goes on , the more it has stretched credibility . But now , everything has changed . If nearly everyone in the DCU , not just Batgirl but almost everyone , is now at a much earlier stage in their career , then my main objection no longer applies , because we are seeing Barbara at an earlier starting point . " Former Batman writer and editor Dennis O 'Neil and Oracle co @-@ creator John Ostrander have expressed disappointment over the change . O 'Neil stated that during his tenure at DC , " [ W ] e had hordes of people in spandex beating up criminals ... We didn 't have anybody like Oracle , who overcame a disability and was just as valuable and just as effective in a way that didn 't involve violence . " However , he also stated that from an alternate point of view , " Barbara Gordon 's perception in the mainstream public as Batgirl would be a very valid consideration . " Ostrander continues to view Oracle as a stronger character than Batgirl , but has also expressed faith in Gail Simone 's skills as a writer . He commented that " [ t ] imes change and characters and people evolve . I changed things when I wrote characters , including changing Barbara to Oracle . Others do the same for this era ... Gail Simone is a good friend and a wonderful writer and I 'm sure her work will be wonderful . " = = Characterization = = = = = Silver Age = = = At the time of her conception , Barbara Gordon 's character was intended to reflect the women 's liberation movement as an educated , career @-@ oriented young woman , as well as a capable crime @-@ fighter . Batgirl is considered to be one of the most popular character to have emerged during the Silver Age of Comic Books . In The Supergirls : Fashion , Feminism , Fantasy , and the History of Comic Book Heroines ( 2009 ) , author Mike Madrid states : " While she embodied the spirit of a new wave of liberated superheroines , in the backdrop of the history of comic books , Batgirl carried on the tradition of the gutsy female vigilantes of the ' 40s who struck out on their own to right wrongs . " Although she is discouraged by Batman to engage in crime @-@ fighting , she defiantly ignores his objections . Her career choice as a librarian is speculated to be due in part to the fact that it works as a convincing cover for her much more dangerous work as Batgirl . In an effort to conceal her identity from not only her enemies , but her father , Commissioner Gordon , Batman and Robin , she initially conforms to appearance and personality traits stereotypical of a librarian . In her civilian identity , she is seen with her hair " tied up tightly in a bun . And she wears traditionally conservative — not to say dowdy — clothing . In other words , she embodies the stereotypical image of the female librarian of the day--busy doing clerical tasks while attired and made up in such a way as to guarantee to minimize whatever physical attractiveness she might possess beneath her frumpy exterior . " Although her introduction was intended to embody feminist ideology , aspects of her persona were also considered to be sexist , such as the fact that " [ m ] uch of her arsenal was carried in a Bat @-@ purse attached to her utility belt [ . ] " = = = Bronze Age = = = In spite of shortcomings in her characterization during the late 1960s , " by the early 1970s , Batgirl had matured , using her keen intellect , athletic dexterity , and burgeoning detective skills to solve petty and not @-@ so @-@ petty thefts " . However , by the end of the Bronze Age of Comic Books in the mid @-@ 1980s ( and with the dark , gritty influence of Frank Miller 's work on the Batman @-@ related titles ) , Batgirl became less valuable to the franchise " where there was not as much room for a librarian fighting crime in high heels " . In this environment , Barbara Gordon becomes increasingly skeptical of her effectiveness as Batgirl until she decides to give up crime @-@ fighting permanently . = = = Modern Age = = = Robin Anne Reid , in her 2008 book , Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy : Overviews notes a lack of characterization given to Barbara Gordon by Alan Moore in Batman : The Killing Joke , stating , " Barbara Gordon was not portrayed as the intelligent and resourceful woman who assumed the Batgirl persona ; she was portrayed as a coco @-@ serving homemaker overly concerned with the mess her father was making cutting and pasting news clippings . " Following the character 's recreation as Oracle , she is shown having overcome her paralysis at the hands of the Joker by utilizing her intellect to once again engage in crime @-@ fighting as an information broker . Speaking on her characterization as a person living with a disability , comic writer Devin Grayson stated that being " [ h ] yper @-@ defensive about her [ paralysis ] , she has , if anything , over compensated . However , her very determination to remain self @-@ reliant , though admirable and inspiring , has made her less willing than ever to accept support or aid of any kind . " One defining characteristic is her sense of morality , which differs from that of Batman and her primary field agent Black Canary . Oracle has demonstrated a willingness to use lethal force , such as in Chuck Dixon 's Birds of Prey issue No. 10 , " State of War " , which contradicts the methodology used by her closest allies and most DC Comics characters . Dixon stated an interview that " [ s ] he 's less morally conflicted than other characters . She 's very ' means to an end ' oriented . She sees that sometimes you have to kill to save lives . She 's not comfortable with that but accepts it . She would do anything to avoid using deadly force but , when push comes to shove , she 'll drop the hammer . " She demonstrates a similar moral ambiguity in Gail Simone 's Birds of Prey : Of Like Minds when she argues with Black Canary over using illegally obtained information , which denies criminals the right of due process . Although the Huntress has never been opposed to using lethal force , she also comes into conflict with Oracle over the fact that she will use the psychological impact of a mission to subconsciously manipulate her field agents into conforming to her ideology . = = = The New 52 = = = As part of DC Comics ' 2011 relaunch , The New 52 , Barbara Gordon 's paralysis is described as lasting only three years time . In Batgirl ( volume 4 ) , the character 's age is reduced , and she is depicted as a recent college graduate , having earned a degree in forensic psychology . Although she resumes her work as Batgirl one year after recovering her mobility , she continues to suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder , causing her to hesitate in battle when exposed to gunfire that could result in receiving new spinal damage . The character also exhibits survivor guilt due to the fact she has made a full recovery from her paralysis while others have not . In a September 2011 interview , Gail Simone stated , " I 'm enjoying writing Batgirl at this stage in her life . She 's younger , she doesn 't know everything , she 's been immersed in school and her life @-@ plan . Events conspire to change that plan , and she 's nervous about that . I love writing Barbara under pretty much any conditions , but this really is a key time for her . " = = Powers and abilities = = = = = Martial artistry = = = According to the character 's fictional biography , Barbara Gordon trained in judo and karate , earning black belts prior to her tenure as Batgirl and is described as being a " star athlete . " Following the events of The Killing Joke , Barbara Gordon continued to train in martial arts as Oracle , despite being paralyzed from the waist down . She has extensive skills with eskrima fighting sticks , small firearms , and batarangs ; she customarily keeps a pair of eskrima sticks stored in the armrests of her wheelchair as a contingency . In the revised continuity of The New 52 , she reflects on the fact that she has been taking self @-@ defense training since age six in Batgirl # 0 ( 2012 ) . = = = Intelligence and technological skill = = = Gordon is written as having a genius @-@ level intellect and naturally possessing a photographic memory . She is described by Gail Simone as the most intelligent member of the Batman family and among all characters having operated out of Gotham City . Prior to the character 's career as a vigilante , Barbara Gordon developed many technological skills , including vast knowledge of computers and electronics , expert skills as a hacker , and graduate training in library sciences . Like Batman , Barbara Gordon originally used a wide variety of computer electronics and gadgets during her early adventures as Batgirl . These included an infrared scanner built into the cowl of her costume , various bat @-@ inspired weaponry , and the Batcycle . According to Gail Simone , Oracle maintains control over the twelve technologically advanced satellites that were created by Lex Luthor during his tenure as President of the United States . = = = Information broker = = = As Oracle , Barbara Gordon placed her considerable skills and knowledge at the disposal of many of the DC Universe 's heroes . She is a skilled hacker , capable of retrieving and dispersing information from private satellites , military installations , government files , and the properties of Lex Luthor . Batman , himself a genius with a wide knowledge base and access to vast information resources , routinely consults Oracle for assistance . Writer and editor Dennis O 'Neil , who first established Oracle as Batman 's intellectual equal and source of information , stated that " [ i ] t was logical for her to be there in Batman 's world ... Batman would need someone like that . " = = Cultural impact = = Since her debut in DC Comics publication , and fueled by her adaptation into the Batman television series in 1967 , Barbara Gordon has been listed among fictional characters that are regarded as cultural icons . Author Brian Cronin , in Was Superman A Spy ? : And Other Comic Book Legends Revealed ( 2009 ) notes that following her 1967 debut , " Batgirl was soon popular enough to appear regularly over the next two decades and Yvonne Craig certainly made an impression on many viewers with her one season portraying young Ms. Gordon . " Similarly , Cronin states that following the publication of The Killing Joke , Barbara Gordon — in her new persona as Oracle — became " more popular , in fact , than she was when she was Batgirl . She even gained her own title , Birds of Prey , about her and a group of superhero operatives she organizes [ . ] " The character has been the subject of analysis in academia , regarding the portrayal of women , librarians , and those living with disabilities in mainstream media . Throughout the course of the character 's history , Barbara Gordon 's intelligence has been one of her defining attributes . According to BusinessWeek , she is listed as one of the top ten most intelligent fictional superheroes appearing in American comics , and is the only female character to appear on the list . In 2011 , IGN ranked Barbara Gordon 17th in the Top 100 Comic Books Heroes . = = = Feminist interpretations = = = In The Supergirls : Fashion , Feminism , Fantasy , and the History of Comic Book Heroines ( 2009 ) , author Mike Madrid states that what set Barbara Gordon as Batgirl apart from other female characters was her motivation for crime @-@ fighting . Unlike Batwoman who preceded her , " she wears his symbol on her chest , but she is not his girlfriend or faithful handmaiden . " Because she does not pursue a romantic interest in Batman , " Batgirl is a female Batman can actually regard as a brilliant peer and a partner in the war on crime , the same way he would a male . " Historian Peter Sanderson observed that while " Barbara Gordon initially conformed to hackneyed stereotypes as a dowdy librarian ... her transformation into Batgirl could be seen in retrospect as a symbol of the emerging female empowerment movement of the 1960s . ( Moreover , by the 1970s Barbara had given herself a makeover even in her ' civilian identity ' and ran for Congress . ) " In the 1980s , Barbara Kesel , after writing a complaint to DC Comics over the negative portrayal of female characters , was given the opportunity to write for Barbara Gordon in Detective Comics . Robin Anne Reid , in Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy : Overviews ( 2009 ) , wrote that " Kesel 's version of Batgirl established her as a character separate from Batman and Robin : a woman motivated to do what men do , but alone and in her own way . Her Secret Origins ( 1987 ) and Batgirl Special ( 1988 ) countered the victimized and objectified presentation of Barbara Gordon / Batgirl in Alan Moore 's acclaimed The Killing Joke ( 1988 ) . " She notes that Kesel 's interpretation of the character emphasized her intelligence , technological skill , and ability to overcome fear . Commenting on Barbara Gordon 's eventual evolution into Oracle , she states " [ m ] any readers and individuals within the industry believe that Barbara Gordon became a ' better ' character after she was paralyzed , but few people comment on specifics of the event that allowed her to become that ' better ' character . " In Superheroes and Superegos : Analyzing the Minds Behind the Masks ( 2010 ) , author Sharon Packer wrote that " [ a ] nyone who feels that feminist critics overreacted to [ Gordon 's ] accident is advised to consult the source material " , calling the work " sadistic to the core . " Brian Cronin noted that " [ many ] readers felt the violence towards Barbara Gordon was too much , and even Moore , in retrospect , has expressed his displeasure with how the story turned out . " Jeffrey A. Brown , author of Dangerous Curves : Action Heroines , Gender , Fetishism , and Popular Culture ( 2011 ) noted The Killing Joke as an example of the "	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
progress to the semi @-@ finals courtesy of a 4 – 0 aggregate victory . Their opponents in the semi @-@ finals were fellow English team Chelsea . The first leg at Chelsea 's home ground Stamford Bridge was a close affair with Chelsea winning 1 – 0 courtesy of a first half Joe Cole goal . The second leg at Anfield was similar , however it was Liverpool who won 1 – 0 thanks to a Daniel Agger goal . With the teams tied at 1 – 1 aggregate after 90 minutes and extra time the tie went to a penalty shootout , which Liverpool won 4 – 1 to progress to the final . = = Match = = = = = Background = = = The match was Milan 's eleventh appearance in the final . They had won on six occasions ( 1963 , 1969 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 ) , and lost four times ( 1958 , 1993 , 1995 , 2005 ) . Liverpool were appearing in their seventh final . They had previously won the competition five times ( 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 2005 ) , while they lost the 1985 final to Juventus . The final was a rematch of the 2005 final which Liverpool won 3 – 2 in a penalty shootout , after recovering from a three @-@ goal deficit at half @-@ time to level the score at 3 – 3 after full @-@ time and extra time . The Olympic Stadium in Athens was selected as the venue for the 2007 UEFA Champions League Final at the April 2005 meeting of the UEFA Executive Committee in Tallinn , Estonia . The meeting also determined the venues for the 2006 final and the 2006 and 2007 UEFA Cup finals . Shortly before the final , the UEFA Champions League trophy was returned to UEFA by Ludovic Giuly , representing the 2006 winners , Barcelona . UEFA president Michel Platini then presented the trophy to the Mayor of Athens , Nikitas Kaklamanis , so that it might be put on display in and around the city . The stadium had hosted the showpiece event before . The most recent was the 1994 final . Coincidentally Milan were the winners , beating Barcelona 4 – 0 . The other final held at the ground was in 1983 , when Hamburg beat Juventus 1 – 0 . The ground had also played host to the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup final in 1987 , when Ajax beat Lokomotiv Leipzig 1 – 0 . Adidas , the official match ball supplier to all major UEFA , FIFA and IOC tournaments , unveiled the official match ball for the 2007 UEFA Champions League final on 9 March 2007 , presenting the Adidas Finale Athens . The design of the Adidas Finale Athens was based on the widely recognisable UEFA Champions League Starball logo and was blue and white , representing the colours of the Greek national flag . The final matched two of the top goal @-@ scorers in the competition that season . Milan 's Kaká finished on top of the scoring charts with ten goals , and Liverpool 's Peter Crouch entered the game tied for third with six goals in total . Despite being drawn as the " home " team for the match , Milan chose to wear their all @-@ white away strip for the final ; they consider that strip to be their " lucky kit " ( Italian : maglia fortunata ) , having won the European Cup five times in those colours . However , Milan had also lost two final wearing all @-@ white , most recently against Liverpool in 2005 . This decision by Milan meant that Liverpool played the final in their traditional home kit of red shirts , red shorts and red socks . Each of Liverpool 's five European Cup titles were won in their all @-@ red strip , and two of these came when they were playing against Italian teams who played in all @-@ white . Milan fielded the oldest starting eleven ever in a Champions League final , with the average age at 31 years , 34 days , while Paolo Maldini was the oldest outfield player ever to play in the final , in what his eighth final at 38 years and 331 days . Milan manager Carlo Ancelotti opted to start striker Filippo Inzaghi , who had missed the 2005 final ahead of Hernán Crespo . Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez opted to field a five @-@ man midfield with Jermaine Pennant and Boudewijn Zenden on the wings , while Steven Gerrard was deployed behind lone striker Dirk Kuyt . Liverpool fielded five of the players that started the 2005 final : Xabi Alonso , Jamie Carragher , Steve Finnan , Steven Gerrard and John Arne Riise . = = = Problems before the match = = = Out of 63 @,@ 800 tickets , only 9 @,@ 000 tickets for the final went on general sale ; the remainder were shared between the two teams , who got 17 @,@ 000 each , and the UEFA family and sponsors , who received 20 @,@ 800 tickets . This led to some of the problems before the match . While fans were still queuing to gain entry to the stadium , the Greek police informed them that the stadium was full and denied entry to a number of fans who had genuine tickets . UEFA sources said that as many as 5 @,@ 000 fans either without tickets or brandishing fakes had entered the 74 @,@ 000 @-@ capacity Olympic Stadium . Simultaneously , thousands of fans with genuine tickets were refused entry as police closed the entrance to the ground amid fears that allowing any more to enter could have led to a disaster . The resulting situation became disorderly , with some Liverpool fans attempting to break through checkpoints , set up by the Greek police . Greek riot police used tear gas and batons to disperse the crowd . UEFA spokesman William Gaillard blamed Liverpool fans for causing the problems , stating , " Milan supporters didn 't face the same problems because they didn 't behave in the same way " . A UEFA report released soon after the final branded Liverpool supporters " the worst fans in Europe " , with Gaillard stating : " What other set of fans steal tickets from their fellow supporters or out of the hands of children ? " However , UEFA President Michel Platini later denied that Liverpool fans were the worst behaved in Europe . UEFA was itself criticised for poor ticket @-@ checking procedures and for implementing insufficient measures to deal with the large number of fans . Simon Gass , the British ambassador to Greece , said , " Clearly there was some element of breakdown where those fake tickets appeared to be legitimate – that 's something UEFA must look at . " Meanwhile , Liverpool co @-@ owner Tom Hicks described UEFA 's allocation of 17 @,@ 000 tickets to each team , knowing that Liverpool would be bringing 40 @,@ 000 supporters , as " insane " and accused Gaillard of blaming Liverpool fans in order to cover up for his own mistakes . UEFA was further criticised by Milan and Liverpool for their lack of provision for the clubs ' disabled fans , providing the clubs with only sixteen disabled tickets each . = = = First half = = = Milan won the toss and Liverpool kicked off . Playing in a 4 – 2 – 3 – 1 formation , they had the first attack of the match , but Jermaine Pennant could not reach Steven Gerrard 's cross @-@ field pass . Milan responded with two low attempts on the Liverpool goal , but Jamie Carragher was able to clear them both . The second clearance led to a corner , from which Milan failed to score . Liverpool had the first chance of the match in the ninth minute . A slip from Milan defender Marek Jankulovski allowed Pennant to run into space , he passed the ball to Dirk Kuyt who passed it back to him , Pennant 's subsequent shot was saved by Milan goalkeeper Dida . Minutes later Gerrard won a header which found Pennant , however Gerrard was unable to make decent contact with the ball following Pennant 's pass . Milan had their first shot of the match a few minutes later . Kaká received the ball outside the area and moved to his right before shooting , however Liverpool goalkeeper Pepe Reina saved the shot . Liverpool continued to exert pressure leading Milan defender Massimo Oddo to mis @-@ read a cross from Pennant , the ball reached Gerrard whose shot went over the goal . Liverpool had another chance in the 27th minute . Frantic defending from Milan to deny the Liverpool forwards a scoring opportunity , led to the ball being passed to Xabi Alonso , whose shot went wide of the Milan goal . A mistake from Jankulovski allowed Gerrard to pass the ball to Kuyt in the penalty area , however Kuyt 's shot was blocked by Milan defender Alessandro Nesta . Milan midfielder Gennaro Gattuso was the first player to receive a yellow card , when he was cautioned in the 40th minute for a foul on Alonso . Minutes later , Alonso fouled Kaká on the edge of the Liverpool penalty area , giving away a free @-@ kick . The subsequent free @-@ kick taken by Andrea Pirlo deflected off the shoulder of Milan striker Filippo Inzaghi , and into the Liverpool goal . The deflection resulted in the ball being diverted past Liverpool goalkeeper Pepe Reina , who had dived the other way in anticipation of the ball 's original trajectory . Replays showed that the ball struck Inzaghi 's upper arm on its way to the goal , but the referee did not judge this to have been a handball . Inzaghi later said that while the deflection was intended , he did not intend for the ball to hit his arm . With no further action in the first half , Milan went into half @-@ time leading 1 – 0 . = = = Second half = = = Milan kicked @-@ off the second half . Two minutes into the half , Liverpool had the first attack but Nesta tackled Gerrard before he could reach Kuyt 's pass . Jankuloski received a yellow card in the 54th minute when he brought Pennant down . Immediately afterwards , Milan had an attack . Pirlo received the ball from a header by Clarence Seedorf , Pirlo played a high pass to Kaká who was ruled to be offside by the assistant referee , despite being behind the defence when the ball was played . Milan had another attack straight after the offside , but Liverpool defender Daniel Agger tackled Inzaghi before he could shoot . Liverpool had their first yellow card in the 59th minute when Javier Mascherano received one for bringing down Pirlo . After the yellow card , Liverpool decided to replace Boudewijn Zenden with Harry Kewell . Liverpool 's best goalscoring chance of the match occurred minutes later . Gerrard capitalised on an error by Gattuso to be one @-@ on @-@ one with Dida , but his shot did not possess enough power to beat the Milan goalkeeper . Liverpool began to exert more pressure , although all their play was in front of the Milan penalty area , while Milan were unable to keep possession of the ball . In an attempt to bring about an equalising goal , Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez substituted Mascherano for striker Peter Crouch . Milan had an attack minutes later , but Inzaghi was unable to control the ball . Inzaghi made amends minutes later when he scored Milan 's second goal . With Mascherano substituted , Kaká had the space to pick out a pass to Inzaghi , who took the ball to the side of the Liverpool goalkeeper Reina and rolled it into the net to make the score 2 – 0 to Milan . Liverpool managed to pull one goal back in the 88th minute when Kuyt scored after Agger had flicked on Pennant 's corner . However , they were unable to find a second goal , and around 20 seconds before added time was up , the referee blew for full @-@ time with the score 2 – 1 to Milan . = = = Details = = = = = = Statistics = = = = = Post @-@ match = = The trophy was presented to Milan captain Paolo Maldini in the Guest of Honour 's box , as UEFA President Michel Platini favoured a return to the past tradition of the winning captain receiving the trophy among the fans . It had become customary in recent years to have the presentation on a hastily constructed podium in the centre of the pitch . This was the first time that the trophy was presented to a winning captain by a UEFA president who had actually played against him in the past ; during Michel Platini 's final seasons with Juventus , the then @-@ teenager Paolo Maldini was making his professional début with Milan . Milan manager Carlo Ancelotti was delighted with his team after their success . Ancelotti 's job had been under threat after a run of poor results in December , therefore the victory had extra significance for Ancelotti : " When I think back to December , we had to overcome so many hurdles so that makes it a very special victory . " Milan midfielder Clarence Seedorf , who had his fourth victory in the competition following Milan 's triumph was equally proud in the team 's achievement : " I am so proud to be part of this team . We worked hard this year , a very difficult year . " A number of Milan players who had played in the 2005 final were delighted with the victory after they lost two years previous . Kaká claimed victory was all the sweeter as a result : " What happened then was strange , just six minutes when we played not so good and we paid for that . " Milan midfielder Gennaro Gattuso echoed his team @-@ mates sentiments : " The defeat two years ago will stay me for a lifetime , but this is a different story . It 's our turn to celebrate now . " Striker Filippo Inzaghi , who missed the final in 2005 , was delighted to have scored the goals that won the final for Milan : " I 've scored quite a few times in Europe , but scoring in the Champions League final is something special . " Milan President and owner Silvio Berlusconi was equally delighted about the success , adding that " the fortune we lacked in Istanbul we had with us tonight . " Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez was disappointed that his team were unable to match their exploits of 2005 , when they beat Milan in a penalty shootout . Despite this he was still proud of his players efforts : " Thank you to our supporters , my staff and players who worked really hard and deserved a bit more . " Benítez was already thinking of making transfers in the aftermath of the match , hinting that his team lacked the same calibre of players that Milan had : " You could see the quality they had , and we need to start thinking how we can improve our team . " Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard was adamant that despite the defeat Liverpool would come back stronger next season : " We 've got to pick ourselves up , have a good rest in the summer and then go again next season . " Gerrard thought that although Liverpool controlled the first half , they did not control the match as much in the second half as they would have liked . Gerrard echoed his manager 's sentiments in regards to new players joining the club : " We need to strengthen and bring some quality into the club . The manager and the people in charge of the club know that and it will be an interesting summer . " Winning the Champions League entitled Milan to compete in the 2007 UEFA Super Cup against UEFA Cup winners Sevilla . The match was overshadowed by the death of Sevilla player Antonio Puerta , which raised the possibility that the Super Cup might not go ahead . It did however , Milan beat Sevilla 3 – 1 to secure their fifth Super Cup victory . Milan 's success also entitled them to compete in the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup . They entered the competition in the semi @-@ finals , defeating Japanese team Urawa Red Diamonds 1 – 0 to progress to the final where they faced Argentine team Boca Juniors . Milan won the match 4 – 2 to secure their first FIFA Club World Cup triumph . = Urðarbrunnr = Urðarbrunnr ( Old Norse " Well of Urðr " ; either referring to a Germanic concept of fate — urðr — or the norn named Urðr ) is a well in Norse mythology . Urðarbrunnr is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . In both sources , the well lies beneath the world tree Yggdrasil , and is associated with a trio of norns ( Urðr , Verðandi , and Skuld ) . In the Prose Edda , Urðarbrunnr is cited as one of three wells existing beneath three roots of Yggdrasil that reach into three distant , different lands ; the other two wells being Hvergelmir , located beneath a root in Niflheim , and Mímisbrunnr , located beneath a root near the home of the frost jötnar . Scholarly theory and speculation surrounds the well . = = Attestations = = Urðarbrunnr is attested in the following works : = = = Poetic Edda = = = In the Poetic Edda , Urðarbrunnr is mentioned in stanzas 19 and 20 of the poem Völuspá , and stanza 111 of the poem Hávamál . In stanza 19 of Völuspá , Urðarbrunnr is described as being located beneath Yggdrasil , and that Yggdrasil , an ever @-@ green ash @-@ tree , is covered with white mud or loam . Stanza 20 describes that three norns ( Urðr , Verðandi , and Skuld ) " come from " the well , here described as a " lake " , and that this trio of norns then " set down laws , they chose lives , for the sons of men the fates of men . " Stanza 111 of Hávamál has been the matter of much debate and is considered unclear , having been referred to as " mysterious " , " obscure and much @-@ debated " . Benjamin Thorpe translates the stanza as : Time ' tis to discourse from the preacher 's chair . By the well of Urd I silent sat , I saw and meditated , I listened to men 's words . = = = Prose Edda = = = In the Prose Edda , Urðarbrunnr is attested in Gylfaginning ( chapters 15 , 16 , and the beginning of chapter 17 ) , and twice in Skáldskaparmál . = = = = Gylfaginning = = = = In chapter 15 of Gylfaginning , a book of the Prose Edda , the throned figure of Just @-@ As @-@ High tells Gangleri ( described as King Gylfi in disguise ) about Yggdrasil and its roots . Just @-@ As @-@ High describes three roots that support Yggdrasil that stretch a great distance . The third root is located " among the Æsir " , " extends to heaven " and , beneath it , is the " very holy " Urðarbrunnr . Just @-@ As @-@ High details that , every day , the gods ride over the bridge Bifröst to hold court at the well . High provides more information regarding the well in chapter 16 . High says that there are many beautiful places in heaven , and " everywhere there is divine protection around it . " There , a beautiful hall stands under the ash ( Yggdrasil ) near the well ( Urðarbrunnr ) , and from this hall come " three maidens " whose names are Urðr , Verðandi , and Skuld . The maidens shape the lives of men , and " we call them norns " . High goes on to describe that there are other norns , and their nature . Further into chapter 16 , High states that norns that dwell by Urðarbrunnr take water from the well and mud that lies around it , and pour it over the Yggdrasil so that its branches do not decay or rot . The water is described as so holy that anything that enters the well will become " as white as the membrane called the skin that lies round the inside of the eggshell . " High then quotes stanza 19 of Völuspá , and states that two swans feed from the well , from which all other swans descend . Chapter 17 starts off with Gangleri asking what other " chief centres " exist outside of Urðarbrunnr . = = = = Skáldskaparmál = = = = Two sections of the book Skáldskaparmál reference Urðarbrunnr . The first reference is in section 49 , where a fragment of a work by the 10th century skald Kormákr Ögmundarson is recited in explaining how " Odin 's fire " is a kenning for a sword . The passage reads " A sword is Odin 's fire , as Kormak said : Battle raged when the feeder of Grid 's steed [ wolf ] , he who waged war , advanced with ringing Gaut [ Odin 's ] fire . " and that Urðr " rose from the well . " Urðarbrunnr is mentioned a second time in section 52 of Skáldskaparmál , this time associated with Christ . The section states that early skalds once referred to Christ in relation to Urðarbrunnr and Rome , and quotes the late 10th century skald Eilífr Goðrúnarson , who states that " thus has the powerful king of Rome increased his realm with lands of heath @-@ land divinities [ giants ; i.e. heathen lands ] " and that Christ is said to have his throne south of Urðarbrunnr . = = Theories = = = = = Temple at Uppsala = = = Parallels have been pointed out between the description of Urðarbrunnr at the base of the world tree Yggdrasil and Christian medieval chronicler Adam of Bremen 's account of a well at the base of a sacred tree at the Temple at Uppsala , Sweden , found in his 11th century work Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum . = = = Eilífr Goðrúnarson = = = Eilífr Goðrúnarson 's Christianity @-@ influenced account of Urðarbrunnr ( section 52 of Skáldskaparmál ) associates the well with the south and Rome . Theories have been proposed that this description may have some relation to notions of the Jordan River due to phonetic and typological similarities perceived by Eilífr , though there may be no other causative connection . Eilífr is otherwise known as a pagan skald , and this selection has been theorized as describing that , due to directly associating Christ with the well , Christ had taken over responsibility of providence or fate . = Big Bang ( South Korean band ) = Big Bang ( Korean : 빅뱅 ) is a South Korean boy band formed by YG Entertainment . Consisting of members G @-@ Dragon , T.O.P , Taeyang , Daesung , and Seungri , the group officially debuted on August 19 , 2006 . Predominantly a hip hop group , their debut was a moderate success , with their first self @-@ titled Korean album selling 48 @,@ 000 copies . Their breakthrough came with the release of their first extended play , Always ( 2007 ) , which included the number one song " Lies " ( Korean : 거짓말 ; Revised Romanization : Geojitmal ) . The song went on to top major Korean music charts for a record @-@ breaking seven consecutive weeks , and won the group the Song of the Year award at the 9th Mnet Korean Music Festival . Big Bang ’ s followed @-@ up releases furthered their success and popularity : Hot Issue ( 2007 ) spawned the chart @-@ topping song " Last Farewell , " ( Korean : 마지막 인사 ; Revised Romanization : Majimak Insa ) , while Stand Up ( 2008 ) produced " Day By Day " ( Korean : 하루하루 ; Revised Romanization : Haru Haru ) . After receiving the Artist of the Year award from the 2008 Mnet Korean Music Festival , the group expanded their endeavors to Japan , releasing both their second Korean studio @-@ album Remember and their first Japanese album , Number 1 , in the same year , and consequently winning three awards at the 9th MTV Video Music Awards Japan . They would go on to release three more Japanese studio albums : Big Bang ( 2009 ) , Big Bang 2 ( 2011 ) , and the Japanese studio album Alive ( 2012 ) . Amidst their Japanese promotions , the members branched out to do solo activities : Taeyang and G @-@ Dragon released solo albums , G @-@ Dragon and T.O.P formed a sub @-@ unit , Seungri and Daesung acted in musicals and hosted variety shows , and T.O.P went on to star in various films and television shows . After a two @-@ year hiatus in South Korea , Big Bang reunited in 2011 with their EP Tonight ( 2011 ) . Promotions were cut short when multiple members encountered legal issues . By the end of the year , Big Bang emerged as the inaugural Best Worldwide Act winner at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards . Three months after their win in Europe , Big Bang released their most successful physical album , the Korean EP Alive ( 2012 ) , which won them their second Artist of the Year Award at the 14th Mnet Asian Music Award . Alive became the first Korean album to chart on Billboard 200 , with the group embarking on their first ever world tour that concluded in early 2013 . In 2015 , after a three @-@ year hiatus , Big Bang made their highly anticipated comeback to their native country with the release of four singles , " M , " " A , " " D , " and " E , " to precede their third Korean studio album Made . Their singles were met with critical and commercial success , netting in sales of over 13 @.@ 3 million copies throughout Asia and winning the group their third Artist of the Year Award at the 17th Mnet Asian Music Awards . Labeled as the " Kings of K @-@ pop " and " Nation 's Boy Band , " the members ’ involvement in composing and producing their own music , most notably G @-@ Dragon , has earned the group respect and praise from the music industry . Since the release of the Gaon Chart , Big Bang , including their solo releases , has sold over 79 million records . With the previous releases including sales from Music Industry Association of Korea ( MIAK ) and The Korea Music Content Industry Association ( KMCIA ) , they have sold over 100 million records , with over 94 million digital singles , selling an average of 4 @.@ 3 million downloads per title track and 1 @.@ 5 million downloads per non @-@ title track , and over 6 million albums in Korea , Japan , and the rest of the Asian continent . They have won numerous awards and set several records , including the all @-@ time best @-@ selling artist in Cyworld and most Artist of the Year Award wins at the Mnet Asian Music Awards . Citing their global popularity and contribution to K @-@ pop , the Hollywood Reporter have described them as " the biggest boy band in the world . " = = History = = = = = 2000 – 2007 : Formation and debut = = = Prior to the group 's debut , a few of the members were already exposed to the entertainment industry . G @-@ Dragon and Taeyang were the first ones to receive training under YG Entertainment at the age of eleven . T.O.P was an underground rapper under the stage name " Tempo . " One of his most popular tracks was " Buckwild " with NBK Gray . After G @-@ Dragon was approached by YG Entertainment for possible candidates to start a boy group , G @-@ Dragon contacted T.O.P , his childhood friend , leading to the latter to audition . Seungri first appeared on the reality television series Let 's Cokeplay : Mnet Battle Shinhwa , a show in which idol group Shinhwa search for members to make up the " second @-@ generation Shinhwa . " The original lineup consisted of 6 members : the aforementioned ones along with Daesung and So @-@ 1 , who were both auditioned in . Their formation was documented on television ; prior to their official debut , So @-@ 1 was dropped . Big Bang held their official debut on August 19 , 2006 at the Gymnastics Arena in Seoul Olympic Park during the YG Family 10th Year Concert . On September 23 , 2006 , the group had their debut performance on television broadcast . Following the performance , the group 's first single , " Bigbang , " was released . It contained the songs " We Belong Together , " featuring label mate Park Bom ; " A Fool 's Only Tears " ( Korean : 눈물뿐인 바보 ; Revised Romanization : Nunmulppunin Babo ) ; and " This Love , " an adaptation of the American rock band Maroon 5 song , rewritten and performed by G @-@ Dragon . The single went on to sell nearly 40 @,@ 000 copies . The second single , " BigBang Is V.I.P , " was released in September , eventually topping 32 @,@ 000 copies sold . Their last single , " Bigbang 03 , " followed , with final sales nearing 40 @,@ 000 copies . At the end of December 2006 , Big Bang held their very first concert , The Real . The following month , their debut album , BigBang Vol . 1 – Since 2007 , was released , selling 48 @,@ 000 copies by the end of February 2007 . = = = 2007 – 2008 : Breakthrough success and Japanese debut = = = On February 8 , 2007 , Big Bang released their live concert album , The First / Real Live Concert , which sold 30 @,@ 000 copies by the end of the year . The group also began their Want You tour , visiting five cities : Incheon , Daegu , Changwon , Jeonju and Busan . Their first extended play , Always ( 2007 ) , marked several changes for the group . Though the members had previously involved themselves with writing and composing , the group took more creative control over their music . G @-@ Dragon composed and wrote most of the tracks included in their first EP , including " Lies " ( Korean : 거짓말 ; Revised Romanization : Geojitmal ) . The EP also saw the introduction of electronic music for Big Bang . Receptions were fairly positive , most notably in regards to the song " Lies , " which critics described as " through the roof . " Released as the lead single , it became their first number one hit . The album itself sold 87 @,@ 000 copies . Their second EP , Hot Issue , released that same year , followed its predecessor 's success : the lead @-@ single , " Last Farewell , " ( Korean : 마지막 인사 ; Revised Romanization : Majimak Insa ) topped various charts , including the Juke @-@ On 's chart for eight consecutive weeks . It also garnered the Song of the Month ( Digital Music ) Award from Cyworld . Tickets for their Big Bang Is Great concert were also reportedly sold out in 10 minutes . At the end of 2007 , it was reported that members of the band were hospitalized from over @-@ performing and exhaustion , halting their promotional activities . Reports were later released that Big Bang 's albums and singles were in high demand , causing the record company to reprint and repackage them for re @-@ release . Riding on the success of their EPs , the group collected numerous awards , including Best Male Group and Song of The Year from the 2007 Mnet Asian Music Awards . They later received the Artist of the Year Award from the 17th Seoul Music Awards . The group earned a total of ₩ 12 billion ( $ 11 @.@ 5 million ) by year 's end . As 2007 came to a close , Big Bang ventured overseas to Japan . Their first Japanese EP , For the World ( 2008 ) , charted at number 10 on the Oricon chart , despite little promotion . The group also held a concert at the JCB Hall in Tokyo Dome City . Big Bang returned to South Korea after their promotions in Japan ended . Although group activities were delayed due to solo projects , their third Korean EP , Stand Up , was released . Featuring Daishi Dance and the Korean rock @-@ band No Brain , Stand Up exceeded the 100 @,@ 000 mark in sales . " Day By Day " ( Korean : 하루하루 ; Revised Romanization : Haru Haru ) , the lead single , topped several online charts and held the number one position for six consecutive weeks . Following the lead single 's success , other songs also charted within the Top Twenty , with " Heaven " reaching the second spot , " Oh My Friend " hitting the ninth spot , " A Good Man " at number twelve , and " Lady " peaking at number sixteen – a total of five songs in the Top Twenty for the group . During the release of their Korean materials , Big Bang released the Japanese song , " Number 1 , " from their album of the same name , performing the song on Japanese radio programs and TV shows ; the album peaked at number three on the Japan 's Oricon daily album chart . Their second Korean studio album , Remember ( 2008 ) , yielded the number one single , " Sunset Glow " ( Korean : 붉은노을 ; Revised Romanization : Byulkeun Noeul ) . " Strong Baby , " performed solely by Seungri , was released as the second single . The album went on to sell over 200 @,@ 000 copies . Big Bang received their second Artist of the Year Award from the 2008 Mnet Asian Music Awards . At the end of 2008 , it was reported that Big Bang earned a total of ₩ 36 billion ( $ 34 @.@ 5 million ) . = = = 2009 – 2011 : Solo endeavors , Japanese activities , and Tonight = = = While the group was on a break in early 2009 , the members pursued solo activities . They reunited to collaborate with 2NE1 , their label 's new girl group who had been dubbed as " The Female Big Bang " at the time , for " Lollipop , " a song used to promote a cellphone by LG Cyon . A music video was also filmed for promotion . Big Bang also released their third endorsement digital single " So Fresh , So Cool " to promote the beer brand " Hite , " although Seungri was not in the commercial due to the fact he was not of drinking age . Their first self @-@ titled full @-@ length Japanese album was released under Universal Music in August 2009 and was promoted with two singles : " My Heaven " and " Gara Gara Go ! ! ( ガラガラ GO ! ! ) . " " My Heaven , " a Japanese translation of their Korean single " Heaven " ( Korean : 천국 ; Revised Romanization : Cheonguk ) from Stand Up , was composed by Japanese composer Daishi Dance and debuted at number three on the Oricon Music Chart . " Gara Gara Go ! " charted at the fifth spot and the album itself peaked at number three . After their return to Korea , the members went back to their solo activities . On August 18 , G @-@ Dragon released his debut album , Heartbreaker , promoting it with the album 's title track . The album went on to win the Album of the Year at the 2009 Mnet Asian Music Awards , selling over 210 @,@ 000 units . Taeyang released two digital singles , " Where U At ? " and " Wedding Dress " to promote his second album released in 2010 . T.O.P joined the cast of the Korean thriller drama Iris , playing the assassin Vick . Daesung and Seungri both pursued various individual activities in acting and hosting . They later reunited to record the song " Koe wo Kikasete " for the Japanese drama Ohitorisama ( おひとりさま , One Person ) . The song was later released as a single , peaking at # 4 . For several days in January 2010 , Big Bang performed their 2010 Big Bang Concert Big Show at the Seoul Olympic Stadium . The following month , they embarked on their Electric Love Tour in Japan . Although no official albums were recorded , 2010 saw the release of several singles for the group with promotional ties . The release of " Lollipop Part 2 " in February , the follow @-@ up to their single " Lollipop " ' with 2NE1 , was used to coincide with promotions for LG Cyon 's Lollipop phone . The single also reached number one on digital charts . Their next single , " Tell Me Goodbye , " was recorded for the Japanese re @-@ release of Korean drama Iris . The song proved to be popular and gained favorable reviews , winning Song of the Year at the 52nd Japan Record Awards . Additionally , tying in with the 2010 World Cup , the group released the song " Shout of the Reds " featuring the Korean rock band Transfixion and figure skater Kim Yuna . For most of the year , the members individually promoted their own work , including the release of the GD & TOP unit with their collaboration album and the release of Seungri 's first EP entitled VVIP . Big Bang also won several notable awards , including the Best 5 New Artists award from the 24th Japan Gold Disc Awards as well as the Best New Artist award . Near the end of May , the group received the awards for Best Pop Video and Best New Artist from the MTV Video Music Awards Japan 2010 . They released the Japanese single " Beautiful Hangover " on August 25 , 2010 . After nearly two @-@ year hiatus as a full group , Big Bang returned to South Korea with their 2011 Big Show concert . They also showcased songs from their latest EP Tonight . The album had a pre @-@ sale order of 10 @,@ 000 copies in Cyworld , beating the record set by TVXQ 's 6 @,@ 500 copies back in 2008 , and selling 100 @,@ 000 copies in a week . Reception for the album was positive , with Choi Jun of Asiae complimenting the group 's new direction in their music , acknowledging that during the two years hiatus , the group 's " style and musical sensibility [ had ] deepened . " Seven days after the album 's release , it was reported that Big Bang had already earned ₩ 7 billion ( USD $ 6 @.@ 6 million ) . Its lead @-@ single of the same name became a chart @-@ topper on the Gaon Chart . After promotions for Tonight was finished , Big Bang released a special edition album with two new tracks : " Love Song " and " Stupid Liar . " " Love Song " ' s music video on YouTube gained 2 million views within just two days . The group kicked off their Love & Hope Tour in May of the same year . Big Bang won the 2011 MTV EMA 's Best Worldwide Act award as representatives of the Asia @-@ Pacific region with over 58 million votes . " Love Song " also won Best Music Video at the 2011 Mnet Asian Music Awards . Big Bang later celebrated YG Entertainment 's 15th anniversary by participating in the 2011 YG Family Concert Tour . This was followed by a release their third Greatest Hits album The Best of Big Bang on December 14 , which contained a Japanese version of their number one hit " Day by Day . " The album topped the Oricon Daily chart on its first day of release and went on to sell over 14 @,@ 000 copies in the first week . It was reported that Big Bang earned ₩ 88 billion ( USD $ 84 @.@ 5 million ) in 2011 even though they had just promoted for half a year . The earnings included Big Bang 's revenue concert for SBS 's Big Bang Show , their 2011 Big Show Concert and their Love and Hope Tour in Japan . = = = 2012 – 2014 : Alive , first world tour , and solo activities = = = Starting on January 20 , 2012 , YG Entertainment began releasing teasers for Big Bang 's fifth Korean EP Alive , which was released in both digital and physical formats on February 29 . Preorders for Alive amounted to 260 @,@ 000 copies in two weeks . The album was generally well received and praised for showcasing the group 's " progress , musical variety , non @-@ conformity and all the while , still maintaining Big Bang ’ s unique identity . " Its lead single , " Blue , " was released a week prior to the album 's release and reached the number one position on all major domestic charts . The EP was a commercial success , selling in excess of 200 @,@ 000 copies in its first month of release . Internationally , Big Bang obtained five spots out of the Top Ten on Billboard K @-@ pop 's Hot 100 and charted at 150 on Billboard 200 , making them the first Korean artist with a Korean album to do so . Their popularity also boosted them onto the Billboard Social 50 , entering at number twenty @-@ four . They later received recognition from notable sites such as Time magazine , and a photo of the group was featured on the Grammy Awards homepage . The album release coincided with their annual concert , Big Show 2012 , held at Seoul Olympic Park Stadium from March 2 – 4 to a sold @-@ out crowd of 40 @,@ 000 fans . This marked the official kick off of their first world tour Big Bang Alive Galaxy Tour 2012 , in partnership with Live Nation . It was directed by renowned choreographer Laurieann Gibson , with Big Bang performing at 21 cities in over 13 countries . Concert footage from Big Show was broadcast in 160 countries through MTV World Stage , which pushed the promotion for their world tour . On March 6 , 2012 , the music video for " Fantastic Baby " was released on YouTube . This is currently the band 's most popular song , having received more than two hundred and fifteen million views on YouTube . The Japanese version of Alive was released on March 28 both digitally and physically , with two additional Japanese tracks . Included with the physical copy of their album was a bonus Japanese version of their hit song " Day by Day . " It sold over 23 @,@ 000 copies on its first day of release and peaked at number two on the Oricon charts , eventually selling over 200 @,@ 000 copies total and certified gold by the RIAJ . Japanese promotions began with a performance at 2012 's Springroove Festival alongside top American and Japanese hip hop artists . Big Bang was the first Korean act to be invited along with label @-@ mates 2NE1 . Following the success of their comeback , Big Bang released a special edition album titled Still Alive on June 3 . It featured four new tracks including two new Korean tracks of which their lead single was titled " Monster , " as well as Korean remakes of the two additional tracks in the Japanese version of Alive . The album sold over 100 @,@ 000 copies in its first month of release . A special Monster edition of their Japanese Alive album was also released on June 20 , following its Korean counterpart . The success of their special edition album further boosted the group 's global recognition , peaking at # 11 on the Billboard Social 50 . The group toured extensively throughout the rest of the year , spanning several countries and regions : Japan ( May to June ) , China ( July to August ) , Southeast Asia ( September to October ) , and the Americas ( November ) . After touring the Americas , the group went back to Japan for their " Special Final in Dome Tour , " stopping at some of the largest stadiums in Japan including Osaka Dome , Tokyo Dome and Fukuoka Dome . Big Bang also performed in Hong Kong and England in December 2012 . One concert was scheduled in London , England but another date was added to their tour due to popular demand . The group concluded the tour with concerts in Osaka in mid @-@ January along with a three night stint at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena in Seoul later that month . On November 30 , 2012 , Big Bang received a total of three awards at the 14th Mnet Asian Music Awards , including Best Male Group and Artist of the Year . G @-@ Dragon also took home Best Male Solo award at the event . They also received the Best Fan category award at the Italian TRL Awards . The following year , the members took a break from group activities to release and promote their own materials , including Daesung 's first album D 'scover , Seungri 's second EP Let 's Talk About Love , and G @-@ Dragon 's second album Coup D 'Etat . T.O.P involved himself with the film The Commitment and also released the song " Doom Dada , " while Taeyang returned as a solo artist with the release of his album Rise . = = = 2015 – present : Made , second world tour and 10th Anniversary = = = After a three @-@ year hiatus , Big Bang made their comeback by releasing special " project singles " for their album Made : " M , " " A , " " D , " and " E. " The first single , " M " ( May 2015 ) , included the two songs " Loser " and " Bae Bae , " with the former charting at No. 1 and the latter at No. 2 on Billboard 's World Digital Songs chart , the second Korean act to do so after label @-@ mate Psy for his songs " Gangnam Style " and " Gentleman . " At the 13th Korean Music Awards , " Bae Bae " won Best Pop Song and Song of the Year . The following month saw the release of " A " ( June 2015 ) . Its two songs , " Bang Bang Bang " and " We Like 2 Party , " also went on to occupy the number one and two positions on Billboard 's World Digital Chart . On the music video charts of QQ Music , " Bang Bang Bang " and " We Like 2 Party " held the No. 1 and No. 2 , while " Loser " and " Bae Bae " occupied the No. 3 and 6 positions . On June 25 , the special project exceeded 100 million views on YouTube . " Bang Bang Bang " later won International Song of The Summer on MTV IGGY . " D " ( July 2015 ) contained " If You " and " Sober . " On the music video charts of QQ Music , " Sober " took the number one position surpassing " Bang Bang Bang . " ( The group did not release a music video for " If You . " ) " If You " and " Sober " landed on Billboard 's World Digital Chart with " If You " at number two and " Sober " at number three . That same month , Big Bang broke 200 million views for the " M , " " A , " and " D " music videos . The strings of singles concluded with " E " ( August 2015 ) , with the songs " Zutter " ( featuring the subunit of GD & TOP ) and " Let ’ s Not Fall In Love . " The latter debuted at number one on the Gaon Singles Chart as well as peaked at number one on Billboard World Digital Songs chart . The combined sales of the singles have accumulated to over 13 @.@ 3 million copies throughout Asia . To promote their singles , the group embarked on the critically acclaim and commercially successful MADE World Tour . Kicking off with two shows in Seoul on April 25 and 26 , the tour gathered 1 @.@ 5 million fans around the world , making it the largest tour by any Korean act . At the end of the year , Big Bang earned over ₩ 140 billion ( USD $ 120 million ) in 2015 . Despite the commercial success of the singles , the release date of the album was postponed to add new songs to the album and for the group to rest after four months of promotions . At the 17th Mnet Asian Music Awards , Big Bang emerged as one of the biggest winners of the night , winning four awards including their third Artist of the Year Award . Big Bang continued touring into 2016 , with their 2016 Big Bang MADE [ V.I.P ] Tour in China and Taiwan , meeting a total of 182 @,@ 000 fans . In April and March , they traveled to Japan for the Fantastic Baby 2016 Tour , gathering 280 @,@ 000 fans . Big Bang later took home the Best Artist from the World award at the 2016 MTV Italian Music Awards , becoming the first and only Korean act to win a prize in the event . Several projects are planned to commemorate the group 's 10th anniversary . The first one was a film titled Big Bang Made , which follows the group through their Made World Tour 2015 ; it was released on June 30 . The second one is a concert titled 0.TO.10 , to be held at the Seoul World Cup Stadium on August 20 . The third project , named A TO Z , will be an exhibition in Seoul , South Korea from August 5 to October 30 , showcasing the history of the group . A concert is also currently planned Japan at Yanmar Stadium Nagai in Osaka from July 29th till the 31st that is expected to draw 165 @,@ 000 fans . = = Artistry = = = = = Music and lyrics = = = During the early days of their career , Big Bang 's music was predominantly hip hop and hip pop , although they incorporated R & B songs into their albums as well . A writer for Yahoo ! Japan once compared their early materials to that of American hip @-@ hop artists such as The Black Eyed Peas , stating that their songs included " catchy vocals , [ ... ] rap and characters . " The song " My Girl , " Taeyang 's first solo from the group 's first album , was described as " [ s ] mooth , sexy and bass @-@ heavy , " in reminiscent of Omarion . Similarly , Seungri 's first solo from the same album , " Next Day " ( Korean : 다음날 , Revised Romanization : Daeum Nal ) , was stated to have an " intense ‘ 90s Usher vibes . " Always ( 2007 ) was noted for its change of musical styles from their previous efforts , with the group experimenting with electronic dance music and setting it as the new music trend in Korea . G @-@ Dragon later stated that they hoped " to reach even more fans " with the new direction . In 2008 , they recorded " Oh My Friend , " a rock @-@ based song , with the Korean rock @-@ band No Brain . In an interview , the group also expressed interest in covering the music genre trot . From their EP Hot Issue ( 2008 ) , the " shibuya @-@ kei @-@ influenced " " Fool " ( Korean : 바보 ; Revised Romanization : Babo ) contained a " heavy dance beat paired with a smooth disco coating , " with G @-@ Dragon 's falsetto in the song garnering praise as a " pleasant surprise . " Alive ( 2012 ) was noted for being more " experimental " than their previous materials , with " Bad Boy " described as having a " nostalgic " sentiment and drew comparison to the work of R & B artists such as Justin Timberlake and Boyz II Men . The album was also praised for showcasing the group 's voice instead of their usual autotune , being described as having " a mature kind of intensity . " Their song " Monster " was praised for its use of the piano and orchestra sound and the composition for " Bingle Bingle " ( Korean : 빙글빙글 ; Revised Romanization : Binggeul Binggeul ) was noted for being electronic and retro , similar to the work of Katy Perry and Daft Punk . The group mixed a variety electronic music with soft rock for their Made ( 2015 ) series . " Loser " was cited for " introduc [ ing ] a more mature style " to the group " without losing the images they had enforced through previous releases , " while " Bang Bang Bang " was acclaimed for its EDM @-@ inspired sound . In " Let 's Not Fall in Love , " Big Bang was complimented for being at " their most tender , " with the song being described as having a " lush production that evokes a range of emotions . " Members of the band have branched out to other styles for solo projects , thus the group has been described as " rich in variety " for their fans . Taeyang 's EP Hot was mainly a collection of R & B songs , with the singer stating that this genre was his " main focus . " Daesung 's first digital single , " Look at Me , GwiSoon " ( Korean : 날 봐 , 귀순 , Revised Romanization : Nal Bwa Gwisoon ) , was a trot song , which drew criticism due to Big Bang 's image as " hip @-@ hop artists . " For his debut album , Heartbreaker , G @-@ Dragon incorporated a mix of dance , hip @-@ hop , and R & B songs . Justin Mccurry from The Guardian said that " [ e ] ach of the five members has his own individual look , and their musical range is equally eclectic , covering R & B , hip @-@ hop , house , electro and pop . " Producer and rapper Cho PD expressed appreciation for the group , stating how " [ i ] dol singers like Big Bang possess the ability [ to be ] musicians . " He was particularly fond of G @-@ Dragon , citing the rapper as the " main representative " the group 's growth . Additionally , they have been described as " artistic superheroes " for showing " versatility and success in whatever they do " by rivaling companies . Their continued experimentation with a diverse range of musical styles and their distinct personalities have been highlighted as some of the main reasons for their popularity and longevity . The Michigan Daily have described Big Bang as a rare group that " both innovates and defines the direction a genre takes . " Mark James Russell , an entertainment journalist based in Seoul , praised the group for defying categorization , stating how " [ o ] f all the mainstream acts , they ’ re doing the most to push boundaries of what is considered K @-@ pop . " Internationally , Big Bang is often referred to as a " K @-@ pop " group , a label which they do not appreciate , with G @-@ Dragon commenting that , " We are Korean , so obviously they call our music K @-@ pop . But we never thought of our music as K @-@ pop . Our music is just our music . ” In addition , T.O.P noted that " [ y ] ou don ’ t divide pop music by who ’ s doing it . We don ’ t say , for instance , ‘ white pop ’ when white people make music . " The group is known for maintaining tight control over their career , heavily involving themselves in the creation of their music and lyrics , as opposed to other Korean artists . Following the release of Always , G @-@ Dragon began involving himself with the production of the group 's materials , penning lyrics and composing songs such as " Lies , " " Last Farewell , " and " Day by Day . " Recurring themes in their lyrics deal with love and relationships . In " Bingle Bingle , " a protagonist is pleading to his lover to take the next step in the relationship . In contrast , " Let 's Not Fall in Love " halts a relationship from growing for fear of breaking their lover 's heart . The song " If You " was admitted to have been inspired during a time G @-@ Dragon was in love . Big Bang have also covered other topics in their songs . " Fantastic Baby " and " Bang Bang Bang " are often described as club music due to their lyrical contents , with the former described as having an " anarchistic " theme and the latter being labeled as the " party anthem of 2015 . " Their song " Loser " was an attempt to " humanize the group " by discussing their flaws . " Bae Bae " was noted for its metaphor about sex and " Sober " talks about chasing one 's dream . G @-@ Dragon 's contributions were praised by the Korea Times , who described him as a " genius singer @-@ songwriter . " The rapper himself describes Big Bang as " an idol group not born of talent but through effort . " A writer for Yahoo ! Japan complimented the group for their involvement in their work , stating that " perhaps by contributing to their own materials , not only do they become in sync with one another , but each person 's personality stands out . " = = = Stage = = = Big Bang is known for their lavish sets on stage , complete with choreography , costumes , and props . Big Bang is often choreographed by Shaun Evaristo . While they once relied heavily on street dancing for their moves , they have made a transition towards other styles of choreography , with many of their dance being widely copied and covered . One of the moves , which incorporates the group lifting their shirts to expose their abdomens , quickly gained popularity online and became one of the top searches on the internet . Another one , in which the group incorporates the idea of " jump roping " as a dance move , also gained attention from fans . The dance for " Bang Bang Bang , " choreographed by Parris Goebel , was one of the most popular dances for the year 2015 . At the peak of popularity for Psy 's " Gangnam Style , " The New York Times journalist Jon Caramanica noted how Big Bang 's concert in New Jersey was the " true wild heart of K @-@ pop " as opposed to Psy , highlighting their brightly colored costumes , choreography , and stage performance . In 2012 , they ranked number one in the Philippines 's Top 3 Mall of Asia Arena concerts of 2012 . When compared to Western artists such as Justin Bieber and One Direction , Big Bang 's performance were noted for having their " edges [ ... ] crisper , the sound louder , the dancing sharper . " They were ranked third on the New York Times list of best concerts in 2012 for their Alive Tour at the Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey . Tickets for the tour sold out in only a few hours , thus additional dates were added . In March 2012 , Krista Mahr , Time magazine 's South Asia correspondent , wrote an article about her first K @-@ Pop concert at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena in Seoul , describing the group as " K @-@ pop gods " for their stage presence . Their MADE World Tour in 2015 was a critical and commercial success , with the Los Angeles Times describing Big Bang as " [ o ] ne of the most inventive , aesthetically visionary acts in its genre " and called their Anaheim concert an " incredibly significant moment for K @-@ Pop , " praising the diversity of their songs and performances . = = Legacy = = When foraying into the Japanese market , Time magazine described them as one of the " most promising " South Korean acts to venture into the country , while the Korea Times have called them " the icons of Korean pop [ music ] . " In 2011 , BBC declared that " K @-@ pop bands , including Big Bang , are making their mark around the world , " citing the group 's contribution to YG Entertainment 's economic growth . Titles released by the group have become some of K @-@ pop 's most iconic songs , with " Lies " being credited as their breakout and signature song . In their list of " The 21 Greatest K @-@ Pop Songs of All Time , " Spin magazine lists " Bad Boy " at number thirteen and the song " High High " by the duo GD & TOP at number seven . " Bad Boy " also placed fifth in Billboard 's list of " 20 Best K @-@ pop Songs of 2012 . " " Fantastic Baby " became the second K @-@ pop video and first by a K @-@ pop group to surpass 200 million views on YouTube , while " Bang Bang Bang , " " Good Boy , " and Loser amassed over 100 million views on the same site . Additionally , " Fantastic Baby " placed second in a list of " 20 Best K @-@ pop video . " " Loser " and " Bae Bae " were ranked by Billboard as the No. 1 and No. 15 best K @-@ pop songs of 2015 , respectively . While The Vancouver Sun described the group as an " ultra @-@ stylized five @-@ piece boy band from South Korea " and a " K @-@ Pop sensation , " the American financial news broadcaster CNBC have noted how they are a " carefully @-@ selected , slickly @-@ produced act " whose use of " synthesized bubble @-@ gum pop sound , flashy outfits and video art " are pushing K @-@ pop to the forefront of music globally . After the group won the 2011 MTV Europe Music Award for Best Worldwide Act , Google announced that its subsidiary YouTube would launch its own K @-@ pop channel in recognition of the popularity and success of K @-@ pop . The British daily newspaper The Guardian also published an article discussing the importance of how the win had " shed light on the rise and rise of Korean music across Europe . " Additionally , after becoming the first K @-@ pop band to enter the Billboard 200 music chart with their album Alive , Big Bang kicked off the Alive Tour in 25 cities worldwide . The tour was attended by 800 @,@ 000 concert @-@ goers around the world . Their work have influenced numerous artists , including Jill Scott , Pixie Lott , A * M * E , Dakota Fanning , Nelly Furtado , Astro , BTS , Chang Kiha , Sonamoo , iKon , and Grimes . The latter also stated that K @-@ pop , in particular G @-@ Dragon , has influenced her musical style " more visually than anything else . " The Chinese boy band OkBang was specifically fashioned after Big Bang and was stated to have " many similarities to Big Bang in terms of musical style , wardrobe and hairstyles . " Citing Shinhwa , the longest @-@ running boy band in South Korea , as their influence and role model , Big Bang 's own influence extends beyond the music industry , shaping major trends in the fashion industry . Dubbed " Big Bang fashion , " their style has gained a following throughout Asia . The group first adopted the " hip @-@ hop " image concept for their debut . The release of Always in 2007 was accompanied by a change in image , with the group leaning towards a more preppy @-@ punk style , including skinny jeans with Converse or high @-@ top sneakers , which became an ongoing trend in South Korea . Taeyang also traded his cornrows for a faux hawk . Members of the group have also consistently altered their hairstyles and color throughout the years . Seen wearing brands such as Bape , 10 deep , Louis Vuitton , Jeremy Scott , and Phenomenon , Big Bang also wear custom @-@ printed hoodies for many of their performances and music videos . They were also credited for bringing back " old school " fashion into the mainstream , such as Nike and Reebok high @-@ top shoes . Described as the " most fashionable " one in the group , G @-@ Dragon is known to sport triangular scarves that were later nicknamed " Big Bang scarves . " T.O.P also gained a following for wearing sunglasses during performances . The clothes that the members donned on stage have gained a cult following among their fans and are sold in boutique stores such as DongDaeMun . In 2011 , Big Bang collaborated with Japanese clothing retailer Uniqlo to create T @-@ shirts in promotion of their Japanese comeback . It was reported that the items were " sold out within 15 minutes of the store 's opening . " While the group , in particular G @-@ Dragon , have established themselves as fashion icons by attracting the attention of Western fashion designers , they have been criticized for appropriating hip @-@ hop culture , specifically their use of clothes , color coordination , and hairstyles . In their honor , their Big Show concert was chosen by the South Korean Touristic Committee for their Visit Korea from 2010 — 2012 campaign , crediting the group 's " big economic impact on the country . " Big Bang continues to be a prominent face of South Korea when it comes to tourism . Their popularity across demographic groups has made them Korea 's highest paid celebrities ever by endorsers , with an asking price of $ 1 – 1 @.@ 5 million USD per endorsement . In 2016 , Big Bang ranked second on Times magazine 's polls for Most Influential People in the World , behind only American politician Bernie Sanders . That same year , Forbes listed the group at no . 54 on their annual list of Celebrity 100 , have earned $ 44 million from June 2015 to June 2016 , becoming the first Korean act on there and having the third highest annual earnings for a boy band , below only One Direction and Backstreet Boys . Big Bang , along with Girls Generation and TVXQ , has been named the most influential artists to impact the Hallyu Wave over the past 20 years . = = = Fandom = = = Korean fan clubs play an essential role in the K @-@ pop industry ; their structure and operation is different from Western fan clubs . Each club has its own name and color : Big Bang 's fans dubbed themselves the V.I.P. ( named after the single of the same name ) and hold crown @-@ shaped yellow light sticks . Credited for the spread of the " fan @-@ rice tower , " Big Bang has encouraged their fans to buy bags of rice and bring them to their concerts ; the group then donates the rice to a charitable cause . For their first show in months , 12 @.@ 7 tons of rice were donated from 50 fan clubs around the world . Despite their Korean heritage , the group are noted for having an international multicultural fan community . Celebrities across Asia have also identify themselves as V.I.P.s , including Angelababy , Jiro Wang , Shu Qi , G.E.M. , and Song Hye @-@ kyo . In 2016 , V.I.P.s were named the top fan base of 2016 , beating against the fan base of popular artists such as Selena Gomez , Demi Lovato , and Britney Spears in an online poll . = = Accolades = = Big Bang has amassed numerous achievements and awards , setting several records in their home country . They experienced their first success with the song " Lies , " which would stay on the Melon Chart for over 54 weeks , followed by " Last Farewell , " which topped various charts , including the Juke @-@ On 's chart for eight consecutive weeks . " Day by Day " topped the charts for six consecutive weeks . Their lyrics and musical composition have resonated among fans and critics , having won multiple Song of the Year awards from numerous award shows . They were crowned Artist of the Year at the 17th Seoul Music Awards in 2007 . Their success in South Korea mirrored their endeavors in Japan : the group won multiple Best New Artists awards during the early days of their career in the country . Their album Tonight ( 2010 ) became the very first K @-@ pop album to reach the Top 10 on US iTunes chart . In addition , it also charted third on World Albums of the Billboard Chart , a rare feat for a non @-@ English album without promotion . With pre @-@ sale orders of 10 @,@ 000 copies in Cyworld , Big Bang beat the record set by TVXQ 's 6 @,@ 500 copies back in 2008 . Emerging as MTV EMA 's 2011 Best Worldwide Act , Big Bang became an international icon . Additionally , their 2012 concert set the record for highest ticket sales in Taiwan . In 2014 , they were listed as # 2 on Forbes Korea Top 10 Celebrities of 2014 . The group currently holds the record as the only artist to win more than one Artist of the Year Award from the Mnet Asian Music Awards , having won in 2008 , 2012 , and 2015 . Their single albums " M , " " A , " " D , " and " E , " all released in 2015 , made them the second Korean act after label @-@ mate Psy to chart at the number one and number two simultaneously on Billboard 's World Digital Songs chart , repeating this feat three times . In 2015 , they became YouTube 's most watched K @-@ pop group . They also became the first Korean male act to have four 100 million YouTube hits under its belt , for " Fantastic Baby , " " Bang Bang Bang , " " Good Boy , " and " Loser . " Big Bang became the first and only Korean act to win an award at the MTV Italian Music Awards when they took home the Best Artist from the World award in 2016 . Their MADE World Tour , the biggest campaign undertaken by a Korean act , logged several achievements for the group , including most viewed online K @-@ pop concert in history , first foreign act to hold a Japanese Dome Tour for three consecutive years , the only foreign act to hold three concerts in a row at the Shanghai Arena , the first Korean act to hold a two @-@ day concert in Kuala Lumpur , the largest K @-@ pop arena tour in United States history , the first foreign act to sell out three concerts in Hong Kong on two separate occasions , one of the most expensive concerts in Malaysian history , highest attendance ever for a Korean act in Chengdu , China , largest Chinese tour of any Korean act , and the biggest K @-@ pop show staged in Canada . = = Discography = = = = Filmography = = Big Bang Made ( 2016 ) = = Tours = = = = Publications = = Shouting Out To The World , 쌤앤파커스 ( 28 January 2009 ) ISBN 8992647603 = Twitter = Twitter ( / ˈtwɪtər / ) is an online social networking service that enables users to send and read short 140 @-@ character messages called " tweets " . Registered users can read and post tweets , but those who are unregistered can only read them . Users access Twitter through the website interface , SMS or mobile device app . Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco and has more than 25 offices around the world . Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey , Evan Williams , Biz Stone , and Noah Glass and launched in July 2006 . The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity , with more than 100 million users posting 340 million tweets a day in 2012 . The service also handled 1 @.@ 6 billion search queries per day . In 2013 , it was one of the ten most @-@ visited websites and has been described as " the SMS of the Internet " . As of March 2016 , Twitter has more than 310 million monthly active users . = = History = = = = = Creation and initial reaction = = = Twitter 's origins lie in a " daylong brainstorming session " held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo . Jack Dorsey , then an undergraduate student at New York University , introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group . The original project code name for the service was twttr , an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass , inspired by Flickr and the five @-@ character length of American SMS short codes . The decision was also partly due to the fact that domain twitter.com was already in use , and it was six months after the launch of twttr that the crew purchased the domain and changed the name of the service to Twitter . The developers initially considered " 10958 " as a short code , but later changed it to " 40404 " for " ease of use and memorability " . Work on the project started on March 21 , 2006 , when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9 : 50 PM Pacific Standard Time ( PST ) : " just setting up my twttr " . Dorsey has explained the origin of the " Twitter " title : ... we came across the word ' twitter ' , and it was just perfect . The definition was ' a short burst of inconsequential information , ' and ' chirps from birds ' . And that 's exactly what the product was . The first Twitter prototype , developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber , was used as an internal service for Odeo employees and the full version was introduced publicly on July 15 , 2006 . In October 2006 , Biz Stone , Evan Williams , Dorsey , and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo , together with its assets — including Odeo.com and Twitter.com — from the investors and shareholders . Williams fired Glass , who was silent about his part in Twitter 's startup until 2011 . Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007 . Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview : With Twitter , it wasn 't clear what it was . They called it a social network , they called it microblogging , but it was hard to define , because it didn 't replace anything . There was this path of discovery with something like that , where over time you figure out what it is . Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning , which we described as status updates and a social utility . It is that , in part , but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network . The tipping point for Twitter 's popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive ( SXSWi ) conference . During the event , Twitter usage increased from 20 @,@ 000 tweets per day to 60 @,@ 000 . " The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60 @-@ inch plasma screens in the conference hallways , exclusively streaming Twitter messages , " remarked Newsweek 's Steven Levy . " Hundreds of conference @-@ goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters . Panelists and speakers mentioned the service , and the bloggers in attendance touted it . " Reaction at the conference was highly positive . Blogger Scott Beale said that Twitter was " absolutely ruling " SXSWi . Social software researcher danah boyd said Twitter was " owning " the conference . Twitter staff received the festival 's Web Award prize with the remark " we 'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less . And we just did ! " The first unassisted off @-@ Earth Twitter message was posted from the International Space Station by NASA astronaut T. J. Creamer on January 22 , 2010 . By late November 2010 , an average of a dozen updates per day were posted on the astronauts ' communal account , @ NASA _ Astronauts . NASA has also hosted over 25 " tweetups " , events that provide guests with VIP access to NASA facilities and speakers with the goal of leveraging participants ' social networks to further the outreach goals of NASA . In August 2010 , the company appointed Adam Bain from News Corp. ' s Fox Audience Network as president of revenue . = = = Growth = = = The company experienced rapid initial growth . It had 400 @,@ 000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007 . This grew to 100 million tweets posted per quarter in 2008 . In February 2010 , Twitter users were sending 50 million tweets per day . By March 2010 , the company recorded over 70 @,@ 000 registered applications . As of June 2010 , about 65 million tweets were posted each day , equaling about 750 tweets sent each second , according to Twitter . As of March 2011 , that was about 140 million tweets posted daily . As noted on Compete.com , Twitter moved up to the third @-@ highest @-@ ranking social networking site in January 2009 from its previous rank of twenty @-@ second . Twitter 's usage spikes during prominent events . For example , a record was set during the 2010 FIFA World Cup when fans wrote 2 @,@ 940 tweets per second in the thirty @-@ second period after Japan scored against Cameroon on June 14 . The record was broken again when 3 @,@ 085 tweets per second were posted after the Los Angeles Lakers ' victory in the 2010 NBA Finals on June 17 , and then again at the close of Japan 's victory over Denmark in the World Cup when users published 3 @,@ 283 tweets per second . The record was set again during the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final between Japan and the United States , when 7 @,@ 196 tweets per second were published . When American singer Michael Jackson died on June 25 , 2009 , Twitter servers crashed after users were updating their status to include the words " Michael Jackson " at a rate of 100 @,@ 000 tweets per hour . The current record as of August 3 , 2013 was set in Japan , with 143 @,@ 199 tweets per second during a television screening of the movie Castle in the Sky ( beating the previous record of 33 @,@ 388 , also set by Japan for the television screening of the same movie ) . Twitter acquired application developer Atebits on April 11 , 2010 . Atebits had developed the Apple Design Award @-@ winning Twitter client Tweetie for the Mac and iPhone . The application , now called " Twitter " and distributed free of charge , is the official Twitter client for the iPhone , iPad and Mac . From September through October 2010 , the company began rolling out " New Twitter " , an entirely revamped edition of twitter.com. Changes included the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on individual tweets which contain links to images and clips from a variety of supported websites including YouTube and Flickr , and a complete overhaul of the interface , which shifted links such as ' @ mentions ' and ' Retweets ' above the Twitter stream , while ' Messages ' and ' Log Out ' became accessible via a black bar at the very top of twitter.com. As of November 1 , 2010 , the company confirmed that the " New Twitter experience " had been rolled out to all users . = = = = 2011 – 2014 = = = = On April 5 , 2011 , Twitter tested a new homepage and phased out the " Old Twitter " . However , a glitch came about after the page was launched , so the previous " retro " homepage was still in use until the issues were resolved ; the new homepage was reintroduced on April 20 . On December 8 , 2011 , Twitter overhauled its website once more to feature the " Fly " design , which the service says is easier for new users to follow and promotes advertising . In addition to the Home tab , the Connect and Discover tabs were introduced along with a redesigned profile and timeline of Tweets . The site 's layout has been compared to that of Facebook . On February 21 , 2012 , it was announced that Twitter and Yandex agreed to a partnership . Yandex , a Russian search engine , finds value within the partnership due to Twitter 's real time news feeds . Twitter 's director of business development explained that it is important to have Twitter content where Twitter users go . On March 21 , 2012 , Twitter celebrated its sixth birthday while also announcing that it has 140 million users and sees 340 million tweets per day . The number of users is up 40 % from their September 2011 number , which was said to have been at 100 million at the time . In April 2012 , Twitter announced that it was opening an office in Detroit , with the aim of working with automotive brands and advertising agencies . Twitter also expanded its office in Dublin . On June 5 , 2012 , a modified logo was unveiled through the company blog , removing the text to showcase the slightly redesigned bird as the sole symbol of Twitter . On October 5 , 2012 , Twitter acquired a video clip company called Vine that launched in January 2013 . Twitter released Vine as a standalone app that allows users to create and share six @-@ second looping video clips on January 24 , 2013 . Vine videos shared on Twitter are visible directly in users ' Twitter feeds . Due to an influx of inappropriate content , it is now rated 17 + in Apple 's app store . On December 18 , 2012 , Twitter announced it had surpassed 200 million monthly active users . Twitter hit 100 million monthly active users in September 2011 . On April 18 , 2013 , Twitter launched a music app called Twitter Music for the iPhone . On August 28 , 2013 , Twitter acquired Trendrr , followed by the acquisition of MoPub on September 9 , 2013 . As of September 2013 , the company 's data showed that 200 million users send over 400 million tweets daily , with nearly 60 % of tweets sent from mobile devices . On June 4 , 2014 , Twitter announced that it will acquire Namo Media , a technology firm specializing in " native advertising " for mobile devices . On June 19 , 2014 , Twitter announced that it has reached an undisclosed deal to buy SnappyTV , a service that helps edit and share video from television broadcasts . The company was helping broadcasters and rights holders to share video content both organically across social and via Twitter 's Amplify program . In July 2014 , Twitter announced that it intends to buy a young company called CardSpring for an undisclosed sum . CardSpring enables retailers to offer online shoppers coupons that they can automatically sync to their credit cards in order to receive discounts when they shop in physical stores . On July 31 , 2014 , Twitter announced that it has acquired a small password @-@ security startup called Mitro . On October 29 , 2014 , Twitter announced a new partnership with IBM . The partnership is intended to help businesses use Twitter data to understand their customers , businesses and other trends . = = = = 2015 and slow growth = = = = On February 11 , 2015 , Twitter announced that it had acquired Niche , an ad network for social media stars , founded by Rob Fishman and Darren Lachtman . The acquisition price was reportedly $ 50 million . On March 13 , 2015 , Twitter announced its acquisition of Periscope , an app which allows live streaming of video . In April 2015 , the Twitter.com desktop homepage changed . However , a glitch came about after the page was launched , so the previous " retro " homepage was still in use until the issues were resolved ; the new homepage was reintroduced on April 20 . , Twitter announced that it has acquired TellApart , a commerce ads tech firm , with $ 532 million stock . Later in the year it became apparent that growth had slowed , according to Fortune , Business Insider , Marketing Land and other news websites including Quartz ( in 2016 ) . = = = = Initial public offering ( IPO ) = = = = On September 12 , 2013 , Twitter announced that it had filed papers with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ahead of a planned stock market listing . It revealed its prospectus in an 800 @-@ page filing . Twitter planned to raise US $ 1 billion as the basis for its stock market debut . The IPO filing states that " 200 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 + monthly active users " access Twitter and " 500 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 + tweets per day " are posted . In an October 15 , 2013 amendment to their SEC S @-@ 1 filing , Twitter declared that they would list on the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) , quashing speculation that their stock would trade on the NASDAQ exchange . This decision was widely viewed to be a reaction to the botched initial public offering of Facebook . On November 6 , 2013 , 70 million shares were priced at US $ 26 and issued by lead underwriter Goldman Sachs . On November 7 , 2013 , the first day of trading on the NYSE , Twitter shares opened at $ 26 @.@ 00 and closed at US $ 44 @.@ 90 , giving the company a valuation of around US $ 31 billion . This was $ 18 @.@ 90 above the initial offering price and Twitter ended with a market capitalization of $ 24 @.@ 46 billion . The paperwork from show of November 7s that among the founders , Williams received a sum of US $ 2 @.@ 56 billion and Dorsey received US $ 1 @.@ 05 billion , while Costolo 's payment was US $ 345 million . As of December 13 , 2013 , Twitter had " a market capitalization of $ 32 @.@ 76 billion " . On February 5 , 2014 , Twitter published its first results as a public company , showing a net loss of $ 511 million in the fourth quarter of 2013 . On January 5 , 2016 , CEO Jack Dorsey commented on a report that Twitter planned to expand its character limit to 10 @,@ 000 ( private messages already had the longer limit as of July ) , requiring users to click to see anything beyond 140 characters . He said while Twitter would " never lose that feeling " of speed , users could do more with the text . = = Leadership = = As chief executive officer , Dorsey saw the startup through two rounds of capital funding by the venture capitalists who backed the company . On October 16 , 2008 , Williams took over the role of CEO , and Dorsey became chairman of the board . On October 4 , 2010 , Williams announced that he was stepping down as CEO . Dick Costolo , formerly Twitter 's chief operating officer , became CEO . On October 4 , 2010 , Williams made an announcement saying that he will stay with the company and " be completely focused on product strategy " . According to The New York Times , " Mr. Dorsey and Mr. Costolo forged a close relationship " when Williams was away . According to PC Magazine , Williams was " no longer involved in the day @-@ to @-@ day goings on at the company " . He was focused on developing a new startup , and became a member of Twitter 's board of directors , and promised to " help in any way I can " . In 2011 , Stone was still with Twitter but was working with AOL as an " advisor on volunteer efforts and philanthropy " . In January 2014 Stone announced the release of Jelly , a ' social Q & A network for mobile ' . Dorsey rejoined Twitter in March 2011 , as executive chairman focusing on product development . At that time he split his schedule with Square ( where he is CEO ) , whose offices are within walking distance of Twitter 's in San Francisco . In September 2011 , board members and investors Fred Wilson and Bijan Sabet resigned from Twitter 's Board of Directors . In October 2012 , Twitter announced it had hired former Google executive Matt Derella to become their new director of business agency development . Twitter named former Goldman Sachs executive Anthony Noto as the company 's CFO in July 2014 , with an " annual salary of $ 250 @,@ 000 and one @-@ time restricted stock options of 1 @.@ 5 million shares ... valued at $ 61 @.@ 5 million " . On June 10 , 2015 , Twitter announced its CEO Dick Costolo would resign on July 1 , 2015 . Noto was said to be considered a potential replacement for outgoing CEO Costolo . On October 14 , 2015 , former Google chief business officer Omid Kordestani became executive chairman , replacing Dorsey who remains CEO . On January 26 , 2016 , Leslie Berland , former executive vice president of global advertising , marketing , and digital partnerships at American Express , was named chief marketing officer . = = Logo = = Twitter has become internationally identifiable by its signature bird logo . The original logo was in use from its launch in March 2006 until September 2010 . A slightly modified version succeeded the first style when the website underwent its first redesign . On February 27 , 2012 , a tweet from an employee that works on the company 's platform and API discussed the evolution of the " Larry the Bird " logo with Twitter 's creative director and it was revealed that it was named after Larry Bird of the NBA 's Boston Celtics fame . This detail had been confirmed when the Boston Celtics ' director of interactive media asked Twitter co @-@ founder Biz Stone about it in August 2011 . On June 5 , 2012 , Twitter unveiled its third logo redesign , replacing Larry the Bird with an updated icon simply named as the " Twitter Bird " . As of this logo revision , the word " Twitter " and the lowercase letter " t " are no longer used , with the bird becoming the sole symbol for the company 's branding . According to Douglas Bowman , designer of Twitter , the new logo resembles a mountain bluebird . Twitter explains on their website not to modify the logo ( e.g. rotate the bird , change the logo 's color , etc . ) . = = Features = = = = = Tweets = = = Tweets are publicly visible by default , but senders can restrict message delivery to just their followers . Users can tweet via the Twitter website , compatible external applications ( such as for smartphones ) , or by Short Message Service ( SMS ) available in certain countries . Users may subscribe to other users ' tweets — this is known as " following " and subscribers are known as " followers " or " tweeps " , a portmanteau of Twitter and peeps . Individual tweets can be forwarded by other users to their own feed , a process known as a " retweet " . Users can also " like " ( formerly " favorite " ) individual tweets . Twitter allows users to update their profile via their mobile phone either by text messaging or by apps released for certain smartphones and tablets . Twitter has been compared to a web @-@ based Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) client . In a 2009 Time essay , technology author Steven Johnson described the basic mechanics of Twitter as " remarkably simple " : As a social network , Twitter revolves around the principle of followers . When you choose to follow another Twitter user , that user 's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page . If you follow 20 people , you 'll see a mix of tweets scrolling down the page : breakfast @-@ cereal updates , interesting new links , music recommendations , even musings on the future of education . According to research published in April 2014 , around 44 percent of user accounts have never tweeted . = = = = Content = = = = San Antonio @-@ based market @-@ research firm Pear Analytics analyzed 2 @,@ 000 tweets ( originating from the United States and in English ) over a two @-@ week period in August 2009 from 11 : 00 am to 5 : 00 pm ( CST ) and separated them into six categories : Pointless babble – 40 % Conversational – 38 % Pass @-@ along value – 9 % Self @-@ promotion – 6 % Spam – 4 % News – 4 % Despite Jack Dorsey 's own open contention that a message on Twitter is " a short burst of inconsequential information " , social networking researcher danah boyd responded to the Pear Analytics survey by arguing that what the Pear researchers labelled " pointless babble " is better characterized as " social grooming " and / or " peripheral awareness " ( which she justifies as persons " want [ ing ] to know what the people around them are thinking and doing and feeling , even when co @-@ presence isn 't viable " ) . Similarly , a survey of Twitter users found that a more specific social role of passing along messages that include a hyperlink is an expectation of reciprocal linking by followers . = = = = Format = = = = Users can group posts together by topic or type by use of hashtags – words or phrases prefixed with a " # " sign . Similarly , the " @ " sign followed by a username is used for mentioning or replying to other users . To repost a message from another Twitter user and share it with one 's own followers , a user can click the retweet button within the Tweet . In late 2009 , the " Twitter Lists " feature was added , making it possible for users to follow ad hoc lists of authors instead of individual authors . Through SMS , users can communicate with Twitter through five gateway numbers : short codes for the United States , Canada , India , New Zealand , and an Isle of Man @-@ based number for international use . There is also a short code in the United Kingdom which is only accessible to those on the Vodafone , O2 and Orange networks . In India , since Twitter only supports tweets from Bharti Airtel , an alternative platform called smsTweet was set up by a user to work on all networks . A similar platform called GladlyCast exists for mobile phone users in Singapore and Malaysia . The tweets were set to a largely constrictive 140 @-@ character limit for compatibility with SMS messaging , introducing the shorthand notation and slang commonly used in SMS messages . The 140 @-@ character limit also increased the usage of URL shortening services such as bit.ly , goo.gl , and tr.im , and content @-@ hosting services , such as Twitpic , memozu.com and NotePub to accommodate multimedia content and text longer than 140 characters . Since June 2011 , Twitter has used its own t.co domain for automatic shortening of all URLs posted on its website , making other link shorteners superfluous for staying within the 140 character limit . On May 24 , 2016 , Twitter announced that media such as photos and videos , and the person 's handle , would not count against the 140 character limit . A user photo post used to count for about 24 characters . Attachments and links will also no longer be part of the character limit . On July 17 , Twitter will launch a new way for advertisers to target users that have tweeted with a certain emoji or engaged with tweets with a certain emoji . = = = = Trending topics = = = = A word , phrase or topic that is mentioned at a greater rate than others is said to be a " trending topic " . Trending topics become popular either through a concerted effort by users , or because of an event that prompts people to talk about a specific topic . These topics help Twitter and their users to understand what is happening in the world and what people 's opinions are about it . Trending topics are sometimes the result of concerted efforts and manipulations by preteen and teenaged fans of certain celebrities or cultural phenomena , particularly musicians like Lady Gaga ( known as Little Monsters ) , Justin Bieber ( Beliebers ) , and One Direction ( Directioners ) , and fans of the Twilight ( Twihards ) , Rihanna fans ( Rih Navy ) , and Harry Potter ( Potterheads ) novels . Twitter has altered the trend algorithm in the past to prevent manipulation of this type , with limited success . The Twitter web interface displays a list of trending topics on a sidebar on the home page , along with sponsored content ( see image ) . Twitter often censors trending hashtags that are claimed to be abusive or offensive . Twitter censored the # Thatsafrican and # thingsdarkiessay hashtags after users complained that they found the hashtags offensive . There are allegations that Twitter removed # NaMOinHyd from the trending list and added an Indian National Congress @-@ sponsored hashtag . = = = Adding and following content = = = There are numerous tools for adding content , monitoring content and conversations including Telly ( video sharing , old name is Twitvid ) , TweetDeck , Salesforce.com , HootSuite , and Twitterfeed . As of 2009 , fewer than half of tweets posted were posted using the web user interface with most users using third @-@ party applications ( based on an analysis of 500 million tweets by Sysomos ) . = = = Verified accounts = = = A verified Twitter account formally validates the identity of the person or company that owns the account — the aim of the " verified " status is to prove that a real @-@ world person or company is not being impersonated , through the placement of a small blue checkmark by the top @-@ right corner of a user 's page , or next to the username in the platform 's Search function . Twitter is responsible for assigning the blue checkmark , and it is frequently applied to the accounts of notable people in politics , music , movies , business , fashion , government , sports , media , and journalism . The owners of verified accounts can also access additional features that are not available to standard Twitter @-@ account holders . These features include : The ability to choose how their notifications and mentions are presented . Since verified accounts typically receive a lot of followers , account holders can filter these notices based on whether or not they are from verified accounts . The ability to view information about their followers and their involvement on Twitter . The ability to receive direct messages from all followers or only selected followers . In a breach of Twitter 's rules , some users placed the verified checkmark in their background — Twitter confirmed that such conduct is invalid . Following a design update of the Twitter platform , it is more difficult for users to impersonate a verified account because of the layout . A limitation of the verified status is that if the account is hacked , the person or company can still be impersonated for a limited time , until control is regained over the account by the legitimate owners – as happened , for example , with Tesla Motors ' Twitter account briefly in 2015 . = = = Mobile = = = Twitter has mobile apps for iPhone , iPad , Android , Windows 10 , Windows Phone , BlackBerry , Firefox OS , and Nokia S40 . There is also version of the website for mobile devices , SMS and MMS service . For many years , Twitter has limited the use of third party applications accessing the service by implementing a 100 @,@ 000 user limit per application . = = = Authentication = = = Since August 31 , 2010 , third @-@ party Twitter applications have been required to use OAuth , an authentication method that does not require users to enter their password into the authenticating application . The OAuth authentication method used to be optional , but it is now compulsory and the user @-@ name / password authentication method has been made redundant and is no longer functional . Twitter stated that the move to OAuth will mean " increased security and a better experience " . = = = Related headlines feature = = = This feature adds websites to the bottom of a tweet 's permalink page . If a website embedded a tweet onto one of their stories , the tweet will show the websites that mentioned the tweet . This feature was added onto Twitter so if the viewer doesn 't understand what the tweet means , they can click on the sites to read more about what the person is talking about . = = = Polls = = = On October 21 , 2015 , Twitter began to roll out the ability to attach poll questions to tweets . Polls are open for 24 hours , and voters are not personally identified . = = Usage = = = = = Rankings = = = Twitter is ranked as one of the ten @-@ most @-@ visited websites worldwide by Alexa 's web traffic analysis . Daily user estimates vary as the company does not publish statistics on active accounts . A February 2009 Compete.com blog entry ranked Twitter as the third most used social network based on their count of 6 million unique monthly visitors and 55 million monthly visits . In March 2009 , a Nielsen.com blog ranked Twitter as the fastest @-@ growing website in the Member Communities category for February 2009 . Twitter had annual growth of 1 @,@ 382 percent , increasing from 475 @,@ 000 unique visitors in February 2008 to 7 million in February 2009 . In 2009 , Twitter had a monthly user retention rate of forty percent . = = = Demographics = = = In 2009 , Twitter was mainly used by older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter , said Jeremiah Owyang , an industry analyst studying social media . " Adults are just catching up to what teens have been doing for years , " he said . According to comScore only eleven percent of Twitter 's users are aged twelve to seventeen. comScore attributed this to Twitter 's " early adopter period " when the social network first gained popularity in business settings and news outlets attracting primarily older users . However , comScore also stated in 2009 that Twitter had begun to " filter more into the mainstream " , and " along with it came a culture of celebrity as Shaq , Britney Spears and Ashton Kutcher joined the ranks of the Twitterati " . According to a study by Sysomos in June 2009 , women make up a slightly larger Twitter demographic than men — fifty @-@ three percent over forty @-@ seven percent . It also stated that five percent of users accounted for seventy @-@ five percent of all activity , and that New York City has more Twitter users than other cities .	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
used it to post coloured messages . Delphin says he exposed the security flaw by tweeting a JavaScript function for " onMouseOver " , and Holm later created and posted the XSS Worm that automatically re @-@ tweeted itself . Security firm Sophos reported that the virus was spread by people doing it for " fun and games " , but noted it could be exploited by cybercriminals . Twitter issued a statement on their status blog at 13 : 50 UTC that " The exploit is fully patched . " Twitter representative Carolyn Penner said no charges would be pressed . In May 2011 , a claimant known as " CTB " ( subsequently identified as Ryan Giggs ) in the case of CTB v Twitter Inc . , Persons Unknown took legal action at the High Court of Justice in London against Twitter , requesting that Twitter release details of account holders . This followed gossip posted on Twitter about Giggs ' private life , causing conflict relating to privacy injunctions . Tony Wang , the head of Twitter in Europe , said that people who do " bad things " on the site would need to defend themselves under the laws of their own jurisdiction in the event of controversy , and that the site would hand over information about users to the authorities when it was legally required to do so . He also suggested that Twitter would accede to a UK court order to divulge names of users responsible for " illegal activity " on the site . On May 29 , 2011 , it was reported that South Tyneside council in England had successfully taken legal action against Twitter in a court in California , forcing Twitter to reveal the details of five user accounts . The council was trying to discover the identity of a blogger called " Mr Monkey " who allegedly posted libellous statements about three local councillors . On January 23 , 2012 , it was reported that Twitter would be acquiring Dasient , a startup that offers malware protection for businesses . Twitter announced plans to use Dasient to help remove hateful advertisers on the website . On January 26 , 2012 , Twitter began offering a feature which would allow tweets to be removed selectively by country . Twitter cited France and Germany as examples , where pro @-@ Nazi content is illegal . Deleted tweets used to be removed in all countries . The first use of the policy was to block the account of German neo @-@ Nazi group Besseres Hannover on October 18 , 2012 . The policy was used again the following day to remove anti @-@ Semitic French tweets with the hashtag # unbonjuif ( " a good Jew " ) . On February 20 , 2012 , a third @-@ party public @-@ key encryption app ( written in Python and partially funded by a grant from the Shuttleworth Foundation ) for private messaging in Twitter , CrypTweet , was released . On May 17 , 2012 , Twitter announced it would implement the " Do Not Track " privacy option , a cookie @-@ blocking feature found in Mozilla 's Firefox browser . The " Do Not Track " feature works only on sites that have agreed to the service . In August 2012 it was reported that there is a market in fake Twitter followers that are used to increase politicians ' and celebrities ' apparent popularity . The black market for the fake followers , known as " bots " , has been linked to " nearly every politically linked account from the White House to Congress to the 2016 campaign trail " . In June 2014 , POLITICO analyzed Twitter handles with the highest rates of fake followers : US President Barack Obama with 46 @.@ 8 percent , Democratic National Committee Chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz with 35 @.@ 1 percent , and Senator John McCain with 23 @.@ 6 percent . The culprits working to generate the fake followers , or " bots " , include campaign workers or friends of political candidates . One site offers 1 @,@ 000 fake followers for $ 20 . The people creating the " bots " are often from Eastern Europe and Asia . In 2013 , two Italian researchers calculated 10 percent of total accounts on Twitter are " bots " however , other estimates have placed the figure even higher . In April 2013 Twitter warned news organizations around the world to secure their Twitter accounts after a number of high @-@ profile hacks of official accounts , including those of the Associated Press and The Guardian . In May 2013 , Twitter announced a two @-@ factor login verification as an added measure against hacking . In August 2013 , Twitter announced plans to introduce a " report abuse " button for all versions of the site . A petition for making the process of complaining about harassment easier had collected over 100 @,@ 000 signatures . The move followed the posting of abusive tweets , including rape and death threats to historian Mary Beard , British feminist campaigner Caroline Criado @-@ Perez and the British MP Stella Creasy . Three men were arrested under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 in connection with the incidents . In August 2014 , Twitter said that in certain cases it would delete pictures of people who had died after requests from family members and " authorized individuals " . The move followed controversy over the sharing of images on Twitter showing the killing of American journalist James Foley . In December 2014 Twitter announced new reporting and blocking policies ; a blocking mechanism devised by Randi Harper , a target of GamerGate , also received notable coverage . In February 2015 , in an internal Twitter memo , CEO Dick Costolo said he was ' frankly ashamed ' at how poorly Twitter handled trolling and abuse , and admitted Twitter had lost users as a result . Per an updated terms of service and privacy policy , Twitter users outside of the United States are legally served by the Ireland @-@ based Twitter International Company instead of Twitter Inc . , effective May 18 , 2015 . The change make these users subject to Irish and European data protection laws . = = = Open source = = = Twitter has a history of both using and releasing open source software while overcoming technical challenges of their service . A page in their developer documentation thanks dozens of open source projects which they have used , from revision control software like Git to programming languages such as Ruby and Scala . Software released as open source by the company includes the Gizzard Scala framework for creating distributed datastores , the distributed graph database FlockDB , the Finagle library for building asynchronous RPC servers and clients , the TwUI user interface framework for iOS , and the Bower client @-@ side package manager . The popular Twitter Bootstrap web design library was also started at Twitter and is the most popular repository on GitHub . = = = Innovators patent agreement = = = On April 17 , 2012 , Twitter announced it would implement an " Innovators Patent Agreement " which would obligate Twitter to only use its patents for defensive purposes . The agreement went into effect in 2012 . = = = URL shortener = = = t.co is a URL shortening service created by Twitter . It is only available for links posted to Twitter and not available for general use . All links posted to Twitter use a t.co wrapper . Twitter hopes that the service will be able to protect users from malicious sites , and will use it to track clicks on links within tweets . Having used the services of third parties TinyURL and bit.ly , Twitter began experimenting with its own URL shortening service for private messages in March 2010 using the twt.tl domain , before it purchased the t.co domain . The service was tested on the main site using the accounts @ TwitterAPI , @ rsarver and @ raffi . On September 2 , 2010 , an email from Twitter to users said they would be expanding the roll @-@ out of the service to users . On June 7 , 2011 , Twitter announced that it was rolling out the feature . = = = Integrated photo @-@ sharing service = = = On June 1 , 2011 , Twitter announced its own integrated photo @-@ sharing service that enables users to upload a photo and attach it to a Tweet right from Twitter.com. Users now also have the ability to add pictures to Twitter 's search by adding hashtags to the tweet . Twitter also plans to provide photo galleries designed to gather and syndicate all photos that a user has uploaded on Twitter and third @-@ party services such as TwitPic . = = = Twitterbots = = = A Twitterbot is a computer program that automatically posts on Twitter , they are programmed to tweet , retweet , and follow other accounts . According to a recent report , there were 20 million , fewer than 5 % , of accounts on Twitter that were fraudulent in 2013 . These fake accounts are often used to build large follower populations quickly for advertisers , while others respond to tweets that include a certain word or phrase . Twitter 's wide @-@ open application programming interface and cloud servers make it possible for twitterbots ' existence within the social networking site . = = Society = = = = = Issues and controversies = = = Twitter has been used for a variety of purposes in many industries and scenarios . For example , it has been used to organize protests , sometimes referred to as " Twitter Revolutions " , which include the 2011 Egyptian revolution , 2010 – 2011 Tunisian protests , 2009 – 2010 Iranian election protests , and 2009 Moldova civil unrest . The systematic literature review by Buettner & Buettner analyzed the role of Twitter during a wide range of revolutions and other social movements ( 2007 WikiLeaks , 2009 Moldova , 2009 Austria student protest , 2009 Israel @-@ Gaza , 2009 Iran green revolution , 2009 Toronto G20 , 2010 Venezuela , 2010 Germany Stuttgart21 , 2011 Egypt , 2011 England , 2011 US Occupy movement , 2011 Spain Indignados , 2011 Greece Aganaktismenoi movements , 2011 Italy , 2011 Wisconsin labor protests , 2012 Israel Hamas , 2013 Brazil Vinegar , 2013 Turkey ) . The governments of Iran and Egypt blocked the service in retaliation . The Hill on February 28 , 2011 described Twitter and other social media as a " strategic weapon ... which have the apparent ability to re @-@ align the social order in real time , with little or no advanced [ sic ] warning " . During the Arab Spring in early 2011 , the number of hashtags mentioning the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt increased . A study by the Dubai School of Government found that only 0 @.@ 26 % of the Egyptian population , 0 @.@ 1 % of the Tunisian population and 0 @.@ 04 % of the Syrian population are active on Twitter . The service is also used as a form of civil disobedience : in 2010 , users expressed outrage over the Twitter Joke Trial by making obvious jokes about terrorism ; and in the British privacy injunction debate in the same country a year later , where several celebrities who had taken out anonymised injunctions , most notably the Manchester United player Ryan Giggs , were identified by thousands of users in protest to traditional journalism being censored . Another , more real time and practical use for Twitter exists as an effective de facto emergency communication system for breaking news . It was neither intended nor designed for high performance communication , but the idea that it could be used for emergency communication certainly was not lost on the originators , who knew that the service could have wide @-@ reaching effects early on when the San Francisco company used it to communicate during earthquakes . The Boston Police tweeted news of the arrest of Boston Marathon bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev . Another practical use that is being studied is Twitter 's ability to track epidemics and how they spread . In addition , Twitter has acted as a sensor for automatic response to natural disasters such as bush fires . Twitter has been used by Somalia 's al @-@ Shabaab rebels , who had their accounts suspended after they used the site to claim responsibility for an attack on the Westgate Shopping Mall in Nairobi in September 2013 . The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) has also used the service : in January 2016 , Twitter was sued by the widow of a U.S. man killed in the Amman shooting attack , claiming that allowing ISIL to use the platform constituted the provision of material support of a terrorist organization , which is illegal under U.S. federal law . Twitter disputed the claim , stating that " violent threats and the promotion of terrorism deserve no place on Twitter and , like other social networks , our rules make that clear . " The Electronic Frontier Foundation believed that Twitter could be protected under Section 230 safe harbors , which dictate that the operators of an interactive computer service are not liable for the content published by others . On May 31 , 2016 , Twitter suspended multiple parody accounts that satirized Russian politics , sparking protests and raising questions about where the company stands on freedom of speech . Following public outcry , Twitter restored the accounts the next day without answering why the accounts were suspended . The same day , Twitter , along with Facebook , Google , and Microsoft , jointly agreed to a European Union code of conduct obligating them to review " [ the ] majority of valid notifications for removal of illegal hate speech " posted on their services within 24 hours . = = = Censorship and Twitter = = = Twitter is banned completely in Iran , China and North Korea , and has been intermittently blocked in numerous countries including Egypt , Iraq , Turkey and Venezuela on different bases . = = = = Twitter Trust & Safety Council = = = = On February 9 , 2016 , Twitter announced the creation of the " Twitter Trust & Safety Council . " The stated aim of this council is " ... to ensure that people feel safe expressing themselves on Twitter . " The 50 " Inaugural Members " of the council that were named in the announcement consisted almost entirely of persons or progressive organizations who have advocated the censorship of hate speech on the internet . = = = = Trending topics = = = = After claims in the media that the hashtags # wikileaks and # occupywallstreet were being censored because they did not show up on the site 's list of trending topics , Twitter responded by stating that it does not censor hashtags unless they contain obscenities . In 2016 , at the same time as Twitter executives paid to attend a political fundraiser by Hillary Clinton , the Twitter platform banned a pro @-@ Bernie Sanders account that had started a hashtag critical of Clinton 's fundraising from wealthy donors . = = = Impact = = = = = = = Instant , short , and frequent communication = = = = In May 2008 , The Wall Street Journal wrote that social networking services such as Twitter " elicit mixed feelings in the technology @-@ savvy people who have been their early adopters . Fans say they are a good way to keep in touch with busy friends . But some users are starting to feel ' too ' connected , as they grapple with check @-@ in messages at odd hours , higher cellphone bills and the need to tell acquaintances to stop announcing what they 're having for dinner . " The following year , John C. Dvorak described Twitter as " the new CB radio " . = = = = Education = = = = Twitter has been adopted as a communication and learning tool in educational and research settings mostly in colleges and universities . It has been used as a backchannel to promote student interactions , especially in large @-@ lecture courses . Research has found that using Twitter in college courses helps students communicate with each other and faculty , promotes informal learning , allows shy students a forum for increased participation , increases student engagement , and improves overall course grades . = = = = Public figures = = = = Tech writer Bruce Sterling commented in 2007 that using Twitter for " literate communication " is " about as likely as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the Iliad " . In September 2008 , the journalist Clive Thompson mused in a The New York Times Magazine editorial that the service had expanded narcissism into " a new , supermetabolic extreme — the ultimate expression of a generation of celebrity @-@ addled youths who believe their every utterance is fascinating and ought to be shared with the world " . One of the earliest documented forms of celebrity related twitter @-@ like disclosures dates from 1980 , when real estate mogul William Desmond Ryan made round the clock press releases about his relationship with comedian Phyllis Diller , even revealing what she was making him for dinner on a nightly basis . Conversely , Vancouver Sun columnist Steve Dotto opined that part of Twitter 's appeal is the challenge of trying to publish such messages in tight constraints , and Jonathan Zittrain , professor of Internet law at Harvard Law School , said that " the qualities that make Twitter seem inane and half @-@ baked are what makes it so powerful " . The novelist Rick Moody wrote a short story for Electric Literature called " Some Contemporary Characters , " composed entirely of tweets . In 2009 , Nielsen Online reported that Twitter has a user retention rate of forty percent . Many people stop using the service after a month , therefore the site may potentially reach only about ten percent of all Internet users . In 2009 , Twitter won the " Breakout of the Year " Webby Award . During a February 2009 discussion on National Public Radio 's Weekend Edition , the journalist Daniel Schorr stated that Twitter accounts of events lacked rigorous fact @-@ checking and other editorial improvements . In response , Andy Carvin gave Schorr two examples of breaking news stories that played out on Twitter and said users wanted first @-@ hand accounts and sometimes debunked stories . On November 29 , 2009 Twitter was named the Word of the Year by the Global Language Monitor , declaring it " a new form of social interaction " . Time magazine acknowledged its growing level of influence in its 2010 Time 100 ; to determine the influence of people , it used a formula based on famous social networking sites , Twitter and Facebook . The list ranges from Barack Obama and Oprah Winfrey to Lady Gaga and Ashton Kutcher . The U.S. government , seeing social media 's role in the 2010 Arab Spring revolts , covertly developed a Cuban alternative to Twitter called ZunZuneo as part of a long @-@ term strategy to " stir unrest " . The service was active from 2010 to 2012 . During the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony , in which he appeared at the London Olympic Stadium in person , Sir Tim Berners @-@ Lee , the founder of the World Wide Web , tweeted " This is for everyone " , which was instantly spelled out in LCD lights attached to the chairs of the 80 @,@ 000 people in the audience . = = = = = World leaders = = = = = World leaders and their diplomats have taken note of Twitter 's rapid expansion and have been increasingly utilizing Twitter diplomacy , the use of Twitter to engage with foreign publics and their own citizens . US Ambassador to Russia , Michael A. McFaul has been attributed as a pioneer of international Twitter diplomacy . He used Twitter after becoming ambassador in 2011 , posting in English and Russian . On October 24 , 2014 , Queen Elizabeth II sent her first tweet to mark the opening of the London Science Museum 's Information Age exhibition . A 2013 study by website Twiplomacy found that 153 of the 193 countries represented at the United Nations had established government Twitter accounts . The same study also found that those accounts amounted to 505 Twitter handles used by world leaders and their foreign ministers , with their tweets able to reach a combined audience of over 106 million followers . According to an analysis of accounts , the heads of state of 125 countries and 139 other leading politicians have Twitter accounts that have between them sent more than 350 @,@ 000 tweets and have almost 52 million followers . However , only 30 of these do their own tweeting , more than 80 do not subscribe to other politicians and many do not follow any accounts . = = = = Religion = = = = More than twenty Roman Catholic cardinals manage active Twitter accounts , nine of whom were cardinal electors for the 2013 Papal conclave . Pope Benedict XVI was the first Pope to have a Twitter account ; it was set up in 2012 . As of April 2016 , his successor , Pope Francis , has 9 @.@ 06 million followers of his Twitter account ( @ Pontifex ) . In 2014 astrophysicist Neil DeGrasse Tyson caused a controversy among conservative Christians with a Christmas tweet celebrating the birth of Isaac Newton . = = = = Twitterbot effect = = = = Twitterbots are capable of influencing public opinion about culture , products and political agendas by automatically generating mass amounts of tweets through imitating human communication . The New York Times states , " They have sleep @-@ wake cycles so their fakery is more convincing , making them less prone to repetitive patterns that flag them as mere programs . " The tweets generated vary anywhere from a simple automated response to content creation and information sharing , all of which depends on the intention of the person purchasing or creating the bot . The social implications these Twitterbots potentially have on human perception are sizeable according to a study published by the ScienceDirect Journal . Looking at the Computers as Social Actors ( CASA ) paradigm , the journal notes , " people exhibit remarkable social reactions to computers and other media , treating them as if they were real people or real places . " The study concluded that Twitterbots were viewed as credible and competent in communication and interaction making them suitable for transmitting information in the social media sphere . While the technological advances have enabled the ability of successful Human @-@ Computer Interaction , the implications are questioned due to the appearance of both benign and malicious bots in the Twitter realm . Benign Twitterbots may generate creative content and relevant product updates whereas malicious bots can make unpopular people seem popular , push irrelevant products on users and spread misinformation , spam and / or slander . In addition to content generating bots , users can purchase followers , favorites , retweets and comments on various websites that cater to expanding a users image through accumulation of followers . With more followers , users ' profiles gain more attention , thus increasing their popularity . Generating Web traffic is a valuable commodity for both individuals and businesses because it indicates notability . With Twitterbots , users are able to create the illusion of " buzz " on their site by obtaining followers from services such as Swenzy and underground suppliers who operate bot farms or click farms . The companies that facilitate this service create fake Twitter accounts that follow a number of people , some of these Twitter accounts may even post fake tweets to make it seem like they are real . This practice of obtaining mass amounts of twitterbots as followers is not permitted on Twitter . The emphasis on followers and likes as a measure of social capital has urged people to extend their circle to weak and latent ties to promote the idea of popularity for celebrities , politicians , musicians , public figures , and companies alike . According to The New York Times , bots amass significant influence and have been noted to sway elections , influence the stock market , public appeal , and attack governments . = = = GCHQ = = = According to documents leaked by Edward Snowden and published in July 2014 , the United Kingdom 's GCHQ has a tool named BIRDSONG for " automated posting of Twitter updates " , and a tool named BIRDSTRIKE for " Twitter monitoring and profile collection " . = = Television = = Twitter is also increasingly used for making TV more interactive and social . This effect is sometimes referred to as the second screen , " virtual watercooler " or social television — the practice has been called " chatterboxing " . Twitter has been successfully used to encourage people to watch live TV events , such as the Oscars , the Super Bowl and the MTV Video Music Awards ; however this strategy has proven less effective with regularly scheduled TV shows . Such direct cross @-@ promotions have been banned from French television due to regulations against secret advertising . In December 2012 , Twitter and Nielsen entered a multi @-@ year agreement to produce social TV ratings , which are expected to be commercially available for the fall 2013 season as the Nielsen Twitter TV Rating . Advertising Age said Twitter had become the new TV Guide . Then in February 2013 , Twitter acquired Bluefin Labs for an estimated US $ 50 million to $ 100 million , which was the company 's largest acquisition as of 2013 . Founded in 2008 at the MIT Media Lab , Bluefin is a data miner whose analysis tells which brands ( e.g. , TV shows and companies ) are chatted about the most in social media . MIT Technology Review said that Bluefin gives Twitter part of the US $ 72 billion television advertising market . In April 2013 , the Associated Press ' Twitter account was briefly hacked into , sending out a message that US president Barack Obama had been injured in an attack on the White House . Stocks lost $ 134 billion in value almost instantly , before recovering in value when it was discovered the report was false . In May 2013 , it launched Twitter Amplify — an advertising product for media and consumer brands . With Amplify , Twitter runs video highlights from major live broadcasts , with advertisers ' names and messages playing before the clip . Then in October 2013 , Comcast announced a partnership with NBCUniversal and Twitter , to allow users to tune into live streaming from their set @-@ top box , smartphone or tablet by tapping a ' See It ' button embedded in selected tweets . In an attempt to compete with Twitter 's leadership in TV , Facebook introduced a number of features in 2013 to drive conversation around TV including hashtags , verified profiles and embeddable posts . It also opened up new data visualization APIs for TV news and other media outlets , enabling them to search for a word and see a firehose of public posts that mention it as well as show how many people mentioned a word in both public and private posts during a set time frame , with a demographic breakdown of the age , gender , and location of these people . In January 2014 , Facebook announced a partnership with UK @-@ based social TV analytics company SecondSync which saw the social network make its social TV available outside the company for the first time . Facebook struck the partnership to help marketers understand how people are using the social network to talk about topics such as TV . However , Twitter responded by acquiring SecondSync and Parisian social TV firm Mesagraph three months later . These acquisitions , as well as a partnership with research company Kantar ( which it had been working with to develop a suite of analytics tools for the British TV industry since August 2013 ) strengthened Twitter 's dominance of the " second screen " – TV viewers using tablets and smartphones to share their TV experience on social media . With the additional analytic tools , Twitter was able to improve the firm 's offering to advertisers , allowing them to , for instance , only promote a tweet onto the timelines of users who were watching a certain programme . By February 2014 , all four major U.S. TV networks had signed up to the Amplify program , bringing a variety of premium TV content onto the social platform in the form of in @-@ tweet real @-@ time video clips . In March 2014 , ITV became the first major broadcaster in the UK to sign up to Twitter Amplify and Twitter introduced one @-@ tap video playback across its mobile apps to further enhance the consumer experience . In June 2014 , Twitter acquired its Twitter Amplify partner in the U.S. , SnappyTV , as part of its ongoing efforts to be the leader in social television . The company was helping broadcasters and rights holders to share video content both organically across social and via Twitter 's Amplify program . In Europe Twitter 's Amplify partner is London @-@ based Grabyo , which has also struck numerous deals with broadcasters and rights holders to share video content across Facebook and Twitter . On July 11 , 2016 , Twitter announced a partnership with CBS News to live stream both the 2016 Republican National Convention , July 18 @-@ 21 , and the 2016 Democratic National Convention , July 25 @-@ 28 . = = Statistics = = = = = Most popular accounts = = = As of May 31 , 2016 , the Twitter accounts with the most followers were : Katy Perry : 89 @,@ 071 @,@ 169 Justin Bieber : 82 @,@ 290 @,@ 686 Taylor Swift : 77 @,@ 874 @,@ 177 Barack Obama : 75 @,@ 241 @,@ 599 YouTube : 62 @,@ 319 @,@ 173 Rihanna : 61 @,@ 114 @,@ 092 Ellen DeGeneres : 60 @,@ 060 @,@ 695 Lady Gaga : 59 @,@ 757 @,@ 672 Justin Timberlake : 55 @,@ 406 @,@ 690 Twitter : 55 @,@ 064 @,@ 486 = = = Oldest accounts = = = The oldest Twitter accounts are 14 accounts which became active on March 21 , 2006 , all belonging to Twitter employees at the time and including @ jack ( Jack Dorsey ) , @ biz ( Biz Stone ) , and @ noah ( Noah Glass ) . = = = Record tweets = = = With over 41 million tweets , the most discussed topic ever on Twitter was the " # ALDubEBTamangPanahon " of AlDub on October 24 , 2015 during the sold out special concert presentation of the Kalyeserye segment of the noontime show Eat Bulaga entitled Eat Bulaga : Sa Tamang Panahon held at the Philippine Arena , the world 's largest indoor arena located in Bulacan , Philippines . The said event was attended by over 55 @,@ 000 fans . With over 35 @.@ 6 million tweets , the most discussed sports game ever on Twitter was the 2014 FIFA World Cup semi @-@ final between Brazil and Germany on July 8 , 2014 . A selfie orchestrated by 86th Academy Awards host Ellen DeGeneres during the March 2 , 2014 broadcast is the most retweeted image ever . DeGeneres said she wanted to homage Meryl Streep 's record 17 Oscar nominations by setting a new record with her , and invited other Oscar celebrities to join them . The resulting photo of twelve celebrities broke the previous retweet record within forty minutes , and was retweeted over 1 @.@ 8 million times in the first hour . By the end of the ceremony it had been retweeted over 2 million times ; less than 24 hours later , it had been retweeted over 2 @.@ 8 million times . As of 18 March 2014 , it has been retweeted over 3 @.@ 4 million times . The group selfie effort was parodied by Lego , and Matt Groening with The Simpsons . It beat the previous record , 778 @,@ 801 , which was held by Barack Obama , following his victory in the 2012 presidential election . According to Guinness World Records , the fastest pace to a million followers was set by actor Robert Downey Jr. in 23 hours and 22 minutes in April 2014 . This record was later broken by Caitlyn Jenner , who joined the site on June 1 , 2015 and amassed a million followers in just 4 hours and 3 minutes . The most tweeted moment in the history of Twitter was during the airing of Castle in the Sky on August 2 , 2013 , when fans tweeted the word " balse " at the exact time that it played in the movie . There was a global peak of 143 @,@ 199 tweets in one second , beating the previous record of 33 @,@ 388 . = Principal Charming = " Principal Charming " is the fourteenth episode of The Simpsons ' second season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 14 , 1991 . In the episode , Marge 's sister Selma is looking for a husband , so Marge orders Homer to help her find one . Things go wrong , however , when Homer invites Principal Skinner over for dinner and Skinner instead falls for Selma 's twin sister Patty . The episode was written by David M. Stern and directed by Mark Kirkland . The characters Hans Moleman , Groundskeeper Willie and Squeaky Voiced Teen make their first appearances on The Simpsons in the episode . " Principal Charming " features cultural references to film such as Vertigo , Gone with the Wind , and The Hunchback of Notre Dame . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 1 , and was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired . = = Plot = = Selma realizes , after going to the wedding of a man that could have easily been hers if Patty had not intervened , that she needs to find a husband and begs Marge to help her . Marge enlists the help of Homer to seek one out ; however , Homer has trouble finding anyone suitable . Meanwhile , Bart pulls a big prank by pouring the fictional herbicide sodium tetrasulfate onto the grass of his school , spelling out his own name , and is caught when Skinner sees the mess . Homer meets with Principal Skinner about Bart 's behavior and , learning that Skinner is single , invites him home to dinner with Selma . Later that day , Skinner arrives for dinner , but instead of falling for Selma , he becomes instantly smitten with her sister , Patty after she yells at Homer for being the wrong twin . Skinner asks an unwilling Patty out on a date and she tries to get out of it by refusing . However , as they are going home , Selma tells her that she needs to go on this date because she has not been with a man in 25 years and this would be her best chance to still have a family . On their first date , Patty does not seem impressed with Skinner until he yells at his former student for his lack of promptness . Soon after they go out on more dates , much to Selma 's chagrin and she realizes another decent man has just slipped past her . Skinner enlists Bart 's help to get Patty to marry him , while Homer fixes a date between Selma and Barney , which Selma reluctantly accepts . However , Marge disapproves of Barney and demands Homer to find someone else suitable for her sister . Skinner takes Patty to the top of the bell tower to propose . Following Bart 's lead , he has written " Marry Me , Patty " in 40 @-@ foot letters using the sodium tetrasulfate that got Bart in trouble . Patty is flattered , but declines . She admits to Skinner that she shares a common bond with the emotional grief of her twin sister , which Skinner immediately understands . Patty appreciates Skinner 's understanding and his gentlemanly conduct , and if she ever did settle down with a man , she would want it to be with him . Rescuing Selma from her date with Barney , Patty takes her home . Meanwhile , Skinner , who vows to win back his school from Bart 's control ( who was taking advantage of the fact that Skinner loves Patty and turned a blind eye from all of Bart 's recent vandalism ) , destroys all the grass on the school field with the sodium tetrasulfate , forcing Bart to replant the field seed by seed , much to Groundskeeper Willie 's pleasure . = = Production = = The episode was written by David M. Stern and directed by Mark Kirkland . Stern particularly liked writing episodes about Marge and her sisters Patty and Selma . Executive producer Mike Reiss said none of the staff members could relate on a personal level to the twins , but Stern " seemed to really hook in to them , so he did some great episodes featuring members of the Bouvier family . " Due to the episode 's romantic theme , the airdate was pushed back to Valentine 's Day on February 14 , 1991 . It was , however , ready to be aired several months earlier . The characters Hans Moleman , Groundskeeper Willie and Squeaky Voiced Teen made their first appearances on the show in " Principal Charming " . Willie 's role in the episode was to punish Bart by making him re @-@ sod the grass . Originally , Willie was just written as an angry janitor , and the fact that he was Scottish was added during a recording session . Dan Castellaneta was assigned to do the voice , but he did not know what voice to use . Sam Simon , who was directing at the time , told Castellaneta to use an accent . He first tried using a Spanish voice , which Simon felt was too clichéd . He then tried a " big dumb Swede " , which was also rejected . For his third try , he used the voice of an angry Scotsman , which was deemed appropriate enough and was used in the episode . Originally thought by the directors to be a one @-@ shot appearance , Willie has since become a common recurring character . The show 's creator Matt Groening later revealed that the character was based partially on Angus Crock , a kilt @-@ wearing chef from the sketch comedy show Second City Television , who was portrayed by Dave Thomas , and Jimmy Finlayson , the mustachioed Scottish actor who appeared in thirty @-@ three Laurel and Hardy films . In addition to Willie , Castellaneta also provided the voice of Squeaky Voiced Teen , whose voice is lifted from actor Richard Crenna 's character Walter Denton in the sitcom Our Miss Brooks . Moleman 's voice was also provided by Castellaneta . He was given the name Moleman by Groening , who thought the character looked like a mole . = = Cultural references = = The scene with Skinner climbing the bell tower to get a better look of where the sodium tetrasulfate smell is coming from is a reference to final scene of the 1958 film Vertigo . Moleman 's drivers license says his name is Ralph Melish , a reference to the Monty Python sketch " The Adventures of Ralph Melish : Hot Dog and Knickers " from the 1973 album The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief . While searching for a man worthy of Selma , Homer uses a computer @-@ enhanced overlay on his vision similar to characters from the films Westworld and The Terminator . Skinner sings the song " Inchworm " by Danny Kaye as he rings the bell to Patty and Selma 's apartment . Skinner carries Patty up the steps of the bell tower as Quasimodo did with Esmeralda in the 1939 film The Hunchback of Notre Dame . Selma sings Lisa a lullaby version of the song " Brandy " by Elliot Lurie . When Patty bids farewell to Skinner , she says , " Goodnight , sweet principal " , a reference to " Goodnight , sweet prince " from Hamlet . When Skinner returns to school , he declares that " Tomorrow is another school day ! " , a reference to the line " Tomorrow is another day ! " from the 1939 film Gone with the Wind . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " Principal Charming " finished thirty @-@ second in the ratings for the week of February 11 – 17 , 1991 , with a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 1 , equivalent to approximately thirteen million viewing households . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote : " Good fun , with both Patty and Selma gaining a degree of humanity . Bart makes very good use of his new @-@ found freedom as Skinner 's pseudo @-@ in @-@ law , much to the annoyance of Groundskeeper Willie , making his first appearance . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson wrote : " Many shows might have trouble concentrating on secondary characters like Skinner and Patty , but this episode worked nicely . Though the romantic tone could have become sappy , the program managed to stay on the right side of that equation , and it expanded the characters well . " Doug Pratt , a DVD reviewer and Rolling Stone contributor , wrote that " the [ episode ] is heavily character orientated but poignantly comical " . A member of the IGN staff wrote in a season two review : " There are some real winners to be found in the second season , and I was actually surprised at some of the episodes in the collection because I thought they were later in the series , like [ ... ] ' Principal Charming ' , where Skinner falls for Patty . " Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic said " Principal Charming " was the episode that made it " clear that The Simpsons wasn 't just a smart little cartoon but something much , much more . " The episode 's references to Gone with the Wind and Terminator were named the sixth and fifth greatest film references in the history of the show by Nathan Ditum of Total Film . Dawn Taylor of The DVD Journal thought the best line of the episode was Moe 's line to the depressed Homer : " Homer , lighten up . You 're making happy hour bitterly ironic . " A reviewer for DVD.net , on the other hand , thought that the best line was Skinner 's " Kiss me Patty , I don 't have cooties ! " . = Saruman = Saruman the White is a fictional character and a major antagonist in J. R. R. Tolkien 's fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings . He is leader of the Istari , wizards sent to Middle @-@ earth in human form by the godlike Valar to challenge Sauron , the main antagonist of the novel , but eventually he desires Sauron 's power for himself and tries to take over Middle @-@ earth by force . His schemes feature prominently in the second volume , The Two Towers , and at the end of the third volume , The Return of the King . His earlier history is given briefly in the posthumously published The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales . Saruman is one of several characters in the book illustrating the corruption of power ; his desire for knowledge and order leads to his fall , and he rejects the chance of redemption when it is offered . The name Saruman [ ˈsaruman ] means " man of skill " ; he serves as an example of technology and modernity being overthrown by forces more in tune with nature . Saruman is represented by a white hand . = = Appearances = = = = = The Lord of the Rings = = = Saruman first appears in The Fellowship of the Ring ( 1954 ) , which is the first volume of The Lord of the Rings . The Lord of the Rings describes a quest to destroy the One Ring , a powerful and evil talisman created by the Dark Lord Sauron to control Middle @-@ earth ( the fictional continent on which Tolkien 's story takes place ) . Sauron lost the Ring in battle thousands of years before the beginning of the story , and it is now held in secret in the Shire by the hobbit Bilbo Baggins , who passes it on to Frodo Baggins , one of the story 's main protagonists . Early in The Fellowship of the Ring , the wizard Gandalf describes Saruman as " the chief of my order " and head of the White Council that forced Sauron from Mirkwood at the end of Tolkien 's earlier book The Hobbit . He notes Saruman 's great knowledge of the magic rings created by Sauron and by the Elven @-@ smiths . Shortly afterwards , Gandalf breaks an arrangement to meet Frodo and guide him out of the Shire to Rivendell to keep the Ring safe from Sauron 's agents . Frodo and Gandalf are reunited at Rivendell midway through The Fellowship of the Ring . The wizard explains why he failed to join Frodo : he had been summoned to consult with Saruman but had been held captive . Saruman initially had proposed that the wizards ally themselves with the rising power of Sauron in order to eventually control him for their own ends . Saruman went on to suggest that they could take the Ring for themselves and challenge Sauron . When Gandalf refused both options , variously because the Ring can only be wielded by one person ; because the Ring would merely channel a powerful user to become just another dark lord ; and mostly because he now recognized Saruman as a traitor , Gandalf was imprisoned in the tower of Orthanc at Isengard . Saruman hoped to learn from him the location of the Ring . Whilst on the summit of Orthanc Gandalf observed that Saruman had industrialised the formerly green valley of Isengard and was creating his own army of Half @-@ Orcs / Half @-@ Human fighters who are able to endure the sun and wolves to rival Sauron . Gandalf 's escape from the roof on the back of a Great Eagle left Saruman in a desperate position as he knew he would now be known as traitor to his former allies , but was unable to procure the Ring directly for himself and therefore could not hope to truly rival his enemy Sauron . In The Two Towers ( 1954 ) , the second volume of the story , Saruman is the main antagonist . Orcs from Saruman 's army in search of the Ring attack Frodo and his companions . Following Saruman 's orders to capture hobbits , they carry off two of Frodo 's closest friends , Merry and Pippin . The two escape into Fangorn Forest , where they meet the Ents , protectors of the trees , who are outraged at the widespread felling of trees by Saruman 's orcs . Meanwhile , Saruman 's army has invaded the land of Rohan , with the effect of preventing the Riders of Rohan from joining the fight against Sauron . Having betrayed Sauron by attempting unsuccessfully to seize the Ring for himself , Saruman is ruined when the Riders of Rohan defeat his army and Merry and Pippin prompt the Ents to destroy Isengard . Saruman himself is not directly involved , and only appears again in chapter 10 , " The Voice of Saruman " , by which time he is trapped in Orthanc . He fails in his attempt to negotiate with the Rohirrim and with Gandalf , and rejects Gandalf 's conditional offer to let him go free . Gandalf casts him out of the White Council and the order of the wizards , and breaks Saruman 's staff . Saruman makes his final appearance at the end of the last volume , The Return of the King ( 1955 ) , after Sauron 's defeat . After persuading the Ents to release him from Orthanc , he travels north on foot , apparently reduced to begging . He is accompanied by his servant Gríma Wormtongue , whom he beats and curses . When they reach the Shire , Saruman 's agents — both Hobbits and Men — have already taken it over and started a destructive process of industrialization . Saruman governs the Shire in secret under the name of Sharkey until the events of chapter 8 ( " The Scouring of the Shire " ) in which Frodo and his companions return and lead a rebellion , defeating the intruders and exposing Saruman 's role . Even after Saruman attempts to stab Frodo , Frodo lets him go ; but Wormtongue , whom Saruman continues to taunt , finally murders him . = = = Other books = = = Consistent accounts of Saruman 's earlier history appear in Appendix B to The Lord of the Rings , first published in The Return of the King , and in the posthumously published The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) and Unfinished Tales ( 1980 ) . All were written in the mid @-@ 1950s . Saruman , like Gandalf and Radagast the Brown , is one of five ' wizards ' , known as the Istari , who begin to arrive in Middle @-@ earth circa two thousand years before the beginning of The Lord of the Rings . They are Maiar , envoys of the godlike Valar sent to challenge Sauron by inspiring the people of Middle @-@ earth rather than by direct conflict . Tolkien regarded them as being somewhat like incarnate angels . Saruman initially travelled in the east ; he was later appointed head of the White Council and eventually settles at Gondor 's outpost of Isengard . Fifty years before The Lord of the Rings , after his studies reveal that the One Ring might be found in the river Anduin near Sauron 's stronghold at Dol Guldur , he helps the White Council drive out Sauron in order to facilitate his search . Unfinished Tales also contains various drafts not included in The Lord of the Rings that describe Saruman 's attempts to frustrate Sauron 's chief servants , the Nazgûl , in their search for the Ring during the early part of The Fellowship of the Ring ; in one version he considers throwing himself on Gandalf 's mercy . There is also a description of how Saruman became involved with the Shire and of how he gradually becomes jealous of Gandalf . Another brief account describes how the five Istari were chosen by the Valar for their mission . = = Creation and development = = Tolkien had been writing The Lord of the Rings for several years when Saruman came into existence as the solution to a long @-@ unresolved plot development , and his role and characteristics continued to emerge in the course of writing . Tolkien started work on the book in late 1937 , but was initially unsure of how the story would develop . Unlike some of the other characters in the book , Saruman had not appeared in Tolkien 's 1937 novel , The Hobbit , or in his then @-@ unpublished Quenta Silmarillion and related mythology , which date back to 1917 . [ a ] When he wrote of Gandalf ’ s failure to meet Frodo , Tolkien did not know what had caused it and later said : " Most disquieting of all , Saruman had never been revealed to me , and I was as concerned as Frodo at Gandalf 's failure to appear . " Tolkien 's son , Christopher , has said that the early stages of the creation of The Lord of the Rings proceeded in a series of waves , and that having produced the first half of The Fellowship of the Ring , Tolkien rewrote the tale from the start three times . Saruman first appeared during a fourth phase of writing in a rough narrative outline dated August 1940 . Intended to account for Gandalf 's absence , it describes how a wizard titled " Saramond the White " or " Saramund the Grey " , who has fallen under the influence of Sauron , lures Gandalf to his stronghold and traps him . The full story of Saruman 's betrayal was later added to the existing chapters . Several of Saruman ’ s other appearances in the book emerged in the process of writing . Christopher Tolkien believes that the old man seen by Aragorn , Legolas and Gimli at the edge of Fangorn forest near the beginning of The Two Towers is in the original drafts intended to be Gandalf . In the finished version he is Saruman . Similarly , in the first drafts of the chapter The Scouring of the Shire , Sharkey is successively a ruffian met by the hobbits and then that man ’ s unseen boss . It is only in the second draft of the chapter that , as Christopher Tolkien puts it , his father “ perceive [ d ] ” that Sharkey was in fact Saruman . The name used by Saruman 's henchmen for their diminished leader is said in a footnote to the final text to be derived from an Orkish term meaning " old man " . Saruman 's death scene , in which his body shrivels away to skin and bones revealing " long years of death " and " a pale shrouded figure " rises over the corpse , was not added until the page proofs of the completed book were being reviewed by Tolkien . John D. Rateliff and Jared Lobdell are among those to write that the scene shows similarities to the death of the 2000 @-@ year @-@ old sorceress Ayesha in H. Rider Haggard 's 1887 novel She : A History of Adventure . = = Characterization = = Tolkien described Saruman at the time of The Lord of the Rings as having a long face and a high forehead , " ... he had deep darkling eyes ... His hair and beard were white , but strands of black still showed around his lips and ears . " His hair is elsewhere described as having been black when he first arrived in Middle @-@ earth . He is referred to as ' Saruman the White ' and is said to have originally worn white robes , but on his first entry in The Fellowship of the Ring they instead appear to be " woven from all colours [ , they ] shimmered and changed hue so that the eye was bewildered " and he names himself ' Saruman of Many Colours ' . The power of Saruman 's voice is noted throughout the book . Jonathan Evans calls the characterization of Saruman in the chapter The Voice of Saruman a " tour de force " . Roger Sale says of the same chapter that " Tolkien valiantly tried to do something worth doing which he simply cannot bring off . " Tom Shippey writes that " Saruman talks like a politician ... No other character in Middle @-@ earth has Saruman 's trick of balancing phrases against each other so that incompatibles are resolved , and none comes out with words as empty as ' deploring ' , ' ultimate ' , worst of all , ' real ' . What is ' real change ' ? " Shippey contrasts this modern speech pattern with the archaic stoicism and directness that Tolkien employs for other characters such as the Dwarven King Dáin , which Shippey believes represent Tolkien 's view of heroism in the mould of Beowulf . After the defeat of his armies , having been caught in the betrayal of Sauron , Saruman is offered refuge by Gandalf , in return for his aid , but having chosen his path , is unable to turn from it . Evans has compared the character of Saruman to that of Satan in John Milton 's Paradise Lost in his use of rhetoric and in this final refusal of redemption , " conquered by pride and hatred " . = = Literary themes = = Saruman has been identified by critics as demonstrating the fall of an originally good character , and has distinctively modern connections with technology . Tolkien writes that The Lord of the Rings was often criticised for portraying all characters as either good or bad , with no shades of grey , a point to which he responds by proposing Saruman , along with Denethor and Boromir , as examples of characters with more nuanced loyalties . Marjorie Burns writes that while Saruman is an " imitative and lesser " double of Sauron , reinforcing the Dark Lord 's character type , he is also a contrasting double of Gandalf , who becomes Saruman as he " should have been " , after Saruman fails in his original purpose . Saruman " was great once , of a noble kind that we should not dare raise our hands against " but decays as the book goes on . Patricia Meyer Spacks calls him " one of the main case histories [ in the book ] of the gradual destructive effect of willing submission to evil wills " . Paul Kocher identifies Saruman 's use of a palantír , a seeing @-@ stone , as the immediate cause of his downfall , but also suggests that through his study of " the arts of the enemy " , Saruman was drawn into imitation of Sauron . According to Jonathan Evans and Spacks , Saruman succumbs to the lust for power , while Shippey identifies Saruman 's devotion to goals of knowledge , organization and control as his weakness . Tolkien writes that the Istari 's chief temptation ( and that to which Saruman fell ) is impatience , leading to a desire to force others to do good , and then to a simple desire for power . Treebeard describes Saruman as having " a mind of metal and wheels " . Evil in The Lord of the Rings tends to be associated with machinery , whereas good is usually associated with nature . Both Saruman 's stronghold of Isengard and his altered Shire demonstrate the negative effects of industrialization and Isengard is overthrown when the forests , in the shape of the Ents , literally rise against it . Patrick Curry says Tolkien is " hostile to industrialism " , linking this to the widespread urban development that took place in the West Midlands where Tolkien grew up in the first decades of the 20th century . He identifies Saruman as one of the key examples given in the book of the evil effects of industrialization , and by extension imperialism . Shippey notes that Saruman 's name repeats this view of technology : in the Mercian dialect of Anglo @-@ Saxon used by Tolkien to represent the Language of Rohan in the book , the root word searu means " clever " , " skillful " or " ingenious " and has associations with both technology and treachery that are fitting for Tolkien 's portrayal of Saruman , the " cunning man " . He also writes of Saruman 's distinctively modern association with Communism in the way the Shire is run under his control : goods are taken " for fair distribution " which , since they are mainly never seen again , Shippey terms an unusually modern piece of hypocrisy in the way evil presents itself in Middle @-@ earth . Saruman is in part the architect of his own downfall . Kocher , Randall Helms and Shippey write that Saruman 's actions in the first half of The Two Towers , although intended to further his own interests , in fact lead to his defeat and that of Sauron : his orcs help split the Fellowship at Parth Galen , and in carrying off two of the hobbits initiate a series of incidents that lead to his ruin . In turn this frees the Rohirrim to intervene at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields and then together with the men of Gondor to assault Sauron 's stronghold of Mordor and distract him from Frodo 's final effort to destroy the Ring . Shippey says that this demonstrates the value of persistence in the face of despair , even if a way out cannot be seen ; Kocher and Helms write that it is part of a pattern of providential events and of the reversed effects of evil intentions throughout the book . In the end , the diminished Saruman is murdered , his throat cut , and Shippey notes that when he dies his spirit " dissolved into nothing " . He identifies Saruman as the best example in the book of " wraithing " , a distinctive 20th @-@ century view of evil that he attributes to Tolkien in which individuals are " ' eaten up inside ' by devotion to some abstraction " . Referring to Saruman 's demise , Kocher says that he is one example of the consistent theme of nothingness as the fate of evil throughout The Lord of the Rings . = = Adaptations = = Saruman has appeared in film , audio and stage adaptations of The Lord of the Rings . BBC Radio produced the first adaptation in 1956 , which has not survived . Tolkien was apparently disappointed by it . In Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated adaptation of The Lord of the Rings , which corresponds to The Fellowship of the Ring and part of The Two Towers , Saruman is voiced by Fraser Kerr . He has only one major scene — his attempt to persuade Gandalf to join him . He appears again briefly before the battle of Helm 's Deep , speaking to his army . The character is dressed in red and is called ' Saruman ' and ' Aruman ' at different points . Smith and Matthews suggest that the use of ' Aruman ' was intended to avoid confusion with ' Sauron ' . The 1980 Rankin / Bass TV animated version of The Return of the King begins roughly where Bakshi 's film ends but does not include Saruman 's character . BBC Radio 's second adaptation of The Lord of the Rings , from 1981 , presents Saruman much as in the books . Smith and Matthews report Peter Howell 's performance as Saruman as " brilliantly ambiguous [ ... ] , drifting from mellifluous to almost bestially savage from moment to moment without either mood seeming to contradict the other " . Saruman is played by Matti Pellonpää in the 1993 television miniseries Hobitit that was produced and aired by Finnish broadcaster Yle . In Peter Jackson 's film trilogy ( 2001 – 2003 ) , Saruman is significantly more active in the first two films than in their equivalent books , and he appears in several scenes that are not depicted in Tolkien 's work . In the films , Saruman is depicted presenting himself outright as a servant of Sauron . Smith and Matthews suggest that Saruman 's role is built up as a substitute for Sauron — the story 's main antagonist — who never appears directly in the book . Jackson confirms this view in the commentary to the DVD . They also suggest that having secured veteran British horror actor Christopher Lee to play Saruman , it made sense to make greater use of his star status . Despite this increased role in the first two films , the scenes involving Saruman that were shot for use in the third film , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , were not used in the cinematic release , a decision which " shocked " Lee . Jackson reasoned that it would be anticlimactic to show Saruman 's fate in the second movie ( after the Battle of Helm 's Deep ) and too retrospective for it to be in the third one . The cut scenes end with Saruman falling to his death from the top of Orthanc after being stabbed by Wormtongue and include material from the chapter The Scouring of the Shire . They are included at the start of the Extended Edition DVD release of the film . In Jackson 's adaptation of the prequel , The Hobbit , Lee reprises his role as Saruman the White , even though Saruman does not appear in the novel . Saruman , Gandalf , Galadriel , and Elrond appear at a meeting of the White Council in Rivendell ( loosely based on material from the Appendices ) , which discusses the mysterious Necromancer encountered by Radagast the Brown . Saruman tells Gandalf that the Necromancer is just a mortal man and that Radagast is a foolish fellow because of his consumption of mushrooms . Saruman also disapproves of Thorin and the dwarves ' quest because it will wake the sleeping dragon , though Gandalf and Galadriel fear that if Sauron reappears , the dragon will join his forces eventually . Gandalf presumed that Saruman would disapprove , so he had Thorin & Co. leave Rivendell before the council began . In the final film , Saruman and Elrond accompany Galadriel to Dol Guldur where they engage the resurrected wraiths of the Nazgûl in battle . After dispatching the Ringwraiths , Saruman and Elrond assist as Galadriel uses the power of her Ring to fight Sauron and banishes him from the fortress back to Mordor . Although Elrond insists that they need to hunt down Sauron , Saruman tells him to remain with Galadriel , who was severely weakened during the battle with Sauron , while he takes care of the Dark Lord . In the 2014 video game Middle @-@ earth : Shadow of Mordor the protagonist , Talion , finds various artifacts that reveal that Saruman 's spies are active within the borders of Mordor in the years between The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings . Saruman is later revealed to be controlling Queen Marwen of the Nurnen in order to hinder Sauron while also bringing about the destruction of the men of Nurn . He is voiced by Roger Jackson in the game . = Weezer ( 2001 album ) = Weezer ( also known as The Green Album ) is the third studio album by the American alternative rock band Weezer , released on May 15 , 2001 , through Geffen Records . Produced by Ric Ocasek , this is the only Weezer album to feature bassist Mikey Welsh , who replaced Matt Sharp . The album is grounded in the power pop genre , featuring strong melodies , crisp vocal harmonies , and prominent guitar riffs . It is also Weezer 's quickest @-@ selling album . Weezer received generally favorable reviews . The album was often recognized as a rebirth for the band , after a five @-@ year hiatus following their 1996 's album Pinkerton . The album attained chart success by debuting at number 4 in the US and number 2 in Canada . The album also charted within the top ten in Norway and Sweden . Since its release in 2001 , the album has sold over 1 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . Three singles were released from the album , including " Hash Pipe " , " Island in the Sun " , and " Photograph " . Its first single , " Hash Pipe " , was a worldwide modern rock hit , charting on seven different charts , despite their record label 's reluctance to release it as the first single . = = Background and development = = Following the commercial and critical failure of Pinkerton ( 1996 ) , Weezer frontman Rivers Cuomo placed the band on hiatus . He returned to Harvard University to finish his studies , but eventually dropped out to focus on songwriting . During this time , Cuomo played with a different group of musicians in the band Homie , based in Boston . One of the members of Homie was Mikey Welsh , a bass player who would eventually be asked to replace Matt Sharp in Weezer . By February 1998 , Cuomo had quietly disbanded Homie and headed to Los Angeles to begin work on Weezer demos with Brian Bell and Patrick Wilson . At this point , bassist Matt Sharp was absent from numerous Weezer rehearsals and was becoming estranged from the band . On April 8 , 1998 , Sharp announced his official exit from Weezer to devote all his energies to his band , The Rentals . It was quickly announced that former Homie member Welsh would take over on bass for Weezer . Frustration and creative disagreements led to a decline in rehearsals , and , in the latter half of 1998 , drummer Patrick Wilson left for his home in Portland pending renewed productivity from Cuomo , who went into a period of admitted depression , during which he painted the walls of his home black and put " fiberglass insulation all over the windows and then black sheets of fiberglass so that no light could get through . " By the beginning of 1999 , Weezer had once again gone their separate ways . Drummer Patrick Wilson resumed his efforts with his side @-@ band The Special Goodness , guitarist Bell worked on his band Space Twins and Welsh toured with Juliana Hatfield . Meanwhile , Cuomo focused his energy on songwriting , crafting 121 songs , nearly half of which would become demos . During this time , he isolated himself and abstained from contact with the outside world . Cuomo also received braces on his teeth , further damaging his self @-@ esteem . Bell would occasionally visit Cuomo and play songs with him . In turn , Cuomo would eventually reveal songs he was working on to Bell . Unbeknownst to the band , their fanbase was connecting and growing on the internet , which was helping to boost the reputation and sales of Pinkerton . When it was released , Pinkerton was considered a critical and commercial failure ; however , in the years following the release of the album , it would gain a much more positive reputation due to word @-@ of @-@ mouth on message boards and various web pages . This expanding internet activity would later set the stage for the band 's 2001 comeback . Renewed interaction between band members took place when Weezer was offered a lucrative offer to perform in Japan in August 2000 for the Summer Sonic Festival . Rehearsals for the show reinvigorated the band into talking about making a new album . The band returned to performing in June 2000 , playing low @-@ key shows around Los Angeles under the pseudonym Goat Punishment , ensuring that Weezer would only perform for longtime fans who would recognize the name . Eventually , the band started performing at higher profile gigs such as the Warped Tour . Cuomo later remarked , " We went in there fully expecting to be booed and to have things thrown at us . But it was exactly the opposite , people were singing along to all the songs and just going crazy , giving us the best support . And I think that gave us the confidence we needed . " The positive response to the Warped Tour performances led to further shows being scheduled . When touring began to wind down , MP3 demos captured live on the band 's mobile unit and sound checks began to surface on file @-@ sharing services and eventually for downloading on the band 's official website . These songs were often referred to as Summer Songs of 2000 ( commonly abbreviated as SS2K ) . = = Recording = = On October 23 , Cuomo announced that the band would start recording material " with or without " a producer . However , the band 's record label decided to have the band employ a record producer due to the commercial failure of their self @-@ produced album Pinkerton . The band began rehearsing and arranging both the Summer Songs of 2000 and newer material Cuomo had written at his home with engineer Chad Bamford . The band eventually decided to hire Ric Ocasek — who had also produced their debut album — as producer , and began sending demos to Ocasek during the summer of 2000 . There was much debate among the band members as to whether they should record in Los Angeles or Ocasek 's New York home , with the band eventually deciding to record in Los Angeles at Cello Studios . The band continued to demo new music daily and started to weed through more than seventy @-@ five demos , eventually homing in on twenty @-@ five potential album tracks in anticipation of Ocasek 's arrival . Ocasek worked with the band to trim these down further to eighteen songs . Recording sessions for the album began in early December , with Ocasek providing creative feedback to the band by telephone . On December 27 , the band embarked on what would be close to six weeks of studio work by playing songs repetitively in order to track the bass and drums parts . They also did " scratch takes " of the vocals and guitar , designed to get accurate rhythm tracks before being redone more efficiently later in the recording process . While recording the album , the band continued to perform gigs under the pseudonym Goat Punishment . During the recording sessions , an executive at the band 's label , Geffen Records , visited to observe the band 's progress and expressed dissatisfaction with several tracks . This feedback eventually forced the band to discard a few of the album 's possible songs . The band then relocated for three weeks to a smaller studio in another part of Cello Studios where Cuomo and Bell worked on guitar takes while the entire band recorded vocal tracks . Ocasek said : " Rivers always does his guitar parts in one take . " Mixing for the album began on January 31 by Tom Lord @-@ Alge at South Beach Studios . Bell was absent from the mixing process . = = Packaging = = The art direction of the album was handled by Chris Bilheimer with photography from Marina Chavez and Karl Koch . The album cover was shot between band practices and featured Mikey Welsh , Rivers Cuomo , Brian Bell and Patrick Wilson standing left to right in front of a plain , lime @-@ green backdrop in a manner similar to the band 's debut album . This was done as a tribute to Ric Ocasek , who had also produced their first album , and also to symbolize the band 's back @-@ to @-@ basics approach they took while recording the album . This approach is alluded to in a quote in the liner notes of the album : " Torniamo all 'antico e sarà un progresso " , from Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi that means " Let us return to old times and that will be progress . " The picture inside of the CD booklet is a photo of Weezer playing live , featuring ( in the lower right hand corner ) an overlay of the silhouettes of Mike Nelson , Tom Servo and Crow T. Robot from the television show Mystery Science Theater 3000 . ( Hence the liner note citation " MST3K silhouette appears courtesy of Best Brains , Inc . " ) This was Weezer 's first album to feature a transparent CD tray . Under the CD tray of the album , the word " No " can be found on the back of the spine . Some fans speculate that this is a response to the inside tray of Radiohead 's album OK Computer which contains the text " I like you . I like you . You are a wonderful person . I 'm full of enthusiasm . I 'm going places . I 'll be happy to help you . I am an important person , would you like to come home with me ? " Weezer 's official explanation was vague , with webmaster Karl Koch stating " No means no . " The album contains the dedication " In loving memory of Mykel and Carli . " Mykel and Carli Allan were sisters devoted to developing fan clubs for up @-@ and @-@ coming bands . The sisters had been influential in starting and developing Weezer 's official fan club in the 1990s and , along with their young sister Trysta , died in a car accident in 1997 . = = Release and promotion = = The album was met with enthusiasm from the record label ; according to Weezer collaborator Karl Koch , " They had nothing but supportive and excited things to say about it . " However , the album 's original release date of April 17 was postponed due to executives not liking Cuomo 's choice of " Hash Pipe " as the first single . Citing the song 's lurid content about a transvestite prostitute as inappropriate , they suggested that " Don 't Let Go " be chosen as the first single . However , Cuomo continued to fight and " Hash Pipe " eventually became the album 's first single . The label tried to postpone the release date further until June , but the band convinced them to adhere to the original May 15 release date . = = = Singles = = = The first single from the album was " Hash Pipe " . The video for " Hash Pipe " was directed by Marcos Siega and was the first of many Weezer videos that Siega would direct . In the video , Weezer performs in an arena while a group of sumo wrestlers are fighting in the background . The song title was often censored as " H * * * Pipe " ( the title employed on the music video 's title card ) or " Half Pipe . " The song became a huge hit on the MTV show Total Request Live , and also received heavy rotation on radio , eventually peaking at number two on the US Modern Rock Charts . The song even landed the band a nomination for High Times magazine 's " Pot Song of the Year " . The next single , " Island in the Sun " , was a successful radio hit and became one of the band 's biggest oversea hits . It peaked at number 11 on the US Modern Rock Charts and at number 31 on the UK Top 40 . Two music videos were created for the song : the first video , directed by Marcos Siega , shows Weezer playing the song at a Mexican couple 's wedding reception and features all four band members . This version remains the more obscure of the two , receiving less airplay than the second . The executives at MTV disliked Siega 's video , prompting the band to film a second video . This second version was directed by Spike Jonze and featured the band playing with various wild animals on a supposedly remote hill ( although it was actually filmed a short distance outside of Los Angeles , possibly near Simi Valley ) . Only Brian Bell , Rivers Cuomo and Patrick Wilson appear in this video , as then bassist Mikey Welsh had left the band shortly before shooting . It is also rumored that original bassist Matt Sharp was approached to be in the video , though it is unclear if the offer was ever actually made . Scott Shriner , who was filling in for Welsh and would later become a permanent member of Weezer , stated in the commentary for " Video Capture Device " that he almost asked the band to let him appear in the video . The second video received much wider airplay than the original and has become the standard video for the song . The third and final single from the album was " Photograph " , which was released to radio in early November . The single peaked at number 17 on the US Modern Rock Charts . In Japan it was released as the first single instead of " Hash Pipe . " The band felt the song didn 't have the staying power of the previous singles , and thus decided to pass on a big @-@ name director for the music video , opting instead to have Karl Koch shoot and edit a video from on @-@ the @-@ road footage . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = Weezer received generally favorable reviews . At Metacritic , which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 73 out of 100 . AllMusic senior writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine , who gave the album a rating of four and a half stars , stated that " this may seem like nothing special -- it 's just punk @-@ pop , delivered without much dynamic range but with a whole lot of hooks -- but nobody else does it this [ sic ] so well , no matter how many bands try . " PopMatters ' writer Jason Thompson also gave the album a positive review , praising the decision of the band to have Ric Ocasek produce them again : " The guitar solos ring out as joyful as the words . And even the songs ' lengths are nice and compact . Weezer comes in , plays the song , and exits . No overkill makes for many moments where you want to hear these songs again and again . Perhaps having producer Ric Ocasek back on board was one of the best ideas the band had , as The Green Album is certainly water tight all around . " Drowned in Sound gave the album a very positive review , saying " After creating the two greatest pop @-@ rock records in existence it 's time to add a third . One listen to The Green Album has you eating out of Rivers Cuomo 's hand just like in the past . [ ... ] Rivers Cuomo is one of the greatest song @-@ writers that has picked up a guitar . Anyone who can with hold the charms of the Geek @-@ rock quartet are obviously made of stone and complete assholes . Sorry to be blunt but it 's the way it is . God I think the sun 's finally taking its toll . " The album would later rank at number 3 in their list of the best albums of 2001 , tying with System of a Down 's Toxicity and Mogwai 's Rock Action . Q listed Weezer as one of the best 50 albums of 2001 . Not all the reviews were complimentary . Spencer Owen , writing in Pitchfork Media , called the album " average from beginning to end . " In addition , Sarah Dempster from NME was disappointed with the album and said , " The most irritating aspect of The Green Album is , however , the maddening itch of wasted opportunity . " = = = Chart performance = = = In the United States , Weezer debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 on the week of May 15 , 2001 . In two weeks the album had sold 215 @,@ 000 copies . It was certified platinum on September 13 , 2001 . As of August 2009 , the album has sold over 1 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . In Canada , the album debuted at number two on the Canadian Albums Chart . In June 2001 , the album was later certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for sales of 80 @,@ 000 units . The album debuted at number thirty @-@ one on the UK Albums Chart . In Australia , the album peaked at number twenty @-@ five . The album has since been certified two @-@ times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipment of 140 @,@ 000 copies . Weezer also peaked in the Top Ten in Norway and Sweden , charting and eight and seven respectively . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Rivers Cuomo . UK and Japanese bonus tracks Japanese bonus track = = Charts and certifications = = Singles = = Personnel = = = = Accolades = = = Make Your Move ( song ) = " Make Your Move " is a song by Christian rock band Third Day . Written by Mac Powell and composed by Third Day , the song was released was serviced to Christian CHR radio in the United States on January 30 , 2011 , as the third single from the band 's 2010 album Move . A southern rock song , " Make You Move " features a heavy kick drum and grunge @-@ influenced chorus , while the vocals are distorted during the bridge and take on a muffled effect . Lyrically , the song depicts evangelism for the perspective of a non @-@ believer . " Make Your Move " was met with positive critical reception , with many critics praising the song 's rock composition and regarding it as one of the best songs off of Move . It peaked at number forty @-@ three on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart and at number twelve on the Billboard Christian CHR chart , also appearing on the year @-@ end chart for the latter . It has been performed live by Third Day on the Make Your Move Tour as well as at other concerts such as Rock the Universe 2011 . ESPN picked up the song for use during the 2010 college football season , and played a portion of the song during the Alabama @-@ Penn State football game held on September 11 , 2010 . = = Recording and composition = = " Make Your Move " was written by Mac Powell and composed by Third Day . It was produced and programmed by Paul Moak , while Moak also engineering the song along with Andy Hunt . " Make Your Move " was recorded at The Quarry in Kennesaw , Georgia. with additional recording conducted at The Smokestack in Nashville , Tennessee . Mixing was handled by F. Reid Shippen at Robot Lemon in Nashville , Tennessee , while mastering was handled by Chris Athens at Sterling Sound in New York City . " Make Your Move " is a southern rock song with a length of three minutes and forty @-@ five seconds . It is set in common time in the key of E minor and has a moderately fast tempo of 142 beats per minute , with a vocal range spanning from D4 @-@ E5 . The song is propelled by a heavy kick drum , also featuring a grunge @-@ influenced half time chorus and distorted vocals during the bridge ; the vocals also take on a " muffled " effect . Lyrically , " Make Your Move " depicts evangelism from the perspective of a non @-@ believer , with the non @-@ believer urging : " You got love and I got time / Won 't you make a move before I change my mind " . = = Reception = = " Make Your Move " received positive critical reception upon its release . Andree Farias of Allmusic selected the song as a ' Track pick ' off of Move . Chris Carpenter of Christian Broadcasting Network regarded it as " a foot @-@ thumping rocker that will fuel any commute or long car ride " , C. E 'Jon Moore of The Christian Manifesto praised the song as " a rock solid , in @-@ your @-@ face number " . Moor also stated that the song is " a testament to Third Day ’ s versatility as a Christian band . They pull no punches about their faith , but they also create music that is accessible to most people who like rock & roll " . Andrew Greer of Christianity Today commented that " [ ' Make Your Move ' ] uses a distorted vocal bridge and grungy half @-@ time chorus groove to depict evangelism from a non @-@ believer 's perspective " , while Glen McCarty of Crosswalk.com stated the song " is propelled by a thudding kick drum " while also regarding it as " tightly @-@ constructed " . Lindsay Williams of Gospel Music Channel commented that " Mac Powell ’ s smoky vocals take on a muffled effect that is both modern and vintage at the same time " . John DiBiase of Jesus Freak Hideout opined that " ' Make Your Move ' has that edgy , gutsy rock attitude that " You Make Me Mad " had on Conspiracy No. 5 " and also described the song 's bassline as " delicious " . Brian Mansfield of USA Today listed " Make Your Move " as a download pick from Move . " Make Your Move " spent ten weeks on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart , peaking at number forty @-@ three . It also peaked at number twelve on the Billboard Christian CHR chart and spent eighteen weeks on that chart . Billboard ranked " Make Your Move " at number forty @-@ three on their 2011 year @-@ end Christian CHR chart . = = Live performances and usage in media = = Third Day premiered " Make Your Move " live during a concert in Tualatin , Oregon several months prior to the release of Move . Since the release of Move , Third Day has performed " Make Your Move " in concert . At Rock the Universe 2011 , Third Day performed " Make Your Move " as part of their setlist . They also performed the song at a concert in Joplin , Missouri on March 20 , 2011 . Third Day later released the live recording , along with the rest of the concert , with all proceeds going toward relief for the tornado that had struck Joplin several months earlier . At a concert as part of their Make Your Move Tour in Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania on November 6 , 2011 , Third Day opened their performance with the song . " Make Your Move " was picked up by ESPN College Football for use during the 2010 college football season . ESPN requested that Third Day record video footage of the band performing the song , so as to use portions of the video throughout the football season ; Third Day recorded the footage on August 24 , 2010 at The Quarry . For the video , a large room was cleared out and " stadium @-@ looking " lights were set up , and a camera and lighting crew were hired to film the band . ESPN used a portion of the video during the Alabama – Penn State game on September 11 , 2010 . = = Personnel = = Credits lifted from the album liner notes of the ' Deluxe Version ' of Move . = Moonlight ( TV series ) = Moonlight is an American paranormal romance television drama created by Ron Koslow and Trevor Munson , who was also executive producer for all episodes with Joel Silver , Gerard Bocaccio , Gabrielle Stanton and Harry Werksman . The series follows private investigator Mick St. John ( Alex O 'Loughlin ) , who was turned into a vampire by his bride Coraline ( Shannyn Sossamon ) on the couple 's wedding night fifty @-@ five years earlier . In the present day , he struggles with his attraction to a mortal woman , Beth Turner ( Sophia Myles ) , his friendship with Josef Kostan ( Jason Dohring ) , and his dealings with other vampires in Los Angeles . The series was commissioned by Warner Bros. Television in 2007 as a presentation lasting 14 – 20 minutes . Alex O 'Loughlin , Shannon Lucio , Rade Šerbedžija and Amber Valletta were cast in the lead roles , and Rod Holcomb was hired as director . David Greenwalt joined the staff in May 2007 as showrunner and executive producer with Joel Silver ; however , health reasons forced Greenwalt to leave the series . All of the original actors , apart from the male lead role , were recast in June 2007 , and Sophia Myles , Jason Dohring and Shannyn Sossamon replaced them . With an almost entirely different cast , a retooled , full @-@ length pilot for television audiences was re @-@ shot . Moonlight was premiered on September 28 , 2007 , and shown on Friday nights on CBS . Although received poorly by critics , the pilot finished first among total viewers and adults 18 – 49 for its night . The series received generally negative reviews , and averaged 7 @.@ 57 million American viewers per episode . Many critics criticized the acting and the writing ; however , Jason Dohring 's performance was praised . Moonlight went on hiatus due to the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , but returned with four new episodes once the strike ended . On May 13 , 2008 , CBS announced that Moonlight was officially cancelled . = = Production = = = = = Conception and crew = = = Trevor Munson conceived the character of Mick Angel in 2004 and spent two and a half years writing a novel featuring the character . The story was adapted into a feature film script , and Bruce Willis was considered as a possibility for the lead role . The script was shown to Nina Tassler at CBS , who paired Munson with Ron Koslow , creator of Beauty and the Beast , to rewrite the script as a television series . The series was titled Twilight , and Koslow and Munson wrote the pilot , which Warner Bros. Television initially commissioned as a presentation lasting 14 – 20 minutes in January 2007 . Joel Silver and Gerard Bocaccio were hired to be executive producers on the project under the former 's production banner , Silver Pictures , in the same month . Alex O 'Loughlin and Shannon Lucio were cast in the presentation , and Rod Holcomb was hired as director . The project was renamed Moonlight when picked up by CBS on May 14 , 2007 , prior the upfronts . David Greenwalt , creator of Miracles and co @-@ creator of Angel , joined the staff in May 2007 as showrunner and executive producer alongside Silver . CBS had hired Greenwalt during the pilot process to restructure the original concept by Koslow and Munson , but health reasons forced Greenwalt to leave the series , and Chip Johannessen took over showrunner duties in August 2007 . = = = Casting = = = During Greenwalt 's restructuring of the pilot , all of the original actors save for the male lead role of Mick St. John were recast in June 2007 : Shannon Lucio , Rade Šerbedžija and Amber Valletta were originally cast in the roles of Beth Turner , Josef Kostan and Coraline Duvall respectively before Sophia Myles , Jason Dohring and Shannyn Sossamon replaced them . With an almost entirely different cast , a retooled , full @-@ length pilot for television audiences was re @-@ shot . Joel Silver approached Dohring " out of the blue and said , ' There 's a role , and I 'm making it younger ' " . Dohring read two pages of script featuring Josef , and was interested by the character 's " dark " and " sharp " personality . Dohring had to go through the normal audition process and was not sure if he would have gotten the role without Silver , who had " pushed it all the way through to the end " . Munson explained that the goal of the casting changes was " to lighten the show up a bit " . He believed the changes granted the studio 's and network 's wish to " make it a little younger and hipper " . O 'Loughlin felt that the whole cast 's becoming " a little bit younger " especially affected the character Josef , as the originally chosen actor , Šerbedžija , was twice Jason Dohring 's age . The creators and the network were concerned that Josef , whose relationship with Mick was important , would appear as more of a " father figure " rather than as a friend . O 'Loughlin supported the recasting of Josef with a younger actor due to the resulting " level of ease in that age difference " . = = = Promotion and distribution = = = To promote the series , Silver and the main cast attended the Comic @-@ Con International on July 27 , 2007 , where the series was featured . Moonlight premiered on September 28 , 2007 , airing on Friday nights at 9 : 00 / 8 : 00c on CBS , following Ghost Whisperer . Internationally , CTV began airing the series in Canada in simulcast with the American broadcast ; Living began airing the series in the United Kingdom on February 19 , 2008 ; and Nine Network in Australia began airing Moonlight on December 12 , 2007 , although it stopped showing the series after the eighth episode . The series finale aired on May 16 , 2008 in the United States . The Sci Fi Channel began airing repeats of the series on January 23 , 2009 on Fridays at 9 pm / ET . The series averaged one million viewers per episode on the Sci Fi Channel , making it one of the better @-@ performing acquired series of the channel in recent years . Warner Home Video released the complete first season on DVD on January 20 , 2009 . Episodes are currently showing on Irish TV Channel 3e . On May 5 , 2010 , it was announced that reruns of the series would be paired with The Vampire Diaries repeats throughout the summer on The CW . = = Cast and characters = = = = = Main cast = = = Alex O 'Loughlin portrays Mick St. John , a private investigator who was turned into a vampire on the night of his wedding by his bride , Coraline . Mick is 85 years old , and unlike other vampires , he has standards and does not hunt women , children , or innocents . Although he realizes that he has feelings for Beth , he is reluctant to continue a romantic relationship with her , knowing that being a vampire would hinder any sort of normal life . He is shown to be unusually mature and physically strong for a vampire of his age . Sophia Myles portrays Beth Turner , an internet reporter and Mick 's love interest . Beth has some memories of being rescued from a kidnapper by Mick 22 years previously , but does not initially realize that Mick is the same man . At the beginning of the series , she was dating an assistant district attorney , Josh Lindsey ( Jordan Belfi ) , but later develops a romantic relationship with Mick whom she begins dating after Lindsey 's death . Jason Dohring portrays Josef Kostan , a 410 @-@ year @-@ old vampire and Mick 's mentor and friend . Josef is a businessman who does not stint himself in luxuries , from an expensive house to the company of numerous beautiful women who are more than happy to sate his desire for blood . Josef is Mick 's second sire , ending the latter 's brief stint as a human . Shannyn Sossamon portrays Coraline Duvall , St. John 's ex @-@ wife and original sire . A courtesan in early 18th century France , she is approximately 340 years old . After turning Mick into a vampire , the couple became estranged and Coraline was presumed dead for more than twenty years . When she returns under the pseudonym Morgan , she appears to be completely human and claims to have a cure for vampirism , which Mick becomes desperate to obtain . = = = Supporting cast = = = Jacob Vargas as Guillermo Gasol , a morgue worker who steals blood from dead bodies for himself and other vampires . Brian J. White as Lieutenant Carl Davis , one of Beth 's contacts and a friend of Mick . Jordan Belfi as Josh Lindsey , Beth 's boyfriend who works in the district attorney 's office . Josh is killed by a member of the MS @-@ 13 gang . Tami Roman as Maureen Williams , Beth 's boss at BuzzWire . Maureen is killed by a vampire over one of her stories . Kevin Weisman as Steve Balfour , a friend of Beth and co @-@ worker at BuzzWire . David Blue as Logan Griffen , a vampire computer hacker and technology @-@ obsessed recluse who Mick often goes to for help . Erika Ringor as Officer Theresa Novak , a police officer who sometimes gets involved with Mick and Beth 's affairs . Eric Winter as Benjamin Talbot , an assistant district attorney who offers Beth a job . = = Plot = = = = = Synopsis = = = The pilot introduces Mick St. John , a private investigator who has been a vampire for over fifty years . Mick meets Beth Turner , a reporter for the online newspaper BuzzWire , at the scene of the murder of a young woman . Mick and Beth begin investigating the crime together , helping each other to catch the killer . Flashbacks to 22 years ago show a domestic fight between Mick and his ex @-@ wife Coraline Duvall over a kidnapped girl . Mick lights the house on fire and rescues the girl , leaving Coraline to the fire . It is revealed that the little girl has grown up to be Beth , and that Mick has tried to watch over her and keep her safe over the years . In the present , Beth discovers that Mick is a vampire , and Mick reveals how one becomes a vampire and tells her the story of how he was turned by his bride , Coraline , on their wedding night . Beth asks Mick to help her friend Morgan find her stolen cameras . When he meets her , Mick is completely shocked ; Morgan is identical to his ex @-@ wife , Coraline . He becomes even more confused when his vampiric sense of smell tells him that Morgan is human . Mick tries to expose Morgan as Coraline , but finally comes to believe that she is a doppelgänger when he sees that she does not have the fleur de lis tattoo on her shoulder as Coraline did . When alone , Morgan scrubs away the heavy makeup that has been covering the tattoo . Beth snoops through Mick 's property , and finds out Mick was the one who protected her as a little girl when she was kidnapped . Morgan goes with Mick to his apartment to clean up after almost getting hit by a car . Mick joins her in the shower and finally sees the tattoo on her shoulder , revealing her identity as Coraline . When Beth learns that Morgan is really Coraline , the lady who kidnapped her as a child , she goes to Mick 's apartment and stabs her with a wooden stake , narrowly missing her heart , not realizing that she has become human . Coraline goes to hospital , but recovers and leaves after being revealed to be a vampire again . Beth 's boyfriend Josh is kidnapped by a dangerous Los Angeles @-@ based gang . Mick and Beth witness the event and drive after him , but Josh is shot . Beth realizes that Josh is dying , and begs Mick to turn him into a vampire ; he refuses and Josh dies . While putting Josh 's affairs in order , Beth discovers that Josh was about to propose to her . Mick encounters two vampires who are looking for Coraline . Once they leave , Mick visits his vampire friend Josef , who tells him that one of them was Lance ( Jason Butler Harner ) , a rich and powerful vampire . Mick finds Coraline at a storage facility working on a compound for the vampire cure . Coraline explains that during the French Revolution there were seven siblings of royal blood who were vampires , two of whom were Lance and Coraline . She then uses the compound to cure Mick 's vampirism , although Lance arrives and takes her away . Mick enjoys life as a human , although the cure is only temporary . Beth 's boss at BuzzWire	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
is killed , and a new assistant district attorney named Benjamin Talbot ( Eric Winter ) investigates the murder . Mick and Beth discuss the problems of having a romantic relationship , and although they end up kissing , Mick tells her he needs time to figure things out . Photos of Mick getting hit by a vehicle find their way into the hands of Talbot . Mick and Beth decide to start a romantic relationship , and go to a restaurant for their first date . When Beth quits her job at BuzzWire and becomes unemployed , Talbot offers her a job as a civilian investigator . Talbot receives a list of names of all the vampires in the area , including Mick , from an unknown source . Beth tells Mick that she cannot continue to date him because of their vampire @-@ human situation , but Mick says that he loves her and they kiss . = = = Vampire mythology = = = The conventions of Moonlight are based , in part , on a unique mythology . Some parts of the mythology that are common include a sire , that is the vampire who turns a human into a vampire ; though in the show the sire must teach him or her how to live as one . A vampire 's bite is not enough to turn a human into a vampire ; the human , when near death , must drink the sire 's blood or have vampire blood in his or her system at the moment of death . The process of vampirization also affects their genetics , causing their DNA to be fundamentally altered to suit their bodies ' new state . This makes genetic testing between vampires and their human relatives impossible unless the vampire has a sample of their own human DNA from before they were turned , such as a lock of hair . They must consume human blood to survive . They also develop psychic powers and can glimpse the future and the past . This ability , along with their night vision , is an extension of their heightened senses . Daylight does not kill vampires , but does make them progressively weaker . Silver and fire are toxic , whereas garlic , holy water and crucifixes are useless . A vampire 's image cannot be captured with analogue cameras containing silver emulsion in the film ; digital cameras are able to capture an image because they do not use silver emulsion . Though undead , vampires have a pulse , are not cold blooded ( but still don 't produce body heat as seen in episode 11 so as heat signature cameras won 't see them ) , and cannot turn into a bat . The best ways to kill them are by decapitation or burning ; a stake through the heart is painful but only causes paralysis . Moonlight vampires have many of the preternatural abilities as described in vampire mythology ; they have superhuman strength and speed , they heal rapidly from any wound , they can defy gravity to a limited degree to perform parkour feats , their bite has hypnotic effects on weak @-@ minded humans , and they are immortal . Their powers increase as they get older . Their blood has drug @-@ like affects when consumed by humans ; causing euphoria and temporarily heightened senses . = = Reception = = Moonlight attracted a loyal and devoted fan base which included internet communities . Fans Christine Contilli , Elizabeth McGinnis , and Barbara Arnold coordinated with the American Red Cross , CBS , and Warner Bros for a series of charity blood drives involving 33 states , and Alex O 'Loughlin became a national spokesman for the charity . The series averaged 7 @.@ 57 million American viewers per episode , ranking 89 out of 281 in the 2007 – 08 ratings . The pilot finished first among total viewers and adults 18 – 49 for its night , and was seen by 8 @.@ 54 million American viewers . By comparison , the series finale was watched by 7 @.@ 47 million viewers upon its original broadcast , making it the 41st most watched episode of the week . Moonlight was the 90th most watched series of the 2007 – 2008 Television season with 7 @.@ 53 million viewers . Reviews were generally negative for the pilot , and the early episodes . Metacritic gave the pilot a Metascore of 38 out of 100 , signifying generally negative reviews . Tim Goodman of The San Francisco Chronicle considered the series to be " the worst new fall show " . The writing was criticized as " ponderous " , and having " familiar , conventional plots " . The dialogue was described by Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune as " groan @-@ inducing " . The acting of the pilot was criticized as " sub @-@ par " and " woeful " . Matthew Gilbert of the Boston Globe depreciated the chemistry between O 'Loughlin and Myles as " artificial " , and said that they " exchange lines of dialogue with a stilted rhythm and no natural flow " . O 'Loughlin was described as a " flatliner " , and " passable in the lead role " . Not all reviews , however , were as negative . Kara Howland of TV Guide gave the pilot a positive review , and thought it was a " solid start " . Travis Fickett of IGN praised the actors , however , and felt that O 'Loughlin did " a decent job " , and that Myles was " perhaps the most promising aspect of the show " . Ryan commended Myles as " reasonably good " . Several critics praised Jason Dohring 's portrayal of Josef . One said that he gave the series " a small burst of energy " , while another said that he made it " crackle with a bit of wit " . Dohring was described as " a welcome presence " , and one critic wished for " a bit more screen time " . Reviews of the second episode were generally more positive than the pilot . Travis Fickett of IGN described the episode , and the series as a whole , as " vampire mediocrity with a slight hint of potential " . He compared the episode to the television series Angel , saying it was " weaker on virtually every front " . Jen Creer of TV Squad criticized the writing , but said she felt that Sophia Myles was doing a " decent job of developing her character and embracing the material " . Carl Cortez of iFMagazine.com said this episode improved " leaps and bounds " , and was a " step in the right direction " . He gave the episode a ' C ' rating , saying the direction was " lifeless " and the acting was " stilted " . AOL TV placed the show in its list of TV 's Biggest Guilty Pleasures . = = Awards and nominations = = People 's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Drama , 2008 Saturn Award for Best Television Series Release on DVD , 2009 ( awarded by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films ) = = Syndication = = Syfy has acquired the rights to air the show . In summer 2010 The CW announced that it would air repeats of the show on Thursdays at 9 : 00 pm following The Vampire Diaries encores . The first episode aired on June 3 and attracted 1 @.@ 41 million viewers and a 0 @.@ 5 rating in adults 18 @-@ 49 . The repeat of the finale episode aired on August 26 , 2010 and then the network removed it from the schedule . = = Cancellation = = Les Moonves , President of CBS , stated on December 4 , 2007 , that Moonlight was likely to return for a second season . Due to the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , production of the series was halted by December 19 , 2007 , and only twelve episodes of the original thirteen @-@ episode order were produced . Once the Writers ' Strike ended , CBS announced that Moonlight would return April 25 , 2008 with four new episodes , to be part of the series ' first season . On May 13 , 2008 , CBS announced that Moonlight was officially cancelled . Following the CBS cancellation , Warner Bros. Television inquired with other outlets about their interest in the series . One of the outlets approached was Media Rights Capital , which is responsible for The CW 's Sunday night programming , although it decided not to acquire the series . It was later reported that Syfy was considering picking up the series . Writer and executive producer Harry Werksman said that " talks " were under way for a second season , and noted the possibility of a film . On June 23 , 2008 , James Hibberd of The Hollywood Reporter reported that efforts to sell Moonlight to another network had failed , and that the series was permanently cancelled . = The Fox and the Hound ( novel ) = The Fox and the Hound is a 1967 novel written by American novelist Daniel P. Mannix and illustrated by John Schoenherr . It follows the lives of Tod , a red fox raised by a human for the first year of his life , and Copper , a half @-@ bloodhound dog owned by a local hunter , referred to as the Master . After Tod causes the death of the man 's favorite hound , man and dog relentlessly hunt the fox , against the dual backdrops of a changing human world and Tod 's normal life in hunting for food , seeking a mate , and defending his territory . As preparation for writing the novel , Mannix studied foxes , both tame and wild , a wide variety of hunting techniques , and the ways hounds appear to track foxes , seeking to ensure his characters acted realistically . The novel won the Dutton Animal Book Award in 1967 , which resulted in its publication on September 11 that year by E.P. Dutton . It was a 1967 Reader 's Digest Book Club selection and a winner of the Athenaeum Literary Award . It was well received by critics , who praised its detail and Mannix 's writing style . Walt Disney Productions purchased the film rights for the novel when it won the Dutton award , though did not begin production on an adaptation until 1977 . Heavily modified from the source material , Disney 's The Fox and the Hound was released to theaters in July 1981 and became a box office success . = = Plot = = Copper , a bloodhound crossbred , was once the favorite among his Master 's pack of hunting dogs in a rural country area . However , he now feels threatened by Chief , a younger , faster Black and Tan Coonhound . Copper hates Chief , who is taking Copper 's place as pack leader . During a bear hunt , Chief protects the Master when the bear turns on him , while Copper is too afraid of the bear to confront him . The Master ignores Copper to heap praise on Chief and Copper 's hatred and jealousy grow . Tod is a red fox kit , raised as a pet by one of the human hunters who killed his mother and litter mates . Tod initially enjoys his life , but when he reaches sexual maturity he returns to the wild . During his first year , he begins establishing his territory , and learns evasion techniques from being hunted by local farm dogs . One day , he comes across the Master 's house and discovers that his presence sends the chained pack of dogs into a frustrated frenzy . He begins to delight in taunting them , until one day when Chief breaks his chain and chases him . The Master sees the dog escape and follows with Copper . As Chief skillfully trails the fox , Tod flees along a railroad track while a train is approaching , waiting to jump to safety until the last minute . Chief is killed by the train . With Chief buried and Master crying over a dead dog he trains Copper to ignore all foxes except for Tod . Over the span of the two animals ' lives , man and dog hunt the fox , the Master using over a dozen hunting techniques in his quest for revenge . With each hunt , both dog and fox learn new tricks and methods to outsmart each other , Tod always escaping in the end . Tod mates with an older , experienced vixen who gives birth to a litter of kits . Before they are grown , the Master finds the den and gasses the kits to death . That winter , the Master sets out leg hold traps , which Tod carefully learns how to spring , but the vixen is caught and killed . In January , Tod takes a new mate , with whom he has another litter of kits . The Master uses a " still hunting " technique , in which he sits very quietly in the wood while playing a rabbit call to draw out the foxes . With this method , he kills the kits ; then by using the sound of a wounded fox kit , he is also able to draw out and kill Tod 's mate . As the years pass , the rural area gives way to a more urbanized setting . New buildings and highways spring up , more housing developments are built , and the farmers are pushed out . Though much of the wildlife has left and hunting grows increasingly difficult , Tod stays because it is his home range . The other foxes that remain become unhealthy scavengers , and their natures change — life @-@ bonds with their mates are replaced by promiscuity , couples going their separate ways once the mating act is over . The Master has lost most of his own land , and the only dog he owns now is Copper . Each winter they still hunt Tod , and in an odd way he looks forward to it as the only aspect of his old life that remains . The Master spends most of his time drinking alcohol , and people begin trying to convince him to move into a nursing home , where no dogs are allowed . One summer , an outbreak of rabies spreads through the fox population . After one infected fox attacks a group of human children , the same people approach the Master and ask his help in killing the foxes . He uses traps and poison to try to kill as many foxes as possible ; however , the poison also kills domestic animals . After a human child dies from eating it , the humans remove all of the poison , then the Master organizes a hunt in which large numbers of people line up and walk straight into the woods , flushing out foxes to be shot . The aging Tod escapes all three events , as well as an attempt at coursing him with greyhounds . One morning , after Tod 's escape from the greyhounds , the Master sends Copper on the hunt . After he picks up the fox 's trail , Copper relentlessly pursues him throughout the day and into the next morning . Tod finally drops dead of exhaustion , and Copper collapses on top of him , close to death himself . The Master nurses Copper back to health , and both enjoy their new popularity , but after a few months the excitement over Copper 's accomplishment dies down . The Master is left alone again , and returns to drinking . He is once again asked to consider living in a nursing home , and this time he agrees . Crying , he takes his shotgun from the wall , leads Copper outside , and pets him gently before ordering him to lie down . He covers the dog 's eyes as Copper licks his hand trustingly . = = Development = = Desiring a realistic depiction of vulpine behavior and habits , Mannix spent more than a year studying the behaviors of a mated pair of foxes that he kept at his home . He stated that they were " so tame [ that he ] could turn them loose and watch them hunt , fight , make love , and live an almost normal life . " Additionally , he studied wild foxes and interviewed trappers , hunters , game wardens , and " Masters of Hounds " to learn what they felt foxes would and would not do . In the novel 's postscript , Mannix discusses this research . To defend his novel against charges of improbability , he recounts his observations of wild foxes and discusses other people 's stories about fox behavior . Regarding the actions Tod takes in eluding the hunters , he details both witnessing wild foxes performing such acts and stories others shared with him that he used as a basis for some of the story 's events . For example , he notes that while people have told him that foxes do not really run among sheep or cattle herds to escape hounds , he himself used to watch them do just that from his bedroom window . In the case of a fox running along train tracks as a train is approaching , Mannix drew on a story told to him by a master of hunting in the area of Whitford Sales — near Thorndale , Pennsylvania — who had to stop hunting in the area because of a fox who consistently killed pursuing hounds on the Trenton Cutoff using this method . Mannix felt it was nearly impossible for any writer to escape imparting some anthropomorphism in such a novel , as a human must guess at the way an animal 's mind may work and what motivations it may have . He felt animals think differently from humans , though are capable of reason on a " rudimentary level compared to a human . " In explaining his descriptions of hunting , he said it was hard to decide how a hound with non @-@ human scenting ability interprets and responds to scents while tracking another animal . The last chapter of the novel , covering Copper 's last hunt of Tod , was based on the story of Boston , a fourteen @-@ month @-@ old bloodhound – foxhound mix , and Old Baldy , a red fox known by hunters for having outrun numerous packs of hounds put on his trail . Mannix originally read the story in a Recreation magazine article , which stated that in December 1887 , near the James River in Virginia , Boston hunted a fox referred to as Baldy for a day and a half , covering 50 miles ( 80 km ) of terrain . According to Mannix , Boston and Baldy died together , and were buried together once found . In the Recreation article , although Boston survived he never fully recovered and died when he was only three years old . Copper himself was based on the favorite hunting dog of Bee Dee Adkins , a nationally renowned trainer of hunting dogs with whom Mannix hunted . Some of the novel 's human characters were based on the lives and mannerisms on locals living in Oro Valley , a suburb of Tucson , Arizona . In 1967 , E. P. Dutton selected Mannix 's unpublished novel as the 1967 winner of its annual " Animal Book Award " — an international competition open to new authors in which an editorial panel evaluates submissions to find the " best book @-@ length work of adult fiction or nonfiction on animals " . Along with a cash prize of $ 10 @,@ 000 , the company obtained the publication rights for the novel , releasing it in hardback form on September 11 that year . The novel was published in the United States by Dutton and in Canada by Clarke , Irwin and Company , simultaneously . A reprint by Pocket Books followed in 1971 . The novel has been released in twelve other countries , including Finland in 1968 by Otava , and in Germany by Hoffmann und Campe . = = Reception = = The Fox and the Hound was selected as a Reader 's Digest Book Club selection in 1967 and an abridged version was printed in the fourth volume of the publisher 's Condensed Books series . The same year , it was awarded the Athenaeum Literary Award . The Booklist called the novel one of " the highest level of books about animals " and praised its combination of " brilliant psychology , writing of rare beauty , and little @-@ known hunting and animal lore " . According to the Booklist , Publishers Weekly gave the novel its " highest recommendation " and referred to it as a " marvelous evocation of the animal world " . Reviewing the novel for Best Sellers magazine , William B. Hill considered it a " corking good novel " , praising it for its " simplicity and straightforwardness " with the dog and fox being " real " rather than allegories for social issues . While he felt the novel was overly detailed in a few places , as a whole he considered the story " credible , almost all fascinating " and the characters entertaining . Robert Ramsey of the Placerville , California , Mountain Democrat thought the book worthy of winning the Dutton award , characterizing the narrative as " always interesting " and principal characters Tod and Copper as " unforgettable " , while praising Mannix 's " ability to enter into the world of animals and portray it " . A reviewer for the Catholic Library World considered it an " memorable and delightful reading experience " written by a man " who knows the ways of foxes " . Author and sportsman Richard Alden Knight praised the novel , stating that it " surpasses any writing I have ever encountered on the thinking processes of animals " and that the story of a duel between natural enemies is " told well and written with feeling " . A reviewer for the Reading Eagle felt Mannix wrote well enough to make a reader feel like they were the characters Tod and Copper and that the story was " really exciting " due to the " dramatic opposition " of the two animals . = = Film adaptation = = Walt Disney Pictures purchased the film rights to The Fox and the Hound when it was awarded the Dutton Animal Book Award . Production on a film adaptation began in 1977 and it would become the most expensive animated film produced at the time , at a cost of $ 12 million . To craft the film , then Disney CEO Ron Miller decided to mainly use new talent to make their debuts with the film , as the pioneers of the company , referred to as the " Nine Old Men " , were nearing retirement . The animators and screenplay writers were primarily new , as were the film directors Art Stevens , Ted Berman , and Richard Rich . It would be the last film Ollie Johnston , Frank Thomas , and Woolie Reitherman , considered " legends " of Disney , would work on . However , the transition between the old guard and the new resulted in arguments over how to handle the film . Reitherman had his own ideas on the designs and layouts that should be used ; however , the newer team backed Stevens , except Don Bluth , who felt Disney 's work was stale . Bluth walked out , taking eleven others with him , and formed his own animation studio . The exodus of the animators forced the cancellation of the film 's original Christmas 1980 premiere while new artists were hired . Along the way , the story was greatly modified to make it more suitable as a family film . By the time it was completed in 1981 , the film had changed into a chronicle of the unlikely friendship of two creatures , who should be natural enemies and who learn society sometimes tries to determine their roles despite their better impulses . In the original screenplay , Chief was slated to die the same as in the novel , but Stevens did not want to have an on @-@ screen death and modified the film so that he survived . The film premiered theatrically in the United States on July 10 , 1981 . It was an immediate success , grossing $ 39 @,@ 900 @,@ 000 to become the 14th top film of the year . It was subsequently re @-@ released theatrically on March 25 , 1988 , and saw its first home video release on March 1 , 1994 . = Make Room for Lisa = " Make Room for Lisa " is the sixteenth episode of The Simpsons ' tenth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 28 , 1999 . In the episode , while visiting the Smithsonian expedition , Homer Simpson meets a businesswoman who convinces him to build a cell phone tower in the Simpsons house , making it take up Lisa 's room . Lisa is forced to share Bart 's room , but the stress of living in the same room as Bart gives her stomach aches . Homer and Lisa decide to visit a New Age store , where the owner convinces them to go on a spiritual journey by lying in a sensory deprivation tank for a prolonged amount of time . " Make Room for Lisa " was written by Brian Scully and was the first full The Simpsons episode Matthew Nastuk directed , having received a co @-@ director credit for " D 'oh @-@ in ' in the Wind " , for which he directed one scene . The episode 's subplot , which revolves around Marge listening in on phone calls using a baby monitor , was inspired by former showrunners Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , who also listened to private phone calls with a monitor . The episodes contains references to the American sitcom All in the Family , and advises children to be accepting of their parents . On its original broadcast , the episode was seen by approximately 7 @.@ 6 million viewers , finishing in 52nd place in the ratings the week it aired . Following the home video release of The Simpsons - The Complete Tenth Season , " Make Room for Lisa " received mixed reviews from critics . = = Plot = = Homer participates in a KBBL @-@ sponsored drinking contest at P.J. O 'Harrigan 's , an Irish pub , and wins the trophy and title of " Sir Drinks @-@ A @-@ Lot " . Once sober , Marge reminds Homer of his promise to spend one Saturday a month with the children . Much to Homer 's chagrin , Bart traded his turn to choose with Lisa for her dessert , and Lisa suggests that the family go to the traveling Smithsonian Institution exhibit . Homer attempts to punish Bart for giving his turn to Lisa by forbidding him to have any dessert , but this backfires when Bart makes another deal to give his turn to Lisa in exchange for her dessert again , much to Homer 's discomfort . They arrive at the exhibit , which is sponsored by a cell phone company called OmniTouch , has Abraham Lincoln 's hat , Fonzie 's jacket , Archie Bunker 's chair , and the Bill of Rights , which is ruined when Homer reads it with chocolate @-@ covered hands . In an attempt to lick it clean he licks off the section that forbids cruel and unusual punishment . Homer is unable to pay the $ 10 @,@ 000 repair bill and so Omnitouch installs a cellular transmitter on the roof of his house , with the control equipment in Lisa 's room . Lisa moves in with Bart , but she is overwhelmed when Bart has made up rules and noises distract her from her homework . When Lisa develops stomach aches , she visits Dr. Hibbert , who suggests he could prescribe ' harsh Antacids ' but says herbal tea could also work . Lisa wants the tea but Homer , scoffs at the tea and demands the antacids . While leaving the office Lisa has had enough and snaps at her father for belittling everything she believes in . When Lisa sees how she upset him , she says that they are just too different and will eventually drift apart . To make things up to her , Homer takes her to a local New Age store which introduces Homer and Lisa to water @-@ filled sensory deprivation tanks , where they experience their own spiritual journey . On her journey , Lisa sees herself from Homer 's perspective , reprimanding him for snoring during a ballet recital . Lisa realizes that despite his boorish personality , Homer loves Lisa enough to take her to events and places that he does not personally like just so she can be happy . Meanwhile , a pair of repo men start to clean out the store despite the lease not being up for months , taking the tank that Homer is in . Homer 's " journey " becomes a real one , as his tank falls out of the back of the van . Mistaken by the Flanders ' as a coffin , they bury him , only for the tank to fall through the soil and into a pipe where it is washed up onto the beach . Chief Wiggum finds it and returns it to the store . Lisa decides to go and do something they both enjoy . But they end up at a demolition derby together , even though Homer is the only fan . Meanwhile , Maggie 's baby monitor receives transmission from the cellular tower . Rather than report this to Omnitouch , Marge becomes obsessed with eavesdropping on private calls . Eventually Bart and Milhouse play a prank on Marge by making her think that an escaped convict was attempting to break into the house . Marge smashes the baby monitor on Milhouse 's head when he opens the door , knocking him out , but when Marge scolds Bart for the prank , he rebukes that it was a fair punishment for eavesdropping , to which Marge reluctantly agrees . = = Production = = " Make Room for Lisa " was written by Brian Scully and was the first full episode Matthew Nastuk directed for The Simpsons . Nastuk had previously received a credit for " D 'oh @-@ in In the Wind " , which he directed one scene for . " Make Room for Lisa " was also the second episode about Homer and Lisa that Scully wrote for the series , the first one being " Lost Our Lisa " from the previous season . " Make Room for Lisa " was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on February 28 , 1999 . When writing the episode , the Simpsons writing staff debated what to do with Lisa after her room had been rebuilt . Brian Scully eventually pitched that Lisa and Bart would have to share a room together , as it would , according to staff writer Matt Selman , comment on the feeling of having to share a room with a sibling , and how it would " incredibly suck . " The writers then wrote the episode around that plot point . Near the beginning of the episode , Homer takes part in , and wins , KBBL 's drinking contest . In the next scene , Homer is seen fallen out of his car , and waken up by Marge . The scene was inspired by Scully 's brother Mike Scully , who , during a date , saw his date 's father " drunk and passed out " on her lawn , in the same pose as Homer in the scene . The episode 's subplot revolves around Marge , who listens to phone calls by picking up their frequencies with a baby monitor . The storyline was based on former Simpsons showrunners Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , who also used to pick up listen to other people 's phone calls through airwave signals . At one point in the episode , Marge overhears a conversation between Moe Szyslak and Lenny Leonard . Originally , the conversation would be between two women , but the writers thought it would be " too cliche " to show women gossiping , and changed it to Moe and Lenny instead . While inside the isolation tank , Homer gets bored and starts singing " Witch Doctor " by Armenian @-@ American singer David Seville . According to Mike Scully , the Simpsons staff had to pay the song 's record company $ 100 000 for the rights to use the tune in the episode . The episode features a " prototype " of what would become the recurring character Lindsey Naegle , who is voiced by American actress Tress MacNeille . = = Themes and cultural references = = Throughout the series , Homer and Lisa 's relationship is problematic , as Homer often struggles to understand Lisa , who in many ways is a little girl but who is also smarter than him . Karma Waltonen and Denise Du Vernay analyzed " Make Room for Lisa " in their book The Simpsons in the classroom : Embiggening the Learning Experience with the Wisdom of Springfield . They wrote that in the episode , Homer and Lisa 's relationship is badly damaged after Homer allows Lisa 's room to be turned into a cell phone tower . When the two enter sensory @-@ deprivation tanks , Lisa has several hallucinations , including one in which she becomes Homer . This experience shows Lisa how she appears from Homer 's point of view , and makes her realize that her treatment of Homer is hurtful , as he often participates in activities with her that he does not enjoy . The episode ends with Homer and Lisa watching a demolition derby , which Lisa enjoys because she is spending time with Homer . The episode advises children to be accepting of their parents , who " do the best [ they ] can " to raise them . The American sitcom All in the Family has provided much influence for the comedy in The Simpsons , as John Alberti writes in his book Leaving Springfield : the Simpsons and the possibility of oppositional culture . He wrote that the series influence on The Simpsons is " acknowledged quite openly in the program itself , " and used a scene in " Make Room for Lisa " as an example . The scene shows Homer , Bart and Lisa visiting the Smithsonian Exhibition , where a jacket worn by Fonzie , a character from another 70 's series , Happy Days , receives more attention from visitors than the Bill of Rights . It does however catch the attention of Homer , who picks it up and reads it while sitting in a wing chair owned by Archie Bunker , a character from All in the Family . Homer is accosted by two security guards , who assault him using , according to Alberti , " the kind of language we have learned to accept from the erstwhile occupant of that chair [ Bunker ] . " Homer and the two guards have the following exchange : Alberti opines that , rather than denying All in the Family 's influence on The Simpsons , the series writers " mockingly embrace [ s ] it " by having Homer visually likened to Bunker as he sits on his chair . Alberti also noted that one of the security officer 's use of the word " pinko " , a term used for a person who is regarded as sympathetic towards communism , is " ironic " as it was used by Bunker , whose chair Homer is sitting in . When the other officer complaints about citizens " hiding behind the Bill of Rights " , Homer shields himself from the officers blows with the actual manuscript , making the officer 's previous statement literal . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast on February 28 , 1999 , " Make Room for Lisa " received a 7 @.@ 6 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 7 @.@ 6 million viewers . The episode finished in 52nd place in the ratings for the week of February 22 – 28 , 1999 , tied with a new episode of the CBS documentary and news program 48 Hours . On August 7 , 2007 , the episode was released as part of The Simpsons - The Complete Tenth Season DVD box set . Mike Scully , George Meyer , Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham , Ron Hauge , Matt Selman and Mike B. Anderson participated in the DVD 's audio commentary of the episode . Following its home video release , " Make Room for Lisa " received mixed reviews from critics . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood of I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide described the episode as having " two distinct halves , although the second far outweighs the first . " They added that Homer 's adventure in the sensory deprivation tank was " inspired , " in its " almost Keystone Kop humour as he gets from point A to point B and so on , finally getting back to point A none the wiser . " They concluded their review by calling the episode " classic . " Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide gave the episode a mixed review , and described its main plot as " feeling a bit stale . " He felt that there were already several episodes dedicated to Homer and Lisa 's problematic relationship , and that " Make Room for Lisa " " doesn 't do much to expand that theme . " However , he described the episode 's subplot as " interesting , " and wrote " Marge 's fascination with intercepted cell phone calls amuses . " He concluded his review by describing the episode as " pretty average . " DVD Town 's James Plath gave the episode a mixed review as well , calling it " okay . " Digital Entertainment News ' Jake MacNeill described it as a " retread " of earlier episodes , and considered it to be one of the season 's worst episodes . = Johnny Evers = John Joseph Evers ( July 21 , 1881 – March 28 , 1947 ) was an American professional baseball second baseman and manager . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs , Boston Braves , and Philadelphia Phillies . He also appeared in one game apiece for the Chicago White Sox and Braves while coaching them in 1922 and 1929 , respectively . Evers was born in Troy , New York . After playing for the local minor league baseball team for one season , Frank Selee , manager of the Cubs , purchased Evers 's contract and soon made him his starting second baseman . Evers helped lead the Cubs to four National League pennants , including two World Series championships . The Cubs traded Evers to the Braves in 1914 ; that season , Evers led the Braves to victory in the World Series , and was named the league 's Most Valuable Player . Evers continued to play for the Braves and Phillies through 1917 . He then became a coach , scout , manager , and general manager in his later career . Known as one of the smartest ballplayers in MLB , Evers also had a surly temper that he took out on umpires . Evers was a part of a great double @-@ play combination with Joe Tinker and Frank Chance , which was immortalized as " Tinker @-@ to @-@ Evers @-@ to @-@ Chance " in the poem " Baseball 's Sad Lexicon " . Evers was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1946 . = = Early life = = Evers was born on July 21 , 1881 , in Troy , New York . His father worked as a saloon keeper . Many of Evers ' relatives , including his father , brothers , and uncles , played baseball . Evers attended St. Joseph 's Elementary School and played sandlot ball in Troy . = = Career = = = = = Minor league career = = = Evers made his professional debut in minor league baseball for the Troy Trojans of the Class @-@ B New York State League in 1902 as a shortstop . Evers reportedly weighed less than 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) , and opposing fans thought he was a part of a comedic act . Evers reportedly weighed no more than 130 pounds ( 59 kg ) during his career . Evers batted .285 and led the New York State League with 10 home runs . Frank Selee , manager of the Chicago Cubs , scouted Evers 's teammate , pitcher Alex Hardy . Selee , also looking for a second baseman due to an injury to starter Bobby Lowe , purchased Hardy 's and Evers 's contracts for $ 1 @,@ 500 ( $ 41 @,@ 025 in current dollar terms ) ; the Trojans were willing to sell Evers 's services due to his temper and many errors made in the field . = = = Chicago Cubs = = = Evers made his MLB debut with the Cubs on September 1 at shortstop , as Selee moved Joe Tinker from shortstop to third base . Only three players in the National League ( NL ) were younger than Evers : Jim St. Vrain , Jimmy Sebring , and Lave Winham . Three days later , Selee returned Tinker to shortstop and assigned Evers to second base . In his month @-@ long tryout with the Cubs , Evers batted .222 without recording an extra @-@ base hit and played inconsistent defense . However , Lowe 's injury did not properly heal by spring training in 1903 , allowing Evers to win the starting job for the 1903 season . Lowe recovered during the 1903 season , but Evers ' strong play made Lowe expendable ; Evers finished third in the NL in fielding percentage among second basemen ( .937 ) , and finished fifth in assists ( 245 ) and putouts ( 306 ) . The Cubs sold Lowe to the Pittsburgh Pirates after the season . Evers played 152 games in the 1904 season . Defensively , his 518 assists and 381 putouts led the NL , though his 54 errors led all NL second basemen . During the 1906 season , Evers finished fifth in the NL with 49 stolen bases , and led the league with 344 putouts and led all second basemen with 44 errors . The Cubs won the NL pennant in 1906 , but lost the 1906 World Series to the Chicago White Sox four games to two ; Evers batted 3 @-@ for @-@ 20 ( .150 ) in the series . During the 1907 season , Evers led the NL with 500 assists . The Cubs repeated as NL champions in 1907 , and won the 1907 World Series over the Detroit Tigers , four games to none , as Evers batted 7 @-@ for @-@ 20 ( .350 ) . During the 1908 pennant race , Evers alerted the umpires to Fred Merkle 's baserunning error in a game against the New York Giants , which became known as " Merkle 's Boner " . Al Bridwell hit what appeared to be the game @-@ winning single for the Giants , while Merkle , the baserunner on first base , went to the clubhouse without touching second base . Evers called for the ball , and the umpire ruled Merkle out . NL president Harry Pulliam ruled the game a tie , with a makeup to be played . The Cubs won the makeup game , thereby winning the pennant . The Cubs then won the 1908 World Series over Detroit , four games to one , as Evers again batted 7 @-@ for @-@ 20 ( .350 ) . For the 1908 season , Evers had a .300 batting average , good for fifth in the NL , and a .402 on @-@ base percentage , second only to Honus Wagner . Evers drew 108 walks during the 1910 season , trailing only Miller Huggins . However , Evers missed the end of the season with a broken leg . Without Evers , the Cubs won the NL pennant , but lost the 1910 World Series to the Philadelphia Athletics , four games to one . Evers agreed to manage the Navy Midshipmen , a college baseball team , in 1911 , despite the opposition of Cubs ' manager Frank Chance . He experienced a nervous breakdown in 1911 ; returning to the Cubs later in the season , he played in only 46 games that year . Evers indicated that this was a result of a business deal that cost Evers most of his savings . Evers rebounded to bat .341 in 1912 , good for fourth in the NL , and he led the NL with a .431 on @-@ base percentage . Team owner Charles W. Murphy named Evers manager in 1913 , signing him to a five @-@ year contract , succeeding Chance . = = = Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies = = = After the 1913 season , Evers was offered $ 100 @,@ 000 ( $ 2 @,@ 394 @,@ 276 in current dollar terms ) to jump to the Federal League , but he opted to take less money to remain with the Cubs . In February 1914 , after Evers signed his players to contracts , Murphy fired Evers as manager and traded him to the Boston Braves for Bill Sweeney and Hub Perdue . Murphy insisted that Evers had resigned as manager , which Evers denied . Evers insisted he was a free agent , but the league assigned him to the Braves . He signed a four @-@ year contract at $ 10 @,@ 000 per season ( $ 236 @,@ 246 in current dollar terms ) , with a $ 20 @,@ 000 signing bonus . During the 1914 season , the Braves fell into last place of the eight @-@ team NL by July 4 . However , the Braves came back from last place in the last ten weeks of the season to win the NL pennant . Evers ' .976 fielding percentage led all NL second basemen . The Braves defeated the Philadelphia Athletics in the 1914 World Series , four games to none , as Evers batted 7 @-@ for @-@ 16 ( .438 ) . Evers won the Chalmers Award , the forerunner of the modern @-@ day Most Valuable Player award , ahead of teammate Rabbit Maranville . Evers was limited in 1915 by injuries , and also served suspension for arguing with umpires . After a poor season in 1916 , Evers began the 1917 season with a .193 batting average . Due to Evers ' declining performance , the Braves placed Evers on waivers at mid @-@ season , and he was claimed by the Philadelphia Phillies . Evers rejected an offer to become manager of the Jersey City Skeeters of the International League that offseason . He signed with the Boston Red Sox as a player @-@ coach for the 1918 season , but was released without playing a game for them . Not receiving another offer from an MLB team , Evers traveled to Paris as a member of the Knights of Columbus to promote baseball in France . = = = Coaching and managing career = = = Evers joined the New York Giants during the 1920 season , serving as a coach . He managed the Cubs again in 1921 , succeeding Fred Mitchell . With the team struggling , Evers was fired in August and replaced with Bill Killefer . The Cubs finished seventh out of eight in the NL that season . Evers served as a coach for the Chicago White Sox in 1922 and 1923 . He returned to second base in 1922 , filling in for an injured Eddie Collins . Evers played in one game for the White Sox as Collins recovered . Evers was named the White Sox acting manager for the 1924 season , succeeding Chance , who was ordered home due to poor health . However , Evers suffered from appendicitis during the season , missing time during the year , and the White Sox opened up a managerial search when Chance died in September . The White Sox replaced Evers with Collins after the season . Evers rejoined the Braves as a scout . As Braves owner Emil Fuchs sold manager Rogers Hornsby to the Cubs and assumed managerial duties himself for the 1929 season , Fuchs hired Evers as a coach . Fuchs had no experience as a field manager , and so Evers became captain of the Braves , directing the team during the game and dealing with umpires . Evers and fellow coach Hank Gowdy played in one game in the 1929 season , coming into the bottom of the ninth inning on October 6 , 1929 . In the process , Evers became the oldest player in the league for the year . Evers remained a coach for the Braves under Bill McKechnie , who succeeded Fuchs as field manager in 1930 , and served in the role through 1932 . He continued to scout for the Braves , and then became general manager of the Albany Senators of the New York – Pennsylvania League in 1935 . He resigned from Albany at the end of the season . Over his managerial career , he posted a 180 – 192 record . = = Personal = = Evers married Helen Fitzgibbons . His son , John J. Evers , Jr . , served as a Lieutenant in World War II , assigned to the Pacific Theater of Operations . When his son was 11 years old , Evers bought part of the Albany Senators and gave him the stock . Evers ' brother , Joe Evers , and uncle , Tom Evers , also played in MLB . His great @-@ nephew is Sports Illustrated writer Tim Layden . Though Evers and Tinker were part of one of the most successful double @-@ play combinations in baseball history , the two despised each other off of the field . They went several years without speaking to each other after one argument . When Chance once named Tinker the smartest ballplayer he knew , Evers took it as a personal affront . = = Later life = = Evers operated a sporting goods store in Albany , New York in 1923 . However , Evers lost his money and filed for bankruptcy in 1936 . The store was passed down to Evers ' descendants . He also worked as superintendent of Bleecker Stadium in Albany and spent time teaching baseball to sandlot players . Evers suffered a stroke in August 1942 , which paralyzed the right side of his body . He remained bedridden or confined to a wheelchair for most of the next five years . Evers died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1947 at St. Peter 's Hospital in Albany . = = Legacy = = Evers retired in 1918 , having batted .300 or higher twice in his career , stolen 324 bases and scored 919 runs . He frequently argued with umpires and received numerous suspensions during his career . His combative play and fights with umpires earned him the nickname " The Human Crab " . Evers served as the pivot man in the " Tinker @-@ to @-@ Evers @-@ to @-@ Chance " double @-@ play combination , which inspired the classic baseball poem " Baseball 's Sad Lexicon " , written by New York Evening Mail newspaper columnist Franklin Pierce Adams in July 1910 . Evers , Tinker , and Chance were all inducted in the Hall of Fame in the same year . The Merkle play remains one of the most famous in baseball history . The ball used in the Merkle play was sold at an auction in the 1990s for $ 27 @,@ 500 , making it one of the four most valuable baseballs based on purchase price . Evers ' role in Merkle 's boner cemented his legacy as a smart ballplayer . Evers is mentioned in the poem " Line @-@ Up for Yesterday " by Ogden Nash : = The F Word ( South Park ) = " The F Word " is the twelfth episode of the thirteenth season of the American animated television series South Park . The 193rd overall episode of the series , it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on November 4 , 2009 . In the episode , the boys attempt to change the official definition of the word " fag " from an anti @-@ homosexual slur to a term describing loud and obnoxious Harley bikers . The episode was written and directed by series co @-@ creator Trey Parker , and was rated TV @-@ MA L in the United States . " The F Word " argues language is ever @-@ changing and that taboo words only carry a stigma if society allows them to , and attempts to reclaim and disempower the word " fag " . " The F Word " received generally mixed reviews , with commentators differing on the success behind the episode 's underlying message . According to Nielsen ratings , " The F Word " was seen by 1 @.@ 99 million households among viewers aged between 18 and 49 , making it the highest rated episode of the season , and surpassing the viewership of the NBC primetime comedy talk show , The Jay Leno Show . = = Plot = = Kyle , Cartman , Stan , and Kenny enjoy a nice day outside with the weather being warm until a large group of Harley riders disturb them . The residents of South Park are frustrated by a large group of Harley riders frequently making noise in town . The Harley riders eat lunch and talk about how nobody is paying attention to them , so one of the Harley riders comes up with a noise to get everyone 's attention . Before the Harley riders take off , Cartman confronts the bikers , describing them as insecure losers who ride loud motorcycles to draw attention to themselves . Cartman tells them their behavior makes them look like " fags " and , when other children begin referring to the bikers with the same slur , the bikers assume they are being insulted because they are not being loud enough . They believe that they should be louder because after all , children are around loud stuff today ( such as the Xbox 360 and Surround sound system ) . The motorcyclists equip their motorcycles with horns , sirens and various musical instruments . The boys devise a plan to rid the town of the bikers . However , once Butters reveals that he likes Harley motorcycles , he is not allowed to participate in the scheme . As the riders eat at a diner , Cartman defecates on the seats of their motorcycles while Kyle and Stan spray paint " FAGS GET OUT " on several buildings around town . The boys are pleased when the bikers temporarily leave town , but the graffiti alarms Big Gay Al and Mr. Slave because they interpret it as homophobia . The boys readily admit to the spray painting , and explain to the city council that the word " fag " is not intended as an insult to homosexuals , and is being used only in reference to a contemptible person who rides a Harley motorcycle , or " an inconsiderate douchebag " , as Stan puts it . They call upon the council to formally recognize this new usage . Support from the town , including the local gay community , results in a town ordinance declaring a change in the word 's definition . This action leads to negative publicity from the rest of the nation , and further angers the displaced bikers who refuse to be labeled as " fags " ( one rider even assaulted a news reporter for calling him fag to his face three times ) . They look up the word in the dictionary and learn its definition has adapted over the years : it previously meant " an unpleasant old woman " and a bundle of sticks . Upset by the national attention , Mayor McDaniels wants to resolve the situation , and the boys suggest getting the official dictionary definition updated . The town invites the English Dictionary Officiates , led by the head editor , former child actor Emmanuel Lewis , to review the proposal and consider making the definition change official . As the town celebrates the arrival of Lewis and the Officiates , the bikers suddenly crash the event and begin to riot . After inflicting damage to the town and scaring off the citizens , they corner the boys in an alley . The bikers demand they stop being called " fags " , but the boys refuse to do so , asserting their behavior further justifies the application of the term . Butters steps between them and comes to the defense of the riders by expressing his admiration for the Harley @-@ Davidson lifestyle . Confronted by gun @-@ wielding residents led by Big Gay Al , the riders ultimately accept their new label , and Lewis ( who was roughed up during the riot ) is happy to declare the definition officially changed . The town rejoices and celebrates , and the episode cuts to an ending title card with an updated definition : Fag ( făg ) n . 1 . An extremely annoying , inconsiderate person most commonly associated with Harley riders . 2 . A loud and obnoxious person who owns or frequently rides a Harley . = = Production = = " The F Word " was written and directed by series co @-@ founder Trey Parker , and was rated TV @-@ MA L in the United States . It first aired on November 4 , 2009 in the United States on Comedy Central . The day after " The F Word " was originally broadcast , T @-@ shirts and hooded sweatshirts based on the episode were made available at South Park Studios , the official South Park website . It featured Butters standing in front of a motorcycle , standing above the word " bike @-@ curious ? " = = Theme = = " The F Word " advocates a philosophy that language is malleable and ever @-@ changing , and that the idea of taboo words are only assigned their stigma because society allows them to become so . The word " fag " is used casually and extremely frequently by the characters throughout the episode , and Comedy Central agreed not to censor the word . The characters use the word " fag " very frequently throughout the episode as an attempt to insult the Harley bikers . Although LGBT activists acknowledged the noble intentions behind the episode , the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation objected to " The F Word " , stating the episode still uses the word in a very derogatory context , even though it is directed against bikers instead of homosexuals . As a result , GLAAD said " The F Word " still reinforced the usage of the word " fag " as a means of insulting others , and could be unintentionally harmful to the gay community . GLAAD officials called it a " slur @-@ filled episode " and demanded an apology from South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone . Comedy Central declined to respond to the comments . = = Cultural references = = " The F Word " makes prominent use of Harley @-@ Davidson , the largest motorcycle manufacturing company in the United States . Also featured in the episode is Emmanuel Lewis , a former child actor who is portrayed as the head editor of the dictionary . This is a reference to Webster 's Dictionary and Lewis ' most famous role , the title character in the sitcom , Webster . During one scene , a television reporter repeatedly refers to a Harley biker as a " fag " until he attacks the camera . This is a reference to an on @-@ air confrontation between NFL quarterback Jim Everett and sports talk show host Jim Rome , whom Everett attacked during a Talk2 interview . In the scene where Emmanuel Lewis arrives at South Park , the music played by the orchestra is Pomp & Circumstance March No. 1 in D Major by Sir Edward Elgar = = Reception = = " The F Word " was the highest rated episode of the thirteenth season of South Park . The episode was seen by 1 @.@ 99 million households in the subgroup of adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode earned a higher rating than that of The Jay Leno Show , a primetime late night talk show on NBC . Nevertheless , it was seen by fewer cable viewers than the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy ( coincidentally , a show about a motorcycle club ) , which drew 2 @.@ 32 million households ; the E ! reality show Keeping Up with the Kardashians , which drew 2 @.@ 19 million households ; and a television special about reality show star Kate Gosselin , which drew 2 @.@ 3 million households . " The F Word " was considered particularly controversial , even by South Park standards due to the excessive use of the word " fag " . The episode received generally mixed reviews . Carlos Delgado of iF magazine said " The F Word " marks a return of South Park 's tradition of tackling sensitive social issues with intelligent and politically incorrect writing , which Delgado said had been lacking in recent episodes . Delgado said " The F Word " served as a reminder that society is always changing and that although the thoughts or intentions behind words are harmful , the word itself is not . Ramsey Isler of IGN compared " The F Word " to " With Apologies to Jesse Jackson " , an eleventh season episode that contained frequent use of the racial slur " nigger " . However , Isler said " The F Word " was not as skillfully crafted as the " Jesse Jackson " episode and , although some moments were entertaining , the episode " had a habit of running some gags into the ground " . James Hibberd , of The Live Feed , said he found the episode " well @-@ intended and funny " , and that it forced viewers to face a difficult issue and reexamine their beliefs about it . Hibberd wrote , " This is also , by the way , precisely what great art does " . Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club said the word " fag " has not lost its associations with homosexuals , so she did not believe in the episode 's statements about the changing use of the word . Koski also called the episode " preachy " , and said , " It took too long to get going , seemed confused about what its point was , and , most egregiously , had very few laughs . " = = Home release = = " The F Word " , along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park 's thirteenth season , were released on a three @-@ disc DVD set and two @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray set in the United States on March 16 , 2010 . The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode , a collection of deleted scenes , and a special mini @-@ feature Inside Xbox : A Behind @-@ the @-@ Scenes Tour of South Park Studios , which discussed the process behind animating the show with Inside Xbox host Major Nelson . = Old Kent Road = Old Kent Road is a major thoroughfare in South East London , England , passing through the London Borough of Southwark . It was originally part of an ancient trackway that was paved by the Romans and used by the Anglo @-@ Saxons who named it Wæcelinga Stræt ( Watling Street ) . It is now part of the A2 , a major road from London to Dover . The road was important in Roman times linking London to the coast at Richborough and Dover via Canterbury . It was a route for pilgrims in the Middle Ages as portrayed in Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales , when Old Kent Road was known as Kent Street . The route was used by soldiers returning from the Battle of Agincourt . In the 16th century , St Thomas @-@ a @-@ Watering on Old Kent Road was a place where religious dissenters and those found guilty of treason were publicly hanged . The road was rural in nature and several coaching inns were built alongside it . In the 19th century it acquired the name Old Kent Road and several industrial premises were set up to close to the Surrey Canal and a major business , the Metropolitan Gas Works was developed . In the 20th century , older property was demolished for redevelopment and Burgess Park was created . The Old Kent Road Baths opened around 1905 had Turkish and Russian bath facilities . In the 21st century , several retail parks and premises typical of out @-@ of @-@ town development have been built beside it while public houses have been redeveloped for other purposes . The road is celebrated in the music hall song " Knocked ' em in the Old Kent Road " , describing working @-@ class London life . It is the first property , and one of the two cheapest , on the London Monopoly board and the only one in South London . = = Geography = = The road begins at the Bricklayers ' Arms roundabout , where it meets the New Kent Road , Tower Bridge Road , and Great Dover Street . It runs southeast past Burgess Park , Christ Church , Peckham and the railway line from Peckham Rye to South Bermondsey . Just east of the railway bridge , the road crosses the boundary between the London boroughs of Southwark and Lewisham , where the road ahead becomes New Cross Road . The road appears on a map to form a boundary between Walworth , and Peckham to the south and Bermondsey to the north although the Bermondsey boundary runs along Rolls Road . = = History = = Old Kent Road , one of the oldest roads in England , was part of a Celtic ancient trackway that was paved by the Romans and recorded as Inter III on the Antonine Itinerary . The Anglo @-@ Saxons named it " Wæcelinga Stræt " ( Watling Street ) . It joined Stane Street another ancient and Roman road at Southwark before crossing the Thames at London Bridge . The Inter III was one of the most important Roman roads in Britain , linking London with Canterbury and the Channel ports at Richborough ( Rutupiae ) ; Dover ( Dubris ) and Lympne ( Lemanis ) . Pilgrims , as documented in Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales , travelled along the road from London and Southwark on their way to Canterbury . In 1415 , the road was a scene of celebrations for soldiers returning from the Battle of Agincourt heading towards London . The Kentish Drovers public house opened in 1840 and was so named because the road was a thoroughfare for market traffic . The road was mainly rural in nature , surrounded by fields and windmills and the occasional tavern until the 19th century . John Rocque 's Map of London , published in 1746 , shows hedgerows along its course . The name Old Kent Road came into use at this time ; up to then the road from Borough High Street to the Bricklayers Arms junction was known as Kent Street , this section was renamed Tabard Street in the 1890s . = = = St Thomas @-@ a @-@ Watering = = = The bridge at St Thomas @-@ a @-@ Watering over the River Neckinger was at the junction with what is now Old Kent Road and Shorncliffe Road ( previously Thomas Street ) , and marked the boundary of the Archbishop of Canterbury 's authority over the manors of Southwark and Walworth . It was the limit of the City of London 's authority in 1550 , having been ratified in several charters and marked by a boundary stone set into the wall of the old fire station that marked the first resting place for pilgrims while travelling to Canterbury . The nearby public house , the Thomas a Becket , at the corner of Albany Road is named after this . Henry V met soldiers returning from Agincourt at this location in 1415 . Charles II 's journey along the road on his way to reclaim the throne in May 1660 was described by contemporary writer and diarist John Evelyn as " a triumph of about 20 @,@ 000 horse and foote , brandishing their swords and shouting with inexpressible joy " . St Thomas @-@ a @-@ Watering became a place of execution for criminals whose bodies were left hanging from the gibbets on the principal route from the southeast to London . On 8 July 1539 , Griffith Clerke , Vicar of Wandsworth was hanged and quartered here along with his chaplain and two others , for not acknowledging the royal supremacy of Henry VIII . The Welsh Protestant martyr John Penry was also executed here on 6 April 1593 ; a small side street nearby is named after him . The Catholic martyrs John Jones and John Rigby were executed in 1598 and 1600 respectively . = = = Rolls family = = = In the early @-@ 18th century , the Rolls family of The Grange in nearby Bermondsey acquired a significant amount of land around Old Kent Road . It included residential development that is now Surrey Square and the Paragon , which were designed by Michael Searles in 1788 . The main road route gave rise to ribbon development because of the increasing urbanisation of the expanding metropolitan area . In the early @-@ 20th century , social housing was built on land previously held by the family who gave away their interests for public benefit including the library at Wells Way in Burgess Park , the girls grammar school at Bricklayers Arms ( St Saviour 's and St Olave 's School ) and the Peabody Estate ( Dover Flats and Waleran Flats ) . The last significant remnant of their involvement is the detached White House between the Peabody Estate buildings , built by Searles in the 1790s . The original railings and ironwork survive in the current development at No. 155 . The house was later occupied by Searles and became the management office of the Rolls family trust estates . The last of the male Rolls 's was the Hon Charles Stewart Rolls who was the pioneer motorist and aviator who formed the Rolls @-@ Royce partnership with Henry Royce . = = = Industrial development = = = The opening of the Surrey Canal in 1811 changed the character of the road from rural to industrial . Tanneries were established along it and a soap processing plant was built . Older properties occupied by the upper and middle classes were converted into flats for the emerging working class population . By the time Bricklayers Arms goods station opened in 1845 , the road was entirely built up and Old Kent Road had one of the highest population densities in Europe , with an average of 280 residents per acre . Sections along the road were commercial with various market stalls and sellers until the construction of the tramway in 1871 . Camberwell Public Library No. 1 , which later became the Livesey Museum for Children was designed by Sir George Livesey in 1890 . The road 's southern section remained residential throughout the 19th century . Nos. 864 , 866 and 880 – 884 were constructed by John Lamb in 1815 , and feature Ammonite capitals , ornamental features resembling fossils , a feature also used in contemporary architecture in Brighton . The Licensed Victuallers ' National Asylum ( now Caroline Gardens ) , an extensive almshouse estate off Old Kent Road at Asylum Road , opened in 1827 . Its first patron was Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex who was followed by Prince Albert and Prince Edward . The Metropolitan Gas Works , identifiable by its large gasometers , was founded in 1833 . It serviced an area of more than 13 square miles ( 34 km2 ) , including parts of Southwark , Croydon , Newington , Lambeth and Streatham . Expansion of the gas works in 1868 required the demolition of Christ Church , Camberwell which was built in 1838 and rebuilt on the opposite side of the road by Livesey . The gas works was managed by Livesey from 1840 until his death in 1908 . A statue of him was sited in the rear courtyard of Livesey Museum , opposite the works . During the 19th and 20th century , the industrial and working class makeup of Old Kent Road made it a haven for organised crime and violence . The notorious Richardson Gang operated in the area , and boxing clubs became popular . Lennox Lewis ' manager Frank Maloney grew up in the area and recalled , " If you weren 't into crime , people thought you were a pansy " . Draining the Surrey Canal in 1971 uncovered a number of cracked and blown safes that had been thrown in the water . = = = Public services = = = Old Kent Road railway station at the southern end of the road opened in 1866 and closed in 1917 . The London City Fire Brigade opened a fire station on the road around 1868 . It was subsumed into the London Fire Brigade from its formation and in 1904 was replaced by a new station which was in turn replaced by another on the corner of Coopers Road . The station was demolished for redevelopment in 2014 and reopened the following year . The Old Kent Road Baths were built in 1906 . According to Modern Sanitation , they were the only public baths in London with Turkish bath facilities at the time . The baths were designed to include two swimming pools , each measuring 75 feet ( 23 m ) by 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) . In 1913 @-@ 4 , the baths were used by 188 @,@ 336 private bathers , 14 @,@ 687 of which used its Russian , Turkish , or special electric baths . The 1923 Municipal Year Book noted the " great success " of Turkish and Russian baths . = = = Urban Redevelopment = = = Unlike many places in London , the Old Kent Road area did not suffer significant bomb damage during World War II . In 1968 , a flyover opened at the northern end allowing access to New Kent Road which catered for the main flow of traffic . During the 1970s , run @-@ down Victorian properties on and around Old Kent Road were demolished to make way for new housing estates . Burgess Park was created as part of the County of London Plan in 1943 , which recommended new parkland in the area . Several tower blocks were built along the road , although some earlier 19th @-@ century buildings , such as Nos. 360 – 386 , survived . Public houses on Old Kent Road have been closing since the 1980s . At one point , there were 39 pubs . The Dun Cow at No. 279 opened in 1856 and was well known as a gin palace , and later became a champagne bar and featured DJs such as Steve Walsh and Robbie Vincent . The premises closed in 2004 to become a surgery . The World Turned Upside Down had been on the Old Kent Road since the 17th century , and may have been named after the discovery of Australia , Van Diemen 's Land , or Tierra del Fuego in South America . The pub became a music venue in the 20th century and is where Long John Baldrey gave his first live performance in 1958 . It closed in 2009 and is now a branch of Domino 's Pizza . The Duke of Kent was converted into a mosque in 1999 ; in 2011 the mosque was planned to move to the former site of the Old Kent Road swimming baths . The Livesey Museum for Children closed in 2008 owing to council budget cuts and is now used for short term accommodation . Southwark Borough Council do not consider Old Kent Road to fit the characteristics of an urban town centre , and consequently large retail parks more in character with out @-@ of @-@ town schemes have been developed including a large Asda superstore , B & Q store , Halfords , Magnet and PC World . = = Cultural references = = Old Kent Road is the first property square on the British Monopoly board , priced at £ 60 and forming the brown set along with the similarly working class Whitechapel Road . It is the only square on the board in South London and south of the Thames . The road makes several appearances in literature . In Charles Dickens ' David Copperfield , the titular character runs down the road trying to escape from London to Dover , though in the narrative the street is still partly rural in nature . After suffering an attack of amnesia , the main character of George Orwell 's A Clergyman 's Daughter , Dorothy Hare , finds herself alone on Old Kent Road . In 1985 , the BBC arts series Arena included a documentary about the road . The road is mentioned in the title of the music hall song " Knocked ' em in the Old Kent Road " . It was written in 1891 by Albert Chevalier , who was the lyricist and original performer ; the music was written by his brother Charles Ingle . The song was popularised by Shirley Temple 's performance in the 1939 film A Little Princess The street is mentioned multiple times in the Madness song " Calling Cards " , a song about running an illegitimate business " in a sorting office in the Old Kent Road " . It is featured in the chorus of the Levellers ' song " Cardboard Box City " , which criticises the slow action on helping the homeless in London , specifically Old Kent Road being infrequently visited by the wealthy due to its being south of the Thames . = Mansoor al @-@ Jamri = Mansoor al @-@ Jamri ( also Mansour ; Arabic : منصور الجمري ; born 17 December 1961 ) is a Bahraini columnist , author , human rights activist and former opposition leader . He is the editor @-@ in @-@ chief of Al @-@ Wasat , an Arabic language independent daily newspaper . He is also the second son of the Shia spiritual leader Sheikh Abdul @-@ Amir al @-@ Jamri , who died in 2006 . A few months after he was born in the village of Bani Jamra , al @-@ Jamri moved with his family to Iraq where his father continued his religious studies . To his delight , al @-@ Jamri returned to Bahrain in 1973 and five years later graduated from high school . In 1979 he moved to the United Kingdom ( UK ) to continue his higher education . Between 1987 and 2001 , al @-@ Jamri lived in self @-@ imposed exile in UK where he became the spokesman of the opposition group , Bahrain Freedom Movement . Following a series of reforms of which he was initially skeptical of , al @-@ Jamri returned to Bahrain in December 2001 . He co @-@ founded Al @-@ Wasat in September 2002 and became its editor @-@ in @-@ chief since then . The newspaper , said to be the only one offering independent and non @-@ sectarian coverage in Bahrain was a success , becoming the country 's most popular and profitable . Al @-@ Jamri writes daily columns described to be moderate and non @-@ sectarian . When the Bahraini uprising started in February 2011 , Al @-@ Wasat and al @-@ Jamri covered both sides of the conflict . Al @-@ Jamri was involved in reconciliation talks until 15 March when Saudi troops entered Bahrain . That day , Al @-@ Wasat printing facility was destroyed . Its employees which already faced harassment by groups of youths had to work from home . The next month , the newspaper was charged by government to publishing fabricated news about the uprising and was suspended . Al @-@ Jamri acknowledged his mistake , but said he was set up and downplayed the impact of the false news . He resigned from his position and the newspaper was allowed to publish the next day . He was subsequently charged and convicted of publishing false news . In August , Al @-@ Wasat board of directors reinstated him back to his position . = = Early life and education = = Mansoor al @-@ Jamri was born in Bahrain on 17 December 1961 . Al @-@ Jamri 's father Sheikh Abdul Amir is a Shia cleric who became the leader of the opposition and the spiritual father of the Shia during the 1990s uprising in Bahrain . His mother , Zahra ' is the grand daughter of the renovator Shia khatib Mulla Atiya al @-@ Jamri . They were married in Bahrain in 1957 . Abdul Amir was 20 and Zahra ' , his cousin 's grand daughter was 16 . Few months after his birth , al @-@ Jamri family traveled to Najaf , Iraq where his father continued his religious studies . At the time , al @-@ Jamri 's family was composed of his parents and his 2 @-@ year @-@ old brother Mohammed Jameel . He studied for five years at the Talibiya primary school which was also attended by some Bahrainis such as Sami , the elder son of Isa Qassim . Having no TV at home , al @-@ Jamri and his siblings spent most of their time listening to stories told by their mother or playing with kites outside . At the age of 9 , he began practicing Islamic prayers and fasting in Ramadan . In his book Non @-@ scattered memories of Najaf , al @-@ Jamri describes the dire situation in Iraq following the rise of Ba 'ath party in 1968 . He writes that the " biggest tragedy " he witnessed was the deportation of Iraqis of Iranian origins , some of whom were his neighbors . Al @-@ Jamri and his school colleagues were often forced to take part in pro and anti @-@ Ba 'athist protests . Al @-@ Jamri 's first memories in Bahrain were during a visit with father during the month of Ramadan . Although he was mocked by other kids due to his partly Iraqi accent , al @-@ Jamri said he was very happy with the visit as he found his village Bani Jamra much more " open " than Najaf . In 1973 , al @-@ Jamri returned to Bahrain with his family , spending 11 years of his life in Iraq . He said his father 's decision to return to Bahrain was the " best news I have ever received " and that to him Bahrain represented " freedom and eternal joy " . In 1978 , al @-@ Jamri graduated from high school , technical sector . In 1979 , he traveled to the United Kingdom to continue his higher education after receiving a scholarship from Ministry of Education . He studied mechanical engineering at the University of the West of Scotland ( Paisley University ) of which he holds the doctorate degree . Trouble followed al @-@ Jamri during his visits to Bahrain as he was questioned by security forces in 1980 , his passport withdrawn for a year in 1982 and in 1987 he was not able to find a job . In 1987 , al @-@ Jamri immigrated to Britain which he held its citizenship . He lived in self @-@ imposed exile for 14 years during which he continued his studies and became the spokesman of the opposition group Bahrain Freedom Movement . He was also a " frequent guest on international news outlets such as the BBC . " Al @-@ Jamri is married to Reem Khalifa , a columnist and reporter working for Al @-@ Wasat and the Associated Press . Unlike Mansoor , she follows the Sunni branch of Islam . She was described by the New York Times as a " woman of Western tastes " . Khalifa comes from a leftist family . = = Founding of Al @-@ Wasat = = In 1999 , then @-@ Emir ( now King ) Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa began a reform process and in 2001 exiles were told they could come back . Rejecting an offer to become a cabinet minister and leaving his leading position in the opposition , al @-@ Jamri returned from the United Kingdom in December 2001 , eight months after his father had obtained a consent from the Emir to establish two newspapers . Initially , he was sceptical about the king 's reform plan , but al @-@ Jamri received a personal invitation by the king and was given a large margin of freedom of expression . Al @-@ Jamri , backed by 39 other private investors ( US $ 5 @.@ 3 million capital ) had initially planned to establish two independent newspapers , Al @-@ Wasat in Arabic and Gulf Observer in English . Al @-@ Wasat ( literally , " The Center " ) was founded on September 2002 and its co @-@ founder al @-@ Jamri became its editor @-@ in @-@ chief . By 2011 it had become the country 's most popular newspaper with a daily circulation of 15 @,@ 000 and readership of 45 @,@ 000 to 60 @,@ 000 . It employed 200 individuals , a quarter of them worked as reporters or editors . Its coverage was described by Committee to Protect Journalists as independent and non @-@ sectarian , however this did not spare it from occasional harassment and political pressure . Al @-@ Wasat is the only independent and non @-@ sectarian newspaper in the county and is also " widely credited with being the first Bahraini newspaper to voice opposition views " . Although it also covers the government point of view , the newspaper is sometimes classified as siding with opposition . According to Margaret Warner of PBS NewsHour , Al @-@ Wasat is the " most popular and profitable newspaper " in Bahrain and al @-@ Jamri 's column is a " voice for non @-@ sectarian moderation " . = = Bahraini uprising = = = = = Background = = = Beginning in February 2011 , Bahrain saw sustained pro @-@ democracy protests , centered at Pearl Roundabout in the capital of Manama , as part of the wider Arab Spring . Authorities responded with a night raid on 17 February ( later referred to by protesters as Bloody Thursday ) , which left four protesters dead and more than 300 injured . In March , martial law was declared and Saudi troops were called in . Despite the hard crackdown and official ban , the protests continued . = = = Role of al @-@ Jamri and Al @-@ Wasat = = = During the uprising , Al Wasat was a voice for " moderation and prudence " that urged compromise from both sides and its popularity reportedly increased by 30 percent . In his columns , al @-@ Jamri criticized the government for its repression and protesters for blocking a main highway . Al @-@ Jamri said he was involved in meditation efforts between the two sides of the conflict until 15 March after Saudi troops had entered Bahrain . He added that he refused to be hosted on Al @-@ Manar and Al @-@ Alam News Network , because " their rhetoric is not in accordance with Al @-@ Wasat 's " . This however , did not spare Al @-@ Wasat from the effects of the unrest as its printing facility was surrounded by youths who harassed employees since 12 March . Three days later , the facility was attacked at 1am by a club @-@ wielding @-@ gang that " attack [ ed ] the touch screens and computers of the printing machine , " said the head of Al @-@ Wasat printing press . That day Al @-@ Wasat was printed by another newspaper . Employees had to work from home as " hundreds of vigilantes encircled the area " , they ( employees ) were harassed in checkpoints and authorities reportedly failed to protect them even after getting contacted . Al @-@ Jamri reported receiving death threats via phone and getting intimidated by government informers . " One of our photographers had camera smashed into his head and needed hospitalization , several distributors were beaten , and one columnist disappeared for a month . But under all of these circumstances , we continued , " al @-@ Jamri said . = = = Suspension of Al @-@ Wasat and resignation of al @-@ Jamri = = = On 2 April , following a three @-@ hour episode on Bahrain TV alleging it had published false and fabricated news and images in its 26 and 29 March editions , Al @-@ Wasat was forced to close down and had its website blocked by the Information Affairs Authority ( IAA ) . The state @-@ run Bahrain News Agency accused it of " unethical " media coverage of the events of the uprising and the IAA released a 30 @-@ page report " detailing Al Wasat 's alleged transgressions " . The news and images turned out to be either from other countries or from previous events . The newspaper did	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
not publish an edition on 3 April . Al @-@ Jamri acknowledged that the reports identified in Bahrain TV show were false , but said he and his staff did not " knowingly [ publish ] false information " . The ban was lifted a day later after al @-@ Jamri and two other top editors had resigned . Al @-@ Jamri said his resignation was " needed to safeguard the newspaper and the livelihood of its staff . " On 4 April , Al @-@ Wasat resumed publishing under the supervision of two Iraqi editors . The two temporary editors were questioned in the National Security Agency and were deported along with their families after they had refused to confess against al @-@ Jamri . Al @-@ Jamri and the two editors who resigned were subsequently questioned and charged with " publishing fabricated news and made up stories ... that may harm public safety and national interests . " Unlike other cases which were brought before a military court , their first trial session on 18 May was before the ( civilian ) High Criminal Court and was postponed to June . Al @-@ Jamri said before a trial session on 19 June that the fabricated news articles were sent to Al @-@ Wasat from a Saudi IP address and that they were not verified properly due to the previous attacks on Al @-@ Wasat . " It was a setup . We were framed into it , and later on attacked , using – using it as a launching pad for closing down the newspaper , " al @-@ Jamri said in a press interview . " If a bank CEO wanted to steal , he wouldn 't steal just 20 dollars , maybe he 'd steal 2 million . The fabricated news were of the price of 20 dollars , " he added . Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) said the charges were politically motivated and asked authorities to drop them , allow al @-@ Jamri back to his position and " cease their campaign to silence independent journalism " . The advocacy group added that following al @-@ Jamri 's resignation , Al @-@ Wasat 's coverage of human rights violations decreased significantly . " Bahrain 's rulers are showing they have no shame by muzzling the one media outlet that was widely regarded as the country 's only independent news source , " Joe Stork of HRW said . The Committee to Protect Journalists condemned the actions of Bahraini government and described them as " strong @-@ arm tactics " . The non @-@ government organization added that its research supported claims by al @-@ Jamri that the government was behind planting the false news . Mohammed al @-@ Maskati of Bahrain Youth Society for Human Rights accused the Ministry of Interior of planting the fake stories . " They wanted him to quit , and the paper has totally changed , " he added . On 4 August , al @-@ Jamri was reinstated back to his position by the board of directors . On 11 October , al @-@ Jamri and his colleagues were found guilty by the court and fined US $ 2 @,@ 650 each . Subsequently , al @-@ Jamri received two international awards ; the CPJ International Press Freedom Award in 2011 and the Next Century Foundation 's Peace Through Media Award in 2012 . In September 2011 , Al @-@ Wasat won the UNICEF regional award for electronic media and in May 2012 , it was ranked top in the Media Credibility Index ahead of Al Jazeera , BBC , Agence France @-@ Presse and more than a dozen other media outlets . = = Publications = = Al @-@ Jamri has written two books in Arabic , Memories of Childhood ( 2007 ) and Interventions on Thought and Politics ( 2008 ) . The former is a narrative of al @-@ Jamri 's childhood in Iraq , the experiences he had and the events he witnessed . He was motivated to write it by people 's reactions following the death of his father and dedicated the book to his memory . The latter deals with political and ideological concepts in Europe and the Muslim world , and how Muslim countries can benefit from them in order to consolidate the political pluralism within the Islamic theme . Al @-@ Jamri also writes a daily column in Al @-@ Wasat and regular articles on politics and human rights for other publications such as Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . = Wario = Wario ( ワリオ , Wario , [ w ͍ a.ɽi.o ] ) ( English / ˈwɑːrioʊ / ) is a character in Nintendo 's Mario series who was originally designed as an antagonist to Mario . He first appeared in the 1992 Game Boy title Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins as the main antagonist and final boss . His name is a portmanteau of Mario 's name and the Japanese word warui ( 悪い ) , meaning " bad " . Wario was first designed by Hiroji Kiyotake , and is voiced by Charles Martinet , who also voices many other characters in the series . Since his debut , Wario has become the protagonist and antihero of the Wario Land and WarioWare series , spanning handheld and console markets . In addition to appearances in spin @-@ offs in the Mario series , he appears in cameos for Kirby Super Star Ultra , Densetsu no Stafy 3 and Pilotwings 64 . He has also been featured in other media such as the Super Mario Adventures graphic novel . The character has received a largely positive critical reception and has emerged as a well @-@ established mascot for Nintendo . = = Concept and creation = = A possible inspiration for Wario first appeared in the 1985 game Wrecking Crew in the character of Spike , a construction foreman . Although he bears a slight resemblance to Spike , Wario did not debut until 1992 . The first named appearance of the character occurred in the game Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins . He was designed by game artist Hiroji Kiyotake . Wario 's design arose from Super Mario Land 's design team 's distaste of making a game based around someone else 's character . The creation of Wario allowed them a character of their own to " symbolize their situation " . Wario is portrayed as a caricature of Mario ; he has huge , muscular arms , short stubby legs , a large , pointier , zig @-@ zagging moustache , and a bellicose cackle . He also wears a plumber outfit with a yellow and purple color scheme . The name " Wario " is a portmanteau of " Mario " with the Japanese adjective warui ( 悪い ) meaning " bad " ; hence , a " bad Mario " ( further symbolized by the " W " on his hat , an upside down " M " ) . Official Nintendo lore states that Wario was a childhood rival to Mario and Luigi who became jealous of their success . Voice actor Charles Martinet , who has voiced Mario since 1995 , is also the voice for Wario . During the audition for the part , Martinet was told to speak in a mean and gruff @-@ sounding tone . He described voicing Wario as a looser task than voicing Mario , since Mario 's speaking manner and personality are more free @-@ flowing , rising from the ground and floating into the air , while one of Wario 's cornerstones is jealousy . Starting with Wario Land : Super Mario Land 3 , Wario experiences rejuvenating effects from garlic in a similar manner as Mario is powered up by mushrooms . Wario often uses bombs , as seen in Wario Land : Super Mario Land 3 , Wario Blast and Mario Kart : Double Dash ! ! . The WarioWare series prominently uses bombs as a visual motif to represent the time limit . In video games in which Wario makes a cameo appearance , he is often portrayed as a villain . However , the development team for Wario Land : Shake It ! stated that he was not really a villain , and they did not consider him one during development . They focused on his behavior , which alternates between good and evil . Etsunobu Ebisu , a producer of The Shake Dimension , considered Wario to be a reckless character , who uses his strength to overwhelm others . Tadanori Tsukawaki , the design director of The Shake Dimension , described Wario as manly , and said he was " so uncool that he ends up being extremely cool " . Because of this , he wanted Wario to act macho rather than silly and requested that the art designers emphasize his masculinity . Wario was chosen as the star of the WarioWare series because the developers felt he was the best character for the franchise because he often acted stupid . = = Appearances = = = = = Wario Land series = = = Wario made his first appearance as a villain in the 1992 Game Boy video game Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins , in which he captured Mario 's castle . He also served as a villain in the 1993 Japan @-@ only puzzle game Mario & Wario , in which he drops a bucket on the head of Mario , Princess Peach , or Yoshi . This was followed by the first game in the Wario Land series , Wario Land : Super Mario Land 3 ( 1994 ) , a platform game which marked Wario 's first appearance as a protagonist and introduced his first villains , Captain Syrup and her Brown Sugar Pirates . His next adventure , 1995 's Virtual Boy Wario Land , plays similarly and incorporates the ability to move in and out of the background . A sequel for the Game Boy title , Wario Land II , was released in 1998 ; it featured Captain Syrup 's return as the antagonist . This game also introduces Wario 's invulnerability , allowing him to be burnt or flattened without sustaining damage . In 2000 Wario Land 3 was released to the Game Boy Color as another sequel ; it used the same mechanics and concepts of its predecessor . The following year , the sequel Wario Land 4 debuted on the Game Boy Advance , incorporating Wario 's ability to become burnt or flattened and reintroducing the ability to become damaged from standard attacks . In 2003 , Wario World , the first console Wario platforming title , was released for the Nintendo GameCube ; it featured three @-@ dimensional graphics and gameplay and did not incorporate any major elements from previous platforming titles . Wario : Master of Disguise was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007 . The game introduced touch screen control of Wario and incorporated puzzles into the gameplay . The series ' most recent release , Wario Land : Shake It ! , was released for the Wii in 2008 and reintroduced Captain Syrup . The game uses a hand @-@ drawn animation style , and Wario 's design required more than 2 @,@ 000 frames of animation . = = = WarioWare series = = = In 2003 , the Wario franchise introduced a new series of games , the first of which was WarioWare , Inc . : Mega Microgames ! for the Game Boy Advance . The game 's premise involved Wario 's decision to open a game development company to make money , creating short " microgames " instead of full @-@ fledged games . The title 's gameplay focused on playing a collection of microgames in quick succession . Mega Microgames ! was later remade as WarioWare , Inc . : Mega Party Games ! for the GameCube ; it featured the same microgames but lacked a story mode and focused more on multi @-@ player . In 2004 , two sequels were released for the game . The first was the Game Boy Advance title WarioWare : Twisted ! , which used the cartridge 's tilt sensor to allows microgames to be controlled by tilting the handheld left and right . The second was the Nintendo DS release WarioWare : Touched ! , which incorporates the DS 's touch screen and microphone in its gameplay . One of the Wii 's launch games in 2006 was WarioWare : Smooth Moves , which used the Wii Remote 's motion sensing technologies in a variety of ways . The Nintendo DS and Nintendo DSi have offered two new releases , 2008 's WarioWare : Snapped ! , which can be downloaded with the DSiWare service and uses the DSi 's built @-@ in front camera in its gameplay , and the 2009 Nintendo DS game WarioWare D.I.Y. , which allows players to create microgames . Game & Wario for the Nintendo Wii U was released on June 23 , 2013 . Although it does not use the WarioWare name , it incorporates gameplay and characters from the WarioWare series . The game also pays tribute to the original Game & Watch games . = = = Other appearances = = = In 1994 's Wario 's Woods , Wario appears as the main antagonist who wants to take over the forest and is defeated by Toad . That same year , Wario was also in the video game Wario Blast : Featuring Bomberman ! , a remake of a Bomberman title for the Game Boy which incorporated Wario as a playable character . Wario has been a playable character in the Mario Kart series starting with Mario Kart 64 , he has appeared in thirty Mario sports games , including the Mario Tennis , Mario Golf , Mario Baseball , Mario Strikers , and Mario & Sonic series . Wario has also appeared in all installments of the Mario Party series except Mario Party Advance . Wario is a playable character in two platformers for the Nintendo DS , the remake Super Mario 64 DS ( 2004 ) and Yoshi 's Island DS ( 2006 ) as an infant version of himself , as well as the 2001 puzzle game Dr. Mario 64 . Sporting both his traditional attire from the Wario Land series and Mario series , and the biker outfit from the WarioWare series , Wario also appears as a playable fighter in Super Smash Bros. Brawl as well as its 2014 follow @-@ up , Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. Wario 's cameos include aiding protagonist Stafy in the video game Densetsu no Stafy 3 and being present in the scenery of Pilotwings 64 . Wario appears in Super Mario Maker as a Mystery Mushroom costume , once again sporting his biker attire from the WarioWare games . The Super Mario Adventures graphic novel , which is a collection of comics originally serialized in the video gaming magazine Nintendo Power , features Wario in two of the stories . One of the stories focuses on Wario 's past , explaining his rivalry with Mario . = = Promotion and reception = = Since his appearance in Wario Land : Super Mario Land 3 , Wario has become a well @-@ established mascot for Nintendo , and he has received a largely positive reception . Nintendo Power described Wario as a " pretty uncool dude " which they " cannot help but like . " They also listed his mustache as one of the best in Nintendo games . Computer and Video Games found the levity of Wario 's games " liberating " compared to big Nintendo franchises such as Mario and The Legend of Zelda . They also mention that , regarding the character , they " empathise more with the hopelessly materialistic Wario than goody brown @-@ shoes Mario . Deep down , we 'd all rather chase pounds over princesses . " IGN editor Travis Fahs comments that while Wario is not the most likeable character , his strong confidence overshadows his flaws and makes him entertaining . The website later ranked Wario 31st in a list of the " Top 100 Videogame Villains " . In the book A Parent 's Guide to Nintendo Games : A Comprehensive Look at the Systems and the Games , Craig Wessel described Wario as a " sinister twist " on Mario . In Icons of Horror and the Supernatural : An Encyclopedia of Our Worst Nightmares , Volume 1 , S. T. Joshi cites Waluigi and Wario as examples of alter egos , and how popular it is to feature such character archetypes . = USS Kearsarge ( BB @-@ 5 ) = USS Kearsarge ( BB @-@ 5 ) , the lead ship of her class of pre @-@ dreadnought battleships , was a United States Navy ship , named after the sloop @-@ of @-@ war Kearsarge . Her keel was laid down by the Newport News Shipbuilding Company of Virginia , on 30 June 1896 . She was launched on 24 March 1898 , sponsored by the wife of Rear Admiral Herbert Winslow , and commissioned on 20 February 1900 . Between 1903 and 1907 Kearsarge served in the North Atlantic Fleet , and from 1907 to 1909 she sailed as part of the Great White Fleet . In 1909 she was decommissioned for modernization , which was finished in 1911 . In 1915 she served in the Atlantic , and between 1916 and 1919 she served as a training ship . She was converted into a crane ship in 1920 , renamed Crane Ship No. 1 in 1941 , and sold for scrap in 1955 . = = Design = = The Kearsarge @-@ class battleships were designed to be used for coastal defense . They had a displacement of 11 @,@ 540 short tons ( 10 @,@ 470 t ) , an overall length of 375 feet 4 inches ( 114 @.@ 40 m ) , a beam of 72 feet 3 inches ( 22 @.@ 02 m ) and a draft of 23 feet 6 inches ( 7 @.@ 16 m ) . The two 3 @-@ cylinder vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines and five Scotch boilers , connected to two propeller shafts , produced a total of 11 @,@ 674 indicated horsepower ( 8 @,@ 705 kW ) , and gave a maximum speed of 16 @.@ 816 knots ( 19 @.@ 352 mph ; 31 @.@ 143 km / h ) . Kearsarge was manned by 40 officers and 514 enlisted men , a total of 554 crew . Kearsarge had two double turrets , with two 13 in ( 330 mm ) / 35 caliber guns and two 8 in ( 203 mm ) / 40 caliber guns each , stacked in two levels . The guns and turret armor were designed by the Bureau of Ordnance , while the turret itself was designed by the Bureau of Construction and Repair . This caused the guns to be mounted far back in the turret , making the ports very large . Admiral William Sims claimed that as a result , a shell fired into the port could reach the magazines below , disabling the guns . In addition to these guns , Kearsarge carried fourteen 5 in ( 127 mm ) / 40 caliber guns , twenty 6 @-@ pounder ( 57 mm or 2 @.@ 2 in ) guns , eight 1 @-@ pounder ( 37 mm or 1 @.@ 5 in ) guns , four .30 in ( 7 @.@ 6 mm ) machine guns , and four 18 @-@ inch ( 460 mm ) torpedo tubes . Kearsarge had a very low freeboard , which resulted in her guns becoming unusable in bad weather . The ship 's waterline armor belt was 5 – 16 @.@ 5 inches ( 130 – 420 mm ) thick and the main gun turrets were protected by 15 – 17 inches ( 380 – 430 mm ) of armor , while the secondary turrets had 6 – 11 inches ( 150 – 280 mm ) of armor . The barbettes were 12 @.@ 5 – 15 inches ( 320 – 380 mm ) thick , while the conning tower had 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of armor . The armor was made of harveyized steel . Kearsarge carried 16 smaller boats . A 40 @-@ foot ( 12 m ) steam cutter , with a capacity of 60 men , together with a 33 @-@ foot ( 10 m ) steam cutter , were used for general carrying from and to port , and could tow the other boats if needed . Two 33 @-@ foot launches , each capable of carrying 64 men , were the " working boats " . There were ten 30 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) boats : four cutters , each with a capacity of 45 men , the Admiral 's barge , two whaleboats ( which served as lifeboats ) , and the Captain 's gig . Four smaller boats completed Kearsarge 's small fleet : two 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) dinghies and two 18 @-@ foot ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) catamarans . = = Construction = = Kearsarge was authorized on 2 March 1895 , the contract for her construction was awarded on 2 January 1896 , and the keel of the vessel was laid down on 30 June 1896 by Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company in Virginia . The total cost was US $ 5 @,@ 043 @,@ 591 @.@ 68 . She was named soon after the American Civil War sloop @-@ of @-@ war Kearsarge sank , and was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named , by act of Congress , in its honor . She was the only US battleship not named after a state . She was christened on 24 March 1898 ( the same day as her sister ship , Kentucky ) by the wife of Captain Herbert Winslow , daughter @-@ in @-@ law of Captain John Ancrum Winslow , the commander of the original Kearsarge . She was commissioned on 20 February 1900 , under the command of Captain William M. Folger . = = Service history = = = = = Early career = = = As flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron , Kearsarge sailed along the Atlantic seaboard and the Caribbean Sea . In May 1901 Captain Bowman H. McCalla assumed command of Kearsarge , although by May 1902 the ship was being commanded by Captain Joseph Newton Hemphill . Reassigned as flagship of the European Squadron , she sailed from Sandy Hook on 3 June 1903 , on her way to Kiel , Germany . She was visited by Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany on 25 June , and by the Prince of Wales – who would later become King George V of the United Kingdom – on 13 July . Kearsarge returned to Bar Harbor , Maine on 26 July , and resumed her position as flagship . On 1 December the ship sailed from New York for Guantánamo Bay , Cuba , where she was present as the United States took formal possession of the Guantanamo Naval Reservation on 10 December . On 26 March 1904 Captain Raymond P. Rodgers assumed command of the ship . Following maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea , Kearsarge left with the North Atlantic Squadron for Lisbon , Portugal , where she met King Carlos I of Portugal on 11 June 1904 . Independence Day was celebrated in Phaleron Bay , Greece , with King George I of Greece and his son and daughter @-@ in @-@ law , Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg . The squadron visited Corfu , Trieste , and Fiume before returning to Newport , Rhode Island , on 29 August 1904 . On 31 March 1905 , Maine replaced Kearsarge as flagship of the North Atlantic Fleet , although she remained with the fleet . Captain Herbert Winslow took command of the ship during December . On 13 April 1906 , while participating in an exercise off Cape Cruz , Cuba , the gunpowder in a 13 @-@ inch gun ignited accidentally , killing two officers and eight men . = = = Great White Fleet = = = Attached to the Fourth Division of the Second Squadron , and under command of Captain Hamilton Hutchins , she sailed on 16 December 1907 with the Great White Fleet . The fleet left from Hampton Roads , passed by Trinidad and Rio de Janeiro , and then passed through the Straits of Magellan . From there she passed by the west coast of South America , visiting Punta Arenas and Valparaíso , Chile , Callao , Peru , and Magdalena Bay , Mexico . The fleet reached San Diego on 14 April 1908 and moved on to San Francisco on 6 May . Two months later the warships sailed for Honolulu , Hawaii , and from there to Auckland , New Zealand , arriving 9 August . The fleet made Sydney , Australia , on 20 August , and after a week sailed for Melbourne . Kearsarge departed Albany , Western Australia , on 18 September for ports in the Philippine Islands , Japan , China , and Ceylon before transiting the Suez Canal . The fleet split at Port Said , with Kearsarge leaving on 10 January 1909 for Malta , and arriving in Algiers on 24 January , before reforming with the fleet at Gibraltar on 1 February . She returned to Hampton Roads on 22 February , and was inspected by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt . = = = World War I = = = As with most of the Great White Fleet ships , Kearsarge was modernized on her return . She was decommissioned at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on 4 September 1909 , and the modernization was completed in 1911 , at a cost of US $ 675 @,@ 000 . The ship received cage masts , new water @-@ tube boilers , and another four 5 @-@ inch guns . The 1 @-@ pounder guns were removed , as were sixteen of the 6 @-@ pounders . She was recommissioned on 23 June 1915 , and operated along the Atlantic coast . On 17 September she left Philadelphia to land a detachment of US Marines at Veracruz , Mexico , remaining there from 28 September 1915 to 5 January 1916 . She then carried the Marines to New Orleans , Louisiana , before joining the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia on 4 February . Until the United States joined World War I , she trained naval militia from Massachusetts and Maine . During the war she was used to train Armed Guard crews and naval engineers during cruises along the Atlantic seaboard . On 18 August 1918 Kearsarge rescued 26 survivors of the Norwegian barque Nordhav which had been sunk by U @-@ 117 , bringing them to Boston . = = = Inter @-@ war period = = = Between 29 May and 29 August 1919 , Kearsarge trained United States Naval Academy midshipmen in the Caribbean . Kearsarge sailed from Annapolis , Maryland to the Philadelphia Navy Yard , where she decommissioned on either 10 May or 18 May 1920 . Kearsarge was converted into a crane ship , and was given hull classification symbol IX @-@ 16 on 17 July 1920 , but it was changed to AB @-@ 1 on 5 August . Her turrets , superstructure , and armor were removed , and were replaced by a large revolving crane with a lifting capacity of 250 tons ( 230 tonnes ) , as well as 10 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) blisters , which improved her stability . The crane ship was utilized often over the next 20 years , including the raising of USS Squalus in 1939 . = = = World War II = = = On 6 November 1941 , Kearsarge was renamed Crane Ship No. 1 , allowing her name to be given to Hornet ( CV @-@ 12 ) , and later to Kearsarge ( CV @-@ 33 ) . She continued her service , however , handling guns , turrets , armor , and other heavy lifts for vessels such as Indiana , Alabama , Savannah , Chicago , and Pennsylvania . She was transferred to the San Francisco Naval Shipyard in 1945 , where she participated in the construction of Hornet and Boxer and the re @-@ construction of Saratoga . In 1948 she left the West Coast for the Boston Naval Shipyard . On 22 June 1955 her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register , and she was sold for scrap on 9 August . = = Awards = = World War I Victory Medal American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal National Defense Service Medal = Battles of Lexington and Concord = The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War . The battles were fought on April 19 , 1775 , in Middlesex County , Province of Massachusetts Bay , within the towns of Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Menotomy ( present @-@ day Arlington ) , and Cambridge , near Boston . The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen of its colonies on the mainland of British America . In late 1774 the Suffolk Resolves were adopted to resist the enforcement of the alterations made to the Massachusetts colonial government by the British parliament following the Boston Tea Party . The colonial assembly responded by forming an illegal Patriot provisional government known as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and calling for local militias to train for possible hostilities . The rebel government exercised effective control of the colony outside of British @-@ controlled Boston . In response , the British government in February 1775 declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion . About 700 British Army regulars in Boston , under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith , were given secret orders to capture and destroy rebel military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord . Through effective intelligence gathering , Patriot colonials had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations . They also received details about British plans on the night before the battle and were able to rapidly notify the area militias of the British expedition . The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington . The militia were outnumbered and fell back , and the regulars proceeded on to Concord , where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies . At the North Bridge in Concord , approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King 's troops at about 11 : 00 am , resulting in casualties on both sides . The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord . The British forces began their return march to Boston after completing their search for military supplies , and more militiamen continued to arrive from neighboring towns . Gunfire erupted again between the two sides and continued throughout the day as the regulars marched back towards Boston . Upon returning to Lexington , Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under Brigadier General Hugh Percy , a future duke of Northumberland known as Earl Percy . The combined force , now of about 1 @,@ 700 men , marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a tactical withdrawal and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown . The accumulated militias blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston , starting the Siege of Boston . Ralph Waldo Emerson , in his " Concord Hymn " , described the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge as the " shot heard round the world " . = = Background = = The British Army 's infantry , nicknamed " redcoats " and sometimes " devils " by the colonists , had occupied Boston since 1768 and had been augmented by naval forces and marines to enforce what the colonists called The Intolerable Acts , which had been passed by the British Parliament to punish the Province of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party and other acts of defiance . General Thomas Gage , the military governor of Massachusetts and commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the roughly 3 @,@ 000 British military forces garrisoned in Boston , had no control over Massachusetts outside of Boston , where implementation of the Acts had increased tensions between the Patriot Whig majority and the pro @-@ British Tory minority . Gage 's plan was to avoid conflict by removing military supplies from Whig militias using small , secret , and rapid strikes . This struggle for supplies led to one British success and several rebel successes in a series of nearly bloodless conflicts known as the Powder Alarms . Gage considered himself to be a friend of liberty and attempted to separate his duties as Governor of the colony and as General of an occupying force . Edmund Burke described Gage 's conflicted relationship with Massachusetts by saying in Parliament , " An Englishman is the unfittest person on Earth to argue another Englishman into slavery . " The colonists had been forming militias since the 17th century , initially for local defense against Indian attacks . These forces also saw action in the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763 when they fought alongside British regulars . Under provincial law , all towns were obligated to form militia companies composed of all males 16 years of age and older ( there were exemptions for some categories ) , and to assure that the members were properly armed . The militias were formally under the jurisdiction of the provincial government , but New England militia companies elected their own officers . When Gage effectively dissolved the provincial government under the terms of the Massachusetts Government Act , these existing connections were employed by the colonists under the Massachusetts Provincial Congress for the purpose of resistance to the military threat from Britain . = = = British government preparations = = = A February 1775 address to King George III , by both houses of Parliament , declared that a state of rebellion existed : We ... find that a part of your Majesty ' s subjects , in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay , have proceeded so far to resist the authority of the supreme Legislature , that a rebellion at this time actually exists within the said Province ; and we see , with the utmost concern , that they have been countenanced and encouraged by unlawful combinations and engagements entered into by your Majesty 's subjects in several of the other Colonies , to the injury and oppression of many of their innocent fellow @-@ subjects , resident within the Kingdom of Great Britain , and the rest of your Majesty ' s Dominions .... We ... shall ... pay attention and regard to any real grievances ... laid before us ; and whenever any of the Colonies shall make a proper application to us , we shall be ready to afford them every just and reasonable indulgence . At the same time we ... beseech your Majesty that you will ... enforce due obedience to the laws and authority of the supreme Legislature ; and ... it is our fixed resolution , at the hazard of our lives and properties , to stand by your Majesty against all rebellious attempts in the maintenance of the just rights of your Majesty , and the two Houses of Parliament . On April 14 , 1775 , Gage received instructions from Secretary of State William Legge , Earl of Dartmouth , to disarm the rebels and to imprison the rebellion 's leaders , but Dartmouth gave Gage considerable discretion in his commands . Gage 's decision to act promptly may have been influenced by information he received on April 15 , from a spy within the Provincial Congress , telling him that although the Congress was still divided on the need for armed resistance , delegates were being sent to the other New England colonies to see if they would cooperate in raising a New England army of 18 @,@ 000 colonial soldiers . On the morning of April 18 , Gage ordered a mounted patrol of about 20 men under the command of Major Mitchell of the 5th Regiment of Foot into the surrounding country to intercept messengers who might be out on horseback . This patrol behaved differently from patrols sent out from Boston in the past , staying out after dark and asking travelers about the location of Samuel Adams and John Hancock . This had the unintended effect of alarming many residents and increasing their preparedness . The Lexington militia in particular began to muster early that evening , hours before receiving any word from Boston . A well @-@ known story alleges that after nightfall one farmer , Josiah Nelson , mistook the British patrol for the colonists and asked them , " Have you heard anything about when the regulars are coming out ? " upon which he was slashed on his scalp with a sword . However , the story of this incident was not published until over a century later , which suggests that it may be little more than a family myth . Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith received orders from Gage on the afternoon of April 18 with instructions that he was not to read them until his troops were underway . He was to proceed from Boston " with utmost expedition and secrecy to Concord , where you will seize and destroy ... all Military stores ... But you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants or hurt private property . " Gage used his discretion and did not issue written orders for the arrest of rebel leaders , as he feared doing so might spark an uprising . = = = American preparations = = = On March 30 , 1775 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress issued the following resolution : Whenever the army under command of General Gage , or any part thereof to the number of five hundred , shall march out of the town of Boston , with artillery and baggage , it ought to be deemed a design to carry into execution by force the late acts of Parliament , the attempting of which , by the resolve of the late honourable Continental Congress , ought to be opposed ; and therefore the military force of the Province ought to be assembled , and an army of observation immediately formed , to act solely on the defensive so long as it can be justified on the principles of reason and self @-@ preservation . The rebellion 's leaders — with the exception of Paul Revere and Joseph Warren — had all left Boston by April 8 . They had received word of Dartmouth 's secret instructions to General Gage from sources in London well before they reached Gage himself . Adams and Hancock had fled Boston to the home of one of Hancock 's relatives in Lexington , where they thought they would be safe from the immediate threat of arrest . The Massachusetts militias had indeed been gathering a stock of weapons , powder , and supplies at Concord and much further west in Worcester . An expedition from Boston to Concord was widely anticipated . After a large contingent of regulars alarmed the countryside by an expedition from Boston to Watertown on March 30 , The Pennsylvania Journal , a newspaper in Philadelphia , reported , " It was supposed they were going to Concord , where the Provincial Congress is now sitting . A quantity of provisions and warlike stores are lodged there .... It is ... said they are intending to go out again soon . " On April 8 , Paul Revere rode to Concord to warn the inhabitants that the British appeared to be planning an expedition . The townspeople decided to remove the stores and distribute them among other towns nearby . The colonists were also aware that April 19 would be the date of the expedition , despite Gage 's efforts to keep the details hidden from all the British rank and file and even from the officers who would command the mission . There is reasonable speculation , although not proven , that the confidential source of this intelligence was Margaret Gage , General Gage 's New Jersey @-@ born wife , who had sympathies with the Colonial cause and a friendly relationship with Warren . Between 9 and 10 pm on the night of April 18 , 1775 , Joseph Warren told Revere and William Dawes that the British troops were about to embark in boats from Boston bound for Cambridge and the road to Lexington and Concord . Warren 's intelligence suggested that the most likely objectives of the regulars ' movements later that night would be the capture of Adams and Hancock . They did not worry about the possibility of regulars marching to Concord , since the supplies at Concord were safe , but they did think their leaders in Lexington were unaware of the potential danger that night . Revere and Dawes were sent out to warn them and to alert colonial militias in nearby towns . = = = Militia forces assemble = = = Dawes covered the southern land route by horseback across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge to Lexington . Revere first gave instructions to send a signal to Charlestown using lanterns hung in the steeple of Boston 's Old North Church . He then traveled the northern water route , crossing the mouth of the Charles River by rowboat , slipping past the British warship HMS Somerset at anchor . Crossings were banned at that hour , but Revere safely landed in Charlestown and rode west to Lexington , warning almost every house along the route . Additional riders were sent north from Charlestown . After they arrived in Lexington , Revere , Dawes , Hancock , and Adams discussed the situation with the militia assembling there . They believed that the forces leaving the city were too large for the sole task of arresting two men and that Concord was the main target . The Lexington men dispatched riders to the surrounding towns , and Revere and Dawes continued along the road to Concord accompanied by Samuel Prescott . In Lincoln , they ran into the British patrol led by Major Mitchell . Revere was captured , Dawes was thrown from his horse , and only Prescott escaped to reach Concord . Additional riders were sent out from Concord . The ride of Revere , Dawes , and Prescott triggered a flexible system of " alarm and muster " that had been carefully developed months before , in reaction to the colonists ' impotent response to the Powder Alarm . This system was an improved version of an old notification network for use in times of emergency . The colonists had periodically used it during the early years of Indian wars in the colony , before it fell into disuse in the French and Indian War . In addition to other express riders delivering messages , bells , drums , alarm guns , bonfires and a trumpet were used for rapid communication from town to town , notifying the rebels in dozens of eastern Massachusetts villages that they should muster their militias because over 500 regulars were leaving Boston . This system was so effective that people in towns 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Boston were aware of the army 's movements while they were still unloading boats in Cambridge . These early warnings played a crucial role in assembling a sufficient number of colonial militia to inflict heavy damage on the British regulars later in the day . Adams and Hancock were eventually moved to safety , first to what is now Burlington and later to Billerica . = = = British forces advance = = = Around dusk , General Gage called a meeting of his senior officers at the Province House . He informed them that instructions from Lord Dartmouth had arrived , ordering him to take action against the colonials . He also told them that the senior colonel of his regiments , Lieutenant Colonel Smith , would command , with Major John Pitcairn as his executive officer . The meeting adjourned around 8 : 30 pm , after which Earl Percy mingled with town folk on Boston Common . According to one account , the discussion among people there turned to the unusual movement of the British soldiers in the town . When Percy questioned one man further , the man replied , " Well , the regulars will miss their aim . " " What aim ? " asked Percy . " Why , the cannon at Concord " was the reply . Upon hearing this , Percy quickly returned to Province House and relayed this information to General Gage . Stunned , Gage issued orders to prevent messengers from getting out of Boston , but these were too late to prevent Dawes and Revere from leaving . The British regulars , around 700 infantry , were drawn from 11 of Gage 's 13 occupying infantry regiments . Major Pitcairn commanded ten elite light infantry companies , and Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Bernard commanded 11 grenadier companies , under the overall command of Lieutenant Colonel Smith . Of the troops assigned to the expedition , 350 were from grenadier companies drawn from the 4th ( King 's Own ) , 5th , 10th , 18th ( Royal Irish ) , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd and 59th Regiments of Foot , and the 1st Battalion of His Majesty 's Marine Forces . Protecting the grenadier companies were about 320 light infantry from the 4th , 5th , 10th , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd , and 59th Regiments , and the 1st Battalion of the Marines . Each company had its own lieutenant , but the majority of the captains commanding them were volunteers attached to them at the last minute , drawn from all the regiments stationed in Boston . This lack of familiarity between commander and company would cause problems during the battle . The British began to awaken their troops at 9 pm on the night of April 18 and assembled them on the water 's edge on the western end of Boston Common by 10 pm . Colonel Smith was late in arriving , and there was no organized boat @-@ loading operation , resulting in confusion at the staging area . The boats used were naval barges that were packed so tightly that there was no room to sit down . When they disembarked near Phipps Farm in Cambridge , it was into waist @-@ deep water at midnight . After a lengthy halt to unload their gear , the regulars began their 17 miles ( 27 km ) march to Concord at about 2 am . During the wait they were provided with extra ammunition , cold salt pork , and hard sea biscuits . They did not carry knapsacks , since they would not be encamped . They carried their haversacks ( food bags ) , canteens , muskets , and accoutrements , and marched off in wet , muddy shoes and soggy uniforms . As they marched through Menotomy , sounds of the colonial alarms throughout the countryside caused the few officers who were aware of their mission to realize they had lost the element of surprise . At about 3 am , Colonel Smith sent Major Pitcairn ahead with six companies of light infantry under orders to quick march to Concord . At about 4 am Smith made the wise but belated decision to send a messenger back to Boston asking for reinforcements . = = The Battles = = = = = Lexington = = = Though often styled a battle , in reality the engagement at Lexington was a minor brush or skirmish . As the regulars ' advance guard under Pitcairn entered Lexington at sunrise on April 19 , 1775 , about 80 Lexington militiamen emerged from Buckman Tavern and stood in ranks on the village common watching them , and between 40 and 100 spectators watched from along the side of the road . Their leader was Captain John Parker , a veteran of the French and Indian War , who was suffering from tuberculosis and was at times difficult to hear . Of the militiamen who lined up , nine had the surname Harrington , seven Munroe ( including the company 's orderly sergeant , William Munroe ) , four Parker , three Tidd , three Locke , and three Reed ; fully one quarter of them were related to Captain Parker in some way . This group of militiamen was part of Lexington 's " training band " , a way of organizing local militias dating back to the Puritans , and not what was styled a minuteman company . After having waited most of the night with no sign of any British troops ( and wondering if Paul Revere 's warning was true ) , at about 4 : 15 AM , Parker got his confirmation . Thaddeus Bowman , the last scout that Parker had sent out , rode up at a gallop and told him that they were not only coming , but coming in force and they were close . Captain Parker was clearly aware that he was outmatched in the confrontation and was not prepared to sacrifice his men for no purpose . He knew that most of the colonists ' powder and military supplies at Concord had already been hidden . No war had been declared . ( The Declaration of Independence was a year in the future ) . He also knew the British had gone on such expeditions before in Massachusetts , found nothing , and marched back to Boston . Parker had every reason to expect that to occur again . The Regulars would march to Concord , find nothing , and return to Boston , tired but empty @-@ handed . He positioned his company carefully . He placed them in parade @-@ ground formation , on Lexington Common . They were in plain sight ( not hiding behind walls ) , but not blocking the road to Concord . They made a show of political and military determination , but no effort to prevent the march of the Regulars . Many years later , one of the participants recalled Parker 's words as being what is now engraved in stone at the site of the battle : " Stand your ground ; don 't fire unless fired upon , but if they mean to have a war , let it begin here . " According to Parker 's sworn deposition taken after the battle : " I ... ordered our Militia to meet on the Common in said Lexington to consult what to do , and concluded not to be discovered , nor meddle or make with said Regular Troops ( if they should approach ) unless they should insult or molest us ; and , upon their sudden Approach , I immediately ordered our Militia to disperse , and not to fire : — Immediately said Troops made their appearance and rushed furiously , fired upon , and killed eight of our Party without receiving any Provocation therefor from us . " Rather than turn left towards Concord , Marine Lieutenant Jesse Adair , at the head of the advance guard , decided on his own to protect the flank of the British column by first turning right and then leading the companies onto the Common itself , in a confused effort to surround and disarm the militia . Major Pitcairn arrived from the rear of the advance force and led his three companies to the left and halted them . The remaining companies under Colonel Smith lay further down the road toward Boston . = = = = First shot = = = = A British officer ( probably Pitcairn , but accounts are uncertain , as it may also have been Lieutenant William Sutherland ) then rode forward , waving his sword , and called out for the assembled militia to disperse , and may also have ordered them to " lay down your arms , you damned rebels ! " Captain Parker told his men instead to disperse and go home , but , because of the confusion , the yelling all around , and due to the raspiness of Parker 's tubercular voice , some did not hear him , some left very slowly , and none laid down their arms . Both Parker and Pitcairn ordered their men to hold fire , but a shot was fired from an unknown source . " [ A ] t 5 o ’ clock we arrived [ in Lexington ] , and saw a number of people , I believe between 200 and 300 , formed in a common in the middle of town ; we still continued advancing , keeping prepared against an attack through without intending to attack them ; but on our coming near them they fired on us two shots , upon which our men without any orders , rushed upon them , fired and put them to flight ; several of them were killed , we could not tell how many , because they were behind walls and into the woods . We had a man of the 10th light Infantry wounded , nobody else was hurt . We then formed on the Common , but with some difficulty , the men were so wild they could hear no orders ; we waited a considerable time there , and at length proceeded our way to Concord . " According to one member of Parker 's militia , none of the Americans had discharged their muskets as they faced the oncoming British troops . The British did suffer one casualty , a slight wound , the particulars of which were corroborated by a deposition made by Corporal John Munroe . Munroe stated that : " After the first fire of the regulars , I thought , and so stated to Ebenezer Munroe ... who stood next to me on the left , that they had fired nothing but powder ; but on the second firing , Munroe stated they had fired something more than powder , for he had received a wound in his arm ; and now , said he , to use his own words , ' I 'll give them the guts of my gun . ' We then both took aim at the main body of British troops the smoke preventing our seeing anything but the heads of some of their horses and discharged our pieces . " Some witnesses among the regulars reported the first shot was fired by a colonial onlooker from behind a hedge or around the corner of a tavern . Some observers reported a mounted British officer firing first . Both sides generally agreed that the initial shot did not come from the men on the ground immediately facing each other . Speculation arose later in Lexington that a man named Solomon Brown fired the first shot from inside the tavern or from behind a wall , but this has been discredited . Some witnesses ( on each side ) claimed that someone on the other side fired first ; however , many more witnesses claimed to not know . Yet another theory is that the first shot was one fired by the British , that killed Asahel Porter , their prisoner who was running away ( he had been told to walk away and he would be let go , though he panicked and began to run ) . Historian David Hackett Fischer has proposed that there may actually have been multiple near @-@ simultaneous shots . Historian Mark Urban claims the British surged forward with bayonets ready in an undisciplined way , provoking a few scattered shots from the militia . In response the British troops , without orders , fired a devastating volley . This lack of discipline among the British troops had a key role in the escalation of violence . Witnesses at the scene described several intermittent shots fired from both sides before the lines of regulars began to fire volleys without receiving orders to do so . A few of the militiamen believed at first that the regulars were only firing powder with no ball , but when they realized the truth , few if any of the militia managed to load and return fire . The rest ran for their lives . " We Nathaniel Mulliken , Philip Russell , [ and 32 other men ... ] do testify and declare , that on the nineteenth in the morning , being informed that ... a body of regulars were marching from Boston towards Concord ... About five o ’ clock in the morning , hearing our drum beat , we proceeded towards the parade , and soon found that a large body of troops were marching towards us , some of our company were coming to the parade , and others had reached it , at which time , the company began to disperse , whilst our backs were turned on the troops , we were fired on by them , and a number of our men were instantly killed and wounded , not a gun was fired by any person in our company on the regulars to our knowledge before they fired on us , and continued firing until we had all made our escape . " The regulars then charged forward with bayonets . Captain Parker 's cousin Jonas was run through . Eight Lexington men were killed , and ten were wounded ; only one British soldier of the 10th Regiment of Foot was wounded . The eight colonists killed were John Brown , Samuel Hadley , Caleb Harrington , Jonathon Harrington , Robert Munroe , Isaac Muzzey , Asahel Porter , and Jonas Parker . Jonathon Harrington , fatally wounded by a British musket ball , managed to crawl back to his home , and died on his own doorstep . One wounded man , Prince Estabrook , was a black slave who was serving in the militia . The companies under Pitcairn 's command got beyond their officers ' control in part because they were unaware of the actual purpose of the day 's mission . They fired in different directions and prepared to enter private homes . Colonel Smith , who was just arriving with the remainder of the regulars , heard the musket fire and rode forward from the grenadier column to see the action . He quickly found a drummer and ordered him to beat assembly . The grenadiers arrived shortly thereafter , and once order was restored among the soldiers , the light infantry were permitted to fire a victory volley , after which the column was reformed and marched on toward Concord . = = = Concord = = = In response to the raised alarm , the militiamen of Concord and Lincoln had mustered in Concord . They received reports of firing at Lexington , and were not sure whether to wait until they could be reinforced by troops from towns nearby , or to stay and defend the town , or to move east and greet the British Army from superior terrain . A column of militia marched down the road toward Lexington to meet the British , traveling about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 km ) until they met the approaching column of regulars . As the regulars numbered about 700 and the militia at this time only numbered about 250 , the militia column turned around and marched back into Concord , preceding the regulars by a distance of about 500 yards ( 457 m ) . The militia retreated to a ridge overlooking the town , and their officers discussed what to do next . Caution prevailed , and Colonel James Barrett withdrew from the town of Concord and led the men across the North Bridge to a hill about a mile north of town , where they could continue to watch the troop movements of the British and the activities in the center of town . This step proved fortuitous , as the ranks of the militia continued to grow as minuteman companies arriving from the western towns joined them there . = = = = The search for militia supplies = = = = When the British troops arrived in the village of Concord , Lt. Col. Smith divided them to carry out Gage 's orders . The 10th Regiment 's company of grenadiers secured South Bridge under Captain Mundy Pole , while seven companies of light infantry under Captain Parsons , numbering about 100 , secured the North Bridge , where they were visible across the cleared fields to the assembling militia companies . Captain Parsons took four companies from the 5th , 23rd , 38th and 52nd Regiments up the road 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) beyond the North Bridge to search Barrett 's Farm , where intelligence indicated supplies would be found . Two companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments were stationed to guard their return route , and one company from the 43rd remained guarding the bridge itself . These companies , which were under the relatively inexperienced command of Captain Walter Laurie , were aware that they were significantly outnumbered by the 400 @-@ plus militiamen . The concerned Captain Laurie sent a messenger to Lt. Col. Smith requesting reinforcements . Using detailed information provided by Loyalist spies , the grenadier companies searched the small town for military supplies . When they arrived at Ephraim Jones 's tavern , by the jail on the South Bridge road , they found the door barred shut , and Jones refused them entry . According to reports provided by local Loyalists , Pitcairn knew cannon had been buried on the property . Jones was ordered at gunpoint to show where the guns were buried . These turned out to be three massive pieces , firing 24 @-@ pound shot , that were much too heavy to use defensively , but very effective against fortifications , with sufficient range to bombard the city of Boston from other parts of nearby mainland . The grenadiers smashed the trunnions of these three guns so they could not be mounted . They also burned some gun carriages found in the village meetinghouse , and when the fire spread to the meetinghouse itself , local resident Martha Moulton persuaded the soldiers to help in a bucket brigade to save the building . Nearly a hundred barrels of flour and salted food were thrown into the millpond , as were 550 pounds of musket balls . Of the damage done , only that done to the cannon was significant . All of the shot and much of the food was recovered after the British left . During the search , the regulars were generally scrupulous in their treatment of the locals , including paying for food and drink consumed . This excessive politeness was used to advantage by the locals , who were able to misdirect searches from several smaller caches of militia supplies . Barrett 's Farm had been an arsenal weeks before , but few weapons remained now , and according to family legend , these were quickly buried in furrows to look like a crop had been planted . The troops sent there did not find any supplies of consequence . = = = = The North Bridge = = = = Colonel Barrett 's troops , upon seeing smoke rising from the village square as the British burned cannon carriages , and seeing only a few light infantry companies directly below them , decided to march back toward the town from their vantage point on Punkatasset Hill to a lower , closer flat hilltop about 300 yards ( 274 m ) from the North Bridge . As the militia advanced , the two British companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments that held the position near the road retreated to the bridge and yielded the hill to Barrett 's men . Five full companies of Minutemen and five more of militia from Acton , Concord , Bedford and Lincoln occupied this hill as more groups of men streamed in , totaling at least 400 against Captain Laurie 's light infantry companies , a force totaling 90 – 95 men . Barrett ordered the Massachusetts men to form one long line two abreast on the highway leading down to the bridge , and then he called for another consultation . While overlooking North Bridge from the top of the hill , Barrett , Lt. Col. John Robinson of Westford and the other Captains discussed possible courses of action . Captain Isaac Davis of Acton , whose troops had arrived late , declared his willingness to defend a town not their own by saying , " I 'm not afraid to go , and I haven 't a man that 's afraid to go . " Barrett told the men to load their weapons but not to fire unless fired upon , and then ordered them to advance . Laurie ordered the British companies guarding the bridge to retreat across it . One officer then tried to pull up the loose planks of the bridge to impede the colonial advance , but Major Buttrick began to yell at the regulars to stop harming the bridge . The Minutemen and militia from Concord , Acton and a handful of Westford Minutemen , advanced in column formation , two by two , led by Major Buttrick , Lt. Col. Robinson , then Capt. Davis , on the light infantry , keeping to the road , since it was surrounded by the spring floodwaters of the Concord River . Captain Laurie then made a poor tactical decision . Since his summons for help had not produced any results , he ordered his men to form positions for " street firing " behind the bridge in a column running perpendicular to the river . This formation was appropriate for sending a large volume of fire into a narrow alley between the buildings of a city , but not for an open path behind a bridge . Confusion reigned as regulars retreating over the bridge tried to form up in the street @-@ firing position of the other troops . Lieutenant Sutherland , who was in the rear of the formation , saw Laurie 's mistake and ordered flankers to be sent out . But as he was from a company different from the men under his command , only three soldiers obeyed him . The remainder tried as best they could in the confusion to follow the orders of the superior officer . A shot rang out . It was likely a warning shot fired by a panicked , exhausted British soldier from the 43rd , according to Captain Laurie 's report to his commander after the fight . Two other regulars then fired immediately after that , shots splashing in the river , and then the narrow group up front , possibly thinking the order to fire had been given , fired a ragged volley before Laurie could stop them . Two of the Acton Minutemen , Private Abner Hosmer and Captain Isaac Davis , who were at the head of the line marching to the bridge , were hit and killed instantly . Rev. Dr. Ripley recalled : The Americans commenced their march in double file … In a minute or two , the Americans being in quick motion and within ten or fifteen rods of the bridge , a single gun was fired by a British soldier , which marked the way , passing under Col. Robinson ’ s arm and slightly wounding the side of Luther Blanchard , a fifer , in the Acton Company . Four more men were wounded . Major Buttrick then yelled to the militia , " Fire , for God 's sake , fellow soldiers , fire ! " At this point the lines were separated by the Concord River and the bridge , and were only 50 yards ( 46 m ) apart . The few front rows of colonists , bound by the road and blocked from forming a line of fire , managed to fire over each other 's heads and shoulders at the regulars massed across the bridge . Four of the eight British officers and sergeants , who were leading from the front of their troops , were wounded by the volley of musket fire . At least three privates ( Thomas Smith , Patrick Gray , and James Hall , all from the 4th ) were killed or mortally wounded , and nine were wounded . In 1824 , Reverend and Minuteman Joseph Thaxter wrote : I was an eyewitness to the following facts . The people of Westford and Acton , some few of Concord , were the first who faced the British at Concord bridge . The British had placed about ninety men as a guard at the North Bridge ; we had then no certain information that any had been killed at Lexington , we saw the British making destruction in the town of Concord ; it was proposed to advance to the bridge ; on this Colonel Robinson , of Westford , together with Major Buttrick , took the lead ; strict orders were given not to fire , unless the British fired first ; when they advanced about halfway on the causeway the British fired one gun , a second , a third , and then the whole body ; they killed Colonel Davis , of Acton , and a Mr. Hosmer . Our people then fired over one another ’ s heads , being in a long column , two and two ; they killed two and wounded eleven . Lieutenant Hawkstone , said to be the greatest beauty of the British army , had his cheeks so badly wounded that it disfigured him much , of which he bitterly complained . On this , the British fled , and assembled on the hill , the north side of Concord , and dressed their wounded , and then began their retreat . As they descended the hill near the road that comes out from Bedford they were pursued ; Colonel Bridge , with a few men from Bedford and Chelmsford , came up , and killed several men . The regulars found themselves trapped in a situation where they were both outnumbered and outmaneuvered . Lacking effective leadership and terrified at the superior numbers of the enemy , with their spirit broken , and likely not having experienced combat before , they abandoned their wounded , and fled to the safety of the approaching grenadier companies coming from the town center , isolating Captain Parsons and the companies searching for arms at Barrett 's Farm . = = = = After the fight = = = = The colonists were stunned by their success . No one had actually believed either side would shoot to kill the other . Some advanced ; many more retreated ; and some went home to see to the safety of their homes and families . Colonel Barrett eventually began to recover control . He moved some of the militia back to the hilltop 300 yards ( 274 m ) away and sent Major Buttrick with others across the bridge to a defensive position on a hill behind a stone wall . Lieutenant Colonel Smith heard the exchange of fire from his position in the town moments after he received the request for reinforcements from Laurie . He quickly assembled two companies of grenadiers to lead toward the North Bridge himself . As these troops marched , they met the shattered remnants of the three light infantry companies running towards them . Smith was concerned about the four companies that had been at Barrett 's , since their route to town was now unprotected . When he saw the Minutemen in the distance behind their wall , he halted his two companies and moved forward with only his officers to take a closer look . One of the Minutemen behind that wall observed , " If we had fired , I believe we could have killed almost every officer there was in the front , but we had no orders to fire and there wasn 't a gun fired . " During a tense standoff lasting about 10 minutes , a mentally ill local man named Elias Brown wandered through both sides selling hard cider . At this point , the detachment of regulars sent to Barrett 's farm marched back from their fruitless search of that area . They passed through the now mostly @-@ deserted battlefield , and saw dead and wounded comrades lying on the bridge . There was one who looked to them as if he had been scalped , which angered and shocked the British soldiers . They crossed the bridge and returned to the town by 11 : 30 AM , under the watchful eyes of the colonists , who continued to maintain defensive positions . The regulars continued to search for and destroy colonial military supplies in the town , ate lunch , reassembled for marching , and left Concord after noon . This delay in departure gave colonial militiamen from outlying towns additional time to reach the road back to Boston . = = = Return march = = = = = = = Concord to Lexington = = = = Lieutenant Colonel Smith , concerned about the safety of his men , sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly 1 @,@ 000 colonials now in the field as the British marched east out of Concord . This ridge ended near Meriam 's Corner , a crossroads about a mile ( 2 km ) outside the village of Concord , where the main road came to a bridge across a small stream . To cross the narrow bridge , the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast . Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point , and presented a clear numerical advantage over the regulars . The British were now witnessing once again what General Gage had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night : the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston . As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge , the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen , who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range . The colonists returned fire , this time with deadly effect . Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded , with no colonial casualties . Smith sent out his flanking troops again after crossing the small bridge . On Brooks Hill ( also known as Hardy 's Hill ) about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) past Meriam 's Corner , nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road , awaiting opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below . Smith 's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off , but the colonists did not withdraw , inflicting significant casualties on the attackers . Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill , and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln , at Brooks Tavern , where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road . The regulars soon reached a point in the road now referred to as the " Bloody Angle " where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly @-@ wooded area . At this place , the militia company from Woburn had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky , lightly @-@ wooded field . Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam 's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road , catching the British in a crossfire , while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack . Some 500 yards ( 460 m ) further along , the road took another sharp curve , this time to the right , and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides . In passing through these two sharp curves , the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded , and four colonial militia were also killed , including Captain Jonathan Wilson Bedford , Captain Nathan Wyman of Billerica , Lt. John Bacon of Natick , and Daniel Thompson of Woburn . The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot , a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain . Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear . As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive , the colonial forces had risen to about 2 @,@ 000 men . The road now straightened to the east , with cleared fields and orchards along the sides . Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again , who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties . British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long @-@ range fire from the militiamen , and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition . When the British column neared the boundary between Lincoln and Lexington , it encountered another ambush from a hill overlooking the road , set by Captain John Parker 's Lexington militiamen , including some of them bandaged up from the encounter in Lexington earlier in the day . At this point , Lt. Col. Smith was wounded in the thigh and knocked from his horse . Major John Pitcairn assumed effective command of the column and sent light infantry companies up the hill to clear the militia forces . The light infantry cleared two additional hills as the column continued east — " The Bluff " and " Fiske Hill " — and took still more casualties from ambushes set by fresh militia companies joining the battle . In one of the musket volleys from the colonial soldiers , Major Pitcairn 's horse bolted in fright , throwing Pitcairn to the ground and injuring his arm . Now both principal leaders of the expedition were injured or unhorsed , and their men were tired , thirsty , and exhausting their ammunition . A few surrendered or were captured ; some now broke formation and ran forward toward Lexington . In the words of one British officer , " we began to run rather than retreat in order . ... We attempted to stop the men and form them two deep , but to no purpose , the confusion increased rather than lessened . ... the officers got to the front and presented their bayonets , and told the men if they advanced they should die . Upon this , they began to form up under heavy fire . " Only one British officer remained uninjured among the three companies at the head of the British column as it approach Lexington Center . He understood the column 's perilous situation : " There were very few men had any ammunition left , and so fatigued that we could not keep flanking parties out , so that we must soon have laid down our arms , or been picked off by the Rebels at their pleasure — nearer to — and we were not able to keep them off . " He then heard cheering further ahead . A full brigade , about 1 @,@ 000 men with artillery under the command of Earl Percy , had arrived to rescue them . It was about 2 : 30 PM , and the British column had now been on the march since 2 o 'clock in the morning . Westford Minuteman , Rev. Joseph Thaxter , wrote of his account : We pursued them and killed some ; when they got to Lexington , they were so close pursued and fatigued , that they must have soon surrendered , had not Lord Percy met them with a large reinforcement and two field @-@ pieces . They fired them , but the balls went high over our heads . But no cannon ever did more execution , such stories of their effects had been spread by the tories through our troops , that from this time more wont back than pursed . We pursued to Charlestown Common , and then retired to Cambridge . When the army collected at Cambridge , Colonel Prescott with his regiment of minute men , and John Robinson , his Lieutenant Colonel , were prompt at being at their post . In their accounts afterward , British officers and soldiers alike noted their frustration that the colonial militiamen fired at them from behind trees and stone walls , rather than confronting them in large , linear formations in the style of European warfare . This image of the individual colonial farmer , musket in hand and fighting under his own command , has also been fostered in American myth : " Chasing the red @-@ coats down the lane / Then crossing the fields to emerge again / Under the trees at the turn of the road , / And only pausing to fire and load . " To the contrary , beginning at the North Bridge and throughout the British retreat , the colonial militias repeatedly operated as coordinated companies , even when dispersed to take advantage of cover . Reflecting on the British experience that day , Earl Percy understood the significance of the American tactics : During the whole affair the Rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance & resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself much mistaken . They have men amongst them who know very well what they are about , having been employed as Rangers against the Indians & Canadians , & this country being much covered with wood , and hilly , is very advantageous for their method of fighting . = = = = Percy 's rescue = = = = General Gage had anticipated that Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition might require reinforcement , so Gage drafted orders for reinforcing units to assemble in Boston at 4 AM . But in his obsession for secrecy , Gage had sent only one copy of the orders to the adjutant of the 1st Brigade , whose servant then left the envelope on a table . Also at about 4 AM , the British column was within three miles of Lexington , and Lt. Col. Smith now had clear indication that all element of surprise had been lost and that alarm was spreading throughout the countryside . So he sent a rider back to Boston with a request for reinforcements . At about 5 AM , the rider reached Boston , and the 1st Brigade was ordered to assemble : the line infantry companies of the 4th , 23rd , and 47th Regiments , and a battalion of Royal Marines , under the command of Earl Percy . Unfortunately for the British , once again only one copy of the orders were sent to each commander , and the order for the Royal Marines was delivered to the desk of Major John Pitcairn , who was already on the Lexington Common with Smith 's column at that hour . After these delays , Percy 's brigade , about 1 @,@ 000 strong , left Boston at about 8 : 45 AM , headed toward Lexington . Along the way , the story is told , they marched to the tune of " Yankee Doodle " to taunt the inhabitants of the area . By the Battle of Bunker Hill less than two months later , the song would become a popular anthem for the colonial forces . Percy took the land route across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge , which some quick @-@ thinking colonists had stripped of its planking to delay the British . His men then came upon an absent @-@ minded tutor at Harvard College and asked him which road would take them to Lexington . The Harvard man , apparently oblivious to the reality of what was happening around him , showed him the proper road without thinking . ( He was later compelled to leave the country for inadvertently supporting the enemy . ) Percy 's troops arrived in Lexington at about 2 : 00 PM . They could hear gunfire in the distance as they set up their cannon and deployed lines of regulars on high ground with commanding views of the town . Colonel Smith 's men approached like a fleeing mob with the full complement of colonial militia in close formation pursuing them . Percy ordered his artillery to open fire at extreme range , dispersing the colonial militiamen . Smith 's men collapsed with exhaustion once they reached the safety of Percy 's lines . Against the advice of his Master of Ordnance , Percy had left Boston without spare ammunition for his men or for the two artillery pieces they brought with them , thinking the extra wagons would slow him down . Each man in Percy 's brigade had only 36 rounds , and each artillery piece was supplied with only a few rounds carried in side @-@ boxes . After Percy had left the city , Gage directed two ammunition wagons guarded by one officer and thirteen men to follow . This convoy was intercepted by a small party of older , veteran militiamen still on the " alarm list , " who could not join their militia companies because they were well over 60 years of age . These men rose up in ambush and demanded the surrender of the wagons , but the regulars ignored them and drove their horses on . The old men opened fire , shot the lead horses , killed two sergeants , and wounded the officer . The British survivors ran , and six of them threw their weapons into a pond before they surrendered . = = = = Lexington to Menotomy = = = = Percy assumed control of the combined forces of about 1 @,@ 700 men and let them rest , eat , drink , and have their wounds tended at field headquarters ( Munroe Tavern ) before resuming the march . They set out from Lexington at about 3 : 30 PM , in a formation that emphasized defense along the sides and rear of the column . Wounded regulars rode on the cannon and were forced to hop off when they were fired at by gatherings of militia . Percy 's men were often surrounded , but they had the tactical advantage of interior lines . Percy could shift his units more easily to where they were needed , while the colonial militia were required to move around the outside of his formation . Percy placed Smith 's men in the middle of the column , while the 23rd Regiment 's line companies made up the column 's rear guard . Because of information provided by Smith and Pitcairn about how the Americans were attacking , Percy ordered the rear guard to be rotated every mile or so , to allow some of his troops to rest briefly . Flanking companies were sent to both sides of the road , and a powerful force of Marines acted as the vanguard to clear the road ahead . During the respite at Lexington , Brigadier General William Heath arrived and took command of the militia . Earlier in the day , he had traveled first to Watertown to discuss tactics with Joseph Warren , who had left Boston that morning , and other members of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety . Heath and Warren reacted to Percy 's artillery and flankers by ordering the militiamen to avoid close formations that would attract cannon fire . Instead , they surrounded Percy 's marching square with a moving ring of skirmishers at a distance to inflict maximum casualties at minimum risk . A few mounted militiamen on the road would dismount , fire muskets at the approaching regulars , then remount and gallop ahead to repeat the tactic . Unmounted militia would often fire from long range , in the hope of hitting somebody in the main column of soldiers on the road and surviving , since both British and colonials used muskets with an effective combat range of about 50 yards ( 46 m ) . Infantry units would apply pressure to the sides of the British column . When it moved out of range , those units would move around and forward to re @-@ engage the column further down the road . Heath sent messengers out to intercept arriving militia units , directing them to appropriate places along the road to engage the regulars . Some towns sent supply wagons to assist in feeding and rearming the militia . Heath and Warren did lead skirmishers in small actions into battle themselves , but it was the presence of effective leadership that probably had the greatest impact on the success of these tactics . Percy wrote of the colonial tactics , " The rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance and resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself very much mistaken . " The fighting grew more intense as Percy 's forces crossed from Lexington into Menotomy . Fresh militia poured gunfire into the British ranks from a distance , and individual homeowners began to fight from their own property . Some homes were also used as sniper positions , turning the situation into a soldier 's nightmare : house @-@ to @-@ house fighting . Jason Russell pleaded for his friends to fight alongside him to defend his house by saying , " An Englishman 's home is his castle . " He stayed and was killed in his doorway . His friends , depending on which account is to be believed , either hid in the cellar , or died in the house from bullets and bayonets after shooting at the soldiers who followed them in . The Jason Russell House still stands and contains bullet holes from this fight . A militia unit that attempted an ambush from Russell 's orchard was caught by flankers , and eleven men were killed , some allegedly after they had surrendered . Percy lost control of his men , and British soldiers began to commit atrocities to repay for the supposed scalping at the North Bridge and for their own casualties at the hands of a distant , often unseen enemy . Based on the word of Pitcairn and other wounded officers from Smith 's command , Percy had learned that the Minutemen were using stone walls , trees and buildings in these more thickly settled towns closer to Boston to hide behind and shoot at the column . He ordered the flank companies to clear the colonial militiamen out of such places . Many of the junior officers in the flank parties had difficulty stopping their exhausted , enraged men from killing everyone they found inside these buildings . For example , two innocent drunks who refused to hide in the basement of a tavern in Menotomy were killed only because they were suspected of being involved with the day 's events . Although many of the accounts of ransacking and burnings were exaggerated later by the colonists for propaganda value ( and to get financial compensation from the colonial government ) , it is certainly true that taverns along the road were ransacked and the liquor stolen by the troops , who in some cases became drunk themselves . One church 's communion silver was stolen but was later recovered after it was sold in Boston . Aged Menotomy resident Samuel Whittemore killed three regulars before he was attacked by a British contingent and left for dead . ( He recovered from his wounds and later died in 1793 at age 98 . ) All told , far more blood was shed in Menotomy and Cambridge than elsewhere that day . The colonists lost 25 men killed and nine wounded there , and the British lost 40 killed and 80 wounded , with the 47th Foot and the Marines suffering the highest casualties . Each was about half the day 's fatalities . = = = = Menotomy to Charlestown = = = = The British troops crossed the Menotomy River ( today known as Alewife Brook ) into Cambridge , and the fight grew more intense . Fresh militia arrived in close array instead of in a scattered formation , and Percy used his two artillery pieces and flankers at a crossroads called Watson 's Corner to inflict heavy damage on them . Earlier in the day , Heath had ordered the Great Bridge to be dismantled . Percy 's brigade was about to approach the broken @-@ down bridge and a riverbank filled with militia when Percy directed his troops down a narrow track ( now Beech Street , near present @-@ day Porter Square ) and onto the road to Charlestown . The militia ( now numbering about 4 @,@ 000 ) were unprepared for this movement , and the circle of fire was broken . An American force moved to occupy Prospect Hill ( in modern @-@ day Somerville ) , which dominated the road , but Percy moved his cannon to the front and dispersed them with his last rounds of ammunition . A large militia force arrived from Salem and Marblehead . They might have cut off Percy 's route to Charlestown , but these men halted on nearby Winter Hill and allowed the British to escape . Some accused the commander of this force , Colonel Timothy Pickering , of permitting the troops to pass because he still hoped to avoid war by preventing a total defeat of the regulars . Pickering later claimed that he had stopped on Heath 's orders , but Heath denied this . It was nearly dark when Pitcairn 's Marines defended a final attack on Percy 's rear as they entered Charlestown . The regulars took up strong positions on the hills of Charlestown . Some of them had been without sleep for two days and had marched 40 miles ( 64 km ) in 21 hours , eight hours of which had been spent under fire . But now they held high ground protected by heavy guns from HMS Somerset . Gage quickly sent over line companies of two fresh regiments — the 10th and 64th — to occupy the high ground in Charlestown and build fortifications . Although they were begun , the fortifications were never completed and would later be a starting point for the militia works built two months later in June before the Battle of Bunker Hill . General Heath studied the position of the British Army and decided to withdraw the militia to Cambridge . = = Aftermath = = In the morning , Boston was surrounded by a huge militia army , numbering over 15 @,@ 000 , which had marched from throughout New England . Unlike the Powder Alarm , the rumors of spilled blood were true , and the Revolutionary War had begun . Now under the leadership of General Artemas Ward , who arrived on the 20th and replaced Brigadier General William Heath , they formed a siege line extending from Chelsea , around the peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown , to Roxbury , effectively surrounding Boston on three sides . In the days immediately following , the size of the colonial forces grew , as militias from New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Connecticut arrived on the scene . The Second Continental Congress adopted these men into the beginnings of the Continental Army . Even now , after open warfare had started , Gage still refused to impose martial law in Boston . He persuaded the town 's selectmen to surrender all private weapons in return for promising that any inhabitant could leave town . The battle was not a major one in terms of tactics or casualties . However , in terms of supporting the British political strategy behind the Intolerable Acts and the military strategy behind the Powder Alarms , the battle was a significant failure because the expedition contributed to the fighting it was intended to prevent , and because few weapons were actually seized . The battle was followed by a war for British political opinion . Within four days of the battle , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress had collected scores of sworn testimonies from militiamen and from British prisoners . When word leaked out a week after the battle that Gage was sending his official description of events to London , the Provincial Congress sent a packet of these detailed depositions , signed by over 100 participants in the events , on a faster ship . The documents were presented to a sympathetic official and printed by the London newspapers two weeks before Gage 's report arrived . Gage 's official report was too vague on particulars to influence anyone 's opinion . George Germain , no friend of the colonists , wrote , " the Bostonians are in the right to make the King 's troops the aggressors and claim a victory . " Politicians in London tended to blame Gage for the conflict instead of their own policies and instructions . The British troops in Boston variously blamed General Gage and Colonel Smith for the failures at Lexington and Concord . The day after the battle , John Adams left his home in Braintree to ride along the battlefields . He became convinced that " the Die was cast , the Rubicon crossed . " Thomas Paine in Philadelphia had previously thought of the argument between the colonies and the Home Country as " a kind of law @-@ suit " , but after news of the battle reached him , he " rejected the hardened , sullen @-@ tempered Pharaoh of England forever . " George Washington received the news at Mount Vernon and wrote to a friend , " the once @-@ happy and peaceful plains of America are either to be drenched in blood or inhabited by slaves . Sad alternative ! But can a virtuous man hesitate in his choice ? " A group of hunters on the frontier named their campsite Lexington when they heard news of the battle in June . It eventually became the city of Lexington , Kentucky . = = Legacy = = It was important to the early American government that an image of British fault and American innocence be maintained for this first battle of the war . The history of Patriot preparations , intelligence , warning signals , and uncertainty about the first shot was rarely discussed in the public sphere for decades . The story of the wounded British soldier at the North Bridge , hors de combat , struck down on the head by a Minuteman using a hatchet , the purported " scalping " , was strongly suppressed . Depositions mentioning some of these activities were not published and were returned to the participants ( this notably happened to Paul Revere ) . Paintings portrayed the Lexington fight as an unjustified slaughter . The issue of which side was to blame grew during the early nineteenth century . For example , older participants ' testimony in later life about Lexington and Concord differed greatly from their depositions taken under oath in 1775 . All now said the British fired first at Lexington , whereas fifty or so years before , they weren 't sure . All now said they fired back , but in 1775 , they said few were able to . The " Battle " took on an almost mythical quality in the American consciousness . Legend became more important than truth . A complete shift occurred , and the Patriots were portrayed as actively fighting for their cause , rather than as suffering innocents . Paintings of the Lexington skirmish began to portray the militia standing and fighting back in defiance . Ralph Waldo Emerson immortalized the events at the North Bridge in his 1837 " Concord Hymn " . The " Concord Hymn " became important because it commemorated the beginning of the American Revolution , and that for much of the 19th century it was a means by which Americans learned about the Revolution , helping to forge the identity of the nation . After 1860 , several generations of schoolchildren memorized Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem " Paul Revere 's Ride " . Historically it is inaccurate ( for example , Paul Revere never made it to Concord ) , but it captures the idea that an individual can change the course of history . In the 20th century , popular and historical opinion varied about the events of the historic day , often reflecting the political mood of the time . Isolationist anti @-@ war sentiments before the World Wars bred skepticism about the nature of Paul Revere 's contribution ( if any ) to the efforts to rouse the militia . Anglophilia in the United States after the turn of the twentieth century led to more balanced approaches to the history of the battle . During World War I , a film about Paul Revere 's ride was seized under the Espionage Act of 1917 for promoting discord between the United States and Britain . During the Cold War , Revere was used not only as a patriotic symbol , but also as a capitalist one . In 1961 , novelist Howard Fast published April Morning , an account of the battle from a fictional 15 @-@ year @-@ old 's perspective , and reading of the book has been frequently assigned in American secondary schools . A film version was produced for television in 1987 , starring Chad Lowe and Tommy Lee Jones . In the 1990s , parallels were drawn between American tactics in the Vietnam War and those of the British Army at Lexington and Concord . The site of the battle in Lexington is now known as the Lexington Battle Green , has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is a National Historic Landmark . Several memorials commemorating the battle have been established there . The lands surrounding the North Bridge in Concord , as well as approximately 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) of the road along with surrounding lands and period buildings between Meriam 's Corner and western Lexington are part of Minuteman National Historical Park . There are walking trails with interpretive displays along routes that the colonists might have used that skirted the road , and the Park Service often has personnel ( usually dressed in period dress ) offering descriptions of the area and explanations of the events of the day . A bronze bas relief of Major Buttrick , designed by Daniel Chester French and executed by Edmond Thomas Quinn in 1915 , is in the park , along with French 's Minute Man statue . Four current units of the Massachusetts National Guard units ( 181st Infantry , 182nd Infantry , 101st Engineer Battalion , and 125th Quartermaster Company ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord . There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots . Several ships of the United States Navy , including two World War II aircraft carriers , were named in honor of the Battle of Lexington . = = Commemorations = = Patriots ' Day is celebrated annually in honor of the battle in Massachusetts , Maine , and by the Wisconsin public schools , on the third Monday in April . Re @-@ enactments of Paul Revere 's ride are staged , as are the battle on the Lexington Green , and ceremonies and firings are held at the North Bridge . = = = Centennial commemoration = = = On April 19 , 1875 , President Ulysses S. Grant and members of his cabinet joined 50 @,@ 000 people to mark the 100th anniversary of the battles . The sculpture by Daniel Chester French , The Minute Man , located at the North Bridge , was unveiled on that day . A formal ball took place in the evening at the Agricultural Hall in Concord . = = = Sesquicentennial commemoration = = = In April 1925 the United States Post Office issued three stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Battles at Lexington and Concord . The Lexington — Concord commemorative stamps were the first of many commemoratives issued to honor the 150th anniversaries of events that surrounded America 's War of Independence . The three stamps were first placed on sale in Washington , D.C. and in five Massachusetts cities and towns that played major roles in the Lexington and Concord story : Lexington , Concord , Boston , Cambridge , and Concord Junction ( as West Concord was then known ) . This is not to say that other locations were not involved in the battles . = = = Bicentennial commemoration = = = The Town of Concord invited 700 prominent U.S. citizens and leaders from the worlds of government , the military , the diplomatic corps , the arts , sciences , and humanities to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the battles . On April 19 , 1975 , as a crowd estimated at 110 @,@ 000 gathered to view a parade and celebrate the Bicentennial in Concord , President Gerald Ford delivered a major speech near the North Bridge , which was televised to the nation . Freedom was nourished in American soil because the principles of the Declaration of Independence flourished in our land . These principles , when enunciated 200 years ago , were a dream , not a reality . Today , they are real . Equality has matured in America . Our inalienable rights have become even more sacred . There is no government in our land without consent of the governed . Many other lands have freely accepted the principles of liberty and freedom in the Declaration of Independence and fashioned their own independent republics . It is these principles , freely taken and freely shared , that have revolutionized the world . The volley fired here at Concord two centuries ago , ' the shot heard round the world ' , still echoes today on this anniversary . President Ford laid a wreath at the base of The Minute Man statue and then respectfully observed as Sir Peter Ramsbotham , the British Ambassador to the United States , laid a wreath at the grave of British soldiers killed in the battle . = William Herschel Telescope = The William Herschel Telescope ( WHT ) is a 4 @.@ 20 @-@ metre ( 165 in ) optical / near @-@ infrared reflecting telescope located at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands , Spain . The telescope , which is named after William Herschel , is part of the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes . It is funded by research councils from the United Kingdom , the Netherlands and Spain . At the time of construction in 1987 , the WHT was the third largest single optical telescope in the world . It is currently the second largest in Europe , and was the final telescope constructed by Grubb Parsons in their 150 @-@ year history . The WHT is equipped with a wide range of instruments operating over the optical and near @-@ infrared regimes . These are used by professional astronomers to conduct a wide range of astronomical research . Astronomers using the telescope discovered the first evidence for a supermassive black hole ( Sgr A * ) at the centre of the Milky Way , and made the first optical observation of a gamma @-@ ray burst . = = History = = The WHT was first conceived in the late 1960s , when the 3 @.@ 9 m ( 150 in ) Anglo @-@ Australian Telescope ( AAT ) was being designed . The British astronomical community saw the need for telescopes of comparable power in the northern hemisphere . In particular , there was a need for optical follow @-@ up of interesting sources in the radio surveys being conducted at the Jodrell Bank and Mullard observatories , both located in the UK . The AAT was completed in 1974 , at which point the British Science and Engineering Research Council began planning for a group of three telescopes located in the northern hemisphere ( now known as the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes , ING ) . The telescopes were to be a 1 @.@ 0 m ( 39 in ) ( which became the Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope ) , the 2 @.@ 5 m ( 98 in ) Isaac Newton Telescope which was to be moved from its existing site at Herstmonceux Castle , and a 4m class telescope , initially planned as a 4 @.@ 5 m ( 180 in ) . A new site was chosen at an altitude of 2 @,@ 344 m ( 7 @,@ 690 ft ) on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands , that is now the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos . The project was led by the Royal Greenwich Observatory ( RGO ) , who also operated the telescopes until control passed to an independent ING when the RGO closed in 1998 . By 1979 the 4 m was on the verge of being scrapped due to a ballooning budget , whilst the aperture had been reduced to 4 @.@ 2 m ( 170 in ) . A panel known as the Tiger Team was convened to reduce the cost ; a re @-@ design cut the price @-@ tag by 45 % . Savings were primarily made by reducing the focal length of the telescope – which allowed the use of a smaller dome – and relocating non @-@ essential functions outside the dome to a simpler ( and thus cheaper ) rectangular annexe . In the same year , the Isaac Newton Telescope was moved to Roque de los Muchachos Observatory , becoming the first of the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes . In 1981 the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ( Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research , NWO ) bought a 20 % stake in the project , allowing the WHT to be given the go @-@ ahead . That year was the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Uranus by William Herschel , and it was decided to name the telescope in his honour . Construction of the telescope was by Grubb Parsons , the last telescope that company produced in its 150 @-@ year history . Work began at their workshop in Newcastle @-@ upon @-@ Tyne in 1983 , and the telescope was shipped to La Palma in 1985 ( the two other telescopes of the Isaac Newton Group began operating in 1984 ) . The WHT saw first light on 1 June 1987 ; it was the third largest optical telescope in the world at the time . The total cost of the telescope , including the dome and the full initial suite of instruments , was £ 15M ( in 1984 , equivalent to £ 43M in 2016 ) ; within budget once inflation is taken into account . = = Design = = = = = Optics = = = The telescope consists of a 4 @.@ 20 m ( 165 in ) f / 2 @.@ 5 primary mirror made by Owens @-@ Illinois from Cervit , a zero @-@ expansion glass @-@ ceramic material , and ground by Grubb Parsons . The mirror blank was produced in 1969 as one of a set of four , along with those for the AAT , CFHT and Blanco telescopes , and was purchased for the WHT in 1979 , ten years after it was made . The primary is solid and un @-@ thinned , so no active optics system is required , despite its weight of 16 @.@ 5 tonnes ( 16 @.@ 2 long tons ) . The mirror support cell holds the main mirror on a set of 60 pneumatic cylinders . Even under the most extreme loading ( with the telescope pointing at the horizon , so the mirror is vertical ) the shape of the mirror changes by only 50 nanometres ( 2 @.@ 0 × 10 − 6 in ) ; during normal operation the deformation is much smaller . In its most usual configuration , a 1 @.@ 00 m ( 39 in ) hyperbolic secondary mirror made of Zerodur is used to form a Ritchey Chretien f / 11 Cassegrain system with a 15 arcmin field of view . An additional flat fold mirror allows the use of any one of two Nasmyth platforms or two folded Cassegrain stations , each with 5 arcmin fields of view . The telescope sometimes operates in a wide @-@ field prime focus configuration , in which case the secondary is removed and a three element field @-@ correcting lens inserted , which provides an effective f / 2 @.@ 8 focus with a 60 arcmin field of view ( 40 arcmin unvignetted ) . Changing between the Cassegrain and Nasmyth foci takes a matter of seconds and may be done during the night ; switching to and from prime focus requires replacing the secondary mirror with a prime focus assembly during daytime ( the two are mounted back @-@ to @-@ back ) which takes around 30 minutes . A Coudé focus was planned as a later addition , to feed an optical interferometer with another telescope , but this was never built . A chopping f / 35 secondary mirror was planned for infrared observations , but was placed on hold by the cost @-@ saving re @-@ design and never implemented . = = = Mount = = = The optical system weighs 79 @,@ 513 kg ( 78 @.@ 257 long tons ) and is manoeuvred on an alt @-@ azimuth mount , with a total moving mass of 186 @,@ 250 kg ( 183 @.@ 31 long tons ) ( plus instruments ) . The BTA @-@ 6 and Multi Mirror Telescope had demonstrated during the 1970s the significant weight ( and therefore cost ) savings which could be achieved by the alt @-@ azimuth design compared to the traditional equatorial mount for large telescopes . However , the alt @-@ azimuth design requires continuous computer control , compensation for field rotation at each focus , and results in a 0 @.@ 2 degree radius blind spot at zenith where the drive motors cannot keep up with sidereal motion ( the drives have a maximum speed of one degree per second in each axis ) . The mount is so smooth and finely balanced that before the drive motors were installed it was possible to move the then 160 long tons ( 160 @,@ 000 kg ) assembly by hand . During closed loop guiding , the mount is capable of an absolute pointing accuracy of 0 @.@ 03 arcseconds . = = = Dome = = = The telescope is housed in an onion @-@ shaped steel dome with an internal diameter of 21 m ( 69 ft ) , manufactured by Brittain Steel . The telescope mount is located on a cylindrical concrete pier so that the centre of rotation is 13 @.@ 4 m ( 44 ft ) above ground level , which lifts the telescope above ground @-@ layer air turbulence for better seeing . A conventional up @-@ down 6m @-@ wide shutter with wind @-@ blind , several large vents with extractor fans for thermal control , and a 35 @-@ tonne ( 34 @-@ long @-@ ton ) capacity crane ( used for moving the primary mirror e.g. for aluminising ) are all incorporated . The size and shape of the shutter allow observations down to 12 ° above the horizon , which corresponds to an airmass of 4 @.@ 8 . The total moving mass of the dome is 320 tonnes ( 310 long tons ) , which is mounted on top of a three @-@ storey cylindrical building . The dome was designed to minimise wind stresses and can support up to its own weight again in ice during inclement weather . The dome and telescope rest on separate sets of foundations ( driven 20 metres ( 66 ft ) down into the volcanic basalt ) , to prevent vibrations caused by dome rotation or wind stresses on the building affecting the telescope pointing . Attached to the dome is a three @-@ storey rectangular building which houses the telescope control room , computer room , kitchen etc . Almost no human presence is required inside the dome , which means the environmental conditions can be kept very stable . As a result , the WHT obtains perfect dome seeing . This building also houses a detector laboratory and a realuminising plant . Because the WHT has the largest single mirror at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos , its realuminising plant has a vacuum vessel large enough to accommodate the mirrors from any other telescope on the mountain . As a result , all of the other telescopes at the observatory contract to use the WHT plant for their realuminising ( with the exception of the Gran Telescopio Canarias , which has its own plant ) . = = Operations = = The WHT is operated by the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes ( ING ) , together with the 2.5m Isaac Newton Telescope and 1.0m Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope . Offices and administration are located an hour 's drive away in Santa Cruz de La Palma , the island 's capital . Funding is provided by the UK 's Science and Technology Facilities Council ( STFC , 65 % ) , the Netherlands ' Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ( NWO , 25 % ) and Spain 's Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias ( IAC , 10 % ) ( 2008 values ) . Telescope time is distributed in proportion to this funding , although Spain receives an additional 20 % allocation in return for use of the observatory site . Five percent of observing time is further reserved for astronomers of other nationalities . As a competitive research telescope , the WHT is heavily oversubscribed , typically receiving applications for three to four times as much observing time as is actually available . The vast majority of observations are carried out in visitor mode i.e. with the investigating astronomer physically present at the telescope . A shift to service mode operations ( those carried out by observatory staff on behalf of astronomers who do not travel to the telescope ) has been considered and rejected on scientific and operational grounds . = = Instruments = = The WHT is equipped with a wide range of scientific instruments , providing astronomers with the capabilities to conduct a large variety of scientific investigations . As of 2010 , the current common @-@ user instrumentation is : ACAM Auxiliary @-@ port CAMera – optical imager / spectrograph , with broad- and narrow @-@ band imaging over an 8 ' field and low @-@ resolution ( R < 900 ) spectroscopy . Permanently mounted at one of the broken @-@ Cassegrain foci . AF2 Autofib2 – robot fibre positioner , 150 science fibres and 10 fiducial bundles over a 1 ° field . Mounted at prime focus . WYFFOS Wide field Fibre Fed Optical Spectrograph – bench @-@ mounted optical spectrograph fed from AF2 , R = 200 @-@ 11 @,@ 000 . Located in one of the Nasmyth enclosures , though it does not use the Nasmyth focus . ISIS Intermediate dispersion Spectrograph and Imaging System – medium resolution ( R = 1 @,@ 800 @-@ 20 @,@ 000 ) long @-@ slit dual @-@ beam optical spectrograph . Mounted at Cassegrain focus . ISIS was one of the original first generation of WHT instruments . LIRIS Long @-@ slit Intermediate Resolution Infrared Spectrograph – near @-@ infrared imager / spectrograph , with imaging over a 4 ' field , spectral resolutions R = 700 @-@ 2500 , spectropolarimetry , and long slit and multi @-@ object slit @-@ masks . Mounted at Cassegrain focus . NAOMI Natural @-@ guide @-@ star Adaptive Optics for Multi @-@ purpose Instrumentation – an adaptive optics feed , operating over the entire optical and near @-@ infrared wavelength regions . Permanently mounted at one of the Nasmyth foci . GLAS Ground @-@ layer Laser Adaptive optics System – laser guide star for optional use with NAOMI INGRID Isaac Newton Group Red Imaging Device – high spatial resolution near @-@ infrared camera for use with NAOMI OSCA Optimised Stellar Coronograph for Adaptive Optics – high @-@ contrast coronograph for optional use with INGRID OASIS Optically Adaptive System for Imaging Spectroscopy – optical integral field unit for use with NAOMI PFIP Prime Focus Imaging Platform – wide field optical camera , with broad- and narrow @-@ band imaging over a 16 ' field . Mounted at prime focus . In addition the WHT is a popular telescope for single @-@ purpose visitor instruments , which in recent years have included GHαFaS , INTEGRAL , PLANETPOL , PNS , SAURON , FASTCAM and ULTRACAM . Visitor instruments can use either the Cassegrain focus or one of the Nasmyth foci . A common set of calibration lamps ( Helium and Neon arc lamps , and a Tungsten flat @-@ field lamp ) are permanently mounted at one of the broken @-@ Cassegrain foci , and can be used for any of the other instruments . The ISIS and LIRIS are the workhorses of the WHT , and approximately two @-@ thirds of all time awarded is for these two instruments . = = Scientific research = = Astronomers use the WHT to conduct scientific research across most branches of observational astronomy , including solar system science , gal	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
of finding him and when , in 1990 , she moved to Berlin , she met people who offered to help her trace her father and that side of her family . In 1993 , at the age of 46 , she finally met her father and his large American family in Chicago , where she was welcomed and accepted as an equal . Hügel @-@ Marshall later said " here is my journey 's end " , referring to the meeting , adding " I knew my survival in a white racist society was not for nothing " . He died the following year . Hügel @-@ Marshall has taught gender studies and psychological counselling in Berlin , having gained a degree in social pedagogics . She works as a psychotherapist with an inter @-@ cultural focus , and is also an artist who specialises in color drawings and wood sculpture . = = Activism = = In Munich in 1986 , Hügel @-@ Marshall co @-@ founded the Afro @-@ Deutsch women 's movement ADEFRA . " ADEFRA " is short for " afrodeutsche Frauen " ( Afro @-@ German Women ) . It uses literature and the media to call attention to the status of Afro @-@ Germans as " statistically invisible and yet uncomfortably conspicious . [ sic ] " She and other German @-@ born , German @-@ speaking people with African ancestry were commonly not accepted as German because of their skin colour . The Afro @-@ Deutsch movement , a forerunner to the Black European identity movement , used community building " to resist marginalization and discrimination , to gain social acceptance , and to construct a cultural identity for themselves . " Hügel @-@ Marshall 's work has been influenced by American civil rights activist Audre Lorde . Lorde was living in Germany when ADEFRA was founded , and encouraged Afro @-@ Germans to come together and discuss their lives . She encouraged them to write their autobiographies , which Hügel @-@ Marshall did . She and Lorde first met in 1987 , by which time Hügel @-@ Marshall had read substantial material of Lorde 's work and was excited that they would meet . In 2012 , she attended the Audre Lorde Legacy Cultural Festival in Chicago with lesbian activist Dagmar Schultz . Hügel @-@ Marshall has a positive relationship with Chicago , as it was here she found her father . = = Autobiography = = In 1998 Hügel @-@ Marshall published her autobiography , Daheim unterwegs : Ein deutsches Leben , chronicling her experiences surviving as a black woman in Germany . Daheim means " at home " while unterwegs means " on the way " or " in transit " ; the combination is a deliberate oxymoron suggesting someone seeking a home in her own country . The English translation of the book , published in 2001 by Continuum International Publishers , is titled Invisible Woman : Growing Up Black in Germany ; an annotated English version was published by Peter Lang Publishing in 2008 . The book explores the relationship with her father and with Germany , and describes a search for her identity . The book has won the Audre Lorde Literary award and has been read by Hügel @-@ Marshall at public events across Germany , Austria and the US . It has been described as " an intensely moving journey in search of herself ... a personal story , but also a microcosm of racism in contemporary Germany " and " in many ways , paradigmatic for the Black @-@ German experience . " In 2007 she gave a reading and seminar on the book at the University of Rochester and in 2012 , she gave a public reading at the Goethe Institute 's annual Berlin & Beyond Film Festival . = The Scientist ( song ) = " The Scientist " is the second single from British alternative rock band Coldplay 's second studio album , A Rush of Blood to the Head ( 2002 ) . The song was written collaboratively by all the band members for the album . It is built around a piano ballad , with its lyrics telling the story about a man 's desire to love and an apology . The song was released in the United Kingdom as the second single from A Rush of Blood to the Head and reached number 10 in the UK Charts . It was released in the United States as the third single and reached number 18 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 34 on the Adult Top 40 chart . Critics were highly positive towards " The Scientist " and praised the song 's piano ballad and falsetto . Several remixes of the track exist , and its riff has been widely sampled . The single 's music video won three MTV Music Video Awards , for the video 's use of reverse narrative . The song was also featured on the band 's 2003 live album Live 2003 and has been a permanent fixture in the band 's live set lists since 2002 . = = Background = = Vocalist Chris Martin wrote " The Scientist " after listening to George Harrison 's " All Things Must Pass " . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Martin revealed that while working on the band 's second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head , he knew that the album was missing something . One night , during a stay in Liverpool , Martin found an old piano that was out of tune . He wanted to work on Harrison 's song , " Isn 't It a Pity " , but he could not manage to do so . When the song came to Martin , he asked that the recorder be turned on . He concluded by saying that he came across this chord sequence and noted that the chord was " lovely " . Martin recorded the vocals and piano takes in a studio in Liverpool . When asked about the development of the song , during a track @-@ by @-@ track reveal , Martin said : " That 's just about girls . It 's weird that whatever else is on your mind , whether it 's the downfall of global economics or terrible environmental troubles , the thing that always gets you most is when you fancy someone . " The liner notes from A Rush of Blood to the Head , on the other hand , states that " The Scientist is Dan . " , with Dan referring to Dan Keeling , the A & R man who signed the band to Parlophone . = = Composition = = The song is a piano @-@ driven ballad ; the song also contains a piano riff . Chris Martin opens the song and is joined by the rest of the band after the first chorus . The song begins with a four @-@ chord piano melody , with Martin singing . The track also includes a string arrangement . Towards the end of the song , an electric guitar can be heard . The lyrics to the song allude to a man 's powerlessness in the face of love . His helplessness is exemplified in the first line of the chorus , as Martin cries " nobody said it was easy " . The song implies that he wants to go " back to the start . " The first lines of the first verse emphasise an apology : " Come up to meet you / tell you I 'm sorry / you don 't know how lovely you are . " The song 's title also alludes to science in question in verse three : " I was just guessing at numbers and figures / pulling the puzzles apart / questions of science , science and progress / do not speak as loud as my heart . " = = Release = = Coldplay released " The Scientist " in Europe on 4 November 2002 as the album 's second single . The single was pressed with two B @-@ sides : " 1 @.@ 36 " and " I Ran Away . " While preparing for the song as the album 's second release , the band 's US label felt the song failed to " provide enough of a blood rush for American listeners " ; instead , they released " Clocks " as the second single in the US . The song was released on 15 April 2003 in the US . " The Scientist " appeared on Australia Singles Chart at number 40 on 1 November 2003 . It appeared on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks at number 18 . The song peaked at number sixteen at Canada Singles Chart . The song peaked at number 10 in UK Top 75 on 17 November 2002 . The single 's cover , created by Sølve Sundsbø , as with the album 's other singles , features a band member , which in this case is drummer Will Champion . = = Reception = = " The Scientist " received widespread critical acclaim . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone , in his review of the album , wrote : " The fantastic piano ballad ' The Scientist ' ... [ has ] a cataclysmic falsetto finale that could raise every hair on the back of your neck . " Nick Southall of Stylus magazine wrote : " The piano that chimes through ' The Scientist ' is captured perfectly , the warm depression of each individual key caught rather than a shrill ringing as is so often the case . " Ian Watson of NME wrote : " ' The Scientist ' is a song inexorably linked with the endless night sky and the secret hopes and regrets of a hundred thousand strangers . " In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 37 on its list " 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years " . In 2009 , Rolling Stone ranked it number 54 on its " 100 Best Songs of the Decade " list . In April 2013 , A Rush of Blood to the Head triumphed in a poll of Radio 2 listeners in the United Kingdom and was named the " favourite album of all time " beating out albums composed by artists like The Beatles and The Rolling Stones . = = Other versions = = In 2003 , " The Scientist " was featured on Coldplay 's live album Live 2003 . The song was covered live by Aimee Mann and released on a special edition of her album Lost in Space . Natasha Bedingfield , Alex Band , Eamon , and Avril Lavigne covered the song on Jo Whiley 's Live Lounge radio show . Also , Belinda Carlisle did a live rendition on the ITV1 reality show Hit Me Baby One More Time . The British female quartet All Angels did a choral arrangement of the song on their album Into Paradise which was released in 2007 . The chords to this song are replicated by Sum 41 in their song " Pieces . " In addition , the American television show MADtv did a parody of the video , called " The Narcissist . " Coldplay 's original version plus a cover of the track performed by Johnette Napolitano and Danny Lohner were featured in the 2004 film Wicker Park . Allison Iraheta and Kris Allen performed an acoustic duet of the song at Oprah Winfrey 's " No Phone Zone " rally in Los Angeles , California . In 2011 , Willie Nelson covered it for a Chipotle Mexican Grill @-@ sponsored short film titled " Back to the Start " , highlighting the problems of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations . It also appears as the last cut on his 2012 album Heroes . Nelson 's version plays during the closing credits of the 2014 movie The Judge . In 2012 , Glee cast covered it in season 4 , episode 4 , titled " The Break Up " . The song was performed by Cory Monteith , Darren Criss , Naya Rivera , Matthew Morrison , Lea Michele , Chris Colfer , Heather Morris and Jayma Mays . The Voice ( U.S. ) contestant Holly Henry performed the song for her blind audition in 2013 , which led to all four coaches wanting her on their team . In 2014 , actress / singer Miley Cyrus covered the song at selected stops of her Bangerz Tour . In 2015 , The Voice U.S. contestant Chase Kerby performed the song for his blind audition . His performance led Gwen Stefani to turn around , and he instantly became part of Team Gwen , although Adam said he loved the song and thanked him for singing it . = = Personnel = = Chris Martin – vocals , piano , synthesizer Jonny Buckland – guitars Will Champion – drums , backing vocals Guy Berryman – bass guitar = = Music video = = The popular music video for " The Scientist " was notable for its distinctive reverse narrative , which employed reverse video . The same concept had been previously used for Spike Jonze 's 1996 music video for The Pharcyde 's " Drop . " The reverse video style had first been seen in 1989 for the video for the song " The Second Summer of Love " by Scottish band Danny Wilson . In order for Martin to appear to be singing the lyrics in the reversed footage , he had to learn to sing the song backwards , which took him a month . The video was filmed at various locations , including London and at Bourne Woods in Surrey , before the first leg of the A Rush of Blood to the Head tour . It was directed by Jamie Thraves . The video premiered on 14 August 2002 . The video opens , looking down on Martin who is singing , as he lies on his back on a mattress . As the camera shot pulls back , the mattress is revealed to be outside . A cyclist cycles past in reverse and Martin leaps up from the mattress . He walks in reverse through a city , out into the suburbs and eventually crossing a railway line and into woods , picking up his suit jacket as he goes . Upon arriving at his car , a black BMW , he gets in and briefly passes out . A woman , at first shown lying unresponsive on the ground in front of the car , is shown flying back in through the shattered windscreen . The car rolls back up a hill in the woods and through a broken fence , which joins back together as the car passes through it . As the video closes , the couple is shown driving back up the road . It is revealed that Martin 's passenger had removed her seat belt , in order to put her jacket on , just before the car accident , causing her death . Irish actress Elaine Cassidy portrays the female passenger . In 2003 , " The Scientist " won multiple MTV Video Music Awards for Best Group Video , Best Direction , and Breakthrough Video . It was also nominated at the 2004 Grammy Awards for Best Short Form Music Video but lost to Johnny Cash 's video for " Hurt " . = = Track listing = = CD " The Scientist " – 5 : 11 " 1 @.@ 36 " – 2 : 05 " I Ran Away " – 4 : 26 " 1 @.@ 36 " features Tim Wheeler of Ash on guitar . DVD " The Scientist " ( Edit ) " The Scientist " ( video running backwards ) " Lips Like Sugar " ( Live , Echo & the Bunnymen – Cover ) Interview with band members = = Charts and certifications = = = Salta , Cumbria = Salta is a hamlet in the parish of Holme St Cuthbert in northwestern Cumbria , United Kingdom . It is located 1 @.@ 1 miles ( 1 @.@ 8 km ) southwest of the village of Mawbray , and 25 @.@ 1 miles ( 40 @.@ 4 km ) southwest of the city of Carlisle . It has a population of about 35 people . Salta can only be accessed from the lane from Mawbray , which goes on to join the B5300 coast road , although two public bridleways provide access over the fields from Hailforth and Mawbray . The hamlet consists of mainly bungalows , and a farm is still in operation in the vicinity . A caravan park , Manor House Park , is situated across the Moss to the southeast , to the southwest of the hamlet of Edderside . The settlement 's name is derived from " sēalt @-@ tir " , meaning " salt land " in Old English , as during Anglo @-@ Saxon times , salt making was a major industry on the Solway Plain . Fortified during the Roman period , in the 1550s , Salta participated in a system called " seawake " , a night watch to guard the coast against incursions across the Solway by the Scots . Salta Moss was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1954 and forms part of the Solway Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . It is home to a diversity of wildlife , including Adders , Britain 's only native venomous snake , and several varieties of heather , as well as the purple moor grass Molinia caerulea . = = History = = The name " Salta " comes from Old English " sēalt @-@ tir " , meaning " salt land " . In Anglo @-@ Saxon times , salt making was a major industry on the Solway coast , and there are remains of medieval salt pans near Milefortlet 21 , only a few miles down the coast from Salta . Salta appears in older documents with several variant spellings , including " Sathowe " . On Salta Moss , an area of common land next to the hamlet , a Bronze Age rapier ( a kind of sword ) was discovered in the 1980s , proving that the area was settled by ancient Britons millennia ago . The rapier currently resides in the Tullie House Museum in Carlisle , and archaeologists date it as being crafted as early as 1100 BC . Two perforated axe @-@ hammers and a polished axe dated to the Neolithic period were unearthed at nearby Mawbray . After the arrival of Romans in Britain , the area around Salta was fortified as part of the coastal defences which extended beyond the western end of Hadrian 's Wall . By the 1550s , Salta participated in a system called " seawake " , which was a night watch to guard the coast against incursions across the Solway by the Scots . These incursions were frequent , and on one occasion in 1592 at Dubmill , near Salta , a Mr Barwise the local miller was taken prisoner by Scottish raiders . One of the properties in Salta is known to date from the 16th century , and the hamlet has been continually inhabited ever since . During the Second World War , 43 evacuees from the Newcastle @-@ Upon @-@ Tyne area were billeted to the parish of Holme St. Cuthbert , and several ended up in Salta . Development in the 20th century saw new houses built , but mainline water and electricity arrived later than in other parts of Britain , perhaps due to the small population . Excavations of a cropmark enclosure at Edderside , beyond the Moss to the southeast of Salta , were conducted in 1989 – 1990 by Robert H. Bewley . The Kelsick House wind turbine was approved for construction in 2013 in spite of local opposition , 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) to the northeast , to the south of Abbeytown , and will join a number of other wind turbines in the area around Salta . = = Geography and farming = = Salta lies near the coast of northwestern Cumbria . By road it is situated 1 @.@ 1 miles ( 1 @.@ 8 km ) south of Mawbray , 1 @.@ 8 miles ( 2 @.@ 9 km ) north of Allonby , 2 @.@ 3 miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) southwest of Holme St Cuthbert and 7 @.@ 4 miles ( 11 @.@ 9 km ) southwest of Abbeytown . It shares very close community ties with nearby Mawbray , although the city of Carlisle provides wider amenities , some 25 @.@ 1 miles ( 40 @.@ 4 km ) to the northeast . The shore of Allonby Bay , an inlet of the Solway Firth , is a mere half @-@ a @-@ mile to the west of the hamlet . A beck ( a local word meaning " stream " ) flows through Salta , fed in part by irrigation channels . This beck eventually joins the Black Dub and drains into the Solway Firth at Dubmill . Salta Moss is a Site of Special Scientific Interest , both for its natural and historical significance , and is itself is located in a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty which covers much of the Solway Plain . The Moss is an area of peatland , containing " mainly oligotrophic semi- fibrous grass @-@ sedge peat " according to Soil Survey Record . It combines characteristics of both a raised bog and a valley mire , and lies atop deposits of glacial sand from the last ice age . It was designated an SSSI in 1954 . Having been cut with irrigation channels , and been the site of burning and peat working , Salta Moss has different flora than other bogs or mires on the Solway Plain . The Moss today is common ground , but a track runs through it to provide access for local farmers to outlying fields , which surround it . An irrigation ditch has also been dug to provide drainage to the surrounding farmland . There is some concern that areas of the Moss have been damaged or partly destroyed as a result of agricultural activity , including the digging of drainage ditches . Natural England , the agency responsible for the management of SSSIs in England , has suggested that no further irrigation channels should be dug , existing ones should not be deepened , and that the area should not be exposed to fertilisers or surface water run @-@ off . Natural England further notes that the site 's continued status as an SSSI depends on maintaining a high water table . = = = Climate = = = Salta , like the rest of the Solway plain , has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ) , with warm summers and cool winters which generally avoid extremes of temperature . Salta has a cool climate , with average daytime highs of around 19 ° C during July and 7 ° C during December , although lows of − 12 ° C have been recorded . It is wet all year round , with rain or drizzle expected on 16 to 19 days of most months . Snowfall is relatively uncommon . = = Flora and fauna = = Salta , and the Moss in particular , is home to a variety of plant and animal life , including some rare specimens . Adders , Britain 's only native venomous snake , are seen on the Moss , and prey upon small rodents , such as voles . Many wild bird species inhabit Salta and the surrounding area , including larger species such as pheasants , which are also bred locally for hunting . The Moss contains several varieties of heather , as well as the purple moor grass Molinia caerulea . Ferns and gorse are common too , and in areas where peat has been cut in the past , there are bog mosses , the bog bean Menyanthus trifoliata , and marsh pennywort . = = Landmarks and amenities = = Salta today is still a very small settlement , home to approximately 35 people . Most of the houses are fairly modern bungalows , such as those named Barnfield , Heather Moor , Moss View and Tamberry , although there are older two @-@ floor cottages on either side of the hamlet . Another bungalow is named Anchorage , which features a ship anchor scheme on its gates . There is still a functioning farm in Salta , which is passed on the lane accessing the hamlet . There are other farms in Mawbray and Allonby , and the hamlet is surrounded by farmland belonging to these local farmers . Though the road through the hamlet comes to a dead @-@ end , and is accessed by lane only from the coastal B5300 road or Mawbray , two public bridleways at the end provide access over the fields to Hailforth and Mawbray , with the latter emerging right next to the pub in the centre of the village . A caravan park , Manor House Park , is situated across the peat to the southeast , to the southwest of the hamlet of Edderside . Allerdale Borough Council provides refuse collection , streetlighting , and other modern amenities . The nearest primary schools are Allonby Primary School in Allonby and Holme St Cuthbert School near Mawbray , and the nearest secondary school is Beacon Hill Community School in Aspatria . Modern Salta is a predominantly Christian community , though the local Church is located at Holme St Cuthbert , several miles away . As at 2014 , a bus service runs between Silloth and Workington on the B5300 approximately every two hours , and can be requested to make a stop at Dubmill , near Salta . = Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea = Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea is a town in Somerset , England , at the mouth of the River Parrett and Bridgwater Bay . Burnham was a small fishing village until the late 18th century , when it began to grow because of its popularity as a seaside resort . It forms part of the parish of Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea and Highbridge and shares a town council with its neighbouring market town of Highbridge . According to the 2011 census the population of the parish ( i.e. including Highbridge ) was 19 @,@ 576 , of which the populations of the wards of Burnham Central and Burnham North , which made up most of the town , totalled 13 @,@ 601 . The position of the town on the edge of the Somerset Levels and moors where they meet the Bristol Channel , has resulted in a history dominated by land reclamation and sea defences since Roman times . Burnham was seriously affected by the Bristol Channel floods of 1607 , with the present curved concrete wall being completed in 1988 . There have been many shipwrecks on the Gore Sands , which lie just offshore and can be exposed at low tides . Lighthouses are hence prominent landmarks in the town , with the original lighthouse known as the Round Tower built to replace the light on the top of the 14th century tower of St Andrews Church . The 110 @-@ foot ( 34 @-@ metre ) pillar or High Lighthouse and the low wooden pile lighthouse or Lighthouse on legs on the beach were built to replace it . The town 's first lifeboat was provided in 1836 by the Corporation of Bridgwater . A stone pier was built in 1858 by the Somerset Central Railway . Soon afterwards , in 1860 , a steamer service to Wales was inaugurated , but it was never a commercial success , and ended in 1888 . Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea railway station was the terminus of the Burnham branch of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway . It opened in 1858 , closed to scheduled passenger traffic in 1951 , and stopped being used for excursions in 1962 . The former Great Western Railway station is now known as Highbridge and Burnham . A second pier , built of concrete between 1911 and 1914 , is claimed to be the shortest pier in Britain . = = History = = The name Burnham is derived from Burnhamm , as it was called in the will of King Alfred , made up from the Old English words Burna meaning stream and Hamm for enclosure . On @-@ Sea was added later as there are several other towns of the same name in England . The history of Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea is the history of the reclamation of the Somerset Levels from the River Severn and the Bristol Channel . The Romans were the first peoples to try to reclaim the Somerset levels , and it was their people who were probably the first settlers in the high sand dunes behind the River Parrett . This could have been in part to maintain navigational systems , to aid ships entering the River Parrett and what is now Highbridge . When the Romans left , the system of drainage they installed was not maintained , and the areas reverted to become a tidal salt flat during the Anglo Saxon period . It is likely that at the time of the Norman Domesday book , settlements existed at Burnham and Huntspill , their common boundary running along what is now the Westhill Rhyne . The church at Burnham and its lands were given to Gloucester Abbey in the 12th century , later transferred to the Wells Cathedral along with up to 50 houses surrounding the church . Burnham was part of the hundred of Bempstone . One of the earliest recorded incidents to affect the town was the Bristol Channel floods of 1607 , since when various flood defences have been installed . In 1911 a concrete wall was built . After the Second World War , further additions to the defences against the sea were added by bringing part of the remains of a Mulberry harbour used for the Normandy Landings , and burying them in the sand . Today the town is defended from flooding by a large curved concrete wall , completed in 1988 following serious flooding in 1981 . The wall runs along the Esplanade , and serves as the canvas for a wide variety of graffiti and street art . The USS Aulick was a Clemson @-@ class destroyer in the United States Navy built in 1918 to 1919 . In 1940 she was transferred to the British under the agreement with the United Kingdom exchanging American destroyers for bases in the Atlantic . She transferred to the Royal Navy where she served as HMS Burnham ( H82 ) during the Second World War . In 1942 , Burnham was formally adopted by Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea . In 1944 , she was used on aircraft training duties in the Western Approaches Command , which allowed a contingent from the ship to visit the town and march through its streets . Burnham was reduced to reserve at Milford Haven , Wales , in November 1944 . She was ultimately scrapped at Pembroke , in December 1948 . = = Geography = = Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea is notable for its beach and mudflats , the danger they pose to individuals and shipping , and the efforts to which locals have gone in defending their town and preventing loss of life . Burnham is close to the estuary of the River Parrett where it flows into the Bristol Channel , which has the second highest tidal range in the world . At 11 m ( 36 ft ) , it is second only to the Bay of Fundy in Eastern Canada . Burnham 's extensive mud flats are characteristic of Bridgwater Bay and the rest of the Bristol Channel , where the tide can recede for over 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 kilometres ) . Bridgwater Bay consists of large areas of mud flats , saltmarsh , sandflats and shingle ridges , some of which are vegetated . It has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1989 , and is designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention . Apex Leisure and Wildlife Park , in the south @-@ west corner of Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea , north of the River Brue , occupies an area of more than 42 acres ( 17 hectares ) . The park was created from excavated clay pits , which were flooded , and the lakes are now home to many types of wildlife and leisure activities . Hinkley Point is a headland extending into Bridgwater Bay 5 mi ( 8 km ) west of Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea , close to the mouth of the River Parrett . The landscape of Hinkley Point is dominated by two nuclear power stations : Hinkley Point A – Magnox ( now closed ) and Hinkley Point B – AGR . A third , twin @-@ unit European Pressurized Reactor ( EPR ) reactor is planned , and will become Hinkley Point C. = = = Climate = = = Along with the rest of South West England , Burnham has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country . The annual mean temperature is approximately 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures . The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . In winter , mean minimum temperatures of 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) or 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) are common . In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south @-@ west of England , however convective cloud sometimes forms inland , reducing the number of hours of sunshine . Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1 @,@ 600 hours . In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton . Most the rainfall in the south @-@ west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection . Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions , which is when they are most active . In summer , a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms . Average rainfall is around 700 mm ( 28 in ) . About 8 – 15 days of snowfall is typical . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds , and June to August have the lightest winds . The predominant wind direction is from the south @-@ west . = = = Sea defences = = = Burnham was seriously affected by the Bristol Channel floods of 1607 , and various flood defences have been installed since then . In 1911 , a concrete sea wall was built , and after World War II further additions to the defences were made using the remains of a Mulberry harbour . On 13 December 1981 , a large storm hit the North Somerset coast . Meteorological conditions resulted in a very intense secondary low @-@ pressure area moving rapidly at 40 knots ( 74 km / h ; 46 mph ) into the Bristol Channel , with pressure dropping from 1 @,@ 012 to 962 hectopascals ( 29 @.@ 9 to 28 @.@ 4 inches of mercury ) between 00 : 00 and 18 : 00 . This caused a large rising surge in sea level , with the maximum surge at Hinkley Point measured at 1 @.@ 3 m ( 4 ft 3 in ) above the 7 @.@ 4 m ( 24 ft 3 in ) tidal level Ordnance Datum ( OD ) at 20 : 25 , and 1 @.@ 3 m ( 4 ft 3 in ) measured at Avonmouth . The wind was measured at 40 knots ( 74 km / h ; 46 mph ) from the west . Over topping of the sea defences along a 7 mi ( 11 km ) stretch of the Somerset coast at 22 locations from Clevedon to Porlock began after 19 : 30 , and continued until about 21 : 30 when the wind speed had reached 50 knots ( 93 km / h ; 58 mph ) from the west . Although there was no loss of life , the resultant flooding covered 12 @,@ 500 acres ( 5 @,@ 100 ha ) of land , affecting 1 @,@ 072 houses and commercial properties , with £ 150 @,@ 000 worth of livestock killed and £ 50 @,@ 000 of feed and grain destroyed . Wessex Water Authority estimated the total cost of the damage caused at £ 6M . This resulted in a three @-@ year programme of sea defence assessment , repair and improvement . Burnham , being the largest occupied town within the 1981 surge affected area , also bore the brunt of the resultant damage . 400 properties were affected , with pavements , stone and concrete from the sea wall ripped up and the Esplande destroyed ; total damage within the parish was estimated at £ 1.5M. Although emergency repairs were undertaken , Wessex Water Authority began planning new sea defences for the town . Construction work started in 1983 on a £ 7M scheme , creating what was then Britain ’ s biggest wave return wall . The scheme raised the level of the sea wall and the promenade by 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) , by creating a 1 @.@ 6 km ( 0 @.@ 99 mi ) long and 3 @.@ 2 m ( 10 ft 6 in ) high sea wall , and a new wider Esplanade . Taking five years to complete and coming into operation in 1988 , beach access is now via a series of raised steps for visitors , with three vehicle access points which can be closed during storms using sealed gates . = = = Lifeboats and BARB = = = There have been many shipwrecks on the Gore Sands . The first lifeboat was sent to Burnham by the Bridgwater Corporation in 1836 , and a replacement boat in 1847 . The first Royal National Lifeboat was funded by the town of Cheltenham , and arrived in 1866 . The lifeboat was removed in 1930 because of the difficulty in getting a full crew , and because the launching arrangements were not suitable for a powered boat . The current Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea Lifeboat Station is the base for Royal National Lifeboat Institution ( RNLI ) search and rescue operations . The present station was opened in 2003 . It operates two inshore lifeboats ( ILBs ) , a B Class rigid @-@ hulled boat and an inflatable D Class . The Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea Area Rescue Boat now known as BARB Search & Rescue was set up in 1992 to fund and operate rescue craft in the Bridgwater Bay area . BARB 's boat house on the sea front was built in 1994 by the Challenge Anneka TV show . In 2002 , Lelaina Hall , a five @-@ year @-@ old girl from Worcester , died on the mud flats before help could reach her . The outcry over her death prompted a Western Daily Press campaign to fund an inshore hovercraft . BARB currently operates the Spirit of Lelaina alongside her sister hovercraft the Light of Elizabeth , which is named after Lelaina 's sister . = = Present = = Modern Burnham has become a quiet residential town outside of the holiday season , and in the last 10 years with the community of Highbridge has gained the patronage of the well @-@ known brands as seen in most modern day high streets . This has been driven by modern housing development to the east of the town and within Highbridge , allowing easy access via the M5 to Bristol to the north and Taunton to the south , although Burnham is still a noted retirement town often for those from the West Midlands who have previously holidayed there . The first purpose @-@ built Somerfield supermarket on the site of the former S & DJR railway station opened in 1983 , which operated as a Morrisons until November 2015 . Also established in the town are a Lidl , Tesco and , in Highbridge , an Asda . The high street area has over 160 retailers and it has a large number of vintage , secondhand goods and cafes . Many national brands such as Boots the Chemists , Greggs bakery , Costa Coffee , and Specsavers are also present . The major banks and all of the local building societies can also be found along the high street , whilst J D Wetherspoon now operates one of the main public houses on the sea front . = = Governance = = The civil parish of Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea and Highbridge has responsibility for local issues , including setting an annual precept ( local rate ) to cover the council 's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny . The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police , district council officers , and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime , security , and traffic . The parish council 's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities , as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance , repair , and improvement of highways , drainage , footpaths , public transport , and street cleaning . In recent years the parish council has become a significant grant funder of local organisations and events . There is currently a debate underway about the correct disbursement and monitoring of these grants , following allegations of impropriety regarding some councillors . Burnham was a large ancient parish , and until the late 19th century included the then hamlet of Highbridge and rural areas around Edithmead . In 1894 Highbridge became a separate civil parish , itself divided in 1896 between the new civil parishes of North Highbridge ( within Highbridge Urban District ) and Burnham Without . Burnham itself became Burnham Urban District , renamed Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea Urban District in 1917 . In 1933 it annexed Highbridge Urban District . This combined urban district became a civil parish in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 . The town now falls within the non @-@ metropolitan district of Sedgemoor , which was formed under the same legislation . Sedgemoor is responsible for local planning and building control , local roads , council housing , environmental health , markets and fairs , refuse collection and recycling , cemeteries and crematoria , leisure services , parks , and tourism . Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education , social services , libraries , main roads , public transport , policing and fire services , trading standards , waste disposal and strategic planning . There are two electoral wards in the town itself ( Central and North ) making the total population at the 2011 census mentioned above of 13 @,@ 601 . It falls within the Wells county constituency which elects one Member of Parliament ( MP ) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , by the first past the post voting system . As of 2010 , the MP is Tessa Munt of the Liberal Democrats . It is also within the South West England of the European Parliament which elects six MEPs using the d 'Hondt method of party @-@ list proportional representation . = = Landmarks = = = = = Lighthouses = = = Because of its position near the mouth of the River Parrett , and the constantly shifting sands of the Bristol Channel , there has always been a significant risk to shipping in the area . As a result , several lighthouses , have been built . The original lighthouse , known as the Round Tower , was built after the local vicar , either John Goulden in 1764 or Walter Harris in 1799 , raised a subscription amongst the local population to replace the light on the top of St Andrews Church tower . The four @-@ storey Round Tower was built next to the church . It was taken over and improved by Trinity House in 1815 , and operated until 1832 , following which the top two storeys were removed . The 110 ft ( 34 m ) pillar or High Lighthouse was designed and built by Joseph Nelson for Trinity House in 1830 , and equipped with a paraffin lamp . The ground floor was 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) in diameter and the top room 3 m ( 9 ft 10 in ) . It was automated in 1920 . In 1992 , it was sold to a member of the Rothschild family , who owned it until 1996 , when it was bought at auction by Patrick O 'Hagan . Conversion for residential use included the removal of the 6th floor and the construction of stairs where there had previously only been ladders . A Grade II listed building , it is now available for holiday lets . The low wooden pile lighthouse or " Lighthouse on legs " , was built two years later , also by Joseph Nelson , to complement the High Lighthouse . It is a total of 36 ft ( 11 m ) high , with the light being at 23 ft ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) above the sand . It stands on nine wooden piers , some with plate metal reinforcement . The structure is whitewashed with a vertical red stripe on the sea side . The lights were inactive between 1969 and 1993 , but were recommissioned when the High Lighthouse lights were permanently deactivated . They have a focal plane of 7 m ( 23 ft 0 in ) and provide a white flash every 7 @.@ 5 seconds , plus a directional light ( white , red , or green depending on direction ) at a focal plane of 4 m ( 13 ft 1 in ) . = = = Pier = = = A 900 ft ( 270 m ) stone pier was constructed in 1858 by the Somerset Central Railway . Soon afterwards , in 1860 , a steamer service to Wales was inaugurated , but it was never a commercial success , and ended in 1888 . The pier retains its railway lines under a surface coating of concrete . The concrete pier , built in 1911 – 1914 , is claimed to be the shortest pier in Britain . In 2008 , it was rated amongst the top five piers in Britain by the Daily Express . = = = Listed buildings = = = The Esplanade along the sea front contains several listed buildings from the early 19th century , including number 44 , which is also known as Steart House , and numbers 46 and 47 . On Berrow Road , near the High Lighthouse , numbers 4 , 6 and 8 were part of a terrace built between 1838 and 1841 . Number 31 was previously a lodge . On the corner of Berrow Road and Sea View is a drinking fountain from 1897 with a single dressed stone pier and moulded plinth , topped by a cast iron urn . Each side has the lions head design with those on the north and south sides giving water into a Purbeck Marble bowl . = = Education = = Primary schools in the town providing education for children up to the age of 11 include : Berrow Church of England Primary School , Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea Community Infants School , St Andrew 's Church of England Junior School , St Joseph 's Catholic Primary School and Nursery . The nearest secondary school is The King Alfred School , a coeducational comprehensive school located in Highbridge , often referred to as the ' College of Knoweledge ' . The school is a specialist Sports College . In 2007 , the school celebrated its 50th anniversary . The facilities of the dual @-@ use King Alfred Sports Centre , which is next to the school site , are shared between the school and town . = = Religious sites = = The parish church , St. Andrew 's , is a Grade I listed building dating from the 14th century . It has a 78 ft ( 24 m ) high tower , which leans significantly from the vertical , caused by its poor foundations . During the 18th century , a light was placed on the tower to guide fishing boats into the harbour . The church contains a number of marble carvings designed by Sir Christopher Wren for the private chapel in the Palace of Westminster . There are also places of worship for Baptists , Methodists , Roman Catholics and Jehovah 's Witnesses in the town . = = Transport = = Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea railway station was the terminus of the Burnham branch of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway , but the tracks continued onto the jetty , where ferry services to South Wales could be boarded . The station opened in 1858 as Burnham , and was renamed Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea in 1920 . It closed to scheduled passenger traffic in 1951 and stopped being used for excursions in 1962 . It finally closed to goods traffic in 1963 . The former Great Western Railway station is now known as Highbridge and Burnham . The station was opened as " Highbridge " on 14 June 1841 , when the Bristol and Exeter Railway opened its broad gauge line as far as Bridgwater . A road crossed the line at the north end of the platforms , and a goods shed was provided beyond this on the west side of the line . The Bristol and Exeter Railway amalgamated with the Great Western Railway on 1 January 1876 . The town is approximately 3 mi ( 5 km ) from the M5 motorway and the A38 road . = = Culture and sport = = The town is part of the West Country Carnival circuit . Burnham and Berrow Golf Course lies at the North of the town and is a 36 hole championship course voted as one of the top 100 courses in the UK . Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea is a noted venue for Kitesurfing , as well as other water sports , and has its own sailing club . Land side many activities cater for either the dominant resident elderly population or the seasonal tourists , including bowls , and there is also a swimming pool and sports academy . The Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea rugby union club was founded in 1919 but was wound up after World War 2 . The club subsequently reformed , and after winning the Tribute Somerset Premier in the 2008 / 2009 season they were promoted to the Western Counties North . At the start of the 2013 @-@ 14 season they were moved into the Tribute Western Counties West division of the English Rugby Union South West Division . The Burnham on Sea Cricket club was established in 1861 and has played continuously since then . The Club currently plays in the Somerset Cricket League Div 2 . The ground is situated in Stoddens Road and boasts fine facilities . The best @-@ known player in the club 's history is Sammy Woods , who played Test cricket for England and Australia during the 1890s . The club has also provided a number of players for Somerset in the County Championship competition . The town has a twice a year food and drink festival , focused on producers within a 25 mi ( 40 km ) radius . = = Notable residents = = Thomas Alan Stephenson , a marine biologist , was born in the town in 1898 , and it was also the birthplace of John Pople , a theoretical chemist , in 1925 . The novelist Isobel English was sent to La Retraite , a Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea convent school , in 1920 . The town was also the home of Walter " Wally " Postings and Beatrice " Pete " Postings . The couple were married for 80 years , the longest marriage in Britain . Arthur Gilbert , confirmed as the world 's oldest triathlete in 2011 , lives and competes in the town . George Shelley of X Factor boy band Union J lived in Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea and attended The King Alfred School , Highbridge where he studied his GCSE 's . Also resident is world champion Scottish Darts player Gary Anderson . = = Twin towns = = Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea is twinned with : Cassis , France = Aang = Avatar Aang ( 安昂 , ān áng ) is a fictional character and the protagonist of Nickelodeon 's animated television series Avatar : The Last Airbender ( created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko ) , voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen . Aang is the last surviving Airbender , a monk of the Air Nomads ' Southern Air Temple . He is an incarnation of the " Avatar " , the spirit of light and peace manifested in human form . As the Avatar , Aang controls all four elements and is tasked with keeping the Four Nations at peace . At 12 years old , Aang is the series ' reluctant hero , spending a century in suspended animation before joining new friends Katara and Sokka on a quest to master the elements and save their world from the imperialist Fire Nation . Aang 's character has appeared in other media , such as trading cards , video games , T @-@ shirts , and web comics . Aang has also been portrayed by Noah Ringer in the feature film The Last Airbender , and voiced by D.B. Sweeney in the sequel animated series The Legend of Korra . = = Creation and conception = = Aang 's character was developed from a drawing by Bryan Konietzko , depicting a bald man with an arrowlike design on his head , which the artist developed into a picture of a child with a flying bison . Meanwhile , Michael Dante DiMartino was interested in a documentary about explorers trapped in the South Pole , which he later combined with Konietzko 's drawing . " There 's an air guy along with these water people trapped in a snowy wasteland ... and maybe some fire people are pressing down on them ... " The plot they described corresponds with the first and second episodes of Avatar : The Last Airbender , where the " water people " ( Katara and Sokka ) rescue the " air guy " ( Aang ) while " trapped in a snowy wasteland " ( the Southern Water Tribe ) with " some fire people [ that ] are pressing down on them " ( Fire Nation Troops and Zuko ) . The creators of the show intended Aang to be trapped in an iceberg for one thousand years , later to wake inside a futuristic world , wherein he would have a robot named Momo and a dozen bison . The creators lost interest in this theme , and changed it to one hundred years of suspended animation . The robotic Momo became a flying lemur , and the herd of bison was reduced to one . Airbending , the martial art Aang primarily uses in the show , is based on an " internal " Chinese martial art called Baguazhang . This fighting style focuses on circular movements , and does not have many finishing moves ; traits meant to represent the unpredictability of air and the peaceful character of Airbenders . In the episode " Tales of Ba Sing Se " , Aang ’ s name was written as 安昂 ( ān áng ) in Chinese . = = = Personality and characteristics = = = Michael Dante DiMartino , the show 's co @-@ creator , said : " We wanted Aang to solve problems and defeat enemies with his wits as well as his powerful abilities " . According to the show 's creators , " Buddhism and Taoism have been huge inspirations behind the idea for Avatar . " As shown in " The King of Omashu " and " The Headband " , a notable aspect of Aang 's character is his vegetarian diet , which is consistent with Buddhism , Hinduism , and Taoism . In the Brahmajala Sutra , a Buddhist code of ethics , vegetarianism is encouraged . Furthermore , the writers gave Aang a consistent reluctance to fight and an aversion to killing . In " The Spirit World ( Winter Solstice , Part 1 ) " , Aang encounters an angry spirit destroying a village and kidnapping villagers ; but instead of fighting the spirit , Aang negotiates . He is also depicted showing ethical reluctance in killing Firelord Ozai , and eventually strips Ozai of his bending instead of killing him . = = Appearances = = = = = Avatar : The Last Airbender = = = Upon death , Avatar Roku was reincarnated and Aang was born , and later raised by Monk Gyatso , a senior monk at the Southern Air Temple and friend of the late Avatar Roku . Even prior to learning he was the Avatar , Aang distinguished himself by becoming one of the youngest Airbending Masters in history by inventing a new technique . As a result of Fire Lord Sozin 's increasingly hostile attitude towards the other nations , the senior monks decided to reveal Aang 's nature as the Avatar four years before the traditional age ( Avatars are usually told of their status once they turn 16 ) and relocate him to one of the other Air Temples . Learning that he was to be taken from Gyatso caused Aang to flee the monastery on his flying bison , Appa , before being caught by a storm ; the life @-@ or @-@ death conditions triggered the Avatar State , encasing the young Avatar and his bison in an air @-@ pocket among icebergs , where he remained suspended for a century . After one hundred years of suspended animation in an iceberg , twelve @-@ year @-@ old Aang was freed when found by Katara and Sokka , yet unaware of the events that occurred during his rest . His reawakening catches the attention of Zuko , the banished prince of the Fire Nation , and Aang is forced to leave , with Katara and Sokka accompanying him after they learn that he is the Avatar . Aang and his new friends visit the Southern Air Temple , where they meet a winged lemur whom Aang later names Momo . It is there that Aang learns that he was in the ice for a whole century , and that the Fire Nation wiped out his people , including Gyatso . After a series of misadventures , Aang meets his previous incarnation , Roku , who informs him that he must master all four bending arts and end the war before the coming of Sozin 's Comet at the end of summer . Upon arriving to the Northern Water Tribe , after a few conflicts , Aang became an apprentice of Waterbending Master Pakku alongside Katara . After helping the Water Tribe drive off a Fire Nation invasion headed by Admiral Zhao , with Katara as his teacher , Aang and his group journey to the Earth Kingdom to find an Earthbending teacher . In the second season , Aang learns Earthbending from Toph Beifong after he has a vision of the blind Earthbending prodigy in a swamp . On their journey , they are chased by Fire Princess Azula and her friends Mai and Ty Lee . After learning of the Day of Black Sun in a secret underground library , Aang and his group attempt to reveal the information to the Earth King at Ba Sing Se . However , their flying bison , Appa , is captured by Sandbenders . Aang grows upset and angry and confronts the Sandbenders , learning that Appa has been sold . After stopping a Fire Nation drill threatening the safety of Ba Sing Se , they look for Appa only to find themselves dealing with the Dai Li before exposing their leader 's deception . The group reunites with Jet helping them find Appa at Dai Li headquarters . They expose the Hundred Year War to the Earth King , who promises to help them invade the Fire Nation . Soon after , Aang meets a guru who attempts to teach Aang to open his seven chakras in order to control the defensive ' Avatar State ' ; but when Aang perceives Katara in danger , he leaves before the seventh chakra is opened , and thus loses his progress until the seventh is opened . Though Aang manages to unlock the Seventh Chakra , he is mortally wounded by Azula , yet was saved by Katara before the injury became truly fatal . In the third and final season , Aang is unable to use the Avatar State . Although reluctant with the plan at first , Aang accepts to have everyone think he had died and his remaining allies attack the Fire Nation 's capital , but are thwarted by Azula . However , Zuko has a change of heart , rebels against his father , and offers to teach Aang Firebending . Aang and Zuko also improve their Firebending powers with the help of their world 's last two dragons . During the finale , finding himself on a strange island , Aang is reluctant to actually kill Fire Lord Ozai , despite his four previous past lives convincing him it is the only way . But upon learning that he was actually on the back of a Lion Turtle , one of four that made the first benders by manipulating humans ' chi , Aang receives the Lion Turtles ' Energybending ability . With this ability , as he regained his Avatar State , Aang removes Ozai 's bending ability , rendering him harmless and ending the Hundred Year War . Later , in the Fire Nation capital , Aang is seen beside Zuko , the new Fire Lord . The series ends with Aang and his friends relaxing at Iroh 's tea shop at Ba Sing Se , where Aang and Katara share a kiss . = = = Post Avatar : The Last Airbender = = = After beginning the Harmony Restoration Movement , an event that was meant to remove Fire Nation remnants from the Earth Kingdom , Aang agrees to end Zuko 's life should he go down a path similar to his father , after the latter requests it , being stopped by Katara from entering the Avatar State as he began a later encounter with Zuko and then tries to mediate protestors and the Yu Dao resistance , afterward assembling members of a fan club and forming the " Air Acolytes " , a group that he intends to teach the ways of the Air Nomads . Aang then participated in a search for Zuko 's mother Ursula , successfully finding her and entering the Spirit World to assist in locating the Mother of Faces , convincing her to grant Rafa a new face . After a period of entertainment , Aang is contacted by his former life Yangchen , who tried contacting him about Old Iron 's return . Aang also has a fight with the Rough Rhinos when they try to oust him from the Eastern Fire Refinery . Aang then aids in preventing Azula , disguised as the Kemurikage , from stealing any more children . = = = The Legend of Korra = = = Some sixty years prior to the series , Avatar Aang and Fire Lord Zuko founded the United Republic of Nations , and its capital Republic City . In the following years , Aang married Katara and they have three children : Bumi ( named for Aang 's old friend ) , Kya ( after Katara 's deceased mother ) , and Tenzin . In his adult years , Aang grew a neatly cropped chinstrap beard , which many statues of Aang 's adult form depict him with , including the one in the restored Southern Air Temple . He also founded the Air Acolytes , a sect who eschewed their home cultures in favor of following the Air Nomads ' way of life ( the comics reveal that the first Air Acolytes were the reorganized Avatar Fan Club ) . A forty @-@ year @-@ old Aang assisted Toph in arresting Water Tribe crime lord Yakone . As Aang watched the trial where Yakone was convicted of using the rare and illegal technique Bloodbending , Yakone tried to escape Republic City , using his unique abilities to subdue everyone in the court room , thus leaving them unconscious . Able to resist Yakone 's Bloodbending through the Avatar State , Aang used his Energybending abilities to put a halt to Yakone 's plans . Being frozen in an iceberg for a hundred years while in the Avatar State drained much of Aang 's life energy . While he did not feel the effects for many years , after he entered middle age in his 50 's the strain of this exertion increasingly weighed upon his body . Ultimately , it resulted in Aang dying at the relatively young biological age of 66 , in 153 AG . Aang was survived by his wife , Katara , and his three children , but he did not live to see his grandchildren , all of whom would be powerful Airbenders . Prior to his death , Aang tasked the Order of the White Lotus with finding and guiding the new Avatar after him . When Aang died , the Avatar spirit reincarnated into the Southern Water Tribe female Korra . Aang intended for the Order to simply guide and guard Korra , but several mishaps in the aftermath of Aang 's death ( including a kidnapping attempt by the anarchist Zaheer ) and the still @-@ fragile state of relations between the now @-@ Five Nations resulted in Katara and Tenzin sequestering Korra in a compound at the South Pole , bringing teachers to her instead of allowing her to seek out her own . In the sequel series ' first season , Avatar Aang 's spirit occasionally serves as the spiritual advisor to seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Korra ( much like the previous Avatar incarnation , Roku , did for Aang ) . Initially , Aang is only able to give Korra glimpses of his memory concerning Yakone in relation to her confrontations with his two sons , Amon and Tarrlok , the products of Yakone 's Bloodbending vendetta on the Avatar . It is only after she loses her ability to bend that Korra allows herself to listen to her past lives , at which point Aang restores her powers by triggering the Avatar State and teaching her to Energybend . The sequel series ' second season reveals that Avatar Aang apparently treated Tenzin as his favorite child , due to his son 's Airbender status ; Kya and Bumi mentioned to Tenzin that Aang always took Tenzin on vacations with him , but never them . Aang 's Air Acolytes also were unaware that Aang had two other children besides Tenzin . Aang himself later appears , along with Roku , Kyoshi and Kuruk , before Korra in a vision and encourages her to learn the origins of Wan ( the first Avatar ) and Raava . Aang , or possibly a vision of him , later appears in the Spirit World , encouraging Tenzin to move past the enormous legacy of being Aang 's son and find his own path . Korra 's connection to Aang and the other preceding Avatars is severed when Vaatu extracts and subsequently kills Raava , the divine Avatar Spirit entity within her . Even though Raava is reborn and fused again with Korra , she discovers , to her dismay , that her spiritual connection to Aang and all past Avatars is gone forever . = = = Appearances in other media = = = = = = = Games = = = = Aang 's character appeared in the Avatar : The Last Airbender Trading Card Game on a multitude of cards . He appeared in the Avatar : The Last Airbender video game as one of the four playable characters . Two sequels were made : Avatar : The Last Airbender – The Burning Earth , followed by Avatar : The Last Airbender – Into the Inferno . Aang also appeared in Escape from the Spirit World , an online video game that can be found on Nickelodeon 's official website . The game includes certain plot changes that are not shown in the show . The show 's directors , Michael DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko , claim the events are canon . = = = = Films = = = = Tokyopop has published a films comic ( sometimes referred to as cine @-@ manga ) , in which Aang , being the main character of the show , appears repeatedly . In 2010 , director M. Night Shyamalan cast 12 @-@ year @-@ old Tae Kwon Do practitioner Noah Ringer as Aang in the film adaptation of the series , The Last Airbender . The casting of a presumed white actor in the role of Aang ( as well as a primarily Caucasian cast ) in the Asian @-@ influenced Avatar universe triggered negative reactions from some fans , marked by accusations of racism , a letter @-@ writing campaign , and a protest outside of a Philadelphia casting call for movie extras . A counter @-@ movement was spawned in response by other fans who believed the casting was appropriate . The casting decisions were also negatively received by several critics , who stated that the original casting call expressed a preference for Caucasian actors over others . Noah Ringer later identified himself to Entertainment Weekly as an American Indian . = = Critical reception = = In the show 's intended demographics , Aang has been received exceptionally . Kendall Lyons stated , " Aang seems to be the lighthearted kid that you can easily familiarize yourself with " , and that he " seems to bring comfort in the most dangerous or hostile situations . " There are many similar descriptions about Aang as a childlike character who is " reckless and excitable " . Reviews point out that " as the Avatar , Aang seems unstoppable , but as Aang , he is just another Airbender " ; the review states later that the show continues to focus on a more realistic character instead of a perfect one by revealing many character flaws . = Parti des déshérités de Madagascar = The Parti des déshérités de Madagascar ( PADESM , " Party of the Disinherited of Madagascar " ) was a political party active in Madagascar from June 1946 into the First Republic ( 1960 – 1972 ) . It was formed in reaction to the establishment and rapid political success of the Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache ( MDRM ) political party , formed by Merina elites on a platform of independence from France . While nationalism - and therefore the MDRM - had widespread support from all ethnic communities , PADESM championed the empowerment and equitable government of coastal peoples , who had historically been subjugated by the Merina and feared the MDRM could ensure their return to political dominance upon independence . They actively recruited and campaigned along ethnic lines , initially including coastal peoples and the descendents of Merina slaves , but eventually excluding the latter entirely . The formation and political success of PADESM was actively fostered by the French colonial administration , which manipulated election results in favor of the coastal party . The nationalist Malagasy Uprising of 1947 led the French colonial administration to dissolve the MDRM and temporarily suspend all other political parties , including PADESM . Tensions between the parties played out during the uprising through targeted acts of violence between supporters of the rival groups . An estimated 1 @,@ 900 to 5 @,@ 000 PADESM supporters were killed during the uprising by pro @-@ MDRM nationalist fighters . After the nationalist movement was crushed in December 1948 , PADESM experienced an increase in popularity , aided by continuing French support . The party won several key political elections in the 1950s . Nevertheless , as the process toward independence began , it became fragmented between conservative and progressive factions , with the latter splitting off in December 1956 to form the Parti sociale démocrate ( PSD , Social Democratic Party ) . With this split and independence in 1960 , PADESM became moribund . PADESM has had a lasting impact on political life in Madagascar . Philibert Tsiranana , leader of the PSD , went on to become Madagascar 's first president upon independence in 1960 . Many other major political figures in Madagascar have connections to PADESM and PSD , including former president Didier Ratsiraka and former prime minister Jacques Sylla . More broadly , the formation of PADESM cemented ethnic rivalries within Malagasy politics , linking the interests of specific ethnic groups with particular political parties . = = History = = = = = Founding and ideology = = = At the first post @-@ war constituent assembly convened in Paris in November 1945 to draft the constitution of the French Fourth Republic , Madagascar was represented by two doctors named Joseph Raseta and Joseph Ravoahangy . They formed the Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache ( MDRM ) political party together with future writer Jacques Rabemananjara in early 1946 . All three leaders were the descendents of Hova Merina who had been politically prominent in the former royal court . The party 's platform was built on national independence from France and garnered mass support that cut across geographic , ethnic and class divisions . In November 1946 the trio were elected to represent Madagascar as deputies ( députés ) in the French National Assembly . In reaction to the founding of the MDRM , which many non @-@ Merina feared would revive Merina political hegemony , the Party for the Disinherited of Madagascar ( Parti des déshérités de Madagascar , PADESM ) was formed in June 1946 by members of coastal communities formerly subjugated by the Merina empire , as well as highland @-@ based descendents of former Merina slaves . Militant leader Mahasampo Raveloson was key in the creation of the party . Other founding members included Philibert Tsiranana ( who became Madagascar 's first president after independence ) , Albert Sylla ( who became Minister of Foreign Affairs under Tsiranana , and whose son , Jacques Sylla , would go on to become Prime Minister of Madagascar under Marc Ravalomanana ) , and Pascale Velonjara , father @-@ in @-@ law of future president Didier Ratsiraka . In July 1946 , PADESM was changed to become a direct opposition party to MDRM . Initially a non @-@ nationalist party , PADESM eventually favored a gradual process toward independence that would preserve close ties to France and prevent the reemergence of the precolonial hegemony . It actively recruited membership along ethnic lines to include coastal peoples and the descendents of Merina slaves , attracting a number of intellectual elites and political leaders from coastal areas . Its platform focused on increasing distribution of resources to coastal areas to counterbalance decades of colonial investment in the central highlands . Over time , the party grew more conservative , and Mahasampo Raveloson led a successful effort to exclude any Merina from the party , including descendants of those who had been enslaved by nobles of their own ethnic group under the Kingdom of Imerina and shared their coastal compatriots ' concerns regarding Merina political dominance . The Socialist @-@ dominated French authorities actively supported PADESM . The French characterized this support as an effort to champion the oppressed masses and strengthen their protection against exploitative Hova elites . Governor General Jules Marcel de Coppet provided the party with space in public buildings for meetings . PADESM candidates in the January 1947 provincial elections received financial support from French settlers owing to the party 's favorable disposition to the French administration . In the critical November 1946 election to select the first ever deputies to represent Madagascar at the French National Assembly , MDRM accused the French administration of stuffing ballot boxes , tampering with electoral rolls , intimidating MDRM candidates and supporters , and blatantly falsifying election results to ensure PADESM victory . Despite these irregularities , MDRM won 71 percent of the vote , and none of the PADESM candidates was elected . While MDRM won decisive victories in the central and eastern province , results were close in the western province , where the MDRM candidate Joseph Raseta won 21 @,@ 475 votes and the PADESM candidate Totelehibe won 19 @,@ 014 votes . = = = Role during and after the Malagasy Uprising = = = In early 1947 the French administration instituted a new rule that increased the weight of the French vote over the Malagasy vote in selection of candidates , and three PADESM candidates favored by French conservatives were successfully elected to the Conseil de la Republique . The results of the election and popular discontent with French interference served to intensify widespread frustration against the colonial authority and desire for Malagasy self @-@ governance across the island . These factors finally erupted in a nationalist uprising that began on the evening of 29 March 1947 with attacks against a police camp and several French plantations in the eastern rainforest carried out by militant Malagasy nationalists , chief among them the members of the nationalist secret societies Vy Vato Sakelika ( VVS ) and Jiny . Despite the role of the militants in leading the Uprising , the colonial authorities immediately accused the MDRM of instigating the movement . This view was echoed by PADESM leaders and shared by the majority of French settlers . The French authorities responded by targeting not only MDRM leaders and members , but also their supporters , drawing the wider population into the conflict . Attacks against the colonial authority in the east were immediately followed by similar actions in the south of the island before rapidly spreading throughout the country . The movement enjoyed particularly strong support in the south , where the revolt attracted as many as one million peasants to fight for the nationalist cause . The French responded with heavy military action and psychological warfare , including incidences of crimes against humanity . Between July and September 1948 , most of the key leaders of the Uprising were captured or killed , and the last of the fighters disbanded and fled into the forests in December 1948 . The eruption of the conflict provided the pretext for violence between highland Merina and coastal Malagasy of other ethnic groups . An estimated 1 @,@ 900 to 5 @,@ 000 Malagasy PADESM supporters were killed by their pro @-@ MDRM nationalist countrymen during the conflict . Although the MDRM leadership consistently maintained its innocence , the party was dissolved by the French administration on 10 May 1947 , and all other political parties , including PADESM , were temporarily suspended . The banning of MDRM further strengthened PADESM 's prominence after the end of the uprising . Between 1951 and 1956 , PADESM candidates won three consecutive legislative elections . = = = Decline = = = Despite the outward appearance of success , the party was suffering from internal divisions . Other countries under French colonial rule , including Morocco , Indochina and several in West Africa , had either become independent or had begun to negotiate the process to independence ; this inspired the hope that Madagascar could follow suit , allowing the tantalizing opportunity for PADESM to wield unfettered power in Malagasy politics . This emerging possibility fragmented the party , which became paralyzed by in @-@ fighting . The progressive faction split off to form the Parti sociale démocrate ( PSD , Social Democratic Party ) in Mahajanga in December 1956 , under the leadership of Philibert Tsiranana , a French @-@ educated school teacher of Tsimihety coastal origin , and Andre Raseta . = = Legacy = = The PSD that emerged from the disintegration of PADESM was a powerful force in Malagasy politics throughout the First Republic . When Madagascar achieved independence in 1960 , PSD leader Tsiranana was named the country 's first president , a position he held until the rotaka protests forced him to resign in 1972 . His administration was succeeded by the socialist nationalist Second Republic under Didier Ratsiraka . = Renaissance = The Renaissance ( UK / rᵻˈneɪsəns / , US / rɛnəˈsɑːns / ) is a period in Europe , from the 14th to the 17th century , regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history . It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe , marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age . The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its own invented version of humanism , derived from the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy , such as that of Protagoras , who said that " Man is the measure of all things . " This new thinking became manifest in art , architecture , politics , science and literature . Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete . Although the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century , the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe . As a cultural movement , the Renaissance encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures , beginning with the 14th @-@ century resurgence of learning based on classical sources , which contemporaries credited to Petrarch ; the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting ; and gradual but widespread educational reform . In politics , the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy , and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning . Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits , as well as social and political upheaval , it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo , who inspired the term " Renaissance man " . There is a consensus that the Renaissance began in Florence , in the 14th century . Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics , focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time : its political structure ; the patronage of its dominant family , the Medici ; and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks . Other major centres were northern Italian city @-@ states such as Venice , Genoa , Milan , Bologna , and finally Rome during the Renaissance Papacy . The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography , and , in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations , there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th @-@ century glorification of the " Renaissance " and individual culture heroes as " Renaissance men " , questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and as a historical delineation . The art historian Erwin Panofsky observed of this resistance to the concept of " Renaissance " : It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization — historians of economic and social developments , political and religious situations , and , most particularly , natural science — but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art . Some observers have called into question whether the Renaissance was a cultural " advance " from the Middle Ages , instead seeing it as a period of pessimism and nostalgia for classical antiquity , while social and economic historians , especially of the longue durée , have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras , which are linked , as Panofsky observed , " by a thousand ties " . The word Renaissance , literally meaning " Rebirth " in French , first appeared in English in the 1830s . The word also occurs in Jules Michelet 's 1855 work , Histoire de France . The word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements , such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century . = = Overview = = The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period . Beginning in Italy , and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century , its influence was felt in literature , philosophy , art , music , politics , science , religion , and other aspects of intellectual inquiry . Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study , and searched for realism and human emotion in art . Renaissance humanists such as Poggio Bracciolini sought out in Europe 's monastic libraries the Latin literary , historical , and oratorical texts of Antiquity , while the Fall of Constantinople ( 1453 ) generated a wave of émigré Greek scholars bringing precious manuscripts in ancient Greek , many of which had fallen into obscurity in the West . It is in their new focus on literary and historical texts that Renaissance scholars differed so markedly from the medieval scholars of the Renaissance of the 12th century , who had focused on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural sciences , philosophy and mathematics , rather than on such cultural texts . In the revival of neo @-@ Platonism Renaissance humanists did not reject Christianity ; quite the contrary , many of the Renaissance 's greatest works were devoted to it , and the Church patronized many works of Renaissance art . However , a subtle shift took place in the way that intellectuals approached religion that was reflected in many other areas of cultural life . In addition , many Greek Christian works , including the Greek New Testament , were brought back from Byzantium to Western Europe and engaged Western scholars for the first time since late antiquity . This new engagement with Greek Christian works , and particularly the return to the original Greek of the New Testament promoted by humanists Lorenzo Valla and Erasmus , would help pave the way for the Protestant Reformation . Well after the first artistic return to classicism had been exemplified in the sculpture of Nicola Pisano , Florentine painters led by Masaccio strove to portray the human form realistically , developing techniques to render perspective and light more naturally . Political philosophers , most famously Niccolò Machiavelli , sought to describe political life as it really was , that is to understand it rationally . A critical contribution to Italian Renaissance humanism Giovanni Pico della Mirandola wrote the famous text " De hominis dignitate " ( Oration on the Dignity of Man , 1486 ) , which consists of a series of theses on philosophy , natural thought , faith and magic defended against any opponent on the grounds of reason . In addition to studying classical Latin and Greek , Renaissance authors also began increasingly to use vernacular languages ; combined with the introduction of printing , this would allow many more people access to books , especially the Bible . In all , the Renaissance could be viewed as an attempt by intellectuals to study and improve the secular and worldly , both through the revival of ideas from antiquity , and through novel approaches to thought . Some scholars , such as Rodney Stark , play down the Renaissance in favor of the earlier innovations of the Italian city @-@ states in the High Middle Ages , which married responsive government , Christianity and the birth of capitalism . This analysis argues that , whereas the great European states ( France and Spain ) were absolutist monarchies , and others were under direct Church control , the independent city republics of Italy took over the principles of capitalism invented on monastic estates and set off a vast unprecedented commercial revolution that preceded and financed the Renaissance . = = Origins = = Many argue that the ideas characterizing the Renaissance had their origin in late 13th @-@ century Florence , in particular with the writings of Dante Alighieri ( 1265 – 1321 ) and Petrarch ( 1304 – 1374 ) , as well as the paintings of Giotto di Bondone ( 1267 – 1337 ) . Some writers date the Renaissance quite precisely ; one proposed starting point is 1401 , when the rival geniuses Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi competed for the contract to build the bronze doors for the Baptistery of the Florence Cathedral ( Ghiberti won ) . Others see more general competition between artists and polymaths such as Brunelleschi , Ghiberti , Donatello , and Masaccio for artistic commissions as sparking the creativity of the Renaissance . Yet it remains much debated why the Renaissance began in Italy , and why it began when it did . Accordingly , several theories have been put forward to explain its origins . During the Renaissance , money and art went hand in hand . Artists depended entirely on patrons while the patrons needed money to foster artistic talent . Wealth was brought to Italy in the 14th , 15th , and 16th centuries by expanding trade into Asia and Europe . Silver mining in Tyrol increased the flow of money . Luxuries from the Eastern world , brought home during the Crusades , increased the prosperity of Genoa and Venice . Jules Michelet defined the 16th @-@ century Renaissance in France as a period in Europe 's cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages , creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world . = = = Latin and Greek phases of Renaissance humanism = = = In stark contrast to the High Middle Ages , when Latin scholars focused almost entirely on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural science , philosophy and mathematics , Renaissance scholars were most interested in recovering and studying Latin and Greek literary , historical , and oratorical texts . Broadly speaking , this began in the 14th century with a Latin phase , when Renaissance scholars such as Petrarch , Coluccio Salutati ( 1331 – 1406 ) , Niccolò de ' Niccoli ( 1364 – 1437 ) and Poggio Bracciolini ( 1380 – 1459 ) scoured the libraries of Europe in search of works by such Latin authors as Cicero , Lucretius , Livy and Seneca . By the early 15th century , the bulk of such Latin literature had been recovered ; the Greek phase of Renaissance humanism was under way , as Western European scholars turned to recovering ancient Greek literary , historical , oratorical and theological texts . Unlike with Latin texts , which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity , the study of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Western Europe . Ancient Greek works on science , maths and philosophy had been studied since the High Middle Ages in Western Europe and in the medieval Islamic world ( normally in translation ) , but Greek literary , oratorical and historical works ( such as Homer , the Greek dramatists , Demosthenes and Thucydides ) were not studied in either the Latin or medieval Islamic worlds ; in the Middle Ages these sorts of texts were only studied by Byzantine scholars . One of the greatest achievements of Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire class of Greek cultural works back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity . Arab logicians had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered Egypt and the Levant . Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into Spain and Sicily , which became important centers for this transmission of ideas . This work of translation from Islamic culture , though largely unplanned and disorganized , constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history . This movement to reintegrate the regular study of Greek literary , historical , oratorical and theological texts back into the Western European curriculum is usually dated to the 1396 invitation from Coluccio Salutati to the Byzantine diplomat and scholar Manuel Chrysoloras ( c.1355 – 1415 ) to teach Greek in Florence . This legacy was continued by a number of expatriate Greek scholars , from Basilios Bessarion to Leo Allatius . = = = Social and political structures in Italy = = = The unique political structures of late Middle Ages Italy have led some to theorize that its unusual social climate allowed the emergence of a rare cultural efflorescence . Italy did not exist as a political entity in the early modern period . Instead , it was divided into smaller city states and territories : the Kingdom of Naples controlled the south , the Republic of Florence and the Papal States at the center , the Milanese and the Genoese to the north and west respectively , and the Venetians to the east . Fifteenth @-@ century Italy was one of the most urbanised areas in Europe . Many of its cities stood among the ruins of ancient Roman buildings ; it seems likely that the classical nature of the Renaissance was linked to its origin in the Roman Empire 's heartland . Historian and political philosopher Quentin Skinner points out that Otto of Freising ( c . 1114 – 1158 ) , a German bishop visiting north Italy during the 12th century , noticed a widespread new form of political and social organization , observing that Italy appeared to have exited from Feudalism so that its society was based on merchants and commerce . Linked to this was anti @-@ monarchical thinking , represented in the famous early Renaissance fresco cycle Allegory of Good and Bad Government in Siena by Ambrogio Lorenzetti ( painted 1338 – 1340 ) , whose strong message is about the virtues of fairness , justice , republicanism and good administration . Holding both Church and Empire at bay , these city republics were devoted to notions of liberty . Skinner reports that there were many defences of liberty such as the Matteo Palmieri ( 1406 – 1475 ) celebration of Florentine genius not only in art , sculpture and architecture , but " the remarkable efflorescence of moral , social and political philosophy that occurred in Florence at the same time " . Even cities and states beyond central Italy , such as the Republic of Florence at this time , were also notable for their merchant Republics , especially the Republic of Venice . Although in practice these were oligarchical , and bore little resemblance to a modern democracy , they did have democratic features and were responsive states , with forms of participation in governance and belief in liberty . The relative political freedom they afforded was conducive to academic and artistic advancement . Likewise , the position of Italian cities such as Venice as great trading centres made them intellectual crossroads . Merchants brought with them ideas from far corners of the globe , particularly the Levant . Venice was Europe 's gateway to trade with the East , and a producer of fine glass , while Florence was a capital of textiles . The wealth such business brought to Italy meant large public and private artistic projects could be commissioned and individuals had more leisure time for study . = = = Black Death / Plague = = = One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation in Florence caused by the Black Death , which hit Europe between 1348 and 1350 , resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th @-@ century Italy . Italy was particularly badly hit by the plague , and it has been speculated that the resulting familiarity with death caused thinkers to dwell more on their lives on Earth , rather than on spirituality and the afterlife . It has also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new wave of piety , manifested in the sponsorship of religious works of art . However , this does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred specifically in Italy in the 14th century . The Black Death was a pandemic that affected all of Europe in the ways described , not only Italy . The Renaissance 's emergence in Italy was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors . The plague was carried by fleas on sailing vessels returning from the ports of Asia , spreading quickly due to lack of proper sanitation : the population of England , then about 4 @.@ 2 million , lost 1 @.@ 4 million people to the bubonic plague . Florence 's population was nearly halved in the year 1347 . As a result of the decimation in the populace the value of the working class increased , and commoners came to enjoy more freedom . To answer the increased need for labor , workers traveled in search of the most favorable position economically . The demographic decline due to the plague had economic consequences : the prices of food dropped and land values declined by 30 to 40 % in most parts of Europe between 1350 and 1400 . Landholders faced a great loss , but for ordinary men and women it was a windfall . The survivors of the plague found not only that the prices of food were cheaper but also that lands were more abundant , and many of them inherited property from their dead relatives . The spread of disease was significantly more rampant in areas of poverty . Epidemics ravaged cities , particularly children . Plagues were easily spread by lice , unsanitary drinking water , armies , or by poor sanitation . Children were hit the hardest because many diseases such as typhus and syphilis target the immune system and left young children without a fighting chance . Children in city dwellings were more affected by the spread of disease than the children of the wealthy . The Black Death caused greater upheaval to Florence 's social and political structure than later epidemics . Despite a significant number of deaths among members of the ruling classes , the government of Florence continued to function during this period . Formal meetings of elected representatives were suspended during the height of the epidemic due to the chaotic conditions in the city , but a small group of officials was appointed to conduct the affairs of the city , which ensured continuity of government . = = = Cultural conditions in Florence = = = It has long been a matter of debate why the Renaissance began in Florence , and not elsewhere in Italy . Scholars have noted several features unique to Florentine cultural life that may have caused such a cultural movement . Many have emphasized the role played by the Medici , a banking family and later ducal ruling house , in patronizing and stimulating the arts . Lorenzo de ' Medici ( 1449 – 1492 ) was the catalyst for an enormous amount of arts patronage , encouraging his countrymen to commission works from the leading artists of Florence , including Leonardo da Vinci , Sandro Botticelli , and Michelangelo Buonarroti . Works by Neri di Bicci , Botticelli , da Vinci and Filippino Lippi had been commissioned additionally by the convent di San Donato agli Scopeti of the Augustinians order in Florence . The Renaissance was certainly underway before Lorenzo de ' Medici came to power – indeed , before the Medici family itself achieved hegemony in Florentine society . Some historians have postulated that Florence was the birthplace of the Renaissance as a result of luck , i.e. because " Great Men " were born there by chance : Leonardo da Vinci , Botticelli and Michelangelo were all born in Tuscany . Arguing that such chance seems improbable , other historians have contended that these " Great Men " were only able to rise to prominence because of the prevailing cultural conditions at the time . = = Characteristics = = = = = Humanism = = = In some ways humanism was not a philosophy but a method of learning . In contrast to the medieval scholastic mode , which focused on resolving contradictions between authors , humanists would study ancient texts in the original and appraise them through a combination of reasoning and empirical evidence . Humanist education was based on the programme of ' Studia Humanitatis ' , the study of five humanities : poetry , grammar , history , moral philosophy and rhetoric . Although historians have sometimes struggled to define humanism precisely , most have settled on " a middle of the road definition ... the movement to recover , interpret , and assimilate the language , literature , learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome " . Above all , humanists asserted " the genius of man ... the unique and extraordinary ability of the human mind " . Humanist scholars shaped the intellectual landscape throughout the early modern period . Political philosophers such as Niccolò Machiavelli and Thomas More revived the ideas of Greek and Roman thinkers and applied them in critiques of contemporary government . Pico della Mirandola wrote the " manifesto " of the Renaissance , the Oration on the Dignity of Man , a vibrant defence of thinking . Matteo Palmieri ( 1406 – 1475 ) , another humanist , is most known for his work Della vita civile ( " On Civic Life " ; printed 1528 ) , which advocated civic humanism , and for his influence in refining the Tuscan vernacular to the same level as Latin . Palmieri drew on Roman philosophers and theorists , especially Cicero , who , like Palmieri , lived an active public life as a citizen and official , as well as a theorist and philosopher and also Quintilian . Perhaps the most succinct expression of his perspective on humanism is in a 1465 poetic work La città di vita , but an earlier work , Della vita civile ( On Civic Life ) , is more wide @-@ ranging . Composed as a series of dialogues set in a country house in the Mugello countryside outside Florence during the plague of 1430 , Palmieri expounds on the qualities of the ideal citizen . The dialogues include ideas about how children develop mentally and physically , how citizens can conduct themselves morally , how citizens and states can ensure probity in public life , and an important debate on the difference between that which is pragmatically useful and that which is honest . The humanists believed that it is important to transcend to the afterlife with a perfect mind and body , which could be attained with education . The purpose of humanism was to create a universal man whose person combined intellectual and physical excellence and who was capable of functioning honorably in virtually any situation . This ideology was referred to as the uomo universale , an ancient Greco @-@ Roman ideal . Education during the Renaissance was mainly composed of ancient literature and history as it was thought that the classics provided moral instruction and an intensive understanding of human behavior . = = = Art = = = Renaissance art marks a cultural rebirth at the close of the Middle Ages and rise of the Modern world . One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was its development of highly realistic linear perspective . Giotto di Bondone ( 1267 – 1337 ) is credited with first treating a painting as a window into space , but it was not until the demonstrations of architect Filippo Brunelleschi ( 1377 – 1446 ) and the subsequent writings of Leon Battista Alberti ( 1404 – 1472 ) that perspective was formalized as an artistic technique . The development of perspective was part of a wider trend towards realism in the arts . Painters developed other techniques , studying light , shadow , and , famously in the case of Leonardo da Vinci , human anatomy . Underlying these changes in artistic method was a renewed desire to depict the beauty of nature and to unravel the axioms of aesthetics , with the works of Leonardo , Michelangelo and Raphael representing artistic pinnacles that were much imitated by other artists . Other notable artists include Sandro Botticelli , working for the Medici in Florence , Donatello , another Florentine , and Titian in Venice , among others . In the Netherlands , a particularly vibrant artistic culture developed . The work of Hugo van der Goes and Jan van Eyck was particularly influential on the development of painting in Italy , both technically with the introduction of oil paint and canvas , and stylistically in terms of naturalism in representation ( see Renaissance in the Netherlands ) . Later , the work of Pieter Brueghel the Elder would inspire artists to depict themes of everyday life . In architecture , Filippo Brunelleschi , the most inventive and gifted designer of all time , was foremost in studying the remains of ancient classical buildings . With rediscovered knowledge from the 1st @-@ century writer Vitruvius and the flourishing discipline of mathematics , Brunelleschi formulated the Renaissance style that emulated and improved on classical forms . His major feat of engineering was building the dome of the Florence Cathedral . Another building demonstrating this style is the church of St. Andrew in Mantua , built by Alberti . The outstanding architectural work of the High Renaissance was the rebuilding of St. Peter 's Basilica , combining the skills of Bramante , Michelangelo , Raphael , Sangallo and Maderno . During the Renaissance , architects aimed to use columns , pilasters , and entablatures as an integrated system . The Roman orders types of columns are used : Tuscan , Doric , Ionic , Corinthian and Composite . These can either be structural , supporting an arcade or architrave , or purely decorative , set against a wall in the form of pilasters . One of the first buildings to use pilasters as an integrated system was in the Old Sacristy ( 1421 – 1440 ) by Brunelleschi . Arches , semi @-@ circular or ( in the Mannerist style ) segmental , are often used in arcades , supported on piers or columns with capitals . There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the springing of the arch . Alberti was one of the first to use the arch on a monumental . Renaissance vaults do not have ribs ; they are semi @-@ circular or segmental and on a square plan , unlike the Gothic vault , which is frequently rectangular . Renaissance artists were not pagans , although they admired antiquity and kept some ideas and symbols of the medieval past . Nicola Pisano ( c . 1220 – c . 1278 ) imitated classical forms by portraying scenes from the Bible . His Annunciation , from the Baptistry at Pisa , demonstrates that classical models influenced Italian art before the Renaissance took root as a literary movement = = = Science = = = The rediscovery of ancient texts and the invention of printing democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of ideas . In the first period of the Italian Renaissance , humanists favoured the study of humanities over natural philosophy or applied mathematics , and their reverence for classical sources further enshrined the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic views of the universe . Writing around 1450 , Nicholas Cusanus anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Copernicus , but in a philosophical fashion . Science and art were intermingled in the early Renaissance , with polymath artists such as Leonardo da Vinci making observational drawings of anatomy and nature . Da Vinci set up controlled experiments in water flow , medical dissection , and systematic study of movement and aerodynamics , and he devised principles of research method that led Fritjof Capra to classify him as the " father of modern science " . A suitable environment had developed to question scientific doctrine . The discovery in 1492 of the New World by Christopher Columbus challenged the classical worldview . The works of Ptolemy ( in geography ) and Galen ( in medicine ) were found to not always match everyday observations . As the Protestant Reformation and Counter @-@ Reformation clashed , the Northern Renaissance showed a decisive shift in focus from Aristotelean natural philosophy to chemistry and the biological sciences ( botany , anatomy , and medicine ) . The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements . Some view this as a " scientific revolution " , heralding the beginning of the modern age , others as an acceleration of a continuous process stretching from the ancient world to the present day . Significant scientific advances were made during this time by Galileo Galilei , Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler . Copernicus , in De Revolutionibus , posited that the Earth moved around the Sun . De humani corporis fabrica ( On the Workings of the Human Body ) , by Andreas Vesalius , gave a new confidence to the role of dissection , observation , and the mechanistic view of anatomy . Another important development was in the process for discovery , the scientific method , focusing on empirical evidence and the importance of mathematics , while discarding Aristotelian science . Early and influential proponents of these ideas included Copernicus , Galileo , and Francis Bacon . The new scientific method led to great contributions in the fields of astronomy , physics , biology , and anatomy . Applied innovation extended to commerce . At the end of the 15th century Luca Pacioli published the first work on bookkeeping , making him the founder of accounting . = = = Music = = = From this changing society emerged a common , unifying musical language , in particular the polyphonic style of the Franco @-@ Flemish school . The development of printing made distribution of music possible on a wide scale . Demand for music as entertainment and as an activity for educated amateurs increased with the emergence of a bourgeois class . Dissemination of chansons , motets , and masses throughout Europe coincided with the unification of polyphonic practice into the fluid style that culminated in the second half of the sixteenth century in the work of composers such as Palestrina , Lassus , Victoria and William Byrd . = = = Religion = = = The new ideals of humanism , although more secular in some aspects , developed against a Christian backdrop , especially in the Northern Renaissance . Much , if not most , of the new art was commissioned by or in dedication to the Church . However , the Renaissance had a profound effect on contemporary theology , particularly in the way people perceived the relationship between man and God . Many of the period 's foremost theologians were followers of the humanist method , including Erasmus , Zwingli , Thomas More , Martin Luther , and John Calvin . The Renaissance began in times of religious turmoil . The late Middle Ages was a period of political intrigue surrounding the Papacy , culminating in the Western Schism , in which three men simultaneously claimed to be true Bishop of Rome . While the schism was resolved by the Council of Constance ( 1414 ) , a resulting reform movement known as Conciliarism sought to limit the power of the pope . Although the papacy eventually emerged supreme in ecclesiastical matters by the Fifth Council of the Lateran ( 1511 ) , it was dogged by continued accusations of corruption , most famously in the person of Pope Alexander VI , who was accused variously of simony , nepotism and fathering four children ( most of whom were married off , presumably for the consolidation of power ) while a cardinal . Churchmen such as Erasmus and Luther proposed reform to the Church , often based on humanist textual criticism of the New Testament . In October 1517 Luther published the 95 Theses , challenging papal authority and criticizing its perceived corruption , particularly with regard to instances of sold indulgences . The 95 Theses led to the Reformation , a break with the Roman Catholic Church that previously claimed hegemony in Western Europe . Humanism and the Renaissance therefore played a direct role in sparking the Reformation , as well as in many other contemporaneous religious debates and conflicts . Pope Paul III came to the papal throne ( 1534 – 1549 ) after the sack of Rome in 1527 , with uncertainties prevalent in the Catholic Church following the Protestant Reformation . Nicolaus Copernicus dedicated De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres ) to Paul III , who became the grandfather of Alessandro Farnese ( cardinal ) , who had paintings by Titian , Michelangelo , and Raphael , as well as an important collection of drawings , and who commissioned the masterpiece of Giulio Clovio , arguably the last major illuminated manuscript , the Farnese Hours . = = = Self @-@ awareness = = = By the 15th century , writers , artists , and architects in Italy were well aware of the transformations that were taking place and were using phrases such as modi antichi ( in the antique manner ) or alle romana et alla antica ( in the manner of the Romans and the ancients ) to describe their work . In the 1330s Petrarch referred to pre @-@ Christian times as antiqua ( ancient ) and to the Christian period as nova ( new ) . From Petrarch 's Italian perspective , this new period ( which included his own time ) was an age of national eclipse . Leonardo Bruni was the first to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People ( 1442 ) . Bruni 's first two periods were based on those of Petrarch , but he added a third period because he believed that Italy was no longer in a state of decline . Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire ( 1439 – 1453 ) . Humanist historians argued that contemporary scholarship restored direct links to the classical period , thus bypassing the Medieval period , which they then named for the first time the " Middle Ages " . The term first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas ( middle times ) . The term la rinascita ( rebirth ) first appeared , however , in its broad sense in Giorgio Vasari 's Lives of the Artists , 1550 , revised 1568 ) . Vasari divides the age into three phases : the first phase contains Cimabue , Giotto , and Arnolfo di Cambio ; the second phase contains Masaccio , Brunelleschi , and Donatello ; the third centers on Leonardo da Vinci and culminates with Michelangelo . It was not just the growing awareness of classical antiquity that drove this development , according to Vasari , but also the growing desire to study and imitate nature . = = Spread = = In the 15th century , the Renaissance spread rapidly from its birthplace in Florence to the rest of Italy and soon to the rest of Europe . The invention of the printing press by German printer Johannes Gutenberg allowed the rapid transmission of these new ideas . As it spread , its ideas diversified and changed , being adapted to local culture . In the 20th century , scholars began to break the Renaissance into regional and national movements . = = = Northern Europe = = = The Renaissance in Northern Europe has been termed the " Northern Renaissance " . While Renaissance ideas were moving north from Italy , there was a simultaneous southward spread of some areas of innovation , particularly in music . The music of the 15th century Burgundian School defined the beginning of the Renaissance in music , and the polyphony of the Netherlanders , as it moved with the musicians themselves into Italy , formed the core of the first true international style in music since the standardization of Gregorian Chant in the 9th century . The culmination of the Netherlandish school was in the music of the Italian composer Palestrina . At the end of the 16th century Italy again became a center of musical innovation , with the development of the polychoral style of the Venetian School , which spread northward into Germany around 1600 . The paintings of the Italian Renaissance differed from those of the Northern Renaissance . Italian Renaissance artists were among the first to paint secular scenes , breaking away from the purely religious art of medieval painters . Northern Renaissance artists initially remained focused on religious subjects , such as the contemporary religious upheaval portrayed by Albrecht Dürer . Later , the works of Pieter Bruegel influenced artists to paint scenes of daily life rather than religious or classical themes . It was also during the Northern Renaissance that Flemish brothers Hubert and Jan van Eyck perfected the oil painting technique , which enabled artists to produce strong colors on a hard surface that could survive for centuries . A feature of the Northern Renaissance was its use of the vernacular in place of Latin or Greek , which allowed greater freedom of expression . This movement had started in Italy with the decisive influence of Dante Alighieri on the development of vernacular languages ; in fact the focus on writing in Italian has neglected a major source of Florentine ideas expressed in Latin . The spread of the printing press technology boosted the Renaissance in Northern Europe as elsewhere , with Venice becoming a world center of printing . = = = England = = = In England , the sixteenth century marked the beginning of the English Renaissance with the work of writers William Shakespeare , Christopher Marlowe , Edmund Spenser , Sir Thomas More , Francis Bacon , Sir Philip Sidney , as well as great artists , architects ( such as Inigo Jones who introduced Italianate architecture to England ) , and composers such as Thomas Tallis , John Taverner , and William Byrd . = = = France = = = The word " Renaissance " is borrowed from the French language , where it means " re @-@ birth " . It was first used in the eighteenth century and was later popularized by French historian Jules Michelet ( 1798 – 1874 ) in his 1855 work , Histoire de France ( History of France ) . In 1495 the Italian Renaissance arrived in France , imported by King Charles VIII after his invasion of Italy . A factor that promoted the spread of secularism was the inability of the Church to offer assistance against the Black Death . Francis I imported Italian art and artists , including Leonardo da Vinci , and built ornate palaces at great expense . Writers such as François Rabelais , Pierre de Ronsard , Joachim du Bellay and Michel de Montaigne , painters such as Jean Clouet , and musicians such as Jean Mouton also borrowed from the spirit of the Renaissance . In 1533 , a fourteen @-@ year @-@ old Caterina de ' Medici ( 1519 – 1589 ) , born in Florence to Lorenzo II de ' Medici and Madeleine de la Tour d 'Auvergne , married Henry II of France , second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude . Though she became famous and infamous for her role in France 's religious wars , she made a direct contribution in bringing arts , sciences and music ( including the origins of ballet ) to the French court from her native Florence . = = = Germany = = = In the second half of the 15th century , the Renaissance spirit spread to Germany and the Low Countries , where the development of the printing press ( ca . 1450 ) and early Renaissance artists such as the painters Jan van Eyck ( 1395 – 1441 ) and Hieronymus Bosch ( 1450 – 1516 ) and the composers Johannes Ockeghem ( 1410 – 1497 ) , Jacob Obrecht ( 1457 – 1505 ) and Josquin des Prez ( 1455 – 1521 ) predated the influence from Italy . In the early Protestant areas of the country humanism became closely linked to the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation , and the art and writing of the German Renaissance frequently reflected this dispute . However , the gothic style and medieval scholastic philosophy remained exclusively until the turn of the 16th century . Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg ( ruling 1493 – 1519 ) was the first truly Renaissance monarch of the Holy Roman Empire . = = = Netherlands = = = Culture in the Netherlands at the end of the 15th century was influenced by the Italian Renaissance through trade via Bruges , which made Flanders wealthy . Its nobles commissioned artists who became known across Europe . In science , the anatomist Andreas Vesalius led the way ; in cartography , Gerardus Mercator 's map assisted explorers and navigators . In art , Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting ranged from the strange work of Hieronymus Bosch to the everyday life depictions of Pieter Brueghel the Elder . = = = Spain = = = The Renaissance arrived in the Iberian peninsula through the Mediterranean possessions of the Aragonese Crown and the city of Valencia . Many early Spanish Renaissance writers come from the Kingdom of Aragon , including Ausiàs March and Joanot Martorell . In the Kingdom of Castile , the early Renaissance was heavily influenced by the Italian humanism , starting with writers and poets such as the Marquis of Santillana , who introduced the new Italian poetry to Spain in the early 15th century . Other writers , such as Jorge Manrique , Fernando de Rojas , Juan del Encina , Juan Boscán Almogáver and Garcilaso de la Vega , kept a close resemblance to the Italian canon . Miguel de Cervantes 's masterpiece Don Quixote is credited as the first Western novel . Renaissance humanism flourished in the early 16th century , with influential writers such as philosopher Juan Luis Vives , grammarian Antonio de Nebrija and natural historian Pedro de Mexía . Later Spanish Renaissance tended towards religious themes and mysticism , with poets such as fray Luis de León , Teresa of Ávila and John of the Cross , and treated issues related to the exploration of the New World , with chroniclers and writers such as Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Bartolomé de las Casas , giving rise to a body of work , now known as Spanish Renaissance literature . The late Renaissance in Spain produced artists such as El Greco and composers such as Tomás Luis de Victoria and Antonio de Cabezón . = = = Portugal = = = Although Italian Renaissance had a modest impact in Portuguese arts , Portugal was influential in broadening the European worldview , stimulating humanist inquiry . Renaissance arrived through the influence of wealthy Italian and Flemish merchants who invested in the profitable commerce overseas . As the pioneer headquarters of European exploration , Lisbon flourished in the late 15th century , attracting experts who made several breakthroughs in mathematics , astronomy and naval technology , including Pedro Nunes , João de Castro , Abraham Zacuto and Martin Behaim . Cartographers Pedro Reinel , Lopo Homem , Estêvão Gomes and Diogo Ribeiro made crucial advances in mapping the world . Apothecary Tomé Pires and physicians Garcia de Orta and Cristóvão da Costa collected and published works on plants and medicines , soon translated by Flemish pioneer botanist Carolus Clusius . In architecture , the huge profits of the spice trade financed a sumptuous composite style in the first decades of the 16th century , the Manueline , incorporating maritime elements . The primary painters were Nuno Gonçalves , Gregório Lopes and Vasco Fernandes . In music , Pedro de Escobar and Duarte Lobo produced four songbooks , including the Cancioneiro de Elvas . In literature , Sá de Miranda introduced Italian forms of verse . Bernardim Ribeiro developed pastoral romance , plays by Gil Vicente fused it with popular culture , reporting the changing times , and Luís de Camões inscribed the Portuguese feats overseas in the epic poem Os Lusíadas . Travel literature especially flourished : João de Barros , Castanheda , António Galvão , Gaspar Correia , Duarte Barbosa , and Fernão Mendes Pinto , among others , described new lands and were translated and spread with the new printing press . After joining the Portuguese exploration of Brazil in 1500 , Amerigo Vespucci coined the term New World , in his letters to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de ' Medici . The intense international exchange produced several cosmopolitan humanist scholars , including Francisco de Holanda , André de Resende and Damião de Góis , a friend of Erasmus who wrote with rare independence on the reign of King Manuel I. Diogo and André de Gouveia made relevant teaching reforms via France . Foreign news and products in the Portuguese factory in Antwerp attracted the interest of Thomas More and Dürer to the wider world . There , profits and know @-@ how helped nurture the Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age , especially after the arrival of the wealthy cultured Jewish community expelled from Portugal . = = = Hungary = = = After Italy , Hungary was the first European country where the renaissance appeared . The Renaissance style came directly from Italy during the Quattrocento to Hungary first in the Central European region , thanks to the development of early Hungarian @-@ Italian relationships – not only in dynastic connections , but also in cultural , humanistic and commercial relations – growing in strength from the 14th century . The relationship between Hungarian and Italian Gothic styles was a second reason – exaggerated breakthrough of walls is avoided , preferring clean and light structures . Large @-@ scale building schemes provided ample and long term work for the artists , for example , the building of the Friss ( New ) Castle in Buda , the castles of Visegrád , Tata and Várpalota . In Sigismund 's court there were patrons such as Pipo Spano , a descendant of the Scolari family of Florence , who invited Manetto Ammanatini and Masolino da Pannicale to Hungary . The new Italian trend combined with existing national traditions to create a particular local Renaissance art . Acceptance of Renaissance art was furthered by the continuous arrival of humanist thought in the country . Many young Hungarians studying at Italian universities came closer to the Florentine humanist center , so a direct connection with Florence evolved . The growing number of Italian traders moving to Hungary , specially to Buda , helped this process . New thoughts were carried by the humanist prelates , among them Vitéz János , archbishop of Esztergom , one of the founders of Hungarian humanism . During the long reign of emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg the Royal Castle of Buda became probably the largest Gothic palace of the late Middle Ages . King Matthias Corvinus ( r . 1458 – 1490 ) rebuilt the palace in early Renaissance style and further expanded it . After the marriage in 1476 of King Matthias to Beatrice of Naples , Buda became one of the most important artistic centres of the Renaissance north of the Alps . The most important humanists living in Matthias ' court were Antonio Bonfini and the famous Hungarian poet Janus Pannonius . András Hess set up a printing press in Buda in 1472 . Matthias Corvinus 's library , the Bibliotheca Corviniana , was Europe 's greatest collections of secular books : historical chronicles , philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century . His library was second only in size to the Vatican Library . ( However , the Vatican Library mainly contained Bibles and religious materials . ) In 1489 , Bartolomeo della Fonte of Florence wrote that Lorenzo de ' Medici founded his own Greek @-@ Latin library encouraged by the example of the Hungarian king . Corvinus 's library is part of UNESCO World Heritage . Other important figures of Hungarian Renaissance : Bálint Balassi ( poet ) , Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos ( poet ) , Bálint Bakfark ( composer and lutenist ) and Master MS ( fresco painter ) . = = = Poland = = = An early Italian humanist who came to Poland in the mid @-@ 15th century was Filippo Buonaccorsi . Many Italian artists came to Poland with Bona Sforza of Milan , when she married King Sigismund I the Old in 1518 . This was supported by temporarily strengthened monarchies in both areas , as well as by newly established universities . The Polish Renaissance lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and was the Golden Age of Polish culture . Ruled by the Jagiellon dynasty , the Kingdom of Poland ( from 1569 known as the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth ) actively participated in the broad European Renaissance . The multi @-@ national Polish state experienced a substantial period of cultural growth thanks in part to a century without major wars – aside from conflicts in the sparsely populated eastern and southern borderlands . The Reformation spread peacefully throughout the country ( giving rise to the Polish Brethren ) , while living conditions improved , cities grew , and exports of agricultural products enriched the population , especially the nobility ( szlachta ) who gained dominance in the new political system of Golden Liberty . The Polish Renaissance architecture has three periods of development . = = = Russia = = = Renaissance trends from Italy and Central Europe influenced Russia in many ways . Their influence was rather limited , however , due to the large distances between Russia and the main European cultural centers and the strong adherence of Russians to their Orthodox traditions and Byzantine legacy . Prince Ivan III introduced Renaissance architecture to Russia by inviting a number of architects from Italy , who brought new construction techniques and some Renaissance style elements with them , while in general following the traditional designs of Russian architecture . In 1475 the Bolognese architect Aristotele Fioravanti came to rebuild the Cathedral of the Dormition in the Moscow Kremlin , which had been damaged in an earthquake . Fioravanti was given the 12th @-@ century Vladimir Cathedral as a model , and he produced a design combining traditional Russian style with a Renaissance sense of spaciousness , proportion and symmetry . In 1485 Ivan III commissioned the building of the royal residence , Terem Palace , within the Kremlin , with Aloisio da Milano as the architect of the first three floors . He and other Italian architects also contributed to the construction of the Kremlin walls and towers . The small banquet hall of the Russian Tsars , called the Palace of Facets because of its facetted upper story , is the work of two Italians , Marco Ruffo and Pietro Solario , and shows a more Italian style . In 1505 , an Italian known in Russia as Aleviz Novyi or Aleviz Fryazin arrived in Moscow . He may have been the Venetian sculptor , Alevisio Lamberti da Montagne . He built 12 churches for Ivan III , including the Cathedral of the Archangel , a building remarkable for the successful blending of Russian tradition , Orthodox requirements and Renaissance style . It is believed that the Cathedral of the Metropolitan Peter in Vysokopetrovsky Monastery , another work of Aleviz Novyi , later served as an inspiration for the so @-@ called octagon @-@ on @-@ tetragon architectural form in the Moscow Baroque of the late 17th century . Between the early 16th and the late 17th centuries , an original tradition of stone tented roof architecture developed in Russia . It was quite unique and different from the contemporary Renaissance architecture elsewhere in Europe , though some research terms the style ' Russian Gothic ' and compares it with the European Gothic architecture of the earlier period . The Italians , with their advanced technology , may have influenced the invention of the stone tented roof ( the wooden tents were known in Russia and Europe long before ) . According to one hypothesis , an Italian architect called Petrok Maly may have been an author of the Ascension Church in Kolomenskoye , one of the earliest and most prominent tented roof churches . By the 17th century the influence of Renaissance painting resulted in Russian icons becoming slightly more realistic , while still following most of the old icon painting canons , as seen in the works of Bogdan Saltanov , Simon Ushakov , Gury Nikitin , Karp Zolotaryov and other Russian artists of the era . Gradually the new type of secular portrait painting appeared , called parsúna ( from " persona " – person ) , which was transitional style between abstract iconographics and real paintings . In the mid 16th @-@ century Russians adopted printing from Central Europe , with Ivan Fyodorov being the first known Russian printer . In the 17th century printing became widespread , and woodcuts became especially popular . That led to the development of a special form of folk art known as lubok printing , which persisted in Russia well into the 19th century . A number of technologies from the European Renaissance period were adopted by Russia rather early and subsequently perfected to become a part of a strong domestic tradition . Mostly these were military technologies , such as cannon casting adopted by at least the 15th century . The Tsar Cannon , which is the world 's largest bombard by caliber , is a masterpiece of Russian cannon making . It was cast in 1586 by Andrey Chokhov and is notable for its rich , decorative relief . Another technology , that according to one hypothesis originally was brought from Europe by the Italians , resulted in	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
art County Road 17 ( CR 17 ) , US 20 is two @-@ lane rural highway . US 20 was part of the Dunes Highway from the Illinois state line to Michigan City , concurrent with US 12 . The Dunes Highway started being paved in 1922 . The section of the highway , that is known as Lincoln Way as part of the 1913 section of the Lincoln Highway . Indiana State Highway Commission , later renamed Indiana Department of Transportation , began signing US 20 in 1926 . US 20 went through downtown South Bend and Elkhart before the St. Joseph Valley Parkway was built . Before the parkway was completed , the route that was open to traffic was called Bypass US 20 . A small realignment in LaGrange County was done in 2005 , in which the roadway was straightened . Other small realignments included the route through Michigan City , which followed US 35 from US 12 to I @-@ 94 . = = Route description = = Only the segment of US 20 that is concurrent with the St. Joseph Valley Parkway are included as a part of the National Highway System ( NHS ) . The NHS is a network of highways that are identified as being most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation . The highway is maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation ( INDOT ) like all other U.S. Routes in the state . The department tracks the traffic volumes along all state highways as a part of its maintenance responsibilities using a metric called average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) . This measurement is a calculation of the traffic level along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year . In 2010 , INDOT figured that lowest traffic levels were the 3 @,@ 390 vehicles and 1 @,@ 090 commercial vehicles used the highway daily near the Ohio state line . The peak traffic volumes were 36 @,@ 040 vehicles and 731 commercial vehicles AADT along the section of US 20 concurrent with SR 331 . = = = Illinois to South Bend = = = US 20 enters Indiana concurrenct with US 12 and US 41 , at which point it passes under the Indiana Toll Road . The road passes by both commercial and industrial areas , between Wolf Lake and Horseshoe Casino . US 12 , US 20 , and US 41 are concurrent until US 41 turns south on Calumet Avenue . US 12 and US 20 head southeast toward East Chicago ; in East Chicago , US 12 turns east and US 20 continues south . US 20 meets State Road 312 ( SR 312 ) and passes under the Indiana Toll Road . US 20 turns left onto Michigan Street and heads east to Gary passing both industrial and residential . On the way to Gary , US 20 has an interchange with SR 912 ; at the interchange , the road name changes to 5th Avenue . Just west of Gary , US 12 and US 20 have a concurrency . US 12 and US 20 are concurrent through most of Gary . From Bridge Street to Vermont Street , the eastbound traffic of US 12 / US 20 is on 5th Avenue and westbound traffic is on 4th Avenue . East of downtown Gary , the eastbound and westbound lanes merge to form the Dunes Highway . Before reaching the neighborhoods of northeastern Gary , the Dunes Highway has an interchange with Interstate 65 ( I @-@ 65 ) and I @-@ 90 / Indiana Toll Road . Shortly thereafter , US 12 leaves to the northeast toward Michigan City and US 20 heads east then northeast , forming a major retail corridor through the neighborhoods of Aetna and Miller Beach . The route meets SR 51 at the northern terminus of SR 51 , near the boundary between Lake Station and Gary . Just west of Portage , the road passes under I @-@ 94 . In Portage , the route has intersections with both SR 249 and SR 149 . The road now enters Burns Harbor and has interchanges with I @-@ 94 and SR 49 , just south of the Indiana Dunes . The route heads northeast until Town of Pines , where it intersects with SR 520 . After Pines , the route heads due east to US 421 in Michigan City . From US 421 , the route heads east and then northeast around Michigan City . On the east side of Michigan City the route has an interchange with both SR 212 and I @-@ 94 followed by an intersection with the northern terminus of US 35 . After US 35 , the route becomes a four @-@ lane undivided highway until Rolling Prairie , passing SR 39 at Springville . East of Rolling Prairie the route meets SR 2 . US 20 heads northeast and then east and SR 2 heads due east . The route passes through Hudson Lake and New Carlisle before South Bend . = = = South Bend to Ohio = = = On the west side of South Bend , US 20 heads onto the St. Joseph Valley Parkway continuing due south . The St. Joseph Valley Parkway runs along the west side of South Bend . The route turns due east having a cloverleaf interchange with US 31 , just south of downtown South Bend . On the south side of Mishawaka , US 20 has a 2 @.@ 09 miles ( 3 @.@ 36 km ) concurrency with SR 331 . The road has a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 33 near Dunlap . The interchange with Old US 20 is incomplete with no access to westbound Old US 20 from eastbound US 20 . Soon after the interchange with Old US 20 is an interchange with CR 17 . This exit is also the end of the St. Joseph Valley Parkway . US 20 heads east from Elkhart towards Middlebury , having an intersection with SR 15 south of Bristol . At this intersection the road is a four @-@ lane undivided highway , and soon after the intersection the road becomes a two @-@ lane highway . The route passes through the southwest side of Middlebury . On the south side of Middlebury the route has a traffic light at SR 13 . The route becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway just west of this intersection , and soon after the intersection the road becomes a two @-@ lane highway . From Middlebury , the route heads east towards Lagrange , passing through rural farmland in eastern Elkhart County and western Lagrang County . On the way to Lagrange the route passes through an intersection with SR 5 just south of Shipshewana . The route heads east towards downtown Lagrange , having an intersection with SR 9 . The route heads east through rural farmland in eastern LaGrange County and western Steuben County . The route enters Angola and has an interchange with I @-@ 69 . The road enters downtown Angola and passes just north of Trine University . The road heads towards downtown and a roundabout with SR 127 ( Old US 27 ) . After going through the east side of Angola , the route leaves Angola heading east towards Ohio . In rural eastern Steuben County , the route passes through farmland and has an intersection with the northern terminus of SR 1 . Just west of the Ohio state line the route passes under the Indiana Toll Road ( I @-@ 80 / I @-@ 90 ) . = = History = = An important road from 1900 to 1910 was the Old Chicago Road , later renamed the Dunes Highway . The Dunes Highway Association engineers envisioned the Dunes Highway a " state of the art " 40 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 12 m ) concrete highway with a 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) right @-@ of @-@ way . In August 1919 , Commission director H.L. Wright tentatively designated the Dunes Highway as State Road 43 , to be 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) wide . Narrower than anticipated , the new concrete highway was still superior to most Indiana roads , which in the mid @-@ 1920s were gravel or dirt with paved sections only between the larger towns . Dunes Highway construction began in 1922 under the guidance of Gary contractor Ingwald Moe and construction engineer Ezra Sensibar . US 20 was part of the first alignment of the Lincoln Highway in 1913 from the current SR 2 in Rolling Prairie to Elkhart , where the Lincoln Highway turned southeast on to current US 33 . In 1926 , the Lincoln highway was rerouted to US 30 . Between 1917 and 1926 the route from Illinois state Line to Michigan City was SR 43 ; this route was named Dunes Highway . At this time , US 20 from Michigan City to Ohio state line was SR 25 . When US 20 was signed in Indiana , in 1926 , the section from Illinois state line to Michigan City was concurrent with US 12 and the Dunes Highway . In the early 1930s US 20 from the Illinois state line to Michigan City was moved to its current route . In the mid @-@ 1970s Bypass US 20 ( BYP US 20 ) went from US 31 to US 20 , on the southwest side of South Bend . Until 1998 , US 20 went through downtown Elkhart and South Bend . When the State of Indiana built the St. Joseph Valley Parkway , the route downtown was decommissioned . In 2005 a series of sharp curves around Rainbow Lake were removed ; the curves were located six miles west of Lagrange . A new straight roadway was built , from just east of SR 5 to just east of Lagrange County Road 600 West . = = Future = = The Indiana Department of Transportation plans to make US 20 a four @-@ lane highway with a center turn lane from the east end of the St. Joseph Valley Parkway to SR 13 . The project will be done in three different phases . Phase one will be from Elkhart County Road 17 to SR 15 , phase two will be from SR 15 to Elkhart County Road 35 , and phase three will be from CR 35 to SR 13 . The final phase is scheduled for completion around 2020 . = = Major intersections = = = Hare coursing = Hare coursing is the pursuit of hares with greyhounds and other sighthounds , which chase the hare by sight and not by scent . In some countries , it is a legal , competitive activity , in which dogs are tested on their ability to run , overtake and turn a hare , rather than a form of hunting aiming at the capture of game . It has a number of variations in its rules around the world . Informal coursing can be a form of hunting , conducted to kill game or vermin , either for food , pest control or as a pastime . Coursing is a long established hunting technique , practiced historically with greyhounds , other sighthound breeds , or with lurchers which are crossbred sighthounds , and working breeds . The sport grew in popularity in Europe during the 19th century , but has since experienced a decline due in part to the introduction of greyhound racing with betting , and animal welfare legislation . In recent decades , controversy has developed around hare coursing , with some viewing it as a cruel bloodsport . Hare coursing is illegal in Scotland , Wales and England and became illegal in Northern Ireland in 2011 . However , it continues elsewhere in the world as a regulated and judged , competitive sport , in e.g. the Republic of Ireland , Iberia , and the Western United States . = = History = = = = = Formal coursing = = = Whether for sporting or hunting purposes , hare coursing was in Europe historically restricted to landowners and the nobility , who used sighthounds , the ownership of which was at certain historic times prohibited among the lower social classes . The oldest documented description of hare coursing is the work Kynegetikos ( Greek ) , otherwise known as Cynegeticus ( Latin ) , which was written by Arrian circa 180 AD . This work , known from its first complete English translation as On Coursing 1831 , by William Dansey , was considered by its original author as a necessary addition to the classic work of the same name Cynegeticus ( On Hunting ) , scent hunting , by Xenophon . Arrian felt compelled to describe the sight hunt and sighthounds because the Ancient Greeks only knew the scent hunt . It is from Arrian that the most famous quote on the sporting fairness of coursing originates " ... true huntsmen do not take out their hounds to catch the creature , but for a trial of speed and a race , and they are satisfied if the hare manages to find something that will rescue her " . The competitive version of hare coursing was given definitive form in the UK when the first complete set of English rules was drawn up in the reign of Elizabeth I by Thomas Howard , 4th Duke of Norfolk , providing for a pursuit of no more than two hounds , a headstart termed " Law " to be given to the hare for a fair run , and for the manner of awarding points on " Speed " , " Go @-@ bye " , " Turn " , " Wrench " , " Kill " & " Trip " , to judge the dogs ' performance . The first modern coursing club was established at Swaffham in 1776 , and the National Coursing Club was founded to regulate the sport in 1858 . From 1876 coursing meets were held at Plumpton , East Sussex , and this name was used for such events in Australia . During the 19th century , coursing crossed the class divide , and reached its peak of popularity , with more than 150 coursing clubs in Britain , some attracting up to 80 @,@ 000 people . By the late 19th century , hare coursing had become a predominantly working class sport . Coursing declined during the 20th century , notably due to the development of urban greyhound racing in the 1920s , and there were less than 30 coursing clubs in the UK by 2000 . = = = Informal coursing = = = The oldest form of hare coursing simply involved two dogs chasing a hare , the winner being the dog that caught the hare ; this could be for sport , food or pest control . In order to indulge in the informal practice , or hunting , various cross breeds ( under the generic British term lurchers ) have been created ; such animals may be specifically bred for coursing , such as the staghounds used to hunt coyote in the United States . Informal coursing has long been closely associated with pheasant hunting or poaching , lacking the landowner 's permission , and is often seen as a problem by the local public , landowners and the police . Clubs affiliated to the Association of Lurcher Clubs organised informal coursing with the landowner 's permission , sometimes using a single lurcher rather than a pair to chase a hare . = = = Lure coursing = = = Lure coursing is a sport for dogs based on hare coursing , but involving dogs chasing a mechanically operated lure . Some critics of hare coursing suggest that coursers could test their dogs through lure coursing . However , coursers believe that , while lure coursing is good athletic exercise for their dogs , it does not approximate the testing vigour and sport of live coursing . = = = Illegal coursing = = = In 2015 in England and Wales , illegal hare coursing has continued since coursing was banned by the Hunting Act 2004 . A typical hare coursing involves groups of two to 12 people walking in a line approximately 10 metres apart and then letting their dogs off the leads to chase flushed hares . The dogs are filmed so that the coursing can be played later , when betting occurs . Illegal hare coursing occurs on a large scale in Lincolnshire , Cambridgeshire and Norfolk , although the " gangs " often travel large distances to course hares . The dogs are starved beforehand " so the hares are often ripped to shreds when they are caught " . = = Description of formal coursing = = Modern hare coursing is practiced using a number of sighthounds : mainly greyhounds but also Borzois , Salukis , Whippets , and Deerhounds that are registered with a governing body such as the National Coursing Club or Kennel Club in Great Britain , the Irish Coursing Club , or the National Open Field Coursing Association ( NOFCA ) in the US . Events are conducted through local coursing clubs which are regulated by their governing body . The objective of legal formal coursing is to test and judge the athletic ability of the dogs rather than to kill the hare . Legal , formal hare coursing has a number of variations in how it is undertaken . Open coursing takes place in the open field , and closed coursing ( or park or Irish style ) takes place in an enclosure with an escape route . Open coursing is either run as walked @-@ up coursing , where a line of people walk through the countryside to flush out a hare , or as driven coursing , where hares are driven by beaters towards the coursing field . In each case , when a suitable hare appears , a person known as a slipper uses a slip with two collars to release two dogs at the same time , in pursuit of the hare which is given a head start ( known as fair law ) , usually between 70 – 90 metres ( 80 – 100 yards ) . The sighthound is released elsewhere by the handler . The chased hare will then run at around 40 – 45 km / h ( 24 – 26 mph ) and the course will last around 35 – 40 seconds over 0 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 3 miles ) . The greyhounds which pursue the hare will , being faster , start to catch up with it . As greyhounds are much larger than hares but less agile , they find it difficult to follow the hares ' sharp turns which they make to evade the dogs . This agility gives the hare an important and often crucial advantage as it seeks to escape . Under some coursing club rules , the dogs are awarded points on how many times they can turn the hare , and how closely they force the hare 's progress . In the UK , the contest between the greyhounds was usually judged from horseback , and the winning greyhound proceeded to the next round of a knock @-@ out tournament . The 2003 UK coursing season ran from 1 October to 28 February . = = = Variations in the Republic of Ireland = = = Hare coursing is popular in the Republic of Ireland , with the national meeting in Clonmel , County Tipperary , being the most important event in the coursing calendar , attracting 10 @,@ 000 spectators , and claimed by its organisers to be worth up to € 16 million for the local economy . There are around 70 formal coursing clubs in the Republic and two in Northern Ireland , together holding 80 – 85 meetings per year . There are several differences between the rules of coursing in Great Britain ( where it is regulated by the National Coursing Club ) and Irish coursing which has been organised by the Irish Coursing Club since 1916 . Because hares are not plentiful in all parts of the island of Ireland , mainly due to modern agricultural practices , coursing clubs are licensed by the Irish government to net 70 – 75 hares for their events . The hares are then transported in boxes to the coursing venue where they are kept for up to eight weeks and trained to be coursed . Instead of being coursed on open land , the Irish form is run in a secure enclosure over a set distance . Since 1993 , Irish Coursing Club rules have made it compulsory for the greyhounds to be muzzled while they chase the hare . After the coursing event , the hares are transported back to where they were netted and re @-@ released into the wild . Whereas the UK form of coursing was run with dogs winning points for their running and turning of the hare , the Republic of Ireland form is run on the basis that the first dog to turn the hare wins . This is denoted by either a red flag or a white flag , indicating the colours of the respective dogs ' collars . = = = Variations in the United States = = = Greyhounds were introduced in the Americas for sport and pleasure , they helped farmers control jackrabbits , and organised coursing meets were taking place in the United States in the 19th century , by 1886 according to Gulf Coast Greyhounds . Open field coursing of jackrabbits , which are members of the hare family , now takes place in a number of states in Western America , including California , Montana and Wyoming , and is said by the North American Coursing Association to take place also in Idaho , Nevada , New Mexico and Utah . It takes place with up to four dogs chasing the hare . The legality of hare coursing across the different states of the USA is not always clear . Animal Place , a California @-@ based animal rights group which opposes coursing , claims that the activity is legal in California , Colorado , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah and Wyoming but illegal in Arizona , Florida , Idaho , Kansas , Maine , Minnesota , Massachusetts , Oklahoma , Oregon , Texas , Vermont and Wisconsin . The pro @-@ coursing campaign , Stop2110 says that open field coursing is legal in all US states with a huntable population of jackrabbits . Washington state lists jackrabbits as a protected species , due to an unusually low population for a western state , and bans all forms of hunting them . During the 2006 – 07 coursing season , the leading United States coursing body , the National Open Field Coursing Association , registered 480 dogs of various breeds , and oversaw 83 coursing events . Its quarry is the Black @-@ tailed Jackrabbit . Coursing of White @-@ tailed Jackrabbits is organised by a smaller body , the North American Coursing Association . = = = Variations in other countries = = = According to the UK Government review , the Burns Inquiry ( published in 2000 ) , hare coursing was taking place in Pakistan , Portugal and Spain . Pakistan has officially prohibited the use of dogs or hawks for coursing unless a special licence is issued for carrying out such activity although , according to some reports , hare coursing is still practised and popular . Hare coursing in Portugal is run in both forms : open ( Prova de Galgos a Campo ) , and closed ( park ) coursing where it is known as lebre a corricão . Hare coursing in Portugal may only be legally undertaken with two dogs and operates under the same ethos as coursing in the United States . In Spain , the hare coursing is open coursing , and the areas where the activity takes place includes the Medinrua area . Coursing has long been undertaken in Spain , where Spanish galgos rather than greyhounds are used . These dogs have a precarious life after their coursing careers , with World Animal Protection suggesting that many tens of thousands die cruelly each year . Hare coursing also takes place in Russia but is illegal in most European countries and in Australia , where it had a long history from 1867 until it was banned in 1985 following a long decline in popularity . = = Controversy = = As long ago as 1516 , Thomas More wrote in Utopia that , Thou shouldst rather be moved with pity to see a silly innocent hare murdered of a dog , the weak of the stronger , the fearful of the fierce , the innocent of the cruel and unmerciful . Therefore , all this exercise of hunting is a thing unworthy to be used of free men . Coursing has long sparked opposition from activists concerned about animal welfare . In 1892 , Lady Florence Dixie criticised hare coursing as an " aggravated form of torture " and the League Against Cruel Sports was established in 1924 to campaign against rabbit coursing on Morden Common and continues to believe that it is wrong to expose animals to the risk of injury or death for human entertainment . The Waterloo Cup became a centrepiece of the campaign against coursing in the UK . In opposition , coursing has long enjoyed the fame of being known as " the noblest of field sports " precisely because the death of the hare is not the aim of the sport . Under most regulated forms of coursing only two hounds pursue the hare , the dogs competing against each other for a short time , and allowing the hare a significant chance of escape . = = = Welfare arguments = = = Until the 1970s , there was a dearth of scientific evidence on the welfare impact of coursing . The first thorough study was carried out in 1977 – 79 by the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare ( UFAW ) , albeit that it said that it was " not easy to draw conclusions from these reports " . According to a review of this study conducted for the Burns Inquiry , " Of the 53 hares killed , 43 had neck injuries , 18 of which were inflicted by the handler ( as evidenced from a clean break and no teeth marks ) . No clean breaks were believed to have been caused by dogs ( where tooth marks were evident ) . The UFAW team 's assessment was that all chest injuries would have been quickly fatal ( in six cases these included a punctured heart ) ; 10 animals without neck injuries had chest injuries . Abdominal injuries included six punctured livers , but generally involved a ruptured gut . In the UFAW team 's opinion , hindleg and back injuries could have been extremely painful until chest or neck injuries were inflicted " . The Burns Inquiry , set up by the UK Government to examine hunting with dogs in England and Wales , which included coursing , concluded that " We are ... satisfied that being pursued , caught and killed by dogs during coursing seriously compromises the welfare of the hare . It is clear , moreover , that , if the dog or dogs catch the hare , they do not always kill it quickly . There can also sometimes be a significant delay , in driven coursing , before the picker @-@ up reaches the hare and dispatches it ( if it is not already dead ) . In the case of walked @-@ up coursing , the delay is likely to be even longer " . = = = Welfare arguments in Irish @-@ style coursing = = = Since the introduction of muzzling for greyhounds in 1993 , deaths to hares are less common , falling from an average of 16 % to about 4 % of hares coursed ( reducing to around 150 – 200 hares per year ) . Muzzled dogs are more likely to buffet a hare than to bite it , a factor that may still affect the hare 's subsequent survival . Hares can either die due to injuries sustained by contact with the much larger dogs or due to capture myopathy . The report from the official Countryside ranger at the Wexford Coursing Club meeting in December 2003 confirms that , exceptionally , 40 hares died at the event and the report of the veterinary surgeon who examined the hares blames the " significant stress " of being " corralled and coursed " . Coursing supporters deny that hare coursing is cruel and say that hares that are injured , pregnant or ill are not allowed to run . Hares are reported to be examined by a vet before and after racing . In the context of open ( not park ) coursing , the ( British ) National Coursing Club evidence to the Burns Inquiry said that muzzled coursing can cause more suffering than unmuzzled if the coursing officials are not able to reach injured hares quickly . The Irish Council Against Bloodsports , an organisation that campaigns against hare coursing has video evidence that shows this happening , even in enclosed coursing . = = = The kill = = = In 2000 , the rules of the UK National Coursing Club awarded a point to a greyhound that killed a hare " through superior dash and speed " . By early 2003 , this rule had been deleted to remove the appearance of the kill incentive . Observers of hare coursing at the Waterloo Cup – the most important event in the UK coursing calendar until it was last held in 2005 – regularly reported a minority of people in the crowd cheering when hares were killed . In 2005 in the US , points were still awarded for a " touch ... where the quarry is captured or killed " . The number of hares killed in coursing is unclear . The UK government 's Burns Inquiry which submitted its final report in 2000 said that about 250 hares were killed each year in formal coursing. although much larger numbers of kills are believed to take place in informal coursing . The UK National Coursing Club and the organisers of the now defunct Waterloo Cup said that , on average , one in seven or eight hares coursed were killed . Inspectors from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals who attended the event estimated that a greater number , one in five hares coursed , were killed . During the 2013 season , the Irish National Parks and Wildlife Service oversaw 23 hare coursing meetings . Over 100 hares “ required assistance ” after being struck during races , which led to over 20 of them dying of natural causes or having to be euthanised . = = Conservation or pest control = = In different parts of the world two contrasting arguments are made in favour of hare coursing . In some places , the high densities of hare leads to the animals being considered as agricultural pests – a view taken , for example , by the California Department of Agriculture . Coursing is sometimes defended on this basis , even though the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife has said that coursing does not " reduce the population enough to alleviate damage " . Elsewhere , such as in the UK , hares are not always seen as pests , and there are species action plans aiming to significantly increase their numbers . Some coursers say that coursing assists conservation because it leads to sporting landowners creating a habitat suitable for hares . Opponents of coursing say that the converse is true , namely that coursing takes place where hares live rather than hares living where coursing takes place . It is also the case that coursing kills slower hares , and it is said by some coursers that this leaves faster hares to breed and multiply . = = Debate and legislation = = = = = United Kingdom = = = The practice of hare coursing has only recently , in historical terms , been debated in Parliament , although Parliament created an exemption in 1921 from the cruelty legislation , the Protection of Animals Act 1911 , for animals released for coursing . Eric Heffer , MP for Liverpool Walton , was a major opponent of coursing in the late 1960s , and Prime Minister Harold Wilson joined in the criticism . Under Wilson 's premiership , the House of Commons voted for Government Bills to ban hare coursing in 1969 and 1975 , but neither passed the House of Lords to become law . In 2002 , the Scottish Parliament passed the Protection of Wild Mammals ( Scotland ) Act , which banned hare coursing in Scotland . In 2004 the British Parliament passed the Hunting Act , which banned hare coursing as well as other forms of hunting with hounds with effect from 18 February 2005 . Prosecutions were successful against two hare coursers in 2008 and against two Yorkshire landowners in 2009 . The private prosecution brought against the organisers of the March 2007 North Yorkshire event organised by a Field Trialling Club clarified in September 2009 that hare coursing is still an illegal activity under the Hunting Act 2004 even if the dogs used are muzzled . No formal coursing has taken place in Northern Ireland since 2002 , as Ministers have refused the coursing clubs permission to net hares , and have protected them from being coursed or hunted under the Game Preservation ( Northern Ireland ) Act and in June 2010 the Northern Ireland Assembly voted to ban the practise . The two extant Northern Ireland coursing clubs since 2002 have travelled to the Republic to hold meetings jointly with coursing clubs there . Opinion polls commissioned by the League Against Cruel Sports as part of its campaigning have shown very strong public opposition to hare coursing from both urban and rural residents of Northern Ireland ( and the Republic of Ireland ) . In 2015 , it was reported that hare coursing incidents fell by approximately 78 per cent across Suffolk since the re @-@ launch of an operation against coursing in September 2013 . = = = United States = = = = = = = California = = = = In early 2006 , the TV channel ABC 7 showed a film of coursing with sets of three greyhounds competing in the chase of a number of hares . Coursing was banned in the County concerned , and California Assemblywoman Loni Hancock promoted a bill , AB2110 , to make it a crime for any person in California to engage in open field coursing – defined as a " competition in which dogs are , by the use of rabbits , hares , or foxes , assessed as to skill in hunting live rabbits , hares , or foxes " . A pro @-@ coursing campaign was also established . The Bill was passed by the Public Safety Committee but did not become law . = Rebel Heart ( Madonna album ) = Rebel Heart is the thirteenth studio album by American singer and songwriter Madonna . It was released on March 6 , 2015 , by Interscope Records . Following the completion of the MDNA release and promotion , Madonna worked on the album throughout 2014 , co @-@ writing and co @-@ producing it with various musicians , including Diplo , Avicii , and Kanye West . She regularly uploaded pictures of her recording sessions on her Instagram account . Unlike her previous efforts , which involved only a few people , working with a large number of collaborators posed problems for Madonna in keeping a cohesive sound and creative direction for the album . Thematically , Rebel Heart represents the singer 's romantic and rebellious sides . The themes grew organically during the writing and recording sessions . Musically , it is a pop record which merges an array of genres such as 1990s house , trap , and reggae , as well as the use of acoustic guitars and gospel choir . Some of the songs are autobiographical in nature while others talk about love and Madonna 's career . Rebel Heart features guest appearances by boxer Mike Tyson and rappers Nicki Minaj , Nas and Chance the Rapper . The record had been set for a March 2015 release , with the first single to be released on Valentine 's Day . But after a flurry of unexpected album content leaks , Madonna released the album for pre @-@ order on the iTunes Store on December 20 , 2014 , with six songs being available immediately for download . A police investigation led to an Israeli man being arrested and charged with hacking into Madonna 's computer and leaking the songs . The leaked cover art for the deluxe edition of the album became popular , leading to numerous memes being created on Instagram , Tumblr , and Twitter . To promote the album , Madonna made several television appearances and performances , including the 57th Annual Grammy Awards and the 2015 Brit Awards . It was further promoted by the Rebel Heart Tour which started in September 2015 , and concluded in March 2016 , visiting North America , Europe , Asia , and Oceania . " Living for Love " , " Ghosttown " , " Bitch I 'm Madonna " , and " Hold Tight " were released as singles from the album . Rebel Heart received predominantly positive reviews from music critics ; multiple reviewers called it her best effort in a decade . They found that unlike her two previous studio efforts , Hard Candy ( 2008 ) and MDNA ( 2012 ) , the album 's sound was progressive . It peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 chart in the United States and the UK Albums Chart . Rebel Heart also peaked at number one in various countries across the world , including major music markets such as Australia , Canada , Germany , Italy , Spain , and Switzerland , while reaching the top ten on charts in France , Ireland , Mexico , Japan , New Zealand , and Sweden , and attaining Gold certifications in some of the regions . = = Background and development = = Following the release of her twelfth studio album , MDNA ( 2012 ) , Madonna embarked on The MDNA Tour to promote it . The tour created much controversy over her statements on violence , human rights , and politics , and her use of fake firearms and her nudity on stage . She was threatened with several lawsuits . She was enraged by many world events , which she claimed were acts of " injustice " against human beings . In September 2013 , she released secretprojectrevolution , a short film she directed with Steven Klein , dealing with artistic freedom and human rights . The film also launched a global initiative called Art for Freedom to promote freedom of expression . She clarified in L 'Uomo Vogue that her next album would be connected with Art for Freedom , saying that she " had " to be committed to the initiative and use her voice as an artist . By December 2013 , Madonna 's manager Guy Oseary commented that the singer was " eager to get started " on her next album . However , she had another project in mind - developing the screenplay for the Andrew Sean Greer novel , The Impossible Lives of Greta Wells . Madonna decided to split her time between writing the screenplay and writing songs for the new album . In February 2014 , Madonna confirmed that she had already begun working on her thirteenth studio album , saying : " I 'm right now in the process of talking to various co @-@ writers and producers and talking about where I want to go with my music " . Working with a number of collaborators on the album , Madonna encountered problems in keeping a cohesive sound and creative direction for Rebel Heart , since her previous efforts had been produced with only a small core group of people developing the music . She observed that a lot of the people she enlisted would not stay in one city at a time due to their different projects , resulting in Madonna not finishing her songs . " So , I was just the person standing there with a clipboard in the headlights , going ' Ok ! ' A little bit like a school teacher , " she admitted . = = Writing and recording sessions = = In March 2014 , Madonna started posting a number of images on the social media website Instagram , where she hinted at possible songwriters and collaborators with hashtag captions . First she posted about going into the recording studio with Swedish DJ and producer Avicii . Record producer Carl Falk talked to the Dagens Nyheter newspaper in April 2014 about the sessions with Madonna and Avicii . He recalled that eleven demos were recorded within a week at Henson Recording Studios in Hollywood , with acoustic guitars and piano . A total of six personnel were selected by Avicii 's manager Arash " Ash " Pour Nouri . They were divided into two groups , the first consisted of Falk , Rami Yacoub , and Savan Kotecha ; the second consisted of Salem Al Fakir , Vincent Pontare , and Magnus Lidehäll . Avicii worked with both groups to create the demo songs , while Madonna arrived at the studio in the afternoon and stayed until 7 am . She worked closely with both teams while writing and changing melodies , and was in charge of the process . A few days later , Madonna posted an image of a sunset with the words " Rebel Heart " on them , and a caption which the media interpreted as lyrics from a new song . The lines posted were : " Day turns into night . I won 't give up the fight . Don 't want to get to the end of my days ... saying I wasn 't amazed " . Additional images showed Madonna with singer Natalia Kills in front of a microphone , and with Martin Kierszenbaum , the founder and chairman of Cherrytree Records , and senior executive of A & R for Interscope Records , Madonna 's label . By mid @-@ April 2014 , she had also revealed on Instagram the names of songwriters Toby Gad and Mozella and record producer Symbolyc One with images of the group working in studio . The list of personnel grew to include producer Ariel Rechtshaid and sound engineer Nick Rowe . In an interview with Sirius XM Radio , Kierszenbaum described the recording process : We were supposed to be with her in the studio for a couple of days . She kindly invited us to stay a little longer . We don 't know what 's going to end up on the album but it was an absolute you know honor ... For me being such a fan for so long it was so exciting to hear her vocal in the room right next to me , coming out of her head really sounding exactly like all those records we all love and she 's a pleasure to work with because she 's so in tune with who she is and what she wants to sing . I don 't know . It 's really great collaborating with her and Natalia is such a great writer . In May 2014 , Madonna posted a selfie in which she talked about working with American DJ Diplo . Madonna had invited him for her annual Oscar party , but he could not attend . They eventually started talking about music through texts and decided to collaborate on the album . Madonna asked Diplo to provide his " craziest record " for the album . Together they wrote and recorded seven songs . " Those records are gonna be crazy @-@ sounding . We really pushed the envelope with some of the stuff we were doing ... [ S ] he was up for anything . I love when an artist gives a producer the confidence he needs to work with them , and Madonna was very open @-@ minded to my ideas " , Diplo added . One song was composed using a hook Madonna had sung in the studio ; Diplo described it as " super weird " . Another one , later confirmed as " Living for Love " , had nearly twenty versions recorded ranging from a piano ballad to an EDM version . Ultimately Madonna and Diplo compromised on version midway between the two styles . Rechtshaid and British singer MNEK also joined their writing sessions , improving the song 's verses . Diplo also confirmed another track , known as " Bitch I 'm Madonna " , which he believed would push the lyrical boundaries for a pop song . Both Alicia Keys and Ryan Tedder confirmed working on the album , saying that they had contributed to the songwriting with Keys playing piano on " Living for Love " . Two other songs , " Messiah " and " Devil Pray " , were confirmed by Madonna in different interviews . = = Titling and themes = = Thematically , Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone felt that the album focused on two subjects : listening to one 's heart , and being a rebel . Madonna explained that these concepts were not the initial inspiration , but emerged during the sessions with Avicii . Madonna observed two distinct themes emerging organically , and felt the need to express them . The record was titled Rebel Heart , since it dealt with two different aspects of the singer 's character — her rebellious , renegade side , and her romantic side ; she wanted the album to represent both . On the French radio station NRJ , she explained that Rebel Heart could be both autobiographical and fictional , since she mixed both her own experiences with imaginary narratives while writing the songs . The title also stemmed from Madonna 's belief that contemporary music artists are not encouraged or inspired to be rebellious , take risks , or speak @-@ up , and she wanted to highlight this . However , she understood the importance of having love in the rebellious nature , so added the word Heart to the title . Introspection was also listed as one of the foundational themes prevalent on the album , along with " genuine statements of personal and careerist reflection scattered among the posturing of ' Bitch I 'm Madonna ' and ' Unapologetic Bitch ' " according to Slant 's Sam C. Mac as well as her " obsessive self @-@ regard " . Madonna explained to Jon Pareles of The New York Times that although she has never looked back at her past endeavors , reminiscing about it felt right for Rebel Heart . " And it 's bittersweet for me to think about that . It just seemed like a time where I wanted to stop and look back . It 's kind of like survivor guilt . How did I make it and they didn 't ? " During the album 's development phase , she became comfortable expressing her ideas in front of a few people , comparing it to : " writing your diary in front of somebody and reading it out loud ... It was almost like an acting exercise , you know , just putting myself in a room and letting ideas flow even if I didn 't feel so connected to the people " . Further inspiration for the album came from Madonna 's exploration of other cultures and art , literature , and music , referencing them in the songs . She believed that the tracks should stand on their own , so that one could sing them accompanied with just a guitar . Madonna enlisted the help of her daughter Lourdes and son Rocco , calling them her A & R advisers . They visited night clubs and were able to provide her with news about up @-@ and @-@ coming music and artists , helping to create the sounds she gravitated towards for the album . Generally a pop record , Rebel Heart was different from Madonna 's releases in the last decade according to Bradley Stern from MuuMuse . He called it an " eclectic record " citing the merging of an array of musical genres like 1990s house , trap , and reggae along with the use of acoustic guitars . Stern felt that unlike Hard Candy ( 2008 ) and MDNA which chased then current musical trends , this album 's sound was progressive . Adding to this , Mitchell Sunderland from Vice felt that Rebel Heart was a " lesson learned " from the criticism Madonna had received for her previous two albums . Jed Gottlieb of the Boston Herald found the album continued Madonna 's " increasingly interesting , innovative approach " by combining contemporary musical styles with her previous tastes . He found Rebel Heart to be an improvement from the generic dance tunes on MDNA . For Jon Pareles of The New York Times , Rebel Heart was like a sequel to MDNA in its composition , but while the latter was marred by its cold mechanized vocals and clichéd songwriting , the former portrays Madonna 's musical abilities as someone " who ponders sin along with romance and fame " . Jay Lustig of The Record believed that Madonna had always lacked a thematic coherence with her previous endeavors . However , with the songs from Rebel Heart , she was able to create potentially successful singles despite the tracks ' different styles , thereby maintaining consistency on the record . = = Music and lyrical interpretation = = Rebel Heart opens with the song " Living for Love " . Composed in the house genre , it begins with Madonna singing over a " regal " piano line , eventually joined by percussion . Although a breakup song , " Living for Love " talks about being triumphant and hopeful . According to Dean Piper of The Daily Telegraph , the song has " some classic Madonna traits : religious references , a gospel choir , 90s piano beats and a whirling bass " . It was compared to her 1989 singles , " Like a Prayer " and " Express Yourself " by Jason Lipshutz of Billboard . The second track , " Devil Pray " , was inspired by how one could be enticed to partake of narcotics to achieve a higher level of consciousness and connect to God . Lyrically it asks for salvation from a variety of drug abuses , making allusions to Saint Mary and Lucifer , as well as the pain of healing from drug abuse . Produced by Madonna with Falk , Avicii , DJ Dahi , and Blood Diamonds , " Devil Pray " starts with gentle guitar sounds which build up to an electropop production , accompanied by a house beat . " Ghosttown " talks about civilizations ending and the world encountering an armageddon , but humans seeing hope amid the destruction . Written with Jason Evigan , Evan Bogart , and Sean Douglas , it is a power ballad song , which Madonna sings in " piercing " and " warm " vocals like those of Karen Carpenter 's , and the production is comparable to her 1986 single , " Live to Tell " . According to Douglas , " Ghosttown " was written in three days , after Madonna personally requested studio time with him and the other songwriters . The fourth track , " Unapologetic Bitch " , has reggae , dancehall , and dubstep influences , and is a ska song where Madonna speaks negatively about a break @-@ up and her lover , in lyrics such as : " It might sound like I 'm an Unapologetic Bitch but sometimes you have to call it like it is " . Madonna explained that the song is about having fun irrespective of the situation one is in . The fifth song , " Illuminati " , was inspired after Madonna learned that some people labelled her as a member of the Illuminati . She researched the real Illuminati and wrote the song . Lyrically it refers to the Illuminati conspiracy theory , the Egyptian pyramids , the Phoenix , the Age of Enlightenment , and the Eye of Providence among others , with the chorus lyrics : " It 's like everybody in this party is shining like Illuminati " . According to Madonna , Kanye West , who produced the track , loved the melody and changed the composition adding his own spin to it . Minaj appears on the sixth track , " Bitch I 'm Madonna " , where she raps , asking everybody to " go hard or go home " , while Madonna shouts lyrics like : " I just want to have fun tonight , I wanna blow up this house tonight " . Produced by Diplo and Sophie , the track has a tearing sound alongside the " bleepy electro " and " churning dubstep " composition . During the writing sessions , Minaj had to rewrite the lyrics until she could get the correct sentiment Madonna wanted . " Hold Tight " consists of an " arresting " chorus and a drum beat sound , described by Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine as : " innocuous , lyrically platitudinous pop that briefly works itself up into something exciting when it threatens to become a gospelized stomp " . Track eight , " Joan of Arc " , is a ballad in which Madonna sings about the media scrutiny of her life , singing : " Each time they take a photograph , I lose a part of me I can 't get back " . It also references the Roman Catholic saint of the same name . Madonna 's hushed , vibrato @-@ tinged vocals , and confessional lyrics in " Joan of Arc " , are enhanced by a new beat instrumentation that utilizes strings and acoustic guitars in the bridge . " Iconic " features Chance the Rapper and boxer Mike Tyson . The latter has a spoken word introduction to the song , similar to his addition on Canibus ' debut single , " Second Round K.O. " ( 1998 ) . Madonna invited Tyson to the recording studio where he talked about his life ; he recorded the introduction in one take . Consisting of a " weird " beat , " Iconic " finds Madonna embracing herself as an icon through the lyrics . " HeartBreakCity " follows " Iconic " , and is a piano ballad talking about lost love , with Madonna singing in a deeper vocal register , inspired by baroque pop . Containing synths , banjo sounds , and hollow drums , " Body Shop " describes love as a damaged car on the highway , requiring a body repair to be alive . West also produced the next track , " Holy Water " , where the singer compares her bodily fluids to the title . With hedonistic sound effects , the song is reminiscent of Madonna 's 1990 single , " Justify My Love " and contains a lyrical excerpt from " Vogue " . A bassline accompanies the chorus , consisting of moaning sounds , arcade game music , and synths . " Inside Out " was produced by Mike Dean , and features Madonna 's vocals with reverb , accompanied by piano sounds and restrained chords . " Wash All Over Me " follows , and is the last track on the standard version of the album . Baroque piano sounds , and a steady military beat , lead up to the chorus as Madonna sings about the world changing , heartbreaks , and acceptance . A gospel choir and minimum synths back the song 's sound . The deluxe version of Rebel Heart begins with the track " Best Night " , an 80s electro composition reminiscent of Sade 's songs with drums and Indian flute instrumentation . Madonna begins the song with the line , " You can call me M tonight " but her voice is not discernible in the chorus , only in the harmonies . There is another reference to " Justify My Love " at one point during the intermediate bridge . " Veni Vidi Vici " appears next , and is a rap " origin story song " with its lyrics built around Madonna 's songs : " I expressed myself , came like a virgin down the aisle / Exposed my naked ass , and I did it with a smile / And when it came to sex , I knew I walked the Borderline / and when I struck a pose , all the gay boys lost their minds " . Madonna sings the chorus over simple guitar beats , uttering " I came , I saw , I conquered " , the English translation of the song 's title . Nas appears for a guest verse talking about his own life as Diplo backs it with shotgun and crunching horn sounds . " S.E.X. " is the next track where Madonna asks sarcastically " tell me what you know about sex " over sounds of bass , synths and a string arpeggio . Near the end she lists a number of bondage items like : " Twisted rope , handcuffs , blindfold , string of pearls " . Described as both an embodiment and critique of act , " S.E.X. " talks about the lack of intimacy with Madonna rapping in a " dispassionate " voice ; she purposely made it sound like she had a lisp in her articulation of the words . " Messiah " is a dramatic pop ballad with an orchestra backing and violins . Madonna sings in a " deeper velvety " tone , with the lyrics talking about lighting candles , necromancy , and casting love spells . The title track finishes off the deluxe version and was changed completely from its leaked demo . It consists of acoustic guitar and violins , with autobiographical lyrics . Amy Pettifer of The Quietus noted , " ' Rebel Heart ' quietly [ acknowledges Madonna 's ] part in building the scene and popularizing stylistics that are the foundation of current trends . " The super deluxe version presented tracks like " Graffiti Heart " , where Madonna drew inspiration from her pre @-@ fame friends like artists Jean @-@ Michel Basquiat and Keith Haring evoking the power of art in gaining freedom . It was described by the Pretty Much Amazing blog as a " a galloping love letter to creativity " , while " Beautiful Scars " is a disco @-@ lite throwback track . " Borrowed Time " deals with war and social issues while " Auto @-@ Tune Baby " features a baby wailing in the background . = = Release , leaks , and artwork = = In May 2014 , photographer Mert Alas posted on his Instagram account that he was listening to a new Madonna album , but Billboard clarified that she was still in the process of recording it in Los Angeles . They later posted a 50 @-@ second snippet of an instrumental which media claimed to be from Madonna , but the sample was traced back to Dutch DJ Sander Kleinenberg and his song " We Are Superstars " . Oseary confirmed that Madonna looked forward to a 2015 release date for the album . However , on November 28 , 2014 , two songs titled " Rebel Heart " and " Wash All Over Me " were leaked onto the Internet ; the songs were immediately taken down , and Oseary tweeted asking for assistance in finding the source of the leaks . On December 17 , 2014 , a total of thirteen songs were leaked , as well as artwork suggesting the album was to be named Iconic . An aggravated Madonna clarified that the songs were demo versions from earlier recordings ; she described the leak as " artistic rape " . She was criticized subsequently for referring to the hack as " terrorism " in the wake of the Peshawar school massacre and the Sydney hostage crisis , terrorist acts that had taken place earlier in 2014 . Madonna said in a Billboard interview that after the leak she and her team tried to trace it back to the source , but ultimately decided to release the finished songs . Referring to the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack , she was critical of the Internet and explained that the incident led to her securing her laptop and hard drives , and disabling the Wi @-@ Fi . " I wanted to plan everything in advance . Release the single , shoot a video , start talking about my record . And you know , prepare for the release of the entire album and have everything set up just so ... But we sort of were left with no choice " , she added . On December 20 , 2014 , the album was made available for pre @-@ order at the iTunes Store . When ordered , six tracks ( five in the United Kingdom ) were automatically downloaded . Madonna stated that the songs were meant to be " an early Christmas gift " with the final release on March 10 , 2015 . Originally , " Living for Love " was intended to serve as the lead single from the album . It was to be released on Valentine 's Day , with the rest of the record slated for the spring . However , due to the leak , the release date had to be pushed up . Oseary recalled that they did not receive a confirmation until Friday night whether the pre @-@ release could be executed , since iTunes was closing for the Christmas weekend . After much discussion on the pros and cons of the release , and with the aid of Interscope vice @-@ chairman Steve Berman , and Apple Inc . ' s Robert Kondrk , they were able to go live slowly . The six songs Madonna chose had to be polished , and since the tracks ' producers were unavailable , she mastered and mixed them herself . The album 's release was compared to Beyoncé 's self @-@ titled surprise release in 2013 , with The Guardian calling it a " partial Beyoncé " . The leaks continued with fourteen new demos being revealed between December 23 and December 27 . Three new tracks — " Hold Tight " , " Joan of Arc " and " Iconic " — became available following Madonna 's Grammy performance . The final track list for Rebel Heart was revealed on January 20 , 2015 , including the standard and deluxe version song names . A day later Israeli police arrested a man suspected of hacking into Madonna 's , as well as other musicians ' computers , stealing and leaking content . Lahav 433 , an Israeli crime @-@ fighting umbrella organization , had led a month @-@ long investigation after the leaks occurred , working closely with the FBI . Although Israeli police refused to name the suspect , media identified him as former reality show contestant Adi Lederman , who had participated in the Israeli singing competition , Kokhav Nolad , season ten . As the deluxe edition leaked in full , Lederman was charged by Israel 's Magistrate Court on four counts : computer trespassing , prohibited secret monitoring and additional computer trespassing , copyright Infringement , and obstructing investigation . The investigation also revealed that Lederman was the one who had leaked the demo of Madonna 's lead single from MDNA , " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " . Copies of songs , including rehearsal recordings of upcoming Madonna performances , were sold for more than $ 1 @,@ 000 to various clients . Lederman was ultimately sentenced to fourteen months in a Tel Aviv prison . The cover art , featuring Madonna 's face inter @-@ crossed with black wires , became popular on social media resulting in numerous memes being created on Instagram , Tumblr and Twitter . Fans wound black wires across their faces imitating the cover , and even created memes with the faces of other celebrities , including : Britney Spears , Michael Jackson , Homer Simpson , Jim Carrey , Marlon Brando , and the Grinch . Madonna forwarded many of the images to her social media accounts . However , three of the images — those of Martin Luther King Jr . , Nelson Mandela and Bob Marley with the same wires around their faces — were heavily criticized for being " disrespectful and racist " . The singer explained the photos the next day , saying that she was flattered by the comparison to the three and characterized herself as a " freedom fighter " . = = Promotion = = = = = Live performances = = = Madonna confirmed her appearance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards on February 8 , 2015 ; Oseary clarified that the singer would also perform at the ceremony . The singer performed " Living for Love " wearing a one @-@ piece , matador red outfit , surrounded by male dancers dressed as Minotaurs similar to the song 's music video . Forbes reported that Madonna 's performance was the most @-@ watched moment of the night . Her effort to sing live without Auto @-@ Tune during the choreographed performance was also widely praised . She also performed the song at the 2015 Brit Awards , on February 25 , 2015 . However , in the early stages of the performance , a wardrobe malfunction caused her to be pulled down a flight of stairs that made up part of the stage . She later took to Instagram to confirm that she was well , posting : " Thanks for the good wishes ! I 'm fine " . It was later revealed that her cape was tied too tightly , and when her dancers attempted to remove it from her neck , this caused her to crash to the floor , leaving the audience in shock . After several seconds , she continued her performance as planned . Madonna partnered with the geosocial networking app , Grindr to promote Rebel Heart . A contest was held and five of the app 's users were selected for an exclusive interview with the artist . The contest required re @-@ creating the artwork for Rebel Heart and posting it as a Grindr profile picture . Other winners received signed copies of the album . Joe Stone from The Guardian considered this to be a " savvy " promotional method allowing Madonna to connect directly with her gay audience . Madonna appeared on The Jonathan Ross Show , for her first UK television interview in three years , on February 26 , 2015 ( aired on March 14 ) . She performed an edited version of " Living for Love " , as well as " Ghosttown " for the first time . On March 1 , she travelled to Italy for an appearance on the television show Che tempo che fa ( aired on March 8 ) , where she performed " Devil Pray " and " Ghosttown " while talking with host Fabio Fazio on numerous topics including the album 's development process . The next day she appeared on France 's Le Grand Journal show , performing an edited version of " Living for Love " and " Ghosttown " . Another interview aired on The Today Show on March 9 and 10 , 2015 , where she spoke to host Carson Daly about the Rebel Heart leaks . Madonna appeared for the first time on a special edition of The Howard Stern Show on March 11 , 2015 during which she discussed her life , and personal relationships , as well as confirming that " Ghosttown " was to be the second single from Rebel Heart . Madonna appeared and performed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in the US for the entire week of March 16 to 20 . Songs performed included " Living for Love " with DeGeneres herself joining the singer onstage , a stripped down version of " Joan of Arc " , " Ghosttown " , and finally , her 1985 single " Dress You Up " , during a bathroom concert sequence with DeGeneres . On March 29 , 2015 , Madonna performed " Ghosttown " at the 2nd iHeartRadio Music Awards in Los Angeles , where she was joined onstage by singer Taylor Swift playing guitar . Two days later , the BBC 's Jo Whiley interviewed her for Radio 2 , the singer 's first radio interview in the UK . Madonna appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on April 9 , 2015 , singing " Bitch , I 'm Madonna " and her 1983 single , " Holiday " . = = = Singles = = = " Living for Love " was the first single from the album , released along with five other tracks . It was sent for radio play in the US on February 10 , 2015 . The song received positive feedback with Slant Magazine listing it at number 25 on their year end top songs list for 2015 , saying : " Overworked and overthought , for sure , but the song 's essence remains in tact , and if Madonna 's message of life after love didn 't register as a commercial comeback on the scale of , say , Cher 's ' Believe ' , it remains a pop @-@ gospel sequel of the highest order " . An accompanying music video , directed by the French duo Julien Choquart and Camille Hirigoyen , together known as J.A.C.K. , was released in February 2015 . Its storyline incorporates mythological elements and shows Madonna as a matador , fighting her dancers dressed like minotaurs on a red circular stage . " Ghosttown " was first sent for radio airplay in Italy on March 13 , 2015 , and a week later in Australia . The music video was directed by Jonas Åkerlund , and starred actor Terrence Howard . The video 's main theme was " an apocalyptic situation mimicking the end of the world " , showing the singer and Howard as the sole survivors in a destroyed city . The third single , " Bitch I 'm Madonna " , was released as a remix EP , featuring remixes by various collaborators . Åkerlund again helmed the video for the song , which featured Minaj and Diplo with Madonna , and cameo appearances by : Rita Ora , Chris Rock , Jon Kortajarena , Miley Cyrus , Alexander Wang , Beyoncé , Katy Perry , Kanye West , and Madonna 's two sons , Rocco and David . The video was shot at the Standard Hotel in New York City and shows Madonna and her entourage having a party throughout the building , ending on the rooftop . The release of the video to the streaming service Tidal was plagued by technical difficulties , and was met with a mixed response . Critics complimented the craziness of the clip but panned the absence of the guest stars from the set . " Hold Tight " was a radio only single in Italy , released for airplay on July 24 , 2015 , and served as the fourth single from Rebel Heart in that country . " Bitch I 'm Madonna " became the only track from the album to enter the Billboard Hot 100 . It debuted and peaked at number 84 on the chart , aided by a total of 2 @.@ 6 million streams of the song 's audio and video . The first three singles reached the top of the Billboard Dance Club Songs , extending Madonna 's record as the artist with the most number one songs on the chart , as well as the artist with the most number @-@ one singles ever on a Billboard chart , breaking her tie with country singer George Strait who earned 44 number @-@ ones on the Hot Country Singles chart . " Living for Love " reached number 26 in the United Kingdom , becoming Madonna 's 71st top @-@ forty single , extending her record as the female artist with the most top @-@ forty UK singles . = = = Rebel Heart Tour = = = Numerous news outlets started reporting on the concert tour supporting Rebel Heart . The Italian newspaper Torino Today reported Madonna was planning on returning to Turin with the tour on November 20 and 21 , 2015 . The tour was called the Rebel Heart Tour with appearances in North America , Europe , Asia and Oceania , beginning on September 9 , 2015 . Billboard reported that the tour would use arenas only , and would visit cities where Madonna had not performed previously . The initial itinerary had 25 – 30 shows in North America and 20 – 25 shows in Europe , with additional dates being revealed later on . This tour was the singer 's first visit to Australia in more than 20 years , having last toured there with The Girlie Show World Tour in 1993 , and her first time performing in New Zealand and the Philippines . The tour 's main stage was elevated and set up at the end of each arena , with a long catwalk extending from its middle to the center of the space . At the middle of the catwalk there was a circular stage , while the far end of the pathway ended in a heart @-@ shaped stage . Designers working on the tour 's wardrobe included : Jeremy Scott for Moschino , Alessandro Michele for Gucci and Alexander Wang , along with Fausto Puglisi , Prada , Miu Miu , Swarovski , Lebanese designer Nicolas Jebran , as well as Madonna 's longtime collaborator Arianne Phillips . The tour generated positive critical reviews , many noting that Madonna appeared to be in a happy mood . At its completion , the tour grossed a total of $ 169 @.@ 8 million from the 82 shows , with over 1 @.@ 045 million ticket sales . = = Critical response = = On its release , Rebel Heart received positive critical reviews . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews by music critics , the album received an average score of 68 , based on 29 reviews , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " . The Daily Telegraph writer Neil McCormick , Andy Gill of The Independent , AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine , and Lauren Murphy of The Irish Times each gave the album 4 out of 5 stars . McCormick felt that " ( f ) or the first time in years , [ Madonna ] doesn 't sound desperate " , praising it in comparison to Hard Candy and MDNA . Saeed called it : " a fine collection of sturdy pop tunes in which Madonna finally allows herself to look back and sometimes pilfer from her peak periods of the late 80s and early 2000s " . Murphy wrote " the indisputable pop icon is back with a tentative bang " after MDNA had " few memorable pop hits " . For Gill , the most impressive aspect of Rebel Heart was Madonna 's vocals , while Erlewine found the album to be a revival of Madonna 's defiant side and her confessional mood . Writing for The Quietus , Amy Pettifer praised the album , describing it as : " a darker return to the club culture roots [ for Madonna ] , and it seems – on some level – to face up to the missteps of her more recent releases " . Giving it 3 @.@ 5 out of 4 stars , USA Today writer Elysa Gardner described the album 's sound and lyrics as " piercingly direct " . Chicago Tribune writer Greg Kot and Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times awarded it 3 out of 4 stars . Kot believed that the album would have been better without the songs referencing sexuality , but still considered it to be " fascinating " while Roberts believed that Rebel Heart stood out " sturdily " because of its production . Writing for The Boston Globe , James Reed opined that the album was a : " welcome detour in the artist 's recent discography ... her most satisfying effort in a decade and nimbly connects the dots between Madonna 's various eras and guises " . Critic Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle called Rebel Heart : " a complex , consistently strong album " . Slant Magazine editor Sal Cinquemani , Joe Levy of Billboard , and Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone each awarded the album 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars . Cinquemani wrote that the album was " all over the map " , yet felt it was " a surprisingly coherent one " . Levy wrote that the album was " subtle " compared to " current standards " , adding that : " These songs unfold slowly , building through foreplay @-@ like intros before hooks are displayed over a shifting series of textures " . Ganz felt that Rebel Heart " is at its strongest when Madonna shoves everyone to the side and just tells it to us straight " , and added : " Deep down , Madonna does have a rebel heart – and you can 't fault her for reminding us that pop music is all the better for it " . Jamieson Cox of Time commended the album for its consistent production and sound , and for Madonna 's vocals and songwriting . Giving it a rating of " B " , Kyle Anderson and Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly called the album " Madonna 's best outing since 2000 's Music " . Alexis Petridis of the The Guardian and Time Out writer Nick Levine gave the album 3 out of 5 stars . Petridis felt that the two contrasting sides of the album did not " quite gel " , reasoning that : " the former might represent the music Madonna wants to make , while the latter is the music she feels obliged to make " . Levine wrote : " ' Rebel Heart ' may lack cohesion , but she 's definitely not down for the count : this contains some of the best music Madonna 's made in a decade " . Annie Zalesky of The A.V. Club said the album had its " fair share of those head scratching moments " , but found it to be a move in the right direction musically . Spin writer Andrew Unterberger gave the album a 6 out of 10 ranking . While describing the record as " clunky " , Unterberger also wrote that it : " contains a number of Madonna 's best songs in years " . Writing for The New Zealand Herald , Lydia Jenkin gave it a mixed review , deeming the album a " bit of a mess " and " confused " . Lindsay Zoladz of New York magazine was disappointed , feeling that Madonna sounded " safe " in the songs , adding that : " ( t ) he Madonna of Rebel Heart [ has ] succeeded once again in the increasingly empty goal of sounding current " . Gavin Haynes of NME panned the album , saying that the album : " feels like a wasted opportunity . Trite self @-@ empowerment anthem ' Iconic ' informs us that there 's only two letters difference between Icon and I Can 't . Sadly , there are also two letters between class and ass " . = = Commercial reception = = According to Andrew Hampp of Billboard , the pre @-@ order received a strong commercial response after its release to iTunes Stores around the world . In the United States , three of the six released tracks debuted on Billboard 's Dance / Electronic Songs chart dated January 3 , 2015 — " Living for Love " , " Bitch I 'm Madonna " , and " Unapologetic Bitch " — despite being available for only two days . The six songs had sold a combined 146 @,@ 000 digital downloads , according to Nielsen SoundScan . The album 's pre @-@ orders were estimated at around 50 @,@ 000 to 60 @,@ 000 copies , according to industry prognosticators . The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 chart with 121 @,@ 000 album equivalent units , behind the soundtrack of the TV series Empire . While Rebel Heart was the best @-@ selling album of the week — ranking number one on Billboard 's Top Album Sales chart with pure album sales of 116 @,@ 000 copies ( 96 % of overall units ) — it fell behind the soundtrack when it came to streaming and track equivalent album units , with just over 1 @,@ 000 and 4 @,@ 000 respectively . It became Madonna 's 21st top @-@ ten album , but was her first studio release not to debut atop the chart since 1998 's Ray of Light . Rebel Heart 's concert tour bundle amounted to less than 10 @,@ 000 copies compared to the 180 @,@ 000 copies sold for her previous album , MDNA . The release also prompted Madonna to debut at number seven on the Billboard Artist 100 chart , moving up by 2 @,@ 919 % in overall Artist 100 points and gaining 31 % in social media activity . In Canada , Rebel Heart debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart with 18 @,@ 000 copies sold in the first week , making it her seventh number @-@ one there during the SoundScan era . The next week , the album dropped 19 places on the Billboard 200 , while in Canada it dropped only one position . Billboard reported that the sales dropped by 78 % to 26 @,@ 000 units , a reflection of the high pre @-@ orders during first week . The album gradually dropped down the next two weeks . On the fifth week it received a boost in sales as a result of Madonna 's appearance on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon , jumping from number 57 to 41 on the Billboard 200 . The album was present for a total of 11 weeks on the chart , and ranked at number 151 on the Billboard 200 year end chart for 2015 . In the United Kingdom , the Official Charts Company reported that Rebel Heart outsold its nearest competitors by a ratio of nearly 3 : 1 , after just 24 hours on sale . However , Sam Smith 's In the Lonely Hour pushed ahead at the last minute , and Rebel Heart debuted at number two with a difference of 12 @,@ 000 copies . It became Madonna 's first studio album to miss the top spot since Bedtime Stories , which also debuted at number two in 1994 . The album sold 37 @,@ 245 copies including 416 from streaming , the lowest first week sales for a studio album by Madonna . However , she extended her lead as the biggest selling female artist of the 21st century in UK , with cumulative sales of 7 @.@ 65 million copies . The following week , the album dropped to number 7 , with sales declining by 67 @.@ 46 % to 11 @,@ 983 copies . The album was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for selling over 60 @,@ 000 copies and has sold 76 @,@ 490 copies as of June 2015 . Rebel Heart debuted at the top of the German Albums Chart , becoming her twelfth chart @-@ topping record there . Madonna surpassed The Beatles and Robbie Williams as the foreign act with the most number @-@ one albums in German chart history , and equaled Herbert Grönemeyer for third place overall , behind only Peter Maffay and James Last with 16 and 13 chart @-@ toppers respectively . In France , the album debuted at number three on the SNEP Albums chart , with three @-@ day sales of 17 @,@ 000 copies . Rebel Heart also debuted at number one on record charts in : Austria , Belgium ( Flanders ) , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Italy , the Netherlands , Portugal , Spain and Switzerland , as well as in the top ten in the rest of Europe . In Australia , Rebel Heart debuted at the top of the ARIA Albums Chart with sales of 6 @,@ 962 copies , becoming Madonna 's eleventh number @-@ one album in the country and tying her with U2 as the act with the most number @-@ one albums since the establishment of ARIA in 1983 . It became Madonna 's 19th week atop the chart , ranking her at number 24 on the list of artists with most accumulated weeks at the top . The album had a sharp drop the next week , selling 1 @,@ 312 copies and dropping to number 18 on the album chart . In New Zealand , it debuted at number seven on the Official New Zealand Music Chart . In Japan , Rebel Heart debuted at number eight on the Oricon Albums Chart with first @-@ week sales of 7 @,@ 548 physical units , becoming her 23rd top @-@ ten album there . It also entered the Oricon International Albums Chart at number one , staying there for a second week . In South Korea , the album gave Madonna two top @-@ ten entries simultaneously on the Gaon International Albums Chart , with the deluxe edition at number one and the standard edition at number seven . As of March 2016 , the album has sold an estimated one million copies worldwide . = = Accolades = = In its year end review of albums released in 2015 , Rolling Stone ranked Rebel Heart at # 45 noting : " How did it take this long for Madonna to write herself a theme song titled ' Unapologetic Bitch ' ? No apologies offered or needed — Rebel Heart was the queen 's finest album in a decade , picking up the disco @-@ stick baton of her 2005 Confessions on a Dance Floor as Madonna voyages back into the groove and reflects on where she 's been lately " . It was also listed at number six on its ranking of the 20 Best Pop Albums of 2015 . Similarly , in its year end review , Spin magazine listed the album at number 21 as Andrew Unterberger noted that : " For most artists who spent whole decades defining the mainstream , titling an album Rebel Heart would seem misguided at best , but for Madonna , it 's truer now than ever : A fifty @-@ something refusing to bend to public demands about how she should age gracefully ... is as big an act of defiance as you can stage in contemporary pop music " . AllMusic listed Rebel Heart as one of their Favorite Pop Albums of 2015 , describing it as : " Bold , messy , and life @-@ affirming record that finds Madonna simultaneously looking forward and back " . For its year end tabulation , Digital Spy listed Rebel Heart at number 10 on the list of Top 25 Albums of 2015 with Lewis Corner noting that the tracks ranged from : " brilliant , dancehall groove to more reflective and somber pop ballads " . He added that : " At this stage in her career , if Madonna doesn 't have ' pop chameleon ' on her LinkedIn profile ... then Rebel Heart alone is enough to endorse that title " . He listed " Devil Pray " as a standout track . Associated Press music editor Mesfin Fekadu ranked the album at number 5 , describing the album as a " contemporary classic that puts albums from other female artists half [ Madonna ] ' s age to shame " . Fekadu criticized radio for not playing the songs from the album , listing " Bitch I 'm Madonna " and " Joan of Arc " as highlights . Billboard listed the Deluxe edition album cover at number 15 in their ranking of the Best Album Covers of 2015 . = = Formats and track listing = = Credits adapted from Madonna 's official website . Notes ^ [ a ] signifies a co @-@ producer ^ [ b ] signifies an additional producer ^ [ c ] signifies a remixer ^ [ d ] signifies personnel listed with BMI as songwriter on the song . = = Credits and personnel = = Performers Musicians Technical personnel Credits and personnel adapted from Madonna 's official website . = = Charts = = = = Certifications and sales = = = = Release history = = = George Pickingill = George Pickingill ( c . 1816 – 10 April 1909 ) was an English farm labourer who lived and worked in the village of Canewdon in the eastern English county of Essex . Widely considered to be a cunning man , or vocational folk magician , he reportedly employed magical means to offer cures for ailments and to locate lost property , although was also alleged to have threatened to place curses on people . Born into a rural working @-@ class family , Pickingill grew up in Hockley , Essex and was baptised into the Church of England . Working as a farm labourer , in 1856 he married Sarah Ann Bateman in Gravesend , Kent . The couple moved back to Essex , settled in Canewdon and had four children . Pickingill 's wife died in 1887 , and in later life he attracted limited press attention for his claim to be one of the oldest men in England . These claims also appeared in his obituaries , although were later shown to be incorrect . Pickingill was brought to wider public attention in the early 1960s by the folklorist Eric Maple . As part of his research into beliefs regarding folk magic and witchcraft in nineteenth @-@ century Essex , Maple had interviewed a number of Canewdon residents and collected their stories about Pickingill and his reputation as a cunning man . According to their accounts , Pickingill attracted visitors from around Essex seeking his magical help , for which he did not charge . They attributed to him the power to control animals , to command imps to do his bidding , and to wield power over either six or nine malevolent witches who lived in Canewdon . It was also claimed that he was able to coerce assistance and beer from local residents by threatening to place a curse upon them or their belongings . Although it has been suggested that local people were inventing claims to please Maple , many of which were based on older tales regarding the Essex cunning man James Murrell , subsequent research by historian Ronald Hutton has confirmed aspects of the folklorist 's original accounts . In the 1970s , the occultist E.W. " Bill " Liddell began publicising claims that secretive hereditary witch families had informed him that Pickingill was not simply a rural cunning man but that he was a major figure in the nineteenth @-@ century esoteric community . According to Liddell 's account — which has failed to receive any scholarly support — Pickingill was a member of a hereditary witch @-@ cult , leading a Canewdon coven and forming nine other covens across southern England . Liddell claimed that Pickingill reformed the established English witch @-@ cult by introducing new concepts from French and Danish witchcraft and from Classical sources , and that in doing so , Pickingill created the structure from which Gardnerian Wicca emerged in the 1950s . Prominent Wiccans Doreen Valiente and Lois Bourne have expressed criticism of his claims , which have also been rejected as spurious by such scholars of Pagan studies and magical history as Maple , Hutton , Owen Davies , and Aidan A. Kelly . = = Biography = = = = = Life and family = = = George Pickingill was the son of Charles Pickingill , a labourer and blacksmith , and Susannah Cudner , a woman who also went by the name of Hannah Cudmore ; the couple had married on 17 September 1813 . Although he had no known birth record , according to parish records , George Pickingill was baptised on 26 May 1816 at the church in Hockley . The year of Pickingill 's birth is however in question , as he made differing claims in different censuses ; in the 1851 census , he claimed to be 26 , meaning that his birth would have occurred circa 1825 , while in the 1861 census , he claimed to be 46 , which would have placed his birth c.1815. By the time of the 1901 census , he was claiming to be 95 , moving his birth to c.1806 ; it has been suggested that he made himself appear older to ease the process of collecting parish assistance from the church . Throughout his life , Pickingill would also use a variety of different spellings of his surname on official records , including Pickengill , Pickingale , Pickengal , Pettingale , Pitengale , and Pittengale . It is apparent from census data that Pickingill lived with his parents from 1816 until the 1830s , although it is not stated where he was living at the time of the 1841 census . In 1851 , he was recorded as lodging in the household of David Clemens in Little Wakering , Essex , and describing himself as a farm labourer by profession . On 18 May 1856 he married Sarah Ann Bateman at St George 's Church , an Anglican church in Gravesend , Kent . In that record , both Pickingill and Bateman described themselves as residing in Gravesend , and Pickingill declared that he was working as a labourer ; no profession was listed for Bateman . Bateman was born c.1831 in Tillingham , Essex , as the daughter of Joseph Bateman and his wife Mary Ann Aggus ; throughout married life , she identified as " Mary Ann Pickingill " and appeared as " Sarah Ann Pittengale " in her burial record . On 22 June 1858 the couple 's daughter , Martha Ann , was born in Hawkwell , Essex . By 1861 they had moved to Eastwood , Essex , where they were recorded in that year 's census . Here , Pickingill described himself as an agricultural labourer . That same year , their son Charles Frederick was born . The following year , Pickingill 's wife was caught stealing two pecks of potatoes , and subsequently fined ten shillings . In 1863 , a second daughter , named Mary Ann , was born to the couple . At some point in the coming four years , the Pickingill family moved to Canewdon , where another son , George , was born in 1876 . The couple and their four children were then recorded in the 1871 census , where Pickingill was again listed as working as an agricultural labourer . In the 1881 census , the couple were recorded as living with two of their children , Mary Ann and George , and Pickingill was again identifying as a labourer . On 17 August 1887 , a homeless man named James Taylor stole a jacket and pair of leather gloves from Pickingill . Taylor was arrested and brought to trial in Rochford on 24 August ; in October , he pleaded guilty to the theft of the jacket , although not to those of the other items . He was sentenced to six months imprisonment with hard labour . On 13 September 1887 Pickingill 's wife died at the age of 63 in Canewdon ; her death was attributed to a disease of the liver by the certifying doctor . She was buried at Canewdon 's St. Nicholas Church on 17 September . According to the 1891 census , Pickingill was still employed as an agricultural labourer , and was living in Canewdon with his married daughter Marry Ann and his granddaughter , Emily Wood . Records show that he was living in a rented cottage with an adjacent garden , and that in July 1899 the owner sold the property at auction . By 1901 he was listed as living on parish relief , with his two sons back living with him . By this time , Pickingill was increasingly inflating his age , eventually claiming that he was 105 years old . This attracted attention from other areas , including London , and in September 1908 a journalist visited Canewdon ; he arrived by automobile , the first that Pickingill had ever seen , and allowed the old man to ride in it . The journalist subsequently wrote an article about the alleged centegenerian , in which he claimed that his name was " Frederick Pickingale " ; it is possible that Pickingill gave the false name so that no one would be able to look up the parish records and discover his real age . Maple described Pickingill as " a tall , unkempt man , solitary and uncommunicative . He had very long finger @-@ nails , and kept his money in a purse of sacking " . He also noted that he had worked as a farm labourer and that he was a widower with two sons . = = = Magical activities = = = The first printed account of Pickingill that described him as a cunning man appeared fifty years after his death . This was provided by the folkorist Eric Maple , who was making a systematic study of nineteenth @-@ century traditions regarding witchcraft and magic in south @-@ eastern Essex , and who examined the case of Canewdon in the winter of 1959 – 60 . He had begun his enquiries by meeting with a number of elderly local residents at the home of the schoolmistress , from whom he gained a variety of tales pertaining to magical practices in the village . His initial findings were published in 1960 in the scholarly journal Folklore , produced by The Folklore Society . He subsequently produced a sensationalist popular history of witchcraft , The Dark World of Witches ( 1962 ) , in which he repeated many of the claims regarding Pickingill . In this work , he erroneously described south @-@ eastern Essex as the last bastion of English witchcraft beliefs , and ignored scholarly conventions in relating his information , resulting in a critical reception from folklorists ; the book nevertheless was popular and sold well . Maple noted that , unusually — given his role as a cunning man — Pickingill did not charge for his services , but did receive some money from visitors , and that his recorded roles included restoring lost property and curing minor ailments , both of which were common practices amongst British cunning folk . According to one account , he cured a woman of rheumatism by transferring the ailment to her father . Maple wrote that Pickingill was known to use cursing and malevolent magic on occasion , something that the folklorist contrasted with the activities of other contemporary cunning folk that he had studied , such as James Murrell . At harvest time , Maple recorded , Pickingill was known to wander around the field threatening to bewitch farm machinery , with many farmers thus offering him beer so that he would leave them alone . He was also recorded as coercing local people to obtain water for him from the village pump by threatening to set upon them white mice , a rodent which in local folklore was associated with misfortune . Another tale that Maple recorded also associated Pickingill with white mice ; according to this , a visitor travelled to the cunning man 's cottage only to find him lying in bed , with the mice suckling from his nipples . Pickingill was also known for his purported ability to control animals , namely horses , and it was believed that when he struck a hedgerow with his stick , game animals would run out that could then be caught , killed and eaten . It was also rumoured that he could do things faster than ordinary human beings , and that he could do an hour 's job in only a few minutes , with some believing that he got his imps — his familiar spirits — to do the job for him . Maple also noted that people who visited his cottage reported seeing ornaments and furniture dancing around the room of their own accord ; the folklorist believed that this story had originated in a Dutch folkloric tradition that may have been imported to Essex when many Dutch migrants settled there in the seventeenth century . According to Maple , Pickingill was sufficiently well known in Essex as an accomplished cunning man that people came to visit him from outside Canewdon in search of magical aid , sometimes " from great distances " , including men from the Essex village of Dengie , who sought his advice in a wage dispute . Meanwhile , as Maple noted , Canewdon had developed a reputation associating it with witchcraft and magic by the end of the nineteenth century , when it was often thought of as " The Witch Country " and avoided by many wagoners who feared having their vehicles bewitched . This was possibly due to its relative isolation from neighbouring settlements , as it was surrounded by marshland , and the insular nature of its community . Maple recorded that in this period there was a rumour that there were either six or nine elderly women living in Canewdon who were malevolent witches and used their magic to harm others . It was believed that whilst they were not known to one another , they all owed their allegiance to a singular wizard or master of witches , and there was a rumour in the local community that Pickingill himself was this figure . It was claimed that as " Master of Witches " , Pickingill simply had to whistle in order for these nine witches to stand by their front doors and reveal their identities , or that alternately he could " will them " to dance for him in the local churchyard . Subsequent researchers also travelled to Canewdon to meet with Maple 's informants and confirm his account for themselves . In April 1967 Ronald Hutton visited the village where he met with elderly resident Lillian Garner , who had been one of Maple 's informants . He also found an informant that Maple had not encountered , an old man named Jack Taylor , then living in a retirement home . Taylor claimed that as a young man he knew Pickingill , and that the latter had the power of horse @-@ whispering — the magical ability to command horses to do his bidding . On the whole , Hutton found that the account of Pickingill among the local people to whom he spoke was entirely consistent with that provided by Maple . In 1977 Hutton was followed by the Gardnerian Wiccan initiate Michael Howard , who met with Garner , then eighty @-@ seven years old . On this occasion , she recalled Pickingill being photographed with the first car to arrive in the village , and also gave Howard the original copy of a photograph of him that was in her possession . She then added the information — which she had not given to Maple or Hutton — that her own mother had talked of Pickingill leading a local coven , and that he received " many visitors " from " a long way away " who sought his magical knowledge . A different account was provided by Charles Lefebvre , an American author of the sensationalist Witness to Witchcraft ( 1970 ) . Here , his use of sources was unclear , although he asserted that Pickingill had had an ageless body , was a relative of Roma people , was the last survivor of an old witch family , held Black Masses and orgies in the church yard , and was visited by " black magicians " from across Europe . According to Lefebvre , Pickingill was finally killed when confronted by the sign of the cross . Hutton later described these as " fantasies " which served to support Lefebvre 's view that witchcraft should be criminalised . However , claims have since been made that Pickingill was not a cunning man or involved in folk magic at all . Local Canewdon historian Sylvia Webster expressed her view to Howard that tales regarding Pickingill 's magical practices had been invented by the locals of Canewdon to impress Maple . Supporting this position , she highlighted that there was no evidence to suggest that Pickingill was a cunning man prior to Maple 's publications . Similarly , Richard Ward argued that the contemporary obituaries and interviews conducted with Pickingill had shown no evidence of any magical activities , when such might have been expected . Ward suggested that many of the stories regarding Pickingill 's magical activities were adapted from those of a genuine Essex cunning man , James Murrell . Hutton responded critically to Ward 's claims , highlighting his own investigations into the local folklore and his interview with Taylor to express the view that there " seems little doubt " that Pickingill was a cunning man , although " there are still questions over what sort of one he was " . At the same time , Hutton also accepted the possibility that some of the legends associated with Murrell had come to be associated with Pickingill , although stated that this seemed to be " incapable of solid proof " . In his counter @-@ response to Hutton , Ward accepting that Pickingill could have been associated with " some apparent supernatural control or knowledge of horses " as Taylor had claimed , but that this did not automatically make him a cunning man , for which there remained no contemporary historical evidence . = = = Death = = = According to Maple 's account , in the last few weeks of Pickingill 's life , when he had become very ill , the local people moved him to the infirmary against his will , where he declared that at his funeral there would be one more demonstration of his magical powers . Many locals interpreted this as coming true when as the hearse carrying his coffin drew up to the churchyard , the horses stepped out of their harness shafts . His body was subsequently buried in the church 's graveyard , whilst his abandoned house gradually became dilapidated before falling down . According to his death certificate , " George Pettingale " died on 10 April 1909 at the age of 103 , and his cause of death was " senile decay " and " cardiac failure " . He was buried at Canewdon 's St Nicholas Church on 14 April ; although his stated age of 103 was recorded , the vicar added a note asserting that this was erroneous , for in reality Pickingill was " born at Hockley 1816 [ and ] was only in his 93rd year " . Pickingill 's death attracted national press attention . It was claimed in both the Essex Newsman and The Times that he was " believed to be the oldest man in England " ; these publications recorded his age as 106 . The story was also picked up by New Zealand newspaper The Star , in which he was described as " the oldest man in England " . According to Maple , Pickingill left " a legacy of myth which is curiously alien to the general run of witch traditions . In all the stories told of Pickingill there is a subtle undercurrent of horror which one finds hard to pinpoint . Possibly it arises from the fact that many of those who recount the tales actually knew the man and experienced just such a quiet terror when he passed them in the village street . " = = Bill Liddell 's claims = = In 1974 , a writer began sending articles to Pagan newsletter The Wiccan , then edited by the Gardnerian Wiccan John Score , articulating an alternative account of Pickingill 's life and relation to the British occult movement . First identifying himself only as " a well wisher " , he later began using the pseudonym Lugh , named for the Irish mythological figure . In 1977 , Lugh ceased sending the articles to The Wiccan and instead began publishing them in a rival British magazine , The Cauldron , edited by Michael Howard ; he claimed to have switched outlets because The Wiccan had been too dominated by Gardnerian perspectives . Lugh later revealed his name to be E.W. " Bill " Liddell , describing himself as an Englishman born in Essex . He added that circa 1960 he had moved to Auckland , New Zealand , before later relocating to Australia , from where he wrote his articles . In a 1984 letter he noted that he was not born with the surname of Liddell but had instead adopted it later in life . Claiming that Pickingill had been the first @-@ cousin of his paternal great @-@ great grandfather , Liddell asserted that he had been initiated into his family 's hereditary form of witchcraft in 1950 , and that he had subsequently been initiated into both the Gardnerian and Alexandrian traditions of Wicca . His partner , Sylvia Tatham , had been heavily involved in the development of the Alexandrian tradition in the early 1960s , having been one of those present when its founder , Alex Sanders , was initiated into the Gardnerian tradition . In 1982 , Wiccan Publications collected together and published these articles as two pamphlets : Old George Pickingill and the Roots of Modern Witchcraft and Medieval Witchcraft and the Freemasons . The articles were republished in one single volume in 1994 as The Pickingill Papers , edited by Liddell and Howard . Liddell 's claims regarding Pickingill are self @-@ contradictory . Liddell explained this by stating that the information contained in his articles had been passed on to him by three separate sources , all of which had decided to use him as a mouthpiece for their own claims . The first were the members of a hereditary tradition of Pagan witchcraft , while the second were the practitioners of a similar yet separate tradition of Pagan witchcraft which , Liddell alleged , had been greatly influenced by Pickingill in the nineteenth century . The third source cited by Liddell was his own experiences gained from being born into a witchcraft family and subsequently being initiated into both of the aforementioned traditions and a separate " cunning lodge " . He claimed that most of the information that he was publishing came from " Elders " , or older members , involved in the first two of these traditions , and that as such he could not vouch for its accuracy , going so far as to state that he doubted the veracity of much of it . Noting that these Elders themselves had very different opinions on Gardnerian Wicca , he also stated that the Elders ceased providing him with new information in the early 1980s . He stated that these various Elders had chosen him to disseminate the information because he had been involved in both hereditary witchcraft and Gardnerian Wicca and because he was based in New Zealand , thereby making it hard for anyone to trace their identities . Despite Liddell claiming that the material he was putting forward came from various sources , the historian Ronald Hutton noted that it was all presented in a " single , dogmatic , authorial voice " , with no indication of where the different pieces of information came from . Hutton also asserted that Liddell 's changing claims would be entirely consistent with a single individual making up stories and changing them as they went along . = = = Liddell 's account = = = According to Liddell 's initial 1974 claims , since the eleventh century the Pickingill family had been priests of a pre @-@ Christian , pagan religion devoted to the worship of the Horned God . In this , his claims fitted within the historical framework of the discredited witch @-@ cult hypothesis as propagated in the works of Margaret Murray . Later he added that the " medieval witch cult " was influenced by the " tenets " of the Iron Age druids , in particular their knowledge of ley lines which were marked out by the stone circles erected in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages . Conflicting with these ideas , in 1998 Liddell personally informed Hutton that the witch @-@ cult did not derive from ancient pre @-@ Christian religion but that it instead had been founded in fifteenth @-@ century France , emerging from a union between Christian heretics , cunning lodges , and a cult of Lucifer founded by Islamic Moors with the intent of undermining Christianity . Liddell claimed that the Pickingill family had many links to the travelling Romani population , and that Pickingill spent many of his early years in a Romani caravan . Liddell claimed that Pickingill faced persecution as a result , and that he " set out to terrify " the locals of Canewdon in retaliation . According to Liddell , Pickingill was trained in Romani magic , and thus in later life became " the most famous gypsy kako in England " . Liddell also claimed that Pickingill despised Christianity and wanted to see it overthrown ; to this end he collaborated with Satanists and included Satanic elements within his ritual practices , something which horrified other members of the East Anglian witch @-@ cult . Thus , according to Liddell , Pickingill was " England 's most feared and vilified ' Satanist ' " . Elsewhere , he stressed that Pickingill was not a Satanist , but rather that he had been considered such by other witches because he practised sex magic . Liddell asserted that Pickingill spent time in France , where he was initiated into a local form of the witch @-@ cult . According to this account , upon his return to Canewdon , Pickingill was invited to lead a local coven which had been operating since the mid @-@ fifteenth century — the " Seven Witches of Canewdon " — and that he continued to lead the group until disbanding it several years prior to his death . Liddell added that Pickingill proceeded to introduce many new innovations into the English witch @-@ cult by applying concepts borrowed from the Danish and French witch @-@ cults , namely the idea that the coven should be led by a woman . Liddell asserted that Pickingill then established nine covens in England , spread out in Essex , Norfolk , Hertfordshire , Sussex , and Hampshire ; he further added that two of those covens , based in Hertfordshire and Norfolk , survived into at least the 1970s . According to Liddell , Pickingill was propagating witchcraft in a reformed , female @-@ oriented form because the oncoming Age of Aquarius would be more receptive to this form of spirituality . In Liddell 's account , Pickingill travelled widely and joined a variety of cunning lodges , gaining access to their grimoires and libraries . According to Liddell , from the 1850s onward Pickingill began co @-@ operating with a group of Freemasons who considered themselves to be Rosicrucians and who wanted to prove that Freemasonry and Rosicrucianism were " siblings " of the witch @-@ cult . Two of these Freemasons , Hargrave Jennings and W.J. Hughan , became pupils of Pickingill , who aided them in producing a Rosicrucian Manifesto that was used in the formation of the Societas Rosicruciana in 1865 . According to Liddell , Pickingill 's involvement with Freemasons also led to the foundation of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn in 1888 . Liddell also asserted that Pickingill was influenced by a coven that had been founded in the early nineteenth @-@ century by a group of Cambridge University academics led by Francis Barrett and whose rituals were based largely on Classical sources . Liddell also claimed that the prominent occultist Aleister Crowley had been initiated into one of these nine covens as a young man . According to this account , Crowley had been introduced to the coven in 1899 or 1900 by his magical mentor , Allan Bennett . Liddell asserted that Crowley was subsequently ejected from the coven for his misbehaviour . As evidence for these claims , he stated that his own grandfather had been present on three occasions at which Bennett and Crowley met with Pickingill , and that he had seen a photograph in which the three figures are together . When asked to present this photograph for public scrutiny in 1977 , Liddell claimed that it was " not available " ; when independently asked again in 1983 , he asserted that it had been stolen by " interested parties " . Further , Liddell stated that one of Pickingill 's covens was the New Forest coven , a Wiccan group which Gerald Gardner — the founder of Gardnerian Wicca — claimed had initiated him in 1939 . However , Liddell did later state that he was not certain whether this was true . He also asserted that Gardner later joined another of the Pickingill covens , based in Hertfordshire , through which he received " the Second Rite of the Hereditary Craft " . Liddell stressed that this group was separate from Gardner 's own Bricket Wood coven . He furthermore claimed that Gardner received the " Third Rite " from an East Anglian coven , with this three @-@ degree system of initiation influencing that in Gardnerian Wicca . As a result , he stated that the structure and rituals of Gardnerian Wicca were based on those devised by Pickingill , and that " no impartial observer could fail to see that they formed the nucleus of the rites of Wicca . " Liddell believed that while many hereditary witches despised him , Gardner represented " the spiritual heir of Pickingill " , because he had similarly reformed and propagated witchcraft for contemporary purposes . = = = Pagan response = = = Liddell 's claims have received a mixed response from the British Wiccan community . Score championed them in private letters to his correspondents , declaring that they proved that the Gardnerian tradition had historical origins predating Gardner . His successor as editor of The Wiccan , Leonora James , was intrigued by Liddell 's claims and investigated the original records pertaining to Pickingill 's life ; however , by the 1980s she had concluded that Liddell 's claims were spurious . In her 1978 book Witchcraft for Tomorrow , the Wiccan Doreen Valiente – who had been Gardner 's High Priestess in the Bricket Wood coven during the 1950s — stated that she had an " East Anglian source " from Essex who claimed that many of Liddell 's assertions were correct . In particular , the informant championed Liddell 's claims that Crowley had been an initiate of one of Pickingill 's covens . By the time of her 1989 book The Rebirth of Witchcraft , Valiente was more sceptical of Liddell 's claims , noting that any supporting evidence was " still sadly lacking " . Another of Gardner 's High Priestesses , Lois Bourne , asserted that she was " as sure as I can be " that Gardner had nothing to do with any witches from Canewdon and that if they existed in the first place , then they must have belonged to a tradition distinct from Gardnerian Wicca . Privately , the Gardnerian initiate and founder of Alexandrian Wicca , Alex Sanders , rejected the claims that Liddell made . In his 2013 biography of Valiente , Jonathan Tapsell stated that the Liddell material was " generally regarded as a hoax " , being " a spurious history at best , or a malicious prank at worst . " Hutton asserted that the only " sustained champion " of Liddell 's claims has been Michael Howard , noting that he had defended such ideas in a " limited and measured " manner . Pagan studies scholar Ethan Doyle White noted that in his history of the Traditional Witchcraft movement , Children of Cain , Howard " remains cautious and refrains from accepting [ Liddell 's claims ] outright " . Howard has maintained that he keeps an " open mind " about Liddell 's claims , noting that while no evidence has been brought forward to substantiate them , similarly he does not believe that " any real evidence " has been brought forth to disprove them . Support for Liddell 's story came from Cecil Williamson , founder of the Museum of Witchcraft , who claimed to have known about Pickingill through his acquaintances with both Crowley and Gardner . However , Williamson was an unreliable source , and was known to repeatedly fabricate claims regarding past events . Another figure , known only as Colonel Lawrence , also supported Liddell 's story , asserting that his own great @-@ grandmother had studied under Pickingill and thus had been introduced to Crowley ; as with Williamson 's , however , Lawrence 's claims are unreliable , particularly as he has made the unsupported claim that his great @-@ grandmother studied witchcraft under the American folklorist Charles Leland . Also supporting Liddell 's claims was the Wiccan Ralph Harvey , who , following the publication of Liddell 's material , publicly declared that in the 1950s or 1960s he had been initiated into one of Pickingill 's Nine Covens , located in Storrington , Sussex . Following the publication of Liddell 's claims , a number of covens appeared in both the United States and Australia claiming to be practitioners of a tradition originating with Pickingill . Liddell himself has been critical of such groups , expressing his regret that the material he published led to their formation . = = = Academic response = = = Liddell 's claims have had a far more critical reception from scholars specialising in magic and witchcraft in British history . In 1975 , Eric Maple dismissed Lugh 's claims as preposterous . He believed that such tales had been fabricated by someone who had used his own book , The Dark World of Witches , as a basis . Maple informed the historian James W. Baker that he believed people connected to Valiente were behind the Lugh claims , although Baker disagreed , commenting that Valiente was " one of the most honest of commentators on the subject " of contemporary witchcraft , and that as a result was unlikely to be involved in such duplicity . Baker described Liddell 's account as " an extravagant hoax " , with its claims constituting " a preposterous ahistorical muddle " . Historian Ronald Hutton also scrutinised Liddell 's claims , although added that he had corresponded with Liddell " at length and in detail " , over the course of which he had come to like him , noting that " he has responded to often forceful criticisms with patience , modesty , and good humour " . However , Hutton highlighted that no independent witnesses have emerged to support the existence of Liddell 's alleged informants , while no supporting documentation has appeared to back any of his many claims . Hutton deemed this particularly unusual , because were Liddell 's claims to have been accurate , much documentary evidence could be expected to exist . Focusing on Liddell 's claim that Crowley had been initiated into one of Pickingill 's covens during the 1890s , Hutton noted that there is no mention of Pickingill or a witches ' coven in either Crowley 's published work or personal diaries , and that similarly there was no mention of either in the diaries of Bennett , who was Crowley 's magical tutor during the 1890s . Hutton 's assessment was shared by historian Owen Davies ; in his study of English cunning @-@ folk , he described Liddell 's stories as " seductive but entirely unsubstantiated " . Instead , he maintained that Pickingill was " a simple rural cunning @-@ man whose small world of village affairs never crossed with that of middle @-@ class occultists . He received a Christian burial and the idea that he was a pagan priest would probably make him turn in his grave . " While agreeing with Maple 's assessment that Pickingill was " one of the last practising cunning @-@ folk in the country " , Maple noted that — unlike Murrell , James Tuckett , John Wrightson , and William Brewer — Pickingill was not a " major regional figure " in the profession . American Pagan studies scholar Aidan A. Kelly similarly rejected Liddell 's claims . Kelly highlighted that whereas Liddell had claimed that Gardnerian Wicca had adopted the concept of a female coven leader from French and Scandinavian witch covens , the historical evidence clearly showed that Gardner developed the concept of a coven being led by a high priestess during the late 1950s , thus disproving Liddell 's assertions . He noted that Liddell 's claim that Crowley wrote Gardner 's Book of Shadows " cannot possibly be true " because Crowley died before the Book was written . Kelly believed that either Liddell or his Elders had purposely created a " phony history " in order to hide the fact that Gardner had invented Wicca in its entirety in the early 1950s . Similarly , in a 2014 article about Pickingill in The Cauldron , Richard Ward argued that Liddell 's claims did not stand up under scrutiny , and that they had simply been made in an attempt to promote claims regarding the existence of a " pre @-@ Gardnerian tradition " of witchcraft . Liddell has specifically denied any charges that he was deliberately falsifying claims to make Gardnerian Wicca appear to have an older pedigree than it really has . = The OF Tape Vol . 2 = The OF Tape Vol . 2 is the debut studio album by American hip hop collective Odd Future , released March 20 , 2012 , on Odd Future Records . It serves as the sequel from their debut mixtape , The Odd Future Tape ( 2008 ) . The album features all members of the group , with lead member Tyler , The Creator and Left Brain , serving as the main producers on the project . The Super 3 and Frank Ocean also received production credits . Lyrically the album ranges from being serious to being satirical , with some tracks offering an overly absurdist take on rap . Odd Future toured in support of the album , and four singles were released from it , all of which received music videos . The album peaked at number 5 on the US Billboard 200 and received mostly positive reviews from critics , receiving a score of 71 % on review website Metacritic . Critics generally praised the presence of Tyler and Ocean , the vintage style of production and album closer , " Oldie " . = = Background and recording = = Los Angeles hip hop collective Odd	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
26 , she was hospitalized , citing " extreme exhaustion " and a " physical and emotional breakdown " . Following her induction at an un @-@ disclosed hospital in Connecticut , Carey remained hospitalized and under doctor 's care for two weeks , followed by an extended absence from the album 's promotion . However , her record company had begun promoting " Never Too Far " as the second single from the soundtrack , but Carey was not able to promote it due to still recovering from her breakdown . The song was then released on October 23 , 2001 . = = Usage in Glitter = = In the film , Carey 's character Billie Frank argues with her boyfriend and producer Dice ( Max Beesley ) and they break @-@ up . Her emotional pain leads her to solo songwriting . Dice also misses Billie , and also begins writing a song . Billie goes to Dice 's apartment in an attempt to reconcile . He was not home , but the music he has written is and Billie realizes they wrote the same song : " Never Too Far " . She kisses the sheet music , leaving a lipstick imprint , which Dice later discovers . Dice plans a reconciliation , but is killed by Billie 's former producer Timothy Walker ( Terrence Howard ) after Dice did not pay the US $ 100 @,@ 000 from their agreement to release Billie from Walker 's contract . At Billie 's first show at Madison Square Garden , her management and support crew see a report of the murder on television . They wonder if Billie was with him , they see that she is there and has seen the report . Billie onstage commands the band to stop playing " Loverboy " , tells the crowd never to take someone for granted , and that if you love them , you should tell them , because you might never have the chance to tell them how you really feel . She then starts to sing " Never Too Far " . = = Composition = = " Never Too Far " is a mid @-@ tempo ballad . The song was written and produced by Carey and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis ; it was released as the second single from her first soundtrack album , Glitter ( 2001 ) . It incorporates music from several musical instruments , including the piano , guitar and organ . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing , the song is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 62 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C major with Carey 's vocal range spanning from the low @-@ note of D ♯ 3 to the high @-@ note of Ab5 . The song 's chorus has a basic chord progression of Gsus2 – G – G / F ♯ – Em7 – G / D – C @-@ G / B – Am7 . Described as an " adult @-@ contemporary , slow @-@ jam love song " , the song 's lyrics read " Too painful to talk about it , so I hold it in / So my heart can mend and be brave enough to love again " , speaking of emotions felt by the protagonist in the film . " Never Too Far " features " a bed of synthesized strings , gentle drums and Spanish @-@ style guitar " as its primary instrumentation , and incorporates violin and keyboard notes prior to the first verse . According to Chuck Taylor from Billboard , Carey sings the lyrics with " appreciable subtlety , gliding effortlessly " through the song . It ends with a 15 @-@ second note that would " evoke a satisfied sigh " . = = Medley = = Following the weak commercial success of Glitter , Carey 's other label , Columbia Records , planned to release a compilation album of her biggest hits , titled Greatest Hits ( 2001 ) . As they had one more album to release from Carey under her old contract , they began assembling content for its release . Though still signed to Virgin , Carey composed a charity single in which all proceeds would go towards helping rebuild America , following the terrorist attacks on September 11 , 2001 . Consequently , she re @-@ recorded her 1993 song " Hero " , and made a medley of it with " Never Too Far " . The song features a different instrumental introduction , and begins with the first verse and chorus of " Never Too Far " , and blends into the bridge of " Hero " . Several writers for the medley are credited , with Carey having written " Never Too Far " with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , and the latter with Walter Afanasieff . Aside from Jam and Lewis , Randy Jackson assisted Carey in the song 's production . In an interview with MTV , Carey described the single and its conception : I started doing different charity events where I did a combination of ' Never Too Far ' and ' Hero ' . We made it into a medley and put them in the same key and made it work . People responded really well to it . It 's been interesting for me , since the events of September 11 , the way people have been playing ' Hero ' and really even talking to me about ' Never Too Far ' , ' cause that song is also about loss . I figured that it would be a nice thing to do , to put them both out for Christmas . There 's also an unreleased track on the B @-@ side , which is called ' There for Me ' which kind of has the same sentiment . The proceeds from ' Never Too Far ' and ' Hero ' and ' There for Me ' are going to go to the Heroes Fund , and it 's going to benefit police officers ' families , relief workers ' families . = = Critical reception = = " Never Too Far " received positive reviews from critics . Billboard 's Chuck Taylor gave a positive review for the song , calling it a " shimmering ballad " that showcases the singer excelling at what made her a famous : " singing the hell out of a straight ahead love song free of gimmicks , gymnastics and self @-@ conscious attempts at targeting any particular demographic " ; he also said that " Never Too Far " would relieve fans that think Carey had been " relying more upon samples and guest vocalists lately than melody and artful performing " . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called the song another " syrupy @-@ sweet " ballad on the album and that it " harbors over @-@ the @-@ top performances worthy of " Star Search " ( more than fitting considering the film 's ' 80s @-@ era rags @-@ to @-@ riches storyline ) " . Harry Guerin from Raidió Teilifís Éireann wrote that " Never Too Far " showcased " her four octave range but sound [ s ] roughly like everything else she 's committed to tape during her career " . = = Chart performance = = " Never Too Far " was never released in the United States . Due to the horrific events surrounding the United States at the time , radio stations began playing the song before its official add date to rotation . It failed to reach Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number five on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . It also reached number 17 on the US Adult Contemporary component chart . Worldwide , " Never Too Far " was released as a double A @-@ side with " Don 't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) " , and failed to reach the top @-@ forty in most countries . In the United Kingdom , the release however reached a position of number 35 . In contrast , " Never Too Far / Don 't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) " reached numbers 67 and 65 in the Netherlands and Switzerland , respectively . It managed to reach peaks of numbers 36 and 16 , in respective countries Australia and Spain . The double A @-@ side single enjoyed moderate success in both the Flemish and Wallonian territories in Belgium , peaking at numbers 4 and 1 respectively on the equivalent of the " bubbling under " charts , registering songs just below the main charts . As a solo single , " Never Too Far " performed weakly in Germany reaching number 97 on the German Singles Chart , while in Sweden it peaked at number 56 . = = Music video = = Carey was unable to film an accompanying music video for the single ; at the time of its release , she was recovering from a physical and emotional breakdown that left her hospitalized in August 2001 , and caused her to cancel all public appearances to promote Glitter . She said , " When I was asked about the video I said , ' I can 't do it today ' . And nobody could accept that answer . And that 's when I started to get mad . I was , like , look , I am too fatigued . I 'm overly @-@ tired , I can 't do it as a human being . And nobody was hearing those last two words — human being . They were used to the Mariah that always says , ' Come on , let 's fight , let 's go ' . They just weren 't used to me ever saying no . I never said no before " . Instead , a video was created using a scene taken directly from the film , where Billie Frank ( played by Carey ) sings the song at Madison Square Garden during her first sold @-@ out concert . Frank 's performance of the song in the film omits its entire second verse , and the song 's development runs in parallel with the film 's love story . = = Live performances = = Though having not promoted " Never Too Far " during the time of its release , Carey embarked on a short promotional campaign for " Never Too Far / Hero " medley , as well as charity benefits for the September 11 attacks victims . At the 2001 Radio Music Awards , Carey made her second public appearance following her breakdown , the first being a performance of " Hero " at the America : A Tribute to Heroes telethon on September 21 , 2001 . Entering the stage in a long black evening gown , Carey performed the medley live , followed by a standing ovation from the audience . On October 21 , 2001 , a benefit titled United We Stand : What More Can I Give was held at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington , D.C. , accompanied by the charity single " What More Can I Give " , in which Carey participated . Carey donned a black open @-@ back dress with a plunging neckline , and performed " Never Too Far / Hero " , followed by a live rendition of " What More Can I Give " . On November 16 , 2001 , Carey taped a special titled A Home For The Holidays With Mariah Carey , which aired on December 21 of that same year . The special featured additional performances by Destiny 's Child , Josh Groban , Enrique Iglesias and Mandy Moore . Carey opened the special , with a performance of " Never Too Far / Hero " while wearing a form @-@ fitting red evening gown . Aside from the medley , Carey performed " I 'll Be There " and " Reflections ( Care Enough ) " , also a single from Glitter . = = Formats and track listings = = European CD single " Never Too Far " ( Edit ) " Don 't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) " ( featuring Mystikal ) Australian / European CD maxi @-@ single " Never Too Far " ( Edit ) " Don 't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) " ( featuring Mystikal ) " Loverboy " ( Drums Of Love ) " Never Too Far " ( The Video ) = = Credits and personnel = = Credits for Glitter adapted from the album 's liner notes . = = Charts = = = Herbert Charles Wilson = Herbert Charles Wilson ( December 7 , 1859 – December 17 , 1909 ) was a Canadian politician and physician . He served as mayor of the Town of Edmonton and Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the North @-@ West Territories . Wilson was born in 1859 in what would become the province of Ontario . The son of a manufacturer , Wilson 's family had extensive business interests in the area of Picton , Ontario . Wilson studied medicine and moved to Edmonton in 1882 , one of the first physicians to settle there . He was appointed to official medical positions and , for several years , owned a drugstore in town . He served as a consultant to First Nations reserves near Edmonton and also became a director of many local corporations . He was elected to the Territorial council in 1885 , and soon became its speaker . During his speakership , he helped to change the council 's rules and procedures . He left territorial politics after six years , citing health reasons . He maintained a medical practice in town for many years , and went to considerable efforts to keep up with the latest practices . Wilson interested himself in civic activities in Edmonton , and eventually ran for mayor , winning election in 1895 . He left office after less than two years in a dispute over town funds . He attempted a comeback in 1904 , but was defeated in a run for the town council . He married in 1886 , and had a son and two daughters . He died in 1909 ; an industrial park in the city is named for him . = = Early life and education = = Wilson was born in Picton , Canada West ( now Ontario ) , the only son of Charles Stewart ( c . 1827 – October 28 , 1900 ) and Eliza Maria ( née Biggar ) ( c . 1832 – 1867 ) Wilson . His father was a well @-@ known manufacturer of carriages and sailing ships and a leading banker in his hometown . Additionally , he served as a councillor and mayor of Picton , and was a good friend of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald . Wilson 's mother was a daughter of Charles Biggar , who , like Wilson 's paternal grandfather , Stewart Charles Wilson , was of United Empire Loyalist descent . One of Wilson 's uncles , James Lyons Biggar , was Member of Parliament for Northumberland East , Ontario . Wilson 's mother died in February 1867 when he was seven years old . His father later rewed , marrying Louisa Maria Colley ; they had a daughter , born in about 1870 . The Wilson family was of Irish descent . After attending public high schools in Picton , Wilson went on to study at the Upper Canada College , before graduating from the Ontario College of Pharmacy on February 7 , 1878 . He went on to attend Trinity Medical School in 1878 and achieved Bachelor of Medicine and Doctorate of Medicine degrees in 1882 and 1883 respectively . = = Early career = = Wilson moved west to the town of Edmonton in the North @-@ West Territories in 1882 and , shortly after arriving , became active in the local community . He was elected as Director of the Edmonton Literary Club in October 1882 and , in 1883 , became a member of a Methodist church committee . He also served as president of the Edmonton Cricket Club , Edmonton Curling Club , Edmonton Gas and Oil Company and as director of the Edmonton Building and Investment Company . Wilson registered as a medical practitioner in the North @-@ West Territories in 1886 and again in 1906 when the province of Alberta entered Confederation . As one of the first physicians in Edmonton , Wilson opened the first drug store , next to his office and served as a medical consultant to nearby First Nations reserves in addition to serving as the official police surgeon for the North @-@ West Mounted Police district of Edmonton from 1886 to 1887 , a coroner for Edmonton and the North @-@ West Territories and an examiner for numerous insurance companies . Pressed for time by his recent marriage to Emily Lee earlier in the year , an increase in practice due to the town 's rapid population growth and his increasing political roles , Wilson sold his drug store in 1886 to a town alderman , Philip Daly . He then partnered with Herman McInnes in practice . = = Politics = = Wilson entered territorial politics when he submitted a bid for a seat as an elected representative for the Edmonton district on the Territorial Council . He was elected on September 15 , 1885 , at the age of 25 , defeating his opponent , Frank Oliver , by 120 votes to 111 to become the youngest member of the council . In 1886 , Wilson , along with William Dell Perley and James Hamilton Ross , was part of a delegation sent to Ottawa by the North @-@ West Territories to deliver a council @-@ agreed reply to the Speech from the throne . He remained on the council until its abolition in 1888 , when he was elected to the first Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories , along with his onetime opponent , Frank Oliver . = = = Speaker of the Legislative Assembly = = = Wilson was nominated by Hugh Cayley , a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories from Calgary , for speaker of the Assembly prior to the opening of the first session , on October 31 , 1888 . It was commonly assumed that James H. Ross would be the first speaker , but Wilson 's name was mentioned for the position and it was decided to hold a vote . After the first three ballots ended in ties , Ross called upon his supporters to vote for Wilson , who was then elected unanimously . In 1888 , Lieutenant Governor Joseph Royal presented Wilson with a petition against the controversial election of Hillyard Mitchell , member for Batoche , over opponent George L. Fisher . Wilson presented the petition , as well as a verbal message from Lieutenant Governor Royal , initiating a discussion of proper procedures of receiving petitions in the Assembly . The petition was subsequently read , and sent to the Committee on Privileges and Elections . The Committee ruled in its report that the petitioners did not follow correct procedures , and Mitchell 's victory was affirmed . On November 30 , 1888 , Wilson hosted a dinner for members and other guests in a hotel in Regina , the " first of the kind in the history of the North @-@ West Legislative Assembly " . As Speaker , Wilson also helped revise the rules and forms of proceedings of the Legislative Assembly , and served on the Standing Committee on Standing Orders and Library . In 1891 , Wilson left territorial politics after 6 years , citing health reasons . He was succeeded as speaker by James H. Ross . = = Post @-@ territorial politics = = Wilson returned to Edmonton after his retirement as speaker and continued to be an active community member . He served as President of the Edmonton Liberal Conservative Association in 1892 , and of the Upper Canada Boys ' Association in Edmonton in 1909 , the North Alberta Medical Society , and the Alberta Medical Association in 1907 . He was also a member of many community organizations — the Edmonton Old Timers ' Association , Council of the College Physicians and Surgeons of the North @-@ West Territories , Edmonton Electric Lighting and Power Company ( presently EPCOR ) and a patron of both the Edmonton and Fort Saskatchewan Rifle Associations . Wilson spent a year in Europe with his wife and took post @-@ graduate education in Edinburgh and London . In 1894 , along with 5 other physicians , he sent a letter to Vital @-@ Justin Grandin to support the building of a general hospital by the Grey Nuns , which was opened on December 15 of the next year . He served on the medical board , until his resignation in 1899 over a disagreement regarding patient admission . He was appointed Justice of Peace of Edmonton in 1895 . = = = Mayor of Edmonton = = = In the 1895 municipal election , Wilson was elected mayor of Edmonton , defeating John Alexander McDougall . Important issues in the election included choosing a site for the building of the High Level Bridge , securing funds for a hospital , and lowering high insurance rates . Wilson was acclaimed mayor in 1896 , but resigned in October the same year due to a dispute over town funds , stating " I regret very much that this simple affair has assumed such a disgraceful form [ and ] had to be fought out in the manner " . He attempted a comeback in 1904 as he ran for alderman for the newly formed City of Edmonton , but he was defeated , finishing fourteenth of seventeen candidates . = = Personal life = = In Toronto , on September 15 , 1886 , he married Emily Charlotte Lee in a traditional ceremony at St. Peter 's Anglican Church . Emily Wilson owned a piano , one of the first in Edmonton , and it was used at various dances , an activity the couple enjoyed . The Wilsons were friends of many notable early leading Canadian figures , such as Father Albert Lacombe , Charles Tupper , and Amédée Forget . The Wilsons had a son , Charles Arthur ( born 1887 ) , and two daughters , Violet Henrietta ( born 1890 ) and Marjorie ( born 1894 ) . Charles like his father attended Upper Canada College , and became a law student at an Edmonton @-@ based law firm . Charles Wilson Jr served in the 49th Battalion , and was killed in action at the Battle of Sanctuary Wood in 1916 . Violet served overseas with the St. John 's Ambulance Brigade as a voluntary aid worker . She later worked as an immigration officer , broadcaster , and author . The couple 's younger daughter , Marjorie , was a nurse . = = Death and legacy = = Wilson died in Edmonton on December 17 , 1909 , at the age of 50 , following a stroke . He had a history of health problems , including a neurological disorder . His partner in medical practice , Herman McInnes , attended him in his final illness . Wilson 's funeral , which was held on December 19 , had a procession that " extended for half a mile [ and comprised ] nearly one @-@ hundred vehicles " . He was buried at the Edmonton Cemetery . In 1947 , following the death of his wife , Emily , she was buried next to him . After his death , a newspaper stated that Wilson was " in the best sense of the phrase , a great practitioner of the old school , he was not in any sense an ' old fogey ' of a doctor , rather , he made it a practice to visit eastern hospitals at frequent [ sic ] to keep in touch with medical progress " . He was also described as " an active , public @-@ spirited citizen " of which " kindliness and geniality were outstanding qualities in his nature " . Wilson Industrial Park in Edmonton was named in his honor in 1975 . = Alvin Kersh = Alvin D. Kersh is a fictional character in the Fox science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . He serves as a figure of authority within the series , first introduced as an Assistant Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation , and is later promoted to the post of Deputy Director . Kersh acts as an antagonist who bureaucratically prevents Special Agents Fox Mulder , Dana Scully , John Doggett and Monica Reyes from investigating cases dealing with the paranormal , dubbed X @-@ Files . Kersh is played by James Pickens , Jr .. Kersh first appeared as a guest role in several episodes of the series ' sixth season , returning as a recurring character in the eighth and ninth seasons . Kersh 's creation was driven by a need to place pressure on the character of Walter Skinner . The character has been met with mixed to negative critical responses , although he was initially positively received before coming to be considered a " one @-@ note " role as the series progressed . Pickens , as part of the series ' ensemble cast , earned a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for his work . = = Character arc = = Kersh 's first appearance in the series was during the sixth season opening episode " The Beginning " . As an Assistant Director , he temporarily became supervisor to Agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) when they were assigned away from the X @-@ Files division . During this time The Smoking Man could be seen in his office , reminiscent of his silent presence in Walter Skinner 's office in early seasons . Kersh assigned Mulder and Scully mostly to menial tasks , such as terrorist details and Federal background checks . When they did investigate an X @-@ File behind his back , Kersh would charge them for expenses they incurred on the case , forcing them to pay out of their own pocket . He also attempted to separate Mulder and Scully , believing that Mulder threw away a promising career as a criminal profiler , but that Scully 's career could still be saved . When Mulder and Scully were reassigned to the X @-@ Files office , Kersh continued to climb the ladder , culminating in an assignment as Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation . It was not long after his promotion that Mulder was abducted by aliens . At the beginning of the eighth season , Kersh assigned John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) to run the manhunt for Mulder . When the manhunt failed , Doggett was assigned to the X @-@ files with Scully , until Mulder was found in " This Is Not Happening " . When Mulder returned , Kersh refused to assign him to the X @-@ Files , keeping Doggett in that position . When Mulder and Doggett pursued an unauthorized case , Kersh was prepared to fire them both , but Mulder accepted full responsibility and was dismissed from the FBI . Shortly thereafter , Mulder disappeared again . After Doggett saw Kersh in a late night meeting with two conspirators , Knowle Rohrer and Gene Crane , Doggett brought in Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) to help him investigate Kersh 's involvement in Mulder 's disappearance . The investigation turned up nothing . Although Doggett seemed convinced that Kersh was involved in the conspiracy , Kersh insisted that he was actually protecting Mulder . During the ninth season , the Toothpick Man ( Alan Dale ) , a key conspirator , could be seen in the company of Kersh , much like The Smoking Man before . In the end , Kersh showed a heroic side during the series finale " The Truth " , when he helped Doggett and Skinner free Mulder from a military prison . Following this , Kersh had to permanently close the X @-@ Files to appease his irate superiors . = = Conceptual history = = The character was named after Dr. Kersh and Anton Kersh , characters from Vampire Circus — a favourite film of series creator Chris Carter . According to writer and producer Frank Spotnitz , the creation of the Kersh character was due to the writers desiring to create another of the several characters in the series who put pressure on Walter Skinner . When reflecting on the casting of James Pickens , Jr . , Spotnitz called him " another great find " , adding that " so many times over the course of the series we just got so lucky with the actors that we cast in these guest parts and just kept bringing them back because they were so wonderful . That 's what happened with William B. Davis as the Cigarette @-@ Smoking Man and with Nick Lea as Krycek , and with Mitch Pileggi as Walter Skinner , and that 's what happened here with James Pickens . Just a fantastic actor , not at all like this person , really transformed himself to play this part " . Spotnitz thought that , for a viewer who had weekly been watching The X @-@ Files ' sixth season , there was a great sense of gratification when — in the final moments of " One Son " — Spender essentially withdraws and tells Kersh that Mulder has been right , all along , precisely because the last thing that Kersh wanted was for Spender to behave in this way . Pickens prepared for this role by observing several of Kersh 's real @-@ life counterparts at the FBI 's Los Angeles office , where , according to the actor , the most useful thing he learned was that most of the people at Kersh 's level had been with the Bureau for twenty or twenty @-@ five years and had not reached their positions in the FBI hierarchy by taking their work less than seriously or bucking the system without good reason . Robert Patrick , who portrayed John Doggett , recognized that his own character and Kersh were " both military men – Air Force , Marines " . Kersh was depicted as a United States Navy A @-@ 6 Intruder weapons officer during the Vietnam War . Both Patrick and director Kim Manners thought that , as Kersh , Pickens would " come in each week and just nail his stuff " regardless of what else was going on . Similarly , Frank Spotnitz thought that " Robert Patrick and James Pickens really had a chemistry , loved playing scenes together . And I think their scenes together were some of the finest ones in the last two years of the show . " = = Reception = = Michael Avalos , writing for the Knight Ridder Tribune , felt positively about the introduction of Kersh , saying he harbored " almost fond memories " of the former recurring character , Section Chief Scott Blevins , played by Charles Cioffi . George Avalos and Michael Liedtke from the Contra Costa Times reacted positive towards James Pickens , Jr . ' s performance in the eighth season 's " Via Negativa " , saying the story " clicked " thanks to Kersh and Walter Skinner . Salon writer Aaron Kinner when writing a review for the ninth season , noted that he was the first black character since X 's death in season four , while not positive towards the character 's development during the ninth season and the season overall . Writing for Cinefantastique about the character 's introduction , Paul Vitaris called Pickens " a fine addition to the cast " of the series , describing his portrayal of Kersh as " a strong presence " . However , during a review of the eighth season two years later , Vitaris described Kersh as " one of the most one @-@ note characters yet " on the series . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , describe Kersh 's return in the eighth season as " contrived but forgivable " . Shearman and Pearson noted that the character is " an effective obstruction to any number of X @-@ Files cases , but he can hardly be considered a lead villain " . In 1999 , Pickens was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series for his work as Kersh , alongside Gillian Anderson , William B. Davis , David Duchovny , Mitch Pileggi and Chris Owens . = HMS Renown ( 1895 ) = HMS Renown was a second @-@ class predreadnought battleship built for the Royal Navy in the early 1890s . Intended to command cruiser squadrons operating on foreign stations , the ship served as the flagship of the North America and West Indies Station and the Mediterranean Fleet early in her career . Becoming obsolete as cruiser speeds increased , Renown became a royal yacht and had all of her secondary armament removed to make her more suitable for such duties . She became a stoker 's training ship in 1909 and was listed for disposal in 1913 . The ship was sold for scrap in early 1914 . = = Design and description = = Production of a new 12 @-@ inch gun was behind schedule and the three battleships planned for the 1892 Naval Programme that were intended to use the new gun had to be delayed . In their stead , an improved Centurion @-@ class battleship design was chosen to keep the workers at Pembroke Dockyard fully employed . No formal requirement for a second @-@ class battleship suitable for use as the flagship on foreign stations or to reinforce cruiser squadrons existed at the time , but the decision to build the ship was strongly influenced by the views of the Controller of the Navy , Rear Admiral John A. " Jacky " Fisher and the Director of Naval Intelligence , Captain Cyprian Bridge who favoured smaller ships with a smaller main armament and large secondary armament . They pressed for additional ships of this type as substitutes for the two other battleships originally programmed , but this was rejected by the Admiralty as there was no demand for additional second @-@ class battleships . The Director of Naval Construction , William Henry White , submitted three designs in early April 1892 and the smallest one was chosen on 11 April . The design was quite innovative in several different ways . It was the first battleship to use Harvey armour , which allowed the secondary casemates to be armoured , the first to use a sloping armour deck and the first to provide armoured shields over the main armament . = = = General characteristics = = = Renown had an overall length of 412 feet 3 inches ( 125 @.@ 7 m ) , a beam of 72 feet 4 inches ( 22 @.@ 0 m ) , and a draught of 27 feet 3 inches ( 8 @.@ 3 m ) at deep load . She displaced 11 @,@ 690 long tons ( 11 @,@ 880 t ) at normal load and 12 @,@ 865 long tons ( 13 @,@ 071 t ) at deep load . The ship had a metacentric height of 3 @.@ 75 feet ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) at deep load . In 1903 , the crew numbered between 651 and 674 officers and enlisted men . She was considered to handle well by her captains and was a good sea @-@ boat . In view of her intended duties abroad , her bottom was coppered to reduce biofouling . = = = Propulsion = = = Renown was powered by two three @-@ cylinder vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single propeller . Steam for the engines was provided by eight cylindrical boilers at a working pressure of 155 psi ( 1 @,@ 069 kPa ; 11 kgf / cm2 ) . The engines were designed to produce a total of 10 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) which was intended to allow her to reach a speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . The engines proved to be more powerful than anticipated and Renown reached 18 @.@ 75 knots ( 34 @.@ 73 km / h ; 21 @.@ 58 mph ) during sea trials under forced draught . The ship carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 890 long tons ( 1 @,@ 920 t ) of coal , enough to steam 6 @,@ 400 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 900 km ; 7 @,@ 400 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . = = = Armament = = = She was armed with four 40 @-@ calibre , breech @-@ loading 10 @-@ inch Mk III guns in two twin @-@ gun barbettes , one forward and one aft . Each gun was provided with 105 shells per gun . Her secondary armament consisted of ten QF ( quick @-@ firing ) 6 @-@ inch Mk II guns . Half a dozen of these guns were mounted in casemates on the sides of the hull and the remaining guns were mounted on the upper deck in casemates in the superstructure . Defence against torpedo boats was provided by a dozen QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 @-@ cwt guns . Eight of these were mounted on the upper deck amidships . They fired 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) , 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 548 ft / s ( 777 m / s ) . 200 rounds per gun were carried by each ship . Renown also carried eight QF 3 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns . Each gun was provided with 500 rounds of ammunition . She had five 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes , one in the stern above water and two on each broadside underwater . = = = Armour = = = The ship 's armour was generally composed of Harvey steel and her waterline main belt was 6 – 8 inches ( 152 – 203 mm ) thick . It was 210 feet ( 64 @.@ 0 m ) long amidships and 7 @.@ 5 feet ( 2 @.@ 3 m ) high of which 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) was below the waterline at normal load . Fore and aft oblique bulkheads , 10 inches ( 254 @.@ 0 mm ) and 6 inches ( 152 mm ) ] thick , connected the belt armour to the barbettes . The upper strake of six @-@ inch armour was 180 feet ( 54 @.@ 9 m ) long and 6 @.@ 75 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) high . It covered the ship 's side between the rear of the barbettes up to the level of the main deck . Oblique bulkheads six inches thick connected the upper armour to the barbettes . Renown was the first British battleship to be built with a sloped armoured deck behind the main belt as was commonly used on British protected cruisers . The top of the protective deck was even with the top of the main armoured belt and sloped down at 45 ° angle to meet the bottom of the belt . It was 2 inches ( 51 mm ) thick on the flat and 3 inches ( 76 mm ) on the slope and ran between the barbettes . Outside the barbettes , the lower deck was three inches thick and ran towards the ends of the ship . The barbettes were protected by 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) armour plates . The gun turrets that protected the main armament were six inches thick on their face , with three @-@ inch sides and a 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) roof . They were initially built without a rear plate because of weight distribution problems with the turrets . The upper deck casemates were protected by 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) plates on the front and sides , but the main deck casemates had six @-@ inch faces and sides . The stern torpedo tube was protected by a mantlet three to six inches thick . The sides of the forward conning tower were 9 inches ( 229 mm ) thick while those of the rear conning tower were only three inches in thickness . = = Construction and career = = Renown was laid down at Pembroke Dockyard on 1 February 1893 and launched on 8 May 1895 . She was completed in January 1897 at a cost of £ 751 @,@ 206 , but then underwent lengthy sea trials that included the changing of her propeller blades that lasted until June . The ship commissioned on 8 June 1897 and served as flagship for the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , Vice Admiral Sir Nowell Salmon , VC , on 26 June , at the Fleet Review at Spithead for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria , with the Prince of Wales aboard . She was briefly attached to the 1st Division , of the Channel Squadron , from 7 to 12 July for manoeuvres off the south coast of Ireland . On 24 August , Renown became Fisher 's flagship , relieving the protected cruiser Crescent as flagship of the North America and West Indies Station . The ship continued as such until beginning a refit in May 1899 . Upon completion of her refit in July , she transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet , once again becoming Fisher 's flagship . A strong proponent of the design of Renown , Fisher also found her highly desirable for the hosting of the social events required of a flagship in peacetime . Captain Hugh Tyrwhitt was appointed in command on 19 March 1900 . Renown also underwent a special refit at Malta from February to May 1900 to meet Fisher 's requirements for her . This included the transfer of the main deck 12 @-@ pounders to the superstructure . The ship recommissioned on 19 November 1900 , and served as flagship until Fisher ended his tour as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief on 4 June 1902 , after which she continued to serve in the Mediterranean Fleet as a private ship under a new captain , Arthur Murray Farquhar . Renown participated in combined manoeuvres off Cephalonia and Morea between 29 September and 6 October 1902 . After the manoeuvres ended , she was detached from the Mediterranean Fleet and returned to the United Kingdom to be specially fitted out at Portsmouth to carry the Duke and Duchess of Connaught on a royal tour of India . These modifications included removal of the main deck six @-@ inch guns . After the modifications , she was nicknamed the " Battleship Yacht . " Renown carried the Duke and Duchess on their royal tour of India from November 1902 to March 1903 . The ship rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet in April . In August , she relieved Venerable as flagship of the fleet so that the latter ship could undergo a refit . From 5 to 9 August 1903 , Renown participated in manoeuvres off the coast of Portugal . Renown was placed into reserve at Devon on 15 May 1904 , although she participated in manoeuvers the following month . On 21 February 1905 , the ship began a special refit at Portsmouth to configure her as a royal yacht . During the refit , the remainder of her secondary armament was removed to increase her accommodations . On 8 October , Renown left Portsmouth bound for Genoa , Italy . At Genoa , the Prince and Princess of Wales — the future King George V and Queen Mary — embarked for a royal tour of India . The first @-@ class protected cruiser Terrible escorted the ship during the tour . At the conclusion of the tour , Renown departed Karachi on 23 March 1906 and arrived at Portsmouth on 7 May . She was placed into reserve on 31 May . In May 1907 , Renown was attached to the Home Fleet as a " subsidiary yacht " . Between October and December 1907 , Renown carried King Alfonso XIII and Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain on an official trip to and from the United Kingdom . The ship was transferred to the 4th Division , Home Fleet , at Portsmouth on 1 April 1909 . Five months later , 25 September , she began a refit in Portsmouth Dockyard to convert her for use as a stoker 's training ship . Renown briefly served as a tender to HMS Victory in October before her refit was completed in November . During the Coronation Review at Spithead on 24 June 1911 for King George V , the ship was used as an accommodation ship . She was slightly damaged when water tanker Aid rammed her on 26 November 1911 . Renown was offered for sale on 31 January 1913 and partially dismantled . In December 1913 , she was moored at the Motherbank , awaiting disposal , and on 2 April 1914 she was sold for scrap at a price of £ 39 @,@ 000 . She was broken up at Blyth . = Provisional Government of Oregon = The Provisional Government of Oregon was a popularly elected settler government created in the Oregon Country , in the Pacific Northwest region of North America . It existed from May 2 , 1843 until March 3 , 1849 , and provided a legal system and a common defense amongst the mostly American pioneers settling an area then inhabited only by the many Indigenous Nations . Much of the region 's geography and many of the Natives were not known by people of European descent until several exploratory tours were authorized at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries . The Organic Laws of Oregon were adopted in 1843 with its preamble stating that settlers only agreed to the laws " until such time as the United States of America extend their jurisdiction over us . " According to a message from the government in 1844 , the rising settler population was beginning to flourish among the " savages " , who were " the chief obstruction to the entrance of civilization " in a land of " ignorance and idolatry . " The government had three branches that included a legislature , judiciary , and executive branch . The executive branch was first the Executive Committee , consisting of three members , in effect from 1843 to 1845 ; in 1845 , a single governor position was created . The judicial branch had a single supreme judge along with several lower courts , and a legislative committee of nine served as a legislature until 1845 when the Oregon House of Representatives was established . = = Background = = A series frontiersmen assemblies were held over several years across the Willamette Valley , with many on the French Prairie at Champoeg . The death of prominent settler Ewing Young on 9 February 1841 , who left neither a will or had an heir in Oregon Country , left the future of his property uncertain . Jason Lee chaired the first meeting organised to discuss the matter on the 17th . He proposed the creation of an authority over the pioneers centered on a governor . French @-@ Canadian settlers blocked the measure and instead a probate judge and a few other positions were appointed . Further attempts of a pioneer government floundered until the numbers of American increased from travel over the Oregon Trail . Initiated by William Gray , the " Wolf Meetings " of early 1843 created a bounty system on predators of settler livestock . Further discussions began among the settlers until A gathering was held at Champoeg on 2 May , with under 150 Americans and French @-@ Canadians participating . The proposal for forming a provisional government was tabled and voted on twice . The first vote rejected the presented report due to the inclusion of a governor , with a second vote on each individual item proposed . On 5 July 1843 the Organic Laws of Oregon , modeled after Iowa ’ s Organic Law and the Ordinance of 1787 , were adopted by white colonists of the Willamette Valley , establishing the Provisional Government of Oregon . = = Structure = = The Organic Laws were drafted by a legislative committee on May 16 , 1843 and June 28 , 1843 , before being adopted on July 5 . Although not a formal constitution , the document outlined the laws of the government . Two years later , on July 2 , 1845 , a new set of Organic Laws was drafted to revise and clarify the previous version ; this newer version was adopted by a majority vote of the people on July 26 , 1845 . This constitution @-@ like document divided the government into three departments : a judiciary branch , an executive branch , and a legislature . The definition of the executive branch had previously been modified , in late 1844 , from a three @-@ person committee to a single governor ; this change took effect in 1845 . When appealing for military aid from the American Government in the aftermath of the Whitman massacre , the settlers detailed the structural weaknesses of the Provisional Government : The very nature of our compact formed between the citizens of a republic and the subjects and official representatives of a monarchy , is such that the ties of political union could not be drawn so closely as to produce that stability and strength sufficient to form an efficient government . This union between democrats of a republic and wealthy aristocratic subjects of a monarchy could not be formed without reserving to themselves the right of allegiance to their respective governments . Political jealousy and strong party feeling have tended to thwart and render impotent the acts of a government , from its very nature weak and insufficient . = = = Executive branch = = = With the first set of laws , the people created a three @-@ person Executive Committee to act as an executive . The Second Executive Committee was elected on May 14 , 1844 , and served until June 12 , 1845 . A December 1844 amendment of the Organic Laws eliminated the Executive Committee in favor of a single governor , taking effect in June 1845 . At that time George Abernethy was elected as the first governor . Abernethy would be the only governor under the Provisional Government . He was reelected in 1847 , and served until 1849 . = = = Legislative branch = = = The Provisional Legislature held session mainly in Oregon City . They met at different times each year , and in 1848 they did not meet ; too many members had left for the California gold fields . The legislature enacted various laws , sent memorials to Congress , incorporated towns and organizations , and granted divorces and licenses to run ferries . After the establishment of the Oregon Territory , the legislature was replaced with the two house Oregon Territorial Legislature . = = = Judicial branch = = = The Provisional Government also included a judiciary . The forerunner of the Oregon Supreme Court consisted of a single supreme judge and two justices of the peace . The supreme judge was elected by the people , but the legislature could select someone as presiding judge as a replacement if needed . This supreme court had original and appellate jurisdiction over legal matters , whereas the lower probate court and justice courts that were also created could only hear original jurisdictional matters when the amount in controversy was less than $ 50 and did not involve land disputes . Some judges under the Provisional Government were Nathaniel Ford , Peter H. Burnett , Osborne Russell , Ira L. Babcock , and future United States Senator James W. Nesmith . = = = Districts = = = During its existence the Provisional Government 's authority was restricted to the pioneer settlements , generally located in or around the Willamette Valley . The entire Oregon Country was decreed to be covered by four administrative divisions . Initially created on 5 July 1843 were the Twality , Yamhill , Clackamas and Champooick ( later Champoeg ) districts . Yamhill district claimed the lands west of the Willamette River and a line extending from its course , and south of the Yamhill River . Champooick District was adjacent to the east , its northern border the confluence of the Pudding and Molalla Rivers . Twality District was directly north of Yamhill District , its eastern border extending from the mouth of the Willamette River . Clackamas District was to contain " all the territory " that wasn 't decreed a part of the other three districts , located east of Twality District and north of Champooick District . The extent of land claimed north was vague , being " south of the northern boundary of the United States " . Despite this the government was defined to extend over all the lands east to the Rocky Mountains and north of the Mexican territory of Alta California . Throughout 1843 and 1844 , no attempts were made at controlling lands north of the Columbia River , then under the influence of the Hudson 's Bay Company through Fort Vancouver . In June 1844 the Columbia River was declared as the northern border of the Provisional Government , but by December the most expansive American claim in the Oregon boundary dispute of Parallel 54 ° 40 ′ north was adopted . On December 22 , 1845 districts were renamed to counties . Additional districts were created over time from the original four , including the Clatsop , Vancouver , Linn , Clark , Polk , Benton counties . = = = Other = = = Other government positions included Recorder , Treasurer , Attorney , and Sheriff . The recorder position would later become the position of Secretary of State . = = Laws = = Over the course of nearly six years under the provisional government , the settlers passed numerous laws . One law allowed people to claim 640 acres ( 2 @.@ 6 km2 ) if they improved the land , which would be solidified later by Congress ’ adoption of the Donation Land Claim Act . Another law allowed the government to organize a militia and call them out by order of the Executive or Legislature . Under the first Organic Laws of 1843 inhabitants were guaranteed due process of law and a right to a trial by jury . Some other rights established were : no cruel and unusual punishment , no unreasonable bails for defendants , and no takings of property without compensation . In 1844 the legislature decreed that African Americans could not reside in the Oregon Country , only David Hill and Asa Lovejoy voting against the bill . The punishment for any freemen was to be administered every six months of their residency being " not less than twenty nor more than thirty @-@ nine stripes " . The law was never actually enforced and was struck down in July 1845 . However , in 1849 the legislature passed a new law once again prohibiting African Americans in the territory , but differed from the original 1844 law in that it applied to African Americans entering after it was passed , and it used different means to enforce it . Despite facing legal discrimination that denied them suffrage and threatened violence , black pioneers remained in Oregon . While the USS Shark was in the region in 1846 , its commanding officer estimated there were around 30 black settlers . In 1844 , the legislature passed a law banning the sale of ardent spirits , out of concern that the Native Americans would become hostile if intoxicated . = = Finances = = Prior to the creation of the Provisional Government , the economic activities by in the Oregon European descendants Country were focused on the fur trade . A system called " wheat credit " was established in the 1830s for French @-@ Canadian settlers on the French Prairie . The farmers would take their harvests to a granary in Champoeg , where a receipt for its market value was given , valid for use at HBC stores . Another item used for transactions by French @-@ Canadian and later American pioneers were beaver skins . The first Organic Laws only authorised voluntary donations , a measure deemed a " utopian scheme " and provided scant funds . A tax on real estate and personal property was created in 1844 , that covered a third of that year 's expenses . The next year the property tax was doubled to .0025 % and a 50 ¢ poll tax was levied as well , with failure to pay resulting in disenfranchisement . Sheriffs acted as tax collectors , but their position was made difficult due to the poverty or unwillingness of many colonists to pay what was owed . Taxes were paid in wheat and gathered at appointed locations for the district , largely HBC warehouses . A small amount of silver coins from Peru and Mexico freely circulated as legal tender . Minor financial agreements were completed in lieu of currency with assorted agricultural products , such as " wheat , hides , tallow , beef , pork , butter , lard , peas , lumber and other articles of export of the territory . " One pioneer recalled the lack of currency , receiving at most 25 ¢ in transactions between 1844 and 1848 . To overcome the lack of circulating coins , Abernethy gathered scraps of flint left over from arrowhead production by local indigenous . After attaching scraps of paper to them , the amount owed by Abernethy was written on one and given to customers , transferable for other supplies at his store . Coins remained a prized item by settlers for example , during a sale of lots in Oregon City a property manager offered a discount of 50 % if paid in specie . A traveler who visited Oregon before the arrival of American merchants reported that HBC stores sold goods at rates lower than in the United States . As merchants from the United States became established in the region , they chaffed under the economic hegemony of the HBC . The vendors pressed for the HBC to charge more for sales to pioneers , which the company did for two years , only for American customers . Joel Palmer reported that without the British company " the prices would be double what they are now . " The small American merchant class and officers of the HBC loaned settlers more credit than most could refund . Fears of creditors demanding restitution from the farmers lead to wheat receipts and scrips issued by the government declared valid currency in 1845 . The law decreeing wheat as currency was ridiculed for not establishing financial standards for the merchants , who were de facto bankers . Between 1847 and 1848 the local market for wheat became flooded from overproduction , causing a decline in its value . The legislature repealed previous regulations on 20 December 1847 , making only gold , silver and treasury drafts on valid currency . Thus , the creditors of the territory were able to protect their financial standing by removing wheat as tender . Around $ 8 @,@ 000 from the poll and property taxes were collected over the course of the government , far short of the expenses amounting to $ 23 @,@ 000 . = = = California = = = After the Conquest of California during the ongoing Mexican @-@ American War , American settlers began to move to the newly seized land . This created a demand for Oregonian wheat , proceeds from the sale barrels of flour amounted to $ 10 per keg in 1847 . The start of the Gold Rush caused an immense rise in demand for various products in Californian markets . Economic transactions with the pioneer settlements of Oregon increased greatly , with the number of visiting vessels in 1849 was triple that of the previous eight years . Between 1848 and 1851 Oregon lumber and wheat sent to the new markets fetched rates two to three times higher than in 1847 . Significant amounts of gold dust began to circulate in the Willamette Valley , though impurities were common . The Oregon Exchange Company was authorized by the legislature to begin producing Beaver Coins in early 1849 , though production began on 10 March , a week after the dissolution of the Provisional Government . = = Settlement with the Hudson 's Bay Company = = The mounting debts of the government , though it could " scarcely hope " to force the HBC company posts to adhere to its authority , made establishing an agreement with the HBC a priority . An employee of the Company , Francis Ermatinger , was elected to the position of Treasurer in July after carrying the French @-@ Canadian vote . In August Applegate inquired to Chief Factor John McLoughlin if the HBC would pay taxes and join the Provisional Government . At the same time a member of the legislature , David Hill , tabled a bill on 15 August that would deny any HBC employees citizenship or suffrage . The measure failed to pass , but demonstrated the feelings of the " Ultra @-@ Americans " towards the Company . While Applegate and McLoughlin held a conference , plans for the administration of the territory above the Columbia River , to be named Vancouver , were begun . The Chief Factor found the Provisional Government a satisfactory way to pursue the debts owed to the HBC by settlers , and protect company property against claim jumpers . Additionally he felt if the government were to openly declare independence from outside powers he could " be elected head were I to retire among them . " The negotiations ended with the condition that only sales with settlers would be taxed . Taxes paid to the Provisional Government by the HBC and the Puget Sound Agricultural Company amounted to $ 226 that year . Several more employees of the HBC were then included in the government . Chief Trader James Douglas was appointed as a justice for Vancouver after the signing of the agreement and in 1846 he and fellow employee Henry Peers were elected to the legislature . If there were any sessions of the Vancouver court , none of the records or correspondence remain . Claims were filed by British subjects covering the HBC forts of Vancouver , Cowlitz , and Nisqually . Vancouver in particular was covered by 18 claims . British reaction to the agreement was generally negative . It was seen as unneeded by William Peel , son of Prime Minister Peel , who arrived with small flotilla several days after its signing . Mervin Vavasour was in the Oregon Country gathering intelligence about the defensive capabilities of the HBC posts and voiced the minority view that the compact was to the benefit of " peace and prosperity of the community at large . " = = Militia = = The organic laws laid out plans for a militia of a battalion of mounted riflemen commanded by an officer with the rank of major , with annual inspections . Every male settler between 16 and 60 who wanted to be " considered a citizen " had to be a part of the military , failure to do so would incur fines . ( This remains so under modern Oregon law , though now both sexes are included , and the age range is only 18 to 45 . ) Under the first Organic Laws , power to call out the militia was vested in the Executive Committee , though any officer of the militia could also call them out in times of insurrection or invasion . = = = Cayuse War = = = In December 1847 , after learning of the Whitman Massacre from HBC Chief Factor James Douglas , Governor Abernethy and the legislature met to discuss the situation . Major Henry A. G. Lee was placed in charge of a company called the Oregon Rifles on December 8 and was ordered to The Dalles . At that location the force established Fort Lee on December 21 . An additional force of 500 men were to meet in Oregon City by December 25 . This group prosecuted the war east of the Cascades under the command of Cornelius Gilliam . The war continued until five Cayuse emissaries , which according to Archbishop François Norbert Blanchet , were sent to " have a talk with the whites and explain all about the murderers , ten in number , who were no more , and had been killed by the whites , the Cayuses and were all dead . " However , the Cayuse party was imprisoned and transported to Oregon City . When the group was asked why they offered themselves to the militia , Tiloukaikt stated " Did not your missionaries teach us that Christ died to save his people ? So die we to save our people . " At a military court Tiloukait and the four other Cayuses , Tomahas , Klokamas , Isaiachalkis , and Kimasumpkinhese , were found guilty and hanged on June 3 , 1850 , at Oregon City . = = Subsequent history = = Signed on June 15 , 1846 , the Oregon Treaty ended the dispute between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United States , by dividing the Oregon Country at the 49th parallel . This extended U.S. sovereignty over the region , but effective control would not occur until government officials arrived from the United States . Two years later , on August 14 , 1848 , the United States Congress created the Oregon Territory ; this territory included today 's states of Oregon , Washington , and Idaho , and parts of Montana and Wyoming . Appointed Governor of the Oregon Territory by President Polk , Joseph Lane arrived at Oregon City on 2 March 1849 . Governor Lane kept the legal code of the dissolved the provisional government , only immediately repealing the law authorizing the minting of the Beaver Coins , as this was incompatible with the United States Constitution ( Article I , Section 8 ) . The creation of the Washington Territory in 1854 removed the northern half of the Oregon Territory . Established on 14 February 1859 , the state of Oregon was composed roughly the western half the territory , the remaining eastern section being added to the Washington Territory . U.S. states created in whole or in part from the Oregon Territory = Three Kings ( Family Guy ) = " Three Kings " , alternatively spelled " 3 Kings " , is the 15th episode of the seventh season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 10 , 2009 . The episode is split into three segments , parodying films based on three Stephen King stories : Stand by Me , Misery and The Shawshank Redemption . The episode was written by Alec Sulkin and directed by Dominic Bianchi . The episode received mostly positive reviews for its break from the usual storyline in the series , in addition to receiving some criticism from the Parents Television Council . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 6 @.@ 47 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Richard Dreyfuss , Roy Scheider and George Wendt , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . = = Plot = = The episode opens with Peter sitting in a study , explaining that " Lois has been bitching that I watch too much TV and don 't read enough books . " He then picks out three novels by " the greatest author of the last thousand years , " Stephen King , and proceeds to share them with the viewer . = = = Stand by Me = = = In the summer of 1955 , four 12 @-@ year @-@ old boys — Petey LaChance ( Peter , with Richard Dreyfuss 's voice in his head narrating the story ) , Quag Chambers ( Quagmire ) , Joey Duchamp ( Joe with Roy Scheider 's voice in his head , who starts talking with Dreyfuss until Joe stops them ) , and Cleve Brown ( Cleveland ) — set out to find a dead body in the woods , following a set of railroad tracks to find it . At the start of their trip , they try going through Old Man Pressman 's ( Stewie ) junkyard , only to be chased out by Pressman and his dog Chopper ( Brian ) . As they travel further down the tracks , they are chased across a bridge by a train , which ends up running over Joey 's legs , as does another train that follows closely behind , which effectively cripples him . The others end up going all the way back to Pressman 's junkyard to get him a wheelchair . Upon finding the body ( Meg Griffin ) , they are confronted by the town bully Ace ( Mayor West ) and his gang , consisting of Beast @-@ Man , Mer @-@ Man , and Norm from Cheers , who come to take credit for finding the body . Ace threatens the boys with a knife , but Petey pulls out a gun to intimidate Ace , who swears he will come back for revenge and could get a gun tomorrow . However , since their next meeting will be inevitable , as they live in the same neighborhood , Petey lets Ace have the body to avoid further consequences . Upon returning home , the boys go their separate ways ; Joey comes to terms with being crippled and creates a new wheelchair rugby game called " Don 't @-@ Feel @-@ Sorry @-@ For @-@ Us @-@ Ball " , Cleve grows up to marry Rebecca Romijn ( who is the real @-@ life wife of Jerry O 'Connell , who played the character of " the fat kid " in the actual film ) , and Quag grows up to become a famous Hollywood actor who eventually dies of a drug overdose ( a reference to the fact River Phoenix , who played Chris Chambers in the actual film , went the same way and the unseen adult version of Chris dies , but in a different manner ) , while Petey 's fate becomes a mystery . = = = Misery = = = Famed writer Paul Sheldon ( Brian ) has just finished his latest and final installment in his series entitled Snuggly Jeff , a series of children 's books in which he kills off the titular character so he can focus on more serious work , despite objections from his agent , Marcia ( Lois ) . While driving through a snowstorm , Paul accidentally hits Stephen King with his car , causing Paul to swerve off the road and crash into a snowbank , while King gets the idea for another novel within seconds and manages to finish writing the plot in just a few seconds before hitting the ground completely unscathed . Paul is rescued by Stewie Wilkes ( Stewie ) , Paul 's self @-@ proclaimed number @-@ one fan , who takes the injured Paul to his remote cabin . Upon finding and reading the manuscript of Paul 's latest Snuggly Jeff book , Stewie is infuriated about the main character 's death and forces Paul to rewrite it and bring Snuggly Jeff back to life , holding him hostage until he manages to do so . Stewie rejects the idea of bringing Snuggly Jeff back to life with a child 's wish , calling it bad storytelling and comparing it to a plot hole in the film Contact . After sending Stewie out for more paper , Paul finds several news articles in an album that imply Wilkes is actually a serial killer . Just then , the local sheriff ( Joe ) appears , and is surprised to find Paul there . Before he can help him , however , Stewie blows his legs off with a shotgun . The sheriff then complains that he will now have to spend the rest of his life in a wheelchair , only to be shot again and killed by Stewie . Paul finally finishes the book and demands Stewie let him go , but Stewie refuses , knowing he will try to turn him in to the police and tell them he kidnapped him , held him hostage , and fondled him in his sleep , which Paul did not know originally . Paul 's ultimate fate is left ambiguous as the story ends with a Magnum , P.I.-style credits roll . = = = The Shawshank Redemption = = = Andy Dufresne ( Peter ) is sent to Shawshank Prison , though none of the inmates think much of him , particularly Red ( Cleveland , who narrates the story ) . A month passes before Andy literally says two words to Red , and later asks him for a rock hammer , claiming he carves Star Wars figurines out of stone . He also suggests in a poorly veiled manner that he will use the hammer to tunnel out of the prison . Andy and Red end up becoming fast friends , and Red provides him with the rock hammer . One day , the prison 's stern warden Samuel Norton ( Carter ) takes a liking to Andy 's figurines and offers to sell them so he can take all the money for himself , crippling Bogs ( Joe ) , one of the inmates who had raped Andy in the shower , as a sign of good will ( despite Andy saying that he liked him ) . Andy is then given permission to clean Norton 's office , and , while doing so , plays a record of " Hollaback Girl " across the whole prison , which utterly confuses all the inmates and infuriates Norton , who calls Andy into his office and places him in solitary confinement for two months after Andy indirectly insults him . Afterward , Andy grows determined to escape from Shawshank , and informs Red that he is going to Zihuatanejo in Mexico , telling him that if he should ever get out of prison , he should go to a hayfield in Buxton , Maine , and there will be a volcanic rock , and a gift for him under it . During an inspection the next day , Andy has disappeared without a trace . In a fury , Norton throws one of Andy 's rocks at a suggestive poster of David Cassidy on the wall of Andy 's cell , tearing a hole through Cassidy 's rectum . Norton then pulls the poster off , discovering a tunnel that Andy had made his escape through the night before . Andy is then shown breaking into a sewage pipe while Norton is distracted by watching an episode of Friends , allowing him to crawl out to freedom . Sometime later , Red is brought before a parole board and complains that the concept of rehabilitation is just a way for the board members to make themselves feel important , and declares he will start killing people as soon as he is released ; for no apparent reason , Red is put on parole anyway and released from Shawshank . Red goes to the field in Buxton with the volcanic rock to fulfill his promise to Andy , finding a box beneath the rock containing money and a postcard asking if he remembers the name of the Mexican village Andy told him about ; unfortunately , to Red 's annoyance , he does not . Andy is then shown preparing a boat on a beach in Zihuatanejo , eagerly waiting for Red to arrive , though Red never does . At the end of the show , Peter thanks Stephen King and says they will see him in court , then tells the viewers to " stay tuned for whatever FOX is limping to the barn with . " = = Production = = In his second episode for the season , the first being " Stew @-@ Roids " , the episode was written by series regular Alec Sulkin , and directed by Dominic Bianchi before the conclusion of the seventh production season . It was the last episode to be handdrawn in animatics . The three stories were chosen , according to series creator Seth MacFarlane , mostly due to their " iconic " movie stature . Before producing the episode , writer Stephen King was approached by the Family Guy production team to create the episode , and obtain his written permission to create it ; with King agreeing to allow the show to create the parody . King later stated that he enjoyed the episode and found it funny . In addition to the regular cast , actor Richard Dreyfuss , actor Roy Scheider ( who recorded his part in the episode shortly before his death in February 2008 ) , and actor George Wendt guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actors Chris Cox , actor Ralph Garman , writer Danny Smith , writer Alec Sulkin , and writer John Viener also made minor appearances . Actor Adam West guest starred in the episode as well . = = Reception = = In its original airing in the United States , " Three Kings " was watched by 6 @.@ 47 million homes and acquired a 3 @.@ 2 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , beating The Simpsons , American Dad ! and King of the Hill . The Parents Television Council named Family Guy the Worst TV Show of the Week because of the episode 's " violence , sexual references and contribution to the coarsening of contemporary culture . " The episode received generally positive reviews from television sources and critics . Ahsan Haque of IGN rated the episode an 8 @.@ 4 / 10 , calling the change of pace from the show 's usual random storytelling " pleasant " . The Misery segment was criticized as being flat , but was made up for by the other two , particularly The Shawshank Redemption . Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave it a B- and called the Stand by Me story " too earnest to turn into much of a comic romp " and that the gags in The Shawshank Redemption were " too expected " . He called Misery a " hoot " , stating : " Anything where Brian is held in the palm of diabolical Stewie works wonders for me " . = I Love Bees = I Love Bees ( also known as ilovebees or ILB for short ) was an alternate reality game ( ARG ) that served as both a real @-@ world experience and viral marketing campaign for the release of developer Bungie 's 2004 video game Halo 2 . The game was created and developed by 42 Entertainment . Many of the same personnel had previously created an ARG for the film A.I. titled The Beast . I Love Bees was commissioned by Microsoft , Halo 2 's publisher . I Love Bees was first advertised by a hidden message in a Halo 2 trailer ; players who investigated the titular website discovered that the pages appeared to be hacked by a mysterious intelligence . As players solved puzzles , audio logs were posted to the ilovebees.com site which gradually revealed more of the fictional back @-@ story , involving a marooned artificial intelligence stranded on Earth and its attempts to put itself back together . 250 @,@ 000 people viewed the ilovebees website when it was launched in August 2004 , and more than 500 @,@ 000 returned to the site every time the pages were updated . More than three million visitors viewed the site over the course of three months , and thousands of people around the world participated in the game . I Love Bees won numerous awards for its innovation and helped spawn numerous other alternate reality games for video games . = = Overview = = Alternate reality games or ARGs are designed to involve fans of video games or other media in a form of viral marketing which CNET described as encompassing " real @-@ life treasure hunting , interactive storytelling , video games and online [ communities ] " . I Love Bees began when jars of honey were received in the mail by people who had previously participated in alternate reality games . The jars contained letters leading to the I Love Bees website and a countdown . At around the same time , theatrical trailers for Halo 2 concluded with the Xbox logo and a URL , Xbox.com , that quickly flashed a link to ilovebees.com , ostensibly a hacked site related to beekeeping . Both events , not connected publicly for several weeks , caused the curious to visit the website ilovebees.com. The site , which appeared to be dedicated to honey sales and beekeeping , was covered in confusing random characters and sentence fragments . Dana , the ostensible webmaster of the ilovebees site , created a weblog stating that something had gone wrong with her website , and the site itself had been hacked . Suspecting that this was a mystery that could be unraveled , Halo and ARG fans spread the link and began to work on figuring out what was going on . The gameplay of I Love Bees tasked players around the world to work together to solve problems , with little or no direction or guidance . For example , the game presented players with 210 pairs of global positioning system coordinates and time codes , with no indications to what the locations referred to . Players eventually figured out the coordinates referred to pay phones and the times to when the phones would ring ; one player in Florida stayed by a phone while Hurricane Frances was minutes away in order to recite answers to prerecorded questions . Other phone calls were made by live persons known as " operators " ; these calls allowed players to interact with the characters of the games in spontaneous and occasionally humorous ways . Other players treated the corrupted data on ilovebees.com as encrypted files to decipher , or used image files found on the web server to solve puzzles . After players completed certain tasks , they were rewarded with new installments to an audio drama which revealed the reasons for the ilovebees.com malfunction . Over time , the game 's mechanisms for contacting players grew more complex . Players were sent messages via email , called on their cell phones , and travelled to arranged meetings between players and characters . The game culminated by inviting players of the game to visit one of four cinemas where they could get a chance to play Halo 2 before its release and collect a commemorative DVD . = = Plot = = The game 's plot begins with a military spaceship crashing to Earth in an unknown location , leaving the craft 's controlling artificial intelligence or AI damaged . This AI , known as the " Operator " or " Melissa " ( from the Latin for " very sweet , " etymologically akin to Latin melis , " honey " ) , is not alone ; other AI programs share its system . In an effort to survive and contact any surviving allies , Melissa transfers herself to a San Francisco @-@ area web server , which happens to host a bee enthusiast website known as I Love Bees . To the distress of Dana Awbrey , the website 's maintainer , Melissa 's attempts to send signals began to appear largely as codes , hidden in images or other text , interfering with the operation of the I Love Bees site and corrupting much of the content . Dana , attempting to regain control over the corrupted website , accidentally erases data which comprises part of Melissa 's memory . Furious , Melissa lashes out at the webmaster , obtaining pictures of her using the webcam on her computer and promising to take revenge . Alarmed , Dana announces that she is removing herself from the situation and is taking a previously planned trip to China earlier than expected . All AI units contain a program called SPDR , short for System Peril Distributed Reflex . As SPDR attempts to fix Melissa , random dumps from Melissa 's memory began to spill into the website , largely detailing Melissa 's history and revealing the presence of a malicious Trojan @-@ horse virus known as the " Pious Flea . " The Spider tries to erase the Flea but is outwitted , as Melissa erases the Spider instead of the Flea . The Flea continues to overwrite Melissa 's programming with its own mysterious goals , with it eventually being revealed that it is actually an espionage AI more properly called the Seeker , built by the Covenant . With the assistance of other characters revealed by audio chapters , the fictional protagonists break into a secure military installation and manage to deactivate a Forerunner device which is implied to begin the firing sequence of the Halo installations . However , the price paid for the deactivation is a powerful energy transmission alerting the Covenant to the location of Earth . Whole again , Melissa sees how she has been manipulated by the Pious Flea , and returns to her time . I Love Bees ends with the Covenant invading Earth , corresponding to a major plot point in Halo 2 . Due to Bungie 's commitment to the development of Halo 2 during I Love Bees ' run , they were unable to assist 42 Entertainment with story creation , and so the ARG 's story is only tangentially related to the main Halo storyline . The events of I Love Bees were , therefore , originally not considered to be Halo canon . In a 2006 interview , however , Bungie 's content manager Frank O 'Connor expressly confirmed that I Love Bees is part of " things that we embrace as canon . " References to elements of I Love Bees have since appeared in the 2006 Halo Graphic Novel and the 2009 Halo Encyclopedia , both of which are official canon . = = Development = = I Love Bees ' developer , 42 Entertainment , was founded by Jordan Weisman , the former creative director for Microsoft 's Xbox division . 42 Entertainment had previously created the first ARG , The Beast , which had been used to promote the movie A.I .. Other members of the I Love Bees team included Sean Stewart , a World Fantasy Award @-@ award @-@ winning author who served as I Love Bees ' writer , and Jim Stewartson , I Love Bees ' technical lead who produced the first commercial 3D game delivered by the internet . Weisman stated that the goal of I Love Bees was to utilize every person who interacted with the game , and to use any electronic resource to do so : " If we could make your toaster print something we would . Anything with an electric current running through it . A single story , a single gaming experience , with no boundaries . A game that is life itself . " 42 Entertainment conceived I Love Bees as a radio drama , and used the pay phones as a way to excite players . Chris Di Cesare , Microsoft 's director of marketing , stated that the radio drama 's similarities with War of the Worlds was intentional , and that " [ ILB ] remains true to the radio drama tradition of Orson Welles that we were shooting for and also allowed us to tell the story in an unorthodox way . " In order to prevent non @-@ players from being scared by the sounds of gunfire from the pay phones , 42 Entertainment established passwords that had to be repeated . Stewart described writing for the game as more enjoyable than writing printed fiction , both for the money and the unique experience of ARGs as opposed to other media : The audiences that we built for those campaigns are having a different experience . They ’ re having a collective experience in which they literally bring different pieces , one to the next , swap them back and forth , gossip about them . They have an element of cocreation and a collaborative nature that doesn ’ t really have an analog that I ’ ve been able to think of in the arts . = = Reception = = I Love Bees is credited with helping drive attention to Halo 2 ; former Electronic Gaming Monthly editor Dan Hsu stated in an interview that " I Love Bees really got existing gamers and other consumers talking about the universe of [ Halo ] . " Billy Pidgeon , a game analyst , noted that I Love Bees achieved what it had been designed to do : " This kind of viral guerrilla marketing worked ... Everyone started instant messaging about it and checking out the site . " I Love Bees not only received coverage from gaming publications , but attracted mainstream press attention as well . At its height , ilovebees received between two and three million unique visitors over the course of three months . 9 @,@ 000 people also actively participated in the real @-@ world aspects of the game . The players of I Love Bees themselves were quite varied . The target demographic for the promotion was younger males , but one player noted that even middle @-@ aged men and women were engaged in the game . I Love Bees received several awards for its innovation . The design team was one of the recipients of the Innovation Award at the 5th annual Game Developers Choice Awards . I Love Bees was also announced as the winner of a Webby Award in the Game @-@ Related category , presented by the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences . = = = Legacy = = = Along with 42 Entertainment 's previous ARG known as The Beast , I Love Bees is credited with bringing greater attention to the fledgling marketing form ; I Love Bees not only helped assuage fears by marketers about the costs of ARG failure , but attracted interest from other game developers in using alternate reality games to promote their own products . Before I Love Bees , The Guardian stated that " ARGs were destined to join Letsbuyit.com and Barcode Battlers in the e @-@ dustbin of nice ideas that never really caught on " ; the explosion of broadband internet access and a renewed interest in codes allowed I Love Bees to become wildly successful . Bungie would later use another ARG called " Iris " to promote Halo 2 's sequel , Halo 3 . I Love Bees also attracted attention in the wider discussion of user @-@ based marketing and cooperation . Author Charles Leadbeater argued that I Love Bees was an example of " We @-@ Think " collective thinking ; Leadbeater noted that after the " puppet masters " began the game , I Love Bees " displayed all the characteristics of a mass movement , propelled into existence in a matter of weeks simply by collective enthusiasm guided by a few cyberspace ' avatars ' " . The game proved successful with gamers , as well as attracting nontraditional players who had no experience with Halo before joining the game . = Flocabulary = Flocabulary is a Brooklyn @-@ based company that creates educational hip hop songs , videos and additional materials for students in grades K @-@ 12 . Founded in 2004 by Blake Harrison and Alex Rappaport , the company takes a nontraditional approach to teaching vocabulary , United States history , math , science and other subjects by integrating content into recorded raps . Flocabulary 's website features videos , lesson plans , activities and assessments . The company has emphasized outreach to underprivileged schools in its business decisions . As of 2015 , more than 35 @,@ 000 schools use Flocabulary products in the classroom . Flocabulary has been praised by rapper Snoop Dogg ( AKA Snoop Lion ) and historian Howard Zinn , and the company 's products have been generally well received by educators and the press . However , the project has been criticized for perceived cultural inauthenticity and politically charged material in some song lyrics . = = History = = Blake Harrison conceived of the idea that would become Flocabulary while in high school . Inspired by hip hop artists like Outkast and A Tribe Called Quest , Harrison wanted to combine the easy retainability of hip hop lyrics with educational content . Harrison graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a degree in English . He then moved to San Francisco , where he met Alex Rappaport , a music graduate of Tufts University . Harrison shared his idea with Rappaport , and in 2004 the two made a demo recording of two songs with a combined total of 80 SAT words . Within two months Sparknotes made the songs available for free streaming , and soon afterward Harrison and Rappaport set up a Flocabulary website . Cider Mill Press published Flocabulary books and distributed them through Sterling Publishing to sell the book at Barnes & Noble and Borders stores . The Hip Hop Approach to SAT Vocabulary sold 10 @,@ 000 copies in its first year of publication and was reprinted five times . In 2005 , Flocabulary went on a promotional tour of concerts at schools . By early 2006 , Flocabulary began self @-@ publishing its products . Harrison and Rappaport raised $ 50 @,@ 000 from family and friends and began visiting schools and education conferences to sell their products . Flocabulary entered into a contest for startup businesses at Columbia Business School and won a social value award . After participating in a collaborative business advice program with Columbia students , Harrison and Rappaport decided to stop self @-@ publishing and returned to Cider Mill . Flocabulary raised $ 110 @,@ 000 from investors and hired 30 sales representatives . In September 2007 , a line of Flocabulary products was released called " Word Up " for teaching standardized test vocabulary . Word Up ! proved successful and helped to double their annual revenue in 2008 to $ 600 @,@ 000 . Flocabulary 's 2007 release Shakespeare Is Hip @-@ Hop featured musical and lyrical contributions from a number of hip hop artists , including Grammy Award @-@ winner 9th Wonder . In 2008 , Harrison and Rappaport created The Week in Rap , a weekly series of songs that has covered current events including the 2008 presidential election and the results of California Proposition 8 . By 2009 , Flocabulary made $ 900 @,@ 000 in annual revenue . Rappaport says that Flocabulary has made access to its products a priority over profitability , saying , " We wanted to reach the kids who might never get to the SATs , whose families weren 't buying books at Barnes & Noble . " According to Rappaport , Flocabulary has made " social responsibility a core value [ of the company ] and never [ let ] it get overshadowed by our revenue goals , " and , " we 're trying to make this as affordable as possible , because unfortunately the schools with money aren 't necessarily the schools that need Flocabulary . So we 're trying to work with some government organizations and other charities to really get these into the schools that need them . " Flocabulary 's non @-@ profitable social projects have included charitable donations and outreach to underprivileged schools . In September 2010 , the use of Flocabulary was postponed in Oklahoma City Public Schools after several teachers voiced concern over some of the lyrics in the program . The lyrics to the song " Old Dead White Men " drew complaints for referring to the Founding Fathers of the United States as dead white males , a term used to criticize perceived disproportionate emphasis on the contributions of historical European males . The lyrics to " O.D.W.M. " also compare Andrew Jackson 's policy of Indian removal to Adolf Hitler 's Final Solution . Rappaport responded that the materials were meant to keep the students engaged and promote discussion , but the company has since replaced the song on its site . Tucker Carlson said Flocabulary was a " get @-@ educated @-@ quick [ scheme ] " that disregards historical " context or accuracy " , and said " there are still no independent studies that demonstrate rapping about social studies is any more educational than rapping about sex or gunfights . " Carlson particularly noted what he saw as over @-@ simplification of the African @-@ American Civil Rights Movement in the song " Let Freedom Ring " . By June 2016 , when Flocabulary raised a $ 1 @.@ 5 million convertible note from Rethink Education , the company had produced more than 725 educational rap videos . [ 1 ] = = Reception = = School Library Journal notes that , " [ Flocabulary 's ] catchy songs hook K @-@ 12 students in a way that textbooks can 't . " A reporter for The Wall Street Journal visited classrooms where Flocabulary was being used and remarked that , " When third @-@ grade teachers asked questions about the videos and vocabulary , the problem wasn ’ t getting children to raise their hands , but to put them down . " A reporter for FastCompany writes that " As a lesson supplement , it gets the job done — not every memory tool inspires comments like " JAMMIN " on YouTube . " Academics Howard Zinn and Cornel West endorsed Hip @-@ Hop U.S. History . Menchville High reported that use of Flocabulary increased SAT scores from 420 to 477 , though the principle said the school can 't verify to what extent Flocabulary did or didn 't have an influence . A study conducted across six US states by former International Reading Association president Roger Farr demonstrated improvement in reading and writing skills among middle schools students who studied with Flocabulary . Proficiency increased by more than 20 percent . Snoop Dogg has expressed support for the company 's products . Jack Rosenthal of The New York Times says that Flocabulary is " one example of how Web sites have latched onto mnemonics as ways to teach SAT words to high @-@ school students . " In November 2014 , Entrepreneur.com reporter Laura Entis called a video about credit cards in Flocabulary ’ s financial literacy series “ direct , clear and insanely catchy . ” Common Sense Media notes that , " One of Flocabulary 's best qualities is that the songs sound like real rap songs , not an embarrassing facsimile that 's obviously for educational purposes . The backing beats and samples are catchy and memorable , and videos contain a fun combo of stock footage , original animation , and , for The Week in Rap , current news clips . " In the book Slam School : Learning Through Conflict in the Hip @-@ Hop and Spoken Word Classroom Bronwen Low , while praising Flocabulary and similar programs for incorporating hip hop into American schools , argues that Flocabulary is culturally inauthentic and refers to Flocabulary 's methods as a gimmick . Similarly , while the book The Anthology of Rap supports Shakespeare Is Hip Hop as an " effective and entertaining [ tool ] " , the author said Flocabulary failed to " illuminate rap 's distinct poetic tradition . " = Portuguese dogfish = The Portuguese dogfish or Portuguese shark ( Centroscymnus coelolepis ) is a species of sleeper shark of the family Somniosidae . This globally distributed species has been reported down to a depth of 3 @,@ 675 m ( 12 @,@ 057 ft ) , making it the deepest @-@ living shark known . It inhabits lower continental slopes and abyssal plains , usually staying near the bottom . Stocky and dark brown in color , the Portuguese dogfish can be distinguished from similar @-@ looking species ( such as the kitefin shark , Dalatias licha ) by the small spines in front of its dorsal fins . Its dermal denticles are also unusual , resembling the scales of a bony fish . This species typically reaches 0 @.@ 9 – 1 m ( 3 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 3 ft ) in length ; sharks in the Mediterranean Sea are much smaller and have distinct depth and food preferences . Relatively common , the Portuguese dogfish is an active hunter capable of tackling fast , large prey . It feeds mainly on cephalopods and fishes , though it also consumes invertebrates and cetacean carrion . This shark has acute vision optimized for detecting the bioluminescence of its prey , as sunlight does not reach the depths at which it lives . The Portuguese dogfish is aplacental viviparous , with the young provisioned by yolk and perhaps uterine fluid . The females give birth to up to 29 young after a gestation period of over one year . Valued for its liver oil and to a lesser extent meat , Portuguese dogfish are important to deepwater commercial fisheries operating off Portugal , the British Isles , Japan , and Australia . These fishing pressures and the low reproductive rate of this species have led the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) to assess it as Near Threatened . = = Taxonomy = = The first scientific description of the Portuguese dogfish was published by Portuguese zoologists José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage and Félix António de Brito Capello , in an 1864 issue of Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London . They created the new genus Centroscymnus for this shark , and gave it the specific epithet coelolepis , derived from the Greek koilos ( " hollow " ) and lepidos ( " fish scale " ) and referring to the structure of the dermal denticles . The type specimen , caught off Portugal , has since been destroyed in a fire . = = Distribution and habitat = = One of the widest @-@ ranging deepwater sharks , the Portuguese dogfish is patchily distributed around the world . In the western Atlantic , it occurs from the Grand Banks of Newfoundland to the U.S. state of Delaware . In the eastern Atlantic , it is found from Iceland to Sierra Leone , including the western Mediterranean Sea , the Azores and Madeira , as well as from southern Namibia to western South Africa . In the Indian Ocean , this species has been caught off the Seychelles . In the Pacific , this shark occurs off Japan , New Zealand , and Australia from Cape Hawke , New South Wales , to Beachport , South Australia , including Tasmania . The deepest @-@ living shark known , the Portuguese dogfish has been reported at depths of 150 m ( 490 ft ) to 3 @,@ 675 m ( 12 @,@ 057 ft ) from the lower continental slope to the abyssal plain , and is most common between 400 m ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) and 2 @,@ 000 m ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) . This species is found deeper in the Mediterranean , seldom occurring above a depth of 1 @,@ 500 m ( 4 @,@ 900 ft ) and being most common at 2 @,@ 500 – 3 @,@ 000 m ( 8 @,@ 200 – 9 @,@ 800 ft ) . The deep Mediterranean has a relatively constant temperature of 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) and a salinity of 38 @.@ 4 ppt , whereas in the deep ocean the temperature is generally only 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) and the salinity 34 – 35 ppt . The Portuguese dogfish is essentially benthic in nature , though young sharks can be found a considerable distance off the bottom . There is depth segregation by size and sex ; pregnant females are found in shallower water , above 1 @,@ 200 – 1 @,@ 500 m ( 3 @,@ 900 – 4 @,@ 900 ft ) , while juveniles are found deeper . There may be several separate populations in the Atlantic , and sharks in the Mediterranean and off Japan appear to be distinct as well . = = Description = = The Portuguese dogfish typically reaches a length of 0 @.@ 9 m ( 3 @.@ 0 ft ) for males and 1 @.@ 0 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) for females , though specimens up to 1 @.@ 2 m ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) long have been recorded . Sharks in the Mediterranean are smaller , growing no more than 65 cm ( 26 in ) long . This species has a flattened , broadly rounded snout that is shorter than the mouth is wide . The nostrils are preceded by short flaps of skin . The eyes are large and oval in shape , positioned laterally on the head and equipped with a reflective tapetum lucidum that produces a yellow @-@ green " eye shine " . The mouth is wide and slightly arched , with moderately thick , smooth lips and short furrows at the corners extending onto both jaws . The upper teeth are slender and upright with a single cusp , numbering 43 – 68 rows . The lower teeth have a short , strongly angled cusp and number 29 – 41 rows ; their bases interlock to form a continuous cutting surface . The five pairs of gill slits are short and nearly vertical . The body of the Portuguese dogfish is thick and cylindrical except for the flattened belly . The two dorsal fins are small and of similar size and shape , each bearing a tiny grooved spine in front . The first dorsal fin originates well behind the pectoral fins , while the second dorsal originates over the middle of the pelvic fin bases . The pectoral fins are medium @-@ sized with a rounded margin . There is no anal fin . The caudal fin has a short but well @-@ developed lower lobe and a prominent ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe . The very large dermal denticles change in shape with age : in juveniles , they are widely spaced and heart @-@ shaped with an incomplete midline ridge and three posterior points , while in adults they are overlapping , roughly circular , smooth , and flattened with a round central concavity , superficially resembling the scales of bony fishes . Young sharks are a uniform blue @-@ black in color , while adults are brown @-@ black ; there are no prominent fin markings . In 1997 , a partially albino individual , with a pale body but normal eyes , was caught in the northeastern Atlantic . This represented the first documented case of albinism in a deep @-@ sea shark . = = Biology and ecology = = Living almost exclusively in the aphotic zone where little to no sunlight penetrates , the Portuguese dogfish is relatively common and the dominant shark species in deeper waters . The large , squalene @-@ rich liver of this shark allows it to maintain neutral buoyancy and hover with minimal effort ; males contain more squalene in their livers than females . A tracking study in the Porcupine Seabight has found that the Portuguese dogfish has an average swimming speed of 0 @.@ 072 m / s ( 0 @.@ 24 ft / s ) , and does not remain in any particular area for long . This species may be preyed upon by larger fishes and sharks . Known parasites of this species include monogeneans in the genus Erpocotyle , and the tapeworms Sphyriocephalus viridis , S. richardi , and Anthobothrium sp . An active predator of mobile , relatively large organisms , the Portuguese dogfish feeds mainly on cephalopods ( including Mastigoteuthis spp . ) and bony fishes ( including slickheads , orange roughy , lantern fishes , and rattails ) . It has also been known to take other sharks and invertebrates ( such as the medusa Atolla wyvillei ) , as well as scavenging from whale carcasses . The Portuguese dogfish has more acute vision than many other deepsea sharks : in addition to having a large pupil and lens , and a tapetum lucidum , its eyes also contain a high concentration of ganglion cells mostly concentrated in a horizontal streak that is densest at the center ; these cells impart highly sensitive motion detection along the horizontal plane . The visual system of this species appears adapted for detecting bioluminescence : the maximum absorption of its visual pigments correspond to the wavelengths of light emitted by favored prey , such as the squids Heteroteuthis dispar , Histioteuthis spp . , Lycoteuthis lorigera , and Taningia danae . In the Mediterranean sea , the Portuguese dogfish is one of the most common deepwater sharks along with the blackmouth catshark ( Galeus melastomus ) and the velvet belly lantern shark ( Etmopterus spinax ) , and the only shark abundant below a depth of 1 @,@ 500 m ( 4 @,@ 900 ft ) . By inhabiting deeper water , Portuguese dogfish in the Mediterranean may reduce competition with the other two species . The smaller size of Mediterranean sharks relative to those from the rest of the world may be due to limited food availability and / or the warmer , saltier environment . Some 87 % of the diet of Portuguese dogfish in the Mediterranean consists of cephalopods . Bony fishes are a secondary food source , while immature sharks favor the shrimp Acanthephyra eximia , the most common decapod crustacean in their environment . Unlike in other regions , Mediterranean sharks seldom scavenge . = = = Life history = = = The Portuguese dogfish is aplacental viviparous , with the female retaining eggs internally until they hatch . The embryos are sustained by yolk , and possibly also by uterine fluid secreted by the mother . Figueiredo et al . ( 2008 ) reported that there are two breeding seasons per year off Portugal , from January to May and from August to December , with only a fraction of the population reproductively active at a time . However , previous accounts have described continuous reproduction with females in various stages of pregnancy present year @-@ round . The ovarian follicles take some time to mature ; they are ovulated into the uterus at a diameter of 5 – 6 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) . Studies of females have found no traces of sperm inside their reproductive tracts , which suggests that fertilization occurs immediately following copulation , which may also trigger ovulation . The reproductive cycles of Portuguese dogfish in the Atlantic and Pacific are generally similar ; sharks off Japan tend to produce larger numbers of smaller oocytes than elsewhere , while sharks off the British Isles exhibit a larger litter size and birth size ( but smaller oocytes ) than those off Portugal . There is a record of a hermaphroditic specimen with an ovary on its right side and a testis on its left . Early in development , the embryos are sexually undifferentiated , unpigmented , and possess filamentous external gills ; the external yolk sac in this stage weighs 120 – 130 g ( 4 @.@ 2 – 4 @.@ 6 oz ) . Recognizable sex organs develop by an embryonic length of 92 mm ( 3 @.@ 6 in ) , and tissue differentiation is complete by a length of 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) . Body pigmentation appears when the embryo is 100 – 150 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 – 5 @.@ 9 in ) long ; the external gills regress at around the same time . An internal yolk sac develops when the embryo is 140 mm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) long , which begins to take in yolk as the external yolk sac shrinks ; by the time the embryo is 233 – 300 mm ( 9 @.@ 2 – 11 @.@ 8 in ) long the external yolk sac has been completely resorbed . Off Portugal , the young seem to be born in May and December following a gestation period of over a year . As they near giving birth , the females undergo ovarian atresia ( regression of the follicles ) , suggesting that they enter a resting period afterwards . The litter size ranges from 1 to 29 ( typically 12 ) , and is not correlated with female size . Parturition may occur in a yet @-@ unknown nursery area , as newborns are rarely ever caught . The length at birth has been reported as 23 – 30 cm ( 9 @.@ 1 – 11 @.@ 8 in ) in the Atlantic , and 30 – 35 cm ( 12 – 14 in ) in the Pacific . Aside from the distinctive Mediterranean population , Portuguese dogfish attain sexual maturity at similar sizes around the world : males and females mature at 90 – 101 cm ( 35 – 40 in ) and 85 – 115 cm ( 33 – 45 in ) respectively off the Iberian Peninsula , 86 cm ( 34 in ) and 102 cm ( 40 in ) respectively west of the British Isles , 70 cm ( 28 in ) and 95 – 100 cm ( 37 – 39 in ) respectively in Suruga Bay , Japan , and 82 – 90 cm ( 32 – 35 in ) and 99 – 110 cm ( 39 – 43 in ) respectively off southeastern Australia . In the Mediterranean , males mature at around 53 cm ( 21 in ) long . = = Human interactions = = The Portuguese dogfish is too small and occurs too deep to pose a danger to humans . This species has long been commercially fished , using hook @-@ and @-@ line , gillnets , and trawls . It is mainly valued for its liver , which contains 22 – 49 % squalene by weight and is processed for vitamins . The meat may also be sold fresh or dried and salted for human consumption , or converted into fishmeal . An important fishery for the Portuguese dogfish exists in Suruga Bay for liver oil ; catches peaked during World War II , but declined soon after from over @-@ exploitation . In the past few years , catches by the South East Trawl Fishery off Australia have been increasing , as fishers have been seeking out species not covered by commercial quotas following the relaxation of seafood mercury regulations . Shark landings in this fishery are affected by a prohibition on landing livers without the rest of the carcass . Until recently , Portugal was the only European country to utilize the Portuguese dogfish . An important bycatch of the black scabbardfish ( Aphanops carbo ) longline fishery , between 300 and 900 tons of this shark were landed annually from 1986 to 1999 . Its per @-@ weight value has been increasing since 1986 , and thus exploitation is likely to continue . Around 1990 , French bottom trawlers began to fish for Portuguese dogfish and leafscale gulper sharks ( Centrophorus squamosus ) west of the British Isles for meat and livers ; these two species are together referred to as siki . The siki catch peaked at 3 @,@ 284 tons in 1996 before declining to 1 @,@ 939 tons in 1999 . The French have since been joined by Norwegian , Irish , and Scottish longliners and trawlers , making the Portuguese dogfish a significant component of deepwater fisheries in the northwest Atlantic . While stocks off Portugal seem to be stable for now , stocks off the British Isles have diminished substantially in recent years ; this may reflect the disparity between the less massified Portuguese fishery and the commercial French fishery . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed this species as Near Threatened , because of its commercial value and low reproductive productivity . = And the Band Played On = And the Band Played On : Politics , People , and the AIDS Epidemic is a 1987 book by San Francisco Chronicle journalist Randy Shilts . In it , Shilts chronicles the discovery and spread of the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) with a special emphasis on government indifference and political infighting — specifically in the United States — to what was then perceived as a specifically gay disease . Shilts ' premise is that AIDS was allowed to happen : while AIDS is caused by a biological agent , incompetence and apathy toward those who were initially affected by AIDS allowed the spread of the disease to become much worse . The book is an extensive work of investigative journalism , written in the form of an encompassing time line ; the events that shaped the epidemic are presented as sequential matter @-@ of @-@ fact summaries . Shilts describes the impact and the politics involved in battling the disease on particular individuals in the gay , medical , and political communities . Shilts begins his discussion in the late 1970s with the then @-@ first confirmed case of AIDS , that of Grethe Rask , a Danish doctor working in Africa . He ends with the announcement by actor Rock Hudson in 1985 that he was dying of AIDS , when international attention on the disease exploded . And the Band Played On was critically acclaimed and became a best @-@ seller . Judith Eannarino of the Library Journal called it " one of the most important books of the year " , upon its release . It made Shilts both a star and a pariah for his coverage of the disease and the bitter politics in the gay community . He described his motivation to undertake the writing of the book in an interview after its release , saying , " Any good reporter could have done this story , but I think the reason I did it , and no one else did , is because I am gay . It was happening to people I cared about and loved . " The book was later adapted into an HBO film of the same name in 1993 . Shilts was tested for HIV while he was writing the book ; he died of complications from AIDS in 1994 . = = Background = = Shilts decided to write And the Band Played On after attending an awards ceremony in 1983 where he was to receive a commendation for his coverage on AIDS	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
, Tristan und Isolde 24 , Die Meistersinger 22 , Tannhäuser 21 , Lohengrin 6 , the Ring cycle 18 and Der fliegende Holländer 10 . = Star Trek : The Motion Picture = Star Trek : The Motion Picture is a 1979 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures . It is the first Star Trek film and stars the cast of the original 1966 – 1969 Star Trek television series . The film is set in the twenty @-@ third century when a mysterious and immensely powerful alien cloud known as V 'Ger approaches Earth , destroying everything in its path . Admiral James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ) resumes command of his previous starship — the recently refitted USS Enterprise — to lead it on a mission to save the planet and determine V 'Ger 's origins . When the original television series was cancelled in 1969 , Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry lobbied Paramount to continue the franchise through a film . The success of the series in syndication convinced the studio to begin work on a feature film in 1975 . A series of writers attempted to craft a suitably epic script , but the attempts did not satisfy Paramount , so the studio scrapped the project in 1977 . Paramount instead planned on returning the franchise to its roots with a new television series , Star Trek : Phase II . The box office success of Close Encounters of the Third Kind convinced Paramount that science fiction films other than Star Wars could do well at the box office , so the studio cancelled production of Phase II and resumed its attempts at making a Star Trek film . In 1978 , Paramount assembled the largest press conference held at the studio since the 1950s to announce that double Academy Award – winning director Robert Wise would direct a $ 15 million film adaptation of the television series . With the cancellation of Phase II , writers rushed to adapt its planned pilot episode , " In Thy Image " , into a film script . Constant revisions to the story and shooting script continued , to the extent of hourly script updates on shooting dates . The Enterprise was modified inside and out ; costume designer Robert Fletcher provided new uniforms and production designer Harold Michelson fabricated new sets . Jerry Goldsmith composed the score , beginning an association with Star Trek that would continue until 2002 . When the original contractors for the optical effects proved unable to complete their tasks in time , effects supervisor Douglas Trumbull was given carte blanche to meet the December 1979 release date . The film came together only days before the premiere ; Wise took the just @-@ completed film to its Washington , D.C. , opening , but always felt that the theatrical version was a rough cut of the film he wanted to make . Released in North America on December 7 , 1979 , Star Trek : The Motion Picture received mixed reviews from critics , many of whom faulted the film for its lack of action and over @-@ reliance on special effects . The final production cost ballooned to approximately $ 46 million . The film earned $ 139 million worldwide , falling short of studio expectations but enough for Paramount to propose a cheaper sequel . Roddenberry was forced out of creative control for The Wrath of Khan . In 2001 , Wise oversaw a director 's cut for a special DVD release of the film , with remastered audio , tightened and added scenes , and new computer @-@ generated effects . = = Plot = = In 2273 , a Starfleet monitoring station , Epsilon Nine , detects an alien force , hidden in a massive cloud of energy , moving through space towards Earth . The cloud destroys three of the Klingon Empire 's new K 't'inga @-@ class warships and the monitoring station en route . On Earth , the starship Enterprise is undergoing a major refit ; her former commanding officer , James T. Kirk , has been promoted to Admiral and works in San Francisco as Chief of Starfleet Operations . Starfleet dispatches Enterprise to investigate the cloud entity as the ship is the only one in intercept range , requiring her new systems to be tested in transit . Kirk takes command of the ship citing his experience , angering Captain Willard Decker , who had been overseeing the refit as its new commanding officer . Testing of Enterprise 's new systems goes poorly ; two officers , including the science officer , are killed by a malfunctioning transporter , and improperly calibrated engines almost destroy the ship . Kirk 's unfamiliarity with the new systems of the Enterprise increases the tension between him and first officer Decker . Commander Spock arrives as a replacement science officer , explaining that while on his home world undergoing a ritual to purge all emotion , he felt a consciousness that he believes emanates from the cloud . Enterprise intercepts the energy cloud and is attacked by an alien vessel within . A probe appears on the bridge , attacks Spock and abducts the navigator , Ilia . She is replaced by a robotic doppelgänger , a probe sent by " V 'Ger " to study the crew . Decker is distraught over the loss of Ilia , with whom he had a romantic history . He becomes troubled as he attempts to extract information from the doppelgänger , which has Ilia 's memories and feelings buried within . Spock takes a spacewalk to the alien vessel 's interior and attempts a telepathic mind meld with it . In doing so , he learns that the vessel is V 'Ger itself , a living machine . At the center of the massive ship , V 'Ger is revealed to be Voyager 6 , a 20th @-@ century Earth space probe believed lost . The damaged probe was found by an alien race of living machines that interpreted its programming as instructions to learn all that can be learned , and return that information to its creator . The machines upgraded the probe to fulfill its mission , and on its journey the probe gathered so much knowledge that it achieved consciousness . Spock realizes that V 'Ger lacks the ability to give itself a focus other than its original mission ; having learned what it could on its journey home , it finds its existence empty and without purpose . Before transmitting all its information , V 'Ger insists that the Creator come in person to finish the sequence . Realizing that the machine wants to merge with its creator , Decker offers himself to V 'Ger ; he merges with the Ilia probe and V 'Ger , creating a new form of life that disappears into another dimension . With Earth saved , Kirk directs Enterprise out to space for future missions . = = Cast = = William Shatner as James T. Kirk , the former commanding officer of the USS Enterprise and an Admiral at Starfleet headquarters , who re @-@ assumes command of the Enterprise , and with it , temporary demotion to his previous rank , captain . When asked during a March 1978 press conference about what it would be like to reprise the role , Shatner said , " An actor brings to a role not only the concept of a character but his own basic personality , things that he is , and both Leonard Nimoy and myself have changed over the years , to a degree at any rate , and we will bring that degree of change inadvertently to the role we recreate . " Leonard Nimoy as Mr. Spock , the Enterprise 's half @-@ Vulcan , half @-@ human science officer . Nimoy had been dissatisfied with unpaid royalties from Star Trek and did not intend to reprise the role , so Spock was left out of the screenplay . Director Robert Wise , having been informed by his daughter and son @-@ in @-@ law that the film " would not be Star Trek " without Nimoy , sent Jeffrey Katzenberg to New York City to meet with Nimoy . Katzenberg gave Nimoy a check to make up for his lost royalties , and the actor attended the March 1978 press conference with the rest of the returning cast . Nimoy was dissatisfied with the script , and his meeting with Katzenberg led to an agreement that the final script would need Nimoy 's approval . Despite the financial issues , Nimoy said he was comfortable with being identified as Mr. Spock because it had a positive impact on his fame . DeForest Kelley as Leonard McCoy , the chief medical officer aboard the Enterprise . Kelley had reservations with the script , feeling that the characters and relationships from the series were not in place . Along with Shatner and Nimoy , Kelley lobbied for greater characterization , but their opinions were largely ignored . James Doohan as Montgomery Scott , the Enterprise 's chief engineer . Doohan created the distinctive Klingon vocabulary heard in the film . Linguist Marc Okrand later developed a fully realized Klingon language based on the actor 's made @-@ up words . Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov , the Enterprise 's weapons officer . Koenig noted that the expected sense of camaraderie and euphoria at being assembled for screen tests at the start of the picture was nonexistent . " This may be Star Trek , " he wrote , " but it isn 't the old Star Trek . " The actor was hopeful for the film , but admitted he was disappointed by his character 's bit part . Nichelle Nichols as Uhura , the communications officer aboard the Enterprise . Nichols noted in her autobiography that she was one of the actors most opposed to the new uniforms added for the film because the drab , unisex look " wasn 't Uhura " . George Takei as Hikaru Sulu , the Enterprise 's helmsman . In his autobiography , Takei described the film 's shooting schedule as " astonishingly luxurious " , but noted that frequent script rewrites during production " usually favored Bill " [ Shatner ] . Persis Khambatta as Ilia , the Deltan navigator of the Enterprise . Khambatta was originally cast in the role when The Motion Picture was a television pilot . She took the role even after Roddenberry warned her that she would have to shave her head completely for filming . Stephen Collins as Willard Decker , the new commanding officer of the Enterprise at the start of the film . He is temporarily demoted from captain to commander and first officer when Kirk takes command of the Enterprise . Collins was completely unfamiliar with the franchise , having never seen an episode of the series . Kelley 's dressing room was next to Collins ' , and the older actor became his mentor for the production . Given the preexisting television cast , Collins ' casting was the only one that director Wise participated in ; he called Collins ' performance " excellent — in a difficult role . " Other actors from the television series who returned include Majel Barrett as Christine Chapel , a doctor aboard the Enterprise ; and Grace Lee Whitney as Janice Rand , formerly one of Kirk 's yeomen and now a transporter operator . David Gautreaux , who had been cast as Xon in the aborted second television series , cameos as Branch , the commander of the Epsilon 9 communications station . Mark Lenard portrays the Klingon commander in the film 's opening sequence ; he also played Spock 's father , Sarek , in the television series and in later feature films . = = Production = = = = = Early development = = = The original Star Trek television series ran for three seasons from 1966 to 1969 on NBC . The show was never a hit with network executives , and the show 's low Nielsen ratings bolstered their concerns . When the show was cancelled , owner Paramount Studios hoped to recoup their production losses by selling the syndication rights to the show . The series went into reruns in the autumn ( September / October ) of 1969 , and by the late 1970s had been sold in over 150 domestic and 60 international markets . The show developed a cult following , and rumors of reviving the franchise began . Roddenberry had first proposed a Star Trek feature at the 1968 World Science Fiction Convention . The movie was to have been set before the television series , showing how the crew of the Enterprise met . The popularity of the syndicated Star Trek caused Paramount Pictures and Roddenberry to begin developing the film in May 1975 . Roddenberry was allocated $ 3 to $ 5 million to develop a script . By June 30 , he had produced what he considered an acceptable script , but studio executives disagreed . This first draft , The God Thing , featured a grounded Admiral Kirk assembling the old crew on the refitted Enterprise to clash with a godlike entity many miles across , hurtling towards Earth . The object turns out to be a super @-@ advanced computer , the remains of a scheming race who were cast out of their dimension . Kirk wins out , the entity returns to its dimension , and the Enterprise crew resumes their voyages . The basic premise and scenes such as a transporter accident and Spock 's Vulcan ritual were discarded , but later returned to the final script . The film was postponed until spring ( March / April ) 1975 while Paramount fielded new scripts for Star Trek II ( the working title ) from acclaimed writers such as Ray Bradbury , Theodore Sturgeon and Harlan Ellison . Ellison 's story had a snake @-@ like alien race tampering with Earth 's history to create a kindred race ; Kirk reunites with his old crew , but they are faced with the dilemma of killing off the reptilian race in Earth 's prehistory just to maintain humanity 's dominance . When Ellison presented his idea , an executive suggested Ellison read Chariots of the Gods ? and include the Maya civilization into his story , which enraged the writer because he knew Mayans did not exist at the dawn of time . By October 1975 , Robert Silverberg had been signed to work on the screenplay along with a second writer , John D. F. Black , whose treatment featured a black hole that threatened to consume all of existence . Roddenberry teamed up with Jon Povill to write a new story that featured the Enterprise crew setting an altered universe right by time travel ; like Black 's idea , Paramount did not consider it epic enough . The original Star Trek cast — who had agreed to appear in the new movie , with contracts as @-@ yet unsigned pending script approval — grew anxious about the constant delays , and pragmatically accepted other acting offers while Roddenberry worked with Paramount . The studio decided to turn the project over to the television division , reasoning that since the roots of the franchise lay in television the writers would be able to develop the right script . A number of screenwriters offered up ideas that were summarily rejected . As Paramount executives ' interest in the film began to wane , Roddenberry , backed by fan letters , applied pressure to the studio . In June 1976 , Paramount assigned Jerry Isenberg , a young and active producer , to be executive producer of the project , with the budget expanded to $ 8 million . Povill was tasked with finding more writers to develop a script . His list included Edward Anhalt , James Goldman , Francis Ford Coppola , George Lucas , Ernest Lehman and Robert Bloch . To cap off his list , Povill put as his last recommendation " Jon Povill — almost credit : Star Trek II story ( with Roddenberry ) . Will be a big shot some day . Should be hired now while he is cheap and humble . " The end result was a compiled list of 34 names , none of whom were ever chosen to pen the script . Finally , British screenwriters Chris Bryant and Allan Scott , who had penned the creepy Donald Sutherland thriller Don 't Look Now were hired to write a script . Bryant believed he earned the screenwriting assignment because his view of Kirk resembled what Roddenberry modeled him on ; " one of Horatio Nelson 's captains in the South Pacific , six months away from home and three months away by communication " . Povill also wrote up a list of possible directors , including Coppola , Steven Spielberg , Lucas and Robert Wise , but all were busy at the time ( or were not willing to work on the small script money budget ) . Philip Kaufman signed on to direct and was given a crash course in the series . Roddenberry screened ten episodes from the original series for Kaufman , including the most representative of the show and those he considered most popular : " The City on the Edge of Forever " , " The Devil in the Dark " , " Amok Time " , " Journey to Babel " , " Shore Leave " , " The Trouble with Tribbles " , " The Enemy Within " , " The Corbomite Maneuver " , " This Side of Paradise " and " A Piece of the Action " . Early work was promising and , by the fall of 1976 , the project was building momentum . During this time , fans organized a mail campaign that flooded the White House with letters , influencing Gerald Ford to rechristen the Space Shuttle Constitution to Enterprise . , and Roddenberry and most of the Star Trek cast were present for its roll @-@ out on September 17 , 1976 . On October 8 , Bryant and Scott delivered a twenty @-@ page treatment entitled Planet of the Titans , which executives Barry Diller and Michael Eisner liked . In the treatment , Kirk and his crew encounter beings they believe to be the mythical Titans and travel back millions of years in time , accidentally teaching early man to make fire . Planet of the Titans also explored the concept of the third eye . With the studio 's acceptance of this treatment Roddenberry immediately stopped work on other projects to refocus on Star Trek , and the screenwriters and Isenberg were swamped with grateful fan mail . Isenberg began scouting filming locations and hired designers and illustrators . Key amongst these were famed production designer Ken Adam , who said that " I was approached by Gene Roddenberry and we got on like a house on fire " , and thus he was employed to design the film . In turn Adam employed artist Ralph McQuarrie fresh off the yet to be released Star Wars . They worked on designs for planets , planetary and asteroid bases , a black hole " shroud " , a crystalline " super brain " , and new concepts for the Enterprise , including interior concepts which Adam later revisitted for the film Moonraker and a flat @-@ hulled starship design ( frequently credited to McQuarrie , but which McQuarrie 's own art of book identifies as an Adam design ) . McQuarrie wrote that " there was no script " thus much of the work was " winging it " . When that film folded after three months for Adam and " a month and a half " for McQuarrie , their concepts were shelved , although a handful of them were revisited in later productions . The first draft of the completed script was not finished until March 1 , 1977 , and it was described as " a script by committee " and rejected by the studio a few weeks later . Bryant and Scott had been caught between Roddenberry and Kaufman 's conflicting ideas about of what the film should be and Paramount 's indecision . Feeling it was " physically impossible " to produce a script that satisfied all parties , they left the project by mutual consent on March 18 , 1977 . " We begged to be fired . " Kaufman reconceived the story with Spock as the captain of his own ship and featuring Toshiro Mifune as Spock 's Klingon nemesis , but on May 8 Katzenberg informed the director the film was cancelled , less than three weeks before Star Wars would be released . = = = Phase II and restart = = = Barry Diller had grown concerned by the direction Star Trek had taken in Planet of the Titans , and suggested to Roddenberry that it was time to take the franchise back to its roots as a television series . Diller planned on a new Star Trek series forming the cornerstone for a new television network . Though Paramount was loath to abandon its work on the film , Roddenberry wanted to bring many of the production staff from the original series to work on the new show , titled Star Trek : Phase II . Producer Harold Livingston was assigned to find writers for new episodes , while Roddenberry prepared a writers ' guide briefing the uninitiated on the franchise canon . Of the original cast , only Leonard Nimoy stated he would not return . To replace Spock , Roddenberry created a logical Vulcan prodigy named Xon . Since Xon was too young to fill the role of first officer , Roddenberry developed Commander William Decker , and later added Ilia . The new series ' pilot episode " In Thy Image " was based on a two @-@ page outline by Roddenberry about a NASA probe returning to Earth , having gained sentience . Alan Dean Foster wrote a treatment for the pilot , which Livingston turned into a teleplay . When the script was presented to Michael Eisner , he declared it worthy of being told as a feature film . At the same time , the success of Close Encounters of the Third Kind showed Paramount that Star Wars ' success in the science fiction genre at the box office could repeat . On November 11 , just two and a half weeks before production on Phase II was due to start , the studio announced that the television series had been cancelled in favor of a new feature film . Cast and crew who had been hired that Monday were laid off by Friday , and construction came to a halt . Production was moved to April 1978 so that the necessary scripts , sets , and wardrobe could be upgraded . On March 28 , 1978 , Paramount assembled the largest press conference held at the studio since Cecil B. DeMille announced he was making The Ten Commandments . Eisner announced that Academy @-@ Award winning director Robert Wise would direct a film adaptation of the television series , titled Star Trek — The Motion Picture . Wise had only seen a few Star Trek episodes , so Paramount gave him about a dozen to watch . The budget was projected at $ 15 million . Dennis Clark ( Comes a Horseman ) was invited to rewrite the script and to include Spock , but he disliked Roddenberry , who demanded sole credit . Livingston returned as writer , and although he also found Roddenberry unreasonable , Wise and Katzenberg convinced him to continue rewriting the script throughout production . The writers began to adapt " In Thy Image " into a film script , but the script was not completed until four months after production commenced . Wise felt that the story was sound , but the action and visuals could be made more exciting . As the intended start of filming in late spring 1978 approached , it was clear a new start date was needed . Time was of the essence ; Paramount was worried that their science fiction film would appear at the tail end of a cycle , now that every major studio had such a film in the works . Livingston described the writers ' issue with the story , calling it " unworkable " : We had a marvelous antagonist , so omnipotent that for us to defeat it or even communicate with it , or have any kind of relationship with it , made the initial concept of the story false . Here 's this gigantic machine that 's a million years further advanced than we are . Now , how the hell can we possibly deal with this ? On what level ? As the story developed , everything worked until the very end . How do you resolve this thing ? If humans can defeat this marvelous machine , it 's really not so great , is it ? Or if it really is great , will we like those humans who do defeat it ? Should they defeat it ? Who is the story 's hero anyway ? That was the problem . We experimented with all kinds of approaches ... we didn 't know what to do with the ending . We always ended up against a blank wall . The script received constant input from the producers and from Shatner and Nimoy . The discussions led to repeated rewrites , right up to the day the pages were to be shot . At one point , scenes were being rewritten so often it became necessary to note on script pages the hour of the revision . Though changes were constant , the biggest push for alteration revolved around the ending . Much of the rewriting had to do with the relationships of Kirk and Spock , Decker and Ilia , and the Enterprise and V 'ger . A final draft of the third act was approved in late September 1978 , but had it not been for a Penthouse interview where NASA director Robert Jastrow said that mechanical forms of life were likely , the ending may not have been approved at all . = = = Design = = = The first new sets ( intended for Phase II ) were constructed beginning July 25 , 1977 . The fabrication was supervised by Joseph Jennings , an art director involved in the original television series , special @-@ effects expert Jim Rugg , and former Trek designer Matt Jefferies , on loan as consultant from Little House on the Prairie . When the television series was cancelled and plans for a film put into place , new sets were needed for the large 70 mm film format . Wise asked Harold Michelson to be the film 's production designer , and Michelson was put to work on finishing the incomplete Phase II sets . The designer began with the bridge , which had nearly been completed . Michelson first removed Chekov 's new weapons station , a semicircular plastic bubble grafted onto one side of the bridge wall . The idea for Phase II was that Chekov would have looked out toward space while crosshairs in the bubble tracked targets . Wise instead wanted Chekov 's station to face the Enterprise 's main viewer , a difficult request as the set was primarily circular . Production illustrator Michael Minor created a new look for the station using a flat edge in the corner of the set . The bridge ceiling was redesigned , with Michelson taking structural inspiration from a jet engine fan . Minor built a central bubble for the ceiling to give the bridge a human touch . Ostensibly , the bubble functioned as a piece of sophisticated equipment designed to inform the captain of the ship 's attitude . Most of the bridge consoles , designed by Lee Cole , remained from the scrapped television series . Cole remained on the motion picture production and was responsible for much of the visual artwork created . To inform actors and series writers , Lee prepared a USS Enterprise Flight Manual as a continuity guide to control functions . It was necessary for all the main cast to be familiar with control sequences at their stations as each panel was activated by touch via heat @-@ sensitive plates . The wattage of the light bulbs beneath the plastic console buttons was reduced from 25 watts to 6 watts after the generated heat began melting the controls . The seats were covered in girdle material , used because of its stretching capacity and ability to be easily dyed . For the science station , two consoles were rigged for hydraulic operation so that they could be rolled into the walls when not in use , but the system was disconnected when the crew discovered it would be easier to move them by hand . Aside from control interfaces , the bridge set was populated with monitors looping animations . Each oval monitor was a rear @-@ projection screen on which super 8 mm and 16 mm film sequences looped for each special effect . The production acquired 42 films for this purpose from an Arlington , Virginia @-@ based company , Stowmar Enterprises . Stowmar 's footage was exhausted only a few weeks into filming , and it became clear that new monitor films would be needed faster than an outside supplier could deliver them . Cole , Minor , and another production designer , Rick Sternbach , worked together with Povill to devise faster ways of shooting new footage . Cole and Povill rented an oscilloscope for a day and filmed its distortions . Other loops came from Long Beach Hospital , the University of California at San Diego , and experimental computer labs in New Mexico . In all , over two hundred pieces of monitor footage were created and catalogued into a seven @-@ page listing . The Enterprise engine room was redesigned while keeping consistent with the theory that the interior appearance had to match the corresponding area visible in exterior views of the starship . Michelson wanted the engine room to seem vast , a difficult effect to achieve on a small sound stage . To create the illusion of depth and long visible distances , the art department staff worked on designs that would utilize forced perspective ; set designer Lewis Splittgerber considered the engine room the most difficult set to realize . On film the engine room appeared hundreds of feet long , but the set was actually only 40 feet ( 12 m ) in length . To achieve the proper look , the floor slanted upward and narrowed , while small actors of three , four , and five feet in height were used as extras to give the appearance of being far from the camera . For " down shots " of the engineering complex , floor paintings extended the length of the warp core several stories . J.C. Backings Company created these paintings ; similar backings were used to extend the length of ship hallways and the rec room set . Redesigning the Enterprise corridors was also Michelson 's responsibility . Originally the corridors were of straight plywood construction reminiscent of the original series , which Roddenberry referred to as " Des Moines Holiday Inn Style " . To move away from this hotel look , Michelson created a new bent and angular design . Roddenberry and Wise agreed with Michelson that in three hundred years , lighting did not need to be overhead , so they had the lighting radiate upward from the floor . Different lighting schemes were used to simulate different decks of the ship with the same length of corridor . Aluminum panels on the walls outside Kirk 's and Ilia 's quarters were covered with an orange ultrasuede to represent the living area of the ship . The transporter had originally been developed for the television series as a matter of convenience ; it would have been prohibitively expensive to show the Enterprise land on every new planet . For the redesign Michelson felt that the transporter should look and feel more powerful . He added a sealed control room that would protect operators from the powerful forces at work . The space between the transporter platform and the operators was filled with complex machinery , and cinematographer Richard Kline added eerie lighting to the set to create atmosphere . After the redesign of the Enterprise sets was complete , Michelson turned his attention to creating the original sets needed for the film . The recreation deck occupied an entire soundstage , dwarfing the small room built for the planned television series ; this was the largest interior in the film . The set was 24 feet ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) high , decorated with 107 pieces of custom @-@ designed furniture , and packed with 300 people for filming . Below a large viewing screen on one end of the set was a series of art panels containing illustrations of previous ships bearing the name Enterprise . One of the ships was NASA 's own Enterprise , added per Roddenberry 's request : Some fans have suggested that our new Enterprise should carry a plaque somewhere which commemorates the fact it was named after the first space shuttle launched from Earth in 1970s . This is an intriguing idea . It also has publicity advantages if properly released at the right time . It won 't hurt NASA 's feelings either . I 'll leave it to you where you want it on the vessel . Another large construction task was the V 'ger set , referred to by the production staff as " the Coliseum " or " the microwave wok " . The set was designed and fabricated in four and a half weeks , and was filmable from all angles ; parts of the set were designed to pull away for better camera access at the center . Throughout production Star Trek used eleven of Paramount 's thirty @-@ two sound stages , more than any other film done there at the time . To save money , construction coordinator Gene Kelley struck sets with his own crew immediately after filming , lest Paramount charge the production to have the sets dismantled . The final cost for constructing the sets ran at approximately $ 1 @.@ 99 million , not counting additional costs for Phase II fabrication . = = = Props and models = = = The first Star Trek movie models constructed were small study models for Planet of the Titans based on designs by Adam and McQuarrie , but these flat @-@ hulled Enterprise concepts were abandoned when that film was cancelled ( although one was later used in the spacedock in the movie Star Trek III , and another later appeared in the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode " The Best of Both Worlds " ) . When the Phase II series was in development , original series designer Matt Jefferies updated the Enterprise design to feature a larger saucer with twin elevators ( turbolifts ) to the bridge , a wider secondary hull , docking ports , a dedicated phaser weapon assembly at the base of the ship 's neck , and angled struts supporting the nacelles . The nacelles themselves were completely changed to less cylindrical shapes and designed to feature glowing grilles on the sides . Likewise , an orbiting drydock , space office complex , and V 'ger has been designed by artist Mike Minor . At the time Phase II was cancelled a roughly five foot long model of the Enterprise was under construction by Don Loos of Brick Price Movie Miniatures , and models of the drydock and V 'ger were under construction as well . All of these models were abandoned , unfinished ( although a Brick Price Enterprise was repurposed as the exploded Enterprise wreck in Star Trek III ) . When the project finally became The Motion Picture , Robert Abel and Associates art director Richard Taylor wanted to completely redesign the ship , but Roddenberry insisted on the same shape as designed by Jefferies for Phase II . Taylor focused on the details , giving it a stylization he considered " almost Art Deco " . Concept artist Andrew Probert helped refine the redesign . The general shape and proportions of the Phase II ship were retained , but the angles , curves and details refined . Taylor took on the nacelles , and Probert the rest of the ship . Changes included " radiator grill " nacelle caps , a glowing deflector dish , a new impulse engine , new shapes for the aft end and hangar doors of the secondary hull , more docking ports , rounder windows , hatches , and windows for an observation lounge , recreation deck , and arboretum . Probert also replaced the Phase II ship weapons tube with a twin launcher torpedo deck and added elements such as features for a separating saucer and landing pads that were never utilized on any film featuring the model . Most of the models in The Motion Picture were created by Magicam , a Paramount subsidiary . The main Enterprise model was eight feet long , to a scale of 1 / 120th scale size , or 1 inch ( 2 @.@ 5 cm ) to 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) . It took 14 months and $ 150 @,@ 000 to build . Instead of standard fiberglass used for older models , the new Enterprise was constructed with lightweight plastics , weighing 85 pounds ( 39 kg ) . The biggest design issue was making sure that the connective dorsal neck and twin warp nacelle struts were strong enough so that no part of the ship model would sag , bend , or quiver when the model was being moved , which was accomplished via an arc @-@ welded aluminum skeleton . The completed model could be supported at one of five possible points as each photographic angle required . A second , 20 @-@ inch ( 50 @.@ 8 cm ) model of the ship was used for long shots . While the hull surface was kept smooth , it was treated with a special paint finish that made its surface appear iridescent in certain light . Transparencies of the film 's sets were inserted behind some windows , and as jokes , some featured Probert , other production staff members , and Mickey Mouse . The Enterprise was revised again after Abel & Associates were dismissed . Magicam also produced the orbital dry dock seen during the Enterprise 's first appearance in the film . Measuring 4 ft x 10 ft x 6 ft ( 1.22m x 3.05m x 1.83m ) , its 56 neon panels required 168 @,@ 000 volts of electricity to operate , with a separate table to support the transformers ; the final price for the dock setup was $ 200 @,@ 000 . The creation of V 'Ger caused problems for the entire production . The crew was dissatisfied with the original four @-@ foot clay model created by the Abel group , which looked like a modernized Nemo 's Nautilus submarine . Industrial designer Syd Mead was hired to visualize a new version of the mammoth craft . Mead created a machine that contained organic elements based on input from Wise , Roddenberry , and the effects leads . The final model was 68 feet ( 21 m ) long , built from the rear forward so that the camera crews could shoot footage while the next sections were still being fabricated . The model was built out of a plethora of materials — wood , foam , macramé , Styrofoam cups , incandescent , neon and strobe lights . Dick Rubin handled the film 's props , and set up a makeshift office in the corner of stage 9 throughout production . Rubin 's philosophy as property master was that nearly every actor or extra ought to have something in their hands . As such , Rubin devised and fabricated about 350 props for the film , 55 of which were used in the San Francisco tram scene alone . Many of the props were updated designs of items previously seen in the television series , such as phasers and handheld communicators . The only prop that remained from the original television series was Uhura 's wireless earpiece , which Nichols specifically requested on the first day of shooting ( and all the production crew save those who had worked on the television show had forgotten about ) . The new phaser was entirely self @-@ contained , with its own circuitry , batteries , and four blinking lights . The prop came with a hefty $ 4000 price tag ; to save money , the lights were dropped , reducing the size of the phaser by a third . A total of 15 of the devices were made for the film . The communicators were radically altered , as by the 1970s the micro @-@ miniaturization of electronics convinced Roddenberry that the bulky handheld devices of the television series were no longer believable . A wrist @-@ based design was decided upon , with the provision that it look far different from the watch Dick Tracy had been using for decades previous . Two hundred communicators were fashioned , but only a few were the $ 3500 top models , used for close @-@ ups of the device in action . Most of the props were made from plastic , as Rubin thought that in the future man @-@ made materials would be used almost exclusively . = = = Costumes and makeup = = = Roddenberry firmly believed that throwaway clothes were the future of the industry , and this idea was incorporated into the costumes of The Motion Picture . William Ware Theiss , the designer who created the original television series costumes , was too busy to work on the film . Instead Robert Fletcher , considered one of American theater 's most successful costume and scenic designers , was selected to design the new uniforms , suits , and robes for the production . Fletcher eschewed man @-@ made synthetics for natural materials , finding that these fabrics sewed better and lasted longer . As times had changed , the Starfleet uniforms , with their bright reds , blues , greens , and golds , had to be revised : the miniskirts worn by females on the show seemed exciting in the 1960s but would now be considered sexist . Wise deemed the original multicolored uniforms too garish , and Fletcher believed that the brightness of these old designs would work against believability when seen on the wide screen — the designer 's first task was to create new , less conspicuous uniforms . In the original series , divisions in ship assignments were denoted by shirt color ; for the movie , these color codes were moved to small patches on each person 's uniform . The Starfleet delta symbol , which previously indicated duty branches — command , science , medical , engineering , and so forth — was replaced with the command symbol for all branches , superimposed over a circle of color indicating area of service . The blue color of previous uniforms was discarded , for fear they might interfere with the blue screens used for optical effects . Three types of uniforms were fabricated : dress uniforms used for special occasions , Class A uniforms for regular duty , and Class B uniforms as an alternative . The Class A designs were double @-@ stitched in gabardine and featured gold braid designating rank . It was felt that the traditional four gold sleeve stripes for the captain 's rank was too blatantly militaristic . Povill had to send out a memo to Fletcher with the modified stripe rank system , as the designer continued to get the 20th and 23rd centuries confused . Fletcher designed the Class B uniform as similar to evolved T @-@ shirts , with shoulder boards used to indicate rank and service divisions . Each costume had the shoes built into the pant leg to further the futuristic look . An Italian shoemaker decorated by the Italian government for making Gucci shoes was tasked with creating the futuristic footwear . Combining the shoes and trousers was difficult , time @-@ consuming , and expensive , as each shoe had to be sewn by hand after being fitted to each principal actor . There were difficulties in communication , as the shoemaker spoke limited English and occasionally confused shoe orders due to similar @-@ sounding names . Jumpsuits , serving a more utilitarian function , were the only costumes to have pockets , and were made with a heavyweight spandex that required a special needle to puncture the thick material . A variety of field jackets , leisure wear , and spacesuits were also created ; as these parts had to be designed and completed before most of the actors ' parts had been cast , many roles were filled by considering how well the actors would fit into existing costumes . For the civilians of San Francisco , Fletcher decided on a greater freedom in dress . Much of the materials for these casual clothes were found in the old storerooms at Paramount , where a large amount of unused or forgotten silks , crepes , and leathers lay in storage . One bolt of material had been handpicked by Cecil DeMille in 1939 , and was in perfect condition . The red , black , and gold brocade was woven with real gold and silver wrapped around silk thread ; the resulting costume was used for a Betelgeusean ambassador and , at a price of $ 10 @,@ 000 for the fabric alone , was the most expensive costume ever worn by a Hollywood extra . Fletcher also recycled suedes from The Ten Commandments for the Zaranite costumes . With the approval of Roddenberry , Fletcher fashioned complete backgrounds for the alien races seen in the Earth and recreation deck sequences , describing their appearances and the composition of their costumes . Fred Phillips , the original designer of Spock 's Vulcan ears , served as The Motion Picture 's makeup artist . He and his staff were responsible for fifty masks and makeup for the aliens seen in the film . The designs were developed by Phillips himself or else off Fletcher 's sketches . In his long association with Star Trek Phillips produced his 2000th Spock ear during production of The Motion Picture . Each ear was made of latex and other ingredients blended together in a kitchen mixer , then baked for six hours . Though Phillips had saved the original television series casts used for making the appliances , Nimoy 's ears had grown in the decade since and new molds had to be fabricated . While on the small screen the ears could be used up to four times , since nicks and tears did not show up on television , Phillips had to create around three pairs a day for Nimoy during filming . The upswept Vulcan eyebrows needed to be applied hair by hair for proper detail , and it took Nimoy more than two hours to prepare for filming — twice as long as it had for television . Besides developing Vulcan ears and alien masks , Phillips and his assistant Charles Schram applied more routine makeup to the principal actors . Khambatta 's head had to be freshly shaved each day , then given an application of makeup to reduce glare from the hot set lights . Khambatta had no qualms about shaving her head at first , but began worrying if her hair would grow back properly . Roddenberry proposed insuring Khambatta 's hair after the actress voiced her concerns , believing the price of such insurance to be negligible . Roddenberry also saw other benefits to taking out a policy : ... Second , [ the insurance ] would have the advantage of reassuring [ Khambatta ] and making her feel more comfortable during her role . Third and finally , if the price does turn out to be negligible , John Rothwell , our publicist , assures me that we would probably get many times the cost back in publicity about the insurance . The idea was ultimately scrapped , as it turned out such a guarantee would be highly expensive ; the insurance company believed that there would be difficulty in proving that the hair grew back exactly the same as before . Instead , Khambatta visited the Georgette Klinger Skin Care Salon in Beverly Hills , where experts recommended that she receive six facials and scalp treatments during the course of production . The salon also prescribed a daily scalp treatment routine of cleansing bars , brilliantine lotion , conditioner , makeup remover , and cleansing lotion . The studio agreed these measures were necessary and footed the bill while Khambatta spent six months following the tedious instructions ( her hair eventually regrew without issue , though she kept her shaven locks after production had ended . ) = = = Technical consulting = = = In the decade between the end of the Star Trek television series and the film , many of the futuristic technologies that appeared on the show — electronic doors that open automatically , hypodermic injections , talking computers , weapons that stun rather than kill , and personal communication devices — had become a reality . Roddenberry had insisted that the technology aboard the Enterprise be grounded in established science and scientific theories . The Motion Picture likewise received technical consultation from NASA , the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at California Institute of Technology , and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , as well as individuals such as a former astronaut and the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov . The greatest amount of technical advice for the production came from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , who provided Trek fan Jesco von Puttkamer as advisor to the film . Roddenberry had known Puttkamer since 1975 , when they had been introduced by a mutual friend , the Assistant Director of Astronautics at the Smithsonian Institution . From 1976 until the completion of the film Puttkamer provided the writers , producer , and director with memos on everything technical in the script ; the scientist reviewed every line in the script , and was unpaid for his assistance . " Science fiction films , including those of the recent past , have been woefully short of good science advice , " he said . " Star Wars [ is ] really not science fiction . I loved it , but it 's a fairy tale of princes and knights in another galaxy . The technology was improbable , the science impossible . " During the rewrite of the final scenes , the studio executives clashed with Roddenberry about the script 's ending , believing that the concept of a living machine was too far @-@ fetched . The executives consulted Asimov : if the writer decided a sentient machine was plausible , the ending could stay . Asimov loved the ending , but made one small suggestion ; he felt that the use of the word " wormhole " was incorrect , and that the anomaly that the Enterprise found itself in would be more accurately called a " temporal tunnel " . = = = Filming = = = Filming of The Motion Picture 's first scene began on August 7 , 1978 . A few ad @-@ libbed ceremonies were performed before the cameras rolled ; Roddenberry gave Wise his baseball cap , emblazoned with " Enterprise " in gold lettering ( the cap was a gift from the captain of the nuclear carrier Enterprise . ) Wise and Roddenberry then cracked a special breakaway bottle of champagne on the bridge set ( there was no liquid inside , as flying champagne would have damaged the readied set . ) The scene planned was the chaotic mess aboard the Enterprise bridge as the crew readies the ship for space travel ; Wise directed 15 takes into the late afternoon before he was content with the scene . The first day 's shots used 1 @,@ 650 feet ( 500 m ) of film ; 420 feet ( 130 m ) were considered " good " , 1 @,@ 070 feet ( 330 m ) were judged " no good " , and 160 feet ( 49 m ) were wasted ; only one and one @-@ eighth pages had been shot . Alex Weldon was hired to be supervisor of special effects for the film . Weldon was planning on retiring after 42 years of effects work , but his wife urged him to take on Star Trek because she thought he did not have enough to do . When Weldon was hired , many of the effects had already been started or completed by Rugg ; it was up to Weldon to complete more complex and higher @-@ budgeted effects for the motion picture . The first step of preparation involved analyzing the script in the number , duration , and type of effects . Before costs could be determined and Weldon could shop for necessary items , he and the other members of the special effects team worked out all possibilities for pulling off the effects in a convincing manner . Richard H. Kline served as the film 's cinematographer . Working from sketch artist Maurice Zuberano 's concepts , Wise would judge if they were on the right track . Kline and Michelson would then discuss the look they wanted ( along with Weldon , if effects were involved . ) Each sequence was then storyboarded and left to Kline to execute . The cinematographer called his function to " interpret [ the ] preplanning and make it indelible on film . It 's a way of everybody being on the same wavelength . " Kline would recall that there was not a single " easy " shot to produce for the picture , as each scene required special consideration . The bridge , for example , was lit with a low density of light to make the console monitors display better . It was hard to frame shots so that reflections of the crew in monitors or light spilling through floor grilles were not seen in the final print . While Kline was concerned with lighting , print quality , and color , Bonnie Prendergast , the script supervisor , took notes that would be written up after the company had finished for the day . Prendergast 's role was to ensure continuity in wardrobe , actor position , and prop placement . Any changes in dialogue or ad @-@ libbed lines were similarly written down . Assistant director Danny McCauley was responsible for collaborating with unit production manager Phil Rawlins to finalize shooting orders and assigning extras . Rawlins , McCauley , production manager Lindsley Parsons Jr . , and Katzenberg were all tasked with keeping things moving as fast as possible and keeping the budget under control ; every hour on stage cost the production $ 4000 . The production was for most of the filming a closed set , with great measures taken to maintain the secrecy of the plot . Scripts were numbered and lists kept of who received each copy . The press was told nothing about the story and only a few production stills were allowed to be published . During construction one young visitor to a soundstage stole a copy of blueprints for the bridge set and sold duplicates of them to any fans who would pay him $ 75 ; Paramount reported the matter to the FBI , who turned the case over to the Los Angeles Police Department . The police arrested , convicted , and fined the culprit $ 750 ; it was later discovered that the stolen plans were not the final copies . Visitor 's badges were created to keep track of guests , and due to the limited number were constantly checked out ; among the visitors included friends of the cast and crew , the press , fan leaders , and actors such as Clint Eastwood , Tony Curtis , Robin Williams , and Mel Brooks . Security swept cars leaving the lots for stolen items ; even the principal actors were not spared from this inconvenience . By August 9 , the production was already a full day behind schedule . Despite the delays , Wise refused to shoot more than twelve hours on set , feeling he lost his edge afterwards . The director was patient on set ; bets were placed on when he would finally lose his temper , but pool organizers returned the money when Wise never lost his cool . Given his unfamiliarity with the source material Wise relied on the actors , especially Shatner , to help ensure that dialog and characterizations were consistent with the show . While the bridge scenes were shot early , trouble with filming the transporter room scene delayed further work . Crew working on the transporter platform found their footwear melting on the lighted grid while shooting tests . Issues with the wormhole sequences caused further delays . The footage for the scene was filmed two ways ; first , at the standard 24 frames per second , and then at the faster 48 frames ; the normal footage was a back @-@ up if the slow @-@ motion effect produced by the faster frame speed did not turned out as planned . The shoot dragged on so long that it became a running joke for cast members to try and top each other with wormhole @-@ related puns . The scene was finally completed on August 24 , while the transporter scenes were being filmed at the same time on the same soundstage . The planet Vulcan setting was created using a mixture of on @-@ location photography at Minerva Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park and set recreation . Yellowstone was selected after filming in Turkish ruins proved to be too expensive . Securing permission for filming the scenes was difficult in the middle of the summer tourist season , but the Parks Department acquiesced so long as the crew remained on the boardwalks to prevent damage to geological formations . Zuberano , who had helped select the site for the shoot , traveled to Yellowstone and returned with a number of photos . Minor also made a trip and returned to create a large painting depicting how the scene might look . In consultations with Michelson , the crew decided to use miniatures in the foreground to create the Vulcan temples , combined with the real hot springs in the background . In the film , the bottom third of the frames were composed of miniature stairs , rocks , bits of red glass and a Vulcan statue . The center of the frame contained Nimoy 's shots and the park setting , while the final third of the frame was filled with a matte painting . On August 8 , the day after production began at Paramount , an eleven @-@ person second unit left for Yellowstone . The sequence took three days to shoot . On returning to Paramount , the art department had to recreate parts of Yellowstone in a large " B tank " , 110 by 150 feet ( 34 by 46 m ) long . The tank was designed to be flooded with millions of gallons of water to represent large bodies of water . Minor set up miniatures on the tank 's floor before construction and made sure that the shadows that fell on Spock at Yellowstone could be properly recreated . A plywood base was built on metal platforms to create stone silhouettes , reinforced with chicken wire . Polyurethane foam was sprayed over the framework under the supervision of the Los Angeles Fire Department . The bottom part of the statue miniature was represented by a 16 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) high fiberglass foot . Weldon matched the effects filmed at Yellowstone using dry ice and steam machines . To recreate the appearance of the swirling eddies of water in the real Yellowstone , a combination of evaporated milk , white poster paint , and water was poured into the set 's pools . The pressure of the steam channeled into the pools through hidden tubing causes enough movement in the whirlpools to duplicate the location footage . Due to the requirement that the sun be in a specific location for filming and that the environment be bright enough , production fell behind schedule when it was unseasonably cloudy for three days straight . Any further scenes to recreate Vulcan would be impossible , as the set was immediately torn down to serve as a parking lot for the remainder of the summer . The computer console explosion that causes the transporter malfunction was simulated using brillo pads . Weldon hid steel wool inside the console and attached an arc welder to operate by remote control when the actor pulled a wire . The welder was designed to create a spark instead of actually welding , causing the steel wool to burn and make sparks ; so effective was the setup that the cast members were continually startled by the flare @-@ ups , resulting in additional takes . Various canisters and cargo containers appear to be suspended by Anti @-@ gravity throughout the film . These effects were executed by several of Weldon 's assistants . The crew built a circular track that had the same shape as the corridor and suspended the antigravity prop on four small wires that connected to the track . The wires were treated with a special acid which oxidized the metal ; the reaction tarnished the wires to a dull gray that would not show up in the deep blue corridor lighting . Cargo boxes were made out of light balsa wood so that fine wires could be used as support . As August ended , production continued to slip farther behind schedule . Koenig learned that rather than being released in 14 days after his scenes were completed , his last day would be on October 26 — eight weeks later than expected . The next bridge scenes to be filmed after the wormhole sequence , Enterprise 's approach to V 'Ger and the machine 's resulting attack , were postponed for two weeks so that the special effects for the scene could be planned and implemented , and the engine room scenes could be shot . Chekov 's burns sustained in V 'Ger 's attack were difficult to film ; though the incident took only minutes on film , Weldon spent hours preparing the effect . A piece of aluminum foil was placed around Koenig 's arm , covered by a protective pad and then hidden by the uniform sleeve . Weldon prepared an ammonia and acetic acid solution that was touched to Koenig 's sleeve , causing it to smoke . Difficulties resulted in the scene being shot ten times ; it was especially uncomfortable for the actor , whose arm was slightly burned when some of the solution leaked through to his arm . Khambatta also faced difficulties during filming . Due to the actress ' personal objections , she would not appear nude as called for in the script during the Ilia probe 's appearance . The producers got her to agree to wear a thin skin @-@ colored body stocking , but she caught a cold as a result of the shower mist , created by dropping dry ice into warm water and funneling the vapors into the shower by a hidden tube . Khambatta had to leave the location repeatedly to avoid hypercapnia . One scene required the Ilia probe to slice through a steel door in the sickbay ; doors made out of paper , corrugated cardboard covered in aluminum foil , and cork were tested before the proper effect was reached . The illuminated button in the hollow of the probe 's throat was a 12 – volt light bulb that Khambatta could turn on and off via hidden wires ; the bulb 's heat eventually caused a slight burn . The last week of production was fraught with issues . Red gel lights appeared orange upon reviewing the daily footage ; the lights were faulty , and three people were nearly electrocuted . On January 26 , 1979 , the film finally wrapped after 125 days . The three leads ( Shatner , Nimoy , and Kelley ) delivered their final lines at 4 : 50 pm . Before the crew could go home , a final shot had to be filmed — the climactic fusing of Decker and V 'Ger . The script prescribed a heavy emphasis on lighting , with spiraling and blinding white lights . Collins was covered in tiny dabs of cotton glued to his jacket ; these highlights were designed to create a body halo . Helicopter lights , 4000 – watt lamps and wind machines were used to create the effect of Decker 's fusion with the living machine . The first attempts at filming the scene became a nightmare for the crew . The extreme lighting caused normally invisible dust particles in the air to be illuminated , creating the appearance that the actors were caught in a blizzard . During the retakes throughout the week the crew mopped and dusted the set constantly , and it required later technical work to completely eliminate the dust in the final print . Two weeks later , the entire cast and crew joined with studio executives for a traditional wrap party . Four hundred people attended the gathering , which spilled over into two restaurants in Beverly Hills . While much of the crew readied for post @-@ production , Wise and Roddenberry were grateful for the opportunity to take a short vacation from the motion picture before returning to work . = = = Post @-@ production = = = While the cast departed to work on other projects , the post @-@ production team was tasked with finalizing the film in time for a Christmas release ; the resulting work would take twice as long as the filming process had taken . Editor Todd Ramsay and assistants spent principal photography syncing film and audio tracks . The resulting rough cuts were used to formulate plans for sound effects , music , and optical effects that would be added later . Roddenberry also provided a large amount of input , sending memos to Ramsay via Wise with ideas for editing . Ramsay tried to cut as much unnecessary footage as he could as long as the film 's character and story development were not damaged . One of Roddenberry 's ideas was to have the Vulcans speak their own language . Because the original Vulcan scenes had been photographed with actors speaking English , the " language " needed to lip @-@ sync with the actor 's lines . After the groundbreaking opticals of Star Wars , The Motion Picture 's producers realized the film required similarly high @-@ quality visuals . Douglas Trumbull , a film director with an excellent reputation in Hollywood who had worked on 2001 : A Space Odyssey , was the first choice for director of special effects , but declined the offer . When approached , Trumbull was busy on Close Encounters , and was tired of being ignored as a director and having to churn out special effects for someone else 's production ; after completing the effects work , Trumbull planned on launching his own feature using a new film process . The next choice , John Dykstra , was similarly wrapped up in other projects . Post @-@ production supervisor Paul Rabwin suggested Robert Abel 's production company Robert Abel and Associates might be up to the task . The scope and size of the effects grew after the television movie became The Motion Picture . Abel and Associates bid $ 4 million for doing the film 's effects and Paramount accepted . As new effects were added , Abel increased their bid by $ 750 @,@ 000 , and Roddenberry suggested that the effects costs and schedules be reexamined . Rumors surfaced about difficulties regarding the special effects . By a year into the production , millions of dollars had been spent , yet almost no usable footage had been created ; Abel and Associates was not experienced in motion picture production and the steep learning curve worried the producers . Due to contract obligations , Trumbull served as a consultant to Abel and Associates , while effects artist Richard Yuricich acted as a liaison between Abel and Paramount . To speed up the work , Abel passed off miniature and matte painting tasks to Yuricich . Despite being relieved of nearly half the effects work , it became clear by early 1979 that Abel and Associates would not be able to complete the remainder on time . Creative differences grew between Abel and Associates and the Paramount production team , and by mid @-@ February 1979 the two companies parted ways . The studio had wasted $ 5 million and a year 's worth of time with Abel and Associates , although Abel reportedly gained a new production studio filled with equipment using Paramount 's money . Trumbull , meanwhile , had completed Close Encounters but his plan for a full feature had been cancelled by Paramount , a move some considered punishment for passing on Star Trek . With Trumbull now available , primary responsibility for The Motion Picture 's optical effects passed on to him . In March the studio offered Trumbull virtual carte blanche if he could get the opticals work completed by December , the release date to which Paramount was financially committed ( having accepted advances from exhibitors planning on a Christmas delivery ) . Trumbull was confident that he could get the work done without a loss of quality despite a reputation for missing deadlines because of his perfectionism . Paramount assigned a studio executive to Trumbull to make sure he would meet the release date , and together with Yuricich the effects team rushed to finish . The effects budget climbed to $ 10 million . Yuricich 's previous work had been as Director of Photography for Photographic Effects on Close Encounters , and he and Trumbull reassembled the crew and equipment from the feature , adding more personnel and space . Time , not money , was the main issue ; Trumbull had to deliver in nine months twice the effects as found in Star Wars or Close Encounters , which had taken years to complete . The Glencoe @-@ based facilities the teams had used for Close Encounters were deemed insufficient , and a nearby facility was rented and outfitted with five more stages equipped with camera tracks and systems . Dykstra and his 60 @-@ person production house Apogee Company were subcontracted to Trumbull . Trumbull and Dykstra found the Magicam models problematic . The Klingon cruiser 's lighting was so dim that there was no way to make them bright enough on film . As Trumbull also felt the Enterprise 's lights were ill @-@ suited for his needs , he rewired both models . He questioned that the Enterprise could be traveling years from any source of light and yet still be fully illuminated . Instead of having the ship completely dark save for viewports , Trumbull came up with a system of self @-@ illumination ; he pictured the ship as something like an oceanliner , " a grand lady of the seas at night " . A similar method was used on the Klingon cruiser model , but he made it less well @-@ lit to convey a different look than the clean visuals of the Federation — the cruiser was meant to evoke " an enemy submarine in World War II that 's been out at sea for too long " . The models were filmed in multiple passes and composited together in post @-@ production ; multiple passes with only the model 's lighting running were added to the original pass for the final look . The Klingon cruiser sequence was developed to avoid an opening similar to Star Wars , with one model used for all three seen in the film . While Dykstra 's team handled the ships , the V 'Ger cloud was developed by Trumbull . Trumbull wanted the cloud to have a specific shape to it — " it couldn 't just be a blob of cotton , " he said , " it had to have some shape that you could get camera angles on . " A special camera support track was built that could pan and focus over a 40 by 80 feet ( 12 by 24 m ) piece of art , with the light strobed to provide depth . While the team planned on compositing multiple passes to provide physical movement to the cloud shots , Trumbull felt that it detracted from the sense of scale , and so small animations were subtly introduced in the final product . The torpedo effects were simulated by shooting a laser through a piece of crystal mounted on a rotating rod after experiments with Tesla coils proved insufficient . The same effect was recolored and used for the Klingons and the Enterprise ; the aliens ' torpedoes glowed red while the " good guys " had blue @-@ colored weaponry . V 'Ger 's destruction of the ships was created using scanning lasers , with the multiple laser passes composited onto the moving model to create the final effect . The scenes of Kirk and Scott approaching the Enterprise in drydock spanned two pages of script but took forty @-@ five different shots — averaging one shot a day — for the travel pod containing Kirk to make its flight from the space office complex to the docking ring . Double shifts around the clock were required to finish the effect on time . For close shots of the pod traveling to the Enterprise , close @-@ ups of Shatner and Doohan were composited into the model , while in long shots lookalike puppets were used . Dykstra and Apogee created three models to stand in for the Epsilon 9 station . A 6 @-@ by @-@ 3 @.@ 5 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 8 by 1 @.@ 1 m ) model was used for distance shots , while an isolated 5 @-@ by @-@ 6 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 5 by 1 @.@ 8 m ) panel was used for closer shots . The station control tower was replicated with rear @-@ projection screens to add the people inside . A 2 ft model spaceman created for the shot was used in the drydock sequence and Spock 's spacewalk . Unique destruction effects for the station had to be discarded due to time constraints . V 'Ger itself was filmed in a hazy , smoky room , in part to convey depth and also to hide the parts of the ship still under construction . The multiple passes were largely based on guesswork , as every single available camera was in use and the effects had to be generated without the aid of a bluescreen . Even after the change in effects companies , Yuricich continued to provide many of the matte paintings used in the film , having previously worked on The Day the Earth Stood Still , Ben @-@ Hur , North by Northwest and Logan 's Run . The paintings were combined with live action after a selected area of the frame was matted out ; the blue Earth sky over Yellowstone , for example was replaced with a red @-@ hued Vulcan landscape . More than 100 such paintings were used . Despite being hired after the completion of nearly all the principal photography , Trumbull had an enormous amount of creative input on the film . The Spock spacewalk sequence , for example , was radically changed from the Abel version . The original plan was for Kirk to follow Spock in a spacesuit and come under attack from a mass of sensor @-@ type organisms . Spock would save his friend , and the two would proceed through V 'ger . Wise , Kline and Abel had been unable to agree on how to photograph the sequence , and the result was a poorly designed and ungainly effect that Trumbull was convinced was disruptive to the plot and would have cost millions to fix . Instead , he recommended a stripped @-@ down sequence that omitted Kirk entirely and would be simple and easy to shoot ; Robert McCall , known for designing the original posters to 2001 : A Space Odyssey , provided Trumbull with concept art to inform the new event . = = = Music = = = The score for Star Trek : The Motion Picture was predominantly written by Jerry Goldsmith , who later composed the scores for The Final Frontier , First Contact , Insurrection , and Nemesis , as well as the themes to the television series The Next Generation ( a simplified arrangement of the theme from Star Trek : The Motion Picture and fronted with Alexander Courage 's " Star Trek Fanfare " intro from The Original Series ) and Voyager . Gene Roddenberry had originally wanted Goldsmith to score Star Trek 's pilot episode , " The Cage " , but the composer was unavailable . When Wise signed on to direct , Paramount asked the director if he had any objection to using Goldsmith . Wise , who had worked with the composer for The Sand Pebbles , replied " Hell , no . He 's great ! " Wise later considered his work with Goldsmith one of the best relationships he ever had with a composer . Goldsmith was influenced by the style of the romantic , sweeping music of Star Wars . " When you stop and think about it , space is a very romantic thought . It is , to me , like the Old West , we ’ re up in the universe . It ’ s about discovery and new life [ ... ] it ’ s really the basic premise of Star Trek , " he said . Goldsmith 's initial bombastic main theme reminded Ramsay and Wise of sailing ships . Unable to articulate what he felt was wrong with the piece , Wise recommended writing an entirely different piece . Although irked by the rejection , Goldsmith consented to re @-@ work his initial ideas . The rewriting of the theme required changes to several sequences Goldsmith had scored without writing a main title piece . The approach of Kirk and Scott to the drydocked Enterprise by shuttle lasted a ponderous five minutes due to the effect shots coming in late and unedited , requiring Goldsmith to maintain interest with a revised and developed cue . Star Trek : The Motion Picture is the only Star Trek film to have a true overture , using " Ilia 's Theme " ( later re @-@ recorded - as a lyrical version - by Shaun Cassidy as " A Star Beyond Time " with lyrics by Larry Kusik ) in this role , most noticeably in the " Director 's Edition " DVD release . Star Trek and The Black Hole were the only feature films to use an overture from the end of 1979 until 2000 ( with Lars von Trier 's Dancer in the Dark ) . Much of the recording equipment used to create the movie 's intricately complicated sound effects was , at the time , extremely cutting edge . Among these pieces of equipment was the ADS ( Advanced Digital Synthesizer ) 11 , manufactured by Pasadena , California custom synthesizer manufacturer Con Brio , Inc . The movie provided major publicity and was used to advertise the synthesizer , though no price was given . The film 's soundtrack also provided a debut for the Blaster Beam , an electronic instrument 12 to 15 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 to 4 @.@ 6 m ) long . It was created by musician Craig Huxley , who played a small role in an episode of the original television series . The Blaster had steel wires connected to amplifiers fitted to the main piece of aluminum ; the device was played with an artillery shell . Goldsmith heard it and immediately decided to use it for V 'Ger 's cues . Several state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art synthesizers were used as musical instruments , notably the Yamaha CS @-@ 80 , ARP 2600 , Oberheim OB @-@ X , and Serge synthesizer . An enormous pipe organ first plays the V 'Ger theme on the Enterprise 's approach , a literal indication of the machine 's power . Goldsmith scored The Motion Picture over a period of three to four months , a relatively relaxed schedule compared to typical production , but time pressures resulted in Goldsmith bringing on colleagues to assist in the work . Alexander Courage , composer of the original Star Trek theme , provided arrangements to accompany Kirk 's log entries , while Fred Steiner wrote eleven cues of additional music , notably the music to accompany the Enterprise achieving warp speed and first meeting V 'Ger . The rush to finish the rest of the film impacted the score . The final recording session finished at 2 : 00 am on December 1 , only five days before the film 's release . A soundtrack featuring the film 's music was released by Columbia Records in 1979 together with the film debut , and was one of Goldsmith 's best @-@ selling scores . Sony 's Legacy Recordings released an expanded two @-@ disc edition of the soundtrack on November 10 , 1998 . The album added an additional 21 minutes of music to supplement the original track list , and was resequenced to reflect the story line of the film . The first disc features as much of the score as can fit onto a 78 @-@ minute disc , while the second disc contains " Inside Star Trek " , a spoken word documentary from the 1970s . In 2012 , the score was released yet again via La @-@ La Land Records in association with Sony Music . This 3 @-@ CD set contains the complete score for the first time , plus unreleased alternate and unused cues , in addition to the remastered original 1979 album . The score to Star Trek : The Motion Picture went on to garner Goldsmith nominations for the Oscars , Golden Globe and Saturn awards . It is often regarded as one of the composer 's greatest scores and was also one of the American Film Institute 's 250 nominated scores for their top 25 American film scores . = = = Sound effects = = = Sound designer Frank Serafine , a longtime Star Trek fan , was invited to create the sound effects for the picture . Given access to state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art audio equipment , Serafine saw the picture as the chance to modernize outdated motion picture sound techniques with digital technology . Owing to background noise such as camera operation , much of the ambient noise or dialogue captured on set was unusable ; it was Serafine 's job to create or recreate sounds to mix back into the scenes . As all the sound elements such as dubbed lines or background noise came together , they were classified into three divisions : A Effects , B Effects , and C Effects . A Effects were synthesized or acoustic sounds that were important and integral to the picture — the sound of V 'Ger 's weapon ( partly done with the Blaster Beam instrument ) for example , or Spock 's mind meld , as well as transporters , explosions , and the warp speed sound effect . B Effects consisted of minor sounds such as the clicks of switches , beeps or chimes . C Effects were subliminal sounds that set moods — crowd chatter and ambient noise . All the elements were mixed as " predubs " to speed integration into the final sound mix . When The Motion Picture was announced , many synthesizer artists submitted demo tapes to Paramount . Ramsay and Wise consulted and decided that the film should have a unique audio style ; they were particularly concerned with avoiding sounds that had become pervasive and clichéd due to repetitious use in other science fiction movies . Events such as Enterprise bridge viewscreen activation were kept silent to provide a more comfortable atmosphere . In contrast , almost every action on the Klingon bridge made noise to reflect the aliens ' harsh aesthetic . While much of the effects were created using digital synthesizers , acoustic recordings were used as well . The wormhole 's sucking sounds were created by slowing down and reversing old Paramount stock footage of a cowboy fight , while the warp acceleration " stretch " sound was built on a slowed @-@ down cymbal crash . The crew encountered difficulty in transferring the .25 inches ( 0 @.@ 64 cm ) tapes used for creating the sounds to the 35 mm film used for the final prints ; while the film was to be released with Dolby sound , Serafine found it was easier to mix the sounds without regard to format and add the specific format after , during the later transfer to 35 mm . = = Themes = = According to Michele and Duncan Barrett , Roddenberry had a decidedly negative view of religion that was reflected in the Star Trek television series episodes ; in the episode " Who Mourns for Adonais ? " , for example , the god Apollo is revealed to be a fraud , an alien rather than a divine being from Earth 's past . In comparison , religious scholar Ross Kraemer says that Roddenberry " pulled his punches " regarding religion and in the television show religion was not absent but highly private . Barrett suggests that with the Star Trek feature films this attitude of not addressing religious issues shifted . In the television series , little time was spent pondering the fate of the dead . In The Motion Picture , meanwhile , Decker is apparently killed in merging with V 'Ger , but Kirk wonders if they have seen the creation of a new life form . Decker and Ilia are listed as " missing in action " rather than deceased , and the lighting and effects created as a result of the merge have been described as " quasimystical " and " pseudo @-@ religious " . The discussion of a new birth is framed in a reverential way . While V 'Ger is a machine of near omnipotence , according to Robert Asa the film ( along with its successor , Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ) " implicitly protest [ s ] against classical theism " . = = Release = = To coincide with the film 's release , Pocket Books published a novelization written by Roddenberry . The only Star Trek novel Roddenberry wrote , the book adds back story and elements that did not appear in the movie ; for example , the novelization mentions that Willard Decker is the son of Commodore Matt Decker from the original series episode " The Doomsday Machine " — a plot element intended for the Phase II television series . The novel also has a different opening scene to introduce Vejur and Kirk , concentrates in sections on Kirk 's struggle with confidence in taking command of the Enterprise again and expands on Ilia and Decker 's relationship . The Vejur spelling for the " intruder 's " name was used exclusively in the novel Roddenberry authored , from its first appearance on page 179 of the first paperback edition of the novelization through to the account on the novel 's page 241 of Kirk reading the undamaged " V @-@ G @-@ E @-@ R " letters on the fictional " Voyager 6 " space probe 's nameplate . In addition to the novel , Star Trek printed media included a coloring book , ship blueprints , and a comic book adaptation published by Marvel Comics as Marvel Super Special # 15 ( Dec. 1979 ) . Toys included action figures , ship models , and a variety of watches , phaser mockups and communicators . McDonald 's sold specially designed Star Trek Happy Meals . The marketing was part of a coordinated approach by Paramount and its parent conglomerate Gulf + Western to create a sustained Star Trek product line . The Motion Picture novel started Pocket Books ' Star Trek book franchise , which produced 18 consecutive bestsellers within a decade . Owing to the rush to complete the film , The Motion Picture was never screened before test audiences , something Wise later regretted . The director carried the fresh print of the film to the world premiere , held at the K @-@ B MacArthur Theater in Washington , D.C. Roddenberry , Wise , and the principal cast attended the function , which also served as an invitational benefit for the scholarship and youth education fund of the National Space Club . While thousands of fans were expected to attend , rain reduced fan turnout to around 300 . The premiere was followed by a black @-@ tie reception at the National Air and Space Museum . More than 500 people — consisting of the cast and crew , working members of the space community , and the few " hardcore Trekkies " who could afford the $ 100 admission price — filled the museum . The film was the first major Hollywood adaptation of a television series that had been off the air for nearly a decade to retain its original principal cast . = = = Box office = = = The Motion Picture opened in North America on December 7 , 1979 , in 859 theaters and set a box office record for highest weekend gross , making $ 11 @,@ 815 @,@ 203 in its first weekend ( generally considered to be a slow time for the movie business ) . The film beat the record set by Superman ( 1978 ) , which had opened in a similar number of theaters but had been released in late December — a busier time . The Motion Picture earned $ 17 million within a week . At its widest domestic distribution , the film was shown in 1 @,@ 002 theaters ; it grossed $ 82 @,@ 258 @,@ 456 in the United States , making it the fifth @-@ highest grossing film of 1979 in that country . Overall , the film grossed $ 139 million worldwide . The Motion Picture was nominated for three Academy Awards : Best Art Direction ( Harold Michelson , Joseph R. Jennings , Leon Harris , John Vallone and Linda DeScenna ) , Best Visual Effects , and Best Original Score . In the United States , the film sold the most tickets of any film in the franchise until 2009 's Star Trek , and it remains the highest @-@ grossing film of the franchise worldwide adjusted for inflation , but Paramount considered its gross disappointing compared to expectations and marketing . The Motion Picture 's budget of $ 46 million , including costs incurred during Phase II production , was the largest for any film made within the United States up to that time . David Gerrold estimated before its release that the film would have to gross two to three times its budget to be profitable for Paramount . The studio faulted Roddenberry 's script rewrites and creative direction for the plodding pace and disappointing gross . While the performance of The Motion Picture convinced the studio to back a ( cheaper ) sequel , Roddenberry was forced out of its creative control . Harve Bennett and Nicholas Meyer would produce and direct The Wrath of Khan , which received better reviews ( becoming a fan favorite ) and continued the franchise . With the successful revival of the Star Trek brand on the big screen setting an example , Hollywood increasingly turned to 1960s television series for material . = = = Critical reception = = = The Motion Picture met with average reviews from critics ; a 2001 retrospective for the BBC described the film as a critical failure . As of July 2016 , the film holds a 47 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 34 reviews with the consensus stating : " Featuring a patchwork script and a dialogue @-@ heavy storyline whose biggest villain is a cloud , Star Trek : The Motion Picture is a less @-@ than @-@ auspicious debut for the franchise . " Gary Arnold and Judith Martin of The Washington Post felt that the plot was too thin to support the length of the film , although Martin felt that compared to such science @-@ fiction films as 2001 : A Space Odyssey , Star Wars and Alien , The Motion Picture 's pretense was " slightly cleverer " . Time 's Harold Livingston wrote that the film consisted of spaceships that " take an unconscionable amount of time to get anywhere , and nothing of dramatic or human interest happens along the way " . Livingston also lamented the lack of " boldly characterized " antagonists and battle scenes that made Star Wars fun ; instead , viewers were presented with lots of talk , " much of it in impenetrable spaceflight jargon " . David Denby said that the slow movement of ships through space was " no longer surprising and elegant " after films such as 2001 : A Space Odyssey , and that much of the action consisted of the crew 's reacting to things occurring on the viewscreen , which the New York Magazine critic considered to be " like watching someone else watch television " . Variety disagreed , calling the film " a search @-@ and @-@ destroy thriller that includes all of the ingredients the TV show 's fans thrive on : the philosophical dilemma wrapped in a scenario of mind control , troubles with the space ship , the dependable and understanding Kirk , the ever @-@ logical Spock , and suspenseful take with twist ending " . The characters and acting received a mixed reception . Stephen Godfrey of The Globe and Mail rated their performances highly : " time has cemented Leonard Nimoy 's look of inscrutability as Mr. Spock [ ... ] DeForest Kelley as Dr. McCoy is as feisty as ever , and James Doohan as Scotty still splutters about his engineering woes . At a basic level , their exchanges are those of an odd assortment of grumpy , middle @-@ aged men bickering about office politics . They are a relief from the stars , and a delight . " Godfrey 's only concern was that the reunion of the old cast threatened to make casual viewers who had never seen Star Trek feel like uninvited guests . Martin considered the characters more likable than those in comparable science fiction films . Conversely , Arnold felt that the acting of the main cast ( Shatner in particular ) was poor ; " Shatner portrays Kirk as such a supercilious old twit that one rather wishes he 'd been left behind that desk " , he wrote . " Shatner has perhaps the least impressive movie physique since Rod Steiger , and his acting style has begun to recall the worst of Richard Burton . " Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that the actors did not have much to do in the effects @-@ driven film , and were " limited to the exchanging of meaningful glances or staring intently at television monitors , usually in disbelief " . Stephen Collins and Persis Khambatta were more favorably received . Gene Siskel felt the film " teeter [ ed ] towards being a crashing bore " whenever Khambatta was not on screen , and Jack Kroll of Newsweek felt that she had the most memorable entrance in the film . " [ Khambatta ] is sympathetic enough to make one hope she 'll have a chance to show less skin and more hair in future films " , Godfrey wrote . Many critics felt that the special effects overshadowed other elements of the film . Canby stated that the film " owes more to [ Trumbull , Dykstra and Michelson ] than it does to the director , the writers or even the producer " . Livingston felt that Trumbull and Dykstra 's work on the film was not as impressive as on Star Wars and Close Encounters due to the limited amount of production time . Godfrey called the effects " stunning " , but conceded that they threatened to overpower the story two @-@ thirds of the way into the film . Kroll , Martin , and Arnold agreed that the effects were not able to carry the film or gloss over its other deficiencies ; " I 'm not sure that Trumbull & Co. have succeeded in pulling the philosophic chestnuts of Roddenberry and his co @-@ writers out of the fire , " Arnold wrote . James Berardinelli , reviewing the film in 1996 , felt that the pace dragged and the plot bore too close a resemblance to the original series episode " The Changeling " , but considered the start and end of the film to be strong . Terry Lee Rioux , Kelley 's biographer , noted that the film proved " that it was the character @-@ driven play that made all the difference in Star Trek " . The slow pacing , extended reaction shots , and the film 's lack of action scenes led fans and critics to give the film a variety of nicknames , including The Motionless Picture , The Slow Motion Picture , The Motion Sickness , and Where Nomad [ the probe in " The Changeling " ] Has Gone Before . American Film Institute recognition : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : James T. Kirk - Nominated Hero AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores - Nominated = = = Home media = = = Paramount Home Entertainment released the film on VHS , Betamax , Laserdisc , and CED videodisc in 1981 in its original theatrical version . In 1983 , an extended cut was released on VHS and premiered on the ABC television network . It added roughly 12 minutes to the film . The added footage was largely unfinished , and cobbled together for the network premiere ; Wise hadn 't wanted some of the footage to be included in the final cut of the film . This version was released by Paramount in late 1983 on VHS , Betamax , and Laserdisc . Two members of Wise 's production company , David C. Fein and Michael Matessino , approached Wise and Paramount and persuaded them to release a revised version of the film on video ; Paramount released the updated Director 's Edition of the film on VHS and DVD in 2001 . Wise , who had considered the theatrical presentation of the film a " rough cut " , was given the opportunity to re @-@ edit the film to be more consistent with his original vision . The production team used the original script , surviving sequence storyboards , memos , and the director 's recollections . In addition to cuts in some sequences , 90 new and redesigned computer @-@ generated images were created . Care was taken that the effects meshed seamlessly with the old footage . The edition runs 136 minutes , about four minutes longer than the original release . Included among the special features are the deleted scenes which had been part of the television cut . Aside from the effects , the soundtrack was remixed . Ambient noise such as the buzz of bridge controls were added to enhance certain scenes . Goldsmith had always suspected that some overly long cues could be shortened , so he made the cues repetitive . Although no new scenes were added , the MPAA rated the revised edition " PG " in contrast to the " G " rating of the original release . Fein attributed the rating change to the more " intense " sound mix that made scenes such as the central part of V 'Ger " more menacing " . The Director 's Edition was better received by critics than the original theatrical release . The DVD Journal 's Mark Bourne said that the Director 's Edition showcased " a brisker , more attractive version of the movie " that was " as good as it might have been in 1979 . Even better maybe . " Complaints included the edition 's 2 @.@ 17 : 1 aspect ratio , as opposed to the original 2 @.@ 40 : 1 Panavision . Jeremy Conrad of IGN felt that despite the changes , the pacing might still be too slow for some viewers . The film 's original theatrical cut was released on Blu @-@ ray Disc in May 2009 to coincide with the new Star Trek feature , packaged with the five following features as the Star Trek : Original Motion Picture Collection . The Motion Picture was remastered in 1080p high @-@ definition . All six films in the set have 7 @.@ 1 Dolby TrueHD audio . The disc features a new commentary track by Star Trek authors and contributors Michael and Denise Okuda , Judith and Garfield Reeves @-@ Stevens , and Daren Dochterman . The original theatrical cut was also released with the four Next Generation movies as the Star Trek : Stardate Collection . = = Annotations = = = Oberon ( moon ) = Oberon , also designated Uranus IV , is the outermost major moon of the planet Uranus . It is the second @-@ largest and second most massive of the Uranian moons , and the ninth most massive moon in the Solar System . Discovered by William Herschel in 1787 , Oberon is named after the mythical king of the fairies who appears as a character in Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Its orbit lies partially outside Uranus 's magnetosphere . It is likely that Oberon formed from the accretion disk that surrounded Uranus just after the planet 's formation . The moon consists of approximately equal amounts of ice and rock , and is probably differentiated into a rocky core and an icy mantle . A layer of liquid water may be present at the boundary between the mantle and the core . The surface of Oberon , which is dark and slightly red in color , appears to have been primarily shaped by asteroid and comet impacts . It is covered by numerous impact craters reaching 210 km in diameter . Oberon possesses a system of chasmata ( graben or scarps ) formed during crustal extension as a result of the expansion of its interior during its early evolution . The Uranian system has been studied up close only once : the spacecraft Voyager 2 took several images of Oberon in January 1986 , allowing 40 % of the moon 's surface to be mapped . = = Discovery and naming = = Oberon was discovered by William Herschel on January 11 , 1787 ; on the same day he discovered Uranus 's largest moon , Titania . He later reported the discoveries of four more satellites , although they were subsequently revealed as spurious . For nearly fifty years following their discovery , Titania and Oberon would not be observed by any instrument other than William Herschel 's , although the moon can be seen from Earth with a present @-@ day high @-@ end amateur telescope . All of the moons of Uranus are named after characters created by William Shakespeare or Alexander Pope . The name Oberon was derived from Oberon , the King of the Fairies in A Midsummer Night 's Dream . The names of all four satellites of Uranus then known were suggested by Herschel 's son John in 1852 , at the request of William Lassell , who had discovered the other two moons , Ariel and Umbriel , the year before . The adjectival form of the name is Oberonian , / ˌɒbəˈroʊniən / . Oberon was initially referred to as " the second satellite of Uranus " , and in 1848 was given the designation Uranus II by William Lassell , although he sometimes used William Herschel 's numbering ( where Titania and Oberon are II and IV ) . In 1851 Lassell eventually numbered all four known satellites in order of their distance from the planet by Roman numerals , and since then Oberon has been designated Uranus IV . = = Orbit = = Oberon orbits Uranus at a distance of about 584 @,@ 000 km , being the farthest from the planet among its five major moons . Oberon 's orbit has a small orbital eccentricity and inclination relative to the equator of Uranus . Its orbital period is around 13 @.@ 5 days , coincident with its rotational period . In other words , Oberon is a synchronous satellite , tidally locked , with one face always pointing toward the planet . Oberon spends a significant part of its orbit outside the Uranian magnetosphere . As a result , its surface is directly struck by the solar wind . This is important , because the trailing hemispheres of satellites orbiting inside a magnetosphere are struck by the magnetospheric plasma , which co – rotates with the planet . This bombardment may lead to the darkening of the trailing hemispheres , which is actually observed for all Uranian moons except Oberon ( see below ) . Because Uranus orbits the Sun almost on its side , and its moons orbit in the planet 's equatorial plane , they ( including Oberon ) are subject to an extreme seasonal cycle . Both northern and southern poles spend 42 years in a complete darkness , and another 42 years in continuous sunlight , with the sun rising close to the zenith over one of the poles at each solstice . The Voyager 2 flyby coincided with the southern hemisphere 's 1986 summer solstice , when nearly the entire northern hemisphere was in darkness . Once every 42 years , when Uranus has an equinox and its equatorial plane intersects the Earth , mutual occultations of Uranus 's moons become possible . One such event , which lasted for about six minutes , was observed on May 4 , 2007 , when Oberon occulted Umbriel . = = Composition and internal structure = = Oberon is the second largest and most massive of the Uranian moons after Titania , and the ninth most massive moon in the Solar System . Oberon 's density of 1 @.@ 63 g / cm ³ , which is higher than the typical density of Saturn 's satellites , indicates that it consists of roughly equal proportions of water ice and a dense non @-@ ice component . The latter could be made of rock and carbonaceous material including heavy organic compounds . The presence of water ice is supported by spectroscopic observations , which have revealed crystalline water ice on the surface of the moon . Water ice absorption bands are stronger on Oberon 's trailing hemisphere than on the leading hemisphere . This is the opposite of what is observed on other Uranian moons , where the leading hemisphere exhibits stronger water ice signatures . The cause of this asymmetry is not known , but it may be related to impact gardening ( the creation of soil via impacts ) of the surface , which is stronger on the leading hemisphere . Meteorite impacts tend to sputter ( knock out ) ice from the surface , leaving dark non @-@ ice material behind . The dark material itself may have formed as a result of radiation processing of methane clathrates or radiation darkening of other organic compounds . Oberon may be differentiated into a rocky core surrounded by an icy mantle . If this is the case , the radius of the core ( 480 km ) is about 63 % of the radius of the moon , and its mass is around 54 % of the moon 's mass — the proportions are dictated by the moon 's composition . The pressure in the center of Oberon is about 0 @.@ 5 GPa ( 5 kbar ) . The current state of the icy mantle is unclear . If the ice contains enough ammonia or other antifreeze , Oberon may possess a liquid ocean layer at the core – mantle boundary . The thickness of this ocean , if it exists , is up to 40 km and its temperature is around 180 K. However , the internal structure of Oberon depends heavily on its thermal history , which is poorly known at present . = = Surface features and geology = = Oberon is the second @-@ darkest large moon of Uranus after Umbriel . Its surface shows a strong opposition surge : its reflectivity decreases from 31 % at a phase angle of 0 ° ( geometrical albedo ) to 22 % at an angle of about 1 ° . Oberon has a low Bond albedo of about 14 % . Its surface is generally red in color , except for fresh impact deposits , which are neutral or slightly blue . Oberon is , in fact , the reddest among the major Uranian moons . Its trailing and leading hemispheres are asymmetrical : the latter is much redder than the former , because it contains more dark red material . The reddening of the surfaces is often a result of space weathering caused by bombardment of the surface by charged particles and micrometeorites over the age of the Solar System . However , the color asymmetry of Oberon is more likely caused by accretion of a reddish material spiraling in from outer parts of the Uranian system , possibly from irregular satellites , which would occur predominately on the leading hemisphere . Scientists have recognized two classes of geological feature on Oberon : craters and chasmata ( ' canyons ' — deep , elongated , steep @-@ sided depressions which would probably be described as rift valleys or escarpments if on Earth ) . Oberon 's surface is the most heavily cratered of all the Uranian moons , with a crater density approaching saturation — when the formation of new craters is balanced by destruction of old ones . This high number of craters indicates that Oberon has the most ancient surface among Uranus 's moons . The crater diameters range up to 206 kilometers for the largest known crater , Hamlet . Many large craters are surrounded by bright impact ejecta ( rays ) consisting of relatively fresh ice . The largest craters , Hamlet , Othello and Macbeth , have floors made of a very dark material deposited after their formation . A peak with a height of about 11 km was observed in some Voyager images near the south @-@ eastern limb of Oberon , which may be the central peak of a large impact basin with a diameter of about 375 km . Oberon 's surface is intersected by a system of canyons , which , however , are less widespread than those found on Titania . The canyons ' sides are probably scarps produced by normal faults which can be either old or fresh : the latter transect the bright deposits of some large craters , indicating that they formed later . The most prominent Oberonian canyon is Mommur Chasma . The geology of Oberon was influenced by two competing forces : impact crater formation and endogenic resurfacing . The former acted over the moon 's entire history and is primarily responsible for its present @-@ day appearance . The latter processes were active for a period following the moon 's formation . The endogenic processes were mainly tectonic in nature and led to the formation of the canyons , which are actually giant cracks in the ice crust . The canyons obliterated parts of the older surface . The cracking of the crust was caused by the expansion of Oberon by about 0 @.@ 5 % , which occurred in two phases corresponding to the old and young canyons . The nature of the dark patches , which mainly occur on the leading hemisphere and inside craters , is not known . Some scientists hypothesized that they are of cryovolcanic origin ( analogs of lunar maria ) , while others think that the impacts excavated dark material buried beneath the pure ice ( crust ) . In the latter case Oberon should be at least partially differentiated , with the ice crust lying atop the non @-@ differentiated interior . = = Origin and evolution = = Oberon is thought to have formed from an accretion disc or subnebula : a disc of gas and dust that either existed around Uranus for some time after its formation or was created by the giant impact that most likely gave Uranus its large obliquity . The precise composition of the subnebula is not known ; however , the relatively high density of Oberon and other Uranian moons compared to the moons of Saturn indicates that it may have been relatively water @-@ poor . Significant amounts of carbon and nitrogen may have been present in the form of carbon monoxide and N2 instead of methane and ammonia . The moons that formed in such a subnebula would contain less water ice ( with CO and N2 trapped as clathrate ) and more rock , explaining the higher density . Oberon 's accretion probably lasted for several thousand years . The impacts that accompanied accretion caused heating of the moon 's outer layer . The maximum temperature of around 230 K was reached at the depth of about 60 km . After the end of formation , the subsurface layer cooled , while the interior of Oberon heated due to decay of radioactive elements present in its rocks . The cooling near @-@ surface layer contracted , while the interior expanded . This caused strong extensional stresses in the moon 's crust leading to cracking . The present @-@ day system of canyons may be a result of this process , which lasted for about 200 million years , implying that any endogenous activity from this cause ceased billions of years ago . The initial accretional heating together with continued decay of radioactive elements were probably strong enough to melt the ice if some antifreeze like ammonia ( in the form of ammonia hydrate ) or some salt was present . Further melting may have led to the separation of ice from rocks and formation of a rocky core surrounded by an icy mantle . A layer of liquid water ( ' ocean ' ) rich in dissolved ammonia may have formed at the core – mantle boundary . The eutectic temperature of this mixture is 176 K. If the temperature dropped below this value the ocean would have frozen by now . Freezing of the water would have led to expansion of the interior , which may have also contributed to the formation of canyon @-@ like graben . Still , present knowledge of the evolution of Oberon is very limited . = = Exploration = = So far the only close @-@ up images of Oberon have been from the Voyager 2 probe , which photographed the moon during its flyby of Uranus in January 1986 . Since the closest approach of Voyager 2 to Oberon was 470 @,@ 600 km , the best images of this moon have spatial resolution of about 6 km . The images cover about 40 % of the surface , but only 25 % of the surface was imaged with a resolution that allows geological mapping . At the time of the flyby the southern hemisphere of Oberon was pointed towards the Sun , so the dark northern hemisphere could not be studied . No other spacecraft has ever visited the Uranian system , and no mission to this satellite is planned in the foreseeable future . = Nobody 's Business ( song ) = " Nobody 's Business " is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her seventh studio album Unapologetic ( 2012 ) . Co @-@ written by Rihanna together with its producers Terius " The @-@ Dream " Nash and Carlos " Los " McKinney , it features guest vocals by American singer Chris Brown . It is their third collaboration following the domestic violence case that happened between them in 2009 . " Nobody 's Business " is a disco @-@ pop and R & B @-@ funk song that mixes Chicago stepping and house styles and features strings , piano , and a four @-@ on @-@ the @-@ floor kick drum . It contains interpolation of the 1987 single " The Way You Make Me Feel " by Michael Jackson . " Nobody 's Business " received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics with many of them labeling the song as standout on the album . Despite that , some journalists criticized Rihanna 's decision to collaborate with Brown again because of their former relationship and domestic violence case . Following the release of Unapologetic , as a result of the strong digital downloads , the song charted on multiple charts worldwide ; it peaked at number 36 on the French Singles Chart , number seven on the UK Singles R & B Chart , number 63 on the UK Singles Chart and number 39 on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . = = Background and production = = On February 8 , 2009 , Rihanna 's scheduled performance at the 51st Grammy Awards was cancelled . Reports later surfaced regarding an altercation with then @-@ boyfriend , singer Chris Brown , who was arrested on suspicion of making criminal threats . On March 5 , 2009 , Brown was charged with assault and making criminal threats . Over 3 years after the incident , in January 2012 , Rihanna was intending to remix the interlude " Birthday Cake " from her 2011 studio album Talk That Talk . On February 15 , 2012 , Kosine of Da Internz , who produced the interlude , revealed that the featured collaborator will " shock the world , " and that the full length version would premiere between February 16 , and February 20 , 2012 . The full length version of " Birthday Cake " revealed to feature Brown and was released on Rihanna 's birthday , February 20 , 2012 . " Subsequently , Rihanna lent her vocals to the remix of Brown 's 2012 single " Turn Up the Music " . Following the leak of the remixes , Rihanna 's decision to collaborate with Brown after the 2009 altercation , was largely criticized by media . In March 2012 , Rihanna began " working on the new sound " for her seventh studio album , even though she had not yet begun recording . On September 12 , 2012 , Def Jam France announced via Twitter that Rihanna would release a new single the upcoming week while her seventh studio album was scheduled to be released in November 2012 . On October 11 , 2012 , in one of her tweets revealed that the title of her new album is Unapologetic alongside with its cover . On November 6 , the singer posted the official track listing of the album , on which there was a song titled " Nobody 's Business " that featured Brown . Rihanna co @-@ wrote the song together with its producers Terius " The @-@ Dream " Nash and Carlos " Los " McKinney . Bart Schoudel recorded the track at the Sarm Studios in London and at the Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles . The vocal recording of " Nobody 's Business " was done by Kuk Harrell and Marcos Tovar , while Harrel also did the vocal production of the song . Blake Mares and Robert Cohen served as assistant vocal engineers of the track . It was mixed at the Larabee Studios in Los Angeles by Manny Marroquin . = = Composition and lyrical interpretation = = " Nobody 's Business " is a disco @-@ pop , pop and R & B @-@ funk song with a length of three minutes and thirty @-@ six seconds . Smokey D. Fontaine of The Urban Daily described it as " a perfect blend of R & B soul and pop feel @-@ good with an irresistible sing @-@ in @-@ the @-@ shower falsetto hook . " The track contains interpolation from the composition " The Way You Make Me Feel " ( 1987 ) as written and performed by Michael Jackson . Additionally , it has disco @-@ driven influences and " funkified " upbeat tempo . Greg Kot of Chicago Tribune wrote that " Nobody 's Business " mixes Chicago stepping and house styles and features strings , piano , and a four @-@ on @-@ the @-@ floor kick drum . Billboard 's magazine stuff described it as a " wonderfully catchy throwback to early @-@ 90s club music " , while according to Dan Martin of NME is a swinging summer jam . Writing for The New York Times , Jon Caramanica stated that " Nobody 's Business " is gelatinous , smooth , and carefree . Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club labeled the duet as " eminently danceable paean to forbidden love " . Lyrically , the couple proclaims their eternal fealty , make out in a Lexus and acknowledge the world that the romantic relationship between them is only their business . According to Billboard 's reviewer , in lines like " you 'll always be the one I want to come home to " and " you 'll always be my baby " , " it makes the beyond @-@ complicated circumstances of their history impossible to ignore . " Stacy @-@ Ann Ellis of Vibe magazine , wrote that the song , like the couple ’ s first post @-@ makeup collaboration , " Birthday Cake ( Remix ) " , is about the history they share and " refuse to let go of — it ’ ll irk some people " . Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey noted that vocally Brown does his best to achieve a Jackson impression . Robert Leedham of Drowned in Sound stated that " Nobody 's Business " " makes you want to write a long , worthy think piece so you can come to terms with your own moral standing on it . " = = Critical reception = = " Nobody 's Business " received generally positive reviews from music critics . Brad Stern of MTV Buzzworthy wrote that although the collaboration itself is controversial , the song is one of the standouts on the album . Copsey of Digital Spy , Ellis of Vibe and Leedham of Drowned in Sound agreed with Stern , with the latter stating , " On an album that ’ s mildly abrasive and not a lot of fun , its piano @-@ lead stomp and teasing vocal interplay are actually enjoyable . " Similarly , Pitchfork Media 's Jessica Hooper recognized it as one of the high points on Unapologetic . Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that it is the most tender , affectionate , spirited song on the record , " On an album full of dyspeptic relationships , it is the breath of cool , nourishing air . " Jon Reyes of HipHop DX wrote that the song is " a very well thought out move , probably in hopes that it would help soften the impending criticism that Rihanna would receive from singing the pop version of make @-@ up sex with her abusive ex @-@ boyfriend . " Reviewers also noted and praised the interpolation of the Jackson 's song on the track . Fountaine of The Urban Daily agreed and named is at the album 's best track further stating that Jackson 's 1989 single " ain ’ t got nothing on this [ ' Nobody 's Business ' ] " . A reviewer of Billboard magazine praised Jackson 's influence in the song and stated that is hard to resist to its charm . Koski of The A.V. Club deemed " Nobody 's Business " as one of the strongest tracks on the album and compared it to the works from the singer 's seventh studio album Bad ( 1987 ) . The Huffington Post 's Mesfin Fekadu praised Jackson 's	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
song sample on the track , however , dismissed its lyrical content . Some of the critics were divided on Rihanna 's decision to collaborate with Brown again . Toronto Star 's Lucas Oleniuk stated that that " Nobody 's Business " is not a bad track , " it ’ s one of the catchiest and freshest @-@ sounding here — but the troubling subtext is as irksome as the irony of titling a song that proudly makes the pair ’ s business everybody 's . " Bernard Perusse of Montreal Gazette noted that although it is a pretty fair R & B smoker , there is something nauseating and sinister about the song and that is its message . Being more critical towards the collaboration , Randall Roberts of Los Angeles Times wrote that the track represents a sad inversion of the 1965 single " I Got You Babe " by Sonny & Cher , further noting " Instead of singing about connection , true love and wanting to shout it to the world , the song features a convicted abuser and the woman he assaulted asking everyone to shut up and leave them alone . " = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Music recording – Sarm Studios , London ; Westlake Recording Studios Los Angeles , CA Mixing – Larabee Studios , Los Angeles , CA Sample Contains interpolation from the composition " The Way You Make Me Feel " as written and performed by Michael Jackson courtesy of Mijac Music / Sony / ATV Songs LLC ( BMI ) Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unapologetic , Def Jam Recordings , SRP Records . = = Charts = = Upon the release of Unapologetic , " Nobody 's Business " charted in Belgium , France , on two charts in the United Kingdom and in the United States due to strong digital downloads . It debuted and peaked on the French Singles Chart at number 36 for the week dated December 1 , 2012 , and fluctuated on the chart for over ten weeks . On December 2 , 2012 , it debuted at number 63 on the UK Singles Chart , and number seven on the UK R & B Chart . " Nobody 's Business " appeared and peaked at number 39 on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart following the release of the album . = Hurricane Patricia = Hurricane Patricia ( Spanish pronunciation : [ paˈtɾisia ] ) was the second @-@ most intense tropical cyclone on record worldwide , with a minimum atmospheric pressure of 872 mbar ( hPa ; 25 @.@ 75 inHg ) . Originating from a sprawling disturbance near the Gulf of Tehuantepec , south of Mexico , in mid @-@ October 2015 , Patricia was first classified a tropical depression on October 20 . Initial development was slow , with only modest strengthening within the first day of its classification . The system later became a tropical storm and was named Patricia , the twenty @-@ fourth named storm of the annual hurricane season . Exceptionally favorable environmental conditions fueled explosive intensification on October 22 . A well @-@ defined eye developed within an intense central dense overcast and Patricia grew from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane in just 24 hours — a near @-@ record pace . On October 23 , the hurricane achieved its record peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 215 mph ( 345 km / h ) . This made it the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Western Hemisphere , and the strongest globally in terms of 1 @-@ minute maximum sustained winds . Late on October 23 , dramatic weakening ensued and Patricia made landfall near Cuixmala , Jalisco , with winds of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) . This made it the strongest landfalling hurricane on record along the Pacific coast of Mexico . Patricia continued to weaken extremely quickly , faster than it had intensified , as it interacted with the mountainous terrain of Mexico . Within 24 hours of moving ashore , Patricia degraded into a tropical depression and dissipated soon thereafter late on October 24 . The precursor to Patricia produced widespread flooding rains in Central America . Hundreds of thousands of people were directly affected by the storm , mostly in Guatemala . At least six fatalities were attributed to the event : four in El Salvador , one in Guatemala , and one in Nicaragua . Torrential rains extended into southeastern Mexico , with areas of Quintana Roo and Veracruz reporting accumulations in excess of 19 @.@ 7 in ( 500 mm ) . Damage in Chetumal reached 1 @.@ 4 billion pesos ( US $ 84 @.@ 1 million ) . As a tropical cyclone , Patricia 's effects in Mexico were tremendous ; however , the affected areas were predominantly rural , mitigating a potential large @-@ scale disaster . Violent winds tore roofs from structures and stripped coastal areas of their vegetation . Preliminary assessments indicate hundreds of homes to be destroyed ; seven fatalities are linked to the hurricane directly or indirectly , including one during evacuations . Total damage was estimated to be in excess of 5 @.@ 4 billion pesos ( US $ 323 @.@ 3 million ) , with agriculture and infrastructure comprising the majority of losses . Flooding partially associated with remnant moisture from Patricia inflicted US $ 52 @.@ 5 million in damage across Southern Texas . = = Meteorological history = = On October 11 , 2015 , an area of disturbed weather traversed Central America and emerged over the eastern Pacific Ocean . The disturbance moved slowly over the next few days , later merging with a tropical wave on October 15 . The merger of these systems and the effects of a concurrent Tehuantepec gap wind event spurred the formation of a broad area of low pressure . This feature gradually consolidated and became a tropical depression shortly after 00 : 00 UTC on October 20 ; at this time the depression was situated roughly 205 mi ( 335 km ) south @-@ southeast of Salina Cruz , Mexico . A mid @-@ level ridge to the north steered the depression generally west and later pulled it north along an arcing path . Development was initially slowed by locally cooler sea surface temperatures and dry air , and the depression became Tropical Storm Patricia only later that day . Once clear of the unfavorable region , Patricia traversed anomalously warm waters within an environment exceptionally conducive to rapid intensification . Dramatic strengthening began late on October 21 and continued through October 23 . Patricia reached hurricane strength shortly after 00 : 00 UTC on October 22 , featuring prominent outflow , well @-@ defined banding features , and a developing eye . Data from Hurricane Hunters investigating the cyclone indicated Patricia to have reached Category 4 status on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale by 18 : 00 UTC . By the early hours of October 23 , a clear northward turn took place followed by acceleration northeast . A solid ring of − 130 ° F ( − 90 ° C ) cloud tops surrounded the hurricane 's 12 mi ( 19 km ) wide eye and signaled its intensification into a Category 5 hurricane . In a 24 @-@ hour span , Patricia 's maximum sustained winds increased by 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) , the fastest such intensification in any hurricane observed by the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) . The hurricane achieved its peak around 12 : 00 UTC on October 23 with estimated winds around 215 mph ( 345 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 872 mbar ( hPa ; 25 @.@ 75 inHg ) ; these values are based upon continued intensification after a Hurricane Hunter mission into the storm six hours prior . In the NHC 's report on Patricia , it is noted that the hurricane may have surpassed Typhoon Tip as the strongest tropical cyclone ever observed , but lack of direct observations at the time of its peak prevent analysis of such . Later on October 23 , rapid weakening ensued as an eyewall replacement cycle took shape and wind shear increased . In the five hours up until landfall in Mexico , Patricia weakened at an unprecedented rate while still over water . However , it remained a violent hurricane and moved ashore around 23 : 00 UTC near Cuixmala , Jalisco , with winds of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) and an analyzed pressure of 932 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 49 inHg ) . This made it the most intense Pacific hurricane on record to strike Mexico . Once onshore , the high terrain of the Sierra Madre mountains accelerated Patricia 's weakening . The low- and mid @-@ level circulations of the cyclone decoupled , with the latter accelerating northeast , and Patricia dissipated on October 24 over central Mexico , less than 18 hours after moving ashore . = = = Records = = = Hurricane Patricia set multiple records for maximum strength , rate of intensification , and rate of weakening throughout its relatively short existence . With maximum sustained winds of 215 mph ( 345 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of 872 mbar ( hPa ; 25 @.@ 75 inHg ) , Patricia is the most intense tropical cyclone ever observed in the Western Hemisphere . In terms of central pressure , it is also the second @-@ most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded worldwide , just shy of Typhoon Tip in 1979 which had a minimum pressure of 870 mbar ( hPa ; 25 @.@ 69 inHg ) . Patricia 's one @-@ minute maximum sustained winds ranked as the highest ever reliably observed or estimated in a tropical cyclone , surpassing Typhoon Haiyan of 2013 . The magnitude of Patricia 's rapid intensification is among the fastest ever observed . In a 24 @-@ hour period , 06 : 00 – 06 : 00 UTC October 22 – 23 , its maximum sustained winds increased from 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) to 205 mph ( 335 km / h ) , a record increase of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) . During the same period , Patricia 's central pressure fell by 95 mbar ( hPa ; 2 @.@ 81 inHg ) . Despite record over @-@ water weakening prior to striking Mexico , Patricia became the most intense Pacific hurricane to make landfall , with a pressure of 932 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 52 inHg ) . = = Preparations = = Prior to the arrival of Hurricane Patricia , the Government of Mexico issued multiple watches and warnings for coastal communities . A hurricane watch was first raised at 09 : 00 UTC on October 21 , encompassing areas of Michoacán , Colima , and Jalisco . A tropical storm watch also covered portions of Guerrero . As Patricia intensified , the government issued a hurricane warning for areas between Cabo Corrientes , Jalisco , and Punta San Telmo , Michoacán ; a tropical storm warning supplemented this for areas farther north and east . The hurricane warning was extended northward to include areas south of San Blas , Nayarit , on October 23 . Once the storm moved inland and the threat of damaging winds diminished , these warnings were gradually discontinued on October 24 . Following Patricia 's upgrade to Category 5 status , the National Hurricane Center called the storm " potentially catastrophic " , a source of criticism and praise from various media . Citing the relatively limited damage and loss of life , some outlets , including the Associated Press , claimed the agency was exaggerating the danger posed by the storm . However , most outlets praised them for effectively communicating the dire threat and potentially saving lives from an exceptionally powerful hurricane . Across Michoacán , Colima , Jalisco , and Nayarit , 1 @,@ 782 shelters were opened on October 22 with a collective capacity of 258 @,@ 000 people . Officials in Manzanillo began distributing sandbags during the afternoon of October 22 . Schools across Guerrero and Jalisco suspended activities for October 22 and 23 , respectively . Civil protection officials planned to evacuate roughly 50 @,@ 000 people from Colima , Jalisco , and Nayarit . To expedite the process , 2 aircraft and 600 buses were used to shuttle evacuees . Ultimately , 8 @,@ 500 people evacuated prior to the storm 's arrival , including 2 @,@ 600 in Cabo Corrientes . One person died during an evacuation in Jalisco . Roughly 25 @,@ 000 personnel from the Mexican Army , Navy , and Federal Police were deployed preemptively . More than 500 Red Cross volunteers were on standby . The Mexican Red Cross prepositioned food for 3 @,@ 500 families . Approximately 30 kg ( 66 lb ) of aid was prepositioned in Colima for distribution after the hurricane 's passage . The Electric Federal Commission dispatched 2 @,@ 500 crewmen , 152 cranes , 15 all @-@ terrain vehicles , 4 helicopters , and 84 generators to cope with potential power outages . Mexican authorities received praise for effectively carrying out emergency preparations . = = Impact from precursor disturbance = = The precursor of Patricia was a large and sprawling system that affected much of Central America with heavy rain for several days . Rainfall was enhanced by the presence of multiple systems , including a tropical wave and a second disturbance over the Caribbean Sea . One person was killed in the Alta Verapaz Department and approximately 2 @,@ 100 people required evacuation across Guatemala . A total of 442 homes and 28 @,@ 200 ha ( 70 @,@ 000 acres ) of crops were damaged while roughly 223 @,@ 000 people were affected by flooding . Government officials deployed emergency teams and 40 million quetzal ( US $ 5 @.@ 4 million ) was available for relief operations . In nearby El Salvador between 6 @.@ 3 and 7 @.@ 3 in ( 160 and 185 mm ) of rain fell , causing similar floods . Dozens of homes were affected and four people were killed . The Goascorán River overflowed its banks twice in two days , inundating surrounding communities . Owing to widespread flooding , authorities suspended school activities across the country on October 19 . In Nicaragua , a landslide buried four miners in Bonanza ; one died while the others were rescued . The Ulúa River in Honduras over @-@ topped its banks for the first time in 17 years on October 18 , prompting the evacuation of more than 200 people . Furthermore , flooding damaged 10 homes in Jacó , Costa Rica . The aforementioned rains extended into Southwestern and Northeastern Mexico , falling from October 18 – 20 ; precipitation was enhanced by another tropical disturbance over the northwestern Caribbean Sea . Portions of Quintana Roo saw their most intense rainfall event on record , with 19 @.@ 8 in ( 502 mm ) observed in Chetumal . This surpassed the previous record of 18 in ( 450 mm ) during Hurricane Wilma in 2005 . Flooding affected approximately 1 @,@ 500 homes in the city , with 150 people seeking refuge in public shelters . Damage in Chetumal was pegged at 1 @.@ 4 billion pesos ( US $ 84 @.@ 1 million ) . Seven municipalities were declared disaster areas accordingly . In nearby Veracruz , more than 24 in ( 600 mm ) of rain caused widespread flooding ; at least 50 municipalities reported damage from the event as multiple rivers over @-@ topped their banks . Flooding in Tabasco affected 7 @,@ 500 ha ( 19 @,@ 000 acres ) of crops . In Oaxaca , several roads were washed out by the accompanying floods and mudslides , particularly in the Sierra Norte region . Widespread flooding affected large areas of Chiapas and Guerrero , prompting dozens of evacuations . In Tapachula , Chiapas , 6 @.@ 6 in ( 168 mm ) of rain fell in just 90 minutes , triggering flash floods that caught residents by surprise . Hundreds of families were affected and 64 homes were damaged or destroyed . = = Impact as a tropical cyclone = = = = = Mexico = = = Hurricane Patricia made landfall in Jalisco as a Category 4 hurricane during the evening of October 23 . The 15 mi ( 24 km ) wide core of Patricia largely avoided populated centers , passing through areas with a population density less than 30 people per square mile . This , alongside effective evacuations , is credited for the relatively low death toll , despite the hurricane 's intensity . Several small communities along the path sustained tremendous damage , however . Had the hurricane moved farther east or west , the densely populated areas surrounding Manzanillo or Puerto Vallarta would have suffered a direct hit . Throughout the affected region , the storm 's powerful winds left 261 @,@ 989 people without electricity . Twenty @-@ one of the nation 's thirty @-@ one states , and the Federal District , were affected by the hurricane 's rain . Accumulations in Jalisco peaked at 15 @.@ 09 in ( 383 @.@ 2 mm ) on Nevado de Colima . Roughly 42 @,@ 000 ha ( 100 @,@ 000 acres ) of crops were affected across Colima , Jalisco , Michoacán , and Nyarit , with 15 @,@ 000 ha ( 37 @,@ 000 acres ) deemed a total loss and 27 @,@ 000 ha ( 67 @,@ 000 acres ) partially damaged . Six deaths occurred due to direct or indirect effects of the hurricane , all in Jalisco . Damage assessments indicate total losses around 5 @.@ 4 billion pesos ( US $ 323 @.@ 3 million ) , primarily from agriculture and infrastructure . = = = = Jalisco = = = = Striking Jalisco as a strong Category 4 hurricane , Patricia wrought tremendous damage , though the most extreme effects were relatively localized . In the small community of Emiliano Zapata , the hurricane 's violent winds tore roofs off homes and business . Countless trees were defoliated , stripped of their branches , snapped , or uprooted . Hillsides along the immediate landfall area were largely stripped of vegetation . Storm chaser Josh Morgerman described the aftermath : " ... the tropical landscape was transformed into something barren and wintry . " Furthermore , the winds toppled concrete power poles and crumpled transmission towers . Throughout Jalisco , approximately 9 @,@ 000 homes were damaged or destroyed . The coastal hamlet of Chamela , home to 40 families , was completely flattened . More than 24 @,@ 000 ha ( 59 @,@ 000 acres ) of crops were affected across the state : 10 @,@ 684 ha ( 26 @,@ 400 acres ) sustained total losses while 13 @,@ 943 ha ( 34 @,@ 450 acres ) were partially so . Damage from agriculture amounted to roughly 168 million pesos ( US $ 10 @.@ 1 million ) . Total damage reached to 1 @.@ 139 billion pesos ( US $ 68 @.@ 7 million ) . A total of six deaths in incidents related to Patricia were reported in the state . Two of these deaths occurred when a tree toppled over in the storm 's powerful winds . A woman was also hospitalized after sustaining injuries in the same incident . Another four people were killed in an automobile accident in southern Jalisco . Two of the victims died in the wreckage and the other two died after being brought to a hospital . A cargo ship — the 735 ft ( 224 m ) bulk carrier Los Llanitos — was shifted off @-@ course by the hurricane and grounded near Barra de Navidad , Jalisco . Her 27 crew were unharmed but required rescue by a military helicopter . The ship was subsequently deemed a total loss and crews began scrapping the vessel on @-@ site in February 2016 . = = = = Colima and Michoacán = = = = In nearby Colima , preliminary surveys indicated localized but severe damage . A total of 200 schools , 107 health facilities , 34 sport facilities , and 11 @,@ 645 ha ( 28 @,@ 780 acres ) of agriculture was affected by the storm . Severe damage was incurred by the banana crops , with losses from the fruit alone estimated at 500 million pesos ( US $ 30 @.@ 2 million ) . Total damage in the state reached 1 @.@ 7 billion pesos ( US $ 102 @.@ 6 million ) . Although Patricia made landfall farther west , damage across Michoacán was severe . Numerous communities were temporarily isolated as roads were either rendered impassible or washed away altogether by floods . A total of 1 @,@ 512 homes were damaged and another 127 were destroyed across the state , including 600 in Coahuayana . The storm severely damaged 150 homes in the Arteaga Municipality . A portion of Highway 200 was shut down in Aquila . Agriculture sustained extensive damage with 10 @,@ 000 ha ( 25 @,@ 000 acres ) of crops destroyed ; losses in the sector amounted to 2 @.@ 5 billion pesos ( US $ 151 @.@ 2 million ) . In Coahuayana alone , 5 @,@ 600 ha ( 14 @,@ 000 acres ) of bananas were ruined , the greatest loss of crops in the municipality 's history ; thousands of residents lost their jobs as a result of the damage . Losses to health facilities in the state reached 13 @.@ 5 million pesos ( US $ 815 @,@ 000 ) . = = = = Other states = = = = The hurricane produced large swells along the shores of Guerrero on October 22 , causing damage to coastal structures . The remnants of Patricia brought heavy rain to much of northern Mexico on October 24 . Up to 7 @.@ 6 in ( 193 mm ) of rain was observed in Tamaulipas , resulting in flooding . Dozens of structures sustained damage and hundreds were left without power , with areas in Reynosa and Río Bravo particularly affected . = = = Texas = = = Patricia 's direct effects in Texas were limited to southern areas of the state . Moisture associated with the hurricane streamed ahead of its circulation and interacted with a frontal boundary over the region . Antecedent rains saturated the region and produced severe flooding , with cars flooded and a train derailed . Fears arose that the collective effects of these storms would produce deadly floods , similar to those in May earlier in the year ; however , no deaths resulted . Houston received 9 @.@ 38 in ( 238 mm ) of rain during a 24 @-@ hour span from October 24 – 25 , and a brief tornado caused minor damage near the city . Rain fell at rates of 1 to 2 in ( 25 to 51 mm ) per hour in southern Hidalgo County , leading to damaging flash floods . An estimated 10 to 12 in ( 250 to 300 mm ) , or more , accumulated across the Progreso – Weslaco area . Several feet of water rendered roads impassible , stranded cars , and affected more than 500 homes . Twenty @-@ six water rescues were conducted in the area . Damage was estimated at $ 50 million . Several roads in and around Corpus Christi were inundated , including part of Interstate 37 . Two hours of " blinding rains " flooded the majority of eastern Willacy County , prompting multiple water rescues , and leaving $ 2 @.@ 5 million in damage . = = Aftermath = = In the aftermath of the hurricane , 5 @,@ 791 Marines from Mexico 's Naval Infantry Force were deployed to assist with recovery and rescue efforts . Rescuers reached some of the hardest @-@ hit areas within a day of Patricia 's landfall . Red Cross volunteers began needs assessments on October 24 and distribution of humanitarian aid started the following day . Power was restored to 88 percent of those affected within two days of the storm . Through the nation 's livestock catastrophe fund , 150 million pesos ( US $ 9 million ) were allocated for agricultural areas affected by the storm on October 29 . Of this total , 76 million pesos ( US $ 4 @.@ 6 million ) were delegated to Jalisco . The Secretariat of Social Development 's budget allowed for 250 million pesos ( US $ 15 @.@ 1 million ) in relief funds for Jalisco . Of this , 34 million pesos ( US $ 2 million ) were allocated for affected persons . On October 27 , Rafael Pacchiano Alamán announced an initial fund of 5 @.@ 3 million pesos ( US $ 318 @,@ 000 ) through the Temporary Employment Program ( Programa de Empleo Temporal ) to help spur economic recovery in Colima . On October 28 , 15 of Jalisco 's 125 municipalities were declared disaster areas ; assessments were ongoing in 5 – 10 other municipalities to potentially be added to this declaration . Of the more than 24 @,@ 000 ha ( 59 @,@ 000 acres ) of crops affected by Patricia in Jalisco , only 6 @,@ 600 ha ( 16 @,@ 000 acres ) were covered by insurance . Through late January 2016 , Instituto Nacional del Emprendedor provided entrepreneurs with 3 @.@ 577 million pesos ( US $ 194 @,@ 000 ) in funds . In January 2016 , the Michoacán Ministry of Social Development enacted a 10 million peso ( US $ 542 @,@ 000 ) rehabilitation program to build 605 homes in affected communities . = = = Retirement = = = Due to its extreme intensity , the name Patricia was retired by the World Meteorological Organization on April 25 , 2016 . It will be replaced with Pamela for the 2021 Pacific hurricane season . = First Partition of Poland = The First Partition of Poland or First Partition of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that ended the existence of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795 . Growth in the Russian Empire 's power , threatening the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Austrian Empire , was the primary motive behind this first partition . Frederick the Great engineered the partition to prevent Austria , jealous of Russian successes against the Ottoman Empire , from going to war . The weakened Commonwealth 's land , including that was already controlled by Russia , was apportioned among its more powerful neighbors — Austria , Russia and Prussia — so as to restore the regional balance of power in Central Europe among those three countries . With Poland unable to effectively defend itself , and with foreign troops already inside the country , the Polish parliament ( Sejm ) ratified the partition in 1773 during the Partition Sejm convened by the three powers . = = Background = = In the late 17th and early 18th centuries , the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth had been reduced from the status of a major European power to that of a Russian protectorate ( or vassal or satellite state ) , with the Russian tsar effectively choosing Polish @-@ Lithuanian monarchs during the free elections and deciding the outcome of much of Poland 's internal politics , for example during the Repnin Sejm , named after the Russian ambassador who unofficially presided over the proceedings . The First Partition occurred after the balance of power in Europe shifted , with Russian victories against the Ottomans in the Russo @-@ Turkish War ( 1768 – 1774 ) strengthening Russia and endangering Habsburg interests in that region ( particularly in Moldavia and Wallachia ) . At that point Habsburg Austria started considering waging war against Russia . France , friendly towards both Russia and Austria , suggested a series of territorial adjustments , in which Austria would be compensated by parts of Prussian Silesia , and Prussia in turn would regain Prussian Ermland ( Warmia ) and parts of a Polish fief , the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia — already under Baltic German hegemony . King Frederick II of Prussia had no intention of giving up Silesia gained recently in the Silesian Wars ; he was , however , also interested in finding a peaceful solution — his alliance with Russia would draw him into a potential war with Austria , and the Seven Years ' War had left Prussia 's treasury and army weakened . He was also interested in protecting the weakening Ottoman Empire , which could be advantageously utilized in the event of a Prussian war either with Russia or Austria . Frederick 's brother , Prince Henry , spent the winter of 1770 – 71 as a representative of the Prussian court at Saint Petersburg . As Austria had annexed 13 towns in the Hungarian Szepes region in 1769 ( violating the Treaty of Lubowla ) , Catherine II of Russia and her advisor General Ivan Chernyshyov suggested to Henry that Prussia claim some Polish land , such as Ermland . After Henry informed him of the proposal , Frederick suggested a partition of the Polish borderlands by Austria , Prussia , and Russia , with the largest share going to the party most weakened by the recent changes in balance of power , Austria . Thus Frederick attempted to encourage Russia to direct its expansion towards weak and non @-@ functional Poland instead of the Ottomans . Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz counter @-@ proposed that Prussia take lands from Poland in return for relinquishing Silesia to Austria , but this plan was rejected by Frederick . Although for a few decades ( since the times of the Silent Sejm ) Russia had seen weak Poland as its own protectorate , Poland had also been devastated by a civil war in which the forces of the Bar Confederation , formed in Bar , attempted to disrupt Russian control over Poland . The recent Koliyivschyna peasant and Cossack uprising in Ukraine also weakened the Polish position . Further , the Russian @-@ supported Polish king , Stanisław August Poniatowski , was seen as both weak and too independent @-@ minded ; eventually the Russian court decided that the usefulness of Poland as a protectorate had diminished . The three powers officially justified their actions as a compensation for dealing with troublesome neighbor and restoring order to Polish anarchy ( the Bar Confederation provided a convenient excuse ) ; in fact all three were interested in territorial gains . After Russia occupied the Danubian Principalities , Henry convinced Frederick and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria that the balance of power would be maintained by a tripartite division of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth instead of Russia taking land from the Ottomans . Under pressure from Prussia , which for a long time wanted to annex the northern Polish province of Royal Prussia , the three powers agreed on the First Partition of Poland . This was in light of the possible Austrian @-@ Ottoman alliance with only token objections from Austria , which would have instead preferred to receive more Ottoman territories in the Balkans , a region which for a long time had been coveted by the Habsburgs . The Russians also withdrew from Moldavia away from the Austrian border . An attempt of Bar Confederates to kidnap king Poniatowski on 3 November 1771 gave the three courts another pretext to showcase the " Polish anarchy " and the need for its neighbors to step in and " save " the country and its citizens . = = Partition begins = = Already by 1769 — 71 , both Austria and Prussia had taken over some border territories of the Commonwealth , with Austria taking Szepes County in 1769 – 1770 and Prussia incorporating Lauenburg and Bütow . On February 19 , 1772 , the agreement of partition was signed in Vienna . A previous agreement between Prussia and Russia had been made in Saint Petersburg on February 6 , 1772 . Early in August , Russian , Prussian and Austrian troops simultaneously entered the Commonwealth and occupied the provinces agreed upon among themselves . On August 5 , the three parties signed the treaty on their respective territorial gains on the commonwealth 's expense . The regiments of the Bar Confederation , whose executive board had been forced to leave Austria ( which previously supported them ) after that country joined the Prusso @-@ Russian alliance , did not lay down their arms . Many fortresses in their command held out as long as possible ; Wawel Castle in Kraków fell only at the end of April ; Tyniec fortress held until the end of July 1772 ; Częstochowa , commanded by Kazimierz Pułaski , held until late August . In the end , the Bar Confederation was defeated , with its members either fleeing abroad or being deported to Siberia by the Russians . = = Division of territories = = The partition treaty was ratified by its signatories on September 22 , 1772 . It was a major success for Frederick II of Prussia : Prussia 's share might have been the smallest , but it was also significantly developed and strategically important . Prussia took most of Polish Royal Prussia , including Ermland , allowing Frederick to link East Prussia and Brandenburg . Prussia also annexed northern areas of Greater Poland along the Noteć River ( the Netze District ) , and northern Kuyavia , but not the cities of Danzig ( Gdańsk ) and Thorn ( Toruń ) . The territories annexed by Prussia became a new province in 1773 called West Prussia . Overall , Prussia gained 36 @,@ 000 km2 and about 600 @,@ 000 people . According to Jerzy Surdykowski Frederick the Great soon introduced German colonists on territories he conquered and engaged in Germanization of Polish territories . Frederick II settled 26 @,@ 000 Germans in Polish Pomerania which influenced the ethnic situation in the region that at the time had around 300 @,@ 000 inhabitants , and enforced Germanization . According to Christopher Clark in certain areas annexed by Prussia like Notec and Royal Prussia 54 percent of the population 75 percent of the urban populace were German @-@ speaking Protestants . In the next century this was used by nationalistic German historians to justify the partition , but it was irrelevant to contemporary calculations ; Frederick , dismissive of German culture , was instead pursuing an imperialist policy , acting on the security interests of his state . The new @-@ gained territories connected Prussia with Germany proper , and were of major economic importance . By seizing northwestern Poland , Prussia instantly cut off Poland from the sea , and gained control over 80 % of the Commonwealth 's total foreign trade . Through levying enormous custom duties , Prussia accelerated the inevitable collapse of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian state . Despite token criticism of the partition from the Austrian archduchess , Empress Maria Theresa , Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz considered the Austrian share an ample compensation ; despite Austria being the least interested in the partition , it received the largest share of formerly Polish population , and second largest land share ( 83 @,@ 000 km2 and 2 @,@ 650 @,@ 000 people ) . To Austria fell Zator and Auschwitz ( Oświęcim ) , part of Little Poland embracing parts of the counties of Kraków and Sandomierz ( with the rich salt mines of Bochnia and Wieliczka ) , and the whole of Galicia , less the city of Kraków . Russia received the largest , but least @-@ important area economically , in the northeast . By this " diplomatic document " Russia came into possession of the commonwealth territories east of the line formed roughly by the Dvina , Drut , and Dnieper Rivers — that section of Livonia which had still remained in commonwealth control , and of Belarus embracing the counties of Vitebsk , Polotsk and Mstislavl . Russia gained 92 @,@ 000 square kilometers ( 36 @,@ 000 sq mi ) and 1 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 people , and reorganized its newly acquired lands into Pskov Governorate ( which also included two provinces of Novgorod Governorate ) and Mogilev Governorate . Zakhar Chernyshyov was appointed the Governor General of the new territories on May 28 , 1772 . By the first partition the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth lost about 211 @,@ 000 square kilometers ( 81 @,@ 000 sq mi ) ( 30 % of its territory , amounting at that time to about 733 @,@ 000 square kilometers ( 283 @,@ 000 sq mi ) ) , with a population of over four to five million people ( about a third of its population of fourteen million before the partitions ) . = = Aftermath = = After having occupied their respective territories , the three partitioning powers demanded that King Stanisław August Poniatowski and the Sejm approve their action . The king appealed to the nations of Western Europe for help and tarried with the convocation of the Sejm . The European powers reacted to the partition with utmost indifference ; only a few voices — like that of Edmund Burke — were raised in objection . When no help was forthcoming and the armies of the combined nations occupied Warsaw to compel by force of arms the calling of the assembly , no alternative could be chosen save passive submission to their will . Those of the senators who advised against this step were threatened by the Russians , represented by the ambassador , Otto von Stackelberg , who declared that in the face of refusal the whole capital of Warsaw would be destroyed by them . Other threats included execution , confiscation of estates , and further increases of partitioned territory ; according to Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin , some senators were even arrested by the Russians and exiled to Siberia . The local land assemblies ( Sejmiks ) refused to elect deputies to the Sejm , and after great difficulties less than half of the regular number of representatives came to attend the session led by Marshals of the Sejm , Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł and Adam Poniński ; the latter in particular was one of many Polish nobles bribed by the Russians and following their orders . This sejm became known as the Partition Sejm . In order to prevent the disruption of the Sejm via liberum veto and the defeat of the purpose of the invaders , Poniński undertook to turn the regular Sejm into a confederated sejm , where majority rule prevailed . In spite of the efforts of individuals like Tadeusz Rejtan , Samuel Korsak , and Stanisław Bohuszewicz to prevent it , the deed was accomplished with the aid of Poniński , Radziwiłł , and the bishops Andrzej Młodziejowski , Ignacy Jakub Massalski , and Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski ( primate of Poland ) , who occupied high positions in the Senate of Poland . The Sejm elected a committee of thirty to deal with the various matters presented . On September 18 , 1773 , the committee formally signed the treaty of cession , renouncing all claims of the Commonwealth to the lost territories . = La tragedia del silencio = La tragedia del silencio ( literally " The Tragedy of Silence " ) is a Colombian silent melodrama film directed by Arturo Acevedo Vallarino and first screened on 18 July 1924 at the Faenza theatre in Bogotá . Filmed in black and white , it tells the story of a man suffering from leprosy . It was the first Colombian film during the silent film era with a film score , which was performed during the projection and was written by Alberto Urdaneta Forero . At its first screening , the film was well received by critics and the public , and was later shown in Panama and Venezuela . Given the theme of leprosy , the film was criticized by some who believed it would have a negative impact on the image of Colombia . Despite parts of the film not surviving , the Fundación Patrimonio Fílmico Colombiano have retained a 22 minute 45 second excerpt from the film . = = Synopsis = = La tragedia del silenco is a romantic melodrama . The 22 minute 45 second excerpt of La tragedia del silencio that remains shows that the film centres on a man suffering from leprosy . He is an engineer working for Ferrocarril Central , and in his spare time develops plans for an orphanage with a family friend , Father Alberto . After being informed that he has leprosy , he tells his wife and daughter of his fatal illness . A student then courts his wife . As the engineer is about to commit suicide , he learns that his diagnosis is incorrect , as a medical worker confused his test results with those of someone else . The engineer overcomes adversity and saves his marriage . = = Cast = = Lely Vargas Alberto López Isaza Gonzalo Acevedo Bernal as the student Isabel Vargas S. Alberto Argáez Inés Medina Niño Germán Santacoloma Mercedes Niño Medina Jorgito Acevedo González = = Production = = = = = Project = = = Arturo Acevedo Vallarino was the producer and director of a theatre company in Antioquia and one of the pioneers of Colombian cinema . After the introduction of foreign films into Colombia , theatres were not as profitable , leading Acevedo to create a production house in 1920 , Acevedo e Hijos ( Acevedo and Son ) , originally known as Casa Cinematográfica Colombia . Acevedo wrote and directed the film . According to Colombian film critic Luis Alberto Alvarez , to promote their film productions before releasing them , Acevedo e Hijos launched magazine Cine Colombiano , the first issue of which was published on 1 May 1924 . In this first issue , the main article reveals the prologue and first four chapters of the film , with Coutin H. González credited as the author of the article . The musical score of the film , written by Alberto Urdaneta Forero , is also in this issue . = = = Implementation = = = La tragedia del silencio was shot in temporary studios in the house of a priest named Moreira , which is now the location of the Jorge @-@ Eliécer @-@ Gaitán theatre . Initially , the film was shot with a Pathé camera with a 45mm lens , but later a 35mm Kodak Ektachrome was used . The chemicals used for the production of the film were purchased from Óptica Alemana , a company located in Bogotá founded in 1914 by Ernesto Schmidt Mumm . The photographic print was manufactured by the scientific section of airline SCADTA . With La tragedia del silencio , production company Acevedo e Hijos ensured that this was the first full @-@ length entirely Colombian film , with all actors and production team members being born in Colombia . It was the only Colombian film during the silent film era ( 1894 to 1929 ) to have a score . = = Reception = = The promotion strategy for the film played on nationalist sentiment by announcing that La tragedia del silencio was the first authentically Colombian movie . It was first screened to the public on 18 July 1924 in Faenza theatre in Bogotá , attracting a large audience . There were several technical problems including power failure and projector errors , caused in particular by the nervousness of the director and his son , the director of the theatre Joaquín Francisco , and operator Gustavo Francisco . However , the film was well received by the public and the press , although some viewers complained about the poor image quality . The theatre was crowded during the seventeen showings of the film , but it was not very successful financially . The first screening of La tragedia del silencio in Medellín was on 9 October 1924 , and was praised by the local press as an important development for the Colombian film industry . Following this screening , Colombian industrialist Gonzalo Mejía provided financial support to Acevedo e Hijos , resulting in the release of their next film Bajo el Cielo Antioqueño in 1925 . The film was also successful in Panama and Venezuela . As the film addresses the topic of leprosy , some viewers voiced concerns that Colombia was frowned upon by the world because of the film , and that it resulted in the decrease of the price of Colombian coffee abroad . = = Analysis = = = = = Topics covered = = = La tragedia del silencio does not address political , social , or economic topics , nor different cultural aspects such as the lifestyle of the Colombian population . Acevedo did not intend for the film to create controversy , so it does not mention the situation in Colombia , the plot of the film instead focusing narrowly on one man 's struggle between life and death . Although leprosy is the main theme of the film , there are other storylines that follow different protagonists and their motivations , such as the husband learning he must face his destiny when he learns about his disease , which requires him to separate from his family . After learning he does not have leprosy , he most confront a rival ( the student ) to regain the love of his wife . The first issue of Cine Colombiano contained several images from La tragedia del silencio that could be allegories of Jesus , the Muisca people 's myth of Bochica , or the Colombian civil wars . The film has a religious aspect in the character of Father Alberto , who refers directly to Colombian Father Rafael Almansa . = = = Film style = = = In an attempt to imitate the conventions of silent cinema in its infancy , the staging and acting of the film are exaggerated and artificial . The equipment used by Acevedo had limitations , causing the indoor scenes to be underexposed and the outdoor scenes to be overexposed . The Pathé camera did not allow camera movement , had imprecise definition , and dark rendering . The Kodak Ektachrome lacked a large depth of field , producing a flat image , and required good lighting to operate effectively . Overhead shots are most commonly used , with some medium shots and a small number of large shots . = = Conservation = = In 1987 , the documentary Más allá del silencio La tragedia gave an overview of the work done by the Acevedo family . The documentary takes its name from La tragedia del silencio , however it also aimed to commemorate the first sound film of Colombia , Los primeros ensayos de cine parlante nacional , directed by Acevedo in 1937 . The Fundación Patrimonio Fílmico Colombiano is conserving and restoring the first nitrocellulose recordings of Colombian films , as well as some earlier Columbian films . It has been able to preserve 22 minutes and 45 seconds of La tragedia del silencio , at 18 frames per second . In 2009 , the Fundación Patrimonio Fílmico Colombiano announced that it was releasing ten DVDs , including work by the Acevedo family . On 24 August 2009 , the restored version of the film inaugurated the seventh festival of Colombian cinema in Medellín ( Spanish : Festival de Cine Colombiano Ciudad de Medellín ) . = Maverick Hunter = Maverick Hunter is the codename for a cancelled first @-@ person shooter video game that would have been developed by Armature Studio and published by Capcom . It was intended to be a darker entry in the Mega Man X series . Mega Man creator Keiji Inafune was responsible for establishing the western @-@ designed game and Adi Granov was responsible for X 's new design . It was intended to be the first of a trilogy of games , where players controlled its protagonist X in the first two games and then as Zero for the third . The game would have had similar platform elements found in earlier Mega Man X titles . It had a lifespan of about six months in 2010 before it was ultimately cancelled due to the aforementioned internal disagreements around the same time as Inafune departed from Capcom and other Mega Man titles were cancelled . Its design , which critics described as " gritty " and " dark " , produced polarized opinions from fans , critics , and Capcom staff alike . Clint Mize criticized the art style , potential gameplay problems , and the risk associated with competing with first @-@ person shooter games such as Call of Duty , Halo , and Battlefield . Despite the mixed opinion among fans , a fan @-@ led Facebook group and Change.org petition were created called " Operation Maverick Hunter " , which was intended to convince Capcom to revive the project . Granov expressed disappointment with its cancellation . = = Concept and development = = Maverick Hunter was in development by Armature Studio and was to be published by Capcom for the Mega Man X series . The collaboration was established by Mega Man creator Keiji Inafune and the goal was to attract a new audience to the Mega Man series . Its development would have been overseen by former Capcom producer Ben Judd . The redesign for the Mega Man character was to be done by Adi Granov ( the concept artist responsible for the Iron Man redesign found in the 2008 film of the same name ) . An initial concept design showed X with a red glowing ' X ' on his face . Unlike other Mega Man X titles , Maverick Hunter was a first @-@ person shooter . The genre was chosen in response to the rising interest in first @-@ person shooter games in the west . The gameplay would have adhered to core Mega Man X concepts ; the ability to take and utilize the powers of enemies , his dash , and his X @-@ Buster were all to be redesigned . His weapon designs were made to be more realistic than earlier Mega Man X titles . Instead of his arm transforming into a cannon , his armor transforms to create a gun . Additionally , his charged attack would launch a missile instead of launching a larger energy blast . Melee attacks would cause the game to switch to a third @-@ person perspective for the attack . X 's ability to steal abilities from others would have been expanded to allow the combination of abilities and the use of temporary weapons , such as bombs or tank turrets , from fallen enemies . The stolen abilities could also be used to exploit weaknesses in certain enemies . Platform elements such as his wall jump from the Mega Man X games would have been " re @-@ imagined in new ways . " The game was also planned to have branching paths and upgrades to find throughout . Maverick Hunter was going to build upon the mythology and feature characters from the original Mega Man X titles . Capcom Japan was responsible for the design of key story points and twists while the overall plot would be handled by Armature Studio . A source familiar with the game stated that the game would " be like taking an 8 @-@ bit game that doesn 't have a very deep story to it , and then building around it and keeping some of the key pieces intact . " Both Mega Man X and Zero would be featured alongside a new human sidekick who is a " Bruce Willis @-@ like police officer . " The inclusion of the human sidekick was part of the game 's " man versus machine contrast . " It was to be the first of a trilogy of games ; players would control X in the first two games while they would switch to Zero in the third game , who must destroy X ( who had become " incredibly powerful and infinitely intelligent over the course of two games " ) . = = = Cancellation = = = It was ultimately cancelled before it was revealed to the public as one of several recent cancellations in the Mega Man series ( including Mega Man Legends 3 , Mega Man Universe , and Mega Man Online ) . Its lifespan lasted for about six months in 2010 , and was prototyped and playable . Despite positive internal reception , Capcom deemed it a " significant gamble " and cancelled it . Its cancellation coincided with Inafune 's departure from Capcom . The playable version of the game was intended to be a proof of concept more so than a real game . Capcom senior vice president Christian Svensson noted that the game was the subject of " very polarized opinions internally . " Granov expressed disappointment over the cancellation and stated that he was " very happy " with his design work . = = Reception = = The response from critics and fans alike has been mixed . Despite the mixed fan reaction , a fan @-@ led Facebook group and Change.org petition intended to revive the project was created called " Operation Maverick Hunter " . Michael McWhertor and Wes Fenlon felt that - with the information available - the game seemed like a " formula for success . " They compared the direction to that of Metroid Prime by developer Retro Studios ( from which Armature Studio spun off from ) . Thomas Whitehead was also positive about it ; he stated that it could have been a " bold , exciting new direction for the franchise . " Joystiq 's JC Fletcher noted that while Mega Man X didn 't need a " gritty " reboot , it is a better alternative than to have no Mega Man games . Tony Ponce compared the redesign of X to that of Bomberman in Bomberman : Act Zero . He also stated that it was a Mega Man X game " in the very loosest sense . " He felt that the cancellation was for the best and that a " cold , gritty first @-@ person shooter " was not the ideal direction for the series . He compared it to Metroid Prime 's design by noting that the art style did not change much while X 's redesign was " virtually unrecognizable . " He later commented that an early concept design by Adi Granov was " not that bad " if it had no relation to the Mega Man X series . Chris Carter felt that while he didn 't think the series needed a " gritty reboot " , he would have enjoyed it if it was good . Clint Mize wrote an article for MTV.com 's gaming section detailing why Maverick Hunter was a terrible idea . He felt that it could have turned off " core fans " of the Mega Man X series and that X required a " solid core title to reintroduce the character " rather than a " dark reimagining " . He added that the decision to make it a first @-@ person shooter made it feel like it was the product of an " out of touch executive " . He also criticized it due to the risk involved in competing with big FPS games such as Call of Duty , Halo , and Battlefield . He noted that the perspective introduces other problems , such as reduced emphasis on platform segments . Its art design and gameplay have been compared to the video game Vanquish . = Jeriome Robertson = Jeriome Paul Robertson ( March 30 , 1977 – May 29 , 2010 ) was an American left @-@ handed baseball pitcher who played three seasons in Major League Baseball for the Houston Astros and Cleveland Indians . In 51 pitching appearances ( 32 starts ) , Robertson posted a win – loss record of 16 – 12 with a 5 @.@ 71 earned run average and 111 strikeouts in 184 ⅓ innings of work . Robertson attended Exeter High School before being drafted by the Astros in 1995 . He spent the next seven years moving up the minor league system before making his debut in September 2002 . His most productive year was 2003 , where he won 15 games and finished seventh in Rookie of the Year voting . He was traded to the Indians the following year , where he played in eight games before being demoted to the minor leagues . Robertson spent the next few years playing in various Minor League and independent baseball organizations , including the Mexican League , Chinese Professional Baseball League , Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League , and Venezuelan Professional Baseball League . = = High school = = Robertson attended Exeter High School in his hometown of Exeter , California , where he was a standout on the high school baseball team for three seasons . During his senior year , he played in the outfield and first base when he wasn 't pitching . He finished the season with a .427 batting average and 24 runs batted in ( RBI ) , as well as a win – loss record of 9 – 1 and an ERA of 0 @.@ 95 . For his efforts , he was named player of the year by The Fresno Bee and named to the All @-@ State baseball team . The Houston Astros selected Robertson in the 24th round of the 1995 Major League Baseball draft , and he signed a contract with them on August 22 , 1995 . = = Minor league career = = Robertson started his professional baseball career the following season , in 1996 . He spent most of the season with the Gulf Coast League Astros , the rookie @-@ class Astros franchise , where he played alongside future teammate Wade Miller . He also played one game with the Kissimmee Cobras . In 13 pitching appearances with the Astros , all of them starts , Robertson had a record of 5 – 3 , a 1 @.@ 72 ERA , and 98 strikeouts . For the 1997 season , Robertson was promoted to the Quad Cities River Bandits of the Midwest League . In 26 games for the River Bandits , Robertson had a record of 10 – 7 , 135 strikeouts , and an ERA of 4 @.@ 07 . The Astros promoted Robertson in 1998 to the class @-@ A advanced affiliate Kissimmee Cobras of the Florida State League . In 28 games with the Cobras , Robertson pitched 175 total innings . He also had a 10 – 10 record , a 3 @.@ 71 ERA , and 131 strikeouts . He was again promoted the following year to the Jackson Generals of the Texas League . At one point during the season , he went six weeks without earning a victory . He rebounded from the drought and finished the season with a 15 – 7 record and a 3 @.@ 06 ERA ; his 15 wins led all pitchers in the league . After the season ended , the Houston Astros purchased his contract , effectively placing him on the 40 @-@ man roster . Robertson did not play a game for the Astros during the 2000 season , and instead split his season between Kissimmee , the AAA @-@ class New Orleans Zephyrs , and Jackson ; the team was renamed to the Round Rock Express that season . He spent most of his time with the Express , where he was dubbed a " superprospect " during his time there . He won 5 games and lost 10 in 25 combined pitching appearances between the three clubs that year . Robertson spent the entire 2001 season with the Express ; it was the only season of his professional career where he was used solely as a relief pitcher . In 57 appearances totaling just under 75 innings , he had a 5 – 1 record and a 3 @.@ 91 ERA . He was promoted to the Zephyrs for most of the 2002 season , and while he was told he would continue his relief work , he impressed management enough to move back into the starting rotation before the season began . In 27 starts for the Zephyrs , Robertson had a 12 – 8 record , a league @-@ leading 2 @.@ 55 ERA , and 114 strikeouts en route to being named the Pacific Coast League Pitcher of the Year . After the minor league season wrapped up at the end of August , the Astros purchased his contract and placed him on the major league roster . = = Major League Baseball = = Robertson made his MLB debut on September 2 , 2002 against the Texas Rangers . He was starting in place of Roy Oswalt , who was serving a suspension for hitting a batter with a pitch . He allowed two runs in 2 ⅔ innings and got the loss in his only start that year . He got his second decision in a 5 – 2 loss to the San Francisco Giants on September 28 . In the game , the Giants clinched a playoff spot , and Barry Bonds hit a home run off Robertson into McCovey Cove to seal the game for them . He finished the season with a 6 @.@ 52 ERA in 9 ⅔ innings pitched . As the 2003 season began , Robertson was competing alongside Brad Lidge , Kirk Saarloos , and Pete Munro for the final spot in the Astros ' starting rotation . He pitched the entire month of spring training , and when the season began he was granted the final spot in the rotation . Robertson made his season debut on April 3 , and allowed eight earned runs in 4 ⅓ innings , losing the match against the Colorado Rockies 10 – 5 . He got his first career victory on April 10 , allowing two hits in seven innings in a 4 – 2 victory against the Cincinnati Reds . He struggled in his next three starts , and by the end of April Robertson had a 1 – 3 record and an ERA of 7 @.@ 99 , which caused manager Jimy Williams to consider moving him back to the bullpen . After a May 2 matchup against the Atlanta Braves further increased his ERA , Robertson was demoted to the minor leagues , but only played with the Zephyrs for one game before being placed back on the major league roster ten days later . In a May 22 matchup against the St. Louis Cardinals , Robertson allowed one run and four hits in a 5 – 2 victory ; after the game , catcher Gregg Zaun said that it was " absolutely the best he 's thrown . " After the win against the Cardinals , Robertson won his next two starts , then he had three more matchups with a no @-@ decision . Robertson continued to win games over the following months , and on July 22 , he won a match against the Pittsburgh Pirates , 2 – 0 . In the game , Robertson allowed three hits in what was his ninth victory in a row without a loss , as well as his sixth victory in his past six starts for Houston . His streak ended on July 27 , as he only lasted 1 ⅔ innings in a 5 – 3 loss to the Chicago Cubs in what was at the time the shortest start of his major league career . A month later , Robertson broke the team record for most victories by a left @-@ handed rookie pitcher when he notched his 13th win against the Los Angeles Dodgers on September 2 . His last start of the season on September 26 , however , was his worst ; he only pitched a third of an inning , allowed three earned runs , and threw 7 of 18 pitches for strikes as the Milwaukee Brewers won , 12 – 5 . Robertson finished the 2003 season with 15 victories , 9 losses , a 5 @.@ 10 ERA , and 99 strikeouts . He also finished in seventh place for the Rookie of the Year Award . Before the 2004 season began , the Houston Astros signed Andy Pettitte to boost their starting rotation . As a result , Robertson found himself battling with Tim Redding , Jared Fernandez , Carlos Hernández and Brandon Duckworth for the final spot in the rotation . After Roger Clemens was signed as well , the Astros decided before spring training began that Robertson would pitch out of the bullpen for the season . By the end of spring training , Robertson failed to crack the bullpen , and was to be demoted to the Zephyrs . On March 31 , just before the season started , the Astros traded Robertson to the Cleveland Indians for Luke Scott and Willy Taveras . Robertson originally pitched for the Buffalo Bisons , the Indians ' AAA @-@ class affiliate in the minor leagues . He played with them for the first three months of the season , with the exception of one game on April 20 against the Kansas City Royals . In 14 appearances with Buffalo , 12 of them starts , Robertson had a 4 – 5 record with a 7 @.@ 27 ERA . The Indians called Robertson up to the major league roster on June 25 after placing Rafael Betancourt on the disabled list . In eight games for the Indians , Robertson had a record of 1 – 1 and a 12 @.@ 21 ERA . In his final appearance in the major leagues , a July 21 game against the Chicago White Sox , Robertson was ejected after hitting Magglio Ordóñez with a pitch in the fifth inning . = = Later years = = After being demoted back to Buffalo , the Indians traded Robertson on August 3 to the Montreal Expos for Pierre @-@ Luc Marceau . He pitched in seven games for the Edmonton Trappers to end the season , finishing with a 1 – 3 record and a 5 @.@ 73 ERA . He was on the Expos ' 40 @-@ man roster for September , but did not play a game for them , and in October he was removed from the roster . In November , the Cincinnati Reds signed him to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training . During spring training in 2005 , Robertson competed with Aaron Harang , Brandon Claussen , Luke Hudson , and Josh Hancock for two spots in the Reds ' rotation . At the end of spring training , he was assigned to the Reds ' minor league squad , the Louisville Bats . Robertson spent the season there , pitching in 28 games , 18 of them starts , and ended the year with a 5 – 11 record and a 5 @.@ 46 ERA . After the season ended , Robertson was released , becoming a free agent . In March 2006 , Robertson signed with the Newark Bears of the independent Atlantic League . He pitched in two games for them , then on May 10 his contract was sold to the New York Mets . He spent the next couple months pitching for the Mets ' minor league team , the Norfolk Tides , where he pitched in 11 games , finishing with a 1 – 6 record and a 7 @.@ 68 ERA . After being released from the Mets , Robertson spent the rest of the season pitching for the Uni @-@ President Lions of the Chinese Professional Baseball League . Robertson re @-@ signed with the Newark Bears in 2007 . For the season , he pitched in 14 games and went 5 – 5 with a 4 @.@ 89 ERA . At the end of June , the Bears sold Robertson 's contract to the Rieleros de Aguascalientes of the Mexican League . After a month there , in which he pitched four games , going 1 – 3 with a 5 @.@ 54 ERA , he returned to Newark to finish the season with the Bears , in what was his last professional baseball appearance . Two years after leaving baseball , on May 29 , 2010 , Robertson died in Exeter , California after losing control of his motorcycle . According to the Visalia Times @-@ Delta , Robertson was taking a turn on his motorcycle at an estimated 70 mph when he lost control of his bike . = Objection ( Tango ) = " Objection ( Tango ) " is a song recorded by Colombian singer @-@ songwriter Shakira for her fifth studio album and first English @-@ language album Laundry Service ( 2001 ) . It was the first song Shakira wrote in English after being encouraged by American singer Gloria Estefan to record material in the language . She also produced the track along with Lester Mendez . " Objection ( Tango ) " musically combines elements of pop rock and tango , and contains instrumentation from the bandoneón and guitar . Through the lyrics of the song , Shakira aims to end a love triangle she is a part of . The song was released as the third single from the album on 6 July 2002 . A Spanish version of the song , entitled " Te Aviso , Te Anuncio ( Tango ) " ( " I 'm Warning You , I 'm Telling You " ) , was also recorded by the singer . Upon its release , " Objection ( Tango ) " received generally favourable reviews from music critics , some of whom found it similar to the work of American new wave band The B @-@ 52 's . Commercially , " Objection ( Tango ) " was a success and peaked inside the top ten of record charts of various countries such as Australia , Belgium , Italy , Netherlands and France . The song became the last single from the album to chart in the United Kingdom and on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States , reaching numbers 17 and 55 , respectively . " Te Aviso , Te Anuncio ( Tango ) " charted inside the top ten of the US Billboard Latin Pop Airplay and Latin Tropical / Salsa Airplay charts . " Objection ( Tango ) " was certified platinum and gold in Australia and France by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) and Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) , respectively . An accompanying music video for " Objection ( Tango ) " was directed by Dave Meyers and features Shakira fighting her unfaithful lover and his mistress in a club . A segment of the video is rendered in an animated cartoon @-@ form . For additional promotion , Shakira performed a samba @-@ inspired version of the song at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards . It was also included in the setlist of the Tour of the Mongoose , which was launched to promote Laundry Service . " Objection ( Tango ) " was also used in a Pepsi commercial featuring Shakira . = = Background = = In 1998 , Shakira released her second major label studio album Dónde Están los Ladrones ? ( Where Are the Thieves ? ) , which became an immense success in Latin America and received multi @-@ platinum record certifications in various countries like Argentia , Colombia , Chile , Mexico and Spain . The rock en Español @-@ influenced latin pop album drew comparisons to the work of Canadian @-@ American singer songwriter Alanis Morissette and " cracked the lucrative US market wide open " , spending a total of 11 weeks atop the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart . It became Shakira 's first album to receive a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Dónde Están los Ladrones ? spawned the Arabian @-@ styled single " Ojos Así " ( " Eyes Like Yours " ) , which became a hit and was deemed the " signature track " of the album . American singer Gloria Estefan , whose husband Emilio Estefan was managing Shakira at that time , felt that Shakira had the potential to crossover into the mainstream pop industry . However , Shakira was initially hesitant to record songs in English as it was not her first language , so Estefan offered to translate " Ojos Así " into English in order to show her that " it could translate well . " Shakira then began translating the song herself and showed it to Estefan , who responded " Quite honestly , I can 't do this better ! . " As Shakira wanted to have full control over her recordings , she decided to learn English better to enable her to write her own songs . Wanting to " find a way to express my ideas and my feelings , my day @-@ to @-@ day stories in English " , Shakira bought rhyming dictionaries , started analysing the lyrics of songs by Bob Dylan , reading poetry and the work of authors like Leonard Cohen and Walt Whitman and took English lessons from a private tutor . " Objection ( Tango ) " became the first song Shakira wrote in English and in an interview with Faze , she talked about the writing process of the song , saying " I prayed and asked God to send me a good song today , and I remember I started writing the song [ ' Objection ( Tango ) ' ] a couple of hours after . I wrote the music and lyrics at the same time , and when that happens it 's really magical to me . " Shakira also wrote and recorded a Spanish @-@ version of the song entitled " Te Aviso , Te Anuncio ( Tango ) " . " Objection ( Tango ) " was released as the third single from Laundry Service in a promotional CD single format on 6 July 2002 . It was later released on 27 August as a CD single featuring the previous single from the album " Underneath Your Clothes " as the B side . = = Composition = = " Objection ( Tango ) " was written by Shakira and co @-@ produced by the singer along with Lester Mendez . It is a combination of pop rock and tango , a style of fast @-@ paced ballroom dance music that originated in Argentina and Uruguay . According to the sheet music of " Objection ( Tango ) " published at MusicNotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , it is written in the key of B minor and has a half note metronome of 66 beats per minute . Shakira 's vocal range spans from E3 to B4 . The song contains instrumentation from the bandoneón , which is played at a " breakneck speed , " and also features a " twanging " guitar solo . Lyrically , " Objection ( Tango ) " is dramatic and humorous in approach and focuses on an angered Shakira ordering her love interest to choose between her and his other leading lady ; it was said to be a feminist anthem and a " hell @-@ hath @-@ no @-@ fury it 's @-@ her @-@ or @-@ me steam train " . It contains a line in which Shakira asserts to her lover that " Next to her cheap silicon I look minimal / That ’ s why in front of your eyes I look minimal / But you gotta know small things also count , " which a critic commented was a " brave statement in these days of suspiciously ripe teenybop flesh peddlers . " During the bridge of the song , Shakira delivers rap @-@ like vocals and instructs her lover to end the love triangle , declaring that " Tango is not for three , was never meant to be . " = = Critical reception = = Alex Henderson from AllMusic selected the song as one of the highlights from Laundry Service and commented that " [ Shakira ] successfully combines pop / rock with [ ... ] tango on ' Objection ( Tango ) ' . " Chuck Taylor from Billboard gave it a very positive review , praising Shakira 's vocal delivery , the spoken bridge , and its radio @-@ friendly sound , saying that it is " perfectly timed for the singalong days of summer and adds fuel to the bonfire that this amiable talent [ Shakira ] has ignited . " The critic compared " Objection ( Tango ) " to Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin 's song " Livin ' la Vida Loca " , and the work of American new wave band The B @-@ 52 's . Alexis Petridis from The Guardian picked " Objection ( Tango ) " as an example of Shakira 's unusual style of production and opined that it " sounds like the B @-@ 52 's jamming with a wedding reception combo [ sic ] . " Matt Cibula from PopMatters complimented Shakira 's songwriting and termed the song a " fine rockcraft with drama and a sense of humor . " The critic too enjoyed the bridge of the song , saying " the little growly semi @-@ rap break at the end is fun as hell . " Lisa Oliver from Yahoo ! Music , however , felt the song was on the " mingers side " of the album . At the 18th Annual International Dance Music Awards ceremony in 2003 , " Objection ( Tango ) " was nominated for " Best Latin Dance Track " , but lost to Mexican singer Thalía 's song " Dance Dance ( The Mexican ) " . Shakira and Mendez won a BMI Latin Award in 2003 for their composition of " Te Aviso , Te Anuncio ( Tango ) " , the Spanish @-@ language version of the song . " Te Aviso , Te Anuncio ( Tango ) " was also nominated for " Best Rock Song " at the 2003 Latin Grammy Awards , but lost to Colombian musician Juanes 's song Mala Gente " . = = Commercial performance = = Although it was not a commercial success as big as the previous singles from the album , " Whenever , Wherever " and " Underneath Your Clothes " , " Objection ( Tango ) " performed well on record charts nevertheless . In the Dutch @-@ speaking Flanders region of Belgium , it became Shakira 's third consecutive top ten hit after it peaked at number nine on the Ultratop chart . Similarly , it became her third consecutive top ten in the French @-@ speaking Wallonia region of the country after it peaked at number eight . " Objection ( Tango ) " debuted at number 31 on the French Singles Chart and peaked at number ten for two weeks . It charted for a total of 24 weeks and was certified gold by the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) for sales of 250 @,@ 000 units . In Hungary , the song topped the national airplay chart . It appeared on the chart for a total of 54 weeks and thus became Shakira 's longest charting song in the country . After debuting at number 11 on the Italian Singles Chart , " Objection ( Tango ) " peaked at number six and charted for a total of 17 weeks . In Netherlands , the song entered the Dutch Top 40 chart at a low chart position of 48 but leaped to number 12 the following week . It later peaked at number five and spent a total of 20 weeks on the chart . " Objection ( Tango ) " debuted at number ten on the Norwegian Singles Chart and peaked at number eight two weeks later . The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Norway ( IFPI Norway ) certified it gold for sales of 5 @,@ 000 units . In Sweden , the song made a high entry on the Sverigetopplistan chart at number nine and peaked at number seven . It lasted for a total of 17 weeks on the chart . " Objection ( Tango ) " became the last single from the album to chart in the United Kingdom , where it peaked at number 17 on the UK Singles Chart . It also became Shakira 's first single to miss charting inside the top ten in the country . " Objection ( Tango ) " became a hit in Australia , where it debuted and peaked at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart for three weeks . It was kept from attaining the top position by Canadian singer Avril Lavigne 's song " Complicated " and later by German techno band Scooter 's " The Logical Song " . Its total stay on the chart lasted for 18 weeks . " Objection ( Tango ) " was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 70 @,@ 000 units . It became the third consecutive single from the album to attain platinum status in the country . The single also performed well in New Zealand and peaked at number eight on the RIANZ singles chart . The song performed moderately well in the United States . It became the last single from Laundry Service to appear on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on which it peaked at number 55 . The song also peaked at numbers 21 and 25 on the Top 40 Mainstream and Hot Dance Club Songs charts , respectively . " Te Aviso , Te Anuncio ( Tango ) " charted on the Latin record charts , peaking at number 16 on the Hot Latin Songs chart . It performed better on the Latin Pop Airplay and Latin Tropical / Salsa Airplay charts , reaching numbers seven and ten , respectively . = = Music video = = The accompanying music video for " Objection ( Tango ) " was directed by Dave Meyers and choreographed by Tina Landon . It begins with Shakira and her love interest doing tango in a bar @-@ like setting , starting with a low paced routine . The tango becomes faster and more intricate as the opening beat of the song kicks in . Shakira 's love interest exits the bar abruptly , leaving her alone to dance to the song . She follows the man in a yellow car and arrives at a club where she sees him with another woman , played by Hawaiian actress Tabitha Taylor . An animated cartoon @-@ styled sequence follows as Shakira jumps over the crowd and fights her unfaithful lover and Taylor . While wrestling the latter , Shakira pinches both of her nipples and her breasts are shown to reduce in size as the line " Next to her cheap silicon I look minimal " plays . After Shakira defeats the man , the animated sequence ends and the fight is shown to happen only in Shakira 's imagination . When she tries to fight the man and Taylor in reality , she is quickly defeated and crashes into a glass table . Two men resembling comical superheroes , one of whom is played by Dan Southworth , appear to her aid and quickly defeat the man , while Shakira defeats Taylor . The two are shown gagged up in the boot of Shakira 's car and are then tied up on spinning discs . The discs rotate faster and faster until they come off and are sent flying off at a high speed . Scenes of Shakira dancing at the bar and performing the song with a band are interspersed throughout the video . The music video reached number one on the Total Request Live chart . = = Live performances and usage in media = = On 29 August 2002 , Shakira performed " Objection ( Tango ) " at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards in New York City . Instead of tango , the performance of the song was inspired by samba and featured a large number of percussionists on the stage . Shakira incorporated belly dancing moves in her choreography and near to the end of the performance , she fell backward into the crowd and " was delivered back to the stage quickly enough not to miss a single line . " Jon Wiederhorn from MTV praised Shakira 's stage presence and called her belly dancing routine " seductive . " " Objection ( Tango ) " was included in the setlist of Tour of the Mongoose , Shakira 's first worldwide tour that was launched in support of Laundry Service . Similar to the MTV Video Music Awards , a samba @-@ oriented version of the song was performed and it was the final performance before the encore segment . The performance boasted instrumentation from numerous bongo drums . Corey Moss from MTV opined that it " featured Shakira 's best belly dancing yet " and " had the audience screaming for an encore . " Steve Baltin from Rolling Stone selected the performance of the song as one of the highlights of the show , saying " surrounding herself with bongo drums during " Objection ( Tango ) " [ ... ] she embodied all the glitz and glamour of good old @-@ fashioned rock & roll . " At the 2011 Latin Grammy Awards ceremony , Spanish music duo Estopa performed a live cover of the song in rumba as part of the Latin Grammys tribute to Shakira , where she was honored Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year . As part of her global sponsorship and advertising agreement with American multinational food and beverage corporation PepsiCo to promote their carbonated soft drink Pepsi , Shakira starred in a television commercial for the brand 's " Dare For More " campaign . The commercial was released in 2004 and shows Shakira dancing to " Objection ( Tango ) " with a clerk in a convenience store . = = Track listing = = = = Charts = = = Megalosaurus = Megalosaurus ( meaning " Great Lizard " , from Greek μέγας , megas , meaning ' big ' , ' tall ' or ' great ' and σαῦρος , sauros , meaning ' lizard ' ) is a genus of large meat @-@ eating theropod dinosaurs of the Middle Jurassic period ( Bathonian stage , 166 million years ago ) of Southern England . Although fossils from other areas have been assigned to the genus , the only certain remains of Megalosaurus come from the late Middle Jurassic of the Oxfordshire . The earliest possible fossils of the genus came from the Taynton Limestone Formation . One of these was the lower part of a femur , discovered in the 17th century . It was originally described by Robert Plot as a thighbone of a Roman war elephant , and then as a biblical giant . The first scientific name given for it , in the 18th century , was Scrotum humanum , created by Richard Brookes as a caption ; however , this is not considered valid today . Megalosaurus was , in 1824 , the first genus of non @-@ avian dinosaur to be validly named . The type species is Megalosaurus bucklandii , named in 1827 . In 1842 , Megalosaurus was one of three genera on which Richard Owen based his Dinosauria . On Owen 's directions a model was made as one of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs , which greatly increased the public interest for prehistoric reptiles . Subsequently , over fifty other species would be classified under the genus , originally because dinosaurs were not well known , but even during the 20th century after many dinosaurs had been discovered . Today it is understood these additional species were not directly related to M. bucklandii , which is the only true Megalosaurus species . Because a complete skeleton of it has never been found , much is still unclear about its build . The first naturalists who investigated Megalosaurus mistook it for a gigantic lizard of twenty metres length . In 1842 , Owen concluded that it was no longer than nine metres , standing on upright legs . He still thought it was a quadruped , though . Modern scientists , by comparing Megalosaurus with its direct relatives in the Megalosauridae , were able to obtain a more accurate picture . Megalosaurus was about seven metres long , weighing about 1 @.@ 1 tonnes . It was bipedal , walking on stout hindlimbs , its horizontal torso balanced by a horizontal tail . Its forelimbs were short , though very robust . Megalosaurus had a rather large head , equipped with long curved teeth . It was generally a robust and heavily muscled animal . = = Discovery and naming = = = = = " Scrotum humanum " = = = Megalosaurus may have been the first dinosaur , apart from modern birds , to be described in the scientific literature . Part of a bone was recovered from the Taynton Limestone Formation of Stonesfield limestone quarry , Oxfordshire in 1676 . Sir Thomas Pennyson gave the fragment to Robert Plot , Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford and first curator of the Ashmolean Museum , who published a description and illustration in his Natural History of Oxfordshire in 1676 . It was the first illustration of a dinosaur bone published . Plot correctly identified the bone as the lower extremity of the thighbone or femur of a large animal and he recognized that it was too large to belong to any species known to be living in England . He therefore at first concluded it to be the thighbone of a Roman war elephant and later that of a giant human , such as those mentioned in the Bible . The bone has since been lost , but the illustration is detailed enough that some have since identified it as that of Megalosaurus . It has also been argued that this possible Megalosaurus bone was given the very first species name ever applied to an extinct dinosaur . Plot 's engraving of the Cornwell bone was again used in a book by Richard Brookes in 1763 . Brookes , in a caption , called it " Scrotum Humanum , " apparently comparing its appearance to a pair of " human testicles " . In 1970 , paleontologist Lambert Beverly Halstead pointed out that the similarity of Scrotum humanum to a modern species name , a so @-@ called Linnaean " binomen " that has two parts , was not a coincidence . Linnaeus , the founder of modern taxonomy , had in the eighteenth century not merely devised a system for naming living creatures , but also for classifying geological objects . The book by Brookes was all about applying this latter system to curious stones found in England . According to Halstead , Brookes thus had deliberately used binomial nomenclature , and had in fact indicated the possible type specimen of a new biological genus . According to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN ) , the name Scrotum humanum in principle had priority over Megalosaurus because it was published first . That Brookes understood that the stone did not actually represent of pair of petrified testicles , was irrelevant . Merely the fact that the name had not been used in subsequent literature meant that it could be removed from competition for priority , because the ICZN states that if a name has never been considered valid after 1899 , it can be made a nomen oblitum , an invalid " forgotten name " . In 1993 , after the death of Halstead , his friend William A.S. Sarjeant submitted a petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to formally suppress the name Scrotum in favour of Megalosaurus . He wrote that the supposed junior synonym Megalosaurus bucklandii should be made a conserved name to ensure its priority . However , the Executive Secretary of the ICZN at the time , Philip K. Tubbs , did not consider the petition to be admissible , concluding that the term " Scrotum humanum " , published merely as a label for an illustration , did not constitute the valid creation of a new name , and stated that there was no evidence it was ever intended as such . Furthermore , the partial femur was too incomplete to definitely be referred to Megalosaurus and not a different , contemporary theropod . = = = Buckland 's research = = = During the last part of the eighteenth century , the number of fossils in British collections quickly increased . According to an hypothesis published by science historian Robert William Theodor Gunther in 1925 , among them was a partial lower jaw of Megalosaurus , acquired in October 1797 by Christopher Pegge for 10s.6d. and added to the collection of the Anatomy School of Christ Church college . In the early nineteenth century , more discoveries were made . In 1815 , John Kidd reported the find of bones of giant tetrapods , again at the Stonesfield quarry . The layers there are currently considered part of the Taynton Limestone Formation , dating to the mid @-@ Bathonian stage of the Jurassic Period . The bones were apparently acquired by William Buckland , Professor of Geology at the University of Oxford and dean of Christ Church . Buckland also studied a lower jaw , according to Gunther the one bought by Pegge . Buckland did not know to what animal the bones belonged but , in 1818 , after the Napoleonic Wars , the French comparative anatomist Georges Cuvier visited Buckland in Oxford and realised that they were those of a giant lizard @-@ like creature . Buckland further studied the remains with his friend William Conybeare who in 1821 referred to them as the " Huge Lizard " . In 1822 Buckland and Conybeare , in a joint article to be included in Cuvier 's Ossemens , intended to provide scientific names for both gigantic lizard @-@ like creatures known at the time : the remains found near Maastricht would be named Mosasaurus – then seen as a land @-@ dwelling animal – while for the British lizard Conybeare had devised the name Megalosaurus , from the Greek μέγας , megas , " large " . That year a publication failed to occur , but the physician James Parkinson already in 1822 announced the name Megalosaurus , illustrating one of the teeth and revealing the creature was forty feet long and eight feet high . It is generally considered the name in 1822 was still a nomen nudum ( " naked name " ) . Buckland , urged on by an impatient Cuvier , continued to work on the subject during 1823 , letting his later wife Mary Morland provide drawings of the bones , that were to be the basis of illustrating lithographies . Finally , on 20 February 1824 , during the same meeting of the Geological Society of London in which Conybeare described a very complete specimen of Plesiosaurus , Buckland formally announced Megalosaurus . The descriptions of the bones in the Transactions of the Geological Society , in 1824 , constitute a valid publication of the name . Megalosaurus was the first non @-@ avian dinosaur genus named ; the first of which the remains had with certainty been scientifically described was Streptospondylus , in 1808 by Cuvier . By 1824 , the material available to Buckland consisted of specimen OUM J13505 , a piece of a right lower jaw with a single erupted tooth ; OUM J13577 , a posterior dorsal vertebra ; OUM J13579 , an anterior caudal vertebra ; OUM J13576 , a sacrum of five sacral vertebrae ; OUM J13585 , a cervical rib ; OUM J13580 , a rib ; OUM J29881 , an ilium of the pelvis , OUM J13563 , a piece of the pubic bone ; OUM J13565 , a part of the ischium ; OUM J13561 , a thighbone and OUM J13572 , the lower part of a second metatarsal . As he himself was aware , these did not all belong to the same individual ; only the sacrum was articulated . Because they represented several individuals , the described fossils formed a syntype series . By modern standards , from these a single specimen has to be selected to serve as the type specimen on which the name is based . In 1990 , Ralph Molnar chose the famous dentary ( front part of the lower jaw ) , OUM J13505 , as such a lectotype . Because he was unaccustomed to the deep dinosaurian pelvis , much taller than with typical reptiles , Buckland misidentified several bones , interpreting the pubic bone as a fibula and mistaking the ischium for a clavicle . Buckland identified the organism as being a giant animal belonging to the Sauria – the Lizards , at the time seen as including the crocodiles – and he placed it in the new genus Megalosaurus , repeating an estimate by Cuvier that the largest pieces he described , indicated an animal twelve metres long in life . = = = Etymology = = = Buckland had not provided a specific name , as was not uncommon in the early nineteenth century , when the genus was still seen as the more essential concept . In 1826 , Ferdinand von Ritgen gave this dinosaur a complete binomial , Megalosaurus conybeari , which however was not much used by later authors and is now considered a nomen oblitum . A year later , in 1827 , Gideon Mantell included Megalosaurus in his geological survey of southeastern England , and assigned the species its current valid binomial name , Megalosaurus bucklandii . Until recently , the form Megalosaurus bucklandi was often used , a variant first published in 1832 by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer – and sometimes erroneously ascribed to von Ritgen – but the more original M. bucklandii has priority . = = = Later finds of Megalosaurus bucklandii = = = The quarries at Stonesfield , which were worked until 1911 , continued to produce Megalosaurus bucklandii fossils , mostly single bones from the pelvis and hindlimbs . Vertebrae and skull bones are rare . In 2010 , Roger Benson counted a total of 103 specimens from the Stonesfield Slate , from a minimum of seven individuals . It has been contentious whether this material represents just a single taxon . In 2004 , Julia Day and Paul Barrett claimed that there were two morphotypes present , based on small differences in the thighbones . In 2008 Benson favoured this idea , but in 2010 concluded the differences were illusory . A maxilla fragment , specimen OUM J13506 , was , in 1869 assigned , by Thomas Huxley , to M. bucklandii . In 1992 Robert Thomas Bakker claimed it represented a member of the Sinraptoridae ; in 2007 , Darren Naish thought it was a separate species belonging to the Abelisauroidea . In 2010 , Benson pointed out that the fragment was basically indistinguishable from other known M. bucklandii maxillae , to which it had in fact not been compared by the other authors . Apart from the finds in the Taynton Limestone Formation , in 1939 Sidney Hugh Reynolds referred remains to Megalosaurus that had been found in the older Chipping Norton Limestone Formation dating from the early Bathonian , about thirty single teeth and bones . Though the age disparity makes it problematic to assume an identity with Megalosaurus bucklandii , in 2009 Benson could not establish any relevant anatomical differences with M. bucklandii among the remains found at one site , the New Park Quarry , and therefore affirmed the reference to that species . However , in another site , the Oakham Quarry , the material contained one bone , an ilium , that was clearly dissimilar . Sometimes trace fossils have been referred to Megalosaurus or to the ichnogenus Megalosauripus . In 1997 , a famous group of fossilised footprints ( ichnites ) was found in a limestone quarry at Ardley , twenty kilometres northeast of Oxford . They were thought to have been made by Megalosaurus and possibly also some left by Cetiosaurus . There are replicas of some of these footprints , set across the lawn of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History . One track was of a theropod accelerating from walking to running . According to Benson , such referrals are unprovable , as the tracks show no traits unique to Megalosaurus . Certainly they should be limited to finds that are of the same age as Megalosaurus bucklandii . Finds from sites outside England , especially in France , have in the nineteenth and twentieth century been referred to M. bucklandii . In 2010 Benson considered these as either clearly different or too fragmentary to establish an identity . In 2014 , fossils from the Philippines were identified as dinosaurian in nature , and American palaeontologist John J. Flynn suspected that they belonged to Megalosaurus . = = Description = = = = = Early reconstructions = = = The first reconstruction was given by Buckland himself . He considered Megalosaurus to be a quadruped . He thought it was an " amphibian " , i.e. an animal capable of both swimming in the sea and walking on land . Generally , in his mind Megalosaurus resembled a gigantic lizard , but Buckland already understood from the form of the thighbone head that the legs were not so much sprawling as held rather upright . In the original description of 1824 , Buckland repeated Cuvier 's size estimate that Megalosaurus would have been forty feet long with the weight of a seven foot tall elephant . However , this had been based on the remains present at Oxford . Buckland had also been hurried into naming his new reptile by a visit he had made to the fossil collection of Mantell , who during the lecture announced to have acquired a fossil thighbone of enormous magnitude , twice as long as that just described . Today , this is known to have belonged to Iguanodon , or at least some iguanodontid , but at the time both men assumed this bone belonged to Megalosaurus also . Even taking into account the effects of allometry , heavier animals having relatively stouter bones , Buckland was forced in the printed version of his lecture to estimate the maximum length of Megalosaurus at sixty to seventy feet . The existence of Megalosaurus posed some problems for christian orthodoxy , which typically held that suffering and death had only come into the world through Original Sin , which seemed irreconcilable with the presence of a gigantic devouring reptile during a pre @-@ Adamitic phase of history . Buckland rejected the usual solution , that such carnivores would originally have been peaceful vegetarians , as infantile and claimed in one of the Bridgewater Treatises that Megalosaurus had played a beneficial rôle in creation by ending the lives of old and ill animals , " to diminish the aggregate amount of animal suffering " . Around 1840 , it became fashionable in England to espouse the concept of the transmutation of species as part of a general progressive development through time , as expressed in the work of Robert Chambers . In reaction , on 2 August 1841 Richard Owen during a lecture to the British Association for the Advancement of Science claimed that certain prehistoric reptilian groups had already attained the organisational level of present mammals , implying there had been no progress . Owen presented three examples of such higher level reptiles : Iguanodon , Hylaeosaurus and Megalosaurus . For these , the " lizard model " was entirely abandoned : they would have had an upright stance and a high metabolism . This also meant that earlier size estimates had been exaggerated . By simply adding the known length of the vertebrae , instead of extrapolating from a lizard , Owen arrived at a total body length for Megalosaurus of thirty feet . In the printed version of the lecture published in 1842 , Owen united the three reptiles into a separate group : the Dinosauria . Megalosaurus was thus one of the three original dinosaurs . In 1852 , Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins was commissioned to build a life @-@ sized concrete model of Megalosaurus for the exhibition of prehistoric animals at the Crystal Palace Park in Sydenham , where it remains to this day . Hawkins worked under the direction of Owen and the statue reflected Owen 's ideas that Megalosaurus would have been a mammal @-@ like quadruped . The sculpture in Crystal Palace Park shows a conspicuous hump on the shoulders and it has been suggested this was inspired by a set of high vertebral spines acquired by Owen in the early 1850s . Today , they are seen as a separate genus Becklespinax , but Owen referred them to Megalosaurus . The models at the exhibition created a general public awareness for the first time , at least in England , that ancient reptiles had existed . The presumption that carnivorous dinosaurs , like Megalosaurus , were quadrupeds was first challenged by the find of Compsognathus in 1859 . That , however , was a very small animal , the significance of which for gigantic forms could be denied . In 1870 , near Oxford , the type specimen of Eustreptospondylus was discovered - the first reasonably intact skeleton of a large theropod . It was clearly bipedal . Shortly afterwards , John Phillips created the first public display of a theropod skeleton in Oxford , arranging the known Megalosaurus bones , held by recesses in cardboard sheets , in a more or less natural position . During the 1870s , North American discoveries of large theropods , like Allosaurus , confirmed that they were bipedal . The Oxford University Museum of Natural History display contains most of the specimens from the original description by Buckland . = = = Modern description = = = = = = = Diagnosis = = = = For decades after its discovery , Megalosaurus was seen by researchers as the definitive or typical large carnivorous dinosaur . As a result , it began to function as a wastebasket taxon , and many large or small carnivorous dinosaurs from Europe and elsewhere were assigned to the genus . This slowly changed during the 20th century , when it became common to restrict the genus to fossils found in the middle Jurassic of England . Further restriction occurred in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , researchers such as Ronan Allain and Dan Chure suggesting that the Stonesfield Slate fossils perhaps belonged to several , possibly not directly related , species of theropod dinosaur . Subsequent research seemed to confirm this hypothesis , and the genus Megalosaurus and species M. bucklandii became generally regarded as limited to the taxon having produced the lectotype , the dentary of the lower jaw . Furthermore , several researchers failed to find any characteristics in that jaw that could be used to distinguish Megalosaurus from its relatives , which would mean the genus were a nomen dubium . However , a comprehensive study by Roger Benson and colleagues in 2008 , and several related analyses published in subsequent years , overturned the previous consensus by identifying several autapomorphies , or unique distinguishing characteristics , in the lower jaw that could be used to separate Megalosaurus from other megalosaurids . Various distinguishing traits of the lower jaw have been established . The longitudinal groove on the outer surface of the dentary is wide . The third tooth socket of the dentary is not enlarged . Seen from above , the dentary is straight without an expanded jaw tip . The interdental plates , reinforcing the teeth from behind , of the lower jaw are tall . Benson also concluded it would be most parsimonious to assume that the Stonesfield Slate material represents a single species . If so , several additional distinctive traits can be observed in other parts of the skeleton . The low vertical ridge on the outer side of the ilium , above the hip joint , shows parallel vertical grooves . The bony skirts between the shafts of the ischia are thick and touch each other forming an almost flat surface . There is a boss present on the lower outer side of the ischium shaft with a rough surface . The underside of the second sacral vertebra has an angular longitudinal keel . A ridge on the upper side of the third metatarsal connected to a groove in the side of the second metatarsal . The middle of the front edge of the scapula forms a thin crest . = = = = Skeleton = = = = Since the first finds , many other Megalosaurus bones have been recovered ; however , no complete skeleton has yet been found . Therefore , the details of its physical appearance cannot be certain . However , a full osteology of all known material was published in 2010 by Benson . = = = = = Size = = = = = Traditionally , most texts , following Owen 's estimate of 1841 , give a body length of thirty feet or nine metres for Megalosaurus . The lack of an articulated dorsal vertebral series makes it difficult to determine an exact size . David Bruce Norman in 1984 thought Megalosaurus was seven to eight metres long . Gregory S. Paul in 1988 estimated the weight tentatively at 1 @.@ 1 tonnes , given a thighbone seventy @-@ six centimetres long . The trend in the early twenty @-@ first century to limit the material to the lectotype inspired even lower estimates , disregarding outliers of uncertain identity . Paul in 2010 stated Megalosaurus was six metres long and seven hundred kilogrammes heavy . However , the same year Benson claimed that Megalosaurus , though medium @-@ sized , was still among the largest of Middle Jurassic theropods . Specimen BMNH 31806 , a thighbone 803 millimetres long , would indicate a body weight of 943 kilogrammes , using the extrapolation method of J.F. Anderson — which method , optimised for mammals , tends to underestimate theropod masses by at least a third . Furthermore , thighbone specimen OUM J13561 has a length of about eighty @-@ six centimetres . = = = = = General build = = = = = In general , Megalosaurus had the typical build of a large theropod . It was bipedal , the horizontal torso being balanced by a long horizontal tail . The hindlimbs were long and strong with three forward @-@ facing weight @-@ bearing toes , the forelimbs relatively short but exceptionally robust and probably carrying three digits . Being a carnivore , its large elongated head bore long dagger @-@ like teeth to slice the flesh of its prey . The skeleton of Megalosaurus is highly ossified , indicating a robust and muscular animal , though the lower leg was not as heavily built as that of Torvosaurus , a close relative . = = = = = Skull and lower jaws = = = = = The skull of Megalosaurus is poorly known . The discovered skull elements are generally rather large in relation to the rest of the material . This can either be coincidental or indicate that Megalosaurus had an uncommonly large head . The praemaxilla is not known , making it impossible to determine whether the snout profile was curved or rectangular . A rather stubby snout is suggested by the fact that the front branch of the maxilla was short . In the depression around the antorbital fenestra to the front , a smaller non @-@ piercing hollowing can be seen that is probably homologous to the fenestra maxillaris . The maxilla bears thirteen teeth . The teeth are relatively large , with a crown length up to seven centimetres . The teeth are supported from behind by tall , triangular , unfused interdental plates . The cutting edges bear eighteen to twenty denticula per centimetre . The tooth formula is probably 4 , 13 – 14 / 13 – 14 . The jugal bone is pneumatised , pierced by a large foramen from the direction of the antorbital fenestra . It was probably hollowed out by an outgrowth of an air sac in the nasal bone . Such a level of pneumatisation of the jugal is not known from other megalosaurids and might represent a separate autapomorphy . The lower jaw is rather robust . It is also straight in top view , without much expansion at the jaw tip , suggesting the lower jaws as a pair , the mandibula , were narrow . Several traits in 2008 identified as autapomorphies , later transpired to have been the result of damage . However , a unique combination of traits is present in the wide longitudinal groove on the outer side ( shared with Torvosaurus ) , the small third dentary tooth and a vascular channel , below the row of interdental plates , that only is closed from the fifth tooth position onwards . The number of dentary teeth was probably thirteen or fourteen , though the preserved damaged specimens show at most eleven tooth sockets . The interdental plates have smooth inner sides , whereas those of the maxilla are vertically grooved ; the same combination is shown by Piatnitzkysaurus . The surangular has no bony shelf , or even ridge , on its outer side . There is laterally an oval opening present in front of the jaw joint , a foramen surangulare posterior , but a second foramen surangulare anterior to the front of it is lacking . = = = = = Vertebral column = = = = = Although the exact numbers are unknown , the vertebral column of Megalosaurus was probably divided into ten neck vertebrae , thirteen dorsal vertebrae , five sacral vertebrae and fifty to sixty tail vertebrae , as is common for basal Tetanurae . The Stonesfield Slate material contains no neck vertebrae ; but a single broken anterior cervical vertebra is known from the New Park Quarry , specimen BMNH R9674 . The breakage reveals large internal air chambers . The vertebra is also otherwise heavily pneumatised , with large pleurocoels , pneumatic excavations , on its sides . The rear facet of the centrum is strongly concave . The neck ribs are short . The front dorsal vertebrae are slightly opisthocoelous , with convex front centrum facets and concave rear centrum facets . They are also deeply keeled , with the ridge on the underside representing about 50 % of the total centrum height . The front dorsals perhaps have a pleurocoel above the diapophysis , the lower rib joint process . The rear dorsal vertebrae , according to Benson , are not pneumatised . They are slightly amphicoelous , with hollow centrum facets . They have secondary joint processes , forming a hyposphene – hypantrum complex , the hyposphene having a triangular transverse cross @-@ section . The height of the dorsal spines of the rear dorsals is unknown , but a high spine on a tail vertebra of the New Park Quarry material , specimen BMNH R9677 , suggests the presence of a crest on the hip area . The spines of the five vertebrae of the sacrum form a supraneural plate , fused at the top . The undersides of the sacral vertebrae are rounded but the second sacral is keeled ; normally it is the third or fourth sacral having a ridge . The sacral vertebrae seem not to be pneumatised but have excavations at their sides . The tail vertebrae are slightly amphicoelous , with hollow centrum facets on both the front and rear side . They have excavations at their sides and a longitudinal groove on the underside . The neural spines of the tail basis are transversely thin and tall , representing more than half of the total vertebral height . = = = = = Appendicular skeleton = = = = = The shoulderblade or scapula is short and wide , its length about 6 @.@ 8 times the minimum width ; this is a rare and basal trait within Tetanurae . Its top curves slightly to the rear in side view . On the lower outer side of the blade a broad ridge is present , running from just below the shoulder joint to about midlength where it gradually merges with the blade surface . The middle front edge over about 30 % of its length is thinned forming a slightly protruding crest . The scapula constitutes about half of the shoulder joint , which is oriented obliquely sideways and to below . The coracoid is in all known specimens fused with the scapula into a scapulocoracoid , lacking a visible suture . The coracoid as such is an oval bone plate , with its longest side attached to the scapula . It is pierced by a large oval foramen but the usual boss for the attachment of the upper arm muscles is lacking . The humerus is very robust with strongly expanded upper and lower ends . Humerus specimen OUMNH J.13575 has a length of 388 millimetres . Its shaft circumference equals about half of the total humerus length . The humerus head continues to the front and the rear into large bosses , together forming a massive bone plate . On the front outer side of the shaft a large triangular deltopectoral crest is present , the attachment for the Musculus pectoralis major and the Musculus deltoideus . It covers about the upper half of the shaft length , its apex positioned rather low . The ulna is extremely robust , for its absolute size more heavily built than with any other known member of the Tetanurae . The only known specimen , BMNH 36585 , has a length of 232 millimetres and a minimal shaft circumference of 142 millimetres . The ulna is straight in front view and has a large olecranon , the attachment process for the Musculus triceps brachii . Radius , wrist and hand are unknown . In the pelvis , the ilium is long and low , with a convex upper profile . Its front blade is triangular and rather short ; at the front end there is a small drooping point , separated by a notch from the pubic peduncle . The rear blade is roughly rectangular . The outer side of the ilium is concave , serving as an attachment surface for the Musculus iliofemoralis , the main thigh muscle . Above the hip joint , on this surface a low vertical ridge is present with conspicuous vertical grooves . The bottom of the rear blade is excavated by a narrow but deep trough forming a bony shelf for the attachment of the Musculus caudofemoralis brevis . The outer side of the rear blade does not match the inner side , which thus can be seen as a separate " medial blade " that in side view is visible in two places : in the corner between outer side and the ischial peduncle and as a small surface behind the extreme rear tip of the outer side of the rear blade . The pubic bone is straight . The pubic bones of both pelvis halves are connected via narrow bony skirts that originated at a rather high position on the rear side and continued downwards to a point low on the front side of the shaft . The ischium is S @-@ shaped in side view , showing at the transition point between the two curvatures a rough boss on the outer side . On the front edge of the ischial shaft an obturator process is present in the form of a low ridge , at its top separated from the shaft by a notch . To below , this ridge continues into an exceptionally thick bony skirt at the inner rear side of the shaft , covering over half of its length . Towards the end of the shaft , this skirt gradually merges with it . The shaft eventually ends in a sizeable " foot " with a convex lower profile . The thighbone is straight in front view . Seen from the same direction its head is perpendicular to the shaft , seen from above it is orientated 20 ° to the front . The greater trochanter is relatively wide and separated from the robust lesser trochanter in front of it , by a fissure . At the front base of the lesser trochanter a low accessory trochanter is present . At the lower end of the thighbone a distinct front , extensor , groove separates the condyles . At the upper inner side of this groove a rough area is present continuing inwards into a longitudinal ridge , a typical megalosauroid trait . The shinbone , or tibia , is relatively straight , slightly curving inwards . To below , its shaft progressively flattens from front to rear , resulting in a generally oval cross @-@ section . For about an eighth of its length the front lower end of the shaft is covered by a vertical branch of the astragalus . Of the foot , only the second , third and fourth metatarsals are known , the bone elements that were connected to the three weight @-@ bearing toes . They are straight and robust , showing ligament pits at their lower sides . The third metatarsal has no clear condyles at its lower end , resulting in a more flexible joint , allowing for a modicum of horizontal movement . The top inner side of the third metatarsal carries a unique ridge that fits into a groove along the top outer side of the second metatarsal , causing a tighter connection . = = Phylogeny = = In 1824 , Buckland assigned Megalosaurus to the Sauria , assuming within the Sauria a close affinity with modern lizards , more than with crocodiles . In 1842 , Owen made Megalosaurus one of the first three genera placed in the Dinosauria . In 1850 , Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte coined a separate family Megalosauridae with Megalosaurus as the type genus . For a long time , the precise relationships of Megalosaurus remained vague . It was seen as a " primitive " member of the Carnosauria , the group in which most large theropods were united . In the late 20th century the new method of cladistics allowed for the first time to exactly calculate how close various taxa were related to each other . In 2012 , Matthew Carrano et al. showed that Megalosaurus was the sister species of Torvosaurus within the Megalosaurinae , giving this cladogram : = = Paleobiology = = Living in what is now Europe , during the Jurassic Period ( ~ 201 to ~ 145 million years ago ) , Megalosaurus may have hunted stegosaurs and sauropods . Repeated descriptions during the nineteenth and early twentieth century of Megalosaurus hunting Iguanodon ( another of the earliest dinosaurs named ) through the forests that then covered the continent are now known to be inaccurate , because Iguanodon skeletons are found in much younger Early Cretaceous formations . The only specimens belonging to Megalosaurus bucklandii are from the Lower / Middle Bathonian of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire . No material from outside of the Bathonian formations of England can be referred to Megalosaurus . It lived alongside the theropods Cruxicheiros , Iliosuchus and Streptospondylus , and the sauropods Cardiodon , Cetiosaurus , and possibly Cetiosauriscus . The pterosaur Rhamphocephalus , and indeterminate sauropod and ornithopod remains have also been found alongside fossils of Megalosaurus . Benson in 2010 concluded from its size and common distribution that Megalosaurus was the apex predator of its habitat . He saw the absence of Cetiosaurus on the French Armorican Massif as an indication that Megalosaurus too did not live on that island and was limited to the London @-@ Brabant Massif . = = = Paleopathology = = = A Megalosaurus rib figured in 1856 and 1884 by Sir Richard Owen has a pathological swollen spot near the base of its capitular process . The swollen spot appears to have been caused by a healed fracture and is located at the point where it would have articulated with its	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
of Systematic Palaeontology 10 ( 2 ) : 211 – 300 = Decorating of the Bride = Decorating of the Bride is an oil painting by the Serbian artist Paja Jovanović . It shows a young Albanian bride in traditional attire being prepared for her upcoming marriage by the female members of her household . It is one of two compositions Jovanović painted on the subject , the other of which is considered lost . The painting was done between 1885 and 1888 on one of Jovanović 's trips to the Balkans . It was painted for the French Gallery , with which Jovanović was under contract , and was well received by art critics and members of the public alike . It remained in the French Gallery 's possession until 1893 , when it was purchased by a London buyer . In 1935 , the Yugoslav Ministry of Foreign Affairs purchased the work and bestowed it to the National Museum of Serbia , in whose possession it remains . In 2009 , the painting began undergoing restoration . = = Description = = Decorating of the Bride ( Serbian Latin : Kićenje neveste ; Serbian Cyrillic : Кићење невесте ) measures 96 @.@ 5 by 136 centimetres ( 38 @.@ 0 in × 53 @.@ 5 in ) . The painting is set in an impoverished 19th @-@ century ethnic Albanian household . It shows the women of the family adorning a young bride . The jewelry that the bride is supposed to wear at her wedding is taken from an old wooden chest that can be seen in the left @-@ hand corner and is temporarily set against a copper tray beside her . Immediately next to the chest , a little girl holds another copper tray , which also contains several items of jewelry . Two elderly women attend to the bride . To the far right , young maidens fashion a garland of fresh flowers and joyfully whisper to one another . The room in which the women have gathered is sparsely furnished , with a low ceiling , well worn carpet and plain plastered walls . The bride wears traditional garb , with a gold necklace around her neck and delicately embroidered slippers on her feet . The artist 's signature , Germanicized as P. Joanowitch , can be seen at the bottom right . The painting has also been referred to as Nevesta ( " The Bride " ) , Kite mladu ( " The Bride is Being Decorated " ) and Oprema mlade ( " Bridal Trousseau " ) . The artist did not assign titles to his works , as he felt that if a painting was well composed viewers would be able to deduce the title themselves . As such , the majority of his paintings are referred to by a number of different titles . = = History = = Paja Jovanović ( 1859 – 1957 ) was one of the most famous Serbian realists of the late 19th century . From 1877 to 1882 , he attended Vienna 's Academy of Fine Arts , studying under Christian Griepenkerl and Leopold Müller , among others . In the early part of his career , he composed mostly Orientalist paintings , which were in high demand at the time . The paintings were based on his own experiences in the Balkans , the Middle East and North Africa , and assured his fame among art connoisseurs in the West . Decorating of the Bride is one of Jovanović 's Orientalist works , notable examples of which include The Wounded Montenegrin ( 1882 ) , Fencing Lesson ( 1883 ) and Cockfight ( 1897 ) . The painting is undated , and it remains unknown exactly when it was composed . Petar Petrović , the curator of the National Museum of Serbia , dates it to ca . 1885 – 86 . Art historian Lilien Filipovitch @-@ Robinson writes that it was painted in 1888 . What is known for certain is that Jovanović painted it in the mid @-@ 1880s on one of his travels through the Balkans . One source contends that it was composed while the artist was visiting the Ottoman town of Shkodër , in present @-@ day Albania . Another version of the painting is said to have been created by the artist not long after the original , but is considered lost . An 1891 journal article describes this version as depicting two women decorating the bride , while to her left the bride 's mother clasps her hands and cries with joy . This version is said to have shown a girl on the verge of tears standing by a door to the far left . On the right , a woman and young girl could be seen offering gifts to the bride . During conservatory examinations in 2009 , it was discovered that Decorating of the Bride had been painted over a similar , earlier work . The artist appears to have shortened the right side of the canvas by about 7 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) , altered the appearance of the interior , and slightly modified the left side of the painting . Save for the shortened canvas length , the right side of the painting is identical to that in the final version . Reproductive rights to the painting were acquired by Zagreb merchant Petar Nikolić shortly after its creation , and lithographic prints were published soon thereafter . The painting was owned by the French Gallery until 1893 , when it was purchased by a London buyer . In 1935 , the Yugoslav Ministry of Foreign Affairs purchased the work and gave it to the National Museum of Serbia , in whose possession it remains . It is classified under inventory number 31 – 115 . The museum has been closed to the public since the early 2000s , pending renovation . This has not kept Jovanović 's works , including Decorating of the Bride , from being displayed at other venues , including the National Museum 's foyer , which is sometimes open to the public . = = Analysis = = Warm tonalities dominate the composition , which is painted in a series of long and short strokes and with even distribution of lighting . Filipovitch @-@ Robinson notes the intimate feel of the painting , which she attributes to Jovanović 's familiarity with Balkan life . " He was not a stranger to the scene , " she states . " He knew his cast of village characters , their interactions , attitudes and consequent expressions and body language . " The composition itself , she continues , depicts both " preparation and celebration " . The gold coins the bride is wearing , Filipovitch @-@ Robinson observes , are part of the dowry , and signal " familial obligation and pride as well as contractual expectations even among villagers of modest means " . She goes on to contrast the bride 's elaborate garb with the impoverished plainness of her surroundings . Filipovitch @-@ Robinson asserts that the heart of Jovanović 's appeal as an Orientalist lay in his " positive characterization of Balkan life " . Modern scholars , she writes , have criticized the artist for overlooking the hardships of rural Balkan life . Filipovitch @-@ Robinson believes that such criticism is unfounded , and draws parallels between Jovanović 's Orientalist works and those of contemporary popular realists in France , whose works rarely had political connotations and yet were never criticized for neglecting social issues . = = Reception and legacy = = The painting received praise from critics , collectors and the general public . It is widely considered one of Jovanović 's finest works . According to Petrović and art restorer Sofija Kajtez , it is also one of his most famous . The two describe Decorating of the Bride as " artistically perfect " , and argue that it played a critical role in the development of Serbian realism in the late 19th century , as did Jovanović 's other Orientalist works . = First Battle of Newbury = The First Battle of Newbury was a battle of the First English Civil War that was fought on 20 September 1643 between a Royalist army , under the personal command of King Charles , and a Parliamentarian force led by the Earl of Essex . Following a year of Royalist successes in which they took Banbury , Oxford and Reading without conflict before storming Bristol , the Parliamentarians were left without an effective army in the field . When Charles laid siege to Gloucester , Parliament was forced to muster a force under Essex with which to beat Charles 's forces off . After a long march , Essex surprised the Royalists and forced them away from Gloucester before beginning a retreat to London . Charles rallied his forces and pursued Essex , overtaking the Parliamentarian army at Newbury and forcing them to march past the Royalist force to continue their retreat . Essex reacted by making a surprise attack on the Royalist lines at dawn , capturing several pieces of high ground and leaving Charles on the back foot . A series of Royalist attacks led to large number of casualties and the slow retreat of Essex 's force , which was driven from the central hill and almost encircled ; Essex succeeded in rallying his infantry , however , and pushed forward in a counter @-@ attack . The slowing of this counter @-@ attack in the face of the Royalist cavalry forced Essex to send for reinforcements , who , while marching to him , were attacked and forced to retreat . This left a hole in the Parliamentarian line , dividing the army into two wings through which the Royalists hoped to pass , splitting the Parliamentarians and allowing Charles 's troops to encircle and defeat the enemy . In line with this , the Royalists moved forward to press the attack , but were forced to halt by the London Trained Bands . With night falling , the battle ended , and both exhausted armies disengaged . The next morning , low on ammunition , the Royalists were forced to allow Essex to pass and continue his retreat to London . Reasons for the Royalist defeat include shortage of ammunition , the relative lack of professionalism of their soldiers and the tactics of Essex , who compensated " for his much lamented paucity of cavalry by tactical ingenuity and firepower " , countering Rupert 's cavalry by driving them off with mass infantry formations . Although the numbers of casualties were relatively small ( 1 @,@ 300 Royalists and 1 @,@ 200 Parliamentarians ) , historians who have studied the battle consider it to be one of the most crucial of the First English Civil War , marking the high point of the Royalist advance and leading to the signing of the Solemn League and Covenant , which brought the Scottish Covenanters into the war on the side of Parliament and led to the eventual victory of the Parliamentarian cause . = = Background = = After the failure of Parliamentarian forces to gain a conclusive victory at the Battle of Edgehill in 1642 , the Royalist armies had advanced on London , capturing Banbury , Oxford and Reading without conflict . On 13 November they faced the Earl of Essex at the Battle of Turnham Green , with Charles 's advisers persuading him to retreat to Oxford and Reading . After Essex besieged Reading and Charles 's armies failed in their attempts to relieve the town , a stalemate occurred on the front ; Essex 's army could not directly engage with the Royalists at Oxford due to disease in the ranks , while Charles was prevented from advancing due to the exhaustion of supplies and ammunition after the failed expedition to Reading . Despite this setback , the war was turning increasingly in favour of the Royalists . The early months of 1643 saw a " crushing " defeat of the Parliamentarians at the Battle of Adwalton Moor , while the Battle of Roundway Down left Parliament without an effective army in the west of England , the lack of which allowed the Royalists under Prince Rupert to storm Bristol with the western army and Oxford army . The result was that Parliamentarian forces were depleted and appeared to be losing ; Essex 's army was the only significant one left in the field , and it suffered from reduced morale due to the defeats inflicted on Parliament by Royalist forces elsewhere in the war . = = = Bristol = = = Despite this , Royalist forces were significantly depleted by the battle at Bristol . Suffering over 1 @,@ 000 men dead , and having exhausted their supplies , the armies were forced to regroup . Even considering this , the capture of Bristol is considered the high @-@ water mark for the Royalist cause during the First English Civil War . With the city captured , however , an immediate dispute occurred over who was to govern it , and this led to Charles travelling there on 1 August to take personal command of the Royalist forces . Upon arriving he called his council of war together to discuss their next move , the primary questions at hand being " first , whether the armies should be united , and march in one upon the next design . And then , what the design should be " . The western army , although still strong , refused to advance further to the east due to the presence of Parliamentarian forces within Dorset and Cornwall ; the army 's commanders felt that , if they tried to push for such a move , their forces would either mutiny or simply desert . Because of this unrest , it was quickly resolved that the western army would remain an independent fighting force and remain in Dorset and Cornwall to " mop up " the remaining Parliamentarians . Accordingly , the western army , commanded by Lord Carnarvon , remained in the region , capturing Dorchester in a bloodless victory on 2 August . Prince Maurice left 1 @,@ 200 infantry and approximately 200 cavalry to garrison Bristol before marching to Dorchester and personally taking command . The greater issues were what to do with the Oxford army and what the " next design " of the Royalist campaign would be . Rupert 's strategy was to advance through the Severn Valley and capture Gloucester , which would allow Royalist forces in south Wales to reinforce Charles 's army and thus allow for an assault on London . Another faction , however , argued that London could be captured with the army as it was , and that Gloucester would serve as a distraction from the main goal of the campaign . By 6 August , it was clear that Rupert 's strategy would be abandoned ; instead , an alternate means of capturing the city was considered . During the early stages of the war , the loyalty of combatants on both sides , particularly that of professional soldiers , had been flexible . Gloucester was led by Edward Massie , a non @-@ partisan mercenary who only took a job with the Parliamentarians after he was refused a significant Royalist command . At the same time , it was felt that there was " a strong if so far silent party of Royalist sympathisers in the city " , while the governor of Sudeley Castle was reporting that Gloucester 's soldiers had stated they would not resist a Royalist advance . Given this , the council of war decided to march on Gloucester – not to besiege it or capture it by force , but to capture it by having the governor betray the city beforehand . William Legge , who had served with Massie in the Bishops ' Wars , contacted him and asked him to " surrender Gloucester to his lawful sovereign " . Although this message was rebuffed , Legge 's messenger reported that he had met Massie a second time in secret , and had been asked to tell Legge that Massie was willing to surrender the town to the King . As a result of this , on 7 August Charles and the Oxford army marched to Gloucester . = = = Gloucester = = = Charles 's main force began marching on 7 August and reached the village of Painswick a day later ; however , Rupert 's cavalry screen had already advanced and taken the village . Charles himself did not accompany the force , but instead rode across the Cotswolds to Rendcomb , where he met reinforcements from Oxford on 9 August . On the morning of 10 August , the Royalist army marched to Gloucester itself and besieged the city with approximately 6 @,@ 000 infantry and 2 @,@ 500 cavalry . With the force assembled , Charles sent a group of heralds , escorted by 1 @,@ 000 musketeers , forward at approximately 2 : 00 pm , at which point they read out the King 's demands to a meeting of 26 local council and garrison officers , including Massie . The King 's announcement was that if the officers submitted , he would pardon all the officers , prohibit his army from causing any damage to the city , and leave only a small garrison behind . If they did not , he would take the city by force , and the inhabitants would be responsible " for all the calamities and miseries that must befall them " . Despite earlier claims that Massie would surrender , he did not ; a short time later , a refusal of the offer was drawn up and unanimously signed by the officers . The reasons for Massie 's failure to surrender the city , despite the feelers he put out to Royalist contacts , are unknown . At this point , Charles called another council of war to discuss the situation . It was resolved that it was crucial that Gloucester was still to be taken ; if it was left in Parliamentarian hands , it would act as a break in lines of communication should the Royalists advance further east towards London . In addition , Charles 's personal reputation had been sullied – travelling so far and yet not taking Gloucester would impact on the respect and prestige accorded to him , about which he was " notoriously sensitive " . Based on reconnaissance , Charles 's officers were confident that the garrison 's food and ammunition would not last long ; they argued that the city could be taken in less than 10 days , with Parliament lacking an effective army to relieve the city . If Essex 's forces did not attack , the Royalists would take the city . If they did attack , they would be exhausted and , according to Royalist intelligence , far weaker than the Oxford army , allowing Charles to destroy Parliament 's one remaining significant force . Under the direct command of the Earl of Forth , the Royalists laid siege to the city ; Rupert had suggested a direct assault , but this proposal was not adopted due to fears of high casualties . By 11 August , the Royalist trenches were dug and the artillery prepared , despite Massie 's attempts to disrupt work with musket fire . With this work done , there was no way out for the Parliamentarians ; the only hope was to delay the Royalists long enough for a relief army to arrive . To this end , Massie ordered raids under the cover of darkness , with James Harcus , his second @-@ in @-@ command , leading a raid on the artillery trenches . In revenge the Royalists attacked the east of the city , but were driven off by cannon fire . 12 August saw more raids , this time during the day , which cost the Royalists 10 men and a supply depot , with no Parliamentarian losses . Despite this , the assaults did not disrupt Royalist preparations and by the evening they were able to start bombarding the town . By 24 August , the Royalists , suffering from shortfalls in their stocks of gunpowder and cannonballs , remained unable to breach the walls . Essex , in the meantime , had been urgently preparing his army , which thanks to disease , indiscipline and desertion numbered less than 6 @,@ 000 infantry and 3 @,@ 500 cavalry . This was not a force strong enough to defeat the Royalists , and so he demanded an extra 5 @,@ 000 soldiers ; Parliamentarians in London responded by enlisting the London Trained Bands , which provided an additional 6 @,@ 000 men . Taking into account additional problems and desertions , the eventual force was 9 @,@ 000 foot soldiers and 5 @,@ 000 cavalry . After being mustered on Hounslow Heath , the army began marching towards Aylesbury , arriving on 28 August . This force was formally mustered on 30 August , and after being reinforced by Lord Grey on 1 September at Brackley , marched to Gloucester . On 5 September , with heavy rain falling , the Parliamentarian army reached the town and camped on Prestbury Hill , immediately outside it ; their presence forced the Royalists to abandon the siege given that neither army , wet and exhausted , was in a state to seek battle . = = = Pursuit = = = Charles 's cautious failure to directly assault the town , putting a higher priority on minimising losses than on victory , had cost the Royalists dearly ; while claims for their number of dead and wounded men ranged from 1 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 500 , only around 50 people inside the city were killed . Essex 's force , on the other hand , was in relatively good shape ; its one issue was the lack of supplies . If he stayed in the Severn Valley , Essex would be unable to get reinforcements or outside aid , the London elements of the army would demand to go home , and the one remaining significant Parliamentarian force would find itself pinned down , while Charles , with secure bases at Oxford and Bristol , would be able to starve them into surrender while other Royalist armies ran rampant through Britain . Because of this , Essex had no choice but to try to return to London . Travelling back across the Cotswolds , as he had done to reach Gloucester initially , would expose the Parliamentarians to Charles 's cavalry on open ground . The first alternative was to march southeast to the River Kennet and cross it , going through Newbury and returning to Reading 's fortifications , thus evading the Royalists and allowing for a safe retreat to London . The disadvantage to this was the time it would take to cross the relatively open land between Essex 's position and the Kennet . The second , and the option Essex initially took , was to go north , either to make battle in more advantageous circumstances or to evade the Royalists . If Essex was able to cross to the west bank of the River Avon , he could secure the bridges across it and prevent the Royalists from crossing it and confronting his army . His cavalry advanced to Upton to screen the main force from Royalist interference on 11 September , with the rest of the soldiers quickly following . The Royalists were left wrong @-@ footed ; Charles did not discover Essex 's retreat for another 24 hours , during which the gap between the armies widened . The Royalists finally began to march on 16 September , with Rupert 's cavalry streaming ahead to try to disrupt the Parliamentarian retreat . By 18 September , Rupert 's force had caught up to the Parliamentarians outside Aldbourne . Essex had lost his advantage ; Parliamentarian intelligence reports had convinced him that Charles was heading towards Oxford and had given up the campaign . In fact Charles was barely 14 miles ( 23 km ) away , but the complacency such reports induced meant that one contemporary source stated the Parliamentarians were marching barely 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) a day , allowing the Royalists to quickly catch up . Suitably chastened by the discovery of his error , Essex increased the pace of his retreat , with the Royalists pursuing closely . Both sides were heading for Newbury , on roughly parallel routes ; the Royalists ' route took them through Faringdon and Wantage , increasing the distance they would have to travel to 30 miles ( 48 km ) while the Parliamentarians had to travel only 20 . Charles reacted by dispatching Rupert and 7 @,@ 000 cavalry in a flying column to disrupt and harass the Parliamentary retreat . Encountering Essex 's forces at Aldbourne Chase , Rupert made battle ; however , lacking enough troops to engage the Parliamentarians directly , he instead attacked a section of their army , causing chaos and crucially delaying Essex 's march just enough for Charles 's forces to close the gap . The effect of Rupert 's actions , even after his forces disengaged , was to force another delay in the Parliamentarian retreat ; Essex spent much of 19 September looking after wounded soldiers and , when he finally managed to begin moving again , he was confronted with swampland and bog which further delayed him while the Royalists marched across the relatively open chalk downs above the Kennet . These hardships meant that the Royalists arrived at Newbury before Essex , with both armies settling down for the night outside the town , too exhausted to immediately fight . = = Newbury = = = = = Landscape = = = The landscape of the area around Newbury was a significant factor in the tactics of both sides during the resulting battle . Though the land was mostly open country , a crescent @-@ shaped escarpment known as Biggs Hill sat between the Royalist and Parliamentarian forces . To either side of Essex 's army lay open fields , while the battlefield was bracketed by the River Kennet on one side and the River Enborne on the other , which neither side attempted to cross on foot . Essex 's most obvious route of advance was to push past the Royalist forces , secure the bridge and return to London . Unfortunately , the open area approaching the bridge was a " killing ground " ; soldiers would be entirely in the open and forced to march no more than six abreast , which would prevent Essex effectively deploying against a Royalist attack and leave the Parliamentarian 's forces bunched up and subject to artillery fire . Even if Essex managed to cross the bridge , the other side of the river featured several hundred metres of waterlogged ground , which would slow his soldiers and leave them open to attack while necessitating the abandonment of the Parliamentarian artillery , a " major humiliation for a seventeenth @-@ century army " . The only alternative to a bridge @-@ based retreat would be to bypass Newbury completely by marching around the Royalists , but this would again involve moving through open fields and subjecting Essex 's soldiers to the attacks of Royalist cavalry , who were described as greatly outnumbering the Parliamentarian cavalry . Confronting the Royalists directly would involve moving into ground described as containing " dense copses and unnumerable banked hedges with ditches flanking fields and lining sunken lanes " ; while this would allow the troops to move in a concealed fashion , it would also make deployment difficult , and the numerous lanes would restrict movement in the heat of battle . = = = Order of Battle = = = There are no definitive orders of battle for Newbury , as official contemporary evidence is thin ; it is possible to glean some information from both later official reports and contemporary accounts , which allow for a reconstruction of the likely disposition of each force . The Royalists were led by Charles I personally , with William Vavasour commanding the right wing , Prince Rupert the left , and Sir John Byron the centre . Artillery support consisted of 20 cannons in total : 6 heavy , 6 medium and 8 light . Initial Royalist and Parliamentarian estimates were of a force of around 17 @,@ 000 men ; modern estimates are of around 7 @,@ 500 infantry , and 7 @,@ 000 cavalry . Essex led the Parliamentarians , commanding both the entire force and , separately , the right wing ; the left wing was commanded by Philip Stapleton . Artillery support was provided by two heavy cannons and around 20 light cannons ; most of the heavy artillery was left at Gloucester to help defend the city . Estimates as to the total number of men vary between 7 @,@ 000 and 15 @,@ 000 ; John Barratt , noting the losses at Gloucester , estimates that Essex 's force totalled around 14 @,@ 000 men , with 6 @,@ 000 cavalry and dragoons and 8 @,@ 000 infantry . = = Battle = = = = = Essex attacks = = = The battle began on 20 September ; Essex 's army was roused before dawn , and initial reports stated he had gone " from regiment to regiment ... [ putting ] the question of a battle unto them " . After consultation , the army advanced with " most cheerfull and courageous spirits " at around 7am . Divided into " three bodies of Foot , both lined and flanked with bodies of Horse " , with a reserve behind them , the army was preceded by Stapleton 's cavalry , which quickly cleared the Royalist pickets and allowed Essex 's advance to Wash Common , a patch of open ground between the two forces . This march took approximately an hour due to the heavy clay soil being soaked from the previous night 's rain ; the open space before Biggs Hill , the objective of their march , allowed for a much welcome chance to regroup . Rupert had established a cavalry guard on Biggs Hill ; while the size is unknown , it was large enough to attack the Parliamentarian horse head @-@ on . Stapleton waited until the Royalists were close before firing , leading to the faltering of their charge and the advance of the Parliamentarian cavalry to drive them off with swords . The cavalry were unable to make further gains , having engaged only a small part of the Royalist horse and being unwilling to press their attack against the larger body . By this point the Parliamentary right flank , under Philip Skippon , had begun assaulting the main Parliamentary objective – the nearby Round Hill . The official account suggests that the Parliamentarians " charged so fiercely that [ they ] beat [ the Royalists ] from the hill " ; Royalist accounts , on the other hand , argue that the hill was actually completely undefended . The official account fails to mention casualties to either attackers or defenders , or what happened to the Royalist guns which were allegedly deployed on the hill . " Both sides ' arguments have a ring of conviction but although Essex and his partisans seem to have been genuine in their belief that they had assaulted and captured a defended position , the facts suggest that the Royalist version was closer to the truth . In other words , the king and his generals had been caught napping " . Regardless of what had happened , the capture of Round Hill gave Essex the advantage , allowing Skippon to position 1 @,@ 000 musketeers on top of it to fire down into any Royalist advance . = = = Royalist counter @-@ attack = = = As a result of this quick advance , Charles found his army in chaos , with Skippon 's force organised and flanking them . The Royalist council of war reconvened to discuss the events , and accounts suggest the meeting was acrimonious , with the fall of Round Hill described as " a most gross and absurd error " . Rupert decided to try to contain both Essex and Skippon . Leaving two regiments of horse with Byron , he led the remainder of the cavalry to Essex 's position on the left flank . Byron , in the meantime , was commanded to support an attack by the Royalist musketeers on Skippon 's force , drawing his regiments up behind the infantry " ready to second them in case the enemy 's horse should advance towards them " . Rupert 's advance has been criticised by both Parliamentarian and Royalist sources ; instead of a small engagement , the stubbornness of the Parliamentary resistance forced Rupert to commit more and more forces to the fray , eventually turning a series of small engagements into a full @-@ scale battle , with reinforcements gradually being drawn in . The terrain limited the localised advantage Rupert 's forces had in numbers , but after three attacks Stapleton 's brigade crumbled , allowing Rupert to hook around Essex 's left flank , stop his advance and capture five pieces of artillery . This came at a cost ; the Royalists took heavy casualties , and failed to completely break Essex 's infantry . The infantry instead stubbornly retreated , allowing the Parliamentary cavalry to reorganise behind them . Even though his advance had been stopped , Essex was not yet beaten . Byron 's attack on Skippon 's musketeers in the centre also went poorly . Pushing three regiments of foot forward , the force suffered similarly high casualties in an attempt to take Round Hill ; after the attack stalled , the cavalry had to be called in to force it forward . Despite heavy losses due to the only avenue of advance being a narrow lane lined with Parliamentarian musketeers , this move succeeded in allowing Byron to take Round Hill , forcing the Parliamentarian infantry back to a hedge on the far side . The attack eventually lost momentum , and although Round Hill was taken , Byron was unable to advance any further . On the right flank , William Vavasour attempted to overwhelm the Parliamentary flank with a substantial brigade of foot , which included a small amount of cavalry support . His initial attack was repulsed thanks to the Parliamentarian artillery opening fire , but a subsequent head @-@ on attack forced Skippon 's beleaguered force in the centre to send several regiments over to assist , with the fight turning into a bloody melee . Vavasour 's force was eventually forced to retire , with the Parliamentarians failing to give ground . = = = Crisis and stalemate = = = After heavy fighting , the Royalists had succeeded only in pushing Essex 's forces briefly back ; they had given ground but not retreated from the battle , and his main force of infantry remained strong . In an attempt to proceed , Essex waved his infantry and light artillery forward . Rupert 's cavalry was too weak to defend against this advance due to its large firepower , and he instead ordered two regiments of foot commanded by John Belasyse to halt Essex . The Parliamentarian records report they were " hotly charged by the enemies ' horse and foot " , who succeeded in forcing Essex slowly back , although the fight took four hours . In response , Essex called for Skippon to send him reinforcements ; Skippon obliged by ordering a Mainwaring 's Regiment of infantry to remove themselves from his line and march to replace some of Essex 's exhausted soldiers . As soon as they arrived , they were charged by two bodies of cavalry and a regiment of infantry under John Byron , who forced the regiment to retreat ; the Royalists hacked down the fleeing Parliamentarians and , according to Byron , his force " had not left a man of them unkilled , but that the hedges were so high the horse could not pursue them " . Although the Royalists failed to press this attack due to the difficulty of manoeuvring cavalry in the field , and Essex briefly retook the ground , the loss of this infantry regiment opened a gap in the Parliamentarian line . If Rupert was able to drive through this gap , he would break Essex 's army into two wings and be able to encircle them . Recognizing this possibility , he began redeploying the Royalist force : two regiments of cavalry and a regiment of infantry under his command would occupy Essex , while two regiments under Charles Gerard would push through the gap in the Parliamentarian line . Luckily for the Parliamentarians , Skippon saw this opening and ordered two regiments of the London Trained Bands to close the gap . Although they succeeded in bridging the gap between the two wings of Essex 's force , there was no cover , and a Royalist battery of eight heavy guns drawn up on high ground began firing on them . Unable to move because of the necessity of their position , they were left enduring close @-@ range fire " when men 's bowels and brains flew in [ their ] faces " , resisting two attacks by Royalist cavalry and infantry led by Jacob Astley . Historian John Day notes that records show most Trained Band casualties were hit in the head , while a survivor boasted that the artillery " did us no harm , only the shot broke our pikes " ; evidently , in the heat of battle , the Royalist artillery were firing too high . Despite this , the Royalist artillery fire had taken its toll , and the Trained Band regiments were forced to retreat . The Royalists pursued , and only close @-@ quarters musket fire allowed the militia to regroup without substantial losses . After regrouping , the militia was again attacked by two regiments of foot and two of cavalry , who despite surrounding the Londoners and dragging away a cannon were unable to break them . At this point , both armies began to draw apart ; although sporadic fighting continued as night fell , by midnight both forces had disengaged completely . Both army councils met ; Essex 's plan to force his way past the Royalists seemed feasible , and many Parliamentarians , loathe to give up the ground they had taken , fully expected the battle to continue . The Royalists , on the other hand , were plagued by poor morale , heavy losses and a lack of supplies , having used 80 of their 90 barrels of gunpowder . Although Rupert argued for the battle to continue , he was out @-@ voted , and the next morning Essex was allowed to bypass the Royalist force without issue and continue his retreat towards London . = = Aftermath = = The Parliamentarian force , now free of Charles 's army , retreated towards Aldermaston as quickly as possible and eventually made it to Reading and then London , where Essex received a hero 's welcome . The Royalists , on the other hand were forced to spend the next day recovering their casualties , finding more than a thousand injured soldiers who were sent back to Oxford . After they finished recovering their dead and wounded men , the Royalists left 200 infantry , 25 cavalry and 4 guns in Donnington Castle to defend their rear and then marched to Oxford , having buried their dead senior officers in Newbury Guildhall . Casualties at Newbury eventually came to approximately 1 @,@ 300 losses for the Royalists , and 1 @,@ 200 for the Parliamentarians . The loss at Newbury was due to a multitude of factors ; Day gives credit to the greater ability of Essex to conserve his force through the campaign , which put the Royalists at a numerical disadvantage by Newbury , and notes the Royalist over @-@ reliance on Cavalry , with Essex " [ compensating ] for his much lamented paucity of cavalry by tactical ingenuity and firepower " , countering Rupert 's cavalry by driving them off with mass infantry formations . The Royalists infantry were also outperformed , Essex 's force retaining a high level of cohesiveness while the Royalists were described as relatively unprofessional ; both Day and Blair Worden also give the paucity of ammunition and gunpowder as an important ( and endemic ) deciding factor in the success or failure of Charles ' campaign . Although the attention of historians is normally on the larger battles such as Edgehill and Marston Moor , several historians who have studied the period consider the First Battle of Newbury to be the defining moment of the First English Civil War , both as the high point of the Royalist advance and as the " one bright period of [ Essex 's ] generalship " . John Day writes that " Militarily and politically , Parliament 's position at the beginning of October 1643 was demonstrably far stronger than in late July . With hindsight , the capture of Bristol was the high tide of King Charles ' war , his best and only chance of ending the conflict on his own terms " . John Barratt noted that the Royalists had failed in " what might prove to have been their best chance to destroy the principle field army of their opponents , and hopes of a crushing victory which would bring down the Parliamentarian ' war party ' lay in ruins " . The high Parliamentarian feelings after Newbury led to the signing of the Solemn League and Covenant , bringing a powerful Scottish army down to assault the Royalists . " Thanks to the failure ... to win a decisive victory there , the English , Welsh , Scottish and Irish subjects of all of King Charles ' Three Kingdoms would henceforth play a bloody price in a steadily widening and deepening war " . = Les pêcheurs de perles = Les pêcheurs de perles ( The Pearl Fishers ) is an opera in three acts by the French composer Georges Bizet , to a libretto by Eugène Cormon and Michel Carré . It was first performed on 30 September 1863 at the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris , and was given 18 performances in its initial run . Set in ancient times on the island of Ceylon , the opera tells the story of how two men 's vow of eternal friendship is threatened by their love for the same woman , whose own dilemma is the conflict between secular love and her sacred oath as a priestess . The friendship duet " Au fond du temple saint " , generally known as " The Pearl Fishers Duet " , is one of the best @-@ known numbers in Western opera . At the time of the premiere , Bizet ( born on 25 October 1838 ) was not yet 25 years old : he had yet to establish himself in the Parisian musical world . The commission to write Les pêcheurs arose from his standing as a former winner of the prestigious Prix de Rome . Despite a good reception by the public , press reactions to the work were generally hostile and dismissive , although other composers , notably Hector Berlioz , found considerable merit in the music . The opera was not revived in Bizet 's lifetime , but from 1886 onwards it was performed with some regularity in Europe and North America , and from the mid @-@ 20th century has entered the repertory of opera houses worldwide . Because the autograph score was lost , post @-@ 1886 productions were based on amended versions of the score that contained significant departures from the original . Since the 1970s , efforts have been made to reconstruct the score in accordance with Bizet 's intentions . Modern critical opinion has been kinder than that of Bizet 's day . Commentators describe the quality of the music as uneven and at times unoriginal , but acknowledge the opera as a work of promise in which Bizet 's gifts for melody and evocative instrumentation are clearly evident . They have identified clear foreshadowings of the composer 's genius which would culminate , 10 years later , in Carmen . Since 1950 the work has been recorded on numerous occasions , in both the revised and original versions . = = Background = = Bizet 's first opera , the one @-@ act Le docteur Miracle , was written in 1856 when the 18 @-@ year @-@ old composer was a student at the Conservatoire de Paris . It was Bizet 's winning entry in a competition organised by the celebrated composer Jacques Offenbach , and gained him a cash award , a gold medal , and a performance of the prize work at the Théâtre des Bouffes @-@ Parisiens . In 1857 Bizet was awarded the prestigious Prix de Rome , and as a result spent most of the following three years in Italy , where he wrote Don Procopio , a short opera buffa in the style of Donizetti . By this time Bizet had written several non @-@ stage works , including his Symphony in C , but the poor reception accorded to his 1858 Te Deum , a religious work he composed in Rome , helped convince him that his future lay primarily with the musical theatre . He planned and possibly began several operatic works before his return to Paris in 1860 , but none of these projects came to fruition . In Paris , Bizet discovered the difficulties faced by young and relatively unknown composers trying to get their operas performed . Of the capital 's two state @-@ subsidised opera houses , the Opéra and the Opéra @-@ Comique , the former offered a static repertoire in which works by foreign composers , particularly Rossini and Meyerbeer , were dominant . Even established French composers such as Gounod had difficulty getting works performed there . At the Opéra @-@ Comique , innovation was equally rare ; although more French works were performed , the style and character of most productions had hardly changed since the 1830s . However , one condition of the Opéra @-@ Comique 's state funding was that from time to time it should produce one @-@ act works by former Prix de Rome laureates . Under this provision , Bizet wrote La guzla de l 'Emir , with a libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré , and this went into rehearsal early in 1862 . In April 1862 , as the La guzla rehearsals proceeded , Bizet was approached by Léon Carvalho , manager of the independent Théâtre Lyrique company . Carvalho had been offered an annual grant of 100 @,@ 000 francs by the retiring Minister of Fine Arts , Count Walewski , on condition that each year he stage a new three @-@ act opera from a recent Prix de Rome winner . Carvalho had a high opinion of Bizet 's abilities , and offered him the libretto of Les pêcheurs de perles , an exotic story by Carré and Eugène Cormon set on the island of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) . Sensing the opportunity for a genuine theatrical success , Bizet accepted the commission . Because Walewski restricted his grant to composers who had not had any previous work performed commercially , Bizet hurriedly withdrew La guzla from the Opéra @-@ Comique ; it has never been performed , and the music has disappeared . = = Roles = = = = Synopsis = = Place : Ceylon Time : Ancient times = = = Act 1 = = = The scene is a desolate seashore , with the ruins of a Hindu temple in the background . A chorus of pearl fishermen sing of the dangerous tasks that lie ahead ( " Sur la grève en feu " ) , and perform ritual dances to drive away evil spirits . They then elect one of their number , Zurga , as their leader , or " king " . Nadir enters , and is hailed by Zurga as a long @-@ lost friend . Left alone , the pair reminisce about their past in the city of Kandy , where their friendship was nearly destroyed by their mutual love of a young priestess whose beauty they had glimpsed briefly . They had each renounced their love for this stranger and had sworn to remain true to each other . Now , reunited , they affirm once again that they will be faithful until death ( " Au fond du temple saint " ) . A boat draws up on the beach bearing the veiled figure of Leila , the virgin priestess whose prayers are required to ensure the safety of the fishermen . Although neither of them recognises her , she is the woman from Kandy with whom Nadir and Zurga had been in love . As Zurga is explaining her duties , she recognises Nadir , but she says nothing and shortly afterwards is led up to the temple by the high priest Nourabad . Zurga and the fishermen go down to the sea , leaving Nadir alone . In a troubled soliloquy before he sleeps he recalls how , in Kandy , he had broken his vows to Zurga and pursued his love for the veiled woman ( " Je crois entendre encore " ) . It was the rumour that she might be found in this place that brought him here . Alone in the temple , Leila prays and sings . Nadir wakes and , recognising the voice of his long @-@ desired lover , traces it to the temple . Leila briefly draws her veil aside , he sees it is she and the pair declare their renewed passion . On the beach , the fishermen plead with her to continue protecting them , but she tells Nadir she will sing for him alone ( " O Dieu Brahma " ) . = = = Act 2 = = = In the temple with Nourabad , Leila expresses fear at being left alone , but Nourabad exhorts her to be brave and to fulfil her vows to Brahma on pain of her own death . She tells him of the courage she once displayed when , as a child , she had hidden a fugitive from his enemies and refused to give him up even when threatened with death ( " J 'étais encore enfant " ) . The fugitive had rewarded her with a necklace that he asked her always to wear . She had kept this promise , as she would her vows . On the priest 's departure , Leila quietly muses on the former times when she and Nadir would meet together secretly ( " Comme autrefois dans la nuit sombre " ) . Nadir then enters ; in her fear of Nourabad 's threats Leila begs him to leave , but he remains and the two declare their love in a passionate duet ( " Léïla ! Léïla ! ... Dieu puissant , le voilà ! " ) . He goes , promising to return next night , but as he leaves he is captured by the fishermen and brought back to the temple . Zurga , as the fishermen 's leader , at first resists the fishermen 's calls for Nadir 's execution and advocates mercy . However , after Nourabad removes Leila 's veil , Zurga recognises her as his former love ; consumed by jealousy and rage , he orders that both Nadir and Leila be put to death . A violent storm erupts , as the fishermen unite in singing a hymn to Brahma ( " Brahma divin Brahma ! " ) . = = = Act 3 = = = In his tent on the beach , Zurga notes that the storm has abated , as has his rage ; he now feels remorse for his anger towards Nadir ( " L 'orage est calmé " ) . Leila is brought in ; Zurga is captivated by her beauty as he listens to her pleas for Nadir 's life , but his jealousy is rekindled . He confesses his love for her , but refuses mercy ( " Je suis jaloux " ) . Nourabad and some of the fishermen enter to report that the funeral pyre is ready . As Leila is taken away , Zurga observes her giving one of the fishermen her necklace , asking for its return to her mother . With a shout , Zurga rushes out after the group and seizes the necklace . Outside the temple , Nadir waits beside the funeral pyre as the crowd , singing and dancing , anticipates the dawn and the coming double execution ( " Dès que le soleil " ) . He is joined by Leila ; resigned now to their deaths , the pair sing of how their souls will soon be united in heaven . A glow appears in the sky , and Zurga rushes in to report that the fishermen 's camp is ablaze . As the men hurry away to save their homes , Zurga frees Leila and Nadir . He returns the necklace to Leila , and reveals that he is the man she saved when she was a child . He recognises now that his love for her is in vain , and tells her and Nadir to flee . As the couple depart , singing of the life of love that awaits them , Zurga is left alone , to await the fishermen 's return ( " Plus de crainte ... Rêves d 'amour , adieu ! " ) . ( In the revised version of the ending introduced after the opera 's 1886 revival , Nourabad witnesses Zurga 's freeing of the prisoners and denounces him to the fishermen , one of whom stabs Zurga to death as the last notes sound of Leila and Nadir 's farewell song . In some variations Zurga meets his death in other ways , and his body is consigned to the pyre . ) = = Writing and compositional history = = The libretto was written by Eugène Cormon and Michel Carré . Cormon was a prolific author of libretti and straight drama , usually in collaboration with other writers . In his career he wrote or co @-@ wrote at least 135 works , of which Les dragons de Villars , set to music by Aimé Maillart , was perhaps the most successful . Carré , who had initially trained as a painter , had worked with Jules Barbier on Gounod 's opera Faust and had co @-@ written the play Les contes fantastiques d 'Hoffmann , which became the basis of the libretto for Offenbach 's opera The Tales of Hoffmann . Before Les pêcheurs de perles Cormon and Carré had previously written a libretto for Maillart on a similar theme , Les pêcheurs de Catane , which had been performed in 1860 ; they had originally planned to set their new story in Mexico before changing its location to Ceylon . By general critical consent the libretto of Les pêcheurs de perles is a work of poor quality . The weak plot , as Bizet 's biographer Winton Dean observes , turns on the unlikely coincidence regarding Leila 's necklace , and no real effort is made in the text to bring any of the characters to life : " They are the regulation sopranos , tenors , etc . , with their faces blacked " . Mina Curtiss , in her book on Bizet , dismisses the text as banal and imitative . Donal Henahan of The New York Times , writing in 1986 , said that the libretto " rank [ ed ] right down there with the most appallingly inept of its kind " . The writers themselves admitted its shortcomings : Cormon commented later that had they been aware of Bizet 's quality as a composer , they would have tried harder . Carré was worried about the weak ending , and constantly sought suggestions for changing it ; Curtiss records that in exasperation , the theatre manager Carvalho suggested that Carré burn the libretto . This facetious remark , Curtiss asserts , led Carré to end the opera with the fishermen 's tents ablaze as Leila and Nadir make their escape . Because he did not receive Carvalho 's commission until April 1863 , with the projected opening night set for mid @-@ September , Bizet composed quickly with , Curtiss says , " a tenacity and concentration quite foreign to him in his Roman days " . He had some music available on which he could draw ; through the previous winter he had worked on the score of an opera , Ivan IV with the promise , which fell through , that the work would be staged in Baden @-@ Baden . Ivan IV provided music for three numbers in Les pêcheurs de perles : the prelude ; part of Zurga 's " Une fille inconnue " ; and the third act duet " O lumière sainte " . The " Brahma divin Brahma " chorus was adapted from the rejected Te Deum , and the chorus " Ah chante , chante encore " from Don Procopio . It is also likely that music composed for the cancelled La guzla de l 'émir found its way into the new opera 's score , which was completed by early August . The libretto was changed frequently during the creation process , even when the work had reached the rehearsal stage ; the chorus " L 'ombre descend " was added at Bizet 's request , and other numbers were shortened or removed . = = Performance history and reception = = = = = Premiere and initial run = = = The premiere , originally planned for 14 September 1863 , was postponed to the 30th because of the illness of the soprano lead , Léontine de Maësen . The first @-@ night audience at the Théâtre Lyrique received the work well , and called for Bizet at the conclusion . The writer Louis Gallet , who later would provide several librettos for Bizet , described the composer on this occasion as " a little dazed ... a forest of thick curly hair above a round , still rather childish face , enlivened by the quick brown eyes ... " The audience 's appreciation was not reflected in the majority of the press reviews , which generally castigated both the work and what they considered Bizet 's lack of modesty in appearing on stage . Gustave Bertrand in Le Ménestrel wrote that " this sort of exhibition is admissible only for a most extraordinary success , and even then we prefer to have the composer dragged on in spite of himself , or at least pretending to be " . Another critic surmised that the calls for the composer had been orchestrated by a " claque " of Bizet 's friends , strategically distributed . Of the opera itself , Benjamin Jouvin of Le Figaro wrote : " There were neither fishermen in the libretto nor pearls in the music " . He considered that on every page the score displayed " the bias of the school to which [ Bizet ] belongs , that of Richard Wagner " . Bertrand compared the work unfavourably with those of contemporary French composers such as Charles Gounod and Félicien David . " Nevertheless " , he wrote , " there is a talent floating in the midst of all these regrettable imitations " . Hector Berlioz was a voice apart in the general critical hostility ; his review of the work in Journal des Débats praised the music 's originality and subtlety : " The score of Les pêcheurs de perles does M. Bizet the greatest honour " , he wrote . Among Bizet 's contemporaries , the dramatist Ludovic Halévy wrote that this early work announced Bizet as a composer of quality : " I persist in finding in [ the score ] the rarest virtues " . The youthful composer Émile Paladilhe told his father that the opera was superior to anything that the established French opera composers of the day , such as Auber and Thomas , were capable of producing . In its initial run Les pêcheurs de perles ran for 18 performances , alternating with Mozart 's The Marriage of Figaro . It closed on 23 November 1863 , and although it brought the theatre little financial success , Bizet had won admiration from his peers . Carvalho was satisfied enough to ask Bizet to quickly finish Ivan IV , with a view to its early production at the Théâtre Lyrique . This idea eventually came to nothing ; Ivan IV remained unperformed until 1946 . = = = Early revivals = = = After its opening run , Les pêcheurs was not performed again until 11 years after Bizet 's death when , on 20 March 1886 , it was presented in Italian at La Scala , Milan . After this it received regular stagings in European cities , often with the Italian version of the libretto . These revivals , which possibly reflected the growing success of Carmen , were followed by the publication of several versions of the music that incorporated significant differences from Bizet 's original . In particular the finale was altered , to provide a more dramatic ending — " a grand Meyerbeerian holocaust " according to Dean . This revised conclusion included a trio composed by Benjamin Godard . These corrupted scores remained the basis of productions for nearly a century . The opera received its British premiere on 22 April 1887 , at London 's Covent Garden , under the title Leila . The part of Nadir was sung by Paul Lhérie , the original Don José in the 1875 Carmen . Press reactions were muted ; The Times 's music critic found much of the music incompatible with the exotic setting — the hymn to Brahma was , he suggested , reminiscent of a Lutheran chorale . The Observer 's reporter found " no trace of genuine inspiration " , and drew unfavourable comparisons with Carmen . When Covent Garden repeated the production in May 1889 the Princess of Wales and other members of the British royal family were present . The Manchester Guardian 's correspondent praised the singers but found that the work " becomes weaker and weaker as it goes on " . Les pêcheurs returned to Paris on 20 April 1889 , when it was performed — in Italian — at the Théâtre de la Gaîté . Despite a distinguished cast — Emma Calvé , Jean @-@ Alexandre Talazac and Lhérie , now a baritone , in the role of Zurga — critical reviews were no more enthusiastic than those which had greeted the original performances . Le Ménestrel excused Bizet on account of his youth , while The Manchester Guardian 's report summed up the Parisian view of the work as " almost entirely lacking in ... boldness & originality " . On 24 April 1893 Carvalho revived the work , in French , at the Opéra @-@ Comique , its first performance at what would later become its regular home . Productions continued to proliferate in Europe , and further afield ; on 25 August 1893 the opera received its American premiere in Philadelphia . Two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years later , on 11 January 1896 , the first two acts were performed at the New York Metropolitan Opera ( the " Met " ) , as part of a programme that included Jules Massenet 's one @-@ act opera La Navarraise . The cast was led by Calvé and the Italian baritone Mario Ancona . The Met 's first complete staging of the opera came 20 years later , on 13 November 1916 , when a star cast that included Enrico Caruso , Frieda Hempel and Giuseppe De Luca gave three performances . According to W. H. Chase in the Evening Sun , the act 1 duet " brought down the house in a superb blending of the two men 's voices " ; later , in " Je crois entendre encore " , Caruso " did some of the most artistic singing in plaintive minor " . In The Sun , W. J. Henderson , praised Hempel for her " ravishing upper tones " , Da Luca was " a master of the delicate finish " , and the bass Léon Rothier , in the small part of Nourabad , " filled Bizet 's requirements perfectly " . = = = Entering the mainstream = = = In the years after the First World War the work lost popularity with opera @-@ house directors , and it was seen less frequently . The Met did not repeat its 1916 production , though individual numbers from the work — most frequently the famous duet and Leila 's " Comme autrefois " — were regularly sung at the Met 's concert evenings . The 1930s saw a return of interest in the opera , with productions in new venues including Nuremberg and the Berlin State Opera . Some revivals were unconventional : one German production used a rewritten libretto based on a revised storyline in which Leila , transformed into a defiant Carmen @-@ like heroine , commits suicide at the end of the final scene . Paris 's Opéra @-@ Comique staged a more traditional production in 1932 , and again in 1938 , Bizet 's centenary year . From that time onward it has remained in the Opéra @-@ Comique repertory . After the Second World War , although the opera was shunned by Covent Garden , the Sadler 's Wells company presented it in March 1954 . The Times announced this production as the first known use in Britain of the opera 's English libretto . The stage designs for this production , which was directed by Basil Coleman , were by John Piper . In the early 1970s , Arthur Hammond orchestrated the sections of the neglected 1863 vocal score that had been cut out from the post @-@ 1886 scores . This led to a production in 1973 , by Welsh National Opera , of a version close to Bizet 's original , without Godard 's trio and Zurga 's violent death — the first modern performance to incorporate the original ending . The Sadler 's Wells production was revived several times , but it was not until September 1987 that the company , by then transformed into English National Opera , replaced it with a new staging directed by Philip Prowse . The Guardian 's report on this production mentioned that the " Pearl Fishers Duet " had recently topped the list in a poll of the public 's " best tunes " , and described the opera as " one of the most sweetly tuneful in the French repertory " . This production " ... [ brought ] out its freshness , never letting it become sugary " . Although the run was a sell @-@ out , ENO 's managing director Peter Jonas disliked the production , and refused to revive it . It did not reappear in ENO 's repertory until 1994 , after Jonas 's departure . = = = Modern productions = = = In the latter years of the 20th century the opera was a regular feature in many European cities , and was still breaking new ground ; in 1990 it made its debut at the Slovak National Theatre in Bratislava . Vienna saw it for the first time in 1994 , at the Vienna Volksoper , in what John Rockwell in the New York Times described as " an awkwardly updated production " , though well performed . The opera had not so far proved particularly popular in the United States , where since the Met premiere of 1916 , performances had been rare compared with Europe . Lyric Opera of Chicago staged it in 1966 , but waited until 1998 before reviving it . In 1980 the New York City Opera mounted a production based on the 1863 edition , and staged it again in 1983 and 1986 . Reviewing the 1986 production , Henahan wrote that despite the inept libretto the work was saved by the " melodic suppleness and warmth " of Bizet 's score . San Diego Opera first staged the work in 1993 , but it was this company 's 2004 production , designed by Zandra Rhodes , that generated new levels of enthusiasm for the opera throughout the United States . In the following few years this production was shown in seven other U.S. opera houses ; in October 2008 James C. Whitson , in Opera News , reported that worldwide , " between 2007 and 2009 , half of all major production of the piece have been or will be ... in the U.S. " . San Diego 's director , Ian Campbell , suggested that his company 's 2004 production was " created at a time when it seemed many U.S. opera companies were looking for a not @-@ too @-@ expensive production with melody , and a little off the beaten track .... [ Our ] Les pêcheurs de perles fitted the bill . In January 2008 the opera received its first performance in Sri Lanka , the land of its setting . The conductor , Benjamin Levy , directed a large group of singers and musicians , mostly young and local . In October 2010 , after an interval of more than 120 years , the opera was reintroduced to London 's Royal Opera House . Two concert performances were given using a new edition of the score , prepared by Brad Cohen after the discovery in the Bibliothèque nationale de France of Bizet 's 1863 conducting score . Commenting on this performance in The Daily Telegraph , Rupert Christiansen drew attention to the " musing intimacy and quiet dignity " with which the duet was sung , as compared with more traditional macho renderings . = = Music = = The opera begins with a brief orchestral prelude , the principal theme of which prefigures Leila 's entrance . The opening chorus is punctuated by a lively dance — the critic John W. Klein describes it as " electrifying " . Nadir 's first significant contribution is his aria " Des savanes et des forêts " , sung to an accompaniment of cellos and bassoons under a string tremolo that indicates the possible influence of Meyerbeer . Flutes and harps are used to introduce the main theme of the celebrated " Pearl Fishers Duet " , in what the opera historian Hervé Lacombe identifies as " the most highly developed poetic scene in the opera " . The duet 's theme has become the opera 's principal musical signature , repeated in the work whenever the issue of the men 's friendship arises — though in Dean 's view the tune is not worthy of the weight it carries . Dean suggests that Bizet 's ability to find the appropriate musical phrase with style and economy is better demonstrated in his treatment of Leila 's oath of chastity , where a simple phrase is repeated twice in minor third steps . Nadir 's aria " Je crois entendre encore " , towards the end of act 1 , is written on a barcarole rhythm , with a dominant cor anglais whereby , says Lacombe , " [ t ] he listener has the impression that the horn is singing " . In act 2 a short orchestral introduction is followed by an off @-@ stage chorus , notable for its sparse accompaniment — a tambourine and two piccolos . After Nourabad reminds Leila of her oath and leaves her alone she sings her cavatina " Comme autrefois " . Two French horns introduce the theme , supported by the cellos . When her voice enters , says Lacombe , " it replaces the first horn whose characteristic sound it seems to continue " . Dean likens this song to Micaela 's aria " Je dis que rien ne m 'épouvante " from Carmen . Nadir 's " De mon amie " which follows the cavatina has , says Dean , " a haunting beauty " ; its introductory phrase recalls the oboe theme in Bizet 's youthful Symphony in C. Dean cites the second act finale , with its repeated climaxes as the crowds demand the errant couple 's deaths , as an example of Bizet 's developing skills in writing theatrical music . The third act , divided into two brief scenes , begins with Zurga 's entrance to quiet chromatic scales played over a tonic pedal , an effect that Bizet would later use in his incidental music to L 'Arlésienne . The duet " Je frémis " , says Dean , has clear hints of Verdi 's Il trovatore , and the fiery chorus " Dès que le soleil " is reminiscent of a Mendelssohn scherzo , but otherwise the final act 's music is weak and lacking in dramatic force . In the closing scene , in which Zurga bids a last farewell to his dreams of love , the friendship theme from the act 1 duet sounds for the final time . According to Lacombe , Les pêcheurs de perles is characteristic of French opéra lyrique , in particular through Bizet 's use of arioso and dramatic recitative , his creation of atmospheres , and his evocation of the exotic . Berlioz described the opera 's score as beautiful , expressive , richly coloured and full of fire , but Bizet himself did not regard the work highly , and thought that , a few numbers apart , it deserved oblivion . Parisian critics of the day , attuned to the gentler sounds of Auber and Offenbach , complained about the heaviness of Bizet 's orchestration , which they said was noisy , overloaded and Wagnerian — " a fortissimo in three acts " . The conductor Hans von Bülow dismissed the work contemptuously as " a tragical operetta " , and when it was revived after 1886 , resented having to conduct it . Modern writers have generally treated the piece more generously ; the music may be of uneven quality and over @-@ reflective of the works of Bizet 's contemporaries , says Dean , but there are interesting hints of his mature accomplishments . Others have given credit to the composer for overcoming the limitations of the libretto with some genuinely dramatic strokes and the occasional inspiring melody . = = Musical numbers = = The listing is based on the 1977 EMI recording , which used the 1863 vocal score . In the post @-@ 1886 revisions the act 1 " Amitié sainte " duet was replaced with a reprise of " Au fond du temple saint " . In act 3 the sequence of numbers after the chorus " Dès que le soleil " was changed after 1886 , together with cuts from and additions to the original . " O lumière sainte " , was recomposed by Benjamin Godard as a trio for Nadir , Leila and Zurga . = Roksan Xerxes = The Roksan Xerxes transcription turntable ( often shortened to Xerxes ) is a record player named after the Persian king Xerxes I and produced by London @-@ based Roksan Audio . Designed by Roksan co @-@ founder , Touraj Moghaddam , the Xerxes is a belt @-@ driven turntable that has a solid plinth . Launched in 1985 , the sound quality of the product positioned it as a strong competitor against the established industry leader , the Linn Sondek LP12 . Many reviewers use the Xerxes as a reference turntable . The production version of the Xerxes is called " Xerxes.20plus " , a reference to the 20th anniversary of the launch , in 2005 . = = History = = Before Touraj Moghaddam founded Roksan , he had become dissatisfied with the state of the audio arts when he heard his little television set reproduce Thelonious Monk in a more musically satisfying way than his high @-@ end Linn / Naim tri @-@ amped audio system . Through experimentation , he deduced that the existing turntable design failed because the cartridge was not being held still wherever the groove went . He believed that the mean line traced by the groove relative to the body of the cartridge needed to be constant . His ideas led him away from using the sprung sub @-@ chassis as part of the speed @-@ controlling system . Needing a top plinth roughly an inch ( 25 mm ) thick made from wood with a density of about 700 to 800 kg / m3 , Moghaddam found suitable material in a fire door with which he built a prototype . His friend Tufan Hashemi – then an investment analyst – heard the new prototype turntable and wanted one . They agreed to team up to start production ; Roksan Audio was formed . The Xerxes , introduced in 1985 , secured the advocacy of Roger Macer , a successful independent hi @-@ fi retailer in London who sold the then market leader , the Linn Sondek . Hashemi credits Macer with urging him to start satisfying the demand of " dozens or more a week " from his customers . The product , named after the Persian king Xerxes I , was launched at a hi @-@ fi show in 1985 where the Roksan Darius loudspeaker concept was also unveiled . = = = Design principles = = = Tufan Hashemi said Roksan sought to create equipment that would excel in high @-@ quality musical reproduction and capable of involving the listener on an emotional level . Product characteristics were to include precision and transparency of the sound . Moghaddam , acting as chief designer , set out to find solutions to engineering problems he saw as inherent in the belt @-@ driven suspended sub @-@ chassis turntable design of Edgar Villchur , where the sub @-@ chassis and tonearm are free to rotate . Moghaddam believed that the design generated undesirable torsional modes . One such torsional mode is said to be caused by " groove drag " – dynamic forces exerted by the stylus on the record as it tracked it . Moghaddam chose to attenuate the torsion by mounting the turntable @-@ drive motor casing on its own bearing . The motor , mounted separately and tethered to a spring , is allowed limited rotation about its own axis ; because the load varied with groove modulations , the increases in drag would thus be dampened by the spring @-@ loaded motor , and the platter acceleration mitigated . In the words of Tufan Hashemi , Roksan Audio 's managing director : " We argued that using a suspended or floating surface to support a record could not allow it to be accurately read , as the record itself would be floating . We said that the record surface should remain stationary and solid but in complete isolation from the rest of the deck , and our design provided a very stable base for isolating a record without suspending it . " Like the LP12 , the Xerxes has a two @-@ piece platter – sub @-@ platter configuration on which sits a thin felt mat . And while the LP12 's platters are made of mazak , the Xerxes ' platters are of aluminium . The outer platter is rigid and peripherally weighted . However , the Roksan 's outer platter weighs less than half of that of the LP12 , to reduce load on the main bearing , yet is able to achieve a greater inertia because of its weight distribution . A second challenge was how to overcome the rotation of the suspended parts – the sub @-@ chassis , platter , arm and cartridge – relative to the motor . This was done by re @-@ imagining a suspension that had less freedom of lateral movement relative to the drive motor . The Xerxes uses a relatively light medium @-@ density fibreboard ( MDF ) top board on which the bearing and tonearm assemblies are mounted . Firm rubber " Blobs " mounted on the bottom board ( along with the motor assembly ) support yet decouple from the top board . Aesthetically , the two boards are encased by a wooden surround fixed to the base board with screws . These design principles can be seen throughout the evolution of the Xerxes , right through to the Xerxes 20plus . = = Construction = = The original Xerxes design is deliberately a radical departure from the traditional suspended sub @-@ chassis design . Instead of having a three @-@ point sprung suspension separating the plinth from the sub @-@ chassis , the Xerxes is made up of two boards separated from each other by stiff rubber " Blobs " . The top plinth sees mountings for the main bearing and tonearm . A hole is cut out from the top board for the motor assembly to emerge from its fixture on the board below . On the lower board , to which an outer surround is attached , three compliant rubber feet give additional isolation to the turntable 's chosen placement . One notable characteristic of the deck is the large C @-@ shaped groove cut into the top plinth to control how vibrations would be transmitted from platter to the tonearm area . However , the cut @-@ out is prone to a commonly observed " plinth sag " , where the part of it would bend out of true with the rest of the board . While some other designs use clamps to couple the disc to the platter , Roksan shares the same philosophy as Linn in believing that rigid coupling would cause rumble to be transmitted from the main bearing , thus colouring the sound . To further increase isolation , the Xerxes possesses a spindle that allows the user to centre the record , but which is supposed to be removed during listening so that the disc rests solely on the felt mat . The bearing @-@ mounted spring @-@ loaded motor is powered by an outboard power supply designated the XPS . Its basic power supply switchable between 33 and 45 rpm . Throughout the years , there have been many changes which have significantly improved this table . The earliest and most important of these was a new main bearing ( c . 1989 ) . Other changes include modifications to components such as the outboard power supply , now in its seventh version , and the suspension blobs . = = Partnering = = = = = Tonearms and cartridges = = = Early versions were a platform for mounting third party tonearms . Prior to the launch of Roksan 's maiden tonearm – the Artemiz , it was most commonly partnered with the Rega RB300 ( at the " budget " end ) , and the SME V ( at the " top " end ) . Other 12 @-@ inch arms , like AudioQuest or SME 309 , were also chosen by buyers . The Rega was able to function in a way that seemed more synergistic with the Xerxes than the LP12 . In both price and performance terms , the original Xerxes , fitted with the Rega RB300 costing £ 95 , became a head @-@ on ( and cheaper ) alternative to the LP12 fitted with the Linn Ittok arm . By 2010 , Roksan has three tonearms to partner their deck : the Artemiz , the Tabriz ( and its ' Zi ' version ) and the unipivot Nima . = = = = Roksan Artemiz = = = = Launched in 1987 priced at £ 350 , Artemiz is the flagship tonearm whose design was also a break from established conventions . The arm and headshell is a one @-@ piece construction ; the large @-@ gauge aluminium tube interference @-@ fitted at one end into a massive yoke that is the bearing . The tube is flat at the other end to provide for mounting the cartridge . The arm is finished in a matt resonant paint . Unusually , there is no finger lift for cueing but the arm is fitted with a conventional lever @-@ operated lift / lower assembly . The bearing housings are at either side and the vertical bearings are above and below the arm tube are massive , and machined from a single solid piece . The bearings have a pyramidal arrangement : the upper component , consisting of three ball @-@ bearings arranged in a triangle , rests on a single ball @-@ bearing below . The bearings have deliberate play in them which allows movement in response to the dynamic forces when records are tracked . The Artemiz also possesses an " intelligent counterweight " . Its fulcrum is balanced on a stub at the rear of the arm so that its weight is decoupled from the arm and its centre of gravity low . A rider , with a small indentation for the fulcrum , can be moved incrementally along the stub to adjust tracking weight . The pendulum is tuned to 2Hz , outside the range of warps and vibrations from footfalls . Bias is adjustable by spring and a threaded counterweight . The arm is wired using Isoda wire made to Roksan 's specification . One end is terminated by cartridge tags , and the other has gold @-@ plated RCA phono jacks . The wire has one join , in the arm base , where the thin cartridge wires are melded with sturdier phono leads . = = = Power supplies and accessories = = = In 1989 , Roksan introduced the Artaxerxes phono stage – a moving coil phono pre @-@ amplifier designed to sit inside the turntable . Roksan also marketed a three @-@ legged table dedicated to the deck . In 1987 Roksan launched the Shiraz moving coil phono cartridge . In 1989 , Roksan launched the budget Radius record player , Tabriz arm and Corus moving magnet cartridge . = = Popularity = = It was launched in 1985 into already established competition where Linn Sondek LP12 dominated . Other competitors included the Well Tempered Table , the Phonosophie P3 , the Michell GyroDec , Pink Triangle , the Dunlop Systemdek , and the Logic DM @-@ 101 . At its launch , the Xerxes was priced at around UK £ 300 – approximately £ 100 cheaper than an LP12 . The company was highly influential in the way hi @-@ fi was sold , and it managed to wrest market share from Linn and Naim , who had a stranglehold in the UK . Hi @-@ fi critic Art Dudley observed that prior to Roksan arriving on the scene , people who valued a component 's rhythmic and melodic capabilities had only one real turntable choice , the ( still splendid ) Linn LP12 . But the first Roksan Xerxes was so good , and so superior to the pre @-@ Lingo LP12 , that honest listeners among the so @-@ called / self @-@ called ' Flat @-@ Earthers ' had no choice but to say so . The Xerxes is known for its speed stability and its ability to extract information and detail from the record groove . It thus became acceptable to acknowledge good performance from products by companies other than Linn , Naim , and Rega . What Hi @-@ Fi ? considered the Xerxes " arguably the first turntable to give the previously all conquering Linn Sondek LP12 a real run for its money " . Throughout the Inspector Morse TV series , the lead character , when seen at home , is often listening to music on his Xerxes . According to the manufacturers , the producers of the show deliberately sought to feature one in the series , from the first episode , to highlight Morse 's passion for music . In the first episode , The Dead of Jericho , the people associated with the fictional manufacturer of the turntable ( Richards Audio Research ) were the focal point of the storyline . = = Versions = = The Xerxes exists in four distinct versions . The original two @-@ plinth Xerxes ( 1985 ) was discontinued after about eight years ' production , after the Touraj Moghaddam Signature ( TMS ) was launched . On the 10th anniversary of the company ( 1995 ) , Roksan reprised the entry @-@ level Xerxes turntable with a 3 @-@ plinth design named Xerxes.X. Its top plinth houses the tonearm and the main bearing , and is isolated from the base by five Blobs , which also allow the plinth to be adjusted in two planes – parallel and perpendicular to the motor and main bearing . The motor is driven by XPS V Reference motor drive , which receives power from DS1.5 Reference Power Supply . The Xerxes.20 which superseded the Xerxes.X in 2005 incorporated new main bearing ball and the new Rmat @-@ 5 sub @-@ plinth . The bearing , attached to the inner platter , has an unusually small @-@ diameter hardened @-@ steel spindle , which sits on top of a tungsten ball that measures 2 mm and is machined to a tolerance in the order of micrometres . The corresponding housing is made of bronze . The two @-@ piece platter , when fit together , are snug and will not resonate . According to the manufacturer , the Xerxes.20plus incorporates key design elements from the TMS3 , including the tungsten carbide bearing ball , inner and outer aluminium platter , mat and decoupler blobs . The isolation between the plinth layers of the 20 has been improved for the Plus . The bearing is of a higher quality ; the platter and sub @-@ platter have been redesigned . A mat with distinctive cut @-@ outs is placed on the platter assembly to support the disc . While the top board sits on decoupling blobs , the lower half has bright polished @-@ metal feet . The bearing ball , Blobs and mat are available to existing owners for retrofitting their legacy Xerxes.10 and Xerxes.20 turntables . = = = Specifications of the Xerxes.20plus = = = Main bearing spindle : hardened tool steel Roundess & concentricity : < 5 µm Length - diameter ratio : 11 : 1 Main bearing ball : tungsten carbide Roundness : < 1 µm Diameter : 2 mm Main bearing housing : solid phosphor bronze Clearance : 2 / 1 @,@ 0000 " Inner and platter : 2 @-@ piece solid aluminium alloy , interference fitted ( both ) Structure : 3 @-@ plinth Isolation : 3 @-@ level decoupling with " blobs " Motor : custom made 24 @-@ pole synchronous Pulley : solid aluminium alloy Roundness and concentricity : < 1 µm Belt : ground neoprene Motor mount : unique synchronising bearing Motor drive : external speed controller Wow & flutter : < 0 @.@ 02 % Rumble : < − 80 dB Dimensions : 450 mm × 370 mm × 115 mm Weight : 12 kg ( Source : UK distributor ) = Brian Urlacher = Brian Urlacher ( / ˈɜːrlækər / ; born May 25 , 1978 ) is a former American football linebacker who spent his entire 13 @-@ year career playing for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for the University of New Mexico , where he was recognized as a consensus All @-@ American and became one of the school 's most decorated athletes . The Bears selected Urlacher with the ninth overall pick in the 2000 NFL Draft . Urlacher quickly established himself as one of the NFL 's most productive defensive players . After winning the NFL Rookie of the Year Award in 2000 , he was elected to eight Pro Bowls , and won the NFL Defensive Player of the Year award in 2005 . His playing style , accomplishments and reputation have made him one of the team 's most popular players . After retiring from playing football , he was briefly an analyst for Fox Sports 1 . = = Early life = = Urlacher was born to Bradley and Lavoyda Urlacher in Pasco , Washington , and his parents raised him with his younger brother Casey . After his parents separated , Lavoyda raised Urlacher and his siblings in Lovington , New Mexico . He spent his youth immersed in sports , and developed an interest in football , basketball , track and later table tennis ; he graduated from Lovington High School in 1996 . While his mother worked several jobs to keep her family afloat , Urlacher spent his teenage years playing sports for Lovington High School and training in weight rooms . The training helped Urlacher gain the speed , stamina , and strength he would need to solidify his football career . As he progressed through high school , Urlacher gained experience in all three phases of football . He saw playing time as a running back , wide receiver , return specialist , and defensive back . Urlacher led the Lovington High Wildcats to an undefeated 14 – 0 season , and a division 3 @-@ A state championship . He finished the season with twelve touchdown receptions , six touchdown returns , and two rushing touchdowns . He additionally merited state @-@ recognized honors in football , as well as basketball . Lovington has since recognized Urlacher 's accomplishments by retiring his high @-@ school jersey number , and naming a holiday after him . Urlacher wanted to attend Texas Tech University , but the school did not offer him an athletic scholarship . = = College career = = Urlacher enrolled at the University of New Mexico , majored in criminology , and played for the New Mexico Lobos football team . The Lobos ' head coach , Dennis Franchione , converted Urlacher to linebacker , but often left him on the sidelines in favor of more experienced players . The team finished with winning records during Urlacher 's first two years and even made a trip to the 1997 Insight.com Bowl . The team 's success prompted Franchione to leave New Mexico in favor of Texas Christian University . His departure prompted the school to hire Rocky Long , a former coach at UCLA . Urlacher flourished under Long 's tenure . Urlacher not only received more playing time , but also played a more versatile role on both offense and defense . Long converted Urlacher into a " Lobo @-@ Back " , a cross between a linebacker and free safety , and placed him in a 3 @-@ 3 @-@ 5 defense scheme . He spent significant time training with the team 's defensive coordinator , Bronco Mendenhall , who helped Urlacher refine his skills as a defensive back . Long also used Urlacher as a return specialist and wide receiver throughout his final two years with the Lobos . Despite Long 's extensive changes to the team 's roster , formations , and work ethic , the Lobos ' performance declined . However , Urlacher became one of the team 's most productive players during this time . He finished his career with 442 tackles , three interceptions , 11 sacks and 11 forced fumbles . Outside of defense , he caught six touchdown passes , and returned five kicks for touchdowns . After the 1999 season , he was one of the finalists for the Jim Thorpe Award , and finished twelfth on the Heisman Trophy ballot . Urlacher received All @-@ American honors from Walter Camp , Football Writers Association of America , and the Associated Press . He played his final collegiate game at the 2000 Senior Bowl , where he was one of the game 's top players . Urlacher led the nation with 178 tackles during his junior year , and also set a school record for most tackles in a single season . He finished with the third most career tackles in the University of New Mexico 's history . The school has honored Urlacher on several occasions . They awarded him with the Male Athlete of the Year Award in 2000 , and held a special halftime ceremony to honor his success in 2006 . Urlacher was also the first person to be inducted into the University of New Mexico 's Football Wall of Fame . On November 9 , 2013 , during halftime of New Mexico 's game against Air Force , the school retired Urlacher 's No. 44 jersey . = = Professional career = = = = = NFL Draft = = = Urlacher was considered one of the most talented collegiate prospects in the 2000 NFL Draft , and impressed spectators and analysts at the NFL Scouting Combine by bench pressing 225 pounds twenty @-@ seven times , and completing the forty @-@ yard dash in 4 @.@ 57 seconds . The Chicago Bears , who were in need of a defensive playmaker after having the 29th ranked defense in 1999 , selected Urlacher in the first round , as the draft 's ninth overall pick . = = = 2000 – 2004 = = = He signed a five @-@ year contract , which was worth nearly eight million dollars with a five and a half million dollar signing bonus , within two months of the draft . Dick Jauron , who was then the Bears ' head coach , recognized Urlacher 's versatility as a middle and outside linebacker , and appointed him as the team 's starting strongside linebacker . However , Urlacher struggled to perform consistently in his first professional game , and lost his starting position to Rosevelt Colvin . Jauron left Urlacher on the sidelines during the following week , as the Tampa Bay Buccaneers shut out the Bears , 41 – 0 . He managed to regain a starting spot on the Bears ' roster , after Barry Minter , the team 's veteran middle linebacker , was forced to miss the Week 3 game on account of an injury . Urlacher excelled at the middle linebacker position , and recorded 46 tackles , six sacks , and one interception in his next five starts . Not even a rib cage injury hindered his performance during this period , as Urlacher went on to win the league 's Rookie Defensive Player of the Month in October . He led the Bears with 124 tackles and eight sacks , both of which surpassed the franchise 's previous rookie records . Although the Bears finished with a disappointing 5 – 11 record , Urlacher received a number of individual accolades for his performance during the season . Many news organizations , such as the Associated Press and The Sporting News named him as the 2000 Defensive Rookie of the Year . Football fans across the nation also voted Urlacher to play at the 2001 Pro Bowl as an alternate middle linebacker . Urlacher 's successful rookie campaign served as the foundation for his professional career and reputation . Urlacher further distinguished himself as one of the Bears ' most productive playmakers during the 2001 season . He had one of the best games of his career on October 7 , against the Atlanta Falcons . Urlacher held Falcons quarterback Michael Vick , who was well known for his scrambling abilities , to 18 rushing yards , and recorded a forced fumble and sack . He also returned one of Vick 's fumbles for a 90 @-@ yard touchdown . Two weeks later , Urlacher helped set up a Bears comeback victory against the San Francisco 49ers by intercepting a pass , and later setting up a game winning touchdown return for Mike Brown , after causing 49ers wide receiver Terrell Owens to lose control of a pass . He also caught a touchdown pass from punter Brad Maynard off a fake field goal attempt against the Washington Redskins in Week 14 , which clinched a first @-@ round bye . Urlacher concluded the season with three interceptions , six sacks , and was a candidate for 2001 NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award . Football Digest named Urlacher their publication 's defensive player of the year . The 2001 Chicago Bears won 13 games , marking the team 's best finish since 1986 , but lost to the Philadelphia Eagles in the NFC Divisional Playoffs . Unfortunately , the Bears ’ 2001 winning season would be followed by three years of mediocrity . Before the 2004 NFL season , the Bears ’ organization fired coach Dick Jauron and then hired Lovie Smith . After starting the season on the lower rungs of the NFC North , Urlacher suffered several injuries that sidelined him for a majority of the season . = = = 2005 – 2011 = = = In 2005 , Urlacher won the NFL Defensive Player of the Year after playing for a defensive team that allowed the fewest points per game , and created the most turnovers in the National Football Conference . Urlacher himself recorded at least 10 tackles in six consecutive games , while finishing the season with a team high 121 tackles . He was also credited as one of the team 's leaders , whose audibles and experience helped develop several younger teammates . Urlacher led the Bears to an 11 @-@ 5 record , marking their best finish since 2001 . Urlacher played his second career playoff game against the Carolina Panthers on January 15 , 2006 . He recorded seven tackles and one interception in a 29 – 21 loss . Urlacher was also selected to the 2006 Pro Bowl , but declined the position on account of an injury . The team continued their resurgence into the 2006 season , finishing with a record of 13 – 3 . During the season , Urlacher had one of the best performances of his professional career against the Arizona Cardinals . He helped the Bears overcome a 20 @-@ point deficit by recording 19 tackles and a forced fumble that was returned for a touchdown . Teammate Devin Hester commented on Urlacher 's performance , stating , " We watched the film and everybody was saying that he just turned into the Incredible Hulk the last four minutes of the game , just killing people and running over and tackling whoever had the ball . " The Bears won the NFC Championship against the New Orleans Saints , 39 – 14 , but lost Super Bowl XLI to the Indianapolis Colts , 29 – 17 . Urlacher finished the season with 93 tackles and three forced fumbles . He was elected to the 2006 All @-@ Pro Team and 2007 Pro Bowl , while also earning consideration for the League 's Defensive Player of the Year award . The Bears were unable to replicate their success in the 2007 season , and finished last in the NFC North . In the middle of the season , Urlacher admitted that he had been suffering from an arthritic back , but later claimed the ailment was not serious . Nevertheless , he finished the season on a high note , registering five interceptions , five sacks , one fumble recovery , 123 tackles , and a defensive touchdown . Following the season 's conclusion , Urlacher received minor neck surgery to treat his arthritic back . During the off season , Urlacher revised his contract with the Bears , who granted him a $ 6 million signing bonus with a $ 1 million increase in salary each of the next four years . Urlacher dislocated his wrist in the 2009 season opener against the Packers . He underwent surgery , and went on to miss the remainder of the season . Urlacher had severely damaged a bone in his wrist that was adjacent to a major nerve . Urlacher was forced to wear a cast on his wrist for 12 weeks and spend a month in therapy to recover from the injury . The Bears began to struggle on offense and defense . As frustration built , Urlacher criticized the Bears offense , stating that the addition of quarterback Jay Cutler had changed the team 's identity . The Bears , who have historically employed a strong running game , were beginning to rely more on the pass on offense . He went on to say , " Kyle Orton might not be the flashiest quarterback , but the guy is a winner , and that formula worked for us . I hate to say it , but that 's the truth . " Urlacher and Cutler later made amends . The Bears finished the season with a 7 – 9 record , and missed the playoffs for the third consecutive year . After recovering from the injury , Urlacher stated , " I feel more powerful . I ’ m running to the football , my keys are a lot more clear now , and I ’ m playing downhill ... So I think it did help my body kind of calm down and relax a little bit . " During the 2010 offseason , Bears general manager Jerry Angelo bolstered the team 's defense by signing free agent Julius Peppers . With Peppers ' help , Urlacher and the Bears improved to an 11 – 5 record in the 2010 NFL season , winning the NFC North and earning a first @-@ round bye for the 2011 Playoffs . After leading the NFC in tackles ( 49 ) during the period , Urlacher was recognized as the NFC Defensive Player of the Month during December / January . It was the first time winning the award in his career . Urlacher was also voted to his seventh Pro Bowl for his stellar defensive efforts during the year . In 2011 in Week 17 against the Minnesota Vikings , Urlacher sprained his MCL when teammate Major Wright and Vikings receiver Percy Harvin landed on him with 5 : 15 left in the game . Luckily for him , there was no ACL damage , according to his MRI . Urlacher was eventually named to the Pro Bowl , but didn 't play due to the injury against Minnesota . Though he participated in the team 's first four training camp practices , he hadn 't participated in any other practices since July 31 . On August 14 , 2012 , Urlacher had an arthroscopic debridement procedure on his left knee , and has stated that his goal is to play in the 2012 season opener . He eventually practiced on September 3 , and played against the Colts in the season opener , though he sat out the second half . = = = 2012 : Final season and retirement = = = In 2012 , Urlacher was awarded the Ed Block Courage Award , given to those who showed a commitment to sportsmanship and courage . During his award acceptance speech , Urlacher thanked the Bears for their support after his mother Lavoyda Lenard died . Against the Tennessee Titans in Week 9 , Urlacher intercepted Matt Hasselbeck , and returned the pick 46 yards for a touchdown . Urlacher led the Bears in tackles until Week 13 against the Seahawks , in which he sustained a hamstring injury that sidelined him for the remainder of the season . Urlacher became an unrestricted free agent on March 12 , 2013 . On March 20 , the Bears announced that Urlacher will not return in 2013 after the two sides failed to reach an agreement on a new contract . Urlacher later belittled Phil Emery 's contract negotiations with him as ' lip service ' , and stated the Bears had little intention to re @-@ sign him . In 2015 , Urlacher told ESPN that he still respected the Bears organization and front office , but has yet to speak to Emery , who was fired in 2014 . On May 22 , 2013 , Urlacher announced his retirement via his Twitter account . In 182 games in the NFL , Urlacher started all but two , the third most in franchise history behind Walter Payton ( 184 ) and Olin Kreutz ( 183 ) , recording a team @-@ record 1 @,@ 779 tackles , 41 @.@ 5 sacks , 22 interceptions , 16 fumble recoveries and 11 forced fumbles . = = Other work = = In 2002 , Urlacher appeared on Wheel of Fortune , and won over $ 47 @,@ 000 for charity . Urlacher has appeared in several commercials for McDonald 's , Domino 's Pizza , Comcast , Nike , Campbell 's Chunky soup , Old Spice , and Glacéau . He also shared the spotlight with Peyton Manning in a MasterCard commercial at a spa . Nike also aired special commercials about Urlacher 's high school career containing clips and commentary of plays he made . However , Urlacher later stated that he feels " uncomfortable " appearing in commercials . He was also the cover athlete and spokesperson for Sega Sports ' NFL 2K3 . During media day before Super Bowl XLI Urlacher wore a hat promoting Glacéau vitamin water , a non @-@ NFL approved sponsor , for which he was fined US $ 100 @,@ 000 . Urlacher wrestled in a pay @-@ per @-@ view event for the NWA @-@ TNA promotion . The Bears organization discovered this and forced him to stop . In 2012 , with Nike taking over the NFL supplier from Reebok , Urlacher modeled for the new uniforms . In July 2013 , Urlacher announced that he will be an analyst for Fox Sports 1 on Fox Football Daily with Jay Glazer and Curt Menefee ; he had been courted by NFL Network but decided on Fox Sports . On September 16 , 2014 , Urlacher resigned from the role to spend more time with his family . In December 2014 , Urlacher participated in the USO Chairman 's Holiday tour , which provided entertainment to US troops in five countries around the world . = = = Reputation = = = Following his successful rookie season , Urlacher was able to gain popularity with the fans . On a national level , Urlacher 's jersey sales have rivaled those of other NFL players , such as Brett Favre and Michael Vick . Football fans across the nation have also voted Urlacher into eight Pro Bowls . Urlacher 's teammates and coaches have also praised his character and athletic ability . In 2007 , former teammate Tank Johnson called upon Urlacher to testify during one of his court hearings . Even after winning the NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award for the 2005 season , a 2006 Sports Illustrated poll of 361 NFL players named Urlacher the second most overrated player in the league behind Terrell Owens . In response , Urlacher has stated " Just watch the film . I don ’ t know what people are saying , but I ’ m not too worried about it anymore . All I can do is go out there and play hard and try and help my team win , and that 's what I ’ m going to keep doing . " = = NFL career statistics = = Source , Retrieved on January 24 , 2012 = = Personal life = = Urlacher has two daughters , Pam and Riley , with ex @-@ wife Laurie Urlacher and a son , Kennedy , with Tyna Robertson . Urlacher currently lives with his daughters and has visitation rights with his son . His younger brother , Casey , had a brief career in the Arena Football League , and was later elected mayor of Mettawa , Illinois in 2013 . In June 2005 , Urlacher filed suit to establish paternity of his son Kennedy . Genetic testing was completed and proved that he is Kennedy 's father . Kennedy 's mother , Tyna Robertson , was already well @-@ known to the media , having made claims of sexual assault against famed dancer Michael Flatley and a doctor from Naperville , Illinois . In 2011 , Urlacher 's mother Lavoyda Lenard Urlacher died of unreported causes , and Urlacher was granted his temporary leave from the team . However , Urlacher was able to return to the team in time for the season opener . In April 2012 , Urlacher began dating model and actress Jenny McCarthy . In August 2012 , McCarthy announced that she and Urlacher had ended their relationship . Urlacher married Jennipher Frost , a former contest on America 's Next Top Model on March 13 , 2016 . He also enjoys golfing in his spare time , and during an episode of AT & T 's Home Turf , Urlacher revealed a room in his mansion containing a plethora of golf paraphernalia . When home , Urlacher revealed that he also enjoys watching the Discovery Channel , National Geographic , and HBO 's Entourage . Urlacher enjoys listening to a wide variety of music , including hip hop , rock , and country music . Urlacher has also been spokesperson for several companies . Sega Sports selected Urlacher to appear on the cover of NFL 2K3 , while other companies , such as Nike , McDonald 's , Old Spice , and Vitamin Water , have featured him in several television advertisements and promotions . Urlacher is of Russian German descent . His great @-@ grandfather , Lucas Urlacher , was born into a Black Sea German family in an area that today belongs to Ukraine . = Jordan Schroeder = Jordan John Schroeder ( born September 29 , 1990 ) is an American professional ice hockey center . He currently plays with the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Born and raised in Minnesota , Schroeder spent two seasons with the U.S. National Team Development Program before he joined the Minnesota Golden Gophers of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( WCHA ) for two seasons , being named WCHA Rookie of the Year in 2009 . He has also played for the American national junior ice hockey team and appeared in three World Junior Championships , where he set records for most career assists and points by an American . Schroeder was ranked as the fifth best North American skater heading into the 2009 NHL Entry Draft , and was drafted 22nd overall by the Vancouver Canucks after concerns about his size led to several teams to pass on him . Schroeder then spent several years playing with the Canucks minor league affiliates in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) before joining the Canucks in 2013 . He played parts of two seasons with the Canucks , who decided not to re @-@ sign Schroeder in 2014 ; he then joined the Wild . = = Personal life = = Jordan grew up in Prior Lake , Minnesota , to John and Deb Schroeder , and moved to nearby Lakeville , a suburb of Minneapolis , when he was thirteen . John played several sports , including basketball , football and baseball while Deb was a gymnast and a cross @-@ country runner . Schroeder is the oldest of three siblings ; brother Zach is two years younger and sister Elly is six years younger ; both of them also play hockey . He first played hockey at the age of four ; his first organized team was called the Lakeville Ponys which was intended as a learn to skate program but at the recommendation of his coach Scott Cummings , he was moved up to the Mite program because his skill level was far ahead of the other kids his age . Schroeder spent two years at St. Thomas Academy in Mendota Heights , Minnesota , before graduating with high honors from Ann Arbor Pioneer High School in Ann Arbor , Michigan . He accelerated his high school education in order to play NCAA hockey a year early and took courses online from Brigham Young University to do so . Schroeder signed a letter of intent to join the University of Minnesota in November 2007 . He enrolled at the school in the fall of 2008 , majoring in business and marketing education . In 2010 , his final year at the school , Schroeder was named to the WCHA All @-@ Academic team , the result of a 3 @.@ 0 grade average over the previous two semesters . = = Playing career = = = = = Amateur career = = = Schroeder played high school hockey for St. Thomas Academy , a military preparatory school in Minnesota . He helped the St. Thomas Cadets reach the Minnesota Class 1A hockey tournament in both 2005 and 2006 , winning the high school championship in 2006 . In 2006 , he joined the U.S. National Team Development Program ( USNTDP ) , located in Ann Arbor , where he spent two seasons . In his final season with the USNTDP , Schroeder led the team in scoring with 21 goals and 53 points in 55 games . Schroeder joined the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( WCHA ) , a team he grew up wanting to play for , in 2008 – 09 . Upon joining the Golden Gophers , Schroeder was the youngest player on the team . He scored 13 goals and 32 assists in 32 games in his freshman year , the second highest total on the team , and was named WCHA Rookie of the Year . Schroeder was one of the top @-@ ranked prospects for the 2009 NHL Entry Draft , ranked fifth overall among North American skaters by NHL Central Scouting and was selected twenty @-@ second overall by the Vancouver Canucks . His drop in the draft has been attributed to his small stature and his play at the end of the 2009 World Junior Championships . Prior to the start of the 2009 – 10 season , it was reported that Schroeder intended to leave the University of Minnesota and join the Everett Silvertips , a team in the major junior Western Hockey League . This was denied by Schroeder , who wanted to spend at least another year with the Golden Gophers . The Golden Gophers finished the season with a losing record , the first time they had done so in more than 10 years , and lost in the first round of the playoffs , the second time in the past 33 years that had happened . Schroeder finished with 9 goals and 28 points in 37 games , tied for the team lead in points , the lowest for the team 's leading scorer since 1962 . = = = Professional career = = = On March 17 , 2010 , Schroeder signed a contract with the Canucks and was assigned to their American Hockey League affiliate , the Manitoba Moose . Similar to other National Hockey League entry @-@ level contracts , Schroeder 's contract was for three years ; he would make US $ 900 @,@ 000 per year while in the NHL , or $ 65 @,@ 000 to $ 70 @,@ 000 per year to play in the minor leagues , with a signing bonus of $ 270 @,@ 000 . In his first professional game on March 21 , 2010 , against the Grand Rapids Griffins , Schroeder scored two goals , including the game @-@ winning goal , as the Moose defeated the Griffins , 4 – 0 . He played eleven games in the regular season for the Moose and scored four goals and five assists as the team advanced to the playoffs . In the third game of the opening @-@ round playoff series against the Hamilton Bulldogs on April 19 , 2010 , Schroeder scored his first professional hat trick ( three goals in a game ) , and the first hat trick by a Moose player during the season , as the Moose won their first game of the playoffs , 7 – 2 . Schroeder played in all six of the Moose 's playoff games and registered three goals and three assists . As he was signed after the NHL trade deadline , Schroeder was not eligible to join the Canucks for the NHL playoffs . After attending his first professional training camp with the Canucks , he was reassigned to the Moose on September 27 , 2011 . Playing the first game of the season on October 8 against the Peoria Rivermen , Schroeder recorded three assists in a 4 – 3 win . Two months later , during a game against the Oklahoma City Barons on December 10 , Schroeder was involved in a collision of several players and left the game with a high ankle sprain . Fourth on the team in scoring at the time of the injury , with five goals and eight assists , Schroeder missed 16 games and returned to the Moose on January 20 , 2011 against the Abbotsford Heat . He finished his professional rookie season with 28 points ( 10 goals and 18 assists ) over 61 games , while adding 6 points ( 1 goal and 5 assists ) in 11 post @-@ season games . During the off @-@ season , the Moose franchise was relocated to St. John 's , Newfoundland due to the Winnipeg Jets ' return to the NHL , forcing the team out of the Winnipeg market . As a result , the Canucks began a new AHL affiliation , moving Schroeder to the Chicago Wolves for the 2011 – 12 season . He scored his first goal with the Wolves on October 14 , 2011 , in a 4 – 2 loss to the Milwaukee Admirals . He finished the 2011 @-@ 12 season third on the Wolves with 21 goals and 44 points . The 2012 – 13 NHL lockout ensured that Schroeder started the 2012 @-@ 13 season with the Wolves . Schroeder played in 30 games with the Wolves , scoring nine goals and ten assists . When the lockout ended in January 2013 he was initially sent back to Chicago , but after the Canucks played two games he was recalled to join the team . He made his NHL debut January 23 , 2013 against the Calgary Flames . Schroeder recorded his first point , an assist , on January 25 against the Anaheim Ducks , his second NHL game . He then scored the winning shootout goal in his sixth game , the Canucks 2 @-@ 1 victory over the Chicago Blackhawks on February 1 . In his ninth game , February 9 against Calgary , Schroeder scored his first two goals in the NHL ; both came against Leland Irving , with the first one being the game winning goal . Schroeder spent the summer prior to the 2013 – 14 season recovering from shoulder surgery . He then fractured his left ankle in the Canucks first preseason game of the year . By mid @-@ October Schroeder returned to the Canucks ; however he only played three games before once again fracturing his left ankle ; surgery was required after this injury , keeping him out until January 2014 . Prior to rejoining the Canucks , Schroeder played two games with their AHL affiliate , the Utica Comets , recording one assist . He would ultimately play 25 games with Vancouver during the season , recording six points . As a result , the Canucks did not tender Schroeder a qualifying offer when the season ended , making him an unrestricted free agent . He was then signed to a two @-@ year , two @-@ way contract by the Minnesota Wild on July 11 . = = International play = = Schroeder debuted with the American junior national team internationally at the 2007 IIHF World U18 Championships in Finland . He helped the United States to a silver medal as he finished third in tournament scoring with 11 points , behind American teammates Colin Wilson and James van Riemsdyk . The following year , Schroeder was named to the under @-@ 20 team , the youngest on the team at 17 , for the 2008 World Junior Championships in the Czech Republic . He finished second in team scoring and tied for fourth in the tournament behind van Riemsdyk with one goal and seven assists for eight points in seven games . Three months later , Schroeder made his second U18 tournament appearance . Named the player of the game in the American 's match against Sweden , he recorded five points in seven games as the Americans earned a bronze medal . At the 2009 World Junior Championships in Canada , Schroeder established the American record for most career assists at the tournament with 15 . The youngest player on the team , Schroeder was named the player of the game in a match against the Czech Republic , and led the Americans in scoring with 11 points . On December 23 , 2009 , Schroeder was named to the American team for the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships , his third straight appearance at the World Junior Championships . The only player on the American team to play in two previous World Junior tournaments , Schroeder was also the first player from the University of Minnesota to participate in three tournaments . In a quarter @-@ final match against Finland Schroeder notched three assists , including his 26th career point in the tournament , which surpassed Jeremy Roenick for the highest career total for an American . His 20 career assists was the third highest total in the history of the tournament . In the gold @-@ medal game against Canada , Schroeder led the American team in shots on goal with six , scoring a goal on one of them . He finished with three goals and five assists in seven games as the Americans won the gold medal . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = = Awards = = = = = NCAA = = = = = = Minnesota Golden Gophers team awards = = = = = = International = = = = Localization of Square Enix video games = The Japanese video game developer and publisher Square Enix ( formally two companies called Square and Enix prior to 2003 ) has been translating its games for North America and the PAL region since the late 1980s . It has not always released all of its games in all major regions , and continues to selectively release games even today depending on multiple factors such as the viability of platforms or the condition of the game itself . The process of localization has changed during that time from having a one @-@ person team with a short time and tight memory capacities to having a team of translators preparing simultaneous launches in multiple languages . The companies ' first major projects were Dragon Quest and Final Fantasy , which each proved successful enough to launch video game franchises . Since then , the majority of the games produced by the companies have been localized for western audiences , although the process was not given a high priority at Square until the international success of Final Fantasy VII . Richard Honeywood was recruited to start a dedicated localization department at the company . Enix remained without a translation department until its merger with Square . In some cases , such as Alexander O. Smith , teams or individuals became attached to particular subseries . In recent years , the process of localization has undergone changes , mainly due to difficult experiences with various titles , and Square Enix has sometimes developed the titles in localized form first in order to appeal to the western market . = = Staff = = The localization staff at Square Enix works mainly from Japanese to English and the other way around , and from American English to British English , French , Italian , German , and Spanish . Prior to the merger of Square and Enix in 2003 , Enix did not initially have a localization department and outsourced its Western releases to translators who had no close contact with the original development teams . Square also did not initially have a localization department , though Kaoru Moriyama and Ted Woolsey worked with them regularly on a contractual basis . Following the massive international success of Final Fantasy VII , the company looked into improving the quality of its translated products — the game was widely criticized for its rushed translation , which had been handled entirely by Michael Baskett , the company 's only in @-@ house translator at the time . To that end , Square tasked Richard Honeywood , originally a programmer , with creating a dedicated localization team . His first major project was Xenogears . While there were only two members at first , including Honeywood , the staff grew to include more than 40 employees by 2007 , four years after the merger between Square and Enix . By the late 2000s , for self @-@ contained series or games linked by story events or similar elements , Square Enix can use the same localization team , as in the case of titles set in the fictional world of Ivalice . The translator most associated with the Ivalice games is Alexander O. Smith . Another noted translator is Tom Slattery , who has worked the localizations of the Nintendo DS remake of Final Fantasy IV , the Game Boy Advance port of Final Fantasy VI , and Final Fantasy XIII and its sequels . = = Approach = = Before a translation is greenlit and translators are allocated , the localization , quality assurance ( QA ) and marketing staff play through a build of the game and sometimes do a focus group study . The localization team 's playthrough can sometimes take over 100 hours of gameplay . Once the company greenlights a localization project , a period of brainstorming starts in which glossary , style , naming schemes and fonts are chosen . During the translation phase , voiced sections are translated first . Text files are cross @-@ checked by multiple translators and editors . The text is then integrated along with any graphic and sound changes , and the game goes to quality assurance . During a period of several weeks to up to three months , Japanese QA teams look for bugs while Western QA teams check linguistic issues . The localization team often re @-@ plays the game during this phase , translates the manuals and help out on the guidebooks if these are made . Finally , the game is sent to the hardware manufacturers to be approved . Challenges for the localization teams include space limitation ( due to data storage and / or on @-@ screen space ) , achieving a natural dialogue flow despite multiple plot branches and script lines being stored out of order , and , when voiced footage is not re @-@ recorded for lip movement , dealing with file length and lip @-@ synch limitations . When the same team works on different games in a series such as Final Fantasy , they often need to adopt different writing styles depending on the setting of their games . Another point to consider is humorous elements that do not translate properly into English , and different cultural expectations about character interactions . The localization process depends on factors such as the development teams ' wishes , as well as budget and schedule . Translation usually starts late in development , although some titles , like Final Fantasy XI , are translated from Japanese to English during initial development , making the translators appear more like additional planners than actual translators . A few titles , like The Bouncer , have actually been developed in English first and only then translated to Japanese . The Last Remnant also adopted this approach , featuring motion @-@ capture and dialogue synched to English rather than Japanese actors . This was done due to the company 's wish to create a title for the international market . Many early localizations , like other RPGs both then and in more recent years , made heavy use of antiquated speech patterns and archaic nouns such as " thee " and " thou " . Square was not greatly focused on their localizations before the worldwide commercial success of Final Fantasy VII . In later years , the original translators were joined by editors to catch grammar and spelling errors . Prior to the development of Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 , the standard localization process for a title involved dual development between the company 's sound and localization departments , which meant that difficulties could arise because of constant changes to dialogue . For XIII @-@ 2 and future large @-@ scale titles , an in @-@ house development tool called Moomle was developed to ensure all parts of the process were properly synchronized and centralized . The development of Moomle was initialized due to the troubled localization of Final Fantasy XIII , and spearheaded by the game 's translator Slattery and his Japanese counterpart Teruaki Sugawara . In recent years , localization teams have tended to adopt two different approaches to translation and localization : either they remain quite faithful to the original Japanese , or they can make large changes as long as the story outline remains the same . The former method was adopted for Final Fantasy XIII and its sequels , although some alterations were made in order to make the English dialogue sound natural . In choosing voice actors , the company prefers to avoid well @-@ known film and television actors , citing Ellen Page 's casting in Beyond : Two Souls as a counterexample . = = = Experiences = = = Honeywood described Xenogears , his first translation project at Square and the first to be handled internally by the company , as " pure hell " . He stated that he started to change the company 's approach to localization after that game , moving booths to always work very closely with the original development teams , improving communication with them , and introducing full @-@ time editors . Woolsey also had a troublesome time while localizing Secret of Mana , which he said " nearly killed [ him ] " . The translation was completed within a month of the Japanese release as Square wanted to catch the 1993 holiday season . Final Fantasy XIII 's localization , handled by Slattery and Sugawara , was also quite chaotic . According to Slattery , the lack of deadlines , poor communication and synchronization between the various departments , and continuing changes to the script and to cutscenes led to a turbulent development . Due to the script changes , large sections of dialogue needed to be re @-@ translated by Slattery and re @-@ recorded by the English actors due to lack of necessary emotional drive for the scenes . In contrast , Smith had a good working relationship with Yasumi Matsuno during the localization of titles like Vagrant Story , Final Fantasy XII and the 2010 re @-@ release of Tactics Ogre : Let Us Cling Together . The two worked closely to ensure that the western versions were faithful to Matsuno 's vision . A challenging localization was Final Fantasy X , the first Final Fantasy title to feature voice acting . There , the team faced problems in both making the dialogue more compatible with an English @-@ speaking audience and lip @-@ synching it roughly with in @-@ game characters , whose lip @-@ movement was still for the original Japanese dialogue . = = Changes = = When translating its video games , Square Enix tries to take into account the cultural differences between Japan and western territories . This sometimes involves rewriting dialogue or altering graphics , animations , and sounds . For instance , in Chocobo Racing , visual references to the Japanese folk heroes Momotarō and Kiji were changed to depict Hansel and Gretel , since the game was designed mainly for children , and Hansel and Gretel are better known in the west than Momotarō and Kiji . According to Honeywood , trying to explain to the original development teams why some changes are needed can range from " frustrating to downright hilarious " . Generally , older development teams trust the translators with making changes while newer teams can be more reluctant , though they usually build up trust gradually . The localization team for The World Ends with You chose to preserve the Japanese elements to ensure the game 's cultural aspect remained intact . While localizing Final Fantasy XII , Smith worked to preserve the original script 's meaning while using English dialects to reproduce the Japanese dialects found in the original version . He and translator Joseph Reeder also ended up using different accents to identify factions within the game . Final Fantasy VII 's script was done by a small team , resulting in a rough script and inconsistencies . One of the more famous of these was the name of Aerith Gainsborough : the name was originally meant to be a merging of " Air " and " Earth " , but her name in the original game was translated as " Aeris " . During his localization of Secret of Mana , Woolsey was forced to trim down vast amounts of character dialogue due to an awkward fixed text font , later stating that he was satisfied with the result . Vagrant Story has been recognized as a high @-@ quality localization : whereas the original Japanese text was rather bland , the English version made use of archaic Medieval and Old English words and dialogue . With ports and remakes of older games , dialogue can be changed or added by the team , as in the case of Final Fantasy VI . The title can also be altered for various reasons . Final Fantasy IV and VI were released in western regions as Final Fantasy II and III . This was due to the fact that the original II and III had not received a western release . The Final Fantasy Legend was originally to be called The Great Warrior Saga , but changed it to its current title to tie in with the Final Fantasy series , which was well @-@ known and popular in the west . Dragon Quest , one of the earliest successful Japanese role @-@ playing games , had its title changed to Dragon Warrior so as not to confuse it with the similarly @-@ titled tabletop role @-@ playing game DragonQuest . The DragonQuest	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
ativity and black holes becoming mainstream subjects of research . This process was helped by the discovery of pulsars in 1967 , which , by 1969 , were shown to be rapidly rotating neutron stars . Until that time , neutron stars , like black holes , were regarded as just theoretical curiosities ; but the discovery of pulsars showed their physical relevance and spurred a further interest in all types of compact objects that might be formed by gravitational collapse . In this period more general black hole solutions were found . In 1963 , Roy Kerr found the exact solution for a rotating black hole . Two years later , Ezra Newman found the axisymmetric solution for a black hole that is both rotating and electrically charged . Through the work of Werner Israel , Brandon Carter , and David Robinson the no @-@ hair theorem emerged , stating that a stationary black hole solution is completely described by the three parameters of the Kerr – Newman metric : mass , angular momentum , and electric charge . At first , it was suspected that the strange features of the black hole solutions were pathological artifacts from the symmetry conditions imposed , and that the singularities would not appear in generic situations . This view was held in particular by Vladimir Belinsky , Isaak Khalatnikov , and Evgeny Lifshitz , who tried to prove that no singularities appear in generic solutions . However , in the late 1960s Roger Penrose and Stephen Hawking used global techniques to prove that singularities appear generically . Work by James Bardeen , Jacob Bekenstein , Carter , and Hawking in the early 1970s led to the formulation of black hole thermodynamics . These laws describe the behaviour of a black hole in close analogy to the laws of thermodynamics by relating mass to energy , area to entropy , and surface gravity to temperature . The analogy was completed when Hawking , in 1974 , showed that quantum field theory predicts that black holes should radiate like a black body with a temperature proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole . The first use of the term " black hole " in print was by journalist Ann Ewing in her article " ' Black Holes ' in Space " , dated 18 January 1964 , which was a report on a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . John Wheeler used the term " black hole " at a lecture in 1967 , leading some to credit him with coining the phrase . After Wheeler 's use of the term , it was quickly adopted in general use . = = Properties and structure = = The no @-@ hair theorem states that , once it achieves a stable condition after formation , a black hole has only three independent physical properties : mass , charge , and angular momentum . Any two black holes that share the same values for these properties , or parameters , are indistinguishable according to classical ( i.e. non @-@ quantum ) mechanics . These properties are special because they are visible from outside a black hole . For example , a charged black hole repels other like charges just like any other charged object . Similarly , the total mass inside a sphere containing a black hole can be found by using the gravitational analog of Gauss 's law , the ADM mass , far away from the black hole . Likewise , the angular momentum can be measured from far away using frame dragging by the gravitomagnetic field . When an object falls into a black hole , any information about the shape of the object or distribution of charge on it is evenly distributed along the horizon of the black hole , and is lost to outside observers . The behavior of the horizon in this situation is a dissipative system that is closely analogous to that of a conductive stretchy membrane with friction and electrical resistance — the membrane paradigm . This is different from other field theories such as electromagnetism , which do not have any friction or resistivity at the microscopic level , because they are time @-@ reversible . Because a black hole eventually achieves a stable state with only three parameters , there is no way to avoid losing information about the initial conditions : the gravitational and electric fields of a black hole give very little information about what went in . The information that is lost includes every quantity that cannot be measured far away from the black hole horizon , including approximately conserved quantum numbers such as the total baryon number and lepton number . This behavior is so puzzling that it has been called the black hole information loss paradox . = = = Physical properties = = = The simplest static black holes have mass but neither electric charge nor angular momentum . These black holes are often referred to as Schwarzschild black holes after Karl Schwarzschild who discovered this solution in 1916 . According to Birkhoff 's theorem , it is the only vacuum solution that is spherically symmetric . This means that there is no observable difference between the gravitational field of such a black hole and that of any other spherical object of the same mass . The popular notion of a black hole " sucking in everything " in its surroundings is therefore only correct near a black hole 's horizon ; far away , the external gravitational field is identical to that of any other body of the same mass . Solutions describing more general black holes also exist . Non @-@ rotating charged black holes are described by the Reissner – Nordström metric , while the Kerr metric describes a non @-@ charged rotating black hole . The most general stationary black hole solution known is the Kerr – Newman metric , which describes a black hole with both charge and angular momentum . While the mass of a black hole can take any positive value , the charge and angular momentum are constrained by the mass . In Planck units , the total electric charge Q and the total angular momentum J are expected to satisfy <formula> for a black hole of mass M. Black holes satisfying this inequality are called extremal . Solutions of Einstein 's equations that violate this inequality exist , but they do not possess an event horizon . These solutions have so @-@ called naked singularities that can be observed from the outside , and hence are deemed unphysical . The cosmic censorship hypothesis rules out the formation of such singularities , when they are created through the gravitational collapse of realistic matter . This is supported by numerical simulations . Due to the relatively large strength of the electromagnetic force , black holes forming from the collapse of stars are expected to retain the nearly neutral charge of the star . Rotation , however , is expected to be a common feature of compact objects . The black @-@ hole candidate binary X @-@ ray source GRS 1915 + 105 appears to have an angular momentum near the maximum allowed value . Black holes are commonly classified according to their mass , independent of angular momentum J or electric charge Q. The size of a black hole , as determined by the radius of the event horizon , or Schwarzschild radius , is roughly proportional to the mass M through <formula> where rsh is the Schwarzschild radius and MSun is the mass of the Sun . This relation is exact only for black holes with zero charge and angular momentum ; for more general black holes it can differ up to a factor of 2 . = = = Event horizon = = = The defining feature of a black hole is the appearance of an event horizon — a boundary in spacetime through which matter and light can only pass inward towards the mass of the black hole . Nothing , not even light , can escape from inside the event horizon . The event horizon is referred to as such because if an event occurs within the boundary , information from that event cannot reach an outside observer , making it impossible to determine if such an event occurred . As predicted by general relativity , the presence of a mass deforms spacetime in such a way that the paths taken by particles bend towards the mass . At the event horizon of a black hole , this deformation becomes so strong that there are no paths that lead away from the black hole . To a distant observer , clocks near a black hole appear to tick more slowly than those further away from the black hole . Due to this effect , known as gravitational time dilation , an object falling into a black hole appears to slow as it approaches the event horizon , taking an infinite time to reach it . At the same time , all processes on this object slow down , from the view point of a fixed outside observer , causing any light emitted by the object to appear redder and dimmer , an effect known as gravitational redshift . Eventually , the falling object becomes so dim that it can no longer be seen . On the other hand , indestructible observers falling into a black hole do not notice any of these effects as they cross the event horizon . According to their own clocks , which appear to them to tick normally , they cross the event horizon after a finite time without noting any singular behaviour ; it is impossible to determine the location of the event horizon from local observations . The shape of the event horizon of a black hole is always approximately spherical . For non @-@ rotating ( static ) black holes the geometry of the event horizon is precisely spherical , while for rotating black holes the sphere is oblate . = = = Singularity = = = At the center of a black hole , as described by general relativity , lies a gravitational singularity , a region where the spacetime curvature becomes infinite . For a non @-@ rotating black hole , this region takes the shape of a single point and for a rotating black hole , it is smeared out to form a ring singularity that lies in the plane of rotation . In both cases , the singular region has zero volume . It can also be shown that the singular region contains all the mass of the black hole solution . The singular region can thus be thought of as having infinite density . Observers falling into a Schwarzschild black hole ( i.e. , non @-@ rotating and not charged ) cannot avoid being carried into the singularity , once they cross the event horizon . They can prolong the experience by accelerating away to slow their descent , but only up to a limit ; after attaining a certain ideal velocity , it is best to free fall the rest of the way . When they reach the singularity , they are crushed to infinite density and their mass is added to the total of the black hole . Before that happens , they will have been torn apart by the growing tidal forces in a process sometimes referred to as spaghettification or the " noodle effect " . In the case of a charged ( Reissner – Nordström ) or rotating ( Kerr ) black hole , it is possible to avoid the singularity . Extending these solutions as far as possible reveals the hypothetical possibility of exiting the black hole into a different spacetime with the black hole acting as a wormhole . The possibility of traveling to another universe is however only theoretical , since any perturbation would destroy this possibility . It also appears to be possible to follow closed timelike curves ( returning to one 's own past ) around the Kerr singularity , which lead to problems with causality like the grandfather paradox . It is expected that none of these peculiar effects would survive in a proper quantum treatment of rotating and charged black holes . The appearance of singularities in general relativity is commonly perceived as signaling the breakdown of the theory . This breakdown , however , is expected ; it occurs in a situation where quantum effects should describe these actions , due to the extremely high density and therefore particle interactions . To date , it has not been possible to combine quantum and gravitational effects into a single theory , although there exist attempts to formulate such a theory of quantum gravity . It is generally expected that such a theory will not feature any singularities . = = = Photon sphere = = = The photon sphere is a spherical boundary of zero thickness in which photons that move on tangents to that sphere would be trapped in a circular orbit about the black hole . For non @-@ rotating black holes , the photon sphere has a radius 1 @.@ 5 times the Schwarzschild radius . Their orbits would be dynamically unstable , hence any small perturbation , such as a particle of infalling matter , would cause an instability that would grow over time , either setting the photon on an outward trajectory causing it to escape the black hole , or on an inward spiral where it would eventually cross the event horizon . While light can still escape from the photon sphere , any light that crosses the photon sphere on an inbound trajectory will be captured by the black hole . Hence any light that reaches an outside observer from the photon sphere must have been emitted by objects between the photon sphere and the event horizon . Other compact objects , such as neutron stars , can also have photon spheres . This follows from the fact that the gravitational field external to a spherically @-@ symmetric object is governed by the Schwarzschild metric , which depends only on the object 's mass rather than the radius of the object , hence any object whose radius shrinks to smaller than 1 @.@ 5 times the Schwarzschild radius will have a photon sphere . = = = Ergosphere = = = Rotating black holes are surrounded by a region of spacetime in which it is impossible to stand still , called the ergosphere . This is the result of a process known as frame @-@ dragging ; general relativity predicts that any rotating mass will tend to slightly " drag " along the spacetime immediately surrounding it . Any object near the rotating mass will tend to start moving in the direction of rotation . For a rotating black hole , this effect is so strong near the event horizon that an object would have to move faster than the speed of light in the opposite direction to just stand still . The ergosphere of a black hole is a volume whose inner boundary is the black hole 's event horizon and an outer boundary of an oblate spheroid , which coincides with the event horizon at the poles but noticeably wider around the equator . The outer boundary is sometimes called the ergosurface . Objects and radiation can escape normally from the ergosphere . Through the Penrose process , objects can emerge from the ergosphere with more energy than they entered . This energy is taken from the rotational energy of the black hole causing the latter to slow . = = = Innermost stable circular orbit ( ISCO ) = = = In Newtonian gravity , test particles can stably orbit at arbitrary distances from a central object . In general relativity , however , there exists an innermost stable circular orbit ( often called the ISCO ) , inside of which , any infinitesimal perturbations to a circular orbit will lead to inspiral into the black hole . The location of the ISCO depends on the spin of the black hole , in the case of a Schwarzschild black hole ( spin zero ) is : <formula> and decreases with increasing spin . = = Formation and evolution = = Considering the exotic nature of black holes , it may be natural to question if such bizarre objects could exist in nature or to suggest that they are merely pathological solutions to Einstein 's equations . Einstein himself wrongly thought that black holes would not form , because he held that the angular momentum of collapsing particles would stabilize their motion at some radius . This led the general relativity community to dismiss all results to the contrary for many years . However , a minority of relativists continued to contend that black holes were physical objects , and by the end of the 1960s , they had persuaded the majority of researchers in the field that there is no obstacle to the formation of an event horizon . Once an event horizon forms , Penrose proved , general relativity without quantum mechanics requires that a singularity will form within . Shortly afterwards , Hawking showed that many cosmological solutions that describe the Big Bang have singularities without scalar fields or other exotic matter ( see " Penrose – Hawking singularity theorems " ) . The Kerr solution , the no @-@ hair theorem , and the laws of black hole thermodynamics showed that the physical properties of black holes were simple and comprehensible , making them respectable subjects for research . The primary formation process for black holes is expected to be the gravitational collapse of heavy objects such as stars , but there are also more exotic processes that can lead to the production of black holes . = = = Gravitational collapse = = = Gravitational collapse occurs when an object 's internal pressure is insufficient to resist the object 's own gravity . For stars this usually occurs either because a star has too little " fuel " left to maintain its temperature through stellar nucleosynthesis , or because a star that would have been stable receives extra matter in a way that does not raise its core temperature . In either case the star 's temperature is no longer high enough to prevent it from collapsing under its own weight . The collapse may be stopped by the degeneracy pressure of the star 's constituents , allowing the condensation of matter into an exotic denser state . The result is one of the various types of compact star . The type of compact star formed depends on the mass of the remnant of the original star left after the outer layers have been blown away . Such explosions and pulsations lead to planetary nebula . This mass can be substantially less than the original star . Remnants exceeding 5 M ☉ are produced by stars that were over 20 M ☉ before the collapse . If the mass of the remnant exceeds about 3 – 4 M ☉ ( the Tolman – Oppenheimer – Volkoff limit ) , either because the original star was very heavy or because the remnant collected additional mass through accretion of matter , even the degeneracy pressure of neutrons is insufficient to stop the collapse . No known mechanism ( except possibly quark degeneracy pressure , see quark star ) is powerful enough to stop the implosion and the object will inevitably collapse to form a black hole . The gravitational collapse of heavy stars is assumed to be responsible for the formation of stellar mass black holes . Star formation in the early universe may have resulted in very massive stars , which upon their collapse would have produced black holes of up to 103 M ☉ . These black holes could be the seeds of the supermassive black holes found in the centers of most galaxies . It has further been suggested that supermassive black holes with typical masses of ~ 105 M ☉ could have formed from the direct collapse of gas clouds in the young universe . Some candidates for such objects have been found in observations of the young universe . While most of the energy released during gravitational collapse is emitted very quickly , an outside observer does not actually see the end of this process . Even though the collapse takes a finite amount of time from the reference frame of infalling matter , a distant observer would see the infalling material slow and halt just above the event horizon , due to gravitational time dilation . Light from the collapsing material takes longer and longer to reach the observer , with the light emitted just before the event horizon forms delayed an infinite amount of time . Thus the external observer never sees the formation of the event horizon ; instead , the collapsing material seems to become dimmer and increasingly red @-@ shifted , eventually fading away . = = = = Primordial black holes in the Big Bang = = = = Gravitational collapse requires great density . In the current epoch of the universe these high densities are only found in stars , but in the early universe shortly after the big bang densities were much greater , possibly allowing for the creation of black holes . The high density alone is not enough to allow the formation of black holes since a uniform mass distribution will not allow the mass to bunch up . In order for primordial black holes to form in such a dense medium , there must be initial density perturbations that can then grow under their own gravity . Different models for the early universe vary widely in their predictions of the size of these perturbations . Various models predict the creation of black holes , ranging from a Planck mass to hundreds of thousands of solar masses . Primordial black holes could thus account for the creation of any type of black hole . = = = High @-@ energy collisions = = = Gravitational collapse is not the only process that could create black holes . In principle , black holes could be formed in high @-@ energy collisions that achieve sufficient density . As of 2002 , no such events have been detected , either directly or indirectly as a deficiency of the mass balance in particle accelerator experiments . This suggests that there must be a lower limit for the mass of black holes . Theoretically , this boundary is expected to lie around the Planck mass ( mP = √ ħc / G ≈ 1 @.@ 2 × 1019 GeV / c2 ≈ 2 @.@ 2 × 10 − 8 kg ) , where quantum effects are expected to invalidate the predictions of general relativity . This would put the creation of black holes firmly out of reach of any high @-@ energy process occurring on or near the Earth . However , certain developments in quantum gravity suggest that the Planck mass could be much lower : some braneworld scenarios for example put the boundary as low as 1 TeV / c2 . This would make it conceivable for micro black holes to be created in the high @-@ energy collisions that occur when cosmic rays hit the Earth 's atmosphere , or possibly in the Large Hadron Collider at CERN . These theories are very speculative , and the creation of black holes in these processes is deemed unlikely by many specialists . Even if micro black holes could be formed , it is expected that they would evaporate in about 10 − 25 seconds , posing no threat to the Earth . = = = Growth = = = Once a black hole has formed , it can continue to grow by absorbing additional matter . Any black hole will continually absorb gas and interstellar dust from its surroundings and omnipresent cosmic background radiation . This is the primary process through which supermassive black holes seem to have grown . A similar process has been suggested for the formation of intermediate @-@ mass black holes found in globular clusters . Another possibility for black hole growth , is for a black hole to merge with other objects such as stars or even other black holes . Although not necessary for growth , this is thought to have been important , especially for the early development of supermassive black holes , which could have formed from the coagulation of many smaller objects . The process has also been proposed as the origin of some intermediate @-@ mass black holes . = = = Evaporation = = = In 1974 , Hawking predicted that black holes are not entirely black but emit small amounts of thermal radiation ; this effect has become known as Hawking radiation . By applying quantum field theory to a static black hole background , he determined that a black hole should emit particles that display a perfect black body spectrum . Since Hawking 's publication , many others have verified the result through various approaches . If Hawking 's theory of black hole radiation is correct , then black holes are expected to shrink and evaporate over time as they lose mass by the emission of photons and other particles . The temperature of this thermal spectrum ( Hawking temperature ) is proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole , which , for a Schwarzschild black hole , is inversely proportional to the mass . Hence , large black holes emit less radiation than small black holes . A stellar black hole of 1 M ☉ has a Hawking temperature of about 100 nanokelvins . This is far less than the 2 @.@ 7 K temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation . Stellar @-@ mass or larger black holes receive more mass from the cosmic microwave background than they emit through Hawking radiation and thus will grow instead of shrink . To have a Hawking temperature larger than 2 @.@ 7 K ( and be able to evaporate ) , a black hole would need a mass less than the Moon . Such a black hole would have a diameter of less than a tenth of a millimeter . If a black hole is very small , the radiation effects are expected to become very strong . Even a black hole that is heavy compared to a human would evaporate in an instant . A black hole with the mass of a car would have a diameter of about 10 − 24 m and take a nanosecond to evaporate , during which time it would briefly have a luminosity of more than 200 times that of the Sun . Lower @-@ mass black holes are expected to evaporate even faster ; for example , a black hole of mass 1 TeV / c2 would take less than 10 − 88 seconds to evaporate completely . For such a small black hole , quantum gravitation effects are expected to play an important role and could hypothetically make such a small black hole stable , although current developments in quantum gravity do not indicate so . The Hawking radiation for an astrophysical black hole is predicted to be very weak and would thus be exceedingly difficult to detect from Earth . A possible exception , however , is the burst of gamma rays emitted in the last stage of the evaporation of primordial black holes . Searches for such flashes have proven unsuccessful and provide stringent limits on the possibility of existence of low mass primordial black holes . NASA 's Fermi Gamma @-@ ray Space Telescope launched in 2008 will continue the search for these flashes . = = Observational evidence = = By their very nature , black holes do not directly emit any electromagnetic radiation other than the hypothetical Hawking radiation , so astrophysicists searching for black holes must generally rely on indirect observations . For example , a black hole 's existence can sometimes be inferred by observing its gravitational interactions with its surroundings . However , the Event Horizon Telescope ( EHT ) , run by MIT 's Haystack Observatory , is an attempt to directly observe the immediate environment of the event horizon of Sagittarius A * , the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way . The first image of the event horizon may appear as early as 2018 . The existence of magnetic fields just outside the event horizon of Sagittarius A * , which were predicted by theoretical studies of black holes , was confirmed by the EHT in 2015 . = = = Detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes = = = On 24 September 2015 the LIGO gravitational wave observatory made the first @-@ ever successful observation of gravitational waves . The signal was consistent with theoretical predictions for the gravitational waves produced by the merger of two black holes : one with about 36 solar masses , and the other around 29 solar masses . This observation provides the most concrete evidence for the existence of black holes to date . For instance , the gravitational wave signal suggests that the separation of the two object prior to merger was just 350 km ( or roughly 4 times the Schwarzschild radius corresponding to the inferred masses ) . The objects must therefore have been extremely compact , leaving black holes as the most plausible interpretation . More importantly , the signal observed by LIGO also included the start of the post @-@ merger ringdown , the signal produced as the newly formed compact object settles down to a stationary state . Arguably , the ringdown is the most direct way of observing a black hole . From the LIGO signal it is possible to extract the frequency and damping time of the dominant mode of the ringdown . From these it is possible to infer the mass and angular momentum of the final object , which match independent predictions from numerical simulations of the merger . The frequency and decay time of the dominant mode are determined by the geometry of the photon sphere . Hence , observation of this mode confirms the presence of a photon sphere , however it cannot exclude possible exotic alternatives to black holes that are compact enough to have a photon sphere . The observation also provides the first observational evidence for the existence of stellar @-@ mass black hole binaries . Furthermore , it is the first observational evidence of stellar @-@ mass black holes weighing 25 solar masses or more . = = = Proper motions of stars orbiting Sagittarius A * = = = The proper motions of stars near the center of our own Milky Way provide strong observational evidence that these stars are orbiting a supermassive black hole . Since 1995 , astronomers have tracked the motions of 90 stars orbiting an invisible object coincident with the radio source Sagittarius A * . By fitting their motions to Keplerian orbits , the astronomers were able to infer , in 1998 , that a 2 @.@ 6 million M ☉ object must be contained in a volume with a radius of 0 @.@ 02 light @-@ years to cause the motions of those stars . Since then , one of the stars — called S2 — has completed a full orbit . From the orbital data , astronomers were able to make refine the calculations of the mass to 4 @.@ 3 million M ☉ and a radius of less than 0 @.@ 002 lightyears for the object causing the orbital motion of those stars . The upper limit on the object 's size is still too large to test whether it is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius ; nevertheless , these observations strongly suggest that the central object is a supermassive black hole as there are no other plausible scenarios for confining so much invisible mass into such a small volume . Additionally , there is some observational evidence that this object might possess an event horizon , a feature unique to black holes . = = = Accretion of matter = = = Due to conservation of angular momentum , gas falling into the gravitational well created by a massive object will typically form a disc @-@ like structure around the object . Artists ' impressions such as the accompanying representation of a black hole with corona commonly depict the black hole as if it were a flat @-@ space material body hiding the part of the disc just behind it , but detailed mathematical modelling shows that the image of the disc would actually be distorted by the bending of light that originated behind the black hole in such a way that the upper side of the disc would be entirely visible , while there would be a partially visible secondary image of the underside of the disk . Within such a disc , friction would cause angular momentum to be transported outward , allowing matter to fall further inward , thus releasing potential energy and increasing the temperature of the gas . When the accreting object is a neutron star or a black hole , the gas in the inner accretion disc orbits at very high speeds because of its proximity to the compact object . The resulting friction is so significant that it heats the inner disc to temperatures at which it emits vast amounts of electromagnetic radiation ( mainly X @-@ rays ) . These bright X @-@ ray sources may be detected by telescopes . This process of accretion is one of the most efficient energy @-@ producing processes known ; up to 40 % of the rest mass of the accreted material can be emitted as radiation . ( In nuclear fusion only about 0 @.@ 7 % of the rest mass will be emitted as energy . ) In many cases , accretion discs are accompanied by relativistic jets that are emitted along the poles , which carry away much of the energy . The mechanism for the creation of these jets is currently not well understood . As such , many of the universe 's more energetic phenomena have been attributed to the accretion of matter on black holes . In particular , active galactic nuclei and quasars are believed to be the accretion discs of supermassive black holes . Similarly , X @-@ ray binaries are generally accepted to be binary star systems in which one of the two stars is a compact object accreting matter from its companion . It has also been suggested that some ultraluminous X @-@ ray sources may be the accretion disks of intermediate @-@ mass black holes . In November 2011 the first direct observation of a quasar accretion disk around a supermassive black hole was reported . = = = X @-@ ray binaries = = = X @-@ ray binaries are binary star systems that emit a majority of their radiation in the X @-@ ray part of the spectrum . These X @-@ ray emissions are generally thought to result when one of the stars ( compact object ) accretes matter from another ( regular ) star . The presence of an ordinary star in such a system provides a unique opportunity for studying the central object and to determine if it might be a black hole . If such a system emits signals that can be directly traced back to the compact object , it cannot be a black hole . The absence of such a signal does , however , not exclude the possibility that the compact object is a neutron star . By studying the companion star it is often possible to obtain the orbital parameters of the system and to obtain an estimate for the mass of the compact object . If this is much larger than the Tolman – Oppenheimer – Volkoff limit ( that is , the maximum mass a neutron star can have before it collapses ) then the object cannot be a neutron star and is generally expected to be a black hole . The first strong candidate for a black hole , Cygnus X @-@ 1 , was discovered in this way by Charles Thomas Bolton , Louise Webster and Paul Murdin in 1972 . Some doubt , however , remained due to the uncertainties that result from the companion star being much heavier than the candidate black hole . Currently , better candidates for black holes are found in a class of X @-@ ray binaries called soft X @-@ ray transients . In this class of system , the companion star is of relatively low mass allowing for more accurate estimates of the black hole mass . Moreover , these systems are actively emit X @-@ rays for only several months once every 10 – 50 years . During the period of low X @-@ ray emission ( called quiescence ) , the accretion disc is extremely faint allowing detailed observation of the companion star during this period . One of the best such candidates is V404 Cyg . = = = = Quiescence and advection @-@ dominated accretion flow = = = = The faintness of the accretion disc of an X @-@ ray binary during quiescence is suspected to be caused by the flow of mass entering a mode called an advection @-@ dominated accretion flow ( ADAF ) . In this mode , almost all the energy generated by friction in the disc is swept along with the flow instead of radiated away . If this model is correct , then it forms strong qualitative evidence for the presence of an event horizon , since if the object at the center of the disc had a solid surface , it would emit large amounts of radiation as the highly energetic gas hits the surface , an effect that is observed for neutron stars in a similar state . = = = = Quasi @-@ periodic oscillations = = = = The X @-@ ray emissions from accretion disks sometimes flicker at certain frequencies . These signals are called quasi @-@ periodic oscillations and are thought to be caused by material moving along the inner edge of the accretion disk ( the innermost stable circular orbit ) . As such their frequency is linked to the mass of the compact object . They can thus be used as an alternative way to determine the mass of candidate black holes . = = = Galactic nuclei = = = Astronomers use the term " active galaxy " to describe galaxies with unusual characteristics , such as unusual spectral line emission and very strong radio emission . Theoretical and observational studies have shown that the activity in these active galactic nuclei ( AGN ) may be explained by the presence of supermassive black holes , which can be millions of times more massive than stellar ones . The models of these AGN consist of a central black hole that may be millions or billions of times more massive than the Sun ; a disk of gas and dust called an accretion disk ; and two jets perpendicular to the accretion disk . Although supermassive black holes are expected to be found in most AGN , only some galaxies ' nuclei have been more carefully studied in attempts to both identify and measure the actual masses of the central supermassive black hole candidates . Some of the most notable galaxies with supermassive black hole candidates include the Andromeda Galaxy , M32 , M87 , NGC 3115 , NGC 3377 , NGC 4258 , NGC 4889 , NGC 1277 , OJ 287 , APM 08279 + 5255 and the Sombrero Galaxy . It is now widely accepted that the center of nearly every galaxy , not just active ones , contains a supermassive black hole . The close observational correlation between the mass of this hole and the velocity dispersion of the host galaxy 's bulge , known as the M @-@ sigma relation , strongly suggests a connection between the formation of the black hole and the galaxy itself . = = = Microlensing ( proposed ) = = = Another way that the black hole nature of an object may be tested in the future is through observation of effects caused by a strong gravitational field in their vicinity . One such effect is gravitational lensing : The deformation of spacetime around a massive object causes light rays to be deflected much as light passing through an optic lens . Observations have been made of weak gravitational lensing , in which light rays are deflected by only a few arcseconds . However , it has never been directly observed for a black hole . One possibility for observing gravitational lensing by a black hole would be to observe stars in orbit around the black hole . There are several candidates for such an observation in orbit around Sagittarius A * . = = = Alternatives = = = The evidence for stellar black holes strongly relies on the existence of an upper limit for the mass of a neutron star . The size of this limit heavily depends on the assumptions made about the properties of dense matter . New exotic phases of matter could push up this bound . A phase of free quarks at high density might allow the existence of dense quark stars , and some supersymmetric models predict the existence of Q stars . Some extensions of the standard model posit the existence of preons as fundamental building blocks of quarks and leptons , which could hypothetically form preon stars . These hypothetical models could potentially explain a number of observations of stellar black hole candidates . However , it can be shown from arguments in general relativity that any such object will have a maximum mass . Since the average density of a black hole inside its Schwarzschild radius is inversely proportional to the square of its mass , supermassive black holes are much less dense than stellar black holes ( the average density of a 108 M ☉ black hole is comparable to that of water ) . Consequently , the physics of matter forming a supermassive black hole is much better understood and the possible alternative explanations for supermassive black hole observations are much more mundane . For example , a supermassive black hole could be modelled by a large cluster of very dark objects . However , such alternatives are typically not stable enough to explain the supermassive black hole candidates . The evidence for the existence of stellar and supermassive black holes implies that in order for black holes to not form , general relativity must fail as a theory of gravity , perhaps due to the onset of quantum mechanical corrections . A much anticipated feature of a theory of quantum gravity is that it will not feature singularities or event horizons and thus black holes would not be real artifacts . In 2002 , much attention has been drawn by the fuzzball model in string theory . Based on calculations for specific situations in string theory , the proposal suggests that generically the individual states of a black hole solution do not have an event horizon or singularity , but that for a classical / semi @-@ classical observer the statistical average of such states appears just as an ordinary black hole as deduced from general relativity . = = Open questions = = = = = Entropy and thermodynamics = = = In 1971 , Hawking showed under general conditions that the total area of the event horizons of any collection of classical black holes can never decrease , even if they collide and merge . This result , now known as the second law of black hole mechanics , is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics , which states that the total entropy of a system can never decrease . As with classical objects at absolute zero temperature , it was assumed that black holes had zero entropy . If this were the case , the second law of thermodynamics would be violated by entropy @-@ laden matter entering a black hole , resulting in a decrease of the total entropy of the universe . Therefore , Bekenstein proposed that a black hole should have an entropy , and that it should be proportional to its horizon area . The link with the laws of thermodynamics was further strengthened by Hawking 's discovery that quantum field theory predicts that a black hole radiates blackbody radiation at a constant temperature . This seemingly causes a violation of the second law of black hole mechanics , since the radiation will carry away energy from the black hole causing it to shrink . The radiation , however also carries away entropy , and it can be proven under general assumptions that the sum of the entropy of the matter surrounding a black hole and one quarter of the area of the horizon as measured in Planck units is in fact always increasing . This allows the formulation of the first law of black hole mechanics as an analogue of the first law of thermodynamics , with the mass acting as energy , the surface gravity as temperature and the area as entropy . One puzzling feature is that the entropy of a black hole scales with its area rather than with its volume , since entropy is normally an extensive quantity that scales linearly with the volume of the system . This odd property led Gerard ' t Hooft and Leonard Susskind to propose the holographic principle , which suggests that anything that happens in a volume of spacetime can be described by data on the boundary of that volume . Although general relativity can be used to perform a semi @-@ classical calculation of black hole entropy , this situation is theoretically unsatisfying . In statistical mechanics , entropy is understood as counting the number of microscopic configurations of a system that have the same macroscopic qualities ( such as mass , charge , pressure , etc . ) . Without a satisfactory theory of quantum gravity , one cannot perform such a computation for black holes . Some progress has been made in various approaches to quantum gravity . In 1995 , Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa showed that counting the microstates of a specific supersymmetric black hole in string theory reproduced the Bekenstein – Hawking entropy . Since then , similar results have been reported for different black holes both in string theory and in other approaches to quantum gravity like loop quantum gravity . = = = Information loss paradox = = = Because a black hole has only a few internal parameters , most of the information about the matter that went into forming the black hole is lost . Regardless of the type of matter which goes into a black hole , it appears that only information concerning the total mass , charge , and angular momentum are conserved . As long as black holes were thought to persist forever this information loss is not that problematic , as the information can be thought of as existing inside the black hole , inaccessible from the outside . However , black holes slowly evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation . This radiation does not appear to carry any additional information about the matter that formed the black hole , meaning that this information appears to be gone forever . The question whether information is truly lost in black holes ( the black hole information paradox ) has divided the theoretical physics community ( see Thorne – Hawking – Preskill bet ) . In quantum mechanics , loss of information corresponds to the violation of vital property called unitarity , which has to do with the conservation of probability . It has been argued that loss of unitarity would also imply violation of conservation of energy . Over recent years evidence has been building that indeed information and unitarity are preserved in a full quantum gravitational treatment of the problem . = = = Popular reading = = = = = = University textbooks and monographs = = = = = = Review papers = = = = Maryland Route 7 = Maryland Route 7 ( MD 7 ) is a collection of state highways in the U.S. state of Maryland . Known for much of their length as Philadelphia Road , there are five disjoint mainline sections of the highway totaling 40 @.@ 23 miles ( 64 @.@ 74 km ) that parallel U.S. Route 40 ( US 40 ) in Baltimore , Harford , and Cecil counties in northeastern Maryland . The longest section of MD 7 begins at US 40 just east of the city of Baltimore in Rosedale and extends through eastern Baltimore County and southern Harford County to US 40 in Aberdeen . The next segment of the state highway is a C @-@ shaped route through Havre de Grace . The third mainline section of MD 7 begins in Perryville and ends at US 40 a short distance west of the start of the fourth section , which passes through Charlestown and North East before ending at US 40 just west of Elkton . The fifth segment of the highway begins at South Street and passes through the eastern part of Elkton before reconnecting with US 40 west of the Delaware state line . MD 7 is the old alignment of US 40 in northeastern Maryland . The route was first laid out early in colonial times and later formed part of the post road between Baltimore and Philadelphia and between the northern and southern colonies . The highway in Baltimore and Harford counties became a turnpike in the 19th century . The Maryland State Roads Commission marked portions of what became known as the Philadelphia Road close to Baltimore and between Perryville and Elkton for improvement as state roads in 1909 . Those sections and the highway between Aberdeen and Havre de Grace were constructed as modern roads in the early to mid @-@ 1910s . The remainder of the highway was constructed in the 1920s and designated US 40 in 1927 . The high volume of traffic and the required continuous expansion of the highway led the Maryland State Roads Commission to construct the modern Pulaski Highway between 1935 and 1941 . Old sections of US 40 became segments of MD 7 between 1938 and 1941 as portions of the new four @-@ lane divided highway opened from Baltimore to Elkton . = = Route description = = There are five mainline sections of MD 7 : MD 7 ( without suffix ) runs 22 @.@ 83 miles ( 36 @.@ 74 km ) from US 40 in Rosedale to US 40 and MD 159 in Aberdeen . MD 7A extends 2 @.@ 66 miles ( 4 @.@ 28 km ) from US 40 west of Havre de Grace to US 40 and MD 155 in the city . MD 7B has a length of 3 @.@ 56 miles ( 5 @.@ 73 km ) from Perry Point VA Medical Center in Perryville to US 40 east of Perryville . MD 7C runs 9 @.@ 73 miles ( 15 @.@ 66 km ) from US 40 west of Charlestown east to US 40 and MD 279 west of Elkton . MD 7D spans 1 @.@ 45 miles ( 2 @.@ 33 km ) from South Street east to US 40 within Elkton . = = = Baltimore – Aberdeen = = = MD 7 begins at an intersection with US 40 ( Pulaski Highway ) in Rosedale just east of the Baltimore city line . The highway heads north then immediately turns east at a three @-@ way intersection ; the west leg of the intersection is Old Philadelphia Road , which is unsigned MD 7BA . MD 7 heads northeast as a two @-@ lane street through a residential neighborhood with scattered businesses and industrial properties as well as a crossing of Redhouse Creek . The route intersects MD 588 ( Golden Ring Road ) and expands to a five @-@ lane road with center turn lane before meeting Interstate 695 ( I @-@ 695 ) ( Baltimore Beltway ) at a partial cloverleaf interchange . MD 7 continues east past The Centre at Golden Ring shopping center , crossing Stemmers Run before its intersection with Rossville Boulevard in Rossville . The state highway reduces to two lanes and continues northeast through residential subdivisions on the westbound side and industrial facilities on the eastbound side of the highway . MD 7 expands to a five @-@ lane highway with center turn lane as it approaches Campbell Boulevard in White Marsh . The road passes between a pair of shopping centers before crossing White Marsh Run . MD 7 continues northeast between industrial parks , intersecting Industrial Park Road ( unsigned MD 7J ) before reducing to two lanes and crossing MD 43 ( White Marsh Boulevard ) . Westbound MD 43 is accessed via a ramp east of the overpass . The state highway crosses Honeygo Run and passes through a mix of forest and residential subdivisions , intersecting Cowenton Avenue and Joppa Road before crossing Gunpowder Falls . MD 7 passes through farmland and intersects Bradshaw Road in the hamlet of Bradshaw before crossing Little Gunpowder Falls and entering Harford County . MD 7 heads east through forest and scattered residential subdivisions through the northern fringe of Joppatowne , where the highway intersects Old Mountain Road and MD 152 ( Mountain Road ) . The route crosses Winters Run and intersects Edgewood Road and MD 24 ( Vietnam Veterans Memorial Highway ) in Edgewood . MD 7 crosses Haha Branch and meets Abingdon Road at Abingdon , which is home to the Nelson @-@ Reardon @-@ Kennard House . The highway intersects MD 136 ( Calvary Road ) in between crossings of Bynum Run and James Run , which flow into the Bush River . MD 7 temporarily expands to a four @-@ lane divided highway as it passes through the commercial area of Riverside , where the highway meets MD 543 ( Creswell Road ) just south of that highway 's interchange with I @-@ 95 . The road passes through forest with isolated residential subdivisions , one of which is served by Holly Oak Circle , which meets MD 7 at a roundabout . MD 7 's name changes to Old Philadelphia Road as it crosses Grays Run . Beyond Stepney Road , the state highway curves to the southeast to cross over CSX 's Philadelphia Subdivision , passing between industrial parks before reaching its eastern terminus at US 40 ( Pulaski Highway ) on the western edge of Aberdeen . Old Philadelphia Road continues east as MD 159 before becoming a county highway that serves an industrial area , intersects MD 715 ( Short Lane ) , and passes the historic home Poplar Hill , after which the highway merges with US 40 just west of downtown Aberdeen . = = = Havre de Grace = = = MD 7 begins at an intersection with US 40 just west of Havre de Grace . The highway heads northeast as two @-@ lane Revolution Street , crossing the Amtrak Northeast Corridor and passing through an industrial area before entering a residential area upon entering the city limits . MD 7 veers east to enter the street grid at Bloomsbury Avenue . The state highway turns north onto Union Street , which heads south as MD 490 , adjacent to Harford Memorial Hospital . The route heads through the Havre de Grace Historic District , passing through a residential area about four blocks from the Susquehanna River waterfront through Congress Street , where the highway begins to approach the waterfront . Immediately after passing under the Amtrak Susquehanna River Bridge , MD 7 turns west onto Otsego Street . The highway reaches its northern terminus at a five @-@ way intersection with Otsego Street , MD 155 ( Ohio Street ) , and US 40 ( Pulaski Highway ) , which crosses the Susquehanna River a short distance to the east on the Thomas J. Hatem Memorial Bridge . = = = Perryville = = = MD 7 begins at the entrance to the Perry Point VA Medical Center just north and east of the Amtrak Susquehanna River Bridge adjacent to Rodgers Tavern in the town of Perryville . The highway heads east as municipally maintained Broad Street , passing under both railroad tracks of the wye of Norfolk Southern Railway 's Columbia & Port Deposit line with the Amtrak Northeast Corridor , within which is the Perryville MARC station . Maintenance responsibility transfers from the town of Perryville to the state at MD 222 ( Aiken Avenue ) . MD 7 heads east over Mill Creek , past MD 327 ( Ikea Way ) , and leaves the town limits after an intersection with Coudon Boulevard , which leads to US 40 . The route continues east as Principio Furnace Road through farmland , passing the historic home Woodlands and Furnace Bay Golf Course . MD 7 passes the remains of Principio Furnace and crosses Principio Creek before reaching its eastern terminus at US 40 . = = = Charlestown – Elkton = = = MD 7 begins at US 40 ( Pulaski Highway ) northwest of Charlestown , a short distance east of the terminus of MD 7B . The highway heads southeast as two @-@ lane Old Philadelphia Road in a forested area between a pair of quarries . As MD 7 approaches the Amtrak Northeast Corridor , MD 267 ( Baltimore Street ) splits to the southeast and crosses the tracks to pass through Charlestown , while MD 7 begins to closely parallel the tracks along the northern edge of the town . The state highway receives the other end of MD 267 ( Bladen Street ) as it curves away from the railroad . MD 7 crosses Broad Creek and Stony Run before passing under the Amtrak line . MD 7 crosses North East Creek and enters the town of North East , where the highway is known as Cecil Avenue . The highway intersects MD 272 , which follows a one @-@ way pair , Main Street southbound and Mauldin Avenue northbound . MD 7 leaves the town and passes through a forested area with scattered residences . The route passes through an S @-@ curve during which it crosses to the north side of the Amtrak Northeast Corridor . On the north side of the bridge is a stub of old alignment , MD 7H . MD 7 continues east , passing Old Elk Neck Road before turning north and reaching its eastern terminus at US 40 . The roadway continues beyond the intersection as MD 279 ( Elkton Road ) . = = = Elkton = = = MD 7 begins at South Street east of downtown Elkton , heading east on two @-@ lane undivided East Main Street . Main Street continues west into downtown Elkton as a municipally @-@ maintained road . A short distance past the western terminus , Main Street continues east as MD 281 while MD 7 turns southeast onto Delaware Avenue . The state highway crosses Big Elk Creek and passes through a residential area before reaching its eastern terminus at US 40 ( Pulaski Highway ) about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of the Delaware state line . = = History = = = = = Predecessor roads and state road construction = = = The rough alignment of what is now MD 7 in Baltimore and Harford counties existed by 1695 as a rudimentary road ; Baltimore County ordered that the road be widened to 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) in width to allow easy passage for carts and for bridges to replace ferries at the numerous creeks along the route . In 1717 , the route from Baltimore to Elkton became part of a new overland post road between Philadelphia and Williamsburg . The highway between Baltimore and Havre de Grace was maintained as a turnpike , the Baltimore and Havre @-@ de @-@ Grace Turnpike , by 1825 . This turnpike later became known as the Baltimore and Philadelphia Turnpike and , after collection of tolls had ceased on the highway , the Philadelphia Road or the Post Road . The final ferry along the route to be eliminated was the Susquehanna River crossing . The first vehicular bridge was a converted railroad bridge built by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1873 , replaced with the current Amtrak bridge immediately to the north in 1904 , and converted into a tolled vehicular bridge owned by several citizens of Harford and Cecil counties in 1910 . The Maryland State Roads Commission purchased the bridge in 1923 and removed the tolls in 1928 . In 1926 , the commission double @-@ decked the bridge to increase the bridge 's capacity . When the Maryland State Roads Commission laid out a proposed state road system in 1909 , two sections of the Philadelphia Road were included : from the eastern city limit of Baltimore , then at Elwood Avenue , east to Rossville in Baltimore County , and from Perryville to Elkton . The highway was paved as an 18 @-@ foot ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) wide tarred macadam road from Elwood Avenue to Herring Run in 1910 . The remainder of the road from Herring Run to Rossville was completed in concrete by 1921 . In Cecil County , the Philadelphia Road was paved with a 14 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) wide macadam surface from the eastern town limit of North East to the western town limit of Elkton in 1913 . The highway was paved in concrete from Perryville to Principio Creek and in macadam from there through Charlestown in 1914 . The state road was paved in macadam from Charlestown to North East , including Cecil Avenue within the latter , in 1915 . The section of the state road through Charlestown , which is now MD 267 , was bypassed with a concrete road that remained on the north side of the Pennsylvania Railroad by 1921 . The section of the Post Road between Bel Air Avenue in Aberdeen and the former racetrack in Havre de Grace , much of which is now MD 132 , was paved under the state aid system as a 14 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) wide macadam road by 1911 . The first section of the gap between Rossville and Aberdeen was filled with a concrete road from Bradshaw to Winters Run by 1921 . The remainder of the highway in Baltimore County and the section from Winters Run to Bynum Run were paved in concrete by 1923 . The final piece of Philadelphia Road in Harford County was completed as a concrete road from Bynum Run to Aberdeen in 1926 . The highway was paved in concrete along Main Street and Delaware Avenue through Elkton , with the exception of a gap at the west end of town , by 1923 . The gap between Elkton and the Delaware state line was filled in 1925 . The 1 @,@ 100 @-@ foot ( 340 m ) gap at the west end of Elkton was left in inferior condition in anticipation of a grade separation of the Pennsylvania Railroad . This grade separation and its approaches was completed in 1929 , completing US 40 , which had been assigned to the length of the Philadelphia Road in 1927 . = = = Improvements and construction of Pulaski Highway = = = Improvements to US 40 began shortly after its designation . The highway was widened to 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) in width from Baltimore to Rosedale and from Aberdeen to Havre de Grace , and to 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) between Rosedale and Aberdeen , by 1930 . US 40 was also widened to 17 to 24 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 to 7 @.@ 3 m ) from Perryville to the Delaware state line by 1934 . The Cecil County section of the highway was widened again with a pair of 3 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) shoulders in 1937 and 1938 . The U.S. Highway was relocated to its present alignment through Aberdeen to eliminate a pair of crossings of the Pennsylvania Railroad between 1930 and 1933 ; the old highway south of the railroad tracks became an extension of MD 22 . However , the very high levels of traffic due to being the main highway between Baltimore and Philadelphia led to calls for the highway to be expanded to 40 feet ( 12 m ) in width along its entire length by 1934 . Rather than widen the existing road further , the Maryland State Roads Commission decided to build a new Philadelphia Road , later known as Pulaski Highway , as a divided highway on a new alignment between Baltimore and Aberdeen and to expand the newly relocated highway through Aberdeen to Havre de Grace to a four @-@ lane divided highway . The new US 40 was started in 1935 and completed in 1938 . The original Philadelphia Road between Baltimore and Aberdeen became the first section of MD 7 . The next sections of the old highway to be bypassed were in Havre de Grace and Perryville when the Thomas J. Hatem Memorial Bridge and its approaches opened in August 1940 , replacing the double @-@ decked converted railroad bridge . The portions of the old highway on either side of the river became additional sections of MD 7 . Construction on the new Philadelphia Road in Cecil County began in 1938 and was completed in 1941 . Transfer of US 40 to its new alignment resulted in the addition of two more sections of MD 7 from west of Charlestown through North East to west of Elkton and through Elkton . Despite the bypassing of the original Philadelphia Road , improvements continued to be made to MD 7 . The state highway was widened with dual 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) shoulders from the Baltimore city limit to Rossville in 1938 . MD 7 was widened through Havre de Grace in 1953 and through Elkton in 1954 . The highway was relocated and became a divided highway on both sides of its intersection with MD 543 in Riverside concurrent with the construction of MD 543 's interchange with I @-@ 95 in 1989 . MD 7 's roundabout at Holly Oak Circle in Riverside was installed in 2000 . Several portions of the state highway have been transferred to local maintenance . The portion of MD 7 to the south of US 40 in the southern portion of Aberdeen was removed in 1950 ; MD 159 was extended north to MD 7 's new eastern terminus and the remainder of Old Philadelphia Road became the responsibility of Harford County and Aberdeen . MD 7 between MD 213 and South Street in Elkton became one @-@ way eastbound in 2001 and municipally maintained in 2003 . The western terminus of that section of MD 7 was truncated at MD 213 in 2010 , resulting in the portion of Main Street from a dead end at the Amtrak Northeast Corridor to MD 213 also becoming the responsibility of Elkton . In 2012 , the MD 7 designation was removed from the portion of municipally @-@ maintained roadway between MD 213 and South Street . = = Junction list = = = = = MD 7 = = = = = = MD 7A = = = The entire route is in Havre de Grace , Harford County . = = = MD 7B = = = The entire route is in Cecil County . = = = MD 7C = = = The entire route is in Cecil County . = = = MD 7D = = = The entire route is in Elkton , Cecil County . = = Auxiliary routes = = MD 7 has four auxiliary routes : MD 7BA is the unsigned designation for Old Philadelphia Road , a 0 @.@ 18 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 29 km ) section of old alignment of MD 7 at its western terminus . MD 7BA continues the alignment of MD 7 west , becoming one lane westbound until it merges with westbound US 40 just east of the Baltimore city line . MD 7E is the unsigned designation for the 0 @.@ 09 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 14 km ) ramp from westbound US 40 to westbound MD 7D in Elkton . MD 7H is the unsigned designation for an unnamed 0 @.@ 12 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 19 km ) section of old alignment of MD 7 on the north side of the Bacon Hill crossing of the Amtrak Northeast Corridor . MD 7J is the unsigned designation for Industrial Park Road , a highway that connects MD 7 with an exit ramp from eastbound MD 43 in White Marsh . MD 7K is the unsigned designation for Patriotic Lane , a 0 @.@ 13 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 21 km ) road which runs from MD 7C east to the end of state maintenance , where it continues as an unnamed road , west of Elkton . The route was designated in 2012 . = 2012 – 13 Ivy League men 's basketball season = The 2012 – 13 Ivy League men 's basketball season marked the continuation of the annual tradition of competitive basketball among Ivy League members . The tradition began when the league was formed during the 1956 – 57 season and its history extends to the predecessor Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League , which was formed in 1902 . Due to a cheating scandal that involved defending champion Harvard , Princeton was the preseason favorite . Harvard won the regular season title outright and earned the conference 's only postseason bid . Princeton 's Ian Hummer earned the Ivy League Men 's Basketball Player of the Year after setting records for most single @-@ season and career Ivy League Player of the Week awards . Harvard tied an Ivy League single @-@ season team record with 13 combined Player of the Week and Rookie of the Week Awards . Ivy League records also fell for career games played by Hummer and career free throw percentage ( Brian Barbour ) . In the 2013 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament , Harvard earned the school 's first ever NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament victory and the conference 's first NCAA Tournament victory in three years . = = Preseason = = The Ivy League media selected Princeton as the preseason favorite when 16 of 17 voting members ( one voter selected Harvard ) named Princeton first in the preseason poll . Jeff Goodman of CBS Sports also selected Princeton as his preseason choice with Harvard second , noting that Harvard had been his preseason favorite until the September 2012 Harvard cheating scandal that involved about 125 athletes and students , including Kyle Casey and Brandyn Curry who withdrew from school as a result . Casey and Curry had been first @-@ team and second @-@ team All @-@ Ivy selections for the 2011 – 12 Ivy League men 's basketball season , respectively . Both players withdrew in hopes of preserving their final year of athletic eligibility following the investigation . = = Season = = Twelve different television networks scheduled a total of 36 Ivy League men 's basketball live broadcasts for the 2012 – 13 season . This includes a 14 @-@ game television package , featuring all eight member institutions , with 13 games being broadcast on the NBC Sports Network and one on the CBS Sports Network . The conference endured two one @-@ day postponements due to the February 2013 nor 'easter ( also known as Winter Storm Nemo ) . Harvard 's contest against Columbia at Levien Gymnasium in Manhattan that was originally scheduled for February 9 at 7 : 00 PM was postponed until February 10 at 2 : 00 PM . Similarly , Dartmouth 's game against Cornell originally scheduled to be played at 7 : 00 PM on February 9 at Newman Arena in Ithaca , New York was postponed until February 10 at 12 : 00 noon . Led by Wesley Saunders ' five Ivy League Player of the Week Awards and Siyani Chambers ' six Rookie of the Week Awards , Harvard tied the Ivy League team record with thirteen single @-@ season weekly recognitions . Meanwhile Hummer tied the individual career record with nine player of the week awards and set a new single @-@ season record with seven . Two Ivy League career statistical records fell . Columbia 's Brian Barbour completed his career with an 89 @.@ 7 % free throw shooting percentage , surpassing Jim Barton of Dartmouth ( class of 1989 ) who tallied 89 @.@ 5 % . Hummer surpassed former teammate Doug Davis ' ( class of 2012 ) 122 career games played with 123 games . = = Honors and accolades = = Columbia senior guard Brian Barbour was listed among 30 preseason Senior CLASS Award candidates . Cornell 's Eitan Chemerinski and Brown 's Matthew Sullivan were first team All @-@ District selections from District I placing them among the 40 candidates for the 15 @-@ man Academic All @-@ American team . Brown , a third @-@ team selection in 2012 , was recognized as a 2013 first @-@ team All @-@ American . = = = In season = = = Each week the Ivy League selected one or more player ( s ) of the week and one or more rookie ( s ) of the week . G – Guard F – Forward C – Center Fr . – Freshman So . – Sophomore Jr . – Junior Sr. – Senior = = = All @-@ Ivy = = = The following players earned Ivy League postseason recognition with ( Class , Position – Hometown ) : = = = USBWA = = = On March 12 , the U.S. Basketball Writers Association released its 2012 – 13 Men 's All @-@ District Teams , based upon voting from its national membership . There were nine regions from coast to coast , and a player and coach of the year were selected in each . The following lists all the Ivy League representatives selected within their respective regions . = = = NABC = = = The National Association of Basketball Coaches announced their Division I All ‐ District teams on March 26 , recognizing the nation 's best men 's collegiate basketball student @-@ athletes . Selected and voted on by member coaches of the NABC , 240 student @-@ athletes , from 24 districts were chosen . The selections on this list were then eligible for the State Farm Coaches ' Division I All @-@ America teams . The following list represented the District 13 players chosen to the list . = = = Other = = = Hummer also earned Associated Press honorable mention All @-@ American recognition . = = Postseason = = = = = NCAA Tournament = = = On March 21 in the 2013 NCAA Tournament , Harvard earned the school 's first NCAA Tournament victory and its first victory over a top 10 opponent when it defeated number three seeded New Mexico ( 10 , AP Poll / 10 , Coaches ' Poll ) . The victory was the conferences first since the 2009 – 10 Cornell Big Red men 's basketball team advanced to the Sweet Sixteen . Two days later , the team lost to Arizona , ending its season . = = = Other = = = Princeton declined any postseason invitation . No other bids were accepted . = Gloucester Road tube station = Gloucester Road is a London Underground station in Kensington , west London . It is served by the District , Circle and Piccadilly lines . On the District and Piccadilly lines , the station is between South Kensington and Earl 's Court , and on the Circle line , it is between South Kensington and High Street Kensington . It is in London fare zone 1 . The station entrance is located close to the junction of Gloucester Road and Cromwell Road . Close by are the Cromwell Hospital and Baden @-@ Powell House . The station is in two parts : sub @-@ surface platforms , opened in 1868 by the Metropolitan Railway as part of the company 's extension of the Inner Circle route from Paddington to South Kensington and to Westminster , and deep @-@ level platforms opened in 1906 by the Great Northern , Piccadilly and Brompton Railway . A variety of underground and main line services have operated over the sub @-@ surface tracks . The deep @-@ level platforms have remained largely unaltered . A disused sub @-@ surface platform features periodic art installations as part of Transport for London 's Art on the Underground scheme . = = History = = = = = Sub @-@ surface station = = = The station was opened as Brompton ( Gloucester Road ) on 1 October 1868 by the Metropolitan Railway ( MR , later the Metropolitan line ) when it opened an extension from Praed Street ( now Paddington ) . The station acted as the temporary terminus of the railway until 24 December 1868 when the MR opened tracks to South Kensington to connect to the first section of the District Railway ( DR , later the District line ) which opened on the same day from South Kensington to Westminster . The station was provided with four platforms sheltered by an elliptical glazed iron roof . A two @-@ storey station building in cream @-@ coloured brick with arched windows and an ornamental balustrade at roof level was built at the eastern end . Initially , the MR operated all services over both companies ' tracks . Residential development had been gradually spreading westward from Belgravia since the 1840s , but the area around the station site was mainly in horticultural use as market gardens when the new line was constructed . The planning of the line encouraged the local land owners , including Lord Kensington , to extend Cromwell Road westwards and the opening of Gloucester Road station , stimulated rapid residential development in the surrounding area . On 12 April 1869 , the DR opened a south @-@ westward extension from Gloucester Road to West Brompton where it opened an interchange station with the West London Extension Joint Railway ( WLEJR , now the West London Line ) . At the opening there was no intermediate station – Earl 's Court station did not open until 1871 – and the service operated as a shuttle between the two stations . On 1 August 1870 , the DR opened additional tracks between Gloucester Road and South Kensington and the West Brompton shuttle became a through service . On 3 July 1871 , the DR opened its own tracks between Gloucester Road and High Street Kensington . These tracks , the Cromwell Curve , were opened without Parliamentary authority in an unsuccessful attempt by the DR to improve its share of the revenues between High Street Kensington and South Kensington stations which were divided on the basis of mileage of track owned by the two companies . On 1 February 1872 , the DR opened a northbound branch from its station at Earl 's Court to connect to the West London Extension Joint Railway ( WLEJR , now the West London Line ) at Addison Road ( now Kensington ( Olympia ) ) . From that date the Outer Circle service began running over the DR 's tracks . The service was run by the North London Railway ( NLR ) from its terminus at Broad Street ( now demolished ) in the City of London via the North London Line to Willesden Junction , then the West London Line to Addison Road and the DR to Mansion House – at that time the eastern terminus of the DR. From 1 August 1872 , the Middle Circle service also began operations through Gloucester Road , running from Moorgate along the MR 's tracks on the north side of the Inner Circle to Paddington , then over the Hammersmith & City Railway ( H & CR ) track to Latimer Road , then , via a now demolished link , on the WLEJR to Addison Road and the DR to Mansion House . The service was operated jointly by the H & CR and the DR. On 30 June 1900 , the Middle Circle service was withdrawn between Earl 's Court and Mansion House , and , on 31 December 1908 , the Outer Circle service was also shortened to terminate at Earl 's Court . In 1949 , the Metropolitan line @-@ operated Inner Circle route was given its own identity on the tube map as the Circle line . In 1907 , " Brompton " was dropped from the station 's name to bring it into accordance with the deep @-@ level station . In the 1970s , the eastbound Circle line platform was taken out of use and the track layout was rearranged to remove the westbound Circle line track and widen the island platform . The eastbound Circle and District lines both serve the north side of the island platform and the westbound Circle line which was redirected to serve the south side of the island platform . The disused platform is used for Art on the Underground installations , often placed into the brick recesses in the northern retaining wall . In the 1990s a deck was constructed above the District and Circle line platforms on which was constructed a shopping mall and apartment building . = = = Deep @-@ level station = = = By the beginning of the 20th century , the DR had been extended to Richmond , Ealing Broadway , Hounslow West and Wimbledon in the west and to New Cross Gate in the east . The southern section of the Inner Circle was suffering considerable congestion between South Kensington and Mansion House , between which stations the DR was running an average of 20 trains per hour with more in the peak periods . To relieve the congestion , the DR planned an express deep @-@ level tube line starting from a connection to its sub @-@ surface tracks west of Gloucester Road and running to Mansion House . The tunnels were planned to run about 60 to 70 feet ( 18 – 21 m ) beneath the existing sub @-@ surface route with only one intermediate stop at Charing Cross ( now Embankment ) . Parliamentary approval was obtained in 1897 but no work was done . In 1898 , the DR took over the Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway ( B & PCR ) which had a route planned from South Kensington to Piccadilly Circus . The route was modified to join the DR deep @-@ level route at South Kensington . Following the purchase of the DR by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London in 1902 , the planned DR and B & PCR lines were merged with a third proposed route from the Great Northern and Strand Railway . The DR deep @-@ level route was revised at its western end to continue to Earl 's Court and surface to the east of Barons Court . The deep @-@ level platforms were opened on 15 December 1906 by the Great Northern , Piccadilly and Brompton Railway ( GNP & BR , now the Piccadilly line ) which ran between Finsbury Park and Hammersmith . A new surface building for the lifts was designed by Leslie Green with the GNP & BR 's distinctive ox @-@ blood red glazed terracotta façade . As part of the development over the sub @-@ surface platforms , the station buildings were remodelled internally to share a single entrance and ticket office . Space in the Piccadilly line building that was formerly used for operational purposes or as the exit to the street is now used for retail purposes . During the 2000s , the deep @-@ level parts of the station underwent refurbishment with areas of damaged wall tiles being replaced . The dark green and cream tiled walls of the Piccadilly line 's lower level passages and platforms were restored , with damaged tiles being replaced by reproductions to match the original designs . On 24 May 1957 Teresa Lubienska , a Polish Countess who had survived Auschwitz concentration camp , was stabbed five times on the eastbound Piccadilly line platform and died shortly afterwards . Her murder remains unsolved to this day . = = Services = = The station is in London fare zone 1 . On the District and Piccadilly lines , the station is between Earl 's Court and South Kensington , and on the Circle line , it is between High Street Kensington and South Kensington . Gloucester Road is the westernmost interchange between these three lines , although the tube map promotes the easier interchange at South Kensington . Train frequencies vary throughout the day , but generally District line trains operate every 2 – 6 minutes from approximately 05 : 15 to 00 : 30 eastbound and 06 : 00 to 00 : 45 westbound ; they are supplemented by Circle line trains every 8 – 12 minutes from approximately 05 : 20 to 00 : 30 clockwise and 05 : 15 to 00 : 15 anticlockwise . Piccadilly line trains operate every 2 – 6 minutes from approximately 05 : 40 to 00 : 25 eastbound and 05 : 55 to 00 : 40 westbound . On the Piccadilly line 1973 Stock is used . On the Circle line S Stock is used and on the District line D78 Stock . The District Line also uses S Stock , which is being introduced to replace the D78 Stock by 2016 . = = Connections = = London Buses routes 49 and 74 and night routes N74 and N97 serve the station . = Romaine Brooks = Romaine Brooks , born Beatrice Romaine Goddard ( May 1 , 1874 – December 7 , 1970 ) , was an American painter who worked mostly in Paris and Capri . She specialized in portraiture and used a subdued palette dominated by the color gray . Brooks ignored contemporary artistic trends such as Cubism and Fauvism , drawing instead on the Symbolist and Aesthetic movements of the 19th century , especially the works of James McNeill Whistler . Her subjects ranged from anonymous models to titled aristocrats . She is best known for her images of women in androgynous or masculine dress , including her self @-@ portrait of 1923 , which is her most widely reproduced work . Brooks had an unhappy childhood after her father abandoned the family ; her mother was emotionally abusive and her brother mentally ill . By her own account , her childhood cast a shadow over her whole life . She spent several years in Italy and France as a poor art student , then inherited a fortune upon her mother 's death in 1902 . Wealth gave her the freedom to choose her own subjects . She often painted people close to her , such as the Italian writer and politician Gabriele D 'Annunzio , the Russian dancer Ida Rubinstein , and her partner of more than 50 years , the writer Natalie Barney . Although she lived until 1970 , she painted very little after 1925 . She made a series of line drawings during the early 1930s , using an " unpremeditated " technique resembling automatic drawing , then virtually abandoned art , completing only a single portrait after World War II . = = Life and career = = = = = Early life and education = = = Beatrice Romaine Goddard was born in Rome , Italy , the youngest of three children of wealthy Americans Ella Waterman Goddard and Major Henry Goddard ; her maternal grandfather was the multi @-@ millionaire Isaac S. Waterman , Jr . Her parents divorced when she was small , and her father abandoned the family . Beatrice was raised by her mother , who was unstable and abused her emotionally while doting on her mentally ill brother , St. Mar. They lived mostly in New York , where from an early age Goddard had to tend to St. Mar because he attacked anyone else who came near him . According to her memoir , when she was seven , her mother fostered her to a poor family living in a New York City tenement , then disappeared and stopped making the agreed @-@ upon payments . The family continued to care for Beatrice , although they sank further into poverty . She did not tell them where her grandfather lived for fear of being returned to her mother . After the foster family located her grandfather on their own , Beatrice was sent to study at St. Mary 's Hall ( now : Doane Academy ) an Episcopal boarding school for several years . Later she attended a convent school , in between times spent with her mother , who moved around Europe constantly , although the stress of travel made St. Mar harder to control . In adulthood Goddard Brooks referred to herself as having been a " child @-@ martyr " . In 1893 at the age of 19 , Goddard left her family and went to Paris . She extracted a meager allowance from her mother , took voice lessons , and for a time sang in a cabaret , then travelled to Rome to study art . As the only female student in her life class , as it was unusual for women to work from nude models , Goddard encountered what would now be called sexual harassment . When a fellow student left a book open on her stool with pornographic passages underlined , she picked it up and hit him in the face with it , and was not bothered again . In the summer of 1899 Goddard rented a studio in the poorest part of the island of Capri , which was a very inexpensive place to live . She studied art briefly in Paris , but her funds were insufficient . After several months of near starvation , she suffered a physical breakdown . In 1901 her brother St. Mar died . She returned home to help care for her grief @-@ stricken mother , who died less than a year later from complications of advanced diabetes . She was 28 when she and her sister inherited the large estate their grandfather had left , which made them independently wealthy . = = Marriage and family = = On 13 June 1903 Goddard married her friend John Ellingham Brooks , an unsuccessful pianist and translator who was in deep financial difficulty . He was homosexual , and the bisexual Goddard never revealed exactly why she married him . Her biographer Meryle Secrest suggests that she was motivated by concern for him and a desire for companionship , rather than the need for a marriage of convenience . They quarrelled almost immediately when she cut her hair and ordered men 's clothes for a planned walking tour of England ; he refused to be seen in public with her dressed that way . Chafing at his desire for outward propriety , she left him after only a year and moved to London . He frightened her because he kept making references to " our " money . Brooks spent the rest of his life on Capri ( where he died in 1929 ) and , for a while , lived there with E. F. Benson , author of the Mapp and Lucia novels . = = Career = = In 1904 Romaine Brooks , the name she preferred , became dissatisfied with her work , and in particular with the bright color schemes that she had used in her early paintings . She travelled to St. Ives on the Cornish coast , rented a small studio , and began learning to create finer gradations of gray . When a group of local artists asked her to give an informal show of her work , she displayed only some pieces of cardboard on which she had dabbed her experiments with gray paint . From then on , nearly all her paintings were dominated by gray , white , and black , sometimes with ochre or umber . She had found the palette she would use her whole career . = = = First exhibition = = = Brooks left St. Ives and moved to Paris . As painters such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse were reinventing art in the Bohemian districts of Montparnasse and Montmartre , Brooks took an apartment in the fashionable 16th arrondissement , mingled in elite social circles , and painted portraits of wealthy and titled women . This included her current lover , the Princess de Polignac . In 1910 she had her first solo show at the prestigious Gallery Durand @-@ Ruel , displaying thirteen paintings , almost all of women or young girls . Some were portraits ; others showed anonymous models in interior scenes or against monochromatic backgrounds , often with pensive or withdrawn expressions . The paintings were generally naturalistic , showing an attentive eye for the details of Belle Époque fashion , with parasols , veils , and elaborate bonnets on display . Brooks included two nude studies in this first exhibition — a provocative choice for a woman artist in 1910 . In one , The Red Jacket , a young woman stands in front of a large folding screen , wearing only a small open jacket , with her hands behind her back . She is so frail , and her downcast face looks so forlorn that one contemporary reviewer referred to her as a consumptive ; Brooks described her simply as " a poor girl who was cold " . The other , White Azaleas , is a more sexually charged nude study of a woman reclining on a couch in Brooks 's studio . Contemporary reviews compared it to Francisco de Goya 's La maja desnuda and Édouard Manet 's Olympia . Unlike the women in those paintings , the subject of White Azaleas looks away from the viewer , with a distinctly forbidding expression . The exhibition established Brooks 's reputation as an artist . Reviews were effusive , and the poet Robert de Montesquiou wrote an appreciation calling her " the thief of souls . " The restrained , almost monochromatic decor of her home also attracted attention ; she was often asked to give advice on interior design , and sometimes did , though she did not relish the role of decorator . She became more and more disillusioned with Parisian high society , finding the conversation dull and feeling that people were whispering about her . Despite her artistic success , she described herself as a lapidé — literally , a victim of stoning . = = = Gabriele D 'Annunzio and Ida Rubinstein = = = In 1909 Brooks met Gabriele D 'Annunzio , an Italian writer and politician who had come to France to escape his debts . She saw him as a martyred artist , another lapidé ; he wrote poems based on her works and called her " the most profound and wise orchestrator of grays in modern painting " . They spent the summer of 1910 in a villa on the coast of France , in a romantic interlude that was disrupted when D 'Annunzio 's jealous ex @-@ mistress arrived in town . Their friendship remained strong throughout D 'Annunzio 's life . In 1911 Brooks became romantically involved with Ida Rubinstein , an actress and dancer formerly with Serge Diaghilev 's Ballets Russes . D 'Annunzio had an obsessive but unrequited attraction to her as well . Rubinstein was deeply in love with Brooks ; she wanted to buy a farm in the country where they could live alone together — a mode of life in which Brooks had no interest . Although they broke up in 1914 , Brooks painted Rubinstein more often than any other subject ; for Brooks , Rubinstein 's " fragile and androgynous beauty " represented an aesthetic ideal . The earliest of these paintings are a series of allegorical nudes . In The Crossing ( also exhibited as The Dead Woman ) , Rubinstein appears as a corpse , stretched on a white bed or bier against a black void ; in Spring , she strews flowers on the ground in a grassy meadow . When Rubinstein starred in D 'Annunzio 's play The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian , Brooks painted her as Saint Sebastian — tied to a post , being shot with an arrow by a masked dwarf standing on a table . The dwarf is thought to represent D 'Annunzio . At the beginning of World War I , Brooks painted The Cross of France , a symbolic image of France at war , showing a Red Cross nurse looking off to the side with a resolute expression while Ypres burns in the distance behind her . Although it is not a portrait of Ida Rubinstein , it does resemble her , and she may have modelled for it . It was exhibited along with a poem by D 'Annunzio calling for courage and resolution in wartime , and later reproduced in a booklet sold to raise funds for the Red Cross . After the war , Brooks received the cross of the Legion of Honor for her fundraising efforts . The political imagery of The Cross of France has been compared to Eugène Delacroix 's painting Liberty Leading the People , in which a woman personifying Liberty holds up a flag against the background of a burning city . Delacroix 's Liberty leads a group of Parisians who have taken up arms , while the subject of The Cross of France stands alone . Brooks used this romantic image of a figure in heroic isolation several times ; a 1912 portrait of D 'Annunzio , a 1914 self @-@ portrait , and a portrait of Rubinstein completed in 1917 all show their subjects wrapped in dark cloaks and isolated against seascapes . During the war , D 'Annunzio became a national hero as leader of a fighter squadron . During the Paris Peace Conference , he led a group of nationalist irregulars who seized and held the city of Fiume to prevent Italy from ceding it to Croatia . He briefly set up a government , the Italian Regency of Carnaro , with himself as Duce . Although he was never part of Benito Mussolini 's government , he is regarded as a precursor of Fascism . The details of Brooks 's own politics are unclear , but she was evidently sympathetic to Italian Fascism . The romantic individualism of her paintings may have been influenced by D 'Annunzio 's ideologies — an idea that has troubled some viewers otherwise attracted to the imagery of Brooks 's portraits . Brooks painted Rubinstein one last time in The Weeping Venus ( 1916 – 17 ) , a nude based on a photograph taken during their relationship . According to her unpublished memoir , the painting represents " the passing away of familiar gods " as a result of World War I. She said she tried to repaint Venus 's features many times , but Rubinstein 's face somehow kept returning : " It fixes itself in the mind . " = = = Natalie Barney and Left Bank portraits = = = The longest and most important relationship of Brooks 's life was with Natalie Clifford Barney , whom she met around the start of World War I. Barney was an American @-@ born writer who hosted a literary salon on Paris 's Left Bank . She was avowedly nonmonogamous ; when they met she was already in a close long @-@ term relationship with Duchess Elisabeth de Clermont @-@ Tonnerre , which would last until the Duchess ' death in 1954 . She had many other relationships of varying length and devotion as well . Brooks tolerated Barney 's casual affairs well enough to tease her about them , and had a few of her own over the years , but could become jealous when a new love became serious . Usually she simply left town , but at one point she gave Barney an ultimatum to choose between her and Dolly Wilde — relenting once Barney had given in . At the same time , while Brooks was devoted to Barney , she did not want to live with her full @-@ time , as she disliked Paris , disdained Barney 's friends , and hated the constant socializing on which Barney thrived . She felt most fully herself when alone . To accommodate Brooks 's need for solitude , they built a summer home consisting of two separate wings joined by a dining room , which they called Villa Trait d 'Union , the " hyphenated villa " . Brooks spent part of each year in Italy or travelling elsewhere in Europe , away from Barney . The relationship lasted for more than 50 years . Brooks 's portrait of Barney has a softer look than her other paintings of the 1920s . Barney sits , swathed in a fur coat , in the house at 20 Rue Jacob where she lived and held her salon . In the window behind her , the courtyard is dusted with snow . Brooks often included animals or models of animals in her compositions to represent the personalities of her sitters ; she painted Barney with a small sculpture of a horse , alluding to the love of riding that had led Remy de Gourmont to nickname her " the Amazon " . The paper on which the horse stands may be one of Barney 's manuscripts . From 1920 to 1924 , most of Brooks 's subjects were of women who were in Barney 's social circle or who visited her salon . Truman Capote , who toured Brooks 's studio in the late 1940s , may have been exaggerating when he called it " the all @-@ time ultimate gallery of all the famous dykes from 1880 to 1935 or thereabouts " , but she did paint Elisabeth de Clermont @-@ Tonnerre ; Barney 's lover Elizabeth Eyre de Lanux ; her own lover Renata Borgatti ; Una , Lady Troubridge , the partner of Radclyffe Hall ; and the artist Gluck ( Hannah Gluckstein ) . Another of Brooks 's lovers was the wildly eccentric Marchesa Luisa Casati , whose portrait she painted while on Capri in 1920 . Several of these paintings depict women who had adopted some aspects of male dress . While in 1903 Brooks had shocked her husband by cutting her hair short and ordering a suit of men 's clothes from a tailor , by the mid @-@ 1920s bobbed and cropped hairstyles were in and wearing tailored jackets — usually with a skirt — was a recognized fashion , discussed in magazines as the " severely masculine " look . Women like Gluck , Troubridge , and Brooks used variations of the masculine mode , not to pass as men , but as a signal — a way of making their sexuality visible to others . At the time these paintings were made , however , it was a code that only a select few knew how to read . To a mainstream audience , the women in these paintings probably just looked fashionable . Gluck , an English artist whom Brooks painted around 1923 , was noted in the contemporary press as much for her style of dress as for her art . She pushed the masculine style further than most by wearing trousers on all occasions , which was not considered acceptable in the 1920s . Articles about her presented her cross @-@ dressing as an artistic eccentricity or as a sign that she was ultra @-@ modern . Brooks 's portrait shows Gluck in a starched white shirt , a silk tie , and a long black belted coat that she designed and had made by a " mad dressmaker " ; her right hand , at her waist , holds a man 's hat . Brooks painted these masculine accoutrements with the same attention she had once given to the parasols and ostrich plumes of La Belle Époque . But while many of her early paintings show sad and withdrawn figures " consumed by petticoats , veiled hats and other period trappings of femininity " , Gluck is self @-@ possessed and quietly intense — an artist who insists on being taken seriously . Her appearance is so androgynous that it would be difficult to identify her as a woman without help from the title , and the title itself — Peter , a Young English Girl — underscores the gender ambiguity of the image . Brooks 's 1923 self @-@ portrait has a grimmer tone . Brooks — who also designed her own clothes — painted herself in a tailored riding coat , gloves , and top hat . Behind her is a ruined building rendered in gray and black , underneath a slate @-@ colored sky . The only spots of strong color are her lipstick and the red ribbon of the Legion of Honor that she wears on her lapel , recalling the Red Cross insignia in The Cross of France . Her eyes are shaded by the brim of her hat , so that , according to one critic , " she 's watching you before you get close enough to look at her . She 's not passively inviting your approach ; she 's deciding whether you 're worth bothering with . " = = = Literary portraits of Brooks = = = In 1925 Brooks had solo exhibitions in Paris , London , and New York . After that year she produced only four more paintings , including portraits of Carl Van Vechten in 1936 and Muriel Draper in 1938 . At the same time that her artwork diminished , she became the subject of literary portraits by three writers . Each portrayed her as part of lesbian social circles in Paris and Capri . Brooks was the model for the painter Venetia Ford in Radclyffe Hall 's first novel , The Forge ( 1924 ) . The protagonist , Susan Brent , first encounters Ford among a group of women at a masquerade ball in Paris ; the descriptions of these women correspond closely to Brooks 's portraits , particularly those of Elisabeth de Gramont and Una Troubridge . Brent decides to leave her husband and pursue art after seeing the painting The Weeping Venus . Brooks also appeared in Compton Mackenzie 's Extraordinary Women ( 1928 ) , a novel about a group of lesbians on Capri during World War I , as the composer Olympia Leigh . Although the novel is satirical , Mackenzie treats Brooks with more dignity than the rest of the characters , portraying her as a detached observer of the others ' jealous intrigues — even those of which she is the focus . In Djuna Barnes 's Ladies Almanack ( 1928 ) , a roman à clef of Natalie Barney 's circle in Paris , she makes a brief appearance as Cynic Sal , who " dresse [ s ] like a coachman of the period of Pecksniff " — a reference to the style of dress seen in her 1923 self @-@ portrait . = = = Drawings and later life = = = In 1930 , while laid up with a sprained leg , Brooks began a series of more than 100 drawings of humans , angels , demons , animals , and monsters , all formed out of continuous curved lines . She said that when she started a line she did not know where it would go , and that the drawings " evolve [ d ] from the subconscious ... [ w ] ithout premeditation . " Brooks was writing her unpublished memoir No Pleasant Memories at the same time she began this series of drawings . Critics have interpreted them as exploring the continuing effect of her childhood on her — a theme expressed even in the symbol she used to sign them , a wing tethered with a rope or chain . Decades later , at 85 , she said " My dead mother gets between me and life . " Brooks stopped drawing around 1935 . She moved from Paris to a villa outside Florence , Italy in 1937 , and in 1940 — fleeing the invasion of France by Germany — Barney joined her there . After World War II ended , Brooks declined to move back to Paris with Barney , saying she wanted to " get back to [ her ] painting and painter 's life " , but in fact she virtually abandoned art after the war . She lost interest in promoting her own work , leaving it to Barney to arrange gallery placements of her paintings . She became increasingly reclusive , and while Barney continued to visit her frequently , by the mid @-@ 1950s she had to stay in a hotel , meeting Brooks only for lunch . Brooks spent weeks at a time in a darkened room , believing she was losing her eyesight . She became paranoid , fearing that someone was stealing her drawings and that her chauffeur planned to poison her . In a 1965 letter she cautioned Barney not to lie down on the benches in her garden , lest the plants feed on her life force : " Trees especially are our enemies and would suck us dry . " In the last year of her life , she stopped communicating with Barney entirely , leaving letters unanswered and refusing to open the door when Barney came to visit . She died in Nice , France , in 1970 at the age of 96 . = = Influences = = Brooks kept aloof from the artistic trends and movements of her time , " act [ ing ] as if the Fauvists , the Cubists , and the Abstract Expressionists did not exist . " However , critics have identified the influence of Aubrey Beardsley 's illustrations and of Symbolism , particularly in her paintings of Ida Rubinstein . The imagery of the 1930s drawings suggests Surrealism , and Brooks 's use of " unpremeditated " drawing as a route to the subconscious resembles the experiments with automatic drawing made by Surrealists such as André Masson . The most widely observed influence on Brooks 's painting is that of James McNeill Whistler , whose subdued palette probably inspired her use of the color gray . She may have been introduced to Whistler 's work by the art collector Charles Lang Freer , whom she met on Capri around 1899 , and who bought one of her early works . Brooks said she " wondered at the magic subtlety of [ Whistler 's ] tones " but thought his ' symphonies ' lacked corresponding subtlety of expression . One 1920 portrait may take its composition from a painting by Whistler . While the poses are almost identical , Brooks removes the little girl and all the details of Whistler 's domestic scene , leaving only Borgatti and her piano — an image of an artist completely focused on her art . = = Legacy and modern criticism = = Brooks 's conservative style led many art critics to dismiss her , and by the 1960s her work was largely forgotten . The revival of figurative painting since the 1980s , and new interest in the exploration of gender and sexuality through art have led to a reassessment of her work . She is now seen as a precursor of present @-@ day artists whose works depict cross @-@ dressing and transgender themes . Critics have described her portraits of the 1920s as a " sly celebration of gender @-@ bending as a kind of heroic act " and as creating " the first visible Sapphic stars in the history of modernism . " More generally , Brooks 's portraits starting with The Cross of France have been interpreted as creating new images of strong women . The portraits of the 1920s in particular — cross @-@ dressed and otherwise — portray their subjects as powerful , self @-@ confident , and fearless . One critic compared them to the faces on Mount Rushmore . Brooks seems to have seen her portraits in this light . According to a memoir by Natalie Barney , one woman complained , upon seeing her portrait , " You haven 't beautified me " , to which Brooks replied , " I have ennobled you . " Yet Brooks did not always ennoble her subjects . Inherited wealth freed her from the need to sell her paintings ; she did not care whether she pleased her sitters or not , and her wit , when unleashed , could be devastating . A striking example is her 1914 – 15 portrait of Elsie de Wolfe , an interior designer whom she felt had copied her monochromatic color schemes . Brooks painted de Wolfe porcelain @-@ pale , in an off @-@ white dress and a bonnet resembling a shower cap ; a white ceramic goat placed on a table at her elbow seems to mimic her simpering expression . One of Brooks 's most analyzed paintings , a 1924 portrait of Una , Lady Troubridge , has been seen as everything from an image of female self @-@ empowerment to a caricature . Art critic Michael Duncan sees the painting as making fun of Troubridge 's " dandified appearance " , while for Meryle Secrest it is " a tour de force of ironic commentary " . Laura Doan , pointing out newspaper and magazine articles from 1924 in which high collars , tailored satin jackets , and watch fobs are described as the latest in women 's wear , describes Troubridge as having a " keen fashion sense and an eye for sartorial detail " . But , these British fashions may not have been favored in Paris ; Natalie Barney and others in her circle considered Troubridge 's outfits ridiculous . Brooks expressed her own view in a letter to Barney : " Una is funny to paint . Her get @-@ up is remarkable . She will live perhaps and cause future generations to smile . " = Oxidative phosphorylation = Oxidative phosphorylation ( or OXPHOS in short ) is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients , thereby releasing energy which is used to reform ATP . In most eukaryotes , this takes place inside mitochondria . Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation . This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy , compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis . During oxidative phosphorylation , electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen , in redox reactions . These redox reactions release energy , which is used to form ATP . In eukaryotes , these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell 's mitochondria , whereas , in prokaryotes , these proteins are located in the cells ' intermembrane space . These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains . In eukaryotes , five main protein complexes are involved , whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present , using a variety of electron donors and acceptors . The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane , in a process called electron transport . This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane . This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient , through a large enzyme called ATP synthase ; this process is known as chemiosmosis . This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , in a phosphorylation reaction . This reaction is driven by the proton flow , which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme ; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor . Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism , it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide , which lead to propagation of free radicals , damaging cells and contributing to disease and , possibly , aging ( senescence ) . The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities . = = Overview of energy transfer by chemiosmosis = = Oxidative phosphorylation works by using energy @-@ releasing chemical reactions to drive energy @-@ requiring reactions : The two sets of reactions are said to be coupled . This means one cannot occur without the other . The flow of electrons through the electron transport chain , from electron donors such as NADH to electron acceptors such as oxygen , is an exergonic process – it releases energy , whereas the synthesis of ATP is an endergonic process , which requires an input of energy . Both the electron transport chain and the ATP synthase are embedded in a membrane , and energy is transferred from electron transport chain to the ATP synthase by movements of protons across this membrane , in a process called chemiosmosis . In practice , this is like a simple electric circuit , with a current of protons being driven from the negative N @-@ side of the membrane to the positive P @-@ side by the proton @-@ pumping enzymes of the electron transport chain . These enzymes are like a battery , as they perform work to drive current through the circuit . The movement of protons creates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane , which is often called the proton @-@ motive force . It has two components : a difference in proton concentration ( a H + gradient , ΔpH ) and a difference in electric potential , with the N @-@ side having a negative charge . ATP synthase releases this stored energy by completing the circuit and allowing protons to flow down the electrochemical gradient , back to the N @-@ side of the membrane . This kinetic energy drives the rotation of part of the enzymes structure and couples this motion to the synthesis of ATP . The two components of the proton @-@ motive force are thermodynamically equivalent : In mitochondria , the largest part of energy is provided by the potential ; in alkaliphile bacteria the electrical energy even has to compensate for a counteracting inverse pH difference . Inversely , chloroplasts operate mainly on ΔpH . However , they also require a small membrane potential for the kinetics of ATP synthesis . At least in the case of the fusobacterium P. modestum it drives the counter @-@ rotation of subunits a and c of the FO motor of ATP synthase . The amount of energy released by oxidative phosphorylation is high , compared with the amount produced by anaerobic fermentation . Glycolysis produces only 2 ATP molecules , but somewhere between 30 and 36 ATPs are produced by the oxidative phosphorylation of the 10 NADH and 2 succinate molecules made by converting one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water , while each cycle of beta oxidation of a fatty acid yields about 14 ATPs . These ATP yields are theoretical maximum values ; in practice , some protons leak across the membrane , lowering the yield of ATP . = = Electron and proton transfer molecules = = The electron transport chain carries both protons and electrons , passing electrons from donors to acceptors , and transporting protons across a membrane . These processes use both soluble and protein @-@ bound transfer molecules . In mitochondria , electrons are transferred within the intermembrane space by the water @-@ soluble electron transfer protein cytochrome c . This carries only electrons , and these are transferred by the reduction and oxidation of an iron atom that the protein holds within a heme group in its structure . Cytochrome c is also found in some bacteria , where it is located within the periplasmic space . Within the inner mitochondrial membrane , the lipid @-@ soluble electron carrier coenzyme Q10 ( Q ) carries both electrons and protons by a redox cycle . This small benzoquinone molecule is very hydrophobic , so it diffuses freely within the membrane . When Q accepts two electrons and two protons , it becomes reduced to the ubiquinol form ( QH2 ) ; when QH2 releases two electrons and two protons , it becomes oxidized back to the ubiquinone ( Q ) form . As a result , if two enzymes are arranged so that Q is reduced on one side of the membrane and QH2 oxidized on the other , ubiquinone will couple these reactions and shuttle protons across the membrane . Some bacterial electron transport chains use different quinones , such as menaquinone , in addition to ubiquinone . Within proteins , electrons are transferred between flavin cofactors , iron – sulfur clusters , and cytochromes . There are several types of iron – sulfur cluster . The simplest kind found in the electron transfer chain consists of two iron atoms joined by two atoms of inorganic sulfur ; these are called [ 2Fe – 2S ] clusters . The second kind , called [ 4Fe – 4S ] , contains a cube of four iron atoms and four sulfur atoms . Each iron atom in these clusters is coordinated by an additional amino acid , usually by the sulfur atom of cysteine . Metal ion cofactors undergo redox reactions without binding or releasing protons , so in the electron transport chain they serve solely to transport electrons through proteins . Electrons move quite long distances through proteins by hopping along chains of these cofactors . This occurs by quantum tunnelling , which is rapid over distances of less than 1 @.@ 4 × 10 − 9 m . = = Eukaryotic electron transport chains = = Many catabolic biochemical processes , such as glycolysis , the citric acid cycle , and beta oxidation , produce the reduced coenzyme NADH . This coenzyme contains electrons that have a high transfer potential ; in other words , they will release a large amount of energy upon oxidation . However , the cell does not release this energy all at once , as this would be an uncontrollable reaction . Instead , the electrons are removed from NADH and passed to oxygen through a series of enzymes that each release a small amount of the energy . This set of enzymes , consisting of complexes I through IV , is called the electron transport chain and is found in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion . Succinate is also oxidized by the electron transport chain , but feeds into the pathway at a different point . In eukaryotes , the enzymes in this electron transport system use the energy released from the oxidation of NADH to pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion . This causes protons to build up in the intermembrane space , and generates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane . The energy stored in this potential is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP . Oxidative phosphorylation in the eukaryotic mitochondrion is the best @-@ understood example of this process . The mitochondrion is present in almost all eukaryotes , with the exception of anaerobic protozoa such as Trichomonas vaginalis that instead reduce protons to hydrogen in a remnant mitochondrion called a hydrogenosome . = = = NADH @-@ coenzyme Q oxidoreductase ( complex I ) = = = NADH @-@ coenzyme Q oxidoreductase , also known as NADH dehydrogenase or complex I , is the first protein in the electron transport chain . Complex I is a giant enzyme with the mammalian complex I having 46 subunits and a molecular mass of about 1 @,@ 000 kilodaltons ( kDa ) . The structure is known in detail only from a bacterium ; in most organisms the complex resembles a boot with a large " ball " poking out from the membrane into the mitochondrion . The genes that encode the individual proteins are contained in both the cell nucleus and the mitochondrial genome , as is the case for many enzymes present in the mitochondrion . The reaction that is catalyzed by this enzyme is the two electron oxidation of NADH by coenzyme Q10 or ubiquinone ( represented as Q in the equation below ) , a lipid @-@ soluble quinone that is found in the mitochondrion membrane : The start of the reaction , and indeed of the entire electron chain , is the binding of a NADH molecule to complex I and the donation of two electrons . The electrons enter complex I via a prosthetic group attached to the complex , flavin mononucleotide ( FMN ) . The addition of electrons to FMN converts it to its reduced form , FMNH2 . The electrons are then transferred through a series of iron – sulfur clusters : the second kind of prosthetic group present in the complex . There are both [ 2Fe – 2S ] and [ 4Fe – 4S ] iron – sulfur clusters in complex I. As the electrons pass through this complex , four protons are pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space . Exactly how this occurs is unclear , but it seems to involve conformational changes in complex I that cause the protein to bind protons on the N @-@ side of the membrane and release them on the P @-@ side of the membrane . Finally , the electrons are transferred from the chain of iron – sulfur clusters to a ubiquinone molecule in the membrane . Reduction of ubiquinone also contributes to the generation of a proton gradient , as two protons are taken up from the matrix as it is reduced to ubiquinol ( QH2 ) . = = = Succinate @-@ Q oxidoreductase ( complex II ) = = = Succinate @-@ Q oxidoreductase , also known as complex II or succinate dehydrogenase , is a second entry point to the electron transport chain . It is unusual because it is the only enzyme that is part of both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain . Complex II consists of four protein subunits and contains a bound flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) cofactor , iron – sulfur clusters , and a heme group that does not participate in electron transfer to coenzyme Q , but is believed to be important in decreasing production of reactive oxygen species . It oxidizes succinate to fumarate and reduces ubiquinone . As this reaction releases less energy than the oxidation of NADH , complex II does not transport protons across the membrane and does not contribute to the proton gradient . In some eukaryotes , such as the parasitic worm Ascaris suum , an enzyme similar to complex II , fumarate reductase ( menaquinol : fumarate oxidoreductase , or QFR ) , operates in reverse to oxidize ubiquinol and reduce fumarate . This allows the worm to survive in the anaerobic environment of the large intestine , carrying out anaerobic oxidative phosphorylation with fumarate as the electron acceptor . Another unconventional function of complex II is seen in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum . Here , the reversed action of complex II as an oxidase is important in regenerating ubiquinol , which the parasite uses in an unusual form of pyrimidine biosynthesis . = = = Electron transfer flavoprotein @-@ Q oxidoreductase = = = Electron transfer flavoprotein @-@ ubiquinone oxidoreductase ( ETF @-@ Q oxidoreductase ) , also known as electron transferring @-@ flavoprotein dehydrogenase , is a third entry point to the electron transport chain . It is an enzyme that accepts electrons from electron @-@ transferring flavoprotein in the mitochondrial matrix , and uses these electrons to reduce ubiquinone . This enzyme contains a flavin and a [ 4Fe – 4S ] cluster , but , unlike the other respiratory complexes , it attaches to the surface of the membrane and does not cross the lipid bilayer . In mammals , this metabolic pathway is important in beta oxidation of fatty acids and catabolism of amino acids and choline , as it accepts electrons from multiple acetyl @-@ CoA dehydrogenases . In plants , ETF @-@ Q oxidoreductase is also important in the metabolic responses that allow survival in extended periods of darkness . = = = Q @-@ cytochrome c oxidoreductase ( complex III ) = = = Q @-@ cytochrome c oxidoreductase is also known as cytochrome c reductase , cytochrome bc1 complex , or simply complex III . In mammals , this enzyme is a dimer , with each subunit complex containing 11 protein subunits , an [ 2Fe @-@ 2S ] iron – sulfur cluster and three cytochromes : one cytochrome c1 and two b cytochromes . A cytochrome is a kind of electron @-@ transferring protein that contains at least one heme group . The iron atoms inside complex III ’ s heme groups alternate between a reduced ferrous ( + 2 ) and oxidized ferric ( + 3 ) state as the electrons are transferred through the protein . The reaction catalyzed by complex III is the oxidation of one molecule of ubiquinol and the reduction of two molecules of cytochrome c , a heme protein loosely associated with the mitochondrion . Unlike coenzyme Q , which carries two electrons , cytochrome c carries only one electron . As only one of the electrons can be transferred from the QH2 donor to a cytochrome c acceptor at a time , the reaction mechanism of complex III is more elaborate than those of the other respiratory complexes , and occurs in two steps called the Q cycle . In the first step , the enzyme binds three substrates , first , QH2 , which is then oxidized , with one electron being passed to the second substrate , cytochrome c . The two protons released from QH2 pass into the intermembrane space . The third substrate is Q , which accepts the second electron from the QH2 and is reduced to Q. − , which is the ubisemiquinone free radical . The first two substrates are released , but this ubisemiquinone intermediate remains bound . In the second step , a second molecule of QH2 is bound and again passes its first electron to a cytochrome c acceptor . The second electron is passed to the bound ubisemiquinone , reducing it to QH2 as it gains two protons from the mitochondrial matrix . This QH2 is then released from the enzyme . As coenzyme Q is reduced to ubiquinol on the inner side of the membrane and oxidized to ubiquinone on the other , a net transfer of protons across the membrane occurs , adding to the proton gradient . The rather complex two @-@ step mechanism by which this occurs is important , as it increases the efficiency of proton transfer . If , instead of the Q cycle , one molecule of QH2 were used to directly reduce two molecules of cytochrome c , the efficiency would be halved , with only one proton transferred per cytochrome c reduced . = = = Cytochrome c oxidase ( complex IV ) = = = Cytochrome c oxidase , also known as complex IV , is the final protein complex in the electron transport chain . The mammalian enzyme has an extremely complicated structure and contains 13 subunits , two heme groups , as well as multiple metal ion cofactors – in all , three atoms of copper , one of magnesium and one of zinc . This enzyme mediates the final reaction in the electron transport chain and transfers electrons to oxygen , while pumping protons across the membrane . The final electron acceptor oxygen , which is also called the terminal electron acceptor , is reduced to water in this step . Both the direct pumping of protons and the consumption of matrix protons in the reduction of oxygen contribute to the proton gradient . The reaction catalyzed is the oxidation of cytochrome c and the reduction of oxygen : = = = Alternative reductases and oxidases = = = Many eukaryotic organisms have electron transport chains that differ from the much @-@ studied mammalian enzymes described above . For example , plants have alternative NADH oxidases , which oxidize NADH in the cytosol rather than in the mitochondrial matrix , and pass these electrons to the ubiquinone pool . These enzymes do not transport protons , and , therefore , reduce ubiquinone without altering the electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane . Another example of a divergent electron transport chain is the alternative oxidase , which is found in plants , as well as some fungi , protists , and possibly some animals . This enzyme transfers electrons directly from ubiquinol to oxygen . The electron transport pathways produced by these alternative NADH and ubiquinone oxidases have lower ATP yields than the full pathway . The advantages produced by a shortened pathway are not entirely clear . However , the alternative oxidase is produced in response to stresses such as cold , reactive oxygen species , and infection by pathogens , as well as other factors that inhibit the full electron transport chain . Alternative pathways might , therefore , enhance an organisms ' resistance to injury , by reducing oxidative stress . = = = Organization of complexes = = = The original model for how the respiratory chain complexes are organized was that they diffuse freely and independently in the mitochondrial membrane . However , recent data suggest that the complexes might form higher @-@ order structures called supercomplexes or " respirasomes . " In this model , the various complexes exist as organized sets of interacting enzymes . These associations might allow channeling of substrates between the various enzyme complexes , increasing the rate and efficiency of electron transfer . Within such mammalian supercomplexes , some components would be present in higher amounts than others , with some data suggesting a ratio between complexes I / II / III / IV and the ATP synthase of approximately 1 : 1 : 3 : 7 : 4 . However , the debate over this supercomplex hypothesis is not completely resolved , as some data do not appear to fit with this model . = = Prokaryotic electron transport chains = = In contrast to the general similarity in structure and function of the electron transport chains in eukaryotes , bacteria and archaea possess a large variety of electron @-@ transfer enzymes . These use an equally wide set of chemicals as substrates . In common with eukaryotes , prokaryotic electron transport uses the energy released from the oxidation of a substrate to pump ions across a membrane and generate an electrochemical gradient . In the bacteria , oxidative phosphorylation in Escherichia coli is understood in most detail , while archaeal systems are at present poorly understood . The main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic oxidative phosphorylation is that bacteria and archaea use many different substances to donate or accept electrons . This allows prokaryotes to grow under a wide variety of environmental conditions . In E. coli , for example , oxidative phosphorylation can be driven by a large number of pairs of reducing agents and oxidizing agents , which are listed below . The midpoint potential of a chemical measures how much energy is released when it is oxidized or reduced , with reducing agents having negative potentials and oxidizing agents positive potentials . As shown above , E. coli can grow with reducing agents such as formate , hydrogen , or lactate as electron donors , and nitrate , DMSO , or oxygen as acceptors . The larger the difference in midpoint potential between an oxidizing and reducing agent , the more energy is released when they react . Out of these compounds , the succinate / fumarate pair is unusual , as its midpoint potential is close to zero . Succinate can therefore be oxidized to fumarate if a strong oxidizing agent such as oxygen is available , or fumarate can be reduced to succinate using a strong reducing agent such as formate . These alternative reactions are catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase , respectively . Some prokaryotes use redox pairs that have only a small difference in midpoint potential . For example , nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrobacter oxidize nitrite to nitrate , donating the electrons to oxygen . The small amount of energy released in this reaction is enough to pump protons and generate ATP , but not enough to produce NADH or NADPH directly for use in anabolism . This problem is solved by using a nitrite oxidoreductase to produce enough proton @-@ motive force to run part of the electron transport chain in reverse , causing complex I to generate NADH . Prokaryotes control their use of these electron donors and acceptors by varying which enzymes are produced , in response to environmental conditions . This flexibility is possible because different oxidases and reductases use the same ubiquinone pool . This allows many combinations of enzymes to function together , linked by the common ubiquinol intermediate . These respiratory chains therefore have a modular design , with easily interchangeable sets of enzyme systems . In addition to this metabolic diversity , prokaryotes also possess a range of isozymes – different enzymes that catalyze the same reaction . For example , in E. coli , there are two different types of ubiquinol oxidase using oxygen as an electron acceptor . Under highly aerobic conditions , the cell uses an oxidase with a low affinity for oxygen that can transport two protons per electron . However , if levels of oxygen fall , they switch to an oxidase that transfers only one proton per electron , but has a high affinity for oxygen . = = ATP synthase ( complex V ) = = ATP synthase , also called complex V , is the final enzyme in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway . This enzyme is found in all forms of life and functions in the same way in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes . The enzyme uses the energy stored in a proton gradient across a membrane to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ( Pi ) . Estimates of the number of protons required to synthesize one ATP have ranged from three to four , with some suggesting cells can vary this ratio , to suit different conditions . This phosphorylation reaction is an equilibrium , which can be shifted by altering the proton @-@ motive force . In the absence of a proton @-@ motive force , the ATP synthase reaction will run from right to left , hydrolyzing ATP and pumping protons out of the matrix across the membrane . However , when the proton @-@ motive force is high , the reaction is forced to run in the opposite direction ; it proceeds from left to right , allowing protons to flow down their concentration gradient and turning ADP into ATP . Indeed , in the closely related vacuolar type H + -ATPases , the hydrolysis reaction is used to acidify cellular compartments , by pumping protons and hydrolysing ATP . ATP synthase is a massive protein complex with a mushroom @-@ like shape . The mammalian enzyme complex contains 16 subunits and has a mass of approximately 600 kilodaltons . The portion embedded within the membrane is called FO and contains a ring of c subunits and the proton channel . The stalk and the ball @-@ shaped headpiece is called F1 and is the site of ATP synthesis . The ball @-@ shaped complex at the end of the F1 portion contains six proteins of two different kinds ( three α subunits and three β subunits ) , whereas the " stalk " consists of one protein : the γ subunit , with the tip of the stalk extending into the ball of α and β subunits . Both the α and β subunits bind nucleotides , but only the β subunits catalyze the ATP synthesis reaction . Reaching along the side of the F1 portion and back into the membrane is a long rod @-@ like subunit that anchors the α and β subunits into the base of the enzyme . As protons cross the membrane through the channel in the base of ATP synthase , the FO proton @-@ driven motor rotates . Rotation might be caused by changes in the ionization of amino acids in the ring of c subunits causing electrostatic interactions that propel the ring of c subunits past the proton channel . This rotating ring in turn drives the rotation of the central axle ( the γ subunit stalk ) within the α and β subunits . The α and β subunits are prevented from rotating themselves by the side @-@ arm , which acts as a stator . This movement of the tip of the γ subunit within the ball of α and β subunits provides the energy for the active sites in the β subunits to undergo a cycle of movements that produces and then releases ATP . This ATP synthesis reaction is called the binding change mechanism and involves the active site of a β subunit cycling between three states . In the " open " state , ADP and phosphate enter the active site ( shown in brown in the diagram ) . The protein then closes up around the molecules and binds them loosely – the " loose " state ( shown in red ) . The enzyme then changes shape again and forces these molecules together , with the active site in the resulting " tight " state ( shown in pink ) binding the newly produced ATP molecule with very high affinity . Finally , the active site cycles back to the open state , releasing ATP and binding more ADP and phosphate , ready for the next cycle . In some bacteria and archaea , ATP synthesis is driven by the movement of sodium ions through the cell membrane , rather than the movement of protons . Archaea such as Methanococcus also contain the A1Ao synthase , a form of the enzyme that contains additional proteins with little similarity in sequence to other bacterial and eukaryotic ATP synthase subunits . It is possible that , in some species , the A1Ao form of the enzyme is a specialized sodium @-@ driven ATP synthase , but this might not be true in all cases . = = Reactive oxygen species = = Molecular oxygen is an ideal terminal electron acceptor because it is a strong oxidizing agent . The reduction of oxygen does involve potentially harmful intermediates . Although the transfer of four electrons and four protons reduces oxygen to water , which is harmless , transfer of one or two electrons produces superoxide or peroxide anions , which are dangerously reactive . These reactive oxygen species and their reaction products , such as the hydroxyl radical , are very harmful to cells , as they oxidize proteins and cause mutations in DNA . This cellular damage might contribute to disease and is proposed as one cause of aging . The cytochrome c oxidase complex is highly efficient at reducing oxygen to water , and it releases very few partly reduced intermediates ; however small amounts of superoxide anion and peroxide are produced by the electron transport chain . Particularly important is the reduction of coenzyme Q in complex III , as a highly reactive ubisemiquinone free radical is formed as an intermediate in the Q cycle . This unstable species can lead to electron " leakage " when electrons transfer directly to oxygen , forming superoxide . As the production of reactive oxygen species by these proton @-@ pumping complexes is greatest at high membrane potentials , it has been proposed that mitochondria regulate their activity to maintain the membrane potential within a narrow range that balances ATP production against oxidant generation . For instance , oxidants can activate uncoupling proteins that reduce membrane potential . To counteract these reactive oxygen species , cells contain numerous antioxidant systems , including antioxidant vitamins such as vitamin C and vitamin E , and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase , catalase , and peroxidases , which detoxify the reactive species , limiting damage to the cell . = = Inhibitors = = There are several well @-@ known drugs and toxins that inhibit oxidative phosphorylation . Although any one of these toxins inhibits only one enzyme in the electron transport chain , inhibition of any step in this process will halt the rest of the process . For example , if oligomycin inhibits ATP synthase , protons cannot pass back into the mitochondrion . As a result , the proton pumps are unable to operate , as the gradient becomes too strong for them to overcome . NADH is then no longer oxidized and the citric acid cycle ceases to operate because the concentration of NAD + falls below the concentration that these enzymes can use . Not all inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation are toxins . In brown adipose tissue , regulated proton channels called uncoupling proteins can uncouple respiration from ATP synthesis . This rapid respiration produces heat , and is particularly important as a way of maintaining body temperature for hibernating animals , although these proteins may also have a more general function in cells ' responses to stress . = = History = = The field of oxidative phosphorylation began with the report in 1906 by Arthur Harden of a vital role for phosphate in cellular fermentation , but initially only sugar phosphates were known to be involved . However , in the early 1940s , the link between the oxidation of sugars and the generation of ATP was firmly established by Herman Kalckar , confirming the central role of ATP in energy transfer that had been proposed by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941 . Later , in 1949 , Morris Friedkin and Albert L. Lehninger proved that the coenzyme NADH linked metabolic pathways such as the citric acid cycle and the synthesis of ATP . The term oxidative phosphorylation was coined by Volodymyr Belitser in 1939 . For another twenty years , the mechanism by which ATP is generated remained mysterious , with scientists searching for an elusive " high @-@ energy intermediate " that would link oxidation and phosphorylation reactions . This puzzle was solved by Peter D. Mitchell with the publication of the chemiosmotic theory in 1961 . At first , this proposal was highly controversial , but it was slowly accepted and Mitchell was awarded a Nobel prize in 1978 . Subsequent research concentrated on purifying and characterizing the enzymes involved , with major contributions being made by David E. Green on the complexes of the electron @-@ transport chain , as well as Efraim Racker on the ATP synthase . A critical step towards solving the mechanism of the ATP synthase was provided by Paul D. Boyer , by his development in 1973 of the " binding change " mechanism , followed by his radical proposal of rotational catalysis in 1982 . More recent work has included structural studies on the enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation by John E. Walker , with Walker and Boyer being awarded a Nobel Prize in 1997 . = = = Introductory = = = Nelson DL ; Cox MM ( 2004 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . W. H. Freeman . ISBN 0 @-@ 7167 @-@ 4339 @-@ 6 . Schneider ED ; Sagan D ( 2006 ) . Into the Cool : Energy Flow , Thermodynamics and Life ( 1st ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 226 @-@ 73937 @-@ 6 . Lane N ( 2006 ) . Power , Sex , Suicide : Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 920564 @-@ 7 . = = = Advanced = = = Nicholls DG ; Ferguson SJ ( 2002 ) . Bioenergetics 3 ( 1st ed . ) . Academic Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 12 @-@ 518121 @-@ 3 . Haynie D ( 2001 ) . Biological Thermodynamics ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 79549 @-@ 4 . Rajan SS ( 2003 ) . Introduction to Bioenergetics ( 1st ed . ) . Anmol . ISBN 81 @-@ 261 @-@ 1364 @-@ 2 . Wikstrom M ( Ed ) ( 2005 ) . Biophysical and Structural Aspects of Bioenergetics ( 1st ed . ) . Royal Society of Chemistry . ISBN 0 @-@ 85404 @-@ 346 @-@ 2 . = = = General resources = = = Animated diagrams illustrating oxidative phosphorylation Wiley and Co Concepts in Biochemistry On @-@ line biophysics lectures Antony Crofts , University of Illinois at Urbana @-@ Champaign ATP Synthase Graham Johnson = = = Structural resources = = = PDB molecule of the month : ATP synthase Cytochrome c Cytochrome c oxidase Interactive molecular models at Universidade Fernando Pessoa : NADH dehydrogenase succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase cytochrome c oxidase = El Chal = El Chal is a pre @-@ Columbian Maya archaeological site located in the upper San Juan River valley of the southeastern Petén Basin region , Guatemala . The site is situated approximately 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) to the north of the modern town of Dolores , near the contemporary village settlement of the same name , lying some 600 metres ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) to the south . El Chal was occupied from approximately 300 BC through to 1300 AD ( from the Late Preclassic through to the Early Postclassic Periods of Mesoamerican chronology ) , although some Middle Preclassic activity has been identified in the acropolis . The Late Preclassic occupation of the city was concentrated around an E @-@ Group ceremonial complex some 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) north of the later site core . The site 's major period of occupation was during the Late Classic Period , when it was an important centre in the southeastern Petén region . Among the structures at the site is a large quadrangular residential complex , a structural type that is uncommonly found at Southern Maya lowland sites although there is a smaller one with similar characteristics at Machaquilá . As of 2010 very little restorative work has been undertaken at the site . The archaeological site is protected by the Guatemalan Instituto de Antropología e Historia . = = Location = = El Chal is located in the municipality of Dolores in the department of Petén in northern Guatemala . El Chal is 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) south of Flores , the departmental capital . The archaeological site is within the southern area of a village also named El Chal , 600 metres ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) to the south of the highway to Flores . The site is situated in the central Petén wet savanna in a well @-@ drained area not subject to seasonal flooding . The local topography is karstic in nature , and includes hills that support some of the city 's architecture . El Chal is located within the valley of the San Juan River , which is a tributary of the Pasión River , at an altitude of 270 metres ( 890 ft ) above mean sea level . The site is situated on a natural north @-@ south communication route between the Maya Mountains and the central Petén region . This route was used during the Colonial Period and was likely to have been inherited from pre @-@ Conquest times . Some of the major architecture of the site core is covered by secondary forest , including some large trees , while much of the city 's remains lie within the modern village , including mounds	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
of various sizes . Some mounds were destroyed in order to build the modern streets , in other cases the mounds were robbed of stone that was reused in modern construction . There are also instances where modern houses have been built on top of ancient mound platforms . Modern houses had previously also occupied the outskirts of the acropolis but were relocated during the Guatemalan Civil War in the late 20th century due to guerrilla activity . = = History = = El Chal was first occupied in the Middle Preclassic Period , with ceramics associated with a burial being recovered from the acropolis . Late Preclassic occupation has only been identified in a few residential groups in the site core . During the Preclassic the centre of the city was probably situated some distance to the northeast of the Late Classic centre , where a large ritual complex is located . The major period of occupation at the site was during the Late Classic , when most of the major architecture was built . At this time the city centre was moved to the site core around the newly built acropolis complex . The sculpted monuments of the city indicate that it was important enough during the Late Classic to possess its own Emblem Glyph . The city experienced a period of intensive construction lasting from the Late Classic through to the Terminal Classic . All hieroglyphic texts sculpted on monuments at El Chal date to the 8th century AD , although the inscriptions are heavily eroded . The residential groups constructed upon platforms in Panorama Sector were built in the Late Classic , when a flint workshop was in production in Panorama Group 19 . During the Late Classic occupation also expanded throughout the other sectors of the city ; Arrepentimiento , Municipal and Central . During the Terminal Classic , El Chal maintained its primary place in the San Juan valley . This is evidenced by major building activity in the site core where the massive structures were underwent new phases of construction and by the erection of new monuments to accompany the already existing Late Classic monuments . The continued importance of El Chal in the Terminal Classic resulted in other centres in the region being eclipsed , such as El Edén and El Tigrillo to the west and Copoja , La Puente and El Ocote to the southeast . During the Terminal Classic , El Chal developed its own ceramic production industry . In spite of the continued intensive activity in the site core , in Panorama Sector and the other peripheral residential sectors there was a diminishing of activity compared to the Late Classic , perhaps leading up to the abandonment of the city . Postclassic Period occupation of El Chal has been identified from ceramic fragments recovered from Structure 1 in the Northwest Plaza . A few Postclassic potsherds were also excavated from Group 15 in the Central Sector . = = = Modern history = = = The name El Chal first appears on a Spanish Colonial watercolour from 1735 together with other villages in the region , with the name of El Chal or El Chacal . It also appears on a map of central and southeastern Petén from 1860 , together with Poptún , Concepción , San Clemente and the ruins of Ixkun . Some of the stonework from the ruins has been stripped to be used in the construction of the modern village . The site was visited by archaeologists Richard Kirsch and Ian Graham in 1974 and 1975 but their work was never published . In 1989 the Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala mapped the site and catalogued the remaining monuments . In 1993 the first test excavations took place and an area of 4 square kilometres ( 1 @.@ 5 sq mi ) around the site core was explored . In the 1970s some sculpted monuments were removed from El Chal by FYDEP ( Fomento y Desarrollo del Petén - " Petén Patronage and Development " ) and were later transferred to the Tikal National Park . By the mid @-@ 1990s the exact location and identity of these monuments had been lost . Further excavations have taken place since the 1990s , including investigations of the West Plaza in 2003 , the East Plaza in 2004 , the acropolis in 2005 – 2006 and the Northwest Plaza in 2006 . = = Site description = = The site core of El Chal consists of an acropolis and three ceremonial plazas in which the majority of sculpted monuments were found , the East Plaza , West Plaza and Northeast Plaza . There are also a number of other plazas in the site core . The plazas and the majority of the residential structures were laid out upon naturally level terrain , while the acropolis was built upon a natural limestone hill and a very few residential groups were built upon artificial basal platforms . A reservoir is located to the northwest of the acropolis . It was built with irregular limestone blocks and measures 65 metres ( 213 ft ) across . In the rain season it fills to a depth of 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) and contains 400 cubic metres ( 14 @,@ 000 cu ft ) . A second , natural reservoir , is located to the south of the artificial reservoir and west of the acropolis . In the rain season it also fills to a depth of 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) . The large ritual complex of El Chal was located a considerable distance to the northeast of the civic centre of the city and was probably first built in the Preclassic Period . Archaeologists have mapped 268 structures clustered in 53 groups around approximately 68 patios in the site core . Residential structures were concentrated in the area surrounding the ceremonial centre , especially on the north and west sides near to the reservoir . Residences tended to be larger the closer they were to the reservoir . The residential area of El Chal was extensive and archaeologists have divided it into four sectors . Municipal consists of the area occupied by the modern village , El Arrepentimiento is the northeastern portion of the site , Panorama is the northwestern area , and Central is the site core . Central El Chal contains 25 groups , Arrepentimiento contains 40 groups , Panorama contains 53 groups and Municipal contains 18 groups . Panorama was an area of chert production while Municipal is associated with the ritual complex of the city . = = = Central Sector = = = = = = = Acropolis = = = = The acropolis was built on a 30 @-@ metre ( 98 ft ) high limestone hill . The base is almost square , measuring 140 metres ( 460 ft ) on each side . The acropolis complex faced northwards onto the south side of the West Plaza . The upper part of the hill was levelled into three wide terraces with an average area of 2 @,@ 800 square metres ( 30 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . The terraces were linked by a sunken stairway on the north side of the acropolis . The architecture of the acropolis is arranged in six groups . = = = = = Terraces = = = = = Terrace 1 is the highest terrace in the acropolis . It supports three small patios labelled as Patios A , B and C. These patios are laid out between 10 structures . Among the structures found on Terrace 1 , Structures 1 , 3 , 5 and 6 have been excavated by archaeologists . Structure 5 is the largest , on the west side of Patio A. Terrace 1 has been dated to the Late and Terminal Classic . A complex stairway divided into three flights gave access to the terrace from the south side . The upper flight descended seven steps to a small room measuring 1 @.@ 3 by 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 3 by 4 @.@ 9 ft ) . These steps had a tread of 0 @.@ 3 metres ( 0 @.@ 98 ft ) and a riser of 0 @.@ 25 metres ( 0 @.@ 82 ft ) . The second flight descended from the small room to another similar room , and the third flight descended in the opposite direction to the terrace supporting Patio F ( Terrace 3 ) . The wall of the upper flight was decorated with a sculpted bas @-@ relief frame , the wall of the middle flight was coated with stucco and were painted with a red and black design . Terrace 2 is situated 10 metres ( 33 ft ) below Terrace 1 . It is divided into two patios ( Patios D and E ) by a 9 @-@ metre ( 30 ft ) high pyramid temple . Patio D was accessed via a stairway from the West Plaza directly to the north , the stairway rose in two sections with a minor terrace between them , referred to as the Lower Terrace . The lower section of the stairway measured 59 metres ( 194 ft ) long , extending 5 metres ( 16 ft ) into the plaza at its lower end . Material excavated from the area around the stairway where it joined the base of the acropolis has been dated to the Late and Terminal Classic . Patio D itself was laid out at the very beginning of the Late Classic Period . It was resurfaced a number of times in the Late Classic , and the earliest of the surrounding structures were built at this time . Additional structures were built in the Terminal Classic , and the patio area was extended with the construction of the adjacent Patio G. Patio E was also accessed via a stairway from the base of the acropolis , although it is very poorly preserved . Ceramics recovered from the western portion of the Lower Terrace dated it to the Late and Terminal Classic . A low platform was excavated in the extreme southwestern corner of the Lower Terrace , although most of the ceramic finds were dated to the Terminal Classic , some pieces dating to the Late Preclassic were also found . Terrace 3 is located on the southwest side of the acropolis at the same height as Terrace 2 . It supports one residential patio group , Patio F , formed by five structures . = = = = = Patio A = = = = = Patio A was formed by a group of 5 buildings serving a dual residential and administrative function . Evidence of this is the fact that the structures in the group were divided into multiple rooms with internal benches , a form of architecture that is recognised as being a palace and that may serve for either elite domestic or administrative activity . The stone blocks used in construction measured approximately 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) on each side with a finely dressed front face , tapering towards the back in order to grip the structural fill . This patio is situated on the west side of the main terrace of the acropolis , Terrace 1 . Patio A has an area of 432 square metres ( 4 @,@ 650 sq ft ) , with the largest building on the west side . Patio B lies to the east and Patio C to the west , a lower terrace supports Patio F to the southwest and Patio D to the north . The patio was accessed via a short 3 @-@ step stairway on the southeast side . Excavations identified 3 construction phases in Patio A , with the first two dating to the Late Classic and the final phase dating to the Terminal Classic . Terrace 1 Structure 1 is on the north side of Patio A. It consists of a long platform access via a 23 @-@ metre ( 75 ft ) wide stairway on the south side . The stairway had three steps , each with a tread of 0 @.@ 6 metres ( 2 @.@ 0 ft ) and a riser measuring 0 @.@ 35 metres ( 1 @.@ 1 ft ) . Structure 1 experienced two construction phases , in the Late Classic and in the Terminal Classic . In its final form it measured 34 metres ( 112 ft ) long by 8 @.@ 5 metres ( 28 ft ) wide and stood 1 @.@ 4 metres ( 4 @.@ 6 ft ) high . The superstructure of the building possessed a C @-@ shaped bench . Terrace 1 Structure 2 is on the northeast side of Patio A. It was a single level platform measuring 8 by 5 metres ( 26 by 16 ft ) by 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) high . It was accessed via a projecting stairway measuring 5 metres ( 16 ft ) wide and protruding 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) from the structure . The five steps each had a tread of 0 @.@ 25 metres ( 0 @.@ 82 ft ) and a riser measuring 0 @.@ 24 metres ( 0 @.@ 79 ft ) . Archaeologists were unable to investigate the summit of Structure 2 due to the large size of the trees growing upon it . The structure clearly shows two construction phases , the first dating to the Late Classic and the second to the Terminal Classic . Finds dating to the Middle Preclassic were recovered from trenches sunk into the patio in front of the structure , consisting of 378 potsherds associated with Burial 265 . A Late Classic cache was also found at the base of the stairway , consisting of 2 eccentric obsidian artefacts shaped like centipedes , a flint arrowhead , various pieces of waste flint , and a number of flint blades and obsidian prismatic blades . Terrace 1 Structure 3 is on the east side of Patio A and separates it from Patio B. Structure 3 was built in two construction phases . The first phase was covered in stucco and raised 1 @.@ 3 metres ( 4 @.@ 3 ft ) above the level of the patio . The second phase consisted of a square platform that was 1 @.@ 8 metres ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) high . A bench on the east side of the platform raised the height to 2 @.@ 1 metres ( 6 @.@ 9 ft ) above the floor of the patio . Structure 3 was built from small limestone blocks around a rubble core . In its final form the structure was a rectangular platform measuring 17 by 14 @.@ 5 metres ( 56 by 48 ft ) and standing 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) high . The stairway measured 7 @.@ 5 metres ( 25 ft ) wide and was divided into two by a 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) block . The platform supported a bench measuring 13 @.@ 5 by 7 metres ( 44 by 23 ft ) . An incomplete human skeleton was found next to the south wall ( Burial 73 ) , together with broken ceramic fragments dating to the Terminal Classic . Although material excavated from the two construction phases has been dated to the Late Preclassic and the Early Classic , this material is believed to have been transported there and used as infill during the Late Classic construction of the building and not to represent earlier phases of the structure itself . Terrace 1 Structure 4 is on the south side of Patio A. The earliest version of the building measured 31 by 6 @.@ 5 metres ( 102 by 21 ft ) . It supported a room that measured 28 @.@ 5 by 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 93 @.@ 5 by 8 @.@ 2 ft ) with three doorways . The central door was 3 @.@ 5 metres ( 11 ft ) wide and the flanking doorways measured 1 @.@ 2 metres ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) wide . The front of the building was dominated by a bench that ran the entire width of the structure and became a 9 @-@ metre ( 30 ft ) wide stairway descending to the patio and extending 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) from the platform . The stairway had 3 steps , each with a height of 0 @.@ 3 metres ( 0 @.@ 98 ft ) and a tread of 0 @.@ 4 metres ( 1 @.@ 3 ft ) . The first construction phase included a 1 @-@ metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) high wall that was later covered by the stucco floor of a small north @-@ facing room . On the east side of the structure , the walls were still found to stand to a height of 2 @.@ 55 metres ( 8 @.@ 4 ft ) . Structure 4 was deliberately demolished in antiquity . The second construction phase extended the building to a size of 31 by 8 @.@ 5 metres ( 102 by 28 ft ) . It supported three rooms with benches , the combined width of the rooms was 28 @.@ 5 metres ( 94 ft ) by 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) . The same three doors from the earlier phase continued in use . Terrace 1 Structure 5 is on the west side of Patio A. It consists of a single platform that is the highest in the entire acropolis . It measures 19 @.@ 5 by 6 metres ( 64 by 20 ft ) and was 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) high . Structure 5 was joined to Structures 1 and 4 since its earliest phase of construction . Structure 5 was accessed by a projecting stairway that ascended the east side , it measured 5 @.@ 5 metres ( 18 ft ) wide and protruded 2 @.@ 6 metres ( 8 @.@ 5 ft ) from the platform . The stairway joins a 2 @.@ 25 @-@ metre ( 7 @.@ 4 ft ) talud wall topped by a 0 @.@ 8 @-@ metre ( 2 @.@ 6 ft ) high cornice that projects 10 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) from the talud wall . The walls of Structure 5 were built from finely dressed limestone blocks . No trace of any superstructure was found on top of the platform , nor was any earlier substructure identified . Only the lowest courses of limestone blocks were found to be still in place and it is believed that the upper courses were stripped in antiquity . Finds made near the southeast corner of Structure 5 include a piece of a greenstone axe , two spherical stones , pieces of human bone ( labelled as Burial 70 ) and a concentration of broken domestic ceramics . These finds are believed to represent activity from the very end of the Terminal Classic prior to the abandonment of the site . Burial 278 , that of an infant , was found under the floor of Structure 5 and was dated to the Late Classic . = = = = = Patio B = = = = = Patio B was filled with a large amount of rubble in order to bring it up to the same level as the pre @-@ existing Patio A , which lies immediately to the west . It is an enclosed courtyard with an area of 768 square metres ( 8 @,@ 270 sq ft ) . Three structures were built upon the new patio , closing it on the north , east and south sides , while the west side was enclosed by Structures 1 @,@ 2 and 3 of Patio A. Terrace 1 Structure 6 is on the south side of Patio B. It is a square platform with two stepped levels . After the last phase of construction it had two benches on the top and a wide projecting stairway on the north side , it measures 9 metres ( 30 ft ) wide . The structure measures 14 @.@ 5 by 12 @.@ 5 metres ( 48 by 41 ft ) , the first bench measures 11 by 5 metres ( 36 by 16 ft ) and the second 10 by 3 metres ( 32 @.@ 8 by 9 @.@ 8 ft ) . Various human bone fragments , representing pieces of three individuals , were excavated together with domestic ceramics . A smaller second stairway jutted from the southeast corner of the building . Structure 6 has been dated to the Late and Terminal Classic . Terrace 1 Structure 7 is a low platform on the east side of Patio B. It measured 22 @.@ 5 by 4 metres ( 74 by 13 ft ) and stood 0 @.@ 64 metres ( 2 @.@ 1 ft ) high . Upon the platform was a 1 @.@ 5 @-@ metre ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) wide bench , and a single 9 @.@ 5 metres ( 31 ft ) wide step lead down to the patio . Excavations of the platform uncovered material that was dated to the Late Preclassic , Late Classic and Terminal Classic . Structure 7 was the last to be built on Patio B , postdating the construction of Structures 6 and 8 . Terrace 1 Structure 8 is on the north side of Patio B. It is a rectangular platform measuring 18 by 8 @.@ 5 metres ( 59 by 28 ft ) with a 5 @-@ metre ( 16 ft ) wide south @-@ facing embedded stairway . The structure was not completely explored due to the dense vegetation covering it . = = = = = Patio C = = = = = Patio C was added to Terrace 1 at the same time as Patio B , using a large amount of rubble to extend the terrace . It is to the northwest of Patio A and is slightly lower than it . Patio C is bordered by 2 structures , on the north and west sides , with the West Structure being the largest . The fill beneath the patio has a depth of 6 metres ( 20 ft ) , which was previously the height of the retaining talud wall of the northwest side of Patio A , as found during excavations . Patio C had 2 construction phases and served an administrative function directly associated with the buildings of Patio A. The West Structure contained a 1 @.@ 2 @-@ metre ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) wide room accessed via a 0 @.@ 7 @-@ metre ( 2 @.@ 3 ft ) wide doorway . The rear room of the structure contained a bench , or throne , that measured 2 @.@ 4 by 2 @.@ 95 metres ( 7 @.@ 9 by 9 @.@ 7 ft ) and stood 0 @.@ 45 metres ( 1 @.@ 5 ft ) high . Material recovered from the structure has been dated to the Late and Terminal Classic Periods , with a small amount dating to the Postclassic . The North Structure was a low platform that was covered with stucco and painted red . = = = = = Patio D = = = = = Terrace 2 Structure 1 is on the north side of Patio D. It is a low rectangular platform measuring 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) high . Its walls rest upon the last surface layer of the patio and the structure 's surface was littered with abundant Terminal Classic ceramic remains . A sunken stairway climbed the structure at a point 10 metres ( 33 ft ) from the southeast corner . The tread of the steps measured 0 @.@ 5 metres ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) deep while the risers measured 0 @.@ 2 metres ( 0 @.@ 66 ft ) high . During the Late Classic this structure apparently had an administrative function . However , by the Terminal Classic it was used as a domestic building , as evidenced by the abundant ceramics and stone artefacts recovered , the latter include a fragment of a metate milling stone , an obsidian knife and two flint knives . Terrace 2 Structure 2 is on the east side of Patio D. It was a 9 @-@ metre ( 30 ft ) tall pyramidal platform that did not possess a summit superstructure . The upper east side of the pyramid has collapsed and looters ' trenches on the west side were filled in by IDAEH in 1991 . The walls possessed taluds and excavations uncovered traces of red paint . The stairway faced west onto Patio D , the treads measured 0 @.@ 2 metres ( 0 @.@ 66 ft ) and the risers 0 @.@ 25 metres ( 0 @.@ 82 ft ) . The stairway projected 1 @.@ 3 metres ( 4 @.@ 3 ft ) into the patio from the pyramid . A burial cist was found near the front of the pyramid , it was labelled as Burial 264 and was dated to the Late Classic . The platform had five layers of stucco flooring . Material recovered during excavation of the stairway dated to the Terminal Classic . Terrace 2 Structure 3 encloses the west side of Patio D. Structure 3 does not face onto Patio D but rather is part of the Terminal Classic construction activity that extended Terrace 2 with the addition of Patio G. The structure measured 7 @.@ 8 metres ( 26 ft ) from east to west . Excavated artefacts around the base have been dated to the Late and Terminal Classic . The stairway is on the west side , facing onto Patio G. The structure is believed to have been built in a single burst of activity in the Terminal Classic . It had two stepped levels and a north @-@ south stairway was identified upon the summit of the structure . = = = = = Patio F = = = = = Patio F is on a terrace at the same level as Patios D and E. The patio is a closed courtyard formed by 5 structures on the west and south sides , while the other two sides are formed by the retaining walls of Patios A and C. The structures were residential buildings built upon low platforms , with the principal structure on the south side of the patio . A long , low platform on the west side supports two structures , labelled as Structures 1 and 2 . Excavations of this platform recovered ceramic remains dating to the Late and Terminal Classic . Structure 1 measures 19 @.@ 3 metres ( 63 ft ) north @-@ south by 4 @.@ 8 metres ( 16 ft ) east @-@ west and was built upon the same platform that supports Structure 2 . The structure had a single room measuring 7 @.@ 5 by 2 metres ( 24 @.@ 6 by 6 @.@ 6 ft ) , which contained a bench . Structure 2 is to the south of Structure 1 , resting upon the same basal platform . It measured 7 @.@ 1 by 5 @.@ 6 metres ( 23 by 18 ft ) with a room measuring 4 @.@ 44 by 1 @.@ 66 metres ( 14 @.@ 6 by 5 @.@ 4 ft ) . Structure 3 was built directly upon Patio F , and is therefore lower than Structures 1 and 2 . It was on the southwest side of Patio F and measured 6 @.@ 2 by 5 @.@ 3 metres ( 20 by 17 ft ) and had a 2 @.@ 13 @-@ metre ( 7 @.@ 0 ft ) wide projecting stairway extending 0 @.@ 66 metres ( 2 @.@ 2 ft ) from the facade . Ceramics from the structure were largely dated to the Terminal Classic , with a few pieces dating to the Postclassic . Structure 4 was located on the south side of Patio F. Ceramics from the structure were dated to the Terminal Classic . = = = = East Plaza = = = = The East Plaza covers an area of 6 @,@ 300 square metres ( 68 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , making it the largest open ceremonial space in the entire city . On its east side it is delimited by 2 medium @-@ height structures ( East Plaza Structures 1 and 2 ) , on the south side by the base of the acropolis , on the west side by Structure 3 of the West Plaza and on the north side by the South Structure of the Northeast Plaza . Six stelae and three altars were found in the East Plaza . The plaza had two construction phases , the first dated to the Late Classic and the second to the Terminal Classic . A few Late Preclassic ceramic fragments were also recovered . The levelling of the East Plaza involved a considerable inversion of labour due to the limestone bedrock being extremely close to the surface at one side and 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) under the surface at the other . East Plaza Structure 1 is on the east side of the plaza . In its final form it was a platform with two levels standing to a total height of 7 metres ( 23 ft ) . It measured 20 metres ( 66 ft ) north @-@ south by 15 metres ( 49 ft ) east @-@ west . The structure had a 2 @-@ metre ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) wide stairway climbing from the plaza on the west side , the stairway was 10 metres ( 33 ft ) long . The lower level was the main platform . It was built from finely dressed limestone blocks . The upper level was built of very poor quality limestone and is extremely badly preserved . A bench was built on top of the structure . It measured 8 by 3 metres ( 26 @.@ 2 by 9 @.@ 8 ft ) with a protruding section measuring 3 by 5 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 by 16 @.@ 4 ft ) . The bench was 25 centimetres ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) high . A large number of flint chippings were excavated from the structure . They have been dated to the Late Classic . East Plaza Structure 2 is also on the east side of the plaza . It is a rectangular platform measuring 17 by 10 metres ( 56 by 33 ft ) and facing westwards onto the plaza itself . A stairway climbs the west side of the building . It measures 12 by 1 @.@ 2 metres ( 39 @.@ 4 by 3 @.@ 9 ft ) . The platform supports a bench measuring 12 by 3 metres ( 39 @.@ 4 by 9 @.@ 8 ft ) . The broken remains of Stela 6 are scattered in front of the structure . Relatively few ceramic remains were found associated with this structure . Those that were have been dated to the Terminal Classic , although a pit sunk into the summit uncovered remains dating to the Late Classic at a depth of 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) . Lithic artefacts included a piece of an obsidian knife . = = = = West Plaza = = = = The West Plaza covers an area of 3 @,@ 500 square metres ( 38 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . The south side of the plaza is formed by the north side of the acropolis and the plaza is also enclosed by four structures that measure more than 5 metres ( 16 ft ) high . The highest structure is on the west side and measures 13 metres ( 43 ft ) high . A 7 @.@ 5 @-@ metre @-@ wide ( 25 ft ) series of three steps stretched between the north wall of Structure 4 and the southwest corner of Structure 1 and gave access to the Northwest Plaza . These steps had a 0 @.@ 5 @-@ metre ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) tread and were 0 @.@ 2 metres ( 0 @.@ 66 ft ) high . Six monuments were found in the West Plaza . During the final phase of occupation during the Terminal Classic , refuse found at the base of the acropolis indicates that the West Plaza was occupied as a residential area , with the inhabitants using flimsy perishable structures . West Plaza Structure 1 is on the north side of the West Plaza , near the northwest corner . The structure faces southwards onto the plaza and has a stairway that measures 12 by 3 metres ( 39 @.@ 4 by 9 @.@ 8 ft ) climbing the front of the building . The final version of the structure measured 27 by 20 metres ( 89 by 66 ft ) . A bench on the summit of the structure measures 22 by 4 metres ( 72 by 13 ft ) . The structure has two phases of construction , the earliest of which dates to the Late Classic . West Plaza Structure 2 is on the north side of the West Plaza . It is a rectangular platform measuring 27 by 20 metres ( 89 by 66 ft ) with a projecting stairway on the south side that measures 12 by 3 metres ( 39 @.@ 4 by 9 @.@ 8 ft ) . It is the only building on the West Plaza that did not possess a bench upon the summit . A number of potsherds dating to the Terminal Classic were recovered from the front of the platform . West Plaza Structure 3 is on the east side of the West Plaza and separates it from the East Plaza . It is a rectangular building with a wide stairway climbing from the west . The structure measures 38 by 18 metres ( 125 by 59 ft ) and possesses a bench on the summit that measures 25 by 6 metres ( 82 by 20 ft ) . After its final construction phase the platform stood 4 @.@ 45 metres ( 14 @.@ 6 ft ) high . A pit sunk into the structure revealed the presence of two earlier substructures . The first was 2 @.@ 85 metres ( 9 @.@ 4 ft ) high and the second stood 3 @.@ 15 metres ( 10 @.@ 3 ft ) high . All three stages were filled with a rubble core , although the earliest stage consisted of larger pieces than the latter stages . Various artefacts were recovered from the southwest corner of the final stage of the stairway , including pieces of flint , obsidian blades , metates ( milling stones ) and a large amount of domestic ceramics . = = = = = Structure 4 = = = = = West Plaza Structure 4 is on the west side of the West Plaza and is the tallest structure at El Chal . The platform measures 46 metres ( 151 ft ) north @-@ south and 30 metres ( 98 ft ) east @-@ west ; it has a rectangular base that was formed of three stepped sections . The lowest section measured 1 @.@ 83 metres ( 6 @.@ 0 ft ) high with a 1 @.@ 3 metres ( 4 @.@ 3 ft ) wide platform between its upper edge and the beginning of the second section . The middle section was 1 @.@ 2 metres ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) high with a 0 @.@ 6 @-@ metre @-@ wide ( 2 @.@ 0 ft ) platform between its upper edge and the base of the upper section . The wall of the top section is poorly preserved with just two courses of stonework remaining in place . The sides of the structure have largely collapsed due to erosion , leaving the north side as the best preserved . The stairway has not been positively identified but is believed to be a wide sunken stairway on the east side . The broken fragments of Stela 1 were found at the base of this stairway . The platform supported a long superstructure facing onto the West Plaza , as evidenced by the bases of its walls . Originally the superstructure consisted of a single , long room but this was later subdivided ; another room to the south was probably demolished at the same time . The floor of the superstructure is 11 @.@ 5 metres ( 38 ft ) above the level of the West Plaza . The walls were 1 @.@ 1 metres ( 3 @.@ 6 ft ) thick and the entrance doorway measured 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) wide . This superstructure was divided into five rooms , each measuring 2 @.@ 9 by 0 @.@ 5 metres ( 9 @.@ 5 by 1 @.@ 6 ft ) . These rooms were completely sealed , and in some cases destroyed , by a layer of compact white soil during the Terminal Classic . The rooms were upon a low platform upon the summit and were accessed from the upper section of the basal platform via three steps measuring 22 metres ( 72 ft ) wide , with a tread of 0 @.@ 25 metres ( 0 @.@ 82 ft ) and a height of 0 @.@ 3 metres ( 0 @.@ 98 ft ) . Stucco fragments with traces of pigment indicate that the rooms were once painted . Room 1 was extremely poorly preserved and is the southernmost of the rooms . Only one doorjamb and a portion of wall belonging to a rear bench were found during excavations . Room 2 is one of the best preserved of the rooms atop Structure 4 . It measured 2 @.@ 9 metres ( 9 @.@ 5 ft ) north @-@ south by 0 @.@ 5 metres ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) east @-@ west . The doorway to the room was 1 @.@ 8 metres ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) wide . The room has been dated to the Terminal Classic . Room 3 is the middle room of the superstructure . It was the only room not to have been sealed during the Terminal Classic and due to this is in a poor state of preservation . The room possessed a bench against the back wall the measured 0 @.@ 2 metres ( 0 @.@ 66 ft ) in height and 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) wide . Room 4 was well preserved and is very similar to Room 5 . It measured 2 @.@ 9 metres ( 9 @.@ 5 ft ) north @-@ south by 0 @.@ 5 metres ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) east @-@ west , the door was 1 @.@ 8 metres ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) wide . The bench of the room measured 0 @.@ 6 metres ( 2 @.@ 0 ft ) high by 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) thick . Room 5 is of identical proportions as rooms 2 and 4 . It was extremely well preserved , including the rear wall of the bench and the room was used as a model for investigations of the other rooms in Structure 4 . Some artefacts were recovered from the northeastern portion of the structure . They included fragments of a metate and of a manos ( handstone for use with a metate ) and a large quantity of domestic ceramics . Stela 1 and Altar 7 were found in front of Structure 4 . = = = = = Ballcourt = = = = = The Ballcourt is on the north side of the West Plaza . It runs north @-@ south and measures 18 metres ( 59 ft ) long by 4 @.@ 8 metres ( 16 ft ) wide . The sides of the ballcourt measure approximately 4 metres ( 13 ft ) high . These side structures supported rectangular stone benches . The west structure has been damaged by a looters ' trench and originally had a stairway that climbed the west side . Sculpted blocks of stone were found on the benches of both side structures and once decorated the aprons of the ballcourt . The four surviving blocks bear geometric designs and parts of sculpted figures deity masks . The stucco floor at the south end of the ballcourt was found to be well preserved . The ballcourt has been dated to the Late Classic Period . = = = = Northeast Plaza = = = = The Northeast Plaza covers an area of 850 square metres ( 9 @,@ 100 sq ft ) . It is located to the north of the East Plaza . The Northeast Plaza is enclosed by four structures of similar size and form and was accessed from the northeast corner . The tallest structure measures 5 metres ( 16 ft ) high . The four buildings completely enclose an area measuring 30 by 35 metres ( 98 by 115 ft ) . These four structures consist of stepped rectangular platforms and were built from finely dressed limestone blocks . Excavations revealed remains of the superstructure of the tallest structure , including rooms with different entrance doorways . Construction at the plaza dates to the Late Classic period . Northeast Plaza Structure 2 has a rectangular base . The structure is believed to have had three stepped levels that were built with finely dressed stone blocks , some of which were decorated with a double @-@ trapezoid design . Some of the blocks were found to have a thin coating of cream @-@ coloured stucco . The rear of the structure has the form of a truncated pyramid . The stairway and the upper parts of the structure were deliberately destroyed in antiquity , leaving only the lower courses of stonework in place . The southeastern portion of the platform is the best preserved , where a talud wall stands to a height of 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) . Structure 2 is believed to have faced onto the Northeast Plaza . Ceramic remains were found on the east side of the platform and also where Structure 2 joins Structure 4 . Excavations of the upper platform revealed five layers of stucco flooring , all dating to the Late Classic . Burial 67 was found deposited in a cist under the second layer , its location had been marked on that floor with a painted red circle . Upon the top of the platform were found traces of a small ( 0 @.@ 5 @-@ metre ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) wide ) room with doorways facing the east and west . The walls were 1 @.@ 35 metres ( 4 @.@ 4 ft ) thick and their remains stand to a height of 35 centimetres ( 14 in ) . The floor of the room slopes noticeably down to the east . = = = = Northwest Plaza = = = = The Northwest Plaza covers an area of 3 @,@ 600 square metres ( 39 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . It is enclosed by two structures , the largest of which is a pyramid on the west side . No monuments were found within the Northwest Plaza . The plaza occupies a privileged position at the centre of the city although it does not have a high concentration of structures . Three construction levels have been identified within the Northwest Plaza , all of them date to the Late Classic . Northwest Plaza Structure 1 has a rectangular base measuring 44 metres ( 144 ft ) east @-@ west by 25 metres ( 82 ft ) north @-@ south and standing 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) high . The lowest level of the platform body has an inclining talud wall . A 15 @-@ metre ( 49 ft ) wide stairway projects 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) from the wall of the structure . The stairways was built during the earliest construction phase of the plaza , rising from the lowest plaza level . After the second surfacing of the plaza an unusual inclining talud @-@ style dado was added to the stairway . At the same time a small bench @-@ type structure was attached to the west side of the platform in order to widen the lower level of the building . The small blocks used in this extension contrast with the large , finely dressed blocks used in the main structure . Potsherds recovered from the structure mainly represent Late to Terminal Classic utilitarian wares , with additional fragments representing a Postclassic occupation of the structure . Northwest Plaza Structure 2 is a 5 @.@ 5 @-@ metre ( 18 ft ) high pyramid on the west side of the plaza . Its base measures 30 by 24 metres ( 98 by 79 ft ) . The architectural quality of the pyramid was poor , as demonstrated by the small , irregular blocks used in construction , and it has been badly damaged by the collapse of its sides . These blocks average 10 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) on each side . The pyramid has also been damaged by a looters ' pit on the west side of the structure . Architectural detail has been largely obliterated by the pyramid 's poor state of preservation , but inset corners have been identified on the north and south sides . Surface ceramic finds all date to the Terminal Classic . Artefacts recovered include portions of a ceramic incense burner and broken obsidian prismatic blades . = = = = Southeast Plaza = = = = Southeast Plaza Structure 1 is a rectangular platform with at least two levels . It has been dated to the Late Classic Period . = = = = Groups 13 and 15 = = = = Group 13 and Group 15 are located just outside the protected archaeological zone , opposite the custodian 's house . Group 15 is situated immediately north of Group 13 and some structures are shared by both groups . Ceramic fragments recovered from the two groups have been dated to the Late Preclassic , Late Classic , Terminal Classic and Postclassic , with the majority dating to the Terminal Classic . Group 15 Structure 2 is a rectangular platform with a projecting stairway . It measures 18 by 7 @.@ 2 metres ( 59 by 24 ft ) with a projecting stairway that measures 9 by 1 @.@ 2 metres ( 29 @.@ 5 by 3 @.@ 9 ft ) . A few domestic ceramics were recovered during excavations . Group 15 Structure 5 was found to have a midden near the northwest corner from which were excavated a large amount of Terminal Classic potsherds together with a few pieces dating to the Postclassic Period . = = = = Group 18 = = = = This group is a residential group to the northeast of the site core . Four low structures were built upon a basal platform , largely clustered on the east side . The plaza area had an area of 300 square metres ( 3 @,@ 200 sq ft ) . The plaza had two construction phases , the earliest dating to the Late Preclassic Period and the second to the Late Classic . Burial 68 was found in the centre of the plaza , under the earlier floor level . Group 18 Structure 1 is on the north side of the plaza . It was severely damaged when a modern street was laid out , cutting through its north side . Only the south wall remains . Group 18 Structure 2 is on the east side of the plaza . Its earliest phase dates to the Late Preclassic . The Preclassic remains consist of a low north wall running east @-@ west . A later construction phase was built over this . It consisted of a rectangular platform that supported a bench . A small pyrite disc was found near the front wall . Obsidian prismatic blades were found on top of the platform , together with pieces of a thin earthenware bowl . Burial 69 was found in front of the base of the platform . Group 18 Structure 3 is a rectangular platform located on the south side of the plaza . The core consists of large pieces of rubble that suggest some kind of older substructure . The platform has been dated to the Late Classic . Group 18 Structure 4 is situated on the west side of the plaza . = = = = Group 21 = = = = This group is located to the north of the reservoir . The layout of the group is difficult to discern due to destruction caused by the construction of a street , although two low structures survive . Group 21 is distinguished by being the only group outside of the ceremonial centre of the city to possess stone monuments , the badly eroded Stela 10 and Altar 6 . = = = = Other structures = = = = The various minor residential groups , including Groups 7 through to 12 , were formed by clusters of very small structures with platforms not exceeding 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) in height . Groups 4 to 6 , 13 to 17 , 20 to 24 , 26 and 52 all date to the Late and Terminal Classic . Late Preclassic ceramics were recovered from Group 23 . = = = Municipal Sector and E @-@ Group = = = The Municipal Sector is the area north of the highway running from Flores to Dolores . Part of this sector actually falls within the municipality of Santa Ana . Eighteen residential groups have been mapped in this sector . These residential groups are clustered around a group of larger structures forming an E @-@ Group ceremonial complex , located 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) from the site core . The E @-@ Group consists of a number of structures around a small plaza . These include a pyramid at the west side , a long structure on the east side supporting an upper platform and two smaller structures on the north and south sides . The E @-@ Group was first built in the Late Preclassic Period , it was lightly occupied during the Early Classic and was then expanded with the addition of two structures in the Late Classic . By this time major activity at El Chal had been transferred to the area around the acropolis , leaving the once central E @-@ Group on the periphery . The East Platform of the E @-@ Group has produced ceramics dating to the Late Preclassic , Early Classic and Late Classic . The East Platform was built from limestone blocks and was accessed via a stairway at the rear of the building that projected 6 metres ( 20 ft ) . This stairway climbed a 9 metres ( 30 ft ) wide projection from the rear of the building . The east platform does not support the usual lateral structures found at E @-@ Groups , with the Central Platform being the only upper platform upon the basal platform . The Central Platform of the E @-@ Group is situated upon the middle section of the East Platform . It has produced ceramics dated to the Late Preclassic . The platform has a total height of 8 metres ( 26 ft ) . The West Pyramid of the E @-@ Group produced ceramic evidence dating the Late Preclassic , Early Classic and Late Classic . Although the limestone blocks used for its construction are very poorly preserved , the West Pyramid is believed to have been a radial pyramid dating to the Late Preclassic Period . The North Structure of the E @-@ Group has not been securely dated but is believed to date to the Late Classic , based on comparisons with E @-@ Groups at other Maya cities . The South Structure of the E @-@ Group has not been securely dated but is also believed to have been built in the Late Classic . = = = Arrepentimiento Sector = = = The Arrepentimiento Sector is located beside the highway running from El Chal to Santa Elena . It contains about 40 groups of structures concentrated upon karstic hills , with lesser occupation in low @-@ lying areas . Settlement extends northwards from the highway for about 600 metres ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) until the dry riverbed of the Río El Chal . The majority of the architectural groups are located among cattle pasture . Some of the groups have been heavily looted , mostly those groups covered by dense vegetation . Those groups in open pasture have not been subject to looting but have suffered from the stripping of their stonework in order to use it in modern construction . The arhcitectural groups of the Arrepentimiento Sector are residential in nature , with low platforms measuring between 10 and 40 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 and 15 @.@ 7 in ) high laid out around patios with alignments of uncut stones . The structures in these groups date to the Late Classic . The North Mound of Group 1 and the South Mound of Group 2 are the only structures that are greater than 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) in height . = = = Panorama Sector = = = This sector is located within the lands owned by Finca Panorama , some 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) from El Chal along the highway towards Santa Elena . The altitude is very close to that of the site core , averaging 270 metres ( 890 ft ) above mean sea level . Panorama Sector occupies an area of cattle pasture with very few trees but a great many Corozo Palms , the fruit of which is used locally to produce vegetable oil . The northern part of the sector possesses a number of hills upon which residential groups were built , while towards the south the land descends towards an area of unoccupied seasonal swamps . Panorama Sector possesses 53 architectural groups , 34 of which are in the periphery , together with a causeway . Of the ceramic fragments recovered from Panorama Sector , 374 pieces have been dated to the Late Classic , representing 62 % of the total ceramics found in the sector . The vast majority of these are domestic in nature . 234 pieces were dated to the Terminal Classic , representing the remaining 38 % . Group 4 is located 80 metres ( 260 ft ) west of Group 1 . It consists of three structures arranged around a courtyard that is open on the south side . Structure 1 is the largest structure in the group . Structures 2 and 3 have been looted . The group has been dated to the Late Classic Period . Group 5 is 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) southwest of Group 1 . It consists of three structures laid out around a patio that is open of the east side . Group 5 is dated to the Late Classic . Group 6 is 30 metres ( 98 ft ) south of Group 1 . Like Group 5 it consists of three structures laid out around a courtyard that is open on the east side . Group 6 is dated to the Late Classic . Group 7 is located on a hillside to the east of Group 15 . It consists of five structures completely enclosing a patio . Structure 1 , on the north side , and Structure 5 , on the west side , are the largest structures in the group . Structures 1 , 2 and 3 have all been looted . Group 7 dates to the Late Classic Period . Group 9 is 20 metres ( 66 ft ) south of Group 7 . It consists of 5 structures , four of them are small while the west structure is larger . This group is dated to the Late Classic . Group 10 is on a hillside to the southeast of Group 9 . It consists of four structures forming an enclosed patio group and dates to the Late Classic . Group 15A is located on an artificial platform formed by levelling a natural elevation . The group is formed of six structures , four of these are large and enclose a patio . Two smaller structures are located to the southeast and southwest . The group has been looted , recovered ceramics date to the Late and Terminal Classic . Group 15B is situated on the south side of the same artificial platform that supports Groups 15A and 15C . Group 15C is situated at the south end of the same artificial platform that supports Group 15A . It is composed of three structures arranged around a patio that is open on the north side . Group 15C has been dated to the Late Classic . Group 16 has not been excavated but is notable for a 70 @-@ metre ( 230 ft ) long causeway running north @-@ south past its plaza . The causeway is 9 metres ( 30 ft ) wide and bordered by 20 @-@ centimetre ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) high parapets . The original length of the causeway has not been determined . The plaza itself is bordered by the remains of walls that stand 15 to 20 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 9 to 7 @.@ 9 in ) high . Group 19 consists of three structures laid out around a patio that is open on the south side . The group has been tentatively identified as a stone workshop due to the great quantity of waste product found there , and it may have produced flint cores . Group 19 has been dated to the Terminal Classic . Stela 19 and Altar 9 were found 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east of Group 9 . They are the only monuments that have been found in Panorama Sector . = = = Monuments = = = Nineteen carved stone monuments were originally found at El Chal , all of which are badly eroded . Various monuments are broken into fragments . Only five stelae and three altars bore sculpted designs . The stelae exhibit a variety of forms but all the altars are circular . None of the hieroglyphic texts found on the monuments of El Chal have yet been deciphered . The sculptural style of the monuments is similar to that of 8th century monuments from Sacul , Ucanal and Naranjo . Stela 1 was found at the west side the West Plaza , at the base of Structure 4 . It was associated with Altar 7 . The stela is broken into various fragments and was sculpted with a rectangular frame containing the portrait of a standing person with an elaborate feathered headdress , holding a staff in his right hand . The figure is accompanied by a vertical hieroglyphic panel containing a calendrical date . The text is badly eroded but the numbers 10 and 13 can be read . The stela was resting upon the last construction phase of the plaza . Stela 1 measured 1 @.@ 75 metres ( 5 @.@ 7 ft ) high by 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) wide and was 0 @.@ 35 metres ( 1 @.@ 1 ft ) thick . The best preserved fragment , that possessing the sculpted portrait , was moved to the Museo Regional del Sureste de Petén ( " Southeastern Petén Regional Museum " ) in Dolores in 2005 . This fragment measured 1 @.@ 75 metres ( 5 @.@ 7 ft ) high by 0 @.@ 66 metres ( 2 @.@ 2 ft ) wide and was 0 @.@ 35 metres ( 1 @.@ 1 ft ) thick . Five stela fragments were left where they had fallen , they contained parts of the frame and of the feathered headdress . The central pieces of the stela were not found during the excavations that took place in 2004 and 2005 . Stela 2 was found in centre of the West Plaza . The butt of this stela was found in its original location , although the shaft has broken and fallen backwards . Stela 2 does not appear to have had any sculpted designs or text . It was associated with Altar 1 . Stela 3 was found in the West Plaza . Stela 3 was originally erected at the base of Structure 3 . It was sculpted with a rounded frame containing the figure of a person facing left and accompanied by a badly eroded and completely illegible hieroglyphic text . Stela 3 had been moved from its original location and was associated with Altar 2 . Stela 4 was found in the northern part of the East Plaza . It was the only monument at El Chal to have been sculpted on both sides and had been moved from its original location . Due to its sculptural style and its location , it is believed to have been associated with Altars 3 and 4 . The upper portion of the front of the stela bears a hieroglyphic text with a calendrical date that has been interpreted as 9 @.@ 16 @.@ 10 @.@ 0 @.@ 0 . 1 Ahau 3 Zip ( 17 March 761 ) together with the site 's Emblem Glyph . This side of the stela depicts a Maya bloodletting ritual with a richly dressed person standing with legs apart standing on top of three sitting prisoners , the middle of which bears his own name written upon his left leg . The principal figure bears a spear topped by a serpent head with a flint spearhead emerging from it . This spear is very similar in style to one depicted on Stela 8 at Naranjo . The reverse of the stela depicts three individuals standing upon a monster mask seen in profile . A child or youth is seated before two adult figures . All of them wear rectangular headdresses and hold something in their hands that cannot now be distinguished . Hieroglyphic texts are carved above the heads of the two standing figures and probably represent their names . The sculptural style of the two sides is different , and the foot @-@ level of the standing figures on each side is different , with the figures on the reverse being positioned higher up the shaft than the figure on the front . This probably indicates that both sides were sculpted in situ at different times , with the reverse of the stela being crafted after the floor level of the plaza had risen to cover the base of the front side . Stela 5 was situated at the base of Structure 1 in the East Plaza . It was carved with a rounded frame containing a figure in profile facing to the left . The figure is standing with the legs together and is wearing a feathered headdress and bears a zoomorphic head on its back , from which hang more feathers . The hands of the figure are extended forward and appear to bear a staff of rulership . The stela bears a hieroglyphic panel with an incomplete dedicatory date that must fall within the range from December 740 to November 805 . The text also contains the name of the king who dedicated the stela , Shield Jaguar , and the Emblem Glyph of El Chal . Stela 6 , Stela 7 , Stela 8 and Stela 9 are all either fragments or butts of stelae that were removed in the 1970s by FYDEP and are now lost . All of these stelae fragments are situated in the southern half of the East Plaza , with Stela 6 to the east and Stela 9 to the west . Stela 6 is broken into multiple pieces that are scattered at the base of East Plaza Structure 2 . It was a plain limestone monument . Stela 10 was found in Group 21 together with Altar 6 . They are among the very few monuments that were placed outside of the ceremonial centre of the city . Stela 10 was carved with a frame containing a figure , now badly eroded . The figure is standing with feet separated and turned outwards . Small hieroglyphic panels accompany it . Stela 10 had been moved from its original location , which was probably somewhere nearby . Stela 11 was found at the base of one of the structures in the Southeast Plaza , it was a plain monument . Stela 11 has fallen and is lying on its back . Stela 12 was found with Altar 9 some 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east of Group 19 and 350 metres ( 1 @,@ 150 ft ) south of the highway to Flores , in Panorama Sector . They are the only monuments to have been found in Panorama Sector . Stela 12 is a plain monument sculpted from limestone . It has fallen from its upright position and is half buried . It is broken in the middle and measures 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) long by 0 @.@ 8 metres ( 2 @.@ 6 ft ) wide by 0 @.@ 3 metres ( 0 @.@ 98 ft ) thick . Altar 1 was found in centre of the West Plaza , together with Stela 2 . This altar was found in its original location . It was a plain monument . Altar 2 was found in the West Plaza , where it was associated with Stela 3 at the base of Structure 3 . Altar 2 was a plain monument and had been moved from its original location . Altar 3 was found in the northern part of the East Plaza , where it was associated with Stela 4 . It was sculpted although it is now badly eroded . It bears the images of two seated anthropomorphic figures but further details cannot be distinguished . Altar 4 is a circular monument . It was also found in the northern part of the East Plaza and was associated with Stela 4 . It depicts three seated prisoners , the central figure is facing to the left while the other two are facing inwards towards him . Hieroglyphic texts are carved underneath the prisoners and upon the sides of the altar . The altar has been dated on stylistic grounds to the latter part of the 8th century AD . Altar 5 was found in the East Plaza . It has been broken into various pieces and is badly eroded but is believed to have been sculpted with a scene similar to that represented on Altar 4 . Altar 6 is a plain monument that was found in Group 21 together with Stela 10 . Like its associated stela it had been moved from its original location in antiquity but was probably not moved far . Altar 7 was found in the West Plaza at the base of Structure 4 together with Stela 1 . The altar is plain , without sculpted figures or text and rests upon the last construction phase of the plaza . It was circular and measured 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) in diameter and was 0 @.@ 5 metres ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) high . It is broken in three parts . Altar 8 was found in its original location in the Southeast Plaza . It was a plain altar without signs of being sculpted . The monument is badly cracked . Altar 9 was found with Stela 12 in Panorama Sector , near Group 19 . It is located 10 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) from one end of Stela 12 and is also a plain monument . It is a circular altar , broken in fragments and half buried . It measures 60 centimetres ( 24 in ) in diameter and 45 centimetres ( 18 in ) thick . Only the upper 20 centimetres ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) are exposed . Altar 11 was found in its original location . Altar 19 was found in its original location . = = = Burials = = = Burial 67 was found in a cist under the second of five stucco floor levels in Northeast Plaza Structure 2 . The skeleton was lying on its back with the head towards the north . The remains were poorly preserved but belonged to an adult . Of the skull only some dental remains were found . A ceramic plate had been placed under the head of the deceased and another plate was placed upon the knees . The plate was painted with four seated anthropomorphic figures with inclined head and wearing leather gloves with jaguar claws . The facial features of the figures are unusual . The bottom of the plate bears the image of a dancer . The ceramics date the burial to the Late Classic . Burial 68 was found in the centre of the Group 18 plaza . The corpse was poorly preserved , it was laid out on its back with the skull towards the north . The remains were covered with small pieces of limestone mixed with brown soil . A piece of the upper jaw indicated that the remains were those of a child aged between 5 and 10 years old . Four ceramic pieces were deposited as an offering ; two plates , an earthenware bowl and a bowl . Burial 68 is dated to the Late Preclassic . Burial 69 was found in front of the base of Group 18 Structure 2 . The remains were extremely poorly preserved but the deceased may have been laid out on their back with the head towards the north . Associated funerary offerings included a tripod plate , a polychrome vase and a flint projectile point . The burial was securely dated to the Late Classic . Burial 264 was found in a cist under the earliest level of the stucco flooring of Terrace 2 Structure 2 , a pyramid on the acropolis . The cist was built from stone slabs and measured 0 @.@ 7 by 0 @.@ 6 metres ( 2 @.@ 3 by 2 @.@ 0 ft ) by 1 @.@ 4 metres ( 4 @.@ 6 ft ) . The human remains consist of some skull fragments and some pieces of the longbones , with the skull at the east end . The offering consisted of a ceramic pot with lid dated to the Late Classic period . Burial 265 was found at the base of the stairway of Terrace 1 Structure 2 in the acropolis . Ceramics associated with the burial have been dated to the Middle Preclassic Period . This burial is the only evidence yet found of such early activity at the site . It consists of the burial of a seated infant together with a newborn . The burial was laid out upon a layer of large stones and was accompanied by a plate and other ceramics as a funerary offering . The child 's skull was found underneath the plate itself . Burnt stones and earth were found next to the burial . Burial 278 was that of an infant , deposited in a cist under the floor of Terrace 1 Structure 5 in the acropolis . It was unaccompanied by any offering , the few ceramic fragments found associated with the cist were dated to the Late Classic Period . The remains were laid out on their back , with the skull oriented to the south . = French battleship Masséna = Masséna was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship of the French Navy , built in the 1890s . She was a member of a group of five broadly similar battleships , along with Charles Martel , Jauréguiberry , Bouvet , and Carnot , that were ordered in response to the British Royal Sovereign class . She was named in honour of Marshal of France André Masséna . Masséna significantly exceeded her design weight and suffered from serious stability problems that inhibited accurate firing of her guns ; as a result , she was considered to be an unsuccessful design . Masséna served in both the Northern and Mediterranean Squadrons during her career , which included a period as the flagship of the Northern Squadron . She was withdrawn from service before the outbreak of World War I in 1914 . The following year , she was hulked at Toulon . She was later towed to Cape Helles at the end of the Gallipoli peninsula where on 9 November 1915 she was scuttled to create a breakwater to protect the evacuation of the Allied expeditionary force withdrawing from the Gallipoli Campaign . = = Design = = Masséna was the fourth member of a group of five battleships built to a broadly similar design , but different enough to be considered unique vessels . The first ship was Charles Martel , which formed the basis for Masséna and three other ships . Design specifications were identical for each of the ships , but different engineers designed each vessel . The ships were based on the previous battleship Brennus , but instead of mounting the main battery all on the centerline , the ships used the lozenge arrangement of the earlier vessel Magenta , which moved two of the main battery guns to single turrets on the wings . The five ships were built in response to the British Royal Sovereign @-@ class battleships . = = = General characteristics and machinery = = = Masséna was 112 @.@ 65 meters ( 369 ft 7 in ) long between perpendiculars , and had a beam of 20 @.@ 27 m ( 66 ft 6 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 84 m ( 29 ft 0 in ) . She was designed to displace 10 @,@ 835 tonnes ( 10 @,@ 664 long tons ) at normal load , but she was significantly overweight when completed , and she displaced 11 @,@ 735 tonnes ( 11 @,@ 550 long tons ) . This caused the ship to sit lower in the water than intended , which partially submerged her armored belt . She was built with a pronounced snout bow to improve her buoyancy . She had a crew of 667 officers and enlisted men . Masséna had three vertical triple expansion engines each driving a single screw , with steam supplied by twenty @-@ four Lagrafel d 'Allest water @-@ tube boilers . Her propulsion system was rated at 13 @,@ 400 indicated horsepower ( 10 @,@ 000 kW ) , which allowed the ship to steam at a speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) ; this was a knot slower than her design speed of 18 kn ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . With only two @-@ thirds of her boilers operating for more economic cruising , these figures fell to 9 @,@ 650 ihp ( 7 @,@ 200 kW ) and 15 @.@ 49 kn ( 28 @.@ 69 km / h ; 17 @.@ 83 mph ) , respectively . As built , she could carry 650 t ( 640 long tons ; 720 short tons ) of coal , though additional space allowed for up to 800 t ( 790 long tons ; 880 short tons ) in total . = = = Armament and armor = = = Masséna 's main armament consisted of two Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893 guns in two single @-@ gun turrets , one each fore and aft . Each turret had an arc of fire of 250 ° . The placement of the forward gun turret close to the bow placed a great deal of weight too far forward . This exacerbated stability problems with the ship , and rendered accurate shooting more difficult . She also mounted two Canon de 274 mm Modèle 1893 guns in two single @-@ gun turrets , one amidships on each side , sponsoned out over the tumblehome of the ship 's sides . Her secondary armament consisted of eight Canon de 138 @.@ 6 mm Modèle 1891 guns , which were mounted in manually operated twin turrets at the corners of the superstructure with 160 ° arcs of fire . She also carried eight 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) quick @-@ firing guns , twelve 3 @-@ pounder quick @-@ firers , and eight 1 @-@ pounder guns . Her armament suite was rounded out by four 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , two of which were submerged in the ship 's hull . The ship 's armor was constructed with Harvey steel manufactured by Creusot . The main belt was 250 to 450 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 to 17 @.@ 7 in ) thick , and ran for a length of 110 m ( 360 ft ) along the hull . It was 2 @.@ 3 m ( 7 ft 7 in ) wide . Above the belt was 101 mm ( 4 @.@ 0 in ) thick side armor . The bulkheads at either end of the armored belt were 240 mm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) thick . The main battery guns were protected with 350 to 400 mm ( 14 to 16 in ) of armor , and the secondary turrets had 99 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides . The main armored deck was 69 mm ( 2 @.@ 7 in ) thick , and the splinter deck below it was 38 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) thick . The conning tower had 350 mm ( 14 in ) thick sides . = = Service = = Masséna was laid down at the Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire shipyard in September 1892 and launched nearly three years later in July 1895 . She was completed in June 1898 , in time for the Northern Squadron maneuvers conducted in July 1898 . She was assigned as the flagship of the Northern Squadron , and flew the flag of Vice Admiral Ménard . The Northern Squadron conducted annual training exercises in June ; the following month , they joined the Mediterranean Squadron for combined fleet maneuvers . In 1900 , four engineering officers were seriously injured while disassembling a pipe to repair it . They had disassembled it too quickly , and were severely scalded by escaping steam . In 1903 , the ship was transferred from the Northern Squadron to the Mediterranean , where she was assigned to the 2nd Squadron along with several of her half @-@ sister ships . On 18 August 1903 , the ship participated in a gunnery trial with the new battleship Suffren off Île Longue . A mild steel plate 55 centimetres ( 21 @.@ 7 in ) thick , measuring 225 by 95 centimetres ( 7 ft 5 in by 3 ft 1 in ) , was attached to the side of Suffren 's forward turret to determine the resistance of an armour plate to a large @-@ calibre shell . Masséna anchored 100 metres ( 330 ft ) away from Suffren and fired a number of 305 @-@ millimetre ( 12 in ) shells at the plate . The first three were training shells that knocked splinters off the armor plate . The last two shells , fired with full charges , cracked the plate , but Suffren 's turret was fully operational , as was her Germain electrical fire @-@ control system and the six sheep placed in the turret were unharmed . One splinter struck Masséna above her armor belt and left a 15 @-@ centimetre sized hole in her hull . Another 50 @-@ kilogram ( 110 lb ) splinter landed within a few meters of the Naval Minister , Camille Pelletan , who was observing the trials . In September 1906 , Jean Cras was assigned to the ship . By 1908 , Masséna had been withdrawn from service and placed in the Reserve Squadron , along with five other old battleships . Masséna remained on active duty until 1913 , when she was withdrawn and placed out of service . She was reduced to a hulk in 1915 . That year , the Triple Entente had launched an invasion at Gallipoli in an attempt to capture Constantinople , knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war , and open a route to supply Russia via the Dardanelles . Too old for active service , Masséna did not take part in the ensuing Gallipoli Campaign , which had stalled by the end of 1915 , having made no significant progress . The Entente decided to withdraw from the operation , and the old battleship did see some use here . Masséna was towed from Toulon to Cape Helles on the Gallipoli peninsula at the end of the year , and scuttled there on 9 November to form a breakwater to protect the evacuation effort that withdrew the Allied expeditionary force in January 1916 . = Bad Blood ( 2003 ) = Bad Blood ( 2003 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and presented by Maxim Hair Color , which took place on June 15 , 2003 , at the Compaq Center in Houston , Texas . It was the second event produced under the Bad Blood name and starred wrestlers from the Raw brand . This event marked the beginning of worldwide pay @-@ per @-@ views ( with the exception of the older and more significant Royal Rumble , WrestleMania , SummerSlam and Survivor Series pay @-@ per @-@ views ) being brand exclusive ( UK @-@ only pay @-@ per @-@ views had been brand exclusive since Rebellion 2002 ) . The main event was a Hell in a Cell match , featuring wrestlers fighting in a ring surrounded by a steel structure . In this match , World Heavyweight Champion Triple H defeated Kevin Nash to retain his title . Two predominant bouts were featured on the undercard ; in respective singles matches , Ric Flair defeated Shawn Michaels and Goldberg defeated Chris Jericho . The event marked the second time the Hell in a Cell format was used by WWE in a Bad Blood event ; the first was at In Your House : Badd Blood in 1997 . The 2003 Bad Blood event grossed over $ 500 @,@ 000 ticket sales from an attendance of 10 @,@ 000 and received about 285 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view buys , which was more than the following year 's event . This event helped WWE increase its yearly pay @-@ per @-@ view revenue by $ 6 @.@ 2 million from the previous year . When the event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of second on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart . = = Background = = The event featured eight professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds , plots and storylines . Wrestlers portrayed either villains or fan favorites as they followed a series of events which built tension , leading to a wrestling match . All wrestlers were from the Raw brand – a storyline division in which WWE assigned its employees to a different program , the other being SmackDown ! . The main event at Bad Blood featured World Heavyweight Champion Triple H defending the title against Kevin Nash in a ring surrounded by a steel structure of metal dubbed as the Hell in a Cell match . The buildup to the match began two months prior at Backlash , where Triple H nailed Kevin Nash with the sledgehammer during the Six man Tag team match , enabling Triple H to Pin Nash for the victory . The following month at Judgment Day , Nash defeated Triple H in a standard wrestling match , also called a singles match , via disqualification but didn 't win the championship . The following night on an episode of Raw , one of WWE 's primary television programs , after Triple H successfully defended the World title against Ric Flair , General Manager Steve Austin , a fictitious match maker and rules enforcer , announced that due to Kevin Nash winning the match at Judgment Day by disqualification , Nash would face Triple H again at Bad Blood for the World Heavyweight title in a Hell in a Cell match to avoid disqualifications . On the May 26 , 2003 episode of Raw , the staged rivalry between the two wrestlers intensified when Randy Orton and Triple H , both of whom were members of Evolution , an alliance of wrestlers that also consisted of Ric Flair , attacked Nash . The following week during an episode of Raw , Nash gained redemption over the previous week 's attack when he alongside Shawn Michaels and The Hurricane defeated Evolution in a tag team match . After the match , Nash lifted and sat Triple H on his shoulders and then slammed him back @-@ first down to the mat , a maneuver Nash calls the Jacknife powerbomb . On June 9 , 2003 during an episode of Raw , Austin announced that Mick Foley , a professional wrestler who had retired three years prior at No Way Out 2000 , would officiate the Hell in a Cell match as the guest referee . One of the featured preliminary matches was Shawn Michaels versus Ric Flair in a singles match . The hype to this match began on May 26 , 2003 during an episode of Raw , where Michaels challenged Flair to a singles match for later during the show , which Flair accepted . As the match was about to take place , the other General Manager , Eric Bischoff , announced that the Flair versus Michaels match was to take place at Bad Blood instead of on the broadcast of Raw . Later on that episode , Flair and Michaels lost to World Champion Triple H in a Handicap match after Flair cheap shoted Michaels , enabling Triple H to finish him off with the Pedigree . The following Monday on an episode of Raw , Michaels and Flair were in a promotional in @-@ ring segment , where they both discussed who was the better wrestler . Later during the program , Michaels , along with Kevin Nash and The Hurricane defeated Evolution . The feud between Flair and Michaels enhanced on the June 9 , 2003 episode of Raw . During the show , Flair and Michaels managed Randy Orton and The Hurricane , respectively ; after Orton defeated The Hurricane , Flair and Michaels were scripted to brawl until the program went into a commercial break . The other featured preliminary match was Goldberg versus Chris Jericho in a singles match . The buildup to the match began on May 12 , 2003 during an episode of Raw , where a " mystery assailant " attempted to run Goldberg over with a vehicle , though Goldberg was able to avoid it . Later that night , Goldberg went on to defeat Christian in a Steel Cage match . The following Monday on Raw , it was determined that Lance Storm was the " mystery assailant " . He , however , told Austin that he was only hired to run Goldberg over and that Jericho conspired the attack . On the May 26 , 2003 episode of Raw , Jericho held a promotional in @-@ ring segment titled The Highlight Reel . During the segment he explained that he conspired the attack because he grew jealous towards Goldberg 's success in WCW , disliking Goldberg 's ego and felt that since joining the WWE , he had achieved everything he had ever wanted in his career esp. becoming the first WWE Undisputed Champion in history and all that was left was to defeat Goldberg and challenged him to a singles match at Bad Blood . Afterwards , Goldberg came down to the ring and accepted Jericho 's challenge , and as he was about to perform a spear , Jericho sprayed Goldberg 's eyes with pepper spray . A non @-@ physical rivalry developed between the General Managers , Austin and Bischoff , who were feuding over who was the better authority . On the June 2 , 2003 episode of Raw , it was announced that both men would face each other in a series of non @-@ wrestling contests labeled the " Redneck Triathlon " at Bad Blood . The contests would include a belching contest , a pie eating contest , and a singing contest . = = Event = = Before the event began and aired live on pay @-@ per @-@ view , an episode of Sunday Night Heat , one of WWE 's secondary television programs , was taped live . The only scheduled match for the show was Ivory versus Molly Holly . Ivory won the match via pinfall after a Poison Ivory . = = = Preliminary matches = = = After Sunday Night Heat , the pay @-@ per @-@ view began with a tag team match where the Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray and D @-@ Von ) faced Rodney Mack and Christopher Nowinski in a tag team match . The match was initially dominated by the Dudley Boyz and they even caused serious damage when they hit the Wassup ? on Nowinski . During the match , Theodore Long , Mack and Nowinski 's manager , verbally distracted D @-@ Von , which was scripted to result in D @-@ Von punching Long and distracting the referee . During this time , Nowinski hit Bubba in the face with a face mask that he was wearing . After the referee placed his attention to the match , Nowiniski covered Bubba for the pinfall . Following the tag team match , the first contest in the " Redneck Triathlon " was held , in which Steve Austin defeated Eric Bischoff in a belching contest using pre @-@ recorded belches . The second wrestling match on the pay @-@ per @-@ view was Scott Steiner versus Test in a singles match in which the winner would earn the managing services of Stacy Keibler . In the early stages both competitors wrestled inconclusively , before Steiner used a Belly to belly suplex on Test . Afterward , Test rolled out of the ring and grabbed a steel chair . As he was about to hit Steiner with it , however , it bounced off the top rope and hit Test in his face . Steiner followed up on the situation by using the Steiner Flatliner and covered Test for the pinfall and thus winning Keibler 's managing services . The next match was a singles match , in which WWE Intercontinental Champion Christian defended the title against Booker T. The match began with Booker T hitting Christian with a spinebuster . Towards the end of the match , Booker T performed a spinarooni . As a result , Christian was scripted to appear frustrated , grab the Intercontinental title belt and hit Booker T in the head with it . Therefore , Booker T won the match by disqualification . In WWE , a championship cannot change hands when a match results in a disqualification or countout , thus Christian retained the title . Following the match , the second contest in the " Redneck Triathlon " was held ; Austin and Bischoff had to place their face on the crotch of Mae Young , which Bischoff won after Austin forfeited . Another match on the undercard was a tag team match for the World Tag Team Championship . This was the final pay @-@ per @-@ view that featured a masked Kane . Kane and Rob Van Dam defended the titles against La Résistance ( René Duprée and Sylvan Grenier ) . La Résistance gained the early advantage when Grenier DDTed RVD . Kane and Van Dam , however , regained control of the match when Kane chokeslammed Duprée . Towards the end of the match , Kane brawled with Grenier and Duprée at ringside , which prompted Van Dam to perform an aerial technique onto ringside . La Résistance , however , avoided the attack resulting in Van Dam landing on Kane . In the ring , while Kane was still at ringside , La Resistance performed a double spinebuster on Van Dam , proceeding into a pinfall to win the World Tag Team Championship . = = = Main event matches = = = The first main match was Goldberg versus Chris Jericho in a singles match . In the early stages of the match , Jericho and Goldberg fought at ringside . During this tussle , Goldberg attempted to execute a spear on Jericho , who was positioned on the security barricade ; Jericho , however , was scripted to avoid the attack as Goldberg performed the spear and broke through the security barricade . Goldberg was billed as being injured , prompting Jericho to apply several submission holds on Goldberg 's injured shoulder . After remaining in control for the duration of the match , Goldberg was able to counter Jericho 's Wall 's of Jericho and hit the Jackhammer on him . Goldberg then covered Jericho for the pinfall . The other predominant match was Ric Flair versus Shawn Michaels in a singles match . During the match , Michaels set up a table at ringside and positioned Flair on it . Randy Orton was then scripted to come through the audience and interfere in the match , though , Michaels performed a superkick on him . This followed with Michaels performing a Splash on Flair , in the process breaking the table , which resulted in the enhancement of the body splash . Towards the end of the match , Michaels was scripted to knock the referee down and as he was about to perform a Sweet Chin Music on Flair , Orton came into the ring and hit Michaels ' head with a folding chair . Because the referee was incapacitated , Flair could not be disqualified for the interference . Orton then placed Flair on top of Michaels and ran out of the ring . When the referee recuperated , he saw the cover and officiated the pinfall made by Flair . After the match , the final contest in the " Redneck Triathlon " was held . Originally the contest was supposed to be a singing contest , though both men agreed to change it into a pigpen contest , where the objective was to throw your opponent into a pigpen . Austin threw Bischoff into a pigpen set up near the Bad Blood entrance stage , thus Austin won the triathlon 2 – 1 . The main event was the Hell in a Cell match for the World Heavyweight Championship , in which Triple H defended the title against Kevin Nash with Mick Foley as the guest referee . During the beginning of the match , both wrestlers used a steel chair , a hammer , and the steel cage to their advantage . Eventually , Nash hit Triple H with a barbed wire bat several times before Triple H was able to hit him with the steel ring stairs . As Triple H brought a sledgehammer into the ring , Foley attempted to take the object away from him , resulting in Triple H hitting Foley and then Nash in the head with a steel chair . Triple H followed up by Pedigree on Nash . During this time , Foley had recuperated and was able to officiate the pinfall made by Triple H on Nash , thus Triple H retained the World Heavyweight Championship . = = Aftermath = = After Bad Blood , Steve Austin announced an Elimination Chamber match to take place at SummerSlam for the World Heavyweight Championship , a match contested in a ring surrounded by a steel structure of chain and girders . The match featured , Chris Jericho , Goldberg , Kevin Nash , Randy Orton , and Shawn Michaels ; at SummerSlam , Triple H won the match to retain the World Heavyweight title . The storyline between Flair and Michaels ended when Michaels was announced as a participant in the Elimination Chamber match , in which Flair would not participate . Although their feud ended , the feud reengaged five years later in 2008 . At WrestleMania XXIV , Michaels defeated Flair in a retirement match , a stipulation that only applied to Flair . As a result , Flair retired from professional wrestling . Jericho and Goldberg continued to feud over several weeks before being announced as participants in the Elimination Chamber match , in which Goldberg eliminated Jericho . During the weeks leading up to SummerSlam , Kane would turn on Rob Van Dam after the loss of their tag titles , and his unmasking which occurred eight days after this event along with his heel transformation , would lead to the promotion of a no disqualification singles match between the two at SummerSlam in which Kane won , ending their team . La Résistance would engage in a feud with the Dudley Boyz , eventually a match was scheduled for SummerSlam between the two teams over the World Tag Team titles . La Résistance was able to win the match and retain the titles . = = = Reception = = = The Compaq Center had a maximum capacity of 16 @,@ 285 , which was reduced for Bad Blood . The event grossed US $ 500 @,@ 000 in ticket sales from an attendance of 10 @,@ 000 — the maximum allowed . The event retailed as $ 34 @.@ 95 , but was offered free of charge to members of the United States armed forces who were returning from the Iraq War . Not counting the buys from military personnel , the event received 285 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view buys . The promotion 's pay @-@ per @-@ view revenue was $ 24 @.@ 7 million , which was greater than the following year 's revenue of $ 18 @.@ 5 million . Canadian Online Explorer 's professional wrestling section rated the event a four out of ten possible points . The main event was rated a five out of ten possible points , while the standard match between Ric Flair and Shawn Michaels rated a seven and a half out of ten possible points . Pro Wrestling Torch , a newsletter and wrestling website in operation since 1987 , rated the event a three and a half out of ten possible points . Both websites criticized the fact that the pay @-@ per @-@ view ended twenty @-@ five minutes before the original scheduled runtime . The event was released on DVD on August 18 , 2003 . The DVD was distributed by Sony Music Entertainment . The DVD debuted on Billboard 's Top Weekly DVD sales chart on September 6 , 2003 , reaching a peak position of second . The DVD remained on the chart for eight more weeks , ranking lower every week . The DVD finally ranked on October 25 , 2003 reaching a final position of 19th . The DVD also received reviews from customers ; the average customer rating from Amazon.com was a three out of five possible stars . = = Results = = = Nationaltheatret Station = Nationaltheatret Station ( Norwegian : Nationaltheatret stasjon ) is an underground railway station on the Drammen Line serving Vika and the central business district of Oslo , Norway . It is the second @-@ busiest railway station in Norway , behind Oslo Central Station ( Oslo S ) , from which Nationaltheatret is 1 @.@ 4 kilometers ( 0 @.@ 9 mi ) away . Owned and operated by the Norwegian National Rail Administration , Nationaltheatret serves regional services to the Vestfold Line and intercity services on the Sørland Line operated by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) , the Oslo Commuter Rail operated by NSB and NSB Gjøvikbanen , and the Airport Express Train . The station is located below an Oslo Metro station with the same name . At ground level there is transfer to the Oslo Tramway and Ruter buses . Nationaltheatret is the only underground mainline railway station in Norway , and named for the adjacent National Theatre . The station opened as the terminus of Holmenkolbanen 's light rail services in 1928 . The railway station opened on 1 June 1980 and was upgraded to four tracks in 1999 . The older section received a full renovation in 2008 . = = Facilities = = Nationaltheatret is Norway 's only underground mainline railway station , located within the Oslo Tunnel on the Drammen Line . At ground level , there are three entrances to the station . On the west side of the station , the main entrance is from beneath 7 @.@ juni @-@ plassen and Victoria Terrasse , facing Ruseløkkveien ; and , there is an entrance from Johanne Dybwads plass , which is the site of the National Theatre . From the east , there is an entrance from Henrik Ibsens gate . There is a large , open vestibule near the surface at the entrance to Ruseløkkveien . It has high @-@ mounted windows facing south , giving natural lighting . The area features escalators and elevators to the platforms , manned ticket sale , lockers , kiosks and cafés . The station is also equipped with ticket machines and features baggage trolleys , washrooms , automated teller machines and a Western Union bank . Parking is available 300 meters ( 1 @,@ 000 ft ) away at Vika , where car rental is also provided . Bicycle parking and taxi stands are located at street level . There are two platforms and four tracks , with the older tracks 1 and 2 serving west @-@ bound trains towards Skøyen and Drammen , while the newer tracks 3 and 4 serve east @-@ bound trains to Oslo S. The platforms are 242 and 250 meters ( 794 and 820 ft ) long , respectively , and located 30 meters ( 100 ft ) below the surface . The station has a capacity for 40 @,@ 000 passenger per day and is the second @-@ busiest in Norway . = = Service = = The Norwegian State Railways ' intercity services along the Sørland Line call at Nationaltheatret , up to four times per day per direction . The fastest service to Kristiansand takes 4 hours and 23 minutes and 7 hours and 59 minutes to Stavanger . NSB 's regional service along the Vestfold Line also calls at Nationaltheatret , normally with a one @-@ hour headway . Eastwards , these continue past Oslo S and serve the southern part of the Dovre Line until Lillehammer . All eight lines of the Oslo Commuter Rail stop at Nationaltheatret . However , not all services of all line operate west of Oslo S. The Airport Express Train operates direct , high @-@ speed services to Oslo Airport , Gardermoen every 20 minutes , with the journey taking 28 minutes . Located above the railway station , but nonetheless underground , is a metro station , which serves all six lines of the Oslo Metro . The next west @-@ bound station is Majorstuen ( formerly Valkyrie plass , but that station exists no more ) , while the next east @-@ bound station is Stortinget . At ground level , there is transfer to lines 13 and 19 of the Oslo Tramway . The station is located on the Briskeby Line and serves westbound trains heading along the Briskeby and Lilleaker Lines , and eastbound station , via Jernbanetorget , along the Ekeberg Line and the Grünerløkka – Torshov Line . The station also serves Ruter buses 30 , 31 , 32 , 70 , 82 and 83 . = = History = = Planning of the extension of the suburban light rail Holmenkollen Line to the city center started in 1901 . Construction began in 1912 , but stopped again in 1914 because the municipality and the company could not agree on the location of the terminal station . The municipality wanted it at Ruseløkkveien . The following year , the municipality launched a contest to make the best suggestion for the tram networks . It took five years to select a winner , and this allowed the municipality and company to make a compromise by locating the terminus at Nationaltheatret . But not until 1926 was permission granted for the station . Construction commenced and the station and tunnel opened in 1928 . By the 1930s , Oslo had two main railway stations , Oslo East Station and Oslo West Station . Serving as the terminal station of the Drammen Line , Oslo West Station ( Oslo V ) was located in Vika , at the heart of the central business district of Oslo . The much larger Oslo East Station ( Oslo Ø ) served most commuter , regional and intercity trains . In 1938 , the Station Committee of 1938 was established to look into a possible connection of the Drammen Line to Oslo Ø . Led by Axel Grenholm , the committee recommended building a branch from the Drammen Line as a tunnel under the city center , allowing all trains would terminate at Oslo Ø . It was proposed that the tunnel would run from Lassons gate west of Oslo V to Fred . Olsens gate , with an intermediate station close to the location of Oslo V. In 1946 , the Planning Office for Oslo Central Station , led by Fin Hvoslef , was established by the government . In 1950 , they presented a new report , which recommended that a new route for the tunnel be considered , to ease construction and increase safety . This was in part based on an engineering report from 1949 , which had made the first detailed plans for the line . Another committee , led by Oddvar Halvorsen , was established in 1960 to look at the matter again . Also it recommended a tunnel and a central station . However , it felt that the tunnel should be longer and intersect with the Drammen Line at a point between Skarpsno and Skøyen , and build a second station at Frogner . The proposal was presented to the Parliament of Norway on 4 November 1961 , along with several other matters related to rail transport investments . Construction of the Oslo Tunnel , Oslo Central Station and Nationaltheatret was passed unanimously . Another planning office was established in 1962 , initially led by Erik Himle . The final plans for the route were passed by parliament in 1968 , and construction started in 1971 . The initial station was entirely blasted in bedrock and consisted of a single platform , 220 meters ( 720 ft ) long and 11 meters ( 36 ft ) wide . Adjacent to the bedrock is a layer of construction concrete and above the platforms , there are corrugated steel plates to catch drips and to reduce noise . The section of line past Nationaltheatret was part of a 480 meters ( 1 @,@ 570 ft ) section of the Oslo Tunnel designated Studenterlunden . Of this , 280 @-@ meter ( 920 ft ) was to run with the Common Tunnel of the Oslo Metro directly above it , resulting in a two @-@ story tunnel . However , just east of Nationaltheatret , the two lines diverge , so the metro station is not directly on top of the railway station . The tunnel was officially opened on 30 May 1980 by Minister of Transport and Communications Ronald Bye and officially taken into use on 1 June . The tunnel , including Nationaltheatret , cost NOK 625 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) , of which Oslo Municipality had paid NOK 170 million . At first , the tunnel and Nationaltheatret was used by commuter trains from Lillestrøm to Drammen and Spikkestad , and trains from Eidsvoll and Årnes used the tunnel and turned at Skøyen . On 27 May 1989 , Oslo V was closed and all traffic started running via Nationaltheatret . From 1998 , the Airport Express Train would start operating , and more capacity would be needed , both at Nationaltheatret and through the Oslo Tunnel . In 1995 , NSB held an architecture competition to expand the station , which was won by LPO Arkitektur og Design and their design " Next To Nothing " . Construction commenced in October 1997 and consisted of building 830 meters ( 2 @,@ 720 ft ) of new tunnel , a new double platform , a larger vestibule , escalators and artwork . During the work , 110 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 3 @,@ 900 @,@ 000 cu ft ) of rock were blasted and 33 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 cu ft ) of concrete were poured . The station was decorated with works by Anne Karine Furunes , Terje Roalkvam and Katrine Giæver . The upgrades cost NOK 920 million and was officially opened by King Harald V on 16 December 1999 . The new entrance was designed by Arne Eggen and decorated by Terje Roalkvam . Other art was designed by Bård Breivik and Ole Enstad , including reuse of some of the original vestibule art from 1980 , including a green marble wall designed by Katrine Giæver that runs along the hallway leading to the metro station . The new platform was built using typical 1990s materials , such as glass , metal and concrete , contrasting the old platform which was much darker and featured dark terracotta tiles which were popular during the 1970s . In 2008 , the old section of Nationaltheatret Station was renovated , including tracks 1 and 2 and the two original entrances . Upgrades included new lighting , a new public address system , new escalators which have lighting that changes color , a more powerful fire safety system , improved emergency exits and replacement of cables and baldachin . The upgrade made the old section lighter , and visually similar to the new section , as it was previously painted in dark red . Between 2008 and 2012 , the Norwegian National Rail Administration is performing a major upgrade to the section between Lysaker and Etterstad , including the permanent way past Nationaltheatret . Among the upgrades are axle counters , mounting of an overhead conductor rail , new switches and new tracks . = Hurricane Ella ( 1970 ) = Hurricane Ella was the second of two major hurricanes to threaten Texas during the 1970 Atlantic hurricane season . The sixth tropical storm and third hurricane of the season , Ella developed on September 8 in the western Caribbean Sea . It moved across the Yucatán Peninsula as a tropical depression before rapidly intensifying into a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico . Initially the hurricane was forecast to hit southern Texas , which prompted evacuations and hurricane warnings . This occurred about a month after Hurricane Celia caused significant damage across the region . Hurricane Ella ultimately turned to the west and maintained a track that spared Texas from significant impact . On September 12 , it moved ashore in northeastern Mexico in the state of Tamaulipas with winds of 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) . The hurricane left one death due to a destroyed house . Ella weakened while moving inland and dissipated on September 13 . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Hurricane Ella were from a well @-@ defined trough that extended from the San Andres archipelago to Florida in early September . A tropical depression developed from the system on September 8 near Swan Island off the north coast of Honduras . Moving northwestward , the depression failed to strengthen much before striking the Yucatán Peninsula on September 10 , just south of Cozumel . As it emerged into the Gulf of Mexico , the depression began to intensify significantly . A few hours later , the Hurricane Hunters observed a tropical storm , which prompted the system being named " Ella " . Around that time , the storm started a general curve toward the west , due to a ridge to its north . With an anticyclone aloft providing favorable conditions , Ella rapidly intensified into a hurricane less than 12 hours after emerging from the Yucatán Peninsula . Initially there was uncertainty in its future track , and the hurricane posed a threat to Texas ; however , Ella turned to the west as its intensification rate slowed . About 24 hours before its final landfall , its center became trackable on radar from Brownsville , Texas . As the ridge to the north weakened , Ella slowed its forward motion markedly and quickly strengthened . In the 12 hours before moving ashore , the winds increased from 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) to 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) , making Ella a major hurricane ( Category 3 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale ) . On September 12 , the hurricane made landfall near La Pesca , Tamaulipas , about 150 mi ( 220 km ) south of the Mexico / United States border , with a barometric pressure of 967 mbar ( 28 @.@ 6 inHg ) . This made Ella one of eleven major hurricanes to strike the Atlantic coast of Mexico in the period between 1970 and 2008 . It rapidly weakened over land , dissipating early on September 13 over western Nuevo León . = = Preparations and impact = = As the tropical depression that became Ella moved over the Yucatán Peninsula , it produced wind gusts of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) and a pressure of 1 @,@ 004 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) . When Hurricane Ella was still moving to the west @-@ northwest , the Weather Bureau issued a hurricane watch for the entire Texas coastline . This was later upgraded to a hurricane warning from Brownsville to Port Isabel , with gale warnings extending northward to Port Aransas . Officials issued a mandatory evacuation for low @-@ lying areas around Brownsville , as well as in South Padre Island and Port Isabel . An American Red Cross shelter opened to provide shelter . All residents in mobile homes were also told to leave their homes in the Brownsville area . People in the affected area took extra precautions due to the heavy damage left by Hurricane Celia only weeks before . The hurricane increased surf along the Texas coast , with wave heights of 7 ft ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) observed . As a result , small craft were recommended to remain at port . Ultimately there was no reported storm surge in Texas , although the waves crested high along the beaches . Precipitation was light in Texas , peaking at 0 @.@ 88 in ( 22 mm ) at McAllen . Observations in northeastern Mexico were sparse , although wind gusts from Ella reached 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) . The Brownsville Weather Bureau office noted the potential for 15 in ( 380 mm ) of rainfall to occur in Mexico along the hurricane 's path , and heavy rainfall occurred in portions of northeastern Mexico . There , the rainfall disrupted post @-@ storm rescue work . The rains prevented the transportation of relief goods , including food and medicine , by helicopters . The hurricane destroyed several houses , and there was one death after a girl was stuck in her destroyed house . Due to the hurricane , the Purification and the San Fernando Rivers crested above flood stage . = New Allegiances = " New Allegiances " is the series seven premiere and 57th episode of the British espionage television series Spooks . It was originally broadcast on BBC One on 27 October 2008 . The episode was written by Neil Cross , with additional writing by Ben Richards , and directed by Colm McCarthy . The episode is considered the first of a two @-@ part story , which concludes with following episode " Split Loyalties " . In the episode , Private Andy Sullivan ( Ian Virgo ) is kidnapped by an Al @-@ Qaeda cell , who demand Remembrance Sunday be cancelled or he will be executed . Adam Carter ( Rupert Penry @-@ Jones ) and recently returned Lucas North ( Richard Armitage ) , who spent the past eight years in a Russian prison , work together to find him , only to realise the kidnapping was a diversion to bomb a Remembrance ceremony . Adam drives the rigged car to safety , but dies in the explosion . Knowing FSB head of operation in London Arkady Kachimov ( Stuart Wilson ) withheld the bomb plot , Harry Pearce ( Peter Firth ) plots revenge . Before the episode was broadcast , it was announced that Rupert Penry @-@ Jones would leave the series after playing Adam Carter for four years , while afterwards , another announcement was made introducing a new lead character , Lucas North . Inspiration towards the plot for the episode , and the remainder of the series , came from the resurgence of Russia , which the producers felt would in subtle ways threaten the security of the West . The episode was partially filmed on location in Moscow , the first time in series history where filming took place outside the United Kingdom . After its original broadcast , the episode attracted almost six million viewers ; although it won its time slot , the episode was down by over one million viewers from the last series premiere . The episode received generally positive reactions for its plot , as well as the introduction of Lucas and death of Adam . = = Plot = = The episode is set six months after the series six finale , where Jo Portman ( Miranda Raison ) and Adam Carter were kidnapped by the Redbacks , a mercenary group known for kidnapping intelligence officers and selling them to be tortured . At the end of the episode , Jo appears to have been killed by Adam to spare her from the torture before they could be rescued . However , in a flashback it is revealed Jo played dead before rescue teams arrived , and later beats her kidnapper , Boscard ( Gus Gallagher ) , to death . At first undecided , towards the end of the episode Jo returns to duty . In the meantime , Sir Harry Pearce secures the release of MI5 officer Lucas North , who was imprisoned in Russia for eight years . In the main plot , British Army Private Andy Sullivan , on leave from Afghanistan , is kidnapped by members of an Al @-@ Qaeda cell while on his way home to see his wife and newborn daughter . From an Internet broadcast , they demand Britain cancel the ceremonies during Remembrance Sunday or Sullivan will be executed . Lucas feels determined to help , much to Harry 's reluctance , as he believes Lucas should be properly rested , but eventually allows him to work until they find Sullivan . Malcolm Wynn @-@ Jones ( Hugh Simon ) voice matches one of the terrorists to Aaqib Faris ( Shane Zaza ) , and learns he works under a Munzir Hatem , a known cell leader . In the middle of the night , Adam and Lucas silently break into Hatem 's home and gather intelligence from his mobile phone . On the morning of Remembrance Sunday , the team find that Hatem sends out messages to a man codenamed " Firefly " to relay it to Faris . Ben Kaplan ( Alex Lanipekun ) follows Firefly to a payphone , and Malcolm traces where he is calling . Adam and Lucas arrive at the house Sullivan is being held and successfully rescues him . As this transpires , Ros Myers ( Hermione Norris ) is stationed in Moscow under the codename " Rangefinder " . There she finds intelligence on Tranquility , a codename of a Chechen assassin working with Al @-@ Qaeda . After arriving back in London , Ros discovers Sullivan 's kidnapping was a diversion ; Tranquility is going to bomb a St. Augustus War Memorial ceremony at 11 am . Adam and Lucas arrive at the ceremony ; while Lucas follows Tranquility , Adam discovers the bomb in her car that can only be defused by a code . When Tranquility kills herself , Adam must drive the car to an unpopulated zone . Adam makes it , but the car explodes just as he exits , killing him . Harry realised earlier that FSB head of operations in London Arkady Kachimov purposely withheld the bomb plot when he announces chatter between Chechnya and Al @-@ Qaeda , and plans to commit revenge . Kachimov meanwhile , is on the phone , and asks " is it enroute ? " to the person on the other end , and appears pleased to the response . In the next episode , it is revealed to be a Russian submarine planning a cyber attack on a submarine communications cable . In the end , Harry visits Wes Carter , Adam 's son , to tell him his father died . = = Production = = After portraying Adam Carter for four years , Rupert Penry @-@ Jones felt his character had run its course over the series and wanted to explore other venues , stating he was " getting to the point where I needed to move on . " In December 2007 , before the sixth series finale was shown , Penry @-@ Jones announced he would leave the series sometime during its seventh year , and revealed the character would leave in what he believed to be " one of the best " Spooks exits . To keep the series in general fresh , the producers wanted to tease the audience into thinking whether or not Adam would escape his fate in time , and even after he is killed , wanted to surprise them and make them think " Oh my God , I can 't believe they just did that . " Penry @-@ Jones found that his last days on Spooks was generally upsetting and " welled up " on his final day . Afterwards in March 2008 , another announcement was made , where a new character was revealed to be in development ; Lucas North . The producers wanted to create Lucas to become a " new heroic figure . " They focused on casting Richard Armitage in the early stages as they felt he could carry the mystery of the character . Armitage was approached following the completion of the second series of Robin Hood , for which he portrayed the regular part of Sir Guy of Gisbourne . He was initially hesitant to join the series because of the " tall order " for replacing Penry @-@ Jones . To keep with the description that Lucas is malnourished on his first appearance , Armitage lost a stone in weight , but also had to keep physically fit in order to perform a fight sequence during his first week of filming . Hermione Norris also returns to the series as Ros Myers , having previously left the series in the eighth episode of the sixth series because of her pregnancy . With regards to the plot , the producers wanted to repeat the same style as the previous sixth series and include another story @-@ arc in the seventh . The writers and producers got together to think about what is to become a big political story that will affect the United Kingdom in twelve to eighteen months time . They decided on using the resurgence of power in Russia following the end of the Cold War , which the producers felt in subtle ways , is threatening the security of the West . The new storyline would allow the series to return to the world of spying , truth , and who the character should trust . The episode was written by Neil Cross . It was also additionally written by Ben Richards . Filming in London commenced at the start of March 2008 . The car explosion was filmed at Finsbury Square . Because it was a large explosion , much of the filming crew present recorded the shot on their mobile phones for the cast to view . Miranda Raison believed the explosion was the " biggest bang " on British television . In August of the same year , production moved to Moscow to film scenes for this episode , as well as the penultimate episode of the seventh series . It was the first time in series history where filming took place outside the United Kingdom ; filming Spooks took place in London , and producer Katie Swinden noted the filming the series was very " London @-@ orientated , " and do not usually film outside the M25 motorway , which circles the city . On that occasion however , the producers were able to afford a shoot in another country . Only Armitage and Hermione Norris , along with a small crew including director Sam Miller and Swinden , could film in Moscow . One of the troubles of filming the scenes in Moscow was because the episode was set in November , Norris had to wear a winter coat during 32 degree heat . = = Broadcast and reception = = The episode was originally broadcast on BBC One , during the 9 pm to 10 pm time slot on Monday , 27 October 2008 , except in Northern Ireland , where it was withheld until 10 : 35 pm . After its original broadcast , the episode received unofficial overnight viewing figures of 5 @.@ 5 million and an audience share of 23 @.@ 4 per cent . Spooks won its time slot against other terrestrial channels , including the final episode of ITV1 's Wired , which attracted only 3 @.@ 1 million viewers . However , the episode was down by 1 @.@ 1 million from the series six premiere . According to the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board , the episode received final viewing figures of 5 @.@ 91 million , placing Spooks the 12th most seen programme on BBC One , and the 28th most seen programme overall during the week the episode was broadcast . The episode received generally positive reviews from television critics . The Guardian published three separate reviews . Gareth McLean stated " rare is the returning British drama that gets you giddy but , back for its seventh series and resolving last year 's big cliffhanger , Spooks returns triumphant , " adding " it 's no secret that Ros is back , Adam is leaving and new boy Lucas North has been rescued from a Russian prison , but how it all plays out is a delight . " Vicky Frost from the media blog Organgrinder felt that although the storyline was decent , " it did seem to be about three different episodes stuffed into one . " She also noted the it was generally " ridiculous , but it isn 't nearly as ridiculous - or ridiculously bad - as its spin @-@ off [ Spooks : Code 9 ] was . " Leigh Holmwood however , believed " it was good to see the spy drama return for a seventh series with a high octane episode mixing Islamic terrorism and Russian counter espionage , even if it did overdo the ' for Queen and country ' bit . " Holmwood also stated he was " tempted to watch the second episode , " which was broadcast a day after the first episode on BBC One . Wayne Storr of On the Box stated the series premiere is " another cracking episode , " and " truly wonderful that Spooks still pulls it together to be one of the best British shows on telly . " Storr also stated the episode is an " absolute must watch for anyone who has ever been a fan . For those who aren 't , now is a good time to start . " Whilst also reviewing the second episode , as both episodes are considered a two @-@ parter , Greg O 'Keefe of the Liverpool Echo stated it was " packed with great action sequences , razor @-@ sharp writing and the usual quota of twists and turns . We were also treated to some excellent scenes , shot in Moscow , as the pesky Russians were established as the villains of the series . " John Beresford of TV Scoop stated that although he found " two dodgy moments " in the episode , it " didn 't mar what was otherwise an excellent opener to the new series . " Lucas North 's introduction was met with general praise . Sky TV described his introduction as a " refreshing change " for the series . The Bromsgrove Advertiser noted that Armitage " certainly has the looks needed for the part " with " classic leading man presence , " and while comparing past main actors of the series , Matthew Macfadyen and Rupert Penry @-@ Jones , the author believed that " the eye candy quota is being kept high . " Fans and critics have also both displayed shock towards Adam Carter 's death . Fans voted Adam 's death as the fourth most shocking death scene in the series according to a poll on LastBroadcast . The Radio Times stated the shock factor of his death was " spectacular " and said that " driving a primed car bomb to a safe place is so run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill for the spooks they wouldn 't normally break a sweat . This time , however , it went off . " Hilary Rose of The Times noted that fans will remember Adam 's " dramatic exit , " and said that " the nation 's women duly went into mourning , " regarding that " pretty much every woman with a pulse seems to fancy Rupert . " She then noted that some would find " consolation in the shape of new Spooks totty Richard Armitage . " = Women 's March on Versailles = The Women 's March on Versailles , also known as The October March , The October Days , or simply The March on Versailles , was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution . The march began among women in the marketplaces of Paris who , on the morning of 5 October 1789 , were near rioting over the high price and scarcity of bread . Their demonstrations quickly became intertwined with the activities of revolutionaries , who were seeking liberal political reforms and a constitutional monarchy for France . The market women and their various allies grew into a mob of thousands , and encouraged by revolutionary agitators , they ransacked the city armory for weapons and marched to the Palace of Versailles . The crowd besieged the palace , and in a dramatic and violent confrontation , they successfully pressed their demands upon King Louis XVI . The next day , the crowd compelled the king , his family , and most of the French Assembly to return with them to Paris . These events ended the king 's independence and signified the change of power and reforms about to overtake France . The march symbolized a new balance of power that displaced the ancient privileged orders of the French nobility and favored the nation 's common people , collectively termed the Third Estate . Bringing together people representing sources of the Revolution in their largest numbers yet , the march on Versailles proved to be a defining moment of that Revolution . = = Background = = The deregulation of the grain market implemented by Turgot , Louis XVI 's Controller @-@ General of Finances , in 1774 , was the main cause of the famine which led to the Flour War in 1775 . At the end of the Ancien Régime , the fear of famine became an ever @-@ present dread for the lower strata of the Third Estate , and rumors of the " Pacte de Famine " to starve the poor were still rampant and readily believed . Mere rumors of food shortage led to the Réveillon riots in April 1789 . Rumors of a plot aiming to destroy wheat crops in order to starve the population provoked the Great Fear in the summer of 1789 . When the October journéesa took place , France 's revolutionary decade , 1789 – 1799 , had barely begun . The revolution 's capacity for violence was as yet not fully realized . The storming of the Bastille had occurred less than three months earlier . Flush with newly discovered power , the common citizens of France – particularly in the teeming capital , Paris – felt a newly discovered desire to participate in politics and government . The poorest among them were almost exclusively concerned with the issue of food : most workers spent nearly half their income on bread . In the post @-@ Bastille period , price inflation and severe shortages in Paris became commonplace , as did local incidents of violence in the marketplaces . The king 's court and the deputies of the National Constituent Assembly were all in comfortable residence at the royal city of Versailles , where they were considering momentous changes to the French political system . Reformist deputies had managed to pass sweeping legislation in the weeks after the Bastille 's fall , including the revolutionary August Decrees ( which formally abolished most noble and clerical privileges ) and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . Now their attention was turned to the creation of a permanent constitution . Monarchists and conservatives of all degrees had thus far been unable to resist the surging strength of the reformers , but by September their positions were beginning , however slightly , to improve . In constitutional negotiations they were able to secure a legislative veto power for the king . Many of the reformers were left aghast by this , and further negotiations were hobbled by contentiousness . Quiet Versailles , the seat of royal power , was a stifling environment for reformers . Their stronghold was in Paris . The bustling metropolis lay within walking distance , less than 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) to the northeast . The reformist deputies were well aware that the four hundred or more monarchist deputies were working to transfer the Assembly to the distant royalist city of Tours , a place even less hospitable to their efforts than Versailles . Worse , many feared that the king , emboldened by the growing presence of royal troops , might simply dissolve the Assembly , or at least renege on the August decrees . The king was indeed considering this , and when on 18 September he issued a formal statement giving his approval to only a portion of the decrees , the deputies were incensed . Stoking their anger even further , the king even stated on 4 October that he had reservations about the Declaration of the Rights of Man . = = = Early plans = = = Despite its post @-@ revolutionary mythology , the march was not a spontaneous event . Numerous calls for a mass demonstration at Versailles had already been made ; the Marquis of Saint @-@ Huruge , one of the popular orators of the Palais @-@ Royal , had called for just such a march in August to evict the obstructionist deputies who , he claimed , were protecting the king 's veto power . Although his efforts were foiled , revolutionaries continued to hold onto the idea of a march on Versailles to compel the king to accept the Assembly 's laws . Speakers at the Palais @-@ Royal mentioned it regularly throughout the next month , creating enduring suspicions of the proprietor , Louis Philippe II , Duke of Orléans . The idea of a march on Versailles was widespread , and was even discussed in the pages of the Mercure de France ( 5 September 1789 ) . A menacing unrest was in the air , and many nobles and foreigners fled the oppressive atmosphere . = = = Royal banquet = = = Following the mutiny of the French Guards a few hours before the storming of the Bastille , the only troops immediately available for the security of the palace at Versailles were the aristocratic Garde du Corps ( Body Guard ) and the Cent @-@ Suisses ( Hundred Swiss ) . Both were primarily ceremonial units and lacked the numbers and training to provide effective protection for the royal family and the government . Accordingly , the Flanders Regiment ( a regular infantry regiment of the Royal Army ) was ordered to Versailles in late September 1789 by the king 's minister of war , the Comte de Saint @-@ Priest , as a precautionary measure . On 1 October , the officers at Versailles held a welcoming banquet for the officers of the new troops , a customary practice when a unit changed its garrison . The royal family briefly attended the affair , walking amongst the tables set up in the opera house of the palace . Outside , in the cour de marbre ( central courtyard ) , the soldiers ' toasts and oaths of fealty to the king grew more demonstrative as the night wore on . The lavish banquet was certain to be an affront to those suffering in a time of severe austerity , but it was reported in the L 'Ami du peuple and other firebrand newspapers as nothing short of a gluttonous orgy . Worst of all , the papers all dwelt scornfully on the reputed desecration of the tricolor cockade ; drunken officers were said to have stamped upon this symbol of the nation and professed their allegiance solely to the white cockade of the House of Bourbon . This embellished tale of the royal banquet became the source of intense public outrage . = = Beginning of the march = = On the morning of 5 October , a young woman struck a marching drum at the edge of a group of market @-@ women who were infuriated by the chronic shortage and high price of bread . From their starting point in the markets of the eastern section of Paris then known as the Faubourg Saint @-@ Antoine , the angry women forced a nearby church to toll its bells . Their numbers continued to grow and with restless energy the group began to march . More women from other nearby marketplaces joined in , many bearing kitchen blades and other makeshift weapons , as the tocsins rang from church towers throughout several districts . Driven by a variety of agitators , the mob converged on the Hôtel de Villeb where they demanded not only bread , but arms . As more and more women – and men – arrived , the crowd outside the city hall reached between six and seven thousand , and perhaps as many as ten thousand . One of the men was the audacious Stanislas @-@ Marie Maillard , a prominent vainqueur of the Bastille , who eagerly snatched up his own drum and led the infectious cry of " à Versailles ! " Maillard was a popular figure among the market @-@ women , and by unofficial acclamation was given a leadership role . Although hardly a gentle man , c Maillard helped suppress by force of character the mob 's worst instincts ; he rescued the Hôtel de Ville 's quartermaster , Pierre @-@ Louis Lefebvre @-@ Laroche , a priest commonly known as Abbé Lefebvre , who had been strung up on a lamppost for trying to safeguard its gun powder storage . The Hôtel de Ville itself was ransacked as the crowd surged through taking its provisions and weapons , but Maillard helped prevent it from burning down the entire building . In due course , the rioters ' attention turned again to Versailles , and they filtered back to the streets . Maillard deputized a number of	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
women as group leaders and gave a loose sense of order to the proceedings as he led the crowd out of the city in the driving rain . As they left , thousands of National Guardsmen who had heard the news were assembling at the Place de Grève . The Marquis de Lafayette , in Paris as their commander @-@ in @-@ chief , discovered to his dismay that his soldiers were largely in favor of the march and were being egged on by agitators to join in . Even though he was one of France 's greatest war heroes , Lafayette could not dissuade his troops and they began threatening to desert . Rather than see them leave as another anarchic mob , the Parisian municipal government told Lafayette to guide their movements ; they also instructed him to request that the king return voluntarily to Paris to satisfy the people . Sending a swift horseman forward to warn Versailles , Lafayette contemplated the near mutiny of his men : he was aware that many of them had openly promised to kill him if he did not lead or get out of the way . At four o 'clock in the afternoon , fifteen thousand guards with several thousand more civilian latecomers set off for Versailles . Lafayette reluctantly took his place at the head of their column , hoping to protect the king and public order . = = Goals of the march = = The hunger and despair of the market women was the original impetus for the march , but what started as a search for bread soon took on a much more ambitious goal . The Hôtel de Ville had already opened its plentiful stores to the rioters , but they remained unsatisfied : they wanted not just one meal but the assurance that bread would once again be plentiful and cheap . Famine was a real and ever @-@ present dread for the lower strata of the Third Estate , and rumors of an " aristocrats ' plot " to starve the poor were rampant and readily believed . At the same time , there was common resentment against the reactionary attitudes prevailing in Court circles even before the uproar sparked by the notorious banquet precipitated the political aspects of the march . Deeper planners in the crowd spread the word that the king needed to dismiss his royal bodyguards entirely and replace them all with patriotic National Guardsmen , a line of argument that had a compelling resonance among Lafayette 's soldiers . These two popular goals coalesced around a third that was largely the revolutionaries ' idea , which was that the king and his court , and the Assembly as well , must all be moved to Paris to reside among the people . Only then would the foreign soldiers be expelled , food be reliably available , and France served by a leader who was " in communion with his own people " . The plan appealed to all segments of the crowd . Even those who were innocently supportive of the monarchy ( and there were many among the women ) felt the idea of bringing home le bon papa was a good and comforting plan . For revolutionaries , the preservation of their recent legislation and the creation of a constitution were paramount , and a lockdown of the king within reformist Paris would provide the best possible environment for the Revolution to succeed . = = Siege of the palace = = The crowd traveled the distance from Paris to Versailles in about six hours . Among their makeshift weaponry they dragged along several cannons taken from the Hôtel de Ville . Boisterous and energetic , they recruited ( or impressed into service ) more and more followers as they surged out of Paris in the autumn rain . In their ambiguous but always aggressive poissard slang , d they chattered enthusiastically about bringing the king back home . Less affectionately , they spoke of the queen , Marie Antoinette , and many had no restraint in calling for her death . = = = Occupation of the Assembly = = = When the crowd finally reached Versailles , it was met by another group that had assembled from the surrounding area . Members of the Assembly greeted the marchers and invited Maillard into their hall , where he fulminated about the Flanders Regiment and the people 's need for bread . As he spoke , the restless Parisians came pouring into the Assembly and sank exhausted on the deputies ' benches . Hungry , fatigued , and bedraggled from the rain , they seemed to confirm that the siege was a simple demand for food . The unprotected deputies had no choice but to receive the marchers , who shouted down most of the speakers and demanded to hear from the popular reformist deputy Mirabeau . The great orator declined this chance at demagoguery but nonetheless mingled familiarly with the market women , even sitting for some time with one of them upon his knee . A few other deputies welcomed the marchers warmly , including Maximilien Robespierre who was still at that time a relatively obscure figure in politics . Robespierre gave strong words of support to the women and their plight , and his efforts were received appreciatively ; his solicitations helped greatly to soften the crowd 's hostility towards the Assembly . = = = Deputation to the king = = = With few other options available to him , the President of the Assembly , Jean Joseph Mounier , accompanied a deputation of market @-@ women into the palace to see the king . A group of six women nominated by the crowd were escorted into the king 's apartment , where they told him of the crowd 's privations . The king responded sympathetically , and using all his charm impressed the women to the point that one of them fainted at his feet . After this brief but pleasant meeting , arrangements were made to disburse some food from the royal stores , with more promised , and some in the crowd felt that their goals had been satisfactorily met . As rain once again began to pelt Versailles , Maillard and a small cluster of market women trooped triumphantly back to Paris . Most of the crowd , however , remained unpacified . They milled around the palace grounds with rumors abounding that the women 's deputation had been duped – the queen would inevitably force the king to break any promises that had been made . Well aware of the surrounding dangers , Louis discussed the situation with his advisors . At about six o 'clock in the evening , the king made a belated effort to quell the rising tide of insurrection : he announced that he would accept the August decrees and the Declaration of the Rights of Man without qualification . Adequate preparations to defend the palace were not made , however : the bulk of the royal guards , who had been deployed under arms in the main square for several hours facing a hostile crowd , was withdrawn to the far end of the park of Versailles . In the words of one of the officers : " Everyone was overwhelmed with sleep and lethargy , we thought it was all over . " This left only the usual night guard of sixty @-@ one Gardes du Corps posted throughout the palace . Late in the evening , Lafayette 's national guardsmen approached up the Avenue de Paris . Lafayette immediately left his troops and went to see the king , grandly announcing himself with the declaration , " I have come to die at the feet of Your Majesty " . Outside , an uneasy night was spent in which his Parisian guardsmen mingled with the marchers , and the two groups sounded each other out . Many in the crowd persuasively denounced Lafayette as a traitor , complaining of his resistance to leaving Paris and the slowness of his march . By the first light of morning , an alliance of the national guards and the women was evident , and as the crowd 's vigor was restored , their roughneck poissard clamoring resumed . = = = Attack on the palace = = = At about six o 'clock in the morning , some of the protesters discovered a small gate to the palace was unguarded . Making their way inside , they searched for the queen 's bedchamber . The royal guards raced throughout the palace , bolting doors and barricading hallways and those in the compromised sector , the cour de marbre , fired their guns at the intruders , killing a young member of the crowd . Infuriated , the rest surged towards the breach and streamed inside . Two guardsmen , Miomandre and Tardivet , each separately attempted to face down the crowd and were overpowered. e The violence boiled over into savagery as Tardivet 's head was shorn off and raised aloft on a pike . As battering and screaming filled the halls around her , the queen ran barefoot with her ladies to the king 's bedchamber and spent several agonizing minutes banging on its locked door , unheard above the din . In a close brush with death , they barely escaped through the doorway in time . The chaos continued as other royal guards were found and beaten ; at least one more was killed and his head too appeared atop a pike . Finally , the fury of the attack subsided enough to permit some communication between the former French Guards , who formed the professional core of Lafayette 's National Guard militia , and the royal gardes du corps . The units had a history of cooperation and a military sense of mutual respect , and Lafayette , who had been snatching a few hours of sleep in his exhaustion , awoke to make the most of it . To the relief of the royals , the two sets of soldiers were reconciled by his charismatic mediation and a tenuous peace was established within the palace . = = = Lafayette 's intervention = = = Although the fighting ceased and the two commands of troops had cleared the palace , the mob was still everywhere outside . The rank and file of both the Flanders Regiment and another regular unit present , the Montmorency Dragoons , now appeared unwilling to act against the people . Lafayette , who had earned the court 's indebtedness , convinced the king to address the crowd . When the two men stepped out on a balcony an unexpected cry went up : " Vive le Roi ! " The relieved king briefly conveyed his willingness to return to Paris , acceding " to the love of my good and faithful subjects " . As the crowd cheered , Lafayette stoked their joy by dramatically pinning a tricolor cockade to the hat of the king 's nearest bodyguard . After the king withdrew , the exultant crowd would not be denied the same accord from the queen , and her presence was demanded loudly . Lafayette brought her to the same balcony , accompanied by her young son and daughter . The crowd ominously shouted for the children to be taken away , and it seemed the stage might be set for a regicide . Yet , as the queen stood with her hands crossed over her chest , the crowd – some of whom had muskets leveled in her direction – warmed to her courage . Amid this unlikely development , Lafayette cannily let the mob 's fury drain away until , with dramatic timing and flair , he knelt reverently and kissed her hand . The demonstrators responded with a muted respect , and many even raised a cheer which the queen had not heard for quite a long time : " Vive la Reine ! " The goodwill generated by this surprising turn of events defused the situation , but to many observers the scene on the balcony was mere theatricality without long @-@ term resonance . However pleased it may have been by the royal displays , the crowd insisted that the king come back with them to Paris . = = = Return to Paris = = = At about one o 'clock in the afternoon of 6 October 1789 , the vast throng escorted the royal family and a complement of one hundred deputies back to the capital , this time with the armed National Guards leading the way . By now the mass of people had grown to over sixty thousand , and the return trip took about nine hours . The procession could seem merry at times , as guardsmen hoisted up loaves of bread stuck on the tips of their bayonets , and some of the market women rode gleefully astride the captured cannon . Yet , even as the crowd sang pleasantries about their " Good Papa " , their violent mentality could not be misread ; celebratory gunshots flew over the royal carriage and some marchers even carried pikes bearing the heads of the slaughtered Versailles guards . A sense of victory over the ancien régime was imbued in the parade , and it was understood by all that the king was now fully at the service of the people . No one understood this so viscerally as the king himself . After arriving at the dilapidated Tuileries Palace , abandoned since the reign of Louis XIV , he was asked for his orders and he replied with uncharacteristic diffidence , " Let everyone put himself where he pleases ! " Then , with a sullen poignancy , he asked for a history of the deposed Charles I of England to be brought from the library . = = Aftermath = = The rest of the National Constituent Assembly followed the king within two weeks to new quarters in Paris . In short order , the entire body settled in only a few steps from the Tuileries at a former riding school , the Salle du Manège . However , some fifty @-@ six monarchien deputies did not come with them , believing the mob threat in the capital to be personally dangerous . The October journées thus effectively deprived the monarchist faction of significant representation in the Assembly as most of these deputies retreated from the political scene ; many , like Mounier , fled the country altogether . Conversely , Robespierre 's impassioned defense of the march raised his public profile considerably . The episode gave him a lasting heroic status among the poissardes and burnished his reputation as a patron of the poor . His later rise to become virtual dictator of the Revolution was greatly facilitated by his actions during the occupation of the Assembly . Lafayette , though initially acclaimed , found that he had tied himself too closely to the king . As the Revolution progressed , he was hounded into exile by the radical leadership . Maillard returned to Paris with his status as a local hero made permanent . He participated in several later journées , but in 1794 became stricken with illness , dying at the age of thirty @-@ one . For the women of Paris , the march became the source of apotheosis in revolutionary hagiography . The " Mothers of the Nation " were highly celebrated upon their return , and they would be praised and solicited by successive Parisian governments for years to come . King Louis XVI was officially welcomed to Paris with a respectful ceremony held by mayor Jean Sylvain Bailly . His return was touted as a momentous turning point in the Revolution , by some even as its end . Optimistic observers such as Camille Desmoulins declared that France would now enter a new golden age , with its revived citizenry and popular constitutional monarchy . Others were more wary , such as journalist Jean @-@ Paul Marat , who wrote : It is a source of great rejoicing for the good people of Paris to have their king in their midst once again . His presence will very quickly do much to change the outward appearance of things , and the poor will no longer die of starvation . But this happiness would soon vanish like a dream if we did not ensure that the sojourn of the Royal Family in our midst lasted until the Constitution was ratified in every aspect . L 'Ami du Peuple shares the jubilation of its dear fellow citizens , but it will remain ever vigilant . It would take almost two full years until the first French Constitution was signed on 3 September 1791 , and it required another popular intervention to make it happen . Louis attempted to work within the framework of his limited powers after the women 's march but won little support , and he and the royal family remained virtual prisoners in the Tuileries . Desperate , he made his abortive flight to Varennes in June 1791 . Attempting to escape and join up with royalist armies , the king was once again captured by a mixture of citizens and national guardsmen who hauled him back to Paris . Permanently disgraced , Louis was forced to accept a constitution more denuding of his kingship than any previously put forward . The spiral of decline in the king 's fortunes culminated at the guillotine in 1793 . = = = Orléanist conspiracy theory = = = Even while the women were marching , suspicious eyes looked upon Louis Philippe II , Duke of Orléans , already behind the July uprisings , as being somehow responsible for the event . The Duke , a cousin of Louis XVI , was an energetic proponent of constitutional monarchy , and it was an open secret that he felt himself to be uniquely qualified to be king under such a system . Though allegations of his specific actions concerning the October march remain largely unproven , he has long been considered a significant instigator of the events . The Duke was certainly present as a deputy to the Assembly , and he was described by contemporaries as smiling warmly as he walked among the protesters at the height of the siege ; many of them are said to have hailed him with greetings like " Here is our king ! Long live King Orléans ! " Many scholars believe that the Duke paid agents provocateurs to fan the discontent in the marketplaces and to conflate the women 's march for bread with the drive to bring the king back to Paris . Others suggest he coordinated in some way with Mirabeau , the Assembly 's most powerful statesman at the time , to use the marchers to advance the constitutionalist agenda . Still others go so far as to assert that the crowd was guided by such important Orléanist allies as Antoine Barnave , Choderlos de Laclos , and the duc d 'Aiguillon , all dressed as poissardes in women 's clothes . Yet most of the Revolution 's foremost histories describe any involvement of the Duke as ancillary to the action , efforts of opportunism that neither created nor defined the October march.f The Duke was investigated by the crown for complicity and none was proven . Still , the pall of suspicion helped convince him to take on Louis XVI 's offer of a diplomatic mission conveniently outside the country . He returned to France the following summer and resumed his place in the Assembly where both he and Mirabeau were officially exonerated of any misdeeds regarding the march . As the Revolution moved forward into the Terror , the Duke 's royal lineage and alleged avarice convicted him in the minds of radical leaders and he was sent to his execution in November 1793 . = = Legacy = = The women 's march was a signal event of the French Revolution , its impact on a par with the fall of the Bastille . For its inheritors , the march would stand as an inspirational example , emblematic of the power of popular movements . The occupation of the deputies ' benches in the Assembly created a template for the future , forecasting the mob rule that would frequently influence successive Parisian governments . But it was the crudely decisive invasion of the palace itself that was most momentous ; the attack removed forever the aura of invincibility that once cloaked the monarchy . It marked the end of the king 's resistance to the tide of reform , and he made no further open attempts to push back the Revolution . As one historian states , it was " one of those defeats of royalty from which it never recovered " . = 2006 Pacific hurricane season = The 2006 Pacific hurricane season was the most active since 2000 , which also produced 19 tropical storms or hurricanes . Eighteen developed within the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) area of warning responsibility , which is east of 140 ° W , and one storm formed between 140 ° W and the International Date Line , which is under the jurisdiction of the Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( CPHC ) . Of the 19 total storms , eleven became hurricanes , of which six attained major hurricane status . Within the NHC portion of the basin , the season officially began on May 15 , and in the CPHC portion , it started on June 1 ; the season officially ended on November 30 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific basin . The strongest storm of the season was Hurricane Ioke , which reached Category 5 status on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale in the central Pacific Ocean ; Ioke passed near Johnston Atoll and later Wake Island , where it caused heavy damage but no deaths . The deadliest storm of the season was Hurricane John , which killed six people after striking the Baja California Peninsula , and the costliest storm was Hurricane Lane , which caused $ 203 million in damage in southwestern Mexico ( 2006 USD , $ 238 million 2016 USD ) . Seasonal activity began on May 27 when Tropical Storm Aletta formed off the southwest coast of Mexico . No storms formed in June , though the season became active in July when five named storms developed , including Hurricane Daniel which was the second strongest storm of the season , as well as Tropical Storm Emilia . During August , Hurricanes Ioke and John formed , as well as four other storms . September was a relatively quiet month with two storms , of which one was Hurricane Lane . Three storms developed in October including Hurricane Paul and two formed in November ; this marked the second time on record , after 1961 , when more than one tropical storm developed in the basin during the month of November . = = Seasonal forecast = = On May 22 , 2006 , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's ( NOAA ) CPC ( CPC ) released their forecasts for the 2006 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons . The Pacific season was expected to be hindered by the decades @-@ long cycle that began in 1995 , which generally increased wind shear across the basin . NOAA predicted a below @-@ normal level of activity in the Eastern Pacific , with 12 – 16 named storms , of which 6 – 8 were expected to become hurricanes , and 1 – 3 expected to become major hurricanes . The Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's area of responsibility was also expected to be below average , with only two to three tropical cyclones expected to form or cross into the area . They expected that neither El Niño nor La Niña would affect conditions significantly . On May 15 , the hurricane season began in the Eastern Pacific basin , which is the area of the northern Pacific Ocean east of 140 ° W. On June 1 , the season began in the Central Pacific warning zone ( between 140 ° W and the International Dateline ) ; however , no storms occurred in the region until July . = = Seasonal summary = = No tropical storms developed in June in the basin , which was unusual compared to the average of two storms forming during the month . Since 1966 , there have been only three other seasons in which a tropical storm did not form in June , these being 1969 , 2004 , and 2007 . After such an inactive month , the tropics became active in July when five named storms developed , including Hurricane Daniel which was the second strongest storm of the season . During August , Hurricanes Ioke and John formed , as well as four other storms . September was a relatively quiet month with two storms , of which one was Hurricane Lane . By that time , however , El Niño conditions became established across the Pacific , which is known to enhance Pacific hurricane activity . Three storms developed in October , including Hurricane Paul . Tropical activity within the basin in November 2006 was the most active on record , based on the Accumulated Cyclone Energy ( ACE ) Index . Three tropical cyclones formed , of which two became tropical storms ; only two other seasons on record , 1961 and 2015 , produced two tropical storms in the month of November . In addition , Mexico was struck by four tropical cyclones in 2006 , none on the Atlantic coast and all along the Pacific coast . One hit Baja California Peninsula while the others made landfall on the mainland . An extratropical storm persisted in the extreme northern central Pacific Ocean in late October . It drifted over unusually warm waters up to 3 @.@ 6 ° F ( 2 ° C ) above normal , and gradually developed convection near the center . By November 2 , QuikSCAT satellite suggested the system attained winds of up to 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) about 900 mi ( 1450 km ) west of Oregon . The system also developed an eye and an eyewall . The cyclone tracked northeastward as it gradually weakened , and dissipated on November 4 . NASA considered the cyclone to be a subtropical storm . However , as it formed outside of the territory of any monitoring organization , it was not named . Operationally , the United States Navy treated the system as a tropical disturbance , numbered 91C . = = Storms = = = = = Tropical Storm Aletta = = = On May 27 , 12 days into the season , Tropical Depression One formed about 190 miles ( 305 km ) south of Acapulco . It slowly organized and became a tropical storm with 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) sustained winds . While named tropical cyclones in May are infrequent events , Aletta marked the seventh consecutive year to have a named cyclone form in May . The storm moved toward the Guerrero coast in southwestern Mexico , prompting the Mexican government to issue tropical storm watches between Punta Maldonado and Zihuatanejo . Aletta then became stationary over the Guerrero and Oaxaca coastlines , but it later turned to the west and dissipated on May 30 . Aletta produced moderate rainfall across Mexico , including a 24 @-@ hour rainfall total of 3 @.@ 94 inches ( 100 mm ) in Jacatepec , Oaxaca on May 30 , and 3 @.@ 78 inches ( 96 mm ) in La Calera , Guerrero , the next day . There were no reports of damage , flooding , or casualties . = = = Tropical Depression Two @-@ E = = = On the day after Aletta dissipated , a new area of disturbed weather developed off the southwest Mexican coast . High shear slowed the development of the system , although it gained enough convection and organization to be classified as a tropical depression on June 3 . The depression strengthened to near tropical storm status as it approached the coast of southwestern Mexico ; however , shear persisted over the system and it weakened before dissipating on June 4 . Despite never becoming a named storm , heavy rain occurred , including a total of 19 @.@ 13 inches ( 486 mm ) measured in a 48 ‑ hour period in Acapulco . Mudslides and flash flooding were reported , forcing 72 people from their homes . No deaths or serious damage was reported . = = = Hurricane Bud = = = On July 11 , after over a month of inactivity , a disturbance off the Peninsula of Baja California developed into a tropical depression . It moved west @-@ northwestward for its entire duration , quickly intensifying into a tropical storm and hurricane . A clear , well @-@ defined eye developed , and Bud became the first major hurricane of the season . On July 13 , the hurricane attained peak winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) , although cooler waters and stable air caused a marked weakening trend . By July 15 , Bud weakened to tropical depression status , and the next day it degenerated into a remnant low pressure area . The remnants of Bud produced light rainfall across Hawaii . = = = Hurricane Carlotta = = = A tropical wave exited Africa on June 30 and moved across the Atlantic Ocean without development . On July 9 , while crossing Central America into the eastern North Pacific Ocean , thunderstorm activity increased , and the system organized into Tropical Depression Four @-@ E early on July 12 about 290 mi ( 465 km ) south of Zihuatanejo , Guerrero . The large depression moved quickly to the west @-@ northwest to the south of a ridge over northwestern Mexico , and its outer rainbands moved across the coast . Rainfall totals were less than 1 inch ( 25 mm ) . The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Carlotta just six hours after forming . By late on July 12 , the storm developed banding features , and early on July 13 Carlotta attained hurricane status about 430 mi ( 700 km ) south of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula . As Carlotta intensified , the system became more compact , and it reached peak winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) on July 13 . An eye formed in the center , and the hurricane was briefly forecast to attain major hurricane status , or a Category 3 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale . However , Carlotta weakened due to increased wind shear from Hurricane Bud to its west , and the eye and convection deteriorated . Carlotta briefly weakened to tropical storm status late on July 14 , although a decrease in shear allowed it to reintensify into a hurricane . This was short @-@ lived as the center moved into the area of cooler waters , and Carlotta again weakened to tropical storm status . Late on July 15 , the circulation became separated from the convection , and Carlotta weakened to tropical depression status on July 16 , and the next day generated into a remnant low . The circulation continued generally westward , dissipating on July 20 about 1500 mi ( 2400 km ) east of the Hawaiian islands . = = = Hurricane Daniel = = = On July 16 , a tropical disturbance formed far to the south of the Baja California Peninsula and quickly increased in convective activity and organization , becoming a tropical depression . The system continued to organize and was designated as a tropical storm the next day . On July 18 , Daniel attained hurricane status , and two days later underwent rapid intensification ; it reached major hurricane status and was later upgraded further to Category 4 status on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . Its peak intensity was 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) . The hurricane underwent eyewall replacement cycles , which are internal mechanisms that occur in most intense hurricanes . Daniel later became an annular hurricane , which allowed it to maintain Category 4 status for longer than it otherwise would have . It crossed over into the Central Pacific early on July 24 and was predicted to affect Hawaii as a tropical storm ; however , Daniel encountered weak steering currents in the open ocean , causing it to slow down considerably . It rapidly degenerated to a tropical depression on July 25 , and the CPHC issued its last advisory on July 26 while the storm was still well to the east of Hawaii . Its remnants later moved across the Hawaiian islands , dropping heavy rainfall and causing flooding . West Wailuaiki on Maui recorded 3 @.@ 87 inches ( 98 mm ) in one day , which was the highest daily rainfall total from the hurricane . = = = Tropical Storm Emilia = = = The origins of Emilia were from a tropical wave that developed into a tropical depression on July 21 , a short distance off the coast of Acapulco . It moved generally north @-@ northwestward , reaching tropical storm status on July 22 and passing about 175 mi ( 280 km ) southwest of Manzanillo , Colima . An eyewall began to form that day , and Emilia reached peak winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . It briefly weakened due to wind shear , although restrengthening occurred as the storm turned toward the Baja California peninsula . On July 26 , Emilia again reached peak winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , and shortly thereafter it passed about 60 mi ( 95 km ) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California . It weakened as it turned into cooler waters , first to tropical depression status on July 27 and then to a convective @-@ less remnant low on July 28 . The remnants dissipated on July 31 about 495 mi ( 800 km ) west @-@ southwest of San Diego , California . In southwestern Mexico , Emilia produced tropical storm force winds along the coastline . Rainfall in the southern portion of the Baja California peninsula caused minor flooding , and gusty winds caused damage to buildings and power lines . Moisture from Emilia reached the southwestern United States . Thunderstorms and rainfall occurred across Arizona , causing flooding . In southern California , the storm dropped light rainfall , which assisted firefighters in containing a wildfire . = = = Tropical Storm Fabio = = = A tropical wave crossed the west coast of Africa on July 15 and entered the Pacific on July 25 . Convection increased on July 28 , and at 1800 UTC on July 31 the system became Tropical Depression Seven @-@ E about 980 miles ( 1 @,@ 580 km ) southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula . Six hours later , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Fabio . It moved westward due to a ridge to its north , and on August 1 Fabio reached peak winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . Later , the storm began weakening due to increased wind shear and dry air . On August 3 , Fabio deteriorated to tropical depression status , and later that day it degenerated into a remnant low pressure area . The remnants continued westward , moving across Hawaii on August 7 . Although Fabio did not impact land , its remnants produced heavy rainfall in Hawaii . In a 24 hour period , 2 @.@ 89 inches ( 73 mm ) of rainfall was recorded at Glenwood on the island of Hawaii ; this was the highest daily rainfall total for the month on the island . However , the heaviest precipitation fell on Mount Waiʻaleʻale on Kauai , where 15 @.@ 08 inches ( 383 mm ) fell in 24 hours ; this total alone was greater than all other monthly rainfall totals in the state . The heavy rainfall flooded the Hanalei River , which forced the closure of the Kuhio Highway when a bridge was inundated . On Oahu , the rainfall caused ponding on roadways and flooding along streams . One flooded stream stranded 24 hikers along a trail , all of whom required rescue by helicopter . = = = Tropical Storm Gilma = = = On July 17 , a tropical wave exited Africa and crossed the Atlantic without developing . On July 25 it entered the Eastern Pacific , gradually developing an area of organized convection . Despite marginally favorable upper @-@ level winds , the system organized enough to be declared a tropical depression on August 1 , several hundred miles southwest of Acapulco , Mexico . Initially , the depression tracked west @-@ northwestward . Despite wind shear in the area , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Gilma later on August 1 . The wind shear prevented further strengthening or organization , and Gilma weakened to a tropical depression early on August 2 . The depression turned westward , and Gilma degenerated into a remnant low by August 4 . = = = Hurricane Hector = = = A tropical wave exited Africa on July 31 , and after no development in the Atlantic , it crossed Central America into the northeastern Pacific Ocean on August 10 . Convection gradually increased , and a broad low pressure area developed about 375 miles ( 605 km ) south of Acapulco , Mexico on August 13 . The system continued to become organized , and it developed into a tropical depression around 1800 UTC on August 15 about 650 mi ( 1 @,@ 045 km ) south @-@ southwest of the southern tip of Baja California . It moved west @-@ northwestward , located south of a ridge that extended westward from northern Mexico westward into the Pacific . The depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Hector early on August 16 . Hector was able to steadily strengthen , reaching hurricane status at 0600 UTC on August 17 . It is estimated that Hector reached its peak intensity of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) at 0600 UTC on August 18 , while centered about 1 @,@ 035 mi ( 1 @,@ 665 km ) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California . Hector remained a Category 2 hurricane for about 24 hours . Shortly thereafter , it encountered cooler waters and westerly shear , and Hector steadily weakened until becoming a tropical storm by August 20 . Shortly thereafter , the storm reached a weakness in the subtropical ridge , which caused it to move slowly to the northwest . By August 21 , deep convection was confined to the northeast portion of the circulation . The shear was not strong enough to completely weaken the tropical cyclone and Hector remained a tropical storm with 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) winds for about 24 hours . After the remaining shower and thunderstorm activity dissipated on August 22 , the cyclone turned westward in response to the low @-@ level easterly wind flow . Hector weakened to a tropical depression at 0000 UTC on August 23 , and to a remnant low six hours later . The remnant circulation of Hector dissipated on August 24 about 750 mi ( 1 @,@ 210 km ) east of the Hawaiian Islands . = = = Hurricane Ioke = = = The cyclone developed from the Intertropical Convergence Zone on August 20 far to the south of Hawaii . Encountering warm waters , little wind shear , and well @-@ defined outflow , Ioke intensified from a tropical depression to Category 4 status within 48 hours . Late on August 22 it rapidly weakened to Category 2 status before crossing over Johnston Atoll . Two days later favorable conditions again allowed for rapid strengthening , and Ioke attained Category 5 status on August 25 before crossing the International Date Line . At the time , its barometric pressure was estimated at 915 mbar , thus becoming the strongest hurricane on record in the Central Pacific . As it continued westward its intensity fluctuated , and on August 31 it passed near Wake Island with winds of 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) . Ioke gradually weakened as it turned northwestward and northward , and by September 6 it had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . By then , the cyclone had lasted 19 days , reaching the equivalent of Category 5 status on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale three times . The remnants of Ioke accelerated northeastward and ultimately crossed into Alaska . Ioke did not affect any permanently populated areas in the Central Pacific or Western Pacific basins as a hurricane or a typhoon . A crew of 12 people stayed in a hurricane @-@ proof bunker on Johnston Atoll during the hurricane 's passage ; the crew estimated winds reached over 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , which damaged trees on the island but did not impact the island 's bird population . The hurricane left moderate damage on Wake Island totaling $ 88 million ( 2006 USD ) , which resulted from blown off roofs and damaged buildings , although the infrastructure of the island was left intact . All military personnel were evacuated from the island , the first full @-@ scale evacuation of the island since Typhoon Sarah in 1967 . Later , the extratropical remnants of Ioke produced a severe storm surge along the Alaskan coastline , causing beach erosion . = = = Hurricane Ileana = = = The origins of Hurricane Ileana were from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on August 8 . It entered the Eastern North Pacific on August 16 and developed into a tropical depression on August 21 near Acapulco . The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Ileana six hours after forming . Ileana continued to strengthen , becoming a hurricane in 24 hours and a major hurricane a day after that . Ileana reached its peak intensity of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) before beginning a slow weakening phase on August 24 when it encountered cooler waters . Ileana weakened a tropical depression on the morning of August 27 and quickly degenerated into a remnant low , dissipating on August 29 . As Ileana was heading north along the Mexican coastline , slight rainfall was recorded along the coast . There were also reports of hurricane @-@ force winds on Socorro Island . One fatality was reported when a man drowned in heavy surf near Cabo San Lucas . = = = Hurricane John = = = On August 28 , a persistent area of low pressure southwest of Acapulco , Mexico developed into a tropical depression . Later that day it strengthened into a tropical storm , and it reached hurricane strength 24 hours later on August 29 . John underwent rapid intensification and reached Category 3 intensity later that day and Category 4 on August 30 . Hours later , the hurricane underwent another eyewall replacement cycle , and subsequently weakened to Category 3 status as it paralleled the Mexican coastline a short distance offshore . Potentially due to its eyewall replacement cycle or its interaction with land , Hurricane John weakened to a 105 mph hurricane by late on August 31 , but restrengthened to a major hurricane shortly after . It made landfall near the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula as a Category 2 hurricane on September 1 . John continued northwestward along the eastern Baja California peninsula , weakening to tropical depression status by September 3 and dissipating on September 4 in the Gulf of California . Along the southwestern coast of Mexico , Hurricane John produced heavy surf , strong winds , and heavy rainfall , which flooded roads , caused mudslides , and downed trees . Along the Baja California Peninsula , the hurricane dropped heavy rainfall , with a 24 @-@ hour peak of 10 @.@ 8 inches ( 276 mm ) in Los Planes . The heavy rainfall caused flooding , closed roads , and caused a dam to overflow . The winds and rainfall destroyed thousands of flimsy houses across the region . Across Mexico , five people were killed , and damage amounted to $ 663 million ( 2006 MXN , $ 60 @.@ 8 million 2006 USD ) . Moisture from the remnants of John produced flooding across Texas , which closed a ½ mile ( 800 m ) portion of Interstate 10 in El Paso . In southern New Mexico , the rainfall caused widespread street flooding and some minor damage . Tropical moisture from the storm also produced rainfall in Arizona and southern California , where eight separate mudslides occurred , trapping 19 vehicles but causing no injuries . = = = Hurricane Kristy = = = On August 30 , a tropical wave located about 525 miles ( 850 km ) south @-@ southwest of Baja California became more organized and was designated as the twelfth tropical depression of the 2006 season . It strengthened into Tropical Storm Kristy and became Hurricane Kristy the next day . It did not retain this status for long , partly due to its proximity to Hurricane John . There was a possibility of a Fujiwhara interaction between both systems , causing Kristy to weaken or perhaps be absorbed into the circulation of John . This did not occur , however . Kristy weakened steadily after its peak intensity and looked to be close to dissipating , but on September 3 and again on September 5 , convection flared up and it returned to tropical storm strength . After oscillating between storm and depression strength , the system degenerated into a remnant low on September 7 , which dissipated on September 8 without affecting land . = = = Hurricane Lane = = = On September 13 , a tropical disturbance located about 125 miles ( 200 km ) west @-@ southwest of Acapulco , Mexico , gradually became better organized and was designated the thirteenth tropical depression of the 2006 season . The depression intensified in a favorable environment , and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Lane later that night . As it moved parallel to the Mexican coast it continued to strengthen and became a hurricane on September 15 , and a major hurricane early the next day . Hurricane Lane reached peak winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) before it made landfall on the coast of Sinaloa on September 16 . It quickly weakened over land and dissipated on September 17 . Tropical Storm Lane produced heavy rainfall and high seas along the west coast of Mexico , including Acapulco where flood waters reached 16 inches ( 40 cm ) in depth . The Acapulco airport also experienced flooding , though service was not interrupted . Throughout Mexico , the hurricane caused four deaths and $ 2 @.@ 2 billion ( 2006 MXN , $ 203 million 2006 USD ) in damage , half of which in Sinaloa where heavy crop damage was reported . An estimated 4 @,@ 320 homes were affected by the hurricane , and 19 @,@ 200 miles ( 30 @,@ 000 km ) of roads and highways were damaged to some degree , including some destroyed bridges . = = = Tropical Storm Miriam = = = A disturbance associated with a northerly extension of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and a tropical wave developed a closed circulation on September 15 . It moved northeastward due to the influence from nearby Hurricane Lane , and organized enough to be declared Tropical Depression Fourteen @-@ E on September 16 while located about 500 miles southwest of Cabo San Lucas , Mexico . It quickly strengthened , and organized into Tropical Storm Miriam later that day . After reaching a peak intensity of 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) , vertical wind shear and cooler waters rapidly weakened the storm , and the circulation decoupled from the convection on September 17 . After turning more towards the north , Miriam weakened to tropical depression status , and on September 18 it degenerated to a remnant low . The remnant circulation turned to the northwest , then to the east , and dissipated on September 21 a short distance west of Baja California . No deaths are damage are associated with Miriam , and only one ship recorded winds of over tropical storm force near the center . = = = Tropical Depression Two @-@ C = = = On September 19 , an area of disturbed weather associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone became sufficiently organized to be designated Tropical Depression Two @-@ C. Initially , it was thought that the depression formed from the remnants of Hurricane Kristy , although subsequent analysis confirmed they were two separate systems . Initially , the depression was in an area of favorable conditions , with little wind shear and warm waters . As a result , the CPHC predicted significant strengthening to at least hurricane status . Instead , a high pressure system to its north increased wind shear over the depression , causing the convection to become removed from the center . The depression weakened into a remnant low on September 20 , never reaching tropical storm status . = = = Tropical Depression Three @-@ C = = = During September , El Niño conditions became established across the Pacific , which produced an area of warmer waters along the International Date Line . A few days after Tropical Depression Two @-@ C dissipated , another area of disturbed weather formed , and although it was disorganized , it was also persistent . The CPHC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Three @-@ C on September 26 after a circulation was evident in the system . Strong wind shear prevented any development , and the system dissipated on September 27 . = = = Tropical Storm Norman = = = Early in October , a low pressure system began to organize to the west of the Mexican coast , and on October 9 it developed into Tropical Depression Fifteen @-@ E. It strengthened into a tropical storm the next day , but strong wind shear and low sea @-@ surface temperatures hindered development . Norman slowly began to weaken , and on October 11 it degenerated into a remnant low pressure area . Turning eastward , the system combined with a new tropical disturbance off the southwest Mexican coast , and slowly began to reorganize . The system was re @-@ designated a tropical depression on October 15 just south @-@ southeast of Manzanillo , Colima , although within a few hours it again dissipated . The storm brought heavy rainfall to southwestern Mexico , peaking at 6 @.@ 35 inches ( 161 mm ) in La Villita , Michoacán . The rainfall caused flooding and mudslides around Acapulco , affecting 170 homes , of which 20 were destroyed . About 300 hectares ( 740 acres ) of crop fields sustained damage . Initially there were two people missing ; however , a subsequent report indicated there were no casualties associated with the storm . = = = Tropical Storm Olivia = = = On September 18 , a tropical wave exited Africa and later crossed into the eastern Pacific on September 29 without development . Convection increased in the Pacific along the wave axis , spawning a broad low pressure area on October 5 . Despite the presence of wind shear , it organized enough for the NHC to initiate advisories on Tropical Depression Sixteen @-@ E on October 9 about 1 @,@ 360 miles ( 2 @,@ 190 km ) to the west @-@ southwest of the southern tip of Baja California . Influenced by a high pressure system , the depression drifted northward . Six hours after being upgraded to a tropical storm , Olivia attained peak winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) , although the convection was limited to its northern side due to wind shear . On October 11 , the convective activity diminished and Olivia weakened to tropical depression status . Olivia deteriorated into a remnant low on October 13 . It moved towards the east @-@ southeast , and on October 15 was absorbed into the remnants of Tropical Storm Norman . Olivia never affected land . = = = Tropical Depression Four @-@ C = = = In the middle of October , the Intertropical Convergence Zone extended across the central Pacific Ocean , resembling an extension of the monsoon trough . An area of disturbed weather formed well to the southwest of Hawaii , organizing slowly for several days . Late on October 13 , after the development of a low @-@ level circulation and persistent convection , the CPHC classified the system as Tropical Depression Four @-@ C about 750 mi ( 1 @,@ 200 km ) southwest of Honolulu , Hawaii . Upon being classified , the depression was located in an unusual steering flow that caused it to track eastward . Due to the approach of an upper @-@ level trough , it was expected to dissipate quickly from wind shear , although forecasters noted the possibility for the trough to provide an outflow channel , which might allow strengthening . On October 14 , strong wind shear removed the convection completely from the center , and the system degenerated into a remnant low . The remnant circulation continued slowly eastward , dissipating on October 16 . Concurrently , the convection tracked northeastward ahead of the upper @-@ level trough , which contributed to heavy rainfall and flooding on the island of Hawaii on October 17 . The rainfall event coincided with an earthquake striking the area . = = = Hurricane Paul = = = Hurricane Paul developed from an area of disturbed weather on October 21 , and slowly intensified as it moved into an area of warm waters and progressively decreasing wind shear . Paul attained hurricane status on October 23 , and later that day it reached its peak intensity of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) , a strong Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale . A strong trough turned the hurricane to the north and northeast into an area of strong vertical shear , and Paul weakened to a tropical storm on October 24 , later passing just south of the Baja California Peninsula . Paul weakened to a tropical depression on October 25 a short distance off the coast of Mexico , and after briefly turning away from the coast it made landfall on northwestern Sinaloa on October 26 . Paul was the third hurricane to threaten western Mexico in the season , the others being Hurricanes John and Lane . Rough surf killed two people along Baja California Sur , while two deaths from flooding were reported in Sinaloa . Paul dropped moderate rainfall across mainland Mexico , including a 24 @-@ hour total of 2 @.@ 28 inches ( 58 mm ) in Mazatlán , Sinaloa . Damage totaled more than $ 35 million ( 2006 MXN , $ 3 @.@ 2 million 2006 USD ) . = = = Tropical Depression Eighteen @-@ E = = = The origins of Tropical Depression Eighteen @-@ E were from a tropical wave that exited the coast of Africa on October 7 . It briefly spawned a low @-@ pressure area as the wave continued westward without development . On October 20 , the wave entered the Pacific Ocean , developing an area of thunderstorms about four days later . By 1200 UTC on October 26 , a tropical depression formed about 155 mi ( 260 km ) south of Manzanillo . Initially , Tropical Depression Eighteen @-@ E was located in an area of light wind shear , and the NHC anticipated further organization and strengthening to near hurricane status . The tropical depression initially maintained a steady westward motion away from the Mexican coastline , due to a ridge north of the cyclone . By October 17 , convection had decreased , and the depression was not forecast to intensify as much . Possibly due to intrusion of dry air , the circulation became exposed from the thunderstorms , and having weakened , it turned to a southward drift . By 0000 UTC on October 28 , the system had weakened to a non @-@ convective remnant low , which dissipated the following day . = = = Tropical Storm Rosa = = = A tropical wave exited western Africa on October 22 and continued westward into the Pacific on November 2 , spawning a tropical depression on November 8 about 440 mi ( 710 km ) south of Manzanillo , Colima . Environmental conditions appeared favorable , although wind shear removed the convection from the circulation . Throughout its duration , the storm maintained a northwest track through a weakness in a subtropical ridge . By November 9 , a new area of convection persisted near the center , and a banding feature formed . Despite the shear , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Rosa , although the shear prevented intensification beyond its peak of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . Rosa remained a tropical storm for only 18 hours , becoming a tropical depression early on November 10 and dissipating later that day . Rosa was the first tropical storm in the basin to develop during November since 2000 , and was also the first tropical depression to form in the month since 2002 's Tropical Depression Sixteen @-@ E. No impact was reported from the storm . = = = Tropical Depression Twenty @-@ E = = = A tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa on October 21 , briefly developing two weak low pressure areas before the wave crossed into the Pacific Ocean on November 1 . Thunderstorm activity slowly increased as the wave interacted within the Intertropical Convergence Zone . After a curved band of convection developed , it is estimated the system formed into Tropical Depression Twenty @-@ E around 0000 UTC on November 11 , about 550 mi ( 1 @,@ 050 km ) southwest of Manzanillo . Throughout its duration , the depression never completely separated from the Intertropical Convergence Zone . When the NHC issued its first advisory on the depression , the agency predicted slight intensification to tropical storm status and for the depression to last at least two days . This was due to a forecast of gradually increasing wind shear after the first 24 hours . Instead , the circulation became very elongated ; it is estimated the cyclone degenerated into a trough by late on November 11 . = = = Hurricane Sergio = = = Just days after Tropical Depression Twenty @-@ E degenerated into an open trough , Tropical Depression Twenty One @-@ E developed from a tropical wave on November 13 about 460 miles ( 740 km ) south of Manzanillo , Colima . It steadily intensified as it tracked southeastward , reaching peak winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) on November 15 . Subsequently it began to weaken due to increased wind shear as it turned to the north . Sergio later turned to the west , remaining well off the coast of Mexico , and it dissipated on November 20 about 320 miles ( 515 km ) west @-@ northwest of where it originally formed . Sergio produced light rainfall along the coast of Mexico , though its effects were minimal . The formation of Sergio marked the 2006 season as the most active in 12 years and the second season in which more than one tropical storm formed in November , after 1961 . Sergio set records for the month of November in the basin , becoming the third strongest hurricane , after Sandra from 2015 , and Kenneth from 2011 as well as the longest @-@ lived November Pacific tropical cyclone with a duration of seven days . = = Storm names = = The following names were used for named storms that formed in the northeast Pacific in 2006 . This is the same list that was used in the 2000 season . There were no names retired from the northeast Pacific list . Therefore , the same list was reused in the 2012 season . For storms that form in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's area of responsibility , encompassing the area between 140 degrees west and the International Date Line , all names are used in a series of four rotating lists . The next four names that were slated for use in 2006 are shown below , however only the name Ioke was used . = = = Retirement = = = The name Ioke was retired from the north @-@ central Pacific list by the WMO in the spring of 2007 and replaced with Iopa . During the 61st Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference , the Hawaii State Civil Defense requested the retirement of the name Daniel , citing that the storm had become memorable due to threat of damage . However , the request was denied , as the name remains on the tropical cyclone naming list . = = Season effects = = This is a table of all the storms that have formed in the 2006 Pacific hurricane season . It includes their duration , names , landfall ( s ) , denoted in parentheses , damages , and death totals . Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect ( an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident ) , but were still related to that storm . Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical , a wave , or a low , and all the damage figures are in 2006 USD . = Stanley Goble = Air Vice Marshal Stanley James ( Jimmy ) Goble , CBE , DSO , DSC ( 21 August 1891 – 24 July 1948 ) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . He served three terms as Chief of the Air Staff , alternating with Wing Commander ( later Air Marshal Sir ) Richard Williams . Goble came to national attention in 1924 when he and fellow RAAF pilot Ivor McIntyre became the first men to circumnavigate Australia by air , journeying 8 @,@ 450 miles ( 13 @,@ 600 km ) in a single @-@ engined floatplane . During World War I , Goble flew fighters on the Western Front with the British Royal Naval Air Service . He became an ace with ten victories , commanded No. 5 Squadron ( later No. 205 Squadron RAF ) , and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and the Distinguished Service Cross . Returning to Australia , Goble assisted in the formation of the RAAF as an independent branch of the Australian armed forces . On an exchange posting to Britain in the 1930s , he led No. 2 ( Bomber ) Group RAF . As Chief of the Air Staff at the onset of World War II , Goble clashed with the Federal Government over implementation of the Empire Air Training Scheme , which he believed would be detrimental to the defence of Australia . He stepped down as leader of the RAAF in early 1940 , and spent the rest of the war in Ottawa as Air Liaison Officer to Canada . Goble died in 1948 at the age of fifty @-@ six , two years after retiring from the military . = = Early career = = Born in Croydon , Victoria , Stanley James Goble was one of four sons to an Australian father , George , and an English mother , Ann . He apparently received little schooling , and began his working life as a clerk with the Victorian Railways at the age of sixteen . By twenty @-@ three he was , like his father , a stationmaster . Goble was prevented from joining the Australian Imperial Force at the beginning of World War I after failing the stringent medical criteria ; he wrote later that " only applicants of the finest physiques were considered suitable for the first contingent of Australian troops " . With his three brothers already on active service , he decided to travel to England at his own expense and enlist in the British armed forces . = = World War I = = Goble was accepted for flying training with the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) in July 1915 . After graduating as a flight sub @-@ lieutenant on 20 October 1915 , he became a test pilot and undertook anti @-@ submarine patrols out of Dover . Goble commenced operations with only three hours solo flying experience . Towards the end of the year he was posted across the Channel to Dunkirk , flying Caudron reconnaissance @-@ bombers and Sopwith Pup fighters . Goble was a founding member of No. 8 Squadron RNAS in 1916 , during the latter part of the Battle of the Somme , where he flew both Pups and Nieuport fighters . He earned the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions on 24 September 1916 when he engaged two enemy fighters near Ghistelles in West Flanders , " and brought one of them down on fire in a spiral nose @-@ dive " . This victory was the first confirmed " kill " achieved by an Allied pilot flying the Pup . Goble was promoted to flight lieutenant on 1 October , and won the French Croix de guerre later that month . On 17 February 1917 , Goble was awarded the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) for his " conspicuous bravery and skill " in three separate actions while operating with No. 8 Squadron : on 7 November 1916 when he forced a hostile fighter down in a field , where it crashed attempting to land ; on 27 November when he engaged four enemy aircraft , destroying one ; and on 4 December when , in repeated combats while escorting Allied bombers , he helped drive off attacking fighters and shot down one of them . The same month that he was awarded the DSO , Goble was posted to No. 5 Squadron RNAS at Petite @-@ Synthe near the Franco @-@ Belgian border , flying Airco DH.4 two @-@ seat light bombers . Goble was promoted twice in 1917 , to flight commander in June , then squadron commander in December . He led No. 5 Squadron for the latter part of the year and into 1918 . His unit supported the British Fifth Army as it bore the brunt of the German Spring Offensive , and he had to evacuate his airfield when it was shelled by advancing enemy artillery . Relocating twice to other landing grounds , he kept his squadron on the attack , and was subsequently recognised by a commendation circulated to all RNAS combat units . When the RNAS merged with the British Army 's Royal Flying Corps on 1 April 1918 , Goble became a major in the newly formed Royal Air Force . Twice mentioned in despatches , he finished the war an ace , with ten victories . Although himself forced to crash land on two occasions , he had avoided any injury during his active service . = = Inter @-@ war years = = = = = Establishment of the Royal Australian Air Force = = = Goble returned to Australia on HT Gaika in November 1918 . He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1919 New Year Honours , and made an acting lieutenant colonel in May that year . He received a permanent commission as a squadron leader and honorary wing commander in the RAF on 1 August 1919 , and was seconded to the Royal Australian Navy . When a temporary Air Board was set up to examine the feasibility of an Australian Air Force ( AAF ) , Goble was assigned as a Navy representative , with Lieutenant Colonel Richard Williams , an Australian Flying Corps veteran of World War I , acting as an Army spokesman . The permanent Australian Air Board was established on 9 November 1920 , and recommended creation of the AAF as an independent branch of the armed services . The AAF came into being on 31 March 1921 — the ' Royal ' prefix being granted five months later — and Goble resigned his commission in the RAF the same day to transfer to the new service as a wing commander . The Navy had nominated Goble as First Air Member ( later Chief of the Air Staff ) , but Williams took the post and Goble became Second Air Member and Director of Personnel and Training . Williams and Goble would serve as Chief of the Air Staff ( CAS ) three times each between 1922 and 1940 . One motive suggested for the rotation was a ploy by Army and Navy interests to limit Williams ' autonomy . Instead , according to RAAF historian Alan Stephens , the arrangement " almost inevitably fostered an unproductive rivalry " between the two officers , which was " exacerbated by the personality differences between the pedantic , autocratic Williams and the cheerful , easy @-@ going Goble " . Although in a legal sense the Air Board led the RAAF rather than the CAS alone , Williams dominated the board to such an extent that Goble would later complain that his colleague appeared to consider the Air Force his personal command . = = = Chief of the Air staff = = = The rivalry between Goble and Williams was such that it was later alleged that government practice was to ensure that they were never in the country at the same time . In October 1921 , Goble was posted to Britain for a naval co @-@ operation course ; his place on the Air Board was taken by Squadron Leader Bill Anderson . Goble married Kathleen Wodehouse in London on Anzac Day , 1922 , and returned to Australia later that year . His first term as CAS began when Williams left the country in December 1922 for study in England . Goble developed a plan to establish a small seaplane base at Rushcutters Bay in Sydney , but Williams cancelled this shortly after he returned to Australia in February 1925 to resume the position of CAS . Goble 's suggestion of a separate Fleet Air Arm fostered suspicions that he was too closely aligned with naval interests . He departed for England to undertake study at the British Army Staff College in Camberley and RAF Staff College , Andover , as Williams had done two years before . Goble also served as Air Liaison Officer with the Australian High Commission in London from May 1926 to September 1927 . He was promoted to group captain on 1 April 1928 . Raised to temporary air commodore , Goble took over as CAS for the second time between December 1932 and June 1934 , while Williams attended the Imperial Defence College in London . On secondment to the RAF from 1935 to 1937 , Goble was attached to the British Air Ministry as Deputy Director of Air Operations . In this capacity he attended a conference in 1936 to examine a Commonwealth @-@ wide air training plan , a concept that would be revived in World War II as the Empire Air Training Scheme . Continuing his exchange posting , on 1 September Goble took over as Air Officer Commanding No. 2 ( Bomber ) Group , based in Hampshire . The group comprised fifteen squadrons , putting him in charge of a force stronger than the entire RAAF . On 28 February 1937 , Goble was raised to temporary air vice marshal . He succeeded Williams as Chief of the Air Staff for the last time in February 1939 , when the latter was dismissed from his position in the aftermath of the Ellington Report criticising the standards of training and air safety observed by the RAAF . When he replaced Williams , Goble was Air Member for Personnel and might therefore have been considered more closely responsible for such standards ; he maintained that Williams had personally overseen the service 's air training since 1934 . = = = Circumnavigation of Australia = = = The young air force was a small , close @-@ knit organisation comparable to a flying club , although several pioneering flights were undertaken by its members . One of the most notable was made by Goble and Flying Officer ( later Flight Lieutenant ) Ivor McIntyre in 1924 , when they became the first men to circumnavigate Australia by air , in a single @-@ engined Fairey IIID floatplane . The English @-@ born McIntyre , who was lead pilot while Goble acted as commander and navigator , was also a World War I veteran of the Royal Naval Air Service . The purpose of the flight was to survey the northern coastline of Australia for defence planning , and to test the capabilities of the Fairey IIID . Goble and McIntyre took off from Point Cook , Victoria , on 6 April 1924 and flew 8 @,@ 450 miles ( 13 @,@ 600 km ) in 44 days , in often arduous conditions . Though well @-@ prepared with fuel stocks and spare parts pre @-@ positioned along the intended route , they had to contend with illness and tropical storms , as well as mid @-@ air engine trouble and fuel leaks . Their journey took them anticlockwise around the continent , along the Eastern Australian coast through Sydney , Southport , Townsville and Thursday Island , crossing the Gulf of Carpentaria to Darwin , and then continuing along the coast through Broome , Carnarvon , Perth , Albany and Port Lincoln , before arriving back in Victoria . As they flew above Point Cook , twelve RAAF aircraft took to the air to escort them to their landing place at St Kilda Beach , where they were welcomed by a crowd of 10 @,@ 000 people . Prime Minister Stanley Bruce called the expedition " one of the most wonderful accomplishments in the history of aviation " , his government presenting Goble with a gift of £ 500 , and £ 250 to McIntyre . The British Royal Aero Club awarded them the annual Britannia Trophy , and they were appointed Commanders of the Order of the British Empire in the King 's Birthday Honours . Though the flight is still acknowledged as one of the most important in Australian aviation , the necessity for the Air Force chief to personally command such a journey has been questioned , suggesting that it was motivated by the one @-@ upmanship that characterised the Williams @-@ Goble relationship . Two years later Williams would make a three @-@ month , 10 @,@ 000 @-@ mile ( 16 @,@ 000 km ) round trip from Point Cook to the Pacific Islands , the first international flight undertaken by an RAAF plane and crew , amid similar suspicions . = = World War II = = As Chief of the Air Staff at the outbreak of World War II , Goble planned the expansion and decentralisation of the RAAF to meet the needs of home defence and Australia 's obligations in Europe , which included the transfer of No. 10 Squadron to Britain . The Federal Government abandoned his concept of an autonomous Air Expeditionary Force in favour of full commitment to the Empire Air Training Scheme , which Goble considered detrimental to local defence . His proposal to organise the RAAF along functional lines , with Home Defence , Training , and Maintenance Commands , would similarly be rejected . He also came into conflict with his deputy , Air Commodore John Russell , an RAF officer on exchange in Australia . These issues led to Goble tendering his resignation as CAS , which took effect in January 1940 . The Argus in Melbourne reported that " Goble wishes to resign ' on a matter of high principle ' . It is known that he has been dissatisfied for some time with his relations with the Federal Government . " Prime Minister Robert Menzies had in any case been looking for a British officer to head the RAAF and confided to the UK High Commissioner , Sir Geoffrey Whiskard , that Goble 's resignation was " undoubtedly very convenient " . Following the interim appointment of Air Commodore Anderson , the Royal Air Force 's Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Burnett became Chief of the Air Staff ; among other things , Burnett proceeded to reorganise the Air Force into a geographically based " area " system of command and control . Goble had offered to submit his resignation from the RAAF as well as from the position of CAS , and was considering a return to Britain for service with the RAF . Menzies persuaded him to remain and take on the role of Australian Air Liaison Officer to Canada , based in Ottawa . Raised to substantive air vice marshal , Goble stayed at this post for the duration of the war and was the RAAF 's representative at the Ottawa Conference in May – June 1942 that negotiated the Joint Commonwealth Air Training Plan . = = Retirement and legacy = = In January 1946 , Goble presided over the court @-@ martial of Australia 's top @-@ scoring fighter ace , Group Captain Clive Caldwell . Charged with alcohol trafficking on the island of Morotai in 1945 , Caldwell was found guilty and reduced to the rank of flight lieutenant ; he left the Air Force soon after . Goble was himself forced into retirement in February 1946 , despite being five years below the mandatory age of sixty . The Chief of the Air Staff , Air Vice Marshal George Jones , in recommending Goble 's dismissal , wrote that " this officer has a sound Service knowledge and an alert mind , but suffers from certain nervous characteristics which make continuous application to a task impossible " . Other senior RAAF commanders who were veterans of World War I , including Richard Williams , were also retired at this time , ostensibly to make way for the advancement of younger officers . Goble suffered from hypertensive cerebrovascular disease and died in Heidelberg , Victoria , on 24 July 1948 . He was cremated , leaving his wife Kathleen , and three sons . His son John ( born 1923 ) joined the Royal Australian Navy and qualified as a pilot in the Fleet Air Arm , rising to the rank of commodore and commanding 817 Squadron , the naval air station HMAS Albatross , and the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne . Goble Street in Hughes , Australian Capital Territory , was named for Jimmy Goble . In 1994 he and Ivor McIntyre were honoured with the issue of a postage stamp by Australia Post , in a series depicting Australian aviators that also included Freda Thompson , Lawrence Hargrave , and Sir Keith and Sir Ross Macpherson Smith . = La La Land ( Demi Lovato song ) = " La La Land " is a song recorded by American singer Demi Lovato . It was written by Lovato , Joe Jonas , Nick Jonas and Kevin Jonas and produced by the Jonas Brothers alongside John Fields , for Lovato 's debut studio album , Don 't Forget ( 2008 ) . It was released as the album 's second single on December 19 , 2008 , through Hollywood Records . " La La Land " is one of six songs on the album co @-@ written by the Jonas Brothers , who also contributed backing vocals and guitars to the track . Lovato said that she wrote the song about being yourself in Hollywood and not letting other people change who you are . Musically , the song is a guitar @-@ driven pop rock song and the lyrics speak of Lovato feeling " out of place " in Hollywood . The song was met with positive reviews from critics . Commercially , " La La Land " peaked at number fifty @-@ two on the Billboard Hot 100 and number thirty @-@ five on the UK Singles Chart . The song achieved its highest peak in Ireland , where it reached number thirty on the Irish Singles Chart . It was less successful in Australia and Germany , where it peaked in the lower half of the charts . The song used to promote Lovato 's Disney Channel sitcom Sonny with a Chance and features guest appearances from her co @-@ stars . = = Background and release = = " La La Land " is one of six songs on Lovato 's debut album Don 't Forget ( 2008 ) that she co @-@ wrote with the Jonas Brothers . Lovato said that it was " important " to have them on her album , because " I mean , just look at how successful they are . I would love to have their input anytime , because they 're obviously doing something right . " The band also contributed backing vocals and played the guitar to the song . It was produced by the Jonas Brothers and John Fields , with the latter also playing the bass , guitars and keyboards . The song also features Devin Bronson , who provided a guitar solo , and Dorian Crozier , who played the drums . In an interview , Lovato explained that the song is about being yourself when you are surrounded by " the pressures of fame " . She said , " You get to Hollywood and a lot of times people can try to shape you and mould you into what they want you to be . The song is just about keeping it real and trying to stay yourself when you 're out in Hollywood . " " La La Land " was released as the album 's second and final single on April 10 , 2009 . It was later released in the United Kingdom on May 31 , 2009 , with the new song " Behind Enemy Lines " . A CD single was released on June 1 , 2009 , with a recorded live version of the Camp Rock song " This Is Me " from Jonas Brothers : The 3D Concert Experience . = = Composition = = " La La Land " is a guitar @-@ driven pop rock song . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is composed in the time signature of common time with a moderate beat rate of 84 beats per minute . It is written in the key of A major and Lovato 's vocal range spans from the low @-@ note of F ♯ 3 to the high @-@ note of E5 . It has a basic sequence of F ♯ m – D – E as its chord progression . Lyrically , " La La Land " is about Lovato feeling " out of place " in Hollywood , demonstrated in lines such as , " Who said I can 't wear my Converse with my dress ? " , and " I 'm not a supermodel , I still eat McDonald 's . " Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic compared the track 's theme to Miley Cyrus ' " Party in the U.S.A. " , and the guitars present in the song to works by English punk rock band The Clash . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music wrote a positive review of the song and rated it four out of five stars . He wrote , " So , essentially doing a song like this is rocky ground , but the good news is that Demi generally comes across as the kind of bright , scrappy , girl @-@ next @-@ door type , so it doesn 't sound quite so preposterous when she insists that she 's still quite normal , really . " McAlpine concluded his review , writing , " You can almost hear the paparazzi cameras going off as she 's singing . [ ... ] Of course , the only thing she has to worry about now is that having made this very public declaration , if she slips up for a second , we 'll all be watching ... " Judy Coleman of The Boston Globe said that Lovato shows " her Gen @-@ Y stripes " , and " forcibly rhymes ' everything 's the same ' with ' the La @-@ La land machine ' – pronounced , of course , ' ma @-@ SHAYN ' . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic noted it as one of the best tracks on Don 't Forget . Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic included " La La Land " at number eight on his " Top 10 from the Disney girls " list , and wrote , " Are Disney girls just naturally plagued by insecurity or is it all a plot to seem more real ? Like Miley 's " Party in U.S.A. , " this song is all about how out of place Lovato feels in La La Land . " = = = Chart performance = = = On January 10 , 2009 , " La La Land " debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 83 . The following week , it rose to number 56 . The same week , it debuted on the Hot Digital Songs chart at number 42 . On January 31 , 2009 , " La La Land " reached its peak of number 52 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 27 on Hot Digital Songs . To date , it has sold 912 @,@ 000 digital copies in the United States , according to Nielsen SoundScan . On the UK Singles Chart , the song debuted at number 63 on May 2 , 2009 . The following week , it reached its peak of 35 , and spent a total of seven weeks on the chart . In Ireland , it debuted at number 30 , which became its peak . In Germany , the song debuted at number 82 and spent only one week on the chart . In Australia , it reached its peak of number 76 on May 11 , 2009 . = = Music video = = " La La Land " was directed by Brendan Malloy and Tim Wheeler . It was used to promote Lovato 's then @-@ upcoming Disney Channel sitcom , Sonny with a Chance . In an interview with MTV News , Lovato said that it " really describes the show . I 'm excited about that . " Speaking of the video , co @-@ director Malloy said , " The idea for the video is to create this hyperreal world , that 's the word we keep using , La La Land . Fame has definitely gotten to everybody 's head . It 's more like [ Lovato ] is the only one in this world that fame hasn 't gotten to . " According to Lovato , her Sonny with a Chance co @-@ stars play " stereotypical Hollywood Los Angeles [ ... ] big type of people . " The video premiered on December 19 , 2008 on Disney Channel . It was released to the iTunes Store on January 20 , 2009 . Jefferson Reid of E ! Online praised the video , writing , " Mocking Hollywood phonies is always cool by us , and bonus points to Demi Lovato for doing it while rocking out in admirable form . Skewering the " La La Land " machine with sass and grit , Disney 's latest everygirl rock star seems like she might eventually give Miley Cyrus a real run for her money . " The video features appearances from Lovato 's Sonny with a Chance co @-@ stars Allisyn Ashley Arm , Doug Brochu , Sterling Knight , Michael Kostroff , Brandon Mychal Smith and Tiffany Thornton , as well as Lovato 's older sister Dallas Lovato . The video begins with Lovato being interviewed on a talk show called Rumor Has It with Benny Beverly ( Brochu ) . After introducing her to the audience , Beverly asks Lovato what it is like to be a star . A video is then shown to the audience , which serves as the main portion of the clip . In Hollywood , Lovato walks past a " Be @-@ seen section , " and bumps into a stranger on the street , which a paparazzo ( Knight ) takes a picture of . A woman then reads a tabloid magazine with Lovato and the " mystery man " on the cover . The video then cuts to Lovato and her Sonny with a Chance co @-@ stars at a red carpet event , with paparazzi taking pictures of Lovato wearing Converse sneakers with a dress . Lovato is then shown on the set of a commercial for her perfume , in a pink wig with makeup being applied to her . She is uncomfortable and eventually refuses to cooperate , which angers the director ( Smith ) . The video then cuts back to Rumor Has It with applause from the audience , and ends with Beverly praising Lovato . = = Live performances = = Lovato performed " Get Back " and " La La Land " at the Kids ' Inaugural : " We Are the Future " event on January 19 , 2009 , in Washington D.C. at the Verizon Center . The event was held to celebrate the inauguration of Barack Obama as President of the United States . On April 7 , 2009 , Lovato performed " La La Land " on the eighth season of Dancing with the Stars . During the performance , Benji Schwimmer and Tori Smith danced along . Barrett wrote that " the frantic nature of both song and dance complemented each other quite nicely . " On April 25 , 2009 , Lovato performed the song on the final episode of singing competition My Camp Rock ( UK ) , where she also presented the award to the winner , Holly Hull . During the summer of 2008 , Lovato performed the song on the Jonas Brothers ' Burnin ' Up Tour , for which she served as the opening act . Later in 2009 , the song was performed during her first headlining tour , Summer Tour 2009 . In 2010 , she performed the song during her South American tour . Lovato also performed the song during her set at the Jonas Brothers Live in Concert World Tour 2010 . Scott Mervis of Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette wrote that Lovato performed a " high @-@ energy , high @-@ volume " version of the song . In September 2011 , Lovato performed the song during the revue concert An Evening with Demi Lovato as part of a medley with " Get Back " and " Here We Go Again " . = = Track listings and formats = = = = Credits and personnel = = Demi Lovato – writer , lead vocals John Fields – producer , bass , guitars , keyboards , programming Joe Jonas – writer , background vocals Devin Bronson – guitar solo Dorian Crozier – drums Kevin Jonas John Taylor – guitars , background vocals Nick Jonas – writer , guitars , background vocals Kevin Jonas – writer , guitars , background vocals Jonas Brothers – producers Source : = = Charts and sales = = = = = Weekly charts = = = = = = Sales = = = = Collide ( Leona Lewis and Avicii song ) = " Collide " is a song performed by British recording artist Leona Lewis and Swedish DJ and record producer Avicii . It was written by Tim Berg , Simon Jeffes , Arash Pournouri , Autumn Rowe , Sandy Wilhelm , with production helmed by Wilhelm under his production name Sandy Vee and The Young Boys . " Collide " is a house inspired love song , that 's instrumentation consists of piano riffs and a guitar . The song was recorded for Lewis ' third studio album Glassheart , but was not included on the album 's final track listing . Upon the release of the single , Avicii claimed that Lewis and her record label , Syco , had sampled his song " Penguin " without his authorisation , and accused them of plagiarism . Before the lawsuit was filed by Avicii and his record label reach the high court , Syco announced that the song would be a joint release between Lewis and Avicii . The song premiered in the United Kingdom on 15 July 2011 and was sent to Australian radio on 22 August 2011 . " Collide " was released digitally via the iTunes Store on 2 September , as part of a collection of the original song , as well as remixes by Afrojack , Cahill , Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney . The Afrojack remix is included as a bonus track on the deluxe edition of Glassheart . " Collide " received a mixed reaction from music critics . Some were complimentary of Lewis 's vocal performance and compared it to Katy Perry 's song " Firework " , whilst others were critical of its musical structure . The song achieved commercial success , and peaked inside the top five of the singles charts in Ireland , Scotland and the United Kingdom . It also peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart . As part of promotion for the song , an accompanying music video was shot on a beach in Malibu , California and directed by Ethan Ladder . Lewis also performed the song on the game show Red or Black ? and at London nightclub G @-@ A @-@ Y , along with other songs . At the 2012 Grammy Awards , the Afrojack remix was nominated for Best Remixed Recording . = = Background and release = = Lewis began planning her third studio album Glassheart in June 2010 , shortly after completing her first headline tour : The Labyrinth . " Collide " was written by Arash Pournouri , Autumn Rowe , Sandy Wilhelm , Simon Jeffes and Tim Berg , with production of the song helmed by Wilhelm ( under his production name Sandy Vee ) and Youngboyz . On 14 July 2011 , Lewis announced via her official Twitter account that the song would premiere in the United Kingdom on the The Scott Mills Show radio talk show the following day on 15 July , saying " So excited to let u know	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
to tune into Scott Mills show on Radio One tomorrow for the worldwide exclusive play of my summer single ' Collide ' ( sic ) . " With regard to the song , Lewis spoke about " Collide " and why she chose to release it as the lead single , saying I 'm excited for people to see a different side to my music . I 'm a fan of so many different genres and styles . For me this song has all the great ingredients of a summer anthem . I can 't wait for my fans to hear it and to share the rest of the album . " Collide " was released to Australian mainstream radio on 22 August 2011 . On 2 September 2011 , " Collide " was released to download digitally via iTunes as part of a collection of the original song as well as remixes by Afrojack , Cahill , Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney , in Austria , Ireland , Italy , Sweden , Switzerland , United Kingdom and the United States . In Germany , the song was released as a CD single on 16 September 2011 . Glassheart was originally set to be released in November 2011 following " Collide " , however the album was subsequently pushed back several times into early 2012 , then Summer 2012 , before settling on October 2012 . = = Sampling controversy = = Soon after " Collide " premiered , the song was received comparisons to an instrumental dance track called " Penguin " by Swedish DJ and recorded producer Avicii . Avicii 's " Penguin " samples the instrumental of " Perpetuum Mobile " by Penguin Cafe Orchestra . The song originally credited Lewis as the only artist on the track , which prompted a lawsuit against Lewis , and her record label Syco , as Avicii claimed that they had sampled his version of the song without his permission . According to Avicii 's manager Ash Pournouri , he thought that Lewis was going to only sample the original version by Penguin Cafe Orchestra . In a statement , Pournouri said " We were under the impression that they were going to sample the original . They ended up copying our version . We never allowed Syco to replay our version of the track . The original sample rights belong to Simon Jeffes ( Penguin Cafe Orchestra ) and approval for using that composition is not in our control . " As part of the lawsuit for not receiving credit on " Collide " , Avicii attempted to have the release of the song suspended until an agreement was reached . Prior to the case reaching the high court , Lewis tweeted that Avicii was fully aware of his song being sampled on " Collide " , " With regards to my song , Avicii was aware & agreeing publishing splits for himself and his manager . When Avicii sent his track out to have a song written over it I totally fell in love with this version and I think he 's super talented . " Syco also responded to the claim , stating that Avicii was always going to work with Lewis , and that he would be credited on the song . In response , Avicii accused Lewis and her label of lying about working together , and tweeted " Thanks for accusing me of lying and speaking on my behalf . Since we never met or even spoke , please let me and my manager know who told you that and what confirmation they gave you . " Hours before both Lewis 's and Avicii 's record labels were supposed to appear in the high court , Syco released a statement that both record labels had reached an agreement and that Avicii would appear as a featured artist on " Collide " , whilst Lewis would appear as the lead artist . Avicii and his record label were pleased with the result , with the former saying " Glad to FINALLY have resolved situation with Leona . Music is the answer ... We 've finally come to an agreement with Leona on all the issues ... So happy to move on and focus on hit making ... So happy to move on with Leona and focus on having a hit together . " The latter stated " Avicii is an up @-@ and @-@ coming talent ; we think he should be given a fair crack at making this record the hit it deserves to be . " = = Composition and lyrics = = The song was composed in the key of F # major using common time and a groove of 125 beats per minute . According to Michael Cragg for The Guardian , the song is built upon a " pounding beat " which incorporates elements of house . Instrumentation is provided by a piano riffs and a guitar . Lewis 's vocal range in the song spans nearly an octave , from the low note of G ♯ 3 to the high note of E ♭ 5 , on the song . Lewis makes use of harmonies throughout the duration of the song . Amy Sciarretto for Popcrush noted that Lewis appeared to be restraining her vocals on the song , writing " Lewis exercising incredible restraint , as she doesn ’ t let her remarkable , room @-@ filling , enviable voice soar like we are used to . " Sciarretto continued to note that towards the end of the song , the singer does not show any restraint , and that it is a common device used in song production as it allows the singer to build tension . Lyrically , " Collide " is a love song , in which Lewis sings " I 'll pick you up when you 're down / Be there when no one 's around / I 'm in tune with how you feel / Everything ' bout this is real / When you 're in unfamiliar places / Count on me through life 's changes . " Sciarretto also noted that it is when Lewis performs the lyric " Crash into me / At full speed , " that she allows herself to not hold back in her vocal performance , and delivers it with " power and breadth " . = = Critical reception = = Amy Sciarretto for Popcrush was complimentary of Lewis 's vocals , writing that she sounds " appealing and captivating , " and continued to say that it is what her fans have been waiting for . Sciarretto gave " Collide " a rating of three out of a possible five stars . Lewis Corner for Digital Spy praised the song , writing that Lewis combined her ability to deliver power ballad lyrics into a dance orientated song . Corner compared the song to Katy Perry 's " Firework " , also produced by Sandy Vee ; however , Corner noted that Lewis performs " Collide " in a way which distances the comparison . Katherine St. Asaph for Popdust was critical of the song . Whilst she noted that Lewis was venturing into dance music , where artists such as David Guetta and Kylie Minogue have experienced great success , and that Lewis has an iconic voice compared to both , she felt that the delivery still lacked . St. Asaph wrote " The lethargic , two @-@ note verses make her voice sound less husky than bored , an emotion that a comeback single should never evoke . " Michael Cragg for The Guardian felt that the song seemed to build and drop at the wrong times , and that its structure was not cohesive . Cragg continued to say that Lewis does a " passable job as a dance diva , " and noted the resemblances between " Collide " and " Penguin " . = = = Accolades = = = = = Chart performance = = " Collide " made its first chart appearance in the United States , where it debuted on the Hot Dance Club Songs at number 32 for the week of 20 August 2011 . The following week , an increase in club plays ascended the song to number 22 , and to number 16 in its third week . It ascended into the top ten for the week of 17 September 2011 , at number six . In its seventh week , " Collide " peaked at number one on 1 October 2011 , and was awarded with the Greatest Gainer honour for that week . The song became Lewis 's first number one song on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart and only her second song to do so ; the first was " Bleeding Love " in May 2008 , which peaked at number 11 . " Collide " charted at number 46 on Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Play songs year @-@ end list . In Ireland , " Collide " debuted at number three on 8 September 2011 , and remained in the top ten in its second week , where it charted at number eight . " Collide " was the highest new entry on the Irish Singles Chart for that week . In Belgium ( Flanders ) , the song peaked at number 13 on 9 September 2011 , and remained on that countries singles chart for one month . It also peaked at number six on Belgium 's dance chart on 1 October 2011 ; it remained on the chart for 10 weeks . In the United Kingdom , " Collide " debuted at number four on the UK Singles Chart on 17 September 2011 . The following week , it fell to number 10 , and again to number 18 in its third week . " Collide " became Lewis 's seventh UK Top 5 single , tying her with Olivia Newton John for British female solo artist with the most UK Top 5 singles . It follows " A Moment Like This " which peaked at number one in 2006 and " Bleeding Love " in 2007 . In 2008 , the double A @-@ side " Better in Time " / " Footprints in the Sand " peaked at number two , " Forgive Me " peaked at number five and " Run " peaked at number one , while " Happy " peaked at number two in 2009 . As of December 2013 , Lewis holds the record for British female solo artist with the most UK Top 5 singles , with eight . The song debuted on the UK Digital Chart at number five . In Scotland , the song debuted at number four on 17 September 2011 , and fell by one position to number five the following week . In Austria , " Collide " debuted at number 29 on 23 September 2011 , and remained on the chart for an additional two weeks . = = Music video = = " Collide " ' s accompanying music video was directed by Ethan Ladder , and filmed on a beach in Malibu , California . The treatment for the video was described as " a beautiful cinematic piece that will showcase the natural beauty of Leona Lewis . It will be inviting , sexy , and organic . It will be a moving fashion spread . It ’ s about finding the beauty in the subtleties of life . We are looking for beautiful men and women to help set the tone for this video . These people need to match Leona ’ s vibe and need to be able to have fun . " It was also noted that models applying to be in the video should have an Abercrombie & Fitch style about them , and that " small tattoos " were acceptable . For the most part of the video , Lewis is featured on a beach in a variety of different settings , such as sitting in an old cabriolet car , in which she is surrounded by her friends . Sitting in the car , Lewis wears a polka dot bikini top . Other scenes include Lewis standing in the shallow part of the ocean by herself , as well as sitting around a fire on the beach . As the video progresses , it changes from daytime to nighttime . Ryan Love of Digital Spy praised the video , saying " [ the video ] sees Lewis show off a new look while chilling with friends throughout the day and into the night . " Robbie Daw for Idolator compared the " party in the sand imagery " to Katy Perry 's music video for " Teenage Dream " . = = Live performances = = Lewis performed " Collide " for the first time on the first episode of game show Red or Black ? The same night , after performing on Red or Black ? , Lewis performed " Collide " as part of a mini set @-@ list at London nightclub G @-@ A @-@ Y. The performance featured Lewis performing a " raunchy " dance routine with partially nude male dancers . Lewis wore a black knee length dress , with a red heart emblem across her chest . Nadia Sam @-@ Dalir for The Sun wrote that the singer had " dumped her demure image " in favour of " her raunchiest @-@ ever dance routine surrounded by muscly bare @-@ chested hunks . " Lewis performed " Collide " at Radio 1 's Hackney Weekend on 24 May 2012 . She performed the song as part of a set list with a cover of Diddy – Dirty Money 's " Coming Home " , who she was joined on stage with by Wretch 32 , " Better in Time " , " Come Alive " , a new song which she premiered from Glassheart , " Bleeding Love " and " Run " , who she was joined on stage with by the Hackney Community Choir . " Collide " was performed as the fourth song on the set list of Lewis ' 2013 tour called the Glassheart Tour . = = Track listings = = Digital EP " Collide " ( Radio Edit ) – 3 : 59 " Collide " ( Extended Version ) – 6 : 47 " Collide " ( Afrojack Remix ) – 5 : 53 " Collide " ( Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney Remix ) – 7 : 37 " Collide " ( Cahill Remix ) – 6 : 18 Glassheart ( Deluxe edition ) " Collide " ( Afrojack Remix ) – 5 : 53 = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from Broadcast Music ( BMI ) . Lead vocals – Leona Lewis Featured artist – Avicii Songwriting – Arash Pournouri , Autumn Rowe , Sandy Wilhelm , Simon Jeffes and Tim Berg Production – Sandy Vee , Youngboyz = = Charts = = = = Radio and release history = = = Hurricane Fern ( 1971 ) = Hurricane Fern was the sixth named storm and fourth hurricane of the 1971 Atlantic hurricane season . It formed from a tropical wave which interacted with a large trough of low pressure to form Fern , as well as Hurricane Ginger , Tropical Storm Heidi , and a system designated Tropical Depression Eighteen in real @-@ time , then Tropical Depression Sixteen after the fact , which moved into South Carolina . Fern crossed southeastern Louisiana as a tropical depression on September 4 before swinging back out over the Gulf of Mexico . Fern reached hurricane status on September 8 , reaching a peak intensity of 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) before making landfall near Freeport , Texas , two days later . Fern 's path was erratic since it made 90 ° turns three times during its duration , making it difficult for forecasters to track . The second Atlantic tropical cyclone to make U.S. landfall that year , Fern produced heavy rainfall across Louisiana and Texas , causing flash flooding that left 2 indirect fatalities and damage totaling over $ 30 million ( 1971 USD , $ 170 million 2016 USD ) . = = Meteorological history = = A northwestward moving tropical wave moved out the Caribbean Sea on September 1 and became a tropical depression on September 2 after crossing southern Florida . Still moving northwestward , the tropical depression made landfall in southeastern Louisiana on September 4 . A building high pressure system over the Central United States forced the tropical depression to move southwest over the Gulf of Mexico . The warm waters then cause the depression to reach tropical storm strength and the storm was given the name Fern by the National Hurricane Center on September 7 . The following day , Fern reached hurricane status as it neared the Texas coastline . The hurricane reached a peak intensity of 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) and its barometric pressure dropped to 979 millibars . An incoming mid @-@ latitude trough caused Fern to stall east of Texas for twelve hours . After the trough moved by , Fern turned southwest , paralleling the Texas coastline before making landfall on September 10 between Freeport and Matagorda . At landfall , Fern had weakened to a strong tropical storm as it moved further inland . Because the center of Fern was elongated , it was still able to receive moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and as a result , weakening was slow . Between September 10 and September 11 , Fern bypassed Corpus Christi , Texas , before dissipating as a tropical depression after crossing the Rio Grande into northern Mexico . = = Preparations = = At the time of its formation , forecasters determined that Fern might loop around in the Gulf of Mexico and it was more threatening to land than Hurricane Edith which was also projected to hit the Gulf Coast . On September 9 , as Fern was becoming organized , forecasters issued a hurricane watch along the Texas coast , anticipating that Fern might strengthen into a hurricane . In addition , small boats were warned to stay in port and residents were advised to be aware of storm conditions brought by Fern . The next day , the hurricane watches were changed to warnings , forcing residents living on the Texas coast to board up and evacuate . In preparation for the storm 's impact , Civil Defense workers and the American Red Cross were put on alert . In Galveston , eight emergency shelters were planned to open but five were closed when officials learned that they were not needed as most residents chose to ride out the storm in their homes . When Fern moved inland , the National Weather Service issued 21 tornado warnings and numerous flood warnings . In North Beach , city buses were used to transport evacuees inland and local officials were concerned about what to do with the relief trailers used to house survivors of Hurricane Celia a year earlier . = = Impact = = The precursor disturbance which later became Fern dropped rainfall up to 5 inches ( 130 mm ) of rainfall across South Florida . Central and Northern Florida received 1 to 3 inches ( 25 to 76 mm ) of rain . In Louisiana , after making landfall as a tropical depression , Fern produced rainfall up to 10 inches ( 250 mm ) across the southeastern part of the state , including up to 7 inches ( 180 mm ) in New Orleans . The outer bands of the tropical depression brought 3 to 5 inches ( 76 to 127 mm ) of rain across the coastal sections of Mississippi and Alabama . There were no reports of damage or fatalities in either Florida or the eastern U.S. Gulf Coast . As Fern made its final landfall , a weather station in Port O 'Connor , Texas recorded a sustained wind speed of 86 miles per hour ( 138 km / h ) . In Corpus Christi , winds up to 66 miles per hour ( 106 km / h ) were reported . In coastal Texas , storm tides of 5 to 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 8 m ) above normal were reported from Galveston to Freeport . One spotter reported seeing a flock of swallows in the eye of the storm during landfall . Heavy rainfall from the hurricane fell across eastern and central Texas . A total of 10 to 26 inches ( 250 to 660 mm ) of rain was measured in a stripe from Bee to San Patricio County . Other locations in Texas reported rainfall of 10 to 15 inches ( 250 to 380 mm ) , while areas from Galveston to Rockport received 5 to 12 inches ( 130 to 300 mm ) of rain . The heavy rainfall caused severe flash flooding that isolated numerous small towns in eastern and central Texas . An outbreak of five tornadoes was reported during Fern 's landfall , two of which caused minor tree and roof damage in Texas City . In addition , lightning from the hurricane caused six reported house fires on Galveston Island while 7 @,@ 500 homes and business were damaged ( mainly by flooding ) near Corpus Christi . Two indirect fatalities were reported , both from drowning incidents , while on Mustang Island , the hurricane caused four Cuban fishing boats to run aground . In all , the storm left $ 30 @.@ 2 million ( 1971 USD , $ 171 million 2016 USD ) in damage and two deaths . = 1883 Navy Midshipmen football team = The 1883 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy in the 1883 college football season . The team was the third intercollegiate football squad to represent the United States Naval Academy , and the first time the school participated in consecutive seasons . The squad was captained by member Frank Hill . The team played just a single game , a 2 to 0 ( 2 – 0 ) shutout loss to Johns Hopkins , which was the school 's first ever loss . The squad was the first to have the approval of the academy 's staff , and is regarded as the first official game played by the Midshipmen . The season continued a seven @-@ season , eight game rivalry between the Naval Academy and Johns Hopkins . = = Prelude = = The first intercollegiate football game was played on November 6 , 1869 , between the Rutgers Scarlet Knights , then known as the Rutgers Queensmen , and the New Jersey Tigers , now the Princeton Tigers . The game was a mixture of rugby and soccer , with teams scoring by kicking the ball into the opponent 's net . The game slowly developed , with many new and safer rules being added during the early 1870s . The number of schools participating in the sport also grew . However , even with the expansion , Princeton dominated the game , being declared the champion eight times in ten years . Yale was the only team which came close to Princeton , being awarded four championship designations during the same period . The Naval Academy 's first ever football team was fielded in 1879 . The squad was entirely student @-@ operated , receiving no official support from Naval Academy officials . The team was entirely funded by its members and their fellow students . The 1879 team participated in just one game , which resulted in a scoreless tie . It was played against the Baltimore Athletic Club , at most likely an unused drill field on the Naval Academy campus . Navy would not field a football team in 1880 or 1881 , likely due to the lack of support . When football returned to the academy in 1882 , the squad was led by player @-@ coach Vaulx Carter , and won 8 – 0 in a match with Johns Hopkins , starting the seven @-@ year rivalry between the schools . = = Schedule = = = = Season summary = = = = = Johns Hopkins 2 , Navy 0 = = = The Naval Academy team played its only game of the 1883 season against a squad from Johns Hopkins University . It was captained by Frank Hill , and was the first squad to receive approval from Naval Academy faculty . Previously , the squad was operated entirely by students . The game was played at the Naval Academy on November 29 , 1883 , Thanksgiving Day , most likely on an unused drill field or parade field . The game " began in heat and discussion " , with the " skillful and light weight " Johns Hopkins controlling the " endurance and muscle " of the Naval Academy 's team . However , tensions in the game quickly escalated . During the middle of the game , " matters grew so hot " that Johns Hopkins players were preparing to stop playing . Johns Hopkins scored two single @-@ point safeties and shutout Navy , winning 2 – 0 . The game " ended in quarrel and wrangle " . = = Postseason and aftermath = = The first postseason college football game would not be played until 1902 , with the Pasadena Tournament of Roses ' establishment of the east – west tournament game , later known as the Rose Bowl . The Midshipmen would not participate in their first Rose Bowl until the 1923 season , when they went 5 – 1 – 2 and tied with the Washington Huskies 14 – 14 in the match . As a result of the lack of a competition , there were no postseason games played after the 1882 season . According to statistics compiled by the National Championship Foundation , Parke Davis , the Helms Athletic Foundation , and the Billingsley college football research center , Yale was declared the 1883 season champion , giving them their ninth championship overall . The Midshipmen 's loss was the first in school history , and ended the team 's shutout streak at two seasons . The Naval Academy would not get another shutout until the 1886 season , when they defeated Johns Hopkins 6 – 0 . The 1883 season continued a seven @-@ season , eight @-@ game long rivalry with Johns Hopkins , which Navy would win , five games to four . The 1883 game was the first win for Johns Hopkins , which had officially started playing football in 1881 . 1883 is considered to be the first season played by the Naval Academy , according to the school athletic department . Navy would finish the 1880s with four winning seasons , and an overall record of 14 – 12 – 2 . The school would outscore their opponents 292 – 231 , and would finish the 19th century with an overall record of 54 – 19 – 3 . = Alesha Dixon = Alesha Dixon ( born 7 October 1978 ) is a British singer , dancer , rapper , model and television presenter from Welwyn Garden City , England . She found fame in the all @-@ female R & B / garage trio Mis @-@ Teeq . The trio disbanded in 2005 and Dixon pursued a music career as a solo artist , signing to Polydor Records . She began recording her debut solo album , Fired Up , in 2006 , but due to poor record sales of her first two singles , " Lipstick " and " Knockdown " , she was dropped from Polydor . In 2007 , Dixon won Strictly Come Dancing . Her television exposure led to a successful comeback , which included her signing to Asylum Records , an offshoot of Warner Music Group . Dixon then released a second album , entitled The Alesha Show , in 2008 , which received platinum certification from BPI in the UK and spawned four singles including " The Boy Does Nothing " and " Breathe Slow " , the latter of which became her highest charting single and earned her a Brit Award nomination . In September 2009 , Dixon became a judge on the seventh series of Strictly Come Dancing , replacing Arlene Phillips . The replacement of Phillips by Dixon attracted criticism , as some questioned the extent of Dixon 's dancing knowledge . Or any knowledge of talent In 2010 , Dixon returned for the eighth series of Strictly Come Dancing and released her third studio album , The Entertainer . In January 2012 , shortly after completing the ninth series and her third year as a judge on Strictly Come Dancing , Dixon quit to become a judge on Britain 's Got Talent . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Alesha Anjanette Dixon was born in Welwyn Garden City to a Jamaican father , Melvin , and English mother , Beverly Harris . Dixon has six half @-@ siblings . Maternally , she has two half @-@ brothers , and on her father 's side , she has three half @-@ brothers and a half @-@ sister . She was educated at Monk 's Walk School , Welwyn Garden City , Hertfordshire . Dixon 's parents split up when Dixon was four and Dixon 's father moved away , resulting in Dixon later describing her family life as " very dysfunctional " . Between the ages of eight and ten , Dixon witnessed her mother suffer domestic violence from her partner ; she only spoke publicly about the issue 21 years later , in 2010 . Dixon created a documentary for the BBC , Don 't Hit My Mum , regarding the issue of domestic abuse from a child 's perspective , and remarked upon her own childhood : " When I think about that time , I don 't remember living in harmony , I don 't remember any fun times , I suppose because the negativity has clouded it . The negative times and the scary times have blocked anything that was good ... I believe that every child has the right to grow up in an environment where they feel secure and fearless going into the world , and I didn 't really feel that " . Dixon 's first job was at Ladbrokes , although she aspired to become a PE teacher after leaving college . After completing a diploma course in sports studies , she had planned to take up a place at Loughborough University , but whilst at dance classes in London she was approached by a talent scout from a production company . Whilst travelling back home on the train she was approached by another scout who was forming a band and asked if she was interested . = = = 1999 – 2005 : Mis @-@ Teeq = = = Dixon 's career began in 1999 when she met Sabrina Washington as they both joined a dance school in Fulham , south west London . Together , they decided to form a band when Dixon and Washington , the two co @-@ founders , spotted Su @-@ Elise Nash , a girl auditioning for another band . Dixon and Washington proposed that Nash join the group and together they formed a trio . They were soon signed to Telstar Records with the addition of a new member , Zena McNally , and became the popular UK garage / R & B girl band , Mis @-@ Teeq . In October 2000 , Dixon , then relatively unknown , featured on the single " Rumours " by Damage , which charted modestly at 22 on the UK Singles Chart . The genre of the track departed from the band 's R & B style , in favour of a garage @-@ based sound , however , the tepid reaction from fans insured Damage did not venture further into garage . In January 2001 , Mis @-@ Teeq released their first single , " Why " . The track remained commercially unnoticed until a garage remix was produced and the track charted at 8 in April of that year . Two separate music videos for the song were filmed , accompanying the different versions of the song . The song 's success coincided with Zena McNally 's departure ; McNally later alleged that friction between herself and Washington was a factor . Mis @-@ Teeq , continuing as a trio , then released " All I Want " , which charted even more successfully at number 2 , behind Shaggy 's " Angel " . In October 2001 , they released their debut album Lickin ' On Both Sides , featuring hits " One Night Stand " , " B with Me " and double A @-@ side single " Roll On / This Is How We Do It " . In 2002 , Mis @-@ Teeq performed and received a nomination at the BRIT Awards in Earls Court , later in the year band won the MOBO Award for Best Garage Act . After the success of their debut album , 2003 saw Mis @-@ Teeq becoming the faces of JD Sports stores nationwide . In 2003 , Mis @-@ teeq released their second album Eye Candy , which included the singles " Scandalous " , " Can 't Get It Back " and " Style " . In 2004 , Mis @-@ Teeq toured the United States and released their debut single " Scandalous " from their American self @-@ titled debut , a compilation of the albums Lickin ' On Both Sides and Eye Candy . In 2004 , Dixon went to feature in the N.E.R.D music video " She Wants to Move " . In the video , she is shown dancing on a podium while the band circle her . It was also rumoured that she was dating Pharrell Williams around the time of the video . The last song Dixon recorded with Mis @-@ Teeq was " Shoo Shoo Baby " for the Disney film Valiant . In March 2005 , their Greatest Hits compilation was released and it was announced that they were separating to pursue solo careers . = = = 2006 – 08 : Fired Up , record label departure and Strictly Come Dancing = = = Dixon launched her solo career after Mis @-@ Teeq 's break @-@ up and signed a £ 500 @,@ 000 , three @-@ album deal with Polydor Records . She spent a year writing and recording her solo debut album , Fired Up , working with a wide range of producers including Richard X , Xenomania , Johnny Douglas , Brian Higgins , Estelle and Paul Epworth . During this period , Dixon performed mononymously , known simply as " Alesha " . In June 2005 , she announced her first solo single to be " Superficial " . However , at the last minute , the song " Lipstick " was chosen as the first single . " Lipstick " was released on 14 August 2006 , and charted at 14 on the UK Single Charts . Dixon released her second single " Knockdown " on 30 October 2006 , which charted at 25 on the UK Download Chart . However , on the official UK Singles Charts , the single peaked at number 45 , falling down to 68 the following week . On 6 November 2006 , it was revealed that Dixon had been dropped by her label , Polydor Records . Polydor gave her full rights to her unreleased debut album , Fired Up . Coinciding with her professional troubles was the collapse of her marriage to Harvey ; Dixon filed for divorce just over a year after her wedding due to her husband 's affair with Javine Hylton . Dixon took part in series 5 of TV show Strictly Come Dancing in 2007 , partnered with professional dancer Matthew Cutler . Dixon was at first hesitant to join , fearing that snobbery within the music industry would damage her career . In a later interview , she said , " there 's always this preconceived idea that people do reality TV shows because they want to kick @-@ start their careers whereas I was actually worried that it would affect it . " They had been the favourite from the third week , receiving the most points from the judges on numerous occasions . Dixon herself gained high appraisal from the judges , even being likened to a " young Josephine Baker " by Bruno Tonioli . They received 4 @.@ 5 million votes in the final , beating actor Matt Di Angelo and professional dancer Flavia Cacace to win the glitter disco ball . Dixon is currently the most successful contestant to ever take part in Strictly Come Dancing , with an average point score of 36 @.@ 5 / 40 , the highest average score from any contestant to ever take part in the show . = = = 2008 – 09 : The Alesha Show and Strictly Come Dancing judging = = = After her victory on Strictly Come Dancing , Dixon soon became the centre of a bidding war between record labels and even Polydor Records , the label that had dropped her months previously , put in an offer . Dixon , however , chose to sign a four @-@ album contract with Asylum Records in 2008 . Dixon 's first new album as part of her contract , The Alesha Show was released in the UK on 24 November 2008 and 21 November in Ireland . The official first single from the album , " The Boy Does Nothing " became her first solo top ten hit on the UK Singles Chart , following a 76 spot jump from 84 to 8 on the UK Singles Chart on downloads alone ; the single eventually peaked at number 5 and received Gold certification . The song also became a commercial success in continental Europe and peaked in the top ten on the Australian Singles Chart . The single sold 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies worldwide . The second single from The Alesha Show was " Breathe Slow " and entered the UK Singles Chart at number thirty @-@ nine solely on download sales . The single rose for three weeks before breaking into the top ten at number six , giving Dixon her second top ten hit in the UK from downloads alone , and eventually peaked at number 3 on the Top 40 UK Charts , becoming Dixon 's highest charting single on the UK Singles Chart . " Breathe Slow " was certified Silver in the UK for sales exceeding 200 @,@ 000 . The third single from The Alesha Show , titled " Let 's Get Excited " was physically released on 11 May and reached a peak position of 13 in the UK Singles Chart . " Let 's Get Excited " became Dixon 's first track from The Alesha Show not to chart inside the top 10 in the UK Singles Chart . The song 's presence in the charts boosted album sales and The Alesha Show rebounded at a new peak of 11 . The album received Platinum certification from BPI , indicating sales of 300 @,@ 000 + in the UK alone . The fourth single from The Alesha Show , called " To Love Again " was released on 15 November 2009 . The track , a ballad penned by Dixon and Gary Barlow , was the first single taken from the deluxe version , entitled The Alesha Show – Encore , released on 23 November . Dixon also embarked upon a 17 @-@ date national tour , named The Alesha Show , which began on 20 October 2009 in Nottingham . It was revealed in July 2009 that Dixon would be joining the Strictly Come Dancing judging panel in September 2009 . She replaced Arlene Phillips , which led to the BBC being accused of ageism and sexism by the media . Dixon , having a conflicting schedule also had to rearrange three dates on her upcoming tour , The Alesha Show to do the show , which is broadcast live on Saturday nights . Dixon 's judging debut was met by criticism by some viewers , and 272 complaints were received by the BBC , according to The Guardian . Despite the complaints , the BBC stated they were " delighted " with Dixon . = = = 2010 – 11 : The Entertainer = = = In early 2010 , Dixon began work on her third studio album , The Entertainer , which she intended to release during the summer . On 15 March Dixon flew to Denmark to begin recording with Soulshock & Karlin , the producers of Dixon 's " Breathe Slow " . Dixon 's fan site later reported that Dixon had secured a recording session with Rodney Jerkins , a record producer who has produced records for Michael Jackson 's final studio album Invincible and most recently produced Lady Gaga and Beyoncé 's " Telephone " . On 16 June , Dixon revealed on a post on her fansite that the upcoming album would be called Unleashed , and on 30 June her fansite president revealed the lead single is a track called " Drummer Boy " , produced by Haitian @-@ American producer , Shama Joseph , or " ShamRock " . On 5 August it was revealed that Dixon had decided to change the album name from Unleashed to The Entertainer . " Drummer Boy " , released in August , charted moderately at 15 on the UK Singles Chart . On 16 September , it was announced that Dixon had collaborated with Roll Deep and featured in the band 's single " Take Control " . The track appeared on both Roll Deep 's album — Winner Stays On — and The Entertainer . " Radio " , billed as The Entertainer 's second single , charted poorly upon release in November 2010 , failing to reach the Top 40 . The single 's release coincided with the release of the album , which too made little commercial impact ; a year later it was noted that the album had sold 60 @,@ 000 copies . Acknowledging the album 's lack of commercial success , Dixon said she would always prefer to " take a chance creatively " than release what she perceived to be stultifying records . She commented : " I knew the single ' Drummer Boy ' was a risk . It was a very difficult record and so far removed from anything I 'd done before . I get that ... I take full responsibility for that , but I 'm glad I did it . I 'd rather make a unique record like ' Drummer Boy ' and have it fail than play it safe and release bland , generic music that doesn 't excite me . " = = = 2012 – 2014 : Britain 's Got Talent , motherhood and other ventures = = = Dixon wrote and released a new track " Do It Our Way " for the New Year Weight Watchers campaign which featured in new advertisements for the organisation . The track was released onto iTunes on 1 January 2012 , as a digital download . On 2 January , Dixon announced her departure from her judging role on Strictly Come Dancing , to pursue other projects . It was later announced that she left the panel to join the judging panel of Britain 's Got Talent along with Simon Cowell , Amanda Holden and David Walliams . Michael Hogan , of The Daily Telegraph , pointed out that " if rumours are to be believed , Dixon has more than tripled her salary by defecting to the commercial channel " , a point made by various other sources . In September 2012 it was announced that Dixon would be collaborating with former So Solid Crew rapper Ashley Walters on his new song " Your Love " . The single was released on 11 November . In 2013 , Dixon resumed her role as a judge for the seventh series . It was announced in June 2013 that Dixon was expecting her first child with her partner , former backing dancer Azuka Ononye , and on her 35th birthday , 7 October , 2013 , she stated on Twitter that she had given birth to her daughter , Azura Sienna , the previous week . Dixon said she would put her fourth album on hold and concentrate on motherhood , but in summer 2013 she and Paddy McGuinness presented ITV 's new entertainment show Your Face Sounds Familiar . The programme was not renewed for a second series . Dixon returned for the eighth series of Britain 's Got Talent in 2014 . Dixon also joined the Text Santa presenting team in December 2014 – ITV 's annual Christmas charity telethon . = = = 2015 – present : Do It for Love = = = In December 2014 she announced that she would be releasing a new single in either March or May 2015 . An album release is expected to follow , which will be her first in five years . In January 2015 she returned for the ninth series of Britain 's Got Talent . In March , Dixon confirmed she would be releasing her new single " The Way We Are " , via her own record label Precious Stone Records , on 21 June . The music video premiered in full on Vevo on 19 May . The video was filmed on Paphos , Cyprus and fans were given the opportunity to choose the video 's ending from three options . The first live performance will take place on the Britain 's Got Talent live shows in May . It will be her first single release in over four years , following 2011 's " Every Little Part of Me " . Dixon premièred album track , " Azura ( Blue Sky ) " during Graham Norton 's BBC Radio 2 show in May 2015 . She also explained that the song " Do It for Love " was the first song she had written for the album and was a song about her love for music . Dixon revealed the album 's title as Do It for Love in an Official Charts interview . " Tallest Girl " was released 18 September 2015 as the second single from the album with an accompanying music video , directed by De La Muerte Films . The third single from the album was " People Need Love " . The song has been reworked by Ash Rowes for the official single version . Ash Rowes has also been responsible for reworking Girls Aloud 's " Whole Lotta History " official single version . " People Need Love " was released on 11 December 2015 . She was criticised for forgetting the words to " God Save the Queen " when performing a solo at the 2015 British Grand Prix . = = Artistry = = = = = Musical style = = = When Dixon first emerged into the public spotlight with Mis @-@ Teeq , she was primarily the group 's MC , whilst one of her band @-@ mates Sabrina Washington usually sang lead vocals on the records . Washington encouraged her to rap from the band 's inception , saying : " When she started she was a bit shy , but I always said that it adds something , an element of difference . It was the first time I 'd ever heard a woman MC and I was like , ' Alesha , you have got to do that , ' and she was like ' No Bri , don 't make me look stupid ' " . However , when she began her solo career her first UK album , The Alesha Show , saw Dixon undergo a genre @-@ shift . The album featured no rapping and was primarily R & B and soul , unlike Mis @-@ Teeq 's music , which focused mainly on garage and hip hop . Dixon commented that the record consisted of " a lot more guitar @-@ written songs with pop produced around it " . Dixons third album The Entertainer consists mainly of uptempo pop and dance @-@ pop tracks . Dixon , a songwriter and singer , often writes or co @-@ writes her own records . Discussing the writing process of The Alesha Show she said , " I 've written the majority of it and I co @-@ write as well with a lot of people " . Critics have suggested some of her songs are autobiographical , such as " To Love Again " ( 2009 ) , co @-@ written with Gary Barlow and John Shanks . Vocally , reviewer Andy Gill of The Independent suggested that Dixon 's vocal strengths lie with more up @-@ tempo songs , saying " the problem is that her bubbly personality ( and voice ) is simply not as well suited to ballads as to perky dancefloor anthems " . However , The Guardian 's Caroline Sullivan complemented her live vocals whilst reviewing her tour , The Alesha Show . She said , of her concert tour , that " it was her singing that made the impression : she 's more powerful than you would imagine , and when pitted against her band at their most blaring , she more than held her own . While this was going on , she was being flung between two male hoofers , proving , if nothing else , that pop stars who claim they can 't dance and sing simultaneously just aren 't trying " . = = = Influences = = = Dixon has often cited Madonna as an influence , saying " Madonna is a big idol . I loved her when I was a young girl and I feel like I 've been on a musical journey with her " . Dixon 's single " Let 's Get Excited " namechecked the singer and her 1985 single " Into the Groove " . Furthermore , the music video featured what Dixon described as " a Madonna tribute " featuring voguing throughout . Additionally , Dixon has described Kylie Minogue as her childhood idol . Growing up , the first record Dixon ever bought was " Push It " by the hip hop group Salt @-@ n @-@ Pepa ; she remarked " I didn 't understand what they were talking about at the time ... They were raw and did their own thing , and I loved that . I love artists who don 't conform to what people expect of them " . Despite growing up in the predominantly white area of Welwyn Garden City , Hertfordshire , Dixon 's father Melvin would take her to the Notting Hill Carnival in London to allow her to experience some of her Jamaican heritage . The music she would hear influenced her tastes , as she commented : " all the dancehall records I saved up to buy – Shabba Ranks , Buju Banton – I heard them at Notting Hill " . When asked during an interview who her favourite songwriter was , Dixon replied : " Lauryn Hill . I love Lauryn Hill because she is not scared to talk about real life . She may say things that are slightly controversial but she gets people thinking and gets people talking " . Dixon has also named Neneh Cherry as great influence upon her . Cherry , a mixed race singer , inspired her from an early age , with Dixon saying , " I remember seeing Neneh Cherry on the TV when I was little and turning to my mum and saying , ' Mummy , she looks like me ' " . = = Philanthropy = = Dixon has described herself and other celebrities as having a " moral responsibility " to do good works , when asked by The Observer 's Elizabeth Day . Speaking in August 2010 to Blues & Soul Dixon said : " Being in the entertainment industry I do feel I have a responsibility that comes with my fame " . In 2009 , Dixon climbed Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania for Comic Relief with Girls Aloud members Cheryl Cole and Kimberley Walsh , Ben Shephard , Ronan Keating , Fearne Cotton , Denise Van Outen , Chris Moyles and Gary Barlow , who had spearheaded the project . Together they raised over £ 3 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 towards helping combat malaria in Tanzania . In June 2009 Dixon became an official ambassador for the charity Help a London Child , stating that she felt " very honoured " to be asked . Dixon is a patron of the African @-@ Caribbean Leukaemia Trust ( ACLT ) which is a voluntary charity , whose main aim is to increase the number of Black and Mixed Parentage people on the UK Bone Marrow Register . The members of the ACLT freely volunteer their time in attempting to raise awareness in the Black community ; enabling potential donors to come forward and be involved in the process of offering hope and a healthy future to someone whose disorder may otherwise prove fatal . Dixon has also backed Nickelodeon 's See Something , Say Something campaign , a UK anti @-@ bullying initiative . Dixon is engaged with various animal rights organisations and is also a vegetarian . She is Vice @-@ President of the League Against Cruel Sports , a charity which works to end cruelty to animals in the name of sport and featured in a charity appeal due to concerns that the Hunting Act 2004 could be repealed . In 2012 , Dixon travelled to Romania with World Animal Protection to rescue two brown bears from Onesti Zoo , which had closed years previously . The bears were moved to a nearby sanctuary . In 2014 , Dixon encouraged her Twitter followers to sign an online petition calling for the ban of slaughtering animals without being stunned first . UK and EU law requires that animals must be stunned before slaughter , unless for religious purposes ( Halal or Kosher meat ) . Dixon is also a supporter of the PetRetreat scheme launched by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( RSPCA ) . The scheme fosters pets belonging to victims of domestic abuse , who often have to leave behind animals , as many refuges and safe houses do not allow pets . The pets are later reunited with their original owners when possible . In addition to Dixon 's commercial role as a model and representative for the cosmetics company Avon on International Women 's Day 2012 , Dixon launched the company 's Pass It On campaign to highlight domestic abuse issues in the UK by encouraging the purchase of a necklace , described by her as " a symbol of women 's empowerment , and infinite possibilities for women " . All the proceeds from Avon 's necklace campaign were donated to Refuge and Women 's Aid . In March 2013 Dixon led a walk down Westminster Bridge to the Houses of Parliament to raise awareness of domestic violence . Regarding the walk , Dixon commented that " awareness of domestic violence is still shockingly low and that 's why it 's so important that we raise awareness about a subject that is too often ignored " . = = Other ventures = = As well as a singer , Dixon has forayed into television presenting , created three documentaries , and has established herself as a businesswoman through various endorsement deals and lucrative contracts . In November 2009 , Dixon announced the release of her jewellery line . Dixon has signed deals with various brands , including car manufacturers Ford , chocolate brand Toblerone , cosmetics company Avon and airline Thomson Airways . Additionally , Dixon is creative director of gym chain LA Fitness , a role which she assumed in 2009 . Dixon signed a four @-@ year results @-@ based deal with the gym chain , with her remuneration based on the success of the company . = = = Presenting = = = Dixon has presented shows in the UK , such as the MOBO Awards , CD : UK , ITV2 's coverage of The Brit Awards and presented the Live From the Red Carpet show at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards for E ! . She has also been a guest on BBC One 's current affairs programme This Week on two occasions , in November 2006 and December 2007 . In 2008 , Dixon presented her own mini @-@ documentary entitled Alesha : Look But Don 't Touch , which aired on the BBC and featured a guest appearance from Cheryl Cole . The show explored " improvement " by digital technology in order to understand the impact all these " perfect " images have on society . In 2009 , it was reported that Dixon was in talks with television companies about a possible chatshow . In 2008 and 2009 , she co @-@ presented Children in Need with Terry Wogan and Tess Daly . She returned to present the telethon in 2011 with Daly , Wogan and Fearne Cotton . In March 2010 , Dixon presented the Mister World 2010 pageant in Incheon , Korea . Since 22 August 2011 , Dixon presented a street @-@ dance competition for CBBC called Alesha 's Street Dance Stars . She has also appeared in the CBBC series 12 Again . On 17 May 2013 , Dixon was a guest presenter on ITV Breakfast magazine show Lorraine . In the summer of 2013 , Dixon and Paddy McGuinness co @-@ presented one series the ITV reality show Your Face Sounds Familiar . In 2014 and 2015 , Dixon co @-@ presented segments of ITV 's Text Santa telethon . In 2016 , she co @-@ presented Sport Relief 2016 on BBC One with Greg James . = = Discography = = 2006 : Fired Up 2008 : The Alesha Show 2010 : The Entertainer 2015 : Do It for Love = = Tours = = = = Awards and nominations = = = Earth Angel = " Earth Angel " ( occasionally referred to as " Earth Angel ( Will You Be Mine ) " ) is a song by American doo @-@ wop group the Penguins . Produced by Dootsie Williams , it was released as their debut single in October 1954 on Dootone Records . The Penguins had formed the year prior and recorded the song as a demo in a garage in South Los Angeles . The song 's origins lie in multiple different sources , among them songs by Jesse Belvin , Patti Page , and the Hollywood Flames . The song 's authorship was the subject of a bitter legal dispute with Williams in the years following its release . Although the song was going to be overdubbed with additional instrumentation , the original demo version became an unexpected hit , quickly outstripping its A @-@ side . The song grew out of Southern California and spread across the United States over the winter of 1954 – 55 . " Earth Angel " became the first independent label release to appear on Billboard 's national pop charts , where it peaked within the top 10 . It was a big hit on the magazine 's R & B charts , where it remained number one for several weeks . A cover version by white vocal group the Crew @-@ Cuts peaked higher on the pop charts , reaching number three . More cover versions followed , including recordings by Gloria Mann , Tiny Tim , Johnny Tillotson , and Elvis Presley . The Penguins ' only hit , it eventually sold in excess of 10 million copies . The original recording of the song remained an enduring hit single for much of the 1950s , and it is now considered to be one of the definitive doo @-@ wop songs . In 2005 , it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry , deeming it " culturally , historically , or aesthetically important . " = = Background = = The Penguins — composed of lead vocalist Cleveland Duncan , bass Curtis Williams , tenor Dexter Tisby , and baritone Bruce Tate — formed at Fremont High School in Los Angeles , California in 1953 . The group named themselves after the Kool cigarette advertising mascot . Williams and Gaynel Hodge were previously members of The Hollywood Flames , where they began writing " Earth Angel " with mentor Jesse Belvin , also a Fremont High graduate . Belvin had previously had a hit single in " Dream Girl " , a 1952 ballad credited to Jesse & Marvin ( saxophonist Marvin Phillips ) . The song echoes " Earth Angel " in its melodic refrain : " Dream girl , dream girl ... " Its " why @-@ oh " hook was adapted as a background chant within " Earth Angel " . The " Will you be mine ? " hook was borrowed from the R & B hit of the same name by the Swallows . The Hollywood Flames were hired that year by Jessie Mae Robinson to record a demo of " I Went to Your Wedding " , later recorded by Patti Page . Hodge later noted that the group lifted the bridge from that song for " Earth Angel " . The song also contains elements of the Flames ' 1953 recording of " I Know " in its piano introduction and chord progressions , which were closely based on the Rodgers & Hart standard " Blue Moon " . Williams reportedly wrote the song for his wife , Marlene , and Duncan re @-@ wrote the melody , as he disliked the original . " Earth Angel " was recorded as a literal garage demo — it was recorded in a home garage at the Los Angeles home of Ted Brinson ( a relative of Williams who had previously played bass for the Jimmie Lunceford and Andy Kirk bands ) . The home was located at 2190 West 30th Street in South Los Angeles . The garage was used as the primary recording space of Dootsie Williams for all of his Dootone artists , and had also been used to record demos for Jessie Mae Robinson . It was recorded on a single @-@ track Ampex tape recorder , owned by big band veteran Ted Brinson , who performs bass guitar on the track . The drums were muffled with pillows so as to not overwhelm the vocals . A neighbor 's pet dog stopped many takes by barking . " Everytime the dog barked next door , I 'd have to go out and shut him up , and then we 'd do another take , " remembered Williams . Williams performs piano on the track , with Preston Epps on bongos ( though this unconfirmed ) , as well as an unknown drummer . The song is composed in the key of E @-@ flat major and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 76 beats per minute . Duncan 's vocal range spans from C4 to D5 . The first five seconds of the intro are cut off of the recording by accident . = = Commercial performance = = Although it was an unfinished demo , " Earth Angel " began to see immediate success . Williams carried a rough acetate dub with him to Dolphin 's of Hollywood All Night Record Shop , a local record store , to gauge shop owner John Dolphin 's opinion . Dolphin broadcast a late @-@ night rhythm and blues broadcast from his store , and KGFJ disc jockey Dick Hugg was sitting in . Hugg played both sides of the single , and by the next morning , requests began coming in for the song . As a result , Williams abandoned an idea to overdub additional instrumentation and began immediate manufacturing of the 7 " single to issue it as soon as possible . Still convinced " Hey Señorita " would be the hit , it was pressed to the A @-@ side ; disc jockeys soon began flipping the record in favor of " Earth Angel " . The demand for " Earth Angel " nearly bankrupted Dootone ; producer Walter Williams ran out of label paper , leading the single to be pressed on multiple colored labels . It made its first appearance in Billboard as a territorial hit for Los Angeles , becoming the second best @-@ selling R & B single in Los Angeles for the second week of October 1954 . It climbed to number one for the city by November 13 , after which it began to grow in popularity in New York , Philadelphia , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Buffalo , Pittsburgh , and Nashville . " Earth Angel " became the first independent label release to appear on Billboard 's national pop charts . Billboard called the record a " Best Buy " for the R & B charts , and Cashbox in Canada gave it its " Award o ' the Week " . It hit number one in New York on November 27 , and by Christmas Day the song was placing on the " Best Sellers in Stores " chart for both R & B and pop , where it debuted at number 25 . By January 15 , 1955 , the single had advanced to the top 20 of the overall Best Sellers in Stores chart , resulting in its addition to the " Honor Roll of Hits " chart . It also reached number one on the " Most Played in Jukeboxes " R & B chart . After seven weeks on the chart , it peaked at number eight on the overall Best Sellers in Stores chart , and by February 19 had hit number one on all the major R & B charts . It remained a number one R & B hit for three weeks , before being dethroned by Johnny Ace 's " Pledging My Love " . At the time , it was a rare achievement for an R & B song to chart within the top echelons of the pop chart . The Penguins were the first West Coast R & B group to dent the pop top ten . In May 1955 , Dootsie Williams was presented with a gold record to celebrate the record selling one million copies ( it was reported that nearly 200 @,@ 000 copies of " Earth Angel " were sold in Southern California alone ) . With the popularity of the song " The Flying Saucer " , the single saw revived sales in summer 1956 . When the Penguins switched to Mercury Records , the label reissued " Earth Angel " in September 1956 with string accompaniment . The following July , Billboard reported that the single was again breaking out in certain markets , remarking , " This wax breaks out every summer . " It made another appearance at # 101 in late December 1959 . Indeed , Billboard confirmed the single 's enduring popularity in 1960 : " The original version of ' Earth Angel , ' for example , is still known to be a heavy traffic item in many areas . " By 1963 , Williams had told Billboard the single had passed the 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 mark , and it was reported to be the top @-@ selling single of Dootone Records ( at this period renamed Dooto ) . The same year , it was reported that thousands of bogus copies of " Earth Angel " were attempted to be sold by an unidentified counterfeiter . The song has continued to sell multiple decades after its release ; in 1983 , for example , it was still selling thousands of copies per week around the world . According to The New York Times , the Penguins ' recording of " Earth Angel " has sold over ten million copies . Its exact figures are uncertain ; the Honolulu Star @-@ Bulletin wrote that the single has sold " perhaps as many as 20 million records , remaining one of the most popular records of all time . " = = Legal issues = = Group members later engaged in a dispute with Dootsie Williams regarding royalties . By mid ‐ January 1955 , the Penguins reportedly did not receive advances from Dootone , and problems began to arise . They hired Buck Ram , a white big band @-@ era veteran , to manage the group ; he would later take partial credit for the song 's success , despite the fact that he only began managing the group after its release . On April 9 , 1955 , the Penguins signed with Mercury Records . Ram had directed the group to Mercury , slyly using his power as a representative to get another L.A.-based vocal group , the Platters , signed as well . Dootone had previously confirmed to trades that their recording contract with the Penguins spanned three years . A court decision found this contract was invalid as three of the four members of the group were minors at the time of their signing . Curtis Williams sued Dootone for $ 100 @,@ 000 , claiming damages as a result of his underage signing . Dootone countersued , claiming Mercury induced the group to break their Dootone contract and for taking the publishing rights of " Earth Angel " . Jesse Belvin and supposed co @-@ writer Johnny Green sued the group the same week for not receiving credit for writing the song . Dootsie Williams sued and was awarded the rights to the song in 1957 by the Los Angeles Superior Court " on the ground that Belvin and Hodge had written most of it . " = = Cover versions and in popular culture = = " Earth Angel " has been repeatedly covered in popular culture . As was a common occurrence at the time , there were a number of cover versions released upon the record 's immediate success . Many white artists covered the song , including Gloria Mann , Pat O 'Day , and Les Baxter . The most notable of these was performed by a vocal group from Canada named the Crew @-@ Cuts , signed to Mercury Records . Their version peaked at number three on the pop charts , higher than the original . Their version also reached British charts , a feat the original was unable to achieve . Elvis Presley recorded an informal cover during an army stint in Germany . " The Flying Saucer " ( 1956 ) , widely considered one of the first mashup songs , sampled the song without permission . Other cover versions include Johnny Tillotson , The Cleftones , The Vogues , New Edition , Joan Baez , and Johnny Preston . In addition to cover versions , the song has also been employed in various film and television soundtracks . The 1991 film Earth Angel was named after the song . The song has been used in the television series Happy Days . It was featured prominently in the film Back to the Future ( performed by Harry Waters Jr. as Marvin Berry & The Starlighters ) ' , as well as Superman III and The Karate Kid II . It is also used in the jukebox musical Jersey Boys , a musical about the singing group The Four Seasons . Australian group Human Nature covered the song on their 2014 album Jukebox . = = Legacy = = Although the Penguins never matched the success of their debut single , the song has continued to see popularity and acclaim . Cleveland Duncan , the song 's lead vocalist , remarked , " I never get tired of singing it , as long as people never get tired of hearing it . " The song became a staple of oldies radio in the late 20th century . " Earth Angel " has been called " a simple but elegant recording now judged by many to be one of the finest examples of what would become doo @-@ wop " . Despite the higher success of the cover by the Crew @-@ Cuts , the original amateur recording by the Penguins is now considered definitive . Steve Sullivan , author of the Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , writes that the track " possesses virtually all of the qualities cherished by doo @-@ wop lovers : melodic beauty , a shimmering earnest lead vocal , stripped @-@ to @-@ the @-@ bone simplicity , and a pristine romantic innocence . " The New York Times wrote that " For many the song evokes a glittering , timeless vision of proms , sock hops and impossibly young love " , and the Los Angeles Times concurred , calling it a " nostalgic evocation of post @-@ World War II youth culture . " Steve Propes , an author and music historian , remarked that " It was the first of the ultra @-@ romantic ballads that hit the nerve of teens at the time ... It stood out because of the sincerity of the delivery . " Rolling Stone placed it at number 152 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and called it " a pivotal record in the early development of rock & roll . The artless , unaffected vocals of the Penguins , four black high schoolers from L.A. , defined the street @-@ corner elegance of doo @-@ wop . " A 1997 listener poll by New York radio station WCBS placed " Earth Angel " just behind the Five Satins ' " In the Still of the Night " in a list of most enduring doo @-@ wop songs . Billboard once reported that many consider " Earth Angel " among the first rock and roll hits , and The New York Times stated that " its rhythmic , wailing plea to an idealized young woman captured the spirit of the just @-@ emerging rock generation . " In 2005 , it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry , deeming it " culturally , historically , or aesthetically important " . In July 2016 , British pop group Coldplay played the song in concert in New Jersey with Michael J. Fox , star of Back to the Future , on guitar , in a tribute to the film . = = Charts = = = Washington State Route 117 = State Route 117 ( SR 117 ) is a short , 1 @.@ 40 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 25 km ) long state highway located entirely within Port Angeles , the county seat of Clallam County , in the U.S. state of Washington . The short roadway , named the Tumwater Truck Route , serves the waterfront of Port Angeles and intersects two streets and crosses under another street on a short bridge . Beginning at an interchange with U.S. Route 101 ( US 101 ) , the highway travels northeast to terminate at Marine Drive . SR 117 was first established in 1991 , but a road parallel to the current roadway had existed since 1966 . = = Route description = = SR 117 begins as the Tumwater Truck Road at an interchange with U.S. Route 101 ( US 101 ) in southwest Port Angeles . The interchange only serves traffic from US 101 eastbound driving onto SR 117 northbound and motorists driving from the route southbound onto US 101 westbound , however , left turns are allowed to serve the missing movements . Traveling north , the highway intersects Lauridsen Boulevard and crosses under 8th Street . Between 8th Street and the Port Angeles waterfront , a daily average of 7 @,@ 400 motorists accessed the roadway in 2008 . After the 8th Street bridge , the road intersects 3rd Street and terminates at Marine Drive , which continues east as 1st Street to US 101 . = = History = = SR 117 originated in 1991 , but a short local street connecting the waterfront with U.S. Route 101 ( US 101 ) had existed in 1966 . In 1991 , the Washington State Legislature established SR 117 and the roadway has not been realigned since 1991 . During a severe winter storm on November 27 , 2006 , the Port Angeles Police Department closed both ends of the highway due to treacherous conditions . On December 15 , 2006 , a wind strom caused trees near the roadway to block the highway and the route had to be shut down . On August 7 , 2007 , the city of Port Angeles announced that the 8th Street bridge over the Tumwater Truck Route would be closed on August 20 , 2007 . A detour was set for both 8th Street and the truck route ; trucks were routed onto US 101 ( Lincoln Street ) and Marine Drive / Front Street . Starting on April 1 , 2008 , the new bridge 's girders started to arrive at the construction site . The last girders arrived on April 9 and the highway was reopened . On August 1 , the roadway was closed for another month to be reconstructed . = = Major intersections = = The entire highway is in Port Angeles , Clallam County . = Battle of Suwon Airfield = The Battle of Suwon Airfield was the first aerial battle of the Korean War occurring on June 27 , 1950 over Kimpo Airfield and Suwon Airfield . The battle , between aircraft of the United States and North Korea , ended in a victory for the US Air Force after nine of its aircraft successfully shot down seven North Korean People 's Air Force aircraft . It was the first direct engagement of the Air Battle of South Korea . With the outbreak of the war two days earlier , the US forces were attempting to evacuate US civilians and diplomats from the city of Seoul , where a battle was ongoing between North and South Korean forces . Transport aircraft and ships , escorted by US fighter planes , were attempting to bring civilians out of the country as fast as possible . During these missions on June 27 , US forces were attacked by North Korean aircraft in two separate incidents in the Seoul area . Despite being outnumbered , the better @-@ built American aircraft outmaneuvered the North Koreans , quickly shooting down half of the attacking force . The actions were among few air @-@ to @-@ air battles in the early phase of the war as the North Koreans , realizing their aircraft were outmatched , quickly stopped using them aggressively against the UN . The battle also signaled a turning point in the Jet age , as new , jet engine powered fighter aircraft had easily bested conventional fighters . = = Background = = Main Article : Initial Phase of Korean War On the morning of June 25 , 1950 , ten divisions of the North Korean People 's Army launched a full @-@ scale invasion of the nation 's neighbor to the south , the Republic of Korea . The force of 89 @,@ 000 men moved in six columns , catching the Republic of Korea Army by surprise , resulting in a rout . The smaller South Korean army suffered from widespread lack of organization and equipment , and was unprepared for war . The numerically superior North Korean forces destroyed isolated resistance from the 38 @,@ 000 South Korean soldiers on the front before it began moving steadily south . To prevent South Korea 's collapse the United Nations Security Council voted to send military forces . The United States ' Seventh Fleet dispatched Task Force 77 , led by the fleet carrier USS Valley Forge ; the British Far East Fleet dispatched several ships , including HMS Triumph , to provide air and naval support . By June 27 , the naval and air forces moving to Korea had authorization to attack North Korean targets with the goal of helping repel the North Korean invasion of the country . With the US forces accepting the North Korean attack as an act of war , it became imperative to evacuate civilians and American diplomats from Korea , as the forces of the north and south were battling across the peninsula . On June 27 the South Koreans were losing the First Battle of Seoul . Most of South Korea 's forces retreated in the face of the invasion . The North Koreans would capture the city the next day forcing the South Korean government and its shattered army to retreat further south . In the meantime , US naval and air forces were evacuating US diplomats , military dependents , and civilians by ship and air transport , hoping to get American civilians out of the country " by any means . " Civilians were being gathered at Suwon Airfield and Kimpo Airfield in Seoul , before moving to Inchon and out of the country.These airlifts and convoys were being escorted by aircraft from the United States , which was operating its aircraft from bases in Japan . The two Koreas had very small air forces of their own , with the North Koreans ' 132 aircraft organized into the 1st Air Division . At the early phase in the war , these aircraft were used boldly to the North Koreans ' advantage . = = Battle = = = = = First sortie = = = On the morning of June 27 , a flight of five F @-@ 82 Twin Mustangs of the 68th Fighter Squadron and 339th Fighter Squadron , 8th Fighter Wing commanded by US Major James W. Little were escorting four C @-@ 54 Skymaster aircraft out of Kimpo . Little , a flying ace with experience in World War II , was the commander of the 339th Squadron . The four transports were unarmed and filled with civilians from the Seoul area , en route to Japan . Around 12 : 00 , a flight of five Korean People 's Air Force ( KPAF ) Lavochkin La @-@ 7 appeared at an altitude of 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) . The North Korean aircraft were headed for Kimpo Airfield with the intention of attacking US transports . Spotting the transport aircraft , the five North Korean planes immediately descended on them and began opening fire , scoring several hits . The North Koreans then began opening fire on the five US fighters guarding the transport aircraft . Little ordered the US aircraft to return fire , and personally fired the first shot against the North Koreans . The North Korean aircraft split off into two groups , with two climbing rapidly into the clouds and the remaining three descending . Two F @-@ 82s piloted by Lieutenant Charles B. Moran ( tail number 46 @-@ 357 ) and Lieutenant William G. Hudson ( tail number 46 @-@ 383 ) followed the ascending pair . The two North Korean aircraft maneuvered around Moran 's aircraft and opened fire , damaging the tail of his plane . Hudson responded by attacking the lead plane , forcing it to ascend further . Hudson 's shots struck the aircraft in the fuselage and right wing . The North Korean pilot subsequently bailed out of the aircraft , though the navigator remained in it and was killed when the aircraft crashed . Moran , in the menatime , had stalled while attempting to avoid the second North Korean plane , and when his aircraft recovered he was able to quickly shoot down the second North Korean aircraft which had accelerated in front of his . Little 's aircraft then dived to engage the three remaining North Korean aircraft , quickly shooting one down while attempting to assist Moran . The US planes , which were faster and more maneuverable than the North Korean aircraft , easily outperformed them . Within several minutes , three victories were claimed ; one each by Little , Hudson , and Moran . The remaining two North Korean planes immediately fled . The US aircraft , in the meantime , suffered damage from the dogfight though none was shot down . Fire broke out in Little 's cockpit but in spite of this he rallied the other aircraft and continued to escort them to their destination in Japan . Conflicting reports initially made it impossible to determine who had made the first kill , which would be the first North Korean plane shot down by the United Nations forces in the war . Later research indicated Hudson had successfully shot down the first aircraft . The exact timing of Hudson and Moran 's victories remains unclear , and it is possible each scored a victory within seconds of the other . For his determination in leading the flight , though , Little was awarded a Silver Star Medal . = = = Second sortie = = = Word of the dogfight spread throughout the area , and an air alert was quickly posted over Seoul . In response , four F @-@ 80C Shooting Star aircraft of the 35th Fighter @-@ Bomber Squadron under US Captain Raymond E. Schillereff were posted in the skies over Seoul to counter any North Korean aircraft appearing in the area . The F @-@ 80s were jet engine @-@ powered fighter aircraft which would easily defeat all of the aircraft known in the North Koreans ' air force . Early in the afternoon , the North Korean aircraft returned in larger numbers to attack the air transports . A flight of eight Ilyushin Il @-@ 10s appeared in the airspace between Seoul and Inchon , attempting to ambush transport aircraft while still on the ground at the airfields . The F @-@ 80s spotted the North Korean planes and engaged them . The North Korean aircraft split into two groups of four and quickly destroyed a Republic of Korea Air Force T @-@ 6 Texan parked on the tarmac at Kimpo . = = = = First US jet @-@ aircraft victory = = = = The four F @-@ 80 aircraft were able to attack the North Koreans from a greater distance . With a minimal amount of maneuvering , the US aircraft rushed the North Korean formation and quickly shot four of them down ; two by Lieutenant Robert E. Wayne , one by Lieutenant Robert H. Dewald , and one by Schillereff . These victories were the first for US Air Force jet @-@ powered fighters in history . The four remaining North Korean pilots immediately retreated to the north . The aircraft likely staged at Pyongyang Air Base , and informed their superiors . No additional North Korean aircraft were spotted in the area for the rest of the day . By the end of the day the US aircraft from the three squadrons had flown 163 sorties . = = Aftermath = = The battle was the first air @-@ to @-@ air dogfight between the United Nations and North Korea in the war . The North Korean were unsuccessful in attempting to shoot down the air transports and in the end none of the refugees in the evacuation was ever injured by the North Koreans . In all , the operation saw 2 @,@ 001 people , including 1 @,@ 527 US nationals , evacuated from the peninsula ahead of the wider war . The battle was also considered a sign of the arrival of the Jet age , the Il @-@ 10 , which had been considered a high quality and effective conventional aircraft in World War II had been easily outmatched by the F @-@ 80 and its jet engine . The engagement was a rare example of an air @-@ to @-@ air battle at the early phase of the war , and North Korean forces became much more cautious when deploying their aircraft in battle , knowing they were easily outnumbered and outmatched by UN forces . For the next several months , the UN forces enjoyed air supremacy , operating their air forces in support of ground combat virtually unopposed . The public perception of the F @-@ 80s , which had to this point been cautious , improved with news of the victories . = Robotron : 2084 = Robotron : 2084 ( also referred to as Robotron ) is an arcade video game developed by Eugene Jarvis and Larry DeMar of Vid Kidz and released by Williams Electronics ( part of WMS Industries ) in 1982 . It is a shoot ' em up with two @-@ dimensional graphics . The game is set in the year 2084 in a fictional world where robots have turned against humans in a cybernetic revolt . The aim is to defeat endless waves of robots , rescue surviving humans , and earn as many points as possible . Robotron popularized the twin joystick control scheme , one that had previously been used in Taito 's Space Dungeon . Robotron : 2084 was critically and commercially successful . Praise among critics focused on the game 's intense action and control scheme . The game is frequently listed as one of Jarvis 's best contributions to the video game industry . Robotron : 2084 arcade cabinets have since become a sought @-@ after collector 's item . It was ported to numerous platforms . = = Gameplay = = Robotron is a 2D multi @-@ directional shooter game in which the player controls the on @-@ screen protagonist from a top @-@ down perspective . The game is set in the year 2084 in a fictional world where robots ( " Robotrons " ) have taken control of the world and eradicated most of the human race . The main protagonist is a nameless superhuman attempting to save the last human family . The game uses a two @-@ joystick control scheme ; the left joystick controls the on @-@ screen character 's movement , while the right controls the direction the character 's weapon fires . Both joysticks allow for an input direction in one of eight ways . Each level , referred to as a " wave " , is a single screen populated with a large number of various enemy robots and obstacles ; types include invincible giants to robots that continually manufacture other robots that shoot the protagonist . Coming into contact with an enemy , projectile , or obstacle costs the player one life , but extra lives can be earned at certain point totals . Waves also include human family members who can be rescued to score additional points , but certain robots can either kill them or turn them into enemies . Destroying all vulnerable robots allows the player to progress to the next wave ; the cycle continues until all reserve lives are lost . = = Development = = Robotron : 2084 features monaural sound and raster graphics on a 19 @-@ inch CRT monitor . It uses a Motorola 6809 central processing unit that operates at 1MHz . To produce multiple sounds on a single audio channel , the game uses a priority scheme to generate sounds in order of importance . A custom graphics coprocessor — which operates as a blitter chip — generates the on @-@ screen objects and visual effects . The coprocessor increases the transfer speed of memory , which allows the game to simultaneously animate a large number of objects . The game was developed in six months by Eugene Jarvis and Larry DeMar , founders of Vid Kidz . Vid Kidz served as a consulting firm that designed games for Williams Electronics ( part of WMS Industries ) , whom Jarvis and DeMar had previously worked for . The game was designed to provide excitement for players ; Jarvis described the game as an " athletic experience " derived from a " physical element " in the two joystick design . Robotron : 2084 's gameplay is based on presenting the player with conflicting goals : avoid enemy attacks to survive , defeat enemies to progress , and save the family to earn points . It was first inspired by Stern Electronics ' 1980 arcade game Berzerk and the Commodore PET computer game Chase . Berzerk is a shooting game in which a character traverses a maze to shoot robots , and Chase is a text @-@ based game in which players move text characters into others . The initial concept involved a passive main character ; the object was to get robots that chased the protagonist to collide with stationary , lethal obstacles . The game was deemed too boring compared to other action titles on the market and shooting was added to provide more excitement . The dual joystick design was developed by Eugene Jarvis , and resulted from two experiences in Jarvis 's life : an automobile accident and playing Berzerk . Prior to beginning development , Jarvis injured his right hand in an accident — his hand was still in a cast when he returned to work , which prevented him from using a traditional joystick with a button . While in rehabilitation , he thought of Berzerk . Though Jarvis enjoyed the game and similar titles , he was dissatisfied with the control scheme ; Berzerk used a single joystick to move the on @-@ screen character and a button to fire the weapon , which would shoot the same direction the character was facing . Jarvis noticed that if the button was held down , the character would remain stationary and the joystick could be used to fire in any direction . This method of play inspired Jarvis to add a second joystick dedicated to aiming the direction projectiles were shot . Jarvis and DeMar created a prototype using a Stargate arcade system board and two Atari 2600 controllers attached to a control panel . In retrospect , Jarvis considers the design a contradiction that blends " incredible freedom of movement " with ease of use . The developers felt a rescue theme similar to Defender — one of their previous games — was needed to complete the game , and added a human family as a method to motivate players to earn a high score . The rescue aspect also created a situation where players had to constantly reevaluate their situation to choose the optimal action : run from enemies , shoot enemies , or rescue humans . Inspired by George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty @-@ Four , Jarvis and DeMar worked the concept of an Orwellian world developed into the plot . The two noticed , however , that 1984 was approaching , but the state of the real world did not match that of the book . They decided to set the game further in the future , the year 2084 , to provide a more realistic timeframe for their version of " Big Brother " . Jarvis , a science fiction fan , based the Robotrons on the idea that computers would eventually become advanced entities that helped humans in everyday life . He believed the robots would eventually realize that humans are the cause of the world 's problems and revolt against them . Jarvis and DeMar playtested the game themselves , and continually tweaked the designs as the project progressed . Though games at the time began to use scrolling to have larger levels , the developers chose a single screen to confine the action . To instill panic in the player , the character was initially placed in the center of the game 's action , and had to deal with projectiles coming from multiple directions , as opposed previous shooting games such as Space Invaders and Galaxian , where the enemies attacked from a single direction . This made for more challenging gameplay , an aspect Jarvis took pride in . Enemies were assigned to stages in different groups to create themes . Early stages were designed to be relatively simple compared to later ones . The level of difficulty was designed to increase quickly so players would struggle to complete later stages . In retrospect , Jarvis attributes his and DeMar 's average player skills to the game 's balanced design . Though they made the game as difficult as they could , the high end of their skills ended up being a good challenge for expert players . The graphics were given a simple appearance to avoid a cluttered game screen , and object designs were made distinct from each other to avoid confusion . Black was chosen as the background color to help characters stand out and reduce clutter . Of special note is that Robotron had a major defect where the game would reset ( Carpet pattern reset / watchdog reset ) if a specific scenario was experienced while shooting an Enforcer in a corner of the screen . In 1987 , Christian Gingras evaluated the code to find the problem . A visit to Williams headquarters to consult with the VidKidz resulted in code fixes that eventually made it into all later ports of the game . = = = Enemy designs = = = Each enemy was designed to exhibit a unique behavior toward the character ; random elements were programmed into the enemies ' behaviors to make the game more interesting . The first two designed were the simplest : Electrodes and Grunts . Electrodes are stationary objects that are lethal to the in @-@ game characters , and Grunts are simple robots that chase the protagonist by plotting the shortest path to him . Grunts were designed to overwhelm the player with large groups . While testing the game with the new control system and the two enemies , Jarvis and DeMar were impressed by the gameplay 's excitement and fun . As a result , they began steadily increasing the number of on @-@ screen enemies to over a hundred to see if more enemies would generate more enjoyment . Other enemies were created to add more variety . Large , indestructible Hulks , inspired by an enemy in Berzerk , were added to kill the humans on the stage . Though they cannot be destroyed , the developers decided to have the protagonist 's projectiles slow the Hulk 's movement as a way to help the player . Levitating Enforcers were added as enemies that could shoot back at the main character ; Jarvis and DeMar liked the idea of a floating robot and felt it would be easier to animate . A projectile algorithm was devised for Enforcers to simulate enemy artificial intelligence . The developers felt a simple algorithm of shooting directly at the protagonist would be ineffective because the character 's constant motion would always result in a miss . Random elements were added to make the projectile more unpredictable ; the Enforcer aims at a random location in a ten pixel radius around the character , and random acceleration curves the trajectory . To further differentiate Enforcers , Jarvis devised the Spheroid enemy as a robot that continually generated Enforcers , rather than have them already on the screen like other enemies . Brains were conceived as robots that could capture humans and brainwash them into enemies called Progs . DeMar devised the final enemies as a way to further increase the game 's difficulty ; Tanks that fire projectiles which bounce around the screen , and Quarks as a tank @-@ producing robot . In the summer of 2012 , Eugene Jarvis wrote a comprehensive evaluation of the Robotron Enemy Dynamics : The game is hard @-@ coded with 40 waves , whereupon the game repeats wave 21 to 40 over and over until the game restarts back to the original wave 1 , once the player completes wave 255 . In the summer of 2012 , Larry DeMar also provided details about how to trigger the secret room in Robotron . = = Reception = = Robotron : 2084 was commercially successful ; Williams sold approximately 19 @,@ 000 arcade cabinets , and mini cabinets and cocktail versions were later produced . The different arcade versions have since become varying levels of rarity ; the cocktail and cabaret versions are very rare , while the upright cabinets are more available . It is one of the most collected arcade games , and is consistently higher priced than other titles among collectors . The game has been positively received by critics . Author David Ellis called Robotron : 2084 a " classic favorite " of its time , and stated that , despite the game 's difficulty , it is among the most popular video games in the industry . Retro Gamer rated the game number two on their list of " Top 25 Arcade Games " , citing its simple and addictive design . In 2008 , Guinness World Records listed it as the number eleven arcade game in technical , creative and cultural impact . Brett Alan Weiss of Allgame called it one of the industry 's " most exciting and intense " games . He complimented the gameplay , graphics and audio , calling them addictive , colorful and energized respectively . The game has garnered praise from industry professionals as well . Midway Games 's Tony Dormanesh and Electronic Arts ' Stephen Riesenberger called Robotron : 2084 their favorite arcade game . David Thiel , a former Gottlieb audio engineer , referred to the game as the " pinnacle of interactive game design " . Xot 's John Leffingwell described Robotron : 2084 as " the perfect blend of mayhem and simplicity " , and commented that its plot was an interesting commentary . Jeff Peters from GearWorks Games praised the playing field as " crisp and clear " , and described the strategy and dexterity required to play as a challenge to the senses . He summarized the game as " one of the best examples of game play design and execution . " Critics lauded Robotron : 2084 's gameplay . Authors Rusel DeMaria and Johnny Wilson enjoyed the excitement created by the constant waves of robots and fear of the character dying . They considered it one of the more impressive games produced from the 80s and 90s . Author John Vince considered the reward system ( saving humans ) and strategic elements as positive components . ACE magazine 's David Upchurch commented that despite the poor graphics and basic design , the gameplay 's simplicity was a strong point . The control scheme in particular was well received . DeMaria and Wilson considered it a highlight which provided the player a tactical advantage . Owen Linzmayer of Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games praised the freedom of movement afforded by the controls . Ellis commented that the unique control scheme was a factor in the game 's success . Retro Gamer lauded the controls , describing them as " one of the greatest control systems of all time . " In retrospect , DeMar felt players continued to play the game because the control scheme offered a high level of precision . = = Legacy = = Jarvis 's contributions to the game 's development are often cited among his accolades . Vince considered him as one of the originators of " high @-@ action " and " reflex @-@ based " arcade games , citing Robotron : 2084 's gameplay among other games designed by Jarvis . In 2007 , IGN listed Eugene Jarvis as a top game designer whose titles ( Defender , Robotron 2084 , and Smash TV ) have influenced the video game industry . GamesTM referred to the game as the pinnacle of his career . Shane R. Monroe of RetroGaming Radio called Robotron " ... the greatest twitch and greed game of all time . " Bill Loguidice and Matt Barton of Gamasutra commented that Robotron 's success , along with Defender , illustrated that video game enthusiasts were ready for more difficult games with complex controls . Though not the first to implement it , Robotron : 2084 's use of dual joysticks popularized the design among 2D shooting games , and has since been copied by other arcade @-@ style games . The control scheme has appeared in several other titles produced by Midway Games : Inferno , Smash TV , and Total Carnage . Many shooting games on Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network use this dual control design . The 2003 title Geometry Wars and its sequels also use a similar control scheme . The input design was most prominent in arcade games until video games with three @-@ dimensional ( 3D ) graphics became popular in the late 1990s . Jarvis attributes the lack of proliferation in the home market to the absence of hardware that offered two side @-@ by @-@ side joysticks . Most 3D games , however , use the dual joystick scheme to control the movement of a character and a camera . Few console games , like the 2004 title Jet Li : Rise to Honor , use two joysticks for movement and attacking . = = = Remakes and sequels = = = Jarvis planned to produce sequels , but the North American video game crash of 1983 halted most video game production for a few years . Prior to the full effects of the crash , Vid Kidz developed an unofficial sequel ( Blaster ) in 1983 . The game is set in the same universe and takes place in 2085 in a world overrun by Robotrons . Williams considered creating a proper sequel in the mid @-@ 1980s as well as a movie adaptation . The company released a sequel with 3D graphics titled Robotron X in 1996 for the Sony PlayStation and personal computers . It was ported two years later to the Nintendo 64 as Robotron 64 . In addition to the graphical update , the game includes new audio and multiple camera angles . Though the game features similar gameplay as the original , it was not as well received . Authors Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams considered the moving camera in the 3D environment a negative update . They felt the original format — an overhead perspective of a single screen — presented the player with all the necessary information and relied on the player 's skill . The moving camera angle , however , obscured areas of the playing field and could result in the player being shot by an enemy that suddenly appeared . Vince echoed similar statements , stating that the gameplay suffered from the loss of important aspects from the original . Rollings and Adams , however , attribute the fad of classic video game remakes in the late 1990s in part to Robotron X 's release . Robotron : 2084 has been remade on different platforms . Beginning in 1983 , the game was ported to several platforms including the Atari 5200 , Atari 7800 , Apple IIe , Commodore 64 , and TI @-@ 99 / 4A . Most conversions did not have a dual joystick and were received less favorably by critics . In 2000 , a web @-@ based version of Robotron : 2084 , along with nine other classic arcade games , were published on Shockwave.com ( a website related to Adobe Shockwave ) . Four years later , Midway Games also launched a website featuring the Shockwave versions . The game has been included in several multi @-@ platform compilations : the 1996 Williams Arcade 's Greatest Hits , the 2000 Midway 's Greatest Arcade Hits , the 2003 Midway Arcade Treasures , and the 2012 Midway Arcade Origins . It also appeared in an expansion to Lego Dimensions . In 2004 , Midway Games planned to release a plug and play version of Robotron : 2084 as part of a line of TV Games , however , it was never released . Robotron : 2084 became available for download via Microsoft 's Xbox Live Arcade in November 2005 . In February 2010 , however , Microsoft removed it from the service citing permission issues . The Xbox Live version included high @-@ definition graphics and two @-@ player cooperative multi @-@ player with one player controlling the movement and another the shooting . Scores were tracked via an online ranking system . The game has also inspired other titles . The 1990 arcade game Smash TV , also designed by Jarvis , features a similar design — two joysticks used to shoot numerous enemies on a single screen — as well as ideas he intended to include in sequels . In 1991 , Jeff Minter released a shareware game titled Llamatron based on Robotron : 2084 's design . Twenty years later , Minter released an upgraded version titled Minotron : 2112 on the iPhone . = = Reverse engineering work = = Annotated reverse engineering of the Robotron 2084 arcade game can be found at http : / / www.seanriddle.com = = Robotron II = = The video game crash of the early 80 's saw the VidKidz disband before creating Robotron 's sequel . DeMar went back to pinball development and Jarvis went back to college . Later , both went on to entertainment industry successes with hits in pinball , racing games , light gun games , casino games , and social media games . Robotron II remained a forgotten project , never to be implemented . = = In other media = = The robots attacking the player show up in the movie " Pixels " , near the end where the arcade characters begin a full @-@ on attack on Earth . The game is also mentioned in the novel Ready Player One as protagonist Wade Watts ' favorite video game . A modified version of the game appears in Fallout 4 's DLC Automatron as a hidden mini game called Automatron , reskinned with the robots of the franchise . = Jacob van Ruisdael = Jacob Isaackszoon van Ruisdael ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈjaːkɔp fɑn ˈrœyzdaːl ] ; c . 1629 – 10 March 1682 ) was a Dutch painter , draughtsman , and etcher . He is generally considered the pre @-@ eminent landscape painter of the Dutch Golden Age , a period of great wealth and cultural achievement when Dutch painting became highly popular . Prolific and versatile , Ruisdael depicted a wide variety of landscape subjects . From 1646 he painted Dutch countryside scenes of remarkable quality for a young man . After a trip to Germany in 1650 , his landscapes took on a more heroic character . In his late work , conducted when he lived and worked in Amsterdam , he added city panoramas and seascapes to his regular repertoire . In these , the sky often took up two @-@ thirds of the canvas . In total he produced more than 150 Scandinavian views featuring waterfalls . Ruisdael 's only registered pupil was Meindert Hobbema , one of several artists who painted figures in his landscapes . Hobbema 's work has at times been confused with Ruisdael 's . There is difficulty in attributing Ruisdael 's work , which has not been helped by the fact that three members of his family were also landscape painters , some of whom spelled their name " Ruysdael " : his father Isaack van Ruisdael , his well @-@ known uncle Salomon van Ruysdael , and his cousin , confusingly called Jacob van Ruysdael . Ruisdael 's work was in demand in the Dutch Republic during his lifetime . Today it is spread across private and institutional collections around the world ; the National Gallery in London , the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam , and the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg hold the largest collections . Ruisdael shaped landscape painting traditions worldwide , from the English Romantics to the Barbizon school in France , and the Hudson River School in the US , and influenced generations of Dutch landscape artists . = = Life = = Jacob Isaackszoon van Ruisdael was born in Haarlem in 1628 or 1629 into a family of painters , all landscapists . The number of painters in the family , and the multiple spellings of the Ruisdael name , have hampered attempts to document his life and attribute his works . The name Ruisdael is connected to a castle , now lost , in the village of Blaricum . The village was the home of Jacob 's grandfather , the furniture maker Jacob de Goyer . When De Goyer moved away to Naarden , three of his sons changed their name to Ruysdael or Ruisdael , probably to indicate their origin . Two of De Goyer 's sons became painters : Jacob 's father Isaack van Ruisdael and his well @-@ known uncle Salomon van Ruysdael . Jacob himself always spelled his name with an " i " , while his cousin , Salomon 's son Jacob Salomonszoon van Ruysdael , also a landscape artist , spelled his name with a " y " . Jacob 's earliest biographer , Arnold Houbraken , called him Jakob Ruisdaal , and claimed the name resulted from his specialty in waterfalls , namely the " ruis " ( rustling noise of water ) falling into a " daal " ( dale ) where it foams out into a pond or wider river . It is not known whether Ruisdael 's mother was Isaack van Ruisdael 's first wife , whose name is unknown , or his second wife , Maycken Cornelisdochter . Isaack and Maycken married on 12 November 1628 . Ruisdael 's teacher is also unknown . It is often assumed Ruisdael studied with his father and uncle , but there is no archival evidence for this . He appears to have been strongly influenced by other contemporary local Haarlem landscapists , most notably Cornelis Vroom and Allaert van Everdingen . The earliest date that appears on Ruisdael 's paintings and etchings is 1646 . Two years after this date he was admitted to membership of the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke . By this time landscape paintings were as popular as history paintings in Dutch households , though at the time of Ruisdael 's birth , history paintings appeared far more frequently . This growth in popularity of landscapes continued throughout Ruisdael 's career . Around 1657 , Ruisdael moved to Amsterdam , by then a prosperous city which was likely to have offered a bigger market for his work . His fellow Haarlem painter Allaert van Everdingen had already moved to Amsterdam and found a market there . Ruisdael lived and worked in Amsterdam for the rest of his life . In 1668 , his name appears as a witness to the marriage of Meindert Hobbema , his only registered pupil , a painter whose works have been confused with Ruisdael 's own . For a landscape artist , it seems Ruisdael travelled relatively little : to Blaricum , Egmond aan Zee , and Rhenen in the 1640s , with Nicolaes Berchem to Bentheim and Steinfurt just across the border in Germany in 1650 , and possibly with Hobbema across the German border again in 1661 , via the Veluwe , Deventer and Ootmarsum . Despite Ruisdael 's numerous Norwegian landscapes , there is no record of him having travelled to Scandinavia . There is some speculation that Ruisdael was also a doctor . In 1718 , his biographer Houbraken reports that he studied medicine and performed surgery in Amsterdam . Archival records of the 17th century show the name " Jacobus Ruijsdael " on a list of Amsterdam doctors , albeit crossed out , with the added remark that he earned his medical degree on 15 October 1676 in Caen , northern France . Various art historians have speculated that this was a case of mistaken identity . Pieter Scheltema suggests it was Ruisdael 's cousin who appeared on the record . The Ruisdael expert Seymour Slive argues that the spelling " uij " is not consistent with Ruisdael 's own spelling of his name , that his unusually high production suggests there was little time to study medicine , and that there is no indication in any of his art that he visited northern France . However , Slive is willing to accept that Ruisdael may still have been a doctor . In 2013 , Jan Paul Hinrichs agreed that the evidence is inconclusive . Ruisdael was not Jewish . Slive reports that , because of Ruisdael 's depiction of a Jewish cemetery and various biblical names in the Ruisdael family , he often heard speculation that Ruisdael must surely be Jewish . The evidence shows otherwise . Ruisdael requested that he be baptised at the Calvinist Reformed Church in Amsterdam , and he was buried in the Saint Bavo 's Church , Haarlem , a Protestant church at that time . His uncle Salomon van Ruysdael belonged to the Young Flemish subgroup of the Mennonite congregation , one of several types of Anabaptists in Haarlem , and it is probable that Ruisdael 's father was also a member there . His cousin Jacob was a registered Mennonite in Amsterdam . Ruisdael did not marry . According to Houbraken this was " to reserve time to serve his old father " . It is not known what Ruisdael looked like , as no known portrait or self @-@ portrait of him exists . The art historian Hendrik Frederik Wijnman disproved the myth that Ruisdael died a poor man , supposedly in the old men 's almshouse in Haarlem . Wijnman showed that the person who died there was in fact Ruisdael 's cousin , Jacob Salomonszoon . Although there is no record of Ruisdael owning land or shares , he appears to have lived comfortably , even after the economic downturn of the disaster year 1672 . His paintings were valued fairly highly . In a large sample of inventories between 1650 and 1679 the average price for a Ruisdael was 40 guilders , compared to an average of 19 guilders for all attributed paintings . In a ranking of contemporary Dutch painters based on price @-@ weighted frequency in these inventories , Ruisdael ranks seventh ; Rembrandt ranks first . Ruisdael died in Amsterdam on 10 March 1682 . He was buried 14 March 1682 in Saint Bavo 's Church , Haarlem . = = Work = = = = = Early years = = = Ruisdael 's work from c . 1646 to the early 1650s , when he was living in Haarlem , is characterised by simple motifs and careful and laborious study of nature : dunes , woods , and atmospheric effects . By applying heavier paint than his predecessors , Ruisdael gave his foliage a rich quality , conveying a sense of sap flowing through branches and leaves . His accurate rendering of trees was unprecedented at the time : the genera of his trees are the first to be unequivocally recognisable by modern @-@ day botanists . His early sketches introduce motifs that would return in all his work : a sense of spaciousness and luminosity , and an airy atmosphere achieved through pointillist @-@ like touches of chalk . Most of his thirty black chalk sketches that survive date from this period . An exemplar of Ruisdael 's early style is Dune Landscape , one of the earliest works , dated 1646 . It breaks with the classic Dutch tradition of depicting broad views of dunes that include houses and trees flanked by distant vistas . Instead , Ruisdael places tree @-@ covered dunes prominently at centre stage , with a cloudscape concentrating strong light on a sandy path . The resulting heroic effect is enhanced by the large size of the canvas , " so unexpected in the work of an inexperienced painter " according to Irina Sokolova , curator at the Hermitage Museum . The art historian Hofstede de Groot said of Dune Landscape : " It is hardly credible that it should be the work of a boy of seventeen " . Ruisdael 's first panoramic landscape , View of Naarden with the Church at Muiderberg in the Distance , dates from 1647 . The theme of an overwhelming sky and a distant town , in this case the birthplace of his father , is one he returned to in his later years . For unknown reasons , Ruisdael almost entirely stopped dating his work from 1653 . Only five works from the 1660s have a , partially obscured , year next to his signature ; none from the 1670s and 1680s have a date . Dating subsequent work has therefore been largely based on detective work and speculation . All thirteen known Ruisdael etchings come from his early period , with the first one dated 1646 . It is unknown who taught him the art of etching . No etchings exist signed by his father , his uncle , or his fellow Haarlem landscapist Cornelis Vroom , who influenced his other work . His etchings show little influence from Rembrandt , either in style or technique . Few original impressions exist ; five etchings survive in only a single impression . The rarity of prints suggests that Ruisdael considered them trial essays , which did not warrant large editions . The etching expert Georges Duplessis singled out Grainfield at the Edge of a Wood and The Travellers as unrivalled illustrations of Ruisdael 's genius . = = = Middle period = = = Following Ruisdael 's trip to Germany , his landscapes took on a more heroic character , with forms becoming larger and more prominent . A view of Bentheim Castle , dated 1653 , is just one of a dozen of Ruisdael 's depictions of a particular castle in Germany , almost all of which pronounce its position on a hilltop . Significantly , Ruisdael made numerous changes to the castle 's setting ( it is actually on an unimposing low hill ) culminating in a 1653 version which shows it on a wooded mountain . These variations are considered by art historians to be evidence of Ruisdael 's compositional skills . On his trip to Germany , Ruisdael encountered water mills which he turned into a principal subject for painting , the first artist to ever do so . Two Water Mills with an Open Sluice , dated 1653 , is a prime example . The ruins of Egmont Castle near Alkmaar were another favourite subject of Ruisdael 's and feature in The Jewish Cemetery , of which he painted two versions . With these , Ruisdael pits the natural world against the built environment , which has been overrun by the trees and shrubs surrounding the cemetery . Ruisdael 's first Scandinavian views contain big firs , rugged mountains , large boulders and rushing torrents . Though convincingly realistic , they are based on previous art works , rather than on direct experience . There is no record that Ruisdael made any trip to Scandinavia , although fellow Haarlem painter van Everdingen had travelled there in 1644 and had popularised the subgenre . Ruisdael 's work soon outstripped van Everdingen 's finest efforts . In total Ruisdael produced more than 150 Scandinavian views featuring waterfalls , of which Waterfall in a Mountainous Landscape with a Ruined Castle , c . 1665 – 1670 , is seen as his greatest by Slive . In this period Ruisdael started painting coastal scenes and sea @-@ pieces , influenced by Simon de Vlieger and Jan Porcellis . Among the most dramatic is Rough Sea at a Jetty , with a restricted palette of only black , white , blue and a few brown earth colours . However , forest scenes remain a subject of choice , such as the Hermitage 's most famous Ruisdael , A Wooded Marsh , dated c . 1665 , which depicts a primeval scene with broken birches and oaks , and branches reaching for the sky amidst an overgrown pond . = = = Later years = = = During Ruisdael 's last period he began to depict mountain scenes , such as Mountainous and Wooded Landscape with a River , dateable to the late 1670s . This portrays a rugged range with the highest peak in the clouds . Ruisdael 's subjects became unusually varied . The art historian Wolfgang Stechow identified thirteen themes within the Dutch Golden Age landscape genre , and Ruisdael 's work encompasses all but two of them , excelling at most : forests , rivers , dunes and country roads , panoramas , imaginary landscapes , Scandinavian waterfalls , marines , beachscapes , winter scenes , town views , and nocturnes . Only the Italianate and foreign landscapes other than Scandinavian are absent from his oeuvre . Slive finds it appropriate that a windmill is the subject of one of Ruisdael 's most famous works . Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede , dated 1670 , shows Wijk bij Duurstede , a riverside town about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from Utrecht , with a dominant cylindrical windmill . In this composition , Ruisdael united typical Dutch elements of low @-@ lying land , water and expansive sky , so that they converge on the equally characteristic Dutch windmill . The painting 's enduring popularity is evidenced by card sales in the Rijksmuseum , with the Windmill ranking third after Rembrandt 's Night Watch and Vermeer 's View of Delft . Windmills featured throughout Ruisdael 's entire career . Various panoramic views of the Haarlem skyline and its bleaching grounds appear during this stage , a specific genre called Haerlempjes , with the clouds creating various gradations of alternating bands of light and shadow towards the horizon . The paintings are often dominated by Saint Bavo 's Church , in which Ruisdael would one day be buried . While Amsterdam does feature in his work , it does so relatively rarely given that Ruisdael lived there for over 25 years . It does feature in his only known architectural subject , a drawing of the interior of the Old Church , as well as in views of the Dam , and the Panoramic view of the Amstel looking toward Amsterdam , one of Ruisdael 's last paintings . Figures are introduced sparingly into Ruisdael 's compositions , and are by this period rarely from his own hand but executed by various artists , including his pupil Meindert Hobbema , Nicolaes Berchem , Adriaen van de Velde , Philips Wouwerman , Jan Vonck , Thomas de Keyser , Gerard van Battum and Jan Lingelbach . = = = Attributions = = = In his 2001 catalogue raisonné , Slive attributes 694 paintings to Ruisdael and lists another 163 paintings with dubious or , he believes , incorrect attribution . There are three main reasons why there is uncertainty over whose hand painted various Ruisdael @-@ style landscapes . Firstly , four members of the Ruysdael family were landscapists with similar signatures , some of which were later fraudulently altered into Jacob 's . This is further complicated by the fact that Ruisdael used variations of his signature . This typically reads " JvRuisdael " or the monogram " JVR " , sometimes using a small italic ' s ' and sometimes a Gothic long ' s ' , such as on Landscape with Waterfall . Secondly , many 17th century landscape paintings are unsigned and could be from pupils or copyists . Finally , fraudsters imitated Ruisdaels for financial gain , with the earliest case reported by Houbraken in 1718 : a certain Jan Griffier the Elder could imitate Ruisdael 's style so well that he often sold them for real Ruisdaels , especially with figurines added in the style of the artist Wouwerman . There is no large @-@ scale systematic approach to ascertaining Ruisdael 's attributions , unlike the forensic science used to find the correct attributions of Rembrandt 's paintings through the Rembrandt Research Project . = = = Legacy = = = Ruisdael has shaped landscape painting traditions from the English Romantics to the Barbizon school in France , and the Hudson River School in the US , as well as generations of Dutch landscape artists . Among the English artists influenced by Ruisdael are Thomas Gainsborough , J. M. W. Turner , and John Constable . Gainsborough drew , in black chalk and grey wash , a replica of a Ruisdael in the 1740s — now both paintings are housed in the Louvre in Paris . Turner made many copies of Ruisdaels and even painted fantasy views of a nonexistent port he called Port Ruysdael . Constable also copied various drawings , etchings and paintings by Ruisdael , and was a great admirer from a young age . " It haunts my mind and clings to my heart " , he wrote after seeing a Ruisdael . However , he thought Jewish Cemetery was a failure , because he considered that it attempted to convey something outside the reach of art . In the 19th century , Vincent van Gogh acknowledged Ruisdael as a major influence , calling him sublime , but at the same time saying it would be a mistake to try to copy him . Van Gogh had two Ruisdael prints , The Bush and a Haerlempje , on his wall , and thought the Ruisdaels in the Louvre were " magnificent , especially The Bush , The Breakwater and The Ray of Light " . His experience of the French countryside was informed by his memory of Ruisdael 's art . Van Gogh 's contemporary Claude Monet is also said to be indebted to Ruisdael . Even Piet Mondriaan 's minimalism has been traced back to Ruisdael 's panoramas . Among art historians and critics , Ruisdael 's reputation has had its ups and	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
one turned to the west , and fueled by warm water temperatures , it quickly intensified . On November 7 , the storm developed an eye in the center and began to rapidly intensify into a mature cyclone . By the next day , the India Meteorological Department estimated peak 3 minute sustained winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) , and the American @-@ based Joint Typhoon Warning Center estimated 1 minute winds of 205 km / h ( 125 mph ) . Shortly thereafter , the cyclone brushed the northern coast of Socotra . The storm steadily weakened thereafter , especially after it skirted the northern Somalia coast . After entering the Gulf of Aden , Megh turned to the west @-@ northwest and struck southwestern Yemen on 10 November as a deep depression , dissipating shortly thereafter . When Megh passed near Socotra , residents were just beginning to return after the previous cyclone , and many had to evacuate again . Additional heavy rainfall and high winds lashed the island , which destroyed 500 homes and damaged another 3 @,@ 000 . The consecutive storms damaged 785 fishing boats , left 80 % of the roads impassible , and caused an island @-@ wide power outage . Megh killed 18 people on Socotra and injured another 60 . The heavy damage on the island prompted nearby countries and international organizations to deliver relief goods and medical teams . Later , Megh brought torrential rainfall and high waves to northern Somalia , killing livestock and damaging schools . The storm 's final landfall in Yemen marked little rainfall or effects . = = Meteorological history = = On November 3 , an area of scattered convection persisted about 860 km ( 535 mi ) southwest of Mumbai , India , in the central Arabian Sea . The thunderstorms were associated with a weak and broad circulation , located in an area of low wind shear and warm water temperatures over 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) , both favorable conditions . At the time , the system was located east of Cyclone Chapala , which had recently struck Yemen . On November 4 , a distinct low pressure area developed in association with a mid- to upper @-@ level low , while the region was in an active Madden Julian Oscillation phase favorable for storm development . The circulation became better defined as outflow increased , amplified by an anticyclone over the system . Based on the organization , the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) classified the low as a depression at 00 : 00 UTC on November 5 . About six hours later , the IMD upgraded the system to a deep depression , and at 12 : 00 UTC that day the agency upgraded it to a cyclonic storm , naming it Megh . Earlier that day , the American @-@ based Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) initiated advisories on the storm as Tropical Cyclone 05A while the storm was about 1 @,@ 120 km ( 700 mi ) east of Socotra island offshore Yemen . Upon forming , Megh was moving to the west @-@ southwest due to a ridge to the north . While Megh was in its formative stages , it developed broken rainbands that swirled into the circulation center , which was located beneath the blossoming convection . On November 6 , dry air began to become entrained into the circulation , although the unfavorable conditions did not disrupt the center . Instead , the convection became better organized , developing into a central dense overcast , as well as the beginnings of an eye feature . As the storm continued to develop , the radius of maximum winds shrank , resulting in a smaller storm than the previous Cyclone Chapala . At 12 : 00 UTC on November 7 , the JTWC upgraded Megh to the equivalent of a hurricane after a small defined eye became evident . The storm began rapid deepening that day due to the continued low shear and warm water temperatures , and the convection became more symmetric and circular . Such intensification was not anticipated by tropical cyclone forecast models , which emphasized that the external conditions , such as dry air from the west , would be unfavorable . At 06 : 00 UTC on November 7 , the IMD upgraded Megh to a severe cyclonic storm , and just nine hours later upgraded it to a very severe cyclonic storm – the equivalent to hurricane intensity with 3 minute winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . Cyclone Megh continued to rapidly intensify while approaching the island of Socotra . It developed a small eye just 7 @.@ 4 km ( 4 @.@ 6 mi ) in diameter by early on November 8 , along with a convective core just 280 km ( 175 mi ) in diameter . At 03 : 00 UTC that day , the IMD upgraded the system to an extremely severe cyclonic storm , and three hours later estimated peak 3 minute winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) . At the same time , the JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of 205 km / h ( 125 mph ) . Since accurate record keeping began in the basin in 1990 , this marked the first time in the Arabian Sea that there were two cyclones in one season with 1 minute winds of at least 185 km / h ( 115 km / h ) . Between 06 : 00 – 12 : 00 UTC on November 8 , the eye of Megh crossed the northern coast of Socotra , with the resulting land interaction causing the eyewall to disappear and for the winds to diminish . After exiting the island , the cyclone began weakening further due to cooler water temperatures and drier air from the Arabian Peninsula to the northwest . Early on November 9 , the center of Megh passed 57 km ( 36 mi ) north of Cape Guardafui , and further land interaction with Somalia to the south increasingly degraded the storm 's structure . At 00 : 00 UTC that day , Megh weakened into a very severe cyclonic storm . After passing just north of Somalia , Megh progressed westward into the Gulf of Aden , the waterway between Somalia and the Arabian Peninsula . This marked the first time on record when two storms entered the body of water in the same year . By 12 : 00 UTC on November 9 , the center was beginning to become exposed from the convection due to the unfavorable conditions . Throughout the day , the structure rapidly deteriorated as the storm curved to the west @-@ northwest . At 21 : 00 UTC on November 9 , Megh weakened further into a severe cyclonic storm , and degraded further to a cyclonic storm by six hours later . While just offshore Yemen , the circulation slowed and turned to the northeast , after the ridge to the north receded eastward . At 06 : 00 UTC on November 10 the storm weakened to a deep depression , and three hours later Megh made landfall in southwestern Yemen northeast of Zinjibar , with estimated winds of 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) . The structure eroded significantly over land , prompting the JTWC to discontinue advisories . The circulation continued inland , and Megh degenerated into a low pressure area by 18 : 00 UTC on November 10 . = = Preparations and impact = = Occurring just days after Cyclone Chapala bypassed the island , Cyclone Megh struck Socotra , bringing further winds , rainfall , and flash flooding . Residents who returned home after Chapala had to evacuate again due to Megh , and 800 people on the nearby island of Abd al Kuri evacuated to Hadhramaut Governorate on the Yemeni mainland . Some relief goods delivered after Chapala were damaged during Megh . The cyclone wrecked about 500 homes and damaged 3 @,@ 000 others , which displaced about 18 @,@ 000 people to schools and mosques . The storm disrupted entire villages – tainting water wells and affecting communication towers – while also damaging the main hospital and power station . This resulted in fuel shortages and an island wide power outage . The combination of high winds and rainfall caused the island 's main port to close , with 785 fishing boats and 1 @,@ 130 fishing nets damaged by Chapala and Megh . About 80 % of the roads on Socotra were left impassible . The storm also killed many livestock and downed thousands of palm trees . Two people died on Socotra when their homes collapsed . Overall , the storm killed 18 people on the island and injured 60 others . After the storm , communication disruptions on Socotra made it difficult for relief workers to determine the needs of the affected residents . Due to the main port being damaged , residents built a makeshift pathway to assist relief distribution from a ship carrying 700 tons of supplies from the United Arab Emirates . Relief distribution was also disrupted by the heavy damage to Socotra 's infrastructure , including damaged roads and minimal power or fuel supply . After the storm , displaced residents stayed in public buildings or outside damaged houses . Due to the collective impacts of Chapala and Megh , various Persian Gulf countries sent 43 planes with supplies to the island by 19 November . The United Arab Emirates sent a ship and a plane , carrying 500 tons of food , 10 tons of blankets and tents , and 1 @,@ 200 barrels of food . The local Red Cross gave cooked meals and tarps to the island 's residents . The International Organization for Migration provided 2 @,@ 000 shelter kits as well as a medical team to Socotra . While brushing the northern tip of Somalia , Megh dropped heavy rainfall to coastal regions of the nation , particularly in the Puntland region . There , stations recorded more than 300 % of the average annual rainfall . Eyl reported 160 mm ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) of rainfall over 24 hours . Megh also lashed the coast with strong waves , and the combination with rainfall damaged several boats . The rains led to flash flooding that blocked roads . Megh damaged schools , police stations , and the main hospital in Alula District . The passage of Megh also resulted in the loss of livestock in the region , and many fruit and palm trees were knocked down . After the passages of earlier Cyclone Chapala and Megh , the local Red Cross chapter distributed blankets , sleeping mats , and mattresses to the affected families . By the time Megh made landfall on the Yemen mainland , it had weakened enough to not produce any strong winds or heavy rainfall . = Shishman of Vidin = Shishman , Despot of Vidin ( Bulgarian : Шишман ; fl . 1270s / 1280s — before 1308 / 1313 ) was a Bulgarian noble ( boyar ) who ruled a semi @-@ independent realm based out of the Danubian fortress of Vidin in the late 13th and early 14th century . Shishman , who was bestowed the title of " despot " by Bulgarian emperor George Terter I , was a Cuman , and may have been established as lord of Vidin as early as the 1270s . In 1291 , he came under Tatar suzerainty and in 1292 he was in charge of an unsuccessful campaign against neighbouring Serbia . Even though the Serbs captured Vidin in their counter @-@ offensive , perhaps thanks to Tatar influence Shishman was placed once more as the ruler of the region , this time as a Serbian vassal . However , he continued to rule his lands largely independently . As his son and successor as despot of Vidin Michael Shishman acceded to the Bulgarian throne in 1323 , Shishman was the progenitor of the last medieval Bulgarian royal dynasty , the Shishman dynasty . = = Bulgarian despot and Tatar suzerainty = = Shishman 's early life and rise through the ranks of the Bulgarian nobility are poorly documented . However , he is considered to have been a descendant of the wave of Cumans that settled in Bulgaria after 1241 , when ethnic conflicts with the Hungarians caused them to leave the Kingdom of Hungary . It has been accepted in Bulgarian historiography that Shishman 's first wife was an unnamed daughter of Anna – Theodora and sebastokrator Peter and thus a granddaughter of Emperor Ivan Asen II ( r . 1218 – 1241 ) of the Asen dynasty . In contemporary sources , Shishman is variously described as a prince ( knyaz ) , king or even emperor ( tsar ) of Bulgaria , though his only official title was that of " despot " . According to historian John V. A. Fine , Shishman may have established his authority over the Vidin region as early as the 1270s , after the death of the previous lord of that area , Jacob Svetoslav . He was perhaps elevated to the position of despot of Vidin soon after the accession of another Bulgarian noble of Cuman origin , George Terter I ( r . 1280 – 1292 ) , to the Bulgarian throne in 1280 . Shishman was likely a close relative , perhaps even a brother , of George Terter I. Shishman 's domain comprised " much of the Bulgarian land " as well as " adjacent countries " , as reported by the account of Serbian archbishop Danilo.Indeed , his lands constituted the largest autonomous region of Bulgaria at the time . Bulgarian historian Yordan Andreev estimates the lands ruled by Shishman to have extended from the Iron Gates gorge of the Danube in the west to the towns of Lom and Vratsa in the east . Shishman also controlled territories north of the Danube , in western Wallachia ( Oltenia ) , as chroniclers describe the Danube River as running through the middle of his lands . In 1285 , increasing Tatar pressure from the northeast had forced the Second Bulgarian Empire to come under the political dependence of Nogai Khan , the ruler of the Golden Horde . At the time Shishman 's realm centred at Vidin was largely independent from the Bulgarian tsars in Tarnovo , though he retained a degree of loyalty to Bulgaria and maintained friendly relations with Serbia . However , in 1291 Shishman too was forced to acknowledge the suzerainty of Nogai in order to counter the increasing Serbian pressure from the west . In the same year , the joint forces of Hungarian vassal Stephen Dragutin and Serbian king Stephen Milutin ( r . 1280 – 1321 ) had managed to oust two Cuman – Bulgarian nobles and allies of Shishman , Darman and Kudelin , who were in control of the Braničevo region . = = Anti @-@ Serbian campaign and Serbian vassalage = = Encouraged by Nogai , in 1292 Shishman launched a major campaign against Milutin , his Serbian neighbour to the west . Thanks to the support of Tatar mercenaries , Shishman 's forces raided deeply into Serbian territory and reached Hvosno in Kosovo . After attempting to conquer the fortress of Ždrelo near Peć to no avail and burning the Žiča monastery , Shishman 's troops returned to Vidin without any territorial gains . Milutin 's response to Shishman 's act of aggression was much more successful . His counter @-@ attack resulted in Serbian forces reaching Vidin and capturing Shishman 's capital after a brief siege . The despot , however , managed to escape north of the Danube to the safety of his Tatar suzerains . Instead of annexing Shishman 's lands , Milutin reinstalled Shishman as the despot of Vidin and concluded an alliance with him . To confirm the alliance , Shishman married the daughter of Serbian Grand Prince Dragoš . The future marriage of Shishman 's son and future Bulgarian emperor Michael Shishman ( r . 1323 – 1330 ) to Milutin 's daughter Anna Neda was also arranged at the time with the intention of further sealing the union . It is quite apparent that Shishman 's unlikely reinstallment in Vidin and alliance with Serbia were dictated by Nogai , as at the same time Serbia also came under Tatar dependence . Milutin was even forced to send his son Stephen Dečanski into captivity in order to prevent a Tatar attack . Although Shishman 's realm was nominally a Serbian client state for an unknown time , he retained his prior semi @-@ independence and he was completely in charge of his lands . He maintained good relations with Bulgaria and , according to Andreev , his political activity was mainly concentrated in dealing with Bulgaria . He also retained his close ties with Nogai and his descendants . In 1301 – 1302 , Shishman provided political refuge to several of Nogai 's relatives , including his grandson Qara @-@ Kesek , who fled to Vidin along with a 3 @,@ 000 @-@ strong cavalry and remained there until after 1325 . These Tatar nobles were fleeing from the persecution of the new khan , Toqta , who had defeated and murdered Nogai in 1299 – 1300 . Contrary to Andreev 's opinion , Fine believes that the death of Nogai increased Serbia 's influence over Vidin . Shishman died in the early 14th century but before 1308 or 1313 . He was succeeded as ruler of Vidin by his son Michael , who in 1323 was elected to the Bulgarian throne due to the childless death of Emperor George Terter II ( r . 1321 – 1322 ) . Besides Michael , Shishman 's other progeny included Belaur , another despot of Vidin , and Keratsa Petritsa , the mother of Bulgarian emperor Ivan Alexander ( r . 1331 – 1371 ) . Bulgarian historian Ivan Bozhilov classifies all of Shishman 's known children as descendants of the Asen dynasty , thus indicating that they were born to his first wife , the daughter of Anna – Theodora . The descendants of Shishman of Vidin , known collectively as the Shishman dynasty , ruled the Second Bulgarian Empire from 1323 until it was ultimately subjugated by the Ottomans at the turn of the 15th century . = Sea = A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land . More broadly , " the sea " is the interconnected system of Earth 's salty , oceanic waters — considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions . The sea moderates Earth 's climate and has important roles in the water cycle , carbon cycle , and nitrogen cycle . Although the sea has been travelled and explored since prehistory , the modern scientific study of the sea — oceanography — dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s . The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections — including the IHO 's four named oceans ( the Atlantic , Pacific , Indian , and Arctic ) and the Southern Ocean ; smaller , second @-@ order sections , such as the Mediterranean , are known as seas . Owing to the present state of continental drift , the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea ( a ratio of about 2 : 3 ) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic ( 1 : 4 @.@ 7 ) . Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3 @.@ 5 % by mass , although this can vary in more landlocked waters , near the mouths of large rivers , or at great depths . About 85 % of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride . Deep @-@ sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature . Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides , the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun . The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth ( the Coriolis effect ) . Former changes in the sea levels have left continental shelves , shallow areas in the sea close to land . These nutrient @-@ rich waters teem with life , which provide humans with substantial supplies of food — mainly fish , but also shellfish , mammals , and seaweed — which are both harvested in the wild and farmed . The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs . Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales ' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting . Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters : even under enormous depths and pressures , nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem . Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth 's atmosphere ; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea . The sea is an essential aspect of human trade , travel , mineral extraction , and power generation . This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults ; powerful tsunami waves ; and hurricanes , typhoons , and cyclones produced in the tropics . This importance and duality has affected human culture , from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange , from Viking funerals to Basho 's haikus to hyperrealist marine art , and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's " The Sea and Sinbad 's Ship " to A @-@ mei 's " Listen to the Sea " . It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming , diving , surfing , and sailing . However , population growth , industrialization , and intensive farming have all contributed to present @-@ day marine pollution . Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts , lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification . The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem . = = Definition = = Both senses of sea date to Old English ; the larger sense has required a definite article since Early Middle English . As the term has been applied over time , there are no sharp distinctions between seas and oceans , although seas are smaller and are — with the notable exception of the Sargasso Sea created by the North Atlantic Gyre — usually bounded by land on a smaller scale than multiple continents . Seas are generally larger than lakes and contain salt water , but the Sea of Galilee is a freshwater lake . There is no accepted technical definition of " sea " among oceanographers . In international law , the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea states that all the ocean is " the sea " . = = Physical science = = Earth is the only known planet with seas of liquid water on its surface , although Mars possesses ice caps and similar planets in other solar systems may have oceans . It is still unclear where Earth 's water came from , but , seen from space , our planet appears as a " blue marble " of its various forms : oceans , ice caps , clouds . Earth 's 1 @,@ 335 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cubic kilometers ( 320 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cu mi ) of sea contain about 97 @.@ 2 percent of its known water and cover more than 70 percent of its surface . Another 2 @.@ 15 % of Earth 's water is frozen , found in the sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean , the ice cap covering Antarctica and its adjacent seas , and various glaciers and surface deposits around the world . The remainder ( about 0 @.@ 65 % of the whole ) form underground reservoirs or various stages of the water cycle , containing the freshwater encountered and used by most terrestrial life : vapor in the air , the clouds it slowly forms , the rain falling from them , and the lakes and rivers spontaneously formed as its waters flow again and again to the sea . The sea 's dominance of the planet is such that the British author Arthur C. Clarke once noted that " Earth " would have been better named " Ocean " . The scientific study of water and Earth 's water cycle is hydrology ; hydrodynamics studies the physics of water in motion . The more recent study of the sea in particular is oceanography . This began as the study of the shape of the ocean 's currents but has since expanded into a large and multidisciplinary field : it examines the properties of seawater ; studies waves , tides , and currents ; charts coastlines and maps the seabeds ; and studies marine life . The subfield dealing with the sea 's motion , its forces , and the forces acting upon it is known as physical oceanography . Marine biology ( biological oceanography ) studies the plants , animals , and other organisms inhabiting marine ecosystems . Both are informed by chemical oceanography , which studies the behavior of elements and molecules within the oceans : particularly , at the moment , the ocean 's role in the carbon cycle and carbon dioxide 's role in the increasing acidification of seawater . Marine and maritime geography charts the shape and shaping of the sea , while marine geology ( geological oceanography ) has provided evidence of continental drift and the composition and structure of the Earth , clarified the process of sedimentation , and assisted the study of volcanism and earthquakes . = = = Seawater = = = Seawater is invariably salty and , although its degree of saltiness ( salinity ) can vary , about 90 % of the water in the ocean has 34 – 35 g ( 1 @.@ 2 oz . ) of dissolved solids per liter , producing a salinity between 3 @.@ 4 and 3 @.@ 5 % . To easily describe small differences , however , oceanographers usually express salinity as a millage ( ‰ ) or part per thousand ( ppt ) instead of using percents . The surface salinity of waters in the Northern Hemisphere are generally closer to the 34 ‰ mark , while those in the South are closer to 35 ‰ . The solutes in ocean water come both from inflowing river water and from the ocean floor . The relative composition of the solutes is stable throughout the world 's oceans : sodium ( Na ) and chloride ( Cl ) make up about 85 % . Other solutes include metal ions such as magnesium ( Mg ) and calcium ( Ca ) and negative ions such as sulfate ( SO ₄ ) , carbonate ( CO ₃ ) , and bromides . In the absence of other pollution , seawater would not be harmful to drink except that it is much too saline ; similarly , it cannot be used for irrigating most plants without being desalinated . For scientific and technical purposes , a standardized form of artificial seawater is often used . Variations in salinity are caused by many factors : currents flowing between the seas ; incoming freshwater from rivers and glaciers ; precipitation ; the formation and melting of sea ice ; and evaporation , which is in turn affected by temperature , winds , and waves . For example , the upper level of the Baltic Sea has a very low salinity ( 10 to 15 ‰ ) because the low temperatures of the surrounding climate produce minimal evaporation ; it has many inflowing rivers ; and its small connection to the North Sea tends to create a cold , dense under @-@ layer that hardly mixes with the surface waters . By contrast , the Red Sea lies between the Sahara and Arabian Deserts ; it has high evaporation but little precipitation ; it has few ( and mostly seasonal ) inflowing rivers ; and its connection to other seas — the Suez Canal in the north and the Bab @-@ el @-@ Mandeb in the south — are both very narrow . Its salinity averages 40 ‰ . The Mediterranean is a little lower , at 37 ‰ , while some landlocked lakes are much higher : The Dead Sea has 300 grams ( 11 oz ) of dissolved solids per liter ( 300 ‰ ) . Sea temperature chiefly depends on the amount of solar radiation it absorbs . In the tropics where sunlight falls more directly , the temperature of the surface layers can rise to over 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) ; near the poles , the temperature is in equilibrium with the sea ice at its freezing point . Its salinity makes this lower than freshwater 's , usually about − 1 @.@ 8 ° C ( 28 @.@ 8 ° F ) . These temperature differences contribute to the continuous circulation of water through the sea . Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics ; as the water becomes denser , it sinks . The cold water in the deep sea moves back towards the equator before welling up again to the surface . Deep seawater has a temperature between − 2 and 5 ° C ( 28 and 41 ° F ) in all parts of the globe . In freezing seas , ice crystals begin to form on the surface . These break into small pieces and coalesce into flat discs that form a thick suspension known as frazil . In calm conditions , frazil will freeze into a thin , flat sheet called nilas , which thickens as new ice forms in the sea beneath it . In turbulent waters , frazil instead join together into larger flat discs known as " pancakes " . These slide over and under one another to form floes . During these processes , salt water and air are trapped amid the ice . Nilas forms with a salinity around 12 – 15 ‰ and is grayish in color but grows fresher over time : after a year , it is bluish and closer to 4 – 6 ‰ saline . The amount of light that penetrates the sea depends on the angle of the sun , the local weather , and the sea 's turbidity . Of the light that reaches the surface of the sea , much of it is reflected at the surface and its red wavelengths are absorbed in the top few meters . Yellow and green reach greater depths , and the longer blue and violet wavelengths may penetrate as deep as 1 @,@ 000 m ( 3 @,@ 300 ft ) . The amount of oxygen present in seawater depends primarily upon its temperature and the photosynthetic organisms living in it , particularly algae , phytoplankton , and plants such as seagrass . During the day , their photosynthetic activity produces oxygen , which dissolves into the seawater and is used by marine animals . The water 's oxygen saturation is lower during the night and much lower in the deep sea . Below a depth of about 200 m ( 660 ft ) , there is insufficient light for photosynthesis and consequently little dissolved oxygen . Below this , anaerobic bacteria break down falling organic material , producing hydrogen sulfide ( H ₂ S ) . It is projected that global warming will reduce oxygen both in surface and deep waters , due to oxygen 's decreased solubility as temperatures increase and increased oceanic stratification . = = = Waves = = = Ocean surface waves are oscillations caused by the friction from air moving across the surface of the water . This friction transfers energy and forms surface waves in the water perpendicular to the direction of the wind . The top of a wave is known as its crest and its foot as its trough ; the distance between two crests is the wavelength . These waves are mechanical : as they approach , the water molecules at a given point rise up and , as they pass , the water molecules go down , tracing a roughly circular path . The energy is passed across the surface and does not represent a horizontal motion of the water itself . The sea state of the ocean is determined by the size of these waves , which — on the open ocean — depends upon the wind speed and the fetch , the distance over which the wind blows upon the water . The smallest waves are called ripples . As strong and prolonged winds push against ripples ' raised crests , larger and more irregular waves form , which known as seas . These waves reach their maximum height when the rate at which they are traveling nearly matches the speed of the wind and , over time , they naturally separate into long , powerful waves with a common direction and wavelength . These swells are particularly common in the Roaring Forties of the Southern Hemisphere where the wind blows continuously . When the wind dies down , ripples easily disappear owing to water 's surface tension , but seas and swells are only slowly reduced by gravity and destructive interference from other waves . Constructive interference , however , can also cause individual rogue waves much higher than normal . Most waves are less than 3 m ( 10 ft ) high and it is not unusual for strong storms to double or triple that height ; offshore construction such as wind farms and oil platforms use these measurements in computing the hundred @-@ year wave they are designed against . Rogue waves , however , have been documented at heights above 25 meters ( 82 ft ) . As waves approach land and move into shallow water , they change their behavior . If approaching at an angle , waves may bend or wrap rocks and headlands . When the wave reaches a point where its deepest oscillating molecules contact the seabed , friction begins to slow the wave down . This pulls the crests closer together and increases the waves ' height . When the ratio of a wave 's height to its wavelength exceeds 1 : 7 , it " breaks " , toppling over in a mass of foaming water . This rushes in a sheet up the beach before retreating into the sea under the influence of gravity . = = = Tsunami = = = A tsunami is an unusual form of wave caused by a sudden and powerful event such as an underwater earthquake or landslide , a meteorite impact , a volcanic eruption , or a collapse of land into the sea . These events can temporarily lift or lower the surface of the sea in the affected area , usually by a few feet . The potential energy of the displaced seawater is turned into kinetic energy , creating a shallow wave radiating outwards at a velocity proportional to the square root of the depth of the water . Tsunamis , therefore , travel much faster in the open ocean than on a continental shelf . Despite traveling at speeds of over 600 mph ( 970 km / h ) , tsunamis in deep seas have wavelengths from 80 to 300 miles ( 130 to 480 km ) and an amplitude of less than three feet . Standard surface waves in the same region may only have wavelengths of a few hundred feet and speeds up to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) but , when compared to their possible amplitudes of up to 45 ft ( 14 m ) , tsunamis at this stage are often able to pass unnoticed . Tsunami warning systems rely on the fact that seismic waves caused by earthquakes travel around the world at around 14 @,@ 400 kilometers ( 8 @,@ 900 mi ) per hour , allowing threatened regions to be alerted to the possibility of a tsunami . Measurements from a network of sea @-@ level measuring stations make it possible to confirm or cancel a tsunami warning . A trigger event on the continental shelf may cause a local tsunami on the land side and a distant tsunami that travels out across the ocean . The energy of the wave is dissipated only gradually but is spread out over the wave front . As the wave radiates away from the source , the front gets longer and the average energy reduces , so distant shores will generally be hit by weaker waves . However , as the speed of the wave is controlled by the water depth , it does not travel at the same speed in all directions and this affects the direction of the wave front . This effect , known as refraction , can focus the strength of an advancing tsunami on some areas while weakening it in others , according to the undersea topography along its path . Just as with other waves , moving into shallow water causes the tsunami to slow but grow in height . Either the trough or the crest of the tsunami can arrive at the coast first . In the former case , the sea draws back and leaves subtidal areas unusually exposed . When the crest arrives , it does not usually break but rushes inland , flooding all in its path . Much of the disaster 's destruction can be produced by these flood waters , which drain back into the sea while pulling people and debris along . Several tsunamis can be caused by a single geological event . In such cases , it is common for the later waves to arrive between eight minutes and two hours after the first , which may not be the biggest or most destructive . Occasionally , in a shallow bay or estuary , a tsunami may transform into a bore . = = = Tides = = = Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by seas and oceans in response to the gravitational influences of the Moon and the Sun , and the effects of the Earth 's rotation . At any given place , the water rises over the course of the tidal cycle to a maximum height known as " high tide " before ebbing away again to a minimum " low tide " level . As the water recedes , it uncovers more and more of the foreshore or intertidal zone . The difference in height between the high tide and low tide is known as the tidal range or tidal amplitude . Tidal bores can occur at the mouths of rivers , where the force of the incoming tide pushes waves of seawater upstream against the current . At Hangzhou in China , the bore can reach 9 meters ( 30 ft ) high and travel up to 40 km ( 25 mi ) per hour . Most places experience two high tides each day , occurring at intervals of about 12 hours and 25 minutes , half the period that it takes for the Earth to make a complete revolution and return the Moon to its previous position relative to an observer . The Moon 's mass is some 27 million times smaller than the Sun , but it is 400 times closer to the Earth . Tidal force or tide @-@ raising force decreases rapidly with distance , so the moon has more than twice as great an effect on tides as the Sun . A bulge is formed in the ocean at the place where the Earth is closest to the Moon , because it is also where the effect of the Moon 's gravity is stronger . On the opposite side of the Earth , the lunar force is at its weakest and this causes another bulge to form . These bulges rotate around the Earth as the moon does . The Sun 's effect is less powerful but , when the Sun , Moon and Earth are all aligned at the full and new moons , the combined effect results in the high " spring tides " . In contrast , when the Sun is at 90 ° from the Moon as viewed from Earth , the combined gravitational effect on tides is correspondingly reduced , causing the lower " neap tides " . Tidal flows of seawater are resisted by the water 's inertia and can be affected by land masses . In places like the Gulf of Mexico where land constrains the movement of the bulges , only one set of tides may occur each day . Inshore from an island , there may be a complex daily cycle with four high tides . The island straits at Chalkis on Euboea experience strong currents which abruptly switch direction , generally four times per day but up to 12 times per day when the moon and the sun are 90 degrees apart . Where there is a funnel @-@ shaped bay or estuary , the tidal range can be magnified . The Bay of Fundy in Canada can experience spring tides of 15 m ( 49 ft ) . Although tides are regular and predictable , the height of high tides can be lowered by offshore winds and raised by onshore winds . The high pressure at the center of an anticyclones pushes down on the water and is associated with abnormally low tides while low @-@ pressure areas may cause extremely high tides . A storm surge can occur when high winds pile water up against the coast in a shallow area and this , coupled with a low pressure system , can raise the surface of the sea at high tide dramatically . In 1900 , Galveston , Texas , experienced a 15 ft ( 5 m ) surge during a hurricane that overwhelmed the city , killing over 3 @,@ 500 people and destroying 3 @,@ 636 homes . = = = Currents = = = Wind blowing over the surface of the sea causes friction at the interface between air and sea . Not only does this cause waves to form but it also makes the surface seawater move in the same direction as the wind . Although winds are variable , in any one place they predominantly blow from a single direction and thus a surface current can be formed . Westerly winds are most frequent in the mid @-@ latitudes while easterlies dominate the tropics . When water moves in this way , other water flows in to fill the gap and a circular movement of surface currents known as a gyre is formed . There are five main gyres in the world 's oceans : two in the Pacific , two in the Atlantic , and one in the Indian Ocean . The North Atlantic gyre that produces the Sargasso Sea accumulates salinity levels as high as 38 ‰ . Other smaller gyres are found in lesser seas and a single gyre flows around Antarctica . These gyres have followed the same routes for millennia , guided by the topography of the land , the wind direction , and the Coriolis effect . The surface currents flow in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . The water moving away from the equator is warm , while that flowing towards it has lost most of its heat . These currents tend to moderate the Earth 's climate , cooling the equatorial region , and warming regions at higher latitudes . Global climate and weather forecasts are powerfully affected by the world ocean , so global climate modelling makes use of ocean circulation models as well as models of other major components such as the atmosphere , land surfaces , aerosols , and sea ice . Ocean models make use of a branch of physics , geophysical fluid dynamics , that describes the large @-@ scale flow of fluids such as seawater . Surface currents only affect the top few hundred meters ( yards ) of the sea , but there are also large @-@ scale flows in the ocean depths caused by the movement of deep water masses . A main deep ocean current flows through all the world 's oceans and is known as the thermohaline circulation or global conveyor belt . This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature . At high latitudes , the water is chilled by the low atmospheric temperature and becomes saltier as sea ice crystallizes out . Both these factors make it denser and the water sinks . From the deep sea near Greenland , such water flows southwards between the continental landmasses on either side of the Atlantic . When it reaches the Antarctic , it is joined by further masses of cold , sinking water and flows eastwards . It then splits into two streams that move northwards into the Indian and Pacific Oceans . Here it is gradually warmed , becomes less dense , rises towards the surface , and loops back on itself . Some flows back into the Atlantic . It takes a thousand years for this circulation pattern to be completed . Besides gyres , there are temporary surface currents that occur under specific conditions . When waves meet a shore at an angle , a longshore current is created as water is pushed along parallel to the coastline . The water swirls up onto the beach at right angles to the approaching waves but drains away straight down the slope under the effect of gravity . The larger the breaking waves , the longer the beach , and the more oblique the wave 's approach , the stronger the longshore current is . These currents can shift great volumes of sand or pebbles , create spits , and make beaches disappear and water channels silt up . A rip current can occur when water piles up near the shore from advancing waves and is funnelled out to sea through a channel in the seabed . It may occur at a gap in a sandbar or near a man @-@ made structure such as a groyne . These strong currents can have a velocity of 1 m / s ( 3 @.@ 3 ft / s ) , can form at different places at different stages of the tide , and can carry away unwary swimmers . Temporary upwelling currents occur when the wind pushes water away from the land and deeper water rises to replace it . This cold water is often rich in nutrients and creates blooms of phytoplankton and a great increase in the productivity of the sea . = = = Basins = = = Bathymetry is the mapping and study of the topography of the ocean floor . Methods used for measuring the depth of the sea include single or multibeam echosounders , laser airborne depth sounders and the calculation of depths from satellite remote sensing data . This information is used for determining the routes of undersea cables and pipelines , for choosing suitable locations for siting oil rigs and offshore wind turbines and for identifying possible new fisheries . The Earth is composed of a magnetic central core , a mostly liquid mantle , and a hard rigid outer shell ( or lithosphere ) , which is composed of the Earth 's rocky crust and the deeper and mostly solid outer layer of the mantle . The crust below land is known as continental while that under the abyssal sea is called oceanic . The latter is composed of relatively dense basalt and is some five to ten kilometers ( three to six miles ) thick . The relatively thin lithosphere floats on the weaker and hotter mantle below and is fractured into a number of tectonic plates . In mid @-@ ocean , magma is constantly being thrust through the seabed between adjoining plates to form mid @-@ oceanic ridges and here convection currents within the mantle tend to drive the two plates apart . Parallel to these ridges and nearer the coasts , one oceanic plate may slide beneath another oceanic plate in a process known as subduction . Deep trenches are formed here and the process is accompanied by friction as the plates grind together . The movement proceeds in jerks which cause earthquakes . Heat is also produced and magma is forced up , creating underwater mountains , some of which grow into volcanic islands . Near some boundaries between the land and sea , the slightly denser oceanic plates slide beneath the continental plates and more subduction trenches are formed . As they grate together , the continental plates are deformed and buckle causing mountain building and seismic activity . The Earth 's deepest trench is the Mariana Trench which extends for about 2 @,@ 500 kilometers ( 1 @,@ 600 mi ) across the seabed . It is near the Mariana Islands , a volcanic archipelago in the West Pacific . Though it averages just 68 km ( 42 mi ) wide , its deepest point is 10 @.@ 994 kilometers ( nearly 7 miles ) below the surface of the sea . An even longer trench runs alongside the coast of Peru and Chile , reaching a depth of 8 @,@ 065 m ( 26 @,@ 460 ft ) and extending for approximately 5 @,@ 900 km ( 3 @,@ 700 mi ) . It occurs where the oceanic Nazca Plate slides under the continental South American Plate and is associated with the upthrust and volcanic activity of the Andes . = = = Coasts = = = The zone where land meets sea is known as the coast and the part between the lowest spring tides and the upper limit reached by splashing waves is the shore . A beach is the accumulation of sand or shingle on the shore . A headland is a point of land jutting out into the sea and a larger promontory is known as a cape . The indentation of a coastline — especially between two headlands — is a bay ; a small bay with a narrow inlet is a cove and a large bay or bay @-@ shaped sea may be referred to as a gulf . Coastlines are influenced by a number of factors including the strength of the waves arriving on the shore , the gradient of the land margin , the composition and hardness of the coastal rock , the inclination of the off @-@ shore slope , and the changes of the level of the land due to local uplift or submergence . Normally , waves roll towards the shore at the rate of six to eight per minute . These are known as constructive waves as they tend to move material up the beach and have little erosive effect . Storm waves arrive on shore in rapid succession and are known as destructive waves , as their swash moves beach material seawards . Under their influence , the sand and shingle on the beach is ground together and abraded . Around high tide , the power of a storm wave impacting on the foot of a cliff has a shattering effect as air in cracks and crevices is compressed and then expands rapidly with release of pressure . At the same time , sand and pebbles have an erosive effect as they are thrown against the rocks . Along with other weathering processes such as frost , this tends to undercut the cliff . Gradually , a wave @-@ cut platform develops at the foot of the cliff and this has a protective effect , reducing further wave @-@ erosion . Material worn from the margins of the land eventually ends up in the sea , where it is subject to attrition as currents flowing parallel to the coast scour out channels and transport material away from its place of origin . Sediment carried to the sea by rivers settles on the seabed causing deltas to form in estuaries . All these materials move back and forth under the influence of waves , tides , and currents . Dredging removes material and deepens channels but may have unexpected effects elsewhere on the coastline . Governments make efforts to prevent flooding through building breakwaters , seawalls , and other defenses against the sea . In Britain , the Thames Barrier protects London from storm surges , while the failure of the dykes and levees around New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina created a humanitarian crisis in the United States . Land reclamation in Hong Kong permitted the construction of Hong Kong International Airport through the leveling and expansion of two smaller islands . Following the adoption of the present UNCLOS , the coastline under international law is a state 's baseline , which is generally but not always equivalent to its low @-@ water line . = = = Sea level = = = Over most of geologic time , the sea level has been higher than it is today . The main factor affecting sea level over time is the result of changes in the oceanic crust , with a downward trend expected to continue in the very long term . At the last glacial maximum some 20 @,@ 000 years ago , the sea level was 120 meters ( 390 ft ) below its present @-@ day level . For at least the last 100 years , the sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1 @.@ 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 071 in ) per year . Most of this rise can be attributed to an increase in the temperature of the sea and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) of water . Additional contributions , as much as one quarter of the total , come from water sources on land , such as melting snow and glaciers and extraction of groundwater for irrigation and other agricultural and human needs . The rising trend from global warming is expected to continue until at least the end of the 21st century . = = = The water cycle = = = The sea plays a part in the water cycle , in which water evaporates from the ocean , travels through the atmosphere as vapor , condenses , falls ( usually as rain or snow ) again , and then largely returns to the sea . Even in the Atacama Desert , where little rain ever falls , dense clouds of fog known as the camanchaca blow in from the sea and support plant life . In large land masses , geologic features can block the access of some regions to the main sea . These endorheic basins , particularly in central Asia , sometimes build up permanent salt lakes as inflowing waters evaporate and their dissolved minerals accumulate over time . The largest of these is the Caspian Sea , although it is sometimes counted as a proper sea owing to its basin of ( now @-@ landlocked ) oceanic crust . Other notable examples include the Aral Sea in central Asia and the Great Salt Lake in the western United States . The waters of these basins still eventually return to the sea through evaporation , the flow of ground water , and ( over geologic time ) the opening up of the basins by continental drift . = = = The carbon cycle = = = Oceans contain the greatest quantity of actively @-@ cycled carbon in the world and are second only to the lithosphere in the amount of carbon they store . The oceans ' surface layer holds large amounts of dissolved organic carbon that is exchanged rapidly with the atmosphere . The deep layer 's concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon is about 15 percent higher than that of the surface layer and it remains there for much longer periods of time . Thermohaline circulation exchanges carbon between these two layers . Carbon enters the ocean as atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves into the surface layers and is converted into carbonic acid , carbonate , and bicarbonate : CO2 ( aq ) + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3 − + H + ⇌ CO32 − + 2 H + . The process liberates hydrogen ions ( H + ) , decreasing ocean pH and increasing its acidity . It can also enter as dissolved organic carbon through rivers and is converted by photosynthetic organisms into organic carbon . This can either be exchanged throughout the food chain or precipitated into the deeper , more carbon @-@ rich layers as dead soft tissue or in shells and bones as calcium carbonate . It circulates in this layer for long periods of time before either being deposited as sediment or being returned to surface waters through thermohaline circulation . = = = Acidification = = = Seawater is slightly alkaline and had a preindustrial pH of about 8 @.@ 2 . More recently , anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere ; about 30 – 40 % of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans , forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH ( now below 8 @.@ 1 ) through a process called ocean acidification . The pH is expected to reach 7 @.@ 7 ( representing a 3 @-@ fold increase in hydrogen ion concentration ) by the year 2100 , which is a significant change in a century . One important element for the formation of skeletal material in marine animals is calcium , but calcium carbonate becomes more soluble with pressure , so carbonate shells and skeletons dissolve below its compensation depth . Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH , so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells , such as oysters , clams , sea urchins , and corals , because their ability to form shells will be reduced , and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface . Affected planktonic organisms will include the snail @-@ like molluscs known as pteropods , and single @-@ celled algae called coccolithophorids and foraminifera . All of these are important parts of the food chain and a diminution in their numbers will have significant consequences . In tropical regions , corals are likely to be severely affected as it becomes more difficult to build their calcium carbonate skeletons , in turn adversely impacting other reef dwellers . The current rate of ocean chemistry change appears to be without precedent in Earth 's geological history , making it unclear how well marine ecosystems will be able to adapt to the shifting conditions of the near future . Of particular concern is the manner in which the combination of acidification with the expected additional stressors of higher temperatures and lower oxygen levels will impact the seas . = = Marine life = = The oceans are home to a diverse collection of life forms that use it as a habitat . Since sunlight illuminates only the upper layers , the major part of the ocean exists in permanent darkness . As the different depth and temperature zones each provide habitat for a unique set of species , the marine environment as a whole encompasses an immense diversity of life . Marine habitats range from surface water to the deepest oceanic trenches , including coral reefs , kelp forests , seagrass meadows , tidepools , muddy , sandy and rocky seabeds , and the open pelagic zone . The organisms living in the sea range from whales 30 meters ( 100 ft ) long to microscopic phytoplankton and zooplankton , fungi , bacteria and viruses , including recently discovered marine bacteriophages which live parasitically inside bacteria . Marine life plays an important part in the carbon cycle as photosynthetic organisms convert dissolved carbon dioxide into organic carbon and it is economically important to humans for providing fish for use as food . Life may have originated in the sea and all the major groups of animals are represented there . Scientists differ as to precisely where in the sea life arose : the Miller @-@ Urey experiments suggested a dilute chemical " soup " in open water , but more recent suggestions include volcanic hot springs , fine @-@ grained clay sediments , or deep @-@ sea " black smoker " vents , all of which would have provided protection from damaging ultraviolet radiation which was not blocked by the early earth 's atmosphere . = = = Habitats = = = Marine habitats can be divided horizontally into coastal and open ocean habitats . Coastal habitats extend from the shoreline to the edge of the continental shelf . Most marine life is found in coastal habitats , even though the shelf area occupies only 7 percent of the total ocean area . Open ocean habitats are found in the deep ocean beyond the edge of the continental shelf . Alternatively , marine habitats can be divided vertically into pelagic ( open water ) , demersal ( just above the seabed ) , and benthic ( sea bottom ) habitats . A third division is by latitude : from tropical to temperate to polar waters . Coral reefs , the so @-@ called " rainforests of the sea " , occupy less than 0 @.@ 1 percent of the world 's ocean surface , yet their ecosystems include 25 percent of all marine species . The best @-@ known are tropical coral reefs such as Australia 's Great Barrier Reef , but cold water reefs harbor a wide array of species including corals ( only six of which contribute to reef formation ) . = = = Algae and plants = = = Marine primary producers — plants and microscopic organisms in the plankton — are widespread and very diverse . Microscopic photosynthetic algae , phytoplankton , contribute a larger proportion of the world 's photosynthetic output than all the terrestrial forests combined . About 45 percent of the sea 's primary production of living material is contributed by diatoms . Much larger algae , commonly known as seaweeds , are important locally ; Sargassum forms floating drifts , while kelp form seabed forests . Flowering plants in the form of seagrasses grow in " meadows " in sandy shallows , mangroves line the coast in tropical and subtropical regions , and salt @-@ tolerant plants thrive in regularly inundated salt marshes . All of these habitats are able to sequester large quantities of carbon and support a biodiverse range of larger and smaller animal life . Light is only able to penetrate the top 200 m ( 660 ft ) so this is the only part of the sea where plants can grow . The surface layers are often deficient in biologically @-@ active nitrogen compounds . The marine nitrogen cycle consists of complex microbial transformations which include the fixation of nitrogen , its assimilation , nitrification , anammox , and denitrification . Some of these processes take place in deep water so that where there is an upwelling of cold waters or near estuaries where land @-@ sourced nutrients are present , plant growth is higher . This means that the most productive areas , rich in plankton and therefore also in fish , are mainly coastal . = = = Animals and other life = = = There is a broader spectrum of higher animal taxa in the sea than on land , many marine species have yet to be discovered , and the number known to science is expanding annually . Some vertebrates such as seabirds , seals , and sea turtles return to the land to breed but fish , cetaceans , and sea snakes have a completely aquatic lifestyle and many invertebrate phyla are entirely marine . In fact , the oceans teem with life and provide many varying microhabitats . One of these is the surface film which — despite being tossed about by the movement of waves — provides a rich environment and is home to bacteria , fungi , microalgae , protozoa , fish eggs , and various larvae . The pelagic zone contains macro- and microfauna and myriad zooplankton which drift with the currents . Most of the smallest organisms are the larvae of fish and marine invertebrates which liberate eggs in vast numbers because the chance of any one embryo surviving to maturity is so minute . The zooplankton feed on phytoplankton and on each other and form a basic part of the complex food chain that extends through variously @-@ sized fish and other nektonic organisms , which are in turn eaten by larger squids , sharks , porpoises , dolphins , and whales . Some marine creatures make large migrations , either to other regions of the ocean on a seasonal basis or up and down its vertical layers , often ascending to feed at night before descending to safety by day . Ships can introduce or spread invasive species through the discharge of ballast water or through the transport of organisms that have accumulated as part of the fouling community on the hulls of vessels . The demersal zone supports many animals that feed on benthic organisms or seek protection from predators . The seabed provides a range of habitats on or under the surface of the substrate which are used by creatures adapted to these conditions . The tidal zone with its periodic exposure to dehydrating air is home to barnacles , molluscs , and crustaceans . The neritic zone has many organisms that need light to flourish . Here , sponges , echinoderms , polychaete worms , sea anemones , and other invertebrates live among algal @-@ encrusted rocks . Corals often contain photosynthetic symbionts and live in shallow waters where light penetrates . The extensive calcareous skeletons they extrude build up into coral reefs which are an important feature of the seabed . These provide a diverse habitat for reef dwelling organisms . There is less sea life on the floor of deeper seas but marine life also flourishes around seamounts that rise from the depths , where fish and other animals congregate to spawn and feed . Close to the seabed live demersal fish that largely feed on pelagic organisms or benthic invertebrates . Exploration of the deep sea by submersibles revealed a new world of creatures living on the seabed that scientists had not previously expected . Some like the detritivores rely on organic material falling to the ocean floor . Others cluster round deep @-@ sea hydrothermal vents where mineral @-@ rich flows of water emerge , supporting communities whose primary producers are sulphide @-@ oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria and whose consumers include specialized bivalves , sea anemones , barnacles , crabs , worms , and fish . A dead whale sinking to the bottom of the ocean provides food for an assembly of organisms which similarly rely largely on the actions of sulphur @-@ reducing bacteria . Such places support unique biomes where many new microbes and other lifeforms have been discovered . = = Humans and the sea = = = = = Navigation and exploration = = = Humans have travelled the sea since prehistoric times , originally on rafts and in dugout , reed , and bark canoes . Most of the early human migrations occurred over land : even areas now separated by open sea such as the Americas , Japan , and Britain were accessible by land bridges or fast ice during the last ice age . However , the dwarf Flores man probably needed to cross a 19 @-@ kilometer ( 12 mi ) wide strait from Sundaland to reach Komodo and , although the exact details remain uncertain , the ancestors of Australia 's Aborigines must have crossed the broader deep @-@ sea Wallace Line to Near Oceania tens of thousands of years ago . Despite earlier theories , modern bathymetric soundings now suggest that even the earliest settlement of the Philippines required crossing deep water at the Mindoro Strait or the Sibutu Passage . The hunter @-@ gatherer Ortoiroid people began spreading through the Caribbean from Venezuela 's Orinoco valley by at least the 6th millennium BC . Around the same time , Mesopotamians were using bitumen to caulk their reed boats and , a little later , masted sails . Lothal in India boasted the earliest known dock around 2400 BC . By c . 2000 BC , Austronesians on Taiwan had begun spreading into maritime Southeast Asia . From 1300 to 900 BC , the Austronesian " Lapita " peoples displayed great feats of navigation , reaching out from the Bismarck Archipelago to as far away as Fiji , Tonga , and Samoa . Their descendants continued to travel thousands of miles between tiny islands on outrigger canoes : the Austronesians of the Sunda Islands settled Madagascar off southeast Africa before AD 500 and the Polynesians settled the Hawaiian islands before 800 , Easter Island before 1200 , and New Zealand shortly after . The Egyptian pharaoh Necho II initiated construction on a canal which eventually linked the Mediterranean and Red Seas around 600 BC . Herodotus records Egyptian claims that he also commissioned a 3 @-@ year @-@ long expedition which circumnavigated Africa from the Red Sea to the Nile delta . Around 500 BC , the Carthaginian navigator Hanno left a detailed periplus of an Atlantic journey that reached at least Senegal and possibly Mount Cameroon ; and the Greek Pytheas left another exploring the seas around Great Britain around 325 BC . The massive 3rd @-@ century BC Lighthouse of Alexandria was considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World . In the 2nd century , the Alexandrian Ptolemy mapped the known world , using the " Fortunate Isles " as his prime meridian and including details as distant as the Gulf of Thailand . A modified form was used by Columbus for his voyages . In the Mediaeval era , the Vikings used clinker @-@ built ships to colonize Iceland , Greenland , Canada , and Russia . A compass showing magnetic north is first attested — in the form of a " south @-@ pointing spoon " — in the 1st @-@ century Chinese Lunheng . The first evidence of its use in Chinese maritime navigation , however , dates to Zhu Yu 's c . 1115 Pingzhou Table Talks . Alexander of Neckham 's De naturis rerum , the first European mention of a magnetized needle , dates to 1190 and immediately notes its use among sailors . Latitude ( the ship 's position ranging from 0 ° at the equator to 90 ° north and south ) could be determined by inclinometers — including the astrolabe , sextant , and Jacob 's staff — measuring the angle between the horizon and heavenly bodies like the sun or moon . Accurately determining longitude ( the ship 's position east or west of some fixed point ) proved much harder . In the 15th century , West European mariners — beginning with Portugal — started making still longer voyages of exploration , using improvements on translated Islamic star charts and a variation on African fishing boats called the caravel . In 1473 , Lopes Gonçalves crossed the equator and disproved the Aristotelian notion that a ring of fire would bar exploration of the southern hemisphere . Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 ; in 1498 , Vasco da Gama reached Malindi , where a local pilot showed him how to follow the monsoon to India . In 1492 , relying on incorrect estimates of the circumference of the Earth , the Genovese Christopher Columbus sailed from Cadiz to the Canaries and thence into the open Atlantic in a Spanish attempt to reach the Orient . Instead , he made landfall on an island in the Caribbean Sea . The resulting Columbian Exchange introduced potatoes , corn , and chili peppers to the Old World while smallpox epidemics devastated the indigenous peoples of the Americas . This disruption and depopulation permitted rapid Spanish conquests and led to the widespread adoption of African slavery to man lucrative tobacco , sugar , indigo , and cotton plantations . In 1519 , Juan Sebastián Elcano completed Magellan 's Spanish expedition to sail around the world . These and other voyages permitted European maps to attain a previously impossible degree of accuracy . In 1538 , Gerardus Mercator devised a map projection conveniently making constant bearings ( rhumb lines ) straight . In the Arctic , in 1594 , the Dutch captain Willem Barentsz reached Svalbard and the Barents Sea while , in the south , Anthony de la Roché crossed the Antarctic Convergence in 1675 and three separate expeditions — one British , one American , and one Russian — all claimed to have discovered Antarctica in 1820 . Not all voyages of discovery originated in Western Europe . Although accurate charting of the coasts of Russia only began in the 18th century and the archipelago of Severnaya Zemlya was not discovered until 1910 , Novgorodians had been sailing the White Sea since at least the 13th century . Despite a long @-@ standing preference for autarky , China briefly opened up under the Song and Mongol Yuan dynasties . In the early 15th century , Zheng He 's fleet of treasure ships repeatedly sailed from Ming China with 37 @,@ 000 men aboard 317 ships , reaching as far as the African coast . Chinese exploration , however , was soon curtailed again and finally outlawed . The peoples of East Asia were introduced to the true shape of the other continents from the maps of Matteo Ricci . Meanwhile , the determination of longitude continued to involve approximations and guesswork : its true calculation required an accurate clock which permitted comparison between noon aboard ship and the exact time at a fixed point , such as the Royal Observatory at Greenwich . Great Britain 's Longitude prize was effectively awarded in 1773 to the self @-@ educated John Harrison for his sea watch of 1761 . James Cook used a copy of this on his second and third voyages , which studied the Pacific and inspired studies from Russia , France , the Netherlands , and the United States . The completion of a submarine telegraphic cable across the English Channel in 1850 and subsequent links of the All Red Line led to greater interest in the deep sea . Earlier ideas that no life could exist below 300 fathoms ( 550 meters or 1 @,@ 800 feet ) were disproved in 1860 when a Mediterranean line failed and was pulled up from depths four times lower , completely encrusted with marine life . Michael Sars 's discovery of " living fossils " deep in Norway 's fjords helped spur British efforts including HMS Challenger ’ s expedition during the 1870s that effectively created modern oceanography . From 1878 to 1880 , the SS Vega successfully completed the Northeast Passage and went on to circumnavigate Eurasia for the first time . During the mid @-@ 1890s , Fridtjof Nansen used a specially @-@ designed ship to drift through the northern pack ice , establishing that the Arctic was an open sea . In 1898 & 1899 , Carl Chun raised and studied many new life forms from over 4 @,@ 000 m ( 13 @,@ 000 ft ) below the surface of the South Atlantic . In the 20th century , the Gjøa was the first vessel to accomplish the Northwest Passage in 1906 . From 1921 , the International Hydrographic Organization in Monaco has standardized surveying and charting of the sea and , from 1924 , the Discovery Investigations studied whales and mapped the seas around Antarctica . The spherical Bathysphere was able to descend to 434 meters ( 1 @,@ 424 ft ) in 1930 on a cable and , in the 1940s , Jacques Cousteau helped develop the first successful scuba gear and popularize underwater diving . The Cold War and oil exploration funded further deep sea research : by 1960 , the self @-@ powered Trieste could take her crew 10 @,@ 915 m ( 35 @,@ 810 ft ) into the Mariana Trench and a US Navy diver in an atmospheric diving suit reached 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) below sea level in 2006 . Today , the American Global Positioning System ( GPS ) enables accurate navigation worldwide using over thirty satellites and message timing so exact as to involve general relativity . Ongoing oceanographic research includes marine lifeforms , conservation , the marine environment , the chemistry of the ocean , the studying and modelling of climate dynamics , the air @-@ sea boundary , weather patterns , ocean resources , renewable energy , waves and currents , and the design and development of new tools and technologies for investigating the deep . Researchers make use of satellite @-@ based remote sensing for surface waters , with research ships , moored observatories and autonomous underwater vehicles to study and monitor all parts of the sea . = = = Trade = = = Water @-@ borne trade has been practiced since at least the dawn of civilization , when Sumeria was connected to Harappan India . Around 2000 BC , the Minoans of Crete established the earliest thalassocracy , a maritime empire heavily dependent upon its trade and naval power . The city @-@ states of the Phoenicians and Greeks then replaced them in the centuries after 1200 BC , ultimately establishing far @-@ flung colonial empires which spread from the Sea of Azov to the Atlantic coast of Morocco . Under the Romans , commerce continued to thrive . In the first centuries BC , steppe nomads ' interruption of India 's access to Siberian gold caused them to open up maritime routes to Malaysia and Indonesia , exposing them first to Hindu and then Muslim traders . With the collapse of the Roman Empire , European trade dwindled but it continued to flourish elsewhere . The Tamil Chola dynasty thrived on trade between Tang China , the Javanese Srivijaya Empire , and the Abbasid Caliphate in the west . Following further conquests , Arabians came to dominate maritime trade in the Indian Ocean , spreading Islam along the East African coast and , eventually , Southeast Asia . A major effect of the Age of Discovery was the unification of the world 's regional trade networks into a single world market , largely run by and for the European monarchs and the merchants of Amsterdam , London , and other Atlantic ports . From the 16th to the 19th centuries , about 13 million people were shipped across the Atlantic to be sold as slaves in the Americas . The Hales Trophy was an award for the fastest commercial crossing of the Atlantic and was won by the SS United States in 1952 for a crossing that took three days , ten hours , and forty minutes . Nowadays , large quantities of goods are transported by sea , especially across the Atlantic and around the Pacific Rim . A major trade route passes through the Pillars of Hercules , across the Mediterranean and the Suez Canal to the Indian Ocean and through the Straits of Malacca ; much trade also passes through the English Channel . Shipping lanes are the routes on the open sea used by cargo vessels , traditionally making use of trade winds and currents . Over 60 percent of the world 's container traffic is conveyed on the top twenty trade routes . Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summer , avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal . Shipping is supplemented by air freight , a more expensive process mostly used for particularly valuable or perishable cargoes . Seaborne trade carries more than US $ 4 trillion worth of goods each year . There are two main kinds of freight , bulk cargo and break bulk or general cargo , most of which is now transported in containers . Commodities in the form of liquids , powder or particles are carried loose in the holds of bulk carriers and include oil , grain , coal , ore , scrap metal , sand and gravel . Break bulk cargo is usually manufactured goods and is transported in packages , often stacked on pallets . Before the arrival of containerization in the 1950s , these goods were loaded , transported and unloaded piecemeal . The use of containers has greatly increased the efficiency and decreased the cost of moving them with most freight now traveling in standard sized , lockable containers loaded on purpose @-@ built container ships at dedicated terminals . Freight forwarding firms book cargo , arrange pickup and delivery , and manage documentation . The safety of shipping is regulated by the International Maritime Organization , based in London and first convened in 1959 . Its objectives include developing and maintaining a regulatory framework for shipping , maritime safety , environmental concerns , legal matters , technical co @-@ operation and maritime security . = = = Fishing = = = Humans in East Asia were consuming large amounts of freshwater fish around 40 000 years ago . Spearfishing with barbed harpoons along the coast was widespread by the Palaeolithic . Fish ponds surrounded Sumerian temples by 2 500 BC and a Chinese classical text credited to the 5th @-@ century BC businessman Fan Li is the earliest known work on fish farming . A surviving fragment of Isidore of Charax 's 1st @-@ century Parthian itinerary describes locals freediving for pearls in the Persian Gulf , and Oppian 's 2nd @-@ century Halieutics relates the four main Greek and Roman fishing methods as hook @-@ and @-@ line , netting , passive traps , and trident . Traditional fishing boats operate in near @-@ shore waters but , during the late Middle Ages and early Modern period , fishing on the open sea — particularly cod — became important to the economic and naval development of Northern Europe , New England , and Canada . Overfishing along the coasts of the North Sea spurred the development of deep @-@ sea fishers such as the Brixham and otter trawlers , which might serve as motherships for longlining dories ; in the 19th century , advances such as rail transport , canning , and refrigeration allowed fishing to become a full @-@ fledged industry . Improvements in sonar during the world wars were adapted as fishfinders and , during the 1950s , great factory ships caught and processed as many fish in an hour as earlier trawlers had in a season . By the 1960s , the North Atlantic and North Pacific fisheries were close to maximal exploitation . After the catch from wild marine fisheries grew from 18 million metric tons ( 20 million tons ) in 1950 to around 85 million metric tons ( 93 1 ⁄ 2 million tons ) by the late 1980s , it has remained essentially constant since . Chinese economic reform led to massive growth of its fishing production , from 7 % of the world total in 1961 to 35 % by 2010 . Scientific studies of population dynamics and nationalization of formerly shared waters are both helping to cope with overexploitation but the success of modern commercial fishing has required major corrective actions : the collapse of the Grand Banks cod fishery to less than 1 % of its historic levels required a complete moratorium by Canada in 1992 and China has enforced a zero @-@ growth policy in its wild catch since 2000 , redirecting its industry towards aquaculture ; its annual months @-@ long bans on fishing in disputed areas of the South China Sea is enforced over the protest of neighboring states . As of 2006 , there were an estimated 43 @.@ 5 million people involved in capturing or raising seafood , 85 @.@ 5 % of whom lived in Asia . About 3 ⁄ 4 were fishers and the remainder fish farmers . In 2012 , total global production of fish , crustaceans , molluscs , and other aquatic animals was a record 158 million metric tons ( 174 million tons ) , of which 91 @.@ 3 million metric tons ( 100 million tons ) were caught in the wild . This is also a record if ignoring the Peruvian anchovy , whose population can vary dramatically with the El Niño cycle . The overall trend remains increasing , but due to expanding aquaculture in inland waters and mariculture in the sea rather than higher catches in the wild . The exclusive economic zones around coastal countries under the UNCLOS regime have permitted states to institute quota and other management systems over the most productive regions of the sea , accounting for around 87 % of the annual harvest . The results are sometimes dramatic — the lull in fishing over the course of the First World War saw the North Sea 's 1919 catch double 1913 's — and sometimes much less so : two decades on , the levels of cod in the Grand Banks remain only 10 % of their peak . At present , the species most frequently landed are herring , cod , anchovy , tuna , flounder , mullet , squid , and salmon . A number of these , as well as large predatory fish , remain well below historical levels . Over 3 million vessels are employed in sea fishing . Modern fishing vessels include fishing trawlers with a small crew , stern trawlers , purse seiners , long @-@ line factory vessels , and large factory ships which are designed to stay at sea for weeks , processing and freezing great quantities of fish . The equipment used to capture the fish may be purse seines , other seines , trawls , dredges , gillnets , and long @-@ lines . The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is encouraging the development of local fisheries to provide food security to coastal communities and help alleviate poverty . As well as the wild stock , about 79 million metric tons ( 87 million tons ) of food and non @-@ food products were produced by sea farming in 2010 , an all @-@ time high . About six hundred species of plants and animals were cultured , some for use in seeding wild populations . The animals raised included finfish , aquatic reptiles , crustaceans , molluscs , sea cucumbers , sea urchins , sea squirts , and jellyfish . Integrated mariculture has the advantage that there is a readily @-@ available supply of planktonic food and waste is removed naturally ; in cases where the waste would otherwise be harmful , multi @-@ species techniques can used to , e.g. , feed farmed shellfish from the waste being produced by farmed salmon . Various methods are employed . Mesh enclosures for finfish can be suspended in the open seas , cages can be used in more sheltered waters , or ponds can be refreshed with water at each high tide . Shrimps can be reared in shallow ponds connected to the open sea . Ropes can be hung in water to grow algae , oysters , and mussels . Oysters can be reared on trays or in mesh tubes . Sea cucumbers can be ranched on the seabed . Captive breeding programmes have raised lobster larvae for release of juveniles into the wild resulting in an increased lobster harvest in Maine . At least 145 species of seaweed — red , green , and brown algae — are eaten worldwide , some long farmed in Japan and other Asian countries ; there is great potential for additional algaculture . Few maritime flowering plants are widely used for food but one example is marsh samphire , which is eaten both raw and cooked . A major difficulty for aquaculture is the tendency towards monoculture and the associated risk of widespread disease . In the 1990s , disease wiped out China 's farmed Farrer 's scallop and white shrimp and required their replacement by other species . Shrimp farming has also caused the destruction of important mangrove forests throughout southeast Asia . = = = Law = = = Admiralty law is the particular body of national laws applied to maritime questions and offenses , as the uncertainty of sea voyages has caused the sea to be viewed as a unique jurisdiction since antiquity . Rhodian , Roman , Byzantine , Trani , and Amalfian laws were important influences on the French , Genovese , and Hanseatic codes which established the first English courts of admiralty . Unlike the usual English common law system , the courts of admiralty hewed closer to Continental practice , leaving it open for abuse that contributed to the American Revolution . The adoption of the present constitution reintroduced admiralty law to the United States , but with a relatively larger sphere for trials by jury . The Law of the Sea is the particular body international law applied to maritime questions and offenses . Empires such as Rome and China long claimed universal jurisdiction ; during the Middle Ages , Italian maritime republics such as Venice and Genoa recognized the existence of rival states but claimed the right to close the seas to their traffic . Portuguese and Spanish pursuit of similar rights over new seas and lands during the Age of Discovery and papal support of their claims was a factor in the Wars of Religion ; in 1609 , a jurist hired to defend a lucrative act of piracy by the Dutch East India Company penned Mare Liberum , an argument in favor of freedom of the seas that ultimately produced the compromise that territory extended as far as land @-@ based cannonshot could reach , standardized to 3 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 556 m or 18 @,@ 228 ft ) , and that everything beyond was international waters . President Woodrow Wilson argued this principle as part of America 's entrance into World War I and as one of his Fourteen Points afterwards ; nonetheless , President Truman 's unilateral claim of jurisdiction over the oil reserves of America 's continental shelf in 1945 directly led to the end of the regime . The three rounds of the United Nations ' conferences on the Law of the Sea eventually reshaped international maritime law but the United States has not ratified the present treaty but instead adopted its policies piecemeal via presidential proclamations . The present Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) was drafted in 1982 and came into force in 1994 . It states that " the high seas are open to all states , whether coastal or land @-@ locked " and provides a non @-@ exhaustive list of freedoms including navigation , overflight , the laying of submarine cables , the building of artificial islands , fishing , and scientific research . It extended territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles ( 22 @.@ 2 km or 13 @.@ 8 mi ) from a baseline generally ( but not always ) equivalent to the low @-@ water line ; this area is subject to national laws but free to both innocent and transit passage . ( The " internal waters " landward of the baseline are solely under national control . ) A " contiguous zone " of a further 12 nmi are permitted for hot pursuit of vessels charged with violating customs , taxation , immigration , or pollution laws in the territorial waters . An " exclusive economic zone " or EEZ places all exploitation of marine life and minerals within 200 nmi ( 370 km or 230 mi ) of the baseline under national supervision . For legal purposes , the " continental shelf " is considered to be the actual continental shelf ( to a depth of 200 m or 660 ft ) contiguous to the baseline or 200 nmi , whichever is greater ; the marine life and minerals " attached to " ( or below ) the seabed within this area also fall under national supervision . Ships may cross numerous time zones on a voyage , so nautical time , introduced in the 1920s , is used in international waters . Each such zone is uniformly 15 degrees of longitude wide , the ship 's clock going forward one hour per zone when travelling eastwards . = = = War = = = Since the development of coordinated fleets of ships capable of landing an invasion force , naval warfare has been an important aspect in the defense ( or conquest ) of maritime states . The first naval battle in recorded history saw Suppiluliuma II of the Hittites burn a Cypriot fleet at sea in 1210 BC . Shortly after , the fleets of the Sea Peoples disrupted the entire Eastern Mediterranean : over a period of about 50 years , raids and invasions violently destroyed nearly every coastal city between Pylos and Gaza . As empires grew and their armies became too large to live off the lands through which they passed , disruption of their supply fleets also became a powerful tactic . The 480 BC Battle of Salamis largely determined the course of the Persian Wars not because of its inherent damage ( however considerable ) but because Themistocles 's deception and superior strategy left the Athenians capable of disrupting sea @-@ borne supplies at will and potentially striking at the pontoon bridges across the Hellespont , cutting off the Persians ' line of retreat . During the age of wooden ships , however , great fleets were burdensome to maintain and always liable to destruction by contrary weather , most famously in the case of the two kamikaze typhoons that destroyed the Mongol invasions of Japan in AD 1274 and 1281 . Piracy — both illicit in ancient Cilicia and China and state @-@ supported among the Cretans , Vikings , Japanese , English , and Berbers — has remained a problem into the present day , given the expense involved in securely protecting every merchant vessel or in policing extensive coastlines . In the ancient world , in addition to Salamis , major naval engagements included the Battle of Actium , which permitted the establishment of Augustus 's empire . In the modern era , important naval battles include the English victories against the Armada in 1588 and at Trafalgar in 1805 , which broke the threats of invasion by the superior land forces of the Spanish and French empires . With steam , mass @-@ produced steel plate , and exploding shells , European gunships permitted the New Imperialism of the 19th century , forcing open access to Africa , China , Korea , and Japan for their merchants on favorable terms . Although internal politics hampered Chinese modernization , American naval power produced a major reform in Japan which bore fruit during the 1905 Battle of Tsushima when the Japanese were able to decisively defeat Russia . The great navies initially focused their efforts on constructing great dreadnoughts and battleships , but these fought inconclusively in the First World War . By contrast , the much cheaper German U @-@ boats showed that submarines could cripple shipping even in waters nominally controlled by the enemy . Convoys , intelligence , and airborne ASW won a hard @-@ fought victory in the Second World War 's Battle of the Atlantic , but developments in applied physics meant that by the 1960s nuclear @-@ powered ballistic missile submarines were being maintained on constant patrol as a second @-@ strike force along with a second set of hunters intended to counter them . Meanwhile , the battles of the Mediterranean and Pacific theaters of the war had shown that air power was capable of overcoming the strongest warships . = = = Travel = = = Although the use of small private vessels for personal transport undoubtably extends back into prehistory , large ships capable of braving the open ocean were typically dedicated to trade or fishing for most of human history . Even military campaigns would often simply hire or commandeer these private fleets to serve as troop transports , as did the traders , pilgrims , and wealthy tourists of antiquity and the Middle Ages . The voyages of exploration and colonization were often provided for by the crown out of naval funds ; where they were not , they were usually chartered or else purchased and then used for shipping supplies after the initial settlement . Dedicated and scheduled local passenger services came to be offered in the 16th and 17th centuries , but the 1817 Black Ball was the first trans @-@ Atlantic passenger line . In the Age of Sail , the duration of such passages depended much on the prevailing winds and the weather . The 18th @-@ century coastal Margate hoys began the popularization of leisure travel in Britain and Ireland that later gathered steam with Thomas Cook 's package tours in the next century . During the 19th century , steam @-@ powered ocean liners connected the railroad networks of the world . By 1900 , the Atlantic crossing took about five days and the passenger lines competed to win the Blue Riband , an unofficial accolade accorded to the fastest liner in regular service . For twenty years from 1909 , the prize went to the RMS Mauretania for its average speed of 26 @.@ 06 knots ( 48 @.@ 26 km / h ) . This era waned as cheaper and faster intercontinental flights became available , most importantly the 1958 New York – Paris route . The sea still remains a venue for recreational boating and large cruise ships . It is also a route for refugees and economic migrants , some traveling in small unseaworthy craft and others smuggled into shipping vessels . Some flee persecution while many are economic migrants attempting to reach countries where they believe their prospects are brighter . = = = Leisure = = = Use of the sea for leisure developed in the nineteenth century and became a significant industry in the twentieth century . Maritime leisure activities are varied and include self @-@ organized trips cruising , yachting , powerboat racing and fishing ; commercially organized voyages on cruise ships ; and trips on smaller vessels for ecotourism such as whale watching and coastal birdwatching . Many humans enjoy venturing into the sea : children paddle and splash in the shallows , while others swim or relax on the beach . This was not always the case , with sea bathing becoming the vogue in Europe in the 18th century after Dr. William Buchan advocated the practice for health reasons . Surfing is a sport in which a wave is ridden by a surfer , with or without a surfboard . Other water sports include kite surfing , where a power kite propels a manned board across the water ; windsurfing , where the power is provided by a fixed , maneuverable sail ; and water skiing , where a powerboat is used to pull a skier . Beneath the surface , freediving is necessarily restricted to shallow descents . Pearl divers have traditionally greased their skins , put cotton in their ears and clips on their noses , and dived to 40 ft ( 12 m ) with baskets in order to collect pearl oysters . Human eyes are not adapted for use underwater , but vision can be improved by wearing a diving mask . Other useful equipment includes fins and snorkels . Scuba equipment allows underwater breathing , permitting hours of time beneath the surface . The depths that can be reached by divers and the length of time they can stay underwater is limited by the increase of pressure they experience as they descend and the need to prevent decompression sickness as they return to the surface . Recreational divers are advised to restrict themselves to depths of under 100 feet ( 30 m ) beyond which the danger of nitrogen narcosis increases . Deeper dives can be made with specialized equipment and training . = = = Power generation = = = The sea offers a very large supply of energy carried by ocean waves , tides , salinity differences , and ocean temperature differences which can be harnessed to generate electricity . Forms of ' green ' marine energy include tidal power , marine current power , osmotic power , ocean thermal energy and wave power . Tidal power uses generators to produce electricity from tidal flows , sometimes by using a dam to store and then release seawater . The Rance barrage , 1 kilometer ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) long , near St Malo in Brittany opened in 1967 ; it generates about 0 @.@ 5 GW , but it has been followed by few similar schemes . The large and highly variable energy of waves gives them enormous destructive capability , making affordable and reliable wave machines problematic to develop . A small 2 MW commercial wave power plant , " Osprey " , was built in Northern Scotland in 1995 about 300 meters ( 1000 ft ) offshore . It was soon damaged by waves , then destroyed by a storm . Marine current power could provide populated areas close to the sea with a significant part of their energy needs . In principle , it could be harnessed by open @-@ flow turbines ; sea bed systems are available , but limited to a depth of about 40 m ( 130 ft ) . Offshore wind power is captured by wind turbines placed out at sea ; it has the advantage that wind speeds are higher than on land , though wind farms are more costly to construct offshore . The first offshore wind farm was installed in Denmark in 1991 , and the installed capacity of European offshore wind farms reached 3 GW in 2010 . Electricity power stations are often located on the coast or beside an estuary so that the sea can be used as a heat sink . A colder heat sink enables more efficient power generation , which is important for expensive nuclear power plants in particular . = = = Extractive industries = = = There are large deposits of petroleum ( as oil and natural gas ) in rocks beneath the seabed . Offshore platforms and drilling rigs extract the oil or gas and store it for transport to land . Offshore oil and gas production can be difficult due to the remote , harsh environment . Drilling for oil in the sea has environmental impacts . Animals may be disorientated by seismic waves used to locate deposits , probably causing the beaching of whales . Toxic substances such as mercury , lead , and arsenic may be released . The infrastructure may cause damage and oil may be spilt . The sea holds enormous quantities of valuable dissolved minerals . The most important , Salt for table and industrial use has been harvested by solar evaporation from shallow ponds since prehistoric times . Bromine , accumulated after being leached from the land , is economically recovered from the Dead Sea , where it occurs at 55 @,@ 000 parts per million ( ppm ) . Other minerals on or within the seabed can be exploited by dredging . This has advantages over land @-@ based mining in that equipment can be built at specialized shipyards and infrastructure costs are lower . Disadvantages include problems caused by waves and tides , the tendency for excavations to silt up , and the washing away of spoil heaps . There is a risk of coastal erosion and environmental damage . Sulphide deposits are potential sources of silver , gold , copper , lead , zinc , and trace metals which were only discovered in the 1960s . They form when geothermally superheated water is emitted from deep sea hydrothermal vents known as " black smokers " : in contact with the cold waters of the deep ocean , the minerals precipitate and settle around the vent . The ores are of high quality but currently very costly to extract . Small scale mining of the deep sea floor is being developed off the coast of Papua New Guinea using robotic techniques , but the obstacles are formidable . Desalination is the technique of removing salts from seawater to leave fresh water suitable for drinking or irrigation . The two main processing methods , vacuum distillation and reverse osmosis , use large quantities of energy . Desalination is normally only undertaken where fresh water from other sources is in short supply or energy is plentiful , as in the excess heat generated by power stations . The brine produced as a by @-@ product contains some toxic materials and is returned to the sea . Large quantities of methane clathrate exist on the seabed and in ocean sediment at a temperature of around 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) and these are of interest as a potential energy source . Some estimates put the amount available at between one and 5 million cubic kilometers ( 0 @.@ 24 to 1 @.@ 2 million cubic miles ) . Also on the seabed are manganese nodules formed of layers of iron , manganese , and other hydroxides around a core . In the Pacific these may cover up to 30 percent of the deep ocean floor . The minerals precipitate from seawater and grow very slowly . Their commercial extraction for nickel was investigated in the 1970s but abandoned in favour of more convenient sources . In suitable locations , diamonds are gathered from the seafloor using suction hoses to bring gravel ashore . In deeper waters , mobile seafloor crawlers are used and the deposits are pumped to a vessel above . In Namibia , more diamonds are now collected from marine sources than by conventional methods on land . = = = Pollution = = = Many substances enter the sea as a result of human activities . Combustion products are transported in the air and deposited through precipitation . Agricultural , industrial , and sewage outflows contribute heavy metals , pesticides , PCBs , disinfectants , cleaning products , and other synthetic chemicals . These become concentrated in the surface film and in marine sediment , especially estuarine mud . The result of all this contamination is largely unknown because of the large number of substances involved and the lack of information on their biological effects . The heavy metals of greatest concern are copper , lead , mercury , cadmium , and zinc which may be accumulated by marine invertebrates . They are then passed up the food chain . Run @-@ off of fertilizers from agricultural land is a major source of pollution in some areas and the discharge of raw sewage has a similar effect . The extra nutrients provided by these sources can cause excessive plant growth . Nitrogen is often the limiting factor in marine systems and the addition of nitrogen sparks algal blooms and red tides , which then may lower the oxygen level of the water to the point where it kills marine animals . Such events have created dead zones in the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Mexico . Some algal blooms are caused by cyanobacteria that make shellfish that filter feed on them toxic , harming animals like sea otters . Nuclear facilities too can pollute . The Irish Sea was contaminated by radioactive caesium @-@ 137 from the former Sellafield nuclear fuel processing plant and nuclear accidents sometimes cause radioactive material to seep into the sea , as at the Fukushima in 2011 . The dumping of waste ( including oil , noxious liquids , sewage , and garbage ) at sea is governed by international law . The London Convention ( 1972 ) is a United Nations agreement to control ocean dumping which had been ratified by 89 countries by 8 June 2012 . MARPOL 73 / 78 is a convention to minimize pollution of the seas by ships . By May 2013 , 152 maritime nations had ratified MARPOL . Much floating plastic trash does not biodegrade , instead disintegrating over time and eventually breaking down to the molecular level . Rigid plastics may float for years . In the center of the Pacific gyre , there is a permanent floating accumulation of mostly plastic waste and there is a similar garbage patch in the Atlantic . Foraging sea birds such as the albatross and petrel may mistake debris for food and accumulate indigestible plastic in their digestive systems . Turtles and whales have been found with plastic bags and fishing line in their stomachs . Microplastics may sink , threatening filter feeders on the seabed . Most oil pollution in the sea comes from cities and industry . Oil is dangerous for marine animals . It can clog the feathers of sea birds , reducing their insulating effect and the birds ' buoyancy , or be ingested when they preen themselves in an attempt to remove the contaminant . Marine mammals are less seriously affected but may be chilled through the removal of their insulation , blinded , dehydrated , or poisoned . Benthic invertebrates are swamped when the oil sinks , fish are poisoned , and the food chain is disrupted . In the short term , oil spills result in wildlife populations being decreased and unbalanced , leisure activities being affected , and the livelihoods of people dependent on the sea being devastated . The marine environment has self @-@ cleansing properties and naturally @-@ occurring bacteria will act over time to remove oil from the sea . In the Gulf of Mexico , where oil @-@ eating bacteria are already present , they take only a few days to consume spilt oil . = = = Indigenous sea peoples = = = Several nomadic indigenous groups in Maritime Southeast Asia live in boats and derive nearly all they need from the sea . The Moken people live on the coasts of Thailand and Burma and islands in the Andaman Sea . The Bajau people are originally from the Sulu Archipelago , Mindanao , and northern Borneo . Some Sea Gypsies are accomplished free @-@ divers , able to descend to depths of 30 m ( 98 ft ) , though many are adopting a more settled , land @-@ based way of life . The indigenous peoples of the Arctic such as the Chukchi , Inuit , Inuvialuit , and Yupik hunt marine mammals including seals and whales and the Torres Strait Islanders claim ownership of the Great Barrier Reef . They live a traditional life on the islands involving hunting , fishing , gardening , and trading with neighboring peoples in Papua New Guinea and Australia . = = = In culture = = = The sea appears in human culture in contradictory ways , as both powerful but serene and as beautiful but dangerous . It has its place in mythology and religion , literature , art , poetry , film , theater , and music . The Ancients personified it , believing it to be under the control of a being who needed to be appeased . It has been populated by fantastic creatures : the Leviathan of the Bible , Scylla in Greek mythology , Isonade in Japanese mythology , and the kraken of late Norse mythology . The sea is especially common in Christian imagery , where several of Jesus 's disciples were said to have been fishermen on the Sea of Galilee . The sea , its life , and its ships have been depicted in art ranging from the simple drawings on the walls of caves outside Les Eyzies , France , to the early Christian ichthys to the Dutch Hendrik Vroom to Hokusai 's ukiyo @-@ e to seascapes by Winslow Homer . During the Golden Age of the Netherlands , artists such as Jan Porcellis , Hendrick Dubbels , Willem van de Velde the Elder and his son , and Ludolf Bakhuizen celebrated the sea and the Dutch navy at the peak of its military prowess . Music too has been inspired by the ocean . Sea shanties were chanted by mariners to help coordinate arduous tasks and impressions in music have been created of calm waters , crashing waves , and storms at sea . Classical sea @-@ related music includes Richard Wagner 's The Flying Dutchman , Claude Debussy 's La mer ( 1903 – 05 ) , Charles Villiers Stanford 's Songs of the Sea ( 1904 ) and Songs of the Fleet ( 1910 ) , Edward Elgar 's Sea Pictures ( 1899 ) , and Ralph Vaughan Williams 's A Sea Symphony ( 1903 – 1909 ) . As a symbol , the sea has for centuries played a role in literature and poetry . Sometimes , it is there just as a gentle background but often it introduces such themes as storm , shipwreck , battle , hardship , disaster , the dashing of hopes , or death . In his epic poem the Odyssey , written in the 8th century BC , Homer describes the ten @-@ year voyage of the Greek hero Odysseus who struggles to return home across the sea 's many hazards after the war described in the Iliad . The sea is a recurring theme in the Haiku poems of the Japanese poet Matsuo Bashō ( 1644 – 1694 ) . In modern literature , sea @-@ inspired novels have been written by the sailors Herman Melville , Joseph Conrad , and Herman Wouk . The psychiatrist Carl Jung argued that , in dream interpretation , the sea symbolizes the personal and the collective unconscious . Although the origin of life on Earth is still a matter of debate , naturalist Rachel Carson wrote in The Sea Around Us that " it is a curious situation that the sea , from which life first arose , should now be threatened by the activities of one form of that life . But the sea , though changed in a sinister way , will continue to exist : the threat is rather to life itself . " = Japan = Japan ( Japanese : 日本 Nippon [ nip ̚ põ ̞ ɴ ] or Nihon [ nihõ ̞ ɴ ] ; formally 日本国 Nippon @-@ koku or Nihon @-@ koku , " State of Japan " ) is an island country in East Asia . Located in the Pacific Ocean , it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan , the East China Sea , China , Korea and Russia , stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south . The kanji that make up Japan 's name mean " sun origin " , and it is often called the " Land of the Rising Sun " . Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago of 6 @,@ 852 islands . The four largest are Honshu , Hokkaido , Kyushu and Shikoku , which make up about ninety @-@ seven percent of Japan 's land area . The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions . The population of 126 million is the world 's tenth largest . Japanese people make up 98 @.@ 5 % of Japan 's total population . Approximately 9 @.@ 1 million people live in the core city of Tokyo , the capital city of Japan , which is the sixth largest city proper in the OECD and the fourth leading global city in the world . The Greater Tokyo Area , which includes Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures , is the world 's largest metropolitan area with over 35 million residents and the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period . The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century CE . Influence from other regions , mainly Imperial China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , has characterized Japan 's history . From the 12th century until 1868 , Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor . Japan entered into a long period of isolation in the early 17th century , which was ended in 1853 when a United States fleet pressured Japan to open to the West . Nearly two decades of internal conflict and insurrection followed before the Meiji Emperor was restored as head of state in 1868 and the Empire of Japan was proclaimed , with the Emperor as a divine symbol of the nation . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , victories in the First Sino @-@ Japanese War , the Russo @-@ Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism . The Second Sino @-@ Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941 , which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947 , Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an Emperor and an elected legislature called the National Diet . Japan is a member of the UN , the G7 , the G8 , and the G20 and is considered a great power . The country has the world 's third @-@ largest economy by nominal GDP and the world 's fourth @-@ largest economy by purchasing power parity . It is also the world 's fourth @-@ largest exporter and fourth @-@ largest importer . Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war , it maintains a modern military with the world 's eighth largest military budget , used for self @-@ defense and peacekeeping roles . Japan is a developed country with a high standard of living and Human Development Index whose population enjoys the highest life expectancy , the third lowest infant mortality in the world , and ranked first in the number of Nobel laureates of any country in Asia . Japan is ranked first in the Country Brand Index , ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015 – 2016 and is the highest @-@ ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index . Japan was the first country in Asia to host both the Summer and Winter Olympic Games . = = Etymology = = The English word Japan possibly derives from the early Mandarin Chinese or Wu Chinese pronunciation of the Japanese name , 日本 , which in Japanese is pronounced Nippon listen or Nihon listen . Japanese people refer to themselves as Nihonjin ( 日本人 ) and to their language as Nihongo ( 日本語 ) . From the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II , the full title of Japan was Dai Nippon Teikoku ( 大日本帝國 ) , meaning " the Empire of Great Japan " . Today the name Nippon @-@ koku / Nihon @-@ koku ( 日本国 ) is used as a formal modern @-@ day equivalent simply meaning " the State of Japan " ; countries like Japan whose long form does not contain a descriptive designation are generally given a name appended by the character koku ( 国 ) , meaning " country " , " nation " or " state " . The character nichi ( 日 ) means " sun " or " day " ; hon ( 本 ) means " base " or " origin " . The compound means " origin of the sun " or " sunrise " ( from a Chinese point of view , the sun rises from Japan ) ; it is a source for the popular Western description of Japan as the " Land of the Rising Sun " . Before Nihon came into official use , Japan was known as Wa ( 倭 ) or Wakoku ( 倭国 ) . The English word for Japan came to the West via early trade routes . The Old Mandarin or possibly early Wu Chinese pronunciation of Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu . In modern Shanghainese , a Wu dialect , the pronunciation of characters 日本 Japan is Zeppen [ zəʔpən ] . The old Malay word for Japan , Jepang , was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese dialect , probably Fukienese or Ningpo , and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Malacca in the 16th century . Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to Europe . An early record of the word in English is in a 1565 letter , spelled Giapan . = = History = = = = = Prehistory and ancient history = = = A Paleolithic culture around 30 @,@ 000 BC constitutes the first known habitation of the Japanese archipelago . This was followed from around 14 @,@ 000 BC ( the start of the Jōmon period ) by a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi @-@ sedentary hunter @-@ gatherer culture , who include ancestors of both the contemporary Ainu people and Yamato people , characterized by pit dwelling and rudimentary agriculture . Decorated clay vessels from this period are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world . Around 300 BC , the Yayoi people began to enter the Japanese islands , intermingling with the Jōmon . The Yayoi period , starting around 500 BC , saw the introduction of practices like wet @-@ rice farming , a new style of pottery , and metallurgy , introduced from China and Korea . Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han . According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms , the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the 3rd century was called Yamataikoku . Buddhism was first introduced to Japan from Baekje , Korea and was promoted by Prince Shōtoku , but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China . Despite early resistance , Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period ( 592 – 710 ) . The Nara period ( 710 – 784 ) of the 8th century marked an emergence of the centralized Japanese state centered on the Imperial Court in Heijō @-@ kyō ( modern Nara ) . The Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent literature as well as the development of Buddhist @-@ inspired art and architecture . The smallpox epidemic of 735 – 737 is believed to have killed as much as one @-@ third of Japan 's population . In 784 , Emperor Kanmu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka @-@ kyō before relocating it to Heian @-@ kyō ( modern Kyoto ) in 794 . This marked the beginning of the Heian period ( 794 – 1185 ) , during which a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged , noted for its art , poetry and prose . Murasaki Shikibu 's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of Japan 's national anthem Kimigayo were written during this time . Buddhism began to spread during the Heian era chiefly through two major sects , Tendai by Saichō , and Shingon by Kūkai . Pure Land Buddhism ( Jōdo @-@ shū , Jōdo Shinshū ) became greatly popular in the latter half of the 11th century . = = = Feudal era = = = Japan 's feudal era was characterized by the emergence and dominance of a ruling class of warriors , the samurai . In 1185 , following the defeat of the Taira clan in the Genpei War , sung in the epic Tale of Heike , samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed shogun by Emperor Go @-@ Toba , and he established a base of power in Kamakura . After his death , the Hōjō clan came to power as regents for the shoguns . The Zen school of Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period ( 1185 – 1333 ) and became popular among the samurai class . The Kamakura shogunate repelled Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281 , but was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go @-@ Daigo . Emperor Go @-@ Daigo was himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336 . Ashikaga Takauji established the shogunate in Muromachi , Kyoto . This was the start of the Muromachi period ( 1336 – 1573 ) . The Ashikaga shogunate achieved glory in the age of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu , and the culture based on Zen Buddhism ( art of Miyabi ) prospered . This evolved to Higashiyama Culture , and prospered until the 16th century . On the other hand , the succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords ( daimyo ) , and a civil war ( the Ōnin War ) began in 1467 , opening the century @-@ long Sengoku period ( " Warring States " ) . During the 16th century , traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time , initiating direct commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West . This allowed Oda Nobunaga to obtain European technology and firearms , which he used to conquer many other daimyo . His consolidation of power began what was known as the Azuchi – Momoyama period ( 1573 – 1603 ) . After he was assassinated in 1582 , his successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified the nation in 1590 and launched two unsuccessful invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597 . Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi 's son and used his position to gain political and military support . When open war broke out , he defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 . Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed shogun by Emperor Go @-@ Yōzei in 1603 , and he established the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo ( modern Tokyo ) . The Tokugawa shogunate enacted measures including buke shohatto , as a code of conduct to control the autonomous daimyo ; and in 1639 , the isolationist sakoku ( " closed country " ) policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period ( 1603 – 1868 ) . The study of Western sciences , known as rangaku , continued through contact with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki . The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku ( " national studies " ) , the study of Japan by the Japanese . = = = Modern era = = = On March 31 , 1854 , Commodore Matthew Perry and the " Black Ships " of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa . Subsequent similar treaties with Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought economic and political crises . The resignation of the shogun led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state nominally unified under the Emperor ( the Meiji Restoration ) . Adopting Western political , judicial and military institutions , the Cabinet organized the Privy Council , introduced the Meiji Constitution , and assembled the Imperial Diet . The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that pursued military conflict to expand its sphere of influence . After victories in the First Sino @-@ Japanese War ( 1894 – 1895 ) and the Russo @-@ Japanese War ( 1904 – 1905 ) , Japan gained control of Taiwan , Korea , and the southern half of Sakhalin . Japan 's population grew from 35 million in 1873 to 70 million in 1935 . The early 20th century saw a brief period of " Taishō democracy " overshadowed by increasing expansionism and militarization . World War I enabled Japan , on the side of the victorious Allies , to widen its influence and territorial holdings . It continued its expansionist policy by occupying Manchuria in 1931 ; as a result of international condemnation of this occupation , Japan resigned from the League of Nations two years later . In 1936 , Japan signed the Anti @-@ Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany , and the 1940 Tripartite Pact made it one of the Axis Powers . In 1941 , Japan negotiated the Soviet – Japanese Neutrality Pact , which lasted until 1945 with the Soviet invasion of Manchuria . The Empire of Japan invaded other parts of China in 1937 , precipitating the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War ( 1937 – 1945 ) . The Imperial Japanese Army swiftly captured the capital Nanjing and conducted the Nanking Massacre . In 1940 , the Empire then invaded French Indochina , after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan . On December 7 – 8 , 1941 , Japanese forces carried out surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor , attacks on British forces in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong and declared war , bringing the US and the UK into World War II in the Pacific . After the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 , Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15 . The war cost Japan and the rest of the Greater East Asia Co @-@ Prosperity Sphere millions of lives and left much of the nation 's industry and infrastructure destroyed . The Allies ( led by the US ) repatriated millions of ethnic Japanese from colonies and military camps throughout Asia , largely eliminating the Japanese empire and restoring the independence of its conquered territories . The Allies also convened the International Military Tribunal for the Far East on May 3 , 1946 to prosecute some Japanese leaders for war crimes . However , the bacteriological research units and members of the imperial family involved in the war were exonerated from criminal prosecutions by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers despite calls for trials for both groups . In 1947 , Japan adopted a new constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices . The Allied occupation ended with the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952 and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956 . Japan later achieved rapid growth to become the second @-@ largest economy in the world , until surpassed by China in 2010 . This ended in the mid @-@ 1990s when Japan suffered a major recession . In the beginning of the 21st century , positive growth has signaled a gradual economic recovery . On March 11 , 2011 , Japan suffered the strongest earthquake in its recorded history ; this triggered the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster , one of the worst disasters in the history of nuclear power . = = Government and politics = = Japan is a constitutional monarchy whereby the power of the Emperor is very limited . As a ceremonial figurehead , he is defined by the constitution as " the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people . " Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister and other elected members of the Diet , while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people . Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan ; Naruhito , Crown Prince of Japan , stands as next in line to the Chrysanthemum Throne . Japan 's legislative organ is the National Diet , seated in Chiyoda , Tokyo . The Diet is a bicameral body , consisting of a House of Representatives with 480 seats , elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved , and a House of Councillors of 242 seats , whose popularly elected members serve six @-@ year terms . There is universal suffrage for adults over 18 years of age , with a secret ballot for all elected offices . The Diet is dominated by the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan and the conservative Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) . The LDP has enjoyed near continuous electoral success since 1955 , except for a brief 11 @-@ month period between 1993 and 1994 , and from 2009 to 2012 . It holds 294 seats in the lower house and 83 seats in the upper house . The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government and is appointed by the Emperor after being designated by the Diet from among its members . The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet , and he appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State . Following the LDP 's landslide victory in the 2012 general election , Shinzō Abe replaced Yoshihiko Noda as the Prime Minister on December 26 , 2012 and became the country 's sixth prime minister to be sworn in during a span of six years . Although the Prime Minister is formally appointed by the Emperor , the Constitution of Japan explicitly requires the Emperor to appoint whoever is designated by the Diet . Historically influenced by Chinese law , the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki . However , since the late 19th century the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe , notably Germany . For example , in 1896 , the Japanese government established a civil code based on a draft of the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ; with the code remaining in effect with post – World War II modifications . Statutory law originates in Japan 's legislature and has the rubber stamp of the Emperor . The Constitution requires that the Emperor promulgate legislation passed by the Diet , without specifically giving him the power to oppose legislation . Japan 's court system is divided into four basic tiers : the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts . The main body of Japanese statutory law is called the Six Codes . = = Foreign relations and military = = Japan is a member of the G8 , APEC , and " ASEAN Plus Three " , and is a participant in the East Asia Summit . Japan signed a security pact with Australia in March 2007 and with India in October 2008 . It is the world 's fifth largest donor of official development assistance , donating US $ 9 @.@ 2 billion in 2014 . Japan has close economic and military relations with the United States ; the US @-@ Japan security alliance acts as the cornerstone of the nation 's foreign policy . A member state of the United Nations since 1956 , Japan has served as a non @-@ permanent Security Council member for a total of 20 years , most recently for 2009 and 2010 . It is one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council . Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors : with Russia over the South Kuril Islands , with South Korea over the Liancourt Rocks , with China and Taiwan over the Senkaku Islands , and with China over the EEZ around Okinotorishima . Japan also faces an ongoing dispute with North Korea over the latter 's abduction of Japanese citizens and its nuclear weapons and missile program ( see also Six @-@ party talks ) . Japan maintains one of the largest military budgets of any country in the world . Japan contributed non @-@ combatant troops to the Iraq War but subsequently withdrew its forces . The Japan Maritime Self @-@ Defense Force ( JMSDF ) is a regular participant in RIMPAC maritime exercises . Japan 's military ( the Japan Self @-@ Defense Forces ) is restricted by Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution , which renounces Japan 's right to declare war or use military force in international disputes . Accordingly , Japan 's Self @-@ Defence force is a usual military that has never fired shots outside Japan . It is governed by the Ministry of Defense , and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self @-@ Defense Force ( JGSDF ) , the Japan Maritime Self @-@ Defense Force ( JMSDF ) and the Japan Air Self @-@ Defense Force ( JASDF ) . The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations ; the deployment of troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of Japan 's military since World War II . Japan Business Federation has called on the government to lift the ban on arms exports so that Japan can join multinational projects such as the Joint Strike Fighter . In May 2014 Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said Japan wanted to shed the passiveness it has maintained since the end of World War II and take more responsibility for regional security . He said Japan wanted to play a key role and offered neighboring countries Japan 's support . = = Administrative divisions = = Japan consists of forty @-@ seven prefectures , each overseen by an elected governor , legislature and administrative bureaucracy . Each prefecture is further divided into cities , towns and villages . The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities , towns and villages with each other . This process will reduce the number of sub @-@ prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs . = = Geography = = Japan has a total of 6 @,@ 852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of East Asia . The country , including all of the islands it controls , lies between latitudes 24 ° and 46 ° N , and longitudes 122 ° and 146 ° E. The main islands , from north to south , are Hokkaido , Honshu , Shikoku and Kyushu . The Ryukyu Islands , which include Okinawa , are a chain to the south of Kyushu . Together they are often known as the Japanese archipelago . About 73 percent of Japan is forested , mountainous , and unsuitable for agricultural , industrial , or residential use . As a result , the habitable zones , mainly located in coastal areas , have extremely high population densities . Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world . The islands of Japan are located in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire . They are primarily the result of large oceanic movements occurring over hundreds of millions of years from the mid @-@ Silurian to the Pleistocene as a result of the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the continental Amurian Plate and Okinawa Plate to the south , and subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk Plate to the north . Japan was originally attached to the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent . The subducting plates pulled Japan eastward , opening the Sea of Japan around 15 million years ago . Japan has 108 active volcanoes . During the twentieth century several new volcanoes emerged , including Shōwa @-@ shinzan on Hokkaido and Myōjin @-@ shō off the Bayonnaise Rocks in the Pacific . Destructive earthquakes , often resulting in tsunami , occur several times each century . The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140 @,@ 000 people . More recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake , a 9 @.@ 0 @-@ magnitude quake which hit Japan on March 11 , 2011 , and triggered a large tsunami . Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes , tsunami and volcanoes due to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire and has the highest natural disaster risk in the developed world . = = = Climate = = = The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate , but varies greatly from north to south . Japan 's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones : Hokkaido , Sea of Japan , Central Highland , Seto Inland Sea , Pacific Ocean , and Ryukyu Islands . The northernmost zone , Hokkaido , has a humid continental climate with long , cold winters and very warm to cool summers . Precipitation is not heavy , but the islands usually develop deep snowbanks in the winter . In the Sea of Japan zone on Honshu 's west coast , northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall . In the summer , the region is cooler than the Pacific area , though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures because of the foehn wind . The Central Highland has a typical inland humid continental climate , with large temperature differences between summer and winter , and between day and night ; precipitation is light , though winters are usually snowy . The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from seasonal winds , bringing mild weather year @-@ round . The Pacific coast features a humid subtropical climate that experiences milder winters with occasional snowfall and hot , humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind . The Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate , with warm winters and hot summers . Precipitation is very heavy , especially during the rainy season . The average winter temperature in Japan is 5 @.@ 1 ° C ( 41 @.@ 2 ° F ) and the average summer temperature is 25 @.@ 2 ° C ( 77 @.@ 4 ° F ) . The highest temperature ever measured in Japan 40 @.@ 9 ° C ( 105 @.@ 6 ° F ) was recorded on August 16 , 2007 . The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa , and the rain front gradually moves north until reaching Hokkaido in late July . In most of Honshu , the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks . In late summer and early autumn , typhoons often bring heavy rain . = = = Biodiversity = = = Japan has nine forest ecoreg	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
" frequently robbed stagecoaches and brazenly stole cattle in broad daylight , scaring off the legitimate cowboys watching the herds . Bandits used the border between the United States and Mexico to raid across in one direction and use the other as sanctuary . In December , 1878 , and again the next year , Mexican authorities complained about American outlaw Cowboys who stole Mexican beef and resold it in Arizona . The Arizona Citizen reported that both U.S. and Mexican bandits were stealing horses from the Santa Cruz Valley and selling the livestock in Sonora , Mexico . Arizona Territorial Governor Fremont investigated the Mexican government 's allegations and accused them in turn of allowing outlaws to use Sonora as a base of operations for raiding into Arizona . In the 1870s and 1880s , there was considerable tension between the rural residents who were for the most part Democrats from the agarian Confederate States and town residents and business owners who were largely Republicans from the industrial Union States . The tension culminated into what has been called the Cochise County feud , or the Earp @-@ Clanton feud , which ended with the historic Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and Wyatt Earp 's Vendetta Ride . = = = Railroad development = = = The Southern Pacific Railroad from Los Angeles reached Yuma , Arizona , in 1877 , Tucson in March 1880 , El Paso in May 1881 , and this completed the second transcontinental railroad in December 1881 . The portion in Arizona was originally largely in the Gadsden Purchase but the western part was later rerouted north of the Gila River to serve the city of Phoenix . The portion in New Mexico runs largely through the territory that had been disputed between Mexico and the United States after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had gone into effect , and before the time of the Gadsden Purchase . The Santa Fe Railroad Company also completed a railroad across Northern Arizona , via Prescott , Winslow , Flagstaff and Kingman in August 1883 . The remainder of the Gila Valley pre @-@ Purchase border area was traversed by the Arizona Eastern Railway by 1899 and the Copper Basin Railway by 1904 . Excluded was a 20 @-@ mile ( 32 km ) section 33 @.@ 1 ° N 110 @.@ 6 ° W / 33 @.@ 1 ; -110.6 in the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation , from today 's San Carlos Lake to Winkelman at the mouth of the San Pedro River , including the Needle 's Eye Wilderness . The section of US Highway 60 about 20 miles ( 32 km ) to the northwest , between Superior and Miami via Top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ World , takes an alternate route ( 17 @.@ 4 road miles ) between the Magma Arizona Railroad and the Arizona Eastern Railway railheads on each side of this gap . This highway is well north of the Gadsden Purchase . Given the elevations of those three places , at least a 3 % grade would have been required . = = Population = = Sunland Park ( pop . 13 @,@ 309 in 2000 ) , a suburb of El Paso , Texas , in Doña Ana County , New Mexico , is the largest community of New Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase . Lordsburg , New Mexico ( pop . 3 @,@ 379 in 2000 ) , the county seat of Hidalgo County , was in the disputed area before the Gadsden Purchase , and Deming , New Mexico , the county seat of Luna County , was north of both the Mexican and American land claims before the Gadsden Purchase , though the proposed Bartlett – Conde compromise of 1851 would have left it in Mexico . The boundaries of most counties in Arizona do not follow the northern boundary of the Gadsden Purchase , but six counties in Arizona do have most of their populations within the land of the Gadsden Purchase . Four of these also contain areas north of the Gadsden Purchase , but these areas do have low population densities , with the exception of northeastern Pinal County , Arizona , including the towns of Apache Junction and Florence . Maricopa County also extends south into the area of the Gadsden Purchase , but this area is also thinly populated . Tucson is the largest city in the Gadsden Purchase . The northmost point of the Gadsden Purchase , and also along the American – Mexican border during the period of 1848 – 53 , is at approximately 33 ° 23 ′ 30 ″ N 112 ° 23 ′ 0 ″ W in the town of Goodyear , Arizona , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) southwest of Phoenix . = Treasure Planet = Treasure Planet is a 2002 American animated science fiction film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios , and released by Walt Disney Pictures on November 27 , 2002 . It is the 43rd animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series . The film is a science fiction adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson 's adventure novel Treasure Island and was the first film to be released simultaneously in regular and IMAX theaters . The film employs a novel technique of hand @-@ drawn 2D traditional animation set atop 3D computer animation . The film was co @-@ written , co @-@ produced and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker , who had pitched the concept for the film at the same time that they pitched Disney 's other animated feature The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , the film is also an animated remake of the 1987 Italian mini @-@ series Treasure Island in Outer Space . Treasure Planet features the voices of Joseph Gordon @-@ Levitt , Brian Murray , David Hyde Pierce , Martin Short , Roscoe Lee Browne , Emma Thompson , Laurie Metcalf , and Patrick McGoohan ( in his final film role ) . The musical score was composed by James Newton Howard , while the songs were written and performed by John Rzeznik . Despite positive critical reception , the film performed poorly in the United States box office , costing $ 140 million to create while earning $ 38 million in the United States and Canada and just shy of $ 110 million worldwide . It was nominated for the 2002 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . = = Plot = = A young Jim Hawkins is enchanted by stories of the legendary pirate Captain Flint and his ability to appear from nowhere , raid passing ships , and disappear in order to hide the loot on the mysterious " Treasure Planet " . Twelve years later , Jim has grown into an aloof and isolated teenager , long abandoned by his father . He reluctantly helps his mother Sarah run The Benbow Inn and derives amusement from " Alponian solar cruising " , a hybrid of skysurfing and windsurfing atop a board attached to a solar sail @-@ powered rocket . One day , a spaceship crashes near the inn . The dying pilot , Billy Bones , gives Jim a sphere and tells him to " beware the cyborg " . After this , a gang of pirates raid and burn the inn . Jim , his mother , and their dog @-@ like friend Dr. Delbert Doppler flee . At Doppler 's study , Jim realizes that that sphere is a holographic projector , showing a star map that leads to the location of Treasure Planet . Doppler commissions a ship called the RLS Legacy , on a mission to find Treasure Planet . The ship is commanded by the cat @-@ like , sharp @-@ witted Captain Amelia along with her stone @-@ skinned and disciplined First Mate , Mr. Arrow . The crew is a motley bunch , secretly led by the half robot cook John Silver , who Jim suspects is the cyborg of whom he was warned . Jim is sent down to work in the galley , where he is supervised by Silver and his shape @-@ shifting pet , Morph . Despite Jim 's mistrust of Silver , they soon form a tenuous father @-@ son relationship . During the voyage , the ship encounters a supernova . Jim , while securing all lifelines of all crew members , saves Silver from falling just in time . The supernova then devolves into a black hole , where Arrow dies . The burst of shock waves and maximum engine power enable Amelia to pilot the ship to safety . The crew mourns for the loss of Arrow , and begins to suspect Jim of failing to secure the lifelines . Jim blames himself for the mistake , while in fact Arrow 's line was cut by a ruthless insectoid crew member named Scroop . As the ship reaches Treasure Planet , mutiny erupts , led by Silver . Jim , Doppler , Amelia , and Morph abandon the ship , accidentally leaving the map behind . Thinking that Jim has the map , Silver has a chance to kill Jim , but refuses to do so because of his attachment to the boy . The fugitives are shot down by a mutineer during their escape , injuring Amelia . While exploring Treasure Planet 's forests , the fugitives meet B.E.N. , an abandoned , whimsical robot , who says that he has literally lost his mind as part of his brain is missing , and invites them to his house to care for the wounded Amelia . The pirates corner the group here ; using a back @-@ door , Jim , B.E.N. , and Morph return to the ship in an attempt to recover the map . Scroop , aboard the ship as lookout , stalks and fights Jim . While working to sabotage the ship 's artillery , B.E.N. inadvertently turns off the artificial gravity , whereupon Jim and Scroop almost float off into space . Scroop grabs the mast while Jim grabs the flag at the top of the mast . Scroop partially cuts the flag 's halyard , but Jim grabs the mast , and kicks Scroop into the flag , breaking the halyard and causing Scroop to float away to his death . Jim and B.E.N. then obtain the map . Upon their return , they are captured by Silver , who has already captured Doppler and Amelia . When Jim is forced to use the map , the group finds their way to a portal that can be opened to any place in the universe ; this being the means by which Flint conducted his raids . The treasure is at the center of the planet , accessible only via the portal . Treasure Planet is revealed to be a large space station built by unknown architects and commandeered by Flint . In the stash of treasure , Jim comes across the skeletal remains of Flint himself , holding a missing part of B.E.N 's cognitive computer . Jim replaces this piece , causing B.E.N. to remember that the planet is set to explode if the treasure is ever discovered . In the ensuing catastrophe , Silver finds himself torn between holding onto a literal boat @-@ load of gold and saving Jim , who hangs from a precipice after a fall . Silver saves Jim , and the group escapes to the Legacy , which is damaged and lacks the power required to leave the planet in time to escape . Jim attaches a rocket to a narrow plate of metal and rides it toward the portal to open it to a new location , while Doppler pilots the ship behind him . Jim manages to open the portal to his home world 's spaceport , through which all escape the destruction of Treasure Planet . After the escape , Amelia has the surviving pirates imprisoned aboard the ship and offers to recommend Jim to the Interstellar Academy for his heroic actions . Silver sneaks below deck , where Jim finds him preparing his escape . Jim lets him go , and Silver asks Jim to keep Morph . Silver predicts that Jim will " rattle the stars " , then tosses him a handful of jewels and gold he had taken from Treasure Planet to pay for rebuilding The Benbow Inn before flying off . Jim returns to Montressor Spaceport and reunites with his mother . A short time later , a party is hosted at the rebuilt inn , where Doppler and Amelia , married , have children of their own , and Jim is a military cadet . He looks to the skies and sees an image of Silver in the clouds . = = Casting = = Joseph Gordon @-@ Levitt as Jim Hawkins , a teenage adolescent pining for adventure . Austin Majors as young Jim Hawkins David Hyde Pierce as Delbert Doppler , an alien doctor who slightly resembles a dog . Emma Thompson as Captain Amelia , the captain of the RLS Legacy ; Amelia slightly resembles a cat . Martin Short as B.E.N , a robot who literally " lost his mind " ; abandoned on Treasure Planet by Captain Flint . Brian Murray as John Silver , a cyborg who leads the mutiny on the RLS Legacy . Roscoe Lee Browne as Mr. Arrow , Captain Amelia 's first mate . Laurie Metcalf as Sarah Hawkins , Jim Hawkin 's mother who runs the Benbow Inn . Dane Davis as Morph , a small creature that can morph into any form . Michael Wincott as Scroop , a vicious , spider / crab @-@ like crewman on the RLS Legacy . Patrick McGoohan as Billy Bones , a sailor who owned the map to Treasure Planet . Tony Jay as the Narrator = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Treasure Planet took roughly four and a half years to create , but the concept for Treasure Planet ( which was called " Treasure Island in Space " at the time ) was originally pitched by Ron Clements in 1985 during the meeting wherein he and John Musker also pitched The Little Mermaid . Clements stated that Jeffrey Katzenberg , who was the chief of Walt Disney Studios at the time , " just wasn 't interested " in the idea . Since Musker and Clements wanted to be able to move " the camera around a lot like Steven Spielberg or James Cameron , " the delay in production was beneficial since " the technology had time to develop in terms of really moving the camera . " Principal animation for the film began in 2000 with roughly 350 crew members working on it . In 2002 , Roy Conli estimated that there were around 1 @,@ 027 crew members listed in the screen credits with " about four hundred artists and computer artists , about a hundred and fifty musicians and another two hundred technologists " . According to Conli , Clements wanted to create a space world that was " warm and had more life to it than you would normally think of in a science fiction film " , as opposed to the " stainless steel , blue , smoke coming from the bowels of heavily pipe laden " treatment of science fiction . In order to make the film " fun " by creating more exciting action sequences and because they believed that having the characters wear space suits and helmets " would take all the romance out of it " , the crew created the concept of the " Etherium , " an " outer space filled with atmosphere " . Several changes were made late in the production to the film . The prologue of the film originally featured an adult Jim Hawkins narrating the story of Captain Flint in first person , but the crew considered this to be too " dark " and felt that it lacked character involvement . The crew also intended for the film to include a sequence showing Jim working on his solar surfer and interacting with an alien child , which was intended to show Jim 's more sensitive side and as homage to The Catcher in the Rye . Because of the intention to begin the film with a scene of Jim solar surfing , the sequence had to be cut . = = = Writing = = = Writer Rob Edwards stated that " it was extremely challenging " to take a classic novel and set it in outer space , and that they did away with some of the science fiction elements ( " things like the metal space ships and the coldness " ) early on . Edwards goes on to say that they " did a lot of things to make the film more modern " and that the idea behind setting the film in outer space was to " make the story as exciting for kids now as the book was for kids then " . With regard to adapting the characters from the book to film , Ron Clements mentioned that the Jim Hawkins in the book is " a very smart , very capable kid " , but they wanted to make Jim start out as " a little troubled kid " who " doesn 't really know who he is " while retaining the aforementioned characteristics from the original character . The " mentor figures " for Jim Hawkins in the novel were Squire Trelawney and Dr. Livesey , whom John Musker described as " one is more comic and the other 's very straight " ; these two characters were fused into Dr. Doppler . Clements also mentions that though the father @-@ son relationship between Jim Hawkins and John Silver was present " to some degree " in the book , they wanted to emphasize it more in the film . = = = Casting = = = Casting director Ruth Lambert held a series of casting auditions for the film in New York , Los Angeles and London , but the crew already had some actors in mind for two of the major characters . The character of Dr. Doppler was written with David Hyde Pierce in mind , and Pierce was given a copy of the Treasure Planet script along with preliminary sketches of the character and the film 's scenic elements while he was working on A Bug 's Life . He stated that " the script was fantastic , the look was so compelling " that he accepted the role . Likewise , the character of Captain Amelia was developed with the idea that Emma Thompson would be providing her voice . " We offered it to her and she was really excited , " Clements said . Musker said , " This is the first action adventure character that Emma has ever played and she was pregnant during several of the sessions . She was happy that she could do all this action and not have to train for the part " There were no actors initially in mind for the characters of John Silver and Jim Hawkins ; Brian Murray ( John Silver ) and Joseph Gordon @-@ Levitt ( Jim Hawkins ) were signed after months of auditions . Gordon @-@ Levitt stated that he was attracted to the role because " it 's a Disney animated movie and Disney animated movies are in a class by themselves , " and that " to be part of that tradition is unbelievable to me " . Musker mentioned that Gordon @-@ Levitt " combined enough vulnerability and intelligence and a combination of youthfulness but incompleteness " and that they liked his approach . Among the lead actors , only Pierce had experience with voice acting prior to the making of Treasure Planet . Conli explained that they were looking for " really the natural voice of the actor " , and that sometimes it was better to have an actor with no experience with voice work as he utilizes his natural voice instead of " affecting a voice " . The voice sessions were mostly done without any interaction with the other actors , but Gordon @-@ Levitt expressed a desire to interact with Brian Murray because he found it difficult to act out most of the scenes between Jim Hawkins and John Silver alone . = = = Design and animation = = = While designing for Treasure Planet , the crew operated on rule they call the " 70 / 30 Law " ( an idea that art director Andy Gaskill has credited to Ron Clements ) , which meant that the overall look of the film 's artwork should be 70 % traditional and 30 % sci @-@ fi . The overall look of Treasure Planet was based on the art style promoted by illustrators associated with the Brandywine School of Illustration ( such as Howard Pyle and N.C. Wyeth ) , whose illustrations have been described by the film 's crew as being the " classic storybook illustration , " having a painterly feel to it , and being composed of a warm color palette . The animators took Deep Canvas , a technology which they had initially developed for Tarzan , and came up with a process they called " Virtual Sets , " wherein they created entire 360 degree sets before they began staging the scenes . They combined this process with traditionally @-@ drawn characters in order to achieve a " painted image with depth perception " and enabled the crew to place the camera anywhere in the set and maneuver it as they would maneuver a camera for a live @-@ action film . In order to test how a computer @-@ generated body part ( specifically John Silver 's cyborg arm ) would mesh with a traditionally animated character , the crew took a clip of Captain Hook from Peter Pan and replaced his arm with the cyborg arm . There were around forty animators on the crew , and were further divided into teams ; for example , sixteen animators were assigned to Jim Hawkins because he appeared on the screen the most , and twelve were assigned to John Silver . To ensure " solidity " in illustration and personality , each major character in the film had a team of animators led by one supervisor . Conli mentioned that the personalities of the supervisors affect the final character , citing Glen Keane ( the supervisor for John Silver ) as well as John Ripa ( the supervisor for Jim Hawkins ) as examples . The physical appearance , movements , and facial expressions of the voice actors were infused into the characters as well . When asked if they drew inspiration from the previous film adaptations of Treasure Island for the character designs , Glen Keane stated that he disliked looking at previous portrayals of the character in order to " clear his mind of stereotypes " , but that he drew some inspiration for the manner by which Silver spoke from actor Wallace Beery , whom he " loved because of the way he talked out of the side of his mouth . " For the characterization and design for Jim Hawkins , John Ripa cited James Dean as an important reference because " there was a whole attitude , a posture " wherein " you felt the pain and the youthful innocence " , and he also cited the film Braveheart because " there are a lot of close @-@ ups on characters ... who are going through thought processes , just using their eyes . " Animators also used maquettes , small statues of the characters in the film , as references throughout the animation process . Character sculptor Kent Melton mentioned that the first Disney film to use maquettes was Pinocchio , and that this paved the way to the formation of an entire department devoted to character sculpting . Keane noted that maquettes are not just supposed to be " like a mannequin in a store " , but rather has to be " something that tells you [ the character 's ] personality " and that maquettes also helped inspire the way actors would portray their roles . = = = Audio = = = This " 70 / 30 Law " was not only applied to the visual designs for the film , but also for the sound effects and music . Sound designer Dane Davis mentioned that he and his team " scoured hobby shops and junk stores for antique windup toys and old spinning mechanisms " in order to create the sound effects for John Silver to " avoid sounding slick or sci @-@ fi " . The team did some experimentation with the sound used in dialogues , especially with the robot B.E.N. , but opted to keep Short 's natural voice because everything they tried " affected his comedy " , and " the last thing you want to do in a story like this is affect performances " . The music from the film is largely orchestral in nature , although it includes two moderately successful pop singles ( " I 'm Still Here " and " Always Know Where You Are " ) from The Goo Goo Dolls frontman John Rzeznik and British pop @-@ rock group , BBMak . Both songs were written and performed by John Rzeznik in the film , but BBMak recorded " Always Know Where You Are " for the soundtrack . The score was composed by James Newton Howard , who said that the score is " very much in the wonderful tradition of Korngold and Tiomkin and Steiner . " The score has been described as a mixture of modern music in the spirit of Star Wars and Celtic music . Scottish fiddler Alasdair Fraser is credited as the co @-@ composer of the track " Silver Leaves " , and is also listed as a soloist in the film 's credits . Walt Disney Records released the film 's soundtrack album on November 19 , 2002 . = = = Marketing = = = Prior to and during its theatrical run , Treasure Planet had promotional support from McDonald 's , Pepsi @-@ Cola , Dreyer 's , and Kellogg Company . McDonald 's included promotional items such as action figures and puzzles in their Happy Meals and Mighty Meals , Pepsi @-@ Cola placed promotional film graphics onto the packaging of a number of their soft drinks ( Mountain Dew , Code Red Sierra Mist , Mug Root Beer , Orange Slice and Lipton Brisk ) , Dreyer 's used their delivery truck panels to promote ice cream flavors inspired by the film ( such as " Galactic Chocolate " and " Vanilla Treasure " ) , and Kellog included film @-@ branded spoons in their cereal boxes . Hasbro also released a line @-@ up of Treasure Planet action figures and toys . = = Release = = Treasure Planet held its world premiere at the Cinerama Dome in Hollywood on November 17 , 2002 , though it was also screened in Paris , France on November 6 , 2002 . The film is " the first major studio feature " to be released in regular and IMAX theaters simultaneously ; this was done in the light of the success of Disney films that were re @-@ released in IMAX format , such as Fantasia 2000 and Beauty and the Beast . Dick Cook , then @-@ chairman of Walt Disney Studio Entertainment , also mentioned that the simultaneous release was a good way to distinguish themselves during the competitive holiday season . Treasure Planet was released in DVD and VHS format in the United States and Canada on April 29 , 2003 . The DVD includes behind @-@ the @-@ scenes featurettes , a visual commentary , deleted scenes , teaser and theatrical trailers , the music video for the song " I 'm Still Here " by John Rzeznik , and a virtual tour of the RLS Legacy . The DVD retained the number one spot in Billboard 's top sales for two weeks and the VHS was number one in sales for three weeks . From April to July 2003 , Treasure Planet brought in $ 64 Million in DVD sales . Disney released a 10th Anniversary special edition Blu @-@ ray / DVD combo on July 3 , 2012 . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = The film has a 69 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 147 reviews . The site 's critical consensus states " Though its characterizations are weaker than usual , Treasure Planet offers a fast @-@ paced , beautifully rendered vision of outer space . " Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post , who gave it 4 stars out of 5 , stated that the film " boasts the purest of Disney raptures : It unites the generations , rather than driving them apart " . Leah Rozen of People stated that the film " has imagination , humor aplenty and moves briskly " , and that " the animation , combining traditional and digital techniques , is ravishing . " Claudia Puig of USA Today said that the film 's most noteworthy feature is " the artful way it combines the futuristic and the retro " , and went on to say that the film doesn 't have the " charm of Lilo & Stitch " nor the " dazzling artistry of Spirited Away " , but concluded that Treasure Planet is " a capable and diverting holiday season adventure for a family audience . " Kim Hollis of Box Office Prophets stated that " there 's plenty to recommend the film – the spectacular visuals alone make Treasure Planet a worthwhile watch , " though expressing disappointment because she felt that the characters were " not all that creatively rendered " . There were also many who criticized the film . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave it 2 @.@ 5 stars out of 4 ; he felt that a more traditional take on the story would have been " more exciting " and " less gimmicky " . Andy Klein of Daily Variety Gotham complained about the script , describing it as " listless " and remarked , " If only its script were as amusing as its visuals . " A. O. Scott of The New York Times described the film as " less an act of homage than a clumsy and cynical bit of piracy " , and went on to say that it is " not much of a movie at all " and a " brainless , mechanical picture " . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly described the film as " all cutesy updated fripperies and zero momentum . " = = = Box office = = = The film was an American box office bomb , grossing only $ 38 million in the United States and Canada and $ 110 million worldwide . In 2014 , the LA Times listed the film as one of the most expensive box office flops of all time . Consequently , Disney 's Buena Vista Distribution arm reduced its fourth @-@ quarter earnings by $ 47 million within a few days of the film 's release . = = = Awards = = = The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature , but lost to Spirited Away ( 2001 ) . It was also nominated for a number of Annie Awards . = = Canceled sequel = = Before Treasure Planet was shown in cinemas , Thomas Schumacher , then @-@ president of Walt Disney Feature Animation , mentioned the possibilities of having direct @-@ to @-@ video releases for Treasure Planet as well as a television series . He stated that they already had " a story and some storyboards and concepts up and a script for what a sequel to [ Treasure Planet ] could be , " and that they also had a " notion " of what the series would be . Director Jun Falkenstein and screenwriter Evan Spiliotopoulos began early development on Treasure Planet 2 . In the sequel , Jim Hawkins and Kate , his love interest and classmate at the Royal Interstellar Academy , must team with Long John Silver to stop the villainous Ironbeard from freeing the inmates of Botany Bay Prison Asteroid . Willem Dafoe was set to voice Ironbeard . The sequel was canceled when Treasure Planet disappointed at the box office . = = Video games = = Several Treasure Planet video games were released . Disney Interactive released the naval strategy game Treasure Planet : Battle at Procyon for the PC in October 2002 , while Sony Computer Entertainment America released a Treasure Planet action video game for the PlayStation , PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance in November , developed by Bizarre Creations . The company used Softimage 's XSI engine for modeling , texturing and animation , and released a Making @-@ of video on their Facebook page in 2008 . A series of games collectively called Disney 's Treasure Planet : Training Academy ( or Disney 's Treasure Planet Collection ) was also released in 2002 . It was composed of three games ( Broadside Blast , Treasure Racer , and Etherium Rescue ) , and players with all three games could unlock a fourth game ( Ship Shape ) . = = = Reception = = = The game was met with mixed to negative reception upon release . GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 66 @.@ 43 % and 68 out of 100 for the Game Boy Advance version ; 64 % and 61 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version ; and 57 @.@ 14 % and 44 out of 100 for the PlayStation version . = Gump Roast = " Gump Roast " is the seventeenth episode of The Simpsons ’ thirteenth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 21 , 2002 . In the episode , Homer Simpson is honored by the townspeople at a Friars ' Club Roast , until it is interrupted by Kang and Kodos . The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland and was written by Dan Castellaneta and his wife Deb Lacusta . The plot idea for the episode came about when The Simpsons cast members were on hiatus following a payment dispute . This is the fifth and , so far , the last clip show The Simpsons has produced . Instead , the series implements one " trilogy episode " each season . When it was first broadcast , " Gump Roast " received a 5 @.@ 7 rating and was watched by 12 @.@ 2 million viewers , making it the 16th most watched television show of the night . However , following its release on DVD and Blu @-@ ray , the episode received negative reviews from critics . = = Plot = = Homer Simpson sits on a park bench holding a box of chocolates , when Chief Wiggum appears to arrest him for impersonating a movie character . Homer tells Wiggum a story that he is not interested in at first , but becomes more intrigued when Homer uses flashbacks to help him tell the story . The Simpson family then arrives to take Homer to the Friars ’ Club , where he is roasted by Krusty the Clown and other prominent citizens of Springfield . Among those roasting him are his son Bart , his daughter Lisa , and his boss Mr. Burns who tries to warn the people of Springfield of Homer 's incompetence which , much to his dismay , they think is a joke . The roasters utilize more clips from previous episodes . Soon , Kang and Kodos arrive at the roast and declare that humans are stupid , as demonstrated by more clips . However , when they probe Homer 's baby daughter Maggie 's brain and see her memories through a monitor , the emotional impact is too much for them that they cry with joy , but angrily attempt to hide it by saying that they were vomiting from their eyes . However , Maggie 's mind also reveals more clips , this time consisting of various celebrities . Kang and Kodos and the citizens make a deal , they agree to spare the Earth if everyone agrees to give them a place in the People 's Choice Awards . They do , and Kang and Kodos enjoy the award ceremony . The episode ends with the song " They ’ ll Never Stop the Simpsons " , which recounts additional past plots , possible future plots , and an apology for airing this clip show . = = Production = = " Gump Roast " was co @-@ written by Dan Castellaneta and his wife Deb Lacusta , while Mark Kirkland served as director . It was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on April 21 , 2002 . The idea for the episode came about when Castellaneta and the other main Simpsons cast members were on hiatus while renegotiating their salaries . During the hiatus , Lacusta and Castellaneta were discussing the film Forrest Gump and questioned whether the stories Gump told actually happened , or if he made them up . They then compared the character to Homer , since they are both dimwitted and have " fumbled into " many different situations . Writing ensued , and when the cast members had settled the payment issue , Castellaneta and Lacusta presented the script to show runner Al Jean , who put the script into production . The clip in which Homer skis down a mountain is one of the most used clips during events , according to Jean . One of the plot turns in the episode sees Kang and Kodos interrupting the roast . These characters normally only appear in Halloween episodes , however since " Gump Roast " is a clip show and therefore not in The Simpsons canon , Kang and Kodos were included in the episode . Since " Gump Roast " , there has not been any more clip shows of The Simpsons . Jean stated in the DVD commentary for the episode , that since the show now produces " trilogy episodes " ( episodes that have three separate stories for each act ) each season after season 13 , making a clip show would be unnecessary . The song " They 'll Never Stop The Simpsons " playing at the end of the episode was written by Simpsons writer Matt Selman and sung by Castellaneta . It is a parody on the song “ We Didn 't Start the Fire ” by Billy Joel , and was originally the same length as the song it was based on . However , because the episode was too long , the song had to be cut to its current length . In 2011 , the song was re @-@ recorded with alternative lyrics as a promotional video after The Simpsons was renewed for an additional 24th and 25th season . Castellaneta came in and recorded eight new takes , which was mixed together with some of the original vocals . = = Referenced clips = = = = Cultural references = = The opening scene , which shows Homer sitting on a bench holding a box of chocolates , is a reference to the movie Forrest Gump . At one point Homer drunkenly quotes the film Secrets & Lies . The act that Ned Flanders and Reverend Lovejoy are performing at the roast is an homage to the Smothers Brothers , who would later appear on The Simpsons in the episode “ O Brother , Where Bart Thou ? ” . Moe dresses as Austin Powers from the comedy film series . Dr. Hibbert wears a costume of the character Darth Vader from the Star Wars series , and Mr. Burns approaches the podium to the sound of " The Imperial March " , aka " Darth Vader 's Theme " . The song " They 'll Never Stop The Simpsons " is a parody of Billy Joel 's song " We Didn 't Start The Fire " . Agnes Skinner wears a green dress similar to the dress worn by Jennifer Lopez at the 42nd Grammy Awards in 2000 . = = Release = = In its original American broadcast on April 21 , 2002 , " Gump Roast " was watched by 12 @.@ 2 million viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research , making it the 16th most watched television show of the night , as well as the highest @-@ ranked show on the Fox network . It received , along with a new episode of Malcolm in the Middle , a 5 @.@ 7 rating among adult viewers between ages 18 and 49 , meaning it was seen by 5 @.@ 7 % of the population in said demographic . Following the home video release of the thirteenth season of The Simpsons , " Gump Roast " received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics . Both Ron Martin of 411Mania and Adam Rayner of Obsessed with Film wrote that the episode 's premise is " lazy " , and Rayner added that he felt " cheated " . Andre Dellamorte of Collider was negative as well , writing that the episode “ does a very poor job at justifying its existence " . The episode 's plot was criticized by reviewers ; Jennifer Malkowski of DVD Verdict called the plot " lackluster " and added that it " doesn 't really make sense — and I mean that last part in a bad way ! " Nate Boss of Project @-@ Blu held a similar view , stated that the plot " made no sense " and that the episode as a whole was " complete lameness . " James Greene of Nerve.com put the clip show third on his list Ten Times The Simpsons Jumped the Shark , stating that " You 'd think by 2002 The Simpsons would 've generated enough cash for FOX that they were no longer beholden to archaic penny @-@ saving concepts like the clip show . " Some reviewers considered the episode to be the worst of the season . However , Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide stated that , even though he thought the episode was " a cheap excuse for a new episode " , he found that it " provokes more laughs than many of the other season 13 episodes since it quotes better programs from the past . " Furthermore , the song at the end of the episode was well received by Malkowski , who described it as the best moment of the episode . = Io ( moon ) = Io ( pronunciation : / ˈaɪ.oʊ / ) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter . It is the fourth @-@ largest moon , has the highest density of all the moons , and is the driest known object in the Solar System . It was discovered in 1610 and was named after the mythological character Io , a priestess of Hera who became one of Zeus 's lovers . With over 400 active volcanoes , Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System . This extreme geologic activity is the result of tidal heating from friction generated within Io 's interior as it is pulled between Jupiter and the other Galilean satellites — Europa , Ganymede and Callisto . Several volcanoes produce plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide that climb as high as 500 km ( 300 mi ) above the surface . Io 's surface is also dotted with more than 100 mountains that have been uplifted by extensive compression at the base of Io 's silicate crust . Some of these peaks are taller than Mount Everest . Unlike most satellites in the outer Solar System , which are mostly composed of water ice , Io is primarily composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron @-@ sulfide core . Most of Io 's surface is composed of extensive plains coated with sulfur and sulfur @-@ dioxide frost . Io 's volcanism is responsible for many of its unique features . Its volcanic plumes and lava flows produce large surface changes and paint the surface in various subtle shades of yellow , red , white , black , and green , largely due to allotropes and compounds of sulfur . Numerous extensive lava flows , several more than 500 km ( 300 mi ) in length , also mark the surface . The materials produced by this volcanism make up Io 's thin , patchy atmosphere and Jupiter 's extensive magnetosphere . Io 's volcanic ejecta also produce a large plasma torus around Jupiter . Io played a significant role in the development of astronomy in the 17th and 18th centuries . It was discovered in January 1610 by Galileo Galilei , along with the other Galilean satellites . This discovery furthered the adoption of the Copernican model of the Solar System , the development of Kepler 's laws of motion , and the first measurement of the speed of light . From Earth , Io remained just a point of light until the late 19th and early 20th centuries , when it became possible to resolve its large @-@ scale surface features , such as the dark red polar and bright equatorial regions . In 1979 , the two Voyager spacecraft revealed Io to be a geologically active world , with numerous volcanic features , large mountains , and a young surface with no obvious impact craters . The Galileo spacecraft performed several close flybys in the 1990s and early 2000s , obtaining data about Io 's interior structure and surface composition . These spacecraft also revealed the relationship between Io and Jupiter 's magnetosphere and the existence of a belt of high @-@ energy radiation centered on Io 's orbit . Io receives about 3 @,@ 600 rem ( 36 Sv ) of ionizing radiation per day . Further observations have been made by Cassini – Huygens in 2000 and New Horizons in 2007 , as well as from Earth @-@ based telescopes and the Hubble Space Telescope . = = Nomenclature = = Although Simon Marius is not credited with the sole discovery of the Galilean satellites , his names for the moons were adopted . In his 1614 publication Mundus Iovialis anno M.DC.IX Detectus Ope Perspicilli Belgici , he proposed several alternative names for the innermost of the large moons of Jupiter , including " The Mercury of Jupiter " and " The First of the Jovian Planets " . Based on a suggestion from Johannes Kepler in October 1613 , he also devised a naming scheme whereby each moon was named for a lover of the Greek mythological Zeus or his Roman equivalent , Jupiter . He named the innermost large moon of Jupiter after the Greek mythological figure Io . Marius ' names were not widely adopted until centuries later , and in much of the earlier astronomical literature , Io was generally referred to by its Roman numeral designation ( a system introduced by Galileo ) as " Jupiter I " , or as " the first satellite of Jupiter " . Features on Io are named after characters and places from the Io myth , as well as deities of fire , volcanoes , the Sun , and thunder from various myths , and characters and places from Dante 's Inferno : names appropriate to the volcanic nature of the surface . Since the surface was first seen up close by Voyager 1 , the International Astronomical Union has approved 225 names for Io 's volcanoes , mountains , plateaus , and large albedo features . The approved feature categories used for Io for different types of volcanic features include patera ( " saucer " ; volcanic depression ) , fluctus ( " flow " ; lava flow ) , vallis ( " valley " ; lava channel ) , and active eruptive center ( location where plume activity was the first sign of volcanic activity at a particular volcano ) . Named mountains , plateaus , layered terrain , and shield volcanoes include the terms mons , mensa ( " table " ) , planum , and tholus ( " rotunda " ) , respectively . Named , bright albedo regions use the term regio . Examples of named features are Prometheus , Pan Mensa , Tvashtar Paterae , and Tsũi Goab Fluctus . = = Observational history = = The first reported observation of Io was made by Galileo Galilei on 7 January 1610 using a 20x @-@ power , refracting telescope at the University of Padua . However , in that observation , Galileo could not separate Io and Europa due to the low power of his telescope , so the two were recorded as a single point of light . Io and Europa were seen for the first time as separate bodies during Galileo 's observations of the Jupiter system the following day , 8 January 1610 ( used as the discovery date for Io by the IAU ) . The discovery of Io and the other Galilean satellites of Jupiter was published in Galileo 's Sidereus Nuncius in March 1610 . In his Mundus Jovialis , published in 1614 , Simon Marius claimed to have discovered Io and the other moons of Jupiter in 1609 , one week before Galileo 's discovery . Galileo doubted this claim and dismissed the work of Marius as plagiarism . Regardless , Marius ' first recorded observation came from 29 December 1609 in the Julian calendar , which equates to 8 January 1610 in the Gregorian calendar , which Galileo used . Given that Galileo published his work before Marius , Galileo is credited with the discovery . For the next two and a half centuries , Io remained an unresolved , 5th @-@ magnitude point of light in astronomers ' telescopes . During the 17th century , Io and the other Galilean satellites served a variety of purposes , including early methods to determine longitude , validating Kepler 's third law of planetary motion , and determining the time required for light to travel between Jupiter and Earth . Based on ephemerides produced by astronomer Giovanni Cassini and others , Pierre @-@ Simon Laplace created a mathematical theory to explain the resonant orbits of Io , Europa , and Ganymede . This resonance was later found to have a profound effect on the geologies of the three moons . Improved telescope technology in the late 19th and 20th centuries allowed astronomers to resolve ( that is , see as distinct objects ) large @-@ scale surface features on Io . In the 1890s , Edward E. Barnard was the first to observe variations in Io 's brightness between its equatorial and polar regions , correctly determining that this was due to differences in color and albedo between the two regions and not due to Io being egg @-@ shaped , as proposed at the time by fellow astronomer William Pickering , or two separate objects , as initially proposed by Barnard . Later telescopic observations confirmed Io 's distinct reddish @-@ brown polar regions and yellow @-@ white equatorial band . Telescopic observations in the mid @-@ 20th century began to hint at Io 's unusual nature . Spectroscopic observations suggested that Io 's surface was devoid of water ice ( a substance found to be plentiful on the other Galilean satellites ) . The same observations suggested a surface dominated by evaporates composed of sodium salts and sulfur . Radiotelescopic observations revealed Io 's influence on the Jovian magnetosphere , as demonstrated by decametric wavelength bursts tied to the orbital period of Io . = = = Pioneer = = = The first spacecraft to pass by Io were the twin Pioneer 10 and 11 probes on 3 December 1973 and 2 December 1974 , respectively . Radio tracking provided an improved estimate of Io 's mass , which , along with the best available information of Io 's size , suggested that Io had the highest density of the four Galilean satellites , and was composed primarily of silicate rock rather than water ice . The Pioneers also revealed the presence of a thin atmosphere at Io and intense radiation belts near the orbit of Io . The camera on board Pioneer 11 took the only good image of Io obtained by either spacecraft , showing its north polar region . Close @-@ up images were planned during Pioneer 10 's encounter with Io , but those observations were lost because of the high @-@ radiation environment . = = = Voyager = = = When the twin probes Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 passed by Io in 1979 , their more advanced imaging system allowed for far more detailed images . Voyager 1 flew past Io on 5 March 1979 from a distance of 20 @,@ 600 km ( 12 @,@ 800 mi ) . The images returned during the approach revealed a strange , multi @-@ colored landscape devoid of impact craters . The highest @-@ resolution images showed a relatively young surface punctuated by oddly shaped pits , mountains taller than Mount Everest , and features resembling volcanic lava flows . Shortly after the encounter , Voyager navigation engineer Linda A. Morabito noticed a plume emanating from the surface in one of the images . Analysis of other Voyager 1 images showed nine such plumes scattered across the surface , proving that Io was volcanically active . This conclusion was predicted in a paper published shortly before the Voyager 1 encounter by Stan Peale , Patrick Cassen , and R. T. Reynolds . The authors calculated that Io 's interior must experience significant tidal heating caused by its orbital resonance with Europa and Ganymede ( see the " Tidal heating " section for a more detailed explanation of the process ) . Data from this flyby showed that the surface of Io is dominated by sulfur and sulfur dioxide frosts . These compounds also dominate its thin atmosphere and the torus of plasma centered on Io 's orbit ( also discovered by Voyager ) . Voyager 2 passed Io on 9 July 1979 at a distance of 1 @,@ 130 @,@ 000 km ( 702 @,@ 000 mi ) . Though it did not approach nearly as close as Voyager 1 , comparisons between images taken by the two spacecraft showed several surface changes that had occurred in the four months between the encounters . In addition , observations of Io as a crescent as Voyager 2 departed the Jovian system revealed that seven of the nine plumes observed in March were still active in July 1979 , with only the volcano Pele shutting down between flybys . = = = Galileo = = = The Galileo spacecraft arrived at Jupiter in 1995 after a six @-@ year journey from Earth to follow up on the discoveries of the two Voyager probes and ground @-@ based observations taken in the intervening years . Io 's location within one of Jupiter 's most intense radiation belts precluded a prolonged close flyby , but Galileo did pass close by shortly before entering orbit for its two @-@ year , primary mission studying the Jovian system . Although no images were taken during the close flyby on 7 December 1995 , the encounter did yield significant results , such as the discovery of a large iron core , similar to that found in the rocky planets of the inner Solar System . Despite the lack of close @-@ up imaging and mechanical problems that greatly restricted the amount of data returned , several significant discoveries were made during Galileo 's primary mission . Galileo observed the effects of a major eruption at Pillan Patera and confirmed that volcanic eruptions are composed of silicate magmas with magnesium @-@ rich mafic and ultramafic compositions . Distant imaging of Io was acquired for almost every orbit during the primary mission , revealing large numbers of active volcanoes ( both thermal emission from cooling magma on the surface and volcanic plumes ) , numerous mountains with widely varying morphologies , and several surface changes that had taken place both between the Voyager and Galileo eras and between Galileo orbits . The Galileo mission was twice extended , in 1997 and 2000 . During these extended missions , the probe flew by Io three times in late 1999 and early 2000 and three times in late 2001 and early 2002 . Observations during these encounters revealed the geologic processes occurring at Io 's volcanoes and mountains , excluded the presence of a magnetic field , and demonstrated the extent of volcanic activity . In December 2000 , the Cassini spacecraft had a distant and brief encounter with the Jupiter system en route to Saturn , allowing for joint observations with Galileo . These observations revealed a new plume at Tvashtar Paterae and provided insights into Io 's aurorae . = = = Subsequent observations = = = Following Galileo 's planned destruction in Jupiter 's atmosphere in September 2003 , new observations of Io 's volcanism came from Earth @-@ based telescopes . In particular , adaptive optics imaging from the Keck telescope in Hawaii and imaging from the Hubble telescope have allowed astronomers to monitor Io 's active volcanoes . This imaging has allowed scientists to monitor volcanic activity on Io , even without a spacecraft in the Jupiter system . The New Horizons spacecraft , en route to Pluto and the Kuiper belt , flew by the Jupiter system and Io on 28 February 2007 . During the encounter , numerous distant observations of Io were obtained . These included images of a large plume at Tvashtar , providing the first detailed observations of the largest class of Ionian volcanic plume since observations of Pele 's plume in 1979 . New Horizons also captured images of a volcano near Girru Patera in the early stages of an eruption , and several volcanic eruptions that have occurred since Galileo . There are currently two forthcoming missions planned for the Jupiter system . Juno , launched on 5 August 2011 , has limited imaging capabilities , but it could monitor Io 's volcanic activity using its near @-@ infrared spectrometer , JIRAM . The Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer ( JUICE ) is a planned European Space Agency mission to the Jupiter system that is intended to end up in Ganymede orbit . JUICE has a launch scheduled for 2022 , with arrival at Jupiter planned for January 2030 . JUICE will not fly by Io , but it will use its instruments , such as a narrow @-@ angle camera , to monitor Io 's volcanic activity and measure its surface composition during the two @-@ year Jupiter @-@ tour phase of the mission prior to Ganymede orbit insertion . The Io Volcano Observer ( IVO ) is a proposal for a Discovery @-@ class mission that would launch in 2021 . It would involve multiple flybys of Io while in orbit around Jupiter beginning in 2026 . = = Orbit and rotation = = Io orbits Jupiter at a distance of 421 @,@ 700 km ( 262 @,@ 000 mi ) from Jupiter 's center and 350 @,@ 000 km ( 217 @,@ 000 mi ) from its cloudtops . It is the innermost of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter , its orbit lying between those of Thebe and Europa . Including Jupiter 's inner satellites , Io is the fifth moon out from Jupiter . It takes Io about 42 @.@ 5 hours to complete one orbit around Jupiter ( fast enough for its motion to be observed over a single night of observation ) . Io is in a 2 : 1 mean @-@ motion orbital resonance with Europa and a 4 : 1 mean @-@ motion orbital resonance with Ganymede , completing two orbits of Jupiter for every one orbit completed by Europa , and four orbits for every one completed by Ganymede . This resonance helps maintain Io 's orbital eccentricity ( 0 @.@ 0041 ) , which in turn provides the primary heating source for its geologic activity ( see the " Tidal heating " section for a more detailed explanation of the process ) . Without this forced eccentricity , Io 's orbit would circularize through tidal dissipation , leading to a geologically less active world . Like the other Galilean satellites and the Moon , Io rotates synchronously with its orbital period , keeping one face nearly pointed toward Jupiter . This synchronicity provides the definition for Io 's longitude system . Io 's prime meridian intersects the equator at the sub @-@ Jovian point . The side of Io that always faces Jupiter is known as the subjovian hemisphere , whereas the side that always faces away is known as the antijovian hemisphere . The side of Io that always faces in the direction that Io travels in its orbit is known as the leading hemisphere , whereas the side that always faces in the opposite direction is known as the trailing hemisphere . = = Interaction with Jupiter 's magnetosphere = = Io plays a significant role in shaping Jupiter 's magnetic field , acting as an electric generator that can develop 400 @,@ 000 volts across itself and create an electric current of 3 million amperes , releasing ions that give Jupiter a magnetic field more than twice the size it would otherwise have . The magnetosphere of Jupiter sweeps up gases and dust from Io 's thin atmosphere at a rate of 1 tonne per second . This material is mostly composed of ionized and atomic sulfur , oxygen and chlorine ; atomic sodium and potassium ; molecular sulfur dioxide and sulfur ; and sodium chloride dust . These materials originate from Io 's volcanic activity , but the material that escapes to Jupiter 's magnetic field and into interplanetary space comes directly from Io 's atmosphere . These materials , depending on their ionized state and composition , end up in various neutral ( non @-@ ionized ) clouds and radiation belts in Jupiter 's magnetosphere and , in some cases , are eventually ejected from the Jovian system . Surrounding Io ( at a distance of up to six Io radii from its surface ) is a cloud of neutral sulfur , oxygen , sodium , and potassium atoms . These particles originate in Io 's upper atmosphere and are excited by collisions with ions in the plasma torus ( discussed below ) and by other processes into filling Io 's Hill sphere , which is the region where Io 's gravity is dominant over Jupiter 's . Some of this material escapes Io 's gravitational pull and goes into orbit around Jupiter . Over a 20 @-@ hour period , these particles spread out from Io to form a banana @-@ shaped , neutral cloud that can reach as far as six Jovian radii from Io , either inside Io 's orbit and ahead of it or outside Io 's orbit and behind it . The collision process that excites these particles also occasionally provides sodium ions in the plasma torus with an electron , removing those new " fast " neutrals from the torus . These particles retain their velocity ( 70 km / s , compared to the 17 km / s orbital velocity at Io ) , and are thus ejected in jets leading away from Io . Io orbits within a belt of intense radiation known as the Io plasma torus . The plasma in this doughnut @-@ shaped ring of ionized sulfur , oxygen , sodium , and chlorine originates when neutral atoms in the " cloud " surrounding Io are ionized and carried along by the Jovian magnetosphere . Unlike the particles in the neutral cloud , these particles co @-@ rotate with Jupiter 's magnetosphere , revolving around Jupiter at 74 km / s . Like the rest of Jupiter 's magnetic field , the plasma torus is tilted with respect to Jupiter 's equator ( and Io 's orbital plane ) , so that Io is at times below and at other times above the core of the plasma torus . As noted above , these ions ' higher velocity and energy levels are partly responsible for the removal of neutral atoms and molecules from Io 's atmosphere and more extended neutral cloud . The torus is composed of three sections : an outer , " warm " torus that resides just outside Io 's orbit ; a vertically extended region known as the " ribbon " , composed of the neutral source region and cooling plasma , located at around Io 's distance from Jupiter ; and an inner , " cold " torus , composed of particles that are slowly spiraling in toward Jupiter . After residing an average of 40 days in the torus , particles in the " warm " torus escape and are partially responsible for Jupiter 's unusually large magnetosphere , their outward pressure inflating it from within . Particles from Io , detected as variations in magnetospheric plasma , have been detected far into the long magnetotail by New Horizons . To study similar variations within the plasma torus , researchers measure the ultraviolet light it emits . Although such variations have not been definitively linked to variations in Io 's volcanic activity ( the ultimate source for material in the plasma torus ) , this link has been established in the neutral sodium cloud . During an encounter with Jupiter in 1992 , the Ulysses spacecraft detected a stream of dust @-@ sized particles being ejected from the Jupiter system . The dust in these discrete streams travels away from Jupiter at speeds upwards of several hundred kilometres per second , has an average particle size of 10 μm , and consists primarily of sodium chloride . Dust measurements by Galileo showed that these dust streams originate from Io , but exactly how these form , whether from Io 's volcanic activity or material removed from the surface , is unknown . Jupiter 's magnetic field lines , which Io crosses , couple Io 's atmosphere and neutral cloud to Jupiter 's polar upper atmosphere by generating an electric current known as the Io flux tube . This current produces an auroral glow in Jupiter 's polar regions known as the Io footprint , as well as aurorae in Io 's atmosphere . Particles from this auroral interaction darken the Jovian polar regions at visible wavelengths . The location of Io and its auroral footprint with respect to Earth and Jupiter has a strong influence on Jovian radio emissions from our vantage point : when Io is visible , radio signals from Jupiter increase considerably . The Juno mission , currently en route to Jupiter with a planned orbital insertion in June 2016 , should help to shed light on these processes . The Jovian magnetic field lines that do get past Io 's ionosphere also induce an electric current , which in turn creates an induced magnetic field within Io 's interior . Io 's induced magnetic field is thought to be generated within a partially molten , silicate magma ocean 50 kilometers beneath Io 's surface . Similar induced fields were found at the other Galilean satellites by Galileo , generated within liquid water oceans in the interiors of those moons . = = Geology = = Io is slightly larger than the Moon . It has a mean radius of 1 @,@ 821 @.@ 3 km ( 1 @,@ 131 @.@ 7 mi ) ( about 5 % greater than the Moon 's ) and a mass of 8 @.@ 9319 × 1022 kg ( about 21 % greater than the Moon 's ) . It is a slight ellipsoid in shape , with its longest axis directed toward Jupiter . Among the Galilean satellites , in both mass and volume , Io ranks behind Ganymede and Callisto but ahead of Europa . = = = Interior = = = Composed primarily of silicate rock and iron , Io is closer in bulk composition to the terrestrial planets than to other satellites in the outer Solar System , which are mostly composed of a mix of water ice and silicates . Io has a density of 3 @.@ 5275 g / cm3 , the highest of any moon in the Solar System ; significantly higher than the other Galilean satellites ( Ganymede and Callisto in particular , whose densities are around 1 @.@ 9 g / cm3 ) and slightly higher than the Moon . Models based on the Voyager and Galileo measurements of Io 's mass , radius , and quadrupole gravitational coefficients ( numerical values related to how mass is distributed within an object ) suggest that its interior is differentiated between a silicate @-@ rich crust and mantle and an iron- or iron @-@ sulfide @-@ rich core . Io 's metallic core makes up approximately 20 % of its mass . Depending on the amount of sulfur in the core , the core has a radius between 350 and 650 km ( 220 – 400 mi ) if it is composed almost entirely of iron , or between 550 and 900 km ( 340 – 560 mi ) for a core consisting of a mix of iron and sulfur . Galileo 's magnetometer failed to detect an internal , intrinsic magnetic field at Io , suggesting that the core is not convecting . Modeling of Io 's interior composition suggests that the mantle is composed of at least 75 % of the magnesium @-@ rich mineral forsterite , and has a bulk composition similar to that of L @-@ chondrite and LL @-@ chondrite meteorites , with higher iron content ( compared to silicon ) than the Moon or Earth , but lower than Mars . To support the heat flow observed on Io , 10 – 20 % of Io 's mantle may be molten , though regions where high @-@ temperature volcanism has been observed may have higher melt fractions . However , re @-@ analysis of Galileo magnetometer data in 2009 revealed the presence of an induced magnetic field at Io , requiring a magma ocean 50 km ( 31 mi ) below the surface . Further analysis published in 2011 provided direct evidence of such an ocean . This layer is estimated to be 50 km thick and to make up about 10 % of Io 's mantle . It is estimated that the temperature in the magma ocean reaches 1 @,@ 200 ° C. It is not known if the 10 – 20 % partial melting percentage for Io 's mantle is consistent with the requirement for a significant amount of molten silicates in this possible magma ocean . The lithosphere of Io , composed of basalt and sulfur deposited by Io 's extensive volcanism , is at least 12 km ( 7 mi ) thick , and likely less than 40 km ( 25 mi ) thick . = = = Tidal heating = = = Unlike Earth and the Moon , Io 's main source of internal heat comes from tidal dissipation rather than radioactive isotope decay , the result of Io 's orbital resonance with Europa and Ganymede . Such heating is dependent on Io 's distance from Jupiter , its orbital eccentricity , the composition of its interior , and its physical state . Its Laplace resonance with Europa and Ganymede maintains Io 's eccentricity and prevents tidal dissipation within Io from circularizing its orbit . The resonant orbit also helps to maintain Io 's distance from Jupiter ; otherwise tides raised on Jupiter would cause Io to slowly spiral outward from its parent planet . The vertical differences in Io 's tidal bulge , between the times Io is at periapsis and apoapsis in its orbit , could be as much as 100 m ( 330 ft ) . The friction or tidal dissipation produced in Io 's interior due to this varying tidal pull , which , without the resonant orbit , would have gone into circularizing Io 's orbit instead , creates significant tidal heating within Io 's interior , melting a significant amount of Io 's mantle and core . The amount of energy produced is up to 200 times greater than that produced solely from radioactive decay . This heat is released in the form of volcanic activity , generating its observed high heat flow ( global total : 0 @.@ 6 to 1 @.@ 6 × 1014 W ) . Models of its orbit suggest that the amount of tidal heating within Io changes with time ; however , the current amount of tidal dissipation is consistent with the observed heat flow . Models of tidal heating and convection have not found consistent planetary viscosity profiles that simultaneously match tidal energy dissipation and mantle convection of heat to the surface . Although there is general agreement that the origin of the heat as manifested in Io 's many volcanoes is tidal heating from the pull of gravity from Jupiter and its moon Europa , the volcanoes are not in the positions predicted with tidal heating . They are shifted 30 to 60 degrees to the east . A study published by Tyler et al . ( 2015 ) suggests that this eastern shift may be caused by an ocean of molten rock under the surface . The movement of this magma would generate extra heat through friction due to its viscosity . The study 's authors believe that this subsurface ocean is a mixture of molten and solid rock . Other moons in the Solar System are also tidally heated , and they too may generate additional heat through the friction of subsurface magma or water oceans . This ability to generate heat in a subsurface ocean increases the chance of life on bodies like Europa and Enceladus . = = = Surface = = = Based on their experience with the ancient surfaces of the Moon , Mars , and Mercury , scientists expected to see numerous impact craters in Voyager 1 's first images of Io . The density of impact craters across Io 's surface would have given clues to Io 's age . However , they were surprised to discover that the surface was almost completely lacking in impact craters , but was instead covered in smooth plains dotted with tall mountains , pits of various shapes and sizes , and volcanic lava flows . Compared to most worlds observed to that point , Io 's surface was covered in a variety of colorful materials ( leading Io to be compared to a rotten orange or to pizza ) from various sulfurous compounds . The lack of impact craters indicated that Io 's surface is geologically young , like the terrestrial surface ; volcanic materials continuously bury craters as they are produced . This result was spectacularly confirmed as at least nine active volcanoes were observed by Voyager 1 . = = = = Surface composition = = = = Io 's colorful appearance is the result of materials deposited by its extensive volcanism , including silicates ( such as orthopyroxene ) , sulfur , and sulfur dioxide . Sulfur dioxide frost is ubiquitous across the surface of Io , forming large regions covered in white or grey materials . Sulfur is also seen in many places across Io , forming yellow to yellow @-@ green regions . Sulfur deposited in the mid @-@ latitude and polar regions is often radiation damaged , breaking up normally stable cyclic 8 @-@ chain sulfur . This radiation damage produces Io 's red @-@ brown polar regions . Explosive volcanism , often taking the form of umbrella @-@ shaped plumes , paints the surface with sulfurous and silicate materials . Plume deposits on Io are often colored red or white depending on the amount of sulfur and sulfur dioxide in the plume . Generally , plumes formed at volcanic vents from degassing lava contain a greater amount of S2 , producing a red " fan " deposit , or in extreme cases , large ( often reaching beyond 450 km or 280 mi from the central vent ) red rings . A prominent example of a red @-@ ring plume deposit is located at Pele . These red deposits consist primarily of sulfur ( generally 3- and 4 @-@ chain molecular sulfur ) , sulfur dioxide , and perhaps sulfuryl chloride . Plumes formed at the margins of silicate lava flows ( through the interaction of lava and pre @-@ existing deposits of sulfur and sulfur dioxide ) produce white or gray deposits . Compositional mapping and Io 's high density suggest that Io contains little to no water , though small pockets of water ice or hydrated minerals have been tentatively identified , most notably on the northwest flank of the mountain Gish Bar Mons . Io has the least amount of water of any known body in the Solar System . This lack of water is likely due to Jupiter being hot enough early in the evolution of the Solar System to drive off volatile materials like water in the vicinity of Io , but not hot enough to do so farther out . = = = = Volcanism = = = = The tidal heating produced by Io 's forced orbital eccentricity has made it the most volcanically active world in the Solar System , with hundreds of volcanic centres and extensive lava flows . During a major eruption , lava flows tens or even hundreds of kilometres long can be produced , consisting mostly of basalt silicate lavas with either mafic or ultramafic ( magnesium @-@ rich ) compositions . As a by @-@ product of this activity , sulfur , sulfur dioxide gas and silicate pyroclastic material ( like ash ) are blown up to 200 km ( 120 mi ) into space , producing large , umbrella @-@ shaped plumes , painting the surrounding terrain in red , black , and white , and providing material for Io 's patchy atmosphere and Jupiter 's extensive magnetosphere . Io 's surface is dotted with volcanic depressions known as paterae which generally have flat floors bounded by steep walls . These features resemble terrestrial calderas , but it is unknown if they are produced through collapse over an emptied lava chamber like their terrestrial cousins . One hypothesis suggests that these features are produced through the exhumation of volcanic sills , and the overlying material is either blasted out or integrated into the sill . Examples of paterae in various stages of exhumation have been mapped using Galileo images of the Chaac @-@ Camaxtli region . Unlike similar features on Earth and Mars , these depressions generally do not lie at the peak of shield volcanoes and are normally larger , with an average diameter of 41 km ( 25 mi ) , the largest being Loki Patera at 202 km ( 126 mi ) . Whatever the formation mechanism , the morphology and distribution of many paterae suggest that these features are structurally controlled , with at least half bounded by faults or mountains . These features are often the site of volcanic eruptions , either from lava flows spreading across the floors of the paterae , as at an eruption at Gish Bar Patera in 2001 , or in the form of a lava lake . Lava lakes on Io either have a continuously overturning lava crust , such as at Pele , or an episodically overturning crust , such as at Loki . Lava flows represent another major volcanic terrain on Io . Magma erupts onto the surface from vents on the floor of paterae or on the plains from fissures , producing inflated , compound lava flows similar to those seen at Kilauea in Hawaii . Images from the Galileo spacecraft revealed that many of Io 's major lava flows , like those at Prometheus and Amirani , are produced by the build @-@ up of small breakouts of lava flows on top of older flows . Larger outbreaks of lava have also been observed on Io . For example , the leading edge of the Prometheus flow moved 75 to 95 km ( 47 to 59 mi ) between Voyager in 1979 and the first Galileo observations in 1996 . A major eruption in 1997 produced more than 3 @,@ 500 km2 ( 1 @,@ 400 sq mi ) of fresh lava and flooded the floor of the adjacent Pillan Patera . Analysis of the Voyager images led scientists to believe that these flows were composed mostly of various compounds of molten sulfur . However , subsequent Earth @-@ based infrared studies and measurements from the Galileo spacecraft indicate that these flows are composed of basaltic lava with mafic to ultramafic compositions . This hypothesis is based on temperature measurements of Io 's " hotspots " , or thermal @-@ emission locations , which suggest temperatures of at least 1300 K and some as high as 1600 K. Initial estimates suggesting eruption temperatures approaching 2000 K have since proven to be overestimates because the wrong thermal models were used to model the temperatures . The discovery of plumes at the volcanoes Pele and Loki were the first sign that Io is geologically active . Generally , these plumes are formed when volatiles like sulfur and sulfur dioxide are ejected skyward from Io 's volcanoes at speeds reaching 1 km / s ( 0 @.@ 6 mps ) , creating umbrella @-@ shaped clouds of gas and dust . Additional material that might be found in these volcanic plumes include sodium , potassium , and chlorine . These plumes appear to be formed in one of two ways . Io 's largest plumes , such as those emitted by Pele , are created when dissolved sulfur and sulfur dioxide gas are released from erupting magma at volcanic vents or lava lakes , often dragging silicate pyroclastic material with them . These plumes form red ( from the short @-@ chain sulfur ) and black ( from the silicate pyroclastics ) deposits on the surface . Plumes formed in this manner are among the largest observed at Io , forming red rings more than 1 @,@ 000 km ( 620 mi ) in diameter . Examples of this plume type include Pele , Tvashtar , and Dazhbog . Another type of plume is produced when encroaching lava flows vaporize underlying sulfur dioxide frost , sending the sulfur skyward . This type of plume often forms bright circular deposits consisting of sulfur dioxide . These plumes are often less than 100 km ( 62 mi ) tall , and are among the most long @-@ lived plumes on Io . Examples include Prometheus , Amirani , and Masubi . The erupted sulfurous compounds are concentrated in the upper crust from a decrease in sulfur solubility at greater depths in Io 's lithosphere . = = = = Mountains = = = = Io has 100 to 150 mountains . These structures average 6 km ( 4 mi ) in height and reach a maximum of 17 @.@ 5 ± 1 @.@ 5 km ( 10 @.@ 9 ± 0 @.@ 9 mi ) at South Boösaule Montes . Mountains often appear as large ( the average mountain is 157 km or 98 mi long ) , isolated structures with no apparent global tectonic patterns outlined , as is the case on Earth . To support the tremendous topography observed at these mountains requires compositions consisting mostly of silicate rock , as opposed to sulfur . Despite the extensive volcanism that gives Io its distinctive appearance , nearly all its mountains are tectonic structures , and are not produced by volcanoes . Instead , most Ionian mountains form as the result of compressive stresses on the base of the lithosphere , which uplift and often tilt chunks of Io 's crust through thrust faulting . The compressive stresses leading to mountain formation are the result of subsidence from the continuous burial of volcanic materials . The global distribution of mountains appears to be opposite that of volcanic structures ; mountains dominate areas with fewer volcanoes and vice versa . This suggests large @-@ scale regions in Io 's lithosphere where compression ( supportive of mountain formation ) and extension ( supportive of patera formation ) dominate . Locally , however , mountains and paterae often abut one another , suggesting that magma often exploits faults formed during mountain formation to reach the surface . Mountains on Io ( generally , structures rising above the surrounding plains ) have a variety of morphologies . Plateaus are most common . These structures resemble large , flat @-@ topped mesas with rugged surfaces . Other mountains appear to be tilted crustal blocks , with a shallow slope from the formerly flat surface and a steep slope consisting of formerly sub @-@ surface materials uplifted by compressive stresses . Both types of mountains often have steep scarps along one or more margins . Only a handful of mountains on Io appear to have a volcanic origin . These mountains resemble small shield volcanoes , with steep slopes ( 6 – 7 ° ) near a small , central caldera and shallow slopes along their margins . These volcanic mountains are often smaller than the average mountain on Io , averaging only 1 to 2 km ( 0 @.@ 6 to 1 @.@ 2 mi ) in height and 40 to 60 km ( 25 to 37 mi ) wide . Other shield volcanoes with much shallower slopes are inferred from the morphology of several of Io 's volcanoes , where thin flows radiate out from a central patera , such as at Ra Patera . Nearly all mountains appear to be in some stage of degradation . Large landslide deposits are common at the base of Ionian mountains , suggesting that mass wasting is the primary form of degradation . Scalloped margins are common among Io 's mesas and plateaus , the result of sulfur dioxide sapping from Io 's crust , producing zones of weakness along mountain margins . = = Atmosphere = = Io has an extremely thin atmosphere consisting mainly of sulfur dioxide ( SO 2 ) , with minor constituents including sulfur monoxide ( SO ) , sodium chloride ( NaCl ) , and atomic sulfur and oxygen . The atmosphere has significant variations in density and temperature with time of day , latitude , volcanic activity , and surface frost abundance . The maximum atmospheric pressure on Io ranges from 3 @.@ 3 × 10 − 5 to 3 × 10 − 4 pascals ( Pa ) or 0 @.@ 3 to 3 nbar , spatially seen on Io 's anti @-@ Jupiter hemisphere and along the equator , and temporally in the early afternoon when the temperature of surface frost peaks . Localized peaks at volcanic plumes have also been seen , with pressures of 5 × 10 − 4 to 40 × 10 − 4 Pa ( 5 to 40 nbar ) . Io 's atmospheric pressure is lowest on Io 's night side , where the pressure dips to 0 @.@ 1 × 10 − 7 to 1 × 10 − 7 Pa ( 0 @.@ 0001 to 0 @.@ 001 nbar ) . Io 's atmospheric temperature ranges from the temperature of the surface at low altitudes , where sulfur dioxide is in vapor pressure equilibrium with frost on the surface , to 1800 K at higher altitudes where the lower atmospheric density permits heating from plasma in the Io plasma torus and from Joule heating from the Io flux tube . The low pressure limits the atmosphere 's effect on the surface , except for temporarily redistributing sulfur dioxide from frost @-@ rich to frost @-@ poor areas , and to expand the size of plume deposit rings when plume material re @-@ enters the thicker dayside atmosphere . The thin Ionian atmosphere also means any future landing probes sent to investigate Io will not need to be encased in an aeroshell @-@ style heatshield , but instead require retrothrusters for a soft landing . The thin atmosphere also necessitates a rugged lander capable of enduring the strong Jovian radiation , which a thicker atmosphere would attenuate . Gas in Io 's atmosphere is stripped by Jupiter 's magnetosphere , escaping to either the neutral cloud that surrounds Io , or the Io plasma torus , a ring of ionized particles that shares Io 's orbit but co @-@ rotates with the magnetosphere of Jupiter . Approximately one ton of material is removed from the atmosphere every second through this process so that it must be constantly replenished . The most dramatic source of SO 2 are volcanic plumes , which pump 104 kg of sulfur dioxide per second into Io 's atmosphere on average , though most of this condenses back onto the surface . Much of the sulfur dioxide in Io 's atmosphere sustained by sunlight @-@ driven sublimation of SO 2 frozen on the surface . The day @-@ side atmosphere is largely confined to within 40 ° of the equator , where the surface is warmest and most active volcanic plumes reside . A sublimation @-@ driven atmosphere is also consistent with observations that Io 's atmosphere is densest over the anti @-@ Jupiter hemisphere , where SO 2 frost is most abundant , and is densest when Io is closer to the Sun . However , some contributions from volcanic plumes are required as the highest observed densities have been seen near volcanic vents . Because the density of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is tied directly to surface temperature , Io 's atmosphere partially collapses at night or when Io is in the shadow of Jupiter . The collapse during eclipse is limited somewhat by the formation of a diffusion layer of sulfur monoxide in the lowest portion of the atmosphere , but the atmosphere pressure of Io 's nightside atmosphere is two to four orders of magnitude less than at its peak just past noon . The minor constituents of Io 's atmosphere , such as NaCl , SO , O , and S derive either from : direct volcanic outgassing ; photodissociation , or chemical breakdown caused by solar ultraviolet radiation , from SO 2 ; or the sputtering of surface deposits by charged particles from Jupiter 's magnetosphere . High @-@ resolution images of Io acquired when Io is experiencing an eclipse reveal an aurora @-@ like glow . As on Earth , this is due to particle radiation hitting the atmosphere , though in this case the charged particles come from Jupiter 's magnetic field rather than the solar wind . Aurorae usually occur near the magnetic poles of planets , but Io 's are brightest near its equator . Io lacks an intrinsic magnetic field of its own ; therefore , electrons traveling along Jupiter 's magnetic field near Io directly impact Io 's atmosphere . More electrons collide with its atmosphere , producing the brightest aurora , where the field lines are tangent to Io ( i.e. near the equator ) , because the column of gas they pass through is longest there . Aurorae associated with these tangent points on Io are observed to rock with the changing orientation of Jupiter 's tilted magnetic dipole . Fainter aurora from oxygen atoms along the limb of Io ( the red glows in the image at right ) , and sodium atoms on Io 's night @-@ side ( the green glows in the same image ) have also been observed . = = In fiction = = = 1956 FA Cup Final = The 1956 FA Cup Final was the final match of the 1955 – 56 staging of English football 's primary cup competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup , better known as the FA Cup . The showpiece event was contested between Manchester City and Birmingham City at Wembley Stadium in London on Saturday 5 May 1956 . Two @-@ time winners Manchester City were appearing in their sixth final , whereas Birmingham City were seeking to win the competition for the first time , having lost their only previous final in 1931 . Each club needed to win five matches to reach the final . Manchester City 's victories were close affairs , each settled by the odd goal , and they needed a replay to defeat fifth @-@ round opponents Liverpool . Birmingham City made more comfortable progress : they scored eighteen goals while conceding only two , and won each match at the first attempt despite being drawn to play on their opponents ' ground in every round . They became the first team to reach an FA Cup final without playing at home . Birmingham City entered the match as favourites , in a contest billed as a contrast of styles . Watched by a crowd of 100 @,@ 000 and a television audience of five million , Manchester City took an early lead through Joe Hayes , but Noel Kinsey equalised midway through the first half . Second half goals from Jack Dyson and Bobby Johnstone gave Manchester City a 3 – 1 victory . The match is best remembered for the heroics of Manchester City goalkeeper , Bert Trautmann , who continued playing despite breaking a bone in his neck in a collision with Birmingham City 's Peter Murphy . = = Route to the final = = = = = Manchester City = = = As both Birmingham City and Manchester City were First Division clubs , they entered the competition in the third round . Manchester City 's cup run started with a home tie against Blackpool . The visitors took the lead after only 10 seconds ( their fastest goal ever ) , but midway through the match , fog enveloped Maine Road . The match was abandoned during the second half , immediately after City had scored an equalising goal , and replayed the following Wednesday ; City won 2 – 1 . In the fourth round Manchester City faced Southend United at Roots Hall . The Essex club 's ground had only opened five months previously , and was suffering from drainage problems . Torrential rainfall meant that in the week before the match a trench was dug across the pitch , and sand added . Though Southend were a Third Division team , their familiarity with the uneven pitch meant the match was closely contested . Southend pressured the Manchester City goal , requiring Bert Trautmann to make several saves , but Joe Hayes scored the only goal of the game on a City counter @-@ attack to earn a fifth @-@ round tie against Liverpool . In the fifth @-@ round match , the teams saw out a 0 – 0 draw at Maine Road , and the match was replayed at Anfield . Goals from Jack Dyson and Bobby Johnstone gave Manchester City a 2 – 1 lead , but the game finished in controversial circumstances when the referee blew his whistle for full time as Liverpool 's Billy Liddell was bearing down on goal . Liddell put the ball in the net , but unbeknown to him the goal did not count as the match was already over . In the quarter final Manchester City again played opposition from Liverpool , facing Everton at Maine Road . Trailing 1 – 0 at half @-@ time after a Jimmy Harris goal , City overcame the deficit in the second half with goals from Hayes and Johnstone . Further controversy followed in the semi @-@ final against Tottenham Hotspur , when in the final minutes of the match , with the score at 1 – 0 to Manchester City , Tottenham were denied a penalty after goalkeeper Trautmann grabbed forward George Robb 's leg . No further goalscoring opportunities occurred , and City hung on for the victory . = = = Birmingham City = = = Manager Arthur Turner called on his team to match their Third Division opponents Torquay United for fighting spirit and to produce a " 90 @-@ minute performance " . The players complied ; leading 4 – 0 at half @-@ time , they finished as comfortable 7 – 1 winners . In the fourth round , Leyton Orient , who had beaten Birmingham at the same stage four years earlier , posed more of a potential problem . In reality the win was equally comfortable : Eddy Brown added two goals to his hat @-@ trick at Torquay . A tight local derby game followed on a snow @-@ covered frozen pitch at The Hawthorns . In the first half , goalkeeper Gil Merrick and his defence did well to keep West Bromwich Albion out ; Trevor Smith had to clear an Ronnie Allen header from under the crossbar . In the second half , Birmingham wasted several chances before a one @-@ two with Brown allowed Peter Murphy to score from the edge of the penalty area . In the sixth round , Birmingham faced Arsenal on a muddy pitch . In order to relieve the tension on the way to important matches , manager Turner used to encourage the players to sing . Scotsman Alex Govan 's contribution , Harry Lauder 's rousing " Keep right on to the end of the road " , was adopted by his team @-@ mates . As the team coach approached Highbury with the windows wound down , the fans joined in , continuing their rendition during the game . After first @-@ half goals from Gordon Astall and Murphy , Birmingham went 3 – 0 up through Brown with twenty minutes left . Two minutes later , Arsenal scored from 30 yards ( 27 m ) , Birmingham were unsettled , and Merrick needed to make a fine save from Vic Groves to prevent a second Arsenal goal . Turner felt the motivation from such a powerful song played a significant part in the day 's victory . Semi @-@ final opponents Sunderland found Birmingham without " hard @-@ man " left @-@ half Roy Warhurst , who had injured a thigh against Arsenal , but in Jack Badham they had an effective replacement . The club 's official history describes this as " probably the finest team performance against top class opposition ever produced " by a Birmingham team . They attacked from the kick @-@ off and nullified Sunderland 's pressure and the threat of Len Shackleton . Noel Kinsey scored early and the second goal came from a passing move down the left side finished by Astall . As Sunderland threw everyone forward , which left them open at the back , Brown picked up a long through ball and lobbed the goalkeeper . Astall said afterwards that he was surprised they had not scored five , and Brown wrote in his newspaper column : Now Sunderland found out how hard it is to score against this terrific defence of ours . Not for nothing have we scored 18 goals against two ( both of them freaks ) conceded in five ties all away from home . What can I say to do justice to that brilliant goalkeeper Gil Merrick , to wonderful young Trevor Smith and to the matchless Jeff Hall and Ken Green ? Once again they mixed the old cement and constructed that brilliant wall of a defence . Sunderland would have needed to call in a firm of demolition contractors to destroy it . Birmingham City thus reached the final without playing a single tie at home , a feat which had never previously been accomplished . = = Build @-@ up = = The 1956 final was the second time that Birmingham had reached the showpiece match , having lost 2 – 1 to West Bromwich Albion in 1931 . Manchester City were appearing in the final for the sixth time , and for the second consecutive year . They had won the cup twice previously ( in 1904 and 1934 ) , and had been beaten in the final three times ( in 1926 , 1933 and 1955 ) . Though Birmingham had less pedigree in the competition , the press viewed them as favourites . The Daily Telegraph contrasted Birmingham 's " dazzling Cup run " with the manner in which Manchester City " scraped through " , describing the Midlanders as " firm favourites " . Interviews with players were typically bullish in tone . Manchester City 's Bobby Johnstone opined that " Even an unbiased fan must regard Manchester City with favour " , whereas Birmingham 's Len Boyd gauged opinion quite differently : " They say Birmingham City are the hottest Cup favourites since Wolves crashed to Portsmouth in 1939 " . During the 1950s the FA Cup final was the only football match to be televised nationally , resulting in heightened media attention for the players and clubs involved . The Players ' Union successfully requested an additional £ 5 per man for appearing in a televised match , the first time such appearance money had been paid . Birmingham 's players signed an exclusive contract with the BBC committing them to appear only on BBC programmes in the weeks leading up to the final , though their post @-@ match celebration would be covered live by the regional commercial station ATV . The match itself attracted a television audience of five million , a high figure for the period . Each club received 15 @,@ 000 tickets for the final from the Football Association . Birmingham distributed their share by ballot among those supporters who had followed the team in the earlier rounds of the competition ; 22 @,@ 000 had attended the semi @-@ final , so many thousands were left disappointed . Of the remaining tickets , 4 @,@ 640 were allocated to the FA , 40 @,@ 640 to County Associations , 20 @,@ 090 to Football League clubs , 2 @,@ 550 to FA members and 2 @,@ 080 to the FA Council and stadium authorities . An enquiry into the black market held following the previous year 's Cup Final meant ticket touts kept a lower profile than usual . However , in the week leading up to the game , the cheapest standing tickets , originally sold for 3s 6d , were changing hands in Birmingham for twenty times face value , or 35 % of a manual worker 's weekly earnings . Manchester City spent the week preceding the final at a training camp in Eastbourne . Two days before the final Bert Trautmann , who had originally arrived in England as a prisoner of war , was named Footballer of the Year . Eight players who had played in the previous year 's final were selected in the starting line @-@ up . Press speculation in the run @-@ up to the match pondered which of Don Revie and Bobby Johnstone would be selected , as Johnstone had been suffering from a calf problem . Bill Leivers was also an injury doubt due to a twisted ankle , and Billy Spurdle had a boil on his left arm lanced on the eve of the final . Consequently , the Manchester City line @-@ up was not named until the morning of the match . Leivers was passed fit after having two pain @-@ killing injections , but contrary to press expectations Spurdle missed out . This meant both Revie and Johnstone appeared in the line @-@ up , Johnstone switching to outside right . Birmingham also had doubts over their selection . Captain Len Boyd had for some time been suffering from a debilitating back problem , and relied on injections to keep him playing . He missed five of the last seven games of the season , but was passed fit on the Wednesday before the game . Fellow wing half Roy Warhurst had injured his thigh in the sixth @-@ round match and played no further part in the season , while Badham , who damaged an ankle three weeks before the final , travelled on the Thursday with the rest of the team to their base in Twyford , Berkshire . Jeff Hall was struggling with a virus . When manager Turner announced his team on the eve of the match , Boyd took Warhurst 's position at left @-@ half , Badham , who had proved an able deputy in the semi @-@ final , was omitted , and the inexperienced 22 @-@ year @-@ old Johnny Newman came in on the right . British Railways laid on 38 special trains to take some 19 @,@ 000 supporters to London , the first of which arrived at St Pancras station from Manchester shortly after 3 a.m. For the first time , the official programmes were on sale from early morning in an attempt to thwart sellers of unofficial versions . The Birmingham Mail set up a temporary press in a Wembley car park to produce a special edition of their Saturday sports paper , the Sports Argus , on blue paper rather than the usual pink . As the teams prepared in the dressing rooms , the crowd was led in communal singing , including songs with resonance for each of the two teams , " She 's a lassie from Lancashire " and " Keep right on to the end of the road " , and the hymn " Abide with Me " , traditionally sung before every FA Cup final . As the teams emerged from the tunnel , Manchester City captain Roy Paul seized one last opportunity to stir emotion within the players by stopping , raising his fist and shouting " If we don 't fucking win , you 'll get some of this " . = = Match = = = = = Summary = = = Both teams employed the formation typical of the era : two full @-@ backs , a centre @-@ half , two wing @-@ halves , two outside @-@ forwards , two inside @-@ forwards and a centre @-@ forward . However , their tactical approaches differed . Birmingham , described by The Times as using " iron determination , powerful tackling and open direct methods " , employed the traditional English approach	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
is trapped in large numbers for Buddhist ceremonies , but most birds are later released . = Satan 's Harvest Home = Satan 's Harvest Home is a pamphlet published anonymously in 1749 in London , Great Britain . It describes and denounces what it deems the moral laxity and perversion of contemporary society , especially with reference to effeminacy , sodomy , and prostitution . The pamphlet incorporates some older material ; this attempts to diagnose the cause of a perceived increase in the prevalence of sodomy among gentlemen , and specifies a continental European origin for male effeminacy and female same @-@ sex relations . The pamphlet also features a poem , " Petit Maître " , denouncing male habits of feminine dress . Contemporary scholars have found in the pamphlet evidence of several Early Modern British trends : the equation of effeminacy with homosexuality ; the use of Sappho as a symbol for lesbianism at a time when public awareness of lesbian relationships was increasing ; and an equation of Roman Catholic Italy and France with moral degeneracy . = = Outline = = The pamphlet 's full title is Satan 's Harvest Home : or the Present State of Whorecraft , Adultery , Fornication , Procuring , Pimping , Sodomy , And the Game of Flatts , ( Illustrated by an Authentick and Entertaining Story ) And other Satanic Works , daily propagated in this good Protestant Kingdom . It was printed " for the editor " – i.e. at the expense of the person who compiled it – and it was available for sale at locations across London , from several sellers in York , and in Bath . Some of the material in the pamphlet appears to be either a straight reprint or plagiarism of older material , including from a 1734 text , Pretty Doings in a Protestant Nation , by the pseudonymous Father Poussin . Part of the same section also seems to have appeared in William Walsh 's 1691 A Dialogue Concerning Women . Another reused source is a c.1731 ( 1720 in some sources ) pamphlet , Plain Reasons for the Growth of Sodomy in England . = = = " Reasons for the Growth of Sodomy " = = = In a section apparently reprinted from earlier publications , the pamphlet discerns " Reasons for the Growth of Sodomy " in a number of aspects of British culture . It claims that , in past ages , British middle @-@ class gentlemen had led moral , industrious lives , serving King , country , and family . This era , the pamphlet claims , was now past and lost ; the constitution of the gentleman has deteriorated . Contemporary infants , it says , faced grim prospects , being pampered in nurseries by mothers who dominated their weak fathers . Such children , the pamphlet argued , could not help but to grow up effete and were " scarcely worth raising " . Some of the blame for this , the pamphlet claims , lay with the increasing popularity of raising children at home , and having them educated by women , rather than sending them to school or to be apprenticed . Lacking the boisterous companionship of other boys they could not acquire manly traits ; governed by women , they never learned to dominate women themselves , which , the pamphlet claimed , was requisite to please a wife . = = = Male effeminacy and sodomy = = = One chapter of the pamphlet describes the physiognomy of the " sodomitical type " , claiming that gentle , soft , and delicate men are predisposed toward sodomy . The next criticizes the feminine dress and hairstyling of young men whom it describes as " those Gentlemen who call themselves pretty Fellows " . It characterizes their appearance , in which men styled their hair and dressed in a manner similar to their footmen , as history 's most preposterous . ( In contemporary Britain fears about the consequences of homosexual relationships often centred on their perceived tendency to ignore ( and thus weaken ) class boundaries : an effeminate gentleman who dressed like his footman , a servant , embodied this class transgression in a threatening way . ) The habit of wearing makeup , the pamphlet says , was " as much in Vogue among our Gentlemen , as with the Ladies in France . " Italian opera , too , is criticized for its attributed tendency to feminize men . The same chapter describes same @-@ sex kissing , particularly between men , as the most hateful product of effeminacy . It claims the phenomenon originated in Italy and France , in the latter of which it says even nuns acted lasciviously together , and decries it as an " Unmanly , Unnatural Usage ... the first Inlet to the detestable Sin of Sodomy " . The fashion for male public kissing , the author claims , allowed " catamites " to approach men openly in the streets . Sodomy itself , the pamphlet says , was widespread and becoming more so , and the numerous prosecutions represented likely just a fraction of the total incidences : " We have but too much reason to fear , that there are Numbers yet undiscover 'd , and that this abominable Practice gets Ground ev 'ry Day . " = = = Female homosexual activity = = = Same @-@ sex activity between women was also targeted . The pamphlet appears to have plagiarized the " Father Poussin " text to blame Sappho for devising the " Game of Flats " , a " new sort of Sin " , which has been interpreted to refer to sexual contact between women ( i.e. tribadism , a form of " flat " contact , without the presence of protuberant male genitalia ) . This activity , the book claims , is popular both " in Turkey " and " at Twickenham " . = = = Prostitution = = = The pamphlet claims the streets of London were astonishingly full of prostitutes , male and female , to the extent that whole districts – such as Drury Lane , which purportedly housed 107 brothels in the early 18th century – were exclusively inhabited by prostitutes : ... quite up to St. Thomas 's @-@ street ( some few honest shopkeepers excepted ) is a Corporation of Whores , Coiners , Highwaymen , Gamesters , Pick @-@ pockets , and House @-@ breakers , who like Bats and Owls skulk in obscure Holes and Geneva shops by Day @-@ Light , but wander in the Night in search of Opportunities wherein to exercise their Villany . ( Page 25 ) Though the pamphlet describes the pitiable and desperate conditions in which prostitutes lived , and the corruption of the police supposed to be patrol them , it also accuses prostitutes of ' Inhumanity ' and deems them devilish and monstrous . The vices of the prostitute are presented as those endemic among all women . = = = " Petit Maître " = = = The pamphlet concludes with a poem , " Petit Maître " , criticizing a man with an effeminate appearance . The style has been characterized as satirical . The final verse not only exhorts men to dress in a masculine style , but suggests that the effeminate are in any case less than manly : If thou art a Man , forbear Thus , this motly Garb to wear ; Do not Reason thus displace , Do not Man @-@ hood thus disgrace ; But thy Sex by Dress impart , And appear like what thou art : Like what thou art , said I , pray pardon me ; I mean , appear like what thou ought 'st to be . = = Reception = = Some modern analyses have characterized the pamphlet as a " best @-@ seller " in its own time . Its familiarity today may also derive from its inclusion in several 19th century bibliographies : it was listed in W. T. Lowndes 's pioneering Bibliographer 's Manual of English Literature , published 1834 , generally regarded as the first such systematic literary bibliography . The pamphlet was also the subject of an extensive entry in the 1877 Index Librorum Prohibitorum of the pseudonymous Pisanus Fraxi ( really Henry Spencer Ashbee ) , an encyclopedia of erotic literature . The Index reproduced substantial portions of the original text , introducing the work as a " rare volume , its object being strictly moral . " Modern scholars have attended to the pamphlet as an example of contemporary attitudes toward homophobia , effeminacy , prostitution , and even international relations . David Robinson characterizes the pamphlet 's contents as " blatant , vituperative homophobia " , and the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality identifies it as an effort to incite anti @-@ homosexual sentiment . Christopher Hobson presents pamphlets of this type as the handmaid of eighteenth @-@ century English judicial crackdowns against homosexual offenders ; as a mechanism whereby homosexual behaviour was kept indefensible , and potential perpetrators kept terrified . Ian McCormick diagnoses the pamphlet as representing a gradual change in European discourse on the character of the sodomite : previous publications had discussed sexual deviance ( conceived in contemporary terms ) as a general evil ; with Satan 's Harvest Home a new attention was brought to the individual character of persons who committed sodomy . He argues that ' before the seventeenth century , sodomy was not even precisely differentiated from its demonic associations with werewolves , heretics , sorcerers , and the like . Increasingly , however , it came to be linked with pride , excess of diet , idleness , and contempt of the poor . ' The pamphlet 's equation of effeminacy with homosexuality is identified by Michael Kimmel as distinctive for the period . Other scholars have identified the text 's tone as satirical and mildly obscene , locating it among a movement of pamphlets influenced by a counter @-@ trend promoting greater sympathy for prostitution . Linda Dowling interprets the pamphlet less a broadside against sodomites , and more as evidence of a strand in rhetoric that valorized Britain 's martial past and saw lack of respect for it as a precondition for vice . Ian Bell considers the causality of this relationship between moral collapse and vice , characterizing the book as part of strand that saw vice as a product , not a cause , of a fundamental collapse in morality in Augustan London . Many scholars have considered the pamphlet as evidence for an association , in eighteenth @-@ century thought , between same @-@ sex vice and the influence of continental ( and specifically Roman Catholic ) European mores , particularly of those from France and Italy . George Haggerty sees the pamphlet as typical of a trend in eighteenth century British discourse that blamed Italy and France for exporting sodomy to Britain ; Valerie Traub notes its references to " foreign contagion ... the criminal amorousness endemic to France and Italy . " . George Rousseau , similarly , cites the pamphlet as part of a body of 1740s " sodomy " literature so wide @-@ ranging as to suggest that the term 's meaning might have been mutable , broad , and vague . He argues specifically that , in the 1740s , the term had a strong connotation of an imported vice ; it was often used in the 1740s to connote suspicion against foreigners . The pamphlet 's text , on page 50 , includes the strident claim " Damn 'd Fashion ! Imported from Italy amid 'st a Train of other unnatural Vices . Have we not Sins enough of our own , but we must eke ' em out with those of Foreign Nations , to fill up the Cup of our Abominations , and make us yet more ripe for Divine Vengeance ? " The plausibility of the theory that " sodomy " , however understood , was particularly prevalent in Italy is difficult to assess , though Trevor Dean notes that , earlier , seventeenth @-@ century Italy had undergone increasingly vigorous efforts to monitor and regulate sexual activity . Historians of lesbianism have cited the work as early evidence of public awareness that a lesbian culture existed within eighteenth century England , and locate its references to Sappho as early indicators that that term was coming into general usage to describe lesbians . = = Publishing history = = Garland of New York produced a facsimile edition of the pamphlet in 1985 . An original edition is held in the British Library . First edition : Anonymous ( 1749 ) . Satan 's Harvest Home : or the Present State of Whorecraft , Adultery , Fornication , Procuring , Pimping , Sodomy , And the Game of Flatts , ( Illustrated by an Authentick and Entertaining Story ) And other Satanic Works , daily propagated in this good Protestant Kingdom . Printed for the editor , and sold at the Change , St. Paul 's , Fleet Street , by Dod ; Lewis ; Exeter Change , and in the Court of Requests ; Jackson , Jolliffe , Dodsley , Brindley , Steidel , Shropshire , Chappel , Hildyard , at York ; Leak , at Bath ; and at the snuff shop in Cecil Court , St. Martin 's Lane . Facsimile edition : Anonymous ( 1985 ) . Randolph Trumbach , ed . Hell Upon Earth , or The Town in an Uproar ; And Satan 's Harvest Home . Marriage , Sex , and the family in Eighteenth Century England 1660 – 1800 20 . Garland . = Congress Street Bridge ( Connecticut ) = The Congress Street Bridge was a movable deck @-@ girder Scherzer rolling @-@ lift bridge in Bridgeport , Connecticut , United States . In 1909 , the City of Bridgeport tasked a special commission to oversee the construction of a bridge at Congress Street . The original construction was completed in 1911 for $ 300 @,@ 000 . The bridge served as a street car , vehicle and passenger bridge throughout its service life . In 1997 , the bridge was closed after the Connecticut Department of Transportation found the substructure to be moving . The bridge was demolished in 2010 and $ 40 million funding for a new bridge has since been secured . The Congress Street bridge was on the Connecticut Historical Commission 's list of bridges . = = History = = In 1909 , the City of Bridgeport created a special commission to oversee the construction of a bridge at Congress Street . A local engineer , Raymond F. Stoddard was hired as design consultant and obtained the license to use the Scherzer design . A Scherzer rolling @-@ lift bridge with a double @-@ leaf bascule was chosen for construction . The design is a Deck @-@ type plate girder bridge ; using two plate girders to support the deck . The Scherzer bascule was a popular design because it avoided the expense of high @-@ stress pivot bearings ; though it requires stronger foundations to support the weight of the bridge 's operation . The engineering firm , J. R. Worcester and Company designed and constructed the concrete @-@ arch approach and Fort Pitt Bridge Works fabricated the movable bridge . The cost of construction was $ 300 @,@ 000 , which was offset through funding from the Connecticut Company . A contemporary account from the Hartford Courant gave stated the contract was for $ 305 @,@ 000 to Snare , Tristo and Company . The bridge was opened to the public July 16 , 1910 . The Congress Street Bridge spanned the Pequonnock River and was designed to carry both street cars , vehicles and pedestrians across the river . It was closed and left in the " open position " in 1997 when the Connecticut Department of Transportation found that the substructure was moving . With its closure , traffic has been diverted to the East Washington Avenue Bridge . In 2002 , the estimated cost to repair the bridge was $ 30 million , which could be partly funded by Connecticut 's " Local Bridge Program " . A total of $ 5 @.@ 8 million would be provided by the State of Connecticut with an additional $ 8 @.@ 8 million loan . = = Demolition = = According to Congressman Jim Himes ' website , the demolition funding was appropriated in 2009 and consisted of more than $ 2 million through federal funding . The money was funded through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act , the Comprehensive Appropriations Act of 2009 , and a Community Development Block Grant . According to the Connecticut Post , the State of Connecticut funded $ 1 @.@ 2 million for the demolition of the bridge , and the first phase of the project was expected to cost $ 500 @,@ 000 . The contract for the demolition of the bridge was given to S & R Corporation and the first task was to remove the eastern portion of the bridge . The entire process was expected to take six weeks to demolish the bridge . It was estimated that another $ 450 @,@ 000 would be needed to remove the bridge 's concrete counter @-@ weights and $ 8 million to remove the approaches . In 2010 , the Drawbridge Operation Regulation ; Pequonnock River , Bridgeport , CT struck the rule pertaining to the operation of the bridge due to its removal . = = Importance = = The Congress Street Bridge was on Connecticut Historical Commission 's list of bridges . Local businesses and residents have claimed that are experiencing reductions in traffic as a result of the closure of the bridge and that it has increased emergency response times . In 2002 , Bridgeport 's official historian , Charles W. Brilvitch , stated that the City of Bridgeport promised P. T. Barnum to keep the bridge open and free , forever . The promise was made when the city purchased the previous bridge from Barnum and annexed East Bridgeport in 1864 . However , limited funds became a concern , with the money needing to be directed to more important projects . As of 2013 , federal funding has secured $ 40 million for a new bridge , but estimations project $ 60 million would be needed to complete the project . In a 2008 letter to Congress , the rehabilitation of the bridge was projected to secure 440 jobs as a " shovel @-@ ready " project example . = Cafe Disco = " Cafe Disco " is the twenty @-@ seventh episode of the fifth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the 99th overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 7 , 2009 . Feeling the office is overworked after the recent reign of Charles Miner , Michael sets up a " cafe disco " in his old Michael Scott Paper Company office . Phyllis injures her back dancing at the cafe disco and bonds with Dwight as he tries to relieve her back . Meanwhile , Jim and Pam plan to elope . The episode was written by Warren Lieberstein & Halsted Sullivan and directed by Randall Einhorn . Several songs are featured in the episode , including " Car Wash " by Rose Royce , " Cat People " by David Bowie , " Everybody Dance Now " by C + C Music Factory and " Y.M.C.A. " by Village People . The episode received generally positive reviews and , according to Nielsen ratings , was watched by 7 @.@ 71 million viewers during its original broadcast . = = Plot = = Michael ( Steve Carell ) still has his lease on the closet he used as the office space for the Michael Scott Paper Company . Concerned that the office is still tense from the recent management by Dunder Mifflin vice president Charles Miner , Michael decides to convert the closet into a dance hall called Cafe Disco for his employees to socialize , drink coffee and dance . None of the employees care to join him , much to the disappointment of Michael , who plays music through the ventilation system to try tempting them to come . Phyllis ( Phyllis Smith ) ultimately gives in and joins Michael ; she stops in to invite her husband Bob Vance ( Robert R. Shafer ) but his secretary , who resembles Phyllis , tells her Bob is not available , making Phyllis jealous . In Cafe Disco , Phyllis throws out her back after dancing too hard . Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) brings her into the conference room and starts giving her a kind of massage he usually gives injured horses . The two spend a long amount of time together and she eventually confides in Dwight that she fears her husband is having an affair with his new secretary , but the two laugh together when Phyllis realizes how ridiculous the idea sounds . When the rest of the office is told of Phyllis 's injury , they take this as confirmation that the Cafe Disco is a bad idea and reprimand Michael for what happened to Phyllis . Disappointed and angry , Michael instructs Erin ( Ellie Kemper ) to close up the Cafe Disco . Kelly ( Mindy Kaling ) comes down with her and the two start dancing after Erin turns on the stereo . This catches the eye of two male employees from Vance Refrigeration , and soon Cafe Disco is full of both Dunder Mifflin employees and non @-@ employees , much to Michael 's delight . Oscar ( Oscar Nunez ) is mildly baffled that Erin actually invited one of her friends to come , as opposed to being ashamed of the office . Kelly and Andy ( Ed Helms ) get into a competitive dance @-@ off with each other , and Kevin ( Brian Baumgartner ) makes out in the corner with his girlfriend Lynne ( Lisa K. Wyatt ) . Meanwhile , Jim ( John Krasinski ) and Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) have decided to avoid the expense and stress of a wedding and elope to a simple courthouse ceremony in Youngstown , Ohio without letting their co @-@ workers know . Pam comes to work with a wedding dress and Jim picks up flowers in the office parking lot . As they are leaving , they decide to stop in at Cafe Disco , and end up having a lot of fun , making them decide they really want an actual wedding ceremony after all . Phyllis eventually recovers and dances with Bob in the Cafe Disco . Michael tries to encourage Angela ( Angela Kinsey ) to dance , but she refuses because she doesn 't like " the general spirit of music . " When Angela starts softly shaking her foot to the beat , however , Michael is extremely satisfied with the small victory . At the end of the episode , an extremely nervous Andy gets his ear pierced by Kelly with a pin in the bathroom . = = Production = = " Cafe Disco " was written by Warren Lieberstein and Halsted Sullivan and directed by Randall Einhorn . The Office writers Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg appear in cameos as Vance Refrigeration employees who attend the Cafe Disco dance after spotting Kelly and Erin dancing together . Ed Helms , who describes himself as a poor dancer , said he found the dancing scenes very challenging and that he was very sore by the end of the filming . The official website for The Office included four cut scenes from " Cafe Disco " within a week of its original release . In the first 80 @-@ second clip , Kevin meets Lynne in the elevator , where he tells her she smells like bacon , and says " I love the smell of bacon in the morning . " Later , he invites Lynne to Cafe Disco . In the second , 47 @-@ second clip , Michael insists he will not let the fun stop in the office , and tells the story of his grandfather , who he said was the most fun person until he was changed by his job . In the third , 30 @-@ second clip , Dwight talks to Phyllis about his experience in his high school girl 's softball team , which he was able to join due to the " landmark " Pennsylvania Supreme Court case , " Shrute vs. Lackawanna County Board of Education " . In the final , 30 @-@ second @-@ clip , Dwight tells the documentary crew about his hatred for Ohio , the home of his cousin Amel , who he says should be kicked in the " groin area " because he 's a " cheat and a ball hog . " = = Cultural references = = The episode features the following songs : " Car Wash " by Rose Royce , " Cat People " by David Bowie , " Gonna Make You Sweat ( Everybody Dance Now ) " by C + C Music Factory , " Y.M.C.A. " by Village People , " Boy Hangover " written by Lester Lewis , sung by Bonnie McKee , " I 'll Do You Like a Truck " by Geo da Silva , " Climb on Board The Train " by Destination Soul , " Pimpin ' " by Tian & Styliztic , " Whiplash " by Image , and " Various Disgraces " by The Blam . During their dance competition , Andy does a dance involving a chair from the music video of the Madonna song " Vogue " , and Kelly does a reenactment of the silhouette chair dance from the 1983 romance film Flashdance , which inspired elements of a dance done by actress Vanessa Ferlito in the 2007 Quentin Tarantino film Death Proof . Jim and Pam plan to drive to Youngstown , a city in Mahoning County , Ohio , to get married in a courthouse . Dwight does an impression of actor Jack Nicholson 's character Jack Torrance from the 1980 Stanley Kubrick film The Shining . Michael described the positive office atmosphere to that of Dave & Buster 's , a restaurant and entertainment business . To signify the care @-@ free atmosphere of Cafe Disco , Michael hung on the wall a lei , a Hawaiian flower necklace . When his Cafe Disco idea was initially rejected , Michael said he could understand how it felt to be the tobacco company Philip Morris . " Cafe Disco " included several callbacks to previous The Office episodes . Michael blames Charles Miner , the new Dunder Mifflin vice president , for the poor atmosphere around the office ; Charles was the antagonist of a recent six @-@ episode story arc revolving around Michael 's defection from Dunder Mifflin to the Michael Scott Paper Company . The office space used for Cafe Disco is the old Michael Scott Paper Company office space previously featured in the episodes " Michael Scott Paper Company " , " Heavy Competition " and " Broke " . The episode features Lynne ( Lisa K. Wyatt ) as Kevin 's date at the dance ; Lynne was previously introduced in " Blood Drive " , the fifth season 's Valentine 's Day episode , where the two met at an office singles party . Television reviewers also compared the bonding between Dwight and Phyllis in " Cafe Disco " as a throwback to " Crime Aid " , an episode earlier in the season , in which Phyllis tries to console a saddened Dwight in the wake of Andy and Angela 's engagement . Ironically , in preparing to elope with Jim , Pam pins back her hair , partially reverting to her style from earlier seasons , while conversely , Pam lets down her hair in " The Secret " when Kelly asks how Pam will style her hair to wed Roy . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast on May 7 , 2009 , " Cafe Disco " was watched by 7 @.@ 71 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings , an increase from the previous week . The episode received a 4 @.@ 5 rating / 14 share among viewers aged between 18 and 34 , and a 3 @.@ 8 rating / 11 share among viewers between 18 and 49 . The episode outperformed the 3 @.@ 5 rating / 9 share of CBS ' crime drama series CSI : Crime Scene Investigation in the 18 — 49 category . The Office creator Greg Daniels said he was particularly proud of this , especially in light of the series ' upcoming 100th episode , " Company Picnic " ; Daniels said of beating CSI , " Who would have thought that when we aired for the first time ? " The episode received generally positive reviews . Margaret Lyons of Entertainment Weekly praised the episode , comparing it positively to previous episodes " Casino Night " and " Booze Cruise " : " not as heavy or emotional , certainly , but still a chance to see our Dunderheads in a charming and demonstrative not @-@ quite @-@ work environment . " Lyons also complimented a number of changes in the series the episode seemed to indicate , including shifting allegiances , goodwill where there used to be bad and a possible budding romance between Andy and Kelly . Alan Sepinwall , television journalist with The Star @-@ Ledger , said the episode , " started off seeming like a dumb and pointless idea before gradually revealing itself to be a fun , and even welcome , diversion . " Sepinwall said the episode was not as funny as other recent ones , but that he enjoyed seeing the characters interact this way together , and particularly liked seeing Dwight and Phyllis bond , " even as he treated her like a racehorse " . Josh McAuliffe of The Times @-@ Tribune in Scranton , Pennsylvania , described the episode as " a wacky and wonderful little gem , one of those rare ones where it was just wall @-@ to @-@ wall happy , giddy fun , with not a drop of pathos , except for maybe Michael whining about having to eat lunch by himself . " McAuliffe also said he was glad to see Erin 's " cheerful , appealingly goofy personality " continue to emerge . Nathin Rabin of The A.V. Club said the episode made him feel " borderline euphoric " , and said of it , " With a light touch the show made an insightful point — that we need our dance @-@ offs and workday discos and spontaneous expressions of delight . " Travis Fickett of IGN said the episode had " an infectious sense of fun " and felt as if the show producers " just turned the camera on the cast 's wrap party and let it roll a while " . However , Fickett also said very little actually happened in the episode , which he said felt " mostly like filler " between the recently finished Michael Scott Paper Company arc and the following week 's season finale , " Company Picnic " . New York magazine writer Will Leitch also said the episode felt lighter than recent episodes , but he said , " that ’ s okay : They ’ ve earned a week off , and they sure seem to be having a lot of fun . " He particularly praised the competition between Andy and Kelly , and Michael 's dancing : " There are few funnier dancers than Steve Carell , particularly Steve Carell amped on coffee . " Andy Shaw of TV Fodder said the episode allowed the entire cast to shine and included great chemistry between Phyllis Smith and Rainn Wilson . He also said he was glad to see Ellie Kemper get more screen time , " and not just because she 's Office eye candy . She adds some freshness to the cast , as she 's the only person at Dunder Mifflin right now who doesn 't really know anything about all the drama and backstory , so she just takes Michael and everyone else for face value . " Kelly West of Cinema Blend described " Cafe Disco " as " one of the most random episodes of The Office . " " Cafe Disco " was voted the seventh highest @-@ rated episode out of 26 from the fifth season , according to an episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally ; the episode was rated 8 @.@ 49 out of 10 . = Wichita Linebacker = " Wichita Linebacker " is the third episode of the third season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the forty @-@ seventh episode overall . Written by Phil Klemmer and John Enbom and directed by Harry Winer , the episode premiered on The CW on October 17 , 2006 . The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a college student while moonlighting as a private detective . In this episode , Veronica helps a football player , Kurt Fenstermacher ( Armie Hammer ) retrieve his stolen playbook . Meanwhile , Piz ( Chris Lowell ) gains a job at the college radio station , and Veronica meets Dean O 'Dell ( Ed Begley , Jr . ) for the first time after she gets in trouble for events related to the events that occurred in the previous episode , " My Big Fat Greek Rush Week " . Phil Klemmer and John Enbom , the writers of the episode , found the episode difficult to write because they were not very familiar with American football . However , they decided to resolve the problem by making the episode as little about football as possible . " Wichita Linebacker " also features a guest appearance by Armie Hammer , as well as the first appearances by Begley , Jr. as Cyrus O 'Dell and Ryan Devlin as Mercer Hayes . The episode received mixed to negative reviews , with criticism primarily focusing on the case of the week . = = Synopsis = = Veronica watches a football practice before she expresses her frustration with Logan ( Jason Dohring ) . Later , she meets Weevil ( Francis Capra ) , who is working at a car wash . Veronica is called into the Dean O 'Dell 's office , and he threatens her with expulsion if she does not give up some names in relation to the sorority marijuana scandal . Piz calls Veronica in to help a football player , Kurt Fenstermacher , retrieve his playbook , with Kurt 's girlfriend , Trish ( Lindsey McKeon ) paying for the investigation . Veronica 's only suggestion is that he gets a new one . Veronica convinces her father , Keith Mars ( Enrico Colantoni ) , to hire Weevil as his new assistant at Mars Investigations . In an attempt to print a playbook for Kurt , Veronica disguises herself as a cheerleader , but fails to print one . After being called back into the Dean 's office , Veronica is in the room during a debate between fraternity boys and feminists . Veronica goes back to the football player , and she hypothesizes that his girlfriend ’ s ex @-@ boyfriend stole it . Weevil helps Keith at detective work , succeeding beyond Keith 's expectations . Veronica talks to the ex @-@ boyfriend before learning that the Kurt 's best friend is probably guilty . Veronica gets a disturbing phone call from Logan , so she tracks his cell phone , finding him gambling . Veronica and Logan have a fight before she learns that Keith had to stop working for a client when Weevil hit a suspect ; Keith feels required to fire Weevil . Veronica tells Weevil the news before she gives him a job fixing the Dean ’ s car . Veronica confronts the best friend , but he ’ s not the perpetrator , and Veronica suddenly realizes that Trish is . Veronica lies to Trish about what happened to Kurt in order to elicit a true reaction from her ; this plan works , and Veronica learns that Trish took the playbook in order to get him off the team . However , she lost it in the process . Kurt , Trish , and Veronica track it down to the ex @-@ boyfriend , who gave the plays to another team to spite the couple . Veronica goes to Dean O ’ Dell and asks for an exchange : Veronica tells him that his son spray @-@ painted his car , and he will hire Weevil . Veronica talks to the gambling owner , who acts strangely . Veronica tracks his car before removing the tracker later . Veronica talks to Trish , who says that Kurt left for Kansas . Weevil starts his new job as a Hearst janitor . Piz gets a job on a campus radio show , where he interviews both the feminists and the fraternity boys . In the middle of the show , the feminists get a text that says that Claire , the girl who the fraternity boys pointed out , was raped . Veronica and Logan reconcile their relationship and kiss . = = Production = = The episode was written by Phil Klemmer and John Enbom and directed by Harry Winer , marking both Klemmer and Enbom 's eleventh writing credit , and Winer 's third directing credit for the series . Klemmer and Enbom initially thought that they would be unable to write the episode because they didn 't know very much about American football — so they tried to make the episode less about football . Enbom stated , " Rob just sort of handed [ the episode ] down . I think if you play strict attention , you 'll find it isn 't as footbally as an episode about a football player could possibly be . And I think that 's why . " The episode did not have the budget to hire a full football team , so several scenes were devoid of extras , including when Veronica meets one of the football players and when she breaks into the locker room . The episode features the first appearance of Dean Cyrus O 'Dell ( Ed Begley , Jr . ) , a recurring character for the third season . Initially , Michael McKean was slated to take the role , but within twelve hours of accepting the part , McKean decided to pass on Veronica Mars altogether . Thomas called this " the most depressing casting news in the world . " One week later , Begley accepted the role . Both actors had recently appeared in A Mighty Wind . " Wichita Linebacker " also includes a guest appearance by Armie Hammer , who plays Kurt Fenstermacher , the football player whose playbook is stolen . Ryan Devlin makes his first appearance as Mercer Hayes , a Hearst College student who would be convicted in the serial rape case in the episode " Spit & Eggs " . Despite having this role on Veronica Mars , Devlin would go on to play Duncan Kane , a role originated by Teddy Dunn before he left the show in " Donut Run " , in the spinoff web series Play It Again , Dick . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original broadcast , " Wichita Linebacker " received 3 @.@ 12 million viewers , ranking 84th of 92 in the weekly rankings . This figure was a slight increase from the previous episode , " My Big Fat Greek Rush Week " , which was viewed by 2 @.@ 96 million viewers . = = = Reviews = = = " Wichita Linebacker " received mixed to negative reviews . Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode a 7 @.@ 0 out of 10 , indicating that it was " good " . Despite this , he wrote a mixed review , opining that " as far as mysteries go , this was a so @-@ so one , " that " the Hearst campus rapist story just doesn 't seem to be getting the proper weight it requires , " and that " there 's also some strange tonal issues currently . " However , he praised the return of Weevil . Rowan Kaiser , writing for The A.V. Club , was also relatively critical , while focusing praise on Weevil 's storyline . He referred to " Wichita Linebacker " as " what I would expect were the show not so ambitious . Here , Veronica isn 't going to Hearst College , she 's going to Television College , where things that are college @-@ y happen . " Television Without Pity gave the episode a " C + " . " I don 't think it 's being overly harsh to say that this was not one of this show 's stronger or more exciting episodes . The writing was oddly flat , in the first place , and the attention to detail was subpar as well . " In addition , the reviewer criticized the show 's treatment of its relationships . " That 's one of the things that 's made this show great in the past -- layering in complex and important relationships while not actually being a relationship @-@ centered show . I only hope they go somewhere with the gambling thing , because otherwise , in my opinion , this episode will have been a total waste of time . " Price Peterson of TV.com wrote that while he " liked it overall " , he disliked the focus on Logan and Weevil , writing that he was " more than ready for Weevil to be written off the show " and , " I 'm getting slightly tired of [ Logan 's ] storylines . He seems to be alternating between woe @-@ is @-@ me hangdog and shifty bro liar . [ … ] Logan is not my favorite . " On his blog What 's Alan Watching , Alan Sepinwall wrote that " this was a fairly light @-@ hearted hour , with the two darkest events -- Weevil beating up the abusive boyfriend and the blonde getting raped -- taking place off @-@ screen . And if the purpose of doing shorter arcs was to avoid the loss of momentum that both the bus crash and the bridge stabbing suffered in the middle of last year , I 'm not sure if it 's working yet . " BuzzFeed ranked the episode 47th on its ranking of Veronica Mars episodes . = Georgia Tech Research Institute = The Georgia Tech Research Institute ( GTRI ) is the nonprofit applied research arm of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta , Georgia , United States . GTRI employs around 1 @,@ 765 people , and is involved in approximately $ 305 million in research annually for more than 200 clients in industry and government . Initially known as the Engineering Experiment Station , ( EES ) the organization was proposed in 1929 by W. Harry Vaughan as an analogue to the agricultural experiment stations ; the Georgia General Assembly passed a law that year creating the organization on paper , but did not allocate funds to start it . To boost the state 's struggling economy in the midst of the Great Depression , funds were found , and the station was finally established with US $ 5 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 530 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) in April 1934 . GTRI 's research spans a variety of disciplines , including national defense , homeland security , public health , education , mobile and wireless technologies , and economic development . Major customers for GTRI research include United States Department of Defense agencies , the state of Georgia , non @-@ defense federal agencies , and private industry . Overall , contracts and grants from Department of Defense agencies account for approximately 84 % of GTRI 's total research funding . Since it was established , GTRI has expanded its engineering focus to include science , economics , policy , and other areas that leverage GTRI 's partnership with Georgia Tech . GTRI researchers are named on 76 active patents and 43 pending patents . = = History = = = = = Establishment = = = After being founded in 1885 , Georgia Tech grew from a trade school into a university over the course of several decades . However , there was little state initiative to see the school expand significantly until 1919 . That year , in a move similar to the Hatch Act of 1887 's establishment of agricultural experiment stations , the federal debate over whether to create engineering experiment stations in a similar manner spurred the Georgia General Assembly to pass an act titled " Establishing State Engineering Experiment Station at the Georgia School of Technology . " This station was established with the goal of the " encouragement of industries and commerce " within the state . The federal effort ultimately failed and the state did not finance the organization . In 1929 , some Georgia Tech faculty members belonging to Sigma Xi started a Research Club at Tech that met once a month . One of the monthly subjects , proposed by W. Harry Vaughan , was a collection of issues related to Georgia Tech , such as library development , and the development of a state engineering station . This group investigated the forty existing engineering experiment stations at universities around the country , and a report was compiled by Harold Bunger , Montgomery Knight , and Vaughan in December 1929 . Their report noted that several similar organizations had been opened across the country at other engineering schools and were successful in local economic development . In 1933 , S. V. Sanford , president of the University of Georgia , proposed that a " technical research activity " be established at Georgia Tech in order to boost the state 's struggling economy in the midst of the Great Depression . The Georgia Board of Regents provided the new Engineering Experiment Station with $ 5 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 530 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) , and Georgia Tech provided infrastructure and personnel . The station started operation in April 1934 . = = = Early years = = = Vaughan was selected as the Engineering Experiment Station 's acting director in April 1934 , and hired 13 part @-@ time faculty and a few graduate assistants . The station 's initial areas of focus were textiles , ceramics , and helicopter engineering . The early work of the station was conducted in the basement of the Old Shop Building next to Tech Tower , and Vaughan 's office was in the Aeronautical Engineering Building . The station 's name was technically the State Engineering Experiment Station , but it was generally referred to as the Engineering Experiment Station ( EES ) or simply " the research station " . By 1938 , the Engineering Experiment Station was producing useful technology , and the station needed a method to conduct contract work outside the state budget . Consequently , the Industrial Development Council ( IDC ) was formed . The IDC was created as a non @-@ profit contract organization for the EES , which allowed the EES to receive federal contracts while still retaining its relationship with Georgia Tech and the State of Georgia . It was created by the Chancellor of the University System and the president of Georgia Power Company , and the Engineering Experiment Station 's director was a member of the council . The IDC later became the Georgia Tech Research Corporation , which currently serves as the sole contract organization for all Georgia Tech faculty and departments . In addition , the contract organization manages the intellectual property that results from research . Examples of projects undertaken under Vaughan 's directorship include Montgomery Knight 's helicopter research , the Georgia Economic Survey , $ 6 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 500 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) in aeronautical research for the Guggenheim Foundation , and textile research that created cotton roving and spinning processes that were three to five times faster than contemporary practices . Vaughan was instrumental in securing a permanent building for the station , initially known as the Research Building ; several years later it was expanded and named the Thomas Hinman Research Building , after Atlanta dentist and university donor Thomas Hinman . After Vaughan left for the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1940 , Harold Bunger ( head of the Chemistry Department ) took over as acting director . However , Bunger died not long thereafter in August 1941 . Bunger 's successor was Gerald Rosselot , who had been appointed assistant director by Georgia Tech 's president in 1940 . = = = World War II = = = The number and value of contracts coming to the station significantly increased during World War II ; the 1943 – 1944 budget was the first in which industry and government contracts exceeded the station 's other income , most notably , its state appropriation . Director Vaughan had initially prepared the faculty for fewer incoming contracts as the Georgia General Assembly had cut the station 's appropriation by 40 % , but increased support from industry and government eventually compensated for lower state funding . World War II is credited with GTRI 's entry into electronics , especially telecommunications and electronic warfare ; the electronics and communications work that Director Rosselot attracted is still a mainstay of GTRI research . Two of the larger projects were a study on the propagation of electromagnetic waves , and United States Navy – sponsored radar research . At the end of World War II , Georgia Tech had about $ 240 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 8 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) annually in sponsored research . Important investments during Rosselot 's administration at the Engineering Experiment Station included the purchase of an electron microscope in 1946 for $ 13 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 500 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) , the first such instrument in the Southeastern United States and one of few in the United States at the time . The Research Building was expanded , and a $ 300 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 9 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) Westinghouse A @-@ C network calculator was given to Georgia Tech by Georgia Power in 1947 . Rosselot 's administration included the 1946 establishment of the Industrial Development Council , renamed to the Georgia Tech Research Institute in 1948 and to its present name , the Georgia Tech Research Corporation , in 1984 . The Georgia Board of Regents had ruled that all money received in a year had to be spent that year , which was problematic because most government contracts the EES had received spanned multiple years . Georgia Tech president Blake Van Leer and vice president Cherry Emerson solution was to create the Industrial Development Council , a non @-@ profit corporation that would manage contracts for research services and subsequently hire the Engineering Experiment Station to perform the research . It would handle patents garnered through research , and distribute funds garnered from contracts and patents as needed . The new organization was almost immediately used to weather a severe drop in state support ( from $ 89 @,@ 000 to $ 3 @,@ 000 ) during the recession of 1949 . = = = Scientific Atlanta = = = Glen P. Robinson and six other Georgia Tech researchers ( including Robinson 's former professor and future EES director Jim Boyd and EES director Gerald Rosselot ) each contributed $ 100 ( equivalent to $ 3 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) and founded Scientific Associates ( later known as Scientific Atlanta ) on October 31 , 1951 with the initial goal of marketing antenna structures being developed by the radar branch of the EES . Robinson worked as the general manager without pay for the first year ; after the fledgling company 's first contract resulted in a $ 4 @,@ 000 loss , Robinson ( upon request ) refunded five of the six other initial investors . From 1950 to 1952 , there were a series of disputes between EES director Rosselot and Georgia Tech vice president Cherry Emerson over the station 's finances and Rosselot 's hand in founding Scientific Associates . When it was founded in October 1951 , Rosselot was president and CEO of Scientific Associates ; at issue was the potential conflict of interest with his role at Georgia Tech , and what , if any , role Georgia Tech should have in technology transfer to the marketplace . Emerson later instituted a policy requiring EES employees wishing to work with Scientific Associates to make a written request to the president of Georgia Tech . However , Rosselot 's participation in Scientific Associates ' founding and early operations ensured the eventual success of Scientific Atlanta and facilitated subsequent technology transfer by Georgia Tech 's VentureLab and the Advanced Technology Development Center . In September 1952 , the Board of Regents requested an audit of EES 's financial operation . Of primary concern was the reporting of overhead income , which the Board suspected was inadequate . The audit found discrepancies in the accounts receivable that were attributed to EES 's practice of delaying reporting information on receivables by a month , a tactic that had become common to ensure working capital due the regents ' failure to adequately fund the station . Though Rosselot denied malfeasance , the practice nonetheless did not conform to the University System of Georgia 's established procedures for budget reporting . As a result , Rosselot went on leave from his post at Georgia Tech in November 1952 , pending the acceptance of his resignation by the chancellor , which became effective March 1 , 1953 . Following his resignation , Rosselot soon accepted a position with the Bendix Corporation 's aviation division . = = = Cold War era = = = In March 1950 , Herschel H. Cudd was appointed head of EES 's Chemical Sciences division . After Gerald Rosselot went on leave pending his resignation , Cudd was named acting director of EES in November 1952 , then named director in July 1953 , and resigned in November 1953 to accept a much higher @-@ paying position at the American Viscoe Corporation . Although he was in the post for only a year , Cudd made far @-@ reaching changes to the station . Under Rosselot , research had been increasingly concentrated on a few researchers ; Cudd reversed this trend to the extent that EES 's 1952 – 53 Annual Report stated that 66 faculty in 15 schools performed research at the station that year . Cudd created a new promotion system for researchers that is still in use to this day . Many EES researchers held the rank of professor despite lacking a doctorate ( or a comparable qualification for promotion as determined by the Georgia Board of Regents ) , something that irritated members of the teaching faculty . The new system , approved in the spring of 1953 , used the Board of Regents ' qualifications for promotion and mirrored the academic tenure track . Cudd spent a significant amount of the EES operating budget on improving laboratory facilities . Cudd 's successor Paul K. Calaway , previously director of the School of Chemistry , made a last @-@ minute request to the contract organization in May 1954 to cover the resulting $ 20 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 470 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) deficit . In 1954 , a faculty committee appointed to do a comprehensive study of Georgia Tech , " The Aims and Objectives of the Georgia Institute of Technology " , noted that of EES 's budget of $ 2 million for 1953 – 1954 ( equivalent to $ 46 million in 2015 ) , about 83 % was sponsored by governmental agencies , and about two thirds of that was classified . In 1955 , the Rich Electronic Computer Center , a new wing on the Hinman Research Building , was dedicated ; the project was paid for by $ 85 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 1 @,@ 840 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) from the Rich Foundation and a matching grant from the EES 's contract organization . This period saw a significant expansion in Georgia Tech 's postgraduate education programs , which received substantial support from the EES . Despite its slow start , with the first Master of Science programs in the 1920s and the first Doctorate in 1946 , the program became firmly established . In 1952 alone , around 80 students earned graduate degrees while working at EES . James E. Boyd was promoted to Assistant Director of Research at the station in 1954 , and succeeded Calaway as director on July 1 , 1957 . While at Georgia Tech , Boyd wrote an influential article about the role of research centers at institutes of technology , which argued that research should be integrated with education , and Boyd correspondingly involved undergraduates in his research . Boyd was known for recruiting faculty capable of both teaching and performing notable research ; one such example is his recruitment of noted physicist and nuclear scientist Earl W. McDaniel . Under Boyd 's purview , the Engineering Experiment Station gained many electronics @-@ related contracts , to the extent that an Electronics Division was created in 1959 ; it would focus on radar and communications . Boyd championed the establishment of research facilities . In 1955 , Georgia Tech president Blake Van Leer appointed Boyd to Georgia Tech 's Nuclear Science Committee . The committee recommended the creation of a Radioisotopes Laboratory Facility and a large research reactor on campus . The former was built and dedicated on January 7 , 1959 , and could receive , store , and process radioactive materials . The Frank H. Neely Research Reactor was completed in 1963 and was operational until 1996 , when it was defueled due to safety concerns related to the nearby 1996 Summer Olympics events . The reactor was permanently decommissioned in 1999 . Throughout the Cold War era , radar and antenna related applications remained a prominent research activity in EES ' contracts with the Defense Department . Millimeter wave radar research , in particular , was prominent in EES ' defense activities from the late 1950s , when the first military @-@ designation millimeter wave radar was built at Georgia Tech , to the 1980s , when GTRI developed what was then the world 's highest frequency microwave radar . EES ' high @-@ frequency radar research found applications in radio astronomy , meteorology and climate studies , which improved weather forecasting and climate models and assisted in NASA 's planning of the Cassini and Galileo missions . Expansion of EES ' antenna research in the 1970s , in particular , the development of an air defense antenna for the U.S. Army Missile Command , resulted in the establishment of the Huntsville Research Laboratory , GTRI 's oldest off @-@ campus research center . In 1980 , EES developed a TEMPEST @-@ approved version of the Apple II Plus for U.S. Army FORSCOM , and used it as a component in the earliest versions of the Microfix system . Fielded in 1982 , the Microfix system was the first tactical system using video disk ( Laserdisk ) map technology providing zoom and scroll over map imagery coupled with a point database of intelligence data such as order of battle , airfields , roadways , and bridges . President Ronald Reagan 's Strategic Defense Initiative resulted in the largest research contract in Georgia Tech 's history in 1985 . The $ 21 @.@ 3 million contract ( equivalent to $ 46 @.@ 9 million in 2015 ) was divided between GTRI and the School of Electrical Engineering . GTRI landed its own largest @-@ ever contract in 1986 — $ 14 @.@ 7 million ( equivalent to $ 31 @.@ 7 million in 2015 ) to create a Soviet surface @-@ to @-@ air missile system simulator . In 1989 , as part of a project with the U.S. Army , and using technology it had been developing since the late 1960s , GTRI completed the largest outdoor compact antenna range at Fort Huachuca , Arizona . On April 10 , 1989 , GTRI announced that one of its research groups , led by James Mahaffey , had duplicated the results of a controversial University of Utah experiment that had allegedly achieved cold fusion in a jar of water . Four days following the announcement , the researchers discovered that the instrument used to measure neutrons was damaged by the heat of the liquid and gave false , elevated readings . GTRI immediately retracted its support of the Utah researchers ' findings , citing the flawed measurement . Director Donald J. Grace referred to the mistake as " embarrassing " , recalling that he and Mahaffey " blushed the whole time " . = = = Expansion and reorganization = = = The Georgia General Assembly amended EES ' charter in the early 1960s , authorizing an " industrial extension service to meet the technical , informational and other needs of industry and local development groups " . This led to an expansion of some of EES ' activities that it had been involved in since the 1940s . In particular , EES began providing additional services as a technological incubator during this time frame , and began an international development initiative that improved infrastructure and facilitated technology transfer in over 40 developing nations . The station 's expanded mission bolstered its traditional research strengths , resulting in work on projects that improved radar operation on the Saturn rocket and in the invention of the compact antenna range by Richard C. Johnson . Throughout the 1960s , these changes brought about an increased focus on research that sought to solve societal problems rather than research for the sake of pure scientific knowledge . This came at a time when director Maurice W. Long began placing an emphasis on graduate education and multidisciplinary research . The late 1960s saw a period of student unrest , and university research centers that worked on contracts for the Department of Defense were often the site of student protests . Neither Georgia Tech nor EES became the focus of protests , and Long attributed this to the school 's " conservative student body " . For other reasons , however , EES became embattled financially and politically as a result of cuts in federal and state spending as well as cuts to the space program . Georgia Tech 's academic units were similarly affected by these cuts , which helped rekindle the debate over EES ' relationship with the school . Georgia Tech president Arthur G. Hansen 's " bold and controversial " solution to both entities ' problems was to completely absorb the station into Georgia Tech 's academic units . On paper , this would dramatically increase Georgia Tech 's stated research funding ( as all of it would be performed through the academic units ) , and it would increase options and financial aid for graduate students . Another , less publicized , reason was that Georgia Tech would gain access to the contract organization 's reserve fund , which was said to be over $ 1 million ( equivalent to $ 6 @.@ 1 million in 2015 ) . Thomas E. Stelson , Dean of the College of Engineering at Georgia Tech , was named to " reorganize " the station . Publicly , Stelson 's task was simply to recommend a plan for reorganization , but the administration clearly intended for Georgia Tech and the Engineering Experiment Station to be closely integrated . Maurice W. Long , who was director of the station at the time , viewed the move as a violation of the EES 's charter as legislatively established by the Georgia General Assembly in 1919 , and asserted that Georgia Tech did not have the authority to merge the two institutions . EES employees and business executives involved with the station appealed to the Georgia Board of Regents and to Governor of Georgia ( and future United States President ) Jimmy Carter ( himself a Georgia Tech alumnus ) ; the controversy received coverage in both The Technique and the Atlanta Constitution . When former EES director James E. Boyd was appointed as interim president of Georgia Tech following the departure of Hansen , he stopped the plan for complete absorption of the station , but did allow plans for closer control and more aggressive contract solicitation to proceed . Among these measures were increased resource @-@ sharing , including increased sharing of physical assets and research staff . The latter was evidenced by the increase in joint faculty appointments between the EES and Georgia Tech . The move paid off , and the fiscal year 1970 – 1971 saw EES win new contracts and grants , totaling a record $ 5 @.@ 2 million ( equivalent to $ 30 @.@ 4 million in 2015 ) . Stelson was left in charge of the station 's reorganization and was named interim director upon Long 's departure in 1975 . During his tenure , Stelson reorganized the station into eight semi @-@ autonomous laboratories in order to allow each to develop a specialization and clientele , a model it retains ( with slight modifications ) to this day . The Engineering Experiment Station was renamed the Georgia Tech Research Institute in 1984 . A separate organization , originally called the Industrial Development Council , changed its name to the Georgia Tech Research Institute in February 1946 , and finally to the Georgia Tech Research Corporation in 1984 . There are legal difficulties when an American university wishes to accept contracts from some entities , especially the federal government , so the second organization is a contracting organization . Most importantly , it allows the university to perform multi @-@ year contracts that are not possible under state law , which requires that money received must be spent in the same fiscal year . The name change coincided with a shift in focus toward obtaining industrial research contracts in addition to its contracts with the federal government . GTRI expanded its footprint in the mid to late 1980s : the Centennial Research Building opened on the north end of the Georgia Tech campus in 1985 , providing expanded lab and office space , and the electromagnetic radiation measurement range was established at GTRI 's Cobb County research facility . = = = Recent history = = = From 1992 to 1997 , retired Vice Admiral Richard H. Truly was GTRI 's director . Truly helped GTRI survive a recession and the end of the Cold War despite its dependence on United States Department of Defense ( DOD ) contracts . During his tenure the percentage of GTRI 's budget from the DOD did experience a small decrease ( from 76 percent to 70 percent ) , but this was balanced by increased research in other fields . In 1997 , GTRI passed $ 100 million in research contracts , with 546 awards for $ 103 @,@ 061 @,@ 780 ( equivalent to $ 182 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) . One of GTRI 's more widely used ( and ongoing ) products , FalconView , was initially developed in the early 1990s ; it is a geographic information system that allows pilots to plot flight paths while integrating real @-@ time military intelligence . Truly was replaced by Edward K. Reedy , who served from 1998 to 2003 . Reedy encouraged funding researchers who had ideas that needed support , and introduced a new cost accounting standard for recovering indirect expenditures . Reedy was particularly influential in securing the $ 7 @.@ 3 million in funding required to build the Food Processing Technology Building . Under his leadership , GTRI 's first endowed chair was established in March 1998 in honor of Glen P. Robinson , the $ 1 @.@ 5 million Glen P. Robinson Chair in Electro @-@ Optics . GTRI and Georgia Tech played host to sitting president George W. Bush in March 2002 ; a mock disaster was staged during the visit , demonstrating new technologies . At the end of Reedy 's tenure , GTRI had $ 115 million in research contracts ( equivalent to $ 162 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) , a new high . Much new funding came as an indirect result of the September 11 attacks and the resulting War on Terrorism as the DOD increased related research . Stephen E. Cross was selected as director in late 2003 . In March 2010 , Cross was named Executive Vice President for Research , a newly created position within Georgia Tech with oversight over all research at the university , including GTRI , the Georgia Tech Research Corporation , the school 's interdisciplinary research centers , and the Enterprise Innovation Institute ; and will " work closely with " academic researchers . He began his new role on May 1 , 2010 , and was replaced as director by Robert McGrath . Some recent notable projects have included the Deployable Joint Command and Control System and ULTRA AP , a concept combat vehicle . In 2010 , researchers developed microfabricated planar ion traps using VLSI techniques for use in a trapped ion quantum computer . Also in 2010 , researchers developed a method of using GPGPU to crack passwords , coming up with a minimum secure password length of 12 characters . Researchers are investigating the use of radar as a possible concussion detection tool . GTRI is the primary contractor of the Homeland Open Security Technology program , which aims to promote the creation and use of open security and open @-@ source software in the United States government and military , especially in areas pertaining to computer security . GTRI personnel are involved in DARPA 's Anomaly Detection at Multiple Scales project through the Proactive Discovery of Insider Threats Using Graph Analysis and Learning system . = = Description = = = = = Employees and financials = = = As of June 2013 , GTRI employed 1 @,@ 765 people , 637 of which were support staff , and 314 of which were students . Out of the approximately 900 research scientists and engineers working for GTRI in June 2013 , 18 % had attained a doctorate , 56 % had a master 's degree , and 26 % had a bachelor 's degree . In 2011 , GTRI employees ' generational breakdown included approximately 5 % from the " Silent Generation " ( born in 1922 – 1945 ) ; 30 % from the " baby boomers " ( born in 1946 – 1964 ) ; 27 % from " Generation X " ( born in 1965 – 1980 ) ; and 38 % from " Generation Y " ( born since 1981 ) . In 2014 , GTRI had $ 305 million in revenue , and $ 363 million in contract awards . In 2014 , the United States Department of Defense consisted of 84 % of GTRI 's awards by value ; the remainder was composed of federal ( 7 % ) ; non @-@ DOD ( 3 % ) state and local ( 3 % ) ; and university , business , or nonprofit ( 2 % ) . GTRI researchers are named on 76 active patents and 43 pending patents . = = = Facilities = = = In total , the organization has at least 892 @,@ 000 square feet ( 82 @,@ 900 m2 ) of laboratory and facility space . GTRI is headquartered on the Georgia Tech campus in Midtown Atlanta , Georgia , where five of its seven research laboratories are located . Some major buildings are the Centennial Research Building , the Baker Building , and the GTRI Headquarters . The GTRI Headquarters contains the GTRI Conference Center , which has 10 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 930 m2 ) of space and hosts over 300 events a year . Other notable Atlanta buildings include the Food Processing Technology Building and the GTRI Machine Services Building . Two GTRI laboratories operate at an off @-@ campus research facility , the Cobb County Research Facility , approximately fifteen miles north of Atlanta in Cobb County adjacent to the Dobbins Air Reserve Base . Additionally , GTRI operates the Applied Systems Laboratory in Huntsville , Alabama . GTRI opened an international office in Athlone , Ireland in June 2006 . This effort was expanded when Georgia Tech , the National University of Ireland , Galway and the University of Limerick partnered in June 2010 to create a joint translational research institute . GTRI has several field offices that help with nearby on @-@ site research and needs . These are in Dallas , Texas , Dayton , Ohio , Shalimar , Florida ( near Eglin Air Force Base ) , Huntsville , Alabama , Jacksonville , Florida , Orlando , Florida , Panama City , Florida , Quantico , Virginia , San Diego , California , Tucson , Arizona , Warner Robins , Georgia ( near Robins Air Force Base ) , and Arlington , Virginia / Washington , DC . = = Organization = = = = = Structure = = = GTRI is composed of eight laboratories organized by technical focus into three research and development directorates . Each lab is further subdivided into divisions . Labs frequently collaborate with one another and outside groups ( both academic units and external companies ) based on the requirements of each project . GTRI performs research for clients at the local , regional , national , and international level , and employees are encouraged to publish their work and present it at conferences and consortia . GTRI is an operating unit of Georgia Tech although it performs research under commercial cost principles for non @-@ profit organizations . For that reason , it uses a separate contracting entity , the Georgia Tech Applied Research Corporation ( GTARC ) . Although GTARC is the contracting entity , the Georgia Tech Research Corporation ( GTRC ) owns the intellectual property created by all Georgia Tech researchers and manages technology protection and licensing . GTRI reports to the Georgia Tech Executive Vice President of Research ( as of 2013 , Stephen E. Cross ) who currently serves as the President of GTARC . GTRI 's project directors are responsible for direction of all aspects of projects , including marketing , contract development , research , and fulfillment . Most projects are conducted on a cost @-@ reimbursable basis and are negotiated by Georgia Tech 's Office of Sponsored Programs with terms and conditions appropriate for contracts specific to the operation of a university research organization . The organization is led by the Director , who is also considered a vice president of Georgia Tech . Five people report to the director : the Deputy Director and Associate Vice Provost for Research ; the Deputy Director for Support Operations ; and the three deputy directors in charge of each research and development directorate . The eight lab directors report to their respective deputy director of research and development . The business strategist , financial operations director , and chief scientist all report to the Deputy Director / Vice Provost . Business services , human resources , information systems , machine services , and other support services report to the Deputy Director for Support Operations . GTRI , like many traditional boards of directors , has an External Advisory Council , which consists of individuals who are notable in related fields of industry , government or academia and who provide advice about research direction , strategy , and markets , although they do not govern the organization . Members of the Board of Trustees of the contracting agency , GTARC , are not necessarily members of the External Advisory Council , although there is sometimes overlap between them . = = = University affiliation = = = GTRI contributes to the Georgia Tech research environment for faculty and students by conducting externally sponsored , applications @-@ oriented research programs that benefit the state , region , and nation . These programs , led by GTRI research faculty , contribute to national security , civilian needs , and industrial competitiveness , and provide students with career experience through graduate research assistantships , cooperative education programs , and undergraduate assistantships . Since 1995 , GTRI ( and in particular , its Huntsville Laboratory ) has been a University Affiliated Research Center , a designation by the United States Department of Defense intended to maintain what it calls " essential engineering and technology capabilities " . GTRI is the largest single employer of Georgia Tech graduate and undergraduate students ; as of 2013 , GTRI employed 186 graduate co @-@ ops and research assistants and 128 undergraduate co @-@ ops . GTRI 's contributions to the Georgia Tech community include collaborative research with academic faculty , courses originated by GTRI faculty , and joint service efforts . Collaboration is strong between the faculties of GTRI and the academic schools and departments . Many GTRI researchers hold appointments as adjunct faculty members in Georgia Tech academic departments , serve on thesis advisory committees , and teach both academic and continuing education courses . GTRI reaches out to Georgia Tech 's academic and research departments for collaboration on many research activities , building interdisciplinary teams that take advantage of the broad expertise within Georgia Tech 's highly ranked programs . One such collaboration is with the Georgia Tech Information Security Center to create GTRI 's newest laboratory , the Cyber Technology and Information Security Laboratory ( CTISL ) . = = = Laboratories = = = GTRI conducts its research programs through eight laboratories organized into three research and development directorates that focus on specific subjects : = = = Interdisciplinary research centers = = = Like many research universities , Georgia Tech has many smaller organizational units dedicated to interdisciplinary research , which combines two or more academic fields into one single discipline . The following centers are based out of the Georgia Tech Research Institute : = HDMI = HDMI ( High @-@ Definition Multimedia Interface ) is a proprietary audio / video interface for transferring uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from an HDMI @-@ compliant source device , such as a display controller , to a compatible computer monitor , video projector , digital television , or digital audio device . HDMI is a digital replacement for analog video standards . HDMI implements the EIA / CEA @-@ 861 standards , which define video formats and waveforms , transport of compressed , uncompressed , and LPCM audio , auxiliary data , and implementations of the VESA EDID . CEA @-@ 861 signals carried by HDMI are electrically compatible with the CEA @-@ 861 signals used by the digital visual interface ( DVI ) . No signal conversion is necessary , nor is there a loss of video quality when a DVI @-@ to @-@ HDMI adapter is used . The CEC ( Consumer Electronics Control ) capability allows HDMI devices to control each other when necessary and allows the user to operate multiple devices with one remote control handset . Several versions of HDMI have been developed and deployed since initial release of the technology but all use the same cable and connector . Other than improved audio and video capacity , performance , resolution and color spaces , newer versions have optional advanced features such as 3D , Ethernet data connection , and CEC ( Consumer Electronics Control ) extensions . Production of consumer HDMI products started in late 2003 . In Europe either DVI @-@ HDCP or HDMI is included in the HD ready in @-@ store labeling specification for TV sets for HDTV , formulated by EICTA with SES Astra in 2005 . HDMI began to appear on consumer HDTV camcorders and digital still cameras in 2006 . As of January 8 , 2013 ( ten years after the release of the first HDMI specification ) , over 3 billion HDMI devices have been sold . = = History = = The HDMI founders are Hitachi , Panasonic , Philips , Silicon Image , Sony , Thomson , RCA and Toshiba . Digital Content Protection , LLC provides HDCP ( which was developed by Intel ) for HDMI . HDMI has the support of motion picture producers Fox , Universal , Warner Bros. and Disney , along with system operators DirecTV , EchoStar ( Dish Network ) and CableLabs . The HDMI founders began development on HDMI 1 @.@ 0 on April 16 , 2002 , with the goal of creating an AV connector that was backward @-@ compatible with DVI . At the time , DVI @-@ HDCP ( DVI with HDCP ) and DVI @-@ HDTV ( DVI @-@ HDCP using the CEA @-@ 861 @-@ B video standard ) were being used on HDTVs . HDMI 1 @.@ 0 was designed to improve on DVI @-@ HDTV by using a smaller connector and adding audio capability and enhanced YCbCr capability and consumer electronics control functions . The first Authorized Testing Center ( ATC ) , which tests HDMI products , was opened by Silicon Image on June 23 , 2003 , in California , United States . The first ATC in Japan was opened by Panasonic on May 1 , 2004 , in Osaka . The first ATC in Europe was opened by Philips on May 25 , 2005 , in Caen , France . The first ATC in China was opened by Silicon Image on November 21 , 2005 , in Shenzhen . The first ATC in India was opened by Philips on June 12 , 2008 , in Bangalore . The HDMI website contains a list of all the ATCs . According to In @-@ Stat , the number of HDMI devices sold was 5 million in 2004 , 17 @.@ 4 million in 2005 , 63 million in 2006 , and 143 million in 2007 . HDMI has become the de facto standard for HDTVs , and according to In @-@ Stat , around 90 % of digital televisions in 2007 included HDMI . In @-@ Stat has estimated that 229 million HDMI devices were sold in 2008 . On April 8 , 2008 there were over 850 consumer electronics and PC companies that had adopted the HDMI specification ( HDMI adopters ) . On January 7 , 2009 , HDMI Licensing , LLC announced that HDMI had reached an installed base of over 600 million HDMI devices . In @-@ Stat has estimated that 394 million HDMI devices will sell in 2009 and that all digital televisions by the end of 2009 would have at least one HDMI input . On January 28 , 2008 , In @-@ Stat reported that shipments of HDMI were expected to exceed those of DVI in 2008 , driven primarily by the consumer electronics market . In 2008 , PC Magazine awarded a Technical Excellence Award in the Home Theater category for an " innovation that has changed the world " to the CEC portion of the HDMI specification . Ten companies were given a Technology and Engineering Emmy Award for their development of HDMI by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences on January 7 , 2009 . On October 25 , 2011 , the HDMI Forum was established by the HDMI founders to create an open organization so that interested companies can participate in the development of the HDMI specification . All members of the HDMI Forum have equal voting rights , may participate in the Technical Working Group , and if elected can be on the Board of Directors . There is no limit to the number of companies allowed in the HDMI Forum though companies must pay an annual fee of $ 15 @,@ 000 with an additional annual fee of $ 5 @,@ 000 for those companies who serve on the Board of Directors . The Board of Directors will be made up of 11 companies who are elected every 2 years by a general vote of HDMI Forum members . All future development of the HDMI specification will take place in the HDMI Forum and will be built upon the HDMI 1.4b specification . Also on the same day HDMI Licensing , LLC announced that there were over 1 @,@ 100 HDMI adopters and that over 2 billion HDMI @-@ enabled products had shipped since the launch of the HDMI standard . From October 25 , 2011 , all development of the HDMI specification became the responsibility of the newly created HDMI Forum . On January 8 , 2013 , HDMI Licensing , LLC announced that there were over 1 @,@ 300 HDMI adopters and that over 3 billion HDMI devices had shipped since the launch of the HDMI standard . The day also marked the 10 @-@ year anniversary of the release of the first HDMI specification . = = Specifications = = The HDMI specification defines the protocols , signals , electrical interfaces and mechanical requirements of the standard . The maximum pixel clock rate for HDMI 1 @.@ 0 was 165 MHz , which was sufficient to allow 1080p and WUXGA ( 1920 × 1200 ) at 60 Hz . HDMI 1 @.@ 3 increased that to 340 MHz , which allows for higher resolution ( such as WQXGA , 2560 × 1600 ) across a single digital link . An HDMI connection can either be single @-@ link ( type A / C / D ) or dual @-@ link ( type B ) and can have a video pixel rate of 25 MHz to 340 MHz ( for a single @-@ link connection ) or 25 MHz to 680 MHz ( for a dual @-@ link connection ) . Video formats with rates below 25 MHz ( e.g. , 13 @.@ 5 MHz for 480i / NTSC ) are transmitted using a pixel @-@ repetition scheme . = = = Audio / video = = = HDMI uses the Consumer Electronics Association / Electronic Industries Alliance 861 standards . HDMI 1 @.@ 0 to HDMI 1.2a uses the EIA / CEA @-@ 861 @-@ B video standard , HDMI 1 @.@ 3 uses the CEA @-@ 861 @-@ D video standard , and HDMI 1 @.@ 4 uses the CEA @-@ 861 @-@ E video standard . The CEA @-@ 861 @-@ E document defines " video formats and waveforms ; colorimetry and quantization ; transport of compressed and uncompressed , as well as Linear Pulse Code Modulation ( LPCM ) , audio ; carriage of auxiliary data ; and implementations of the Video Electronics Standards Association ( VESA ) Enhanced Extended Display Identification Data Standard ( E @-@ EDID ) " . On July 15 , 2013 , the CEA announced the publication of CEA @-@ 861 @-@ F which is a standard that can be used by interfaces such as DVI , HDMI , and LVDS . CEA @-@ 861 @-@ F adds the ability to transmit several Ultra HD video formats and additional color spaces . To ensure baseline compatibility between different HDMI sources and displays ( as well as backward compatibility with the electrically compatible DVI standard ) all HDMI devices must implement the sRGB color space at 8 bits per component . Ability to use the YCbCr color space and higher color depths ( " deep color " ) is optional . HDMI permits sRGB 4 : 4 : 4 chroma subsampling ( 8 – 16 bits per component ) , xvYCC 4 : 4 : 4 chroma subsampling ( 8 – 16 bits per component ) , YCbCr 4 : 4 : 4 chroma subsampling ( 8 – 16 bits per component ) , or YCbCr 4 : 2 : 2 chroma subsampling ( 8 – 12 bits per component ) . The color spaces that can be used by HDMI are ITU @-@ R BT.601 , ITU @-@ R BT.709 @-@ 5 and IEC 61966 @-@ 2 @-@ 4 . For digital audio , if an HDMI device has audio , it is required to implement the baseline format : stereo ( uncompressed ) PCM . Other formats are optional , with HDMI allowing up to 8 channels of uncompressed audio at sample sizes of 16 @-@ bit , 20 @-@ bit and 24 @-@ bit , with sample rates of 32 kHz , 44 @.@ 1 kHz , 48 kHz , 88 @.@ 2 kHz , 96 kHz , 176 @.@ 4 kHz and 192 kHz . HDMI also carries any IEC 61937 @-@ compliant compressed audio stream , such as Dolby Digital and DTS , and up to 8 channels of one @-@ bit DSD audio ( used on Super Audio CDs ) at rates up to four times that of Super Audio CD . With version 1 @.@ 3 , HDMI allows lossless compressed audio streams Dolby TrueHD and DTS @-@ HD Master Audio . As with the YCbCr video , audio capability is optional . Audio return channel ( ARC ) is a feature introduced in the HDMI 1 @.@ 4 standard . " Return " refers to the case where the audio comes from the TV and can be sent " upstream " to the AV receiver using the HDMI cable connected to the AV receiver . An example given on the HDMI website is that a TV that directly receives a terrestrial / satellite broadcast , or has a video source built in , sends the audio " upstream " to the AV receiver . The HDMI standard was not designed to pass closed caption data ( for example , subtitles ) to the television for decoding . As such , any closed caption stream must be decoded and included as an image in the video stream ( s ) prior to transmission over an HDMI cable to be viewed on the DTV . This limits the caption style ( even for digital captions ) to only that decoded at the source prior to HDMI transmission . This also prevents closed captions when transmission over HDMI is required for upconversion . For example , a DVD player that sends an upscaled 720p / 1080i format via HDMI to an HDTV has no way to pass Closed Captioning data so that the HDTV can decode it , as there is no line 21 VBI in that format . = = = Uncompressed video = = = The HDMI specification specifies several modes of uncompressed digital video . Although often HD video capable cameras include an HDMI interface for playback or even live preview , the image processor and the video processor of cameras usable for uncompressed video must be able to deliver the full image resolution at the specified frame rate in realtime without any missing frames causing jitter . Therefore , usable uncompressed video out of HDMI is often called " Clean HDMI " . = = = Communication channel protocols = = = HDMI has three physically separate communication channels , which are the DDC , TMDS and the optional CEC . HDMI 1 @.@ 4 added ARC and HEC . = = = = DDC = = = = The Display Data Channel ( DDC ) is a communication channel based on the I ² C bus specification . HDMI specifically requires the device implement the Enhanced Display Data Channel ( E @-@ DDC ) , which is used by the HDMI source device to read the E @-@ EDID data from the HDMI sink device to learn what audio / video formats it can take . HDMI requires that the E @-@ DDC implement I ² C standard mode speed ( 100 kbit / s ) and allows it to optionally implement fast mode speed ( 400 kbit / s ) . The DDC channel is actively used for High @-@ bandwidth Digital Content Protection . = = = = TMDS = = = = Transition Minimized Differential Signaling ( TMDS ) on HDMI interleaves video , audio and auxiliary data using three different packet types , called the Video Data Period , the Data Island Period and the Control Period . During the Video Data Period , the pixels of an active video line are transmitted . During the Data Island period ( which occurs during the horizontal and vertical blanking intervals ) , audio and auxiliary data are transmitted within a series of packets . The Control Period occurs between Video and Data Island periods . Both HDMI and DVI use TMDS to send 10 @-@ bit characters that are encoded using 8b / 10b encoding that differs from the original IBM form for the Video Data Period and 2b / 10b encoding for the Control Period . HDMI adds the ability to send audio and auxiliary data using 4b / 10b encoding for the Data Island Period . Each Data Island Period is 32 pixels in size and contains a 32 @-@ bit Packet Header , which includes 8 bits of BCH ECC parity data for error correction and describes the contents of the packet . Each Packet contains four subpackets , and each subpacket is 64 bits in size , including 8 bits of BCH ECC parity data , allowing for each Packet to carry up to 224 bits of audio data . Each Data Island Period can contain up to 18 Packets . Seven of the 15 Packet types described in the HDMI 1.3a specifications deal with audio data , while the other 8 types deal with auxiliary data . Among these are the General Control Packet and the Gamut Metadata Packet . The General Control Packet carries information on AVMUTE ( which mutes the audio during changes that may cause audio noise ) and Color Depth ( which sends the bit depth of the current video stream and is required for deep color ) . The Gamut Metadata Packet carries information on the color space being used for the current video stream and is required for xvYCC . = = = = CEC = = = = Consumer Electronics Control ( CEC ) is an HDMI feature designed to allow the user to command and control up to 15 CEC @-@ enabled devices , that are connected through HDMI , by using only one of their remote controls ( for example by controlling a television set , set @-@ top box , and DVD player using only the remote control of the TV ) . CEC also allows for individual CEC @-@ enabled devices to command and control each other without user intervention . It is a one @-@ wire bidirectional serial bus that is based on the CENELEC standard AV.link protocol to perform remote control functions . CEC wiring is mandatory , although implementation of CEC in a product is optional . It was defined in HDMI Specification 1 @.@ 0 and updated in HDMI 1 @.@ 2 , HDMI 1.2a and HDMI 1.3a ( which added timer and audio commands to the bus ) . USB to CEC adapters exist that allow a computer to control CEC @-@ enabled devices . = = = = ARC = = = = HDMI 1 @.@ 4 introduces a feature called ARC ( Audio Return Channel ) among other features . Like HEC , the ARC feature uses two pins from the connector : a previously unused pin and the hot plug detect pin . ARC is an audio link meant to replace other cables between the TV and the A / V receiver or speaker system . This direction is used when the TV is the one that generates or receives the video stream instead of the other equipment . A typical case is the running of an app on a smart TV such as Netflix , but reproduction of audio is handled by the other equipment . Without ARC , the audio output from the TV needs to be routed by another cable , typically TOS @-@ Link or coax , into the speaker system . = = = = HEC = = = = HDMI 1 @.@ 4 introduces a feature called HEC ( HDMI Ethernet Channel ) among other features . Like ARC , the HEC feature uses two pins from the connector : a previously unused pin and the hot plug detect pin . HDMI Ethernet Channel technology consolidates video , audio , and data streams into a single HDMI cable , and the HEC feature enables IP @-@ based applications over HDMI and provides a bidirectional Ethernet communication at 100 Mbit / s . The physical layer of the Ethernet implementation uses attenuated 100BASE @-@ TX type signals on a single twisted pair for both transmit and receive . HEC ( HDMI Ethernet Channel ) and ARC ( Audio Return Channel ) support combined by one port or cable is also sometimes referred to as " HEAC " ( HDMI Ethernet Audio Control ) . = = = Compatibility with DVI = = = HDMI is backward compatible with single @-@ link Digital Visual Interface digital video ( DVI @-@ D or DVI @-@ I , but not DVI @-@ A ) . No signal conversion is required when an adapter or asymmetric cable is used , so there is no loss of video quality . From a user 's perspective , an HDMI display can be driven by a single @-@ link DVI @-@ D source , since HDMI and DVI @-@ D define an overlapping minimum set of allowed resolutions and framebuffer formats to ensure a basic level of interoperability . In the reverse case a DVI @-@ D monitor would have the same level of basic interoperability unless there are content protection issues with High @-@ bandwidth Digital Content Protection ( HDCP ) or the HDMI color encoding is in component color space YCbCr which is not possible in DVI , instead of RGB . An HDMI source such as a Blu @-@ ray player may demand HDCP @-@ compliance of the display , and refuse to output HDCP @-@ protected content to a non @-@ compliant display . A further complication is that there is a small amount of display equipment , such as some high @-@ end home theater projectors , designed with HDMI inputs but not HDCP @-@ compliant . Any DVI @-@ to @-@ HDMI adapter can function as an HDMI @-@ to @-@ DVI adapter ( and vice versa ) . Typically , the only limitation is the gender of the adapter 's connectors and the gender of the cables and sockets it is used with . Features specific to HDMI , such as remote @-@ control and audio transport , are not available in devices that use legacy DVI @-@ D signalling . However , many devices output HDMI over a DVI connector ( e.g. ATI 3000 @-@ series and NVIDIA GTX 200 @-@ series video cards ) , and some multimedia displays may accept HDMI ( including audio ) over a DVI input . Exact capabilities beyond basic compatibility vary from product to product . Adapters are generally bi @-@ directional . = = = = Audio = = = = Since the DVI specification does not include audio transport , an interoperability problem arises when an HDMI @-@ source drives a legacy DVI display ( such as a PC monitor ) , or conversely , when a DVI source drives an HDMI display . While HDMI and DVI compliance rules ensure that a DVI video connection can be successfully negotiated and established ( via a mutually capable display mode ) , the audio signal must still be transported through means outside of the DVI connection . Typically , an HDMI @-@ equipped source will provide additional outputs for audio , such as line @-@ level analog and S / PDIF , which provide a baseline audio program ( such as stereo PCM ) . Likewise , when displaying video from an HDMI jack , an HDMI @-@ equipped display may allow alternative audio sourcing from a separate pair of analog @-@ audio inputs . Provision for any of these compatibility mechanisms is down to the manufacturer ; they are not specified by HDMI . By 2010 , nearly all HDMI @-@ equipped sources ( set @-@ top and media @-@ extender boxes , Blu @-@ ray and DVD players , and PCs ) provided separate analog audio outputs , and many HDMI @-@ equipped televisions were equipped for alternate @-@ audio input when sourcing video from an HDMI input . Some single @-@ directional active converters exist that can decrypt HDCP and split off audio signal as S / PDIF and / or line @-@ level analog signal , allowing converting DVI @-@ only displays with a HDMI @-@ compatible resolution into a full HDMI display . Because these converters use pass a " clean " and unencrypted HDMI signal , the availability of these converters is usually limited to the professional media production industry . = = = Content protection ( HDCP ) = = = High @-@ bandwidth Digital Content Protection ( HDCP ) is a newer form of digital rights management . Intel created the original technology to make sure that digital content followed the guidelines set by the Digital Content Protection group . HDMI can use HDCP to encrypt the signal if required by the source device . CSS , CPRM and AACS require the use of HDCP on HDMI when playing back encrypted DVD Video , DVD Audio , HD DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc . The HDCP Repeater bit controls the authentication and switching / distribution of an HDMI signal . According to HDCP Specification 1 @.@ 2 ( beginning with HDMI CTS 1.3a ) , any system that implements HDCP must do so in a fully compliant manner . HDCP testing that was previously only a requirement for optional tests such as the " Simplay HD " testing program is now part of the requirements for HDMI compliance . HDCP allows for up to 127 devices to be connected , with up to 7 levels , using a combination of sources , sinks and repeaters . A simple example of this is several HDMI devices connected to an HDMI AV receiver that is connected to an HDMI display . Devices called HDCP strippers can remove the HDCP information from the video signal so the video can play on non @-@ HDCP @-@ compliant displays , though a fair use and non @-@ disclosure form must usually be signed with a registering agency before use . = = = Connectors = = = There are five HDMI connector types . Type A / B are defined in the HDMI 1 @.@ 0 specification , type C is defined in the HDMI 1 @.@ 3 specification , and type D / E are defined in the HDMI 1 @.@ 4 specification . Type A The plug ( male ) connector outside dimensions are 13 @.@ 9 mm × 4 @.@ 45 mm , and the receptacle ( female ) connector inside dimensions are 14 mm × 4 @.@ 55 mm . There are 19 pins , with bandwidth to carry all SDTV , EDTV and HDTV modes . It is electrically compatible with single @-@ link DVI @-@ D. Type B This connector is 21 @.@ 2 mm × 4 @.@ 45 mm and has 29 pins , carrying six differential pairs instead of three , for use with very high @-@ resolution future displays such as WQUXGA ( 3 @,@ 840 × 2 @,@ 400 ) . It is electrically compatible with dual @-@ link DVI @-@ D , but has not yet been used in any products . However , the use of the extra three differential pairs is reserved as of 1 @.@ 3 specification . This sector of market is probably replaced by DisplayPort . Type C This Mini connector is smaller than the type A plug , measuring 10 @.@ 42 mm × 2 @.@ 42 mm but has the same 19 @-@ pin configuration . It is intended for portable devices . The differences are that all positive signals of the differential pairs are swapped with their corresponding shield , the DDC / CEC Ground is assigned to pin 13 instead of pin 17 , the CEC is assigned to pin 14 instead of pin 13 , and the reserved pin is 17 instead of pin 14 . The type C Mini connector can be connected to a type A connector using a type A @-@ to @-@ type C cable . Type D This Micro connector shrinks the connector size to something resembling a micro @-@ USB connector , measuring only 6 @.@ 4 mm × 2 @.@ 8 mm For comparison , a micro @-@ USB connector is 6 @.@ 85 mm × 1 @.@ 8 mm and a USB Type @-@ A connector is 11 @.@ 5 mm × 4 @.@ 5 mm . It keeps the standard 19 pins of types A and C , but the pin assignment is different from both . Type E The Automotive Connection System has a locking tab to keep the cable from vibrating loose and a shell to help prevent moisture and dirt from interfering with the signals . A relay connector is available for connecting standard consumer cables to the automotive type . = = = Cables = = = Although no maximum length for an HDMI cable is specified , signal attenuation ( dependent on the cable 's construction quality and conducting materials ) limits usable lengths in practice . HDMI 1 @.@ 3 defines two cable categories : Category 1 @-@ certified cables , which have been tested at 74 @.@ 5 MHz ( which would include resolutions such as 720p60 and 1080i60 ) , and Category 2 @-@ certified cables , which have been tested at 340 MHz ( which would include resolutions such as 1080p60 and 2160p30 ) . Category 1 HDMI cables are marketed as " Standard " and Category 2 HDMI cables as " High Speed " . This labeling guideline for HDMI cables went into effect on October 17 , 2008 . Category 1 and 2 cables can either meet the required parameter specifications for interpair skew , far @-@ end crosstalk , attenuation and differential impedance , or they can meet the required nonequalized / equalized eye diagram requirements . A cable of about 5 meters ( 16 feet ) can be manufactured to Category	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
1 specifications easily and inexpensively by using 28 AWG ( 0 @.@ 081 mm ² ) conductors . With better quality construction and materials , including 24 AWG ( 0 @.@ 205 mm ² ) conductors , an HDMI cable can reach lengths of up to 15 meters ( 49 feet ) . Many HDMI cables under 5 meters of length that were made before the HDMI 1 @.@ 3 specification can work as Category 2 cables , but only Category 2 @-@ tested cables are guaranteed to work for Category 2 purposes . As of the HDMI 1 @.@ 4 specification , the following cable types are defined for HDMI in general : Standard HDMI Cable – up to 1080i and 720p Standard HDMI Cable with Ethernet Automotive HDMI Cable High Speed HDMI Cable – 1080p , 4K , 3D and deep color High Speed HDMI Cable with Ethernet An HDMI cable is usually composed of four shielded twisted pairs , with impedance of the order of 100 Ω , plus several separate conductors . = = = Extenders = = = An HDMI extender is a single device ( or pair of devices ) powered with an external power source or with the 5V DC from the HDMI source . Long cables can cause instability of HDCP and blinking on the screen , due to the weakened DDC signal that HDCP requires . HDCP DDC signals must be multiplexed with TMDS video signals to be compliant with HDCP requirements for HDMI extenders based on a single Category 5 / Category 6 cable . Several companies offer amplifiers , equalizers and repeaters that can string several standard HDMI cables together . Active HDMI cables use electronics within the cable to boost the signal and allow for HDMI cables of up to 30 meters ( 98 feet ) ; those based on HDBaseT can extend to 100 meters ; HDMI extenders that are based on dual Category 5 / Category 6 cable can extend HDMI to 250 meters ( 820 feet ) ; while HDMI extenders based on optical fiber can extend HDMI to 300 meters ( 980 feet ) . = = = Cost = = = HDMI manufacturers pay an annual fee of US $ 10 @,@ 000 plus a royalty rate of $ 0 @.@ 15 per unit , reduced to $ 0 @.@ 05 if the HDMI logo is used , and further reduced to $ 0 @.@ 04 if HDCP is also implemented . An alternative fee for HDMI manufacturers making fewer than 10 @,@ 000 units per year is an annual fee of $ 5 @,@ 000 with a royalty rate of $ 1 per unit . The royalty only applies to final products and does not apply to products that are included in , or with , a licensed HDMI product that is already subject to the royalty . For example , an HDMI cable sold directly to consumers is paid for by the cable manufacturer ; however , if the cable manufacturer sells the HDMI cable to a HDTV manufacturer ( who then includes the cable with an HDTV subject to the royalty ) then the HDTV manufacturer pays only the royalty on the HDTV . = = Versions = = HDMI devices are manufactured to adhere to various versions of the specification , in which each version is given a number and / or letter , such as 1 @.@ 0 , 1 @.@ 2 , or 1.4b. Each subsequent version of the specification uses the same kind of cable but increases the bandwidth and / or capabilities of what can be transmitted over the cable . A product listed as having an HDMI version does not necessarily mean that it will have all of the features that are listed for that version , since some HDMI features are optional , such as deep color and xvYCC ( which is branded by Sony as " x.v.Color " ) . Note that with the release of the version 1 @.@ 4 cable , the HDMI Licensing LLC group ( which oversees the HDMI standard ) will require that any reference to version numbers be removed from all packaging and advertising for the cable . Non @-@ cable HDMI products starting on January 1 , 2012 will no longer be allowed to reference the HDMI number and will be required to state which features of the HDMI specification the product implements . = = = Version 1 @.@ 0 = = = HDMI 1 @.@ 0 was released December 9 , 2002 and is a single @-@ cable digital audio / video connector interface with a maximum TMDS bandwidth of 4 @.@ 95 Gbit / s . It defines up to 3 @.@ 96 Gbit / s of video bandwidth ( 1080p / 60 Hz or UXGA ) and 8 channel LPCM / 192 kHz / 24 @-@ bit audio . = = = Version 1 @.@ 1 = = = HDMI 1 @.@ 1 was released on May 20 , 2004 and added DVD @-@ Audio . = = = Version 1 @.@ 2 = = = HDMI 1 @.@ 2 was released August 8 , 2005 and added the option of One Bit Audio , used on Super Audio CDs , at up to 8 channels . It also added the availability of HDMI type A connectors for PC sources , the ability for PC sources to implement only the sRGB color space while retaining the option to implement the YCbCr color space , and required HDMI 1 @.@ 2 and later displays to allow low @-@ voltage sources . HDMI 1.2a was released on December 14 , 2005 and fully specifies Consumer Electronic Control ( CEC ) features , command sets and CEC compliance tests . = = = Version 1 @.@ 3 = = = HDMI 1 @.@ 3 was released June 22 , 2006 and increased the single @-@ link bandwidth to 340 MHz ( 10 @.@ 2 Gbit / s ) . It optionally allows deep color , with 30 @-@ bit , 36 @-@ bit and 48 @-@ bit xvYCC , sRGB , or YCbCr , compared to 24 @-@ bit sRGB or YCbCr in previous HDMI versions . It also optionally allows output of Dolby TrueHD and DTS @-@ HD Master Audio streams for external decoding by AV receivers . It incorporates automatic audio syncing ( audio video sync ) capability . It defined cable Categories 1 and 2 , with Category 1 cable being tested up to 74 @.@ 25 MHz and Category 2 being tested up to 340 MHz . It also added the new type C Mini connector for portable devices . HDMI 1.3a was released on November 10 , 2006 and had Cable and Sink modifications for type C , source termination recommendations , and removed undershoot and maximum rise / fall time limits . It also changed CEC capacitance limits , clarified sRGB video quantization range , and CEC commands for timer control were brought back in an altered form , with audio control commands added . It also added the optional ability to stream SACD in its bitstream DST format rather than uncompressed raw DSD like from HDMI 1 @.@ 2 onwards . HDMI 1.3b , 1.3b1 and 1.3c were released on March 26 , 2007 , November 9 , 2007 , and August 25 , 2008 respectively . They do not introduce differences on HDMI features , functions , or performance , but only describe testing for products based on the HDMI 1.3a specification regarding HDMI compliance ( 1.3b ) , the HDMI type C Mini connector ( 1.3b1 ) and active HDMI cables ( 1.3c ) . = = = Version 1 @.@ 4 = = = HDMI 1 @.@ 4 was released on May 28 , 2009 , and the first HDMI 1 @.@ 4 products were available in the second half of 2009 . HDMI 1 @.@ 4 increases the maximum resolution to 4K × 2K , i.e. 4096 × 2160 at 24 Hz ( which is a resolution used with digital theaters ) or 3840 × 2160 ( Ultra HD ) at 24 Hz / 25 Hz / 30 Hz ; adds an HDMI Ethernet Channel ( HEC ) , which allows for a 100 Mbit / s Ethernet connection between the two HDMI connected devices so they can share an Internet connection ; and introduces an audio return channel ( ARC ) , 3D Over HDMI , a new Micro HDMI Connector , expanded set of color spaces , with the addition of sYCC601 , Adobe RGB and Adobe YCC601 ; and an Automotive Connection System . HDMI 1 @.@ 4 defines several stereoscopic 3D formats including field alternative ( interlaced ) , frame packing ( a full resolution top @-@ bottom format ) , line alternative full , side @-@ by @-@ side half , side @-@ by @-@ side full , 2D + depth , and 2D + depth + graphics + graphics depth ( WOWvx ) , with additional top / bottom formats added in version 1.4a. HDMI 1 @.@ 4 requires that 3D displays implement the frame packing 3D format at either 720p50 and 1080p24 or 720p60 and 1080p24 . High Speed HDMI 1 @.@ 3 cables work with all HDMI 1 @.@ 4 features except for the HDMI Ethernet Channel . HDMI 1.4a was released on March 4 , 2010 and adds two additional mandatory 3D formats for broadcast content , which was deferred with HDMI 1 @.@ 4 in order to see the direction of the 3D broadcast market . HDMI 1.4a has defined mandatory 3D formats for broadcast , game , and movie content . HDMI 1.4a requires that 3D displays implement the frame packing 3D format at either 720p50 and 1080p24 or 720p60 and 1080p24 , side @-@ by @-@ side horizontal at either 1080i50 or 1080i60 , and top @-@ and @-@ bottom at either 720p50 and 1080p24 or 720p60 and 1080p24 . HDMI 1.4b was released on October 11 , 2011 . One of the new features is that it adds the ability to carry 3D 1080p video at 120 Hz – allowing frame packing 3D format at 1080p60 per Eye ( 120 Hz total ) . All future versions of the HDMI specification will be made by the HDMI Forum that was created on October 25 , 2011 . = = = Version 2 @.@ 0 = = = HDMI 2 @.@ 0 , referred to by some manufacturers as HDMI UHD , was released on September 4 , 2013 . HDMI 2 @.@ 0 increases the maximum TMDS per channel throughput from 3 @.@ 4 Gbit / s to 6 Gbit / s which allows for a maximum total TMDS throughput of 18 Gbit / s . This enables HDMI 2 @.@ 0 to carry 4K resolution at 60 frames per second ( fps ) . Other features of HDMI 2 @.@ 0 include the options of the Rec . 2020 color space , Dual View , 4 : 2 : 0 chroma subsampling , 25 fps 3D formats , up to 4 audio streams , 21 : 9 aspect ratio , the HE @-@ AAC and DRA audio standards , dynamic auto lip @-@ sync , improved 3D capability , and additional CEC functions . HDMI 2.0a was released on April 8 , 2015 and added support for high dynamic range ( HDR ) video . Version 2 @.@ 1 HDMI 2 @.@ 1 adds support for " dynamic metadata , " according to a white paper written by Philips . In short : " HDMI 2.0a covers HDR EOTF signaling and static metadata . Dynamic metadata is to be covered in HDMI 2 @.@ 1 . " There has yet to be an important feature that HDMI can support the teletext and closed captioning to extend their columns from 32 to 60 in order to mainstream the 21 : 9 aspect ratio in the future . = = = Version comparison = = = Note that a given product may choose to implement a subset of the given HDMI version . Certain features such as deep color and xvYCC are optional . = = Applications = = = = = Blu @-@ ray Disc and HD DVD players = = = Blu @-@ ray Disc and HD DVD , introduced in 2006 , offer high @-@ fidelity audio features that require HDMI for best results . HDMI 1 @.@ 3 can transport Dolby Digital Plus , Dolby TrueHD , and DTS @-@ HD Master Audio bitstreams in compressed form . This capability allows for an AV receiver with the necessary decoder to decode the compressed audio stream . The Blu @-@ ray specification does not include video encoded with either deep color or xvYCC ; thus , HDMI 1 @.@ 0 can transfer Blu @-@ ray discs at full video quality . The HDMI 1 @.@ 4 specification ( released in 2009 ) added support for 3D video and is used by all Blu @-@ ray 3D compatible players . The Blu @-@ ray Disc Association ( BDA ) spokespersons have stated ( Sept . 2014 at IFA show in Berlin , Germany ) that the Blu @-@ ray , 4K / Ultra HD players , and UHD discs are expected to be available starting in the second half to 2015 . It is anticipated that such Blu @-@ ray UHD players will be required to include a HDMI 2 @.@ 0 output supporting HDCP 2 @.@ 2 . Blu @-@ ray permits secondary audio decoding , whereby the disc content can tell the player to mix multiple audio sources together before final output . Some Blu @-@ ray and HD DVD players can decode all of the audio codecs internally and can output LPCM audio over HDMI . Multichannel LPCM can be transported over an HDMI connection , and as long as the AV receiver implements multichannel LPCM audio over HDMI and implements HDCP , the audio reproduction is equal in resolution to HDMI 1 @.@ 3 bitstream output . Some low @-@ cost AV receivers , such as the Onkyo TX @-@ SR506 , do not allow audio processing over HDMI and are labelled as " HDMI pass through " devices . [ 10 / 2014 Update ] Virtually all modern AV Receivers now offer HDMI 1 @.@ 4 inputs and output ( s ) with processing for all of the audio formats offered by Blu @-@ ray Discs and other HD video sources . During 2014 several manufacturers introduced premium AV Receivers that include one , or multiple , HDMI 2 @.@ 0 inputs along with a HDMI 2 @.@ 0 output ( s ) . However , it was not until 2015 that most major manufacturers of AV receivers also included support for HDCP 2 @.@ 2 as will be needed to support certain high quality 4K / UHD video sources , such as the upcoming Blu @-@ ray 4K / UHD players . = = = Digital cameras and camcorders = = = As of 2012 , most consumer camcorders , as well as many digital cameras , are equipped with a mini @-@ HDMI connector ( type C connector ) . As of 2014 , some cameras also have 4K capability and 3D , even some cameras costing less than $ 900 . It needs at least a TV / monitor with HDMI 1.4a port . = = = Personal computers = = = PCs with a DVI interface are capable of video output to an HDMI @-@ enabled monitor . Some PCs include an HDMI interface and may also be capable of HDMI audio output , depending on specific hardware . For example , Intel 's motherboard chipsets since the 945G and NVIDIA ’ s GeForce 8200 / 8300 motherboard chipsets are capable of 8 @-@ channel LPCM output over HDMI . Eight @-@ channel LPCM audio output over HDMI with a video card was first seen with the ATI Radeon HD 4850 , which was released in June 2008 and is implemented by other video cards in the ATI Radeon HD 4000 series . Linux can drive 8 @-@ channel LPCM audio over HDMI if the video card has the necessary hardware and implements the Advanced Linux Sound Architecture ( ALSA ) . The ATI Radeon HD 4000 series implements ALSA . Cyberlink announced in June 2008 that they would update their PowerDVD playback software to allow 192 kHz / 24 @-@ bit Blu @-@ ray Disc audio decoding in Q3 @-@ Q4 of 2008 . Corel 's WinDVD 9 Plus currently has 96 kHz / 24 @-@ bit Blu @-@ ray Disc audio decoding . Even with an HDMI output , a computer may not be able to produce signals that implement HDCP , Microsoft 's Protected Video Path , or Microsoft 's Protected Audio Path . Several early graphic cards were labelled as " HDCP @-@ enabled " but did not have the hardware needed for HDCP ; this included some graphic cards based on the ATI X1600 chipset and certain models of the NVIDIA Geforce 7900 series . The first computer monitors that could process HDCP were released in 2005 ; by February 2006 a dozen different models had been released . The Protected Video Path was enabled in graphic cards that had HDCP capability , since it was required for output of Blu @-@ ray Disc video . In comparison , the Protected Audio Path was required only if a lossless audio bitstream ( such as Dolby TrueHD or DTS @-@ HD MA ) was output . Uncompressed LPCM audio , however , does not require a Protected Audio Path , and software programs such as PowerDVD and WinDVD can decode Dolby TrueHD and DTS @-@ HD MA and output it as LPCM . A limitation is that if the computer does not implement a Protected Audio Path , the audio must be downsampled to 16 @-@ bit 48 kHz but can still output at up to 8 channels . No graphic cards were released in 2008 that implemented the Protected Audio Path . The Asus Xonar HDAV1.3 became the first HDMI sound card that implemented the Protected Audio Path and could both bitstream and decode lossless audio ( Dolby TrueHD and DTS @-@ HD MA ) , although bitstreaming is only available if using the ArcSoft TotalMedia Theatre software . It has an HDMI 1 @.@ 3 input / output , and Asus says that it can work with most video cards on the market . In September 2009 , AMD announced the ATI Radeon HD 5000 series video cards , which have HDMI 1 @.@ 3 output ( deep color , xvYCC wide gamut capability and high bit rate audio ) , 8 @-@ channel LPCM over HDMI , and an integrated HD audio controller with a Protected Audio Path that allows bitstream output over HDMI for AAC , Dolby AC @-@ 3 , Dolby TrueHD and DTS Master Audio formats . The ATI Radeon HD 5870 released in September 2009 is the first video card that allows bitstream output over HDMI for Dolby TrueHD and DTS @-@ HD Master Audio . The AMD Radeon HD 6000 Series implements HDMI 1.4a. The AMD Radeon HD 7000 Series implements HDMI 1.4b. In December 2010 , it was announced that several computer vendors and display makers including Intel , AMD , Dell , Lenovo , Samsung , and LG would stop using LVDS ( actually , FPD @-@ Link ) from 2013 and legacy DVI and VGA connectors from 2015 , replacing them with DisplayPort and HDMI . On August 27 , 2012 , Asus announced a new 27 in ( 69 cm ) monitor which can produce its native resolution of 2560 × 1440 via HDMI 1 @.@ 4 . On September 18 , 2014 , Nvidia launched GeForce GTX 980 and GTX 970 ( with GM204 chip ) with HDMI 2 @.@ 0 support . On January 22 , 2015 , GeForce GTX 960 ( with GM206 chip ) launched with HDMI 2 @.@ 0 support . On March 17 , 2015 , GeForce GTX TITAN X ( GM200 ) launched with HDMI 2 @.@ 0 support . On June 1 , 2015 , GeForce GTX 980 Ti ( with GM200 chip ) launched with HDMI 2 @.@ 0 support . On August 20 , 2015 , GeForce GTX 950 ( with GM206 chip ) launched with HDMI 2 @.@ 0 support . On May 6 , 2016 , Nvidia launched the GeForce GTX 1080 ( GP104 GPU ) with HDMI 2.0b support . = = = Tablet computers = = = Some Tablet computers , such as the Microsoft Surface , Motorola Xoom , BlackBerry PlayBook , Vizio Vtab 1008 and Acer Iconia Tab A500 , implement HDMI using Micro @-@ HDMI ( Type D ) ports . Others , such as the ASUS Eee Pad Transformer implement the standard using Mini @-@ HDMI ( Type C ) ports . All iPad models have a special A / V adapter that converts Apple 's data line to a standard HDMI ( Type A ) port . Samsung has a similar proprietary thirty @-@ pin port for their Galaxy Tab 10 @.@ 1 that can adapt to HDMI as well as USB drives . The Dell Streak 5 smartphone / tablet hybrid is capable of outputting over HDMI . While the Streak uses a PDMI port , a separate cradle is available which adds HDMI compatibility . Most of the Chinese @-@ made tablets running Android OS provide HDMI output using a Mini @-@ HDMI ( Type C ) port . Most new laptops and desktops now have built in HDMI as well . = = = Mobile phones = = = Many recent mobile phones can produce output of HDMI video via either a micro @-@ HDMI connector or MHL output . = = = Legacy compatibility = = = HDMI can only be used with older analog @-@ only devices ( using connections such as SCART , VGA , RCA , etc . ) by means of a digital @-@ to @-@ analog converter or AV receiver , as the interface does not carry any analog signals ( unlike DVI , where devices with DVI @-@ I ports accept or provide either digital or analog signals ) . Cables are available that contain the necessary electronics , but it is important to distinguish these active converter cables from passive HDMI to VGA cables ( which are typically cheaper as they don 't include any electronics ) . The passive cables are only useful if you have a device that is generating or expecting HDMI signals on a VGA connector , or VGA signals on an HDMI connector ; this is a non @-@ standard feature , not implemented by most devices . = = Relationship with DisplayPort = = Another audio / video interface is DisplayPort , version 1 @.@ 0 , which was approved in May 2006 . Several models of display , computer , and video cards have DisplayPort ports . The DisplayPort website states that DisplayPort is expected to complement HDMI . Most of the companies producing equipment that uses DisplayPort are in the computer sector . DisplayPort uses a self @-@ clocking , micro @-@ packet @-@ based protocol that allows for a variable number of differential lanes as well as flexible allocation of bandwidth between audio and video , and allows encapsulating multichannel compressed audio formats in the audio stream . DisplayPort ports can be made so that they are compatible with single @-@ link DVI and HDMI 1 @.@ 4 . Compatibility is achieved with DisplayPort Dual @-@ mode ports , which are marked with the + + DP logo , using attached passive adapters ; powered active adapters allow signal conversion to dual @-@ link DVI and analog VGA . DisplayPort has a royalty rate of $ 0 @.@ 20 per unit ( from patents licensed by MPEG LA ) while HDMI has an annual fee of $ 10 @,@ 000 and a per unit royalty rate of between $ 0 @.@ 15 and $ 0 @.@ 04 . DisplayPort version 1 @.@ 2 added the ability to transport multiple audio / video streams , doubled the maximum data rate from 10 @.@ 8 Gbit / s to 21 @.@ 6 Gbit / s , increased the " AUX " channel bandwidth from 1 Mbit / s to 720 Mbit / s , added the ability to use multiple color spaces , including xvYCC , scRGB and Adobe RGB 1998 , added global time @-@ code for audio synchronisation and the ability to transfer Ethernet , USB 2 @.@ 0 , DPMS , and other types of data over the " AUX " channel . HDMI has a few advantages over DisplayPort , such as ability to carry Consumer Electronics Control ( CEC ) signals , and electrical compatibility with DVI ( though practically limited to single @-@ link DVI rates ) . More importantly , HDMI can sustain full bandwidth for up to 10 meters of cable length , while DisplayPort can carry full bandwidth for up to 3 meters only . = = Relationship with MHL = = Mobile High @-@ definition Link ( MHL ) is an industry standard for a mobile audio / video interface for directly connecting mobile phones and other portable consumer electronics ( CE ) devices to high @-@ definition televisions ( HDTVs ) and displays . MHL is developed by the MHL Consortium , a consortium of manufacturers of mobile electronics , several of which are also behind HDMI . MHL features include : Power is transmitted through the cable . Typical cases include the TV charging the mobile device and the mobile device powering an active MHL to HDMI dongle . Uses a single , thin cable to connect the mobile device to the TV compared to HDMI . Typical MHL cables are 1 @.@ 5 m long . HDMI @-@ CEC capability . Video resolution limited to 1080p uncompressed 4 : 2 : 2 HD video ( PacketVideo ) or 720p 4 : 4 : 4 HD video . MHL 2 @.@ 0 provides for 1080p at 60 Hz . 8 channel ( e.g. , 7 @.@ 1 surround sound ) uncompressed audio . Allows High @-@ bandwidth Digital Content Protection ( HDCP ) . Typical MHL connector is micro USB , a typical connector already found in many mobile devices . The same micro USB connector can be used to charge the device , to establish data communication with a computer and to transfer uncompressed video . The superMHL specification was announced on January 6 , 2015 . SuperMHL supports higher video resolution and frame rates , additional audio formats and 40W of power charging , along with a new reversible connector . Features of superMHL include : Up to 8K 120fps video . Up to 48 @-@ bit color depth . Wider color gamut . High @-@ Dynamic Range ( HDR ) support . Support for Dolby Atmos ® , DTS : X , 3D audio , and an audio @-@ only mode . Ability to link multiple MHL devices together ( TV , AVR , Blu @-@ ray player ) and control them via one remote . Power charging up to 40W . Ability to send content to multiple displays . Reversible superMHL connector . Support for the MHL Alt Mode for the USB Type @-@ C specification . = Ingeborg Steinholt = Ingeborg Haug Steinholt ( born 16 July 1986 ) is a Norwegian politician for the Red Party , and since 2007 a member of Nordland County Council . Steinholt was a member of the Central Committee of Red Youth ( RU ) from 2006 to 2010 . She was also a member of the Central Board of Directors of Red Youth . = = Life and career = = Steinholt was born in Sandnessjøen . She later moved to Oslo to study nursing , and works there as a nursing assistant . Steinholt has residences in Oslo and Sandnessjøen . She is currently studying medicine in Tromsø . She stands for a more liberal policy regarding vocational education , and wants to remove much unneeded theory in such subjects . = = Political career = = Steinholt started her political career as a member of Red Youth , and later became a member of its mother party , Red . In 2007 Steinholt was elected as Red Nordland 's leading candidate in the local elections of 2007 . Steinholt had a very short election campaign , but she managed to make several notable appearances . Steinholt focused on environmental issues during the campaign , and opposed the establishment of a petroleum plant in northern Norway . Under her leadership , Red Norddland received 2 @,@ 956 votes , 3 @.@ 0 percent of the votes , an increase of 0 @.@ 9 % from the previous local election in 2003 . Red won another seat on the Nordland County Council during the election ; Steinholt became the youngest member of the council . One of Steinholt 's campaign promises was to put an end to the activities of the petroleum industry close to Lofoten and Vesterålen because of potentially hazardous effects on the environment . When asked if she had any political allies in parliament who could help her , Steinholt replied , " Our most important partners are not in Parliament [ but instead ] those organisations whose main goal is to improve conditions for the Norwegian people . We must ensure that the Public Action For an Oil @-@ Free Lofoten and Vesterålen will be heard " . In November 2009 Altadhaug Municipality cut the budgets of youth organisations by an estimated NOK 400 @,@ 000 . Steinholt opposed this , saying that if the wages of the mayor and several other high @-@ ranking politicians had been cut , the municipality could have saved NOK 487 @,@ 000 . In the 2009 parliamentary election Steinholt received 1 @,@ 829 votes , again as Red Nordland 's leading candidate . She was elected a member of Red Youth 's Central Board in 2006 ; her term expired in 2010 . In 2008 Steinholt became a member of Red Youth 's National Board ; her term expired in 2010 . = = Views = = Steinholt has stated that she feels the government should reduce unnecessary theory in the vocational education programme in upper secondary school ; she believes it to be the main reason why an increasing numbers of pupils are dropping out of school . The Norwegian Government , Steinholt believes , should increase their funding for vocational education programmes and jobs ; she states that people with this type of education " are the cornerstone of our society " . Steinholt believes there is a broad consensus in the labor movement that the Contractual Pension ( Avtalefestet pensjon ) bill holds a hostile policy towards the working class . Interpellations led to a debate in the City Council , mainly between Steinholt and County Cabinet leader Odd Eriksen . She believed it would be disrespectful towards workers to deprive them the right of a dignified work age , feeling that forcing them to quit their jobs at the age of 62 is too early . She is strongly opposed to oil drilling in Lofoten , arguing that oil drilling would lead to conditions hazardous to the area . In July 2009 she told Klassekampen that the government should give emergency funding to Norwegian companies who work on developing renewable energy instead of just giving it to the banks . Steinholt does not believe that small municipalities should be merged because of their economic problems . She feels the government focus on the struggling economy of the municipalities should be towards cleaning up their debt . In 2008 alone , the municipalities of Norway had a gathered debt of NOK 20 @.@ 7 billion . She stated that if Red was elected to parliament , they would propose a bill giving the municipalities an immediate transfer of NOK 10 billion . = Olly Blackburn = Olly Blackburn ( also credited as Oliver Blackburn and Ollie Blackburn ) is a film director and screenwriter . Born in London , England , Blackburn had an acting role in the 1982 short comedy film A Shocking Accident ; the film won an Academy Award in 1983 for Best Short Subject . He graduated from Oxford University in 1993 where he studied history . Blackburn won a Fulbright Scholarship and pursued graduate studies in film and television at the Tisch School of the Arts . While there , his film Swallowed received New York University 's Martin Scorsese Post @-@ Production Award . Blackburn began his professional film career directing commercials and music videos , and became associated with the film production company Warp X. He served as Second Unit Director on the film Reverb . Blackburn co @-@ wrote and directed Donkey Punch , which was his first film to be shown at the Sundance Film Festival . He shot the film on a £ 1 million budget over 24 days in South Africa . Movie critics likened his work on the film to filmmaker Peter Berg 's Very Bad Things , director Phillip Noyce 's Dead Calm , and Roman Polanski 's Knife in the Water . He went on to serve as writer for the film Vinyan , which critics compared to two films by director Nicolas Roeg , Don 't Look Now and Heart of Darkness . = = Early life and education = = Blackburn was born in London , England . In 1982 Blackburn acted in the short comedy film A Shocking Accident directed by James Scott , based on a short story of the same name by Graham Greene . The film won an Academy Award in 1983 for Best Short Subject . Blackburn received a degree from Oxford University in 1993 ; he focused on history . He subsequently worked in journalism . Blackburn won a Fulbright Scholarship , and studied television and film as a graduate student at New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts . While at NYU , Blackburn created a short film titled Swallowed ; this work was recognised with the 1996 Martin Scorsese Post @-@ Production Award . In an interview with IndieLondon , Blackburn stated his role models include Sam Peckinpah and Michael Powell . While living in New York City , Blackburn and his co @-@ writer for Donkey Punch , David Bloom , stayed in an apartment together for one year . Bloom had also been awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to study in the United States . In 2009 , Blackburn resided in South London . = = Film career = = Prior to his work as a film director , Blackburn directed commercials and music videos . He worked on television productions at British film production company Warp X , alongside the company 's founder , Robin Gutch . Blackburn served as Second Unit Director on the film Reverb , written and directed by Eitan Arrusi , and produced by Frank Mannion . Reverb stars Leo Gregory , Eva Birthistle , Margo Stilley , Luke de Woolfson , Stephen Lord , and Neil Newbon . The Guardian noted , " In the end , this looks like just another crass , unimaginative and heavy @-@ handed British horror . " A review in The Daily Telegraph commented , " Eitan Arrusi 's movie appears to have been shot through dirty glass and edited in a blender – it may drive you mad . " Total Film observed , " Hidden sounds lead to haunted rooms and tedious occult mythology " . Blackburn directed the 2008 film Donkey Punch , which he co @-@ wrote with David Bloom . His total budget for the film was £ 1 million . Blackburn 's production team went through a casting process which took seven months ; the film stars Nichola Burley , Tom Burke , Jaime Winstone and Julian Morris . He shot the film in South Africa , over 24 days . Film shooting for Donkey Punch began in March 2007 ; during production Blackburn dealt with actors afflicted by hypothermia and tidal surges on location . In an interview with Total Film , Blackburn commented , " I think Donkey Punch is an extreme thriller or an extreme reality @-@ based thriller . The whole point of the film is it 's grounded in reality . " Blackburn wrote that he made Donkey Punch , " to try to push the genre . " Donkey Punch received mixed reviews ; the film obtained a rating of 49 % based on 51 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes , and a score of 43 out of 100 at Metacritic . The Philadelphia Inquirer compared Blackburn 's work to films including filmmaker Peter Berg 's Very Bad Things and director Philip Noyce 's Dead Calm , and wrote , " Donkey Punch offers a gripping mix of sexual heat and nasty menace . " The Los Angeles Times additionally compared Blackburn 's work to Dead Calm as well as director Roman Polanski 's Knife in the Water , and concluded , Donkey Punch isn 't without a certain power as it gleefully turns its careless hedonists into caged , paranoid rats . " The film was Blackburn 's first work to be shown at the Sundance Film Festival , where it received a positive reception from the audience in attendance . Blackburn served as writer on the film Vinyan , directed by Fabrice Du Welz . Vinyan stars Emmanuelle Béart , Rufus Sewell , and Julie Dreyfus . Sky Movies likened Vinyan to Nicolas Roeg 's two films Don 't Look Now and Heart of Darkness ; Blackburn interviewed Roeg in 2008 for TimeOut London and noted , " Nic Roeg inspires me . " This Is London characterised the film as , " a dark and pessimistic drama which goes slap @-@ happily mad towards the end but keeps you watching all the same . " Empire Magazine also compared the film to Nicolas Roeg 's Don 't Look Now , and concluded , " Horrific and harrowing but the narrative arc could leave the audience unmoved . " = = Filmography = = = = Awards and nominations = = = California State Route 98 = State Route 98 ( SR 98 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California . It is a loop of Interstate 8 ( I @-@ 8 ) running west to east south of the Interstate through the border city of Calexico . It passes through the city of Calexico and ends east of Holtville . The highway was added to the state highway system in 1933 , and signed as Route 98 by 1938 . The highway was paved and rerouted to its current path during the 1950s . = = Route description = = SR 98 begins at an interchange with I @-@ 8 southwest of the community of Ocotillo . The highway intersects CR S2 and passes south of Coyote Wells before turning due east through the Colorado Desert . After over forty miles of desert , SR 98 intersects with CR S29 and then CR S30 , the latter in the community of Mount Signal . The road passes over the New River and intersects CR S31 before entering the border city of Calexico , just opposite from Mexicali , the capital of the Mexican state of Baja California . SR 98 intersects SR 111 , the north @-@ south highway connecting Mexicali and El Centro , before leaving the city and continuing east through rural Imperial County . After meeting SR 7 , SR 98 goes through the community of Bonds Corner before intersecting CR S33 . SR 98 then parallels the All American Canal before terminating at I @-@ 8 at Midway Well . The portion of SR 98 from SR 111 east to I @-@ 8 is designated as part of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail auto tour route , promoted by the National Park Service . SR 98 is not part of the National Highway System , a network of highways that are essential to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . In 2013 , SR 98 had an annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) of 1 @,@ 400 at the western terminus with I @-@ 8 , and 26 @,@ 500 between Rockwood Avenue and Heber Avenue in Calexico , the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway . = = History = = The highway was originally designated as Route 202 in 1933 . By 1934 , a road headed due south from Seeley , before turning east through Calexico and curving slightly to the north and then east again through Bonds Corners . The easternmost portion of the highway was unpaved . By 1938 , the road from Coyote Wells east to the then @-@ current routing had been constructed , but was a county road ; the entirety of Route 98 , which was signed , was either gravel or asphalt . Between 1952 and 1954 , the western portion of SR 98 was rerouted onto the county road , moving the western terminus to southwest of Coyote Wells ; however , the new portion was not paved . By 1956 , the entire highway was paved . In the 1964 state highway renumbering , the highway was officially renumbered as Route 98 . I @-@ 8 was extended to the western terminus of SR 98 by 1965 , and to the eastern terminus of SR 98 by 1970 . = = Major intersections = = Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The entire route is in Imperial County . = Battlecruiser = A battlecruiser , or battle cruiser , was a capital ship built in the first half of the 20th century . They were similar in size , cost , and carried similar armament to battleships , but they generally carried less armour in order to obtain faster speeds . The first battlecruisers were designed in the United Kingdom in the first decade of the century , as a development of the armoured cruiser , at the same time as the dreadnought succeeded the pre @-@ dreadnought battleship . The goal of the design was to outrun any ship with similar armament , and chase down any ship with lesser armament ; they were intended to hunt down slower , older armoured cruisers and destroy them with heavy gunfire while avoiding combat with the more powerful but slower battleships . However , as more and more battlecruisers were built , they were increasingly used alongside the better @-@ protected battleships . Battlecruisers served in the navies of Britain , Germany , the Ottoman Empire , Australia and Japan during World War I , most notably at the Battle of the Falkland Islands and in the several raids and skirmishes in the North Sea which culminated in a pitched fleet battle , the Battle of Jutland . British battlecruisers in particular suffered heavy losses at Jutland , where their light armour made them very vulnerable to large @-@ caliber shells . By the end of the war , capital ship design had developed with battleships becoming faster and battlecruisers becoming more heavily armoured , blurring the distinction between a battlecruiser and a fast battleship . The Washington Naval Treaty , which limited capital ship construction from 1922 onwards , treated battleships and battlecruisers identically , and the new generation of battlecruisers planned was scrapped under the terms of the treaty . From the 1930s on , only the Royal Navy continued to use ' battlecruiser ' as a classification for the World War I @-@ era capital ships that remained in the fleet ; while Japan 's battlecruisers remained in service , they had been significantly reconstructed and were re @-@ rated as full @-@ fledged battleships . Battlecruisers were put into action again during World War II , and only one survived to the end . There was also renewed interest in large " cruiser @-@ killer " type warships , but few were ever begun , as construction of battleships and battlecruisers were curtailed in favor of more @-@ needed convoy escorts , aircraft carriers , and cargo ships . In the post – Cold War era , the Soviet Kirov class of large guided missile cruisers have also been termed " battlecruisers " . = = Background = = The battlecruiser was developed by the Royal Navy in the first years of the 20th century as an evolution of the armoured cruiser . The first armoured cruisers had been built in the 1870s , as an attempt to give armour protection to ships fulfilling the typical cruiser roles of patrol , trade protection and power projection . However , the results were rarely satisfactory , as the weight of armour required for any meaningful protection usually meant that the ship became almost as slow as a battleship . As a result , navies preferred to build protected cruisers with an armoured deck protecting their engines , or simply no armour at all . In the 1890s , technology began to change this balance . New Krupp steel armour meant that it was now possible to give a cruiser side armour which would protect it against the quick @-@ firing guns of enemy battleships and cruisers alike . In 1896 – 97 France and Russia , who were regarded as likely allies in the event of war , started to build large , fast armoured cruisers taking advantage of this . In the event of a war between Britain and France or Russia , or both , these cruisers threatened to cause serious difficulties for the British Empire 's worldwide trade . Britain , which had concluded in 1892 that it needed twice as many cruisers as any potential enemy to adequately protect its empire 's sea lanes , responded to the perceived threat by laying down its own large armoured cruisers . Between 1899 and 1905 , it completed or laid down seven classes of this type , a total of 35 ships . This building program , in turn , prompted the French and Russians to increase their own construction . The Imperial German Navy began to build large armoured cruisers for use on their overseas stations , laying down eight between 1897 and 1906 . The cost of this cruiser arms race was significant . In the period 1889 – 96 , the Royal Navy spent £ 7 @.@ 3 million on new large cruisers . From 1897 – 1904 , it spent £ 26 @.@ 9 million . Many armoured cruisers of the new kind were just as large and expensive as the equivalent battleship . The increasing size and power of the armoured cruiser led to suggestions in British naval circles that cruisers should displace battleships entirely . The battleship 's main advantage was its 12 @-@ inch heavy guns , and heavier armour designed to protect from shells of similar size . However , for a few years after 1900 it seemed that those advantages were of little practical value . The torpedo now had a range of 2 @,@ 000 yards , and it seemed unlikely that a battleship would engage within torpedo range . However , at ranges of more than 2 @,@ 000 yards it became increasingly unlikely that the heavy guns of a battleship would score any hits , as the heavy guns relied on primitive aiming techniques . The secondary batteries of 6 @-@ inch quick @-@ firing guns , firing more plentiful shells , were more likely to hit the enemy . As naval expert Fred T. Jane wrote in June 1902 @,@ Is there anything outside of 2 @,@ 000 yards that the big gun in its hundreds of tons of medieval castle can effect , that its weight in 6 @-@ inch guns without the castle could not effect equally well ? And inside 2 @,@ 000 , what , in these days of gyros , is there that the torpedo cannot effect with far more certainty ? In 1904 , Admiral John " Jacky " Fisher became First Sea Lord , the senior officer of the Royal Navy . He had for some time thought about the development of a new fast armoured ship . He was very fond of the " second @-@ class battleship " Renown , a faster , more lightly armoured battleship . As early as 1901 , there is confusion in Fisher 's writing about whether he saw the battleship or the cruiser as the model for future developments . This did not stop him from commissioning designs from naval architect W. H. Gard for an armoured cruiser with the heaviest possible armament for use with the fleet . The design Gard submitted was for a ship between 14 @,@ 000 – 15 @,@ 000 long tons ( 14 @,@ 000 – 15 @,@ 000 t ) , capable of 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) , armed with four 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch and twelve 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 190 mm ) guns in twin gun turrets and protected with six inches of armour along her belt and 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch turrets , 4 inches ( 102 mm ) on her 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch turrets , 10 inches on her conning tower and up to 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) on her decks . However , mainstream British naval thinking between 1902 and 1904 was clearly in favour of heavily armoured battleships , rather than the fast ships that Fisher favoured . The Battle of Tsushima proved conclusively the effectiveness of heavy guns over intermediate ones and the need for a uniform main caliber on a ship for fire control . Even before this , the Royal Navy had begun to consider a shift away from the mixed @-@ calibre armament of the 1890s pre @-@ dreadnought to an " all @-@ big @-@ gun " design , and preliminary designs circulated for battleships with all 12 @-@ inch or all 10 @-@ inch guns and armoured cruisers with all 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch guns . In late 1904 , not long after the Royal Navy had decided to use 12 @-@ inch guns for its next generation of battleships because of their superior performance at long range , Fisher began to argue that big @-@ gun cruisers could replace battleships altogether . The continuing improvement of the torpedo meant that submarines and destroyers would be able to destroy battleships ; this in Fisher 's view heralded the end of the battleship or at least compromised the validity of heavy armour protection . Nevertheless , armoured cruisers would remain vital for commerce protection . Of what use is a battle fleet to a country called ( A ) at war with a country called ( B ) possessing no battleships , but having fast armoured cruisers and clouds of fast torpedo craft ? What damage would ( A 's ) battleships do to ( B ) ? Would ( B ) wish for a few battleships or for more armoured cruisers ? Would not ( A ) willingly exchange a few battleships for more fast armoured cruisers ? In such a case , neither side wanting battleships is presumptive evidence that they are not of much value . Fisher 's views were very controversial within the Royal Navy , and even given his position as First Sea Lord , he was not in a position to insist on his own approach . Thus he assembled a " Committee on Designs " , consisting of a mixture of civilian and naval experts , to determine the approach to both battleship and armoured cruiser construction in the future . While the stated purpose of the Committee was to investigate and report on future requirements of ships , Fisher and his associates had already made key decisions . The terms of reference for the Committee were for a battleship capable of 21 knots ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) with 12 @-@ inch guns and no intermediate calibres , capable of docking in existing drydocks ; and a cruiser capable of 25 @.@ 5 knots ( 47 @.@ 2 km / h ; 29 @.@ 3 mph ) , also with 12 @-@ inch guns and no intermediate armament , armoured like Minotaur , the most recent armoured cruiser , and also capable of using existing docks . = = First battlecruisers = = Under the Selborne plan of 1902 , the Royal Navy intended to start three new battleships and four armoured cruisers each year . However , in late 1904 it became clear that the 1905 – 06 programme would have to be considerably smaller , because of lower than expected tax revenue and the need to buy out two Chilean battleships under construction in British yards , lest they be purchased by the Russians for use against the Japanese , Britain 's ally . These economies meant that the 1905 – 06 programme consisted only of one battleship , but three armoured cruisers . The battleship became the revolutionary battleship Dreadnought , and the cruisers became the three ships of the Invincible class . Fisher later claimed , however , that he had argued during the Committee for the cancellation of the remaining battleship . The construction of the new class were begun in 1906 and completed in 1908 , delayed perhaps to allow their designers to learn from any problems with Dreadnought . The ships fulfilled the design requirement quite closely . On a displacement similar to Dreadnought , the Invincibles were 40 feet ( 12 @.@ 2 m ) longer to accommodate additional boilers and more powerful turbines to propel them at 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) . Moreover , the new ships could maintain this speed for days , whereas pre @-@ dreadnought battleships could not generally do so for more than an hour . Armed with eight 12 @-@ inch Mk X guns , compared to ten on Dreadnought , they had 6 – 7 inches ( 152 – 178 mm ) of armour protecting the hull and the gun turrets . ( Dreadnought 's armour , by comparison , was 11 – 12 inches ( 279 – 305 mm ) at its thickest . ) The class had a very marked increase in speed , displacement and firepower compared to the most recent armoured cruisers but no more armour . While the Invincibles were to fill the same role as the armoured cruisers they succeeded , they were expected to do so more effectively . Specifically their roles were : Heavy reconnaissance . Because of their power , the Invincibles could sweep away the screen of enemy cruisers to close with and observe an enemy battlefleet before using their superior speed to retire . Close support for the battle fleet . They could be stationed at the ends of the battle line to stop enemy cruisers harassing the battleships , and to harass the enemy 's battleships if they were busy fighting battleships . Also , the Invincibles could operate as the fast wing of the battlefleet and try to outmanouevre the enemy . Pursuit . If an enemy fleet ran , then the Invincibles would use their speed to pursue , and their guns to damage or slow enemy ships . Commerce protection . The new ships would hunt down enemy cruisers and commerce raiders . Confusion about how to refer to these new battleship @-@ size armoured cruisers set in almost immediately . Even in late 1905 , before work was begun on the Invincibles , a Royal Navy memorandum refers to " large armoured ships " meaning both battleships and large cruisers . In October 1906 , the Admiralty began to classify all post @-@ Dreadnought battleships and armoured cruisers as " capital ships " , while Fisher used the term " dreadnought " to refer either to his new battleships or the battleships and armoured cruisers together . At the same time , the Invincible class themselves were referred to as " cruiser @-@ battleships " , " dreadnought cruisers " ; the term " battlecruiser " was first used by Fisher in 1908 . Finally , on 24 November 1911 , Admiralty Weekly Order No. 351 laid down that " All cruisers of the “ Invincible ” and later types are for the future to be described and classified as “ battle cruisers ” to distinguish them from the armoured cruisers of earlier date . " Along with questions over the new ships ' nomenclature came uncertainty about their actual role due to their lack of protection . If they were primarily to act as scouts for the battle fleet and hunter @-@ killers of enemy cruisers and commerce raiders , then the seven inches of belt armour with which they had been equipped would be adequate . If , on the other hand , they were expected to reinforce a battle line of dreadnoughts with their own heavy guns , they were too thin @-@ skinned to be safe from an enemy 's heavy guns . The Invincibles were essentially extremely large , heavily armed , fast armoured cruisers . However , the viability of the armoured cruiser was already in doubt . A cruiser that could have worked with the Fleet might have been a more viable option for taking over that role . Because of the Invincibles ' size and armament , naval authorities considered them capital ships almost from their inception — an assumption that might have been inevitable . Complicating matters further was that many naval authorities , including Lord Fisher , had made overoptimistic assessments from the Battle of Tsushima in 1905 about the armoured cruiser 's ability to survive in a battle line against enemy capital ships due to their superior speed . These assumptions had been made without taking into account the Russian Baltic Fleet 's inefficiency and tactical ineptitude . By the time the term " battlecruiser " had been given to the Invincibles , the idea of their parity with battleships had been fixed in many people 's minds . Not everyone was so convinced . Brassey 's Naval Annual , for instance , stated that with vessels as large and expensive as the Invincibles , an admiral " will be certain to put them in the line of battle where their comparatively light protection will be a disadvantage and their high speed of no value . " Those in favor of the battlecruiser countered with two points — first , since all capital ships were vulnerable to new weapons such as the torpedo , armour had lost some of its validity ; and second , because of its greater speed , the battlecruiser could control the range at which it engaged an enemy . = = Battlecruisers in the dreadnought arms race = = Between the launching of the Invincibles to just after the outbreak of the First World War , the battlecruiser played a junior role in the developing dreadnought arms race , as it was never wholeheartedly adopted as the key weapon in British imperial defence , as Fisher had presumably desired . The biggest factor for this lack of acceptance was the marked change in Britain 's strategic circumstances between their conception and the commissioning of the first ships . The prospective enemy for Britain had shifted from a Franco @-@ Russian alliance with many armoured cruisers to a resurgent and increasingly belligerent Germany . Diplomatically , Britain had entered the Entente cordiale in 1904 and the Anglo @-@ Russian Entente . Neither France nor Russia posed a particular naval threat ; the Russian navy had largely been sunk or captured in the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 5 , while the French were in no hurry to adopt the new dreadnought @-@ type design . Britain also boasted very cordial relations with two of the significant new naval powers , Japan ( bolstered by the Anglo @-@ Japanese Alliance , signed in 1902 and renewed in 1905 ) , and the USA . These changed strategic circumstances , and the great success of the Dreadnought , ensured that she rather than the Invincible became the new model capital ship . Nevertheless , battlecruiser construction played a part in the renewed naval arms @-@ race sparked by the Dreadnought . For their first few years of service , the Invincibles entirely fulfilled Fisher 's vision of being able to sink any ship fast enough to catch them , and run from any ship capable of sinking them . An Invincible would also , in many circumstances , be able to take on an enemy pre @-@ dreadnought battleship . Naval circles concurred that the armoured cruiser in its current form had come to the logical end of its development and the Invincibles were so far ahead of any enemy armoured cruiser in firepower and speed that it proved difficult to justify building more or bigger cruisers . This lead was extended by the surprise both Dreadnought and Invincible produced by having been built in secret ; this prompted most other navies to delay their building programmes and radically revise their designs . This was particularly true for cruisers , because the details of the Invincible class were kept secret for longer ; this meant that the last German armoured cruiser , Blücher , was armed with only 21 @-@ centimetre ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) guns , and was no match for the new battlecruisers . The Royal Navy 's early superiority in capital ships led to the rejection of a 1905 – 06 design that would , essentially , have fused the battlecruiser and battleship concepts into what would eventually become the fast battleship . The ' X4 ' design combined the full armour and armament of Dreadnought with the 25 knot speed of Invincible . The additional cost could not be justified given the existing British lead and the new Liberal government 's need for economy ; the slower and cheaper Bellerophon , a relatively close copy of Dreadnought , was adopted instead . The X4 concept would eventually be fulfilled in the Queen Elizabeth class and later by other navies . The next British battlecruisers were the three Indefatigable class , slightly improved Invincibles built to fundamentally the same specification , partly due to political pressure to limit costs and partly due to the secrecy surrounding German battlecruiser construction , particularly about the heavy armour of SMS Von der Tann . This class came to be widely seen as a mistake and the next generation of British battlecruisers were markedly more powerful . By 1909 – 10 a sense of national crisis about rivalry with Germany outweighed cost @-@ cutting , and a naval panic resulted in the approval of a total of eight capital ships in 1909 – 10 . Fisher pressed for all eight to be battlecruisers , but was unable to have his way ; he had to settle for six battleships and two battlecruisers of the Lion class . The Lions carried eight 13 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns , the now @-@ standard caliber of the British " super @-@ dreadnought " battleships . Speed increased to 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) and armour protection , while not as good as in German designs , was better than in previous British battlecruisers , with nine @-@ inch ( 230 mm ) armour belt and barbettes . The two Lions were followed by the very similar Queen Mary . By 1911 Germany had built battlecruisers of her own , and the superiority of the British ships could no longer be assured . Moreover , the German Navy did not share Fisher 's view of the battlecruiser . In contrast to the British focus on increasing speed and firepower , Germany progressively improved the armour and staying power of their ships to better the British battlecruisers . Von der Tann , begun in 1908 and completed in 1910 , carried eight 11 @.@ 1 @-@ inch guns , but with 11 @.@ 1 @-@ inch ( 283 mm ) armour she was far better protected than the Invincibles . The two Moltkes were quite similar but carried ten 11 @.@ 1 @-@ inch guns of an improved design . Seydlitz , designed in 1909 and finished in 1913 , was a modified Moltke ; speed increased by one knot to 26 @.@ 5 knots ( 49 @.@ 1 km / h ; 30 @.@ 5 mph ) , while her armour had a maximum thickness of 12 inches , equivalent to the Helgoland @-@ class battleships of a few years earlier . Seydlitz was Germany 's last battlecruiser completed before World War I. The next step in battlecruiser design came from Japan . The Imperial Japanese Navy had been planning the Kongō @-@ class ships from 1909 , and was determined that , since the Japanese economy could support relatively few ships , each would be more powerful than its likely competitors . Initially the class was planned with the Invincibles as the benchmark . On learning of the British plans for Lion , and the likelihood that new U.S. Navy battleships would be armed with 14 @-@ inch ( 360 mm ) guns , the Japanese decided to radically revise their plans and go one better . A new plan was drawn up , carrying eight 14 @-@ inch guns , and capable of 27 @.@ 5 knots ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) , thus marginally having the edge over the Lions in speed and firepower . The heavy guns were also better @-@ positioned , being superfiring both fore and aft with no turret amidships . The armour scheme was also marginally improved over the Lions , with nine inches of armour on the turrets and 8 inches ( 203 mm ) on the barbettes . The first ship in the class was built in Britain , and a further three constructed in Japan . The Japanese also re @-@ classified their powerful armoured cruisers of the Tsukuba and Ibuki classes , carrying four 12 @-@ inch guns , as battlecruisers ; nonetheless , their armament was weaker and they were slower than any battlecruiser . The next British battlecruiser , Tiger , was intended initially as the fourth ship in the Lion class , but was substantially redesigned . She retained the eight 13 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns of her predecessors , but they were positioned like those of Kongō for better fields of fire . She was faster ( making 29 knots ( 54 km / h ; 33 mph ) on sea trials ) , and carried a heavier secondary armament . Tiger was also more heavily armoured on the whole ; while the maximum thickness of armour was the same at nine inches , the height of the main armour belt was increased . Not all the desired improvements for this ship were approved , however . Her designer , Sir Eustace Tennyson d 'Eyncourt , had wanted small @-@ bore water @-@ tube boilers and geared turbines to give her a speed of 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) , but he received no support from the authorities and the engine makers refused his request . 1912 saw work begin on three more German battlecruisers of the Derfflinger class , the first German battlecruisers to mount 12 @-@ inch guns . These ships , like Tiger and the Kongōs , had their guns arranged in superfiring turrets for greater efficiency . Their armour and speed was similar to the previous Seydlitz class . In 1913 , the Russian Empire also began the construction of the four @-@ ship Borodino class , which were designed for service in the Baltic Sea . These ships were designed to carry twelve 14 @-@ inch guns , with armour up to 12 inches thick , and a speed of 26 @.@ 6 knots ( 49 @.@ 3 km / h ; 30 @.@ 6 mph ) . The heavy armour and relatively slow speed of these ships made them more similar to German designs than to British ships ; construction of the Borodinos was halted by the First World War and all were scrapped after the end of the Russian Civil War . = = World War I = = = = = Construction = = = For most of the combatants , capital ship construction was very limited during the war . Germany finished the Derfflinger class and began work on the Mackensen class . The Mackensens were a development of the Derfflinger class , with 13 @.@ 8 @-@ inch guns and a broadly similar armour scheme , designed for 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) . In Britain , Jackie Fisher returned to the office of First Sea Lord in October 1914 . His enthusiasm for big , fast ships was unabated , and he set designers to producing a design for a battlecruiser with 15 @-@ inch guns . Because Fisher expected the next German battlecruiser to steam at 28 knots , he required the new British design to be capable of 32 knots . He planned to reorder two Revenge @-@ class battleships , which had been approved but not yet laid down , to a new design . Fisher finally received approval for this project on 28 December 1914 and they became the Renown class . With six 15 @-@ inch guns but only 6 @-@ inch armour they were a further step forward from Tiger in firepower and speed , but returned to the level of protection of the first British battlecruisers . At the same time , Fisher resorted to subterfuge to obtain another three fast , lightly armoured ships that could use several spare 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) gun turrets left over from battleship construction . These ships were essentially light battlecruisers , and Fisher occasionally referred to them as such , but officially they were classified as large light cruisers . This unusual designation was required because construction of new capital ships had been placed on hold , while there were no limits on light cruiser construction . They became Courageous and her sisters Glorious and Furious , and there was a bizarre imbalance between their main guns of 15 inches ( or 18 inches ( 457 mm ) in Furious ) and their armour , which at three inches ( 76 mm ) thickness was on the scale of a light cruiser . The design was generally regarded as a failure ( nicknamed in the Fleet Outrageous , Uproarious and Spurious ) , though the later conversion of the ships to aircraft carriers was very successful . Fisher also speculated about a new mammoth , but lightly built battlecruiser , that would carry 20 @-@ inch ( 508 mm ) guns , which he termed HMS Incomparable ; this never got beyond the concept stage . It is often held that the Renown and Courageous classes were designed for Fisher 's plan to land troops ( possibly Russian ) on the German Baltic coast . Specifically , they were designed with a reduced draught , which might be important in the shallow Baltic . This is not clear @-@ cut evidence that the ships were designed for the Baltic : it was considered that earlier ships had too much draught and not enough freeboard under operational conditions . Roberts argues that the focus on the Baltic was probably unimportant at the time the ships were designed , but was inflated later , after the disastrous Dardanelles Campaign . The final British battlecruiser design of the war was the Admiral class , which was born from a requirement for an improved version of the Queen Elizabeth battleship . The project began at the end of 1915 , after Fisher 's final departure from the Admiralty . While initially envisaged as a battleship , senior sea officers felt that Britain had enough battleships , but that new battlecruisers might be required to combat German ships being built ( the British overestimated German progress on the Mackensen class as well as their likely capabilities ) . A battlecruiser design with eight 15 @-@ inch guns , 8 inches of armour and capable of 32 knots was decided on . The experience of battlecruisers at the Battle of Jutland meant that the design was radically revised and transformed again into a fast battleship with armour up to 12 inches thick , but still capable of 31 @.@ 5 knots ( 58 @.@ 3 km / h ; 36 @.@ 2 mph ) . The first ship in the class , Hood , was built according to this design to counter the possible completion of any of the Mackensen @-@ class ship . The plans for her three sisters , on which little work had been done , were revised once more later in 1916 and in 1917 to improve protection . The Admiral class would have been the only British ships capable of taking on the German Mackensen class ; nevertheless , German shipbuilding was drastically slowed by the war , and while two Mackensens were launched , none were ever completed . The Germans also worked briefly on a further three ships , of the Ersatz Yorck class , which were modified versions of the Mackensens with 15 @-@ inch guns . Work on the three additional Admirals was suspended in March 1917 to enable more escorts and merchant ships to be built to deal with the new threat from U @-@ boats to trade . They were finally cancelled in February 1919 . = = = Battlecruisers in action = = = The first combat involving battlecruisers during World War I was the Battle of Heligoland Bight in August 1914 . A force of British light cruisers and destroyers entered the Heligoland Bight ( the part of the North Sea closest to Hamburg ) to attack German destroyer patrols . When they met opposition from light cruisers , Vice Admiral David Beatty took his squadron of five battlecruisers into the Bight and turned the tide of the battle , ultimately sinking three German light cruisers and killing their commander , Rear Admiral Leberecht Maass . The German battlecruiser Goeben perhaps made the most impact early in the war . Stationed in the Mediterranean , she and the escorting light cruiser SMS Breslau evaded British and French ships on the outbreak of war , and steamed to Constantinople ( Istanbul ) with two British battlecruisers in hot pursuit . The two German ships were handed over to the Ottoman Navy , and this was instrumental in bringing the Ottoman Empire into the war as one of the Central Powers . Goeben herself , renamed Yavuz Sultan Selim , fought engagements against the Imperial Russian Navy in the Black Sea and against the British in the Aegean Sea . The original battlecruiser concept proved successful in December 1914 at the Battle of the Falkland Islands . The British battlecruisers Inflexible and Invincible did precisely the job for which they were intended when they chased down and annihilated the German East Asia Squadron , centered on the armoured cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , along with three light cruisers , commanded by Admiral Maximilian Graf Von Spee , in the South Atlantic Ocean . Prior to the battle , the Australian battlecruiser Australia had unsuccessfully searched for the German ships in the Pacific . During the Battle of Dogger Bank in 1915 , the aftermost barbette of the German flagship Seydlitz was struck by a British 13 @.@ 5 @-@ inch shell from HMS Lion . The shell did not penetrate the barbette , but it dislodged a piece of the barbette armour that allowed the flame from the shell 's detonation to enter the barbette . The propellant charges being hoisted upwards were ignited , and the fireball flashed up into the turret and down into the magazine , setting fire to charges removed from their brass cartridge cases . The gun crew tried to escape into the next turret , which allowed the flash to spread into that turret as well , killing the crews of both turrets . Seydlitz was saved from near @-@ certain destruction only by emergency flooding of her after magazines , which had been effected by Wilhelm Heidkamp . This near @-@ disaster was due to the way that ammunition handling was arranged and was common to both German and British battleships and battlecruisers , but the lighter protection on the latter made them more vulnerable to the turret or barbette being penetrated . The Germans learned from investigating the damaged Seydlitz and instituted measures to ensure that ammunition handling minimised any possible exposure to flash . Apart from the cordite handling , the battle was mostly inconclusive , though both the British flagship Lion and Seydlitz were severely damaged . Lion lost speed , causing her to fall behind the rest of the battleline , and Beatty was unable to effectively command his ships for the remainder of the engagement . A British signalling error allowed the German battlecruisers to withdraw , as most of Beatty 's squadron mistakenly concentrated on the crippled armoured cruiser Blücher , sinking her with great loss of life . The British blamed their failure to win a decisive victory on their poor gunnery and attempted to increase their rate of fire by stockpiling unprotected cordite charges in their ammunition hoists and barbettes . At the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916 , both British and German battlecruisers were employed as fleet units . The British battlecruisers became engaged with both their German counterparts , the battlecruisers , and then German battleships before the arrival of the battleships of the British Grand Fleet . The result was a disaster for the Royal Navy 's battlecruiser squadrons : Invincible , Queen Mary , and Indefatigable exploded with the loss of all but a handful of their crews . The exact reason why the ships ' magazines detonated is not known , but the plethora of exposed cordite charges stored in their turrets , ammunition hoists and working chambers in the quest to increase their rate of fire undoubtedly contributed to their loss . Beatty 's flagship Lion herself was almost lost in a similar manner , save for the heroic actions of Major Francis Harvey . The better @-@ armoured German battlecruisers fared better , in part due to the poor performance of British fuzes ( the British shells tended to explode or break up on impact with the German armour ) . Lützow — the only German battlecruiser lost at Jutland — had only 128 killed , for instance , despite receiving more than thirty hits . The other German battlecruisers , Moltke , Von der Tann , Seydlitz , and Derfflinger , were all heavily damaged and required extensive repairs after the battle , Seydlitz barely making it home , for they had been the focus of British fire for much of the battle . = = Interwar period = = In the years immediately after World War I , Britain , Japan and the USA all began design work on a new generation of ever more powerful battleships and battlecruisers . The new burst of shipbuilding that each nation 's navy desired was politically controversial and potentially economically crippling . This nascent arms race was prevented by the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 , where the major naval powers agreed to limits on capital ship numbers . The German navy was not represented at the talks ; under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles , Germany was not allowed any modern capital ships at all . Through the 1920s and 1930s only Britain and Japan retained battlecruisers , often modified and rebuilt from their original designs . The line between the battlecruiser and the modern fast battleship became blurred ; indeed , the Japanese Kongōs were formally redesignated as battleships . = = = Plans in the aftermath of World War I = = = Hood , launched in 1918 , was the last World War I battlecruiser to be completed . Owing to lessons from Jutland , the ship was modified during construction ; the thickness of her belt armour was increased by an average of 50 percent and extended substantially , she was given heavier deck armour , and the protection of her magazines was improved to guard against the ignition of ammunition . This was hoped to be capable of resisting her own weapons — the classic measure of a " balanced " battleship . Hood was the largest ship in the Royal Navy when completed ; thanks to her great displacement , in theory she combined the firepower and armour of a battleship with the speed of a battlecruiser , causing some to refer to her as a fast battleship . However her protection was markedly less than that of the British battleships built immediately after World War I , the Nelson class . The navies of Japan and the United States , not being affected immediately by the war , had time to develop new heavy 16 @-@ inch ( 410 mm ) guns for their latest designs and to refine their battlecruiser designs in light of combat experience in Europe . The Imperial Japanese Navy began four Amagi @-@ class battlecruisers . These vessels would have been of unprecedented size and power , as fast and well armoured as Hood whilst carrying a main battery of ten 16 @-@ inch guns , the most powerful armament ever proposed for a battlecruiser . They were , for all intents and purposes , fast battleships — the only differences between them and the Tosa @-@ class battleships which were to precede them were 1 inch ( 25 mm ) less side armour and a .25 knots ( 0 @.@ 46 km / h ; 0 @.@ 29 mph ) increase in speed . The United States Navy , which had worked on its battlecruiser designs since 1913 and watched the latest developments in this class with great care , responded with the Lexington class . If completed as planned , they would have been exceptionally fast and well armed with eight 16 @-@ inch guns , but carried armour little better than the Invincibles — this after an 8 @,@ 000 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 8 @,@ 100 t ) increase in protection following Jutland . The final stage in the post @-@ war battlecruiser race came with the British response to the Amagi and Lexington types : four 48 @,@ 000 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 49 @,@ 000 t ) G3 battlecruisers . Royal Navy documents of the period often described any battleship with a speed of over about 24 knots ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) as a battlecruiser , regardless of the amount of protective armour , although the G3 was considered by most to be a well @-@ balanced fast battleship . The Washington Naval Treaty meant that none of these designs came to fruition . Ships that had been started were either broken up on the slipway or converted to aircraft carriers . In Japan , Amagi and Akagi were selected for conversion . Amagi was damaged beyond repair by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and was broken up for scrap ; the hull of one of the proposed Tosa @-@ class battleships , Kaga , was converted in her stead . The United States Navy also converted two battlecruiser hulls into aircraft carriers in the wake of the Washington Treaty : USS Lexington and USS Saratoga , although this was only considered marginally preferable to scrapping the hulls outright ( the remaining four : Constellation , Ranger , Constitution and United States were scrapped ) . In Britain , Fisher 's " large light cruisers , " were converted to carriers . Furious had already been partially converted during the war and Glorious and Courageous were similarly converted . = = = Rebuilding programmes = = = In total , nine battlecruisers survived the Washington Naval Treaty , although HMS Tiger later became a victim of the London Naval Conference of 1930 and was scrapped . Because their high speed made them valuable surface units in spite of their weaknesses , most of these ships were significantly updated before World War II . Renown and Repulse were modernized significantly in the 1920s and 1930s . Between 1934 and 1936 , Repulse was partially modernized and had her bridge modified , an aircraft hangar , catapult and new gunnery equipment added and her anti @-@ aircraft armament increased . Renown underwent a more thorough reconstruction between 1937 and 1939 . Her deck armour was increased , new turbines and boilers were fitted , an aircraft hangar and catapult added and she was completely rearmed aside from the main guns which had their elevation increased to + 30 degrees . The bridge structure was also removed and a large bridge similar to that used in the King George V @-@ class battleships installed in its place . While conversions of this kind generally added weight to the vessel , Renown 's tonnage actually decreased due to a substantially lighter power plant . Similar thorough rebuildings planned for Repulse and Hood were cancelled due to the advent of World War II . Unable to build new ships , the Imperial Japanese Navy also chose to improve its existing battlecruisers of the Kongō class ( initially the Haruna , Kirishima , and Kongō — the Hiei only later as it had been disarmed under the terms of the Washington treaty ) in two substantial reconstructions ( one for Hiei ) . During the first of these , elevation of their main guns was increased to + 40 degrees , anti @-@ torpedo bulges and 3 @,@ 800 long tons ( 3 @,@ 900 t ) of horizontal armour added , and a " pagoda " mast with additional command positions built up . This reduced the ships ' speed to 25 @.@ 9 knots ( 48 @.@ 0 km / h ; 29 @.@ 8 mph ) . The second reconstruction focused on speed as they had been selected as fast escorts for aircraft carrier task forces . Completely new main engines , a reduced number of boilers and an increase in hull length by 26 feet ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) allowed them to reach up to 30 knots once again . They were reclassified as " fast battleships , " although their armour and guns still fell short compared to surviving World War I – era battleships in the American or the British navies , with dire consequences during the Pacific War , when Hiei and Kirishima were easily crippled by US gunfire during actions off Guadalcanal , forcing their scuttling shortly afterwards . Perhaps most tellingly , Hiei was crippled by medium @-@ caliber gunfire from heavy and light cruisers in a close @-@ range night engagement . There were two exceptions : Turkey 's Yavuz Sultan Selim and the Royal Navy 's Hood . The Turkish Navy made only minor improvements to the ship in the interwar period , which primarily focused on repairing wartime damage and the installation of new fire control systems and anti @-@ aircraft batteries . Hood was in constant service with the fleet and could not be withdrawn for an extended reconstruction . She received minor improvements over the course of the 1930s , including modern fire control systems , increased numbers of anti @-@ aircraft guns , and in March 1941 , radar . = = = Naval rearmament = = = In the late 1930s navies began to build capital ships again , and during this period a number of large commerce raiders and small , fast battleships were built that are sometimes referred to as battlecruisers . Germany and Russia designed new battlecruisers during this period , though only the latter laid down two of the 35 @,@ 000 @-@ ton Kronshtadt class . They were still on the slipways when the Germans invaded in 1941 and construction was suspended . Both ships were scrapped after the war . The Germans planned three battlecruisers of the O class as part of the expansion of the Kriegsmarine ( Plan Z ) . With six 15 @-@ inch guns , high speed , excellent range , but very thin armour , they were intended as commerce raiders . Only one was ordered shortly before World War II ; no work was ever done on it . No names were assigned , and they were known by their contract names : ' O ' , ' P ' , and ' Q ' . The new class was not universally welcomed in the Kriegsmarine . Their abnormally @-@ light protection gained it the derogatory nickname Ohne Panzer Quatsch ( without armour nonsense ) within certain circles of the Navy . = = World War II = = The Royal Navy deployed some of its battlecruisers during the Norwegian Campaign in April 1940 . The Gneisenau and the Scharnhorst were engaged during the Action off Lofoten by Renown in very bad weather and disengaged after Gneisenau was damaged . One of Renown 's 15 @-@ inch shells passed through Gneisenau 's director @-@ control tower without exploding , severing electrical and communication cables as it went and destroyed the rangefinders for the forward 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) turrets . Main @-@ battery fire control had to be shifted aft due to the loss of electrical power . Another shell from Renown knocked out Gneisenau 's aft turret . The British ship was struck twice by German shells that failed to inflict any significant damage . She was the only battlecruiser to survive the war . In the early years of the war various German ships had a measure of success hunting merchant ships in the Atlantic . Allied battlecruisers such as Renown , Repulse , and the fast battleships Dunkerque and Strasbourg were employed on operations to hunt down the commerce @-@ raiding German ships , but they never got close to their targets . The one stand @-@ up fight occurred when the battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen sortied into the North Atlantic to attack British shipping and were intercepted by Hood and the battleship Prince of Wales in May 1941 in the Battle of the Denmark Strait . The elderly British battlecruiser was no match for the modern German battleship : within minutes , the Bismarck 's 15 @-@ inch shells caused a magazine explosion in Hood reminiscent of the Battle of Jutland . Only three men survived . The first battlecruiser to see action in the Pacific War was Repulse when she was sunk by Japanese torpedo bombers north of Singapore on 10 December 1941 whilst in company with Prince of Wales . She was lightly damaged by a single 250 @-@ kilogram ( 550 lb ) bomb and near @-@ missed by two others in the first Japanese attack . Her speed and agility enabled her to avoid the other attacks by level bombers and dodge 33 torpedoes . The last group of torpedo bombers attacked from multiple directions and Repulse was struck by five torpedoes . She quickly capsized with the loss of 27 officers and 486 crewmen ; 42 officers and 754 enlisted men were rescued by the escorting destroyers . The loss of Repulse and Prince of Wales conclusively proved the vulnerability of capital ships to aircraft without air cover of their own . The Japanese Kongō @-@ class battlecruisers were extensively used as carrier escorts for most of their wartime career due to their high speed . Their World War I @-@ era armament was weaker and their upgraded armour was still thin compared to contemporary battleships . On 13 November 1942 , during the First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal , Hiei stumbled across American cruisers and destroyers at point @-@ blank range . The ship was badly damaged in the encounter and had to be towed by her sister ship Kirishima . Both were spotted by American aircraft the following morning and Kirishima was forced to cast off her tow because of repeated aerial attacks . Hiei 's captain ordered her crew to abandon ship after further damage and scuttled Hiei in the early evening of 14 November . On the night of 14 / 15 November during the Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal , Kirishima returned to Ironbottom Sound , but encountered the American battleships South Dakota and Washington . While failing to detect Washington , Kirishima engaged South Dakota with some effect . Washington opened fire a few minutes later at short range and badly damaged Kirishima , knocking out her aft turrets , jamming her rudder , and hitting the ship below the waterline . The flooding proved to be uncontrollable and Kirishima capsized three and a half hours later . Returning to Japan after the Battle of Leyte Gulf , Kongō was torpedoed and sunk by the American submarine Sealion II on 21 November 1944 . Haruna was moored at Kure , Japan when the naval base was attacked by American carrier aircraft on 24 and 28 July . The ship was only lightly damaged by a single bomb hit on 24 July , but was hit a dozen more times on 28 July and sank at her pier . She was refloated after the war and scrapped in early 1946 . = = = Large cruisers or " cruiser killers " = = = A late renaissance in popularity of ships between battleships and cruisers in size occurred on the eve of World War II . Described by some as battlecruisers , but never classified as capital ships , they were variously described as " super cruisers " , " large cruisers " or even " unrestricted cruisers " . The Dutch , American , and Japanese navies all planned these new classes specifically to counter the heavy cruisers , or their counterparts , being built by their naval rivals . The first such battlecruisers were the Dutch Design 1047 , designed to protect their colonies in the East Indies in the face of Japanese aggression . Never officially assigned names , these ships were designed with German and Italian assistance . While they broadly resembled the German Scharnhorst class and had the same main battery , they would have been more lightly armoured and only protected against eight @-@ inch gunfire . Although the design was mostly completed , work on the vessels never commenced as the Germans overran the Netherlands in May 1940 . The first ship would have been laid down in June of that year . The only class of these late battlecruisers actually built were the United States Navy 's Alaska @-@ class " large cruisers " . Two of them were completed , Alaska and Guam ; a third , Hawaii , was cancelled while under construction and three others , to be named Philippines , Puerto Rico and Samoa , were cancelled before they were laid down . They were classified as " large cruisers " instead of battlecruisers , and their status as non @-@ capital ships evidenced by their being named for territories or protectorates . ( Battleships , in contrast , were named after states and cruisers after cities ) . With a main armament of nine 12 @-@ inch guns in three triple turrets and a displacement of 27 @,@ 000 long tons ( 27 @,@ 000 t ) , the Alaskas were twice the size of Baltimore @-@ class cruisers and had guns some 50 % larger in diameter . They lacked the thick armoured belt and intricate torpedo defence system of true capital ships . However , unlike most battlecruisers , they were considered a balanced design according to cruiser standards as their protection could withstand fire from their own caliber of gun , albeit only in a very narrow range band . They were designed to hunt down Japanese heavy cruisers , though by the time they entered service most Japanese cruisers had been sunk by American aircraft or submarines . Like the contemporary Iowa @-@ class fast battleships , their speed ultimately made them more useful as carrier escorts and bombardment ships than as the surface combatants they were developed to be . The Japanese started designing the B64 class , which was similar to the Alaska but with 310 @-@ millimetre ( 12 @.@ 2 in ) guns . News of the Alaskas led them to upgrade the design , creating Design B @-@ 65 . Armed with 356 mm guns , the B65 's would have been the best armed of the new breed of battlecruisers , but they still would have had only sufficient protection to keep out eight @-@ inch shells . Much like the Dutch , the Japanese got as far as completing the design for the B65s , but never laid them down . By the time the designs were ready the Japanese Navy recognized that they had little use for the vessels and that their priority for construction should lie with aircraft carriers . Like the Alaskas , the Japanese did not call these ships battlecruisers , referring to them instead as super @-@ heavy cruisers . = = Cold War @-@ era designs = = In spite of the fact that most navies abandoned the battleship and battlecruiser concepts after World War II , Joseph Stalin 's fondness for big @-@ gun @-@ armed warships caused the Soviet Union to plan a large cruiser class in the late 1940s . In the Soviet Union they were termed " heavy cruisers " ( tjazholyj krejser ) . The fruits of this program were the Project 82 ( Stalingrad ) cruisers , of 36 @,@ 500 tonnes ( 35 @,@ 900 long tons ) standard load , nine 305 mm guns and a speed of 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) . Three ships were laid down in 1951 – 52 , but they were cancelled in April 1953 after Stalin 's death . Only the central armoured hull section of the first ship , Stalingrad , was launched in 1954 and then used as a target . The Soviet Kirov class is sometimes referenced as a battlecruiser . This classification arises from their over 24 @,@ 000 @-@ tonne ( 24 @,@ 000 @-@ long @-@ ton ) displacement , which is roughly equal to that of a First World War battleship and more than twice the displacement of contemporary cruisers . The Kirov class lacks the armour that distinguishes battlecruisers from ordinary cruisers and they are classified as heavy nuclear @-@ powered missile cruisers ( tyazholyy atomnyy raketny kreyser ) by Russia . Four members of the class were completed during the 1980s and 1990s , but due to budget constraints only the Petr Velikiy is operational with the Russian Navy , though plans were announced in 2010 to return the other three ships to service . As of 2012 one ship was being refitted , but the other two ships are reportedly beyond economical repair . = Suicide = Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one 's own death . Risk factors include mental illness such as depression , bipolar disorder , schizophrenia , personality disorders , alcoholism , or drug abuse . Others are impulsive acts due to stress such as from financial difficulties , troubles with relationships , or bullying . Those who have previously attempted suicide are at high risk of future attempts . Suicide prevention efforts include limiting access to method of suicide such as firearms and poisons , treating mental illness and drug misuse , proper media reporting of suicide , and improving economic conditions . Although crisis hotlines are common , there is little evidence for their effectiveness . The most commonly used method of suicide varies between countries , and is partly related to the availability of effective means . Common methods include : hanging , pesticide poisoning , and firearms . Suicide resulted in 842 @,@ 000 deaths in 2013 up from 712 @,@ 000 deaths in 1990 . This makes it the 10th leading cause of death worldwide . Rates of completed suicides are generally higher in men than in women , with males three to four times more likely to kill themselves than females . There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non @-@ fatal attempted suicides every year . Non @-@ fatal suicide attempts may lead to injury and long @-@ term disabilities . In the Western world , attempts are more common in young people and are four times more common in females than in males . Views on suicide have been influenced by broad existential themes such as religion , honor , and the meaning of life . The Abrahamic religions traditionally consider suicide an offense towards God due to the belief in the sanctity of life . During the samurai era in Japan , a form of suicide known as seppuku was respected as a means of making up for failure or as a form of protest . Sati , a practice outlawed by the British Raj , expected the Indian widow to kill herself on her husband 's funeral fire , either willingly or under pressure from the family and society . Suicide and attempted suicide , while previously illegal , are no longer in most Western countries . It remains a criminal offense in many countries . In the 20th and 21st centuries , suicide has been used on rare occasions as a form of protest , and kamikaze and suicide bombings have been used as a military or terrorist tactic . The word is from the Latin suicidium , which means " to kill oneself " . = = Definitions = = Suicide , also known as completed suicide , is the " act of taking one 's own life " . Attempted suicide or non @-@ fatal suicidal behavior is self @-@ injury with the desire to end one 's life that does not result in death . Assisted suicide is when one individual helps another bring about their own death indirectly via providing either advice or the means to the end . This is in contrast to euthanasia , where another person takes a more active role in bringing about a person 's death . Suicidal ideation is thoughts of ending one 's life but not taking any active efforts to do so . There is discussion about the appropriateness of the term " commit " and its use to describe suicide . Those who object to the use of commit argue that it carries with it implications that suicide is a criminal , sinful or morally wrong act . There is growing consensus that it is more appropriate to use " completed suicide , " " died by suicide " or simply " killed him / herself " to describe the act of suicide , and this is reflected in mental health organisations ' media guidance . Despite these efforts , " committed suicide " and similar descriptions remain common in both scholarly research and journalism . = = Risk factors = = Factors that affect the risk of suicide include psychiatric disorders , drug misuse , psychological states , cultural , family and social situations , and genetics . Mental illness and substance misuse frequently co @-@ exist . Other risk factors include having previously attempted suicide , the ready availability of a means to take one 's life , a family history of suicide , or the presence of traumatic brain injury . For example , suicide rates have been found to be greater in households with firearms than those without them . Socio @-@ economic problems such as unemployment , poverty , homelessness , and discrimination may trigger suicidal thoughts . About 15 – 40 % of people leave a suicide note . Genetics appears to account for between 38 % and 55 % of suicidal behaviors . War veterans have a higher risk of suicide due in part to higher rates of mental illness such as post traumatic stress disorder and physical health problems related to war . = = = Mental disorders = = = Mental disorders are often present at the time of suicide with estimates ranging from 27 % to more than 90 % . Of those who have been admitted to a psychiatric unit , their lifetime risk of completed suicide is about 8 @.@ 6 % . Half of all people who die by suicide may have major depressive disorder ; having this or one of the other mood disorders such as bipolar disorder increases the risk of suicide 20 @-@ fold . Other conditions implicated include schizophrenia ( 14 % ) , personality disorders ( 8 % ) , bipolar disorder , and posttraumatic stress disorder . Others estimate that about half of people who complete suicide could be diagnosed with a personality disorder with borderline personality disorder being the most common . About 5 % of people with schizophrenia die of suicide . Eating disorders are another high risk condition . A previous history of suicide attempts is the most accurate predictor of completed suicide . Approximately 20 % of suicides have had a previous attempt , and of those who have attempted suicide , 1 % complete suicide within a year and more than 5 % die by suicide within 10 years . Acts of self @-@ harm are not usually suicide attempts and most who self @-@ harm are not at high risk of suicide . Some who self @-@ harm , however , do still end their life by suicide , and risk for self @-@ harm and suicide may overlap . In approximately 80 % of completed suicides , the individual has seen a physician within the year before their death , including 45 % within the prior month . Approximately 25 – 40 % of those who completed suicide had contact with mental health services in the prior year . Antidepressants of the SSRI type appear to increase the risk of suicide in children but do not change the risk in adults . = = = Substance use = = = Substance abuse is the second most common risk factor for suicide after major depression and bipolar disorder . Both chronic substance misuse as well as acute intoxication are associated . When combined with personal grief , such as bereavement , the risk is further increased . Substance misuse is also associated with mental health disorders . Most people are under the influence of sedative @-@ hypnotic drugs ( such as alcohol or benzodiazepines ) when they die by suicide with alcoholism present in between 15 % and 61 % of cases . Countries that have higher rates of alcohol use and a greater density of bars generally also have higher rates of suicide . About 2 @.@ 2 – 3 @.@ 4 % of those who have been treated for alcoholism at some point in their life die by suicide . Alcoholics who attempt suicide are usually male , older , and have tried to take their own lives in the past . Between 3 and 35 % of deaths among those who use heroin are due to suicide ( approximately 14 fold greater than those who do not use ) . In adolescents who misuse alcohol , neurological and psychological dysfunctions may contribute to the increased risk of suicide . The misuse of cocaine and methamphetamine has a high correlation with suicide . In those who use cocaine the risk is greatest during the withdrawal phase . Those who used inhalants are also at significant risk with around 20 % attempting suicide at some point and more than 65 % considering it . Smoking cigarettes is associated with the risk of suicide . There is little evidence as to why this association exists ; however it has been hypothesized that those who are predisposed to smoking are also predisposed to suicide , that smoking causes health problems which subsequently make people want to end their life , and that smoking affects brain chemistry causing a propensity for suicide . Cannabis however does not appear to independently increase the risk . = = = Problem gambling = = = Problem gambling is associated with increased suicidal ideation and attempts compared to the general population . Between 12 and 24 % pathological gamblers attempt suicide . The rate of suicide among their spouses is three times greater than that of the general population . Other factors that increase the risk in problem gamblers include mental illness , alcohol and drug misuse . = = = Medical conditions = = = There is an association between suicidality and physical health problems such as chronic pain , traumatic brain injury , cancer , kidney failure ( requiring hemodialysis ) , HIV , and systemic lupus erythematosus . The diagnosis of cancer approximately doubles the subsequent risk of suicide . The prevalence of increased suicidality persisted after adjusting for depressive illness and alcohol abuse . In people with more than one medical condition the risk was particularly high . In Japan , health problems are listed as the primary justification for suicide . Sleep disturbances such as insomnia and sleep apnea are risk factors for depression and suicide . In some instances the sleep disturbances may be a risk factor independent of depression . A number of other medical conditions may present with symptoms similar to mood disorders , including hypothyroidism , Alzheimer 's , brain tumors , systemic lupus erythematosus , and adverse effects from a number of medications ( such as beta blockers and steroids ) . = = = Psychosocial states = = = A number of psychological states increase the risk of suicide including : hopelessness , loss of pleasure in life , depression and anxiousness . A poor ability to solve problems , the loss of abilities one used to have , and poor impulse control also play a role . In older adults the perception of being a burden to others is important . Suicide in which the reason is that the person feels that they are not part of society is known as egoistic suicide . Rates of suicide appear to decrease around Christmas . One study however found the risk may be greater for males on their birthday . Recent life stresses such as a loss of a family member or friend , loss of a job , or social isolation ( such as living alone ) increase the risk . Those who have never married are also at greater risk . Being religious may reduce one 's risk of suicide . This has been attributed to the negative stance many religions take against suicide and to the greater connectedness religion may give . Muslims , among religious people , appear to have a lower rate of suicide ; however the data supporting this is not strong . There does not appear to be a difference in rates of attempted suicide rates . Young women in the Middle East may have higher rates . Some may take their own lives to escape bullying or prejudice . A history of childhood sexual abuse and time spent in foster care are also risk factors . Sexual abuse is believed to contribute to about 20 % of the overall risk . An evolutionary explanation for suicide is that it may improve inclusive fitness . This may occur if the person dying by suicide cannot have more children and takes resources away from relatives by staying alive . An objection is that deaths by healthy adolescents likely does not increase inclusive fitness . Adaptation to a very different ancestral environment may be maladaptive in the current one . Poverty is associated with the risk of suicide . Increasing relative poverty compared to those around a person increases suicide risk . Over 200 @,@ 000 farmers in India have died by suicide since 1997 , partly due to issues of debt . In China suicide is three times as likely in rural regions as urban ones , partly , it is believed , due to financial difficulties in this area of the country . = = = Media = = = The media , which includes the Internet , plays an important role . How it depicts suicide may have a negative effect , with high volume , prominent , repetitive coverage glorifying or romanticizing suicide having the most impact . When detailed descriptions of how to kill oneself by a specific means are portrayed , this method of suicide may increase in the population as a whole . This trigger of ' suicide contagion ' or copycat suicide is known as the Werther effect , named after the protagonist in Goethe 's The Sorrows of Young Werther who killed himself and then was emulated by many admirers of the book . This risk is greater in adolescents who may romanticize death . It appears that while news media has a significant effect , that of the entertainment media is equivocal . The opposite of the Werther effect is the proposed Papageno effect , in which coverage of effective coping mechanisms may have a protective effect . The term is based upon a character in Mozart 's opera The Magic Flute , who ( fearing the loss of a loved one ) had planned to kill himself until his friends helped him out . When media follows recommended reporting guidelines the risk of suicides can be decreased . Getting buy @-@ in from industry , however , can be difficult , especially in the long term . = = = Rational = = = Rational suicide is the reasoned taking of one 's own life , although some feel that suicide is never logical . The act of taking one 's life for the benefit of others is known as altruistic suicide . An example of this is an elder ending his or her life to leave greater amounts of food for the younger people in the community . Suicide in some Inuit cultures has been seen as an act of respect , courage , or wisdom . A suicide attack is a political action where an attacker carries out violence against others which they understand will result in their own death . Some suicide bombers are motivated by a desire to obtain martyrdoms . Kamikaze missions were carried out as a duty to a higher cause or moral obligation . Murder – suicide is an act of homicide followed within a week by suicide of the person who carried out the act . Mass suicides are often performed under social pressure where members give up autonomy to a leader . Mass suicides can take place with as few as two people , often referred to as a suicide pact . In extenuating situations where continuing to live would be intolerable , some people use suicide as a means of escape . Some inmates in Nazi concentration camps are known to have killed themselves by deliberately touching the electrified fences . = = Methods = = The leading method of suicide varies among countries . The leading methods in different regions include hanging , pesticide poisoning , and firearms . These differences are believed to be in part due to availability of the different methods . A review of 56 countries found that hanging was the most common method in most of the countries , accounting for 53 % of the male suicides and 39 % of the female suicides . Worldwide , 30 % of suicides are from pesticide poisoning . The use of this method , however , varies markedly from 4 % in Europe to more than 50 % in the Pacific region . It is also common in Latin America due to easy access within the farming populations . In many countries , drug overdoses account for approximately 60 % of suicides among women and 30 % among men . Many are unplanned and occur during an acute period of ambivalence . The death rate varies by method : firearms 80 @-@ 90 % , drowning 65 @-@ 80 % , hanging 60 @-@ 85 % , car exhaust 40 @-@ 60 % , jumping 35 @-@ 60 % , charcoal burning 40 @-@ 50 % , pesticides 6 @-@ 75 % , and medication overdose 1 @.@ 5 @-@ 4 % . The most common attempted methods of suicide differ from the most common successful methods ; Up to 85 % of attempts are via drug overdose in the developed world . In China , the consumption of pesticides is the most common method . In Japan , self @-@ disembowelment known as seppuku ( or hara @-@ kiri ) still occurs ; however , hanging and jumping are the most common . Jumping to one 's death is common in both Hong Kong and Singapore at 50 % and 80 % respectively . In Switzerland , firearms are the most frequent suicides method in young males , however this method has decreased relatively since guns have become less common . In the United States , 57 % of suicides involve the use of firearms , with this method being somewhat more common in men than women . The next most common cause was hanging in males and self @-@ poisoning in females . Together these methods comprised about 40 % of U.S. suicides . = = Pathophysiology = = There is no known unifying underlying pathophysiology for either suicide , or depression . It is however believed to result from an interplay of behavioral , socio @-@ environmental and psychiatric factors . Low levels of brain @-@ derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) are both directly associated with suicide and indirectly associated through its role in major depression , posttraumatic stress disorder , schizophrenia and obsessive – compulsive disorder . Post @-@ mortem studies have found reduced levels of BDNF in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex , in those with and without psychiatric conditions . Serotonin , a brain neurotransmitter , is believed to be low in those who die by suicide . This is partly based on evidence of increased levels of 5 @-@ HT2A receptors found after death . Other evidence includes reduced levels of a breakdown product of serotonin , 5 @-@ Hydroxyindoleacetic acid , in the cerebral spinal fluid . Direct evidence is however hard to gather . Epigenetics , the study of changes in genetic expression in response to environmental factors which do not alter the underlying DNA , is also believed to play a role in determining suicide risk . = = Prevention = = Suicide prevention is a term used for the collective efforts to reduce the incidence of suicide through preventative measures . Reducing access to certain methods , such as firearms or toxins can reduce risk . Other measures include reducing access to charcoal and barriers on bridges and subway platforms . Treatment of drug and alcohol addiction , depression , and those who have attempted suicide in the past may also be effective . Some have proposed reducing access to alcohol as a preventative strategy ( such as reducing the number of bars ) . Although crisis hotlines are common there is little evidence to support or refute their effectiveness . In young adults who have recently thought about suicide , cognitive behavioral therapy appears to improve outcomes . Economic development through its ability to reduce poverty may be able to decrease suicide rates . Efforts to increase social connection , especially in elderly males , may be effective . The World Suicide Prevention Day is observed annually on September 10 with the support of the International Association for Suicide Prevention and the World Health Organization . = = = Screening = = = There is little data on the effects of screening the general population on the ultimate rate of suicide . Screening those who come to the emergency departments with injuries from self harm have been shown to help identify suicide ideation and suicide intention . Psychometric tests such as the Beck Depression Inventory or the Geriatric Depression Scale for older people are being used . As there is a high rate of people who test positive via these tools that are not at risk of suicide , there are concerns that screening may significantly increase mental health care resource utilization . Assessing those at high risk however is recommended . Asking about suicidality does not appear to increase the risk . = = = Mental illness = = = In those with mental health problems a number of treatments may reduce the risk of suicide . Those who are actively suicidal may be admitted to psychiatric care either voluntarily or involuntarily . Possessions that may be used to harm oneself are typically removed . Some clinicians get patients to sign suicide prevention contracts where they agree to not harm themselves if released . Evidence however does not support a significant effect from this practice . If a person is at low risk , outpatient mental health treatment may be arranged . Short @-@ term hospitalization has not been found to be more effective than community care for improving outcomes in those with borderline personality disorder who are chronically suicidal . There is tentative evidence that psychotherapy , specifically , dialectical behaviour therapy reduces suicidality in adolescents as well as in those with borderline personality disorder . It may also be useful in decreasing suicide attempts in adults at high risk . Evidence however has not found a decrease in completed suicides . There is controversy around the benefit @-@ versus @-@ harm of antidepressants . In young persons , the newer antidepressants such as SSRIs appear to increase the risk of suicidality from 25 per 1000 to 40 per 1000 . In older persons however they might decrease the risk . Lithium appears effective at lowering the risk in those with bipolar disorder and unipolar depression to nearly the same levels as the general population.Clozapine may decrease the thoughts of suicide in some people with schizophrenia . = = Epidemiology = = Approximately 0 @.@ 5 % to 1 @.@ 4 % of people die by suicide , a mortality rate of 11 @.@ 6 per 100 @,@ 000 persons per year . Suicide resulted in 842 @,@ 000 deaths in 2013 up from 712 @,@ 000 deaths in 1990 . Rates of suicide have increased by 60 % from the 1960s to 2012 , with these increases seen primarily in the developing world . Globally , as of 2008 / 2009 , suicide is the tenth leading cause of death . For every suicide that results in death there are between 10 and 40 attempted suicides . Suicide rates differ significantly between countries and over time . As a percentage of deaths in 2008 it was : Africa 0 @.@ 5 % , South @-@ East Asia 1 @.@ 9 % , Americas 1 @.@ 2 % and Europe 1 @.@ 4 % . Rates per 100 @,@ 000 were : Australia 8 @.@ 6 , Canada 11 @.@ 1 , China 12 @.@ 7 , India 23 @.@ 2 , United Kingdom 7 @.@ 6 , United States 11 @.@ 4 and South Korea 28 @.@ 9 . It was ranked as the 10th leading cause of death in the United States in 2009 at about 36 @,@ 000 cases a year , with about 650 @,@ 000 people seen in emergency departments yearly due to attempting suicide . The country 's rate among men in their 50s rose by nearly half in the decade 1999 – 2010 . Lithuania , Japan and Hungary have the highest rates . The countries with the greatest absolute numbers of suicides are China and India , accounting for over half the total . In China , suicide is the 5th leading cause of death . = = = Sex = = = In the Western world , males die three to four times more often by means of suicide than do females , although females attempt suicide four times more often . This has been attributed to males using more lethal means to end their lives . This difference is even more pronounced in those over the age of 65 , with tenfold more males than females dying by suicide . China has one of the highest female suicide rates in the world and is the only country where it is higher than that of men ( ratio of 0 @.@ 9 ) . In the Eastern Mediterranean , suicide rates are nearly equivalent between males and females . The highest rate of female suicide is found in South Korea at 22 per 100 @,@ 000 , with high rates in South @-@ East Asia and the Western Pacific generally . Due in part to social stigmatisation and the resulting depression , people whose gender identity does not align with their assigned sex are at a high risk of suicide . = = = Age = = = In many countries the rate of suicide is highest in the middle @-@ aged or elderly . The absolute number of suicides however is greatest in those between 15 and 29 years old due to the number of people in this age group . In the United States it is greatest in Caucasian men older than 80 years , even though younger people more frequently attempt suicide . It is the second most common cause of death in adolescents and in young males is second only to accidental death . In young males in the developed world it is the cause of nearly 30 % of mortality . In the developing world rates are similar , but it makes up a smaller proportion of overall deaths due to higher rates of death from other types of trauma . In South @-@ East Asia in contrast to other areas of the world , deaths from suicide occur at a greater rate in young females than elderly females . = = History = = In ancient Athens , a person who committed suicide without the approval of the state was denied the honours of a normal burial . The person would be buried alone , on the outskirts of the city , without a headstone or marker . However , it was deemed to be an acceptable method to deal with military defeat . In Ancient Rome , while suicide was initially permitted , it was later deemed a crime against the state due to its economic costs . Suicide came to be regarded as a sin in Christian Europe and was condemned at the Council of Arles in 452 as the work of the Devil . In the Middle Ages , the Church had drawn @-@ out discussions as to when the desire for martyrdom was suicidal , as in the case of martyrs of Córdoba . Despite these disputes and occasional official rulings , Catholic doctrine was not entirely settled on the subject of suicide until the later 17th century . A criminal ordinance issued by Louis XIV of France in 1670 was extremely severe , even for the times : the dead person 's body was drawn through the streets , face down , and then hung or thrown on a garbage heap . Additionally , all of the person 's property was confiscated . Attitudes towards suicide slowly began to shift during the Renaissance . John Donne 's work Biathanatos , contained one of the first modern defences of suicide , bringing proof from the conduct of Biblical figures , such as Jesus , Samson and Saul , and presenting arguments on grounds of reason and nature to sanction suicide in certain circumstances . The secularisation of society that began during The Enlightenment questioned traditional religious attitudes toward suicide and brought a more modern perspective to the issue . David Hume denied that suicide was a crime as it affected no one and was potentially to the advantage of the individual . In his 1777 Essays on Suicide and the Immortality of the Soul he rhetorically asked , " Why should I prolong a miserable existence , because of some frivolous advantage which the public may perhaps receive from me ? " A shift in public opinion at large can also be discerned ; The Times in 1786 initiated a spirited debate on the motion " Is suicide an act of courage ? " . By the 19th @-@ century , the act of suicide had shifted from being viewed as caused by sin to being caused by insanity in Europe . Although suicide remained illegal during this period , it increasingly became the target of satirical comment , such as the Gilbert and Sullivan musical The Mikado that satirised the idea of executing someone who had already killed himself . By 1879 , English law began to distinguish between suicide and homicide , although suicide still resulted in forfeiture of estate . In 1882 , the deceased were permitted daylight burial in England and by the middle of the 20th century , suicide had become legal in much of the western world . = = Social and culture = = = = = Legislation = = = In most Western countries , suicide is no longer a crime . It , however , was in most Western European countries from the Middle Ages until at least the 1800s . It remains a criminal offense in most Muslim @-@ majority nations . In Australia suicide is not a crime . It however is a crime to counsel , incite , or aid and abet another in attempting to die by suicide , and the law explicitly allows any person to use " such force as may reasonably be necessary " to prevent another from taking their own life . The Northern Territory of Australia briefly had legal physician @-@ assisted suicide from 1996 to 1997 . No country in Europe currently considers suicide or attempted suicide to be a crime . England and Wales decriminalized suicide via the Suicide Act 1961 and the Republic of Ireland in 1993 . The word " commit " was used in reference to it being illegal , however many organisations have stopped it because of the negative connotation . In India , suicide used to be illegal and surviving family could face legal difficulties . The government of India decided to repeal the law in 2014 . In Germany , active euthanasia is illegal and anyone present during suicide may be prosecuted for failure to render aid in an emergency . Switzerland has recently taken steps to legalize assisted suicide for the chronically mentally ill . The high court in Lausanne , in a 2006 ruling , granted an anonymous individual with longstanding psychiatric difficulties the right to end his own life . In the United States , suicide is not illegal but may be associated with penalties for those who attempt it . Physician @-@ assisted suicide is legal in the state of Washington for people with terminal diseases . In Oregon , people with terminal diseases may request medications to help end their life . Canadians who have attempted suicide may be barred from entering the US . US laws allow border guards to deny access to people who have a mental illness , including those with previous suicide attempts . = = = Religious views = = = In most forms of Christianity , suicide is considered a sin , based mainly on the writings of influential Christian thinkers of the Middle Ages , such as St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas , but suicide was not considered a sin under the Byzantine Christian code of Justinian , for instance . In Catholic doctrine , the argument is based on the commandment " Thou shalt not kill " ( made applicable under the New Covenant by Jesus in Matthew 19 : 18 ) , as well as the idea that life is a gift given by God which should not be spurned , and that suicide is against the " natural order " and thus interferes with God 's master plan for the world . Traditionally suiciders were buried in the forest without ceremonies , like horses or cows . However , it is believed that mental illness or grave fear of suffering diminishes the responsibility of the one completing suicide . Counter @-@ arguments include the following : that the sixth commandment is more accurately translated as " thou shalt not murder " ( not necessarily applying to the self ) , that God has given free will to humans , that taking one 's own life no more violates God 's Law than does curing a disease and that a number of suicides by followers of God are recorded in the Bible with no dire condemnation . Judaism focuses on the importance of valuing this life , and as such , suicide is tantamount to denying God 's goodness in the world . Despite this , under extreme circumstances when there has seemed no choice but to either be killed or forced to betray their religion , Jews have committed individual suicide or mass suicide ( see Masada , First French persecution of the Jews , and York Castle for examples ) and as a grim reminder there is even a prayer in the Jewish liturgy for " when the knife is at the throat " , for those dying " to sanctify God 's Name " ( see Martyrdom ) . These acts have received mixed responses by Jewish authorities , regarded by some as examples of heroic martyrdom , while others state that it was wrong for them to take their own lives in anticipation of martyrdom . Islamic religious views are against suicide . The Qu 'ran forbids it by stating " do not kill or destroy yourself " . The hadiths also state individual suicide to be unlawful and a sin . Stigma is often associated with suicide in Islamic countries . In Hinduism , suicide is generally frowned upon and is considered equally sinful as murdering another in contemporary Hindu society . Hindu Scriptures state that one who dies by suicide will become part of the spirit world , wandering earth until the time one would have otherwise died , had one not taken one 's own life . However , Hinduism accepts a man 's right to end one 's life through the non @-@ violent practice of fasting to death , termed Prayopavesa . But Prayopavesa is strictly restricted to people who have no desire or ambition left , and no responsibilities remaining in this life . Jainism has a similar practice named Santhara . Sati , or self @-@ immolation by widows , was prevalent in Hindu society during the Middle Ages . = = = Philosophy = = = A number of questions are raised within the philosophy of suicide , included what constitutes suicide , whether or not suicide can be a rational choice , and the moral permissibility of suicide . Arguments as to acceptability of suicide in moral or social terms range from the position that the act is inherently immoral and unacceptable under any circumstances to a regard for suicide as a sacrosanct right of anyone who believes they have rationally and conscientiously come to the decision to end their own lives , even if they are young and healthy . Opponents to suicide include Christian philosophers such as Augustine of Hippo , Thomas Aquinas , Immanuel Kant and , arguably , John Stuart Mill – Mill 's focus on the importance of liberty and autonomy meant that he rejected choices which would prevent a person from making future autonomous decisions . Others view suicide as a legitimate matter of personal choice . Supporters of this position maintain that no one should be forced to suffer against their will , particularly from conditions such as incurable disease , mental illness , and old age , with no possibility of improvement . They reject the belief that suicide is always irrational , arguing instead that it can be a valid last resort for those enduring major pain or trauma . A stronger stance would argue that people should be allowed to autonomously choose to die regardless of whether they are suffering . Notable supporters of this school of thought include Scottish empiricist David Hume and American bioethicist Jacob Appel . = = = Advocacy = = = Advocacy of suicide has occurred in many cultures and subcultures . The Japanese military during World War II encouraged and glorified kamikaze attacks , which were suicide attacks by military aviators from the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific theatre of World War II . Japanese society as a whole has been described as " suicide tolerant " ( see Suicide in Japan ) . Internet searches for information on suicide return webpages that 10 @-@ 30 % of the time encourage or facilitate suicide attempts . There is some concern that such sites may push those predisposed over the edge . Some people form suicide pacts online , either with pre @-@ existing friends or people they have recently encountered in chat rooms or message boards . The Internet , however , may also help prevent suicide by providing a social group for those who are isolated . = = = Locations = = = Some landmarks have become known for high levels of suicide attempts . These include San Francisco 's Golden Gate Bridge , Japan 's Aokigahara Forest , England 's Beachy Head and Toronto 's Bloor Street Viaduct . As of 2010 , the Golden Gate Bridge has had more than 1 @,@ 300 die by suicide by jumping since its construction in 1937 . Many locations where suicide is common have constructed barriers to prevent it ; this includes the Luminous Veil in Toronto , the Eiffel Tower in Paris and Empire State Building in New York City . As of 2011 , a barrier is being constructed for the Golden Gate Bridge . They appear to be generally effective . = = = Notable cases = = = An example of mass suicide is the 1978 Jonestown killings	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
on an Internet meme ; the viral phenomenon , along with usage of the Comic Sans MS typeface , gave it " the Internet density of a large star " according to Medium writer Quinn Norton . By early 2014 , Doge 's popularity was sustained by internet communities on social media , accompanied by the rapid growth and acceptance of Dogecoin . In April 2014 , Doge experienced a second major media resurgence due to revelations of the Dogecoin community 's intent to sponsor Josh Wise in NASCAR and place a picture of the Shiba Inu on his vehicle . The car features in downloadable content for the video game NASCAR ' 14 . Media outlets have embraced the meme while reporting on the cryptocurrency and the car , with titles featuring phrases such as " so wow " and " very vroom " . In mid @-@ 2014 , the advertisement agency DDB Stockholm had Doge feature prominently in an advertising campaign for the public transport company SL in Stockholm , Sweden . The advertisement concerned the company 's special summer tickets , and featured Doge holding a public transport ticket in his mouth , with phrases such as " many summer " , " such cheap " and " very buy " . Doge was also one of 25 Internet memes featured in a Delta Air Lines safety video released in May 2015 . In the video for " Weird Al " Yankovic 's 2014 song " Word Crimes " , a song about bad grammar , a Doge tweet is used to illustrate the types of bad grammar referenced in that part of the song . " Doge " was one of several additions to Dictionary.com in November 2015 . The website defines it as not just the image macro and its variants , but also the form of " language " that it utilizes . The Japanese perception is remarkably different ; Satō and Kabosu are rather known as a pet and owner rather than a meme , and her blog is the fourth @-@ most popular pet @-@ related blog in the country as of December 2013 . Reacting to the meme , she explained , " To be honest , some pictures are strange for me , but it 's still funny ! I ’ m very impressed with their skills and taste . Around me , nobody knows about the doge meme . Maybe I don 't understand memes very well , because I 'm living a such an analog life . " Satō has also expressed that she had learned that " the risk of the internet is that anyone in the world can see my life on my blog " . Fleming stated that in his experience , the Shiba Inu breed has become more recognised due to the meme . = Battle of Osan = The Battle of Osan ( Korean : 오산 전투 ) was the first engagement between United States and North Korean forces during the Korean War , on July 5 , 1950 . Task Force Smith , a U.S. task force of 400 infantry supported by an artillery battery , was moved to Osan , south of the South Korean capital Seoul , and ordered to fight as a rearguard to delay advancing North Korean forces while additional U.S. troops arrived in the country to form a stronger defensive line to the south . The task force lacked both anti @-@ tank guns and effective infantry anti @-@ tank weapons , having been equipped with obsolescent 2 @.@ 36 @-@ in. rocket launchers and a few 57 mm recoilless rifles . Aside from a limited number of HEAT shells for the unit 's 105 @-@ mm howitzers , crew @-@ served weapons capable of defeating the T @-@ 34 Soviet tank had not been distributed to U.S. Army forces in Korea . A North Korean tank column equipped with ex @-@ Soviet T @-@ 34 / 85 tanks overran the task force in the first encounter and continued its advance south . After the North Korean tank column had breached U.S. lines the Task Force opened fire on a force of some 5 @,@ 000 North Korean infantry approaching its position , temporarily holding up the North Korean advance . North Korean troops eventually flanked and overwhelmed American positions and the remnants of the Task Force retreated in disorder . = = Background = = = = = Outbreak of war = = = On the night of June 25 , 1950 , ten divisions of the North Korean People 's Army launched a full @-@ scale invasion of the nation 's neighbor to the south , the Republic of Korea . The force of 89 @,@ 000 men moved in six columns , catching the Republic of Korea Army by surprise , resulting in a rout . The smaller South Korean army suffered from widespread lack of organization and equipment , and was unprepared for war . The numerically superior North Korean forces destroyed isolated resistance from the 38 @,@ 000 South Korean soldiers on the front before it began moving steadily south . Most of South Korea 's forces retreated in the face of the invasion . The North Koreans had captured South Korea 's capital of Seoul by June 28 , forcing the government and its shattered army to retreat further south . To prevent South Korea 's collapse the United Nations Security Council voted to send military forces . The United States ' Seventh Fleet dispatched Task Force 77 , led by the fleet carrier USS Valley Forge ; the British Far East Fleet dispatched several ships , including HMS Triumph , to provide air and naval support . Although the navies blockaded North Korea and launched aircraft to delay the North Korean forces these efforts alone did not stop the North Korean Army juggernaut on its southern advance . U.S. President Harry S. Truman ordered ground troops into the country to supplement the air support . The strength of U.S. forces in the Far East , however , had steadily declined since the end of World War II five years earlier and the closest unit was the 24th Infantry Division of the Eighth United States Army , headquartered in Japan . Cuts in U.S. military spending meant the division was under strength and using outmoded equipment . Division commander , Major General William F. Dean determined that the 21st Infantry Regiment was the most combat @-@ ready of the 24th Infantry Division 's three regiments . Dean decided to send the 21st Infantry 's 1st Battalion from the formation because its commander , Lieutenant Colonel Charles Bradford Smith , was the most experienced leading man , having experience at the Battle of Guadalcanal during World War II . C @-@ 54 Skymaster transport aircraft airlifted one battalion from the division garrison under Smith 's command into Korea . The battalion deployed quickly to block advancing North Korean forces , performing a holding action while the rest of the division could be moved to South Korea by sea . = = = Task Force Smith = = = When you get to Pusan , head for Taejon . We want to stop the North Koreans as far from Pusan as we can . Block the main road as far north as possible . Make contact with General Church . If you can 't find him , go to Taejon and beyond if you can . Sorry I can 't give you more information — that 's all I 've got . Good luck , and God bless you and your men ! The first units of the 24th Infantry Division left Itazuke Air Base in Japan on June 30 . Task Force Smith , named for its commander , consisted of 406 men of the 1st Battalion , 21st Infantry Regiment , as well as 134 men of A Battery , 52nd Field Artillery Battalion under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Miller O. Perry . The forces were both poorly equipped and understrength : 1st Battalion , 21st Infantry had only two companies of infantry ( B and C Company ) , as opposed to the regulation three for a U.S. Army battalion . The battalion had half of the required number of troops in its Headquarters Company , half of a communications platoon , and half of a heavy weapons platoon , which was armed with six obsolescent M9A1 Bazooka rocket launchers , two 75mm recoilless rifles , two 4 @.@ 2 inch mortars , and four 60mm mortars . Much of this equipment was drawn from the rest of the under @-@ strength 21st . A Battery , which formed the entire artillery support for the Task Force , was armed with six 105mm howitzers . These howitzers were equipped with 1 @,@ 200 HE ( high explosive ) rounds , but these were incapable of penetrating tank armor . Only six High Explosive Anti @-@ Tank ( HEAT ) rounds were issued to the battery , all of them allocated to the number six howitzer sited forward of the main battery emplacement . A Battery also had 4 .50 calibre M2 Browning heavy machine guns . Most of the soldiers of the Task Force were teenagers with no combat experience and only eight weeks of basic training . Only one third of the officers in the Task Force had combat experience from World War II , and only one in six enlisted soldiers had combat experience . Many of them nevertheless volunteered to join the task force . The soldiers were each equipped with only 120 rounds of ammunition and two days of C @-@ rations . By July 1 , Task Force Smith had fully arrived in South Korea and briefly established a headquarters in Taejon . The task force soon after began moving north by rail and truck to oppose the North Korean army . Task Force Smith was the first of several small U.S. units sent into Korea with the mission to take the initial " shock " of North Korean advances , delaying much larger North Korean units with the goal of buying time to allow more U.S. units into Korea . Task Force Smith 's mission was to move as far north as possible and begin engaging the North Koreans to stem their advance so that the rest of the 24th Infantry Division could be moved into South Korea to re @-@ enforce it . The 24th Division commander William F. Dean personally ordered Smith to stop the North Korean force along the highway from Suwon and " as far from Pusan " as possible . Three days later , on July 4 , it dug in on two hills straddling the road north of the village of Osan , 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) south of Suwon and about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of Seoul . These ridges rose up to 300 ft ( 91 m ) above the road , providing visibility almost the entire distance to Suwon . The battalion set up a 1 mi ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) long line over these ridges . There they waited to meet the advancing North Korean forces . The force was placed along the road with the infantry formations on the two hills , five of the howitzers sited 1 mi ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) behind the infantry , and the sixth with its six HEAT shells positioned halfway between the infantry and other five field artillery pieces . Heavy rain made air support impossible so Smith and Perry preregistered the artillery battery in hopes it would be just as effective . = = Battle = = = = = Tank columns = = = At around 0730 on July 5 , Task Force Smith spotted a column of eight North Korean T @-@ 34 / 85 tanks of the 107th Tank Regiment , North Korean 105th Armored Division heading south toward them . The North Korean forces , driving south from Seoul , were in pursuit of retreating South Korean forces . At 0816 the artillery battery fired its first rounds at the advancing North Korean tanks . The tanks , which were around 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) from the infantry force , were hit with numerous 105mm howitzer rounds , but were unaffected . When the tanks closed to 700 m ( 2 @,@ 300 ft ) the 75mm recoilless rifles fired , scoring direct hits on the lead tanks but did not damage them . The North Korean tanks returned fire , but they were unable to locate the American positions and gun emplacements , and their fire was ineffective . Once the tanks reached the infantry line Second Lieutenant Ollie Connor fired some 22 2 @.@ 36 @-@ inch rockets at a range of 15 yd ( 14 m ) from his M9A1 launcher tube . Some of these rockets failed to ignite . The remainder did and several struck the rear plate armor of several T @-@ 34s , where their armor was thinnest . The warheads failed to penetrate the armor , however , and the North Korean tanks continued their advance , ignoring the roadblock and continuing down the road . The operators assumed the roadblock was manned by South Korean troops , and ignored it since it did not pose them a serious threat . When the tank column came over the crest of the road , the forward howitzer , commanded by Corporal Herman V. Critchfield , Chief of Section and 5 cannoneers , fired its HEAT rounds , damaging the first two tanks and setting one of them on fire . One of the crew members of the burning tank emerged with a PPSh @-@ 41 and killed a member of an American machine gun crew before being killed himself ; the American became the first casualty of Korean War ground combat . He was later identified , incorrectly , as Kenneth R. Shadrick . The howitzer , depleted of HEAT rounds , began firing high explosive rounds before being destroyed by the third T @-@ 34 . The tanks then advanced , continuing to ignore the American howitzer and bazooka fire . U.S. forces managed to disable another North Korean T @-@ 34 when a 105mm shell struck and damaged its tracks . The tracks of the T @-@ 34 tanks cut communication signal wires between the infantry and artillery forces , further compounding the confusion . Perry was wounded in the leg by North Korean small arms fire as he was attempting to get the crew of the disabled tank to surrender . His artillery force continued firing at the North Korean tanks without effect . A second column of 25 T @-@ 34 tanks approached the Task Force within an hour . This second T @-@ 34 formation advanced singly or by twos , and threes , close together with no apparent formal organization . The howitzer battery hit another tank from this column in its tracks , disabling it , and damaged three more . The North Korean tanks had destroyed the forward howitzer ( number six ) and wounded one of its crew members , had killed or wounded an estimated twenty infantrymen , and had destroyed all the parked vehicles behind the infantry line . At the main battery position one of the five remaining 105mm guns had been slightly damaged by a near @-@ hit . Several of the men in the artillery battery began deserting their positions but Perry managed to convince most of them to return . Although Smith later stated that he believed that the rounds had deteriorated with age , the ineffectiveness of the 2 @.@ 36 @-@ inch bazooka had been demonstrated repeatedly during World War II against German armor . Because of peacetime defense cutbacks the 24th Infantry Division had never received improved U.S. M20 3 @.@ 5 @-@ inch bazookas with M28A2 HEAT antitank ammunition , capable of defeating Soviet tanks . After the last tanks passed their lines , no North Korean forces were spotted for around an hour . = = = Infantry column = = = Three more tanks were sighted advancing from the north at around 1100 . Behind them was a column of trucks 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) long , carrying two full infantry regiments ; the 16th Infantry Regiment and the 18th Infantry Regiment of the North Korean 4th Infantry Division , amounting to almost 5 @,@ 000 troops under the command of Major General Lee Kwon Mu , which were advancing from Seoul . The column apparently was not in communication with the tanks that had preceded it , and the North Korean infantry was not aware of the Americans ' presence . At 1145 , when the column had advanced to within 1 @,@ 000 yd ( 910 m ) of the Americans , Smith gave the order for the task force to open fire with everything it had . The mortar , machine gun , artillery , and rifle fire destroyed several trucks , scattering the column . The three lead tanks moved to within 300 m ( 980 ft ) of Task Force Smith and opened fire . Behind them , around 1 @,@ 000 of the infantry formed in the rice paddies to the east of the road in an attempt to envelop the American forces but were repulsed . Smith attempted to order artillery fire on the North Korean force but runners were unable to get back to the field artillery positions , and so he assumed they had been destroyed by the tanks . Within 45 minutes another enveloping force formed to the west of the road , forcing Smith to withdraw a platoon to the east side of the road . Quickly thereafter the American infantry began taking mortar and artillery fire from the North Koreans . = = = American withdrawal = = = Task Force Smith managed to hold its lines for three hours , but at 1430 Smith ordered the Americans to withdraw , suffering from low ammunition and a breakdown of communications . At this point North Korean forces were moving on both flanks of the American force and toward the rear of the formation . Smith ordered an orderly withdrawal of the force one unit at a time , allowing the rest of the force to cover it as it withdrew . C Company pulled back , followed by the American medics , the headquarters , and finally B Company . 2nd Platoon , B Company , however , did not receive the withdrawal order . When the platoon discovered that it was alone , it was too late for an orderly withdrawal and it could not move its wounded quickly enough . The platoon left most of its equipment in its positions , which was captured by the North Koreans . Most of the survivors were able to escape captivity but a number of wounded litter @-@ borne U.S. soldiers were left behind along with an attending medic . The American wounded were later found shot to death in their litters ; the medic was never seen again . One North Korean officer later told historian John Toland that the American forces at the battle seemed " too frightened to fight . " The retreat quickly broke down into a confused and disorganized rout . Task Force Smith suffered its highest casualties during this withdrawal as its soldiers were most exposed to enemy fire . The surviving members of Task Force Smith reached Battery A 's position . The artillerymen disabled the five remaining howitzers by removing their sights and breechblocks and retired in good order with the remains of the Task Force on foot to the northern outskirts of Osan , where most of the unit 's hidden transport vehicles were found intact . The vehicles , unmolested by the North Korean forces , departed for Pyongtaek and Cheonan , picking up stragglers along the way , eventually joining units of the 24th Infantry Division that had established a second line of defense . 250 of Task Force Smith 's force had returned to the American lines before nightfall , with about 150 more of the force killed , wounded or missing . Most of the other stragglers found their way into the American lines over the next several days . The last stragglers from 2nd Platoon , B Company reached Chonan five days later , only 30 minutes ahead of the North Korean army . Upon the initial count , Task Force Smith suffered 20 killed in action , 130 wounded in action or missing in action , and around 36 captured . After the end of the war this figure was revised to 60 dead , 21 wounded and 82 captured , 32 of whom died in captivity . The first of the troops reported killed was Kenneth R. Shadrick . This casualty count accounted for 40 percent of Task Force Smith . U.S. troops advancing northward during the Pusan breakout offensive would later discover a series of shallow graves containing the bodies of several soldiers of the 24th Infantry Division . All had been shot in the back of the head , their hands bound behind their backs with communications wire . North Korean casualties were approximately 42 dead and 85 wounded , with four tanks destroyed or immobilized . The North Korean advance was delayed approximately seven hours . = = Aftermath = = The Battle of Osan was the first U.S. ground action of the war . The fight showed that American forces were weak and unprepared for the war ; outdated equipment was insufficient to fight North Korean armor and poorly trained and inexperienced units were no match for better @-@ trained North Korean troops – though the disparity in number of troops engaged certainly had a profound effect on the outcome of this and future battles . Undisciplined U.S. troops abandoned their positions prematurely , leaving equipment and wounded for North Korean troops to capture . Smith also said he felt he had stayed too long in his position , allowing North Korean troops to envelop the force and cause heavy casualties as it retreated . These weaknesses would play out with other U.S. units for the next month as North Korean troops pushed them further back . Though the force was badly defeated Task Force Smith accomplished its mission of delaying North Korean forces from advancing for several hours . During the battle the 24th Infantry Division 's 34th Infantry Regiment was able to set up in Pyeongtaek , 15 mi ( 24 km ) to the south . It would be similarly defeated in the Battle of Pyongtaek . Over the next month the 24th Infantry Division would fight in numerous engagements to delay North Korean forces with similar results . Within a week , the 24th Infantry Division had been pushed back to Taejon where it was again defeated in the Battle of Taejon . The North Koreans , overwhelming U.S. forces time and again , were able to push the Eighth Army all the way back to Pusan , where the Battle of the Pusan Perimeter would culminate in the eventual defeat of the North Korean Army . Three months later , on September 19 , Osan would be the location where the U.S. and U.N. forces under the command of the Eighth Army , advancing from the south , would meet up with forces of X Corps , advancing from the north after having recently surprised the North Koreans with the Inchon Landings , as the two forces were in an offensive pushing the North Koreans back , which would culminate in a complete defeat of the North Korean Army in the south . In the years following the Korean War the U.S. Army used the areas in Japan where Task Force Smith had trained as a memorial . A monument to Task Force Smith was also established on the Osan battlefield , where an annual commemoration of the Battle of Osan is held by the Eighth Army , which is still headquartered in South Korea . On July 16 , 2010 , 60 years after the Battle of Osan , Eighth Army leaders , in conjunction with government officials of Osan , held another ceremony , speaking of Task Force Smith and describing the engagement as " the opening shots of a war of ideas that exists even today . " On the 61st anniversary , another ceremony was held by both US military and Osan politicians to remember the task force . = Terminator 2 : Judgment Day = Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( also referred to as simply Terminator 2 or T2 ) is a 1991 American science fiction action film co @-@ written , produced and directed by James Cameron . The film stars Arnold Schwarzenegger , Linda Hamilton , Robert Patrick and Edward Furlong . It is the sequel to the 1984 film The Terminator , and the second installment in the Terminator franchise . Terminator 2 follows Sarah Connor ( Hamilton ) and her ten @-@ year @-@ old son John ( Furlong ) as they are pursued by a new , more advanced Terminator , the liquid metal , shapeshifting T @-@ 1000 ( Patrick ) , sent back in time to kill John Connor and prevent him from becoming the leader of the human resistance . A second , less advanced Terminator ( Schwarzenegger ) is also sent back in time to protect John . After a troubled pre @-@ production characterized by legal disputes , Mario Kassar of Carolco Pictures emerged with the franchise 's property rights in early 1990 . This paved the way for the completion of the screenplay by a Cameron @-@ led production team , and the October 1990 start of a shortened 186 @-@ day filming schedule . The production of Terminator 2 required a $ 102 million budget making it the most expensive film made up to that point . Much of the film 's massive budget was spent on filming and special effects . The film was released on July 3 , 1991 , in time for the U.S. Independence Day weekend . The film 's visual effects saw breakthroughs in computer @-@ generated imagery , including the first use of natural human motion for a computer @-@ generated character and the first partially computer @-@ generated main character . Terminator 2 was a critical and commercial success and influenced popular culture , especially the use of visual effects in films . It received many accolades , including four Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , Best Makeup , and Best Visual Effects . The highest @-@ grossing film of 1991 and Schwarzenegger 's career , Terminator 2 has since been ranked by several publications such as the American Film Institute as one of the greatest action films , science fiction films and sequels of all time . = = Plot = = In 1995 , John Connor is living in Los Angeles with foster parents . His mother Sarah Connor had been preparing him throughout his childhood for his future role as the Human Resistance leader against Skynet – the artificial intelligence that will be given control of the United States ' nuclear missiles and initiate a nuclear holocaust called " Judgment Day " in 1997 – but was arrested and imprisoned at a mental hospital after attempting to bomb a computer factory . Skynet sends a new Terminator , designated as T @-@ 1000 , back in time to kill John . The T @-@ 1000 is an advanced prototype made out of mimetic polyalloy ( referred to as " liquid metal " ) that gives it the ability to take on the shape and appearance of almost anything it touches , as well as knives and other stabbing weapons . The T @-@ 1000 arrives under a freeway , kills a policeman and assumes his identity . Meanwhile , the future John Connor has sent back a reprogrammed T @-@ 800 ( Model 101 ) Terminator to protect the younger version of himself . The Terminator and the T @-@ 1000 converge on John in a shopping mall , and a chase ensues after which John and the Terminator escape together on a motorcycle . Fearing that the T @-@ 1000 will kill Sarah in order to get to him , John orders the Terminator to help free her . They encounter Sarah as she is escaping from the hospital , although she is initially reluctant to trust the T @-@ 800 . After the trio escapes from the T @-@ 1000 in a police car , the Terminator informs John and Sarah about Skynet 's history . In addition , it would create machines that will hunt and kill the remnants of humanity . Sarah learns that the man most directly responsible for Skynet 's creation is Miles Bennett Dyson , a Cyberdyne Systems engineer working on a revolutionary new neural net processor that will form the basis for Skynet . Sarah gathers weapons from an old friend and plans to flee with John to Mexico , but after having a nightmare about Judgment Day , she instead sets out to kill Dyson in order to prevent Judgment Day from occurring . Finding him at his home , she wounds him but finds herself unable to kill him in front of his family . John and the Terminator arrive and inform Dyson of the future consequences of his work . They learn that much of his research has been reverse engineered from the damaged CPU and the right arm of the previous Terminator . Convincing him that these items and his designs must be destroyed , they break into the Cyberdyne building and retrieve the CPU and the arm . The police arrive and Dyson is shot , but he manages to trigger several explosives , destroying the lab and his research while sacrificing himself . The T @-@ 1000 relentlessly pursues the surviving trio , eventually cornering them in a steel mill . The T @-@ 1000 and the Terminator engage in physical combat , with the advanced model severely damaging its adversary . The T @-@ 800 is seemingly shut down until its emergency back @-@ up system brings it back online . The T @-@ 1000 nearly kills John and Sarah until the T @-@ 800 appears and shoots it into a vat of molten steel with an M79 grenade launcher , destroying it . John tosses the arm and CPU of the original Terminator into the vat as well . As Sarah expresses relief that the ordeal is over , the Terminator explains that to ensure that he is not used for reverse engineering he must also be destroyed . It asks Sarah to assist in lowering it into the vat of molten steel , since it is unable to " self @-@ terminate " , although John begs the Terminator to reconsider his decision . It bids them farewell as it is lowered into the vat . The Terminator gives a tearful John a final thumbs @-@ up as it disappears into the molten steel and shuts down . Sarah looks to the future with hope , musing that " if a machine ... can learn the value of human life , maybe we can too . " = = = Alternate ending = = = An alternate ending shows an elderly Sarah Connor watching an adult John , who is a US Senator , playing with his daughter in a Washington playground in the year 2029 , narrating that Judgment Day never happened . = = Cast = = Arnold Schwarzenegger as The Terminator / T @-@ 800 ( Model 101 ) : An android , built as a synthetic organism composed of living tissue over a titanium " hyperalloy " endoskeleton , reprogrammed and sent back in time to protect John Connor . Schwarzenegger was reportedly paid $ 15 million for the role . Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor : Mother of John , the future leader of the Resistance in the war against Skynet . Hamilton reprised her role from the 1984 film for a salary of $ 1 million . In preparation for the role , Hamilton underwent an extensive thirteen @-@ week training regimen with personal trainer Anthony Cortes , training for three hours each day , six days a week before filming began . She additionally lost 12 pounds ( 5 @.@ 4 kg ) on a nonfat diet , conducted throughout the film 's six @-@ month shoot . Actor and former Israeli commando Uzi Gal provided her with training for her action scenes . On her work with Gal , Hamilton stated that she undertook " judo and heavy @-@ duty military training " and " learned to load clips , change mags , check out a room upon entry , verify kills . " Hamilton 's twin sister Leslie Hamilton Gearren also portrayed Sarah when it was required that there be two of the character in the same shot . Edward Furlong as John Connor : The ten @-@ year @-@ old son of Sarah , given survival training from a young age , but taken into foster care after his mother is institutionalized . Furlong was discovered by casting director Mali Finn while visiting the Pasadena Boys and Girls Club . Furlong , who had no acting ambitions at the time , stated , " I fell into [ acting ] , it wasn 't something that I planned " . The adult John of 2029 AD is played by Michael Edwards . Robert Patrick as the T @-@ 1000 : An advanced shapeshifting prototype Terminator composed of liquid metal sent back in time to assassinate John . Cameron stated that he " wanted to find someone who would be a good contrast to Arnold . If the 800 series [ the model played by Schwarzenegger ] is a kind of human Panzer tank , then the 1000 series had to be a Porsche . " Joe Morton as Miles Bennett Dyson : Director of special projects at Cyberdyne and a destined creator of Skynet . Earl Boen as Dr. Peter Silberman : Sarah 's psychiatrist , skeptical of her prophecies of machines destroying humanity . Boen is also reprising his character from the 1984 film . The cast was rounded out with Jenette Goldstein and Xander Berkeley , who portray John 's foster parents , Janelle and Todd Voight . S. Epatha Merkerson plays Tarissa Dyson , the wife of Miles Dyson . Cástulo Guerra plays Sarah 's friend , Enrique Salceda , who provides her with weapons . Danny Cooksey plays Tim , John 's friend . Michael Biehn returned to the series as Kyle Reese , a soldier from 2029 , in a short appearance in Sarah 's dream . Biehn 's scene was not featured in the theatrical release of the film , but it was restored in extended versions of the film . Hamilton 's then @-@ twenty @-@ month @-@ old son Dalton plays her on @-@ screen son in a dream sequence set in a playground . Sven @-@ Ole Thorsen played a security guard when John is at the Galleria with his friend Tim . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Talk of a potential sequel to The Terminator arose soon after its release , but several outstanding issues precluded such a production . There were technical limitations regarding computer @-@ generated imagery , a vital aspect of the film that would be crucial in the creation of the T @-@ 1000 Terminator . The production of James Cameron 's 1989 film The Abyss provided the proof of concept needed to satisfactorily resolve the technical concerns . Perhaps more serious were the intellectual @-@ property disputes between Hemdale Film Corporation , which owned the franchise and stymied efforts to produce a sequel , and Carolco Pictures . Given that Hemdale was then experiencing financial problems , Arnold Schwarzenegger urged Mario Kassar , head of Carolco , to bid for the rights : " I reminded Mario that this is something that we 've been looking for four years , and that it should be him that should go all @-@ out , no matter what it takes to make this deal . " Carolco eventually paid Hemdale $ 5 million for the franchise in 1990 , resolving the legal gridlock . The end of the legal disputes coincided with the willingness and availability of Cameron , Schwarzenegger and Linda Hamilton to participate in the sequel ; Schwarzenegger , who portrayed the Terminator in the first film , commented : " I always felt we should continue the story of The Terminator , I told Jim that right after we finished the first film . " He and Hamilton reprised their respective roles from the first Terminator film . After an extensive casting search , 12 @-@ year @-@ old Edward Furlong was selected from hundreds of candidates to portray John Connor ; Robert Patrick was chosen to play the T @-@ 1000 Terminator because his agility would emphasize the disparity between the advanced T @-@ 1000 and Schwarzenegger 's older T @-@ 800 ( Cameron characterized the two as " a Porsche " and " a human Panzer tank " respectively ) . Patrick had previously appeared in the action feature Die Hard 2 , but Furlong had no formal acting experience . Joe Morton was picked to portray Miles Dyson , a Cyberdyne scientist who helped develop the new CPU for the T @-@ 800 Terminators . Calling themselves T2 Productions , James and co @-@ producers Stephanie Austin and B.J. Rack rented an office in North Hollywood , Los Angeles , before starting to assemble the crew for Terminator 2 . Adam Greenberg , who worked on The Terminator and Ghost ( 1990 ) , became director of photography , while Joseph Nemec III , who had worked with Cameron on The Abyss , was tasked with production design . The team conducted a national search for a steel mill suitable for the film 's climax , eventually selecting a dormant mill in Fontana , California , after weeks of negotiations . Locating a potential Cyberdyne building was more difficult , as the site was to host numerous stunts , shootouts , and explosions . An industrial park in Fremont , California , was eventually rented for the duration of the film 's production . Cameron and William Wisher completed the 140 @-@ page screenplay draft on May 10 , 1990 , and by July 15 , the first shooting draft had been distributed to the cast and crew ; particulars of the technically detailed scripts were shrouded in secrecy . Both the six @-@ week turnaround for the script and the film 's accelerated production schedule were to enable a 1991 Fourth of July release . = = = Filming = = = Principal photography of Terminator 2 spanned 171 days between October 9 , 1990 , and March 28 , 1991 , during which the crew filmed at the Mojave Desert before visiting 20 different sites throughout California and New Mexico . These locations ran the gamut from the crowded Santa Monica Place shopping mall , where the two Terminators converged on John , to flood control channels in the San Fernando Valley , which played host to the chase between the Terminators and John ; a river had to be redirected to allow filming on the otherwise wet channels . Cameron and his crew also filmed Terminator 2 at The Corral Bar and the Lake View Medical Center ( known as Pescadero State Hospital for the Criminally Insane in the film ) , both located in Lake View Terrace . The external shots of Cyberdyne Systems Corporation were filmed on location at an office building on the corner of Gateway Boulevard and Bayside Parkway in Fremont , California . Working with up to 1 @,@ 000 crew members , the production team oversaw numerous stunts and chase sequences , the most notable of which took place on the Los Angeles – Long Beach Terminal Island Freeway , prior to Terminator 2 's climax . Ten miles ( 16 km ) of electric cables were laid to illuminate the night @-@ time chase , which saw a full @-@ scale helicopter crash , a sliding tanker , and other elaborate paraphernalia . Hamilton 's twin sister , Leslie Hamilton Gearren , was used in some shots that required two Sarahs , including a scene where Sarah and John perform repairs on the Terminator 's head ( deleted from the theatrical release , but restored on the extended edition ) , and in some of the shots where the T @-@ 1000 impersonates Sarah . Gearren is playing whichever " Sarah " is farthest from the camera , alternating between the real Sarah and the T @-@ 1000 based on camera position . Another set of twins , Don and Dan Stanton , were used to depict a scene where the T @-@ 1000 mimics a guard at the asylum . An unprecedented budget of $ 102 million ( 1991 dollars ) — 3 @.@ 5 times the cost of the average film and approximately 15 times the $ 6 @.@ 4 million budget of The Terminator — was reserved for Terminator 2 . A significant proportion of this was for actor and film @-@ crew salaries . According to The Daily Sentinel and The Daily Beast , Arnold Schwarzenegger was given a $ 11 – 12 million Gulfstream III business jet , while $ 5 – 6 million was allocated towards James Cameron 's salary . The production itself , which included special effects and stunts , totalled $ 51 million . Despite the significant expenditure , the film had nearly recovered its budget prior to its release . Worldwide rights were sold for $ 65 million , video rights for $ 10 million , and television rights for $ 7 million . = = = Effects = = = Terminator 2 made extensive use of computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) to vivify the main two Terminators . The use of such technology was the most ambitious since the 1982 science fiction film Tron , and would be integral to the critical success of the film . CGI was required particularly for the T @-@ 1000 , a " mimetic poly @-@ alloy " ( liquid metal ) structure , since the shapeshifting character can transform into almost anything it touches . Most of the key Terminator effects were provided by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) for computer graphics and Stan Winston for practical effects . Creation of the visual effects cost $ 5 million and took 35 people , including animators , computer scientists , technicians and artists , ten months to produce , for a total of 25 man @-@ years . Despite the large amount of time spent , the CGI sequences only total five minutes of running time . Enlisted to produce articulated puppets and prosthetic effects was Stan Winston 's studio , who was also responsible for the metal skeleton effects of the T @-@ 800 . ILM 's Visual Effects Supervisor , Dennis Muren , remarked , " We still have not lost the spirit of amazement when we see ... [ the visual effects on the T @-@ 1000 ] coming up . " Such was the role and creation of CGI that the visual @-@ effects team was awarded the 1992 Academy Award for Best Visual Effects . For Sarah 's nuclear nightmare scene , Robert and Dennis Skotak of 4 @-@ Ward Production constructed a cityscape of Los Angeles using large @-@ scale miniature buildings and realistic roads and vehicles . The pair , after having studied actual footages of nuclear tests , then simulated the nuclear blast by using air mortars to knock over the cityscape , including the intricately built buildings . = = Release and reception = = Terminator 2 had its worldwide premiere at the Cineplex Odeon Century Plaza Cinemas in Century City , Los Angeles , on July 1 , 1991 , attended by VIPs including Nicolas Cage , Christian Slater , Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria Shriver . Following its domestic release on July 3 , the film was progressively distributed to cinemas in Australia , Germany , the United Kingdom , Hong Kong , Spain , and at least ten other countries by the year 's end . = = = Critical response = = = Terminator 2 : Judgement Day received widespread critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes – established on the Web in 1998 – retroactively reports that T2 earned 93 % positive reviews . The average score was 75 out of 100 from 22 critics on Metacritic . Voters on the Internet Movie Database give the movie an 8 @.@ 5 out of 10 , ranking it as # 39 on the Top 250 movies of all time . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare " A + " grade . The Montreal Film Journal called it " one of the best crafted Hollywood action flicks . " Screenwriting guru Syd Field lauded the plot of Terminator 2 , saying , for example , " every scene sets up the next , like links in a chain of dramatic action . " Roger Ebert , writing for the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , who gave the film 3 @.@ 5 stars out of a possible 4 , praised Schwarzenegger 's performance , saying , " Schwarzenegger 's genius as a movie star is to find roles that build on , rather than undermine , his physical and vocal characteristics . " Hal Hinson , reviewer for The Washington Post , was also very positive in his review , writing that : " No one in the movies today can match Cameron 's talent for this kind of hyperbolic , big @-@ screen action . Cameron , who directed the first Terminator and Aliens , doesn 't just slam us over the head with the action . In staging the movie 's gigantic set pieces , he has an eye for both grandeur and beauty ; he possesses that rare director 's gift for transforming the objects he shoots so that we see , for example , the lyrical muscularity of an 18 @-@ wheel truck . Because of Cameron , the movie is the opposite of its Terminator character ; it 's a machine with a human heart . " Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune was extremely enthusiastic about the film , giving it 3 1 / 2 stars , " thanks to some truly spectacular and at times mystifying special effects – as well as some surprisingly solid acting , this is one terrific action picture , more enjoyable than the original . " Further , Siskel noted , " the level of tension in the film is palpable because we can 't figure out how Arnold is going to terminate the Terminator . " Halliwell 's Film Guide rated the film as an improvement on its predecessor , giving it two stars out of four and describing it as a " thunderous , high @-@ voltage action movie with dazzling special effects that provide a distraction from the often silly narrative . " Writing for Time , Richard Corliss was far less pleased , stating that the film was a " humongous , visionary parable that intermittently enthralls and ultimately disappoints . T2 is half of a terrific movie — the wrong half . " Leonard Maltin gave the movie only 2 1 / 2 stars , stating , " like so many sequels , lacks the freshness of the first film and gives us no one to root for . " = = = Box office = = = Opening in 2 @,@ 274 theaters in the United States , Terminator 2 earned $ 54 million during its Fourth of July opening weekend , $ 3 million behind Batman ( 1989 ) during its opening five @-@ day weekend . According to Christopher Rosen of the website Movieline.com , however , Terminator 2 grossed $ 54 million during the five @-@ day period following its release , $ 3 million ahead of Batman . Elsewhere , the film grossed $ 3 @.@ 4 million in Australia and $ 7 @.@ 1 million in Germany during their opening weekends in September and October 1991 , respectively . According to Box Office Mojo , the film 's production costs was $ 102 million , which , at the time , was the highest ever . However , if adjusted for inflation , Cleopatra ( 1963 ) , which cost $ 44 million when it was made in 1963 , would have been $ 219 million in 1995 dollars . Terminator 2 was a box @-@ office success , earning $ 204 @.@ 8 million in the United States and Canada alone , and $ 519 @.@ 8 million worldwide . It was the highest @-@ grossing film of 1991 , beating Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves , and is TriStar Pictures ' highest @-@ grossing film to date . The film is ranked 110 in box office earnings of all time in the U.S. and Canada , and 84 worldwide . The original Terminator grossed only $ 38 million in the U.S. in its theatrical run , making Terminator 2 's 434 percent increase a record for a sequel . The film sold an estimated 48 @,@ 656 @,@ 400 tickets in North America . = = = Accolades = = = = = = Home media = = = The 137 minute theatrical cut of the movie was first released on VHS in November 1991 . On November 24 , 1993 , the Terminator 2 : Judgment Day : Special Edition cut of the film was released to Laserdisc and VHS , containing 15 minutes of previously unseen footage including scenes with Michael Biehn reprising his role as Kyle Reese in a dream sequence . Some scenes , however , were still not included in the two @-@ cassette VHS cut . In October 1997 , the film received its first DVD release which included only the theatrical cut . The subsequent " Ultimate Edition " and " Extreme Edition " DVD releases also included the extended version of the film . The Extreme Edition DVD has several DVD @-@ ROM features , including an " Infiltration Unit Simulator " and the " T2 FX Studio " , an application where images of a person can be imported and transformed into a T @-@ 800 or T @-@ 1000 , and the " Skynet Combat Chassis Designer " , a program where viewers could build a fighting machine and be able to track progress online . The Extreme DVD also contains a WMV @-@ HD theatrical edition of T2 , where the film could be watched , for the first time , in Full HD 1080p format . In 2006 , Lionsgate released a Blu @-@ ray of the film that is presented in a slightly washed @-@ out 1080p transfer and included no special features and a DTS 5 @.@ 1 audio track from the DVDs instead of a lossless audio track . On May 19 , 2009 , Lionsgate re @-@ released the film on Blu @-@ ray with an enhanced and improved video transfer , as well as a THX certified DTS @-@ Master Audio 6 @.@ 1 audio . This " SkyNet Edition " with a runtime of 156 minutes also saw a limited collector 's edition encased in an Endoskull . The limited collector 's edition includes the 2009 Blu @-@ ray , as well as the Extreme Edition and Ultimate Edition DVDs and a digital copy of the film . In 2015 , Sony released the extended version of the film as part of the Terminator Quadrilogy box set alongside the other Terminator films . However it featured no special features . = = = 3D conversion = = = To commemorate the 25th anniversary of the film , it will be digitally remastered to 3D with a worldwide re @-@ release planned for summer 2016 . DMG Entertainment and Studiocanal will work together with Cameron to convert the film using the StereoD technology . = = Marketing = = The film was adapted by Marvel Comics as a three issue miniseries , which was collected into a trade paperback . In the years following its release , several books based on the film were released , including Malibu Comics Terminator 2 – Judgment Day : Cybernetic Dawn , Terminator 2 – Judgment Day : Nuclear Twilight , IDW Comics T2 : Infiltrator , T2 : Rising Storm and T2 : Future War ' by S.M. Stirling , and The John Connor Chronicles by Russell Blackford . In 1996 , Cameron directed an attraction at Universal Studios Theme Parks , titled T2 3 @-@ D : Battle Across Time , which saw the return of Schwarzenegger , Hamilton , Patrick , and Furlong to their respective roles . Costing $ 60 million to produce , with a running time of only 12 minutes , it became the most expensive venture per minute in the history of film . The attraction opened in the Universal Studios Florida in mid @-@ 1996 , with additional venues opening in the Universal Studios Hollywood in May 1999 , and the Universal Studios Japan in March 2001 . Seven games were created based on the film , made available for home consoles and arcade machines . A line of trading cards was also released . = = Soundtrack = = The score by Brad Fiedel was commercially released as the Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) CD and cassette tape and contained twenty tracks with a runtime of 53 minutes . The score spent six weeks on the Billboard 200 , reaching a peak of No. 70 . The album was re @-@ issued in 2010 by Silva Screen Records and featured a collectable booklet Songs not included within the soundtrack " Guitars , Cadillacs " – performed by Dwight Yoakam " Bad to the Bone " – performed by George Thorogood & the Destroyers " You Could Be Mine " – performed by Guns N ' Roses = = Impact and legacy = = = = = Recognition = = = In June 2001 , the American Film Institute ( AFI ) ranked the film at number 77 on the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills , a list of films considered to be the most thrilling in film history . In 2003 , the AFI released the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains , a list of the 100 greatest screen heroes and villains of all time . The Terminator , as portrayed by Schwarzenegger in Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , was ranked at number 48 on the list of heroes , as well as at number 22 on the list of villains for its appearance in the first Terminator film . The character was the only entry to appear on both lists , though they are different characters based on the same model . In 2005 , Schwarzenegger 's famous quote " Hasta la vista , baby " was ranked at number 76 on the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes best film quotes list . The film placed number 33 on Total Film 's 2006 list of The Top 100 Films of All Time . Empire ranked the film number 35 on its list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . In 2008 , the film was voted the eighth @-@ best science fiction film ever on AFI 's 10 Top 10 . IGN named the film the tenth @-@ greatest science fiction film of all time , saying that it was " one example of a sequel coming along and just destroying the original in every regard . " Empire ranked Terminator 2 : Judgment Day as the third @-@ best film sequel of all time . In 2012 , Total Film placed the film at eighth place on its list of " 50 Sequels That Were Better Than The Original " . In 2016 , Playboy ranked the film number one on its list of 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals . Richard Roeper named Judgment Day the third @-@ best film sequel ever made , stating that it " surpasses the original in every level . " = = = = American Film Institute recognition = = = = 1998 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies – Nominated 2001 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills – # 77 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Terminator – # 48 Hero T @-@ 1000 – Nominated Villain 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : " Hasta la vista , baby . " – # 76 2007 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) – Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 – # 8 Science Fiction Film = = = Cultural references = = = Robert Patrick makes a cameo appearance in Wayne 's World ( 1992 ) as the T @-@ 1000 character in a scene where he pulls Wayne 's car over , holds up a photo of John Connor and asks , " Have you seen this boy ? " , to which Wayne , being presumably a fan of The Terminator franchise and knowing T @-@ 1000 as a time @-@ travelling assassin , screams in panic and drives away from him . Patrick also makes a cameo appearance as the T @-@ 1000 in Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) , when he is seen walking by Schwarzenegger as he enters Los Angeles Police Department headquarters . In the same film , actor Sylvester Stallone is featured as the Terminator on a Terminator 2 poster instead of Schwarzenegger . In Hot Shots ! Part Deux ( 1993 ) , a caricature of Saddam Hussein is frozen , shattered , and reformed in a direct parody of the T @-@ 1000 from the final scene of Terminator 2 . In The Sonic The Hedgehog OVA , The film ends with a similar scene to the ending to Terminator 2 . The film is also referenced multiple times in a variety of animated series , such as The Simpsons , including episodes " Homer Loves Flanders " ( 1994 ) , " Treehouse of Horror VI " ( 1995 ) , " The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular " ( 1995 ) , and " Day of the Jackanapes " ( 2001 ) . The film is also parodied in South Park , Family Guy , American Dad ! , Bob 's Burgers , Drawn Together , and Archer . The iconic line " Come with me if you want to live " is parodied by Casper in the 1995 film Casper . It is parodied again during the first paintball episode of the show Community ( Season 1 , Episode 23 ) . Danny Pudi 's character , Abed Nadir , intentionally mimicks a cyborg and says , " Come with me if you don 't want paint on your clothes . " Additionally in the 2014 film The Lego Movie , Wyldstyle says to Emmet , " Come with me if you wanna not die . " In TV Series Defiance 's third season , Pilar McCawley ( portrayed by Linda Hamilton ) says " Come with me if you want to live " to Nolan and Irisa after saving them from a Votanis Collective ambush . A trailer for WWE 2K16 reenacts the bar scene with Schwarzenegger interacting with various wrestlers . = 2 / 6th Battalion ( Australia ) = The 2 / 6th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that served during the Second World War . Raised in October 1939 as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force , the battalion formed part of the 6th Division and was among the first troops raised by Australia during the war . Departing Australia in early 1940 , the 2 / 6th were deployed to the Middle East where in January 1941 , it took part in the first action of the war by Australian ground forces , the Battle of Bardia , which was followed by further actions around Tobruk . Later , the 2 / 6th were dispatched to take part in the Battle of Greece , although their involvement in the campaign was short before they were evacuated . Some members of the battalion also subsequently fought on Crete with a composite 17th Brigade battalion , and afterwards the battalion had to be re @-@ formed in Palestine before being sent to Syria in 1941 – 42 , where they formed part of the Allied occupation force that was established there in the aftermath of the Syria – Lebanon campaign . In mid @-@ 1942 , the battalion was withdrawn from the Middle East to help face the threat posed by the Japanese in the Pacific . A period of garrison duty was undertaken in Ceylon between March and July 1942 , before they arrived back in Australia in August 1942 . Following this , the 2 / 6th deployed to New Guinea in January 1943 , fighting around Wau and then advancing towards Salamaua during the Salamaua – Lae campaign . They were withdrawn to the Atherton Tablelands for rest in September 1943 and subsequently did not see action again until later in the war , when they were committed to the Aitape – Wewak campaign in late 1944 . The 2 / 6th remained in New Guinea until the end of the war , and was disbanded in February 1946 , after returning to Puckapunyal the previous December . = = History = = = = = Formation and training = = = The 2 / 6th Battalion was raised at the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds on 25 October 1939 , as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force , which was raised for overseas service at the start of the war . The battalion 's motto was " Nothing over us " , which it adopted due to a popular Coles advertising slogan of the time which used the words " Nothing over 2 / 6 " . The colours chosen for the battalion 's Unit Colour Patch ( UCP ) were the same as those of the 6th Battalion , a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921 . These colours were purple over red , in a horizontal rectangular shape , although a border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart . In early November , after it had started concentration , the battalion – consisting at that stage of just a small cadre force of officers and non @-@ commissioned officers drawn mainly from several Militia units including the 14th , the 23rd / 21st , the 29th , and the 46th Battalions – was moved to Puckapunyal , Victoria . While there , it received a number of drafts of recruits and was brought up to strength . With an authorised strength of around 900 personnel , like other Australian infantry battalions of the time , the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies – designated ' A ' through to ' D ' – each consisting of three platoons . A short period of rudimentary training followed under the tutelage of members of the Australian Instructional Corps . This was completed by April 1940 , and that month the battalion – under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Godfrey , a First World War veteran who had previously commanded the 23rd / 21st Battalion – embarked for the Middle East on the transport ship Neuralia , departing from Port Melbourne and sailing via Fremantle , Colombo , Aden and the Suez Canal . At this time it was attached to the 17th Brigade , which was assigned to the 6th Division . Recruited from Victoria – although at various times the battalion 's composition was boosted by recruits from other states – the 17th also consisted of the 2 / 5th , 2 / 7th and 2 / 8th Battalions . = = = Middle East , Greece and Crete = = = Upon their arrival in mid @-@ May , the battalion established itself around Beit Jirja , and completed its training at various locations in Palestine and Egypt . In early January 1941 , the 6th Division was committed to the fighting in Libya , and the 2 / 6th took part in the first action of the war by Australian ground forces , the Battle of Bardia , during which they fought against Italian forces . The battalion 's involvement in the battle was meant to be limited to creating a diversion for the main attack , but in the end proved to be its most costly , resulting in 22 killed and 51 wounded . This was followed by further actions around Tobruk later in the month , attacking across the Bardia – Tobruk road towards the harbour through Wadi ed Delia during the 6th Division 's assault . Afterwards , the 2 / 6th was transported to El Gazala , 45 miles ( 72 km ) west of Torbuk , where they continued the advance to Derna and beyond in late January , advancing on a two @-@ company front during which they clashed briefly with Italians from the 86th Regiment , capturing over 400 . In February , the 2 / 6th detached personnel to garrison the towns of Barce and Benghazi before moving to Mersa Matruh , where they received new equipment , in late March 1941 . Casualties during this period were 24 dead and 75 wounded . In early April 1941 , the 6th Division was dispatched to Greece , where they fought a very brief campaign following the German invasion of that country in the middle of the month . Overwhelmed , the Allied forces were forced back over the course of several weeks during which the 2 / 6th took part in several desperate rearguard actions and withdrawals during which the battalion lost 28 men killed and 43 wounded . Finally , they were evacuated by sea at the end of the month , but amidst the confusion a large of the battalion 's personnel – 217 personnel from all ranks – were captured , while others were landed on Crete , instead of Alexandria in Egypt , after the ship on which they were sailing , the Costa Rica , was sunk . On Crete , 13 officers and 202 other ranks from the 2 / 6th were organised into a 17th Brigade composite battalion along with men from the brigade 's other battalions less the 2 / 7th . They subsequently fought unsuccessfully to repulse the German invasion that came in May , after which many more became prisoners of war . The battalion 's losses in Greece and Crete were heavy , totaling 30 dead , 54 wounded and 353 captured . As a result , the 2 / 6th had to be re @-@ formed in Palestine and brought back up to strength with reinforcements before it was dispatched Syria in December 1941 , to join the Allied garrison that had been established there as occupation force at the conclusion of the Syria – Lebanon campaign against the Vichy French . In early 1942 , the Australian government decided to bring the 6th Division back to Australia to help bolster its defences following Japan 's entry into the war . Consequently , in March the battalion embarked from Suez on the transport HMT Otranto , bound for Australia . = = = Ceylon and New Guinea = = = On its way home , the battalion – along with the 16th Brigade and the rest of the 17th Brigade – was landed on Ceylon due to the perceived threat of a Japanese invasion there . The battalion remained there for five months , constructing defences and conducting jungle training at various locations including Lake Koggala , Weligama , Matara , Tangalle and Hambantota . After the threat of invasion passed , the battalion eventually returned to Melbourne on the transport HMT Athlone Castle , arriving in early August 1942 , at the height of the fighting along the Kokoda Track in Papua . A period of reorganisation and training followed as the battalion was prepared for the rigours of jungle warfare . The battalion concentrated at the Nagambie Road Camp in central Victoria initially , but in late September moved to Greta in New South Wales . In October , after a period of intense training , the 2 / 6th was moved to Brisbane from where , on 13 October 1942 , they embarked on the Dutch merchant ship Bontekoe , bound for Milne Bay for the first of their two campaigns there against the Japanese . After arriving at Milne Bay , where the 17th Brigade was held in reserve , on 19 October they remained there until January 1943 , when the battalion embarked upon the MV Pulganbar and several smaller coastal vessels and moved to Port Moresby . From Moresby , they were airlifted to Wau on 14 January . During the battalion 's time around Milne Bay , they had suffered heavily from malaria and over 300 men were in hospital at the time the battalion deployed to Wau ; consequently , it was severely understrength by the time it went into battle . Nevertheless , throughout late January 1943 , the battalion was heavily involved in the Battle of Wau , then afterwards took part in the advance on Salamaua , during which it fought several key actions , including the fighting around Lababia Ridge in late June , before supporting the landing at Nassau Bay and the Battle of Mubo in July and then taking part in the fighting around Mount Tambu and Komiatum Ridge in August . During the fighting the battalion sustained casualties of 59 dead and 133 wounded . In late September 1943 , the 2 / 6th were withdrawn to Australia for rest , sailing from Milne Bay on a Dutch transport , the Bosch Fontein , landing in Cairns . They spent the next year training at Wondecla on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland prior to their final campaign of the war : the Aitape – Wewak campaign . Arriving at Aitape in December 1944 , the 2 / 6th spent the remainder of the war – a period of eight months – carrying out a " mopping up campaign " to clear the Japanese from the surrounding areas , conducting a series of patrols and advances through the Torricelli and Prince Alexander Ranges , advancing to Maprik in the early stages of the campaign , and then helping to capture the town of Yamil 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) to the west , clearing a series of jungle ridges in the process before continuing the drive inland towards Ulunkohoitu in an effort to pin Japanese forces down while the 2 / 7th Battalion conducted a wide sweep towards Kiarivu . Losses during this campaign numbered 37 dead and 85 wounded . The war came to an end in mid @-@ August 1945 following Japan 's surrender in the wake of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . At the conclusion of the fighting , the 2 / 6th remained in New Guinea , concentrating in the area around Wewak . The battalion 's strength was slowly reduced as personnel were repatriated back to Australia individually for demobilisation based upon a formal points system . On 13 December 1945 , the battalion 's remaining personnel sailed for Australia , eventually returning to Puckapunyal . As the battalion 's personnel were slowly demobilised or transferred out to other units its strength decreased rapidly until it was finally was disbanded on 18 February 1946 . Those personnel who were not discharged were transferred to other units for further service . During the war , a total of 2 @,@ 965 men served with the battalion of whom 179 were killed and 335 wounded . Members of the battalion received the following decorations : four Distinguished Service Orders , 15 Military Crosses , five Distinguished Conduct Medals , 35 Military Medals , and 63 Mentions in Despatches . = = Battle honours = = The 2 / 6th received the following battle honours : North Africa , Bardia 1941 , Capture of Tobruk , Greece 1941 , South @-@ West Pacific 1942 – 1945 , Wau , Lababia Ridge , Bobdubi II , Mubo II , Komiatum , Liberation of Australian New Guinea , Maprik , Yamil – Ulupu , Kaboibus – Kiarivu . These honours were subsequently entrusted to the 6th Battalion in 1961 , and through this link are maintained by the Royal Victoria Regiment . = = Commanding officers = = The following officers commanded the 2 / 6th during the war : Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Harry Langham Godfrey ( 1939 – 41 ) ; Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Wrigley ( 1941 – 42 ) ; Lieutenant Colonel Frederick George Wood ( 1942 – 45 ) ; Lieutenant Colonel David Arion Collingwood Jackson ( 1945 ) . = USS Utah ( BB @-@ 31 ) = USS Utah ( BB @-@ 31 / AG @-@ 16 ) was the second and final member of the Florida @-@ class of dreadnought battleships . The first ship of the United States Navy named after the state of Utah , she had one sister ship , Florida . Utah was built by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation , laid down in March 1909 and launched in December of that year . She was completed in August 1911 , and boasted a main battery of ten 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns in five twin gun turrets . Utah and Florida were the first ships to arrive during the United States occupation of Veracruz in 1914 during the Mexican Revolution . The two battleships sent ashore a landing party that began the occupation of the city . After the American entrance into World War I , Utah was stationed in Bantry Bay , Ireland , where she protected convoys from potential German surface raiders . Throughout the 1920s , the ship conducted numerous training cruises and fleet maneuvers , and carried dignitaries on tours of South America twice , in 1924 and 1928 . In 1931 , Utah was demilitarized and converted into a target ship and re @-@ designated as AG @-@ 16 , in accordance with the terms of the London Naval Treaty signed the previous year . She was also equipped with numerous anti @-@ aircraft guns of different types to train gunners for the fleet . She served in these two roles for the rest of the decade , and late 1941 found the ship in Pearl Harbor . She was in port on the morning of 7 December , and in the first minutes of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , was hit by two torpedoes , which caused serious flooding . Utah quickly rolled over and sank ; the vast majority of her crew were able to escape , but 64 men were killed in the attack . The wreck remains in the harbor , and in 1972 , a memorial was erected near the ship . = = Design = = Utah was 521 ft 6 in ( 158 @.@ 95 m ) long overall and had a beam of 88 ft 3 in ( 26 @.@ 90 m ) and a draft of 28 ft 6 in ( 8 @.@ 69 m ) . She displaced 21 @,@ 825 long tons ( 22 @,@ 175 t ) as designed and up to 23 @,@ 033 long tons ( 23 @,@ 403 t ) at full combat load . The ship was powered by four @-@ shaft Parsons steam turbines rated at 28 @,@ 000 shp ( 20 @,@ 880 kW ) and twelve coal @-@ fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers , generating a top speed of 20 @.@ 75 kn ( 38 @.@ 43 km / h ; 23 @.@ 88 mph ) . The ship had a cruising range of 5 @,@ 776 nmi ( 6 @,@ 650 mi ; 10 @,@ 700 km ) at a speed of 10 kn ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 1 @,@ 001 officers and men . The ship was armed with a main battery of ten 12 @-@ inch / 45 Mark 5 guns in five twin gun turrets on the centerline , two of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward . The other three turrets were placed aft of the superstructure . The secondary battery consisted of sixteen 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 51 guns mounted in casemates along the side of the hull . As was standard for capital ships of the period , she carried a pair of 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes , submerged in her hull on the broadside . The main armored belt was 11 in ( 279 mm ) thick , while the armored deck was 1 @.@ 5 in ( 38 mm ) thick . The gun turrets had 12 in ( 305 mm ) thick faces and the conning tower had 11 @.@ 5 in ( 292 mm ) thick sides . = = Service history = = Utah was laid down at the New York Shipbuilding Corporation on 15 March 1909 . She was launched on 23 December 1909 ; sponsored by Miss Mary Alice Spry , daughter of Governor William Spry of Utah ; and commissioned into the US Navy on 31 August 1911 . She then conducted a shakedown cruise that stopped in Hampton Roads , Santa Rosa Island , Pensacola , Galveston , Kingston , Jamaica , and Guantanamo Bay , Cuba . She was then assigned to the Atlantic Fleet in March 1912 , after which time she participated in gunnery drills . She underwent an overhaul at the New York Navy Yard starting on 16 April . Utah left New York on 1 June and proceeded to Annapolis by way of Hampton Roads , arriving on 6 June . From there , she took a crew of naval cadets from the Naval Academy on a midshipman training cruise off the coast of New England , which lasted until 25 August . For the next two years , Utah followed a similar routine of training exercises and midshipman cruises in the Atlantic . During the period 8 – 30 November 1913 , Utah made a goodwill cruise to European waters , which included a stop in Villefranche , France . In early 1914 during the Mexican Revolution , the United States decided to intervene in the fighting . While en route to Mexico on 16 April , Utah was ordered to intercept the German @-@ flagged steamer SS Ypiranga , which was carrying arms to the Mexican dictator Victoriano Huerta . Ypiranga 's arrival in Veracruz prompted the US to occupy the city ; Utah and her sister ship Florida were the first American vessels on the scene . The two ships landed a combined contingent of a thousand Marines and Bluejackets to begin the occupation of the city on 21 April . Over the next three days , the Marines battled rebels in the city and suffered 94 casualties , while killing hundreds of Mexicans in return . Utah remained off Veracruz for two months , before she returned to the New York Navy Yard for an overhaul in late June . She spent the next three years conducting the normal routine of training with the Atlantic Fleet . On 6 April 1917 , the United States entered World War I , declaring war on Germany over its unrestricted submarine warfare campaign against Britain . Utah was stationed in Chesapeake Bay to train engine room personnel and gunners for the rapidly expanding fleet until 30 August 1918 , when she departed for Bantry Bay , Ireland with Vice Admiral Henry T. Mayo , Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Atlantic Fleet aboard . After arriving in Ireland , Utah was assigned as the flagship of Battleship Division 6 ( BatDiv 6 ) , commanded by Rear Admiral Thomas S. Rodgers . BatDiv 6 was tasked with covering convoys in the Western Approaches against possible attacks from German surface raiders . Utah served in the division along with Nevada and Oklahoma . Following the end of the war in November 1918 , Utah visited the Isle of Portland in Britain , and escorted the liner George Washington in December , which carried President Woodrow Wilson to Brest , France , for the post @-@ war peace negotiations at Versailles . Utah left Brest on 14 December , and arrived in New York on the 25th of the month . She remained there until 30 January 1919 , after which time she returned to the normal peacetime routine of fleet exercises and training cruises . On 9 July 1921 , Utah departed for Europe , stopping in Lisbon , Portugal , and Cherbourg , France . After arriving , she became the flagship of American warships in Europe . She carried on in this role until she was relieved by the armored cruiser USS Pittsburgh in October 1922 . Utah returned to the US on 21 October , where she returned to her old post as the flagship of BatDiv 6 . In early 1924 , Utah took part in the Fleet Problem III maneuvers , where she and her sister Florida acted as stand @-@ ins for the new Colorado @-@ class battleships . Later that year , Utah was chosen to carry the US diplomatic mission to the centennial celebration of the Battle of Ayacucho , which took place on 9 December 1924 . She left New York on 22 November with General of the Armies John J. Pershing aboard for a goodwill tour of South America ; Utah arrived at Callao , Peru , on 9 December . At the conclusion of Pershing 's tour , Utah met him at Montevideo , Uruguay , and then carried him to other ports , including Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , La Guaira , Venezuela , and Havana , Cuba . The tour ultimately ended when Utah returned Pershing to New York on 13 March 1925 . Utah conducted midshipman training cruises over the summer of 1925 . She was decommissioned at the Boston Navy Yard on 31 October 1925 , and placed in drydock for modernization . The modernization replaced her coal @-@ fired boilers with new oil @-@ fired models , and her aft cage mast was replaced with a pole mast . She was reboilered with four White @-@ Forster oil @-@ fired models that had been removed from the battleships and battlecruisers scrapped as a result of the Washington Naval Treaty . Utah also had a catapult mounted on her Number 3 turret along with cranes for handling the floatplanes . Utah returned to active duty on 1 December , after which she served with the Scouting Fleet . She left Hampton Roads on 21 November 1928 for another South American cruise . This time , she picked up President @-@ elect Herbert C. Hoover and his entourage in Montevideo , and transported them to Rio de Janeiro in December , and then carried them home to the United States , arriving in Hampton Roads on 6 January 1929 . According to the terms of the London Naval Treaty of 1930 , Utah was converted into a radio @-@ controlled target ship , to replace the older North Dakota . On 1 July 1931 , Utah was accordingly redesignated " AG @-@ 16 " . All of her primary and secondary weapons were removed , though her turrets were still mounted . The plane handling equipment was remove along with the torpedo blisters that were added in 1925 . Work was completed by 1 April 1932 , when she was recommissioned . On 7 April , Utah left Norfolk for sea trials to train her engine room crew and to test the radio @-@ control equipment . The ship could be controlled at varying rates of speed and changes of course : maneuvers that a ship would conduct in battle . Her electric motors , operated by signals from the controlling ship , opened and closed throttle valves , moved her steering gear , and regulated the supply of oil to her boilers . In addition , a Sperry gyro pilot kept the ship on course . She passed her radio control trials on 6 May , and on 1 June , the ship was operated for 3 hours under radio control . On 9 June , she again left Norfolk , bound for San Pedro , California , where she joined Training Squadron 1 , Base Force , United States Fleet . Starting in late July , the ship began her first round of target duty , first for the cruisers of the Pacific Fleet , and then for the battleship Nevada . She continued in this role for the next nine years ; she participated in Fleet Problem XVI in May 1935 , during which she served as a transport for a contingent of Marines . In June , the ship was modified to train anti @-@ aircraft gunners in addition to her target ship duties . To perform this task , she was equipped with a new 1 @.@ 1 @-@ inch ( 28 mm ) / 75 caliber anti @-@ aircraft gun in a quadruple mount for experimental testing and development of the new type of weapon . Utah returned to the Atlantic to participate in Fleet Problem XX in January 1939 , and at the end of the year , she trained with Submarine Squadron 6 . She then returned to the Pacific , arriving in Pearl Harbor on 1 August 1940 . There , she conducted anti @-@ aircraft gunnery training until 14 December , when she departed for Long Beach , California , arriving on 21 December . There , she served as a bombing target for aircraft from the carriers Lexington , Saratoga , and Enterprise . She returned to Pearl Harbor on 1 April 1941 , where she resumed anti @-@ aircraft gunnery training . She cruised to Los Angeles on 20 May to carry a contingent of Marines from the Fleet Marine Force to Bremerton , Washington , after which she entered the Puget Sound Navy Yard on 31 May , where she was overhauled . She was equipped with new 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 38 cal dual purpose guns in single mounts to improve her ability to train anti @-@ aircraft gunners . She left Puget Sound on 14 September , bound for Pearl Harbor , where she resumed her normal duties through the rest of the year . = = = Attack on Pearl Harbor = = = In early December 1941 , Utah was moored off Ford Island in berth F @-@ 11 , after having completed another round of anti @-@ aircraft gunnery training . Shortly before 08 : 00 on the morning of 7 December , some crewmen aboard Utah observed the first Japanese planes approaching to attack Pearl Harbor , but they assumed they were American aircraft . The Japanese began their attack shortly thereafter , concentrating on the battleships moored around Ford Island . At 08 : 01 , the first of two torpedoes struck Utah , which caused serious flooding . The ship began to list to port and settle by the stern . As the crew began to abandon ship , one man — Chief Watertender Peter Tomich — remained below decks to ensure as many men as possible could escape , and to keep vital machinery running as long as possible ; he received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his actions . At 08 : 12 , Utah rolled over onto her side , while those crew members who had managed to escape swam to shore . Almost immediately after reaching shore , the ship 's captain , Commander Solomon Isquith , heard knocking from men trapped in the capsized ship . He called for volunteers to secure a cutting torch from the badly damaged cruiser Raleigh and attempt to free trapped men ; they succeeded in rescuing four men . In total , 64 officers and men were killed , though 461 survived . = = = Salvage = = = The Navy declared Utah to be " in ordinary " on 29 December , and she was placed under the authority of the Pearl Harbor Base Force . Following the successful righting ( rotation to upright ) of the capsized Oklahoma , an attempt was made to right the Utah by the same parbuckling method using 17 winches . As Utah was rotated , she did not grip the harbor bottom , and slid towards Ford Island . The Utah recovery effort was abandoned , with Utah rotated 38 degrees from horizontal . As abandoned , Utah cleared her berth . There was no further attempt to refloat her ; unlike the battleships sunk at Battleship Row , she had no military value . She was formally placed out of commission on 5 September 1944 , and then stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 13 November . Utah received one battle star for her brief service during World War II . Her rusting hulk remains in Pearl Harbor , partially above water ; the men killed when Utah sank were never removed from the wreck , and as such , she is considered a war grave . = = Memorial = = In around 1950 , two memorials were placed at the wreck dedicated to the men in the ship 's crew who were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor . The first is a plaque located on the wharf to the north of the ship , and the second is a plaque that was placed on the ship itself . In 1972 , a larger memorial was erected just off Ford Island , near the sunken wreck . The memorial consists of a 70 @-@ foot ( 21 m ) walkway made of white concrete , which extends from Ford Island out to a 40 by 15 ft ( 12 @.@ 2 by 4 @.@ 6 m ) platform in front of the ship , where a brass plaque and a flagpole are located . A color guard stands watch over the wreck . On 9 July 1988 , Utah and Arizona , the other remaining wreck in the harbor , were nominated to be added to the National Historic Landmark registry . Both wrecks were added to the list on 5 May 1989 . As of 2008 , seven former crewmen who were aboard Utah at the time of her sinking have been cremated and had their ashes interred in the wreck . Relics from the ship are also preserved in the Utah state capitol building ; among the items on display are pieces from the ship 's silver service and the captain 's clock . The ship 's bell is on permanent display at the University of Utah near the entrance of the Naval Science Building . = = Awards = = Mexican Service Medal World War I Victory Medal with " Atlantic Fleet " and " Grand Fleet " clasps American Defense Service Medal Asiatic @-@ Pacific Campaign Medal with one campaign star World War II Victory Medal = Japanese cruiser Azuma = Azuma ( 吾妻 ) ( sometimes transliterated ( archaically ) as Adzuma ) was an armored cruiser built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the late 1890s . As Japan lacked the industrial capacity to build such warships herself , the ship was built in France . She participated in most of the naval battles of the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 and was lightly damaged during the Battle off Ulsan and the Battle of Tsushima . Azuma began the first of five training cruises in 1912 and saw no combat during World War I. She was never formally reclassified as a training ship although she exclusively served in that role from 1921 until she was disarmed and hulked in 1941 . Azuma was badly damaged in an American carrier raid in 1945 , and subsequently scrapped in 1946 . = = Background and design = = The 1896 Naval Expansion Plan was made after the First Sino @-@ Japanese War , and included four armored cruisers in addition to four more battleships , all of which had to be ordered from overseas shipyards as Japan lacked the capability to build them itself . Further consideration of the Russian building program caused the IJN to believe that the battleships ordered under the original plan would not be sufficient to counter the Imperial Russian Navy . Budgetary limitations prevented ordering more battleships and the IJN decided to expand the number of more affordable armored cruisers to be ordered from four to six ships , believing that the recent introduction of tougher Krupp cemented armor would allow them to stand in the line of battle . The revised plan is commonly known as the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " . The first four ships were built by Armstrong Whitworth in the United Kingdom , but the last two ships were built in Germany and France . To ensure ammunition compatibility , the IJN required their builders to use the same British guns as the other four ships . In general , the IJN provided only a sketch design and specifications that each builder had to comply with ; otherwise each builder was free to build the ships as they saw fit . Unlike most of their contemporaries which were designed for commerce raiding or to defend colonies and trade routes , Azuma and her half @-@ sisters were intended as fleet scouts and to be employed in the battleline . = = Description = = The ship was 137 @.@ 9 meters ( 452 ft 5 in ) long overall and 131 @.@ 56 meters ( 431 ft 8 in ) between perpendiculars . She had a beam of 17 @.@ 74 meters ( 58 ft 2 in ) and had an average draft of 7 @.@ 18 meters ( 23 ft 7 in ) . Azuma displaced 9 @,@ 278 metric tons ( 9 @,@ 131 long tons ) at normal load and 9 @,@ 953 metric tons ( 9 @,@ 796 long tons ) at deep load . The ship had a metacentric height of 0 @.@ 85 meters ( 2 ft 9 in ) . She had a double bottom and her hull was subdivided into 213 watertight compartments . Her crew consisted of 670 officers and enlisted men . Azuma had two 4 @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single propeller shaft . Steam for the engines was provided by 24 Belleville boilers and the engines were rated at a total of 18 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 13 @,@ 000 kW ) . The ship had a designed speed of 21 knots ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . She carried up to 1 @,@ 200 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 200 long tons ; 1 @,@ 300 short tons ) of coal and could steam for 7 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 13 @,@ 000 km ; 8 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . = = = Armament = = = The main armament for all of the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " armored cruisers was four Armstrong Whitworth @-@ built 45 @-@ caliber eight @-@ inch guns in twin @-@ gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure . The electrically operated turrets were capable of 130 ° rotation left and right , and the guns could be elevated to + 30 ° and depressed to − 5 ° . The turret accommodated 65 shells , but could only be reloaded through doors in the turret floor and the ship 's deck that allowed the electric winch in the turret to hoist shells up from the shell room deep in the hull . The guns were manually loaded and had a rate of fire about 1 @.@ 2 rounds per minute . The 203 @-@ millimeter gun fired 113 @.@ 5 @-@ kilogram ( 250 lb ) armor @-@ piercing ( AP ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 760 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 500 ft / s ) to a range of 18 @,@ 000 meters ( 20 @,@ 000 yd ) . The secondary armament consisted of a dozen Elswick Ordnance Company " Pattern Z " quick @-@ firing ( QF ) , 40 @-@ caliber , 6 @-@ inch guns . All but four of these guns were mounted in armored casemates on the main and upper decks , and their mounts on the upper deck were protected by gun shields . Their 45 @.@ 4 @-@ kilogram ( 100 lb ) AP shells were fired at a muzzle velocity of 700 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 300 ft / s ) . Azuma was also equipped with a dozen 40 @-@ caliber QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 @-@ cwt guns and eight QF 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder Yamauchi guns as close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats . The former gun fired 76 @-@ millimeter ( 3 in ) , 5 @.@ 7 @-@ kilogram ( 12 @.@ 5 lb ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 719 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 359 ft / s ) . Azuma was equipped with five 457 mm ( 18 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes , one above water in the bow and four submerged tubes , two on each broadside . The Type 30 torpedo had a 100 @-@ kilogram ( 220 lb ) warhead and three range / speed settings : 800 meters ( 870 yd ) at 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) , 1 @,@ 000 meters ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) at 23 @.@ 6 knots ( 43 @.@ 7 km / h ; 27 @.@ 2 mph ) or 3 @,@ 000 meters ( 3 @,@ 300 yd ) at 14 @.@ 2 knots ( 26 @.@ 3 km / h ; 16 @.@ 3 mph ) . = = = Armor = = = All of the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " armored cruisers used the same armor scheme with some minor differences , one of which was that the four later ships all used Krupp cemented armor . The waterline belt ran the full length of the ship and its thickness varied from 178 millimeters ( 7 @.@ 0 in ) amidships to 89 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) at the bow and stern . It had a height of 2 @.@ 13 meters ( 7 ft 0 in ) , of which 1 @.@ 50 meters ( 4 ft 11 in ) was normally underwater . The upper strake of belt armor was 127 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) thick and extended from the upper edge of the waterline belt to the main deck . It extended 61 @.@ 49 meters ( 201 ft 9 in ) from the forward to the rear barbette . Azuma had only a single transverse 76 mm armored bulkhead that closed off the forward end of the central armored citadel . The barbettes , gun turrets and the front of the casemates were all 152 millimeters thick while the sides and rear of the casemates were protected by 51 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) of armor . The deck was 63 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 5 in ) thick and the armor protecting the conning tower was 356 millimeters ( 14 @.@ 0 in ) in thickness . = = Construction and career = = The contract for Azuma , named after the Kantō region , was signed on 12 October 1897 with Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire , and the ship was laid down at their shipyard in Saint @-@ Nazaire on 1 February 1898 . She was launched on 24 June 1898 and completed on 29 July 1900 . Azuma left for Japan the next day and arrived in Yokosuka on 29 October . Captain Fujii Kōichi assumed command before the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War in February 1904 , until he was relieved in January 1905 by Captain Murakami Kakuichi . = = = Russo @-@ Japanese War = = = At the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War , Azuma was assigned to the 2nd Division of the 2nd Fleet . She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904 , when Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the Combined Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur . Tōgō had expected the surprise night attack by his destroyers to be much more successful than it was , anticipating that the Russians would be badly disorganized and weakened , but they had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack . The Japanese ships were spotted by the protected cruiser Boyarin , which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russians . Tōgō chose to attack the Russian coastal defenses with his main armament and engage the ships with his secondary guns . Splitting his fire proved to be a poor decision as the Japanese eight- and six @-@ inch guns inflicted little damage on the Russian ships , which concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect . Although many ships on both sides were hit , Russian casualties numbered some 150 , while the Japanese suffered roughly 90 killed and wounded before Tōgō disengaged . In early March , Vice Admiral Kamimura Hikonojō was tasked to take the reinforced 2nd Division north and make a diversion off Vladivostok . While scouting for Russian ships in the area , the Japanese cruisers bombarded the harbor and defenses of Vladivostok on 6 March to little effect . Upon their return to Japan a few days later , the 2nd Division was ordered to escort the transports ferrying the Imperial Guards Division to Korea and then to join the ships blockading Port Arthur . Kamimura was ordered north in mid @-@ April to cover the Sea of Japan and defend the Korea Strait against any attempt by the Vladivostok Independent Cruiser Squadron , under the command of Rear Admiral Karl Jessen , to break through and unite with the Pacific Squadron . The two units narrowly missed each other on the 24th in heavy fog , and the Japanese proceeded to Vladivostok , where they laid several minefields before arriving back at Wonsan on the 30th . The division failed to intercept the Russian squadron as it attacked several transports south of Okinoshima Island on 15 June , due to heavy rain and fog . The Russians sortied again on 30 June , and Kamimura finally was able to intercept them the next day near Okinoshima . The light was failing when they were spotted and the Russians were able to disengage in the darkness . Jessen 's ships sortied again on 17 July , headed for the eastern coast of Japan to act as a diversion and pull Japanese forces out of the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea . The Russian ships passed through Tsugaru Strait two days later and began capturing ships bound for Japan . The arrival of the Russians off Tokyo Bay on the 24th caused the Naval General Staff to order Kamimura to sail for Cape Toi Misaki , Kyūshū , fearing that Jessen would circumnavigate Japan to reach Port Arthur . Two days later he was ordered north to the Kii Channel and then to Tokyo Bay on the 28th . The General Staff finally ordered him back to Tsushima Island on the 30th ; later that day he received word that Jessen 's ships had passed through the Tsugaru Strait early that morning and reached Vladivostok on 1 August . = = = = Battle off Ulsan = = = = On 10 August , the ships at Port Arthur attempted a breakout to Vladivostok , but were turned back in the Battle of the Yellow Sea . Jessen was ordered to rendezvous with them , but the order was delayed . His three armored cruisers , Rossia , Gromoboi , and Rurik , had to raise steam , so he did not sortie until the evening of 13 August . By dawn he had reached Tsushima , but turned back when he failed to see any ships from the Port Arthur squadron . 36 miles ( 58 km ) north of the island he encountered Kamimura 's squadron , which consisted of four modern armored cruisers , Iwate , Izumo , Tokiwa , and Azuma . The two squadrons had passed during the night without spotting one another and each had reversed course around first light . This put the Japanese ships astride the Russian route to Vladivostok . Jessen ordered his ships to turn to the northeast when he spotted the Japanese at 05 : 00 and they followed suit , albeit on a slightly converging course . Both sides opened fire around 05 : 23 at a range of 8 @,@ 500 meters ( 9 @,@ 300 yd ) . The Japanese ships concentrated their fire on Rurik , the rear ship of the Russian formation . She was hit fairly quickly and began to fall astern of the other two ships . Jessen turned southeast in an attempt to open the range , but this blinded the Russian gunners with the rising sun and prevented any of their broadside guns from bearing on the Japanese . About 06 : 00 , Jessen turned 180 ° to starboard in an attempt to reach the Korean coast and to allow Rurik to rejoin the squadron . Kamimura followed suit around 06 : 10 , but turned to port , which opened the range between the squadrons . Azuma then developed engine problems and the Japanese squadron slowed to conform with her best speed . Firing recommenced at 06 : 24 and Rurik was hit three times in the stern , flooding her steering compartment ; she had to be steered with her engines . Her speed continued to decrease , further exposing her to Japanese fire , and her steering jammed to port around 06 : 40 . Jessen made another 180 ° turn in an attempt to interpose his two ships between the Japanese and Rurik , but the latter ship suddenly turned to starboard and increased speed and passed between Jessen 's ships and the Japanese . Kamimura turned 180 ° as well so that both squadrons were heading southeast on parallel courses , but Jessen quickly made another 180 ° turn so that they headed on opposing courses . The Russians reversed course for the third time around 07 : 45 in another attempt to support Rurik although Rossia was on fire herself ; her fires were extinguished about twenty minutes later . Kamimura circled Rurik to the south at 08 : 00 , then allowed the other two Russian ships to get to his north and gave them an uncontested route to Vladivostok . Despite this , Jessen turned back once more at 08 : 15 and ordered Rurik to make her own way back to Vladivostok before turning north at his maximum speed , about 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . About this time Kamimura 's two elderly protected cruisers , Naniwa and Takachiho , were approaching from the south . Their arrival allowed Kamimura to pursue Jessen with all of his armored cruisers while the two new arrivals dealt with Rurik . They fought a running battle with the Russians for the next hour and a half ; scoring enough hits on them to force their speed down to 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . Azuma 's engines again broke down during this chase and she was replaced in the line by Tokiwa . The Japanese closed to a minimum of about 5 @,@ 000 meters ( 5 @,@ 500 yd ) , but Kamimura then opened the range up to 6 @,@ 500 meters ( 7 @,@ 100 yd ) . About 10 : 00 , Kamimura 's gunnery officer erroneously informed him that Izumo had expended three @-@ quarters of her ammunition , and he turned back after a five @-@ minute rapid @-@ fire barrage . He did not wish to leave the Tsushima Strait unguarded and thought that he could use his remaining ammunition on Rurik . By this time she had been sunk by Naniwa and Takachiho , which had closed to within 3 @,@ 000 meters ( 3 @,@ 300 yd ) of Rurik in order to finish her off . They had radioed Kamimura that she was sunk , but he did not receive the message . Shortly after the Japanese turned back , Gromoboi and Rossia were forced to heave @-@ to to make repairs . None of the Japanese ships were seriously damaged and Azuma only suffered eight men wounded during the battle . On 30 December , Azuma and the armored cruiser Asama were ordered to patrol Tsugaru Strait to prevent any blockade runners from reaching Vladivostok . In mid @-@ February , Azuma was relieved by Iwate so the former could be refitted . = = = = Battle of Tsushima = = = = As the Russian 2nd and 3rd Pacific Squadrons approached Japan on 27 May , having sailed from the Baltic Sea , Yakumo was assigned to Kamimura 's 2nd Division of the 2nd Fleet . The Russians were spotted by patrolling Japanese ships early that morning , but visibility was limited and radio reception poor . The preliminary reports were enough to cause Tōgō to order his ships to put to sea and the 2nd Division spotted the Russian ships under the command of Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky at around 11 : 30 . Kamimura closed to about a range of 8 @,@ 000 meters ( 8 @,@ 700 yd ) before sheering off under fire to join Tōgō 's battleships . Azuma was second of six when Tōgō opened fire on the 2nd Pacific Squadron at 14 : 10 and , unlike most of the ships in the division , initially engaged the battleship Knyaz Suvorov . At 14 : 50 , a 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) shell knocked out Azuma 's aft right 8 @-@ inch gun . By 15 : 00 , the Russian formation was in disorder and Knyaz Suvorov suddenly appeared out of the mist at 15 : 35 at a range of about 2 @,@ 000 meters ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) . All of Kamimura 's ships engaged her for five minutes or so , with Azuma and the armored cruiser Yakumo also firing torpedoes at the Russian ship without effect . After 17 : 30 Kamimura led his division in a fruitless pursuit of some of the Russian cruisers , leaving Tōgō 's battleships to their own devices . He abandoned his chase around 18 : 03 and turned northwards to rejoin Tōgō . His ships spotted the rear of the Russian battleline around 18 : 30 and opened fire when the range closed to 8 @,@ 000 – 9 @,@ 000 meters ( 8 @,@ 700 – 9 @,@ 800 yd ) . Nothing is known of any effect on the Russians and they ceased fire by 19 : 30 and rejoined Tōgō at 20 : 08 as night was falling . The surviving Russian ships were spotted the next morning and the Japanese ships opened fire around 10 : 30 , staying beyond the range at which the Russian ships could effectively reply . Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov therefore decided to surrender his ships as he could neither return fire nor close the range . Over the course of the entire battle , Azuma was struck by seven large shells , mostly 12 inch , four 6- and about four 75 @-@ millimeter shells . They inflicted only minor damage other than destroying one 6 @-@ inch and one 12 @-@ pounder gun mounts . On 14 June , Azuma ( along with Yakumo , the armored cruisers Nisshin and Kasuga ) was assigned of the 3rd Fleet , under the command of Vice Admiral Kataoka Shichirō , for the capture of Sakhalin in July . = = = Subsequent career = = = Azuma was assigned to the Training Squadron on 20 April 1912 , where she conducted long @-@ distance oceanic navigation and officer training for cadets in the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy . From 5 December 1912 to 21 April 1913 , the ship accompanied the ex @-@ Russian protected cruiser Soya on a training cruise to Australia and Southeast Asia , the first of five overseas training cruises that she would make . Azuma was briefly relieved of her assignment from 1 May to 1 December before beginning another training cruise to North America and Hawaii , together with Asama , on 20 April – 11 August 1914 . The ship was again relieved of her assignment with the Training Squadron on 18 August , and was not reassigned until 1 September 1915 in preparation for her next training cruise that lasted from 20 April to 22 August 1916 , and visited Australia and Southeast Asia again . The next month she was relieved of her assignment and then became the flagship of Destroyer Squadron ( Suiraisentai ) 2 from 1 December 1916 to 28 March 1917 , and then again from 4 August to 24 January 1918 . In early 1917 , Azuma was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to return the body to the United States of George W. Guthrie , the Ambassador to Japan , who had died while in office . The ship rejoined the Training Squadron on 10 August 1918 , together with Tokiwa , and made her last two training cruises over the next two years . From 1 March to 26 July 1919 , the cruisers visited Australia and Southeast Asia and then the Mediterranean from 24 November to 20 May 1920 . Azuma left the Training Squadron on 6 June . = = = Final years = = = On 1 September 1921 , the ship was re @-@ designated as a 1st @-@ class coast @-@ defense ship . By this time her engines were in bad shape and she became a training ship for the Maizuru Naval Corps a week later . In 1924 , four of Azuma 's 12 @-@ pounder guns were removed , as were all of her QF 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder guns , and a single 8 cm / 40 3rd Year Type anti @-@ aircraft gun was added . In addition three of her torpedo tubes were removed . On 1 October 1927 , she became a stationary training ship for the Maizuru engineering school . Azuma was refitted again in 1930 ; this included replacement of her boilers that reduced her horsepower to 9 @,@ 400 ihp ( 7 @,@ 000 kW ) and her speed to 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . Four each of her 6 @-@ inch and 12 @-@ pounder guns were removed during the refit . Azuma was stricken from the navy list , hulked , and disarmed in 1941 . On 18 July 1945 , she was badly damaged by aircraft from the United States Navy TF @-@ 38 when they attacked Yokosuka . The ship was scrapped in 1946 . = The Sweetest Apu = " The Sweetest Apu " is the nineteenth episode of The Simpsons ' thirteenth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 5 , 2002 . In the episode , Homer and his wife Marge discover that convenience store owner Apu is having an affair with the Squishee delivery lady working in his store . It is up to Marge , Homer and Apu to try to keep his wife Manjula from learning his secret . " The Sweetest Apu " was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Matthew Nastuk . It features Inside the Actors Studio host James Lipton as himself . It also features references to The New Yorker , photographer Richard Avedon and the film Wild Wild West . In its original broadcast , the episode was seen by approximately 7 @.@ 1 million viewers and finished in 37rd place in the ratings the week it aired . Following its home video release on August 24 , 2010 , the episode received mostly negative reviews from critics . = = Plot = = Apu sells Homer a beer keg for the American Civil War reenactment of the Battle of Springfield . At the reenactment , Principal Skinner watches as Springfielders disobey him and hold a rather inaccurate battle ( featuring an orange plaid clad " East " faction , a roller skating Stone Wall Jackson , and a giant robotic spider made by Professor Frink ) . After the battle , Homer brings the empty , dented keg back to Apu at the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart in an attempt to get the deposit . There , he hears a giggle coming from a closet and finds Apu making love with the woman who delivers Squishees to Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart . He then walks backwards in shock all the way home to his bed and then dreams about walking backwards when he falls asleep . Marge figures out what Homer saw from the movements of his pupil . They decide not to tell Manjula but while they are playing Badminton Homer and Marge act awkwardly with Manjula and Apu looking at them , trying not to give out hints Apu cheated on Manjula . They then confront Apu and he says he will break up with the Squishee Lady named Annette . However , he breaks his promise ( as it gets his mind off the octuplets ) . Later , Manjula watches the surveillance footage of Apu cheating . To help get them together , Homer and Marge invite them both to dinner , but do not tell them that the other one is coming . After a failed attempt with Bart and Lisa , Apu tries to promise to Manjula that he will change , but Manjula refuses to listen and demands a divorce . Kicked out , Apu moves into the apartment complex where Kirk Van Houten lives . The octuplets then speak their first words , which put together , say " Mommy , will you let daddy come back ... cookie ! " Marge and Manjula go to Apu 's and arrive in time to prevent him from committing suicide by hanging . Apu is then subjected to several tasks to redeem himself ( such as eating a light bulb ) , though Manjula says it will take time for everything to get back to normal . In bed , Manjula , finally satisfied with what he has done , kisses Apu while Homer watches from the window , on a ladder . The couple continues and Homer , traumatized , hops backwards on the ladder all the way home , without falling , mimicking what he did earlier . = = Production and cultural references = = " The Sweetest Apu " was written by former Simpsons writer John Swartzwelder and directed by director Matthew Nastuk . It was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on May 5 , 2002 . After seeing Apu cheating on Manjula with the squishee girl , an extensive scene in which Homer dramatically backs out of the room , into the Simpson house and into his bed is shown . The scene was conceived by episode writer Swartzwelder . Another scene in the episode shows Apu breaking up with the Squishee lady in front of her house . Originally , police chief Clancy Wiggum would be seen in a robe inside the house , implying that other men in Springfield cheat on their wives as well , however it was dismissed because the writers thought it would look " too sad " . Originally , Swartzwelder wanted the kama sutra sex position in the episode to show several arms and legs " sticking out in crazy positions " , however it received a censor note and the Simpsons staff were allowed to show " less and less " of it as time progressed . The episode features American writer and actor James Lipton , host of the television program Inside the Actors Studio , as himself . The divorce lawyer was portrayed by series regular voice actor Hank Azaria , and was based on " many lawyers that the writing staff had faced , " according to current show runner Al Jean . Professor Frink 's steam @-@ powered " Super @-@ spider " seen during the reenactment is a reference to the 1999 steampunk film Wild Wild West . One of Apu 's promises to Manjula is to get a comic strip printed in The New Yorker . American photographer Richard Avedon is also mentioned in the episode . Another task is to star in a production of My Fair Lady with his children . = = Release = = In its original American broadcast on May 5 , 2002 , " The Sweetest Apu " received a 6 @.@ 7 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 7 @.@ 1 million viewers . The episode finished in 37th place in the ratings for the week of April 29 @-@ May 5 , 2002 . On August 24 , 2010 , " The Sweetest Apu " was released as part of The Simpsons : The Complete Thirteenth Season DVD and Blu @-@ ray set . Al Jean , Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham , Matt Selman , Tim Long , Dan Castellaneta , James Lipton and Matt Warburton participated in the audio commentary of the episode . Following its home video release , " The Sweetest Apu " received mostly negative reviews from critics . DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson wrote " I don ’ t recall ever being particularly excited by other Manjula episodes , and ' Sweetest ' does nothing to alter that perception . " He praised Homer 's reaction to seeing Apu cheating on Manjula , but maintained that " much of the remaining gags tend to be lackluster . " He concluded by writing " This ends up as a pretty flat , forgettable show . " Project @-@ Blu 's Nate Boss called it " An average episode , by this season 's standards , " describing it as " a bit too cut and dry for my taste . " Writing for Blu @-@ ray.com , Casey Broadwater wrote that " The Sweetest Apu " is " near @-@ laughless " , and Ryan Keefer of DVD Talk wrote " The less said about this episode , the better . " Both reviewers considered the episode to be one of the season 's worst . On the other hand , giving the episode a positive review , Jennifer Malkowski of DVD Verdict gave the episode a B , praising the " Badminton [ scene ] and its many double entendres " as the episode 's " highlight " . = Gastroenteritis = Gastroenteritis , also known as infectious diarrhea , is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that involves the stomach and small intestine . Signs and symptoms include some combination of diarrhea , vomiting , and abdominal pain . Fever , lack of energy , and dehydration may also occur . This typically lasts less than two weeks . It is unrelated to influenza though it has been called the stomach flu . Gastroenteritis can be due to infections by viruses , bacteria , parasites , and fungus . The most common cause is viruses . In children rotavirus is the most common cause of severe disease . In adults , norovirus and	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
= = = The music video , directed by Roman White , debuted on June 21 , 2007 . It depicts McEntire and Clarkson as 1930 's Hollywood lounge singers . In the video , McEntire encounters Clarkson attempting to conceal a bruise inflicted by the latter 's abusive partner . When Clarkson 's boyfriend is fighting with her , McEntire leaves the dressing room . While performing on stage , Clarkson witnesses her boyfriend played by Andrew M. Springer flirting with another woman . After the performance , she smashes a vase out of anger in the dressing room . Her boyfriend enters the room to take her out for the rest of the evening . Though apprehensive , Clarkson leaves on his arm before looking back uncertainly at McEntire , who uncomfortably fiddles with a hairbrush as she watches them leave . The music video hit number one on CMT 's Top 20 Countdown on September 13 , 2007 . At the 2008 CMT Music Awards , the music video received nominations for three awards . It received a nomination for the Video of the Year , but lost to Taylor Swift 's " Our Song " ( 2007 ) and for the Collaborative Video of the Year , but lost to Bon Jovi featuring LeAnn Rimes , " Till We Ain 't Strangers Anymore " ( 2007 ) . Roman White , who directed the music video , received a nomination for the Video Director of the Year , but lost to Michael Salomon . = = = Live performances = = = McEntire and Clarkson first performed " Because of You " together at the 42nd Annual Academy of Country Music Awards in May 2007 . A month later , the pair performed the song in an episode of CMT Crossroads at Ryman Auditorium which debuted on Country Music Television on June 24 , 2007 . On September 19 , 2007 , they appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show where they sang the song together . " Because of You " was also performed as the encore of the 2 Worlds 2 Voices Tour ( 2008 ) , a co @-@ headlining concert tour by McEntire and Clarkson . = = = Track listing = = = = = = Charts = = = = = = = Year @-@ end charts = = = = = Hagley , Tasmania = Hagley is a town in Northern Tasmania , Australia , 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) southwest of Launceston on the Meander Valley Highway . The area was used by the Port Dalrymple — an early name for George Town in Northern Tasmania — Aboriginal Tasmanians until they were driven from their lands by European settlement . Land grants from the 1820s , to William Thomas Lyttleton , William Bryan and Sir Richard Dry , led to the first buildings , and later gazetting of the town in April 1866 . Lyttleton was associated with Hagley Hall in England ; his naming of his estate led to the town 's name , and he is believed to have bequeathed the town 's land . Hagley is an agricultural centre sited on largely alluvial soil near the Meander River . As of 2011 , the town had a population of 330 , most of whom were Australian born . Hagley is remembered as the first site of coursing in Tasmania , which started at Quamby Estate in 1878 . The town has had cricket and Australian rules football teams , but it no longer fields teams . There are four church buildings in Hagley . A Presbyterian church opened in 1879 ; it is now closed and in private hands . The Uniting Church building is a Modernist design built in 1957 ; it sits next to a wooden Methodist chapel built in 1859 . St Mary 's Anglican Church is a bluestone Gothic Revival building that opened for services in 1862 . The lands and a significant part of the church 's funds were donated by Sir Richard Dry . Dry is buried at the church and the church 's tower is dedicated to his wife . Hagley Farm Primary School is the oldest agricultural school in Australia . It began as the Hagley State School in 1865 and became an area school for the surrounding districts in 1936 . The school has a 64 @-@ hectare ( 160 @-@ acre ) farm and agriculture features strongly in its curriculum . The town has some 19th @-@ century buildings listed on both the Register of the National Estate and the Tasmanian Heritage Register . Hagley Mill is noted as possibly the only extant mill in Australia that was horse @-@ driven . Quamby Estate , the former estate of Sir Richard Dry , is run as a tourist attraction and has a 9 @-@ hole golf course . Hagley 's reticulated water supply is sourced from a filtration and treatment plant at nearby Westbury . This plant opened in 2013 ; from 1902 until then the town had received untreated water . From 1871 the town was serviced by passenger rail , but this ceased prior to 1978 . Hagley was originally on the main road from Launceston to Deloraine , but was bypassed in 2001 when the Hagley section of the Bass Highway was completed . = = History = = Prior to the European settlement of what was then Van Diemen 's Land , the Hagley area was a camping ground for the Port Dalrymple aboriginal tribe , the area 's native people ; Port Dalrymple was an early name for George Town . It is uncertain if this tribe was a separate group from the aborigines near Port Sorell and the Mersey River . The Port Dalrymple tribe ventured as far as Westbury , but mainly lived and hunted nearer the Tamar River , and stone implements have been found in the Hagley area . Encounters with the natives and reports of Europeans shooting them feature in the area 's history and mythology . Stephen Dry , cousin to Sir Richard Dry , was reportedly speared by an aboriginal on a hill near Hagley . On a property formerly known as Strath is a water hole named " No , No 's Hole " . There is a legend that ... a mob of blacks who had committed a murder on the property sought refuge there when an avenging party of whites were on their heels . They cried ' No , No , ' and kept diving under the water for safety , but were all shot . By 1830 , aborigines were no longer seen in the area ; they had been driven from their traditional areas by the new settlers . In October that year detachments of " The Black Line " reached nearby Westbury . This was an effort to clear Van Diemen 's land of the last of the natives . William Thomas Lyttleton , William Bryan and Sir Richard Dry were all important figures in the early days of the town . These three owned most of the land of what is now the town and district of Hagley during the 1820s . Sir Richard Dry 's father came to Tasmania as an " Irish Exile " with Lt Governor Colonel William Patterson , founder of Launceston . He spent 13 years as Government Storekeeper at Port Dalrymple . As recognition of his work , on retirement in 1819 he was granted 500 acres ( 200 ha ) of land . Governor Lachlan Macquarie granted him the land that marked the foundation of settlement at Hagley . When the elder Dry died , Sir Richard inherited this and other lands in Tasmania totaling over 30 @,@ 000 acres ( 120 km2 ) . Quamby Estate , a property owned by Sir Richard until his death , is east of the town . Quamby is supposedly an aboriginal word - although its meaning is not certain . William Thomas Lyttleton was born in 1786 in England ; he was a distant connection to those owning Hagley Hall in Worcestershire , England . He spent some years in the army , moving to Van Diemen 's Land in 1822 with his family , after he retired . He was initially granted 560 acres ( 230 ha ) near Westbury , adjacent the land owned by Richard Dry , and 800 near Meander . He called the grant near Westbury ' Hagley ' , in honour of the Town , Parish or Hall in England . Lyttleton built a homestead on the Hagley property in 1829 , though most or all of this original building has been since demolished . He lived in the Hagley area for 14 years , before returning to England . William Bryan , builder of the first flour mill at Carrick , was granted 1 @,@ 077 acres ( 436 ha ) at Hagley in March 1825 . Bryan also had holdings in Carrick and Whitemore totaling 11 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 @,@ 500 ha ) . Lyttleton died in England in 1839 . In disposing his estate , the estate 's trustee put all of the lands up for sale . Lyttleton is believed to have bequeathed the village area to the Hagley residents . The block of land containing the Lyttleton homestead was sold in 1843 to a Dr James Richardson , and the remainder of the land was sold to others in 1848 . The first building in the town was a brick church built on the side of the road from Launceston to Westbury . This road was known as the " Westbury Road " , now called the Meander Valley Highway . The church was built for Church of England services and opened in 1848 . It was built at the behest of Sir Richard Dry and Archdeacon R. R. Davies , the latter trustee of the Lyttleton estate , on part of the former estate . The land was a gift to the Church of England by Davies in his capacity as a trustee . By 1849 , the town 's buildings were the Hagley Church of England , an inn — built and run by the East Family opposite the church — and three paling @-@ clad cottages occupied by separate families . At this time the Westbury Road was often a muddy quagmire and land , especially near Quamby bend , that is now cleared was dense forest . The Hagley Inn was opened c.1850 , it was first called " The Country Inn " , by James East , who had run the earlier inn in Hagley . Over time the inn has been extensively altered and it closed as a hotel in the late 1980s . In 1850 Hagley 's buildings comprised ... the church , the Hagley Inn , a blacksmith 's shop , a cottage occupied by Mr. Fryett , and one occupied by F.J.Flight , who died recently at Forth ; also one built , I think , by a Mr. Lyons . Hagley 's population increased significantly during the 1850s as people moved both to the village , and to farming properties in the district . A doctor was practicing in the area by 1854 , and in 1855 a school opened in the Church of England ; paid for with funds raised by local residents . That year a postal service began in Hagley . David Parry was appointed postmaster on 1 July 1855 , probably operating an unofficial post office from the Hagley Inn . A post office officially opened on 10 June 1865 , in a building that was demolished in 1970 . This building also had a store called the " six day store " run by the postmaster and his wife . The town gained a second hotel in 1857 with Carmody 's Meander Hotel , though this remained open for only a few years . In 1857 also the town 's first community organisation was formed , the Hagley Ploughing Association , and regular ploughing matches began . A second church was built , a Methodist Chapel on the Westbury road , in 1859 . Mrs Bryan and her husband were concerned about the lack of education in the area . In the early 1860s they provided two acres of land at nearby Glenore , and built a brick school and school house . The Glenore school was finished in 1862 , and it was accompanied by a 260 @-@ acre ( 110 ha ) farm whose rent was to pay for a teacher and building upkeep . A new church , for the Church of England , was built just outside Hagley . St Mary 's Church of Hagley and Quamby was completed and opened in 1862 . The first church continued in use as a school until 1865 . In the prior year construction had begun on a public school , a two @-@ room building with an adjacent 8 @-@ room teacher 's residence ; the school opened in 1865 . Hagley was gazetted as a town in April 1866 . By that time it had a number of stores , a blacksmith , a boot maker , a saddler , a wheelwright , two churches , two schools , two hotels , a resident seamstress and a midwife . By the late 1870s the town had gained , in addition to houses , a police station , gaol , engineering works , one steam mill run by the Noake Family and another at nearby Quamby . A rail line opened , from Launceston to Westbury , in 1871 , though its station was 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from Hagley . In the 1880s a siding was added at Hoggs Lane , and a passenger platform at the siding in 1910 . Using the new rail line , by the 1880s the post office was receiving four deliveries each weekday and two on Saturday . Electricity reached Hagley in 1928 , supplied by the Tasmanian Hydro @-@ Electric Commission . Prior to this — the year is unknown — there was some street lighting in the form of four dim Kerosine lamps set on 10 @-@ foot ( 3 m ) posts . These lights were manually lit and extinguished daily . In 1941 the Hagley Flax Mill began operating to process locally grown flax . This mill was on the Meander River 's bank , three miles from the centre of Hagley . = = Geography and demographics = = Hagley sits on mostly flat land near the Meander River at an elevation of 150 metres ( 490 ft ) above sea level . The land formation is largely alluvial with Lateritic podzolic soils , classified as dermosol under the Australian Soil Classification system . These soils date from the Tertiary Period , with some from the more recent Quaternary . Hagley was founded , and remains , an agricultural centre . Dairy and pea @-@ farming prior to World War II have given way to poppies as the principal crop . These poppies are opium poppies grown for Tasmanian Alkaloids , in nearby Westbury . In the first Australian census in 1911 there were 611 people resident in the town and surrounding area . By 1931 this had reduced to 246 , of which 186 lived in the town . In the latest census , in 2011 , 330 people were recorded living in 148 dwellings in the Hagley statistical area . The census does not record the town 's population but the Meander Valley Council notes it as c.150 in 2014 . Hagley 's people are predominantly Australian born with 89 @.@ 1 % reporting as such in the 2011 census . This contrasts with 83 @.@ 6 % for Tasmania and 69 @.@ 8 % for the whole of Australia . The town is in the Meander Valley Council local government area , the state legislative council Electoral division of Western Tiers , and the Division of Lyons for both the state and federal houses of representatives . = = = Climate = = = = = Sports = = The sport of coursing began in Tasmania at Hagley , an event was held 6 – 7 June 1878 at Quamby . For this first event 500 people , including the Governor of Tasmania , came from Launceston . Tasmanian Government Railways ran an excursion train service from Launceston for the event . A coursing competition called the " Waterloo Cup " has a long history in the town . Hagley 's recreation ground opened on the main road in 1902 ; until then local paddocks were used . An Australian rules football club was formed in Hagley c.1895. Matches were played on a private paddock until 1902 when they moved to the recreation ground . The club 's most successful period was , as part of the Esk Association , when they won five successive premierships from 1949 – 53 . The club closed in 1998 , as part of a general decline of country football in Tasmania . During the club 's 102 years , the most widely known player was former St Kilda player Matthew Young . Hagley 's cricket team was formed in the 1890s and was playing by 1896 . Similarly to the football club they played on a paddock , adjacent to the current recreation ground , moving to the new ground in 1902 . The ground remains open for cricket though Hagley no longer fields a team . = = Water supply = = In 1898 the Westbury and Hagley Water Act was passed , providing for construction of a reticulated water scheme using water from the Meander River and other streams . Hagley was connected to mains water via the Westbury @-@ Hagley water scheme in 1902 . By 1923 residents of Hagley were asking for an upgrade of the system , as it was seen as inadequate by then . The Westbury Council took out loans in 1952 to extend the system , and work on this extension continued into 1954 , still connected to Westbury although with larger diameter pipes . For over a century the water was supplied untreated . In the 1980s a dam at Westbury allowed selective pumping from the river and some improvement in water quality . As Hagley 's water was not fully treated , from time to time contamination required boil @-@ water notices . Sedimentation damaged hot @-@ water cylinders and restricted supply due to the deposits left in the water delivery system . Work began in 2012 on a $ 5 @.@ 5 million water treatment work at Westbury to supply Westbury , Hagley and Exton . This water treatment plant was opened by Ben Lomond Water in June 2013 , supplying filtered and treated water to Hagley . = = Religion and churches = = = = = Presbyterian = = = There was a Presbyterian visiting preacher in Hagley , from Deloraine , Tasmania , from 1854 . Services were held at this time in the Methodist Chapel . Regular Presbyterian services were being held by 1855 , most likely in the original Church of England building . In the late 1870s , the old Church of England was purchased , along with the associated land , by the Presbyterian church for 265 pounds . The building was demolished in 1878 and construction of a new church was begun almost on the same site . During demolition and construction , Presbyterian services were again held at the Methodist chapel . The foundation stone was laid 18 March 1879 by which time the walls were already nearly complete . Cement rendering has hidden the stone and its location is uncertain . Hagley Presbyterian Church 's first services were held on 14 December 1879 . A manse was built nearby in 1884 . The church used bricks from a demolished brewery , possibly in Longford , and it was completed at a cost of approximately 950 pounds . The building was designed by Harry Conway , a Launceston architect . It is a largely brick building with freestone corbels and copings , and is of a Gothic Revival architectural style . The church is 40 by 25 feet ( 12 @.@ 2 by 7 @.@ 6 m ) with a 12 @-@ by @-@ 10 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 7 by 3 @.@ 0 m ) vestry , and was intended to seat 250 people . By 1973 the Presbyterian congregation at Hagley was very small and there was cause for concern about its future . The Presbyterian church building is still in the town , opposite the original Hagley hotel , but is now privately owned and no longer used for worship . = = = Methodist and Uniting Church = = = Hagley has a Uniting Church , built in 1957 , adjacent to the original Methodist Chapel which dates from 1859 . Early Wesleyan ( Methodist ) services were held in the 1840s in a farmhouse in Hoggs Lane . Local Methodists began raising funds for a church in the late 1850s . Land was donated by a George Scott and , at a cost of 370 pounds , a 40 @-@ by @-@ 22 @-@ foot ( 12 @.@ 2 by 6 @.@ 7 m ) wooden chapel and two @-@ roomed caretaker 's cottage were built . This Methodist chapel opened for services on 27 March 1859 . What is now Hagley Uniting Church was built next to the old Methodist church in 1957 . This newer building is of a Modernist design with coloured glass and geometric architectural shapes . The Uniting Church site was listed on the Tasmanian Heritage Register in June 2009 . = = = Church of England ( Anglican ) = = = Hagley 's first building was a brick church , on " Westbury Road " for Church of England services . The foundation stone was laid 8 January 1847 and the church completed , using materials from Deloraine , and opened 9 June 1848 . It was built on part of the former Lyttleton Estate , funded by Sir Richard Dry and the estate 's trustee , Archdeacon R.R. Davies . When completed the church was in the Parish of Westbury . By 1859 , with population growing , parishioners in Hagley held a meeting to consider forming their own Parish . Dry offered to pay the Minister 's stipend and provide 1000 pounds towards church buildings . Consequent to this offer , the separate Parish of Hagley and Quamby was created . This first church was used until completion of the later St Mary 's Church . It was later demolished to make way for a Presbyterian Church . The Church of England 's parish of Hagley had its beginnings in 1856 when Dry endowed it with three farms . Between them these farms brought in 400 pounds rental income per year . While in England , on a trip taken for his health , Dry commissioned architect Richard Cromwell Carpenter to draw plans for a new church . The plans were modified by Carpenter 's agent in Hobart , Henry Hunter . On returning to Tasmania , Dry donated 13 acres ( 5 @.@ 3 ha ) of land for the church . Hunter was also responsible for designing churches at Westbury , Deloraine , Colebrook , Tasmania and the Church of the Apostles in Launceston . Dry funded construction of the rectory and funded a significant part of the church 's construction . Some other funding came from the sale of the original church and land . As first built it only had a nave and aisle . The brick rectory was completed in 1861 , before construction of the church began . St Mary 's foundation stone was laid 10 December 1861 , in a ceremony attended by Dry and Bishop Francis Nixon , the first Bishop of Tasmania . The church 's structure used local bluestone for the walls , freestone from Bellerive for pillars , arches and mullions , and roof slates from Great Britain . St Mary 's is built in a Gothic Revival architectural style . It was completed and opened in a ceremony on 26 November 1862 . Dry had asked to be buried at St Mary 's . After his death in 1869 a memorial at the church was proposed . The memorial chosen was a chancel , which the original church lacked . Funds were raised by a Government backed appeal , including a donation from Prince Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh . The chancel was started in 1871 , using bluestone from the same quarry as the church , and was finished in August of the same year . To this point the church was seen as incomplete and had not been consecrated . After completion of the chancel St Mary 's was consecrated , by the Bishop of Tasmania Charles Henry Bromby on 24 August 1871 . A tower , spire and vestry were added in 1932 , after work began the prior year . The building work was funded by a bequest from Lady Dry and a Miss Jane Patterson , a St Mary 's churchgoer . The tower is dedicated to Lady Dry and the spire and vestry to Miss Patterson . The spire was designed by H S East , who also restored St Andrew 's church at Westbury . The additions were consecrated 6 December 1932 . St Mary 's church houses recreations of two significant artworks , both donated in 1857 by Lady Clara Dry . The first is a recreation of Guido Reni 's 1610 altarpiece from the Quirinal Palace , Rome . The second a 19th @-@ century copy of Raphael 's Transfiguration . Both were purchased in Italy during the Dry 's honeymoon , and were restored in 2004 . It also contains a copy of Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 's Crucifixion in the East window — a gift from Lady Dry — and a copy of Raphael 's Annunciation . The Nave houses an organ built in 1861 by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd of London . The organ is essentially original , with only the addition of electric blowing , and includes one manual and seven speaking stops . = = Education = = Early education in Hagley was by private tutors . In 1855 a school opened in the Church of England building , taking in both borders and day scholars . Schooling had to sometimes be interrupted as the building was used during school hours for marriages , and religious services . William Bryan and his wife donated land and built a school at nearby Glenore in 1862 . The Bryans left a bequest that fully funded the school until 1914 , when the state 's education department assumed responsibility for the building and the teacher 's salary . By 1921 56 students were attending . The building had been condemned by 1926 and a new brick school building was built a short distance away . Following a direction by Mrs Bryan in her bequest , the school was used at times for religious services , by Methodists and Anglicans . Due to low attendance the school was closed in 1941 and the few remaining pupils continued schooling at Whitemore . Hagley has a single school , Hagley Farm Primary School . It teaches reception to year 6 for , as of 2014 , 420 students . The school has a 64 @-@ hectare ( 160 @-@ acre ) commercial farm attached . The farm is varied with cattle , sheep and crops . The school is the oldest that is specifically dedicated to agricultural education in Australia . The original school building was built in 1865 , on 2 acres ( 0 @.@ 81 ha ) of land just east of the town donated by Sir Richard Dry . This first building is of Gothic Revival form . Its structure and interior are largely intact and original . A decision was made in the 1930s to make Hagley an area school . As of 1935 , there were five single @-@ teacher schools in the local area . All of these were closed and Hagley opened as the " Hagley Area School " on 30 January 1936 . Its curriculum was much expanded from prior years ' and included classes on nutrition , construction , agriculture , housewifery , cooking , carpentry and dressmaking ; these classes were segregated into traditional gender roles . Students from the closed schools were brought to Hagley by bus . At this point most rural schools stopped education at grade 7 but from 1937 Hagley was extended to teach grade 8 . In the late 1930s the school served Hagley , Carrick , Hadspen , Rosevale and these town 's surrounding farms , using two buses to transport students . Hagley and Sheffield were the first two area schools in Tasmania . A residential side to the school was planned in 1939 . Buildings would be added and agricultural work expanded with a full sized farm . The start of World War II caused the building plans to be cancelled though they were soon reinstated , and in 1941 building work began . The reversal was spurred by the desire to accommodate victims of The Blitz , though this particular use never eventuated . The school became residential , for boys , and its farm was extended to 200 acres ( 81 ha ) . The first borders were the sons of servicemen . With the extension of the land — the government had purchased 190 acres ( 77 ha ) around the school — the school widened its activities and became known as the Hagley Farm School . Students , as part of their education , built many of the farm 's buildings during the war . J Maslin had been principle since 1931 . In 1944 while explaining the schools philosophy he stated We give an acre for a cow or sheep willingly , while we shut our children and our chickens up in too limited spaces , and they suffer in consequence . Schools of the future must be provided with estates where the children will be surrounded with many natural and beautiful things . Part of the practical work was growing food for the school . In 1944 the daily two @-@ course dinner , for staff and over 90 students , was mostly the school 's farm 's produce . After the war , from c.1948 – 55 , the school received child migrants from Belgium , Greece and the United Kingdom . The school was known as Hagley State School until 1936 , Hagley Farm School until 1976 and Hagley Farm Primary School since . = = Transport = = A rail line near Hagley was first surveyed in 1856 , as part of a route from Launceston to Deloraine . A decade later a Railway Act was passed , strongly supported by then Premier of Tasmania Sir Richard Dry . A private company , the Launceston and Western Railway Company , was formed to build the route and the first sod turned in January 1868 by Prince Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh . The rail line passed 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) south of the town and a station was built 2 miles ( 3 km ) distant . The line opened , and the first train passed near Hagley , on 10 February 1871 . The rail line carried passengers , and several daily mail deliveries . Launceston and Western Railway soon ran into financial problems , the line closed 29 June 1872 and the company itself went bankrupt on 25 July . The government took over the railway , as the Tasmanian Government Railways , on 31 October 1873 . Local farmers petitioned for an additional line to properties in Hagley 's west . Construction began on the new line in 1887 and a siding as built at the intersection of Hoggs Lane . This siding was used first for farm produce , later facilities for loading stock were added . A platform and waiting room were added in 1910 , though it was some years before passenger trains stopped at Hoggs Lane . The passenger rail service had stopped before 1978 , a time when all Tasmanian passenger rail services ceased . The road through Hagley , now called the Meander Valley Highway , was originally the main road west from Launceston . Beginning in the 1990s work began on a replacement highway that would bypass all the towns between Prospect and Deloraine , including Hagley . As the road was part of the National Highway this work was funded by the federal government . The federal transport department announced , in 1999 , that they were to spend $ 36 million bypassing Hagley and Westbury with the new Bass Highway . A this time 7600 vehicles per day were driving through Hagley , the bypass was expected to more than halve this . The new highway passed by the historic Hagley Mill site and so , as part of the construction , the federal government funded pre- and post @-@ construction preservation work on the Mill site . Local residents were concerned about the impact on Hagley of the reduction in through traffic and the Westbury @-@ Hagley Development Committee was investigating . The town 's centre was finally bypassed when the Bass Highway 's Westbury @-@ Hagley bypass was opened on 13 December 2001 . As of 2014 the only public transport in Hagley is school buses , operated by the private Westbus and Redline Coaches companies . = = Historic buildings = = Hagley retains 19th century buildings , some are listed on the now closed Register of the National Estate , some also on the Tasmanian Heritage Register . Hagley house is a brick and stucco , two @-@ storey Georgian era house 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) from the town 's centre . Construction was begun by William Lyttleton prior to 1848 , at which time it was noted as incomplete , and completed , after Lyttleton 's death , by Dr Richardson . Hagley mill is a historic site , 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 6 mi ) south of Hagley 's centre , on part of the former Hagley Estate . The mill and land are owned by the Department of Transport ; they were acquired as part of the construction of Bass Highway . The site 's significance is that it is possibly the only extant mill in Australia that was horse @-@ driven , and almost certainly the only example in Tasmania . The mill and associated buildings date from 1830 – 40 . The mill appears to have been converted c.1870 to fit a mobile steam mill . Its wheel house has original ironstone foundations and brick walls forming an octagonal building , a design peculiarity to accommodate the horses and driving mechanism . The site has a barn , one @-@ room cottage and dairy that all date from the mill 's construction . Quamby house was built for Sir Richard Dry in 1838 , probably to a design by Richard Cromwell Carpenter . It was built mostly by convict labour , using locally made clay bricks , in an American Colonial style , a single storey with a stone @-@ flagged long veranda . The original estate was broken up in the second half of the 19th century . Quamby was opened for tourism , by Tasmanian Premier David Bartlett on 4 October 2009 . It is operated as the Quamby Golf and Country Club , and has a par 38 9 @-@ hole golf course that dates from the early 1990s . = California State Route 94 = State Route 94 ( SR 94 ) is a highway in the U.S. state of California . The western portion is known as the Martin Luther King Jr . Freeway that begins at Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) in downtown San Diego and continues to the end of the freeway portion past SR 125 in Spring Valley . The non @-@ freeway segment of SR 94 that continues east through the mountains to I @-@ 8 near Boulevard is known as Campo Road . The Campo road served as a wagon road providing access to eastern San Diego County as well as Imperial County . The road was added to the state highway system in 1933 , and signs for Route 94 were posted along local roads later that decade . Efforts to convert the western half of the route to a freeway took place in the 1950s , and the freeway was complete by 1962 west of the road that became SR 125 . Construction continued east to Avocado Road over the next few years . Various proposals for widening the highway have come from Caltrans , but local opposition resulted in the delay or cancellation of many of these proposals . = = Route description = = SR 94 is an east – west freeway that begins at the eastern end of the one @-@ way couplet of F and G streets in southeast San Diego . The freeway continues through an interchange with I @-@ 5 just east of downtown . Following this , the route goes through the neighborhoods of Sherman Heights , Grant Hill , Stockton , and Mount Hope , where there is an interchange with SR 15 . Shortly thereafter , SR 94 intersects I @-@ 805 in Chollas View before continuing east through Emerald Hills and Chollas Creek into the city of Lemon Grove . Passing by the Marketplace at the Grove Mall , the freeway forms the boundary between Lemon Grove to the south and La Mesa to the north , up to the SR 125 interchange where SR 94 turns east . At this point , SR 94 leaves both cities and enters unincorporated Spring Valley and Casa de Oro . The freeway becomes an undivided highway at Via Mercado in Rancho San Diego . SR 94 continues through Rancho San Diego by turning southeast at the Jamacha Road and Campo Road intersection , where SR 54 and CR S17 turn northeast . As Campo Road , SR 94 crosses the Sweetwater River before entering a less @-@ developed area , winding through the communities of Jamul , Dulzura and intersecting the north end of SR 188 north of Tecate . After passing through the communities of Potrero , Campo , and the Campo Indian Reservation , SR 94 continues east onto old U.S. Route 80 ( US 80 ) briefly before turning north on Ribbonwood Road west of Boulevard . The route ends by connecting to I @-@ 8 near Manzanita . SR 94 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System , and west of SR 188 is part of the National Highway System , a network of highways that are essential to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . SR 94 is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System , but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation . In 2014 , SR 94 had an annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) of 440 at Live Oak Springs Road , and 179 @,@ 000 between I @-@ 805 and 47th Street , the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway . = = History = = = = = Campo Road = = = SR 94 was built along the routing of an old stagecoach road that took two days to travel to East County in the 19th century ; it was part of the primary road from San Diego to Yuma , Arizona . James Pascoe surveyed the route through Campo for the county in 1869 that was 25 miles ( 40 km ) shorter than the existing route through Warner 's Pass . The road was known for its curves , climbs , and boulders , making travel difficult . The first automobile went on the road in 1904 . By 1913 , an unpaved automobile road extended to Campo from San Diego , and work took place to improve the condition of the road in 1916 . A year later , the road continued east to join with the state highway leading into Imperial County . In 1927 , the Potrero bridge was replaced , after a storm washed out the bridge . By 1928 , the paving of the Campo road was about 43 percent complete . In February of the next year , the progress was at 74 percent ; the total cost was $ 122 @,@ 474 ( about $ 30 million in 2015 dollars ) . The Sweetwater bridge was finished in March at a cost of $ 60 @,@ 000 ( about $ 4 million in 2015 dollars ) . The Campo road was the only road through the Peninsular Ranges to stay open for the entirety of the next winter ; other roads were closed due to snow , leading to increased traffic along this road . This was largely due to the lower elevation of the road , at only 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) . = = = Designation and initial construction = = = In 1931 , the County Board of Supervisors agreed to submit the Campo road for consideration as a secondary state highway . The state considered the inclusion of the Campo road into the system in 1932 . The California State Legislature defined Route 200 in 1933 as a route from San Diego to west of Jacumba , going through the town of Campo . The San Diego Chamber of Commerce sent a representative to ask the state for funding for paving the Campo highway in 1935 , and the road was paved that year . The Chamber also asked for the war department to declare the road a military highway in order to receive federal assistance for its improvement . Signs were posted for SR 94 in 1937 , and by 1938 , SR 94 was signed along Broadway and Lemon Grove Boulevard ( later Federal Boulevard ) before continuing east to Campo . The next year , the California Highway Commission declined to have the Campo road improved . However , the Highway 94 association , as well as the Campo @-@ Potrero and Highway 80 chambers of commerce raised concerns about the safety of the children going to school in the buses along the road . In 1952 , the Southern California committee of the state Chamber of Commerce recommended to the California Highway Commission that Route 94 be widened to four lanes from the Wabash Freeway to Jamacha . In June 1953 , the Commission approved an eight @-@ lane freeway for Route 94 from Home Avenue in San Diego to Palm Avenue around La Mesa ; The local Board of Education also gave their approval , which was required because the freeway would be built on land that was for a proposed school . But the next month , state senator Fred Kraft criticized the proposal because he believed that it would be too expensive and would not reduce congestion in the long @-@ term . Approval extended to the junction with US 80 by October 1953 ; the part from 18th Street to Wabash Boulevard followed in November 1954 . Later that year , a toll road that would have tunneled under the Laguna Mountains and bypassed Route 94 was proposed by the county Board of Supervisors . The state allocated $ 3 @.@ 48 million ( about $ 81 million in 2015 dollars ) for making SR 94 a freeway from College Avenue to Campo Road in October 1954 . Construction began on the first part of the SR 94 freeway just west of Lemon Grove by May 1955 . The contract for the College Avenue to Campo Road portion was given out in October , for $ 2 @.@ 9 million ( about $ 63 million in 2015 dollars ) . Preparation for bidding on the portion from the Wabash Freeway to near Euclid Avenue took place towards the end of the year ; construction was underway by May 1956 , as was planning for the portion west of there to the intersection of 18th and F streets and the future interchange with US 101 . The San Diego City Council requested that an overpass be constructed at 22nd Street to provide improved access ; however , an underpass for the road was eventually built . The freeway from Wabash Boulevard and 56th was completed on March 18 , 1957 ; metal weakened @-@ plane joints were used for the construction , which the California Division of Highways considered " experimental " at the time . East of College Avenue , some unwanted cracks developed in the roadway during the joint pouring process , and were repaired with epoxy . At one point in 1958 , SR 94 was considered as a possible extension of US 90 , a route proposed to run along the southern border of the United States to Florida , by the South Bay Highway Association . By August , SR 94 from Palm Avenue to Jamacha was being planned . The western end of SR 94 connecting to US 101 was put up for the bidding process in late 1958 . Construction on the interchange with US 101 began in 1961 . By January 1962 , the freeway was mostly complete west of La Mesa and the freeway connection to US 80 . The part of the freeway from 25th to 17th streets was completed in November . In the 1964 state highway renumbering , SR 94 was officially designated from I @-@ 5 to I @-@ 8 near Jacumba , and SR 125 was designated from SR 94 near La Mesa north to SR 56 . = = = Expansion and naming = = = Land acquisition for the construction of the SR 94 freeway through Spring Valley had begun by 1965 . The next year , a plan to reroute and widen portions of SR 94 from the Sweetwater River to I @-@ 8 was underway , with a Caltrans proposal to remove the " Frenchy 's " or " Three Springs " curve . In March 1968 , the San Diego Highway Development Association considered the construction of the freeway from SR 125 to Jamacha Junction a priority . The state announced in August that the Spring Valley widening project would be funded earlier than anticipated , due to the state of the economy . Meanwhile , a $ 1 @.@ 8 million ( about $ 21 million in 2015 dollars ) contract to widen SR 94 to eight lanes from Wabash Boulevard to Waite Drive in Lemon Grove was awarded in October . The freeway from Kenwood Drive to Avocado Boulevard in Spring Valley was completed in July 1970 . An improved interchange with SR 125 was being planned in 1974 , which would connect to the existing freeway extending to Avocado Boulevard . Construction began in October , and continued into late 1975 , at a cost of $ 11 million ( about $ 78 million in 2015 dollars ) ; the road was predicted to reduce traffic at the intersection of Campo Road and Bancroft Drive , and interchanges at Spring Street and Lemon Grove Avenue were to be built . The Lemon Grove Avenue interchange was open by January 30 , 1976 , and parts of the interchange with Spring Street and SR 125 was open by July 20 . By 1977 , much of the SR 94 freeway was congested , with 85 @,@ 000 to 95 @,@ 000 trips per day on the freeway according to Caltrans . It was hoped that the construction of SR 54 to the south and SR 125 would reduce traffic by 20 @,@ 000 trips per day . Onramp meters were installed in 1978 to throttle traffic entering the freeway with a centralized computer system ; this resulted in reduced congestion on the freeway , according to motorists . In 1987 , the bridge over the Sweetwater River that had been used for 58 years was replaced by a new bridge , at a cost of $ 2 @.@ 3 million ( about $ 6 million in 2015 dollars ) ; construction had been delayed by nine months due to concern over environmental harm to the least Bell 's vireo . The highway was designated the Martin Luther King Jr . Freeway by the California State Legislature in September 1989 , after a two @-@ year struggle to find a suitable tribute to King in the San Diego area . Nevertheless , the measure did not include funding for the signs , and as a result , they were not installed until 1998 , when they were funded by the San Diego Association of Governments with $ 1 @.@ 4 million ( about $ 2 million in 2015 dollars ) from a local sales tax . In 1995 , a U.S. Border Patrol checkpoint was opened near Dulzura , to combat human and drug trafficking that used SR 94 , as well as fatal traffic accidents resulting from such smuggling . Two years later , following a proposal to widen SR 94 from Otay Lakes Road to SR 188 to address the high rate of accidents , local residents raised concerns about this proposal . In July 1998 , the Back Country Coalition sued Caltrans concerning the short length of the environmental impact report as well as not soliciting comments from the public ; opponents pushed for a ban of all " large haulers " on the highway . Caltrans agreed to hold another hearing in an out @-@ of @-@ court settlement , as well as to pay $ 20 @,@ 000 for the attorneys . In March 1999 , Caltrans agreed to delay the construction for several years to evaluate the environmental impact . During the early 2000s , the interchange with SR 125 was reconstructed to allow for the extension of the latter freeway south to SR 54 , which was finished in 2003 . In late 2006 , the Jamul Indian tribe prepared to construct a casino , but many expressed concerns about the amount of traffic that would now travel on SR 94 . In 2007 , Caltrans declared that the construction required a permit in order to connect to SR 94 and to construct on the state right @-@ of @-@ way . At the end of the year , the tribe had started construction on the driveway to the casino , while Caltrans stated that it lacked the information needed to determine if the proposed traffic signal should be approved . In late 2009 , the tribe filed a lawsuit against Caltrans over the inability to get approval to connect the driveway with the highway . The tribe made the claim that they were a sovereign nation and did not need the approval , but this was rejected by the court . Caltrans and the tribe came to an agreement in 2009 , where the tribe would provide its own studies and pay for environmental mitigation . = = Future = = Caltrans has plans to add a ramp from southbound SR 125 to SR 94 to improve the interchange ; it is in the environmental planning stages , and is estimated to cost $ 71 million . Also in the planning stages are high @-@ occupancy toll lanes in between the I @-@ 5 and I @-@ 805 interchanges , and rerouting part of SR 94 east of the junction with Jamacha Boulevard while improving some interchanges . = = Major intersections = = Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The entire route is in San Diego County . = Andrew Dudley = Sir Andrew Dudley , KG ( c . 1507 – 1559 ) was an English soldier , courtier , and diplomat . A younger brother of John Dudley , 1st Duke of Northumberland , he served in Henry VIII 's navy and obtained court offices under Edward VI . In 1547 – 1548 he acted as admiral of the fleet and participated in the War of the Rough Wooing in Scotland , where he commanded the English garrison of Broughty Castle . He was appointed captain of the fortress of Guînes in the Pale of Calais in late 1551 . There he got involved in a dispute with the Lord Deputy of Calais , which ended only when both men were replaced in October 1552 . In October 1549 Andrew Dudley became one of Edward VI 's Chief Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber and later keeper of the Palace of Westminster , in which function he was responsible for the Royal Wardrobe and Privy Purse . In early 1553 he was sent on a diplomatic mission to the Emperor Charles V to suggest peace talks between France and the Empire . Andrew Dudley was bethrothed to Margaret Clifford , a first cousin of Lady Jane Grey , in June 1553 ; yet his marriage plans came to naught with the accession of Mary I , and on 19 August 1553 he was condemned to death for his part in his brother 's attempt to establish Lady Jane on the English throne . Released in January 1555 , he lived in London until his death in 1559 . = = Family and early career = = Andrew Dudley was one of three sons of Edmund Dudley , a councillor of King Henry VII , and his second wife Elizabeth Grey , daughter of Edward Grey , 4th Viscount Lisle . When he was a toddler , his father was executed by the young Henry VIII as a scapegoat for the former king 's financial policies . His eldest brother was John Dudley , later Duke of Northumberland , who sought to advance him in the king 's service . Andrew Dudley served in the household of Thomas Howard , 3rd Duke of Norfolk , and as an officer of the exchequer in the 1540s . Answering a complaint against exchequer activities in October 1540 , Norfolk told the Privy Council that the only two people he had ever found jobs for were Andrew Dudley and Edward Belingeham . The brother of the Lord High Admiral , Dudley served in the royal navy and commanded the new royal ship Swallow in 1545 . In March 1546 , he went on his first diplomatic mission to the Regent of Flanders . In his role as Equerry of the Stable , he delivered Henry VIII 's gift of hackney horses , greyhounds and running dogs . = = In Scotland , 1547 – 1548 = = In early 1547 Protector Somerset , the English regent , was contemplating to take up the War of the Rough Wooing once more to press home the agreed marriage of Edward VI and Mary Queen of Scots . On 27 February Andrew Dudley was appointed admiral of the fleet . He was to oversee the " annoyance of the Scots " in the North Sea and to interrupt the shipping of munition from France to Scotland . On 7 March he captured one of the Scottish principal ships , the Great Lion off Dover , giving her a broadside from the Pauncey ( correctly the Pensée , sometimes called the Pansy ) . Odet de Selve , the French ambassador in London , gained a detailed account from Nicolas d 'Arfeville , a French painter and cartographer . Dudley was 30 miles from Yarmouth when he saw the Great Lion , with the Lyonesse , the Mary Gallante and another unnamed Scottish ship . The Great Lion was overwhelmed by superior firepower , and the others surrendered , excepting the unnamed ship . The Lion was lost while being towed to Yarmouth when she grounded on a sandbank . Those on board were brought as prisoners to the Tower of London , and at least one notable passenger was killed in the firefight . The Privy Council sent Dudley a letter of commendation on 10 March 1547 for " his hardy enterprise against the Scots " with more detailed instructions . Dudley was told to lay up the Pauncey and other ships for repair ; he was to release his Scottish prisoners , except notables , " gentlemen of estimation " , and 40 sailors judged to be the best seamen and pilots . Those released would pay their ransom at £ 4 for a master or officer , and 40 shillings a sailor or mariner . Dudley then sailed North to treat with the Fife lairds who had killed Cardinal Beaton . They were holding St Andrews Castle against the Regent Arran with his eldest son James Hamilton as hostage . The lairds , who became known as the " Castilians " , signed a contract with Dudley , according to which they were to receive English aid to hold the castle against the Scottish government : for the better ... surity of themselves and His Majesty 's friends in Scotland and the advancement and perfection of the said marriage [ as well as ] a perpetual peace , unity and ... natural love between both the realms . The Castilians promised to surrender St. Andrews Castle and Arran 's son to the English when they should appear . Dudley also struck a bargain with Lord Gray , a disaffected Scottish noble who owned Broughty Castle , a fortress near Dundee . The chronicler and eye @-@ witness William Patten noted its strategic importance : " it standeth in such sort at the mouth of the river Tay , that being gotten , both Dundee and [ Perth ] , and many other towns else shall become subject to this hold or be compelled to forgo their use of the river . " Lord Gray 's contribution would be the surrender of his castle and help in taking Perth . St. Andrews Castle fell in July 1547 , which greatly strengthened French influence in Scotland and triggered an English invasion . Andrew Dudley assisted the campaign at sea , under the command of Lord Clinton . Shortly after the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh Dudley was knighted by Edward Seymour , Duke of Somerset . On 20 September 1547 he was appointed captain of the English garrison at Broughty Castle . Lord Gray had surrendered it after three token cannon shots from the English ships . Dudley complained to Somerset in October 1547 that " never had a man had so weak a company of soldiers given to drinking , eating and slothfulness , " though , " the house stands well . " However , it had " scant window to shut , nor door , nor bolt , ... nor nail " . Re @-@ fortification was supervised by a resident Italian engineer , Master John Rossetti , and included building a new platform for cannon on the roof and strengthening of the curtain wall . Andrew Dudley secured a bond of alliance from the town of Dundee by firing on the town from his two ships , the Bark Ager and the Mary Hambroughe , at the end of October 1547 . In an effort to promote the Protestant Reformation , he hoped to distribute Tyndale and Frithe 's Bible in Dundee . Lord Gray and the Master of Ruthven continued to bargain for the surrender of Perth in December 1547 , but the English never secured the town . Dudley was assisted by a subordinate , Thomas Wyndham who sailed several times up the Tay towards Perth looking for supplies . On 22 January 1548 , he sent Wyndham across the Forth to Fife to burn houses . Dudley 's plan was to draw his besiegers to attack him and he kept behind his main force . The Scots and French took the opportunity offered to attack Broughty and were repulsed back to Dundee after a " hot skirmish " . The trick did not work a second time on 25 January , and Wyndham 's landing party in Fife encountered an ambush of 600 men ; 10 soldiers were killed and 20 sailors injured . Dudley built a second fort to command Dundee in March 1548 with the engineer Master John Rossetti and Sir Thomas Palmer . He was relieved at Broughty by Thomas Wyndham 's nephew , Sir John Luttrell . On 3 April 1548 , Dudley and Luttrell were instructed by the Privy Council to try to agree a yearly pension for Lord Gray at a figure between 600 and 1000 crowns . = = Military and court appointments = = Dudley 's next military appointment after his service in Scotland was under Lord Russell against the Western Rebellion in August 1549 . In early 1551 Dudley became captain of the English garrison at Guînes . However , he incurred large debts " by his service " , and became involved in a dispute with Lord Willoughby , the Lord Deputy of Calais . In January 1552 they were recalled to England and summoned before the Privy Council . Finally , to resolve the feud , both men were relieved of their posts in October . During 1552 Dudley also surveyed the coastal defenses of Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight to advise on their improvement . Under Edward VI , Dudley also obtained court appointments and responsibilities ; a member of the Privy Chamber , on 24 March 1547 he was given custody of a purse of £ 1435 @-@ 9s @-@ 6d . Dudley 's brother John ousted the Protector in October 1549 , and Andrew became one of the newly created Chief Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber . These four " principal gentlemen " had " the singular care " of the King 's person and were each rewarded with £ 100 p.a. A year later Dudley also became keeper of the Palace of Westminster , where he made an inventory of wardrobe and household goods . Effectively in charge of the Privy Purse , he was responsible for receiving and paying out royal cash and looking after " all the jewels ... and other things in the palace " . = = = Mission to the Emperor , 1553 = = = In 1552 Dudley was made a Knight of the Garter ; at the end of the year he was sent on a diplomatic mission to discuss Edward VI 's hopes to mediate for peace between the Empire and France . He first travelled to Brussels , where he was received by Mary of Hungary on 8 January 1553 . Impatient to see the Emperor himself , he tried to intercept him on his way to Flanders . Sir Richard Morrison , the English resident ambassador with Charles V , knew nothing of this until he met Dudley at Treves . The ailing ruler was averse to be molested by diplomats while journeying , nevertheless Morrison arranged an interview at Luxembourg in which Charles referred them to a later occasion . On 11 February 1553 the Emperor gave the Englishmen an audience at Brussels . When Dudley offered to kiss his hand , he embraced him . The visitors noted that the chamber was hung with tapestries depicting the Emperor 's victories at Tunis . Charles V was non @-@ committal , declaring that he was well @-@ disposed to peace if he only could trust the French king . On returning to England Dudley had an audience with Edward on 19 February . Jehan Scheyfve , the Emperor 's agent , reported that Dudley was discreet , and only mentioned that Charles had given him a present . The French ambassador in London was not pleased . Dudley was elected MP for Oxfordshire in the March parliament of 1553 , carrying Edward 's train at the proceedings . = = Marriage plans and disgrace = = In April 1553 Dudley was commanded by the King to release cloth of silver and gold and velvet for the marriage of his nephew Lord Guildford to Lady Jane Grey , which was celebrated on 25 May . In June , Jehan de Scheyfve reported that Dudley himself would marry Margaret Clifford , a granddaughter of Mary Tudor , Queen of France , and cousin of Lady Jane , and that he would be made Lieutenant @-@ Governor of the North . Dudley had even reserved a number of items from the wardrobe at Westminster for the marriage , including jewels , silver and gilt cups , a hair @-@ brush , velvet dog @-@ collars , and a pair of pictures of Diana and Actaeon . However , Edward VI died on 6 July 1553 , having named Lady Jane Grey as his heir . Andrew Dudley assembled a force of 500 men at Ware , Hertfordshire to assist in his brother 's campaign against Mary Tudor . Presumably arrested with him in East Anglia , he was imprisoned in the Tower on 25 July . Accused with his family of rebellion and high treason , Dudley stood trial at Westminster Hall on 19 August 1553 . He pleaded guilty and only asked that his jewels that were in the keeping of a wardrobe colleague should not be lost . On 21 August 1553 , the day before John Dudley 's execution , he appeared with him and other condemned persons at the Tower Chapel St. Peter ad Vincula to hear mass . His life was spared , and he was released in January 1555 . In April 1555 , after his formal pardon , Philip and Mary granted Dudley a pension of £ 100 p.a. He was allowed to retain some of his earlier possessions , which had been valued at £ 555 at the time of his arrest in 1553 . He moved to Tothill Street , London and , " sick of body " , made his will in July 1556 . In it he tried to reclaim jewels and other stuffs the Earl of Cumberland had received in advance of Dudley 's intended marriage with Margaret Clifford . Among the intended beneficiaries were his nephews Ambrose , Robert Dudley , and Henry Sidney , his nephew @-@ by @-@ marriage . He died three years later , sometime before his will was proved on 22 November 1559 . = Nuisance in English law = Nuisance in English law is an area of tort law broadly divided into two torts ; private nuisance , where the actions of the defendant are " causing a substantial and unreasonable interference with a [ claimant ] ' s land or his use or enjoyment of that land " , and public nuisance , where the defendant 's actions " materially affects the reasonable comfort and convenience of life of a class of Her Majesty 's subjects " ; public nuisance is also a crime . Both torts have been present from the time of Henry III , being affected by a variety of philosophical shifts through the years which saw them become first looser and then far more stringent and less protecting of an individual 's rights . Each tort requires the claimant to prove that the defendant 's actions caused interference , which was unreasonable , and in some situations the intention of the defendant may also be taken into account . A significant difference is that private nuisance does not allow a claimant to claim for any personal injury suffered , while public nuisance does . Private nuisance has received a range of criticism , with academics arguing that its concepts are poorly defined and open to judicial manipulation ; Conor Gearty has written that " Private nuisance has , if anything , become even more confused and confusing . Its chapter lies neglected in the standard works , little changed over the years , its modest message overwhelmed by the excitements to be found elsewhere in tort . Any sense of direction which may have existed in the old days is long gone " . In addition , it has been claimed that the tort of private nuisance has " lost its separate identity as a strict liability tort and been assimilated in all but name into the fault @-@ based tort of negligence " , and that private and public nuisance " have little in common except the accident of sharing the same name " . = = History = = The tort of nuisance has existed since the reign of Henry III , with few changes , and most of them merely technical . It originally came from the Latin nocumentum , and then the French nuisance , with Henry de Bracton initially defining the tort of nuisance as an infringement of easements . The tort was in line with the economic status quo of the time , protecting claimants against their neighbours ' rights to develop land , and thus has been described as " rural , agricultural , and conservative " . There were initially four remedies for nuisance ; the assize of nuisance , similar to the assize of novel disseisin , which was limited to situations where the defendant 's actions interfered with the claimant 's seisin ; the action guod permittat prosternere , where the land in question was alienated ; the writ of trespass ; and the " action upon the case for nuisance " , which became the main remedy . This was because it was far faster than the other writs and actions , and unlike them did not require that both parties be freeholders . It was , however , limited to damages , and unlike the other remedies did not allow for abatement . By the 17th century the judicial philosophy had changed to allow the protection of a claimant 's enjoyment of their land , with the duty being on the party that caused the nuisance to prevent it : " as every man is bound to look to his cattle , as to keep them out of his neighbour 's ground ; so he must keep in the filth of his house of office , that it may not flow in upon and damnify his neighbour " . During the 19th century and the Industrial Revolution , the law of nuisance significantly changed ; rather than the previous tests a standard of care was instead expected , with different standards applying to individuals and companies . In reaching these decisions the courts " effectively emasculated the Law of Nuisance as a useful curb on industrial pollution " . In St Helen 's Smelting Co v Tipping , for example , several judges " were explicit in suggesting that they were affected by the adverse effect of a more draconian view on the economic welfare of the country 's industrial cities " . This contrasted with the previous view , which was that when liability was established for a case where the defendant 's actions had interfered with the enjoyment of land , the defendant would be liable however trivial the interference . The decisions reached during this period vary , however , mostly due to the differing judicial philosophies of the time . While A.V. Dicey maintained that the prevalent philosophy was one of laissez faire thanks to the influence of philosophers and economists such as Adam Smith , Michael W. Flinn asserted that : Another common error ... has been the assumption that the classical economists were the only effective influence on social and economic policy in the early and mid @-@ nineteenth century . This is a curiously perverse view , since it ignores powerful voices like those of Bentham , Chadwick , the social novelists , many by no means inarticulate members of the medical profession , the humanitarians , the Christian Socialists and most sections of the many working class movements . There was in short , nothing approaching a consensus of opinion concerning laissez @-@ faire and state intervention , even in the very narrow social sector represented by governments , Parliament , and the press . In practice the ears of ministers were assaulted by a confused babble of voices rather than bewitched by the soft whisper of a single plea for inaction . = = Private nuisance = = Private nuisance was defined in Bamford v Turnley , where George Wilshere , 1st Baron Bramwell defined it as " any continuous activity or state of affairs causing a substantial and unreasonable interference with a [ claimant 's ] land or his use or enjoyment of that land " . Private nuisance , unlike public nuisance , is only a tort , and damages for personal injuries are not recoverable . Only those who have a legal interest in the affected land can sue ; an exception was made in Khorasandjian v Bush , where the Court of Appeal held that a woman living in her mother 's house was entitled to an injunction to prevent telephone harassment despite having no legal interest in the property . In Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd , however , the House of Lords rejected this development , arguing that to remove the need for an interest in the affected property would transform the tort of nuisance from a tort to land into a tort to the person . The liable party under private nuisance is the creator , even if he is no longer in occupation of the land or created a nuisance on somebody else 's land . In Sedleigh @-@ Denfield v O 'Callaghan , it was held that the defendant was liable for a nuisance ( a set of water pipes ) even though he had not created it , because he had used the pipes and thereby " adopted " the nuisance . There is a general rule that a landlord who leases a property is not liable for nuisances created after the occupier takes control of the land . There is an exception where the lease is granted for a purpose which constitutes a nuisance , as in Tetley v Chitty , or where the nuisance is caused by their failure to repair the premises , as in Wringe v Cohen . The landlord is also liable were the nuisance existed before the land was let , and he knew or ought to have known about it . Under the principle of vicarious liability , an occupier of land can also be liable for the actions of their employees ; in Matania v National Provincial Bank , it was also established that they could be liable for the activities of independent contractors under certain circumstances . For there to be a claim in private nuisance , the claimant must show that the defendant 's actions caused damage . This can be physical damage , as in St Helen 's Smelting Co v Tipping , or discomfort and inconvenience . The test for remoteness of damage in nuisance is reasonable foreseeability , as established in Cambridge Water Co Ltd v Eastern Counties Leather plc ; if the defendant was using their land unreasonably and causing a nuisance , the defendant is liable even if they used reasonable care to avoid creating a nuisance . The test is whether or not the nuisance was reasonably foreseeable ; if it was , the defendant is expected to avoid it . = = = Interference = = = The claimant must first show that the defendant 's actions have caused an interference with their use or enjoyment of the land . These interferences are indirect , and almost always the result of continuing events rather than a one @-@ off incident . This interference may be a physical invasion of the land , such as in Davey v Harrow Corporation , noise , as in Christie v Davey , or smells , such as in Wheeler v J J Saunders . The courts have allowed cases where the interference causes emotional distress , as in Thompson @-@ Schwab v Costaki , but have been loath to protect recreational facilities or " things of delight " ; things such as the blocking of a pleasant view or a television signal are not considered a nuisance . The latter was discussed in Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd , where the claimants argued that the blocking of their television signal by the construction of the skyscraper at One Canada Square was a nuisance . The House of Lords rejected this argument . There are rights to land known as servitudes , such as the right to light through windows or the right of support . An occupier can also be liable for an interference that is naturally arising , assuming they are aware of the interference 's existence and fail to take reasonable precautions , as in Leakey v National Trust , which established that in such situations " the standard ought to be to require of the occupier what is reasonable to expect of him in his individual circumstances " . This principle was extended in Holbeck Hall Hotel v Scarborough Borough Council , where the Court of Appeal said that if a landowner knows or ought to know that their property may cease to support another 's , they are required to take reasonable precautions or they will be liable . = = = Unreasonableness = = = While there is no set definition of what is or is not unreasonable , factors that are taken into account include any " abnormal sensitivity " of the claimant , the nature of the locality where the nuisance took place , the time and duration of the interference and the conduct of the defendant . " Abnormal sensitivity " is where the claimant 's damaged property is particularly sensitive to damage by the defendant 's actions . In Robinson v Kilvert , it was established that if the action of the defendant would not have caused damage were it not for this abnormal sensitivity , the defendant is not liable . However if the damage was caused to abnormally sensitive property but would also have damaged non @-@ sensitive property , the defendant is liable , as in McKinnon Industries v Walker . This was because it infringed on the " right to ordinary enjoyment " ; as a result , the claimant could claim for his more sensitive activities as well . The locality where the interference occurred also influences whether or not it was unreasonable ; in Sturges v Bridgman , Thesiger LJ wrote that " what would be a nuisance in Belgrave Square [ a residential area ] would not necessarily be so in Bermondsey [ a smelly industrial area ] " . If an activity is out of place with the locality , it is likely to be held as unreasonable . However , the nature of areas can change over time ; in Gillingham Borough Council v Medway ( Chatham ) Dock Co Ltd , it was held that the granting of planning permission to develop a commercial dock in an area changed that area 's character , preventing the local residence from claiming in private nuisance for the disturbance the dock created . The granting of planning permission does not constitute immunity from a claim in nuisance , however ; in Wheeler v Saunders Ltd. the Court of Appeal said that it would be " a misuse of language to describe what has happened in the present case as a change in the character of the neighbourhood . It is a change of use of a very small piece of land ... it is not a strategic planning decision affected by considerations of public interest . Unless one is prepared to accept that any planning decision authorises any nuisance which must inevitably come from it , the argument that the nuisance was authorised by planning permission in this case must fail " . In situations where the defendant 's activities cause physical damage , as in St Helen 's Smelting Co v Tipping , the locality of the activities is not a factor in deciding their unreasonableness . The time and duration of the activity is also taken into account when determining unreasonableness . Activities may be reasonable at one time but not at another ; in Halsey v Esso Petroleum , filling oil tankers at 10am was held to be reasonable , but the same activity undertaken at 10pm was unreasonable . A private nuisance is normally a " continuing state of affairs " , not a one @-@ off situation ; there are exceptions , such as in De Keyser 's Royal Hotel v Spicer , where piledriving at night was considered a nuisance . In such situations , the normal remedy is to grant an injunction limiting the time of the activity . Another exception was found in British Celanese v AH Hunt Ltd , where an electronics company stored foil strips on their property which blew onto adjoining land , causing the power supply to a nearby yarn manufacturers to be cut off . A similar incident had occurred 3 years earlier and the defendants had been warned to store their strips properly ; it was held that even though the power cut was a one @-@ off event , the method of storing the foil strips constituted a continuing state of affairs , and the defendants were liable . = = = Conduct of the defendant = = = In some circumstances , the conduct of the defendant can be a factor in determining the unreasonableness of their interference . In this situation the motives of the defendant and the reasonableness of their conduct are the factors used to determine the unreasonableness of their actions . This is one of the few exceptions to the rule that malice is not relevant in tort law . In Christie v Davey , the defendant was deliberately creating a noise to frustrate the claimants ; based on this , it was held that their actions were malicious , unreasonable , and amounted to a nuisance . = = = Issues with private nuisance = = = The idea of private nuisance has been criticised by academics for at least 50 years . Criticism centres on the free rein given to the judiciary and the lack of concrete definitions for legal principles ; the idea of " reasonableness " , for examples , is frequently bandied about , but " rarely examined in detail , and it would be a brave person who would attempt to draw out a definition " . While a definition for private nuisance is easy to find , the regularly accepted one does not consider that most private nuisance cases involve two occupiers of land ; the " nuisance " has moved from the defendant 's land to the claimant 's land . Some judicial rationes decidendi , such as that of Lord Wright in Sedleigh @-@ Denfield v O 'Callaghan , seem to indicate that private nuisance is only valid in situations where there are two occupiers of land . Despite this , definitions of private nuisance fail to include any reference . Academics also assert that the tort of private nuisance has " lost its separate identity as a strict liability tort and been assimilated in all but name into the fault @-@ based tort of negligence " . Conor Gearty supports the assertion that private nuisance is confused , and also claims that private nuisance is significantly different from public nuisance ; " they have little in common except the accident of sharing the same name ... Private nuisance has , if anything , become even more confused and confusing . Its chapter lies neglected in the standard works , little changed over the years , its modest message overwhelmed by the excitements to be found elsewhere in tort . Any sense of direction which may have existed in the old days is long gone " . = = Public nuisance = = Public nuisance concerns protecting the public , unlike private nuisance , which protects an individual . As such it is not only a tort but also a crime . In Attorney @-@ General v PYA Quarries Ltd , it was defined by Romer LJ as any act or omission " which materially affects the reasonable comfort and convenience of life of a class of Her Majesty 's subjects " . Because of the wide definition given , there are a large range of issues which can be dealt with through public nuisance , including picketing on a road , as in Thomas v NUM , blocking a canal , as in Rose v Miles , or disrupting traffic by queuing in a road , as in Lyons v Gulliver . A significant difference between private and public nuisance is that under public , one can claim for personal injuries as well as damage to property . Another difference is that public nuisance is primarily a crime ; it only becomes a tort if the claimant can prove that they suffered " special damage " over and above the effects on the other affected people in the " class " . The test for the required size of a " class " was also discussed in Attorney @-@ General v PYA Quarries Ltd , with the court concluding that the test was whether the nuisance was " so widespread in its range or so indiscriminate in its effect that it would not be reasonable to expect one person to take proceedings on his own responsibility to put a stop to it , but that it should be taken on the responsibility of the community at large " . Because public nuisance is primarily a criminal matter , and affects a " class " of people rather than an individual , claims are normally brought by the Attorney General for England and Wales as a " relator " , representing the affected people . Other members of the affected class are allowed to sue individually , but only if they have suffered " special damage " . The potential defendants in public nuisance claims are the same as those in private nuisance , with their liability dependent on a test of reasonableness ; in public nuisance , however , this is determined by looking solely at the interference , not the defendant 's actions . = = Defences = = There are several defences to nuisance claims ; in Nichols v Marsland , for example , " Act of God " was accepted as a defence . One defence is that of " 20 years prescription " , which is valid for private nuisance but not public . If a private nuisance continues for 20 years , it becomes legal by prescription , assuming the defendant can show that it has been continuous and the claimant has been aware of it . A limitation is that the 20 years is from when the activity became a nuisance , not from when the activity started . In Sturges v Bridgman , the claimant , a doctor , lived next to a " confectionery business " . Vibrations and noises coming from this business continued for over 20 years without causing the doctor nuisance , and the doctor only complained after building a consulting room in his garden . It was held that the actual nuisance only started when the consulting room was built and the activity began to affect the doctor , not when the activity started . A second defence is statutory authority , when an activity is authorised by a piece of legislation ; this applies to both public and private nuisance . This applies even when the activity is carried out not directly in line with the statute , but intra vires . In Allen v Gulf Oil Refining Ltd , the defendant was authorised to build an oil refinery by an Act of Parliament . The Act gave no express authority to operate it , and after it came into operation the claimant argued that it caused a nuisance through the smell and noise . The House of Lords held that it had statutory authority to operate the refinery , saying " Parliament can hardly be supposed to have intended the refinery to be nothing more than a visual adornment to the landscape in an area of natural beauty " . The statutory authority defence has recently been subject to legislative consideration in the Planning Act 2008 , which expands the defence to over 14 types of infrastructure development . = = Remedies = = There are three possible remedies where a claimant is found to have committed a nuisance ; injunctions , damages and abatement . Injunctions are the main remedy , and consist of an order to stop the activity causing the nuisance . They may be " perpetual " , completely forbidding the activity , or " partial " , for example limiting when the activity can take place . Damages are a monetary sum paid by the defendant for the claimant 's loss of enjoyment or any physical damage suffered ; they may be paid for things as varied as loss of sleep or any loss of comfort caused by noise or smells . Abatement is a remedy that allows the claimant to directly end the nuisance , such as trimming back a protruding hedge . If the abatement requires the claimant stepping onto the defendant 's land , he must give notice or risk becoming a trespasser . = Starkiller = Starkiller , born Galen Marek and also known as The Apprentice , is the Dark Jedi anti @-@ hero protagonist of the Star Wars : The Force Unleashed project . The character 's likeness and voice are provided by Samuel Witwer . Raised by Darth Vader , he is made the secret apprentice under the name " Starkiller " due to being potent with using the Force for destructive purposes and described as less of an assassin and more of a " Force wrecking ball " . The character 's name is taken from Luke Skywalker 's original name " Annikin Starkiller " . IGN called Starkiller 's story " nice and complete " . Game Informer , UGO Networks and GameDaily also gave good reviews . However , GamesRadar has criticized Starkiller 's design . In GameSpot 's vote for the greatest video game character of all time , Starkiller ( as " The Apprentice " ) was eliminated in round 1 against Niko Bellic . = = Concept and creation = = George Lucas motivated the team working on Star Wars : The Force Unleashed to make a brand @-@ new character . Before deciding on Starkiller 's character , other ideas for the main character included a Han Solo @-@ like smuggler , a superheroic Rebel Wookiee , " the last Skywalker " and a gadget @-@ wielding mercenary . The developers used feedback from focus test respondents and executives at LucasArts in order to make Starkiller . The developers consciously decided not to give him a name in the game , but as the novel 's author Sean Williams said he needed a name " Galen Marek " was given in the novel . Starkiller was designed as Luke Skywalker 's photo @-@ negative , and is named after " Annikin Starkiller " ( Luke Skywalker 's original name in the early Star Wars early scripts ) . The developers tried to avoid making Starkiller too rigidly defined while keeping the character developed . The developers also wanted to avoid making Starkiller seem irredeemably evil , and used elements of his backstory and his relationships with other characters to balance it , while trying not to explain too much of his backstory . In order to avoid the character being over emotional , they tried to let short pieces of dialogue and looks carry scenes so that the player could interpret how Starkiller felt . They attempted to make Starkiller feel like he would belong in the classic Star Wars trilogy by making his actions faster and more intense . During an interview to Haden Blackman by The Guardian , he claimed that most of the testing players wanted the character to be ultimately redeemed by the end of the game . Starkiller was voiced by and given the likeness of Samuel Witwer . According to Blackman , the staff were very hard on Witwer when casting him , but claimed he was far above the other candidates and that " he was already inhabiting the mind of this character " . Starkiller 's expressions are based on Witwer 's , which Blackman described as " a new approach for LucasArts " , noting that it " affected the way we handled casting for The Force Unleashed " and comparing it to how people see Bill Nighy as Davy Jones in the Pirates of the Caribbean movies . Blackman noted that Witwer brought new ideas and a sense of humanity to Starkiller . Sam Witwer has said that Starkiller would be a character he wouldn 't mind revisiting . During the concepting stages of Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II , the developers considered replacing the character with either a new Force wielder or a previous named Star Wars character . However , they decided to keep Starkiller as the player character as they were fond of and were attached to him and felt that there was more story that he could supply and they could build a franchise around him . Blackman commented that after deciding how to have Starkiller return , he felt " it all made sense and fell into place " . Developers tried to make The Force Unleashed more personal to Starkiller , with the game focusing on Starkiller 's search for the truth of his identity . = = Characterization = = Witwer compared him as being " two parts Han Solo , one part Darth Maul , one part Indiana Jones [ ... ] and then one essential part Luke Skywalker " , noting that in the character 's development " behind it all , there had to be this wide @-@ eyed kid who was trying to figure out what the hell to do " . According to Witwer , Starkiller 's characteristics and personality depended on who he was talking to and what circumstances he is in . Witwer called him " a really interesting guy , speaking of layered characters " . Although acting as a villain in the beginning of the first game , Blackman has commented how Starkiller is " really just this damaged kid . " Haden Blackman noted that in the first Starkiller was a hunter , while in the second Starkiller is more a fugitive . Matt Filbrandt , one of the producers of The Force Unleashed II , said that the Starkiller in the second game is trying to find out " who he is " and " what it means to be human " . = = Appearances = = = = = Soulcalibur IV = = = Starkiller debuted in Soulcalibur IV as a fighter , alongside Darth Vader and Yoda . In Soulcalibur IV he is known as the " Apprentice " . After Vader sends him to investigate a dimensional rift that seems to be growing , he passes through to the Soulcalibur universe . The Apprentice defeats Algol and returns to Vader without either the Soul Edge or the Soul Calibur , due to perceiving them as worthless . Vader Force Chokes the Apprentice for disobeying him , causing the Apprentice to draw his lightsaber and prepare to fight Vader . Starkiller also appears in Star Wars : Visions of the Blade , an Infinities comic focusing on the Soulcalibur and Star Wars crossover . = = = Star Wars : The Force Unleashed = = = In the Star Wars : The Force Unleashed video game , Darth Vader dispatches Starkiller to kill the Jedi who survived the Great Jedi Purge . Starkiller is initially kept in secret . But after Starkiller is discovered by Emperor Palpatine , Vader sends Starkiller to find the Galactic Empire 's enemies and unite them . Vader later betrays Starkiller and attempts to kill those he united , but Starkiller sacrifices himself for the Rebel Alliance and becomes a martyr for the rebels . During the game , he falls in love with Captain Juno Eclipse , an ex @-@ Imperial Shuttle Pilot and his own ship 's pilot . If Starkiller chooses to kill Vader rather than the Emperor at the end of the game , Starkiller becomes a minion of the Emperor and is put into a suit similar to Vader 's . Starkiller reappears in this suit in the game 's Ultimate Sith Edition , which continues the dark @-@ side path as a " what if " story . However , the light @-@ side ending is the canon ending , and is used in the novel adaption and sequels . = = = Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II = = = In the Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II video game and comic , as well as the novel , Starkiller is cloned by Darth Vader . Starkiller 's clone is haunted by visions of the original Starkiller 's life . After escaping Kamino , Starkiller goes on a quest to find out who he is and to find Juno Eclipse has been kidnapped by Vader . At the end of the game , if the player chooses the light @-@ side ending , Starkiller spares Vader , capturing him , and rescues Juno . But in the dark side ending , Starkiller is stabbed just before he can kill Vader by the Dark Apprentice ( another successful clone ) trained by Vader . Starkiller 's dark side clone reappeared in downloadable content for the video game , which takes place on Endor . The light side ending is also used in the novel adaptation , though the dark side ending is used as a vision Starkiller sees on Juno 's ship , the Salvation . = = = Lego Star Wars III : The Clone Wars = = = Starkiller appears under the name " Vader 's Apprentice " , as an unlockable character in Lego Star Wars III : The Clone Wars . He is unlocked by finding all the mini @-@ kits in the " Defenders of Peace " level . = = Promotion and reception = = Hasbro has made multiple action figures of Starkiller , along with the rest of the characters in Star Wars : The Force Unleashed . A Lego version of Starkiller was released as one of the three figures in the Rogue Shadow Lego set . UGO Networks chose the character as the 50th top Star Wars Expanded Universe character . IGN 's Jesse Schedeen called Starkiller 's appearance in Soulcalibur IV the second best bonus character in the series , complementing his inclusion from a story standpoint as " [ Soulcalibur IV ] is about the dichotomy between good and evil , corruption and redemption , [ ... ] Starkiller is a Dark Jedi who finds himself at a crossroads . He can either follow his master and take control of the galaxy , or break away and seek out his own destiny " , with Schedeen later including Starkiller in a list of characters that would make up their idea of the ultimate fighting game . Chris Buffa also put the character as the 24th top gaming hunk , saying that " nothing compares to a bad boy " . Jesse Schedeen called Starkiller one of the most promising player characters to be released during fall 2008 . After the release of The Force Unleashed , Robert Workman , also from GameDaily , put the character as one of his favorite Star Wars video game characters . Buffa chose Starkiller as one of the top double @-@ crossing characters . Jesse Schedeen listed Starkiller as one of the best video game entertainers of 2008 , commenting that " Starkiller unleashed the Force in ways the movies never showed us " . UGO Networks listed Sam Witwer 's performance as Starkiller as one of their top 11 celebrity voice actors in video games . Chris Buffa put Starkiller as the 19th top anti @-@ hero , commenting that " the thought of cutting through good guys as a Sith filled us with murderous joy " , also praising his eventual turn to good . Jesse Schedeen also thought that it would be best if the character was not revisited in the upcoming live @-@ action TV series after the first The Force Unleashed as " his story arc was nice and complete " . Starkiller was voted the top 10th Star Wars character by IGN 's readers . IGN later claimed Starkiller as the 34th top Star Wars character . GameSpot listed Starkiller , as " The Apprentice " , in a vote for the all @-@ time greatest video game character . Starkiller was eliminated in the first round after being put against Niko Bellic , a character from Grand Theft Auto IV , with Starkiller garnering 44 @.@ 9 % of the votes . Starkiller was also voted as the 17th top video game character by Game Informer 's readers . Game Informer listed him sixth on their list of the " Top 10 Dorks " , saying " The words " jedi " and " dork " rarely go together , but Starkiller is the Chosen One to unite them " . = M @-@ 140 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 140 is a north – south state trunkline highway in Berrien and Van Buren counties of the US state of Michigan . The highway starts in the Niles area at M @-@ 139 and runs north through Watervliet to South Haven , ending at Interstate 196 / US Highway 31 ( I @-@ 196 / US 31 ) . In between , it runs through farm fields and past lakes in the southwestern part of the Lower Peninsula . The trunkline is used , on average , by between 1 @,@ 500 and 10 @,@ 200 vehicles . The state designated M @-@ 140 in the early 1930s over a previous alignment of US 31 when that highway rerouted through the area . M @-@ 140 was extended from Watervliet to Niles a few years later . Changes were made to the routing of the trunkline in the 1950s and 1960s . The last change was made in 1972 , resulting in the modern course for the highway . = = Route description = = M @-@ 140 starts at an intersection with M @-@ 139 near the St. Joseph River north of Niles and runs due north through farm fields . The trunkline jogs to the west near Steinbauer Lake before returning to the northerly course . There is another westerly jog along Pokagon Road around Riggins Lake . M @-@ 140 turns back northward and runs through the community of Berrien Center . Near Eau Claire , the highway turns bends along Maple Grove Road for about 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) before going north on Watervliet Road . East of town , the trunkline follows Main Street eastward toward the Berrien – Cass county line . M @-@ 140 intersects the northern terminus of M @-@ 62 and curves north . In northern Berrien County , M @-@ 140 follows Watervliet Road to an interchange with Interstate 94 ( I @-@ 94 ) . The highway continues northward along Main Street into Watervliet , running through the middle of town and intersecting Red Arrow Highway , the former US 12 . North of downtown , the trunkline curves through residential neighborhoods to the northeast around the east end of Paw Paw Lake . M @-@ 140 crosses into western Van Buren County about five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) north of Watervliet . The highway crosses , and parallels , the Van Buren Trail in Covert . In South Haven Township , M @-@ 140 connects the South Haven Area Regional Airport with the I @-@ 196 / US 31 freeway ; north of this interchange , the highway continues as Business Loop I @-@ 196 . M @-@ 140 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 140 were the 10 @,@ 176 vehicles daily near in Watervliet ; the lowest count was 1 @,@ 536 vehicles per day along Pokagon Road , on average . All of M @-@ 140 is a two @-@ lane , undivided highway , except sections in cities like Watervliet which may have up to four lanes . No section of the trunkline has not been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . = = History = = The State Trunkline Highway System was created on May 13 , 1913 , by an act of the Michigan Legislature ; at the time , one of the system 's divisions corresponded to the initial segment of M @-@ 140 . Division 5 followed a course from Niles northward to Mackinaw City that encompassed the highway between Watervliet and South Haven . In 1919 , the Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) signposted the highway system for the first time , and the future M @-@ 140 corridor was assigned to part of the original M @-@ 11 . On November 11 , 1926 , M @-@ 11 was redesignated as part of US 31 in the state . In late 1931 , the state transferred US 31 to a new routing between the St. Joseph and South Haven areas ; in the process , the former route of US 31 between Watervliet and South Haven was redesignated as M @-@ 140 . The highway was extended southward from Watervliet to the Niles area in late 1934 or early 1935 . The concurrency between M @-@ 62 and M @-@ 140 was eliminated around the end of 1957 when the former highway was truncated to terminate east of Eau Claire instead of continuing west into town . At the end of the 1950s , the route north of Watervliet to the county line was realigned , smoothing several sharp curves . The construction of the I @-@ 196 / US 31 freeway around the South Haven area impacted the northern terminus of M @-@ 140 in the 1960s . When it opened in 1963 , BL I @-@ 196 was shown on maps as continuing north along M @-@ 140 into town to a junction with M @-@ 43 . In 1972 , the business loop was rerouted , and M @-@ 140 was truncated to end at the freeway interchange south of town . = = Major intersections = = = U.S. Route 40 in New Jersey = U.S. Route 40 ( US 40 ) is a U.S. highway running from Park City , Utah east to Atlantic City , New Jersey . The easternmost segment of the route runs 64 @.@ 32 miles ( 103 @.@ 51 km ) through the southern part of New Jersey between the Delaware Memorial Bridge over the Delaware River in Pennsville Township , Salem County , where it continues into Delaware along with Interstate 295 ( I @-@ 295 ) , east to Atlantic Avenue and Pacific Avenue in Atlantic City , Atlantic County . The route passes through Salem , Gloucester , and Atlantic counties as well as the towns Woodstown , Elmer , Newfield , and Buena . The route encounters a mix of rural , suburban , and urban environs throughout its journey across South Jersey . In 1923 , pre @-@ 1927 Route 18S was to run from Penns Grove to Atlantic City along much of present @-@ day US 40 in New Jersey . US 40 was signed along Route 18S in 1926 , running from a ferry in Penns Grove that crossed the Delaware River to Wilmington , Delaware . In 1927 , Route 18S was renumbered to Route 48 . The portion of US 40 in Atlantic City was legislated as Route 55 in 1938 , around the same time the route was moved to a ferry across the Delaware River between Pennsville and New Castle , Delaware . After the Delaware Memorial Bridge and the New Jersey Turnpike were both completed in 1951 , US 40 was moved to its current alignment in the area . In 1953 , the Route 48 and Route 55 designations along US 40 were removed . A toll freeway was once planned along the US 40 corridor in the 1980s to alleviate traffic , but it was never built after it was deemed the traffic volume was not high enough for it to be constructed . = = Route description = = = = = Salem County = = = US 40 enters New Jersey along with I @-@ 295 from Delaware on the Delaware Memorial Bridge over the Delaware River . The road heads southeast into Salem County as an eight @-@ lane freeway maintained by the Delaware River and Bay Authority that passes through industrial areas . I @-@ 295 / US 40 interchanges with the southern terminus of US 130 and the western terminus of Route 49 , where I @-@ 295 splits from US 40 by turning northeast on a freeway that soon overlaps CR 551 briefly while US 40 follows the four @-@ lane New Jersey Turnpike and continues east on it for a short distance , entering Carneys Point Township . US 40 splits from the New Jersey Turnpike at the last exit before the toll barrier , the same point where Route 140 heads west and CR 540 heads to the east . From this point , US 40 becomes a surface four @-@ lane divided highway maintained by the New Jersey Department of Transportation called Wiley Road that runs a short distance south of the New Jersey Turnpike , containing a wide median . It continues into rural areas consisting of woods , farms , and residences , heading farther to the south of the New Jersey Turnpike . Upon meeting the eastern terminus of Route 48 , US 40 turns to the southeast and becomes the Harding Highway , a two @-@ lane undivided road that passes through more agricultural areas . Upon crossing CR 646 , the road enters Pilesgrove Township and continues past the Cowtown Rodeo . The route passes through the residential community of Sharptown before coming	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
all hope , ye who here enter " , which when translated into Latin reads " Lasciate ogne speranza , voi ch 'intrate " , the phrase used at the entrance gate to Hell in the Inferno chapter of Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy . In order to get Dark Laser to come to Earth so Timmy , along with Mr. Crocker and Vicky , can board on his Death Ball and blast off into space , Timmy posts a video that ridicules him onto a video @-@ sharing website called " TooYube " , whose name and logo are similar to those of YouTube . Before heading to the Blue Moon , Turbo Thunder flies Timmy and Mark from Fridgidarium to another planet , Thunder World . The planet features a " thunder wonderland " , an amusement park with a Las Vegas Strip theme , evidenced by hotels and palm trees . In " The Final Ending " , Cosmo is angry with the Lead Eliminator , who constantly attacks his family and godchild , so he transforms into a giant creature named " Cos @-@ zilla " , a reference to the Japanese movie monster Godzilla . During Timmy 's and his fairies ' revisit the Blue Moon , they run into Turbo Thunder , who tells them how alone in the universe he was after the rock guardian threw him over the planet 's horizon . Since then , he made a personified friend , a rock with a happy face , similar to Chuck Noland 's companion Wilson the volleyball in the 2000 drama film Cast Away . In his flashback , Turbo Thunder receives an invitation flyer to the " Chosen One Competition " in Fairy World . On the flyer , the phrase " Chosen One " is printed in American Idol font . At the competition venue , the four fairy elders sit as judges behind a table in front of the auditioners like the American Idol judges do . = = Reception = = According to Nielsen ratings , Wishology received 4 @.@ 012 million viewers for " The Big Beginning " , about 3 @.@ 6 million viewers for " The Exciting Middle Part " , and 4 @.@ 071 million viewers for its last night , " The Final Ending " . " The Final Ending " and " The Big Beginning " ranked twelfth and thirteenth overall , respectively , on the list of top twenty television shows on the cable network for the week ending May 3 , 2009 . The Fairly OddParents became the highest @-@ rated cable network series that Friday for " The Big Beginning " . However , " The Exciting Middle Part " was topped by the teen sitcom and drama series Jonas , which premiered simultaneously on the Disney Channel . " The Final Ending " ranked in third place for Sunday night . The trilogy 's ratings were highest for The Fairly OddParents since its preceding special . Fairly OddBaby , which attained 8 @.@ 809 million viewers during its premiere and ranked the highest in the top 20 cable network shows for the week ending February 24 , 2008 . Wishology remains the second @-@ highest rated special in terms of viewership numbers since the premiere of the following special , A Fairly Odd Movie : Grow Up , Timmy Turner ! , a live @-@ action adaptation television film of the same series , which attracted 5 @.@ 8 million viewers in its original airing on July 10 , 2011 . Composer Guy Moon won an Annie Award for his music in " The Big Beginning " in the " Individual Achievement Category " of " Music in a Television Production " on February 6 , 2010 . Wishology received mixed reception from critics . Eileen Cruz of Toon Zone mainly praised it . Specifically , she observes that it " manages to remain largely fresh the entire time for an animated comedy episode over two hours long " . Aaron Bynum of The Animation Insider , however , gave a more negative review . He suggested it was only " moderately entertaining " , saying it is " just another over @-@ exerted animated epic of an over @-@ extended property . " Cruz commented positively on the show 's usage of a mix of standard and computer animation ; however , she noted the blend between special 3D objects and their surroundings was " not perfect " , though " not distracting either " . Bynum stated the animated trilogy 's usage of computer animation was " rather needless " , and its cultural parodies were " tired and forgettable " . While he finds " The Final Ending " interesting enough to keep the viewer engaged , he also criticized the series as a whole . He said , " it would appear that the cartoon is no longer an exclusive journey into one child 's ever @-@ changing imagination ; now , it 's just a fanciful what @-@ if " . Cruz praised the role of the band Kiss . She cannot think of too many other bands that " could exist in such a universe with such an exaggerated reality " . However , she criticized the voice portrayal of Turbo Thunder , finding it to be " entirely unattractive " and " off @-@ putting , " and thus " it simply didn 't work for me . " Bynum , however , had a more positive reaction to the character . He noted Turbo Thunder was " hilariously pretentious and self @-@ serving " , and he " ultimately makes the second chapter [ " The Exciting Middle Part " ] a whole lot better by acting as a frenemy with similar goals . " = = = Episodes = = = The Fairly OddParents : " Wishology : The Big Beginning " full episode at Nick.com The Fairly OddParents : " Wishology : The Exciting Middle Part " full episode at Nick.com The Fairly OddParents : " Wishology : The Final Ending " episode clip at Nick.com = = = Scripts = = = Wishology " The Big Beginning " script Wishology " The Exciting Middle Part " script Wishology " The Final Ending " script = Metallica = Metallica is an American heavy metal band formed in Los Angeles , California . Metallica was formed in 1981 when vocalist / guitarist James Hetfield responded to an advertisement posted by drummer Lars Ulrich in a local newspaper . The band 's current line @-@ up comprises founding members Hetfield and Ulrich , longtime lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo . Guitarist Dave Mustaine and bassists Ron McGovney , Cliff Burton and Jason Newsted are former members of the band . The band 's fast tempos , instrumentals , and aggressive musicianship placed them as one of the founding " big four " bands of thrash metal , alongside Anthrax , Megadeth , and Slayer . Metallica earned a growing fan base in the underground music community and won critical acclaim with its first four albums ; their third album Master of Puppets ( 1986 ) was described as one of the most influential and heaviest of thrash metal albums . The band expanded its musical direction and achieved substantial commercial success with its eponymous fifth album Metallica ( 1991 ) , which resulted in an album that appealed to a more mainstream audience . The album was also their first to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 , a feat that they also achieved on their following four studio albums . In 2000 , Metallica was among a number of artists who filed a lawsuit against Napster for sharing the band 's copyright @-@ protected material for free without consent from any band member . A settlement was reached and Napster became a pay @-@ to @-@ use service . The release of St. Anger ( 2003 ) alienated fans with the exclusion of guitar solos and the " steel @-@ sounding " snare drum , and a film titled Some Kind of Monster documented the recording of St. Anger and the tensions within the band during that time . The band returned to its original musical style with the release of Death Magnetic ( 2008 ) , and in 2009 , Metallica was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Metallica has released nine studio albums , four live albums , five extended plays , 26 music videos , and 37 singles . The band has won eight Grammy Awards and five of its albums have consecutively debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . The band 's eponymous 1991 album has sold over 16 million copies in the United States , making it the best @-@ selling album of the SoundScan era . Metallica ranks as one of the most commercially successful bands of all time , having sold over 110 million records worldwide . Metallica has been listed as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines , including Rolling Stone , which ranked them 61st on its list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . As of December 2012 , Metallica is the third @-@ best @-@ selling music artist since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991 , selling a total of 54 @.@ 26 million albums in the U.S. Metallica collaborated over a long period with producer Bob Rock , who produced four of the band 's studio albums between 1990 and 2003 and served as a temporary bassist during the production of St. Anger . In 2012 , Metallica formed the independent record label Blackened Recordings and took full ownership of its albums and videos . As of 2016 , the band is in production of its tenth studio album , which is expected to be released later in the year . = = History = = = = = Formation and early years ( 1981 – 82 ) = = = Metallica was formed in Los Angeles , California , in late 1981 when Danish @-@ born drummer Lars Ulrich placed an advertisement in a Los Angeles newspaper The Recycler , which read , " Drummer looking for other metal musicians to jam with Tygers of Pan Tang , Diamond Head and Iron Maiden . " Guitarists James Hetfield and Hugh Tanner of Leather Charm answered the advertisement . Although he had not formed a band , Ulrich asked Metal Blade Records founder Brian Slagel if he could record a song for the label 's upcoming compilation album Metal Massacre . Slagel accepted and Ulrich recruited Hetfield to sing and play rhythm guitar . The band was officially formed in October 1981 , five months after Ulrich and Hetfield first met . Ulrich talked to his friend Ron Quintana , who was brainstorming names for a fanzine . Quintana had proposed the names MetalMania and Metallica . Ulrich named his band Metallica . A second advertisement was placed in The Recycler for a position as lead guitarist . Dave Mustaine answered ; Ulrich and Hetfield recruited him after seeing his expensive guitar equipment . In early 1982 , Metallica recorded its first original song " Hit the Lights " for the Metal Massacre I compilation . Hetfield played bass on the song and Lloyd Grant was credited with a guitar solo . Metal Massacre I was released on June 14 , 1982 ; early pressings listed the band incorrectly as " Mettallica " . Although angered by the error , Metallica created enough " buzz " with the song and the band played its first live performance on March 14 , 1982 at Radio City in Anaheim , California , with newly recruited bassist Ron McGovney . The band 's first taste of live success came early ; they were chosen to open for British heavy metal band Saxon at one gig of their 1982 US tour . This was Metallica 's second gig . Metallica recorded its first demo , Power Metal , a name inspired by Quintana 's early business cards in early 1982 . The term " thrash metal " was coined by Kerrang ! ' s journalist Malcolm Dome in reference to Anthrax 's song " Metal Thrashing Mad " in Kerrang ! ' s issue 62 , page 8 , published on February 23 , 1984 . Prior to this , James Hetfield referred to Metallica 's sound as " power metal " . In late 1982 , Ulrich and Hetfield attended a show at the West Hollywood nightclub Whisky a Go Go , which featured bassist Cliff Burton in a band called Trauma . The two were " blown away " by Burton 's use of a wah @-@ wah pedal and asked him to join Metallica . Hetfield and Mustaine wanted McGovney to leave because they thought he " didn 't contribute anything , he just followed " . Although Burton initially declined the offer , by the end of the year he had accepted on the condition the band move to El Cerrito in the San Francisco Bay Area . Metallica 's first live performance with Burton was at the nightclub The Stone in March 1983 , and the first recording to feature Burton was the Megaforce demo ( 1983 ) . Metallica was ready to record their debut album , but when Metal Blade was unable to cover the cost , the band began looking for other options . Concert promoter Johny " Z " Zazula , who had heard the demo No Life ' til Leather ( 1982 ) , offered to broker a record deal between Metallica and New York City @-@ based record labels . After those record labels showed no interest , Zazula borrowed enough money to cover the recording budget and signed Metallica to his own label , Megaforce Records . = = = Kill ' Em All and Ride the Lightning ( 1983 – 85 ) = = = In May 1983 , Metallica traveled to Rochester , New York to record its debut album , Metal Up Your Ass , which was produced by Paul Curcio . The other members decided to eject Mustaine from the band because of his drug and alcohol abuse , and violent behavior just before the recording sessions on April 11 , 1983 . Exodus guitarist Kirk Hammett replaced Mustaine the same afternoon . Mustaine , who went on to found Megadeth , has expressed his dislike for Hammett in interviews , saying Hammett " stole " his job . Mustaine was " pissed off " because he believes Hammett became popular by playing guitar leads that Mustaine himself had written . In a 1985 interview with Metal Forces , Mustaine said , " it 's real funny how Kirk Hammett ripped off every lead break I 'd played on that No Life ' til Leather tape and got voted No. 1 guitarist in your magazine " . On Megadeth 's debut album Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! ( 1985 ) , Mustaine included the song " Mechanix " , which Metallica reworked and retitled " The Four Horsemen " on Kill ' Em All . Mustaine said he did this to " straighten Metallica up " because Metallica referred to Mustaine as a drunk and said he could not play guitar . Metallica 's first live performance with Hammett was on April 16 , 1983 , at a nightclub in Dover , New Jersey called The Showplace ; the support act was Anthrax 's original line @-@ up , which included Dan Lilker and Neil Turbin . This was the first time the two bands performed live together . Because of conflicts with its record label and the distributors ' refusal to release an album titled Metal Up Your Ass , the album was renamed Kill ' Em All . It was released on Megaforce Records in the U.S. and on Music for Nations in Europe , and peaked at number 155 on the Billboard 200 in 1986 . [ 1 ] Although the album was not initially a financial success , it earned Metallica a growing fan base in the underground metal scene . To support the release , Metallica embarked on the Kill ' Em All for One tour with Raven . In February 1984 , Metallica supported Venom on the Seven Dates of Hell tour , during which the bands performed in front of 7 @,@ 000 people at the Aardschok Festival in Zwolle , Netherlands . Metallica recorded its second studio album , Ride the Lightning , at Sweet Silence Studios in Copenhagen , Denmark . It was released in August 1984 and reached number 100 on the Billboard 200 . A French printing press mistakenly printed green covers for the album , which are now considered collectors ' items . Mustaine received writing credit for " Ride the Lightning " and " The Call of Ktulu " . Elektra Records A & R director Michael Alago , and co @-@ founder of Q @-@ Prime Management Cliff Burnstein , attended a Metallica concert in September 1984 . They were impressed with the performance , signed Metallica to Elektra , and made the band as a client of Q @-@ Prime Management . Metallica 's growing success was such that the band 's British label Music for Nations released Creeping Death as a limited edition single , which sold 40 @,@ 000 copies as an import in the U.S. Two of the three songs on the record — cover versions of Diamond Head 's " Am I Evil ? " and Blitzkrieg 's " Blitzkrieg " — appeared on the 1989 Elektra reissue of Kill ' Em All . Metallica embarked on its first major European tour with Tank to an average crowd of 1 @,@ 300 . Returning to the U.S. , it embarked upon a tour co @-@ headlining with W.A.S.P. and supported by Armored Saint . Metallica played its largest show at the Monsters of Rock festival at Donington Park , England , on August 17 , 1985 , with Bon Jovi and Ratt , playing to 70 @,@ 000 people . At a show in Oakland , California , at the Day on the Green festival , the band played to a crowd of 60 @,@ 000 . = = = Master of Puppets and Burton 's death ( 1986 – 87 ) = = = Metallica 's third studio album , Master of Puppets , was recorded at Sweet Silence Studios and was released in March 1986 . The album reached number 29 on the Billboard 200 and spent 72 weeks on the chart . It was the band 's first album to be certified gold on November 4 , 1986 , and was certified six times platinum in 2003 . Steve Huey of AllMusic considered the album " the band 's greatest achievement " . Following the release of the album , Metallica supported Ozzy Osbourne on a U.S. tour . Hetfield broke his wrist while skateboarding ; he continued with the tour , performing vocals , with guitar technician John Marshall playing rhythm guitar . On September 27 , 1986 , during the European leg of Metallica 's Damage , Inc . Tour , members drew cards to determine which bunks on the tour bus they would sleep in . Burton won and chose to sleep in Hammett 's bunk . At around sunrise near Dörarp , Sweden , the bus driver lost control and skidded , which caused the bus to overturn several times . Ulrich , Hammett , and Hetfield sustained no serious injuries ; however , bassist Burton was pinned under the bus and died . Hetfield said : I saw the bus lying right on him . I saw his legs sticking out . I freaked . The bus driver , I recall , was trying to yank the blanket out from under him to use for other people . I just went , ' Don 't fucking do that ! ' I already wanted to kill the [ bus driver ] . I don 't know if he was drunk or if he hit some ice . All I knew was , he was driving and Cliff wasn 't alive anymore . Burton 's death left Metallica 's future in doubt . The three remaining members decided Burton would want them to carry on , and with the Burton family 's blessings the band sought a replacement . Roughly 40 people , including Hammett 's childhood friend , Les Claypool of Primus , Troy Gregory of Prong , and Jason Newsted , formerly of Flotsam and Jetsam , auditioned for the band . Newsted learned Metallica 's entire set list ; after the audition Metallica invited him to Tommy 's Joynt in San Francisco . Hetfield , Ulrich , and Hammett decided on Newsted as Burton 's replacement ; Newsted 's first live performance with Metallica was at the Country Club in Reseda , California . The members initiated Newsted by tricking him into eating a ball of wasabi . After Newsted joined Metallica , the band left its El Cerrito practice space — a suburban house formerly rented by sound engineer Mark Whitaker dubbed " the Metalli @-@ mansion " — and relocated to the adjacent cities of Berkeley and Albany before eventually settling in the Marin County city of San Rafael , north of San Francisco . Metallica finished its tour in the early months of 1987 . In March 1987 , Hetfield again broke his wrist while skateboarding , forcing the band to cancel an appearance on Saturday Night Live . In August 1987 , an all @-@ covers extended play ( EP ) titled The $ 5 @.@ 98 E.P. : Garage Days Re @-@ Revisited was released . The EP was recorded in an effort to use the band 's newly constructed recording studio , test Newsted 's talents , and to relieve grief and stress following the death of Burton . A video titled Cliff ' Em All commemorating Burton 's three years in Metallica was released in 1987 ; the video included bass solos , home videos , and pictures . = = = ... And Justice for All and Metallica ( 1988 – 93 ) = = = Metallica 's first studio album since Burton 's death , ... And Justice for All , was released in 1988 . The album was a commercial success , reaching number six on the Billboard 200 , and was the band 's first album to enter the top 10 . The album was certified platinum nine weeks after its release . Newsted 's bass on the album was purposely attenuated as part of the continuous " hazing " he received , and his musical ideas were ignored — though he received writing credit for the track " Blackened " . There were complaints about the production ; Steve Huey of AllMusic said Ulrich 's drums were clicking more than thudding , and the guitars " buzz thinly " . To promote the album , Metallica embarked on a tour called Damaged Justice . In 1989 , Metallica received its first Grammy Award nomination for ... And Justice for All in the new Best Hard Rock / Metal Performance Vocal or Instrument category . Metallica was the favorite to win but the award was given to Jethro Tull for the album Crest of a Knave . The award was controversial with fans and the press ; Metallica was standing off @-@ stage waiting to receive the award after performing the song " One " . Jethro Tull had been advised by its manager not to attend the ceremony because he was expecting Metallica to win . The award was named in Entertainment Weekly 's " Grammy 's 10 Biggest Upsets " . Following the release of ... And Justice for All , Metallica released its debut music video for the song " One " , which the band performed in an abandoned warehouse . The footage was remixed with the film Johnny Got His Gun . Rather than organize an ongoing licensing deal , Metallica purchased the rights to the film . The remixed video was submitted to MTV with an alternative , performance @-@ only version that was held back in case MTV banned the remixed version . MTV accepted the remixed version ; the video was viewers ' first exposure to Metallica . In 1999 it was voted number 38 in 1999 in MTV 's " Top 100 Videos of All Time " countdown ; it was featured in the network 's 25th Anniversary edition of ADD Video , which showcased the most popular videos on MTV in the last 25 years . In October 1990 , Metallica entered One on One Recording 's studio in North Hollywood to record its next album . Bob Rock , who had worked with Aerosmith , The Cult , Bon Jovi , and Mötley Crüe , was hired as the producer . Metallica — also known as The Black Album — was remixed three times , cost US $ 1 million , and ended three marriages . Although the release was delayed until 1991 , Metallica debuted at number one in ten countries , selling 650 @,@ 000 units in the U.S. during its first week . The album brought Metallica mainstream attention ; it has been certified 16 times platinum in the U.S. , which makes it the 25th @-@ best @-@ selling album in the country . The making of Metallica and the following tour was documented in A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica . The tour in support of the album , called the Wherever We May Roam Tour , lasted 14 months and included dates in the U.S. , Japan , and the UK . In April 1992 , Metallica appeared at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert and performed a three @-@ song set . Hetfield later performed " Stone Cold Crazy " with the remaining members of Queen and Tony Iommi . On August 8 , 1992 , during the co @-@ headlining Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour , Hetfield suffered second and third degree burns to his arms , face , hands , and legs . There had been some confusion with the new pyrotechnics setup , which resulted in Hetfield walking into a 12 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) flame during " Fade to Black " . Newsted said Hetfield 's skin was " bubbling like on The Toxic Avenger " . Guitar technician John Marshall , who had previously filled in on rhythm guitar and was now playing in Metal Church , replaced Hetfield for the remainder of the tour ; Hetfield was unable to play guitar , although he was able to sing . Later in 1993 , Metallica went on the Nowhere Else to Roam Tour , playing five shows in Mexico City . Live Shit : Binge & Purge , the band 's first box set , was released in November 1993 . The collection contained three live CDs , three home videos , and a book filled with riders and letters . = = = Load , Reload , Garage Inc. and S & M ( 1994 – 99 ) = = = After almost three years of touring to promote the album Metallica , including a headlining performance at Woodstock ' 94 , Metallica returned to the studio to write and record its sixth studio album . The band went on a brief hiatus in the summer of 1995 and played three outdoor shows that included headlining at Donington Park , where it was supported by Slayer , Skid Row , Slash 's Snakepit , Therapy ? , and Corrosion of Conformity . The short tour was titled Escape from the Studio ' 95 . The band spent about a year writing and recording new songs , resulting in the release of Load in 1996 . Load debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and ARIA Charts ; it was the band 's second number one album . The cover art of Load , called Blood and Semen III , was created by Andres Serrano , who pressed a mixture of his own semen and blood between sheets of plexiglass . The release marked a change in the band 's musical direction and a new image ; band members ' hair was cut . Metallica headlined the alternative rock festival Lollapalooza in mid @-@ 1996 . During early production of the album , the band had recorded enough material to fill a double album . It was decided that half of the songs were to be released ; the band would continue to work on the remaining songs and release them the following year . This resulted in the follow @-@ up album , Reload . The cover art was again created by Serrano , this time using a mixture of blood and urine . Reload debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and reached number two on the Top Canadian Album chart . Hetfield said in the 2004 documentary film Some Kind of Monster that the band initially thought some of the songs on these albums were of average quality ; these were " polished and reworked " until judged to be releasable . To promote Reload , Metallica performed " Fuel " and " The Memory Remains " with Marianne Faithfull on NBC 's Saturday Night Live in December 1997 . In 1998 , Metallica compiled a double album of cover songs titled Garage Inc . The first disc contained newly recorded covers of songs by Diamond Head , Killing Joke , the Misfits , Thin Lizzy , Mercyful Fate , Black Sabbath , and others . The second disc featured the original version of The $ 5 @.@ 98 E.P. : Garage Days Re @-@ Revisited , which had become a scarce collectors ' item . The album entered the Billboard 200 at number two . On April 21 and 22 , 1999 , Metallica recorded two performances with the San Francisco Symphony conducted by Michael Kamen , who had previously worked with producer Rock on " Nothing Else Matters " . Kamen approached Metallica in 1991 with the idea of pairing the band 's music with a symphony orchestra . Kamen and his staff of over 100 composed additional orchestral material for Metallica songs . Metallica wrote two new Kamen @-@ scored songs for the event , " No Leaf Clover " and " -Human " . The audio recording and concert footage were released in 1999 as the album and concert film S & M. It entered the Billboard 200 at number two , and the Australian ARIA charts and Top Internet Albums chart at number one . = = = Napster controversy , Newsted 's departure and St. Anger ( 2000 – 05 ) = = = In 2000 , Metallica discovered that a demo of its song " I Disappear " , which was supposed to be released in combination with the Mission : Impossible II soundtrack , was receiving radio airplay . Tracing the source of the leak , the band found the file on the Napster peer @-@ to @-@ peer file @-@ sharing network , and also found that the band 's entire catalogue was freely available . Legal action was initiated against Napster ; Metallica filed a lawsuit at the U.S. District Court , Central District of California , alleging that Napster violated three areas of the law : copyright infringement , unlawful use of digital audio interface device , and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ( RICO ) . Ulrich provided a statement to the Senate Judiciary Committee regarding copyright infringement on July 11 , 2000 . Federal Judge Marilyn Hall Patel ordered the site to place a filter on the program within 72 hours or be shut down . A settlement between Metallica and Napster was reached when German media conglomerate Bertelsmann BMG showed interest in purchasing the rights to Napster for $ 94 million . Under the terms of settlement , Napster agreed to block users who shared music by artists who do not want their music shared . On June 3 , 2002 , Napster filed for Chapter 11 protection under U.S. bankruptcy laws . On September 3 , 2002 , an American bankruptcy judge blocked the sale of Napster to Bertelsmann and forced Napster to liquidate its assets according to Chapter 7 of the U.S. bankruptcy laws . At the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards , Ulrich appeared with host Marlon Wayans in a skit that criticized the idea of using Napster to share music . Marlon played a college student listening to Metallica 's " I Disappear " . Ulrich walked in and asked for an explanation . Ulrich responded to Wayans ' excuse that using Napster was just " sharing " by saying that Wayans ' idea of sharing was " borrowing things that were not yours without asking " . He called in the Metallica road crew , who proceeded to confiscate all of Wayans ' belongings , leaving him almost naked in an empty room . Napster creator Shawn Fanning responded later in the ceremony by presenting an award wearing a Metallica shirt , saying , " I borrowed this shirt from a friend . Maybe , if I like it , I 'll buy one of my own . " Ulrich was later booed on stage at the award show when he introduced the final musical act , Blink @-@ 182 . Newsted left Metallica on January 17 , 2001 , as plans were being made to enter the recording studio . His said he left the band for " private and personal reasons , and the physical damage I have done to myself over the years while playing the music that I love " . During a Playboy interview with Metallica , Newsted said he wanted to release an album with his side project , Echobrain . Hetfield was opposed to the idea and said , " When someone does a side project , it takes away from the strength of Metallica " , and that a side project is " like cheating on your wife in a way " . Newsted said Hetfield had recorded vocals for a song used in the film South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut , and appeared on two Corrosion of Conformity albums . Hetfield replied , " My name isn 't on those records . And I 'm not out trying to sell them " , and pondered questions such as , " Where would it end ? Does he start touring with it ? Does he sell shirts ? Is it his band ? " In April 2001 , filmmakers Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky began following Metallica to document the recording process of the band 's next studio album . Over two years they recorded more than 1 @,@ 000 hours of footage . On July 19 , 2001 , before preparations to enter the recording studio , Hetfield entered rehab to treat his " alcoholism and other addictions " . All recording plans were put on hold and the band 's future was in doubt . Hetfield left rehab on December 4 , 2001 , and the band returned to the recording studio on April 12 , 2002 . Hetfield was required to limit his work to four hours a day between noon and 4 pm , and to spend the rest of his time with his family . The footage recorded by Berlinger and Sinofsky was compiled into the documentary Some Kind of Monster , which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2004 . In the documentary , Newsted said his former bandmates ' decision to hire a therapist to help solve their problems which he felt they could have solved on their own was " really fucking lame and weak " . For the duration of the recording period , producer Bob Rock played bass on the album and in several live shows at which Metallica performed during that time . Once the record was completed in early 2003 , the band started to hold auditions for Newsted 's permanent replacement . Bassists Pepper Keenan , Jeordie White , Scott Reeder , Eric Avery , Danny Lohner , and Chris Wyse — among others — auditioned for the role . After three months of auditions , Robert Trujillo , formerly of Suicidal Tendencies and Ozzy Osbourne 's band , was chosen as the new bassist . As Metallica moved on , Newsted joined Canadian thrash metal band Voivod in 2002 , and was Trujillo 's replacement in Osbourne 's band during the 2003 Ozzfest tour , which included Voivod . In June 2003 , Metallica 's eighth studio album , St. Anger , debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , and drew mixed reactions from critics . Ulrich 's " steely " sounding snare drum and the absence of guitar solos received particular criticism . Kevin Forest Moreau of Shakingthrough.net said , " the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid @-@ level , processed rattle ; the drums don 't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all @-@ too @-@ turgid pace ; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel @-@ gazing " . Brent DiCrescenzo of Pitchfork Media described it as " an utter mess " . However , Blender magazine called it the " grimiest and grimmest of the band 's Bob Rock productions " , and New York Magazine called it " utterly raw and rocking " . The title track , " St. Anger " , won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004 ; it was used as the official theme song for WWE 's SummerSlam 2003 . Before the band 's set at the 2004 Download Festival , Ulrich was rushed to the hospital after having an anxiety seizure and was unable to perform . Hetfield searched for last @-@ minute volunteers to replace Ulrich . Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo and Slipknot drummer Joey Jordison volunteered . Lombardo performed " Battery " and " The Four Horsemen " , Ulrich 's drum technician Flemming Larsen performed " Fade to Black " , and Jordison performed the remainder of the set . Having toured for two years in support of St. Anger on the Summer Sanitarium Tour 2003 and the Madly in Anger with the World Tour , with multi @-@ platinum rock band Godsmack in support , Metallica took a break from performing and spent most of 2005 with friends and family . The band opened for The Rolling Stones at AT & T Park in San Francisco on November 13 and 15 , 2005 . = = = Death Magnetic , Lulu and Beyond Magnetic ( 2006 – 11 ) = = = In December 2006 , Metallica released a DVD titled The Videos 1989 – 2004 , which sold 28 @,@ 000 copies in its first week and entered the Billboard Top Videos chart at number three . Metallica recorded a guitar @-@ based interpretation of Ennio Morricone 's " The Ecstasy of Gold " for a tribute album titled We All Love Ennio Morricone , which was released in February 2007 . The track received a Grammy nomination at the 50th Grammy Awards for the category " Best Rock Instrumental Performance " . A recording of " The Ecstasy of Gold " has been played to introduce Metallica 's performances since the 1980s . Earlier that year , Metallica announced on its official website that after 15 years , long @-@ time producer Bob Rock would not be producing the band 's next studio album . Instead , the band chose to work with producer Rick Rubin . Metallica scheduled the release of Death Magnetic as September 12 , 2008 , and the band filmed a music video for the album 's first single , " The Day That Never Comes " . On September 2 , 2008 , a record store in France began selling copies of Death Magnetic nearly two weeks before its scheduled worldwide release date , which resulted in the album being made available on peer @-@ to @-@ peer clients . This prompted the band 's UK distributor Vertigo Records to officially release the album on September 10 , 2008 . Rumors of Metallica or Warner Bros. taking legal action against the French retailer were unconfirmed , though drummer Lars Ulrich responded to the leak by saying , " ... We 're ten days from release . I mean , from here , we 're golden . If this thing leaks all over the world today or tomorrow , happy days . Happy days . Trust me " , and , " By 2008 standards , that 's a victory . If you 'd told me six months ago that our record wouldn 't leak until 10 days out , I would have signed up for that . " Death Magnetic debuted at number one in the U.S. selling 490 @,@ 000 units ; Metallica became the first band to have five consecutive studio albums debut at number one in the history of the Billboard 200 . A week after its release , Death Magnetic remained at number one on the Billboard 200 and the European album chart ; it also became the fastest selling album of 2008 in Australia . Death Magnetic remained at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart for three consecutive weeks . Metallica was one of two artists whose album — the other being Jack Johnson 's album Sleep Through the Static — remained on the Billboard 200 for three consecutive weeks at number one in 2008 . Death Magnetic also remained at number one on Billboard 's Hard Rock , Modern Rock / Alternative and Rock album charts for five consecutive weeks . The album reached number one in 32 countries outside the U.S. , including the UK , Canada , and Australia . In November 2008 , Metallica 's record deal with Warner Bros. ended and the band considered releasing its next album through the internet . On January 14 , 2009 , it was announced that Metallica would be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 4 , 2009 , and that former bassist Jason Newsted — who left the band in 2001 — would perform with the band at the ceremony . Initially , it was announced that the matter had been discussed and that bassist Trujillo had agreed not to play because he " wanted to see the Black Album band " . However , during the band 's set of " Master of Puppets " and " Enter Sandman " , both Trujillo and Newsted were on stage . Ray Burton , father of the late Cliff Burton , accepted the honor on his behalf . Although he was not to be inducted with them , Metallica invited Dave Mustaine to take part in the induction ceremony . Mustaine declined because of his touring commitments in Europe . Metallica , Slayer , Megadeth , and Anthrax performed on the same bill for the first time on June 16 , 2010 , at Warsaw Babice Airport , Warsaw , as a part of the Sonisphere Festival series . The show in Sofia , Bulgaria , on June 22 , 2010 , was broadcast via satellite to cinemas . The bands also played concerts in Bucharest on June 26 , 2010 , and Istanbul on June 27 , 2010 . On June 28 , 2010 , Death Magnetic was certified 2X platinum by the RIAA . Metallica 's World Magnetic Tour ended in Melbourne on November 21 , 2010 . The band had been touring for over two years in support of Death Magnetic . To accompany the final tour dates in Australia and New Zealand , a live , limited edition EP of past performances in Australia called Six Feet Down Under was released . The EP was followed by Six Feet Down Under ( Part II ) , which was released on November 12 , 2010 . Part 2 contains a further eight songs recorded during the first two Oceanic Legs of the World Magnetic Tour . On November 26 , 2010 , Metallica released a live EP titled Live at Grimey 's , which was recorded in June 2008 at Grimey 's Record Store , just before the band 's appearance at Bonnaroo Music Festival that year . In a June 2009 interview with Italy 's Rock TV , Ulrich said Metallica was planning to continue touring until August 2010 , and that there were no plans for a tenth album . He said he was sure the band would collaborate with producer Rick Rubin again . According to Blabbermouth.net , the band was considering recording its next album in the second half of 2011 . In November 2010 , during an interview with The Pulse of Radio , Ulrich said Metallica would return to writing in 2011 . Ulrich said , " There 's a bunch of balls in the air for 2011 , but I think the main one is we really want to get back to writing again . We haven 't really written since , what , ' 06 , ' 07 , and we want to get back to kind of just being creative again . Right now we are going to just chill out and then probably start up again in , I 'd say , March or April , and start probably putting the creative cap back on and start writing some songs . " In an interview at the April 2011 Big Four concert , Robert Trujillo said Metallica will work with Rick Rubin again as producer for the new album and were " really excited to write some new music . There 's no shortage of riffage in Metallica world right now . " He added , " The first album with Rick was also the first album for me , so in a lot of ways , you 're kind of testing the water . Now that we 're comfortable with Rick and his incredible engineer , Greg Fidelman , who worked with Slayer , actually , on this last record — it 's my hero — it 's a great team . And it 's only gonna better ; I really believe that . So I 'm super @-@ excited . " In June 2011 , Rubin said Metallica had begun writing its new album . On November 9 , 2010 , Metallica announced it would be headlining the Rock in Rio festival in Rio de Janeiro on September 25 , 2011 . On December 13 , 2010 , the band announced it would again play as part of the " big four " during the Sonisphere Festival at Knebworth House , Hertfordshire , on July 8 , 2011 . It was the first time all of the " big four " members played on the same stage in the UK . On December 17 , 2010 , Another " big four " Sonisphere performance that would take place in France on July 9 was announced . On January 25 , 2011 , another " big four " performance on April 23 , 2011 , at the Empire Polo Club in Indio , California , was announced . It was the first time all of the " big four " members played on the same stage in the U.S. On February 17 , 2011 , a show in Gelsenkirchen , Germany , on July 2 , 2011 , was announced . On February 22 , a " big four " show in Milan on July 6 , 2011 , was announced . On March 2 , 2011 , another " big four " concert , which took place in Gothenburg on July 3 , 2011 , was announced . The final " big four " concert was in New York City , at Yankee Stadium , on September 14 , 2011 . On June 15 , 2011 , Metallica announced that recording sessions with singer @-@ songwriter Lou Reed had concluded . The album , which was titled Lulu , was recorded over several months and comprised ten songs based on Frank Wedekind 's " Lulu " plays Earth Spirit and Pandora 's Box . The album was released on October 31 , 2011 . The recording of the album was problematic at times ; Lars Ulrich later said Lou Reed challenged him to a " street fight " . On October 16 , 2011 , Robert Trujillo confirmed that the band was back in the studio and writing new material . He said , " The writing process for the new Metallica album has begun . We 've been in the studio with Rick Rubin , working on a couple of things , and we 're going to be recording during the most of next year . " Metallica was due to make its first appearance in India at the " India Rocks " concert , supporting the 2011 Indian Grand Prix . However , the concert was canceled when the venue was proven to be unsafe . Fans raided the stage during the event and the organizers were later arrested for fraud . Metallica made its Indian debut in Bangalore on October 30 , 2011 . On November 10 , it was announced that Metallica would headline the main stage on Saturday June 9 , 2012 , at the Download Festival at Donington Park and that the band would play the The Black Album in its entirety . Metallica celebrated its 30th anniversary by playing four shows at the Fillmore in San Francisco in December 2011 . The shows were exclusive to Met Club members and tickets were charged at $ 6 each or $ 19 @.@ 81 for all four nights . The shows consisted of songs from the band 's career and featured guest appearances by artists who had either helped or had influenced Metallica . These shows were notable because Lloyd Grant , Dave Mustaine , Jason Newsted , Glenn Danzig , Ozzy Osbourne , Jerry Cantrell , Apocalyptica , members of Diamond Head , and King Diamond joined Metallica on stage for all appropriate songs . In December 2011 , Metallica began releasing songs that were written for Death Magnetic but were not included on the album online . On December 13 , 2011 , the band released Beyond Magnetic , a digital EP release exclusively on iTunes . It was released on CD in January 2012 . = = = Metallica : Through the Never and tenth studio album ( 2012 – present ) = = = On February 7 , 2012 , Metallica announced that it would start a new music festival called Orion Music + More , which took place on June 23 and 24 , 2012 , in Atlantic City . Metallica also confirmed that it would headline the festival on both days and would perform two of its most critically acclaimed albums in their entirety : The Black Album on one night , and Ride the Lightning on the other . In a July 2012 interview with Canadian radio station 99 @.@ 3 The Fox , Ulrich said Metallica would not release its new album until at least early 2014 . In November 2012 , Metallica left Warner Bros. Records and launched an independent record label , Blackened Recordings , which will produce the band 's future releases . The band has acquired the rights to all of its studio albums , which will be reissued through the new label . Blackened releases will be distributed through Warner subsidiary Rhino Entertainment in the U.S. and elsewhere through Universal Music . On September 20 , 2012 , Metallica announced via its official website that a new DVD containing footage of shows it performed in Quebec in 2009 would be released that December ; fans would get the chance to vote for two setlists that would appear on the DVD . The film , titled Quebec Magnetic , was released in the U.S. on December 10 , 2012 . In an interview with Classic Rock on January 8 , 2013 , Ulrich said regarding the band 's upcoming album , " What we 're doing now certainly sounds like a continuation [ of Death Magnetic ] " . He also said , " I love Rick [ Rubin ] . We all love Rick . We 're in touch with Rick constantly . We 'll see where it goes . It would stun me if the record came out in 2013 . " Also in 2013 , the band starred in a 3D concert film titled Metallica : Through the Never , which was directed by Antal Nimród and was released in IMAX theaters on September 27 . In an interview dated July 22 , 2013 , Ulrich told Ultimate Guitar , " 2014 will be all about making a new Metallica record " ; he said the album will most likely be released during 2015 . Kirk Hammett and Robert Trujillo later confirmed the band 's intention to enter the studio . At the second Orion Music + More festival held in Detroit , the band played under the name " Dehaan " — a reference to actor Dane DeHaan , who starred in Metallica : Through the Never . The band performed its debut album Kill ' Em All in its entirety , celebrating the 30th anniversary of its release . On December 8 , 2013 , the band played a show called " Freeze ' Em All " in Antarctica , becoming the first band to play on all seven continents . The performance was filmed and released as a live album the same month . At the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in January 2014 , Metallica performed " One " with Chinese pianist Lang Lang . In March 2014 , Metallica began a tour called " Metallica By Request " , in which fans request songs for the band to perform . A new song , titled " Lords of Summer " was written for the concerts and released as a " first take " demo in June 2014 . In June 2014 , the band headlined the Glastonbury Festival in an attempt to attract new fans . Ulrich said , " We have one shot , you never know if you 'll be invited back " . In November 2014 , Metallica performed at the closing ceremony of BlizzCon 2014 . In January 2015 , Metallica announced a " Metallica Night " with the San Jose Sharks , which featured a Q & A session with the band and a charity auction benefiting the San Francisco Bay Chapter of the Sierra Club , but no performances . They were announced to headline Lollapalooza in March 2015 , returning to perform there for the first time in 20 years . On May 2 , 2015 , Metallica performed their third annual Metallica Day at AT & T Park . Metallica were also announced to play at X Games for the first time at X Games Austin 2015 in Austin , Texas . On June 14 , 2015 , Hetfield and Hammett performed The Star @-@ Spangled Banner live via electric guitars prior to game 5 of the NBA Finals between the Cleveland Cavaliers and Golden State Warriors at Oracle Arena in Oakland , California . In late October , the band unveiled a new website with an introduction from Ulrich containing footage from the studio of the band working on new material . On November 2 , Metallica were announced to play " The Night Before " Super Bowl 50 at AT & T Park . Metallica announced they would be opening the U.S. Bank Stadium on August 20 , 2016 , with Avenged Sevenfold and Volbeat as support . In April 2016 , during the week leading up to Record Store Day , for which the band was its ambassador for 2016 , Ulrich told Billboard that the band 's expanded role within the music industry had played a part in the amount of time that it had taken to write and record the album . " The way we do things now is very different than the way we did things back in the days of Kill ' Em All and Ride the Lightning . Nowadays we like to do so many different things . " Ulrich was also optimistic that production of the album had almost reached its completion . " Unless something radical happens it would be difficult for me to believe that it won 't come out in 2016 " . = = Style and lyrical themes = = Metallica was influenced by early heavy metal and hard rock bands and artists Black Sabbath , Deep Purple , Kiss , Led Zeppelin , Queen , Ted Nugent , AC / DC , Rush , Aerosmith , Judas Priest , and Scorpions . New wave of British heavy metal bands Venom , Motörhead , Saxon , Diamond Head , Blitzkrieg , and Iron Maiden , and early punk rock bands Ramones , Sex Pistols , and the Misfits also influenced Metallica 's style as did post @-@ punk band Killing Joke . The band 's early releases contained fast tempos , harmonized leads , and nine @-@ minute instrumental tracks . Steve Huey of AllMusic said Ride the Lightning featured " extended , progressive epics ; tight , concise groove @-@ rockers " . Huey said Metallica expanded its compositional technique and range of expression to take on a more aggressive approach in following releases , and lyrics dealt with personal and socially conscious issues . Religious and military leaders , rage , insanity , monsters , and drugs — among other themes — were explored on Master of Puppets . In 1991 , Huey said Metallica with new producer Bob Rock simplified and streamlined its music for a more commercial approach to appeal to mainstream audiences . Robert Palmer of Rolling Stone said the band abandoned its aggressive , fast tempos to expand its music and expressive range . The change in direction proved commercially successful ; Metallica was the band 's first album to peak at number one on the Billboard 200 . Metallica noticed changes to the rock scene created by the grunge movement of the early 1990s . In Load — an album that has been described as having " an almost alternative rock " approach — the band changed musical direction and focused on non @-@ metal influences . Metallica 's new lyrical approach moved away from drugs and monsters , and focused on anger , loss , and retribution . Some fans and critics were not pleased with this change , which included haircuts , the cover art of Load , and headlining the alternative rock concert Lollapalooza . David Fricke of Rolling Stone described the move as " goodbye to the moldy stricture and dead @-@ end Puritanism of no @-@ frills thrash " , and called Load the heaviest record of 1996 . With the release of ReLoad in 1997 , the band displayed blues and early hard rock influences , incorporating more rhythm and harmony in song structures . St. Anger marked another large change in the band 's sound . Guitar solos were excluded from the album , leaving a " raw and unpolished sound " . The band used drop C tuning ; Ulrich 's snare drum received particular criticism . New York Magazine 's Ethan Brown said it " reverberates with a thwong " . The album 's lyrics deal with Hetfield 's drug rehabilitation and include references to the devil , anti @-@ drug themes , claustrophobia , impending doom , and religious hypocrisy . At the advice of producer Rick Rubin , for its ninth studio album Death Magnetic , the band returned to standard tuning and guitar solos . As a return to Metallica 's thrash roots , Death Magnetic was a riff @-@ oriented album featuring intense guitar solos and subtle lyrics dealing with suicide and redemption . = = Legacy and influence = = Metallica has become one of the most influential heavy metal bands of all time , and is credited as one of the " big four " of thrash metal , along with Slayer , Anthrax , and Megadeth . The band has sold more than 110 million records worldwide , including an RIAA @-@ certified 66 million and Nielsen SoundScan @-@ reported 53 @,@ 642 @,@ 000 in the U.S. , making Metallica one of the most commercially successful bands of all time . The writers of The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll said Metallica gave heavy metal " a much @-@ needed charge " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine and Greg Prato of Allmusic said Metallica " expanded the limits of thrash , using speed and volume not for their own sake , but to enhance their intricately structured compositions " , and called the band " easily the best , most influential heavy metal band of the ' 80s , responsible for bringing the music back to Earth " . Jonathan Davis of Korn said he respects Metallica as his favorite band ; he said , " I love that they 've done things their own way and they 've persevered over the years and they 're still relevant to this day . I think they 're one of the greatest bands ever . " Godsmack drummer Shannon Larkin said Metallica has been the biggest influence on the band , stating , " they really changed my life when I was 16 years old — I 'd never heard anything that heavy " . Vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn of Machine Head said that when creating the band 's 2007 album , The Blackening , " What we mean is an album that has the power , influence and epic grandeur of that album Master of Puppets — and the staying power — a timeless record like that " . Trivium guitarists Corey Beaulieu and Matt Heafy said that when they heard Metallica they wanted to start playing guitar . M. Shadows of Avenged Sevenfold said touring with Metallica was the band 's career highlight , and said , " Selling tons of records and playing huge shows will never compare to meeting your idols Metallica " . God Forbid guitarists Doc and Dallas Coyle were inspired by Metallica as they grew up , and the band 's bassist John Outcalt admires Burton as a " rocker " . Ill Niño drummer Dave Chavarri said he finds early Metallica releases are " heavy , raw , rebellious . It said , ' fuck you ' " , and Adema drummer Kris Kohls said the band is influenced by Metallica . Kerrang ! released a tribute album titled Master of Puppets : Remastered with the April 8 , 2006 , edition of the magazine to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Master of Puppets . The album featured cover versions of Metallica songs by Machine Head , Bullet for My Valentine , Chimaira , Mastodon , Mendeed , and Trivium — all of which are influenced by Metallica . At least 15 Metallica tribute albums have been released . On September 10 , 2006 , Metallica guest starred on The Simpsons ' eighteenth season premiere , " The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer " . Hammett 's and Hetfield 's voices were used in three episodes of the animated television series Metalocalypse . Finnish cello metal band Apocalyptica released a tribute album titled Plays Metallica by Four Cellos , which features eight Metallica songs played on cellos . A parody band named Beatallica plays music using a combination of The Beatles and Metallica songs . Beatallica faced legal troubles when Sony , which owns The Beatles ' catalog , issued a cease and desist order , claiming " substantial and irreparable injury " and ordering the group to pay damages . Ulrich , a fan of Beatallica , asked Metallica 's lawyer Peter Paterno to help settle the case . MTV ranked Metallica the third " Greatest Heavy Metal Band in History " , was listed fifth on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock , and the band was number one on VH1 's 20 Greatest Metal Bands list . Rolling Stone placed the band 61st on its list of " The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time " ; its albums Master of Puppets and Metallica were ranked at numbers 167 and 252 respectively on the magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . Master of Puppets was named in Q Magazine 's " 50 Heaviest Albums of All Time " , and was ranked number one on IGN 's " Top 25 Metal Albums " , and number one on Metal @-@ rules.com 's " Top 100 Heavy Metal Albums " list . " Enter Sandman " was ranked number 399 on Rolling Stone 's " 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " . On March 7 , 1999 , Metallica was inducted into the San Francisco Walk of Fame . The mayor of San Francisco , Willie Brown , proclaimed the day " Official Metallica Day " . The band was awarded the MTV Icon award in 2003 , and a concert paying tribute to the band with artists performing its songs was held . Performances included Sum 41 and a medley of " For Whom the Bell Tolls " , " Enter Sandman " , and " Master of Puppets " . Staind covered " Nothing Else Matters " , Avril Lavigne played " Fuel " , hip @-@ hop artist Snoop Dogg performed " Sad but True " , Korn played " One " , and Limp Bizkit performed " Welcome Home ( Sanitarium ) " . The Guitar Hero video game series included several of Metallica 's songs . " One " was used in Guitar Hero III . The album Death Magnetic was later released as purchasable , downloadable content for the game . " Trapped Under Ice " was featured in the sequel , Guitar Hero World Tour . In 2009 , Metallica collaborated with the game 's developers to make Guitar Hero : Metallica , which included a number of Metallica 's songs . Harmonix ' video game series Rock Band included " Enter Sandman " ; " Ride the Lightning " , " Blackened " , and " ... And Justice for All " were released as downloadable tracks . In 2013 , due to expiring content licenses , " Ride the Lightning " , " Blackened " , and " ... And Justice for All " are no longer available for download . = = Band members = = = = = Timeline = = = = = Awards = = Grammy Awards 1990 : Best Metal Performance – " One " 1991 : Best Metal Performance – " Stone Cold Crazy " 1992 : Best Metal Performance – Metallica 1999 : Best Metal Performance – " Better than You " 2000 : Best Hard Rock Performance – " Whiskey in the Jar " 2001 : Best Rock Instrumental Performance – " The Call of Ktulu " 2004 : Best Metal Performance – " St. Anger " 2009 : Best Metal Performance – " My Apocalypse " 2009 : Best Recording Package – Death Magnetic = = Discography = = Kill ' Em All ( 1983 ) Ride the Lightning ( 1984 ) Master of Puppets ( 1986 ) ... And Justice for All ( 1988 ) Metallica ( 1991 ) Load ( 1996 ) Reload ( 1997 ) St. Anger ( 2003 ) Death Magnetic ( 2008 ) Untitled tenth album ( 2016 ) = Patrick Hastings = Sir Patrick Gardiner Hastings KC ( 17 March 1880 – 26 February 1952 ) was a British barrister and politician noted for his long and highly successful career as a barrister and his short stint as Attorney General . He was educated at Charterhouse School until 1896 , when his family moved to continental Europe . There he learnt to shoot and ride horses , allowing him to join the Suffolk Imperial Yeomanry after the outbreak of the Second Boer War . After demobilisation he worked briefly as an apprentice to an engineer in Wales before moving to London to become a barrister . Hastings joined the Middle Temple as a student on 4 November 1901 , and after two years of saving money for the call to the Bar he finally qualified as a barrister on 15 June 1904 . Hastings first rose to prominence as a result of the Case of the Hooded Man in 1912 , and became noted for his skill at cross @-@ examinations . After his success in Gruban v Booth in 1917 , his practice steadily grew , and in 1919 he became a King 's Counsel ( KC ) . Following various successes as a KC in cases such as Sievier v Wootton and Russell v Russell , his practice was put on hold in 1922 when he was returned as the Labour Member of Parliament for Wallsend . Hastings was appointed Attorney General for England and Wales in 1924 , by the first Labour government , and knighted . His authorisation of the prosecution of J. R. Campbell in what became known as the Campbell Case , however , led to the fall of the government after less than a year in power . Following his resignation in 1926 to allow Margaret Bondfield to take a seat in Parliament , Hastings returned to his work as a barrister , and was even more successful than before his entry into the House of Commons . His cases included the Savidge Inquiry and the Royal Mail Case , and before his full retirement in 1948 he was one of the highest paid barristers at the English Bar . As well as his legal work , Hastings also tried his hand at writing plays . Although these had a mixed reception , The River was made into a silent film in 1927 named The Notorious Lady . Following strokes in 1948 and 1949 , his activities became heavily restricted , and he died at home on 26 February 1952 . = = Early life = = Hastings was born on 17 March 1880 in London to Alfred Gardiner Hastings and Kate Comyns Carr , a painter and the sister of J. Comyns Carr . Having been born on Saint Patrick 's Day Hastings was named after the saint . His father was a solicitor with " somewhat seedy clients " , and the family were repeatedly bankrupted . Despite financial difficulties , there was enough money in the family to send Hastings to a private preparatory school in 1890 and to Charterhouse School in 1894 . Hastings disliked school , saying " I hated the bell which drove us up in the morning , I hated the masters ; above all I hated the work , which never interested me in the slightest degree " . He was bullied at both the preparatory school and at Charterhouse , and did not excel at either sports or his studies . By 1896 the family had hit another period of financial trouble , and Hastings left Charterhouse to move to continental Europe with his mother and older brother Archie until there was enough money for the family to return to London . The family initially moved to Ajaccio in Corsica , where they bought several old guns and taught Hastings and his brother how to shoot . After six months in Ajaccio the family moved again , this time to the Ardennes , where they also learnt how to fish and ride horses . While they were in the Ardennes , Hastings and his brother were arrested and briefly held for murder . While attending a fête in a nearby village Archie got into a disagreement with the local priest , who accused him of insulting the French church after misunderstanding one of his comments . The brothers returned to see the priest the next day to demand an apology , and after receiving it , they began to return home . On the way there they were stopped by two gendarmes who arrested them for murder , informing them that the priest had been found dead ten minutes after they left his house . As the gendarmes prepared to take the Hastings to the police station , two more officers turned up with a villager in handcuffs . It transpired that the priest had been having an affair with the villager 's sister , and after waiting for the Hastingses to leave he had entered the priest 's house and killed him with a brick . The Hastingses were quickly released . Soon after this incident , the family moved from the Ardennes to Brussels after a message from their father that the financial problems had ended . When they reached Brussels they found that the situation was actually worse than previously , and the family moved between cheap hotels , each one worse than the one before . Desperate for a job , Hastings accepted the offer of an apprenticeship with an English engineer who claimed to have made a machine to extract gold in North Wales . After about a year and a half of work they discovered that there was no gold to be found in that part of Wales , and Hastings was informed that his services would no longer be needed . = = Military service and call to the Bar = = Hastings left the failed mining operation in 1899 , and travelled to London . Just after he arrived , the Second Boer War broke out , and the British government called for volunteers to join an expeditionary force . The only qualifications required were that the recruit could ride and shoot , and Hastings immediately applied to join the Suffolk Imperial Yeomanry . He was accepted , and after two weeks of training the regiment were given horses and boarded the S.S. Goth Castle to South Africa . The ship reached Cape Town after three weeks , and the regiment disembarked . Their horses were considered too weak to be ridden , and so they were instead discharged and either put down or given to other soldiers . Hastings did not enjoy his time in the army ; the weather was poor , the orders given were confusing and they were provided with minimal equipment . Hastings was made a scout , a duty he thoroughly enjoyed ; it meant that he got to the targeted farms first , and had time to steal chickens and other food before the Royal Military Police arrived ( as looting was a criminal offence ) . Hastings was not a model soldier ; as well as looting , he estimated that by the time he left the army he had " been charged and tried upon almost every offence known to military law " . After two years of fighting , the Treaty of Vereeniging was signed in 1902 , bringing an end to the Second Boer War , and his regiment was returned to London and demobilised . By the time Hastings returned , he had decided to become a barrister . There were various problems with this aim : in particular , he had no money , and the training for barristers was extremely expensive . Despite this , he refused to consider a change of career , and joined the Middle Temple as a student on 4 November 1901 . It is uncertain why he chose this particular Inn of Court ( his uncle J. Comyns Carr , his only connection with the Bar , was a member of the Inner Temple ) , but the most likely explanation was that the Middle Temple was popular with Irish barristers , and Hastings was of Irish ancestry . The examinations required to become a barrister were not particularly difficult or expensive , but once a student passed all the exams he would be expected to pay the then @-@ enormous sum of £ 100 when he was called to the Bar – £ 100 in 1901 would be worth approximately £ 9 @,@ 800 in 2015 – and Hastings was literally penniless . As soon as he joined the Middle Temple , Hastings began saving money for his call to the Bar , starting with half a crown from the sale of his Queen 's South Africa Medal to a pawnbroker . The rules and regulations of the Inns of Court meant that a student was not allowed to work as a " tradesperson " but there was no rule against working as a journalist , and his cousin Philip Carr , a drama critic for the Daily News , got him a job writing a gossip column for the News for one pound a week . This job lasted about three months ; both he and Carr were fired after Hastings wrote a piece for the paper that should have been done by Carr . Despite this , his new contacts within journalism allowed him to get temporary jobs writing play reviews for the Pall Mall Gazette and the Ladies ' Field . After two years of working eighteen @-@ hour days he had saved £ 60 of the £ 100 needed to be called to the Bar , but had still not studied for the examinations as he could not afford to buy any law books . Over the next year his income decreased , as he was forced to study for the examinations rather than work for newspapers . By the end of May 1904 he had the £ 100 needed , and he was called to the bar on 15 June . = = Career as a barrister = = At the time , there was no organised way for a new barrister to find a pupil master or set of chambers , and in addition the barrister would be expected to pay the pupil master between 50 and 100 guineas ( equivalent to between £ 5 @,@ 100 and £ 10 @,@ 200 in 2015 ) . This was out of the question for Hastings ; thanks to the cost of his call to the Bar , he was so poor that his wig and robes had to be bought on credit . Instead he wandered around Middle Temple and by chance ran into Frederick Corbet , the only practising barrister he knew . After Hastings explained his situation , Corbet offered him a place in his set of chambers , which Hastings immediately accepted . Although he now had a place in chambers , Hastings had no way of getting a pupillage ( Corbet only dealt with Privy Council cases ) and he instead decided to teach himself by watching cases at the Royal Courts of Justice . Hastings was lucky : the first case he saw involved Rufus Isaacs , Henry Duke and Edward Carson , three of the most distinguished English barristers of the early 20th century . For the next six weeks until the court vacation , Hastings followed these three barristers from court to court " like a faithful hound " . = = = Finding a tenancy = = = At the start of the court vacation in August 1904 , Hastings decided that it would be best to find a tenancy in a more prestigious set of chambers ; Corbet only dealt with two or three cases a year , and solicitors were unlikely to give briefs to a barrister of whom they had never heard . The set of chambers below Corbet 's was run by Charles Gill , a well @-@ respected barrister . Hastings would be able to improve his career through an association with Gill , but Gill did not actually know Hastings and had no reason to offer him a place in his chambers . Hastings decided he would spend the court vacation writing a law book , and introduce himself to Gill by asking if he would mind having the book dedicated to him . Hastings wrote the book on the subject of the law relating to money @-@ lending , something he knew very little about . He got around this by including large extracts from the judgements in cases related to money @-@ lending , which increased the size of the book and reduced how much he would actually have to write . Hastings finished the book just before the court vacation ended , and presented the draft to Gill immediately . Gill did not offer Hastings a place in his chambers but instead gave him a copy of a brief " to see if he could make a note on it that would be any use to [ Gill ] " . He spent hours writing notes and " did everything to the brief except set it to music " , before returning it to a pleased Gill , who let him take away another brief . Over the next two years Gill allowed him to work on nearly every case he appeared in . Eventually he was noticed by solicitors , who left briefs for him rather than for Gill . By the end of his first year as a barrister , he had earned 60 guineas , and by the end of his second year he had earned £ 200 ( equivalent to approximately £ 6 @,@ 100 and £ 19 @,@ 400 respectively in 2015 ) . On 1 June 1906 , Hastings married Mary Grundy , the daughter of retired Lieutenant Colonel F. L. Grundy , at All Saints ' Church , Kensington . They had met through his uncle J. Comyns Carr 's family , who had brought Hastings to dinner at the Grundys ' house . After several meetings Hastings proposed , but the wedding was put off for a long time due to his lack of money . In January 1906 , Hastings became the temporary secretary of John Simon , who had just become a Member of Parliament , and when he left the position Simon gave him a cheque for £ 50 . Hastings and his fiancée had " never had so much money before " , and on the strength of this they decided to get married . His marriage changed his outlook on life : he now realised that to provide for his wife he would need to work a lot harder at getting cases . To do that he would need to join a well @-@ respected set of chambers ; although Gill was giving him briefs he was still in Corbet 's chambers , which saw little business . Hastings approached Gill and asked him for a place in his chambers . Gill 's chambers were full but he did suggest a well @-@ respected barrister named F. E. Smith , and Hastings went to see him with a letter of recommendation from Gill . Smith was out and Hastings instead spoke to his clerk ; the two did not get on , and Hastings left without securing a place . Hastings later described this as " the most fortunate moment of my whole career " . Directly below Smith 's chambers were those of Horace Avory , one of the most noted barristers of the 19th and early 20th centuries . As he prepared to return home , Hastings was informed that Chartres Biron ( one of the barristers who occupied Avory 's chambers ) had been appointed a Metropolitan Magistrate , which freed up a space in the chambers . He immediately went to Avory 's clerk and got him to introduce Hastings to Avory . Avory initially refused to give Hastings a place in the chambers , but after Hastings lost his temper and exclaimed that " if he didn 't want me to help him it would leave me more time to myself " , Avory laughed and changed his mind . = = = His own chambers = = = In 1910 , Horace Avory became a judge . Hastings first found out when he read the report in the morning newspapers , and was dismayed that he would again have to search for a tenancy at another chambers . He instead had the idea that he could take over Avory 's chambers himself , allowing him to avoid the trouble of finding a new tenancy . Maintaining a set of chambers was very expensive , however ; as well as paying the rent , the head of chambers would be expected to pay the clerks . Hastings suggested to Avory that Avory could pay the rent , and Hastings would then pay him back when he had the money . Despite Avory 's reputation as " cold and hard " he agreed to this idea , and even let Hastings keep the furniture , including Avory 's valuable chair which had once belonged to Harry Poland . Although this was a good start , Hastings was not a particularly well @-@ known barrister , and cases were few and far between . To get around the lack of funds Hastings accepted a pupil , and for the next year Hastings lived almost exclusively off the fees that the pupil paid him . To maintain the appearance of an active and busy chamber Hastings had his clerk borrow papers from other barristers and give them to the pupil to work on , claiming that they were cases of Hastings . = = = = The Case of the Hooded Man = = = = His first major case was " The Case of the Hooded Man " . On 9 October 1912 , the driver of a horse @-@ drawn carriage noticed a crouching man near the front door of the house of Countess Flora Sztaray in Eastbourne . Sztaray was known to possess large amounts of valuable jewellery and to be married to a rich Hungarian nobleman , and assuming that the crouching man was a burglar the driver immediately called the police . Inspector Arthur Walls was sent to investigate , and ordered the man to come down . The man fired two shots , the first of which struck and killed Walls . A few days after the murder , a former medical student named Edgar Power contacted the police , showing them a letter that he claimed had been written by the murderer . It read " If you would save my life come here at once to 4 Tideswell Road . Ask for Seymour . Bring some cash with you . Very Urgent . " Power told the police that the letter had been written by a friend of his called John Williams , who he claimed had visited Sztaray 's house to burgle it before killing the policeman and fleeing . Williams then met with his girlfriend Florence Seymour and explained what had happened . The two decided to bury the gun on the beach and send a letter to Williams ' brother asking for money to return to London , which was then given to Powers . Powers helped the police perform a sting operation , telling Seymour that the police knew what had happened and that the only way to save Williams was to dig up the gun and move it to somewhere more safe . When Seymour and Powers went to do this , several policemen ( who had been lying in wait ) immediately arrested her and Powers ( who was released a few hours later ) . Seymour was in a poor condition both physically and mentally , and after a few hours she wrote and signed a statement which incriminated Williams . Powers again helped the police , convincing Williams to meet him at Moorgate station , where Williams was arrested by the police and charged with the murder of Arthur Walls . Williams maintained that he was innocent of the murder and burglary . Williams ' case came to trial on 12 December 1912 at Lewes Assizes , with Hastings for the defence . Despite a strong argument and little direct evidence against Williams , he was found guilty and sentenced to death . The case generated large amounts of publicity , as well as an appeal hearing at which Hastings demonstrated his legal skills . The case established him as an excellent barrister , particularly when it came to cross @-@ examination . He was commended by both the initial judge , Arthur Channell , and the presiding judge hearing the appeal , Lord Alverstone , for his skill in his defence of Williams . The advertisement this case gave of his skills allowed him to move some of his practice from the county courts to the High Court of Justice , where his work slowly increased in value and size . The case made his name well @-@ known and helped bring him work , but he still mainly worked on cases in the county courts . These did not pay particularly well , and to get around this lack of money his clerk had him take on six new pupils at once . The short length of county court cases and the number of cases Hastings got meant that he dealt with up to six cases in a single day , running from court to court with his pupils in a " Mafeking procession " which he later described as " the forerunners of the modern Panzer division " . = = = = First World War = = = = Shortly before the outbreak of the First World War , Hastings and his family were preparing to travel to Germany for a holiday . On the day of departure he received a note from a client , which read " You tell me you are going to Germany . Don 't go , we shall be at war within forty @-@ eight hours " . Hastings heeded this warning , and remained in England – war was declared between Britain and Germany less than two days later . Hastings himself volunteered to serve in the armed forces , but was rejected as medically unfit . = = = = Gruban v Booth = = = = His next noted civil case was that of Gruban v Booth . John Gruban was a German @-@ born businessman , originally named Johann Wilhelm Gruban , who had come to England in 1893 to work for an engineering company , Haigh and Company . By 1913 he had turned the business from an almost @-@ bankrupt company to a successful manufacturer of machine tools , and at the outbreak of the First World War it was one of the first companies to produce machine tools used to make munitions . This made Gruban a major figure in a now @-@ large market , and he attempted to raise £ 5 @,@ 000 to expand his business ( equivalent to approximately £ 432 @,@ 700 in 2015 ) . On independent advice , he contacted Frederick Handel Booth , a noted Liberal Member of Parliament who was chairman of the Yorkshire Iron and Coal Company and had led the government inquiry into the Marconi scandal . When Gruban contacted Booth , Booth told him that he could do " more for [ your ] company than any man in England " , claiming that David Lloyd George ( at the time Minister of Munitions ) and many other important government officials were close friends . With £ 3 @,@ 500 borrowed from his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Booth immediately invested in Gruban 's company . Booth worked his way into the company with a string of false claims about his influence , and finally became chairman of the Board of Directors by claiming that it was the only way to avoid Gruban being interned due to his German origin . As soon as this happened , he cut Gruban out of the company , leaving him destitute , and eventually arranged for him to be interned . Gruban successfully appealed against the internment , and brought Booth to court . The case of Gruban v Booth opened on 7 May 1917 in the King 's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice in front of Mr Justice Coleridge . Patrick Hastings and Hubert Wallington represented Gruban , while Booth was represented by Rigby Swift KC and Douglas Hogg . The trial attracted such public interest that on the final day the barristers found it physically difficult to get through the crowds surrounding the Law Courts . While both Rigby Smith and Douglas Hogg were highly respected barristers , Booth 's cross @-@ examination by Hastings was so skilfully done that the jury took only ten minutes to find that he had been fraudulent ; they awarded Gruban £ 4 @,@ 750 ( about £ 240 @,@ 100 in 2015 ) . = = = King 's Counsel = = = His success in Gruban v Booth allowed Hastings to switch his practice from the county courts to the High Court , and at the beginning of Hilary term 1919 he applied to become a King 's Counsel ( KC ) . Becoming a KC was a risk ; he would go from competing with other junior barristers to coming up against the finest minds in the profession . Despite this he decided to take the risk , and he was accepted later that year . = = = = Select Committee of the House of Lords = = = = His first major case as a King 's Counsel was representing a Colonel Bersey at the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Women 's Royal Air Force . Bersey was a senior officer of the Women 's Royal Air Force ( WRAF ) , and along with several other officers he had been accused of conspiring to have the WRAF Commandant , Violet Douglas @-@ Pennant , removed from office to cover up " rife immorality " going on at WRAF camps . Lord Stanhope formed a House of Lords Select Committee to investigate these claims , and it began sitting on 14 October 1918 . Hastings took the lead in cross @-@ examining Douglas @-@ Pennant . She accused Bersey and others of promoting this " rife immorality " and not having the best interests of the WRAF at heart . When cross examined , however , she was unable to provide any evidence of this " rife immorality " or any kind of a conspiracy , saying that she could not find any specific instance of " immorality " at the camps she visited and that it was " always rumour " . After three weeks the committee dismissed all witnesses . The final report was produced in December 1919 , and found that Douglas @-@ Pennant had been completely unable to substantiate her claims and was deserving " of the gravest censure " . As a result , Douglas @-@ Pennant was never again employed by the government . = = = = Libel and divorce = = = = During his time at the Bar , Hastings was involved in a variety of libel cases and in a divorce case which significantly changed the law relating to the admission of evidence from spouses regarding the legitimacy or illegitimacy of a child . His first significant libel case was Siever v Wootton . Robert Sievier was a well @-@ known horse racing journalist and owner with a reputation for brushes with the law and underhanded dealings , having previously been tried for blackmail and acquitted on a technicality . In 1913 he accused Richard Wootton , a noted trainer of racehorses , of ordering his jockeys to withdraw from races if he had bet on another horse so as to allow him to make large amounts of money . Wootton sued him for libel and won , but was granted only a symbolic farthing in damages because the jury thought that Sievier had not intended to cause harm . As a result of this pyrrhic victory , Wootton held a grudge against Sievier for many years . As revenge , Wootton wrote a pamphlet titled Incidents in the Public Life of Robert Standish Sievier in which he claimed that Sievier had been expelled from the Victoria Racing Club , twice been declared bankrupt , cheated a man of £ 600 in a game of billiards and blackmailed another for £ 5 @,@ 000 . The pamphlet was released on the day of the Grand National and distributed widely through the crowds , and in response Sievier sued Wootton for libel . Sievier appeared without a lawyer , while Wotton was represented by Sir Edward Carson KC , Hastings , and E. H. Spence . After the second day of the trial , Carson was called away to Ireland on political business , and Hastings was forced to act as the primary counsel for Wootton . Hastings destroyed Sievier 's reputation in cross @-@ examination , and the jury decided in Wootton 's favour . In 1922 , he became involved in Russell v Russell , which eventually went to the House of Lords , who set a common law rule that evidence about the legitimacy or illegitimacy of children born in marriage is inadmissible if it is given by either spouse . Mr Russell , later Lord Ampthill , married Mrs Russell in 1918 , with both spouses agreeing that they did not want to have children . In October 1921 Mrs Russell gave birth to a son , Geoffrey Russell , and Mr Russell immediately filed for divorce and to have the child declared a bastard . He claimed that the child could not be his because he had not had sexual intercourse with his wife since August 1920 . Hastings represented Mrs Russell in the initial trial at the High Court and lost ; the decision was appealed to the Court of Appeal , where he again lost . The case was then sent to the House of Lords , who by a majority of three to two ( with Lord Birkenhead giving the leading judgment ) overturned the previous judgments and said that Mr Russell 's evidence as to the legitimacy of his son was inadmissible . Hastings did not represent Mrs Russell in the House of Lords case , however , because by this point he was already Attorney General . = = Politics = = Hastings first became involved in politics after the First World War , when he joined the Liberal Party to help improve social conditions for the poorer people of the United Kingdom . He was being prepared to be the Liberal candidate for Ilford in the 1918 general election but grew disheartened by the Liberal alliance with the Conservative Party , and also by the divisions in the party ; as a result , he gave up the candidacy . Hastings eventually switched sides and joined the Labour Party . His conversion , especially in the light of later events , was regarded by some as suspect : his entry in the Dictionary of Labour Biography reports speculation that Hastings foresaw that Labour may come to Government and had few senior lawyers to fill the Law Officer posts . John Paton , after speaking from the same Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) platform as Hastings , came to the conclusion that Hastings gave political speeches using his skill as a lawyer to master a brief ; on the train home , Hastings appeared not to have heard of the ILP . After an interview with Sidney and Beatrice Webb he became the Labour candidate for Wallsend in December 1920 . Beatrice Webb was later to write in her diaries that Hastings was " without any sincerely held public purpose " and " an unpleasant type of clever pleader and political arriviste , who jumped into the Labour Party just before the 1922 election , when it had become clear that the Labour Party was the alternative government and it had not a single lawyer of position attached to it " . However Hastings was returned for Wallsend with a majority of 2 @,@ 823 in the 1922 general election . After returning to London from Wallsend , he attended a full meeting of Labour MPs to decide who would become the Party Chairman . This effectively meant choosing the leader of Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition , because Labour was the largest opposition party in the House of Commons . The two candidates were Ramsay MacDonald and J. R. Clynes , and Hastings , who supported MacDonald , persuaded six new MPs to support him . MacDonald was elected by a margin of only five votes , and Hastings later regretted his support . Hastings was indeed Labour 's only experienced barrister in the House of Commons at that time , and immediately became a frontbencher and the party 's main spokesman on legal matters . He made his debut speech on 22 February 1923 against the Rent Restrictions Bill , an amendment to the Rent Act 1921 . He attacked it as " a monstrous piece of legislation " , and was repeatedly shouted down by Conservative MPs as a " traitor to his class " . As a result of this and the slow workings of Parliament , Hastings quickly became frustrated by politics . = = = Internment orders = = = Following the Irish War of Independence the Irish Free State was set up as an independent British Dominion covering most of the island of Ireland . After a brief civil war between the pro @-@ Free State forces and members of the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) who wanted any independent nation to cover the entire island , the status of the Irish Free State was confirmed , and the IRA was forced underground . The IRA had supporters in the United Kingdom , working openly as the Irish Self @-@ Determination League ( ISDL ) , and the Free State government shared the names of these supporters with the British authorities , who kept a close eye on them . Between February and March the Free State government provided information on individuals that they said were part of widespread plots against the Irish Free State being prepared on British soil . On 11 March 1923 the police in Britain arrested IRA sympathisers living in Britain including Art O 'Brien , the head of the ISDL . Sources disagree on numbers , giving either approximately eighty or approximately 100 . The arrested men were placed on special trains and sent to Liverpool , where they were transferred to Dublin via a Royal Navy destroyer . It later transpired that not only were many British citizens ( Art O 'Brien himself had been born in England ) , at least six had never even been to Ireland before . The next day the arrests were publicly queried in the House of Commons , and a Labour backbencher Jack Jones started a debate on the subject in the afternoon . W. C. Bridgeman , the Home Secretary , said that he had directly ordered the police to arrest the ISDL members under the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920 , and that he had consulted the Attorney General who considered it perfectly legal . Hastings immediately stood and protested , saying that the Act was " one of the most dreadful things that has been done in the history of our country " and that the internments and deportations were effectively illegal . A few days later , the solicitors for O 'Brien got in contact with Hastings . On 23 March 1923 he appeared in R v Secretary of State for Home Affairs ex parte O 'Brien [ 1923 ] 2 KB 361 at a Divisional Court consisting of Mr Justice Avory and Mr Justice Salter to apply for a writ of habeas corpus for O 'Brien as a test case to allow the release of the others . The initial hearing was ineffective because Hastings was unable to provide an affidavit from O 'Brien , which was required for a writ of habeas corpus to be considered , but by the time the hearing was resumed on 10 April he had managed to obtain one . Hastings argued that because the Irish Free State was an independent nation the British laws governing it , such as the 1920 Act , were effectively repealed . The court eventually declared that they could not issue a writ , because the Habeas Corpus Act 1862 prevented them from issuing a writ to any colony possessing a court which could also issue a writ . Since Ireland possessed such a court , the English Divisional Court could not act . Hastings attempted to argue that the writ could be issued against the Home Secretary but this also failed , since the Home Secretary did not actually possess O 'Brien . Three days later , Hastings took the case to the Court of Appeal , who declared that the internment orders were invalid since the Restoration of Order Act was no longer applicable . The Government was forced to introduce a Bill to Parliament giving itself retrospective immunity for having exceeded its authority , and the whole incident was a political and legal triumph for the party and for Hastings personally . = = = Attorney @-@ General = = = When the new Parliament opened in 1923 , the Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin suggested that tariff reform was the best way to solve Britain 's economic difficulties . Unfortunately Bonar Law , his predecessor , had promised that there would be no tariff reforms introduced during the current Parliament . Baldwin felt that the only solution was to call a new general election . In the ensuing election Baldwin 's Conservatives lost 88 seats , with the Labour Party gaining 47 and the Liberal Party gaining 41 . This produced a hung parliament , and Labour and the Liberals formed a coalition government with Labour as the main party . Hastings himself was re @-@ elected without difficulty , increasing his majority . With Ramsay Macdonald as the new Prime Minister in the first Labour government , Hastings was appointed Attorney @-@ General for England and Wales . This was not surprising - Labour had only two KCs in Parliament , and the other ( Edward Hemmerde ) was " unsuitable for personal reasons " . Hastings hesitated before accepting the appointment , despite the knighthood and appointment as head of the Bar that came with the post , and later said that " if I had known what the next year was to bring forward I should almost certainly have [ declined ] " . Hastings described his time as Attorney General as " my idea of hell " - he was the only Law Officer available , since the Solicitor General was not a Member of Parliament , and as a result had to answer all queries about points of law in Parliament . In addition , he had his normal duties of dealing with the legal problems of government departments , and said that the day was " one long rush between the law courts , government departments and the House of Commons " . His working hours were regularly between 7am and 5am the following morning , and the policemen on duty at the House of Commons complained to him that he was working too long , since they were required to stay on duty as long as he was . = = = Campbell Case = = = In 1924 Hastings became involved in the Campbell Case , a prosecution which eventually led to the downfall of the Labour government . On 30 June 1924 , he was met by Archibald Bodkin , the Director of Public Prosecutions , who brought with him a copy of the communist newspaper Workers ' Weekly . The newspaper contained an article which urged members of the military to refuse to shoot their " fellow workers " in a time of war . Hastings approved the prosecution of the newspaper 's editor , J. R. Campbell , for violating the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 . On 6 August Campbell 's house was raided , and he was arrested by the police . On the same day John Scurr , a Labour backbencher , asked the Home Secretary why Campbell had been detained and on whose orders . Hastings himself read out a reply , which said that the Director of Public Prosecutions had complained that the article was inciting troops to mutiny . Another Labour backbencher , Jimmy Maxton , rose and asked the Prime Minister " if he has read the article , and if he is aware that the article contains mainly a call to the troops not to allow themselves to be used in industrial disputes , and that that point of view is shared by a large number of Members sitting on these benches ? " This statement lead to uproar , and the Speaker was forced to intervene and halt further discussions . The next day Hastings called for both the Solicitor General , Sir Henry Slesser , and Jimmy Maxton , to ask their opinion on the prosecution . Maxton knew Campbell , and revealed that he was only the temporary editor and had not written the article – the article had actually been copied from another newspaper . Along with Guy Stevenson , the Assistant Director of Public Prosecutions , Hastings then visited Ramsay MacDonald to explain the facts of the case . MacDonald blamed the Director of Public Prosecutions for starting the case , although Hastings intervened and admitted to Macdonald that it was entirely his fault . The Prime Minister said that he felt they should go through with the case now they had started , but Hastings suggested that a member of the Treasury Counsel appear at Bow Street Magistrates Court and withdraw the prosecution . MacDonald agreed , and the next morning Travers Humphreys appeared for the Crown at the Magistrates Court and had Campbell discharged . The reaction of the public and the press was that the case had been thrown out because of direct pressure from the government , and that this had happened behind closed doors . MacDonald was " furious " , and the opinion of the Liberal and Conservative parties was that the government was attempting to pervert the course of justice . On 30 September Sir Kingsley Wood , a Conservative MP , asked the Prime Minister in Parliament whether he had instructed the Director of Public Prosecutions to withdraw the case . MacDonald replied that " I was not consulted regarding either the institution or the subsequent withdrawal of these proceedings " . A Parliamentary debate and motion to censure the Labour government on this was set for 8 October , but before this MacDonald called Hastings into his office and suggested a way to solve the problem . Hastings would accept all the blame and resign as Attorney General , and in exchange MacDonald and the rest of the cabinet would speak for Hastings at the resulting by @-@ election . Hastings refused the general suggestion , but planned to make a speech at the upcoming debate explaining his actions . Immediately after the debate began the Prime Minister rose to speak , and said that he " sought to correct the impression [ I ] gave " that he knew nothing about the prosecution . This was followed by a motion of censure pushed forward by Robert Horne , and after Horne had presented the motion Hastings rose to speak , and explained the facts of the case . His speech took over an hour , and was frequently interrupted by Conservative MPs . In his speech , Hastings took full responsibility for both the decision to prosecute and the subsequent decision to withdraw the prosecution , asking whether a censure was merited for correcting a mistake . His speech quieted the Conservatives and made it clear that a censure for the entire Parliament was going to be difficult for the Whips to enforce . The Liberal spokesman John Simon stood to speak , however , and called for the appointment of a Select Committee to investigate the case . This was rejected by MacDonald , and MPs continued to speak for several more hours . The Conservative leader Stanley Baldwin privately wrote to MacDonald offering to withdraw the motion of censure in exchange for the government 's support for the appointment of a Select Committee . MacDonald consulted with Jimmy Thomas and Hastings ( whose reply was simply " Go to hell " ) and decided to reject the offer . Although the motion of censure failed , the motion to appoint a Select Committee passed the House over the opposition of the government , and the Labour government was forced out of office . Hastings was embittered by the disaster , and considered immediately quitting politics altogether , although he did not do so . His plight was depicted on the cover of Time Magazine , along with a quotation ( " What have I done wrong ? " ) from his speech . = = = Remaining time in politics = = = Hastings was again returned for Wallsend at the ensuing election , despite the crisis caused by the Zinoviev Letter , although with a reduced majority . Although Hastings remained on the Labour frontbench he rarely spoke in the House of Commons , and attended less and less frequently . After suffering from kidney problems during 1925 , he left Parliament by accepting the nominal position of Steward of the Manor of Northstead — a legal fiction office with the same effect as , but less well known than , the Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds ) on 29 June 1926 ; this enabled Margaret Bondfield , who had lost her seat in the previous election , to return to Parliament in his place at the ensuing by @-@ election . He never returned to politics . = = Return to the Bar = = After leaving politics , Hastings returned to his work as a barrister , and eventually surpassed even his previous reputation and success as an advocate . His first major case after returning was representing F. A. Mitchell @-@ Hedges , a noted professional explorer , in his libel action against London Express Newspapers , the owner of the Daily Express . The Daily Express had published two articles saying that he was a liar , and had planned out a bogus robbery to advertise a device known as the Monomark . The case opened on 9 February 1928 in front of Lord Hewart , with Hastings and Norman Birkett representing Mitchell @-@ Hedges and William Jowitt and J.B. Melville representing London Express Newspapers . Despite the skills of both Hastings and Birkett , who later became a much @-@ lauded barrister in his own right , Mitchell @-@ Hedges lost his case and had his reputation destroyed as a result . = = = Savidge Inquiry = = = In 1928 , Hastings became involved in the Savidge Inquiry . Sir Leo Chiozza Money was a noted journalist , economist and former Liberal MP . On 23 April 1928 , he and Miss Irene Savidge were sitting in Hyde Park in London when they were arrested by two plain @-@ clothes police officers and taken to the nearest police station , where they were charged under the Parks Regulation Act 1872 with committing an indecent offence . The next morning , they were remanded for a week at Great Marlborough Street Police Court . At the next hearing a week later , the case was dismissed by the magistrate , who criticised the police for failing to contact a man seen running through the park to establish some kind of corroborative evidence , and failing to report at once to Scotland Yard to avoid having to charge the defendants immediately . After his release , Money immediately spoke to his official contacts , and the next morning the matter was raised in the House of Commons . It was suggested that the police evidence was perjured , and as a result the Home Secretary William Joynson @-@ Hicks instructed Sir Archibald Bodkin , the Director of Public Prosecutions , to investigate the possibility of perjury . Bodkin had the Metropolitan Police Commissioner appoint Chief Inspector Collins , one of his most experienced CID officers , to investigate the claims and interview Savidge . The next day , two police officers ( Inspector Collins and Sergeant Clarke ) and one policewoman ( Lilian Wyles ) called at Savidge 's workplace and took her to Scotland Yard , where she was questioned . The events of that day were brought up two days later in the House of Commons , where it was alleged that Savidge had been given a " third degree " interview by Collins lasting for five hours . A public outcry followed , and the Home Secretary appointed a tribunal to investigate . The tribunal ( led by Sir John Eldon Bankes , a former Lord Justice of Appeal ) began sitting on 15 May 1928 ; Hastings , Henry Curtis @-@ Bennett and Walter Frampton represented Savidge , and Norman Birkett represented the police . When called	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
as a witness , Savidge testified that she had not wanted to go to Scotland Yard and had been persuaded to do so by the presence of a female police officer , Miss Wyles . After they arrived at Scotland Yard , Collins told Wyles that he was going to send Savidge home , and Wyles could leave . After Wyles had left , Collins began interviewing Savidge , threatening that she and Money would " suffer severely " if she did not tell the truth . Savidge said that Collins ' manner had become more and more familiar during the interview , and that at several points he and Sergeant Clarke had implied that they wanted her to have sexual intercourse with them . Savidge spent almost six hours in the witness box , and her testimony left Collins looking guilty in the eyes of the tribunal . Collins , Clarke and Wyles were all interviewed , along with the Metropolitan Police Commissioner and Archibald Bodkin himself . The final report of the tribunal was released on 13 June 1928 and consisted of both a majority report and a minority one , since not all of the tribunal members agreed on the validity of Savidge 's evidence . The majority report said that Savidge was not intimidated into answering questions , nor treated inappropriately , and that " we are unable therefore to accept Miss Savidge 's statement . We are satisfied that the interrogation followed the lines indicated to [ Collins ] by the Director of Public Prosecutions and was not unduly extended " . The minority report blamed the police , particularly Collins , for the method in which Savidge was interviewed . The inquiry resulted in three changes to police procedure , however : firstly , that anyone interrogated should be told beforehand about the possible consequences and purpose of the statement ; secondly , that the statement should normally be taken at home ; and thirdly , that in cases " involving matters intimately affecting [ a woman 's ] morals " another woman should always be present for any interviews . = = = United Diamond Fields v Joel = = = Hastings was next involved in United Diamond Fields of British Guiana Ltd v Joel and Others , which he considered both his most difficult and most interesting case . Following the discovery of the diamond mines in South Africa , men such as Solly Joel had established a diamond syndicate to restrict the amount of diamonds on the market . For this to work , they had to control the entire output of diamonds in the world , which they planned to do by acquiring interests in all of the diamond mines . In 1925 , British Guiana began producing enough diamonds to attract the attention of the syndicate , and in November 1925 a Mr Oppenheimer , representing the syndicate , entered into a contract with Mr Perez , the operator of the Guiana mines , to have 12 @,@ 000 carats ( 2 @.@ 4 kg ) worth of diamonds provided to the syndicate over a twelve @-@ month period . A few months later , United Diamond Fields of British Guiana was incorporated as a limited company . The company used Oppenheimer as a technical adviser , and immediately arranged to have its diamonds sold to the syndicate . The price was to be fixed for six months , with an auditor 's certificate at the end of that time used to negotiate a new price . Oppenheimer was the only one with access to the accounting information , and the rest of the company had no way of checking that his figures were correct . In the same time frame , a new deposit of diamonds was discovered in South Africa , forcing the syndicate to acquire several million pounds worth of these new diamonds to prevent their control over the market being destroyed . This strained their finances and the new diamonds forced the price down . To correct this , the syndicate were forced to reduce the flow of diamonds from British Guiana , which they did by getting Oppenheimer to reduce the price of Guianan diamonds to the point where the company output dropped from 2 @,@ 000 carats ( 0 @.@ 40 kg ) a month to less than 300 carats ( 0 @.@ 060 kg ) per month . Oppenheimer then claimed that the profits were only five percent , forcing the company to reduce the price yet again . As a result of this the company was forced into liquidation in September 1927 . A company board member , Victor Coen , was convinced that the company had been treated wrongly and insisted in bringing it before the courts . In May 1929 , he convinced the rest of the board to issue a writ against the syndicate and Oppenheimer , alleging fraudulent conspiracy , and began instructing Hastings . Hastings worried that the case would become unmanageable , with the syndicate relying on over 4 @,@ 000 documents for their defence , but luckily found a certificate showing that the company profits , rather than the five percent Oppenheimer had reported , were in fact seventeen percent . The trial began before Mr Justice McCardie on 4 March 1930 , with Hastings for the company , and Stuart Bevan and Norman Birkett for the syndicate . The first witness called was Coen himself , who Hastings later described as " the best witness without exception that I have ever seen in the witness @-@ box " . He was interviewed over seven days by Hastings , then Bevan and then Birkett . Eight days into the trial the matter of the certificate came up , and Oppenheimer was unable to provide an explanation . As a result , the jury found against the syndicate - they were ordered to pay back all of the company 's costs , and all of its losses . = = = Royal Mail Case = = = In 1931 , Hastings represented John Morland in the Royal Mail Case . The director of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company , Lord Kylsant , had falsified a trading prospectus with the aid of the company accountant , John Morland , to make it look as if the company was profitable and to entice potential investors . At the same time , he had been falsifying accounting records by drawing money from the reserves and having it appear on the records as profit . Following an independent audit instigated by the Treasury , Kylsant and John Morland , the company auditor , were arrested and charged with falsifying both the trading prospectus and the company records and accounts . The trial began at the Old Bailey on 20 July 1931 before Mr Justice Wright , with Sir William Jowitt , D. N. Pritt and Eustace Fulton for the prosecution , Sir John Simon , J. E. Singleton and Wilfred Lewis for Lord Kylsant , and Hastings , Stuart Bevan , Frederick Tucker and C. J. Conway for John Morland . Both defendants pleaded not guilty . The main defence on the use of secret reserve accounting came with the help of Lord Plender . Plender was one of the most important and reliable accountants in Britain , and under cross @-@ examination stated that it was routine for firms " of the very highest repute " to use secret reserves in calculating profit without declaring it . Hastings said that " if my client ... was guilty of a criminal offence , there is not a single accountant in the City of London or in the world who is not in the same position . " Both Kylsant and Morland were acquitted of falsifying records on this account , but Kylsant was found guilty of " making , circulating or publishing a written statement which he knew to be false " , namely the 1928 prospectus , and was sentenced to 12 months in prison . = = = Elvira Barney = = = Well known to dislike appearing in capital cases and having a heavy workload , Hastings hesitated in 1932 when approached by Sir John Mullens , a trustee of the Stock Exchange , to defend his daughter Elvira Barney on a charge of murder . Mrs Barney , who led a dissolute life of partying and drug @-@ taking , was accused of shooting her lover in the Knightsbridge mews house they shared ; she insisted that her gun had gone off by accident in a struggle . Hastings was persuaded to take the case by his wife who remembered that their children had shared a governess who had also cared for " dear little Elvira " . He appeared at the Magistrates ' Court , where he cross @-@ examined the forensic scientist Sir Bernard Spilsbury and at a three @-@ day trial in the Old Bailey where Hastings was described by Peter Cotes in his book about the case as " the star performer " . At the Old Bailey one of the principal crown witnesses was firearms expert Robert Churchill , who testified that the trigger of Mrs Barney 's gun had a strong pull . When Hastings rose to cross @-@ examine , he took up the gun , pointed it to the ceiling and repeatedly pulled the trigger over and over again . One crown witness had said that on another occasion she saw Elvira Barney firing the gun while holding it in her left hand ; when he called his client Hastings had the gun placed in front of her . After a pause he shouted at her to pick up the gun and she spontaneously picked it up in her right hand . The Judge ( Mr Justice Humphreys ) described Hastings ' final address as " certainly one of the finest speeches I have ever heard at the Bar " and Elvira Barney was found not guilty both of murder and manslaughter . = = = Oswald Mosley = = = Hastings appeared for Sir Oswald Mosley in several cases during the 1930s , having become friends with him while in Parliament . The first was a libel case against The Star , who had written a comment on one of Mosley 's speeches implying that he advocated an armed revolution to overthrow the British government . The case opened at the Royal Courts of Justice on 5 November 1934 in front of Lord Hewart , with Hastings representing Mosley , and Norman Birkett The Star . Birkett argued that The Star article was nothing more than a summary of Mosley 's speech , and that any comments implying the overthrow of the British government were found in the speech itself . Hastings countered that The Star was effectively accusing Mosley of high treason , and said that " there is really no defence to this action ... I do ask for such damages as will mark [ the jury 's ] sense of the injustice which has been done to Sir Oswald " . The jury eventually decided that The Star had libelled Mosley , and awarded him £ 5 @,@ 000 in damages ( approximately £ 320 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) . Several weeks later , Hastings represented Mosley and three other members of the British Union of Fascists ( BUF ) in a criminal case after they were indicted for " causing a riotous assembly " on 9 October 1934 at a BUF meeting . The trial opened at the Sussex Assizes on 18 December 1934 in front of Mr Justice Branson , with Hastings for the defence and John Flowers KC prosecuting . According to Mosley , Hastings told him that Flowers , a former cricketer , had a poor reputation at the bar , and that Mosley should not show him up too much . The prosecution claimed that after a BUF meeting , Mosley and the other defendants had marched around Worthing , threatening and assaulting civilians . Hastings argued that the defendants had been deliberately provoked by a crowd of civilians , and several witnesses testified that the crowd had been throwing tomatoes and threatening Mosley . The judge eventually directed the jury to return a verdict of " not guilty " . Hastings and Mosley were less successful in another libel action , against the Secretary of the National Union of Railwaymen who had accused him of instructing his blackshirts to arm themselves . The defence , led by D. N. Pritt KC , called several witnesses to a fight in Manchester between blackshirts and their opponents . Hastings , taking the view that the incident was too long in the past to be relevant , did not call any rebutting evidence . Although Mosley won the case , he was awarded only a farthing in damages , traditionally a way for the jury to indicate that the case should not have been brought . = = Work as a playwright = = As well as his work as a barrister , Hastings also tried his hand at writing plays . His first play was The Moscow Doctor , based on a novel by Seton Merriman which he had rewritten ; it ran for over a week in Brighton . He desired to have an original work performed , however , and to this end wrote The River over a period of 20 years before taking it to St James 's Theatre , where it was accepted and performed in June 1925 . The play starred Owen Nares and initially went well , but foundered in the second act due to the plot requiring the most popular actors to be taken off stage - the character played by Nares , for example , broke his leg . Reviews compared the plot to something out of the ' Boy 's Own Paper . The play lasted only a month before being cancelled , but Hastings was able to sell the film rights for £ 2 @,@ 000 , and it was turned into a Hollywood film called The Notorious Lady starring Lewis Stone and Barbara Bedford . His next play was titled Scotch Mist , and was put on at St Martin 's Theatre on 26 January 1926 starring Tallulah Bankhead and Godfrey Tearle . After a reviewer named St.John Ervine wrote a review starting " this is the worst play I have ever seen " , the performances bizarrely sold out for weeks later . The play was later called " scandalous and immoral " by the Bishop of London , Arthur Winnington @-@ Ingram , and as a result sold out for many months . Emboldened by this success Hastings wrote The Moving Finger , which despite moderately good reviews was not popular , and was withdrawn as a result . In 1930 he wrote Slings and Arrows , which never made it to the West End because when his family , who were familiar with the play , attended the shows , they read out the lines of the characters in bored and dreary voices just before the actors themselves spoke . As a result , the play was reduced to chaos . = = Retirement and death = = Hastings retired from most of his work as a barrister in 1938 , but soon found a way to occupy himself after the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 . Although , at fifty @-@ nine , far past the age at which he could join the armed forces , Hastings wrote to the Secretary of State for War offering his services , and was eventually contacted by Kingsley Wood , the Secretary of State for Air , who offered him a commission in the Royal Air Force as a squadron leader in Administrative and Special Duties Branch , serving with Fighter Command . His commission was dated 25 September 1939 . He then started work at RAF Stanmore Park , but found his work " very depressing " - most of the other officers were over thirty years younger than he was , and he suffered from continuous bad health while there . His one major contribution was to create a scheme allowing the purchase of small models of German aircraft , allowing the British forces on the ground an easy way to identify incoming planes and avoiding friendly fire situations . Due to his ill @-@ health he relinquished his commission on 7 December 1939 . In Spring 1940 he was elected Treasurer of the Middle Temple . He participated in only a few cases following his war service . One was a high @-@ profile case in November and December 1946 in which he was engaged by the Newark Advertiser in defence of a libel action brought by Harold Laski , who was seeking to clear his name from the newspaper 's claim that he had called for socialism " even if it means violence " . Cross @-@ examining Laski , the following exchange occurred : HASTINGS : Are there any privileged in the Socialist Party ? LASKI : Why , indeed , Sir Patrick , when you were a member — THE LORD CHIEF JUSTICE : No , Mr. Laski . HASTINGS : Do not be rude . Laski 's counsel later said that he hoped that Hastings would at least have said " Touché " . Laski lost the case , unable to counter the questioning from Hastings which referred to his previous written works . However the stress of the case told on Hastings . In 1948 , Hastings published his autobiography , simply titled The Autobiography of Sir Patrick Hastings , and the following year published Cases in Court , a book giving his views on 21 of his most noted cases . The same year he published Famous and Infamous Cases , a book on noted trials through history , such as those at Nuremberg . In early 1948 , he suffered a small stroke which forced him to retire permanently from work as a barrister . On 11 November 1949 , he and his wife travelled to Kenya , where their son Nicky had moved to start a new life after the end of the Second World War . While there , he suffered a second stroke due to the air pressure , and he never fully recovered . Hastings spent the next two years of his life living in a flat in London , before dying on 26 February 1952 of cerebral thrombosis . = = Personal life = = Hastings married Mary Grundy on 1 June 1906 . The couple had two sons , David and Nicholas , and three daughters . David died in the Second World War fighting in the Pacific Theatre , and Nicholas became a farmer in Kenya . One daughter , Barbara , married Nicolas Bentley , a cartoonist . = Drapier 's Letters = Drapier 's Letters is the collective name for a series of seven pamphlets written between 1724 and 1725 by the Dean of St Patrick 's Cathedral in Dublin , Jonathan Swift , to arouse public opinion in Ireland against the imposition of a privately minted copper coinage that Swift believed to be of inferior quality . William Wood was granted letters patent to mint the coin , and Swift saw the licensing of the patent as corrupt . In response , Swift represented Ireland as constitutionally and financially independent of Britain in the Drapier 's Letters . Since the subject was politically sensitive , Swift wrote under the pseudonym M. B. , Drapier , to hide from retaliation . Although the letters were condemned by the Irish government , with prompting from the British government , they were still able to inspire popular sentiment against Wood and his patent . The popular sentiment turned into a nationwide boycott , which forced the patent to be withdrawn ; Swift was later honoured for this service to the people of Ireland . Many Irish people recognised Swift as a hero for his defiance of British control over the Irish nation . Beyond being a hero , many critics have seen Swift , through the persona of the Drapier , as the first to organise a " more universal Irish community " , although it is disputed as to who constitutes that community . Regardless of whom Swift is actually appealing to or what he may or may not have done , the nickname provided by Archbishop King , " Our Irish Copper @-@ Farthen Dean " , and his connection to ending the controversy stuck . The first complete collection of the Drapier 's Letters appeared in the 1734 George Faulkner edition of the Works of Jonathan Swift along with an allegorical frontispiece offering praise and thanks from the Irish people . Today , the Drapier 's Letters are an important part of Swift 's political writings , along with Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 ) , A Tale of a Tub ( 1704 ) , and A Modest Proposal ( 1729 ) . = = Background = = In 1722 , hardware manufacturer William Wood was granted letters patent to produce copper coinage of up to £ 108 @,@ 000 ( approximately £ 15 @,@ 322 @,@ 700 as of 2016 ) for use in Ireland . The patent was secured by a bribe of £ 10 @,@ 000 ( approximately £ 1 @,@ 418 @,@ 800 as of 2016 ) to the Duchess of Kendal , mistress to King George I. Although Wood 's copper coins were subsequently alleged to be underweight , undersized , and made from inferior materials , assays had found they were not so , prior to their approval by the British Parliament for use in Ireland . The Irish complaint against Wood was not that they had enough copper coins , but that this would introduce too many coins of inferior quality into the Irish economy . These coins would remove valuable silver and gold coins from circulation in the Irish economy , and since the new copper coins would not be minted under Irish authority , there was no way for the Irish to control the quality and amount . Also , Wood 's coin was only one example of allegedly unfavourable economic practices that hurt Ireland ; the Irish wanted to have their own national bank and authority to mint their own coinage , and Wood 's coin became a way to express their economic @-@ nationalist desires . The patent issue soon became a struggle between Prime Minister Robert Walpole ( with the authority of the British Parliament ) and the leaders of Ireland . All attempts by the Irish Privy Council and the Church of Ireland to prevent the release of the coinage proved fruitless . It was soon thought by many that William Conolly ’ s Commissioners of the Revenue might pay the soldiers stationed in Ireland with the new coin ; if the soldiers were paid with the coin , then the merchants of Ireland would be forced to accept the coin from the soldiers or risk military reprisal or a loss of business . This worried the leadership of Ireland and they requested help in challenging Wood 's patent and leading a boycott of the coin . Swift was asked by Archbishop King and Lord Chancellor Midleton to contribute to a pamphleteering campaign against Wood 's coin . During this time , Lord Carteret , the British Secretary of State whose remit included Ireland , publicly pushed Walpole into defending Wood 's patent . However , Carteret privately attempted to destroy the patent to damage Walpole 's reputation . Thus , Carteret appeared to the British as a defender of the patent because he seemingly tried to prevent an Irish uprising against British rule ( especially by finding the " Drapier " ) , but he was really furthering his anti @-@ Walpole agenda and aiding the Irish cause . = = = Pamphleteering = = = Jonathan Swift , then Dean of St Patrick 's Cathedral in Dublin , was already known for his concern for the Irish people and for writing several political pamphlets . One of these , Proposal for the Universal use of Irish Manufacture ( 1720 ) , had so inflamed the British authorities that the printer , John Harding , was prosecuted , although the pamphlet had done little more than recommend that the Irish use the materials they produce rather than export them to England . It was also known by the Irish authorities that Swift 's political pamphleteering had been employed by the Tory government of Queen Anne , and that he would use his abilities to undermine the Whig government of Walpole . Swift analysed the forensic and economic disadvantages of Wood 's inferior coinage and the effects it would have over Ireland in the first of the pamphlets , A Letter to the Shop @-@ keepers ( 1724 ) . In the pamphlet , Swift adopted the persona of the " Drapier " : a common Irishman , a talented and skilled draper , a religiously devout individual who believes in scripture , and a man loyal to both the Church of Ireland and to the King of Ireland . Swift 's pseudonymous choice served two essential purposes : it provided him with an alternate persona which he could use to hide from potential political reprisals , and it allowed him to create an identity that was closely aligned with the common people of Ireland . According to 20th century Swift scholar Irvin Ehrenpreis , there is debate in the academic community over how much Swift may have wished his audience to identify him as the Drapier , especially since the Drapier constantly includes religious imagery that was common to Swift 's sermons . However , it is possible that the religious rhetoric used to justify an Irish rebellion against the coinage is merely meant as an important aspect of the Drapier 's identity without it being meant as evidence that Swift was the author . Regardless of how secret Swift may have wanted his identity to be , it is certain that most people in Ireland , including members of the Irish Privy Council , knew that Swift was the author of the letters . Unfortunately for the Walpole administration , there was little legal proof of a relationship between the two that would justify them trying Swift as the " Drapier . Over the course of a year , four more pamphlets , filled with invective and complaints against both Wood and his patent , followed the first . The pamphlet was successful , and public opinion became so hostile against Wood 's coinage that the patent was withdrawn by 1725 . At one point , Lord Carteret and the Irish Privy Council offered a significant reward of £ 300 for information that would verify the identity of the pamphlet 's author , but Swift was neither arrested nor charged for the works . The lack of an arrest and the unity of the Irish people behind the " Drapier " was an important motivating factor behind Walpole 's withdrawal of the patent . = = = Irish Independence = = = Although Swift knew that the Duchess of Kendal was responsible for selling the patent to Wood , he rarely mentions this fact in the Letters . Instead , his first three letters describe Wood as the mastermind behind the patent . Although the Drapier constantly asserts his loyalty to the King , his words did not prevent accusations of treason from being levelled against him in response to the third and fourth letters . In the third and fourth letters , Swift argues that the Irish deserve independence from England but not from the king . This , of all of the Drapier 's arguments , is what agitated Walpole , as the head of the British Parliament , the most . Thus , the Drapier was condemned like William Molyneux , whose Case of Ireland ( 1698 ) pleaded for Irish independence using the same arguments . The claims of treason levelled against the Drapier were of " treason to the English Parliament " , which only caused more resentment among the Irish people , who sided with Swift 's constitutional argument that the Irish people owed their allegiance only to the king . = = Pamphlets = = The first three pamphlets were written as a set intended to conclude the matter . However , when Lord Carteret was sent to control Ireland and placed a bounty on the Drapier 's head , Swift felt that a fourth pamphlet was necessary . The fifth ( in this list ) was written at the height of the controversy over Wood 's coin , and constitutes the final public writing of " the Drapier " . The letter To the Lord Chancellor Middleton was signed with Swift 's name and not collected until Faulkner 's 1735 edition . The last letter , An Humble Address , was also published after the conflict had ended . = = = To the Shop @-@ keepers = = = The Drapier 's first letter , To the Shop @-@ keepers , Tradesmen , Farmers , and Common @-@ People of Ireland , was printed in March 1724 . Shortly afterwards , a copy of the first letter was forwarded by Swift to Lord Carteret on 28 April 1724 , and knowledge of the letter 's contents had spread all the way to London . By April 1724 , the letter was popular and Swift claimed that over 2 @,@ 000 copies had been sold in Dublin . The letter was retitled " Fraud Detected : or , The Hibernian Patriot " by Faulkner 's Dublin Journal , which published the piece in 1725 . " Fraud Detected " was later used by Faulkner as the title of the collection of the first five letters , published after the patent controversy ended . The Drapier introduces his subject by invoking the duty of his readers as " Christians , as parents , and as lovers of your country " . His purpose is to introduce the background of Wood 's coin and then he suggests a boycott similar to the one in his Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufacture . Throughout his monetary arguments , the Drapier constantly acknowledges how humble his station in life is , and incorporates theological and classical allusions to mock Wood . The Drapier places the blame for the coin upon Wood , stating : " It is no treason to rebel against Mr Wood . " There are many religious overtones similar to Swift 's sermons , such as the Drapier 's combination of a duty to God with duty to one 's king and country . Many critics compare the language and rhetorical style of the first letter to a Hebrew prophet or to an evangelical preacher who warns the masses of an imminent threat to their soul . However , the final judgment had not yet come , so the Drapier also included arguments claiming that Wood 's halfpence would destroy the Irish economy and the souls of the citizenry . One of the concerns of the Irish discussed in the first letter was over what is now known as Gresham 's law : debased coins would cause silver and gold coinage to be hoarded or removed from the country , which would further debase the currency . Tenant farmers would no longer be able to pay their landlords , and , after the tenants were removed , there would be fewer crops grown in Ireland ; the increase of poverty and the decrease of food supply would completely ruin Ireland 's economy . Although some critics and historians view the language and examples employed by the Drapier to describe the possible economic harms as over the top , others consider that Swift 's imagery was grounded in truth . Even Swift 's satire of Wood 's character is based on actual evidence and added very little to what Wood provided the public through his words and actions . Although the Drapier emphasises Wood 's involvement and not the king 's , glosses of the first letter reveal allusions to Wood bribing the Duchess of Kendal that obscure the distinction to the careful reader . However , the Drapier always respects the king as leader of the Irish nation and the Irish church , although some critics see his bold language and free use of the king 's name and title as undermining those positions . The Drapier makes sure that Wood appears to be the primary target , which , when combined with only an indirect attack upon people at the top of the British political system , reassured the people of Ireland that they could rebel against an " insignificant hardware man " . = = = To Mr Harding = = = The Drapier 's second letter , A Letter to Mr. Harding the Printer , upon Occasion of a Paragraph in his News @-@ Paper of 1 August , relating to Mr. Wood 's Half @-@ Pence , was printed on 4 August 1724 , in response to the British Privy Council 's testing of Wood 's coin . The Drapier alludes to the involvement of the Duchess of Kendall in his first letter ; in the second , the Drapier de @-@ emphasises her involvement and shifts his focus to blame the Whig party . According to the Drapier , the Whigs are the ones who Wood bribed in securing his patent . The central target for this letter is the Privy Council 's report produced under the authority of Walpole . It was necessary for the Drapier to attack the report to ensure that the people would be willing to resist the coin and deny the " truth " that Wood 's supporters issued . Therefore , the Drapier describes them as " only a few Betrayers of their Country , Confederates with Woods " . The Drapier does not directly attack Isaac Newton 's assay of Wood 's coin , but instead attacks the process behind the assay and the witnesses who testified before the Privy Council . In his criticism of the Privy Council 's report , the Drapier claims that the report is part of Wood 's propaganda and lies , because Wood released three proposals concurrent with the report : lowering the patent production quota from £ 100 @,@ 800 to £ 40 @,@ 000 worth ; that no one is obliged to accept more than five pence halfpenny per transaction ; and to sell the coin at 2s 1d a pound or his raw copper at 1s 8d a pound . Wood 's choice of wording , that the Irish would be " obliged " to accept the coin , was criticised by the Drapier who then accused Wood of " perfect High Treason " for obliging the people to take any copper coin when the king lacked the constitutional authority to do such a thing . In the second letter , the Drapier walks a careful line between openly indicting the king and merely hinting at his relationship with Wood 's patent ; while the Drapier accuses Wood , he constantly refers to the king 's authority and power to issue legal tender ( this is called " the King 's Prerogative " ) . In particular , the Drapier claims that the king is unable to force his people to accept any copper based currency . As the Drapier points out , the constitution establishing Ireland as a kingdom limits the authority of the monarch because it forces the people of Ireland to use only gold or silver coins as official currency . Throughout this argument , the Drapier compares the king 's ability to print money with the petty amount of political power held by Wood , which undermines the image of the king as the supreme authority in Ireland while hinting that the king is not protecting the rights of the Irish people . The Drapier stops himself before he commits treason , and he instead argues that the king would never accept a patent that could harm Ireland ; to the Drapier , the king would never act in such a way as to help Wood harm the people of Ireland . In response to calls for action from the Drapier in the second letter , a group of bankers joined together on 17 August 1724 , agreeing in writing that they would not accept the coin produced under Wood 's patent . Other merchants and tradesmen followed in a similar fashion . However , this did not stop Walpole from ordering the Commissioners of the Revenue in Ireland to enter the coin into the Irish economy . Regardless of Walpole 's orders , the Irish Lord Justices did not act , Lord Shannon did not command that his troops should be issued Wood 's coin , and Middleton 's House of Lords and Conolly 's House of Commons did not pass any resolution backing up Walpole 's order , which effectively prevented the coin from being distributed . = = = To the Nobility and Gentry = = = The Drapier 's third letter , To the Nobility and Gentry of the Kingdom of Ireland : Some Observations Upon a Paper , Call 'd , The Report of the Committee of the Most Honourable the Privy @-@ Council in England relating to Wood 's Half @-@ pence , was printed on 25 August 1724 . The subject matter of the third letter is similar to that of the second letter , and some scholars have explained this as a result of Swift being forced to respond so quickly to the Privy @-@ council 's report . The Drapier emphasises his humble nature and simple understanding when appealing to the pride of his audience , the nobility . The Drapier spends most of his letter responding to the " Report of the Committee of the Most Honourable the Privy @-@ Councill in England " . This document released by Walpole served as a defence of Wood 's coin ; the report argued that the coin was important to the people of Ireland . However , the report was not officially released by Walpole in the Parliament 's Gazette , but published without Parliament 's authority in the London Journal in August 1724 . Some scholars have speculated that Walpole had the report published in a non @-@ Parliamentary magazine so that he would not be connected directly to Wood 's coin . However , the lack of Parliamentary authority behind the report allowed the Drapier to undermine the credibility of the report 's content . The Drapier claims , " Mr. Wood in publishing this paper would insinuate to the world , as if the Committee had a greater concern for his credit and private emolument , than for the honour of the Privy @-@ council and both Houses of Parliament here ... For it seems intended as a vindication of Mr. Wood , not without several severe remarks on the Houses of Lords and Commons of Ireland . " To the Drapier , Wood has utter contempt for the political authority of Ireland , and would use his coin and the report to mock them . However , the attack extends beyond Wood to encompass a dispute about the authority of England to rule over the kingdom of Ireland . The central argument in the letter is that the British have negated the rights of the Irish people by relying on a completely British system to pass the patent without allowing the Irish Parliament a say . William Wood , according to the Drapier , was already involved in a similar dispute with a coin he minted for Massachusetts . Wood , the Drapier claims , " hath already tried his Faculty in New @-@ England , and I hope he will meet with an EQUAL RECEPTION here ; what That was I leave to the Publick Intelligence . " The response to Wood 's coin was a complete boycott of the coin . The Drapier does not blame the production of the coining on Walpole 's policies , in regard to England 's colonies , but on Wood 's ( and his accomplice 's ) actions This criticism of Wood 's actions allows the Drapier to attack the patent process in such a way that could not be used directly against the British Parliament . In referring to this point , the Drapier asks , " Were not the People of Ireland born as Free as those of England ? " The final image of this letter is that of the small but brave David versus the giant Goliath . Wood is the giant invader who wears his brass coin as armour and the Drapier is just the small merchant who is not big enough to fill the king 's armour . This image resonated with the people , and a sign was displayed by people of Dublin which read : And the people said unto Saul , Shall Jonathan die , who hath wrought this great salvation in Israel ? God forbid : as the Lord liveth , there shall not one hair of his head fall to the ground ; for he hath wrought with God this day . So the people rescued Jonathan , that he died not . The third letter openly incorporates Swift 's argument that political authority stems from the consent of a population . As such , the third letter has been seen as a response in part to the Declaratory Act , which had undermined the independence and the authority of Irish legislature and judiciary in favour of the British . The Declaratory Act removed the ability for any in Ireland to speak for the people of Ireland , and it was necessary for the act to be removed before the people could be heard . However , such an attack on the Declaratory Act was common in Swift 's works , and he constantly argued against the act by promoting Irish autonomy . This does not mean that the Irish independence is to be taken lightly , because Swift viewed the self @-@ reliance as " the only means of halting their [ the Irish / Irish Protestant ] self @-@ destructive complicity – of which they were inadequately aware – in England 's ongoing consumption of Ireland . " = = = To the Whole People of Ireland = = = The Drapier 's fourth letter , To the Whole People of Ireland , A Word or Two to the People of Ireland , A Short Defense of the People of Ireland , was written on 13 October 1724 and was either published on 21 October 1724 or on 22 October 1724 , the day Lord Carteret arrived in Dublin . Throughout the letter , the Drapier pretends that Carteret 's transfer to Ireland to enforce Wood 's patent was a rumour produced by Wood 's allies , although Swift had knowledge to the contrary . The fourth letter was written in response to the many charges put forth by the British supporters of Wood 's patent against the Irish , including claims of papal influence and of treason . A large portion of the letter is a response to these accusations and to refuting further arguments that Wood 's coin could be beneficial to the Irish people . The tone of the letter is clear : Wood 's allies are promoting an evil that will harm Ireland . However , Wood is only a secondary target — figures like Walpole are mocked for their role in the controversy . The majority of the fourth letter is devoted to an argument revolving around the political liberty of the Irish people . It is for this argument that the Drapier was persecuted , because his words were seen as a call to challenge British authority and possibly to declare independence from the king . The Drapier walks a fine line between loyalty and disloyalty , because he charges that the Irish are loyal only to their king , who had the title " King of Ireland " , but not to England . To this the Drapier states : Let whoever think otherwise , I M.B. Drapier , desire to be excepted , for I declare , next under God , I depend only on the King my sovereign , and on the laws of my own country ; and I am so far from depending upon the people of England , that if they should ever rebel against my sovereign ( which God forbid ) I would be ready at the first command from His Majesty to take arms against them , as some of my countrymen did against theirs at Preston . And if such a rebellion should prove so successful as to fix the Pretender on the throne of England , I would venture to transgress that statute so far as to lose every drop of my blood to hinder him from being King of Ireland . In defence of his nation , the Drapier turns around claims of treason and papal loyalty against Wood and his defenders ( especially Walpole ) , calling them as treasonous as the Jacobite rebels and the Parliamentary rebels . The Drapier believed that God 's providence supported the people of Ireland , but his will required the people of Ireland to stand up against the treasonous British . The most famous and controversial statement of the Drapier 's Letters follows claims of loyalty to the Irish king : I have digressed a little to refresh and continue that spirit so seasonably raised amongst you , and to let you see that by the laws of GOD , of NATURE , of NATIONS , and of your own COUNTRY , you ARE and OUGHT to be as FREE a people as your brethren in England . This line of argument follows the political philosophy of John Locke in the Two Treatises on Government ( 1689 ) . Locke wrote that the people had the right to resist their government when their property rights were violated , and that nations have the same sovereign rights even when they have been conquered by another . A secondary rhetorical battle began between Walpole and the Irish in regard to Wood 's patent ; the rest of the constitutional debate was over the nature of Poynings ' Law , a law that was brought back into use through the Declaratory Act ( 1720 ) . Poyning 's Law was a law that the British claimed allowed them to control all of Ireland 's legal actions and to revoke the Irish parliamentary independence . Traditionally , the rulers of Ireland viewed themselves as a kingdom and not a colony that would be controlled by Poyning 's Law . The Drapier agreed with the Irish interpretation of the law and incorporated aspects of Molyneux 's arguments that combined proof the law was misinterpreted and Locke 's political philosophy . Lord Carteret read passages from the fourth letter about Irish constitutional independence to the Irish Privy Council and claimed that they were treasonable . It was then that Harding was arrested for printing the letters and a reward of £ 300 was offered for the identity of the Drapier . Lord Carteret wrote that the arrest and bounty were the result of an " unfortunate accident " and he did not want to respond in such a way . Lord Midleton was also forced to denounce his previous ally , the Drapier , when did so when he wrote , " to provoke England to that degree as some have endeavoured to do , is not the true way to keep them out " . Archbishop King responded to the letters by saying they were " ludicrous and satyrically writ " . However , the Archbishop publicly supported the constitutional actions more than the other three , and his support caused others important officials to criticise him . Regardless of the proclamation against the Drapier and the words issued by important Irish officials , the people of Ireland had stood by the writer , and it was their support that protected Swift . Some critics have viewed this support as resulting from the letter 's appeal to the " mob " , or common people , of Ireland . = = = To Viscount Molesworth = = = The Drapier 's fifth letter , A Letter To the Honourable the Lord Viscount Molesworth , at his House at Brackdenstown , near Swords was published on 31 December 1724 . The letter includes the most pseudo @-@ biographical information on the Drapier . This letter is seen as the final salvo in the Drapier 's fight against Wood 's patent . Although there was a possible agreement between Carteret and Walpole over ending the patent , Swift found it necessary to publish this defence of the fourth letter to ensure that Walpole would not back down from his promise of removing the patent . It has also been seen as a letter celebrating Harding 's release from being tried for printing the Drapier 's letters . The Drapier begins his letter with three quotations : Psalm 109 , Ecclesiasticus / Sirach 7 , and Virgil 's Aeneid Book Five . With these passages , he sets the tone for his own defence by appealing to both the reason and the religious sentiments of his audience to prove his innocence : I foolishly disdained to have Recourse to Whining , Lamenting , and Crying for Mercy , but rather chose to appeal to Law and Liberty and the common Rights of Mankind , without considering the Climate I was in . Some critics argue that Swift did not need to defend himself , and To Viscount Molesworth was written to gloat . However , the essence of the letter encourages the Irish to remember the actions of Walpole , Wood , and the British Parliament . By willingly throwing himself before the judgement of his fellow Irishmen and before the final judgement of God , the Drapier claims that he is and always will be on the correct side of the argument . Other critics emphasise that the letter 's object , Lord Molesworth , was targeted to bind the higher and lower classes together . Using Molesworth , a religious dissenter , a nobleman , and the opposite of Swift , the Drapier unites all of the various people of Ireland in a common nationalist cause . Instead of defending charges against himself , the Drapier is calling up more support for the Irish cause ; he seeks attention so that the greater liberty of Ireland will be respected . The letter serves one other purpose : to delight in the Drapier 's lack of being captured and his victory over Whitshed . William Whitshed , Lord Chief Justice of the King 's Bench in Ireland , was the one who actually arrested Harding and sought to convict him of printing treasonous materials . A letter written anonymously by Swift , " Seasonable Advice to the Grand @-@ Jury " , motivated the Irish jury to stand up against Whitshed and release the printer . The Drapier hints at the letter and the freeing of Harding when he lists many other works written by Jonathan Swift , and , in the process , nearly reveals his own identity . However , his tone may not be mocking , as he could just be flaunting his own position , and some have credited this idea to the incorporation of so many Biblical and Classical allusions beyond the three that begin the letter . Scholar Herbert Davis declared this letter is " in some ways the best written of all the Letters " . = = = To the Lord Chancellor Middleton = = = The sixth letter during the Drapier 's campaign , To the Lord Chancellor Middleton , is dated 26 October 1724 , and was written as a private letter from Jonathan Swift to Alan Brodrick , Lord Midleton ( with the misspelling of his title ) . It is not a true " Drapier " letter , because the author professes to be different from the Drapier , although he was known to be one and the same by Lord Midleton . Sir Walter Scott includes this letter as number five , although Faulkner , Sheridan , Deane Swift , Hawkesworth and Nichols label it as number six . The purpose of the sixth letter was to ensure that Midleton would stay true to his opposition of Wood 's patent . Although the extent to which Midleton was influenced by the letter cannot be known , it is certain that Midleton believed that the patent would harm Ireland and that he would resist it at all costs . Regardless , Swift wrote the letter to express himself in a way that the Drapier could not : as the dean of a great , Irish cathedral . He asserts his status to verify that the Drapier 's intentions must be good . In essence , the letter rehashes many of the previous letters ' arguments to draw Midleton into openly supporting the Drapier 's actions . Swift also admits to actively working against the patent , and mentions how his " On Doing Good " sermon is similar to the ideas expressed by the Drapier . = = = An Humble Address = = = The Drapier 's last letter , An Humble Address to Both Houses of Parliament , was completed in June 1725 . It was written before Wood 's patent was defeated , and it was stopped from being printed when word reached Swift that the patent had been withdrawn . This letter remained unpublished for 10 years . The letter challenges the Ireland 's parliament to investigate how Wood originally attained the patent , even though most in power knew that the patent was the result of bribery . Although nothing new would be discovered in an investigation , the letter served the purpose of trying to unite the people of Ireland to fight for further economic freedom . The Drapier refers to Ireland 's lack of economic freedom when he claims , the Irish " are altogether Losers , and England a Gainer " . Swift 's intentions behind the letter are uncertain , and some critics believe that Swift did not desire such an investigation into Wood 's supporters while others contend that Swift was serious about promoting a public inquiry into the matter . The topics the Drapier addresses span from absentee land owners to importing of goods from Britain to the favouring of Englishmen over Irishmen for Irish governmental positions . These issues were the many issues that Swift cared about and saw as threatening Ireland before Wood 's halfpence controversy . However , these individual issues were not as important as the independence and unity of Ireland : the specifics of independence were less important than self @-@ rule . Some argue that Swift , after Wood 's patent was withdrawn , removed himself from the political landscape to focus on writing Gulliver 's Travels , in which he picked up many of the same ideas . = = Publication = = John Harding published the first four letters before he was arrested and the fifth after his release . After Harding 's death , George Faulkner became Swift 's primary publisher in Ireland , and A Letter to the Lord Chancellor Middleton and An Humble Address were copied from manuscript copies provided by the author to Faulkner and then printed with the other letters . The Drapier 's Letters were first collected and published in their entirety by Faulkner in 1735 . On 9 February 1733 , Faulkner advertised his future publication of Swift 's collected works in four volumes , the first containing the Drapier 's Letters , in the Dublin Journal . However , this edition led to the Motte v Faulkner ( 1735 ) lawsuit , since the London bookseller Benjamin Motte had publication rights , under British copyright legislation , to many of the works included in Faulkner 's edition . Although the Drapier 's Letters were not under copyright , the complete work was legally brought to a halt from being published in England by a ruling on 28 November 1735 . It is uncertain if Swift allowed Faulkner to publish the works to allow an Irish publisher to compete against a British publisher or if Swift had no say in the matter and Faulkner published the works against Swift 's will . In a letter to Motte in May 1736 , Swift did not defend Faulkner 's legal right to publish the works . Instead , Swift admonished Motte for prosecuting Faulkner instead of coming to an agreement that would allow Faulkner to reprint the copyrighted material . = = Reception = = Although the original printing of the Drapier 's Letters resulted in the arrest of Harding and a bounty placed upon the Drapier 's head , Swift 's actions in defending Ireland were deemed heroic among the Irish citizenry . He was titled the " Hibernian patriot " for his actions . Some residents of Dublin placed banners and signs in the city to recognise Swift 's deeds , and images from the letters , such as the Drapier comparing his campaign to David fighting Goliath , became themes in popular literature . Scholar Herbert Davis claims that by the end of 1725 , Swift was " the Darling of the populace ; His Image and Superscription on a great many Sign @-@ Posts " in Ireland . Swift did not fully embrace his popularity , but he enjoyed it . On his birthday , 30 November 1727 , a large group of men came to St. Patrick 's Cathedral to pray and afterwards celebrate throughout the city . This gathering commemorated Swift and his letters and also protested against the harsh British treatment of Ireland . According to Robert Mahony , the Drapier 's Letters , especially the fourth , were later praised by Irish nationalists . However , as he continued , many recent critics have re @-@ examined this nationalistic claim and asserted a counterclaim that Swift is speaking more for the Protestants of Ireland than for the entire nation . Many critics , including Carol Fabricant , have asked who " the Whole People of Ireland " are , " who " the Drapier 's Letters are speaking " to " , and if Swift has the right , as a Protestant Englishman , to speak for the entire nation . R. F. Foster believes that Swift represented " Ascendancy attitudes , " but this view is not held by all . Some critics , like Joep Leerssen , believe that Swift 's work contributed greatly to a common Irish nationalism regardless of religious affiliation , and that Swift was able to relate to all of Ireland through a unified suffering under the British rule . In overall effect , Fabricant argued that Swift 's ability to speak for the whole populace is further suggested by the wide consensus opposed to the coinage plan . Along with this , Swift was able to rhetorically extend natural rights , in the Drapier 's Letters , to all people of Ireland without any regard to restriction . = Third attack on Anzac Cove = The third attack on Anzac Cove ( 19 May 1915 ) was an engagement during the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War . The attack was conducted by the forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire , against the forces of the British Empire defending the cove . On 25 April 1915 , the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) landed on the western side of the Gallipoli Peninsula , at what thereafter became known as Anzac Cove . The first Turkish attempts to recapture the ANZAC beachhead were two unsuccessful attacks in April . Just over two weeks later , the Turks had gathered a force of 42 @,@ 000 men ( four divisions ) to conduct their second assault against the ANZAC 's 17 @,@ 300 men ( two divisions ) . The ANZAC commanders had no indication of the impending attack until the day before , when British aircraft reported a build @-@ up of troops opposite the ANZAC positions . The Turkish assault began in the early hours of 19 May , mostly directed at the centre of the ANZAC position . It had failed by midday ; the Turks were caught by enfilade fire from the defenders ' rifles and machine @-@ guns , which caused around ten thousand casualties , including three thousand deaths . The ANZACs had less than seven hundred casualties . Expecting an imminent continuation of the battle , three Allied brigades arrived within twenty @-@ four hours to reinforce the beachhead , but no subsequent attack materialised . Instead , on 20 and 24 May two truces were declared to collect the wounded and bury the dead in no man 's land . The Turks never succeeded in capturing the bridgehead ; instead the ANZACs evacuated the position at the end of the year . = = Background = = = = = Beachhead = = = On 25 April , at the start of the Gallipoli Campaign , the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) , commanded by Lieutenant @-@ General William Birdwood , landed at Beach Z , later to become known as Anzac Cove . The beachhead was not a large position . Including two isolated outposts in the north , No.1 Post and No.2 Post , it stretched south only 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to Chatham 's Post , and at the most had a depth of 750 yards ( 690 m ) . Other sources put the dimensions as 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) long , and 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 910 m ) deep . Two of the central positions , Quinn 's and Courtnay 's Posts , had a steep cliff to the rear of the ANZAC trenches . In places the Turkish trenches were dug as close as ten yards ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) from the Allied lines . The First Turkish counter @-@ attack on Anzac Cove in April , by the 19th Infantry Division ( 57th , 72nd and 77th Infantry Regiments ) commanded by Colonel Mustafa Kemal , had initially pierced the ANZAC line but was eventually repulsed . On 5 May the Turkish Army commander , the German officer Otto Liman von Sanders , ordered his troops to adopt a defensive posture . However , the Turkish General Staff considered the ANZAC beachhead to be such a precarious position that even a small Turkish success would " drive them back into the sea " . Another consideration was that eliminating the ANZAC position would release four or five divisions to move against the British and French beachhead at Cape Helles . = = = Turkish forces = = = The Ottoman Turkish Army of the First World War was badly underestimated by the Allies , and during the war it would defeat forces from the British , French and Russian armies . Before the landings , the Gallipoli peninsula was defended by several divisions , based on infantry battalion strong @-@ points overlooking the potential landing beaches . By April 1915 , they had 82 fixed and 230 mobile artillery pieces sited to defend the peninsula . Virtually all the Turkish Army commanders , down to company commander level , were very experienced , being veterans of the Balkan Wars . But their command structure was weaker at the non commissioned officer ( NCO ) level , with only one NCO in each company . One advantage that the Turkish Army had over the British supplied forces was their hand grenades , which were not used by the British forces . The British also acknowledged that the Turkish snipers ' " marksmanship was generally superior " to that of the Allies . The assault was under the direct command of Major @-@ General Essad Pasha . The plan was to gather the assault force secretly behind the Turkish lines on 18 May . Then at 03 : 30 19 May , while it was still dark , the Turkish forces would simultaneously attack all along the ANZAC perimeter . The aim was to force the defenders out of their trenches and back into the sea . To maintain surprise the attack would not be preceded by an artillery bombardment ; but the previous day all the available Turkish artillery bombarded the ANZAC lines between 17 : 00 and midnight . This was something they had done twice before that month . The signal to start the attack was supposed to have been the detonation of a large mine at Quinn 's Post , in the centre of the ANZAC lines , but by 19 May the tunnel for the mine had not been completed . The attacking force , from north to south , comprised the 19th Division ( now made up of the 27th , 57th and 72nd Infantry Regiments ) , 5th Division ( 13th and 14th Infantry Regiments ) , 2nd Division ( 1st , 5th and 6th Infantry Regiments ) , 16th Division ( 33rd , 47th , 48th and 125th Infantry Regiments ) and the now independent 77th Infantry Regiment . In total this was around 42 @,@ 000 men . The 2nd and 16th Divisions were fresh , having just arrived on the peninsula , while the other two had taken part in some of the previous counter @-@ attacks at Anzac Cove . = = = ANZAC forces = = = By now the ANZAC Corps comprised two divisions , with around 17 @,@ 300 men and 43 artillery pieces . The New Zealand and Australian Division defended the northern half of the beachhead , while the 1st Australian Division defended the southern half . The perimeter was divided into four sections , from north to south , the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade in No.4 Section , the 1st Light Horse Brigade and the 4th Australian Brigade in No.3 Section , the 1st Australian Brigade in No.2 Section , and finally the 3rd Australian Brigade in No.1 Section . The understrength 2nd Australian Brigade , the only corps reserve , was held where Shrapnel Valley met Monash Valley , and was ordered to deploy two battalions to form a reserve defence line . The New Zealand Infantry Brigade had been sent to Cape Helles to support the British . The ANZAC command had no inkling of the impending attack , and as late as 16 May they recorded that they were opposed by only between 15 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 troops . On 18 May an aircraft from the Royal Naval Air Service was sent to direct naval gunfire , and flew across the peninsula on its return . The aircraft 's crew observed that the valleys opposite the ANZAC position were " densely packed with Turkish troops " . A second aircraft , sent to confirm the sighting , also reported that even more troops were being landed at Eceabat on the peninsula 's eastern coast , only around five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) from the ANZAC beachhead . At 17 : 15 the news was relayed to the two ANZAC divisions , who were told to expect an attack that night . Just after dark the British battleship HMS Triumph reported seeing a " considerable " number of mounted troops and artillery moving north from Krithia . At about 23 : 45 18 May , a Turkish bomb detonated at Quinn 's Post , and the Turks opened fire with their small arms until around 00 : 10 19 May . With all the evidence pointing to an impending Turkish assault , the ANZAC troops were ordered to stand @-@ to at 03 : 00 , half an hour earlier than normal , and they improvised defences by throwing out rolls of barbed wire on rests to the front of their lines . = = Attack = = = = = No.2 Section = = = The first sign of the coming battle was shortly after stand @-@ to at No.2 Section , where the Australian 4th Battalion reported seeing movement , and light reflecting off bayonets , in the valley between Johnston 's Jolly and German Officers ' Ridge . The 5th Division started attacking without , as was normal , blowing their bugles and shouting war cries . Their trenches were only two hundred yards ( 180 m ) from the Australians ' trench , and the Australian 1st and 4th Battalions opened fire on the advancing Turks . The 5th Division was closely followed by the 2nd and 16th Divisions . The 2nd Division , coming from Johnson 's Jolly , advanced diagonally across the 4th Battalion 's front , and the 4th Battalion engaged them in their flank with rifle and machine @-@ gun fire . The Turks that survived the enfilade fire moved either into Wire Gully or back to their own lines . Waves of Turkish reinforcements attempted to follow the first line , but they were also mown down and by daylight the only movement seen was the wounded trying to reach help . To the immediate south , opposite Lone Pine , the Australian 2nd and 3rd Battalions had been digging a new trench into no man 's land . It was intended to provide a better firing position and , starting from both battalions ' lines , headed into no man 's land at an angle of forty @-@ five degrees to the old line . Eventually it was expected that the two extensions would meet in the middle , but by the time of the attack there was still a gap of around fifty yards ( 46 m ) between them . It was here the Turkish 16th Division attacked . At first the Turks were in a gully which sheltered them from Australian fire . The 48th Infantry Regiment , moving through the heavy Australian fire , advanced into the gap between the two battalions . Despite one of the 3rd Battalion 's machine @-@ guns jamming , this assault and the following waves were beaten back , although some Turks did reach the Australian trenches . The Turks came so close to the supporting Australian artillery that the artillerymen disabled their guns , so they could not be used against them , and joined the infantry in the trenches . The 16th Division attempted four successive assaults , but each wave was mown down by the Australian fire . At Wire Gully a group of Turks got close enough to a 2nd Battalion machine @-@ gun to destroy it with a hand grenade , allowing them to move forward and reach the Australian trench . Some individual Turkish soldiers also reached the trench before they were all shot down . This continued until around 05 : 00 , when the surviving Turks started withdrawing to German Officers ' Ridge . = = = No.1 Section = = = Part of the 16th Division also attacked the 3rd Brigade in No.1 Section from Lone Pine southwards . They advanced in two waves through a field of wheat , but only three men survived the Australian fire to reach the 10th Battalion 's trench , and were then shot on the parapet . Turkish wounded and survivors could be seen moving back to a gully , but in the growing light they were in full view of an 11th Battalion machine @-@ gun , which caused devastation amongst their ranks . The Australians continued firing at targets until around noon , but it was obvious the assault by the 16th Division had failed here . In the extreme south of the ANZAC beachhead the 9th Battalion trench was attacked by the independent 77th Infantry Regiment . However , here as elsewhere , the attacking Turks were whittled down by the Australian fire , the last of them as they reached the belt of barbed wire in front of the Australian trenches . = = = No.3 Section = = = Another part of the 5th Division had gathered unseen below Courtnay 's Post , which was held by the 14th Battalion , and at 04 : 00 they rushed the trench , throwing hand grenades . The post was only defended by an Australian section , two of whom were killed and another two wounded ; as the Turks occupied that part of the post the surviving Australians retreated . The Turks were now in a position to observe and bring fire down on Monash Valley . However , from another section of the post Private Albert Jacka led a small group of men in a counter @-@ attack on the Turks . Jacka shot five of the Turks , bayoneted another two , and chased the rest out of the post . For this feat he was awarded the Victoria Cross . Next in the line , to the north , was Quinn 's Post , defended by the 15th Battalion and the 2nd Light Horse Regiment . For some time after the start of the Turkish attack , the Turks opposite Quinn 's just threw hand grenades at the post . Around 03 : 30 the Turks ' machine @-@ guns and rifles opened fire at the Australians . This lasted for about an hour when the Turks went over the top and assaulted the post . As elsewhere , they were stopped by the weight of the Australian fire , not only from the trench they were attacking , but also by the defenders at Pope 's and from the 2nd New Zealand Artillery Battery . Three more Turkish attacks were also repulsed in a similar fashion . On the other side of Monash Valley , the right flank of the 5th Division and the 19th Division attacked Pope 's . Sentries from the 1st Light Horse Regiment opened fire on a group of Turks moving down the valley ; this group , several hundred strong , started an attack on Pope 's . The defenders from the 1st and 3rd Light Horse Regiments opened fire , and only three Turkish soldiers reached the Australian positions before being shot . = = = No.4 Section = = = On Russell 's Top the Auckland Mounted Rifles were in a precarious position ; their trenches were still far from being fully constructed , and three saps heading towards The Nek had yet to be joined up . The 19th Division , using hand grenades , attacked the New Zealanders ' position in three waves . The Wellington Mounted Rifles to the north were able to bring their machine @-@ guns to bear on the attackers . The flanking fire caused devastation amongst the Turkish ranks . At the same time the Aucklands charged them in a counter @-@ attack , forcing the survivors to withdraw . = = = Daylight = = = All along the ANZAC perimeter , Turkish troops continued trying to advance using fire and manoeuvre . This gradually petered out as the morning progressed , and the Turks tried to regain their own lines instead . The Australians and New Zealanders continued to fire on them , sometimes showing themselves above their trenches . The Turks were now able to return fire , which caused the majority of the ANZAC casualties . It was now clear to the Australians and New Zealanders that the Turkish attack was a failure . However , a report arrived at Turkish headquarters suggesting that some objectives had been captured . So the Turkish commanders issued orders , at 05 : 00 , for a second assault , this time to be supported by an artillery bombardment . Over the next few hours several new attacks began . At 05 : 25 the 2nd and 5th Divisions attacked again , but instead of moving directly at the Australian lines , they advanced at an angle , and were again mown down . At No.1 Post in the No.4 Section the Canterbury Mounted Rifles observed the Turks forming in Malone 's Gully , in preparation for another assault on Russell 's Top . The location of the post was such that they could turn their machine @-@ gun and engage the Turks from the rear , which broke up the attack . The Turks attacked Quinn 's four more times , and on one occasion an officer and around thirty men managed to reach the junction of Courtney 's and Quinn 's before being killed . This pattern of attack was kept up until around 10 : 00 , when Allied observers reported a reluctance among the Turkish troops to leave their trenches . The seriousness of the Turkish defeat gradually dawned on the ANZAC commanders . At 05 : 25 Birdwood suggested to his junior commanders that they counter @-@ attack against the Turkish flanks . But he was convinced that any attack into the Turkish artillery was doomed to failure . However , at 15 : 35 British General Headquarters ( GHQ ) ordered him to exploit the situation and use any opportunity to attack . Birdwood replied that anything less than a general assault would be futile . In the northern sector Major @-@ General Alexander Godley , commanding the New Zealand and Australian Division , decided to attack . The Wellington Mounted Rifles was ordered to attack the Turkish trenches at The Nek . The trench that was their first objective was one hundred yards ( 91 m ) across no man 's land with no cover at all . The regiment prepared to obey the order , but arranged the attack so that no single squadron would be wiped out . The men were selected in equal proportion from all three squadrons , and Captain William Hardham VC was chosen to command them . Brigadier @-@ General Andrew Russell , commanding the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade , contacted Godley to advise him of the circumstances of such an attack , and Russell was told to " use his own judgement " so promptly called it off . The Turks kept up their artillery bombardment on the beachhead for the remainder of the day . That , along with a prisoner disclosing that another attack was imminent , persuaded GHQ to recall the New Zealand Infantry Brigade from Cape Helles to Anzac Cove that night . = = Aftermath = = By the end of the day the ANZAC artillery had expended 1 @,@ 361 18 @-@ pounder rounds , 143 howitzer rounds , 1 @,@ 410 smaller mountain artillery rounds , and 948 @,@ 000 rifle and machine @-@ gun rounds . Turkish figures are not known , but the attacking Turkish forces had around ten thousand casualties , including three thousand dead . The heaviest casualties were amongst the 5th Division , and the least for the relatively inactive 19th Division , which still had over one thousand casualties . Talking about the failed attack , one Turkish soldier described the scene " [ c ] ountless dead , countless ! It was impossible to count . " The ANZACs had only 160 killed and 468 wounded . Among the Australian dead was Private John Simpson Kirkpatrick , whose exploits in the campaign earned him a place in Australian folklore as " the Man with the Donkey " . The next day , 20 May , the smell of rotting corpses in no man 's land and the numerous wounded still located between the lines convinced the New Zealand and Australian Division staff to suggest an armistice . Soon an informal truce began under the flags of the Red Cross and Red Crescent . Turkish stretcher @-@ bearers headed into no man 's land to collect the dead and wounded . Just after 19 : 00 it appeared that the Turks were massing troops for an attack while gathering their wounded , so the 9th Battalion opened fire on them . The Turks responded with their artillery bombarding the Australian trenches . By now the beachhead had been reinforced ; the New Zealand Infantry Brigade , the 2nd Light Horse Brigade and the 3rd Light Horse Brigade had all arrived during the day . Communication between the two sides resulted in a more formal truce on 24 May . At 07 : 30 all firing ceased and parties moved out to bury the dead . This lasted until 16 : 30 when the truce ended and both sides returned to their own lines . Firing recommenced at 16 : 45 . The Turkish commanders now realised just what would be required to capture the beachhead . Instead of trying again they left two of their depleted divisions , the 16th and 19th , to man their lines while the others were withdrawn . The still independent 77th Infantry Regiment also remained behind , in the same position covering the south . The Turks never succeeded in capturing the beachhead , and at the end of the year the ANZAC forces were evacuated to Egypt . During the 260 days of the Gallipoli Campaign , the British Empire forces took 213 @,@ 980 casualties . 35 @,@ 000 of those were from the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , which included 8 @,@ 709 Australian and 2 @,@ 721 New Zealand dead . The exact number of Turkish casualties is not known , but has been estimated at 87 @,@ 000 dead from a total of around 250 @,@ 000 casualties . = Great Britain at the 1992 Winter Paralympics = Great Britain competed at the 1992 Winter Paralympics held in Tignes and Albertville , France , the first Winter Paralympics to be celebrated concurrently with the Winter Olympic Games . The British team entered athletes in all three disciplines contested at the Games ; eleven in alpine skiing , four in biathlon and three in cross @-@ country skiing . Five medals were won by British athletes , one silver and four bronze , meaning Britain placed fifteenth in the medal table . This remains Great Britain 's second best Winter Paralympic medal total after the 1984 Winter Paralympics in Innsbruck , Austria , where the team won ten medals . All five medals were won in alpine skiing events , two by Richard Burt and three by Matthew Stockford . In addition to the medal performances the team had fourteen top ten finishes . The achievements of the British Paralympic team at the 1992 Winter Games helped to raise awareness of sports for disabled athletes . = = Medallists = = The following British athletes won medals at the Games . In total five medals were won , all in alpine skiing , and the team finished fifteenth in the medal table . This was the best medal total by Great Britain at a Winter Paralympics since 1984 in Innsbruck . In the ' by discipline ' sections below , medallists ' names are in bold . = = Team selection and funding = = The team was made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom ; athletes from Northern Ireland , who could later elect to hold Irish citizenship under the pre @-@ 1999 article 2 of the Irish constitution , were only eligible to represent Great Britain at this time . However no Northern Irish athletes took part in the Winter Paralympics until 2010 in Vancouver . These were the first Games , along with the Summer Games in Barcelona , to be coordinated by the British Paralympic Association . Funding for elite training programmes came from the Paralympics Trust , which was set up with a £ 500 @,@ 000 government grant . = = Disability classification = = Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories ; amputation , the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness ; cerebral palsy ; wheelchair athletes , there is often overlap between this and other categories ; visual impairment , including blindness ; Les autres , any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories , for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis . Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications , dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition . Events are given a code , made of numbers and letters , describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing . Events with " B " in the code are for athletes with visual impairment , codes LW1 to LW9 are for athletes who stand to compete and LW10 to LW12 are for athletes who compete sitting down . In biathlon events , which contain a target shooting component , blind and visually impaired athletes are able to compete through the use of acoustic signals , whose signal intensity varies dependent upon whether or not the athlete is on target . = = Alpine skiing = = Eleven British alpine skiers took part in the Games , ten in the men 's events and one in the women 's . All five of Britain 's medals at the Games were won in alpine skiing events . The team 's only silver medal was won by Richard Burt in the giant slalom B3 classification and he also won a bronze in the super @-@ G B3 . Burt almost missed his silver medal run when race officials started prematurely resetting the slalom course , but Burt 's sighted guide Keith Hockley noticed and took him up the mountain to complete the race . Matthew Stockford , the reigning world champion in downhill , won three bronze medals in the downhill , super @-@ G and giant slalom events of the LW10 classification . After Stockford won the bronze in downhill , the British delegation filed a protest claiming that the two American skiers ahead of him should not have been in the LW10 category . The medical committee rejected the protest on the grounds that all classifications had been determined at the start of the competition . Both Burt and Stockford would go on to win medals at the 1994 Winter Paralympics in Lillehammer . Men Women = = Biathlon = = Four British men competed in biathlon events , all of them in the visually impaired classifications . None of the athletes won a medal , the highest placed finisher being Peter Young who came sixth in the B1 7 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 7 mi ) . Young , James Brown and James Denton also competed in cross @-@ country skiing events at the Games . Men = = Cross @-@ country skiing = = Three British men took part in cross @-@ country skiing at the 1992 Games ; all three also competed in biathlon events . Each athlete entered both the 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) and 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) for their classification and all three teamed up for the B1 @-@ 3 3 × 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) relay , in which the team finished last out of the five competing nations . Peter Young achieved the best finish in an individual event , sixth place in the 10 km B1 , he had previously won a bronze medal in the event at the 1984 Innsbruck Games . Both Brown and Denton failed to place in the top ten in their individual events . Men = The Great Ziegfeld = The Great Ziegfeld is a 1936 American musical drama film directed by Robert Z. Leonard and produced by Hunt Stromberg . It stars William Powell as the theatrical impresario Florenz " Flo " Ziegfeld , Jr . , Luise Rainer as Anna Held , and Myrna Loy as Billie Burke . The film , shot at MGM Studios in Culver City , California in the fall of 1935 , is a fictionalized tribute to Florenz Ziegfeld , Jr. and a cinematic adaption of Broadway 's Ziegfeld Follies , with highly elaborate costumes , dances and sets . Many of the performers of the theatrical Ziegfeld Follies were cast in the film as themselves , including Fanny Brice and Harriet Hoctor , and Billie Burke acted as a supervisor for the film . The " A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody " set alone was reported to have cost US $ 220 @,@ 000 ( US $ 3 @,@ 751 @,@ 607 in 2016 dollars ) , featuring a towering rotating volute of 70 ft ( 21 m ) diameter with 175 spiral steps , weighing 100 tons . The music to the film was provided by Walter Donaldson , Irving Berlin , and lyricist Harold Adamson , with choreographed scenes . The extravagant costumes were designed by Adrian , taking some 250 tailors and seamstresses six months to prepare them using 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of silver sequins and 12 yards ( 11 m ) of white ostrich plumes . Over a thousand people were employed in the production of the film , which required 16 reels of film after the cutting . One of the biggest successes in film in the 1930s and the pride of MGM at the time , it was acclaimed as the greatest musical biography to be made in Hollywood and still remains a standard in musical film making . It won three Academy Awards , including Best Picture for producer Hunt Stromberg , Best Actress for Luise Rainer , and Best Dance Direction for Seymour Felix , and was nominated for four others . Although the film is still praised for its lavish production and as a symbol of glamor and excess during the Golden Age of Hollywood , today The Great Ziegfeld is generally seen less favorably and is considered by many critics to be excessively showy and long at just under three hours . MGM made two more Ziegfeld films – one entitled Ziegfeld Girl ( 1941 ) , starring James Stewart , Judy Garland , Hedy Lamarr , and Lana Turner , which recycled some footage from The Great Ziegfeld , and in 1946 , Ziegfeld Follies by Vincente Minnelli . In 1951 , they produced their Technicolor remake of Show Boat , which Ziegfeld had presented as a stage musical . = = Plot = = The son of a highly respected music professor , Florenz " Flo " Ziegfeld , Jr. yearns to make his mark in show business . He begins by promoting Eugen Sandow , the " world 's strongest man " , at the 1893 Chicago World 's Fair , overcoming the competition of rival Billings and his popular attraction , belly dancer Little Egypt , with savvy marketing ( allowing women to feel Sandow 's muscles ) . Ziegfeld returns to his father and young Mary Lou at the Chicago Musical College , and departs to San Francisco , where he and Sandow are deemed frauds for putting on a show in which Sandow faces a lion who falls asleep as soon as it is let out of the cage . Flo travels to England on an ocean liner , where he runs into Billings again who is laughing at a newspaper article denouncing him as a fraud . Flo discovers that Billings is on his way to sign a contract with beautiful French star , Anna Held . Despite losing all his money gambling at Monte Carlo , Flo charms Anna into signing with him instead , pretending that he doesn 't know Billings . Anna twice almost sends him away for his rudeness and for being broke , before revealing that she appreciates his honesty . Ziegfeld promises to give her " more publicity than she ever dreams of " and to feature her alongside America 's most prominent theatrical performers . At first , Anna 's performance at the Herald Square Theatre is not a success . However , Flo manages to generate publicity by sending 20 gallons of milk to Anna every day for a fictitious milk bath beauty treatment , then refusing to pay the bill . The newspaper stories soon bring the curious to pack his theater , and Ziegfeld introduces eight new performers to back her . Audience members comment on how the milk must make her skin beautiful and the show is a major success . Flo sends Anna flowers and jewelry and a note saying " you were magnificent my wife " , and she agrees to marry him , flaunting her new diamonds to her fellow performers . However , one success is not enough for the showman . He has an idea for an entirely new kind of show featuring a bevy of blondes and brunettes , one that will " glorify " the American girl . The new show , the Ziegfeld Follies , an opulent production filled with beautiful women and highly extravagant costumes and sets , is a smash hit , and is followed by more versions of the Follies . Ziegfeld tries to make a star out of Audrey Dane , who is plagued with alcoholism and lures Fanny Brice away from vaudeville , showering both with lavish gifts . He gives stagehand Ray Bolger his break as well . Mary Lou , now a young woman , visits Ziegfeld , who doesn 't recognize her initially , and hires her as a dancer . The new production upsets Anna , who realizes that Flo 's world does not revolve around just her , and she becomes envious of the attention he pays to Audrey . She divorces him after walking in on Flo and a drunk Audrey at the wrong moment . Audrey walks out on Flo and the show after an angry confrontation . Broke , Flo borrows money from Billings for a third time for the new show . Flo meets the red @-@ headed Broadway star Billie Burke and soon marries her . When she hears the news , a heartbroken Anna telephones Flo and pretends to be glad for him . Flo and Billie eventually have a daughter named Patricia . Flo 's new shows are a success , but after a while , the public 's taste changes , and people begin to wonder if the times have not passed him by . After a string of negative reviews in the press , Flo overhears three men in a barber 's shop saying that he 'll " never produce another hit " . Stung , he vows to have four hits on Broadway at the same time . He achieves his goal , with the hits Show Boat ( 1927 ) , Rio Rita ( 1927 ) , Whoopee ! ( 1928 ) , and The Three Musketeers , and invests over $ 1 million ( US $ 13 @,@ 781 @,@ 008 in 2016 dollars ) of his earnings in the stock market . However , the stock market crash of 1929 bankrupts him , forcing Billie to return to the stage . Shaken by the reversal of his financial fortunes and the growing popularity of movies over live stage shows , he becomes seriously ill . Billings pays him a friendly visit , and the two men agree to become partners in a new , even grander production of The Ziegfeld Follies . But the reality is that both men are broke and Ziegfeld realizes this . In the final scene in his apartment overlooking the Ziegfeld Theatre , in a half @-@ delirium , he recalls scenes from several of his hits , exclaiming , " I 've got to have more steps , higher , higher " , before slumping over dead in his chair . = = Cast = = = = Production = = Ziegfeld 's widow , Billie Burke , was keen to pay off Ziegfeld 's debts without filing for bankruptcy , and sold the rights to a biopic of him to Universal Pictures in late 1933 . As a result , the film went into the pre @-@ production phase in January 1934 . Macguire had initially proposed the biographical film to them in the form of a " filmusical entertainment " set in a " theatrical tradition " and William Powell was cast as Ziegfeld . However , by February 1935 , Macguire had fallen into disagreement with Universal over financial problems at the studio , and the entire production , including some already constructed sets and musical arrangements , were sold to MGM for US $ 300 @,@ 000 ( US $ 5 @,@ 177 @,@ 913 in 2016 dollars ) . As part of the deal however , Universal retained the services of Powell for the classic screwball comedy My Man Godfrey , which was released the same year as The Great Ziegfeld . The film was shot at MGM Studios in Culver City , California mostly in the latter half of 1935 under a budget of US $ 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 ( US $ 25 @,@ 889 @,@ 563 in 2016 dollars ) , produced by Hunt Stromberg . The cost exceeded US $ 2 million ( US $ 34 @,@ 519 @,@ 417 in 2016 dollars ) by the end of the production in early 1936 , exorbitant for the period , and it was MGM 's most expensive film to date after Ben Hur ( 1925 ) . The principal cinematography was shot by Oliver T. Marsh , and George Folsey and Karl Freund were brought in to shoot the Ziegfeld Roof numbers . Ray June shot the " Melody " number and Merritt B. Gerstad is credited for the Hoctor Ballet . In the advertising for the film , MGM boasted of the film 's ostentatious nature , bragging that it was " SO BIG that only MGM could handle it " , with its " countless beauties , trained lions , ponies , dogs and other animals " . Busby Berkeley , who had led Warner Brothers to become the leading producer of musicals in Hollywood in the 1930s , was a major influence on the producers which had " glamorous , excessive 1930s cinematic musical numbers " . The film also came at a time when producers had begun seeing the economic and cultural importance of the cinematic medium in comparison to theater . Variety notes that the film producers were likely very concerned with the presentation of the film after production was wrapped up , and that the long length of the film at 176 minutes was understandable in that they probably " wanted to preserve as much footage as possible " . William S. Gray was responsible for the editing of the film . Over a thousand people were employed in the production , and The Great Ziegfeld required 16 reels of film after the cutting . By coincidence , Universal 's 1936 film version of the Ziegfeld musical " Show Boat " , the most faithful of all the film versions of the stage production , was filmed at the same time as The Great Ziegfeld and released in the same year . = = = Screenplay = = = The screenplay by William Anthony McGuire was a " novelty " to many audiences who were familiar with the theatrical Broadway shows of the follies . The script , although fictionalized with embellishments needed for the motion picture , did show some accuracies in the life of Ziegfeld . Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times said of the script : " What William Anthony McGuire has attempted in his screen play , and with general success , is to encompass not merely the fantastic personal history of Ziegfeld but the cross @-@ sectional story of the development of the Follies , the Midnight Frolic on the New Amsterdam Roof and the other theatrical enterprises floated under the Glorifier 's aegis during a span of about forty years . The two biographies — of the man and of his creations — are , naturally , inseparable ; but both have been told with such wealth of detail and circumstance ( real and imaginative ) that even the three @-@ hour film narrative is fragmentary and , in some places , confused . " Although it has some accuracies , The Great Ziegfeld takes many key liberties with Ziegfeld 's life and the history of the Follies , resulting in many inaccuracies . The earlier scenes with Sandow , the milk bath advertising scenario , and many other sequences including several of the dramatic ups and downs of the film were fictional . George Gershwin 's Rhapsody in Blue was never featured in the Follies , and the number " A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody " was written for the 1919 Follies , not the first edition of the revue , as shown in the film . Ray Bolger was never cast in a " Follies " show , and although she was born in the U.S , Billie Burke grew up in England and spoke with a Mid @-@ Atlantic accent throughout her life ; Loy who portrays her clearly has an American accent in the film . In the film , the last few lines of the song " Ol ' Man River " ( from Show Boat ) are sung by what sounds like a tenor , while the song was intended for bass Paul Robeson and sung in the original production by bass @-@ baritone Jules Bledsoe . Further , the screenplay also gives the impression that the successful original production of Show Boat , which Ziegfeld produced , closed because of the Great Depression . In fact Show Boat ended its original 1927 run in the spring of 1929 and the stock market crash did not occur until October of that year . It was the 1932 revival of the show ( also produced by Ziegfeld shortly before his death ) , not the original production , that was affected by the Depression . In real life , Ziegeld did not die in his room at the Hotel Warwick ( not mentioned ) which stood in front of the Ziegfeld Theatre ; he actually died in Los Angeles and had not even spent his last years in New York . However , McGuire did capture a number of Ziegfeld 's traits , such as sending telegrams to people even in close proximity , his belief that elephants were a symbol of good luck , his exquisite taste in costumes and design , and perfectionism over his productions , especially lighting and rostrum pedestaling . McGuire 's script , now in the Henry E. Huntington Library , San Marino , California , is dated September 21 , 1935 , probably the date when it was finalized . = = = Casting = = = Initially , the main cast proposed for the film included Marilyn Miller , Gilda Gray , Ann Pennington , and Leon Errol . Featured in the film are William Powell as Ziegfeld , Myrna Loy as Billie Burke , Luise Rainer as Anna Held , Nat Pendleton as Eugen Sandow , and Frank Morgan . Powell admitted to being " amazed " with the film after viewing it and was very grateful at having had the privilege to portray Ziegfeld , considering it to be a very important moment in his career . He said , " After seeing this film I can see that most of the characters I have played before were contrived . They had no ' folks ' , as the character of Ziegfeld had in this picture . Their father was a pen and their mother was a bottle of ink . Here was a character with flesh , blood and sinews . I felt for the first time in my acting career I had tried the full measure of a man , regardless of my shortcomings in playing him . " Many of the performers of the earlier Broadway version of the Ziegfeld Follies were cast in the film as themselves , including Fanny Brice and Harriet Hoctor , the ballet dancer and contortionist . The Great Ziegfeld marked Rainer 's second Hollywood film role after Escapade ( also with Powell ) . Fanny Brice appears as a comedian in the abridged song sequence " My Man " and played an effective version of herself in addition to her routine comic role as the funny girl . Nat Pendleton , a freestyle wrestler who had won the silver medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and had appeared alongside Powell in The Thin Man ( 1934 ) , was cast as the circus strongman Eugen Sandow . Billie Burke objected to her role being cast with another actress ( Myrna Loy ) since she was also an actress under contract to the studio and could play herself , but the producers concluded that at that point she was not a big enough star to play herself in The Great Ziegfeld . However , according to Emily W. Leider , Burke was not keen on playing her younger self and says that Billie Burke 's biographer stated that Miriam Hopkins would have been her first choice to play her part , not Loy . Burke herself worked as technical consultant , and although she did not object to Marilyn Miller performing a number , she was influential in the studio 's refusal to give her the higher billing and salary she had demanded , which led to Miller walking away from the film . Both Miller and Lillian Lorraine threatened legal action if so much as their names were mentioned in the film . Thus Miller 's character was renamed " Sally Manners " , and Lorraine 's character was renamed " Audrey Dane " ( played by Virginia Bruce ) . In real life , Ziegfeld had reportedly been obsessed with Miller , and was involved in numerous sex scandals . In 1922 Miller had given an interview in which she accused him of " making love to chorus girls " and sending her a diamond ring as " big as her hand " ; this essence of Ziegfeld 's character is captured in the film . Incidentally , Miller died from toxicity complications after surgery just before the release of the film on April 7 , 1936 , which led one reviewer writing in Liberty to denounce an urban legend which had arisen surrounding the timing of her death , saying , " It 's not true that Marilyn Miller died of a broken heart at not getting the lead in this . " Another myth surrounding her untimely death at the age of 37 is that she had contracted syphilis . Frank Morgan , a stage and film character actor , played the role of promoter Billings in the film . Dennis Morgan , in an uncredited role , performs in " A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody " ( dubbed by Allan Jones ) . Pat Ryan , the future Pat Nixon , wife of Richard Nixon and First Lady of the United States , was an extra in the film . Will Rogers was to appear in the film , but he was killed in a plane crash in August 1935 . He was played by stand @-@ in A. A. Trimble . = = = Costumes = = = The extravagant costumes , which even Ziegfeld initially considered too flamboyant , were designed by Adrian , who had worked with many of the greatest actresses of the period including Greta Garbo , Norma Shearer , Jeanette MacDonald , Jean Harlow , Katharine Hepburn and Joan Crawford , and later designed for films such as Marie Antoinette ( 1938 ) , The Women ( 1939 ) , and The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . Howard Gutner documents that due to MGM 's wealth and the high budget , Adrian was able to indulge in " sheer lavishness " in making the costumes , surpassing anything he had done previously . It took 250 tailors and seamstresses six months to sew the costumes that Adrian had designed for the film , using 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of silver sequins and 12 yards ( 11 m ) of white ostrich plumes . The costumes worn by women in the film are diverse , varying from " puffy hooped skirts to catlike leotards " to " layers of tulle and chiffron " , with the men mostly wearing black tuxedos . = = = Mise en scène and music = = = Leonard , a film director who specialized in melodrama and musicals , anchored the music for the film , working with Walter Donaldson , Irving Berlin , and lyricist Harold Adamson . The extravagant dances and ensemble sequences were choreographed by Seymour Felix and Harold Adamson , including the song sequence of " A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody " ( it was Irving Berlin 's 13th annual edition in 1919 ) . The " A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody " set , known as the " Wedding Cake " , involved several weeks of shooting time and was reported to have cost US $ 220 @,@ 000 ( US $ 3 @,@ 751 @,@ 607 in 2016 dollars ) . As many as 180 performers were involved in the scenes which included singers , dancers and musicians . The sequence presented started with the " Rhapsody in Blue " and concluded with Virginia Bruce descending from the volute as it rotated , a satin curtain being lowered from the top enclosing the volute . The curtains , made of rayon silk , measured 4 @,@ 300 yards ( 3 @,@ 900 m ) . Sheldon Hall and Stephen Neale note the theatrical sense that the cinematographers achieved through shooting the sequence in virtually a single take . They mention that " the camera traverses an enormous platform set contained within a curtained proscenium ( also enormous ) " , and that the " set itself revolves to meet the camera , rather than the camera entering the space of the set . " Linda Mizejewski , author of a book on the Ziegfeld girls , argues that the Pretty Girl sequence is more than just about being showy ; it is symbolic of womanhood which " powerfully visualizes women as the raw material for male aesthetic vision and design " . In the film she believes that womanhood is defined by the " young , white , blond and slender " female , which in the sequence are " delineated as the fluffy , artificial tiers of costuming and staging " . The Harriet Hoctor ballet music was scored by Con Conrad to lyrics written by Herb Magidson . The circus ballet was an adaptation from the old Ziegfeld stage shows . Variety called the Hoctor ballet " in itself intricate with its maneuverings of six Russian wolfhounds in terp formations " , and said that the " A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody " sequence in the film is a " nifty Berlin tune [ which ] becomes the fulcrum for one of Frank Skinner 's best arrangements as Arthur Lange batons the crescendos into a mad , glittering potpourri of Saint @-@ Saëns and Gershwin , Strauss and Verdi , beautifully blended against the Berlinesque background . It 's a scenic flash which makes the auditor wonder ' What can they do to follow that ? ' meaning in this or future film production . " Juan Antonio Ramírez refers to the wedding cake as a " famous spiral column " , citing it as one of the best known pieces of mobile architecture in film , but notes that in design the cake was not exclusive to The Great Ziegfeld , explaining that a wedding cake , albeit less flamboyant , had appeared in previous films such The King of Jazz ( 1930 ) , The Kid from Spain ( 1932 ) , Top Hat ( 1935 ) , and Follow the Fleet ( 1935 ) . Ramírez describes the film 's Mise en scène as representing " the last word in flashy vulgarity , Surrealist kitsch , or perhaps both at once " . Selected songs = = = Aftermath = = = Farida Mahzar filed a lawsuit against the filmmakers shortly before her death , claiming that they " presented Little Egypt as a lewd character " . 14 witnesses who had seen the act at the 1893 Chicago World Fair supported this , although the lawsuit was dropped after Mahzar died from a heart attack . Burke caused much controversy and upset among many of Ziegfeld 's friends and colleagues when she sold the rights to a production on Broadway , the Ziegfeld Follies , also starring Fanny Brice , at the time the film was released in 1936 , due to the fact that the show was produced by the Shubert brothers , whom Ziegfeld detested . Worse still for his associates , was that the show was a bigger success than Ziegfeld 's last production of the Follies in 1931 . The Ziegfeld Follies under Vincente Minnelli was initially performed in December 1935 , before making its Broadway debut on January 30 , 1936 . It was performed in Boston and Philadelphia until the production was postponed after Brice collapsed on stage with exhaustion . When it reopened on Broadway in September 1936 , five months after the release of the film , it was retitled The New Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 – 1937 , and was revamped considerably , with changes to the show 's humor . In 1941 , Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer produced a sequel entitled Ziegfeld Girl , starring James Stewart , Judy Garland , Hedy Lamarr , and Lana Turner , which recycled some film from The Great Ziegfeld . In 1946 , MGM made another sequel , Ziegfeld Follies , directed by Vincente Minnelli , director of the stage show . = = Reception = = = = = Box office = = = According to MGM records , the film earned a then @-@ massive $ 3 @,@ 089 @,@ 000 in the US and Canada and $ 1 @,@ 584 @,@ 000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $ 822 @,@ 000 . = = = Critical response at the time of release = = = The film , which premiered in Los Angeles at the Carthay Circle Theatre , was the first musical film in history for which one of its cast members won an Academy Award . Luise Rainer received the Best Actress Oscar for her portrayal of Ziegfeld 's first wife , Anna Held . The film , the pride of MGM at a time when Warner Brothers and RKO Pictures were the leading studios in Hollywood for musical production , was a major commercial and critical success and one of the most successful films of the 1930s , grossing US $ 4 @,@ 673 @,@ 000 ( US $ 79 @,@ 687 @,@ 537 in 2016 dollars ) worldwide at the box office . It was acclaimed upon release as the greatest musical biography to be made in Hollywood and still remains a standard in musical film making . At just short of three hours , The Great Ziegfeld was also the longest talking film of the time . ( D. W. Griffith 's The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance , both silent films , had each run over three hours . ) TCM has acclaimed the " A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody " sequence as one of " the most famous musical numbers ever filmed " . Thomas S. Hischak has said that the film has rarely been topped for pure showmanship and glamor , and Variety considered it an " outstanding picture " , a " symbol of a tradition of show business " . Variety praised the performances of the cast , remarking that as Ziegfeld , William Powell " endows the impersonation with all the qualities of a great entrepreneur and sentimentalist without sacrificing the shades and moods called for " and noting that Luise Rainer is " tops of the femmes with her vivacious Anna Held " . Stanley Green cited the The Great Ziegfeld as " the first of a number of elaborate show @-@ business screen biographies " . Otis Ferguson , writing for New Republic magazine , remarked that the " musical numbers seem as irresistible as Ziegfeld himself " . The New York American said that the film is " pretty nearly everything such an extravaganza should be " , with " romance and reality , song and dance , gaiety and beauty , pathos and bathos " . Time magazine qualified it as " Pretentious , packed with hokum and as richly sentimental as an Irving Berlin lyric , it is , as such , top @-@ notch entertainment . " A reviewer for the Spokane Chronicle praised the film for its superb acting , writing that " [ even ] the great producer [ Ziegfeld ] would have been unable to produce scenes of magnitude and splendor that are given as part of the picture telling his life . " Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times was also highly praising of the film , noting that it had " more stars than there are in the heavens " and remarking that " the picture achieves its best moments in the larger sequences devoted to the Girls — ballet , chorus and show . At least one of these spectacular numbers , filmed to the music of Irving Berlin 's " A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody " , with overtones of " Rhapsody in Blue " , never has been equaled on the musical comedy stage or screen . " John Mosher of The New Yorker called it " the most lavish display the screen has had to offer " with chorus numbers that were " gigantic and effective " , though he found the romance to be " peculiarly average screen @-@ story stuff . " Both The New York Times and Film Daily rated the film in the " Ten Best " of the year . However , not all critics were as enthusiastic about the film ; Graham Greene of the British Spectator called it a " huge inflated gas @-@ blown object " and criticized its length , comparing it to the feat of a flagpole sitter . A number of critics , although praising the film in general , felt that Myrna Loy , who appears rather late on in the film , gave a lackluster performance as Billie Burke . Nugent said that " Miss Loy is a stately Bille Burke , and somewhat lacking , we fear , in Miss Burke 's effervescence and gaiety " , and Cecilia Agner thought she came across as " stilted , like her rigidly waxed and set blonde wig " . Harrison Carroll of the Los Angeles Herald @-@ Express , however , sympathized with the difficulty of her role in portraying a prominent living actress , confessing that he was pleased that Loy did not attempt to imitate Burke 's mannerisms . Emily W. Leider believes that any of her character flaws were due to a " mushy " script , rather than her performance as an actress . = = = Critical re @-@ evaluation = = = Although the film is still viewed as a symbol of glamor and excess during the Golden Age of Hollywood , today the film has more of a mixed reception , with many critics believing that the film relies on its ( now @-@ dated ) extravagance and is too long ; Christopher Null stated that The Great Ziegfeld is a " textbook case of how a film can lose its appeal over the years " . Since its release the film has been criticized in particular for being unnecessarily lengthy and its overacting ( particularly by Rainer ) , and is occasionally cited as a " prime example of the Academy 's fallibility " in a year when other critically acclaimed pictures such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town were released , which some argue was more deserving of Best Picture . The consensus today on the review site Rotten Tomatoes is that although the " biopic is undeniably stylish " , it " loses points for excessive length , an overreliance on clichés , and historical inaccuracies " , and has a 61 % fresh rating . Emily W. Leider claims the film to be " more remarkable for its " legs and tinsel " extravagance than for its excellence . " David Parkinson of Empire magazine gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and concluded that it " Drags in places and doesn 't even try for a true @-@ to @-@ life portrait of the great theatre entrepreneur but it 's shiny and big spectacle with impressive choreography . " Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader called it " amazingly dull , even with William Powell in the lead and guest appearances by the likes of Ray Bolger and Fanny Brice . " Emanuel Levy gave it a C grade and stated that it was " overlong and overblown but ultimately mediocre as a musical movie and as a biopic of the legendary showman . " James Berardinelli awarded it 2 @.@ 5 out of 4 stars and stated that " although some of the production 's technical aspects remain impressive , the dramatic elements come across as trite and many of the musical numbers are dated " , but said that it was a " reasonably competent – albeit " airbrushed " – presentation of the main character 's life . " = = = Accolades = = = The seven Academy Award nominations were announced on February 7 , 1937 , and on March 4 , 1937 , The Great Ziegfeld won three Oscars at the 9th Academy Awards for 1936 : Although he was not nominated for an Academy Award for his performance , Powell did receive the Screen Actor 's Guild award for Best Actor in a tie with C. Aubrey Smith who was in Little Lord Fauntleroy . In addition the Guild 's Best Actress was given to Luise Rainer . = Battle of Ciudad Juárez ( 1911 ) = The First Battle of Ciudad Juárez took place in April and May 1911 between federal forces loyal to President Porfirio Díaz and rebel forces of Francisco Madero , during the Mexican Revolution . Pascual Orozco and Pancho Villa commanded Madero 's army , which besieged Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua . After two days of fighting the city 's garrison surrendered and Orozco and Villa took control of the town . The fall of Ciudad Juárez to Madero , combined with Emiliano Zapata 's taking of Cuautla in Morelos , convinced Díaz that he could not hope to defeat the rebels . As a result , he agreed to the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez , resigned and went into exile in France , thus ending the initial stage of the Mexican Revolution . = = Background = = Diaz 's 34 @-@ year dictatorial rule met with much opposition , which finally coalesced around the leadership of Francisco Madero . Madero had escaped from prison and , while in exile in the US in November 1910 , called for an uprising against Díaz . In the northern state of Chihuahua the call was answered by trader , miner and arms smuggler Pascual Orozco and the " social bandit " Pancho Villa , both of whom began guerrilla operations against Díaz 's troops . Encouraged by Villa 's and Orozco 's actions , as well as the outbreak of the Zapatista rebellion in Morelos , Madero crossed back into Mexico in February 1911 . After a few minor engagements with units of Diaz 's army , Madero , Orozco and Villa decided to attack the federal garrison at Ciudad Juárez . If they could take the city , they would control traffic between Mexico and the US . Furthermore , such a major success by the revolutionaries could very well be the final push that would knock over the Porfiriato . At the same time the attack on the city would mark the first time that the revolutionary army would confront federal forces in a regular battle rather than relying on guerrilla tactics . While the fusion of Madero 's , Villa 's and Orozco 's men did result in a number of troops sufficient to form a force capable of fighting professional soldiers in pitched encounters , the federal troops still had the advantage in terms of training and discipline . The government , in fact , had a good chance of squashing the rebels by moving troops down from the state capital of Ciudad Chihuahua and capturing Madero in a pincer movement . However , the Díaz @-@ appointed governor of the state , Miguel Ahumada , was worried that if the soldiers abandoned the capital unrest would break out and the insurrection would spread . As a further sign of the apparent demoralization of federal rank @-@ and @-@ file soldiers ( many of whom had been forcibly conscripted and actually sympathized with the revolutionaries ) , the troops in Ciudad Chihuahua decided to stay put . = = The battle = = = = = Run @-@ up engagements = = = Madero sent some of his forces to make a diversionary attack on Agua Prieta , which proved successful ; the resulting First Battle of Agua Prieta was significant in that it was the first time railroads were used by the rebels to gain surprise and that US forces were involved in the fighting . The town was recaptured by federal troops two weeks later once additional reinforcements arrived . The main rebel offensive occurred on April 7 , when Madero led 1 @,@ 500 men to Ciudad Juárez , preceded by Villa and Orozco with 500 men each . Along the way the insurrectionists captured Temosachi and Bauche , which greatly raised their morale . Ciudad Juárez , defended by 700 troops , was surrounded on three sides , with the only possible exit route for the besieged federales being the northern path into El Paso and the US . Despite the fact that the revolutionaries had cut off the water supplies into town and the garrison was low on ammunition , its commander , Gen. Juan N. Navarro , refused to surrender , convinced that the inexperience of the rebels in laying sieges would allow him to hold out . = = = Villa and Orozco disobey Madero = = = At this point Díaz tried to come to terms with Madero , particularly after the capture of Cuautla by the Zapatistas in south @-@ central Mexico . Together with his finance minister and main advisor , José Yves Limantour , Díaz planned to make concessions to the fairly moderate Madero and , once Madero was pacified , crack down hard on the more radical elements among the rebels . A truce was agreed to on April 23 . While Madero was ready to negotiate with Díaz and hold off from attacking , Villa and Orozco would have none of it . On May 8 the two generals launched an assault on the city without consulting Madero and blamed it on a " spontaneous " outbreak in fighting . The incident that served as an excuse for the offensive occurred when a federal officer insulted a female rebel on a bridge between Ciudad Juárez and El Paso . Madero attempted to halt the violence but Orozco and Villa pressed on . Both of them went to great lengths to avoid Madero so they wouldn 't have to disobey a direct order . Even when Villa was eventually confronted by Castulo Herrera with explicit instructions to stop fighting , he simply ignored him . Likewise , when Madero finally managed to see Orozco in person , he was simply told that the battle was already raging and it was too late to stop it . Navarro , for his part , pressured by Madero , tried to keep the ceasefire for as long as he could . This proved to be quite costly to the defenders . The rebel forces captured the outer defenses of the city unopposed , as no federal officer was willing to countermand the orders to hold fire . Instead , the troops withdrew deeper into the city . Orozco attacked in the north and Villa in the south . Both of them led their troops parallel to the US border so that neither their shots , nor those of the town 's garrison were likely to cross on to the American side . In fact , several thousand American civilians had gathered in El Paso in order to watch the struggle as spectators . = = = Unconventional attack = = = The rebels took control of the bridges connecting the city to the US , cut off electricity and telegraph , captured the bullring and reached the outskirts of the city center ( where the second line of defenses had been constructed ) on the first day of fighting . Navarro , influenced by the advice of the impetuous Col. Tamborrel , turned down an offer of safe passage made by the rebels . The town was well defended and fortified , as Navarro had prepared a defense in depth with several concentric rings of trenches , barricades and fortifications . However , unknown to the defenders , the insurrectionists had with them significant supplies of dynamite and foreign experts from other guerrilla wars , including Boer Gen. Ben Viljoen and the grandson of the famous Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi II ( news dispatches from the battle also mention the participation of the future star of many Hollywood Westerns , Tom Mix ) . In order to counteract the formidable defenses , the rebels developed an effective strategy that managed to circumvent Navarro 's well @-@ placed machine @-@ gun nests and street barricades . Rather than attacking through the streets , the rebels used the dynamite to blow the walls of the adobe houses that were huddled up next to each other , which allowed them to proceed through the city house by house . Another novel aspect of the offensive used by the attackers , which was extensively commented upon by American journalist Timothy Turner who was observing the battle from El Paso , was the rotation of troops that the rebels employed . Rather than attacking en masse with the whole army , Villa and Orozco had their soldiers engage the enemy for a few hours , then go back to secure positions to sleep , while other rebels took their place . As a consequence the rebel troops were always rested while the less numerous defending federal troops were forced to remain sleepless and ever vigilant . The city 's defenders ran out of water on May 8 ( according to a report later submitted by Madero himself ) and were confined to only a few buildings in the center of the city . Most of the fighting at this point was at close quarters ; as a result , the advantage in machine guns and artillery that the federals enjoyed earlier was no longer a factor . According to some accounts , Gen. Navarro 's troops were on the verge of mutiny and he was worried that they would turn on his officers . To forestall that possibility , Navarro began negotiations with the rebel forces . He surrendered the town two days later , at 2 : 30 p	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
the men prepared to fight off the French column . They also called for help Ramon de Sala i Saçala , who was at the nearby village of Sant Feliu de Pallerols , with Captains Josep Mas de Roda and Pere Baliart i Teula , recruiting men to raise three new companies of miquelets . In the meantime , Juigné reached la Vall d 'en Bas – the Bas valley – , leaving a rearguard at El Mallol , and took positions on the hill of Puigpardines . From there , he dispatched a third of his force to burn Sant Esteve . The French troops had burned 16 buildings when Ramon de Sala ahead 8 companies of miquelets and Pere Baliart leading 8 others arrived to the village and forced them to flee to Juigné 's position . At the hill of Puigpardines , Juigné was being already harassed by 80 armed peasants of the local somatent – a type of militia – , when the arrival of Sala 's , Mas ' and Baliart 's miquelets convinced him to withdraw . When they tried to cross back the Fluvià , however , they found the way blocked . Juigné decided then attempting to escape to Olot across the wood of Malatosquera and through the bridge of Sant Roc , but the Catalans anticipated him . Sala divided his miquelets in two groups of 300 men each one , and while Josep Mas de Roda , leading the first one , pursued and attacked the French troops across the wood , he blocked the bridge of Sant Roc ahead the second group . During the running fight under the trees Juigné 's force lost 25 men and abandoned part of its ammunitions . The French column , despite the harassment , managed to take control of the bridge and started to cross to the opposite bank of the Fluvià . The miquelets and armed peasants , however , fired on them from the south and killed up to 70 French soldiers . According to Charles Sévin , marquis de Quincy , a contemporary French artillery general and military historian of Louis XIV 's reign , Juigné 's corps was able to retreat to Olot in good order . On the other hand , the local 19th @-@ century Catalan historian Esteve Paluzie i Cantalozella claimed that the French troops fled in disarray , leaving 150 prisoners to the Catalans , which they carried to Sant Esteve d 'en Bas under a heavy escort . Arriving to Olot , most of Juigné 's force took positions inside the convent of El Carme , while 90 Swiss soldiers of the rear entrenched themselves inside the hospital of the village . While the Swiss troops promptly surrendered , the bulk of the French column , with Juigné himself , still held for two hours . The miquelets and peasants encircled the building and managed to open a gap in its walls , only to be repelled in the hand @-@ to @-@ hand fight , losing two men killed and one wounded . Sala 's men then breached the wall of a chapel and stormed the convent again , but as the French were well clustered within , the assault was as well repelled . Sala ordered to set on fire the gates of the building , but the French walled the gap using stones and bricks . The Catalans managed to enter the building by setting on fire large amounts of pitch and sulfur on the two breaches they had opened . The fire and the smoke blinded and choked the French soldiers , which retreated to the convent 's cloister . After that , Juigné , seriously wounded during the fight , requested terms and surrendered . = = Aftermath = = The French column surrenderd on the promise that the officers would not be stripped , but they all remained as prisoners of war and surrendered their weapons and money to the Catalans . Juigné , with 136 other wounded soldiers and a German captain , remained in Olot to receive medical treatment , but he died shortly after . French losses amounted to 251 or 260 men killed – 32 of them officers – and 826 prisoners , as opposed to 7 men killed and 5 wounded on the miquelets side . The figures are well known , as the French intendant of Girona , René Desgrigny , wrote a letter to Olot 's aldermen asking for the number and rank of the prisoners to exchange them when possible . In this letter , Desgrigny noted that Monsieur Juigné was lucky to be dead , as the defeat would probably have cost him dearly . The 690 unscathed French prisoners were brought first to Vic and later to Barcelona , where they arrived on 15 March . Their entrance was seen by a large crowd and the Spanish Viceroy , the Marquis of Gastañaga . In the weeks that followed the battle , the Spanish troops and local militia increased their pressure on Castellfollit 's garrison . On 5 April , the Catalan miquelets , supported by five companies of dragoons and several peasants , defeated a party of French troops from Berga and Castellfollit , killing 60 soldiers and taking 200 prisoners . Noailles , then ill of rheumatism , ordered Lieutenant @-@ general Saint @-@ Sylvestre to assemble a supply convoy to relieve Castellfollit , which he put under an escort of 2 @,@ 000 infantry and 600 cavalry . A corps of miquelets , Spanish dragoons and peasants led by Blai de Trinxeria attacked and defeated the convoy on 15 April . After that , the French garrisons of Castellfollit and Hostalric fell under an effective blockade . On 19 May , Saint @-@ Sylvestre assembled an army of 8 @,@ 000 infantry and 3 @,@ 000 cavalry and relieved Hostalric , but Castellfollit remained blockaded . Noailles and his second in command were not in good terms : if Saint @-@ Sylvestre advocated for demolishing and abandoning both Hostalric and Castellfollit , Noailles was not willing to give ground . On late June , Louis XIV replaced Noailles for Louis Joseph , Duke of Vendôme . Noailles charged Saint @-@ Sylvestre of incompetence and , as did with other high officers , of looting the country on his own benefit , which had put on arms the peasantry against the French army . On 8 July Vendôme led his troops before Castellfollit . Having expelled its population and eaten horses and mules , the French garrison , diminished by desertions , was in an unsustainable position , and Vendôme came to evacuate and demolish the fortress . After that , the French army took the way to Hostalric and demolished its defenses , returning to Girona on 28 July . = Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle = Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle , designated SA @-@ 500D , is a prototype Saturn V rocket used by NASA to test the performance of the rocket when vibrated to simulate the shaking which subsequent rockets would experience during launch . It was the first full @-@ scale Saturn V completed by the Marshall Space Flight Center ( MSFC ) . Though SA @-@ 500D never flew , it was instrumental in the development of the Saturn V rocket which propelled the first men to the Moon as part of the Apollo program . Built under the direction of Dr. Wernher von Braun , it served as the test vehicle for all of the Saturn support facilities at MSFC . SA @-@ 500D is the only Saturn V on display that was used for its intended purpose , and the only one to have been assembled prior to museum display . It is on permanent display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center , Huntsville , Alabama . = = Pre @-@ flight configurations = = Before a Saturn V could launch , engineers needed to verify that their design had accounted for everything the rocket would encounter on its journey , from assembly to the launchpad and from Earth to the Moon . To validate the Saturn V design and procedures , they created five pre @-@ flight configurations for testing . These configurations were subjected to tests simulating all aspects of flight preparations and flight itself , and all the tests needed to demonstrate satisfactory results before MSFC would certify the Saturn V to fly . SA @-@ 500D was one of the five pre @-@ flight configurations of the Saturn V. This configuration showed the Saturn V 's " bending and vibration characteristics " and verified " the adequacy of guidance and control systems ' design . " The rocket 's 7 @,@ 610 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 33 @.@ 9 MN ) of thrust would generate vigorous shaking and it was important to see that the rocket would not shake apart or vibrate itself off @-@ course . Other pre @-@ flight configurations were : Battleship Test model , used for initial engine firing and design improvements Structural Test model , to certify the structure for loads during launch at the anticipated temperatures , and to assess the stiffness of each stage SA @-@ 500F , the facilities checkout model , verify launch facilities , train launch crews , and develop test and checkout procedures . SA @-@ 500T , All Systems Test model , for static firing of engines in the flight configuration The vehicle designated SA @-@ 500D did not include an Apollo spacecraft , but boilerplate parts were used during testing to verify the entire system . = = Development of the test article = = The Saturn V consisted of three stages and an Instrument Unit ( IU ) . The first stage , S @-@ IC , delivered 7 @,@ 610 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 33 @.@ 9 MN ) thrust and delivered the other stages to 200 @,@ 000 feet ( 61 km ) . Afterwards , it was jettisoned to fall into the Atlantic Ocean and the second stage continued acceleration . The second stage , S @-@ II , was responsible for lifting the remaining parts nearly to Earth orbit . The third stage , S @-@ IVB provided the final push to orbit and the trans @-@ lunar injection burn to set the Apollo spacecraft on a course to the Moon . The IU was the guidance and control computer . SA @-@ 500D was the assembly of these components for dynamic testing . The Saturn V Dynamic Test Stand with " electrodynamic shakers " provided a table capable not only of holding the Saturn V fully assembled and fueled , but also able to simulate the vibrations that would be generated by rocket engines . The components used for testing were developed from 1964 – 66 , and the tests conducted in 1966 @-@ 67 . Because the Saturn V shared some components with the Saturn IB , some of the components for SA @-@ 500D were initially used for dynamic testing with the Saturn IB stack . In naming the individual stages , MSFC used the stage designation with a suffix indicating its purpose . For example , S @-@ IC @-@ D was the first stage , S @-@ IC , for dynamic testing , and S @-@ IC @-@ 1 was the first flight model of the first stage . Suffixes used were S , for structural , F for facilities , T for all @-@ systems test , and D for dynamic testing . Following is a history of each component of the dynamic test article in order of appearance . = = = Apollo boilerplate = = = Development of the test article started from the top . A boilerplate Apollo spacecraft , BP @-@ 27 together with LTA @-@ 2 , was used for all configurations of dynamic testing . The boilerplate took the place of actual flight hardware . Boilerplate size , shape , mass and center of gravity were the same , but it was not necessary for the entire Apollo spacecraft to be complete to commence dynamic testing . The boilerplate was outfitted with instrumentation to record data for engineering study and evaluation . BP @-@ 27 consisted of hardware specifically built for that configuration and some hardware reassigned from other designations . The Command Module and Launch Escape System were unique to BP @-@ 27 . The Service Module SM @-@ 010 ( formerly SM @-@ 006 ) and the Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapters SLA # 1 were also assigned to BP @-@ 27 . BP @-@ 27 was accepted at the Marshall Space Flight Center ( MSFC ) in late September , 1964 . Shortly thereafter , MSFC took delivery of the boilerplate Lunar Module , called a Lunar Test Article and designated LTA @-@ 2 . LTA @-@ 2 is the only part of SA @-@ 500D to fly in space . It was refurbished , designated LTA @-@ 2R , and flew on Apollo 6 . BP @-@ 27 was used for Saturn IB dynamic testing , shipped to Kennedy Space Center to be a component of SA @-@ 500F , and shipped back to MSFC for full @-@ stack testing with SA @-@ 500D . = = = Third stage = = = The third stage , S @-@ IVB @-@ D arrived at MSFC before any other Saturn V stages because it was destined for dynamic testing in the Saturn IB first . It was assembled by Douglas near Los Angeles . With ceremony and dignitaries for the first Douglas @-@ built S @-@ IVB stage , it set out by barge December 8 , 1964 , and made its way to New Orleans via the Panama Canal , the Mississippi , Ohio , and Tennessee Rivers to MSFC , where it arrived on January 4 , 1965 . The same day , MSFC took delivery of the first stage of the Saturn IB for dynamic and facilities checkout testing , S @-@ IB @-@ D / F. The parts were assembled together with the instrument unit designated S @-@ IU @-@ 200D / 500D ( see below ) and BP @-@ 27 for dynamic testing in the Saturn IB configuration from February to September 1965 before it was allocated to the Saturn V configuration . = = = Instrument Unit = = = The Saturn V Instrument Unit served as the electronics hub for the first three stages of the rocket , controlling engine firing , guidance , stage separation , and climate for the three stages below . It consisted of two main parts , a rigid ring for structure , and within that , electronics . Instrument units had a slightly different numbering scheme than the other parts . S @-@ IU @-@ 200D / 500D was for use with the SA @-@ 200D dynamic test article - a Saturn IB , and also for use with SA @-@ 500D , the Saturn V. IBM won the contract to build electronics for the IU , and so , by 1964 , constructed a $ 14 million four @-@ building complex including a manufacturing facility with clean room in Huntsville . The IU 's structural ring had two responsibilities : provide a mounting location for IBM 's electronics and hold everything on top of it . It needed to be structurally sound enough to hold the weight of the Lunar Module , Service Module , Command Module and the three astronauts during the acceleration provided by three mighty stages of rocket beneath . The rings were all fabricated at MSFC . The IU for SA @-@ 500D was not the first built . MSFC built S @-@ IU @-@ 200V / 500V for vibration testing from September to November 1964 . Wyle Labs tested it as part of the Saturn I @-@ B program . S @-@ IU @-@ 200D / 500D was the second IU to be built , with the ring completed in January 1965 and electronic components from IBM installed by February 1 . It was the last piece necessary for dynamic testing in the Saturn IB program . It was stacked together with S @-@ IVB @-@ D , S @-@ IB @-@ D , and BP @-@ 27 for Saturn IB testing through much of 1965 . On October 8 , 1965 , it began dynamic testing for the Saturn V program as part of SA @-@ 500D . = = = First stage = = = MSFC built the first three S @-@ IC test first stages for the Saturn V : S @-@ IC @-@ T , the S @-@ IC @-@ S , and the S @-@ IC @-@ F. They also built the first two flight stages , S @-@ IC @-@ 1 and S @-@ IC @-@ 2 . S @-@ IC @-@ D was the first to be built by Boeing at the Michoud Assembly Facility , New Orleans using the tooling that that had been developed in Huntsville . S @-@ IC @-@ D , was under construction on September 9 , 1965 when Hurricane Betsy struck the Michoud Assembly Facility . The building housing the stage sustained severe damage , but the stage itself was repaired promptly . S @-@ IC @-@ D set out on the maiden voyage of NASA barge Poseidon to Marshall Space Flight Center on October 6 , 1965 and arrived at MSFC October 13 . The first stage was lifted into place in the Dynamic Test Stand January 13 , 1966 in the picture top right . Said one observer , " Fog and clouds hovered around the top of the 360 foot ( 110 m ) tall test stand most of the day while the 300 @,@ 000 pounds ( 140 @,@ 000 kg ) stage was being lifted from its transporter into place inside the stand , said to be the tallest building in Alabama . " = = = Second stage = = = The second stage of SA @-@ 500D had a complex history . The second stage , S @-@ II @-@ D had been on order , but that part was cancelled February 19 , 1965 . The plan was to use another test article for dynamic testing as well as its other purpose . Two such test articles were destroyed during testing after having been designated for the dynamic test phase . The actual article used in SA @-@ 500D was named in the third re @-@ allocation , when S @-@ II @-@ F , the facilities checkout article , was designated S @-@ II @-@ F / D. S @-@ II @-@ S , which North American Aviation 's Space and Information Systems Division ( S & ID ) at Seal Beach had completed by January 31 , was re @-@ designated as S @-@ II @-@ S / D to be used for dynamic testing . S @-@ II @-@ S / D would not survive its final structural test on September 29 , 1965 , but the test was exercising considerable margin above the structural integrity required for flight . In January 1966 , the all @-@ systems test S @-@ II @-@ T was re @-@ designated S @-@ II @-@ T / D , so that it might be used for dynamic testing as well as engine firing . S @-@ II @-@ T / D completed integrated checkout of ground support facilities at MTF on February 3 , 1966 . S @-@ II @-@ T / D 's engines were fired five times at MTF from April to May , including a full @-@ duration test . On May 28 , 1966 , S @-@ II @-@ T / D was undergoing a pressure test to find a hydrogen leak , but the hydrogen pressure sensors and switches had been disconnected unbeknownst to the second @-@ shift crew when they tried to pressurize the tank . Five technicians sustained minor injuries . MSFC convened an investigation that night , and the team completed the report in two days . After the S @-@ II @-@ T / D destruction , a third article was assigned to dynamic test duties . Facilities checkout article S @-@ II @-@ F became the dynamic test article designated S @-@ II @-@ F / D. S @-@ II @-@ F was shipped from S & ID , Seal Beach , California on February 20 , 1966 , to Kennedy Space Center where it arrived March 4 . It filled in the final part of SA @-@ 500F to check out facilities for processing the Saturn V , replacing a dumbbell @-@ shaped temporary stage of the same length and weight as an S @-@ II stage . SA @-@ 500F was assembled in the Vehicle Assembly Building where it was mated to S @-@ IC @-@ F on March 28 and S @-@ IVB @-@ F the next day . SA @-@ 500F was completed in the VAB , tested for stability against swaying in the wind , and rolled out to the launch pad May 25 , 1966 , on Mobile Launcher 1 . Hurricane Alma interrupted exercises as SA @-@ 500F was rolled back to the VAB on June 8 , though the ground crew supposed the rollback was more of an exercise than necessity because winds remained below critical for the entire storm . It was returned to pad 39 @-@ A two days later and finally returned to the VAB October 14 , 1966 for disassembly . After facilities checkout at KSC was completed , the remaining components of SA @-@ 500F were then transferred to MSFC for inclusion in SA @-@ 500D : the Apollo boilerplate BP @-@ 27 and S @-@ II @-@ F / D. The second stage was modified for dynamic testing , and shipped by Posideon from KSC on October 29 to arrive at MSFC November 10 , 1966 . = = Dynamic testing = = Engineers needed a detailed knowledge of the space vehicle 's dynamic flight characteristics to design structural , guidance , and flight control systems . They initially used analytical data that had not been substantiated by test for design criteria . The Dynamic Test Vehicle test project determined the dynamic characteristics of the space vehicle and verified earlier analyses . The objectives of the dynamic tests were to : Determine the space vehicle structural dynamic characteristics under conditions simulating flight configuration and environment insofar as practicable . Determine the optimum location for flight sensors and obtain experimental transfer functions for the control system . Determine the physical mating capability of stages and modules . Compare dynamic test results with subsequent flight test results for continuous development of dynamic test techniques and facilities to assure the highest possible degree of accuracy in the development of future vehicle structures prior to flight . Determine the space vehicle dynamic characteristics under conditions simulating transport from the Vehicle Assembly Building to the launch pad insofar as practicable . Dynamic tests came in three configurations , one for each phase of Saturn V @-@ powered flight . Configuration I focused on testing the entire stack , as if the vehicle had just launched . Configuration II exercised the stack as if the first stage had jettisoned and the second stage were firing , and configuration III tested just the third stage and Apollo spacecraft . Tests began with Configuration III in the Saturn IB Dynamic Test Facility , while the Saturn V Dynamic Test Stand , first , and second stages were still under construction . Configuration I testing followed in the Saturn V Dynamic Test Stand , then Configuration II in the same place . Configuration III testing took place in late 1965 . Configuration I dynamic tests required the first stage of the Saturn V , which was loaded into the test stand January 13 , 1966 . Testing would have to wait for the last piece , the second stage , to arrive . With all the components at MSFC as of November 10 , 1966 , the second stage was stacked atop the first inside the Dynamic Test Stand on November 23 . The third stage was added to the stack November 30 , and the Instrument Unit and boilerplate Apollo were installed in December . The rocket was stacked and ready for " Configuration One " testing . Configuration One Testing ran from January through March . Testing produced " several minor irregularities indicating the need for possible engineering changes " which were addressed during March , 1967 . Configuration Two testing followed , in which the first stage was removed from the stack to simulate conditions after the first stage had jettisoned . Dynamic testing examined " the vehicle 's response to lateral , longitudinal , and torsional excitation , simulating those that would be experienced in flight . The vehicle was " mounted on a hydrodynamic support system made up of four hydraulic / pneumatic pedestals to permit a simulated unrestrained reaction . " Engineers tested vibrations in one plane at a time with different amounts of ballast simulating " fuel load at critical time points in the flight trajectory . " NASA historian Mike Wright summarizes the testing : On August 3 , 1967 , MSFC announced the successful completion of the dynamic test program , thereby declaring dynamics and structures of the Saturn V ready for its first launch later in the year . The dynamic testing resulted in " several slight modifications " to the final flight vehicle . The first Saturn V launch came three months later , with Apollo 4 . The dynamic test article LTA @-@ 2 was refurbished and flown on the next Saturn V launch , Apollo 6 . After dynamic testing , the second stage returned to KSC for a time for launchpad B checkout . = = Public display = = After all tests were complete , the SA @-@ 500D was reassembled in Huntsville , this time for public exhibition at the Alabama Space Science Center , on land carved out of the north edge of Marshall Space Flight Center . Transport of the rocket , along with the Saturn I which would be erected vertically , to the museum , took place June 28 , 1969 . The rocket would be displayed lying down on the southern edge of a rocket park with its predecessor rockets , near a Saturn 1 standing erect and a moonscape complete with model Lunar Module and a flag . SA @-@ 500D was installed in 1969 , and the ( renamed ) Alabama Space and Rocket Center opened in 1970 showcasing articles that could otherwise only be seen by NASA and Army workers at Redstone Arsenal . The first stage sat on a low @-@ boy trailer and the others in cradles . The instrument unit was put on display inside the museum , and connector rings were given roofs and converted to educational rides for the museum . SA @-@ 500D was added to the List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1980 and declared a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 1987 . In 1989 , the museum assumed its current name , U.S. Space & Rocket Center . = = = Restoration = = = After decades of the vehicle resting unprotected outdoors , the U.S. Space & Rocket Center commissioned the restoration of the vehicle in 2005 . Analysis by Conservation Solutions , Incorporated determined significant damage from both weather and pest infestations . Various materials comprising the vehicle , including metal alloys and non @-@ metal materials such as polyurethane foam and fiberglass , exhibited significant deterioration . After conducting the analysis , full restoration of the Saturn V vehicle began in June 2005 . Restoration culminated in July 2007 when the Saturn V was moved into a building designed as protection for the artifact and to provide additional museum facilities . The move took place from July 10 to approximately the 17th , starting with the first stage . The Davidson Center for Space Exploration opened in January 2008 . On May 3 , 2012 , an unknown person shot three .308 caliber bullets from Interstate 565 at the Davidson Center , breaking three windows . Two bullets struck SA @-@ 500D 's third stage marring paint and leaving dents . No people were harmed . The damage was repaired within two months . = = = Components on display = = = This display consists of S @-@ IC @-@ D , S @-@ II @-@ F / D , and S @-@ IVB @-@ D , S @-@ IU @-@ 200D / 500D , CSM @-@ 010 , an SLA , and BP @-@ 23A . BP @-@ 23 launched for A @-@ 002 to test the Launch Escape System and recovery parachutes on December 8 , 1964 . It was refurbished , designated BP @-@ 23A , and exercised the Launch Escape System again in Launch Pad Abort Test 2 , June 29 , 1965 . BP @-@ 27 , the dynamic test boilerplate article , is on display at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center atop the vertical Saturn I. Other Apollo and Saturn artifacts on display include the Apollo 16 Command Module , the Apollo 12 Mobile Quarantine Facility , a Lunar Lander with a test article landing stage ( MSFC 76545 ) and a replica ascent stage , and another Instrument Unit . = Eastbourne = Eastbourne ( pronunciation ) is a large town , seaside resort , and borough in the non @-@ metropolitan county of East Sussex on the south coast of England , 19 miles ( 31 km ) east of Brighton . Eastbourne is immediately to the east of Beachy Head , the highest chalk sea cliff in Great Britain . With a seafront consisting largely of Victorian hotels , a pier , and a Napoleonic era fort and military museum , Eastbourne was developed by the Duke of Devonshire from 1859 from four separate hamlets . It has a growing population , a broad economic base , and is home to companies in a wide range of industries . Though Eastbourne is a relatively new town , there is evidence of human occupation in the area from the Stone Age . The town grew as a fashionable tourist resort largely thanks to prominent landowner , William Cavendish , later to become the Duke of Devonshire . Cavendish appointed architect Henry Currey to design a street plan for the town , but not before sending him to Europe to draw inspiration . The resulting mix of architecture is typically Victorian and remains a key feature of Eastbourne . As a seaside resort , Eastbourne derives a large and increasing income from tourism , with revenue from traditional seaside attractions augmented by conferences , public events and cultural sightseeing . The other main industries in Eastbourne include trade and retail , healthcare , education , construction , manufacturing , professional scientific and the technical sector . Eastbourne 's population is growing ; between 2001 and 2011 it increased from 89 @,@ 800 to 99 @,@ 412 . The 2011 census shows that the average age of residents has decreased as the town has attracted students , families and those commuting to London and Brighton . = = History = = Flint minerys and Stone Age artefacts have been found in the surrounding countryside , and there are Roman remains buried beneath the town , such as a Roman bath and section of pavement between the present pier and the redoubt fortress , and a Roman villa near the entrance to the pier and the present Queens Hotel . An Anglo @-@ Saxon charter , circa 963 AD , describes a landing stage and stream at Bourne . In 2014 local metal @-@ detectorist Darrin Simpson found a coin minted during the reign of Æthelberht II of East Anglia ( died 794 ) , in a field near the town . It is believed that the coin may have led to Æthelberht 's beheading by Offa of Mercia , as it had been struck as a sign of independence . Describing the coin , Christopher Webb , head of coins at auctioneers Dix Noonan Webb , said , " This new discovery is an important and unexpected addition to the numismatic history of 8th Century England . " It sold at auction on 11 June for £ 78 @,@ 000 ( estimate £ 15 @,@ 000 to £ 20 @,@ 000 . Following the Norman Conquest , the Hundred of what is now Eastbourne , was held by Robert , Count of Mortain , William the Conqueror 's half brother . The Domesday Book lists 28 ploughlands , a church , a watermill , fisheries and salt pans . A charter for a weekly market was granted to Bartholomew de Badlesmere in 1315 – 16 ; this increased his status as Lord of the Manor and improved local industry . During the Middle Ages the town was visited by King Henry I and in 1324 by Edward II . Evidence of Eastbourne 's medieval past can seen in the twelfth century Church of St Mary , and the manor house called Bourne Place . In the mid @-@ sixteenth century the house was home to the Burton family , who acquired much of the land on which the present town stands . This manor house is owned by the Duke of Devonshire and was extensively remodelled in the early Georgian era when it was renamed Compton Place . It is one of the two Grade I listed buildings in the town . Eastbourne 's earliest claim as a seaside resort came about following a summer holiday visit by four of King George III 's children in 1780 ( Princes Edward and Octavius , and Princesses Elizabeth and Sophia ) . In 1793 , following a survey of coastal defences in the southeast , approval was given for the positioning of infantry and artillery to defend the bay between Beachy Head and Hastings from attack by the French . Fourteen Martello Towers were constructed along the western shore of Pevensey Bay , continuing as far as Tower 73 , the Wish Tower at Eastbourne . Several of these towers survive : the Wish Tower is an important feature of the town 's seafront and was the subject of a painting by James Sant RA , and part of Tower 68 forms the basement of a house on St. Antony 's Hill . Between 1805 and 1807 , the construction took place of a fortress known as the Eastbourne Redoubt , which was built as a barracks and storage depot , and armed with 10 cannons . Eastbourne remained an area of small rural settlements until the 19th century . Four villages or hamlets occupied the site of the modern town : Bourne ( or , to distinguish it from others of the same name , East Bourne ) , is now known as Old Town , and this surrounded the bourne ( stream ) which rises in the present Motcombe Park ; Meads , where the Downs meet the coast ; South Bourne ( near the town hall ) ; and the fishing settlement known simply as Sea Houses , which was situated to the east of the present pier . By the mid @-@ 19th century most of the area had fallen into the hands of two landowners : John Davies Gilbert ( the Davies @-@ Gilbert family still own much of the land in Eastbourne and East Dean ) and William Cavendish , Earl of Burlington . The Gilbert family 's holdings date to the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries when barrister Nicholas Gilbert married an Eversfield and Gildredge heiress . ( The Gildredges owned much of Eastbourne by 1554 . The Gilberts eventually made the Gildredge Manor House their own . Today the Gildredge name lives on in the eponymous park . ) In 1752 , a dissertation by Doctor Richard Russell extolled the medicinal benefits of the seaside . His views were of considerable benefit to the south coast and , in due course , Eastbourne became known as " the Empress of Watering Places " . An early plan , for a town named Burlington , was abandoned , but on 14 May 1849 the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway arrived to scenes of great jubilation . With the arrival of the railway , the town 's growth accelerated . Cavendish , now the 7th Duke of Devonshire , hired Henry Currey in 1859 to lay out a plan for what was essentially an entire new town – a resort built " for gentlemen by gentlemen " . The town grew rapidly from a population of less than 4 @,@ 000 in 1851 to nearly 35 @,@ 000 by 1891 . In 1883 , it was incorporated as a municipal borough ; a purpose @-@ built town hall was opened in 1886 . This period of growth and elegant development continued for several decades . A royal visit by George V and Queen Mary in March 1935 is commemorated by a plaque on chalet number 2 at Holywell . The Second World War saw a change in fortunes . Initially , children were evacuated to Eastbourne on the assumption that they would be safe from German bombs , but soon they had to be evacuated again because after the fall of France in June 1940 it was anticipated that the town would lie in an invasion zone . Part of Operation Sea Lion , the German invasion plan , envisaged landings at Eastbourne . Many people sought safety away from the coast and shut up their houses . Restrictions on visitors forced the closure of most hotels , and private boarding schools moved away . Many of these empty buildings were later taken over by the services . The Royal Navy set up an underwater weapons school , and the Royal Air Force operated radar stations at Beachy Head and on the marshes near Pevensey . Thousands of Canadian soldiers were billeted in and around Eastbourne from July 1941 to the run @-@ up to D @-@ Day . The town suffered badly during the war , with many Victorian and Edwardian buildings damaged or destroyed by air raids . Indeed , by the end of the conflict it was designated by the Home Office to have been ‘ the most raided town in the South East region ’ . The situation was especially bad between May 1942 and June 1943 with hit – and – run raids from fighter – bombers based in northern France . In the summer of 1956 the town came to national and worldwide attention , when Dr John Bodkin Adams , a general practitioner serving the town 's wealthier patients , was arrested for the murder of an elderly widow . Rumours had been circulating since 1935 regarding the frequency of his being named in patients ' wills ( 132 times between 1946 and 1956 ) and the gifts he was given ( including two Rolls Royces ) . Figures of up to 400 murders were reported in British and foreign newspapers , but after a controversial trial at the Old Bailey which gripped the nation for 17 days in March 1957 , Adams was found not guilty . He was struck off for 4 years but resumed his practice in Eastbourne in 1961 . According to Scotland Yard 's archives , he is thought to have killed up to 163 patients in the Eastbourne area . After the war , development continued , including the growth of Old Town up the hillside ( Green Street Farm Estate ) and the housing estates of Hampden Park , Willingdon Trees and Langney . During the latter half of the 20th century , there were controversies over the demolition of Pococks , a 15th @-@ century manor house on what is now the Rodmill housing estate , and the granting of planning permission for a 19 @-@ storey block at the western end of the seafront . The latter project ( South Cliff Tower ) was realised in 1965 despite a storm of protest led by the newly formed Eastbourne and District Preservation Committee , which later became Eastbourne Civic Society , and was renamed The Eastbourne Society in 1999 . Local conservationists also failed to prevent the construction of the glass @-@ plated TGWU conference and holiday centre , but were successful in purchasing Polegate Windmill , thus saving it from demolition and redevelopment . Most of the expansion took place on the northern and eastern margins of the town , gradually swallowing surrounding villages . However , the richer western part was constrained by the Downs and has remained largely unchanged . In 1981 , a large section of the town centre was replaced by the indoor shops of the Arndale Centre . In the 1990s , both growth and controversy accelerated rapidly as a new plan was launched to develop the area known as the Crumbles , a shingle bank on the coast to the east of the town centre . This area , now known as Sovereign Harbour , containing a marina , shops , and several thousand houses , along with luxury flats and apartments , was formerly home to many rare plants . Continued growth in other parts of the town , and the taming of the central marshland into farmland and nature reserves , has turned Eastbourne into the centre of a conurbation , with the appearance from above of a hollow ring . Currently under review is the demolition of some of the town centre , to extend the existing Arndale shopping centre , and the adaptation of several existing roads to form an inner ring road . In 2009 the new Towner Arts centre was opened abutting the listed Congress Theatre built in 1963 . = = Eastbourne Local History Society = = The Eastbourne Local History Society was founded in 1970 . It is a charitable , not @-@ for @-@ profit organisation in the United Kingdom whose objective is the pursuit and encouragement of an active interest in the study of the history of Eastbourne and its immediate environs and the dissemination of the outcome of such studies . As the major landowner , the Cavendish family has had strong connections with Eastbourne since the 18th century . The current President of the Society is William Cavendish , Earl of Burlington . Containing over 1500 articles about the history of Eastbourne , the Society 's indexed journal , The Eastbourne Local Historian , is the major historical resource for the town and has been published quarterly since its inception in 1970 . Over the years , the Society has published various books about the history of Eastbourne , seven of which are currently in print . = = Geography = = The South Downs dominate Eastbourne and can be seen from most of the town . These were originally chalk deposits laid down under the sea during the Late Cretaceous , and were later lifted by the same tectonic plate movements that formed the European Alps , during the middle Tertiary period . The chalk can be clearly seen along the eroded coastline to the west of the town , in the area known as Beachy Head and the Seven Sisters , where continuous erosion keeps the cliff edge vertical and white . The chalk contains many fossils such as ammonites and nautilus . The town area is built on geologically recent alluvial drift , the result of the silting up of a bay . This changes to Weald clay around the Langney estate . A part of the South Downs , Willingdon Down is a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest . This is of archaeological interest due to a Neolithic camp and burial grounds . The area is also a nationally uncommon tract of chalk grassland rich in species . Another SSSI which partially falls with the Eastbourne district is Seaford to Beachy Head . This site , of biological and geological interest , covers the coastline between Eastbourne and Seaford , plus the Seven Sisters country park and the Cuckmere valley . Several nature trails lead across the Downs to areas such as the nearby villages of East Dean and Birling Gap , and landmarks like the Seven Sisters , Belle Tout lighthouse and Beachy Head . = = = Districts = = = Eastbourne 's greater area comprises the town of Polegate , and the civil parishes of Willingdon and Jevington , Stone Cross , Pevensey , Westham , and Pevensey Bay village . All are part of the Wealden District . Within Eastbourne 's limits are : Langney : Langney Rise , Shinewater , Kingsmere , Langney Village , The Marina , Langney Point Hampden Park : Hampden Park Village , Willingdon Trees , Winkney Farm , Ratton Inner areas : Rodmill , Ocklynge , Seaside , Bridgemere , Roselands , Downside Town centre : Town centre , Little Chelsea , Meads , Holywell , Old Town , Upperton Sovereign Harbour : North Harbour , South Harbour There was a community known as Norway , Eastbourne in the triangle now bounded by Wartling Road , Seaside and Lottbridge Drove . The name being a corruption of North Way , as this was the route to the North . The area is now a housing estate and the only evidence there was a Norway are a Norway Road and the local church whose sign reads " St Andrew 's Church , Norway " . The former fishing hamlet of Holywell ( local pronunciation ‘ holly well ’ ) was situated by the cliff on a ledge some 400 yards to the southwest of the public garden known as the Holywell Retreat . It was approached from what is now Holywell Road via the lane between the present Helen Gardens and St Bede ’ s School which leads to the chalk pinnacle formerly known locally as ‘ Gibraltar ’ or ' The Sugar Loaf ' . The ground around the pinnacle was the site of lime kilns also worked by the fishermen . The fishing hamlet at Holywell was taken over by the local water board in 1896 to exploit the springs in the cliffs . The water board 's successors still own the site , and there is a pumping station but little evidence of the hamlet itself , as by now even most of the foundations of the cottages have gone over the cliff . = = = Climate = = = As with the rest of the British Isles and South Coast , Eastbourne experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters . The local climate is notable for its high sunshine levels , at least relative to much of the rest of England - Eastbourne holds the record for the highest recorded amount of sunshine in a month , 383 @.@ 9 hours in July 1911 . Temperature extremes recorded at Eastbourne since 1960 range from 31 @.@ 6 ° C ( 88 @.@ 9 ° F ) during July 1976 , down to − 9 @.@ 7 ° C ( 14 @.@ 5 ° F ) In January 1987 . Eastbourne 's coastal location also means it tends to be milder than most areas , particularly during night . A whole six months of the year have never recorded an air frost , and in July the temperature has never fallen below 8 @.@ 3 ° C ( 46 @.@ 9 ° F ) . All temperature figures relate to the period 1960 onwards . The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is " Cfb " ( Marine West Coast Climate / Oceanic climate ) . = = Governance = = Eastbourne Borough Council is responsible for local governance , with representation provided by twenty seven councillors from nine wards , with elections to the council being held every four years . The 2015 election resulted in a council made up of 18 Liberal Democrat and 9 Conservative councillors . The council operates out of a Victorian town hall designed by W. Tadman Foulkes , and built between 1884 and 1886 under supervision of Henry Currey , the Duke of Devonshire 's architect . East Sussex County Council has responsibility for education , libraries , social services , civil registration , trading standards and transport . Out of the 49 seats , nine are filled by the Eastbourne wards . The 2009 East Sussex County Council election resulted in 29 Conservatives , 13 Liberal Democrats , 4 Labour and 3 Independent , of which Eastbourne provided 6 Liberal Democrats and 3 Conservatives . The Parliament Constituency of Eastbourne covers a greater area than the nine local wards , extending to the north and the east . Eastbourne is a marginal seat contested between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats . Until 2015 , the Member of Parliament for Eastbourne was the Liberal Democrat Stephen Lloyd , who took the seat from the sitting Conservative MP Nigel Waterson with a 3 @.@ 8 % swing on a turnout of 67 % in the 2010 General Election . At the 2015 general election , Lloyd lost his seat to the Conservative Caroline Ansell , who gained the constituency with a majority of 733 votes . At European level , Eastbourne is represented by the South @-@ East region , which holds ten seats in the European Parliament . The 2009 election returned 4 Conservatives , 2 Liberal Democrats , 2 UK Independence , 1 Labour and 1 Green . = = Demography = = Whilst the overall population of Eastbourne is growing ( between 2001 and 2008 the population grew from 89 @,@ 800 to 94 @,@ 800 ) , the age profile is dropping as younger people move into the town . Ethnically , the town is 93 @.@ 7 % white , with small minority groups including Chinese , and white minority groups from other countries in Europe . The 2001 census indicated that the largest non @-@ white ethnic group were Chinese ; studies conducted by the local council in 2008 indicated that there has been a growth in people arriving from Eastern Europe , particularly Poland . Unemployment in Eastbourne is below the national average 4 @.@ 1 % compared to 4 @.@ 4 % for England and Wales . The percentage of economically active people increased between 2001 and 2011 . There has also been an upward trend in the number of people with qualifications with an increase of 5 @.@ 19 % = = Economy = = With a population of 100 @,@ 000 people , Eastbourne is the second fastest @-@ growing seaside town in the UK , and is the economic driver of one of the fastest @-@ growing counties in the country . Eastbourne has a broad economic base and is home to companies in a wide range of industries . The town is home to the largest book distributor in the UK , as well as to a number of specialist advanced manufacturing and engineering companies , many of which are based on industrial estates in and around the town . It is also the base for a growing number of successful e @-@ commerce companies who distribute goods across the UK and throughout Europe . There is a high availability of affordable commercial property in Eastbourne and nearby Polegate , where a planned 700 new homes promise continued economic growth . Development around Sovereign Harbour Marina , Britain 's largest composite marina , has created more than 3000 new luxury homes over the past 10 years and future plans include the construction of an innovation mall for small businesses and start @-@ ups . The Eastbourne business community is well connected and mutually supportive . The Chamber of Commerce is strong with around 600 members and holds many networking events to facilitate local B2B links . There are many business events for local entrepreneurs to promote their goods and services and a healthy ' buy local ' ethic . Large revenues are generated through tourism and conference tourism with reports showing a £ 365 million revenue from visitors in 2010 , 3 @.@ 1 % greater than 2009 and estimated to support 7 @,@ 160 jobs . The council 's blueprint for future development in the town centre maps out a strategy for further boosting these numbers by attracting even more residents , shoppers and visitors to the town . = = = Tourism = = = The seafront at Eastbourne consists almost entirely of Victorian hotels . Along with its pier and bandstand , this serves to preserve the front in a somewhat timeless manner . The Duke of Devonshire , retains the rights to the seafront buildings and does not allow them to be developed into shops . A stretch of 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) of shingle beach stretches from Sovereign Harbour in the east to Beachy Head in the west . In a 1998 survey 56 % of visitors said that the beach and seafront was one of Eastbourne best features , although 10 % listed the pebbled beach as a dislike . Other recreation facilities include two swimming pools , three fitness centres and other smaller sports clubs including scuba diving . A children 's adventure park is sited at the eastern end of the seafront . There are various other establishments scattered around the town such as crazy golf , go – karting and Laser Quest . The pier is an obvious place to visit and is sometimes used to hold events , such as the international birdman competition held annually , although cancelled in 2005 due to lack of competitors . An annual raft competition takes place where competitors , usually local businesses , circumnavigate the pier in a raft made by themselves , while being attacked by a water @-@ cannon . A major event in the tourist calendar of Eastbourne , now the world 's biggest seafront air show , is the annually held 4 day , international air show , ' Airbourne ' . Started in 1993 , based around a long relationship with the Red Arrows display team , the event features Battle of Britain memorial flights and aircraft from the RAF , USAF and many others . One of the museums in Eastbourne is How We Lived Then , a museum of shops and local history , with exhibits representing complete scenarios such as shops and houses with life sized dummies . The museum contains more than 100 @,@ 000 exhibits , covering the period from the 1800s to the Second World War . = = Culture = = Eastbourne has four council @-@ owned theatres ; the Grade II * listed Congress Theatre , the Grade II listed Devonshire Park Theatre , the Grade II listed Winter Garden and the Grade II listed Royal Hippodrome Theatre . The Devonshire Park Theatre is a fine example of a Victorian theatre with ornate interior decorations , and the Royal Hippodrome has the longest running summer show in Britain . Other theatre venues in the town include the volunteer @-@ run Underground Theatre , in the basement of the town 's Central Library , and The Lamb Theatre , based at the Lamb Inn in Old Town , and launched in August 2009 . In 2009 , Eastbourne gained a new cultural centre , replacing the Manor House ( which has now been sold ) as home of the Towner Art Gallery ; it is located in the cultural district next to the Congress Theatre and Devonshire Park . Eastbourne has two cinemas — the Curzon Cinema and Cineworld . The Curzon Cinema is a small , family @-@ run , independent cinema in Langney Road , in the town centre . Cineworld is a large Multiplex cinema with six screens , located in The Crumbles Retail Park , near Sovereign Harbour . The London Philharmonic Orchestra makes regular appearances and has an annual season at the Congress Theatre . Eastbourne Bandstand lies between the Wish Tower and the pier . It stages the 1812 Firework Concerts , Rock N Roll nights , Big Band concerts , Promenade concerts and Tribute Nights with tributes to artists such as ABBA , Elvis Presley and Queen . There was once a second similar bandstand ( also built in 1935 ) in the " music gardens " near the redoubt fortress . The bandstand was removed to make way for the Pavilion Tearooms but the colonnades built around it are still there ( behind the tea rooms ) . Before 1935 each of these sites had a smaller " birdcage " bandstand ; the one in the music gardens having been moved from a rather precarious position opposite the Albion Hotel . The kiosk in the music gardens was originally one of the toll kiosks at the entrance to the pier . Local radio station Sovereign FM broadcasts to Eastbourne from nearby Hailsham . There are two other regional radio stations , Heart Sussex , ( previously Southern FM ) which broadcasts across Sussex from Portslade and BBC Sussex which broadcasts from Brighton . Eastbourne has Cornish connections , most notably visible in the Cornish high cross in the churchyard of St Mary 's Church which was brought from an unspecified location in Cornwall . Trevithick , the inventor of the steam locomotive ( a claim disputed on the grave of one Vyvyan in the churchyard at Camborne ) , is reported to have spent some time here . A connection with India comes in the shape of the 18th @-@ century Lushington monument , also at St Mary 's , which commemorates a survivor of the Black Hole of Calcutta atrocity which led to the British conquest of Bengal . Proximity to London has led to Eastbourne being the home of actors and television personalities , including the comedian Tommy Cooper . A metal silhouette of the latter can be seen on the wall of a house opposite Motcombe Gardens . The seafront and the iconic cliff at Beachy Head has been used for many scenes in feature films , and the local council has set up a film liaison unit to encourage and facilitate the shooting of film sequences in and around the town . The 2006 Academy Award @-@ nominated film Notes on a Scandal includes scenes filmed at Beachy Head , Cavendish Hotel and 117 Royal Parade . Beachy Head and the Seven Sisters were used as backdrops for scenes from the Quidditch World Cup in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Scenes from Half a Sixpence ( 1969 ) were filmed on the pier and near to the bandstand . The seafront area was also used for the film Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging directed by Gurinder Chadha . The Langham Hotel was a filming location for Made in Dagenham , which also featured the seafront and pier . A sequence of a rainy day at the seaside for the Doel family has as its backdrop the Wish Tower , the bandstand , the Cavendish Hotel and the pier in the 1987 British / American drama film 84 Charing Cross Road directed by David Jones . Television too has used Eastbourne as a backdrop . The series Little Britain had the character Emily Howard strolling along the promenade . Other brief appearances were made in the television series Agatha Christie 's Marple , French and Saunders and Foyle 's War . One scene in Bang , Bang , It 's Reeves and Mortimer , was shot in and based around what is now known as " D2L " on Seaside Road . BBC South East Today and ITV Meridian are the two regional news channels . = = Parks and gardens = = Eastbourne has numerous parks and gardens , although there are several smaller open spaces including Upperton Gardens , the Carpet Gardens and the Western Lawns . The first public park in Eastbourne was Hampden Park , originally owned by Lord Willingdon and opened on 12 August 1902 . Facilities include : football pitches , rugby club , indoor bowls , a large lake ( formerly a Decoy pond ) , lakeside cafe , children 's recreation area , tennis courts , BMX and skate facility , disc golf course ( target ) and woodland . The largest and newest park is Shinewater Park , located on the west side of Langney and opened in 2002 . There is a large fishing lake , basketball , football pitches , a BMX and skate park and children 's playground . Gildredge Park is a large open park located between the town centre and Old Town ; it is very popular with families and has a children 's playground , cafe , tennis courts , disc golf course ( target ) and bowls lawns . The smaller , adjoining , Manor Gardens combines both lawns and shady areas as well as a rose garden . Until 2005 , Manor Gardens was the home of the Towner Gallery . This gallery incorporated a permanent exhibition of local art and historical items , plus temporary art exhibitions of regional and national significance . It was relocated to a new , £ 8 @.@ 6 million purpose @-@ built facility adjacent to the Congress Theatre , Devonshire Park which opened on 4 April 2009 . Princes Park obtained its name during a visit by the Duke of Windsor as Prince of Wales in 1931 . Located at the eastern end of the seafront , it has a children 's playground with paddling pool , cafe , bowls and a large lake , noted for its swans . The lake is used by a nearby water @-@ sports centre , which offers kayak and windsurfing training . Princes Park lake is also home to Eastbourne Model Powerboat Club and Eastbourne Model Yacht Club . Close by are tennis and basketball courts and a football pitch . At the north of the park is Eastbourne United F.C .. Devonshire Park , home to the pre @-@ Wimbledon ladies tennis championships , is located just off the seafront in the towns cultural district . Other parks include : Helen Gardens and the Italian Gardens at the western end of the seafront , Sovereign Park between the main seafront and the marina and Motcombe Gardens in Old Town . One feature that has always been heavily promoted is Eastbourne 's floral displays , most notably the Carpet Gardens along the coastal road near the pier . These displays , and the town as a whole , frequently win awards – such as the ' Coastal Resort B ' category in the 2003 Britain in Bloom competition . = = Sport = = Eastbourne 's Devonshire Park is the venue for the Eastbourne International , a tennis tournament held in the town since 1974 and serving as a warm @-@ up to Wimbledon . Previously a women only tournament , in 2009 the Lawn Tennis Association merged it with the men only event the Nottingham Open . Eastbourne has four senior football clubs : Eastbourne Borough F.C. play in the Conference South . Eastbourne Town F.C. and Eastbourne United Association F.C. both play in the Southern Combination League Premier , while Langney Wanderers F.C. play in the Southern Combination League Division One . The Eastbourne Eagles are a speedway club located at Arlington Stadium , just outside the town . Between 1997 @-@ 2014 they competed in the Elite League , the highest level of speedway in the UK . They were champions in 2000 . They now compete in the National League . Arlington stadium also sees stock @-@ car racing on Wednesday evenings in the summer months . Other local sports clubs include cricket , hockey , rugby , lacrosse and golf . Among Eastbourne 's golf courses are the Royal Eastbourne , Eastbourne Downs , Willingdon and the Eastbourne Golfing Park . There is an annual extreme sports festival held at the eastern end of the seafront . Eastbourne Sovereign Sailing Club , on the seafront towards the eastern end , organises dinghy sailing for its members and visitors from Easter to Boxing Day and usually holds a National Championship Series for a popular UK class in the summer months . = = Landmarks = = = = = Beachy Head = = = Beachy Head cliff , to the west of the town , is an infamous suicide spot . Statistics are not officially published to reduce suicidal mimicry , but unofficial statistics show it to be the third most common suicide spot . The lighthouse at the foot of the cliff came into operation in October 1902 . Although originally manned by two keepers , it has been remotely monitored by Trinity House via a landline since June 1983 . Prior to its construction , shipping had been warned by the Belle Tout lighthouse on the cliff top some 1 @,@ 500 metres to the west . Belle Tout lighthouse was operational from 1834 to 1902 , and closed because its light was not visible in mist and low cloud . It became a private residence , but was severely damaged in the Second World War II by Canadian artillery . In 1956 , it was rebuilt as a house and remains a dwelling to this day . In March 1999 , the structure was moved 55 feet ( 17 m ) back from the cliff edge to save it from plunging into the sea.The structure may need to be moved again to safeguard it from cliff erosion . = = = Eastbourne Pier = = = Eastbourne Pier was built between 1866 and 1872 at the junction of Grand and Marine Parades . The pier interrupts what would otherwise have been a ribbon development of buildings – to the west , high @-@ class hotels , with modest family hotels and boarding houses to the east . The Eastbourne Pier Company was registered in April 1865 with a capital of £ 15 @,@ 000 and on 18 April 1866 work began . It was opened by Lord Edward Cavendish on 13 June 1870 , although it was not actually completed until two years later . On New Year 's Day 1877 the landward half was swept away in a storm . It was rebuilt at a higher level , creating a drop towards the end of the pier . The pier is effectively built on stilts that rest in cups on the sea @-@ bed allowing the whole structure to move during rough weather . It is roughly 300 metres ( 1000 ft ) long . A domed 400 @-@ seater pavilion was constructed at a cost of £ 250 at the seaward end in 1888 . A 1000 @-@ seater theatre , bar , camera obscura and office suite replaced this in 1899 / 1901 . At the same time , two saloons were built midway along the pier . Access to the camera obscura was destroyed by an arson attack in 1970 , but was restored in 2003 with a new stairway built . = = = = Eastbourne Pier Fire = = = = On 30 July 2014 , a fire broke out in the middle building of the pier . BBC News reported that 80 firefighters attended the scene . One third of the pier was badly damaged . On 19 August 2014 , a worker from Cumbria died after falling through the decking of the damaged pier . The government promised £ 2m support for lost trade caused by the pier fire and in lost tourism revenue . = = = Eastbourne Redoubt = = = Eastbourne Redoubt on Royal Parade is one of three examples of a type of fortress built to withstand potential invasion from Napoleon 's forces in the early nineteenth century . It houses collections from The Royal Sussex Regiment , The Queen 's Royal Irish Hussars , and the Sussex Combined Services Collection ; including four Victoria Crosses and General Hans @-@ Jürgen von Arnim 's Steyr Automobile 1500A Afrika Korps Staff Car . = = Education = = Eastbourne ’ s reputation for health , enhanced by bracing air and sea breezes contributed to the establishment of many independent schools in the 19th century and in 1871 , the year which saw the arrival of Queenwood Ladies College , the town was just beginning a period of growth and prosperity . By 1896 , Gowland ’ s Eastbourne Directory listed 76 private schools for boys and girls . However , economic difficulties during the inter @-@ war years saw a gradual decline in the number of independent schools . In 1930 , the headmistress of Clovelly @-@ Kepplestone , a well @-@ established boarding school for girls , referred to " heavy financial losses experienced by schools in the past few years " . In 1930 , this school was forced to merge its junior and senior departments ; in 1931 , one of its buildings was sold off , and in 1934 the school closed altogether . Finally , indicative of the changes that would later befall many of the larger buildings in the town , the school was demolished to make way for a block of flats , which was completed in 1939 . The Eastbourne ( Blue Book ) Directory for 1938 lists 39 independent schools in the town . With the fall of France in June 1940 , and the risk of invasion , most left – the majority never to return . By 2007 , the number had reduced to just four : St. Andrew 's School , Eastbourne College , St. Bede ’ s Preparatory School and Moira House Girls ' School . Eastbourne has 6 state secondary schools , 17 state primary schools , 1 primary special school , and 2 secondary special schools . Parts of the University of Brighton are based in the Meads area of the town . There are several language colleges and schools , with students coming mainly from Europe . Sussex Downs College is a large further education college with a campus in Eastbourne . This state @-@ funded college provides a range of GCSE , GCE A Level , BTEC and vocational programmes for students aged 16 – 19 years of age , plus a full range of adult FE programmes . It gained its current structure in 2003 from a merger of Park College ( the old Eastbourne sixth form college ) , Lewes Tertiary College and Eastbourne College of Arts and Technology ( ECAT ) . = = Health and emergency services = = The town is served by Eastbourne District General Hospital , part of East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust . As of 2014 , the maternity unit of the hospital has been permanently transferred to The Conquest Hospital , Hastings after years of campaigning to save the unit . An earlier hospital , St Mary 's , opened on Vicarage Road in 1877 as the infirmary to the local workhouse ; it was demolished in 1990 . Eastbourne Fire Station is in Whitley Road , and the town 's police station is in Grove Road . Eastbourne has an RNLI lifeboat station . A new boat named Diamond Jubilee was launched in 2012 by the Earl and Countess of Wessex . Eastbourne Blind Society was founded in 1923 to support eight war @-@ blinded veterans . In 1963 a centre in Longstone Road was opened and today the society has almost 800 members . = = Religious life = = As well as the medieval parish church of St Mary in Old Town , another remarkable church building in Eastbourne is the redbrick St Saviour 's and St Peter 's . Originally consecrated under the former name in 1872 , it was designed by George Edmund Street but merged with St Peter ’ s in 1971 when the latter was made redundant and demolished . The Catholic Church of Our Lady of Ransom is a generously proportioned building with a tall Gothic interior . One of the windows commemorates the exiled Polish @-@ Lithuanian nobleman , Prince Lev Sapieha , who lived in the town , and there is much other artwork in the building . The recently formed Personal Ordinariate of Anglicans reconciled to the Catholic Church meets at St Agnes , another Victorian Gothic building . The tall flint tower of St Michael 's at Ocklynge is one of Eastbourne 's landmarks . The church was consecrated in 1902 and built on the site of the mission hall where the nonsense writer Lewis Carroll ( the clergyman CL Dodgson ) is known to have preached during his holidays in the town . All Souls , in Italian style , is a finely proportioned building with an Evangelical church tradition . Holy Trinity also has a strong history of Evangelism , particularly during the early 20th century when Canon Stephen Warner was the vicar for 28 years . There is a Greek Orthodox Church converted from a 19th @-@ century Calvinistic chapel . The Strict Baptist Chapel in Grove Road is an interesting building , despite its rather grim street frontage . The United Reformed Church in Upperton Road has tall rogue Gothic windows set in red brick walls . Several other denominations have similarly interesting church buildings , including some of 20th century design , such as the Baptist Church in Eldon Road . The copyrights of many well @-@ known hymns used in the English @-@ speaking world are handled by Kingway 's Thankyou Music of Eastbourne . There is a tradition of Judaism in Eastbourne , and a Jewish rest home . The Islamic community uses a small mosque that was formerly the Seeboard social club . = = Transport = = Eastbourne is connected by road to London by the A22 , and to Brighton and Hove and Hastings by the nearby A27 . The car is the most used form of transport in the town , with only 6 % of journeys taken by bus ; the local council transport plan aims to reduce the amount of car usage . Bus services within Eastbourne have been provided by Stagecoach Group under the name Stagecoach in Eastbourne since November 2008 , when the company acquired Eastbourne Buses , a service run by the local council , and subsequently the independent company Cavendish Motor Services . Eastbourne Buses had been formed in 1903 by the County Borough of Eastbourne , who were the first local authority in the world authorised to run motor buses . As well as local journeys within the town , Stagecoach also runs routes to Polegate , Hailsham , Tunbridge Wells , Uckfield and East Grinstead at various frequencies , while the two routes to Hastings via Bexhill are run by Stagecoach South East from Hastings . The other main operator into Eastbourne is Brighton & Hove , owned by the Go @-@ Ahead Group , which runs frequent services seven days a week from Brighton via Seaford and Newhaven . Limited numbers of additional buses are run by the Cuckmere Buses , and a regular National Express coach service operates daily from London 's Victoria Coach Station . The main railway station is situated in the town centre and is served by Southern . The present station ( the town 's third ) , designed by F.D. Bannister , dates from 1886 . It was originally on what was termed the Eastbourne Branch from Polegate . There was a rarely used triangular junction between Polegate and the now @-@ closed Stone Cross which allowed trains to bypass the Branch ; the track has now been lifted . Also on the erstwhile Branch is Hampden Park railway station to the north of the town . Regular services along the coast have invariably served Eastbourne . All trains , because of the layout , have to pass through Hampden Park once in each direction . This has the effect of making the Hampden Park level crossing very busy . Indeed , it is thought to be the busiest in the country . Regular services are to London Victoria , Gatwick Airport , Hastings and Ashford International and a commuter service to Brighton . Trains leave from London Victoria to Eastbourne with a journey time of 1hr 36mins . A miniature tramway once ran a mile across " the Crumbles " ( then undeveloped ) from near Princes Park / Wartling Road towards Langney Point . It opened in 1954 but ceased operation in 1970 , relocating to Seaton in Devon after the owners had fallen out with the council ; it is now the Seaton Tramway . = = Notable people = = Eastbourne can claim some notable regular visitors . Karl Marx and Frederick Engels were often in the area ; the latter 's ashes were scattered from Beachy Head at his request . Claude Debussy finished composing La mer at the Grand Hotel in 1905 . " Darwin 's Bulldog " Thomas Henry Huxley spent the last few years of his life in Eastbourne . Notable residents include Charles Webb , writer of The Graduate , who moved to Eastbourne with his wife in 2006 , where they are housed by social services . The pianist Russ Conway was a resident for many years as was Henry Allingham , briefly the world 's oldest man when he died in 2009 aged 113 . Percy Sillitoe , director of MI5 , also lived in the town in the 1950s . The novelist and children 's writer Annie Keary died in the town in 1879 . The leading evangelist Canon Stephen Warner was the vicar of Holy Trinity between 1919 and 1947 . Novelist Angela Carter was born in Eastbourne in 1940 before relocating to South Yorkshire as a child . Several bands have formed in Eastbourne , including Toploader , Easyworld , The Divided , ROAM and The Mobiles . Musician Robin Romei is a resident of Eastbourne , and has written a song named after the Town . Various notable scholars have passed through the Eastbourne education system . Frederick Soddy , radiochemist and economist , was born in Eastbourne and studied at Eastbourne College . Aleister Crowley , occultist and mystic attended Eastbourne College and later edited a chess column for the Eastbourne Gazette . Polar explorer Lawrence Oates attended South Lynn School in Mill Gap Road . George Mallory , the noted mountaineer , attended Glengorse Preparatory School in Chesterfield Road between 1896 and 1900 . Count László Almásy , the basis of the lead character of The English Patient , was educated by a private tutor at Berrow , and was a member of the pioneering Eastbourne Flying Club . Douglas Bader , who became a successful Second World War fighter pilot despite having lost both legs in a flying accident , attended Temple Grove Preparatory School in Compton Place Road . The philosopher A. J. Ayer was a pupil at Ascham St Vincent 's School in Carlisle Road . The artist Eric Ravilious grew up , was educated and taught in Eastbourne . In addition to Orwell , Connolly , Beaton , Maxwell and Longhurst listed on the St Cyprian 's School blue plaque , the writers Alaric Jacob , E. H. W. Meyerstein and Alan Hyman also attended that school . The biographer and historian Philip Ziegler was a pupil as was the music historian Dyneley Hussey and politician , historian and diarist Alan Clark . Other politicians were Richard Wood who had lost both legs in the war , and David Ormsby @-@ Gore later ambassador to the USA . Artists Cedric Morris and David Kindersley also attended the school as did military figures such as General Sir Lashmer Whistler and Major General Henry Foot VC . Pupils with sporting connections include the amateur jockey Anthony Mildmay and Seymour de Lotbiniere Director of Outside Broadcasts at the BBC . Jagaddipendra Narayan was a reigning Maharaja of Cooch Behar while at the school . Other former pupils include the war @-@ blinded life peer Lord Fraser and the submarine commander Rupert Lonsdale . NASA aerospace engineer Bruce Woodgate , who attended Eastbourne Grammar School , was the principal investigator and designer of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph , which was installed on the Hubble Space Telescope in 1997 . Modern celebrities who studied in the town include Prunella Scales and Eddie Izzard . In 1993 , following a suggestion to Eastbourne Borough Council by Eastbourne Civic Society ( now Eastbourne Society ) , a joint project was set up to erect blue plaques on buildings associated with famous people . The principles for selection are broadly those already established by English Heritage for such plaques in London . The first was erected in November 1994 in Milnthorpe Road at the former home of Sir Ernest Shackleton , the Antarctic explorer . = = In Popular Culture = = In Season 4 , Episode 4 of Red Dwarf entitled " White Hole " , Rimmer jokes about a way he claims the Eskimo people deal with their elderly , leaving them to freeze to death . When Kryten asks if that is really the case , Rimmer responds " Absolutely . That 's why there 's no Eskimo word for Eastbourne . " Presumably referring to the climate and demographics of Eastbourne at the time the episode premiered . = Minute to Win It ( U.S. game show ) = Minute to Win It is an American television game show which features contestants playing simple games with common household items in an attempt to win a cash prize . The series originally ran on NBC with host Guy Fieri and was revived in 2013 on Game Show Network ( GSN ) with Apolo Ohno presenting the show . The series premiered on NBC on March 14 , 2010 , airing the first two episodes back @-@ to @-@ back . A second season began on December 7 , 2010 . On May 13 , 2012 , NBC announced that the show would not be renewed for a third season . On February 4 , 2013 , GSN green @-@ lit a revival of the series , and the first season began airing in June 25 , 2013 . A second season of the GSN version premiered in February 2014 . = = Gameplay = = Contestants are presented with a blueprint for the first challenge ( level ) and must successfully complete a game within 60 seconds to move past the first level and advance to the next level . The challenges are games that require contestants to perform tasks with various household items ( such as releasing a balloon 's air to blow a certain number of plastic cups off of a table , or rolling marbles at an upright @-@ standing pencil in order to knock it over ) . Contestants who can complete all ten challenges win the show 's top prize ( $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in the NBC version , $ 250 @,@ 000 in the GSN version ) . The difficulty of the games progressively increases throughout the show . If time expires or the conditions of the game cannot be fulfilled ( such as exhausting any allotted attempts or breaking a rule within a challenge ) , the contestant loses a " life " , three of which are provided throughout the game . Contestants who lose all three of their lives have their game end and their winnings drop to the previous milestone they passed . After successfully completing a game , contestants can leave with the amount of money already won before seeing the blueprint for their next level . If they elect to play the game , however , they cannot walk away until that level is complete or they have exhausted all three of their lives . Episodes featuring celebrity contestants competing for charities and teams of two contestants tweak these rules slightly . In celebrity episodes , all levels are milestones , while in episodes featuring teams of two contestants , some games are played by both , while others are played solo . A contestant can only make three consecutive attempts at solo games ( including re @-@ attempts following losing a life ; an intervening team game does not reset this count ) . After a contestant makes three attempts , the other contestant is forced to attempt the next solo game . = = = Special editions = = = Besides celebrity specials and editions featuring teams , other special editions have been conducted by the NBC version of the series . To begin the show 's second season , three special Christmas @-@ themed episodes were produced and aired in December 2010 . For these specials , two extra games were added , with the 11th game worth $ 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 and the 12th game worth $ 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . In addition , some games contained a " Holiday Bonus , " in which a contestant won a gift if the level is passed . A visual representation of the gift was placed inside of a box , which was opened if and when the level was successfully completed . The gifts included an extra life , an extra ten seconds to be used during a challenge , and a bonus prize . The series also featured other episodes that featured twists to the format . In " Head to head " matches , two teams of two players compete against each other in a best @-@ of @-@ seven match . Winning a challenge earns the team a point ; the first team to four points wins a guaranteed $ 50 @,@ 000 and a chance to play for the million starting from Level 6 with three lives remaining . In " Last Man Standing " episodes , 10 contestants play against each other ; the one with the worst result at the end of the challenge is eliminated . This continues until there is one contestant left . The winner wins $ 100 @,@ 000 and plays a million @-@ dollar game for a chance to win the top prize . In addition , during a few summer episodes , one member of the audience would be selected to play a million @-@ dollar game at the end of the episode . = = = Payout structure = = = Successfully completing a stunt is worth a specific cash prize at each level . Contestants who successfully complete stunts on milestone levels ( prize amounts in bold ) are guaranteed to leave with no less than the cash award at that level should they fail any later stunts . = = Production = = About two years before the series premiered on NBC , Guy Fieri 's agent , who had attended a meeting in France , contacted him , pitching to him the idea of hosting the show . Fieri was eventually chosen to host the series , and the show premiered with two back @-@ to @-@ back episodes on March 14 , 2010 , airing 27 new episodes through September of that year . The second season , which consisted of 41 episodes , began on December 7 , 2010 with a Christmas special . Executive producers for the NBC versions included Craig Plestis , Tim Puntillo , Mattias Olsson , Jock Millgårdh and Estelle Bodén . On May 13 , 2012 , NBC canceled the series , electing not to renew it for a third season . Shortly after the NBC version 's cancelation , reruns of Minute to Win It began airing on GSN July 24 , 2012 . Citing the NBC version 's ratings success in reruns , the network announced plans to produce a revival of the series on February 4 , 2013 . The GSN version was hosted by American speed skating champion Apolo Ohno , with Michael Binkow serving as executive producer . The first season premiered on June 25 , 2013 , although a full episode sneak preview was shown on May 23 . The series then went on a short hiatus , returning to air new episodes ( advertised as a second season ) February 25 , 2014 . = = Reception = = In a pre @-@ broadcast review , Cinema Blend 's Kelly West praised Fieri 's " enthusiastic " performance and his ability to interact well with contestants . West also noted that the show could do well with families and viewers who have a preference to non @-@ intellectual game shows ; however , West criticized the challenges for needing " little to no skill " to accomplish . In October 2010 , Minute to Win It was awarded the C21 / Frapa Award for best " studio based game show " format at the MIPCOM Television Festival in France . Alyssa Davis of Hollywood Junket called the GSN version of the series " decent ; " however , she also provided some slight criticism of Ohno 's hosting , arguing that while " he is likable , " his " personality is not strong enough to host a game show . " = = = Ratings = = = The NBC version 's ratings were generally average , with episodes toward both the beginning and end of the series ' run generally earning between five and six million viewers . Ratings for the GSN version were slightly better than average for the network 's standards . The first two new episodes debuted to a combined total of 875 @,@ 000 viewers , with 525 @,@ 000 at 8 : 00 and 350 @,@ 000 at 9 : 00 . The GSN version would later climb to a series high of 596 @,@ 000 viewers on August 6 , 2013 while serving as a lead @-@ in to the series premiere of The Chase . = = Merchandise = = In May 2011 , NBCUniversal agreed to a deal with Wendy 's allowing the restaurant to release kid 's meal toys based on five challenges seen on the actual show . Several home versions based on the series ' format have also been released since the show 's premiere . Mattel released a board game and card game format of the show in 2011 and 2012 respectively , while Sportscraft released an " Ultimate Party Pack " with games featured on the show . In addition , Zoo Entertainment released video game versions for the Wii , Kinect for Xbox 360 , Nintendo DS and iOS devices on November 2 , 2010 . = Uttanka = In Hindu mythology , Uttanka , also spelled Utanka , is a rishi ( sage ) who resided in the Maru desert . The primary source of this account is found in the Hindu epic Mahabharata . In the earliest version , Uttanka is described as the disciple of the sage Veda . In the second version , his guru is Gautama . In both legends , he is a learned sage who goes through many hurdles in procuring the earrings demanded by his guru 's wife as the fee for the teacher ( gurudakshina ) . The Nagas ( serpents ) steal the earrings , and the gods Indra and Agni help Uttanka to retrieve them from the realm of the serpents . Uttanka is said to have advised King Janamejaya to take revenge against Takshaka , the king of the Nagas , as the latter was responsible for his father Parikshit 's death by snake bite . Uttanka is one of the few persons described to have seen the Vishvarupa ( Universal form ) of the god Krishna . Krishna blessed Uttanka with a boon that would quench his thirst whenever he remembered him . From then on , the rare clouds that bring showers in the desert have been called " Uttanka 's clouds " . = = Gurudakshina = = Uttanka 's legend is narrated in the Hindu epic Mahabharata in two versions . The first is the original narrated in the Paushya Parva chapter of the first Book , Adi Parva . The other version is in the Utankopakhyana ( named after Uttanka ) in the Ashvamedhika Parva , the 14th Book of the epic . A work in Malayalam , also called Utankopakhyana , is another recounting of the story from the 14th book , but uses the name Utanka , not Uttanka . The Ashvamedhika Parva version is believed to be a later retelling of the original account in the Adi Parva . = = = Adi Parva = = = According to the Adi Parva , Uttanka was one of three chief disciples of the sage Veda , who in turn was a student of Dhaumya . Once , Veda left his ashram ( hermitage ) , entrusting all of the administrative duties to Uttanka . Veda 's wife was then in her menstrual period . The women of the ashram urged Uttanka to cohabit with her so that her fertility period would not be wasted , but Uttanka refused to oblige as he was duty bound to his guru and he considered the act immoral . When this episode was conveyed to Veda upon his return to the ashram , he was pleased with his disciple and blessed Uttanka . After Uttanka completed his education , he asked his guru Veda about gurudakshina ( fee to the teacher ) . Veda suggested that he should ask his wife and give him the gift that she desired . The guru 's wife harboured a grudge against Uttanka , as he had refused to fulfil her desire in her fertility period . She asked Uttanka to get the earrings of King Pushya ’ s queen in three days so that she could wear them during a religious fast on the fourth day . Uttanka set out to accomplish the task . On the way , he encountered a giant who was riding a huge bullock and sought his blessings . The giant asked Uttanka to eat the dung and drink the urine of the animal . Uttanka hesitated but ultimately complied after being informed that his guru , Veda , had acted likewise . Uttanka then went to King Pushya and conveyed to him the wish of his guru ’ s wife for the earrings of his queen so that he could pay his gurudakshina . The king asked Uttanka to meet his wife in her chambers . However , he could not find the queen there . Pushya informed Uttanka that his queen does not appear before any impure person who has not performed the ritual ablutions . After performing the ablutions , Uttanka met the queen and asked her for the earrings , which she granted . She warned Uttanka that Takshaka , the king of Nagas ( serpents ) , was after the divine earrings and he should therefore take guard against him . After Uttanka had met the queen , he was invited to dine with the king . The food was cold and had a hair in it . Enraged , the sage cursed the king that he would lose his sight . In turn , the king cursed Uttanka that he would not have any children . However , they reconciled and withdrew their curses . As Uttanka was returning to Veda 's ashram , he decided to take a bath in a water tank . He left his things on the bank of the river and went to take a bath . At that time , Takshaka came there in the disguise of a naked mendicant and stole the earrings . Uttanka tried to pursue the mendicant , but Takshaka had reverted to his original form of a serpent and slithered away into a hole in the ground , reaching Naga @-@ loka , the abode of the Nagas . Uttanka then tried to dig through the hole . Indra , the king of the gods , saw Uttanka in the process of digging and sent his weapon Vajra ( thunder @-@ bolt ) to help him carve a tunnel to the realm of the Nagas . When Uttanka entered the snake world , he started praising the virtues of the snake king Takshaka and his clan , but to no avail as Takshaka was not moved to give up the earrings . Uttanka then saw two beautiful women weaving with white and black threads on a wheel fixed on the wall . The wheel had twelve spokes and was being turned by six young people . A horse with a rider stood near the wheel . Uttanka praised the functioning of the weaving process , the rider and the horse , and equated the rider to Indra . Pleased with this praise , the rider asked Uttanka to state in what way he could help him . Uttanka requested that he be given the power to bring the snakes under his control . The rider then instructed Uttanka to blow at the back of the horse . Uttanka did as suggested . Then flames emerged from all parts of the horse 's body and filled the realm of the serpents with fire and smoke . The terrified Takshaka came out of hiding and gave up the earrings to Uttanka . Uttanka then wondered whether he could reach his guru Veda 's ashram to hand over the earrings to the guru 's wife before the prescribed time . The rider , noting Uttanka 's concern , gave Uttanka his horse , which took Uttanka to the ashram . He reached the ashram just before sunset as the guru 's wife was in the process of casting a curse on Uttanka for not arriving in time . When Uttanka narrated his experience in procuring the earrings	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
part in the sport during the 1950s , equally well known for his arrest in 1955 for operating his father 's moonshine still as he is for his racing success . He ended up spending a year in an Ohio prison , but soon returned to the sport before retiring as a driver in 1966 . = = New business models = = = = = Faster food = = = As more Americans began driving cars , entirely new categories of businesses came into being to allow them to enjoy their products and services without having to leave their cars . This includes the drive @-@ in restaurant , and later the drive @-@ through window . Even into the 2010s , the Sonic Drive @-@ In restaurant chain has provided primarily drive @-@ in service by carhop in 3 @,@ 561 restaurants within 43 U.S. states , serving approximately 3 million customers per day . Known for its use of carhops on roller skates , the company annually hosts a competition to determine the top skating carhop in its system . A number of other successful " drive up " businesses have their roots in the 1950s , including McDonald 's ( expanded c . 1955 ) , which had no dine @-@ in facilities , requiring customers to park and walk up to the window , taking their order " to go " . Automation and the lack of dining facilities allowed McDonald 's to sell burgers for 15 cents each , instead of the typical 35 cents , and people were buying them by the bagful . By 1948 , they had fired their carhops , installed larger grills , reduced their menu and radically changed the industry by introducing assembly @-@ line methods of food production , similar to the auto industry , dubbing it the " Speedee Service System " . They redesigned their sign specifically to make it easier to see from the road , creating the now familiar yellow double @-@ arch structure . Businessman Ray Kroc joined McDonald 's as a franchise agent in 1955 . He subsequently purchased the chain from the McDonald brothers and oversaw its worldwide growth . Other chains were created to serve the increasingly mobile patron . Carl Karcher opened his first Carl 's Jr. in 1956 , and rapidly expanded , locating his restaurants near California 's new freeway off @-@ ramps . These restaurant models initially relied on the new and ubiquitous ownership of automobiles , and the willingness of patrons to dine in their automobiles . As of 2013 , drive @-@ through service account for 65 percent of their profits . = = = Drive @-@ in movies = = = The drive @-@ in theater is a form of cinema structure consisting of a large outdoor movie screen , a projection booth , a concession stand and a large parking area for automobiles , where patrons view the movie from the comfort of their cars and listen via an electric speaker placed at each parking spot . Although drive @-@ in movies first appeared in 1933 , it was not until well after the post @-@ war era that they became popular , enjoying their greatest success in the 1950s , reaching a peak of more than 4 @,@ 000 theaters in the United States alone . Drive @-@ in theaters have been romanticized in popular culture with the movie American Graffiti and Grease and the television series Happy Days . They developed a reputation for showing B movies , typically monster or horror films , and as " passion pits " , a place for teenagers to make out . While drive @-@ in theaters are rarer today with only 366 remaining and no longer unique to America , they are still associated as part of the 1950s ' American car culture . Drive @-@ in movies have seen somewhat of a resurgence in popularity in the 21st century , due in part to baby boomer nostalgia . Robert Schuller started the nation 's first drive @-@ in church in 1955 in Garden Grove , California . After his regular 9 : 30 am service in the chapel four miles away , he would travel to the drive @-@ in for a second Sunday service . Worshipers listened to his sermon from the comfort of their cars , using the movie theater 's speaker boxes . = = = Malls = = = The first modern shopping malls were built in the 1950s , such as Bergen Mall , which was the first to use the term " mall " to describe the business model . Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense , commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs . Northgate in Seattle is credited as being the first modern mall design , with two rows of businesses facing each other and a walkway separating them . It opened in 1950 . Shopper 's World in Framingham , Massachusetts was the two @-@ story mall , and opened a year later . The design was modified again in 1954 when Northland Center in Detroit , Michigan , used a centralized design with an anchor store in the middle of the mall , ringed by other stores . This was the first mall to have the parking lot completely surrounding the shopping center , and to provide central heat and air @-@ conditioning . In 1956 , Southdale Center opened in Edina , Minnesota , just outside Minneapolis . It was the first to combine all these modern elements , being enclosed with a two @-@ story design , central heat and air @-@ conditioning plus a comfortable common area . It also featured two large department stores as anchors . Most industry professionals consider Southdale Center to be the first modern regional mall . This formula ( enclosed space with stores attached , away from downtown and accessible only by automobile ) became a popular way to build retail across the world . Victor Gruen , one of the pioneers in mall design , came to abhor this effect of his new design ; he decried the creation of enormous " land wasting seas of parking " and the spread of suburban sprawl . = = = Aftermarket = = = The 1950s jump started an industry of aftermarket add @-@ ons for cars that continues today . The oldest aftermarket wheel company , American Racing , started in 1956 and still builds " mag wheels " ( alloy wheels ) for almost every car made . Holley introduced the first modular four @-@ barrel carburetor , which Ford offered in the 1957 Ford Thunderbird , and versions are still used by performance enthusiasts . Edelbrock started during the Great Depression and expanded after the war . They provided a variety of high performance parts for the new hot rodders , which was popular equipment for setting speed records at Bonneville Salt Flats . Owners were no longer restricted to the original equipment provided by manufacturers , helping not only create the hot rod culture but also the foundation for cosmetic modifications . The creation and rapid expansion of the aftermarket made it possible for enthusiasts to personalize their automobiles . = = = Distribution = = = Most new cars were sold through automobile dealerships in the 1950s , but Crosley automobiles were still on sale at any number of appliance or department stores , and Allstate ( a rebadged Henry J ) could be ordered at any Sears and Roebuck in 1952 and 1953 . By mid @-@ decade , these outlets had vanished and the automobile dealer became the sole source of new automobiles . Starting in the mid @-@ 1950s , new car introductions in the fall once again became an anticipated event , as all dealers would reveal the models for the upcoming year each October . In this era before the popularization of computerization , the primary source of information on new models was the dealer . The idea was originally suggested in the 1930s by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression , as a way of stimulating the economy by creating demand . The idea was reintroduced by President Dwight Eisenhower for the same reasons , and this method of introducing next year 's models in the preceding autumn lasted well into the 1990s . During the decade , many smaller manufacturers could not compete with the Big Three and either went out of business or merged . In 1954 , American Motors was formed when Hudson merged with Nash @-@ Kelvinator Corporation in a deal worth almost $ 200 million , the largest corporate merger in United States history at that time . = = = Muscle cars = = = The muscle @-@ car era is deeply rooted in the 1950s , although there is some debate as to the exact beginning . Old Cars Weekly claims it started with the introduction of the original Chrysler " Firepower " hemi V8 engine in 1951 , while others such as Hot Rod magazine consider the first overhead valve engine by Chevrolet , the 265 cid V8 , as the " heir apparent to Ford flathead 's position as the staple of racing " , in 1955 . The " small block Chevy " itself developed its own subculture that exists today . Other contenders include the 1949 Oldsmobile V8 engine , the first in a long line of such powerful V8 engines , as well as the Cadillac V8 of the same year . Regardless how it is credited , the horsepower race centered around the V8 engine and the muscle @-@ car era lasted until new smog regulations forced dramatic changes in OEM engine design in the early 1970s . This in turn opened up new opportunities for aftermarket manufacturers like Edelbrock . Each year brought larger engines and / or increases in horsepower , providing a catalyst for customers to upgrade to newer models . Automobile executives also deliberately updated the body designs yearly , in the name of " planned obsolescence " and added newly developed or improved features such as automatic transmissions , power steering , power brakes and cruise control , in an effort to make the previous models seem outdated and facilitate the long drive from the suburbs . Record sales made the decade arguably the " golden era " of automobile manufacturing . Harley Earl and Bill France Sr. popularized the saying " Race on Sunday , sell on Monday " , a mantra still heard today in motorsports , particularly within NASCAR . During the muscle @-@ car era , manufacturers not only sponsored the drivers , but designed stock cars specifically to compete in the fast @-@ growing and highly popular sport . = = Songs celebrating the automobile = = As the automobile became more and more an extension of the individual , it was natural for this to be reflected in popular culture . America 's love affair with the automobile was most evident in the music of the era . " Rocket 88 " was first recorded in 1951 and originally credited to Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats , although it was later discovered to be the work of Ike Turner 's Kings of Rhythm . It is often credited as the first rock and roll song ever produced and has been covered by other artists . " Hot Rod Lincoln " was first recorded in 1955 by Charlie Ryan , and has since been recorded by Roger Miller and others . The 1960 Johnny Bond version charted at number 26 on Billboard Hot 100 . Comedian Jim Varney produced a version with Ricky Skaggs for the motion picture The Beverly Hillbillies . The song is still a popular live song for artists such as Asleep at the Wheel and Junior Brown . " Maybellene " , released by Chuck Berry in 1955 , is an uptempo rocker describing a hot rod race between a jilted lover and his unfaithful girlfriend . It was a # 5 hit and was described by Rolling Stone as the starting point of rock and roll guitar . " Wake Up Little Susie " recorded by The Everly Brothers , reached number one on the Billboard Pop chart , despite having been banned from Boston radio stations for lyrics about elaborating " our reputation is shot " because the narrator and his date slept through a drive @-@ through movie date and missed their curfew by six hours . " Teen Angel " was released in 1959 and initially met with resistance by radio stations because of its dark message about a young girl who dies in an automobile / train accident . Other songs recorded during the decade also reflect the automobile 's place in American culture , such as " Brand New Cadillac " , Sonny Burgess 's " Thunderbird " and Bo Diddley 's " Cadillac " . A 1955 Oldsmobile was celebrated in the nostalgic " Ol ' ' 55 " by Tom Waits ( 1973 ) . = Saints Row : The Third downloadable content = Downloadable content for Saints Row : The Third was announced before the game 's November 2011 release along with a commitment from publisher THQ to support 40 weeks of content . Among smaller upgrades , three main content packs were released : Genkibowl VII , Gangstas in Space , and The Trouble with Clones . Reviewers found all three packs short — around an hour in length — and considered The Trouble with Clones the best of the bunch . Genkibowl VII , released in January 2012 , brought four new activity types to Steelport around a Professor Genki @-@ themed competition . Sad Panda Skyblazing , the only one of the four activities to not modify an existing activity type , was the reviewers ' favorite . Gangstas in Space , released in February , is a three @-@ mission story about a Saints @-@ themed film production starring the player and fighting aliens . The Trouble with Clones , released in March , has the player tracking down and quelling a rampant clone of Saints leader Johnny Gat . Reviewers highly praised its " Saints Flow " superpower sequences , and questioned why they could not have been unlocked in the main game afterwards . All download packs offered unlocks upon their completion . The Full Package , a version containing all of the game 's downloadable content on disc alongside the main game , was released in November . Some of the smaller content items include costume , vehicle , and ability unlocks . THQ planned a standalone expansion of the game called Enter the Dominatrix . It was originally announced as an April Fool 's joke , but was confirmed and later spun into Saints Row IV 's downloadable content . = = The Full Package = = Downloadable content for Saints Row : The Third was announced before the game 's release , and has included additional story missions , weapons , and characters . The game 's publisher , THQ , pledged " 40 weeks " of downloadable content following the game 's launch on November 15 , 2011 . A season pass offered a discount on the total cost of three downloadable content packs — Genkibowl VII , Gangstas in Space , and The Trouble with Clones — all scheduled for release by Q2 2012 , and added the Nyte Blade vampire hunter content as a bonus . A full release containing all downloadable content with the original game , Saints Row : The Third – The Full Package , was announced in September 2012 for release two months later on PC , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . The package included all three mission packs ( " Genkibowl VII " , " Gangstas in Space " , and " The Trouble with Clones " ) as well as the add @-@ on clothes , vehicles , and weapons . It was released on November 6 , 2012 in North America , and ten days later internationally . THQ announced an Enter the Dominatrix standalone expansion to the game as an April Fool 's joke in 2012 . It was confirmed as in development the next month . In Enter the Dominatrix , the alien commander Zinyak imprisons the Saints ' leader in a simulation of Steelport called The Dominatrix so as to prevent interference when he takes over the planet . The expansion also added superpowers for the player @-@ character . In June , THQ said the expansion would be wrapped into a full sequel , tentatively titled " The Next Great Sequel in the Saints Row Franchise " and scheduled for a 2013 release . Parts of Enter the Dominatrix that weren 't incorporated into the sequel , Saints Row IV , were later released as Enter the Dominatrix downloadable content for the new title . = = Genkibowl VII = = Genkibowl VII was the first downloadable mission pack of three to be released for Saints Row : The Third . The pack is structured around a contest with four different activities structured around a Professor Genki theme . Genki is a " homicidal man @-@ cat " whose Super Ethical Reality Climax competitions are popular in Steelport , and the leader of the Saints is invited to participate in his annual Genkibowl . Zach and Bobby , the commentators associated with Professor Genki 's shows , return to cover the competition with Tammy Tolliver . Three of the four activities are " revamped versions " of other activities from the main game . Genki Apocalypse is a shooting minigame similar to the main game 's Super Ethical Reality Climax , where the player travels through rooms shooting enemies and targets ( such as Ethical and Money Shot targets ) to earn money . Accidentally shooting the Sad Panda targets reduces the player 's earnings . Unlike Super Ethical Reality Climax , Genki Apocalypse has a jungle theme , including shark @-@ infested waters . The second activity , Super Ethical PR Opportunity , is based on the main game 's Escort minigames , but the player instead escorts Professor Genki himself . The Genki Mobile car features flamethrowers around its periphery , for when Genki demands carnage en route . The car is unlocked upon finishing the activity . The third activity , Sexy Kitten Yarngasm , is a cross between the main game 's Tank Mayhem activity and the Katamari series where the player rolls a destructive ball of yarn around the streets . The player must destroy a certain amount of property within a time limit . Upon completing the activity , the player unlocks Yarnie ( the ball of yarn ) as a vehicle . In the last activity , the new Sad Panda Skyblazing , the player dons a Sad Panda costume and jumps from a helicopter , falling through fire rings into Ethical balloons and onto rooftops to kill costumed mascots with a chainsaw . There are two instances of each activity on the map , and finishing each activity unlocks new costumes , support characters , and vehicles . The pack was released three months following the game , on January 17 , 2012 . = = = Reception = = = Genkibowl VII received " generally unfavorable " and " mixed " reviews for its Xbox 360 and PlayStation versions , respectively , according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic . Reviewers complained that the pack was too short , with GameZone 's David Sanchez and GameSpot 's Carolyn Petit finishing it in under an hour . Official Xbox Magazine 's Francesca Reyes called it " crazy short " . Reviewers thought the new activity , Sad Panda Skyblazing , was the highlight of the pack , though Game Informer 's Dan Ryckert thought it was " the most annoying of them all " . Critics were dissatisfied by the amount of recycled content . GameZone 's Sanchez thought that the activities were " crazy " and " fun " . He considered Super Ethical Reality Climax among the best activities in the main game , and was not surprised that Genki Apocalypse was " the most enjoyable " in the pack . Sanchez was frustrated by the charging enemies in Super Ethical PR Opportunity , and thought Sad Panda Skyblazing was the " craziest " and " most unique " of the four activities , fitting in with Saints Row : The Third 's " insane nature " . He did not feel that the game needed to be included in the original release , but thought there should have been at least five different opportunities to do each new activity . Similarly , Petit of GameSpot also thought only Sad Panda Skyblazing matched the main game in " zaniness " , and said the pack felt " mundane " overall . She said that the story is more minor in the pack and that it was less funny than the main game . Petit was frustrated by the labyrinth @-@ like design of some of the Genki Apocalypse levels , and was uninterested in Super Ethical PR Opportunity by the time the activity ended . Rock Paper Shotgun 's John Walker wanted something more expansive for the first pack , and expected something more original and strange along the lines of Saints Row 2 's " shit spraying " activity . UGO 's Paul Furfari wrote that the lack of content is less disappointing if the player thinks of Genkibowl as " a small booster pack " . = = Gangstas in Space = = A month later , Gangstas in Space was released . In three missions , players continue the Saints Row : The Third story in a new arc about the Gangstas in Space film referenced in the main story . In the game , the film about the Saints is being directed by the self @-@ interested Hollywood director Andy Zhen and the player is acting the final scenes of the film alongside a female co @-@ star making her debut . In the first level , the player fights the military to save a female alien and controls the turret on the getaway vehicle . In the second , the player is in a shootout in a linear map . The last mission has the player in an aircraft fighting other aircraft while the co @-@ star uploads viruses to transmitters . At the time of review , the player could not revisit the old missions to earn missed achievements , but was later patched . Costumes and vehicles are unlocked upon completing the pack . The pack was released in North American on February 21 , 2014 , and in Europe the next day . = = = Reception = = = Gangstas in Space received " mixed or average " reviews , according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic . Reviewers found the pack similar in length to its predecessor . GameZone 's David Sanchez thought the quality was much better than the previous pack and that the missions were " lengthy " , but still felt the game was still too short — an hour in duration . Official Xbox Magazine 's Josh Abrams wrote that the pack had the " foul language , cool set @-@ pieces , and satirical worldview " of the main game and a grindhouse feel , which he appreciated . Dan Ryckert of Game Informer called the story minimal and said that the pack 's only difference from the game was the alien skins atop the main game 's weapons and vehicles . He added that if they did not have the skins , the missions would " easily be some of the most uneventful in the game " . Overall , Ryckert was disappointed with the first two content packs . Andrew Smee of Rock , Paper , Shotgun thought Gangstas in Space was the better of the final two packs , and praised the game 's humorous voice acting as " the best since ... Psychonauts " . He also found the cutscenes " fantastic " in comparison to BioWare 's Mass Effect 3 scenes . = = The Trouble with Clones = = When Saints leader Johnny Gat died , Saints fan and stereotypical nerd Jimmy Torbitson cloned him , beginning a three @-@ mission series on capturing and quelling the superpowered clone , who acts like the " brute " enemy type in the main game . Torbitson narrates the missions like a superhero film . The first mission has the player fighting off enemy gangs and police , and the second involves a ploy to calm Gat with music while Torbitson dancing to distract Saints fans and the player tranquilizes the fans with a bee gun . In the final mission , the player drinks Torbitson 's Saints Flow , granting superpowers such as speed , strength , and fireballs , and the player protects the clone Johnny Tag on a bridge from a military onslaught . Upon completion , the player unlocks two computer @-@ controlled homies for support and a vehicle . The missions can be replayed . The pack was released March 20 , 2012 , halfway through THQ 's promised 40 weeks of additional content . = = = Reception = = = Similar to the other packs , The Trouble with Clones contained about an hour of gameplay . Reviewers thought the pack was the best of the set , and praised the Saints Flow superpowers sequence . Multiple reviewers questioned why the bee gun and superpowers were not unlocked in the main game . Game Informer 's Dan Ryckert said he found sprinting with Saints Flow to be preferable to driving , and that portion to be " a lot of fun " . He was disappointed when the powers and " bee gun " did not unlock in the main game . Official Xbox Magazine 's Josh Abrams compared the pack to a 1980s film with Torbitson 's narration and praised both the part where a female brute attracts Gat , and the Saints Flow superpower sequence . He lamented not being able to export the powers back into the main game . GameZone 's David Sanchez called the bee gun " a great deal of fun " , but praised the final mission " freaking awesome " as " bleeding the madness that made so many gamers fall in love with Saints Row : The Third in the first place . " = = Other content = = The Nyte Blade pack includes a vampire hunter @-@ themed sports car and motorcycle , and altar boy and " bloody canoness " costumes . The Explosive Combat pack adds a " future soldier " costume and M2 grenade launcher , while the Z Style pack adds a " Z @-@ style " suit and bling shotgun . The Warrior pack adds four Kabuki costumes . The Bloodsucker pack adds an ability to regenerate health by sucking the blood of non @-@ playable characters , as well other ability upgrades . The free CheapyD Homie pack adds computer @-@ controlled support with a character modeled on CheapyD of Cheap Ass Gamer . He felt honored to be included , even if he " bought [ his ] way in " . A Penthouse pack includes support characters modeled on pornographic actresses Nikki Benz , Justine Joli , Ryan Keely , and Heather Vandeven . = John Baskeyfield = John " Jack " Daniel Baskeyfield VC ( 18 November 1922 – 20 September 1944 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces . Born in 1922 , Baskeyfield initially became a butcher but was called up to the army in 1942 . He served with the 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment , an airlanding unit of the 1st Airborne Division , in Sicily and Italy in 1943 before returning to the United Kingdom . The division was next deployed in Operation Market Garden and fought in the subsequent Battle of Arnhem . While defending the Oosterbeek perimeter three days into the battle , Baskeyfield commanded a pair of anti tank guns that destroyed several enemy tanks before the crews were killed . Baskeyfield subsequently fired the guns alone before he too was killed . His body was not identified after the war and he has no known grave . = = Early life = = John Baskeyfield was born on 18 November 1922 in Burslem , Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent , England , the son of Daniel and Minnie Baskeyfield . He trained and worked as a butcher during the early years of the Second World War , until he received his call up papers in February 1942 at the age of 19 . = = Second World War = = Baskeyfield joined the South Staffordshire Regiment and served with the 2nd Battalion 's anti @-@ tank platoon . The 2nd Battalion was part of 1st Airlanding Brigade , itself part of the 1st Airborne Division and Baskeyfield accompanied them to North Africa , from where they took part in Operation Ladbroke , the glider borne element of the Invasion of Sicily in 1943 . The division then landed in Italy as part of Operation Slapstick and spent some weeks fighting their way through the country before sailing back to England . = = = Battle of Arnhem = = = The Battle of Arnhem was part of Operation Market Garden , an attempt to secure a string of bridges through the Netherlands . At Arnhem the British 1st Airborne Division and Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were tasked with securing bridges across the Lower Rhine , the final objectives of the operation . However , the airborne forces that dropped on 17 September were not aware that the 9th SS and 10th SS Panzer divisions were also near Arnhem for rest and refit . Their presence added a substantial number of Panzergrenadiers , tanks and self @-@ propelled guns to the German defenses and the Allies suffered heavily in the ensuing battle . Only a small force managed to hold one end of the Arnhem road bridge before being overrun on 21 September . The rest of the division became trapped in a small pocket west of the bridge and had to be evacuated on 25 September in Operation Berlin . The Allies failed to cross the Rhine , which remained under German control until Allied offensives in March 1945 . = = = = South Staffordshire 's advance to Arnhem = = = = Owing to a shortage of aircraft , the Allies planned to fly the entire division to Arnhem over three days . The South Staffordshire Battalion was split between the lifts on day one and day two ; most of the unit arrived on day one , with the remaining balance arriving with the second lift . The battalion 's anti @-@ tank guns were flown from RAF Manston on day one . Major General Roy Urquhart 's original plan envisaged the 1st Airlanding Brigade securing the drop zones for subsequent lifts , but by the end of day one the allied advance into Arnhem had stalled . Only a small group of the 1st Parachute Brigade , mainly elements of Lieutenant Colonel John Frost 's 2nd Battalion , were able to reach the bridge . The 1st and 3rd Battalions were unable to penetrate the outer suburbs of the city and their advance stalled , so in order to support them the first lift of the South Stafford 's were sent forward on the morning of 18 September . When the second lift arrived later that day they too were sent forward and arrived at the outskirts of Arnhem that night . The South Staffordshire 's anti @-@ tank platoon was kept in the divisional area . In the early hours of the morning of 19 September , an attack was launched on a narrow front between the river and the railway line , in order to force a passage through to the bridge . Most of the support weapons were left in the rear , as they were unable to suitably deploy in the dark and in the narrow confines of the urban surroundings . However , in the face of strong enemy positions and armour , the attack faltered and the British routed . = = = = Withdrawal to Oosterbeek = = = = The remnants of the four battalions fell back in disarray to the main divisional positions at Oosterbeek . Here they were gathered into defensive units by Lieutenant Colonel Sheriff Thompson , Commanding Officer of the 1st Airlanding Light Artillery Regiment , who forcibly stopped many of the panicked troops and had Major Robert Cain form them into a defensive screen half a mile in front of his own 75 Millimetre Howitzers positions . The sector was designated " Thompson Force " , but Thompson actually sent Major Richard Lonsdale forward to take command of these outlying troops later in the day . The German forces made determined attacks against Lonsdale 's force on 20 September , starting soon after dawn . Baskeyfield was in charge of two 6 pounder anti – tank guns defending a T junction on the Benedendorpsweg , the southernmost road between Arnhem and Oosterbeek . Baskeyfield 's guns faced up the Acacialaan , which joined the Benedendorpsweg from the north , and covered the likely enemy approach along this road and from open ground to the north east . His right flank – to the east – was covered by another anti tank gun commanded by Lance @-@ Sergeant Mansell . In an initial German assault , Baskeyfield and his gun crews destroyed two tanks and a self @-@ propelled gun as they advanced down the Acacialaan . Baskeyfield allowed the armour to come within 100 yards of his positions before ordering his crews to fire , while paratroopers of the 11th Battalion in nearby houses dealt with attacking infantry . In the course of this action , Baskeyfield 's crew was killed or wounded and Baskeyfield himself was badly injured . However he refused to be evacuated and in a later German attack he worked his gun alone , loading , laying and firing it himself . He fired round after round until enemy fire put his gun out of action , and crawled to the second gun , whose crew had similarly been disabled . From here he engaged another self @-@ propelled gun , dispatching it with two rounds , but was killed shortly afterwards by fire from another German tank . Lonsdale 's men fell back to new positions later that day and " Thompson Force " was eventually renamed " Lonsdale Force " when Thompson was wounded on 21 September . The force continued to hold the Oosterbeek perimeter until the Allies withdrew in Operation Berlin on the night of 25 September . = = Victoria Cross = = The full citation for Baskeyfield 's Victoria Cross appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette on 23 November 1944 , reading : War Office , 23rd November , 1944 . The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the posthumous award of the VICTORIA CROSS to : – No. 5057916 Lance @-@ Sergeant John Daniel Baskeyfield , The South Staffordshire- Regiment ( 1st Airborne Division ) ( Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent ) . On 20 September 1944 , during the battle of Arnhem , Lance @-@ Sergeant Baskeyfield was the N.C.O. in charge of a 6 @-@ pounder anti @-@ tank gun at Oosterbeek . The enemy developed a major attack on this sector with infantry , tanks and self @-@ propelled guns with the obvious intent to break into and overrun the Battalion position . During the early stage of the action the crew commanded by this N.C.O. was responsible for the destruction of two Tiger tanks and at least one self propelled gun , thanks to the coolness and daring of this N.C.O. , who , with complete disregard for his own safety , allowed each tank to come well within 100 yards of his gun before opening fire . In the course of this preliminary engagement Lance @-@ Sergeant Baskeyfield was badly wounded in the leg and the remainder of his crew were either killed or badly wounded . During the brief respite after this engagement Lance @-@ Sergeant Baskeyfield refused to be carried to the Regimental Aid Post and spent his time attending to his gun and shouting encouragement to his comrades in neighbouring trenches . After a short interval the enemy renewed the attack with even greater ferocity than before , under cover of intense mortar and shell fire . Manning his gun quite alone Lance @-@ Sergeant Baskeyfield continued to fire round after round at the enemy until his gun was put out of action . By this time his activity was the main factor in keeping the enemy tanks at bay . The fact that the surviving men in his vicinity were held together and kept in action was undoubtedly due to his magnificent example and outstanding courage . Time after time enemy attacks were launched and driven off . Finally , when his gun was knocked out , Lance @-@ Sergeant Baskeyfield crawled under intense enemy fire to another 6 @-@ pounder gun nearby , the crew of which had been killed , and proceeded to man it single @-@ handed . With this gun he engaged an enemy self propelled gun which was approaching to attack . Another soldier crawled across the open ground to assist him but was killed almost at once . Lance @-@ Sergeant Baskeyfield succeeded in firing two rounds at the self propelled gun , scoring one direct hit which rendered it ineffective . Whilst preparing to fire a third shot , however , he was killed by a shell from a supporting enemy tank . The superb gallantry of this N.C.O. is beyond praise . During the remaining days at Arnhem stories of his valour were a constant inspiration to all ranks . He spurned danger , ignored pain and , by his supreme fighting spirit , infected all who witnessed his conduct with the same aggressiveness and dogged devotion to duty which characterised his actions throughout . = = Legacy = = After Arnhem was liberated in April 1945 , Grave Registration Units of the British 2nd Army moved into the area and began to locate the Allied dead . Over 1700 men were buried in the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery , but Baskeyfield 's body was never identified . Although several hundred burials in the cemetery are unidentified , there are no records of any unidentified soldiers being exhumed from Acacialaan . Instead Baskeyfield 's name is inscribed on the Groesbeek Memorial which commemorates all those Allied servicemen killed between August 1944 and the end of the conflict who have no known grave . Four more VCs were awarded after the battle , including one for Major Robert Cain , commander of B Company , 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment . The 2nd Battalion thus became the only British battalion to receive two VCs during one engagement in the Second World War . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Staffordshire Regiment Museum in Whittington , Staffordshire . A twice life size memorial statue of him was erected in 1990 at Festival Heights in Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent , by sculptors Steven Whyte and Michael Talbot , and the John Baskeyfield V.C. Church of England Primary School in Burslem was named after him until it changed its name on 1 March 2014 to Saint Nathaniel 's Academy , having come out of special measures . There is no local church of that name . The artist Terence Cuneo made a painting of Baskeyfield 's action , and in 1969 a Staffordshire filmmaker spent three years making a short film about his role in the battle , entitled Baskeyfield VC . A tree on the site of Baskeyfield 's second gun , on the corner of Benedendorpsweg and Acacialaan , has been named the Jack Baskeyfield Tree . = 1949 Sun Bowl controversy = The 1949 Sun Bowl controversy refers to the student protests at Lafayette College in Easton , Pennsylvania after a Sun Bowl invitation was extended to the Lafayette Leopards football team under the condition that the African American player , David Showell , would not play . On November 19 , 1948 Lafayette College was invited by the Sun Bowl Committee to play against the Texas College of Mines , now The University of Texas at El Paso . Just four days later , on November 23 , the Lafayette faculty voted to turn down the bid because the Sun Bowl Committee would not allow Showell to play . This bid rejection led to a large student demonstration on the Lafayette campus and in the city of Easton against segregation . West Virginia University later accepted the bid after Lafayette 's rejection . The Sun Bowl was played on January 1 , 1949 . West Virginia defeated the Texas College of Mines by a score of 21 – 12 . = = Sun Bowl segregation history = = The segregation policies of the Sun Bowl were in effect from the first Sun Bowl game played on January 1 , 1935 , in El Paso , Texas through the 1940s . In the case of the 1946 Orange Bowl , African American players Wallace Triplett and Dennis Hoggard could not participate due to the local police department 's rules and the " incidents " that were expected to occur if they were allowed to play . This reasoning was synonymous with the Sun Bowl and other major bowl games of the 1940s . It was not until the 1946 Orange Bowl game when people began to put forth the argument that " the ideals of democracy are more important than any football game . " The Sun Bowl was established in the mid @-@ 1930s along with the Cotton Bowl in Dallas , the Orange Bowl in Miami , and the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans . While the Sun Bowl historically followed the southern racial segregation policies , the 1949 Sun Bowl made a major contribution to the future desegregation of college sports . = = 1948 Lafayette football season = = The 1948 season was one of the most successful years for the Lafayette College football team . Led by captain Danny Kovacs and standout running back David Showell , the team had a record of seven wins and two losses . After starting the year beating Fordham University by a score of 53 to 14 , Lafayette suffered a large loss in its following game at Army , losing 54 to 7 . The Leopards then won each of their next four games by an average scoring margin of 26 points , but they soon lost to Rutgers University by three touchdowns . After defeating Ohio Wesleyan , Lafayette set itself up for a crucial bout against its rival , Lehigh University . However , on November 19 , 1948 , a day before the game against Lehigh , Lafayette received a phone call from the Sun Bowl Committee inviting the team to participate in the bowl game . This invitation essentially rendered Lafayette 's season finale against Lehigh meaningless . Nevertheless , Lafayette went on to defeat Lehigh by a score of 23 to 13 , capping off the regular season . = = David Showell = = David Showell , an African American , was a prominent player for Lafayette during the 1948 football season . The Sun Bowl Committee 's decision to exclude Showell from the game due to his race led to Lafayette 's rejection of its Sun Bowl invitation and the subsequent student protests at the college . = = Student demonstrations at Lafayette = = On November 23 , 1948 the Lafayette College faculty held a meeting to vote upon whether or not to accept the football team 's invitation to the Sun Bowl . The faculty voted to turn down the bid as a result of the Sun Bowl Committee 's decision to exclude David Showell . The formal announcement of the rejection that was made by college officials did not contain a reason for vetoing the Sun Bowl bid . The Lafayette students , who were excited to see their football team go to the Sun Bowl , were disheartened by the announcement and made it their goal to discover the reason behind the school ’ s abrupt change in plans . At approximately seven o ’ clock on the night of November 23 , the news began to spread around the Lafayette campus as a caravan of students traversed the school grounds to recruit more protesters . Soon after , a mass of nearly 1 @,@ 000 students holding flaming newspapers in hand made its way to the college 's central quadrangle , which housed the materials for a bonfire . This bonfire was previously constructed for a pep rally to be held before the football game against Lafayette 's rival , Lehigh University , but was never used due to a rain storm . Therefore , the student mob ignited the fire to continue its demonstration . The students then visited the home of Ralph Cooper Hutchison , the president of Lafayette College . Upon their arrival , President Hutchison told the students that David Showell was not invited to play in the bowl game because he was an African American . Hutchison further explained that the Sun Bowl Committee 's decision to exclude Showell ultimately led to the faculty 's rejection of the bowl game bid.The student protestors asked that a conditional acceptance be made to the bid as long as they allowed David Showell to play . Athletic Director Bill Anderson , who had arrived at Hutchison 's house , agreed to place a call to C. D. Belding , the chairman of the Sun Bowl Committee in El Paso , Texas . During the call the Athletic Director stated , " We want a waiver on Showell . He was a lieutenant in the Army and served in Texas . He wants the boys to go without him , but the College couldn 't take that responsibility . We are anxious to accept . If Showell can 't play , we wouldn 't be able to accept . So it can 't be done ? " Despite the call , Belding still would not let Showell play . Upon hearing that the answer was still " No " over 1000 frustrated Lafayette students marched to the Centre Square in downtown Easton and held a protest rally against racial intolerance . A number of students rushed to the local Western Union office to wire the news of their protests to prominent individuals to denounce the Sun Bowl Committee 's refusal to include Showell . One of the recipients was President Truman . The telegram to Truman read : “ Denied Sun Bowl game because we have a Negro on our team . Is that democracy ? " , signed by the Lafayette College students . Other telegrams were sent to Walter Winchell to join the cause . Following the telegram sent to President Truman , the Lafayette students broke up their rally and ended the protest in downtown Easton . On the following day , November 24 , at 9 : 30 in the morning , the students assembled once again at Lafayette College 's Pardee Hall . Approximately 1 @,@ 000 students congregated to pass a formal resolution stating their opposition to racial discrimination . The student 's resolution stated : " We protest the racial discrimination against one of our fellow students and declare without equivocation our firm resolve that all Americans have equal rights under the law . " Subsequently , they informed the media to cover their civil rights resolution . = = Coverage in the press = = Newspapers shed light on the controversy surrounding the 1949 Sun Bowl in November 1948 . The press conveyed conflicting accounts as to why Lafayette College turned down the invitation to play the 1949 Sun Bowl against the Texas Miners . Lafayette College officials maintained that their rejection of the invitation was due in large part to the discrimination against the team 's black football player , David Showell , saying that Texas law forbade the halfback 's participation in the New Year ’ s Day bowl game . An article in The New York Times quoted Dr. Ralph C. Hutchison , president of the college at the time , saying that " I must state emphatically that the acting president of the Texas College of Mines and C. D. Belding , chairman of the Sun Bowl Committee , each informed us repeatedly that Showell could not play in the proposed game . " According to another newspaper article , Sun Bowl Committee chairman , C. D. Belding , offered another side of the story refuting President Hutchison 's claims and stating that Lafayette College jumped to a conclusion too soon . Belding explained that Texas law did not bar Showell from the field to play . Some papers went into great detail regarding the technicalities that Texas Miners officials claimed Lafayette College simply got wrong . An article by The Corsicana Daily Sun on November 24 , 1948 stated that the law in question only required Negro players to have a separate lodging . According to The Abilene Reporter , on the evening of November 26 , 1948 , " The [ El Paso ] Times believes the officials of Lafayette College injected the Negro question into the Sun Bowl picture unfairly , " going on to say that " Lafayette merely rejected the bid on the grounds that it was impractical to accept it . " In other articles , more focus was placed on the fact that Sun Bowl officials reached out to other schools of interest upon receiving Lafayette College ’ s original rejection of the bid . As seen in the article by Amarillo Daily News on November 24 , 1948 , rather than calling out Lafayette 's claim as a fallacy , the paper focused on the fact that no further arrangements could be made with Lafayette College once Texas Miners officials had already reached out to the other schools . = = Impact on college football = = = = = Desegregation of the Sun Bowl = = = The events at Lafayette College created a significant amount of media buzz on a national scale . Lafayette 's withdrawal from the Sun Bowl was enough to get the residents of El Paso to fight against racial exclusion in the bowl game . The Lafayette Leopards were not the only team to face racism in El Paso . In September 1950 , a regular season game between Loyola University ( Los Angeles ) ( now Loyola Marymount University ) and the Texas College of Mines was cancelled because of the policy that excluded black players from playing in El Paso . Finally on October 27 , 1950 , officials took a vote that allowed the Texas college to include black players in games at the El Paso location . A year after the grant was passed , the Sun Bowl hosted its first integrated football game between the College of the Pacific ( now University of the Pacific ) and Texas Tech University . = = = Integration of college football = = = The Sun Bowl was not the only bowl game to involve racial exclusion . Many football games during the twentieth century had an impact on the integration of collegiate football and sports in general : in addition to Lafayette , there were games played at The University of California , Los Angeles ( 1938 – 1941 ) , Drake University ( 1948 – 1952 ) , Georgia Tech ( 1954 – 1956 ) , and the University of Wyoming ( 1967 – 1970 ) that led to integrated football games . At the time , these schools conducted studies to monitor the treatment of African American players and how the schools reacted to certain situations involving segregation and prejudice . The teams that were in favor of African Americans participating in football gave players a chance to speak out against the racism that took place in the sport . As a result of protests and communities coming together to support black football players , college football slowly became integrated . = Park Hall ( football ground ) = Park Hall Stadium is a football stadium in Oswestry , Shropshire , England . It was opened by Shropshire County Council in 1993 , originally as the home of Oswestry Town F.C .. In 2003 , Oswestry Town merged with Total Network Solutions F.C. ( TNS ) to form current Welsh Premier League team The New Saints F.C .. The newly merged club moved away from Park Hall to Total Network Solutions ' Recreation Ground . Following a short period of abandonment , Park Hall was purchased from the council by Mike Harris with a view to redevelopment and The New Saints moving back to the ground . The New Saints started to use Park Hall as their regular home ground again in 2007 and the ground was further improved so that it was able to host matches in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League . It has since been used to host youth international fixtures for both England and Wales while also hosting Non @-@ League football for community teams in Oswestry . = = Oswestry Town and merger = = The stadium was originally the site of an army ground . Park Hall was built as a stadium in 1993 by Shropshire County Council who owned the land and permitted Oswestry Town to use it as their home ground in the League of Wales after they had sold off their Victoria Road stadium . However due to the club 's financial problems , the ground fell into disrepair . In 2003 , Oswestry Town and Total Network Solutions voted to merge and entered into an agreement whereby the newly merged TNS would split matches between Park Hall and Total Network Solutions ' Recreation Ground in Llansantffraid @-@ ym @-@ Mechain with a view to moving to Park Hall . In the meantime , the majority of matches were played at the Recreation Ground with Park Hall being used only occasionally by TNS ' women 's , youth and reserve teams . The move was initially blocked by UEFA because the two teams were in different countries . However Total Network Solutions appealed and UEFA reviewed Oswestry Town 's historic membership of the Football Association of Wales . Director Richaerd Hann also argued the precedence of Derry City F.C. being based in County Londonderry , Northern Ireland but playing in the Republic of Ireland 's League of Ireland and being allowed to represent the Republic of Ireland in UEFA competitions . As a result , the decision was overturned and UEFA stated that they would regard The New Saints and Park Hall as Welsh for UEFA purposes if they moved to Park Hall . Park Hall was purchased from the council by Mike Harris with a view to renovating it . = = The New Saints = = Following the merger , plans were drawn up to rebuild Park Hall in a project referred to as " Oswald Park " . In 2005 , TNS started to rebuild Park Hall with a view to moving there in 2008 because they were unable to improve the Recreation Ground as it was a council @-@ owned recreation ground . Shortly afterwards Total Network Solutions renamed themselves The New Saints as their sponsorship deal lapsed due to the sponsoring company being bought out by British Telecom . During renovation , Park Hall 's pitch was replaced with artificial Ligaturf , as used at the home ground of Red Bull Salzburg . As a result of The New Saints moving to Park Hall and the decreasing number of the team 's players who were from Llansantffraid @-@ ym @-@ Mechain , some supporters broke away from The New Saints to form Llansantffraid Village F.C .. In 2007 , The New Saints moved into Park Hall permanently . In 2010 , The New Saints applied for funding for a new stand however it was refused by Welsh Grounds Improvement and the team risked losing their licence to compete in the Welsh Premier League . As a result , The New Saints applied to play their home matches at Deva Stadium in Chester and move away from Park Hall . Following the move from the Recreation Ground , between November 2012 and July 2015 , The New Saints were unbeaten at Park Hall in all competitions . Despite the renovations , the ground did not meet UEFA 's standards for hosting European football which meant that The New Saints were forced to play their home matches in UEFA competitions away from Park Hall . In 2008 , The New Saints hoped to be able to host their UEFA Cup match against FK Sūduva Marijampolė in their first European match at Park Hall , however they missed the UEFA deadline to increase capacity . In 2009 following construction of a new stand , Park Hall was able to be used by The New Saints in UEFA competition as it reached the 1 @,@ 000 seated capacity requirement . Despite Park Hall meeting UEFA standards , it has still been criticised in the media for being allowed to be used in UEFA competitions owing to its single stand and Ligaturf pitch . The pitch was referred to by the Daily Mail after The New Saints ' 2010 @-@ 11 UEFA Champions League match against Bohemian F.C. as a " hockey pitch " . The New Saints still sometimes move their home matches away from Park Hall because of capacity and financial reasons . = = International football = = Park Hall has hosted international matches following its renovation . In 2015 it hosted Group 3 of the 2016 UEFA Women 's Under @-@ 19 Championship qualification tournament , where Wales were designated as the host nation and chose Park Hall despite it being in England . Park Hall has also been used by England schoolboys football team as their home ground for a match in April 2016 against the Republic of Ireland . = = Community = = During redevelopment at a cost of more than £ 3 million , The New Saints were awarded a £ 445 @,@ 000 grant from the Football Foundation with the intention of Park Hall housing a leisure development with improved facilities including Ten @-@ Pin Bowling alley . Park Hall is also used as the home ground of Oswestry Boys Club and Oswestry Town Lions of the Shropshire Alliance . = Western Chalukya architecture = Western Chalukya architecture ( Kannada : ಪಶ ್ ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ ್ ಯ ವಾಸ ್ ತುಶಿಲ ್ ಪ ) , also known as Kalyani Chalukya or Later Chalukya architecture , is the distinctive style of ornamented architecture that evolved during the rule of the Western Chalukya Empire in the Tungabhadra region of modern central Karnataka , India , during the 11th and 12th centuries . Western Chalukyan political influence was at its peak in the Deccan Plateau during this period . The centre of cultural and temple @-@ building activity lay in the Tungabhadra region , where large medieval workshops built numerous monuments . These monuments , regional variants of pre @-@ existing dravida ( South Indian ) temples , defined the Karnata dravida tradition . Temples of all sizes built by the Chalukyan architects during this era remain today as examples of the architectural style . Most notable of the many buildings dating from this period are the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi in the Koppal district , the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi in the Gadag district , the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti in the Bellary district and the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali in the Davangere district . Other monuments notable for their craftsmanship include the Kaitabheshvara Temple in Kubatur and Kedareshvara Temple in Balligavi , both in the Shimoga district , the Siddhesvara Temple at Haveri in the Haveri district , the Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri in the Dharwad district , the Sarasvati Temple in Gadag , and the Dodda Basappa Temple at Dambal , both in the Gadag district . The surviving Western Chalukya monuments are temples built in the Shaiva , Vaishnava , and Jain religious traditions . None of the military , civil , or courtly architecture has survived ; being built of mud , brick and wood , such structures may not have withstood repeated invasions . The centre of these architectural developments was the region encompassing the present @-@ day Dharwad district ; it included areas of present @-@ day Haveri and Gadag districts . In these districts , about fifty monuments have survived as evidence of the widespread temple building of the Western Chalukyan workshops . The influence of this style extended beyond the Kalyani region in the northeast to the Bellary region in the east and to the Mysore region in the south . In the Bijapur – Belgaum region to the north , the style was mixed with that of the Hemadpanti temples . Although a few Western Chalukyan temples can be found in the Konkan region , the presence of the Western Ghats probably prevented the style from spreading westwards . = = Evolution = = Though the basic plan of the Western Chalukya style originated from the older dravida style , many of its features were unique and peculiar to it . One of these distinguishing features of the Western Chalukyan architectural style was an articulation that can still be found throughout modern Karnataka . The only exceptions to this motif can be found in the area around Kalyani , where the temples exhibit a nagara ( North Indian ) articulation which has its own unique character . In contrast to the buildings of the early Badami Chalukyas , whose monuments were clustered around the metropoleis of Pattadakal , Aihole , and Badami , these Western Chalukya temples are widely dispersed , reflecting a system of local government and decentralisation . The Western Chalukya temples were smaller than those of the early Chalukyas , a fact discernible in the reduced height of the superstructures which tower over the shrines . The Western Chalukya art evolved in two phases , the first lasting approximately a quarter of a century and the second from the beginning of 11th century until the end of Western Chalukya rule in 1186 CE . During the first phase , temples were built in the Aihole @-@ Banashankari @-@ Mahakuta region ( situated in the early Chalukya heartland ) and Ron in the Gadag district . A few provisional workshops built them in Sirval in the Gulbarga district and Gokak in the Belgaum district . The structures at Ron bear similarities to the Rashtrakuta temples in Kuknur in the Koppal district and Mudhol in the Bijapur district , evidence that the same workshops continued their activity under the new Karnata dynasty . The mature and latter phase reached its peak at Lakkundi ( Lokigundi ) , a principal seat of the imperial court . From the mid @-@ 11th century , the artisans from the Lakkundi school moved south of the Tungabhadra River . Thus the influence of the Lakkundi school can be seen in some of the temples of the Davangere district , and in the temples at Hirehadagalli and Huvinahadgalli in the Bellary district . Influences of Western Chalukya architecture can be discerned in the geographically distant schools of architecture of the Hoysala Empire in southern Karnataka , and the Kakatiya dynasty in present @-@ day Andhra Pradesh . Sometimes called the Gadag style of architecture , Western Chalukya architecture is considered a precursor to the Hoysala architecture of southern Karnataka . This influence occurred because the early builders employed by the Hoysalas came from pronounced centres of medieval Chalukya art . Further monuments in this style were built not only by the Western Chalukya kings but , also by their feudal vassals . = = Temple complexes = = = = = Basic layout = = = A typical Western Chalukya temple may be examined from three aspects – the basic floor plan , the architectural articulation , and the figure sculptures . The basic floor plan is defined by the size of the shrine , the size of the sanctum , the distribution of the building mass , and by the pradakshina ( path for circumambulation ) , if there is one . Architectural articulation refers to the ornamental components that give shape to the outer wall of the shrine . These include projections , recesses , and representations that can produce a variety of patterns and outlines , either stepped , stellate ( star @-@ shaped ) , or square . If stepped ( also called " stepped diamond of projecting corners " ) , these components form five or seven projections on each side of the shrine , where all but the central one are projecting corners ( projections with two full faces created by two recesses , left and right , that are at right angles with each other ) . If square ( also called " square with simple projections " ) , these components form three or five projections on a side , only two of which are projecting corners . Stellate patterns form star points which are normally 8- , 16- , or 32 @-@ pointed and are sub @-@ divided into interrupted and uninterrupted stellate components . In an ' interrupted ' stellate plan , the stellate outline is interrupted by orthogonal ( right @-@ angle ) projections in the cardinal directions , resulting in star points that have been skipped . Two basic kinds of architectural articulation are found in Indian architecture : the southern Indian dravida and the northern Indian nagara . Figure sculptures are miniature representations that stand by themselves , including architectural components on pilasters , buildings , sculptures , and complete towers . They are generally categorised as " figure sculpture " or " other decorative features " . On occasion , rich figure sculpture can obscure the articulation of a shrine , when representations of gods , goddesses , and mythical figures are in abundance . = = = Categories = = = Chalukyan temples fall into two categories – the first being temples with a common mantapa ( a colonnaded hall ) and two shrines ( known as dvikuta ) , and the second being temples with one mantapa and a single shrine ( ekakuta ) . Both kinds of temples have two or more entrances giving access to the main hall . This format differs from both the designs of the northern Indian temples , which have a small closed mantapa leading to the shrine and the southern Indian temples which generally have a large , open , columned mantapa . The Chalukyan architects retained features from both northern and southern styles . However , in the overall arrangement of the main temple and of the subsidiary shrines , they inclined towards the northern style and tended to build one main shrine with four minor shrines , making the structure a panchayatna or five @-@ shrined complex . Chalukyan temples were , almost always , built facing the east . The Sanctum ( cella ) is connected by a vestibule ( ardha mantapa or ante @-@ chamber ) to the closed mantapa ( also called the navaranga ) , which is connected to the open mantapa . Occasionally there can be two or more open mantapas . In Shaiva temples , directly opposite the sanctum and opposite the closed mantapa is the nandi mantapa , which enshrines a large image of Nandi , the bull attendant of Shiva . The shrine usually has no pradakshina . The pillars that support the roof of the mantapa are monolithic shafts from the base up to the neck of the capital . Therefore , the height of the mantapa and the overall size of the temple were limited by the length of the stone shafts that the architects were able to obtain from the quarries . The height of the temple was also constrained by the weight of the superstructure on the walls and , since Chalukyan architects did not use mortar , by the use of dry masonry and bonding stones without clamps or cementing material . The absence of mortar allows some ventilation in the innermost parts of the temple through the porous masonry used in the walls and ceilings . The modest amount of light entering the temples comes into the open halls from all directions , while the very subdued illumination in the inner closed mantapa comes only through its open doorway . The vestibule receives even less light , making it necessary to have some form of artificial lighting ( usually , oil lamps ) even during the day . This artificial source of light perhaps adds " mystery " to the image of the deity worshipped in the sanctum . = = = Early developments = = = From the 11th century , newly incorporated features were either based on the traditional dravida plan of the Badami Chalukyas , as found in the Virupaksha and Mallikarjuna Temples at Pattadakal , or were further elaborations of this articulation . The new features produced a closer juxtaposition of architectural components , visible as a more crowded decoration , as can be seen in the Mallikarjuna Temple at Sudi in the Gadag district and the Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri in the Dharwad district . The architects in the Karnataka region seem to have been inspired by architectural developments in northern India . This is evidenced by the fact that they incorporated decorative miniature towers ( multi @-@ aedicular towers depicting superstructures ) of the Sekhari and Bhumija types , supported on pilasters , almost simultaneously with these developments in the temples in northern India . The miniature towers represented shrines , which in turn represented deities . Sculptural depictions of deities were generally discreet although not uncommon . Other northern ideas they incorporated were the pillar bodies that appeared as wall projections . Well @-@ known constructions incorporating these features are found at the Kasivisvesvara Temple and the Nannesvara Temple , both at Lakkundi . In the 11th century , temple projects began employing soapstone , a form of greenish or blueish black stone , although temples such as the Mallikarjuna Temple at Sudi , the Kallesvara Temple at Kuknur , and the temples at Konnur and Savadi were built with the formerly traditional sandstone in the dravida articulation . Soapstone is found in abundance in the regions of Haveri , Savanur , Byadgi , Motebennur and Hangal . The great archaic sandstone building blocks used by the Badami Chalukyas were superseded with smaller blocks of soapstone and with smaller masonry . The first temple to be built from this material was the Amrtesvara Temple in Annigeri in the Dharwad district in 1050 CE . This building was to be the prototype for later , more articulated structures such as the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi . Soapstone was also used for carving , modelling and chiselling of components that could be described as " chubby " . However , the finish of the architectural components compared to the earlier sandstone temples is much finer , resulting in opulent shapes and creamy decorations . Stepped wells are another feature that some of the temples included . = = = Later enhancements = = = The 11 @-@ century temple @-@ building boom continued in the 12th century with the addition of new features . The Mahadeva Temple at Itagi and the Siddhesvara Temple in Haveri are standard constructions incorporating these developments . Based on the general plan of the Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri , the Mahadeva Temple was built in 1112 CE and has the same architectural components as its predecessor . There are however differences in their articulation ; the sala roof ( roof under the finial of the superstructure ) and the miniature towers on pilasters are chiseled instead of moulded . The difference between the two temples , built fifty years apart , is the more rigid modelling and decoration found in many components of the Mahadeva Temple . The voluptuous carvings of the 11th century were replaced with a more severe chiselling . As developments progressed , the Chalukyan builders modified the pure dravida tower by reducing the height of each stepped storey and multiplying their number . From base to top , the succeeding storeys get smaller in circumference and the topmost storey is capped with a crown holding the kalasa , a finial in the shape of a decorative water pot . Each storey is so richly decorated that the original dravida character becomes almost invisible . In the nagara tower the architects modified the central panels and niches on each storey , forming a more @-@ or @-@ less continuous vertical band and simulating the vertical bands up the centre of each face of the typical northern style tower . Old and new architectural components were juxtaposed but introduced separately . Some superstructures are essentially a combination of southern dravida and northern nagara structures and is termed " Vesara Shikhara " ( also called Kadamba Shikhara ) . The characteristically northern stepped @-@ diamond plan of projecting corners was adopted in temples built with an entirely dravida articulation . Four 12th century structures constructed according to this plan are extant : the Basaveshwara Temple at Basavana Bagevadi , the Ramesvara Temple at Devur and the temples at Ingleshwar and Yevur , all in the vicinity of the Kalyani region , where nagara temples were common . This plan came into existence in northern India only in the 11th century , a sign that architectural ideas traveled fast . = = = Stellate plans = = = A major development of this period was the appearance of stellate ( star @-@ shaped ) shrines in a few temples built of the traditional sandstone , such as the Trimurti Temple at Savadi , the Paramesvara Temple at Konnur and the Gauramma Temple at Hire Singgangutti . In all three cases , the shrine is a 16 @-@ pointed uninterrupted star , a ground @-@ plan not found anywhere else in India and which entirely differentiates these temples from the 32 @-@ pointed interrupted star plans of bhumija shrines in northern India . The stellate plan found popularity in the soapstone constructions such as the Doddabasappa Temple at Dambal as well . Contemporary stellate plans in northern India were all 32 @-@ pointed interrupted types . No temples of the 6- , 12- , or 24 @-@ pointed stellate plans are known to exist anywhere in India , with the exception of the unique temple at Dambal , which can be described either as a 24 @-@ pointed uninterrupted plan , or a 48 @-@ pointed plan with large square points of 90 degrees alternating with small short points of 75 degrees . The upper tiers of the seven @-@ tiered superstructure look like cogged wheels with 48 dents . The Doddabasappa Temple and the Someshvara Temple at Lakshmeshwara are examples of extreme variants of a basic dravida articulation . These temples prove that the architects and craftsman were consciously creating new compositions of architectural components out of traditional methods . In the early 13th century , 12th century characteristics remained prominent ; however , many parts that were formerly plain became decorated . This change is observed in the Muktesvara Temple at Chaudayyadanapura ( Chavudayyadanapura ) and the Santesvara Temple at Tilavalli , both in the Haveri district . The Muktesvara Temple with its elegant vimana was renovated in the middle of the 13th century . In the Tilavalli Temple , all the architectural components are elongated , giving it an intended crowded look . Both temples are built with a dravida articulation . Apart from exotic dravida articulations , some temples of this period have nagara articulation , built in the stepped @-@ diamond and the square plan natural to a nagara superstructure . Notable among temples with a stepped @-@ diamond style are the Ganesha Temple at Hangal , the Banashankari temple at Amargol ( which has one dravida shrine and one nagara shrine ) , and a small shrine that is a part of the ensemble at the Mahadeva Temple . At Hangal , the architects were able to provide a sekhari superstructure to the shrine , while the lower half received a nagara articulation and depictions of miniature sekhari towers . The style of workmanship with a square plan is found at Muttagi and the Kamala Narayana Temple at Degoan . = = = Kalyani region = = = Temples built in and around the Kalyani region ( in the Bidar district ) were quite different from those built in other regions . Without exception , the articulation was nagara , and the temple plan as a rule was either stepped @-@ diamond or stellate . The elevations corresponding to these two plans were similar because star shapes were produced by rotating the corner projections of a standard stepped plan in increments of 11 @.@ 25 degrees , resulting in a 32 @-@ pointed interrupted plan in which three star points are skipped in the centre of each side of the shrine . Examples of stepped @-@ diamond plans surviving in Karnataka are the Dattatreya Temple at Chattarki , the Someshvara Temple in Kadlewad , and the Mallikarjuna and Siddhesvara at Kalgi in the Gulbarga district . The nagara shrine at Chattarki is a stepped diamond of projecting corners with five projections per side . Because of the stepped @-@ diamond plan , the wall pillars have two fully exposed sides , with a high base block decorated with a mirrored stalk motif and two large wall images above . The shapes and decorations on the rest of the wall pillar have a striking resemblance to the actual pillars supporting the ceiling . The other type is the square plan with simple projections and recesses but with a possibility of both sekhari and bhumija superstructures . The plan does not have any additional elements save those that derive from the ground plan . The recesses are simple and have just one large wall image . The important characteristic of these nagara temples in the Kalyani region is that they not only differ from the dravida temples in the north Karnataka region but from the nagara temples north of the Kalyani region as well . These differences are manifest in the articulation and in the shapes and ornamentation of individual architectural components , giving them a unique place in Chalukyan architecture . Temples that fall in this category are the Mahadeva Temple at Jalsingi and the Suryanarayana Temple at Kalgi in the modern @-@ day Gulbarga district . The plan and the nagara articulation of these temples are the same as found to the north of the Kalyani region , but the details are different , producing a different look . = = Architectural elements = = = = = Overview = = = The Western Chalukya decorative inventiveness focused on the pillars , door panels , lintels ( torana ) , domical roofs in bays , outer wall decorations such as Kirtimukha ( gargoyle faces common in Western Chalukya decoration ) , and miniature towers on pilasters . Although the art form of these artisans does not have any distinguishing features from a distance , a closer examination reveals their taste for decoration . An exuberance of carvings , bands of scroll work , figural bas @-@ reliefs and panel sculptures are all closely packed . The doorways are highly ornamented but have an architectural framework consisting of pilasters , a moulded lintel and a cornice top . The sanctum receives diffused light through pierced window screens flanking the doorway ; these features were inherited and modified by the Hoysala builders . The outer wall decorations are well rendered . The Chalukyan artisans extended the surface of the wall by means of pilasters and half pilasters . Miniature decorative towers of multiple types are supported by these pilasters . These towers are of the dravida tiered type , and in the nagara style they were made in the latina ( mono aedicule ) and its variants ; the bhumija and sekhari . = = = Vimana = = = The Jain Temple at Lakkundi marked an important step in the development of Western Chalukya outer wall ornamentation , and in the Muktesvara Temple at Chavudayyadanapura the artisans introduced a double curved projecting eave ( chhajja ) , used centuries later in Vijayanagara temples . The Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi embodies a more mature development of the Chalukyan architecture in which the tower has a fully expressed ascending line of niches . The artisans used northern style spires and expressed it in a modified dravida outline . Miniature towers of both dravida and nagara types are used as ornamentation on the walls . With further development , the divisions between storeys on the superstructure became less marked , until they almost lost their individuality . This development is exemplified in the Dodda Basappa Temple at Dambal , where the original dravida structure can only be identified after reading out the ornamental encrustation that covers the surface of each storey . The walls of the vimana below the dravida superstructure are decorated with simple pilasters in low relief with boldly modeled sculptures between them . There are fully decorated surfaces with frequent recesses and projections with deeper niches and conventional sculptures . The decoration of the walls is subdued compared to that of the later Hoysala architecture . The walls , which are broken up into hundreds of projections and recesses , produce a remarkable effect of light and shade , an artistic vocabulary inherited by the Hoysala builders in the decades that followed . = = = Mantapa = = = An important feature of Western Chalukya roof art is the use of domical ceilings ( not to be confused with the European types that are built of voussoirs with radiating joints ) and square ceilings . Both types of ceilings originate from the square formed in the ceiling by the four beams that rest on four pillars . The dome above the four central pillars is normally the most attractive . The dome is constructed of ring upon ring of stones , each horizontally bedded ring smaller than the one below . The top is closed by a single stone slab . The rings are not cemented but held in place by the immense weight of the roofing material above them pressing down on the haunches of the dome . The triangular spaces created when the dome springs from the centre of the square are filled with arabesques . In the case of square ceilings , the ceiling is divided into compartments with images of lotus rosettes or other images from Hindu mythology . Pillars are a major part of Western Chalukya architecture and were produced in two main types : pillars with alternate square blocks and a sculptured cylindrical section with a plain square @-@ block base , and bell @-@ shaped lathe @-@ turned pillars . The former type is more vigorous and stronger than the bell @-@ shaped type , which is made of soapstone and has a quality of its own . Inventive workmanship was used on soapstone shafts , roughly carved into the required shapes using a lathe . Instead of laboriously rotating a shaft to obtain the final finish , workers added the final touches to an upright shaft by using sharp tools . Some pillars were left unpolished , as evidenced by the presence of fine grooves made by the pointed end of the tool . In other cases , polishing resulted in pillars with fine reflective properties such as the pillars in the temples at Bankapura , Itagi and Hangal . This pillar art reached its zenith in the temples at Gadag , specifically the Sarasvati Temple in Gadag city . Notable in Western Chalukya architecture are the decorative door panels that run along the length of the door and over on top to form a lintel . These decorations appear as bands of delicately chiseled fretwork , moulded colonettes and scrolls scribed with tiny figures . The bands are separated by deep narrow channels and grooves and run over the top of the door . The temple plan often included a heavy slanting cornice of double curvature , which projected outward from the roof of the open mantapa . This was intended to reduce heat from the sun , blocking the harsh sunlight and preventing rainwater from pouring in between the pillars . The underside of the cornice looks like woodwork because of the rib @-@ work . Occasionally , a straight slabbed cornice is seen . = = = Sculpture = = = = = = = Figure sculpture = = = = Figural sculpture on friezes and panels changed during the period . The heroes from the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata , depicted often in early temples , become fewer , limited to only a few narrow friezes ; there is a corresponding increase in the depiction of Hindu gods and goddesses in later temples . Depiction of deities above miniature towers in the recesses , with a decorative lintel above , is common in 12th @-@ century temples , but not in later ones . Figures of holy men and dancing girls were normally sculpted for deep niches and recesses . The use of bracket figures depicting dancing girls became common on pillars under beams and cornices . Among animal sculptures , the elephant appears more often than the horse : its broad volumes offered fields for ornamentation . Erotic sculptures are rarely seen in Chalukyan temples ; the Tripurantakesvara Temple at Balligavi is an exception . Here , erotic sculpture is limited to a narrow band of friezes that run around the exterior of the temple . = = = = Deity sculpture = = = = In what was a departure from convention , the Western Chalukyan figure sculptures of gods and goddesses bore stiff forms and were repeated over and over in the many temples . This was in contrast to the naturalistic and informal poses employed in the earlier temples in the region . Barring occasional exaggerations in pose , each principal deity had its own pose depending on the incarnation or form depicted . Consistent with figure sculpture in other parts of India , these figures were fluent rather than defined in their musculature , and the drapery was reduced to a few visible lines on the body of the image . Western Chalukyan deity sculptures were well @-@ rendered ; exemplified best by that of Hindu goddess Sarasvati at the Sarasvati temple in Gadag city . Much of the drapery on the bust of the image is ornamentation comprising jewellery made of pearls around her throat . An elaborate pile of curls forms her hair , some of which trails to her shoulders . Above these curly tresses and behind the head is a tiered coronet of jewels , the curved edge of which rises to form a halo . From the waist down , the image is dressed in what seems to be the most delicate of material ; except for the pattern of embroidery traced over it , it is difficult to tell where the drapery begins and where it ends . = = = = Miniature towers = = = = From the 11th century , architectural articulation included icons between pilasters , miniature towers supported by pilasters in the recesses of walls , and , on occasion , the use of wall pillars to support these towers . These miniature towers were of the southern dravida and northern bhumija and sekhari types and were mostly used to elaborate dravida types of articulation . The miniatures on single pilasters were decorated with a protective floral lintel on top , a form of decoration normally provided for depiction of gods . These elaborations are observed in the Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri . These miniatures became common in the 12th century , and the influence of this northern articulation is seen in the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi and in the nearby Nannesvara Temple . The miniature towers bear finer and more elegant details , indicating that architectural ideas traveled fast from the north to the south . Decoration and ornamentation had evolved from a moulded form to a chiseled form , the sharpness sometimes giving it a three @-@ dimensional effect . The foliage decorations changed from bulky to thin , and a change in the miniature towers on dual pilasters is seen . The 11th century miniatures consisted of a cornice ( kapota ) , a floor ( vyalamala ) , a balustrade ( vedika ) and a roof ( kuta ) with a voluptuous moulding , while in the 12th century , detailed dravida miniature towers with many tiny tiers ( tala ) came into vogue . Some 12th @-@ century temples such as the Kallesvara Temple at Hirehadagalli have miniature towers that do not stand on pilasters but instead are supported by balconies , which have niches underneath that normally contain an image of a deity . = = Temple deities = = The Western Chalukyan kings Shaivas ( worshippers of the Hindu god Shiva ) dedicated most of their temples to that God . They were however tolerant of the Vaishnava or Jain faiths and dedicated some temples to Vishnu and the Jain tirthankaras respectively . There are some cases where temples originally dedicated to one deity were converted to suit another faith . In such cases , the original presiding deity can sometimes still be identified by salient clues . While these temples shared the same basic plan and architectural sensibilities , they differed in some details , such as the visibility and pride of place they afforded the different deities . As with all Indian temples , the deity in the sanctum was the most conspicuous indicator of the temple 's dedication . The sanctum ( Garbhagriha or cella ) of a Shaiva temple would contain a Shiva linga , the universal symbol of the deity . An image of Gaja Lakshmi ( consort of the Hindu god Vishnu ) or an image of Vishnu riding on Garuda , or even just the Garuda , signifies a Vaishnava temple . Gaja Lakshmi , however , on account of her importance to the Kannada @-@ speaking regions , is found on the lintel of the entrance to the mantapa ( pillared hall ) in all temples irrespective of faith . The carving on the projecting lintel on the doorway to the sanctum has the image of a linga or sometimes of Ganapati ( Ganesha ) , the son of Shiva in the case of Shaiva temples or of a seated or upright Jain saint ( Tirthankar ) in the case of Jain temples . The great arched niche at the base of the superstructure ( Shikhara or tower ) also contains an image indicative of the dedicators ' sect or faith . Above the lintel , in a deep and richly wrought architrave can be found images of the Hindu trimurti ( the Hindu triad of deities ) Brahma , Shiva and Vishnu beneath arched rolls of arabesque . Shiva or Vishnu occupies the centre depending on the sect the temple was dedicated to . Occasionally , Ganapati and his brother Kartikeya ( Kumara , Subramanya ) or the saktis , the female counterparts , can be found at either end of this carving . Carvings of the river Goddesses Ganga and Yamuna are found at either end of the foot of the doorway to the shrine in early temples . = = Appreciation = = = = = Influence = = = The Western Chalukya dynastic rule ended in the late 12th century , but its architectural legacy was inherited by the temple builders in southern Karnataka , a region then under the control of the Hoysala empire . Broadly speaking , Hoysala architecture is derived from a variant of Western Chalukya architecture that emerged from the Lakshmeshwar workshops . The construction of the Chennakesava Temple at Belur was the first major project commissioned by Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana in 1117 CE . This temple best exemplifies the Chalukyan taste the Hoysala artisans inherited . Avoiding overdecoration , these artists left uncarved spaces where required , although their elaborate doorjambs are exhibitionistic . Here , on the outer walls , the sculptures are not overdone , yet they are articulate and discreetly aesthetic . The Hoysala builders used soapstone almost universally as building material , a trend that started in the middle of the 11th century with Chalukyan temples . Other common artistic features between the two Kanarese dynasties are the ornate Salabhanjika ( pillar bracket figures ) , the lathe @-@ turned pillars and the makara torana ( lintel with mythical beastly figure ) . The tower over the shrine in a Hoysala temple is a closely moulded form of the Chalukya style tower . When the Vijayanagara Empire was in power in the 15th and 16th centuries , its workshops preferred granite over soapstone as the building material for temples . However , an archaeological discovery within the royal center at Vijayanagara has revealed the use of soapstone for stepped wells . These stepped wells are fashioned entirely of finely finished soapstone arranged symmetrically , with steps and landings descending to the water on four sides . This design shows strong affinities to the temple tanks of the Western Chalukya – Hoysala period . = = = Research = = = Unlike the Badami Chalukyan temples featured in detailed studies by Henry Cousens ( 1927 ) , Gary Tartakov ( 1969 ) and George Michell ( 1975 ) , Western Chalukyan architecture suffered neglect despite its importance and wider use . Recently however , scholars have returned to the modern Karnataka region to focus on a longer chronology , investigating a larger geographical area , making detailed studies of epigraphs and giving more importance to individual monuments dating from the 11th through 13th centuries . The first detailed study of Western Chalukya architecture was by M.A. Dhaky ( 1977 ) , who used as a starting point two medieval epigraphs that claimed the architects were masters of various temple forms . This study focused in particular on the riches of the Western Chalukya miniature wall shrines ( aedicules ) . An important insight gained from this work was that the architects of the region learned about temple forms from other regions . These forms to them appeared " exotic " , but they learned to reproduce them with more or less mastery , depending on the extent of their familiarity with the other regions ' building traditions . This conscious eclectic attempt to freely use elements from other regions in India was pointed out by Sinha ( 1993 ) as well . A seminal work by Adam Hardy ( 1995 ) examined the Karnataka temple @-@ building tradition over a period of 700 years , from the 7th century to the 13th century , and reviewed more than 200 temples built by four dynasties ; Badami Chalukya , Rashtrakuta , Western Chalukya and Hoysala . The study covered dravida and nagara style monuments and the differences between the dravida tradition in modern Karnataka and that of neighbouring Tamil Nadu and made it possible to interpret the many architectural details as part of a larger scheme . The temples and epigraphs of the Western Chalukyas are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India and the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums – Government of Karnataka . In the words of historian S. Kamath ( 2001 ) , " The Western Chalukyas left behind some of the finest monuments of artistic merit . Their creations have the pride of place in Indian art tradition " . = = = Notable temples = = = The Mahadeva Temple at Itagi dedicated to Shiva is among the larger temples built by the Western Chalukyas and perhaps the most famous . Inscriptions hail it as the ' Emperor among temples ' . Here , the main temple , the sanctum of which has a linga , is surrounded by thirteen minor shrines , each with its own linga . The temple has two other shrines , dedicated to Murthinarayana and Chandraleshwari , parents of Mahadeva , the Chalukya commander who consecrated the temple in 1112 CE . The Siddheshwara temple in the Haveri district has sculptures of deities of multiple faiths . The temple may have been consecrated first as a Vaishnava temple , later taken over by Jains and eventually becoming a Shaiva temple . The hall in the temple contains sculptures of Uma Mahesvara ( Shiva with his consort Uma ) , Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi , Surya ( the sun god ) , Naga @-@ Nagini ( the snake goddess ) , and the sons of Shiva , Ganapati and Kartikeya . Shiva is depicted with four arms , holding his attributes : the damaru ( drum ) , the aksamala ( chain of beads ) and the trishul ( trident ) in three arms . His lower left arm rests on Uma , who is seated on Shiva 's lap , embracing him with her right arm while gazing into his face . The sculpture of Uma is well decorated with garlands , large earrings and curly hair . Some temples , in a departure from the norm , were dedicated to deities other than Shiva or Vishnu . These include the Surya ( portrayed as ' Suryanarayana ' ) shrine at the Kasi Vishveshwara temple complex and a Jain temple dedicated to Mahavira , both at Lakkundi ; the Taradevi temple ( built in a Buddhist architectural style ) at Dambal in the Gadag district ; the Mahamaya temple dedicated to a tantric goddess at Kuknur in the Koppal district , and the Durga temple at Hirekerur in the Haveri district . = Carmella Cammeniti = Carmella Cammeniti ( previously Silvani and Sister Mary Catherine ) is a fictional character from the Australian Network Ten soap opera Neighbours , played by Natalie Blair . She appeared on a recurring basis from 2003 – 05 , then became a main character from 2006 – 08 , before making a final guest appearance in 2011 . Carmella was created as a replacement for Nina Tucker , portrayed by Delta Goodrem , who was written out of the series when Goodrem became ill . Her early storylines , including a romance with Connor O 'Neill ( Patrick Harvey ) , were originally intended for Nina . The daughter of a protective gangster father , Carmella was initially a " fun , feisty " character . She gradually became " tortured [ and ] depressive " , with storylines which saw her attract the attention of a stalker , become a nun , suffer facial scarring , develop an addiction to prescription medication and lose her husband after a bushfire . Carmella was the second member of the Cammeniti family to appear in Neighbours , after her father , Rocco ( Robert Forza ) . She was later joined by her mother , sister , and two cousins . She had long @-@ standing relationships with Marco Silvani ( Jesse Rosenfeld ) and Oliver Barnes ( David Hoflin ) , the father of her daughter , Chloe ( Sarah May ) . When Blair resigned from the serial in 2007 in order to pursue new projects , the producers arranged for a separated Carmella and Oliver to reunite . The two briefly returned three years later , to consolidate their family unit . Blair won the " Most Popular New Female Talent " Logie Award for her portrayal of Carmella , and was additionally nominated for several Golden Logies and Inside Soap Awards . Critics have deemed Carmella as one of the series ' most popular characters . Blair 's versatility has attracted praise , though several publications have highlighted the implausibility of many of Carmella 's storylines . = = Storylines = = Carmella is introduced as a barmaid at the Erinsborough bar Lou 's Place . She becomes romantically involved with her colleague , Connor O 'Neill ( Patrick Harvey ) , to the disapproval of her father Rocco ( Robert Forza ) . A feud with Connor 's ex @-@ girlfriend , Michelle Scully ( Kate Keltie ) , results in Carmella slapping her and leaving the area . She later returns in 2004 , reconciles with Connor and helps him to maintain access to his daughter Madeleine ( Madison Lu ) . To prove that she is business @-@ minded , Carmella becomes a magazine editor . She departs from Erinsborough suddenly after she becomes the victim of a stalker , Frank Romano ( Lliam Amor ) . Before she leaves , she drives around with a shotgun in an attempt to kill Frank . Upon her return , Carmella loses Connor 's affection to Serena Bishop ( Lara Sacher ) . She attempts to ruin their relationship , which results in Serena 's mother Liljana ( Marcella Russo ) slapping her to warn her off . Carmella then tries a different approach ; she borrows money from her mother Lucia ( Maria Mercedes ) to pay for an operation Madeleine needs , then blackmails Connor into spending time with her . She claims to have borrowed the money from a crime mob who are harassing her for repayment , which prompts Connor to steal money to try to pay it back . When Carmella realises the trouble she has caused , she tells Connor the truth and leaves . After a period of absence , Carmella 's mother sends Connor on a secret mission to find her daughter . He discovers that Carmella has become a nun , and is living in a convent as Sister Mary Catherine . During her time as a nun , she grows close to Ned Parker ( Daniel O 'Connor ) , who encourages her to become a recording artist after hearing her sing . Carmella does it to make him happy , but admits that she does not really enjoy singing . She withdraws from their relationship as she feels that Ned is prying too much into her private affairs . Carmella admits she arranged the sale of her cousin Teresa 's ( Hannah Greenwood ) unwanted baby . A fellow nun suggests that she takes time off from the convent . She complies and leaves her role as a nun behind . Teresa has a breakdown and throws a saucepan of boiling water at Carmella , who is left with severe facial scarring and becomes increasingly secluded . She is convinced by Will Griggs ( Christian Clark ) to have plastic surgery to lessen the scarring . Ned tells Carmella that he loves her , but Carmella has fallen in love with Will . Soon thereafter , Will leaves the country without notice . His younger brother Oliver Barnes ( David Hoflin ) arrives , and explains that Will had a double identity . Carmella has short @-@ lived relationships with Oliver and teenager Ringo Brown ( Sam Clark ) . She becomes addicted to prescription drugs , and later discovers that she is pregnant with Oliver 's baby , and may have harmed the baby through her addiction . Carmella begins an online business with Marco Silvani ( Jesse Rosenfeld ) , and develops an attraction to him . She initially resists as she is still in love with Oliver , but learns to her disappointment that he does not reciprocate her feelings . Carmella gives birth prematurely by Caesarean section ; the condition of her daughter , Chloe ( Sarah May ) , who is placed in the neonatal intensive @-@ care unit , quickly improves . Mother and daughter move in with Marco , prompting a jealous Oliver to file for sole custody of Chloe , though he later rescinds this decision . Marco proposes to Carmella and she accepts , however later that day he is severely injured in a bushfire . Carmella marries him from his hospital bed , and Marco dies shortly afterwards . Following his death , Carmella believes she is haunted by Marco 's spirit . Oliver moves to New York , but she declines his invitation to accompany him . He later moves to Portugal , and in December 2008 , Carmella and Chloe leave to be with him . They briefly return to Erinsborough when Oliver 's mother Rebecca ( Jane Hall ) breaks up with her husband Paul ( Stefan Dennis ) , to convince her to come and live with them . = = Development = = = = = Creation and characterisation = = = Carmella was created following Delta Goodrem 's sudden departure from Neighbours due to illness . Three months ' worth of scripts were rewritten , and Carmella was introduced to fill the void left by Goodrem 's character , Nina Tucker . As a school graduate , Blair had unsuccessfully auditioned for another role in the serial , but impressed casting director Jan Russ . Six months later , Russ contacted Blair and asked her to audition for the role of Carmella . She was cast immediately , due to the urgent need to fill the void left by Goodrem . She played Carmella on an episodic basis in 2003 , then returned for a longer period in 2004 , and briefly in 2005 . Blair returned to Neighbours in 2006 , and in September 2007 , signed a contract keeping her in the show for another year . The serial 's official website described Carmella as " the youngest daughter of local mafioso Rocco Cammeniti . She grew up spoilt and sheltered from the real world , which made her a force to be reckoned with as soon as she was old enough to break free of her father 's influence . " Carmella underwent many changes during her tenure . Blair initially described her as a " fun , feisty and foxy sort of character " . However , Carmella became depressed through her life 's travails , having been stalked by Frank Romano , sold her cousin Teresa 's baby and subsequently become a nun . Before her official confirmation in the convent , Carmella goes clubbing with ex @-@ boyfriend Connor . Desrcibing Carmella 's reasoning , Blair stated : " Carmella is thinking , ' Is what I 'm about to go ahead with , - becoming a nun - the right choice ? ' She wants to be sure she 's making the right decision about what she 'll do for the rest of her life . " Blair confirmed that after that night Carmella had " all the answers that she needed " to live the rest of her life . Blair enjoyed the opportunity to play a nun , but was glad when the storyline concluded as it meant Carmella got to have fun again . = = = Relationships = = = Carmella 's relationship with Connor was originally scripted for Nina Tucker , but was transferred to Carmella by the producers on Goodrem 's departure . Upon Carmella 's introduction , her only family member was her mobster father Rocco , who had been sent to prison . In 2006 , Carmella was given a sister , when Natalie Saleeba was cast in the role of Rosetta Cammeniti . Blair opined that Rosie 's inclusion brought out different sides to Carmella 's character . Many viewers told Blair they felt the casting was good because they look alike . One of the significant changes to Carmella was that she started having fun again — Blair felt this meant they worked well together . Later , Erin McNaught was cast as her cousin Sienna Cammeniti . McNaught commented that there had been a rivalry between the cousins in their youth , so it would be interesting to see what unfolded between them . Following the dissolution of Carmella 's relationship with Oliver , Blair commented that Oliver would " always have a special place in Carmella 's heart " . Although Carmella began dating Marco , Blair felt that Chloe 's premature birth strengthened the connection between Carmella and Oliver . She explained that Carmella " feels desolate and suddenly the connection Carmella 's always had with Oliver is heightened . Together they name their baby Chloe and it 's Marco who feels shut out . " Following Chloe 's birth , Carmella decided to put her love life to one side , and put her baby daughter first . She told Marco she did not want him in her life ; he planned to leave town without a word to her , except a love note and a present to Chloe . Discussing the state of her relationship with Oliver and Marco at this point , Blair assessed : " I don 't think it 's so much of a love triangle anymore . Oliver made his feelings for Carmella very clear - he doesn 't love her in that way . But he still doesn 't want another man looking after his child . So there 'll be more tension between the [ three ] of them . And things get even more complicated over the next few months . " Marco was later killed in a bush fire disaster . Describing the filming process , Blair stated : " Shooting the scenes for the bush fire and everything surrounding it - the wedding - the funeral - was so draining . It was full on . " Blair had to film scenes involving Carmella singing at Marco 's funeral , which she deemed " close to home " because she had done it at her grandmother 's funeral . She found it distressing , as they filmed in a real graveyard . She had previously been reluctant to sing on @-@ screen but felt it was justified for Marco 's funeral . Blair commented on Carmella 's repetitive bad luck , stating : " She 's gone through so much already , just to get to this point . This should really be a happy time for her , but it 's not . " After all the hurdles she faced , Carmella became a stronger person . Blair said it saw her become well @-@ equipped to look after her child . = = = Departure and return = = = In 2008 , Blair expressed frustration that Carmella had become a " very tortured , depressive character and there was no light at the end of the tunnel . " She described the role , which went through enormous transformations , as being one that had pushed her acting abilities . Blair 's pleas to the show producers to let the down @-@ on @-@ luck Carmella be up @-@ beat again were rejected . In June 2008 , the actress confirmed her plans to leave the series when her contract expired . Speaking of her decision to leave , Blair said : " I made the decision in December [ ... ] I am eager to try new things and go to a place where people have no idea what I have done , I want to experiment with what works for me and what doesn 't as a performer . " Producers confirmed they did not intend to kill her character off , as they hoped for her to return again in the future . A spokesperson for the programme 's broadcaster , Network Ten , stated : " Obviously , we 've loved having Natalie on the show all these years and we 're really sad to see her go [ ... ] and hope to see her on Ramsay Street again one day in the future . " Blair later admitted she was surprised at her rise popularity whilst playing Carmella . Carmella 's exit storyline was devised months prior to Blair 's departure . Producers had planned to reunite Carmella and Oliver and have them leave together , however Hoflin decided to go travelling , meaning he was unavailable for filming . Prior to Hoflin 's departure , he and Balir filmed scenes showing their reunion . Scripts were quickly rewritten to portray Oliver in Portugal , where Hoflin was in real life , instead of New York where Oliver left for upon his exit . Describing her reaction to Carmella 's scripts towards the end , Blair commented : " After a while I 'd open my script and say , ' Please give me one scene where I 'm smiling ' . And then I 'd read the script and think , ' Damn - no smiling scenes again ' . " Blair had originally hoped that Carmella would be killed on @-@ screen , as she felt a dramatic send off would have been fitting . After the " tragic " final year Carmella underwent , Blair decided she was happy with the exit because " something finally goes right for her " . Blair also opined : " It 's a really lovely story and I think the fans will be happy with it . " Carmella 's " happy exit storyline " saw her leaving in a taxi surrounded by all of her friends waving her off , after they convinced her to start a new life with Oliver . In September 2010 , it was revealed that Blair and Hoflin would return to film scenes in the last two weeks of production in 2010 , and the episodes would be shown in early 2011 . Carmella returns for two episodes in March 2011 . Blair said she could not resist the return , which acts as a catalyst in Rebecca Robinson 's ( Jane Hall ) departure . Blair felt it fitting because both Carmella and Oliver have history with Paul Robinson ( Stefan Dennis ) and want to " protect Rebecca and watch out for her best interests " . = = Reception = = In his book Super Aussie Soaps , Andrew Mercado brands Carmella , the mobster 's daughter , as " the mafia princess " . In 2005 , Blair won a Logie Award for " Most Popular New Female Talent " following her appearances as Carmella . By the time Blair was made an official cast member , The Courier @-@ Mail declared that Carmella was a Ramsay Street favourite . The actress was also nominated for a Golden Logie for " Most Popular Personality " in 2007 , and once again 2008 . Blair was nominated in the category of " Sexiest Female " at the 2007 Inside Soap Awards , and had a joint nomination with David Hoflin for " Best Couple " . Fiona Byrne of the Herald Sun remarked that Carmella was becoming one of the show 's most popular characters . At the following year 's Inside Soap Awards , she was nominated in the " Best Storyline " category for her custody battle over Chloe with Oliver , as well as " Sexiest Female " again . Scott Ellis of the Sydney Morning Herald 's television magazine stated that , even compared to the slightly surreal standards of most soap operas , Carmella has " been through a wringer " . He made a point of the many storylines that transformed the character : " A former party girl turned nun , Carmella has been stalked , slapped , scalded , scarred and even sold a baby . She 's found and lost love at least three times , given birth , fought a custody battle , fought kleptomania , and fought various members of her family . " In the same vein , The Daily Telegraph praised Carmella 's versatility in going from " baby peddler to nun , before suffering severe facial burns that required re @-@ constructive surgery . " Inside Soap opined that 2008 for Carmella was " tragedy after tragedy " . What 's on TV deemed Carmella 's scalding with boiling water her most explosive scene , and the Daily Record called it karma for selling Teresa 's baby . Despite her popularity with the viewers , Carmella was negatively received by Ruth Deller of television website Lowculture . On how to get the magic back into Neighbours , Deller said " Axe Carmella . Or at least make her a nun again , which was the only time she was interesting " . Deller also said she would have rather seen Carmella and Marco leave the show instead of Rosetta and Frazer . The Liverpool Daily Post said that they had seen implausible storylines in the serial , but Carmella seeing Marco 's ghost " takes the biscuit " . However , they concluded " At least he offers Carmella some much @-@ needed support . " The Daily Record said the ghost scenes were more unforgettable than Bouncer 's dream . On the subject of her funeral song they added : " Oddly , none of her friends think she 's gone mad , despite an impromptu version of ' Amazing Grace ' . " Readers of Inside Soap were asked who Oliver should be with out of Carmella and Elle . Carmella came first with sixty @-@ six percent of the vote . = Portland City Hall ( Oregon ) = Portland City Hall is the headquarters of city government of Portland , Oregon , United States . The four @-@ story Italian Renaissance @-@ style building houses the offices of the City Council , which consists of the mayor and four commissioners , and several other offices . City Hall is also home to the City Council chambers , located in the rotunda on the east side of the structure . Completed in 1895 , the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 21 , 1974 . City Hall has gone through several renovations , with the most recent overhaul gutting the interior to upgrade it to modern seismic and safety standards . The original was built for $ 600 @,@ 000 , while the 1996 to 1998 renovation cost $ 29 million . Located in downtown Portland , City Hall sits on an entire city block along Fourth and Fifth avenues at Madison and Jefferson Streets . To the south is the Wells Fargo Center , and to the north is the Portland Building . Terry Schrunk Plaza ( named for a former mayor ) is across Fourth Avenue to the east . In addition to more than 87 @,@ 000 square feet ( 8 @,@ 100 m2 ) of interior space , the exterior consists of landscaped grounds . The main entrance is located on Fourth Avenue , though for a time it was located on the Fifth Avenue side . = = History = = = = = Late 19th century = = = The 1890 @-@ current City Hall replaces an earlier building at Second and Ash streets . In 1869 , the Oregon Episcopal School was founded in downtown Portland , with the women @-@ only St. Helens Hall on the current block of City Hall . The city hired Henry J. Hefty to design the building ; his design was " a huge ostentatious structure that appeared to be modeled on the Kremlin . " The city purchased the block in 1890 for $ 100 @,@ 000 , and construction began in 1892 , but was halted due to dissatisfaction with the design . After the foundation and basement of the building had been built , the new City Hall Commission canceled the contract and tore out the basement and first floor at an expense of $ 125 @,@ 000 . This board terminated Hefty and hired the architectural firm of Whidden and Lewis to design a new building . Ion Lewis and William Whidden were originally from Boston , but were in Portland for the Portland Hotel project , and Whidden had been employed with McKim , Mead , and White . The board also persuaded the state legislature to authorize an additional $ 500 @,@ 000 in bonds to complete the project . Whidden & Lewis designed a four @-@ story structure in a neo @-@ Renaissance style that included a clock tower . Designed to be located in the center portion of the building , the tower was to rise five @-@ stories above the rest of City Hall with a total height of 200 feet . Due to costs , the clock tower was never built . A domed cupola also designed by Whidden and Lewis was never built . The original building design was praised for the details and symmetry . In 1893 , construction at the site was restarted . The contractors were Rocheford , Gould and Gladden from Omaha , Nebraska . City Hall was built with un @-@ reinforced masonry walls and slurry concrete floors to save on costs . Construction on the new structure was finished in 1894 or 1895 and the city government occupied the building . Once completed , the building was one of the first large buildings in the Pacific Northwest to have electric wiring , have centralized heating , include public elevators , or be considered fireproof . William S. Mason was the first Portland mayor in the new City Hall , with a total of 34 people working in the building at opening . His successor , Sylvester Pennoyer , called the new building " expensive , unseemly and unhealthful " . Funding for the city hall came from several sources . In 1889 , the Oregon Legislative Assembly approved a sale of $ 175 @,@ 000 worth of bonds by the City of Portland to finance the construction of a new city hall . The building ultimately cost $ 575 @,@ 000 . When built , the surrounding area was composed of dirt roads and private residences . The Southern Pacific Railroad 's 1868 west side rail line ran down Fourth Avenue past City Hall and the county courthouse . The city and county governments fought the railroad to remove the dirty and noisy steam locomotives from this route , succeeding in 1912 . Southern Pacific 's electric interurban line continued on the tracks until the 1930s . In 2007 , light rail lines were added on Fifth Avenue for the MAX Green Line , with trains scheduled to once again run past City Hall . = = = 20th century = = = In 1902 , two Port Orford cedar trees were planted on the east side of City Hall . One tree was planted on the north side and the second tree on the south side of the building to reinforce the symmetrical aspects of the building . The south tree was replaced in 1999 due to poor health . In 1910 , the city added passenger elevators to the open stairwells . Until 1902 the Portland Public Library , which started as a reading room for sailors and then as a subscription library , was housed in the building . In 1928 , the city began one of a series of renovations on the building to increase floor space . That year one of the two light wells were filled in , blocking off natural light to the lower floors . The city added a new elevator in 1931 . The next remodel started in 1933 , and lasted through 1937 . During this construction the second light well was filled in for more space , and a penthouse apartment was built on top of the roof . In 1910 , the city installed a large boulder on the southeast portion of the grounds . The Oregon Railway and Navigation Company had found the 15 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old boulder in 1897 and moved it to Portland . The ten ton Wallula Stone was discovered in the Columbia River Gorge , and was covered with petroglyphs . It was returned to the Umatilla tribe of Native Americans in Eastern Oregon in 1996 . The old elevators inside were replaced again in 1946 , and in 1948 a runaway truck destroyed part of the stone railing on the Fifth Avenue side , which was then fixed . In the 1960s the mayor 's office was refurbished , a new roof was installed , and new trees were planted on the grounds . In 1964 , the city remodeled the City Council chambers on the second and third floors . Part of the work was to install new lighting to allow television broadcasts from the chamber , while other work added drop tiles to the ceiling , hiding the domed roof . In the early morning hours of November 21 , 1970 , a dynamite fueled bomb exploded underneath the portico , doing $ 170 @,@ 000 in damage . Though no one was injured , windows were blown out , the Council Chamber ( located above the blast ) was damaged , all of the columns of the portico were damaged and replaced , and the Liberty Bell replica was a complete loss . A new bell was purchased for $ 8 @,@ 000 and later moved to Terry Schrunk Plaza . No one was ever arrested or claimed responsibility for the bombing . Later in the decade , Portland upgraded City Hall by adding fire sprinklers and smoke detectors . In 1973 , the sandstone exterior was cleaned and sealed to prevent moisture from eroding the fragile stone . It was later learned that this process was harmful as the silicon coating sealed the moisture inside the rock . In 1974 , City Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places . The following year the rooftop penthouse was converted into an employee break room that included an outdoor deck . In 1978 , the city constructed a wheelchair ramp to provide access to the handicapped . The 1980s saw additional renovations . The auditor 's office and the mayor ’ s office were both renovated , though work on the mayor 's office halted when funds were exhausted . The city expanded the office of the city 's attorney , and in 1982 the Portland Building was finished across the street . This allowed the city to move many city offices into a single location . Work was also completed on the exterior , while a new roof was finished . In 1985 , the building began a conversion from steam heating . In January 1995 , the City Council voted to remove parking from the grounds of City Hall . Previously , the landscaped yard surrounding the building had been paved to allow the city council members to park their vehicles on site . That month also marked the 100th birthday of the structure . = = = Renovation = = = Discussions about the need to upgrade and renovate City Hall began anew in 1988 . In 1994 , proposals were made to remodel and update the structure to meet modern building codes , with an estimated cost of $ 16 million . Work was to include replacing the concrete floors , structural upgrades , and restoring the original light corridors that penetrated all four floors of the building . In March 1995 , plans were made to renovate the then @-@ 100 @-@ year @-@ old structure . The estimated $ 22 million project was proposed due to the building failing to comply with the city codes for earthquakes and fires . Some preparatory work for the renovation began in November 1995 . On May 3 , 1996 , City Hall closed and offices relocated for the renovation project . The offices were temporarily housed in the former State Office Building ( now Fifth Avenue Building ) nearby on Fifth Avenue . Bing Sheldon served as the architect on the remodel . Drake Construction served as the contractor for the project with SERA Architects as the design firm . On June 17 , 1996 , a 120 @-@ foot ( 37 m ) -long boom portion of a construction crane crashed at the construction site , scraping the stone on the east side of the building , but not injuring anyone . Due to the fragile sandstone exterior , the damage on the rotunda was not repaired . In January 1997 , construction crews finished the demolition portion of the project and finished the structural reinforcement part before they began the interior construction phase . Designers restored the light corridors inside the building during the remodel . These two central light courts allowed more natural lighting into the interior of the building . Additionally , the old Fourth Avenue entrance was restored , and the address was changed to 1221 S.W. Fourth Avenue . Renovations also restored the original look of the City Council chamber , with council members now facing the windows . The original red and white marble from the floors was saved and reinstalled on top of the new concrete slab flooring . New marble was used on the fourth floor . Other changes included the addition of central air conditioning , insulation of the roof and exterior walls , and the replacement of the old single @-@ pane windows . Public restrooms were added on the east side on each floor . During construction , the usable floor space in the building was reduced from 50 @,@ 370 square feet ( 4 @,@ 680 m2 ) to 48 @,@ 128 square feet ( 4 @,@ 471 @.@ 2 m2 ) . Restoration of the interior included work on the wrought @-@ iron frame of the stairwell , uncovering the copper plating that decorated the walls in the stairwell , and work on the wrought @-@ iron frame of the elevator shafts . Additionally , nearly 40 % of the building 's structural steel was replaced , the plumbing was replaced , HVAC systems were added , concrete slabs replaced the concrete slurry floors , new electrical systems were installed , shear concrete walls were added , as were new security , fire , and life safety systems . On March 30 , 1998 , City Hall reopened to the public . There were concerns over the cost of the project that increased from around $ 15 million to a final cost of nearly $ 30 million . The city had approved $ 28 @.@ 1 million before the project started . Of the $ 29 @.@ 3 million final cost of the project , construction costs totaled $ 19 @.@ 9 million . Of that amount , $ 17 million was to bring the building up to modern fire and safety standards . Additional funds were spent on artwork , a temporary location for offices , and new furniture among other costs . Reasons given for the additional costs varied from new problems uncovered during the remodel , a booming construction market at the time , and delays in starting the project . Financing of the renovations came from local bonds , with approximately $	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
addings revealed that Kyte came to understand the words " action " and " cut " , meaning the director would sometimes have to give an alternate cue such as " go " during scenes featuring Wellard , as the dog would become instantly alert upon hearing the usual commands , which appeared incongruous in scenes which called for Wellard to be relaxed . Kyte worked closely with Mohammed George , who played Wellard 's owner Gus . George was afraid of dogs as a child , but after working with Kyte for three years , commented that they were so close he " sometimes [ felt ] like [ her ] dad . " Wellard was briefly written out of the show under executive producer Matthew Robinson , but returned in 2000 , when Robinson was succeeded by John Yorke . A show insider commented : " Wellard just disappeared . It seemed odd because Robbie loved that dog and never noticed it had gone . " An EastEnders spokesman stated of his return : " John Yorke believes Wellard should be an integral part of Robbie 's character . " When a 2005 storyline saw Wellard threatened with euthanasia for biting local café owner Ian Beale ( Adam Woodyatt ) , James Desborough of The People suggested that EastEnders producers were hoping to emulate the success of a storyline from rival soap opera Coronation Street , which saw fans protest the arrest of character Deirdre Rachid ( Anne Kirkbride ) , going as far as to lobby the UK Parliament for her release . Desborough deemed the storyline " bizarre " and accused the BBC of being " desperate to boost flagging ratings " . An EastEnders spokesman responded that it was simply " a funny story which we hope the nation will get behind . " In June 2008 , it was reported that Wellard was to be killed off . A show insider explained : " Wellard has been a much @-@ loved character and everyone will be sad to see him go . But if you think about it , Wellard was not a puppy when he arrived on Albert Square , so he would be over 100 in dog years by now . It makes sense for him to bow out of the show gracefully . " Raddings commented : " I used to take Kyte on set everyday but I found the scenes when Wellard was put down too hard to watch so I asked someone else to take her to filming . " The scene in which Wellard was euthanised had to be re @-@ edited , as Kyte could be seen breathing when supposedly dead . At the time of his death , Wellard had been in EastEnders for 14 years , making him one of the show 's longest @-@ running characters , and its longest @-@ serving pet . = = Reception = = Wellard was voted " Best Pet " at the 2008 Digital Spy Soap Awards . His death storyline was nominated in the " Tearjerker " category at the 2008 All About Soap Bubble Awards . In 2009 , a poll by magazine Inside Soap named Wellard as the UK 's favourite soap opera pet . He came second in a poll to find Britain 's favourite TV pet in April 2006 , losing to Lassie , and in March 2008 was named the fifth best dog on television by Anna Pickard of The Guardian , behind Bouncer from Neighbours , Willy from EastEnders , Lassie and Dogtanian . It was noted in The People in July 1997 that Wellard was " a firm favourite with the soap 's fans " , while in August 2008 , the Daily Mail deemed him " one of [ EastEnders ' ] most well @-@ loved characters . " The dogs received fanmail from viewers hailing them as the best actors on EastEnders . Zenna , Chancer and Kyte were occasional targets of professional jealousy from their human co @-@ stars , and some television critics have suggested that Wellard was a better character than his owner , Robbie . When Michael Greco commented in 2002 that Wellard received better scripts than his character , Beppe di Marco , the Sunday Mirror 's Ian Hyland wrote : " He should try being Robbie Jackson . Wellard gets better scripts and better girls than him . " Similarly , Garry Bushell of The People compared EastEnders with rival soap Coronation Street following a 2003 scheduling clash , observing : " ITV had Richard Hillman 's heavyweight murder confession . BBC1 gave us Robbie Jackson 's heart @-@ to @-@ heart with Wellard . ( Don 't scoff – it 's tough to play moving scenes with a dumb and soppy creature , but Wellard rose to the occasion . ) " . Derek McGovern of The Mirror criticised Gaffney 's acting ability , observing : " Outside of Lassie movies I haven 't seen a dog consistently steal scenes off a human the way Wellard used to pinch them from Dean . " Gemma Bissix appeared in the show as a child actor from 1993 to 1998 , playing Clare Bates . She commented on her return in 2008 that as a child , the dogs playing Wellard were better paid than she was . When Emma Barton , who played Honey Mitchell , was axed from the soap later that year , she spoke of her dismay that Wellard 's death was being marketed as a bigger storyline than her character 's exit . Roz Laws of the Sunday Mercury called it " particularly galling " that Barton 's exit was upstaged by Wellard 's death . Hyland was critical of the 2003 storyline which saw Robbie leave EastEnders to move to Mumbai with his girlfriend Nita ( Bindya Solanki ) and her son Anish ( Ali Zahoor ) . He explained that the aspect of the storyline which upset him most was Wellard being run over " so the scriptwriters could engineer the inevitable last @-@ minute dash to the airport " , questioning : " What 's Wellard ever done to deserve that ? " The storyline which saw Wellard threatened with euthanasia after biting Ian Beale received negative reviews from critics , deemed " bizarre " by James Desborough of The People , and the " longest , most tedious ever soap storyline " by Jim Shelley of The Mirror . Bushell simply wrote : " Wellard bit Ian Beale . Which one needs the Tetanus jab ? " Tim Teeman of The Times called it the " daftest " storyline of the year , comparing it to a similarly ill @-@ received and long @-@ running storyline given to the unpopular Ferreira family . Wellard 's death drew generally favourable reviews from critics . The Guardian 's Nancy Banks @-@ Smith deemed Wellard to have " died with great dignity [ ... ] Not , as a lesser dog might , making a meal of it . " Grace Dent , also of The Guardian , wrote that she was an " emotional mess " when Wellard was euthanised , calling him " one of the true old guard of EastEnders " . Andy Bollen of the Sunday Mail deemed it a shame Wellard had been killed off , calling him " the most convincing actor on the soap " , while The Mirror 's Maeve Quigley called Wellard 's death sadder than that of human character Jase Dyer ( Stephen Lord ) shortly afterwards . Wise similarly opined that Wellard upstaged most of the cast , and that his death was more of a " tear @-@ jerker " than the return of Jim Branning ( John Bardon ) who had been absent after suffering from a stroke . The Mirror 's Kevin O 'Sullivan commented : " a canine Oscar to the hound who played Wellard – the pedigree chum whose sad demise after 14 years of fouling Walford 's pavements was genuinely moving . " Shelley wrote that it signified the " [ d ] eath of the best actor in the show " , and the South Wales Echo published the obituary : In contrast , however , Laws felt that EastEnders was becoming too depressing , noting that Wellard 's death came at the same time Jase was murdered and Honey and her husband Billy ( Perry Fenwick ) broke up , writing : " I feel like slitting my wrists when I tune in now . [ ... ] There 's only so much gritty realism we can take in our soaps , and EastEnders is really overloading us at the moment . " In 2013 , Digital Spy 's Naomi Gordon opined that Wellard 's death was one of the eight " saddest fictional dog deaths " , saying " There wasn 't a dry eye in the house . " = = Impact on popular culture = = Wellard is considered a " celebrity " dog , and during his EastEnders tenure , the dogs playing him would occasionally make personal appearances at events , including the dog @-@ show Crufts in 1998 , a fundraising appeal for the Victoria Animal Hospital in London in 2000 , and the first All About Dogs Day at Notcutts garden centre in August 2008 . Satirical impression series Dead Ringers referenced Wellard in a 2004 episode , running the continuity announcement : " Later on ITV1 , new drama featuring the latest EastEnders star we 've signed up for a ridiculous advance . Yes Wellard the dog is Barker , a cop on the edge with a drink problem and distemper . " For Red Nose Day 2007 , Aardman Animations created a Creature Comforts @-@ style short featuring Wellard asking for money for Comic Relief , along with selling his offspring and being put in prison . In January 2012 , Wellard appeared ( with Dean Gaffney ) on Big Brother 's Bit on the Side . = Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena = Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena ( Norwegian : Kanthaugen Freestyleanlegg ) is a freestyle skiing stadium located in the hillside area of Kanthaugen in Lillehammer , Norway . Opened in 1992 , it was built for the 1994 Winter Olympics . The venue consists of three hills — one each for aerials , moguls and ski ballet . The moguls hill has a capacity for 12 @,@ 000 spectators while the other two have a 15 @,@ 000 @-@ person capacity . The arena is designated as Norway 's national venue for freestyle skiing . It hosted the FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup in 1993 and 1995 , and is scheduled to host freestyle skiing and snowboarding at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics . The arena is owned by Lillehammer Olympiapark and is located adjacent to the ski jumping hill Lysgårdsbakken . = = Construction = = Kanthaugen has traditionally served as a recreational area for Lillehammer , and has in particular been used for alpine skiing . In 1946 , Norway 's then @-@ largest ski lift was installed between Stampesletta and Kanthaugen . It remained in use until the late 1970s . At the time of the closing , a local businessman proposed that it be renovated and that a tobogganing slide be built from Kanthaugen to Stampesletta . The plans were met by local opposition and were not carried through . Venue planning started after Lillehammer was awarded the Olympics in 1988 . In the bid , Kanthaugen had been envisaged as the site of the sliding center . In 1989 , the Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee ( LOOC ) proposed that the ski jumping hill and ski stadium instead be located there . Placing venues at Kanthaugen was controversial , as it would result in permanent encroachments in the one of the town 's main recreational areas . Ultimately , only the freestyle arena and ski jump were placed at Kanthaugen , with the ski stadium placed further away from town . Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena was along with Lysgårdsbakken designed by Økaw Arkitekter . The area development plan was passed in August 1991 . The responsibility for construction originally rested on Lillehammer Municipality , but LOOC took over responsibility in November 1991 . The decision to include aerials in the Olympic program was made in October 1992 . Tore Løkke was selected as the main contractor . Construction cost 20 @.@ 3 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) , of which NOK 3 @.@ 3 million was paid for by the municipality and NOK 17 million was paid for by LOOC . The venue was completed in the fall of 1992 and was the first freestyle skiing arena in the world to feature a common spectator area for all three event hills . The temporary structures used during the Olympics were completed in December 1993 . A jibbing park was installed in 2008 . = = Facilities = = The venue consists of three hills , each tailor @-@ made for aerials , moguls and ski ballet , respectively . Above the Olympic hills is a 1 @-@ kilometer ( 0 @.@ 6 mi ) long tobogganing hill which uses the competitive area as a finish . At the base of the hill is the spectator area , which featured temporary bleachers during the Olympics . The spectator capacity for aerials and ski ballet is 15 @,@ 000 , while it is 12 @,@ 000 for moguls . Also at the foot of the hill is a jury tower overlooking the aerials hill . The venue is equipped with snowmaking equipment , a T @-@ bar lift and floodlights . The arena is located next to the ski jumping hill Lysgårdsbakken , with which it shares some broadcasting and telecommunications facilities . During the Olympics , 800 square meters ( 8 @,@ 611 sq ft ) of temporary buildings , including tents , were erected at the venue . Kanthaugen is one kilometer ( half a mile ) east of Lillehammer 's town center and owned and operated by Lillehammer Olympiapark , a subsidiary of Lillehammer Municipality . = = Events = = Canada dominated the men 's events during the 1994 Winter Olympics , with Jean @-@ Luc Brassard winning the men 's aerials ahead of Russian Sergey Shupletsov . In the men 's moguls , Switzerlands 's Andreas Schönbächler won ahead of Canada 's Philippe LaRoche and Lloyd Langlois . In the women 's disciplines , Norway was the only nation to take two medals , with Stine Lise Hattestad winning the women 's moguls ahead of American Liz McIntyre . In the women 's aerials , Lina Cheryazova won , claiming Uzbekistan 's only medal at the Olympiad , ahead of Sweden 's Marie Lindgren and Norway 's Hilde Synnøve Lid . Kanthaugen has hosted FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup events twice , on 26 to 28 March 1993 and on 3 to 5 March 1995 . It also hosted the Norwegian Freestyle Skiing Championships in 1993 and 1996 . Lillehammer is scheduled to host the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics , with Kanthaugen to host freestyle skiing and half @-@ pipe snowboarding . The venue is designated a Norway 's national freestyle skiing venue and is the main training ground for the national team . The area around the venue is a popular recreational area for Lillehammer . Since 1995 , Lillehammer Olympiapark has rented out toboggans for use in the hill , including use of the ski lift . = Edward Bellamy House = The Edward Bellamy House is a National Historic Landmark at 91 – 93 Church Street in the Chicopee Falls section of the city of Chicopee , Massachusetts . Its landmark designation was in honor of journalist and Utopian writer Edward Bellamy ( 1850 – 1898 ) , whose home it was for most of his life . Built in 1852 , Bellamy 's father moved the family into the house after its construction . Bellamy grew up in the house , and returned there after completing his studies and a brief stint of work in New York City . He did much of his writing ( both journalistic and otherwise ) in his father 's study until the latter 's death in 1886 , after which Bellamy 's family took over the entire house . It was in these years that Bellamy wrote Looking Backward , the work that brought him fame . His principal absences from Chicopee were made in a quest to improve his tubercular health , which eventually claimed his life . The property had only two private owners after the Bellamys before it was acquired in the 1970s by the Edward Bellamy Memorial Association and restored . The association operates part of the property as a historic house museum , and rents out office space in the remainder . The building is not architecturally distinguished , and has undergone a variety of alterations . = = Architecture = = The main part of the house is two stories high , with a gable end facing the street . It is three window bays wide , with the front door occupying the righthand bay . A single story porch extends across the width of this part of the house . The pediment of the street @-@ facing gable end has a small circular window in it . The house has three additions . A single story addition extends from the rear of the house , and a two story addition extends to the main house 's right , with its roof gable perpendicular to that of the main house . A single story ell extends further to the right from the second addition . The main house is numbered 91 Church Street , while a separate entrance from the second addition is numbered 93 . Inside the main house , a stairway leads up from the front entry , with a parlor occupying the space to the left . The dining room is behind the parlor , with the kitchen occupying the first addition . The parlor and dining room have matching fireplaces with black marble mantels . The upstairs of the main house has three bedrooms , one of which has a builtin desk and bookcases , and may have been used as a study . The two story addition and the ell to its right effectively form a second dwelling space . Accessible via an outside entrance and a door in the main house 's entry hall , this space has seen multiple uses over the course of the house 's history . = = History = = The house was built in 1852 . Rufus and Maria Bellamy moved there from a nearby house when their son Edward was still a baby . Rufus Bellamy was the local Baptist minister , whose church was also nearby . The house was sited near a high point in Chicopee , and would have had views of the growing mill centers of Chicopee Falls and Cabotville . The neighborhood was then one of the wealthier in the town ( Chicopee was not incorporated as a city until 1891 ) , where the owners and managers of the local factories lived . Edward Bellamy likened his wealthy neighbors to " the feudal baron dwelling among the people " . Edward Bellamy was the third of four children . In 1867 he attended Union College in Schenectady , New York , and from 1868 to 1869 he lived in Germany with a cousin . From 1871 to 1872 he worked for a time in New York City as a journalist . From 1872 to the end of his life , Bellamy , with three exceptions , made the house his home . In 1876 , in a quest to improve his health ( he suffered from tuberculosis , which would eventually kill him ) , he went on an extended tour to the Sandwich Islands ( now Hawaii ) . In 1882 he married Emma Sanderson , a ward of his father 's since 1874 . When the couple were expecting their second child , they lived in the house next door for a time in 1886 . Rufus Bellamy died in November 1886 , and Edward and his family promptly moved back in . In 1887 he published Looking Backward , a utopian novel that was instantly popular , and brought Bellamy wide notice . In 1895 Bellamy traveled to Denver , Colorado in another bid to improve his failing health . After unsuccessful attempts at treatment , he returned to Chicopee in April 1896 , and died at home one month later . According to a neighbor , Bellamy at first used his father 's study for his writing . In his later years Bellamy would also use other areas of the house for his work , leaving chaotic piles of manuscript paper lying about . When Bellamy helped found the Penny News ( later the Springfield Daily News ) , it began publication in the house . The house remained in the family until 1905 , when Emma Bellamy sold it to a photographer named Hanniman . He divided the house , using the right @-@ hand side as a professional space . Hanniman was also responsible for enlarging the fourth addition , and replacing a barn on the property with a garage . In 1965 the house was sold to Joseph Lavallee , whose only significant alteration was to update the kitchen . The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971 . The Edward Bellamy Memorial Association purchased the property in 1974 , and conducted major restoration efforts in the 1970s and 1980s , assisted by the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities ( now Historic New England ) . The association operates part of the house as a museum , renting out the other to provide additional income . = = Bellamy and Chicopee = = Despite Bellamy 's lifelong association with Chicopee , he was a detached observer of the social changes unfolding in the growing industrial areas of the town . He was a somewhat reclusive personality who shunned publicity , avoiding social and speaking engagements , including in the years of his popularity following the publication of Looking Backward . He was not widely known within the town . When it was suggested that Bellamy move to Boston to facilitate the production of the journal A New Nation ( begun to support and promote the social and political movements established in the wake of the publication of Looking Backward ) , Bellamy demurred , writing " I have the deepest aversion to change . " Bellamy did , however , draw on the community for inspiration in his writings . The last name of Julian West , the protagonist of Looking Backward , is that of one of his neighbors . Elements of his historical novel The Duke of Stockbridge , based on the events of the 1786 – 87 Shays ' Rebellion , are set in a town resembling Chicopee , and characters in his short story " A Nantucket Idyll " are based on local women . Biographer Arthur Morgan notes that many of his other stories are set in towns based " quite obviously [ on ] the village of Chicopee Falls " . = Icos = Icos Corporation ( trademark ICOS ) was the largest biotechnology company in the U.S. state of Washington before it was sold to Eli Lilly and Company in 2007 . It was founded in 1989 by David Blech , Isaac Blech , Robert Nowinski , and George Rathmann , a pioneer in the industry and Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) and co @-@ founder of Amgen , Icos focused on the development of drugs to treat inflammatory disorders . During its 17 @-@ year history , the company conducted clinical trials of twelve drugs , three of which reached the last phase of clinical trials . Icos also manufactured antibodies for other biotechnology companies . Icos is famous for tadalafil ( Cialis ) , a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction . This drug was discovered by GlaxoSmithKline , developed by Icos , and manufactured and marketed in partnership with Eli Lilly . Boosted by a unique advertising campaign led by the Grey Worldwide Agency , sales from Cialis allowed Icos to become profitable in 2006 . Cialis was the only drug developed by the company to be approved . LeukArrest , a drug to treat shock , and Pafase , developed for sepsis , were both tested in phase III clinical trials , but testing was discontinued after unpromising results during the trials . Eli Lilly acquired Icos in January 2007 , and most of Icos 's workers were laid off soon after . CMC Biopharmaceuticals , a Danish contract manufacturer , bought the remnants of Icos and retained the remaining employees . = = History = = Icos was founded in 1989 by George Rathmann , Robert Nowinski , and Christopher Henney , each of whom had previously started another biotechnology company : Rathmann had created Amgen ; Nowinski had launched Genetic Systems , later sold to Bristol @-@ Myers Squibb ; and Henney co @-@ founded Immunex , later sold to Amgen . Icos was formed with the goal of developing new drugs to treat the underlying causes of inflammatory diseases and halt the disease process in the early stages . The name Icos comes from icosahedron , a 20 @-@ sided polyhedron , which is the shape of many viruses , and was chosen because the founders originally thought retroviruses might be involved in inflammation . The founders raised $ 33 million in July 1990 from many investors , including Bill Gates – who at the time was the largest shareholder , with 10 % of the equity . The company initially had temporary offices in downtown Seattle , but moved to Bothell in September 1990 . Icos went public on June 6 , 1991 , raising $ 36 million . George Rathmann , seen as a guiding father to Icos , left the company in February 2000 , and was replaced as CEO and chairman by Paul Clark , a former executive at Abbott Laboratories . A former Icos manager named short @-@ sighted leadership by Clark as a factor in the failure of the company to develop any other successful drugs apart from Cialis . = = = Cialis = = = Sold as Cialis and initially codenamed IC351 , tadalafil is a drug prescribed for erectile dysfunction ( ED ) and approved for pulmonary arterial hypertension ( PAH ) . It is a phosphodiesterase type 5 ( PDE5 ) inhibitor , similar in function to sildenafil . In addition to ED and PAH , tadalafil has undergone clinical trials for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and for female sexual dysfunction . Tadalafil was initially formulated by Glaxo Wellcome ( now GlaxoSmithKline ) under a new drug development partnership between Glaxo and Icos that began in August 1991 . The drug was originally researched as a treatment for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and angina , but focus quickly shifted to ED with the success of another PDE5 inhibitor , sildenafil ( Viagra ) , which had been developed by Pfizer . Icos began research on tadalafil in 1993 , and clinical trials started two years later . Glaxo let the partnership with Icos lapse in 1996 , including the company 's 50 % share of profits from resulting drugs , because the drugs in development were not in Glaxo 's core markets . In 1998 , Icos formed a 50 / 50 joint venture with Indianapolis @-@ based Eli Lilly ( Lilly Icos LLC ) to develop and commercialize tadalafil as Cialis . The release of Cialis in the United States was delayed in April 2002 when the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) recommended that Icos perform more studies , improve labeling , and address manufacturing issues . Cialis was approved in Europe in November 2002 and in the United States a year later . The drug was approved for once @-@ daily use for ED in Europe in June 2007 and in the United States in January 2008 . In 2006 , Cialis generated $ 971 million in sales , leading Icos to post its first @-@ ever quarterly profit in August . In May 2009 , tadalafil , to be sold as Adcirca by United Therapeutics , was approved in the United States for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension based on data from a pivotal study begun before the sale of Icos to Eli Lilly . = = = = Lawsuits with Pfizer = = = = Pfizer and Lilly Icos have filed many lawsuits against each other in various countries over Cialis and Viagra . Pfizer was given a broad patent on PDE5 inhibitors in Britain in 1993 . Lilly Icos filed a complaint in a London court in September 1999 , and the patent was overturned in November 2000 on the grounds that Pfizer 's patent was based on information already in the public domain when the patent was issued . In the United States , Pfizer filed suit against Lilly Icos soon after receiving a broad US patent for PDE5 inhibitors in October 2002 . The United States Patent and Trademark Office ordered a reexamination of the patent , and , as in Britain , the examiner found that PDE5 inhibitors were not a new invention by Pfizer , voiding the patent . In Canada , Pfizer moved to block sales of Cialis five months after it was approved there , arguing that there could be consumer backlash against Pfizer should Cialis be pulled from the market months later as a result of an ongoing patent lawsuit . A federal judge refused , saying he could not " imagine demonstrations in the street or storming of the barricades because one impotence medicine is made unavailable " . = = = = Blindness warning on label = = = = In May 2005 , the FDA began investigating reports of sudden blindness in users of sildenafil ( Viagra ) . The FDA said it had received reports of the condition , a permanent blindness in one eye known as non @-@ arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy , in 38 users of sildenafil and 5 users of tadalafil or vardenafil ( Levitra ) . Lilly Icos voluntarily amended the Cialis label to warn of the condition . The FDA was criticized for its handling of the matter , as an FDA safety officer had commented on unusual reports of blindness over 13 months before a journal article was published on the issue . United States Senator Chuck Grassley wrote a letter to the FDA detailing his criticism , saying that the FDA 's Office of New Drugs ( OND ) had taken no action " despite OND 's knowledge of the blindness risks since January 2004 and general agreement among FDA staff last spring that the label should be updated " . Grassley 's letter also suggested that Pfizer resisted adding the blindness warning to Viagra 's label . In July 2005 , the FDA said that Viagra , Levitra , and Cialis labels would all carry warnings on the risk of sudden blindness , though it was unclear whether the drugs were actually causing the blindness . = = = = Marketing = = = = Lilly Icos hired the Grey Worldwide Agency in New York , part of the Grey Global Group , to run the Cialis advertising campaign . Cialis advertisements were described as being gentler , warmer and with a more relaxed feel than those of its rivals , to reflect the longer duration of the drug . ( Tadalafil has a half @-@ life of 17 @.@ 5 hours , compared to 3 @.@ 5 for sildenafil and 4 @.@ 5 for vardenafil . ) Iconic themes in Cialis advertisements include couples in bathtubs and the slogan " When the moment is right , will you be ready ? " Cialis advertisements were unique among those of ED drugs in that they went beyond describing ED and mentioning the drug 's benefits . As a result , Cialis advertisements were also the first to describe side effects , as the FDA requires advertisements in support of a specific brand name to mention side effects ; ads for Levitra and Viagra did not mention the brand name of the drug , therefore circumventing this FDA requirement . One of the first advertisements for Cialis aired during the 2004 Super Bowl ; Lilly Icos paid more than $ 4 million for the one @-@ minute ad . Just weeks before the game , the FDA required more possible side effects , including priapism , to be listed in the advertisement . Although many parents objected to the ad being aired during the Super Bowl , Janet Jackson 's halftime " wardrobe malfunction " overshadowed Cialis . In January 2006 , a physician was added to the advertisements to describe side effects on @-@ screen , and Icos began running advertisements only where more than 90 percent of the audience was made up of adults , effectively ending Super Bowl advertisements . In 2004 , Lilly Icos , Pfizer , and GlaxoSmithKline spent a combined $ 373 @.@ 1 million to advertise Cialis , Viagra , and Levitra respectively . = = = Miscellaneous drugs = = = Icos developed several drugs whose purpose was to disrupt the process of inflammation in the body . The research program focused on the underlying causes of inflammation rather than specific disorders . The compounds developed by Icos were tested in clinical trials in the areas of sepsis , multiple sclerosis , ischemic stroke , heart attack , pancreatitis , pulmonary arterial hypertension , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , interstitial cystitis , psoriasis , hemorrhagic shock , sexual dysfunction , benign prostatic hyperplasia , rheumatoid arthritis , emphysema , chronic bronchitis , and acute respiratory distress syndrome . = = = = LeukArrest = = = = Rovelizumab , trade @-@ named LeukArrest and also known as Hu23F2G , was developed to treat patients suffering from hemorrhagic shock , which is caused by massive blood loss . The drug is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the recruitment of white blood cells to the site of inflammation . During testing , few patients were given the drug , because LeukArrest had to be administered within four hours of the injury and informed consent was required ; patients were often unconscious , and relatives had to be reached to give consent . In June 1998 , Icos and many medical centers asked the FDA to waive consent requirements in situations where the patient was at high risk of dying and relatives could not be reached . While some medical ethicists opposed waiving consent , the FDA approved the proposal in August 1998 for five medical centers . Development of LeukArrest was halted in April 2000 when interim data from phase III clinical trials did not meet Icos 's goals of significantly reducing the chance of multiple organ failure and reducing the death rate from shock at 28 days . LeukArrest was also tested unsuccessfully for treatment of heart attack , multiple sclerosis , and stroke . = = = = Pafase = = = = Pafase , also known as rPAF @-@ AH , was developed to treat severe sepsis . Pafase is the recombinant form of platelet @-@ activating factor acetylhydrolase ( PAF @-@ AH , also known as lipoprotein @-@ associated phospholipase A2 ) , an enzyme made naturally by macrophages and found in human blood . PAF @-@ AH inactivates platelet @-@ activating factor , a phospholipid that plays a role in the inflammation seen in sepsis . The enzyme was discovered in the mid @-@ 1980s by graduate student Diana Stafforini and researchers Steve Prescott , Guy Zimmerman , and Tom McIntyre at the University of Utah . The gene that codes for Pafase was discovered by Icos . Early trials for sepsis showed that the drug reduced the death rate after 28 days and patients were less likely to develop severe respiratory problems . Icos also tested Pafase for acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ) . In phase II trials for ARDS , Pafase reduced the death rate after 28 days and reduced the chance that the lungs of the patient would fail . However , Icos halted development in December 2002 when interim data from phase III trials for sepsis showed that the drug did not help patients survive . Scientists at Northwestern University later studied Pafase for necrotizing enterocolitis , and there is ongoing research on the enzyme for atherosclerosis at the University of Utah . = = = = Sitaxentan sodium and TBC3711 = = = = In June 2000 , Icos and Texas Biotechnology formed a 50 / 50 partnership to research endothelin receptor antagonists for use in the areas of pulmonary hypertension and chronic heart failure . Two drugs , sitaxentan sodium ( also spelled sitaxsentan ) and TBC3711 , were tested in clinical trials under the partnership . Sitaxentan was designed to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension , and TBC3711 was designed to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension . In April 2003 , Icos sold its part of the 50 / 50 partnership , including any share of sitaxentan and TBC3711 , to Texas Biotechnology for $ 4 million at closing and another $ 6 million within 18 months . Sitaxentan sodium was later approved in Europe , Canada , and Australia , and was marketed under the brand name Thelin . In 2010 , Thelin was voluntarily withdrawn from the market worldwide due to concerns about irreversible liver damage . = = = = Other drugs tested in clinical trials = = = = Icos tested many other drugs that were not approved . They are : ICM3 , an antibody blocking ICAM @-@ 3 , designed to treat psoriasis . IC14 , an antibody blocking CD14 , designed to treat sepsis . IC747 and IC776 , two LFA @-@ 1 antagonists , designed to treat psoriasis . Resiniferatoxin ( RTX ) , a naturally occurring capsaicin analog , designed to treat interstitial cystitis . IC485 , a PDE4 inhibitor , designed to treat emphysema , chronic bronchitis , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , and rheumatoid arthritis . IC83 , a CHK @-@ 1 inhibitor , designed to enhance chemotherapy . = = = Manufacturing = = = Icos manufactured many antibodies for various companies . In August 2001 , the company partnered with Seattle Genetics to manufacture a component of their top experimental antibody drug SGN @-@ 15 . In November 2001 , Icos signed a production agreement with GPC Biotech to manufacture a class of GPC 's antibodies that targeted B @-@ cell lymphomas . In January 2002 , Icos signed an agreement with Eos Biotechnology , under which Icos would produce Eos 's most promising monoclonal antibody candidate , and Eos would have non @-@ exclusive rights to Icos 's CHEF1 enhanced mammalian protein production technology . Eos 's antibody inhibited angiogenesis ( the formation of new blood vessels ) and was being researched as a treatment for solid tumors . In October 2003 , Icos partnered with Protein Design Labs to manufacture their M200 antibody . = = Acquisition by Eli Lilly = = After Icos 's experimental drugs failed in clinical trials , Eli Lilly was in a prime position to purchase the company . In October 2006 , Eli Lilly announced that it had reached terms to acquire Icos for $ 2 @.@ 1 billion , or $ 32 a share . After receiving pressure from large institutional shareholders as well as proxy advisory firm Institutional Shareholder Services ( ISS ) suggesting the deal should be rejected , Lilly increased its offer to $ 2 @.@ 3 billion or $ 34 per share , a 6 % increase . Again , resistance was voiced by some large shareholders , and ISS advised shareholders against accepting the new offer , which it still deemed insufficient . On January 25 , 2007 , at a special meeting , 77 % of the shareholders voted in support of the acquisition . Eli Lilly closed the transaction to acquire Icos for $ 2 @.@ 3 billion on January 29 , 2007 . As a result of the acquisition , Eli Lilly gained complete ownership of Cialis , and promptly shut down Icos operations and laid off Icos personnel , except for 127 employees working at the biologics facility . Icos was the largest biotechnology company in the state of Washington at the time of the acquisition , and employed around 700 people . In December 2007 , CMC Biopharmaceuticals A / S , a Copenhagen @-@ based provider of contract biomanufacturing services , bought the Bothell biologics facility and retained the existing 127 employees . = = = Controversy = = = In addition to the layoff of Icos employees , other aspects of the acquisition were equally controversial , such as assertions that Icos was being sold too cheaply and that conflicts of interest existed . The latter related to Icos senior executives , who – despite poor stock performance , in part from failed clinical development programs and an inability to successfully license drugs over the preceding years – were to be massively compensated upon a successful acquisition . Senior executives at Icos received cash payments worth a combined $ 67 @.@ 8 million for selling the company to Eli Lilly . Icos chairman , chief executive , and president Paul Clark received " a ' golden parachute ' worth $ 23 @.@ 2 million in severance pay , cashed @-@ out stock options , restricted stock awards and other bonuses for retention and closing the deal . " Nine senior Icos executives received similar packages , each worth more than $ 1 million . = Amnesiac ( album ) = Amnesiac is the fifth studio album by the English rock band Radiohead , released on 5 June 2001 internationally by Parlophone and in the United States by Capitol Records . Recorded during the same sessions for the band 's previous album Kid A ( 2000 ) and produced by Nigel Godrich , the album incorporates similar influences of electronic music , 20th century classical music , jazz and krautrock . Its lyrics and artwork explore themes influenced by ancient Greek and Egyptian mythology . Bassist Colin Greenwood described Amnesiac as having " more traditional Radiohead @-@ type songs together with more experimental , non @-@ lyrical based instrumental @-@ type stuff as well . " Singer Thom Yorke described it as " another take on Kid A , a form of explanation . " Three singles were released from the album , which were " Pyramid Song " , " I Might Be Wrong " and " Knives Out " . The album debuted at # 1 on the UK Albums Chart and # 2 on the US Billboard 200 chart , and has sold over 900 @,@ 000 copies worldwide as of October 2008 . Though many critics considered it inferior to Kid A , Amnesiac received positive reviews and in 2012 Rolling Stone ranked the album at number 320 in their updated version of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . = = Recording = = Almost all of Amnesiac was recorded during the same sessions as its predecessor , Kid A , released eight months earlier in October 2000 . The sessions took place in Paris , Copenhagen , and in Radiohead 's Oxfordshire studio from January 1999 to mid @-@ 2000 . Unlike Radiohead 's previous " anthemic " rock albums , the sessions saw influences from electronic music , classical music , jazz and krautrock , using synthesisers , drum machines , ondes Martenot ( an early electronic instrument ) , strings and brass . Drummer Phil Selway said the Kid A and Amnesiac sessions had " two frames of mind ... a tension between our old approach of all being in a room playing together and the other extreme of manufacturing music in the studio . I think Amnesiac comes out stronger in the band @-@ arrangement way . " Strings , arranged by Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood , were performed by the Orchestra of St John 's and recorded in Dorchester Abbey , a 12th @-@ century church about five miles from Radiohead 's studio . The sessions produced more than twenty finished tracks . Radiohead considered releasing them as a series of EPs or a double album , but struggled to find a track listing that satisfied them . Guitarist Ed O 'Brien felt the material was too dense for a double album , and that listeners might skip tracks . Singer Thom Yorke said Radiohead split the work into two albums because " they cancel each other out as overall finished things . They come from two different places , I think ... In some weird way I think Amnesiac gives another take on Kid A , a form of explanation . " The band stressed that they saw Amnesiac not as a collection of B @-@ sides or " leftovers " from Kid A but an album in its own right . Only one track , " Life in a Glasshouse " , was recorded after Kid A was released . In late 2000 , Greenwood wrote to jazz trumpeter Humphrey Lyttelton to ask the Humphrey Lyttelton Band to play on the song , explaining that Radiohead were " a bit stuck " . Greenwood told MOJO : " We realised that we couldn 't play jazz . You know , we 've always been a band of great ambition with limited playing abilities . " Lyttelton agreed to help after his daughter showed him Radiohead 's 1997 album OK Computer . = = Music and lyrics = = " Packt Like Sardines in a Crushd Tin Box " is an electronic song built from compressed loops and vocals manipulated with pitch @-@ correcting processor Auto @-@ Tune to create a " nasal , depersonalised sound . " " Pyramid Song " was inspired by the Charlie Mingus song " Freedom " , with lyrics inspired by an exhibition of ancient Egyptian underworld art Yorke attended while the band was recording in Copenhagen and ideas of cyclical time discussed by Stephen Hawking and Buddhism . Selway said the song " ran counter to what had come before in Radiohead in lots of ways ... The constituent parts are all quite simple , but I think the way that they then blend gives real depth to the song . " " Pulk / Pull Revolving Doors " was built on a Roland MC @-@ 505 sequencer with loops of found sounds recorded in the OK Computer sessions . The band disabled the erase heads on their tape recorders so that the tape head repeatedly recorded over itself , creating a " ghostly " repeating melody . " The band used Auto @-@ Tune again to process speech into melody . Yorke described " You and Whose Army ? " as being " about someone who is elected into power by people and who then blatantly betrays them – just like Blair did . " Attempting to capture the " soft , warm , proto @-@ doowop sound " of the 1940s harmony group the Ink Spots , Radiohead muffled microphones with eggboxes and used the ondes Martenot 's resonating palme diffuseur loudspeaker to treat the vocals . MOJO described " I Might Be Wrong " as a " venomous guitar riff " over a " trance @-@ like metallic beat " . Colin Greenwood 's bassline was inspired by Chic bassist Bernard Edwards . The lyric " never look back " came from advice given to Yorke by his partner : " Be proud of what you 've done . Don 't look back and just carry on like nothing 's happened . Just let the bad stuff go . " According to a studio diary kept by O 'Brien , " Knives Out " took 373 days to record , " a ridiculously long gestation period for any song . " It was influenced by the guitar work of Johnny Marr of the Smiths . " Morning Bell / Amnesiac " is an alternative version of " Morning Bell " from Kid A. O 'Brien said that Radiohead often record and abandon different versions of songs , but that this version was " strong enough to bear hearing again . " On Radiohead 's official website , Yorke wrote that " Morning Bell / Amnesiac " was included on Amnesiac " because it came from such a different place from the other version . Because we only found it again by accident after having forgotten about it . Because it sounds like a recurring dream . It felt right . " " Dollars and Cents " was edited down from an eleven @-@ minute jam inspired by krautrock band Can . Colin Greenwood played a record by jazz musician Alice Coltrane over the recording , inspiring his brother Jonny to write a " Coltrane @-@ style " string arrangement . Yorke said the lyrics were " gibberish but they come out of ideas I 've been fighting with for ages about how people are basically just pixels on a screen , unknowingly serving this higher power which is manipulative and destructive , but we 're powerless because we can 't name it . " " Hunting Bears " is a short instrumental on electric guitar and synthesiser . " Like Spinning Plates " was constructed from components of another song , " I Will " , which Radiohead had tried to record in the same sessions . Unsatisfied with the results , which Yorke described as " dodgy Kraftwerk " , the band reversed the recording and used it to create a new track . Yorke said : " We 'd turned the tape around , and I was in another room , heard the vocal melody coming backwards , and thought , ' That 's miles better than the right way round ' , then spent the rest of the night trying to learn the melody . " Yorke sang the lyrics backwards ; this recording was in turn reversed to create " backwards @-@ sounding " vocals . " I Will " was later released in a different arrangement on Radiohead 's subsequent album Hail to the Thief ( 2003 ) . " Life in a Glasshouse " features jazz band the Humphrey Lyttelton Band . After listening to a demo of the song , trumpeter and bandleader Humphrey Lyttelton suggested arranging it in a New Orleans jazz funeral style . He described the song as starting " with me doing a sort of ad @-@ libbed , bluesy , minor key meandering , then it gradually gets so that we 're sort of playing real wild , primitive , New Orleans blues stuff . " According to Lyttelton , Radiohead " didn 't want it to sound like a slick studio production but a slightly exploratory thing of people playing as if they didn 't have it all planned out in advance . " The lyrics were inspired by a news story Yorke read of a celebrity 's wife so harassed by paparazzi that she papered her house windows with their photographs . = = Art and packaging = = Amnesiac 's cover art was created by Yorke and artist Stanley Donwood , who has worked with Radiohead since The Bends ( 1995 ) . It depicts a weeping minotaur of Greek mythology . Donwood said the artwork was inspired by " taking the train to London , getting lost and taking notes " . Likening London to the mythological labyrinth , he saw the city as " an imaginary prison , a place where you can walk around and you are the Minotaur of London , we are all the monsters , we are all half human half beast . We are trapped in this maze of this past . " For the " special limited edition " of the album , Donwood designed a hardback CD case in the style of a mislaid library book , and said : " We wanted it to be like a book . And someone made these pages in a book and it went into drawer in a desk and was forgotten about in the attic . And the attic was then forgotten . And visually and musically the album is about finding the book and opening the pages . " The special edition won a Grammy Award for Best Recording Package in the 44th Grammy Awards . = = Promotion and tour = = Unlike having released no singles for Kid A , Radiohead released three singles from Amnesiac — " Pyramid Song " , " I Might Be Wrong " and " Knives Out " — accompanied by music videos . In October 2000 , Radiohead began a world tour in support of Kid A , playing songs later released on Amnesiac . In June 2001 , they began the Amnesiac tour , incorporating their first North American tour in three years . Recordings from both tours are included on the live EP I Might Be Wrong : Live Recordings , released in November 2001 . = = Reception = = Amnesiac debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 with sales of 231 @,@ 000 , surpassing Radiohead 's 207 @,@ 000 first @-@ week sales of their previous album , Kid A. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan for shipments of 100 @,@ 000 copies across Japan . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , Amnesiac has an average score of 75 , five points lower than its sister album Kid A , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Pitchfork founder Ryan Schreiber wrote that " quality aside , the questionable sequencing of Amnesiac does little to hush the argument that the record is merely a thinly veiled b @-@ sides compilation ... Still , Amnesiac 's highlights were undeniably worth the wait , and easily overcome its occasional patchiness . " Guardian critic Alex Petridis wrote that " with the benefit of hindsight , Kid A 's wilful racket now recalls the clatter of a rattle being thrown from a pram . Tantrum over , Radiohead have returned to their role as the world 's most intriguing and innovative major rock band . " Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times felt that Amnesiac , compared to Kid A , " is a richer , more engaging record , its austerity and troubled vision enriched by a rousing of the human spirit . " AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that " where Kid A had shock on its side ... Amnesiac often plays as a hodgepodge " , albeit one with some " amazing moments " , and that the two " clearly derive from the same source and have the same flaws ... the division only makes the two records seem unfocused , even if the best of both records is quite stunning " . Robert Christgau of The Village Voice wrote that the album " makes a lot more sense if you 're already feeling down in the mouth " , assigning it a three @-@ star honorable mention rating . = = = Accolades = = = Several music publications ranked Amnesiac one of the best albums of 2001 . Q placed it among its top 50 , Rolling Stone ranked it the 10th , Kludge the 9th , the Village Voice Pazz and Jop poll the 6th , the Los Angeles Times the 5th , and Alternative Press ranked it best . In 2009 , Pitchfork ranked Amnesiac the 34th best album of the 2000s and Rolling Stone ranked it the 25th . In 2012 , Rolling Stone ranked Amnesiac 320th in its updated list of the The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . Amnesiac was nominated for the 2001 Mercury Music Prize , losing to PJ Harvey 's Stories from the City , Stories from the Sea , for which Yorke provided guest vocals . It was the fourth consecutive Radiohead album nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album , and the special edition won a Grammy Award for Best Recording Package in the 44th Grammy Awards . " Pyramid Song " was ranked one of the best tracks of the decade by Rolling Stone , the NME and Pitchfork . = = Reissue = = In 2007 , Radiohead left EMI , parent company of Parlophone , after failed contract negotiations . EMI retained the copyright to Radiohead 's back catalogue . After a period of being out of print on vinyl , EMI reissued a double @-@ LP of Amnesiac on 19 August 2008 , along with albums Kid A , Hail to the Thief and OK Computer as part of the " From the Capitol Vaults " series . On 31 August 2009 , EMI reissued Amnesiac in a 2 @-@ CD " Collector 's Edition " and a 2 @-@ CD 1 @-@ DVD " Special Collector 's Edition " . The first CD contains the original studio album ; the second CD collects B @-@ sides from Amnesiac singles and live performances ; the DVD contains music videos and a live television performance . Radiohead had no input into the reissue and the music was not remastered . In Pitchfork 's review of the reissue , Scott Plagenhoef wrote : " More than Kid A – and maybe more than any other LP of its time – Amnesiac is the kickoff of a messy , rewarding era ... disconnected , self @-@ aware , tense , eclectic , head @-@ turning – an overload of good ideas inhibited by rules , restrictions , and conventional wisdom . " = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Radiohead ( Colin Greenwood , Ed O 'Brien , Jonny Greenwood , Philip Selway , Thom Yorke ) . Notes = = Personnel = = Adapted from the Amnesiac liner notes . Radiohead Colin Greenwood Jonny Greenwood Ed O 'Brien Philip Selway Thom Yorke Additional musicians The Orchestra of St John 's conducted by John Lubbock – strings on " Pyramid Song " and " Dollars and Cents " On " Life in a Glasshouse " : Paul Bridge – double bass Jimmy Hastings – clarinet Humphrey Lyttelton – trumpet and bandleader Adrian Macintosh – drums Pete Strange – trombone Additional personnel Stanley Donwood – cover art and packaging Nigel Godrich – production and engineering Dan Grech @-@ Marguerat – engineering on " Life in a Glasshouse " Gerard Navarro – engineering Graeme Stewart – engineering = = Chart positions = = = = Certifications = = = Greek battleship Lemnos = Lemnos , sometimes spelled Limnos ( Greek : Θ / Κ Λήμνος ) , was a 13 @,@ 000 ton Mississippi @-@ class battleship originally built by the United States Navy in 1904 – 1908 . As Idaho , she was purchased by the Greek Navy in 1914 and renamed Lemnos , along with her sister Mississippi , renamed Kilkis . Lemnos was named for the Battle of Lemnos , a crucial engagement of the First Balkan War . Armed with a main battery of four 12 in ( 305 mm ) guns , Lemnos and her sister were the most powerful vessels in the Greek fleet . The ship saw limited action during World War I. Greece 's pro @-@ German monarch , Constantine I opted to remain neutral until October 1916 , when pressure from the Triple Entente forced him to abdicate in favor of a pro @-@ Entente government . For the remainder of the war , Lemnos operated solely as a harbor defense ship . In the aftermath of World War I , she saw service during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War and the Greco @-@ Turkish War of 1919 – 1922 . During the war with Turkey , Lemnos supported Greek landings in Turkey and participated in the final Greek sea @-@ borne withdrawal in 1922 . She remained in service until 1932 , when she was used as a barracks ship and subsequently disarmed . During the German invasion of Greece in 1941 , she and her sister were sunk in Salamis by German Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers . The two ships were ultimately raised and broken up for scrap after the end of the war . = = Design = = Lemnos was 382 feet ( 116 m ) long overall and had a beam of 77 ft ( 23 m ) and a draft of 24 ft 8 in ( 7 @.@ 52 m ) . She displaced 13 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 13 @,@ 000 long tons ; 14 @,@ 000 short tons ) as designed and up to 14 @,@ 465 t ( 14 @,@ 237 long tons ; 15 @,@ 945 short tons ) at full combat load . The ship was powered by two @-@ shaft vertical triple expansion engines and eight coal @-@ fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers rated at 10 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) and a top speed of 17 knots ( 20 mph ; 31 km / h ) . Lattice masts were installed in 1909 . She had a crew of 744 officers and enlisted men . The ship was armed with a main battery of four 12 in ( 305 mm ) L / 45 guns in two twin turrets , one on either end of the superstructure . Eight 8 in ( 203 mm ) L / 45 guns were mounted in four twin turrets , two on other side of the vessel amidships . The secondary battery was rounded out with eight 7 in ( 178 mm ) L / 45 guns mounted individually in casemates along the length of the hull . Close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats was protected by a battery of twelve 3 in ( 76 mm ) L / 50 guns , six 3 @-@ pounder guns and two 1 @-@ pounder guns . The ship 's armament system was completed by two 21 in ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes submerged in her hull . Lemnos and Kilkis were the most powerful vessels in the Greek Navy . = = Service history = = Laid down on 12 May 1904 , the ship was launched on 9 December 1905 and commissioned into the United States Navy on 1 April 1908 as USS Idaho . Greece became engaged in a naval arms race with the Ottoman Empire at the time ; the Ottomans had purchased a pair of German pre @-@ dreadnoughts — Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and Weissenburg in 1910 — and ordered dreadnought battleships from Britain in 1911 and 1914 . The Greek Navy ordered the dreadnought Salamis from Germany in 1913 and the dreadnought Basileus Konstantinos from France . As a stop @-@ gap measure , the Greeks purchased Mississippi and Idaho from the US Navy , for the sum of $ 12 @,@ 535 @,@ 276 @.@ 58 , on 30 June 1914 . The two ships were transferred to the Greek Navy in Newport News , Virginia the following month , Idaho and Mississippi becoming Lemnos and Kilkis , respectively . Lemnos and Kilkis quickly left the United States after their transfer in July 1914 , due to the rising tensions in Europe following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria the previous month . At the outbreak of World War I in at the end of the month , Greece 's pro @-@ German monarch , Constantine I , decided to remain neutral . The Entente powers landed troops in Salonika in 1915 , which was a source of tension between France and Greece . Ultimately , the French seized the Greek Navy on 19 October 1916 ( see Noemvriana and National Schism ) . Lemnos was reduced to a skeleton crew and had the breech blocks for her guns removed to render them inoperable . All ammunition and torpedoes were also removed . Ultimately , a pro @-@ Entente government under Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos replaced Constantine and declared war on the Central Powers . Lemnos , however , did not see active service with Greece 's new allies , and instead was used solely for harbor defense until the end of the war . After the end of World War I , Lemnos joined the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War and served with the Crimean Expedition . There , she aided the White Russians against the Communists . She then saw service during the Greco @-@ Turkish War , where she supported landings to seize Ottoman territory . The Ottoman Navy had been interned by the Allies after the end of World War I , and so provided no opposition to the Greek Navy 's activities . During this period , she also operated in the Black Sea to support the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . In April 1919 , Lemnos was present in Kaffa Bay , where she provided gunfire support to the Volunteer Army . On 22 April , aerial reconnaissance reported that the Red Army was massing in the town of Vladislovovka ; Lemnos and the British light cruiser HMS Caradoc bombarded the town , forcing the Soviet forces to withdraw . In February 1921 , Lemnos was stationed in Smyrna to support the occupation of the city . Operations came to a close in September 1922 when the Greek Army was forced to evacuate Smyrna by sea , along with a sizable number of civilians from Asia Minor . The fleet transported a total of 250 @,@ 000 soldiers and civilians during the evacuation . Lemnos departed Smyrna on the evening of 8 September with her sister Kilkis . While en route from Smyrna to mainland Greece , Captain Dimitrios Fokas , the commander of Lemnos , formed a Revolutionary Committee with Nikolaos Plastiras and Stylianos Gonatas , two colonels who supported Venizelos , who had been ousted in 1920 . The men launched the 11 September 1922 Revolution , and other vessels in the fleet mutinied in support of the coup . King Constantine I of Greece was forced to abdicate in favor of his son , George II . In 1932 , Lemnos was placed in inactive reserve ; sections of her armor plate was removed to build fortifications on the island of Aegina . She was disarmed in 1937 and thereafter used as a barracks ship . On 28 October 1940 , Italy invaded Greece , initiating the Greco @-@ Italian War as part of the Italian dictactor Benito Mussolini 's expansionist program . The Greek army quickly defeated the Italians and pushed them back to Albania . Less than two weeks later , the Italian fleet was badly damaged in the British Raid on Taranto , which significantly reduced the threat the Italian Regia Marina posed to the Greek fleet . Lemnos remained out of service , but spare guns from she and Kilkis were employed as coastal batteries throughout Greece . On 6 April 1941 , the German Wehrmacht invaded Greece to support its Italian ally in the stalemated conflict . The hulk of Lemnos was bombed in Salamis Naval Base by Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers on 23 April . The ship was beached to prevent her from sinking ; her wreck was broken up after the end of the war . = Up in the Air ( song ) = " Up in the Air " is a song recorded by American rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars , featured on their fourth studio album , Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams ( 2013 ) . Written by lead vocalist Jared Leto , who also produced the song with Steve Lillywhite , " Up in the Air " is as an introspective and passionate track reflecting upon human consciousness . It marked a departure from much of the band 's previous work as it incorporates a more electronic @-@ influenced sound as well as elements from new wave music . " Up in the Air " was released on March 18 , 2013 , as the lead single from the album . It premiered on the same day from the International Space Station , after being launched aboard a spacecraft loaded with scientific experiments and other equipments . Critical reception to the song was mostly positive , with much of the praise going to its sonic variety and introspective lyrics . The track peaked at number three on the Alternative Songs in the United States and garnered significant commercial outcomes internationally , reaching the top fifteen of Finland , Lebanon , Portugal , and Russia . The accompanying music video , directed by Leto , features conceptual imagery filled with references to different art forms . It received a largely positive response from critics , who lauded the video 's symbolic nature and visuals . It was nominated for numerous accolades , including three awards at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards , where it won Best Rock Video . Thirty Seconds to Mars performed " Up in the Air " on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and Conan , and included the song on the setlist of their Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams Tour and subsequent Carnivores Tour . = = Recording and composition = = " Up in the Air " was written by lead vocalist Jared Leto , who also produced the song with Steve Lillywhite . The latter had previously worked with Thirty Seconds to Mars on the production of the band 's third studio album , This Is War ( 2009 ) . The song was engineered by Jamie Reed Schefman and mixed by Serban Ghenea . John Hanes engineered it for mixing at Mixstar Studios in Virginia Beach , Virginia . The track features additional programming by Patrick Nissley . It was recorded at The International Centre for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences of Sound in Los Angeles , California and mastered by Howie Weinberg and Dan Gerbarg at Howie Weinberg Mastering . The song includes a contribution from the band 's fans , credited as the Knights of the White Shadow , who provide additional vocals recorded at the band 's studio . " Up in the Air " was described as an electronic rock song with new wave @-@ style keyboards . It opens with the sound of guitars , followed by drum beats , " kaleidoscopic " synthesizers and a chanted vocal part . After the first verse , which features a four on the floor pattern , the pre @-@ chorus follows , leading to an anthemic chorus as Jared Leto voices the lines " A thousand times I tempted fate / A thousand times I played this game / A thousand times that I have said today " . Kevin Rutherford of CBS Radio called the track a " swift rocker with slight electronic undertones " . Jeff Benjamin from Fuse felt that with its four @-@ on @-@ the @-@ floor beat , " dance @-@ y " synthesizers and trance effects , the song is " crafted for 2013 's EDM @-@ obsessed music world " . He noticed the piano drama and Leto 's melodramatic vocals about the " portrait of a tortured you and I " . Ryan Reed from Billboard acknowledged the band 's progression , considering the song a departure from the group 's previous arena @-@ friendly alternative rock sound . Kaitlyn Hodnicki from Stature magazine found the " seductive " throbbing beat of the track " completely at ease with Jared 's risqué lyrics " . Leto described " Up in the Air " as a passionate and energetic song that " feels really free " but also features the concept of constraint and tension , particularly evident in the line " I 'll wrap my hands around your neck so tight with love " . Leto explained that the lyric plays on two different levels , giving a sexual connotation to the line , but also the idea of power and control . He further said that the song " has to do with getting to a point in your life where you 're ready to let go of the past , embrace change and become more of who you really are " . = = Release = = In February 2013 , Thirty Seconds to Mars announced that " Up in the Air " would be the lead single from their fourth studio album Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams ( 2013 ) . In partnership with NASA , Thirty Seconds to Mars launched the first copy of " Up in the Air " aboard the Dragon spacecraft on SpaceX CRS @-@ 2 . The spacecraft carried a capsule loaded with more than 1 @,@ 200 pounds of scientific experiments , equipment and the first copy of the song . The mission was launched from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station atop a Falcon 9 rocket on March 1 , 2013 . On March 18 , 2013 , the single premiered from the International Space Station , after a Q & A session with the band and astronaut Thomas Marshburn that was broadcast worldwide on NASA TV and VyRT . Annise Parker , mayor of the city of Houston , proclaimed March 18 the Thirty Seconds to Mars Day . City Councilman James Rodriguez presented the proclamation to the band prior to their arrival at NASA . Jared Leto told MTV News that with the launch of the song into space the band wanted to start the new chapter of their career in an " appropriately massive manner " . He explained , " I had been speaking with NASA for quite some time about ways to find something creative to do together . And I presented them with this idea and here we are . " He described the experience as " phenomenal " and " mind @-@ blowing " . " Up in the Air " made its radio debut on March 18 and became commercially available for downloading the following day . = = Critical reception = = " Up in the Air " garnered mostly positive reviews from music critics . Kyle Anderson , writing for Entertainment Weekly , called the song a " throbbing modern @-@ rock anthem " which offers " visceral , hands @-@ up hedonism " . Lewis Corner from Digital Spy gave " Up in the Air " four stars out of five and commented that the band manages to retain its " trademark lad @-@ rock sound while rejuvenating it with chart @-@ friendly electronics " . Ryan Reed from Billboard echoed this sentiment , praising the sonic variety of the song . Emily Zemler , also writing for Billboard , cited the track as the best showcase for the " expansively epic tone " of the album . Chris Maguire of AltSounds regarded " Up in the Air " as the " perfect choice " for lead single , labelling it an " excellent " track . Johan Wippsson of Melodic magazine chose it as a highlight on Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams , and commended its " bombastic and huge choruses " . Brent Faulkner from PopMatters called " Up in the Air " an enjoyable song and praised Leto 's introspective lyrics . Writing for Stature magazine , Kaitlyn Hodnicki opined that the song is " littered " with choruses that " will sound epic live " . Joseph Atilano from the Philippine Daily Inquirer gave the song a positive review , noticing the band 's tendency to " explore and employ technological advances to diversify their sound and to keep them from becoming too predictable " . Adam Silverstein of Digital Spy named it a stand @-@ out track from the album and felt that songs like " Up in the Air " " power up the vibe " . John Watt from Drowned in Sound wrote that the track " briefly crackles with life " . He noticed the song 's verses driven forward by a " barrage of pulsing synths " and " Leto 's emotive wail " , but felt that the chorus was a " stuck round " which failed to " set the song alight " . Dan Slessor of Alternative Press wrote that the track sounded " just too easy " for the distinctive sound of the band . Andy Baber from musicOMH felt that " Up in the Air " continues the " pulsating start " to the album , noticing Leto 's " emotive wailings " abounding over " throbbing synths " . Tamar Anitai of MTV regarded the song as one of the band 's most complex and evocative works . = = Commercial performance = = In United States , " Up in the Air " debuted at number 13 on the Alternative Songs chart on April 6 , 2013 . It became the greatest gainer of the issue , after reaching six million listeners on more than sixty radio stations over its first week , according to Billboard . After ten weeks the song moved to number three , which became its peak . It held out of the top spot by " Safe and Sound " by Capital Cities and " Sweater Weather " by The Neighbourhood . The song entered the Rock Airplay chart at number nine . It moved to number four on June 1 , 2013 , and held the spot for three consecutive weeks . On the issue dated April 6 , 2013 , " Up in the Air " debuted on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number seven . " Up in the Air " reached a peak of number 45 on the UK Singles Chart and number 34 on the Scottish Singles Chart . Following the album release , the song rose to number 12 in Portugal and was the 20th best @-@ selling single of 2013 . It has since been certified gold by the Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa ( AFP ) , denoting sales of over 10 @,@ 000 units throughout the country . The track debuted at number four in Russia and reached number seven in Lebanon . In Finland , according to Nielsen SoundScan , the high digital sales placed the song at number ten on the national record chart . " Up in the Air " also peaked in the top 50 on several national record charts , including Spain , Austria , Germany and the Netherlands . = = Music video = = = = = Development = = = On January 30 , 2013 , Thirty Seconds to Mars posted on their website a casting call for extras and off @-@ road vehicles , announcing that they were preparing to shoot a short film for " Up in the Air " . The shooting took place from February 7 – 9 in Long Beach , California at an aerospace manufacturing building . The video was directed by Jared Leto under his Dr. Seuss @-@ inspired pseudonym Bartholomew Cubbins . After filming , Leto revealed that the short film includes art from Damien Hirst , whose painting Isonicotinic Acid Ethyl Ester ( 2010 – 11 ) appears on the cover of Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams . In an interview with MTV News , he unveiled that the crew recruited scores of extras and a number of surrealist street performers to appear in the video . However , he did not reveal much about its concept . The short film was produced by Jared Leto and Emma Ludbrook through Sisyphus Corporation . It was edited by Leto , Eric Greenburg , Matt Briones , and Forrest Borie . Devid Levlin served as director of photography . A lyric video for " Up in the Air " was released on March 20 , 2013 on Vevo . It features footage taken from the International Space Station as it orbits Earth . Upon release , James Montgomery from MTV commented that the band " has definitely helped move the lyric video concept forward " . He wrote , " filled with eye @-@ popping time @-@ lapse photography [ ... ] the clip skims along the surface of the earth , providing the viewer with unbelievable images of aurorae borealis , lightning storms and vast grids of twinkling city lights " . The following day , Thirty Seconds to Mars teased a preview of the short film . After several weeks of editing , the band premiered the video for " Up in the Air " on April 19 , 2013 . It was preceded by a series of teasers released through the week . = = = Concept = = = The short film for " Up in the Air " features a montage of symbolic imagery using quick @-@ hitting shots . It includes burlesque dancer Dita Von Teese riding a mechanical bull , gymnasts Jordyn Wieber and McKayla Maroney showing off their abilities , performers from Cirque du Soleil , and an assorted array of individuals . It also features a colored chalk fight and a number of animals . Jared Leto described the video as a " celebration of art and movement " . He further referred to it as a " bizarre and hallucinogenic journey through an incredibly surreal landscape " . The short film also features the concept of anti @-@ dancing , which Leto regarded as a way through which the gymnasts ' artistry and abilities manifest themselves . He explained , " I really wanted to capture the artistry and the commitment of what these girls do . What they 're able to do with their bodies is just unreal . It 's incredible . Flawless . [ ... ] You can see the dedication , the time , the energy , the work . " Writing for MTV , Tamar Anitai found the video " highly conceptual " and noted that beyond the " hypnagogic imagery " and " expensive gallery pieces " , the underlying meaning of the short film seems to be " finding the beauty in the bizarre " and the " tension of power dynamics " . She felt that Leto created a " surreal visual fantasia " and interpreted the colored chalk fight near the end of the video as a " call to make art , not war " . James Montgomery of MTV wrote that although " every frame is like a photograph [ ... ] they are all intrinsically linked " . He felt that when combined , the singular images form a " powerfully cohesive unit " , explaining that " they tell a story , convey emotions ( lust , loss , sadness , desire , anger , etc ) without speaking a word " . Chad Childers from Loudwire commented that the meaning of the video is left open to the viewer 's interpretation . = = = Response and accolades = = = The video received highly positive response from music critics . RJ Cubarrubia from Rolling Stone commented that Leto tapped into his cinematic spirit creating a series of " striking visuals " connected by the " extravagant " track . In his review for Loudwire , Chad Childers labelled it a " decadent " short film that " definitely does capture the eye " . Tamar Anitai from MTV was impressed with the video and praised the visual experience , calling it a " living , breathing , spectacular art installation " . John Longbottom from Kerrang ! magazine regarded the short film as one of the " finest works " by Thirty Seconds to Mars , calling it " simply colossal " . Contactmusic.com felt that the " stunning " video is a " sublime return to form " . Hayley Avron from the website found Dita Von Teese 's appearance " steamy " . Writing for MTV , James Montgomery commented that the video " speeds along on striking visuals — bright colors , sinewy bodies , vast expanses , prowling beasts — and Leto 's deft directorial choices " . Steven Gottlieb from VideoStatic opined that the short film is " massive in every way " , praising its production . Emily Zempler , writing for The Hollywood Reporter , called the video " expansive " and " lavish " , and lauded its dramatic visual imagery . Joseph Atilano from the Philippine Daily Inquirer commended its concept " full of images that represent deep emotions and various states of mind — all of which would get our brains working " . Bethany Lee from 106 @.@ 3 The Buzz found it " interesting and mesmerizing to watch " . He deemed Von Teese 's appearance a highlight of the short film . On July 17 , 2013 , the video received three nominations at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards in the categories of Best Art Direction , Best Cinematography , and Best Rock Video . It went on to win the latter . At the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards , it was nominated for Best Video . " Up in the Air " also garnered nominations for the MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Group Video and the Kerrang ! Award for Best Video . It competed at the 2013 Camerimage , where it was nominated for Best Music Video and Best Cinematography in a Music Video . = = Live performances = = " Up in the Air " was first performed at special concerts , dubbed as Church of Mars , in May 2013 , shortly before the release of the album . It later became a signature part of the opening stages of the Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams Tour which followed , usually appearing as the ultimate song or during the encore . Throughout the tour , Jared Leto chose audience members to join Thirty Seconds to Mars on stage for " Up in the Air " . The song was later moved to the beginning of the setlist as a set opener along with " O Fortuna " , a movement from Carl Orff 's scenic cantata Carmina Burana . Fans and critics responded favorably to the song in a live setting . Danny Crandall of The Sun Chronicle commended the theatrics of the performance , while Grace Carroll from Gigwise noted that until the last note of the song , Leto had the audience " completely in the palm of his hand " . " Up in the Air " was performed on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on May 21 , 2013 , where the band also played " Kings and Queens " from This Is War . A CBS Radio writer commented that the performance " blew everybody away " . On May 22 , 2013 , the song was performed on Conan . Thirty Seconds to Mars performed " Up in the Air " at multiple major festivals , including Rock Werchter , Pinkpop , Download , Rock am Ring and Rock im Park , which saw the band playing as headline act . The song was also included in the Carnivores Tour , a tour on which Thirty Seconds to Mars co @-@ headlined with Linkin Park , and usually appeared at the beginning of the set . = = Track listing = = = = Credits and personnel = = Recording and management Recorded at The International Centre for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences of Sound , Los Angeles , California Engineered for Mix at Mixstar Studios , Virginia Beach , Virginia Mastered at Howie Weinberg Mastering , Los Angeles , California Published by Apocraphex Music ( ASCAP ) / Universal Music – Z Tunes , LLC ( ASCAP ) All rights administered by Universal Music – Z Tunes , LLC Personnel Credits adapted from Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams album liner notes . = = Charts and certifications = = = = Release history = = = Sitatunga = The sitatunga or marshbuck ( Tragelaphus spekii ) is a swamp @-@ dwelling antelope found throughout central Africa , centering on the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Cameroon , parts of Southern Sudan , Ghana , Botswana , Zambia , Gabon , Tanzania , Uganda and Kenya . The species was first described by the English explorer John Hanning Speke in 1863 . The sitatunga is a medium @-@ sized antelope . Males reach approximately 81 – 116 cm ( 32 – 46 in ) at the shoulder , while females reach 72 – 90 cm ( 28 – 35 in ) . Males typically weigh 76 – 119 kg ( 168 – 262 lb ) , while females weigh 24 – 57 kg ( 53 – 126 lb ) . The sitatunga has a shaggy , water @-@ resistant coat which varies in colour . The body and feet of this antelope are specially adapted to its swampy habitat . Only the males possess horns ; these are spiral in shape , have one or two twists and are 45 – 92 cm ( 18 – 36 in ) long . Sitatunga are active mainly during the early hours after dawn , the last one or two hours before dusk , and night . They are not territorial . Sitatunga are selective in what they eat and feed mainly on new foliage , fresh grasses , aquatic plants , sedges and browse . Females are sexually mature by one year of age , while males take one and a half years to mature . Breeding occurs throughout the year but peaks in the dry season . Gestation lasts for nearly eight months , after which generally a single calf is born . Lifespan recorded in captivity averages 22 to 23 years . The sitatunga is confined to swampy and marshy habitats . Here they occur in tall and dense vegetation as well as seasonal swamps , marshy clearings in forests , riparian thickets and mangrove swamps . Habitat loss is the most severe threat to the survival of the sitatunga . The species has been classified under the Least Concern category by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) , and under Appendix III ( Ghana ) of the Washington Convention ( CITES ) . Though the population is sporadic in some countries , the animal is common in many areas such as the Okavango Delta and Bangweulu Swamp . = = Taxonomy and genetics = = The scientific name of the sitatunga is Tragelaphus spekii . The species was first described by the English explorer John Hanning Speke in 1863 . Speke first observed the sitatunga at a lake named " Little Windermere " ( now Lake Lwelo , located in Kagera , Tanzania ) . In his book Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile , Speke called the animal " nzoé " ( Kiswahili name for the animal ) or " water @-@ boc " ( due to its resemblance to the waterbuck ) . The scientific name has often been misstated as T. spekei , and either Speke or Sclater is referred to as the binomial authority . Speke had stated in a footnote in his book that the species had been named Tragelaphus spekii by English zoologist Philip Sclater . However , according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( Article 50 @.@ 1 @.@ 1 ) and the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature , that acknowledge the person who first described the species , simply declaring Sclater as the authority in a footnote is insufficient to recognise him as the author . Hence , Speke was recognised as the correct authority and T. spekii ( where spekii is the genitive of the Latinised " Spekius " ) was considered the correct name for the species . The sitatunga is placed under the genus Tragelaphus and in the family Bovidae . In 2005 , Sandi Willows @-@ Munro of the University of KwaZulu @-@ Natal ( Durban ) carried out a mitochondrial analysis of the nine Tragelaphus species. mtDNA and nDNA data were compared . The results showed that sitatunga plus bongo ( T. eurycerus ) form a monophyletic clade with the mountain nyala ( T. buxtoni ) and kéwel ( T. scriptus ) . The greater kudu ( T. strepsiceros ) split from this clade approximately 8 @.@ 6 million years ago . Within Tragelaphus , the kéwel , bongo , sitatunga and nyala ( T. angasii ) are particularly close relatives . The bushbuck , that includes both imbabala ( T. sylvaticus ) and kéwel , and sitatunga are genetically similar enough to hybridise . Hybrids between bongo and sitatunga have proved to be fertile . The sitatunga is more variable in its general characters than any other member of the tribe Strepsicerotini , that consists of the genera Taurotragus ( elands ) and Tragelaphus , probably because of their confinement to swampy and marshy habitats . On the basis of physical characteristics such as hair texture , coat colour and the coat stripes , up to ten subspecies of the sitatunga have been described . However , these factors may not be reliable since hair texture could vary with the climate , while pelage colour and markings vary greatly among individuals . Moreover , the coat might darken and the stripes and spots on it might fade with age , especially in males . The species might even be monotypic , however , based on different drainage systems , three distinct subspecies are currently recognised : T. s. spekii ( Speke , 1863 ) : Nile sitatunga or East African sitatunga . Found in the Nile watershed . T. s. gratus ( Sclater , 1880 ) : Congo sitatunga or forest sitatunga . Found in western and central Africa . T. s. selousi ( W. Rothschild , 1898 ) : Southern sitatunga or Zambezi sitatunga . Found in southern Africa . = = Description = = The sitatunga is a medium @-@ sized antelope . It is sexually dimorphic , with males considerably larger than females . The head @-@ and @-@ body length is typically between 136 – 177 cm ( 54 – 70 in ) in males and 104 – 146 cm ( 41 – 57 in ) in females . Males reach approximately 81 – 116 cm ( 32 – 46 in ) at the shoulder , while females reach 72 – 90 cm ( 28 – 35 in ) . Males typically weigh 76 – 119 kg ( 168 – 262 lb ) , while females weigh 24 – 57 kg ( 53 – 126 lb ) . The tail is 14 – 37 cm ( 5 @.@ 5 – 14 @.@ 6 in ) long . The saucer @-@ shaped ears are 11 – 17 cm ( 4 @.@ 3 – 6 @.@ 7 in ) long . The sitatunga is almost indistinguishable from the nyala , except in pelage and spoor . Speke pointed out that , though " closely allied " to the waterbuck , the sitatunga lacks stripes and is spotted instead . The coat colour varies geographically , but , in general , is a rufous red in juveniles and chestnut in females . There are white facial markings , as well as several stripes and spots all over , though they are only faintly visible . White patches can be seen on the throat , near the head and the chest . A pair of inguinal scent glands are present . The coats of males darken with age , becoming gray to dark brown . Males develop a rough and scraggy mane , usually brown in colour , and a white dorsal stripe . There is a chevron between the eyes of the males . The body and legs of this antelope are specially adapted to its swampy habitat . The hooves of the male are elongated and widely splayed . The rubbery , shaggy , water @-@ repellent coat is minimally affected by slimy and muddy vegetation . The wedge @-@ like shape and lowering of the head , coupled with the backward bend of the horns ( in males ) provides for easy navigation through dense vegetation . The pasterns are flexible , and the hooves , banana @-@ like in shape , can reach a length of up to 16 cm ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) in the hindlegs and 18 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) in the forelegs . The pointed toes allow it to walk slowly and almost noiselessly through the water . Moreover , the colour of the coat provides an excellent camouflage . Hearing is acute , and the ears are so structured that the animal can accurately determine the direction from where a sound has originated . This adaptation is of profound use in habitats where long sight is of very little value due to the density and darkness of the environment . = = Ecology and behaviour = = Sitatunga are active mainly during the early hours after dawn , the last one or two hours before dusk , and at night , and spend a large part of this time feeding . Basically sedentary , they rest in flat areas and reed beds , especially during the hotter part of the day . They seldom leave their swamp habitat during the daytime . Though sitatunga commonly form pairs or remain solitary , larger groups have also been observed . A study in Kenya recorded a herd of as many as nine individuals , comprising an adult male , four females and four juveniles . Loose groups may be formed but interaction among individuals is very low . Individuals generally associate only with their own sex . The sitatunga is not territorial . Males may engage in locking horns with other males and attacking vegetation using their horns . They may perform feinting by raising their forelegs with the hindlegs rooted in the ground as a threat display . Sitatunga interact with each other by first touching their noses , which may be followed by licking each other and nibbling . Alarmed animals may stand motionless , with the head held high and one leg raised . Sitatunga may occasionally emit a series of coughs or barks , usually at night , which may cause other animals to join in , and these sounds can be heard across the swamp . This barking may be used by females to warn off other females . Males often utter a low bellow on coming across a female or a herd of females in the mating season . A low @-@ pitched squeak may be uttered while feeding . Mothers communicate with their calves by bleats . Sitatunga can feed or rest close to southern lechwe herds , but do not interact with them . They often attract yellow @-@ billed oxpeckers , African jacanas and great egrets . Sitatunga are good swimmers , but limit themselves to water with profuse vegetation in order to escape crocodiles . In some cases , for instance when troubled by flies or pursued by predators , the sitatunga might fully submerge themselves in the water except for the nose and the eyes , which they keep slightly above the water surface . Due to its close association with water , the sitatunga are often described as " aquatic antelopes " , like the waterbuck . They often dry themselves under the sun after feeding in water . Predators of the sitatunga include lions , wild dogs , crocodiles and leopards . = = = Diet = = = Sitatunga are selective and mixed feeders . They feed mainly on new foliage , fresh grasses , sedges and browse . Preferred plants include : bullrushes ( Typha ) , sedges ( Cyperus ) , aquatic grasses ( Vossia , Echinochloa , Pennisetum , Leersia , Acroceras and Panicum . Species in Umbelliferae and Acanthaceae are preferred in Saiwa Swamp National Park ( Kenya ) , and Fabaceae species are preferred in Bangweulu and Busanga ( in Kafue National Park ) . They feed mostly in the wetland fringes . Diet preferences may vary seasonally in swamps where water levels change notably . Like the gerenuk , the sitatunga may stand on its hindlegs to reach higher branches of trees , or even use its horns to pull down the branches . A study recorded forty major species eaten by the animal , the majority of which were herbs . Sweet potato was the most preferred crop . The study predicted an increase in preference for crops due to seasonal food variations . Another study showed that annual floods affect the seasonal movement and diet of the species . These floods force the animals out of the reed beds onto the flooded grasslands when the water levels are high . At low water levels the cattle take over the flooded plains and send the sitatunga back to their original place . = = = Reproduction = = = Females are sexually mature by one year of age , while males take one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year before they mature . Breeding occurs throughout the year . When females gather , the males compete among each other for the right to mate , showing polygyny in males . The rutting male approaches the female in a lower bending posture , sniffing her vulva . The female may move slowly or react nervously . Even if the female flees , the male continues pursuing her steadily , without showing any sign of hurry . A receptive female will raise her head with her mouth wide open , following which the male will begin attempts at mounting . At the time of mounting the female lowers her head , while the male first bends and then straightens his forelegs and rests his head and neck on her back . The two remain together for one or two days , during which time the male ensures that no other male can approach the female . Gestation lasts for nearly eight months , after which generally a single calf is born . Parturition occurs throughout the year , though a peak may occur in the dry season . Calves are hidden adroitly , and brought out of cover only in the presence of many other sitatunga . The mother gazes and nods at the calf to summon it for nursing . A calf follows its mother about even after she has given birth to another calf . The mother suckles and licks her calf for about six months . The calf takes time to master the specialised gait of the sitatunga , and thus often loses its balance and falls in water . Males , and even some females , have been observed to leave their herds even before reaching sexual maturity due to intrasexual competition . Lifespan recorded in captivity averages 22 to 23 years . = = Habitat and distribution = = The sitatunga is an amphibious antelope ( meaning it can live on both land and water ) confined to swampy and marshy habitats . They occur in tall and dense vegetation of perennial as well as seasonal swamps , marshy clearings in forests , riparian thickets and mangrove swamps . Sitatunga move along clearly marked tracks in their swampy habitat , often leading to reed beds . These tracks , up to 7 m ( 23 ft ) wide , can lead to feeding grounds and nearby riverine forests . The sitatunga hold small home ranges near water bodies In savannas , they are typically found in stands of papyrus and reeds ( Phragmites species and Echinochloa pyramidalis ) . They share their habitat with the Nile lechwe in the Sudd swamps and with the southern lechwe in Angola , Botswana and Zambia . The sitatunga is native to Angola , Benin , Botswana , Burundi , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , The Democratic Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea @-@ Bissau , Kenya , Mozambique , Namibia , Nigeria , Rwanda , Senegal , South Sudan , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia and Zimbabwe . It is extinct in Niger , where it formerly occurred in the Lake Chad region , and is feared to be extinct in Togo , where its habitat has been taken over by dense human settlements . While it is localised and sporadic in western Africa , the sitatunga is still common in the forests of central Africa and certain swampy regions in central , eastern and southern Africa . = = Threats and conservation = = Habitat loss is the most severe threat to the survival of the sitatunga . Other threats include the increasing loss of wetlands , that has isolated populations ; and long @-@ term changes in the water level , that affects the nearby vegetation and thus bears upon their diet . Vast areas of Bangweulu and Busanga are burnt every year , placing animals like the sitatunga at grave risk given the inflammability of swamps . The sitatunga has been classified under the Least Concern category by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) , and under Appendix III ( Ghana ) of the Washington Convention ( CITES ) . In Senegal , intensive hunting for meat and habitat degradation have made the sitatunga very rare . Formerly it was common throughout Gambia , but now it is confined to a few inaccessible swamps ; a population has been introduced in the Abuko Nature Reserve . On the other hand , though the animal is hunted by locals primarily for food , Botswana still supports a large portion of the total population . The species is of great economic significance for northern Botswana , that produces some of the world 's biggest sitatunga trophies . Its status is unclear in Chad , Ghana , Guinea , Burundi and Mozambique and Zimbabwe . Significant populations still exist in countries such as Cameroon , Central African Republic , The Democratic Republic of Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Tanzania and Zambia . The inaccessibility of its habitat has rendered population estimates very difficult . In 1999 , Rod East of the IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group estimated a total population of 170 @,@ 000 , but this is likely to be an overestimate . Its numbers are decreasing in areas of heavy human settlement , but are stable elsewhere . Around 40 percent of the populations ( based on the overestimate of 170 @,@ 000 ) occurs in protected areas , mainly in Okavango Delta and Linyanti and Chobe swamps ( Botswana ) ; Dja Faunal Reserve and Lobéké National Park ( Cameroon ) ; Bangassou ( Central African Republic ) ; Odzala National Park , Lake Télé Community Reserve , Likouala and Salongo ( The Democratic Republic of Congo ) ; Monte Alén National Park ( Equatorial Guinea ) ; Saiwa Swamp National Park ( Kenya ) ; Akagera National Park ( Rwanda ) ; Moyowosi and Kigosi Game Reserves ( Tanzania ) ; Bangweulu and Busanga swamps ( Zambia ) . However , only a few are of these parks and reserves are well @-@ protected and managed . = 2004 World Series = The 2004 World Series , the 100th World Series , featured the American League ( AL ) champions Boston Red Sox against the National League ( NL ) champions St. Louis Cardinals . The Red Sox defeated the Cardinals by four games to none in the best @-@ of @-@ seven series , played at Fenway Park and Busch Memorial Stadium . The series was played from October 23 – 27 , 2004 , broadcast on Fox , and watched by an average of just under 25 @.@ 5 million viewers . The Cardinals earned their berth into the playoffs by winning the National League Central , and had the best win – loss record in the National League . The Red Sox won the American League wild card to earn theirs . The Cardinals reached the World Series by defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers in the best @-@ of @-@ five National League Division Series and the Houston Astros in the best @-@ of @-@ seven Championship Series ( NLCS ) . The Red Sox defeated the Anaheim Angels in the American League Division Series . After being down three games to none to the New York Yankees , they came back to win the 2004 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) and advanced to their first World Series since 1986 . The Cardinals made their first appearance in the World Series since 1987 . The Red Sox won the World Series for the first time since 1918 , which ended the " Curse of the Bambino " , a curse that was supposed to have been inflicted on the team when Babe Ruth was sold to the Yankees in 1919 . With the New England Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII , the World Series made Boston the first city to have Super Bowl and World Series championship teams in the same year ( 2004 ) since Pittsburgh in 1979 . Mark Bellhorn helped the Red Sox win Game 1 with a home run , while starter Curt Schilling led the team to a Game two victory by pitching six innings and allowing just one run . The Red Sox won the first two games despite committing four errors in each . The Red Sox won Game three , aided by seven shutout innings by Pedro Martínez . A home run by Johnny Damon in the first inning helped to win Game four for the Red Sox to secure the series . The Cardinals did not lead in any of the games in the series . Manny Ramírez was named the series ' Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . When each team next played in a World Series , both won their respective series — the Cardinals in 2006 ( two years later ) and the Red Sox in 2007 . When the Cardinals won , Tony La Russa joined Sparky Anderson as the only men to have managed World Series championship teams in both leagues , a feat he failed to achieve in 2004 . The Red Sox and Cardinals faced each other again in the 2013 World Series , which the Red Sox also won . = = Route to the series = = = = = Red Sox = = = The Red Sox had lost in the previous season 's American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees . The loss was mainly blamed on the decision by then @-@ manager Grady Little to keep starting pitcher Pedro Martínez in the game in the 8th inning of Game 7 , and Little was fired two weeks later . During the off @-@ season , the Red Sox hired Terry Francona as their new manager . They also signed Keith Foulke as their closer and traded for Curt Schilling as a starting pitcher . The Red Sox played two particularly notable games against the Yankees during the regular season . A game on July 1 , in which they came back from a 3 @-@ run deficit to force extra innings , is best remembered for an incident in the 12th inning , when Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter made a catch on the run before hurling himself head @-@ first into the stands . The Yankees won the game in the next inning to take an 8 @-@ game lead in the American League East . In the 3rd inning of a game on July 24 , Red Sox pitcher Bronson Arroyo hit Yankees batter Alex Rodriguez with one of his pitches . As Rodriguez walked towards first base , he began shouting profanities at Arroyo . Red Sox catcher Jason Varitek positioned himself between the two players . After a brief argument , Varitek pushed his glove into Rodriguez ' face , causing a bench @-@ clearing brawl . The Red Sox eventually won the game thanks to a home run by Bill Mueller in the 9th inning . On July 31 , the Red Sox traded shortstop Nomar Garciaparra to the Chicago Cubs after he had spent eight years with the team . They acquired shortstop Orlando Cabrera and first baseman Doug Mientkiewicz in this trade . They won the wild card to earn a place in the post @-@ season for the second year in a row . In the divisional round of the playoffs , the Red Sox faced the Anaheim Angels in a best @-@ of @-@ five series . They won Game 1 largely thanks to a 7 @-@ run 4th inning , and went on to sweep the series . In the 7th inning of Game 3 , with the Red Sox leading by 4 , Vladimir Guerrero tied the game for the Angels with a grand slam . However , David Ortiz won the series with a walk @-@ off home run in the 10th . In the American League Championship Series , the Red Sox lost the first three games against the New York Yankees and were trailing in Game 4 when they began the 9th inning . Kevin Millar was walked by Yankees closer Mariano Rivera . Dave Roberts then came into the game to pinch run for Millar and stole second base . Mueller then singled to enable him to tie the game . Another walk @-@ off home run by Ortiz won the game for the Red Sox in the 12th inning . Ortiz ' single in the 14th inning of Game 5 scored the winning run for the Red Sox , in what was the longest post @-@ season game in baseball history . Despite having a dislocated ankle tendon , Schilling started Game 6 for the Red Sox . He pitched for seven innings , and allowed just one run , during which time his sock became soaked in blood . In the eighth inning , Yankees third baseman Rodriguez slapped a ball out of pitcher Arroyo 's hand , allowing the Yankees to score a run . However , after a discussion the umpires called Rodriguez out for interference and canceled the run . Fans then threw debris onto the field in protest and the game was stopped for ten minutes . The Red Sox won the game and became the first baseball team to ever force a Game 7 after having been down 3 games to none . A 10 – 3 win in Game 7 brought the Red Sox to the World Series for the first time in 18 years . = = = Cardinals = = = Having failed to make the playoffs the season before , and with their division rivals ( the Chicago Cubs and Houston Astros ) expected to be strong , the Cardinals were generally expected to finish 3rd in the National League Central . However , strong offensive seasons from Albert Pujols , Scott Rolen , and Jim Edmonds — during which they each hit more than 30 home runs and 100 runs batted in ( RBI ) — helped them to lead the league in runs scored . They also allowed the least runs of any team in the league . Four of their starters recorded at least 15 wins and closer Jason Isringhausen recorded a league @-@ best 47 saves . They added outfielder Larry Walker in August and finished the regular season with the best win – loss record in the league . The Cardinals faced the Los Angeles Dodgers in the divisional round of the playoffs . Five home runs in Game 1 and no runs allowed by the bullpen in Game 2 helped the Cardinals to win the first two games . A complete game by Dodgers pitcher José Lima enabled the Dodgers to force a Game 4 , during which a home run by Pujols won the series for the Cardinals . In the National League Championship Series , the Cardinals faced the Astros and won the first two games in St. Louis . However , the Astros tied the series in the next two games in Houston , before a combined one @-@ hitter by Astros pitchers Brandon Backe and Brad Lidge gave them the series lead . An RBI single by Jeff Bagwell in the 9th inning of Game 6 tied the game and forced extra innings . In the 12th , Edmonds won the game for the Cardinals with a walk @-@ off home run . Trailing in the sixth inning of Game 7 , a game @-@ tying RBI double by Albert Pujols followed by a Scott Rolen two @-@ run home run and then an RBI single by Larry Walker in the 8th inning helped the Cardinals to a 5 – 2 win and earn their first World Series berth in 17 years . By reaching the World Series with the Cardinals , Tony La Russa became the sixth manager to win pennants in both leagues . This was after La Russa had managed the Oakland Athletics to three straight pennants between 1988 and 1990 and winning the 1989 World Series . He would attempt to join Sparky Anderson as the only men to have managed teams to World Series championships in both leagues . He wore # 10 in tribute to Anderson ( who wore 10 while manager of the Cincinnati Reds ) and to indicate he was trying to win the team 's 10	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Secret of Mana was performed by the Tokyo Symphony Orchestra for the third Orchestral Game Concert in 1993 , while " Meridian Child " from Seiken Densetsu 3 was performed for the fifth Orchestral Game Concert in 1996 . " Fear of the Heavens " was also performed at the fifth Symphonic Game Music Concert in 2007 in Leipzig , Germany . Legend of Mana 's title theme was also performed by the Australian Eminence Symphony Orchestra for its classical gaming music concert A Night in Fantasia 2007 . Kenji Ito , along with other players , performed " Fool 's Dance " from Dawn of Mana at the Extra : Hyper Game Music Event 2007 concert in Tokyo on July 7 , 2007 . Sinfonia Drammatica , an August 4 , 2009 concert performed by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra in Stockholm , Sweden , featured several Mana songs as part of a combination of Yoko Shimomura 's album Drammatica and the previous Stockholm Symphonic Shades concert . These tracks , all from Drammatica , were " Colored Earth " , " Sparkling City " , " Title Theme " , and " Hometown Domina " from Legends of Mana ; none of the Heroes of Mana tracks on the album were played at the concert . Music from the series made up one @-@ fourth of the music in the Symphonic Fantasies concerts in Cologne and Oberhausen in September 2009 which were produced by the creators of the Symphonic Game Music Concert series and conducted by Arnie Roth . The concerts featured a suite comprising Secret of Mana songs " Fear of the Heavens " , " Flight into the Unknown " , " Eternal Recurrence " , " Premonition " , " The Sorcerer " , and " Rose and Spirit " , as well as a boss battle encore suite which included " Meridian Festival " . On February 6 , 2011 the Eminence Symphony Orchestra played a concert in Tokyo as part of the Game Music Laboratory concert series as a tribute to the music of Kenji Ito and Hiroki Kikuta . The concert included " Bodorui " , " Mana Temple " , and " Rising Sun " from Final Fantasy Adventure ; " Kind Memories " , " Crisis " , and " Meridian Dance " from Secret of Mana ; and " Meridian Child " from Seiken Densetsu 3 . The Final Fantasy Adventure pieces were played on the piano by Ito . A concert composed of music from the Re : Birth album and the Re : Birth II SaGa series album was performed in Tokyo on May 9 , 2015 and in Osaka on May 10 . The concert was produced by Ito , and featured him on piano . Music from the original soundtracks of the Mana games has been arranged for the piano and published by DOREMI Music Publishing . Books are available for the soundtracks to Dawn of Mana , Legend of Mana , and Sword of Mana . Two companion books have also been published as Seiken Densetsu Best Collection Piano Solo Sheet Music first and second editions , with the first edition covering tracks from Final Fantasy Adventure , Secret of Mana , and Seiken Densetsu 3 , while the second adds tracks from Legend of Mana and Dawn of Mana . All songs in each book have been rewritten by Asako Niwa as beginning to intermediate level piano solos , though they are meant to sound as much like the originals as possible . Additionally , KMP Music Publishing has published a book of the piano album included in the Sword of Mana soundtrack album , which was arranged by Kenji Ito . = Yamato @-@ class battleship = The Yamato @-@ class battleships ( 大和型戦艦 , Yamato @-@ gata senkan ) were battleships of the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) constructed and operated during World War II . Displacing 72 @,@ 000 long tons ( 73 @,@ 000 t ) at full load , the vessels were the heaviest battleships ever constructed . The class carried the largest naval artillery ever fitted to a warship , nine 460 @-@ millimetre ( 18 @.@ 1 in ) naval guns , each capable of firing 1 @,@ 460 kg ( 3 @,@ 220 lb ) shells over 42 km ( 26 mi ) . Two battleships of the class ( Yamato and Musashi ) were completed , while a third ( Shinano ) was converted to an aircraft carrier during construction . Due to the threat of American submarines and aircraft carriers , both Yamato and Musashi spent the majority of their careers in naval bases at Brunei , Truk , and Kure — deploying on several occasions in response to American raids on Japanese bases — before participating in the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944 , as part of Admiral Kurita 's Centre Force . Musashi was sunk during the battle by American carrier airplanes . Shinano was sunk ten days after her commissioning in November 1944 by the submarine USS Archerfish , while Yamato was sunk in April 1945 during Operation Ten @-@ Go . = = Background = = The design of the Yamato @-@ class battleships was shaped by expansionist movements within the Japanese government , Japanese industrial power , and the need for a fleet powerful enough to intimidate likely adversaries . After the end of the First World War , many navies — including those of the United States , the United Kingdom , and Imperial Japan — continued and expanded construction programs that had begun during the conflict . The enormous costs associated with these programs pressured their government leaders to begin a disarmament conference . On 8 July 1921 , the United States ' Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes invited delegations from the other major maritime powers — France , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom — to come to Washington , D.C. and discuss a possible end to the naval arms race . The subsequent Washington Naval Conference resulted in the Washington Naval Treaty . Along with many other provisions , it limited all future battleships to a standard displacement of 35 @,@ 000 long tons ( 36 @,@ 000 t ; 39 @,@ 000 short tons ) and a maximum gun caliber of 16 inches ( 406 mm ) . It also agreed that the five countries would not construct more capital ships for ten years and would not replace any ship that survived the treaty until it was at least twenty years old . In the 1930s , the Japanese government began a shift towards ultranationalist militancy . This movement called for the expansion of the Japanese Empire to include much of the Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia . The maintenance of such an empire — spanning 3 @,@ 000 miles ( 4 @,@ 800 km ) from China to Midway Island — required a sizable fleet capable of sustained control of territory . Although all of Japan 's battleships built prior to the Yamato class had been completed before 1921 — as the Washington Treaty had prevented any more from being completed — all had been either reconstructed or significantly modernized , or both , in the 1930s . This modernization included , among other things , additional speed and firepower , which the Japanese intended to use to conquer and defend their aspired @-@ to empire . When Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in 1934 over the Mukden Incident , it also renounced all treaty obligations . Japan would no longer design battleships within the treaty limitations and was free to build warships larger than those of the other major maritime powers . Japan 's intention to acquire resource @-@ producing colonies in the Pacific and Southeast Asia would likely lead to confrontation with the United States , thus the U.S. became Japan 's primary potential enemy . The U.S. possessed significantly greater industrial power than Japan , with 32 @.@ 2 % of worldwide industrial production compared to Japan 's 3 @.@ 5 % . Furthermore , several leading members of the United States Congress had pledged " to outbuild Japan three to one in a naval race . " Consequently , as Japanese industrial output could not compete with American industrial power , Japanese ship designers developed plans for new battleships individually superior to their counterparts in the United States Navy . Each of these battleships would be capable of engaging multiple enemy capital ships simultaneously , eliminating the need to expend as much industrial effort as the U.S. on battleship construction . = = Design = = Preliminary studies for a new class of battleships began after Japan 's departure from the League of Nations and its renunciation of the Washington and London naval treaties ; from 1934 to 1936 , 24 initial designs were put forth . These early plans varied greatly in armament , propulsion , endurance , and armor . Main batteries fluctuated between 460 mm ( 18 @.@ 1 in ) and 406 mm ( 16 @.@ 0 in ) guns , while the secondary armaments were composed of differing numbers of 155 mm ( 6 @.@ 1 in ) , 127 mm ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) , and 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) guns . Propulsion in most of the designs was a hybrid diesel @-@ turbine combination , though one relied solely on diesel and another planned for only turbines . Endurance in the designs had , at 18 kn ( 21 mph ; 33 km / h ) , a low of 6 @,@ 000 nmi ( 11 @,@ 000 km ) in design A @-@ 140 @-@ J2 to a high of 9 @,@ 200 nmi ( 17 @,@ 000 km ) in designs A @-@ 140A and A @-@ 140 @-@ B2 . Armor varied between providing protection from the fire of 406 mm guns to enough protection against 460 mm guns . After these had been reviewed , two of the original twenty @-@ four were finalized as possibilities , A @-@ 140 @-@ F3 and A @-@ 140 @-@ F4 . Differing primarily in their range ( 4 @,@ 900 nmi ( 9 @,@ 100 km ) versus 7 @,@ 200 nmi ( 13 @,@ 300 km ) at 16 kn ( 18 mph ; 30 km / h ) ) , they were used in the formation of the final preliminary study , which was finished on 20 July 1936 . Tweaks to that design resulted in the definitive design of March 1937 , which was put forth by Rear @-@ Admiral Fukuda Keiji ; an endurance of 7 @,@ 200 nm was finally decided upon , and the hybrid diesel @-@ turbine propulsion was abandoned in favor of just turbines . The diesels were removed from the design because of problems with the engines aboard the submarine tender Taigei . Their engines , which were similar to the ones that were going to be mounted in the new battleships , required a " major repair and maintenance effort " to keep them running due to a " fundamental design defect " . In addition , if the engines failed entirely , the 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) armor that protected that area would severely hamper any attempt to replace them . The final design called for a standard displacement of 64 @,@ 000 long tons ( 65 @,@ 000 t ) and a full @-@ load displacement of 69 @,@ 988 long tons ( 71 @,@ 111 t ) , making the ships of the class the largest battleships yet designed , and the largest battleships ever constructed . The design called for a main armament of nine 460 @-@ millimetre ( 18 @.@ 1 in ) naval guns , mounted in three , three @-@ gun turrets — each of which weighed more than a 1930s @-@ era destroyer . The designs were quickly approved by Japanese Naval high command , over the objections of naval aviators , who argued for the construction of aircraft carriers rather than battleships . In all , five Yamato @-@ class battleships were planned . = = Ships = = Although five Yamato @-@ class vessels had been planned in 1937 , only three — two battleships and a converted aircraft carrier — were ever completed . All three vessels were built in extreme secrecy , to prevent American intelligence officials from learning of their existence and specifications ; indeed , the United States ' Office of Naval Intelligence only became aware of Yamato and Musashi by name in late 1942 . At this early time , their assumptions on the class 's specifications were quite far off ; while they were correct on their length , the class was given as having a beam of 110 feet ( 34 m ) ( in actuality , it was about 127 feet ( 39 m ) ) and a displacement of 40 @,@ 000 – 57 @,@ 000 tons ( in actuality , 69 @,@ 000 tons ) . In addition , the main armament of Yamato class was given as nine 16 @-@ inch ( 41 cm ) guns as late as July 1945 , four months after Yamato was sunk . Both Jane 's Fighting Ships and the Western media also misreported the specifications of the ships . In September 1944 , Jane 's Fighting Ships listed the displacement of both Yamato and Musashi as 45 @,@ 000 tons . Similarly , both the New York Times and the Associated Press reported that the two ships displaced 45 @,@ 000 tons with a speed of 30 knots , and even after the sinking of Yamato in April 1945 , The Times of London continued to give 45 @,@ 000 tons as the ship 's displacement . Nevertheless , the existence of the ships — and their supposed specifications — heavily influenced American naval engineers in the design of the Montana @-@ class battleships , all five of which were to be built to counter the firepower of the Yamato class . = = = Yamato = = = Yamato was ordered in March 1937 , laid down 4 November 1937 , launched 8 August 1940 , and commissioned 16 December 1941 . She underwent training exercises until 27 May 1942 , when the vessel was deemed " operable " by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto . Joining the 1st Battleship Division , Yamato served as the flagship of the Japanese Combined Fleet during the Battle of Midway in June 1942 , yet did not engage enemy forces during the battle . The next two years were spent intermittently between Truk and Kure naval bases , with her sister ship Musashi replacing Yamato as flagship of the Combined Fleet . During this time period , Yamato , as part of the 1st Battleship Division , deployed on multiple occasions to counteract American carrier @-@ raids on Japanese island bases . On 25 December 1943 , she suffered major torpedo damage at the hands of USS Skate , and was forced to return to Kure for repairs and structural upgrades . In 1944 — following extensive antiaircraft and secondary battery upgrades — Yamato joined the Second Fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea , serving as an escort to a Japanese Carrier Division . In October 1944 , as part of Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita 's Center Force for the Battle of Leyte Gulf , she used her naval artillery against an enemy vessel for the only time , helping sink the American escort carrier Gambier Bay and the destroyer Johnston before she was forced away by torpedoes from Heermann , which put her out of combat . Lightly damaged at Kure in March 1945 , the ship was then rearmed in preparation for operations . Yamato was sunk 7 April 1945 by 386 American carrier aircraft during Operation Ten @-@ Go , receiving 10 torpedo and 7 bomb hits before capsizing ; 2 @,@ 498 of the 2 @,@ 700 crew @-@ members were lost , including Vice @-@ Admiral Seiichi Itō . The sinking of Yamato was seen as a major American victory , and Hanson W. Baldwin , the military editor of The New York Times , wrote that " the sinking of the new Japanese battleship Yamato ... is striking proof — if any were needed — of the fatal weakness of Japan in the air and at sea " . = = = Musashi = = = Musashi was ordered in March 1937 , laid down 29 March 1938 , launched 1 November 1940 , and commissioned 5 August 1942 . From September to December 1942 , she was involved in surface and air @-@ combat training exercises at Hashirajima . On 11 February 1943 , Musashi relieved her sister ship Yamato as flagship of the Combined Fleet . Until July 1944 , Musashi shifted between the naval bases of Truk , Yokosuka , Brunei , and Kure . On 29 March 1944 , she sustained moderate damage near the bow from one torpedo fired by the American submarine Tunny . After repairs and refitting throughout April 1944 , Musashi joined the 1st Battleship Division in Okinawa . In June 1944 , as part of the Second Fleet , the ship escorted Japanese aircraft carriers during the Battle of the Philippine Sea . In October 1944 , she left Brunei as part of Admiral Takeo Kurita 's Centre Force during the Battle of Leyte Gulf . Musashi was sunk 24 October during the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea , taking 17 bomb and 19 torpedo hits , with the loss of 1 @,@ 023 of her 2 @,@ 399 @-@ man crew . = = = Shinano = = = Shinano , originally Warship Number 110 , was laid down as the third member of the Yamato class , albeit with a slightly modified design . Most of the original armor values were slightly reduced , including the belt , deck , and turrets . The savings in weight this entailed meant that improvements could be made in other areas , including added protection for fire @-@ control and lookout positions . In addition , the 12 @.@ 7 cm ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) secondary armament on the first two Yamatos was to have been replaced by the 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) / 65 caliber Type 98 gun . Although smaller , this gun was superior to the 127 mm , possessing a significantly greater muzzle velocity , maximum range , anti @-@ aircraft ceiling and rate of fire . In June 1942 , following the Japanese defeat at Midway , construction of Shinano was suspended , and the hull was gradually rebuilt as an aircraft carrier . She was designed as a 64 @,@ 800 @-@ ton support vessel that would be capable of ferrying , repairing and replenishing the airfleets of other carriers . Although she was originally scheduled for commissioning in early 1945 , the construction of the ship was accelerated after the Battle of the Philippine Sea ; this resulted in Shinano being launched on 5 October 1944 and commissioned a little more than a month later on 19 November . Shinano departed Yokosuka for Kure nine days later . In the early morning on 29 November , Shinano was hit by four torpedoes from USS Archerfish . Although the damage seemed manageable , poor flooding control caused the vessel to list to starboard . Shortly before midday , she capsized and sank , taking 1 @,@ 435 of her 2 @,@ 400 @-@ man crew with her . To this day , Shinano is the largest naval vessel to have been sunk by a submarine . = = = Warships Number 111 and 797 = = = Warship Number 111 , never named , was planned as the fourth member of the Yamato class and the second ship to incorporate the improvements of Shinano . The ship 's keel was laid after Yamato 's launch in August 1940 and construction continued until December 1941 , when the Japanese began to question their ambitious capital ship building program — with the coming of war , the resources essential in constructing the ship would become much harder to obtain . As a result , the hull of the fourth vessel , only about 30 % complete , was taken apart and scrapped in 1942 ; materials from this were used in the conversions of Ise and Hyūga to hybrid battleship / aircraft carriers . The fifth vessel , Warship Number 797 , was planned as an improved Shinano but was never laid down . In addition to the modifications made to that ship , 797 would have removed the two 155 mm ( 6 @.@ 1 in ) wing turrets in favor of additional 100 mm guns ; authors William Garzke and Robert Dulin estimate that this would have allowed for 24 of these weapons . Yamato was eventually modified in 1944 to something akin to this . = = Specifications = = = = = Armament = = = Although the primary armament of the Yamato class was officially designated as the 40 cm / 45 caliber ( 15 @.@ 9 in ) Type 94 , it actually took the form of nine 46 cm / 45 caliber ( 18 @.@ 1 in ) guns — the largest guns ever fitted to a warship — mounted in three 3 @-@ gun turrets , each of which weighed 2 @,@ 774 metric tons . Each gun was 21 @.@ 13 metres ( 69 @.@ 3 ft ) long and weighed 147 @.@ 3 metric tons ( 145 @.@ 0 long tons ) . High @-@ explosive armour @-@ piercing shells were used which were capable of being fired 42 @.@ 0 kilometres ( 26 @.@ 1 mi ) at a rate of 1 ½ to 2 per minute . The main guns were also capable of firing 1 @,@ 360 kg ( 3 @,@ 000 lb ) 3 Shiki tsûjôdan ( " Common Type 3 " ) anti @-@ aircraft shells . A time fuze was used to set how far away the shells would explode ( although they were commonly set to go off 1 @,@ 000 metres ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) away ) . Upon detonation , each of these shells would release 900 incendiary @-@ filled tubes in a 20 ° cone facing towards incoming aircraft ; a bursting charge was then used to explode the shell itself so that more steel splinters were created , and then the tubes would ignite . The tubes would burn for five seconds at about 3 @,@ 000 ° C ( 5 @,@ 430 ° F ) and would start a flame that was around 5 metres ( 16 ft ) long . Even though they comprised 40 % of the total main ammunition load by 1944 , 3 Shiki tsûjôdan were rarely used in combat against enemy aircraft due to the severe damage the firing of these shells inflicted on the barrels of the main guns ; indeed , one of the shells may have exploded early and disabled one of Musashi 's guns during the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea . The shells were intended to put up a barrage of flame that any aircraft attempting to attack would have to navigate through . However , U.S. pilots considered these shells to be more of a pyrotechnics display than a competent anti @-@ aircraft weapon . In the original design , the Yamato class ' secondary armament comprised twelve 15 @.@ 5 cm / 60 Type 3 guns mounted in four triple turrets ( one forward , one aft , two midships ) , and twelve 12 @.@ 7 cm / 40 Type 89 guns in six double @-@ turrets ( three on each side amidships ) . These had become available once the Mogami @-@ class cruisers were rearmed with 20 @.@ 3 @-@ centimetre ( 8 @.@ 0 in ) guns . With a 55 @.@ 87 @-@ kilogram ( 123 @.@ 2 lb ) AP shell , the guns had a maximum range of 27 @,@ 400 metres ( 30 @,@ 000 yd ) at an elevation of 45 degrees . Their rate of fire was five rounds per minute . The two midships turrets were removed in 1944 in favor of additional 25 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) light anti @-@ aircraft guns . Heavy anti @-@ aircraft defence was provided by a dozen 40 @-@ calibre 127 @-@ millimetre Type 89 dual @-@ purpose guns in six twin turrets , three on each side of the superstructure . When firing at surface targets , the guns had a range of 14 @,@ 700 metres ( 16 @,@ 100 yd ) ; they had a maximum ceiling of 9 @,@ 440 metres ( 30 @,@ 970 ft ) at their maximum elevation of 90 degrees . Their maximum rate of fire was 14 rounds a minute ; their sustained rate of fire was around eight rounds per minute . In addition , the Yamato class originally carried twenty @-@ four 25 mm Type 96 anti @-@ aircraft guns , primarily mounted amidships . In 1944 , both Yamato and Musashi underwent significant anti @-@ aircraft upgrades in preparation for operations in Leyte Gulf using the space freed up by the removal of both midships 15 @.@ 5 cm ( 6 @.@ 1 in ) secondary battery turrets , and ended up with a complement of twenty @-@ four 12 @.@ 7 cm ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) guns , and one hundred and sixty @-@ two 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) antiaircraft guns , The 25 mm anti @-@ aircraft guns could tilt at 90 @-@ degree angles to aim at planes directly overhead , but their mountings ' lack of protection made their gunnery crews extremely vulnerable to direct enemy fire . These 25 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) guns had an effective range of 1 @,@ 500 – 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 – 3 @,@ 300 yd ) , and an effective ceiling of 5 @,@ 500 metres ( 18 @,@ 000 ft ) at an elevation of + 85 degrees . The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute because of the frequent need to change the fifteen @-@ round magazines . This was the standard Japanese light AA gun during World War II ; it suffered from severe design shortcomings that rendered it a largely ineffective weapon . According to historian Mark Stille , the twin and triple mounts " lacked sufficient speed in train or elevation ; the gun sights were unable to handle fast targets ; the gun exhibited excessive vibration ; the magazine was too small , and ... the gun produced excessive muzzle blast " . The ship was also provided with two twin mounts for the licence @-@ built 13 @.@ 2 mm Type 93 anti @-@ aircraft machine guns , one on each side of the bridge . The maximum range of these guns was 6 @,@ 500 metres ( 7 @,@ 100 yd ) , but the effective range against aircraft was only 1 @,@ 000 metres ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) . The cyclic rate was adjustable between 425 and 475 rounds per minute ; the need to change 30 @-@ round magazines reduced the effective rate to 250 rounds per minute . The armament on Shinano was quite different from that of her sister vessels due to her conversion . As the carrier was designed for a support role , significant anti @-@ aircraft weaponry was installed on the vessel : sixteen 12 @.@ 7 cm ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) guns , one hundred and twenty @-@ five 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) anti @-@ aircraft guns , and three hundred and thirty @-@ six 5 @-@ inch ( 13 cm ) anti @-@ aircraft rocket launchers in twelve twenty @-@ eight barrel turrets . None of these guns were ever used against an enemy vessel or aircraft . = = = Armour = = = Designed to engage multiple enemy battleships simultaneously , the Yamatos were fitted with heavy armour plating described by naval historian Mark Stille as providing " an unparalleled degree of protection in surface combat " . The main belt of armour along the side of the vessel was 410 millimetres ( 16 in ) thick , with additional bulkheads 355 millimetres ( 14 @.@ 0 in ) thick beyond the main @-@ belt . Furthermore , the top hull shape was very advanced , the peculiar sideways curving effectively maximizing armor protection and structural rigidity while optimizing weight . The armour on the main @-@ turrets surpassed even that of the main @-@ belt , with plating 650 millimetres ( 26 in ) thick . Armor plates in both the main belt and main turrets was made of Vickers Hardened , which was a face @-@ hardened steel armor . Deck armour — 75 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) thick — was composed of a nickel @-@ chromium @-@ molybdenum alloy . Ballistics tests at the proving ground at Kamegabuki demonstrated the deck alloy to be superior to the homogeneous Vickers plates by 10 – 15 % . Additional plating was designed by manipulating the chromium and nickel composition of the alloy . Higher contents of nickel allowed the plate to be rolled and bent without developing fracture properties . The relatively new procedure of arc welding was used extensively throughout the ship , strengthening the durability of the armour plating . Through this technique , the lower @-@ side belt armour , included in the ships as a response to gunnery experiments upon Tosa and the new Japanese Type 91 shell which could travel great lengths underwater , was used to strengthen the hull structure of the entire vessel . In total , the vessels of the Yamato class contained 1 @,@ 147 watertight compartments , of which 1 @,@ 065 were beneath the armoured deck . However , the armour of the Yamato class still suffered from several shortcomings , many of which would prove fatal in 1944 – 45 . In particular , poor jointing between the upper @-@ belt and lower @-@ belt armour created a weak @-@ point just below the waterline , causing the class to be susceptible to air @-@ dropped torpedoes . Other structural weaknesses existed near the bow of the vessels , where the armour plating was generally thinner . The hull of the Shinano was subject to even greater structural weaknesses , having been equipped with minimal armour and no watertight compartments at the time of her sinking . = = = Propulsion = = = The Yamato class was fitted with 12 Kanpon Boilers , which powered quadruple steam turbines . These , in turn , drove four 6 @-@ metre ( 20 ft ) propellers . This powerplant enabled the Yamato class to achieve a top speed of 27 knots ( 50 km / h ) . With an indicated horsepower of 147 @,@ 948 ( 110 @,@ 325 kW ) , the Yamato class ' ability to function alongside fast carriers was limited . In addition , the fuel consumption rate of both battleships was very high . As a result , neither battleship was used in combat during the Solomon Islands Campaign or the minor battles during the " island hopping " period of 1943 and early 1944 . The propulsion system of Shinano was slightly improved , allowing the carrier to achieve a top speed of 28 knots ( 52 km / h ) . = = " Super Yamato " -class battleships = = Two battleships of an entirely new , and larger , design were planned as a part of the 1942 fleet replenishment program . Designated as Design A @-@ 150 and initially named Warship Number 178 and Warship Number 179 , plans for the ships began soon after the design of the Yamato class was finished , probably in 1938 – 39 . Everything was " essentially completed " sometime in 1941 , but with war on the horizon , work on the battleships was halted to fill a need for additional warships , such as aircraft carriers and cruisers , to replace war losses of those vital ships . The Japanese loss in the Battle of Midway , where four carriers were sunk ( out of ten , to date , in the entire navy ) , made it certain that work on the ships would never begin . In the third volume of their Battleships series , Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II , the authors William H. Garzke and Robert O. Dulin asserted that these ships would have been the " most powerful battleships in history " because of their massive 51 cm ( 20 in ) main battery and extensive anti @-@ aircraft weaponry . Similar to the fate of papers relating to the Yamato class , most papers and all plans relating to the class were destroyed to prevent capture at the end of the war . It is known that the final design of the ships would have had an even greater firepower and size than the Yamato class — a main battery of six 51 cm ( 20 in ) guns in three twin turrets and secondary dual purpose armament consisting of twenty @-@ four 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) dual mounted guns ( similar to the Akizuki @-@ class destroyers ) . The displacement was to be bigger than the Yamato 's , and a side armor belt of 46 cm ( 18 in ) was planned . = = Destruction of records = = On the eve of the Allies ' occupation of Japan , special @-@ service officers of the Imperial Japanese Navy destroyed virtually all records , drawings , and photographs of or relating to the Yamato @-@ class battleships , leaving only fragmentary records of the design characteristics and other technical matters . The destruction of these documents was so efficient that until 1948 the only known images of Yamato and Musashi were those taken by United States Navy aircraft involved in the attacks on the two battleships . Although some additional photographs and information , from documents that were not destroyed , have come to light over the years , the loss of the majority of written records for the class has made extensive research into the Yamato class somewhat difficult . Because of the lack of written records , information on the class largely came from interviews of Japanese officers following Japan 's surrender . However , in October 1942 , based upon a special request from Adolf Hitler , German Admiral Paul Wenneker , attached to the German Naval Attache in Japan , was allowed to inspect a Yamato @-@ class battleship while it was undergoing maintenance in a dockyard , at which time Admiral Wenneker cabled a detailed description of the warship to Berlin . On 22 August 1943 , Erich Groner , a German naval historian , and author of the book Die Deutschen Kriegschiffe , 1815 – 1945 , was shown the report while at the " Führer Headquarters " , and was directed to make an " interpretation " and then prepare a " design sketch drawing " of the Japanese battleship . The material was preserved by Erich Groner 's wife , Mrs. H. Groner , and submitted to publishers in the 1950s . = = Cultural significance = = From the time of their construction until the present day , Yamato and Musashi have carried a notable presence in Japanese culture , Yamato in particular . Upon completion , the battleships represented the epitome of Imperial Japanese naval engineering . In addition , the two ships , due to their size , speed , and power , visibly embodied Japan 's determination and readiness to defend its interests against the western powers , especially the United States . Shigeru Fukudome , chief of the Operations Section of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff , described the two ships as " symbols of naval power that provided to officers and men alike a profound sense of confidence in their navy . " Yamato , and especially the story of her sinking , has appeared often in Japanese popular culture , such as the anime Space Battleship Yamato and the 2005 film Yamato . The appearances in popular culture usually portray the ship 's last mission as a brave , selfless , but futile , symbolic effort by the participating Japanese sailors to defend their homeland . One of the reasons that the warship may have such significance in Japanese culture is that the word " Yamato " was often used as a poetic name for Japan . Thus , the end of battleship Yamato could serve as a metaphor for the end of the Japanese empire . = Kate Winslet = Kate Elizabeth Winslet , CBE ( born 5 October 1975 ) , is an English actress and singer . She is the recipient of an Academy Award , an Emmy Award , four Golden Globe Awards , a Grammy Award , an AACTA Award , and three BAFTA Awards . She is the youngest person to receive six Academy Award nominations with seven nominations in total , and is one of the few actresses to win three of the four major American entertainment awards ( EGOT ) . In addition , she has won awards from the Screen Actors Guild , British Academy of Film and Television Arts , and the Hollywood Foreign Press Association among others , and an Honorary César Award in 2012 . Brought up in Berkshire , Winslet studied drama from childhood , and began her career in British television in 1991 . She made her film debut in Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) , for which she received praise . She garnered recognition for her supporting role in Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) before achieving global stardom with the epic romance Titanic ( 1997 ) , which was the highest @-@ grossing film of all time at that point . Winslet 's performances in Iris ( 2001 ) , Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) , Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) , Little Children ( 2006 ) , Revolutionary Road ( 2008 ) , The Dressmaker ( 2015 ) , and Steve Jobs ( 2015 ) continued to draw praise from film critics . In 2008 , the critic David Edelstein described her as " the best English @-@ speaking film actress of her generation " . Winslet won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in The Reader ( 2008 ) and the Emmy Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries for playing the title role in Mildred Pierce ( 2011 ) . Winslet 's greatest commercial successes since Titanic include the romantic comedy The Holiday ( 2006 ) , the animated film Flushed Away ( 2006 ) , and the first two films of the Divergent series . In addition to acting , Winslet has narrated documentaries and children 's books . She was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children in 2000 for narrating Listen To the Storyteller . She has also provided her vocals to soundtracks of her films , including the single " What If " from Christmas Carol : The Movie ( 2001 ) . Divorced from film directors Jim Threapleton and Sam Mendes , Winslet is married to businessman Ned Rocknroll . = = Early life = = Kate Elizabeth Winslet was born in Reading , Berkshire , England , to Sally Anne ( née Bridges ) , a barmaid , and Roger John Winslet , a swimming pool contractor . She has two sisters , Beth and Anna , and one brother , Joss Winslet . Winslet began studying drama at the age of 11 at the Redroofs Theatre School , a co @-@ educational independent school in Maidenhead , Berkshire , where she was head girl . At the age of 12 , Winslet appeared in a television advertisement directed by filmmaker Tim Pope for Sugar Puffs cereal . Pope said her naturalism was " there from the start " . During her teenage years , Winslet appeared in more than 20 stage productions of Reading @-@ based Starmaker Theatre Company including lead parts such as Miss Hannigan in Annie , Mother Wolf in The Jungle Book and Lena Marelli in Bugsy Malone . = = Career = = = = = 1991 – 1997 = = = Winslet made her television debut , with a co @-@ starring role in the BBC children 's science fiction serial Dark Season . This role was followed by appearances in the made @-@ for @-@ TV film Anglo @-@ Saxon Attitudes in 1992 , the sitcom Get Back , and an episode of the medical drama Casualty in 1993 . In 1992 , Winslet attended a casting call for Peter Jackson 's Heavenly Creatures in London . Winslet auditioned for the role of Juliet Hulme , a teenager who assists in the murder of the mother of her best friend , Pauline Parker ( played by Melanie Lynskey ) . The film included Winslet 's singing debut , and her a cappella version of " Sono Andati " , an aria from La Bohème , was featured on the film 's soundtrack . The film was released to favourable reviews in 1994 and won Jackson and partner Fran Walsh a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay . Winslet was awarded an Empire Award and a London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Actress of the Year for her performance . The Washington Post writer Desson Thomson commented : " As Juliet , Winslet is a bright @-@ eyed ball of fire , lighting up every scene she ’ s in . She 's offset perfectly by Lynskey , whose quietly smoldering Pauline completes the delicate , dangerous partnership . " The same year , from 7 April to 7 May , she appeared as Geraldine Barclay in What the Butler Saw for The Royal Exchange Theatre . For her performance in the play , she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress by Manchester Evening News Theatre Awards . The following year , Winslet auditioned for the role of Lucy Steele in the adaptation of Jane Austen 's Sense and Sensibility , featuring Emma Thompson , Hugh Grant and Alan Rickman . She was instead cast in the second leading role of Marianne Dashwood . Director Ang Lee admitted he was initially worried about the way Winslet had attacked her role in Heavenly Creatures and thus required her to exercise t 'ai chi , read Austen @-@ era Gothic novels and poetry , and work with a piano teacher to fit the grace of the role . Budgeted at US $ 16 @.@ 5 million ( $ 25 @.@ 6 million in current year dollars ) the film became a financial and critical success , resulting in a worldwide box office total of $ 135 million ( $ 209 @.@ 6 million ) and various awards for Winslet , winning her both a BAFTA and a Screen Actors ' Guild Award , and nominations for both an Academy Award and a Golden Globe . In 1996 , Winslet starred in both Jude and Hamlet . In Michael Winterbottom 's Jude , based on the Victorian novel Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy , she played Sue Bridehead , a young woman with suffragette leanings who falls in love with her cousin , played by Christopher Eccleston . Acclaimed among critics , it grossed $ 2 @.@ 3 million ( $ 3 @.@ 5 million ) worldwide . Richard Corliss of Time magazine said " Winslet is worthy of [ ... ] the camera 's scrupulous adoration . She 's perfect , a modernist ahead of her time [ ... ] and Jude is a handsome showcase for her gifts . " Winslet played Ophelia , Hamlet 's drowned lover , in Kenneth Branagh 's all star @-@ cast film version of William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . The film garnered largely positive reviews and earned Winslet her second Empire Award . = = = Titanic = = = In September 1996 , Winslet began filming James Cameron 's Titanic ( 1997 ) , alongside Leonardo DiCaprio . Gwyneth Paltrow , Claire Danes , and Gabrielle Anwar had been considered for the role ; when they turned it down , Winslet campaigned heavily for it . She sent Cameron daily notes from England , and thanks to assistance from her agent Hylda Queally , Cameron eventually invited her to Hollywood for auditions . Cameron described the character as " an Audrey Hepburn type " and was initially uncertain about casting Winslet even after her screen test impressed him . After she screen tested with DiCaprio , Winslet was so thoroughly impressed with him , that she whispered to Cameron , " He 's great . Even if you don 't pick me , pick him . " Winslet sent Cameron a single rose with a card signed " From Your Rose " and lobbied him by phone . " You don 't understand ! " she pleaded one day when she reached him by mobile phone in his Humvee . " I am Rose ! I don 't know why you 're even seeing anyone else ! " Her persistence , as well as her talent , eventually convinced him to cast her in the role . Cast as the sensitive seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Rose DeWitt Bukater , a fictional first @-@ class socialite who survives the 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic , Winslet 's experience was emotionally demanding . " Titanic was totally different and nothing could have prepared me for it . ... We were really scared about the whole adventure . ... Jim [ Cameron ] is a perfectionist , a real genius at making movies . But there was all this bad press before it came out , and that was really upsetting . " Against expectations , the film went on to become the highest @-@ grossing film of all time , grossing more than $ 2 @,@ 186 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 in box @-@ office receipts worldwide , and transformed Winslet into a commercial movie star . Subsequently , she was nominated for most of the high @-@ profile awards , winning a European Film Award . = = = 1998 – 2003 = = = Hideous Kinky , a low @-@ budget romance film shot before the release of Titanic , was Winslet 's only film of 1998 . Winslet had rejected offers to play the leading roles in Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) and Anna and the King ( 1999 ) in favour of the role of a young English mother named Julia who moves with her daughters from London to Morocco hoping to start a new life . The film garnered generally mixed reviews and received only limited distribution , resulting in a worldwide gross of $ 5 million ( $ 7 @.@ 1 million ) . The next film Winslet starred in was Holy Smoke ! ( 1999 ) , featuring Harvey Keitel . Feeling pressured , Winslet has said she " never saw Titanic as a springboard for bigger films or bigger pay cheques " , knowing that " it could have been that , but would have destroyed [ her ] . " That same year she voiced Brigid in the computer animated film Faeries . Winslet appeared in the period piece Quills with Geoffrey Rush and Joaquin Phoenix , released in 2000 and inspired by the life and work of the Marquis de Sade . The actress served as somewhat of a " patron saint " of the film for being the first big name to back it , accepting the role of a chambermaid in the asylum and the courier of the Marquis ' manuscripts to the underground publishers . Well received by critics , the film garnered numerous accolades for Winslet , including nominations for SAG and Satellite Awards . The film was a modest arthouse success , averaging $ 27 @,@ 709 ( $ 38 @,@ 075 ) per screen its debut weekend , and eventually grossing $ 18 million ( $ 24 @.@ 7 million ) internationally . In 2001 's Enigma , Winslet played a young woman who finds herself falling for a brilliant young World War II code breaker , played by Dougray Scott . It was her first war film , and Winslet regarded " making Enigma a brilliant experience " as she was five months pregnant at the time of the shoot , forcing some tricky camera work from the director Michael Apted . Generally well @-@ received , Winslet was awarded a British Independent Film Award for her performance , and A. O. Scott of The New York Times described Winslet as " more crush @-@ worthy than ever . " In the same year she appeared in Richard Eyre 's critically acclaimed film Iris , portraying novelist Iris Murdoch . Winslet shared her role with Judi Dench , with both actresses portraying Murdoch at different phases of her life . Subsequently , each of them was nominated for an Academy Award the following year , earning Winslet her third nomination . Also in 2001 , she voiced the character Belle in the animated motion picture Christmas Carol : The Movie , based on the Charles Dickens classic novel . For the film , Winslet recorded the song " What If " , which was released in November 2001 as a single with proceeds donated to two of Winslet 's favourite charities , the N.S.P.C.C. and the Sargeant Cancer Foundation for Children . A Europe @-@ wide top ten hit , it reached number one in Austria , Belgium and Ireland , number six on the UK Singles Chart , and won the 2002 OGAE Song Contest . Her next film role was in the 2003 drama The Life of David Gale , in which she played an ambitious journalist who interviews a death @-@ sentenced professor , played by Kevin Spacey , in his final weeks before execution . The film underperformed at international box offices , garnering only half of its $ 50 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 budget , and generating mostly critical reviews , with Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times calling it a " silly movie . " = = = 2004 – 2006 = = = Following The Life of David Gale , Winslet appeared with Jim Carrey in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) , a neosurrealistic indie @-@ drama by French director Michel Gondry . In the film , she played the role of Clementine Kruczynski , a chatty , spontaneous and somewhat neurotic woman , who decides to have all memories of her ex @-@ boyfriend erased from her mind . The role was a departure from her previous roles , with Winslet revealing in an interview with Variety that she was initially upended about her casting in the film : " This was not the type of thing I was being offered [ ... ] I was just thrilled that there was something he had seen in me , in spite of the corsets , that he thought was going to work for Clementine . " The film was a critical and financial success . Winslet received rave reviews for her Academy Award @-@ nominated performance , which Peter Travers of Rolling Stone described as " electrifying and bruisingly vulnerable . " Her final film in 2004 was Finding Neverland . The story of the production focused on Scottish writer J.M. Barrie ( Johnny Depp ) and his platonic relationship with Sylvia Llewelyn Davies ( Winslet ) , whose sons inspired him to pen the classic play Peter Pan , or The Boy Who Wouldn 't Grow Up . During promotion of the film , Winslet noted of her portrayal " It was very important for me in playing Sylvia that I was already a mother myself , because I don ’ t think I could have played that part if I didn ’ t know what it felt like to be a parent and have those responsibilities and that amount of love that you give to a child [ ... ] and I 've always got a baby somewhere , or both of them , all over my face . " The film received favourable reviews and proved to be an international success , becoming Winslet 's highest @-@ grossing film since Titanic with a total of $ 118 million worldwide . In 2005 , Winslet appeared in an episode of the BBC / HBO comedy series Extras by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant as a satirical version of herself . While dressed as a nun , she was portrayed giving phone sex tips to the romantically challenged character of Maggie . Her performance in the episode led to her first nomination for an Emmy Award . In Romance & Cigarettes ( 2005 ) , a musical romantic comedy written and directed by John Turturro , she played the character Tula , described by Winslet as " a slut , someone who ’ s essentially foulmouthed and has bad manners and really doesn ’ t know how to dress . " Hand @-@ picked by Turturro , who was impressed with her display of dancing ability in Holy Smoke ! , Winslet was praised for her performance , which included her interpretation of Connie Francis 's " Scapricciatiello ( Do You Love Me Like You Kiss Me ) " . Derek Elley of Variety wrote : " Onscreen less , but blessed with the showiest role , filthiest one @-@ liners , [ and ] a perfect Lancashire accent that 's comical enough in the Gotham setting Winslet throws herself into the role with an infectious gusto . " After declining an invitation to appear in Woody Allen 's film Match Point ( 2005 ) , Winslet stated that she wanted to be able to spend more time with her children . She began 2006 with All the King 's Men , featuring Sean Penn and Jude Law . Winslet played the role of Anne Stanton , the childhood sweetheart of Jack Burden ( Law ) . The film was critically and financially unsuccessful . Todd McCarthy of Variety summed it up as " overstuffed and fatally miscast [ ... ] Absent any point of engagement to become involved in the characters , the film feels stillborn and is unlikely to stir public excitement , even in an election year . " Winslet fared far better when she co @-@ starred in Todd Field 's Little Children , playing Sarah Pierce , a bored housewife who has a torrid affair with a married neighbour , played by Patrick Wilson . Both her performance and the film received rave reviews ; A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote : " In too many recent movies intelligence is woefully undervalued , and it is this quality — even more than its considerable beauty — that distinguishes Little Children from its peers . The result is a film that is challenging , accessible and hard to stop thinking about . Ms. Winslet , as fine an actress as any working in movies today , registers every flicker of Sarah ’ s pride , self @-@ doubt and desire , inspiring a mixture of recognition , pity and concern that amounts , by the end of the movie , to something like love . That Ms. Winslet is so lovable makes the deficit of love in Sarah ’ s life all the more painful . " For her work in the film , she was honoured with a Britannia Award for British Artist of the Year from BAFTA / LA , a Los Angeles @-@ based offshoot of the BAFTA Awards , was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress , and at 31 , became the youngest actress to ever garner five Oscar nominations . She followed Little Children with a role in Nancy Meyers ' romantic comedy The Holiday , also starring Cameron Diaz , Jude Law and Jack Black . In it she played Iris , a British woman who temporarily exchanges homes with an American woman ( Diaz ) . Released to a mixed reception by critics , the film became Winslet 's biggest commercial success in nine years , grossing more than $ 205 million worldwide . Also in 2006 , Winslet provided her voice for several smaller projects . In the CG @-@ animated Flushed Away , she voiced Rita , a scavenging sewer rat who helps Roddy ( Hugh Jackman ) escape from the city of Ratropolis and return to his luxurious Kensington origins . A critical and commercial success , the film collected $ 177 @,@ 665 @,@ 672 at international box offices . = = = 2007 – 2011 = = = In 2007 , Winslet reunited with Leonardo DiCaprio to film Revolutionary Road ( 2008 ) , directed by her husband at the time , Sam Mendes . Winslet had suggested that both should work with her on a film adaptation of the 1961 novel of the same name by Richard Yates after reading the script by Justin Haythe . Resulting in both " a blessing and an added pressure " on @-@ set , the reunion was her first experience working with Mendes . Portraying a couple in a failing marriage in the 1950s , DiCaprio and Winslet watched period videos promoting life in the suburbs to prepare themselves for the film , which earned them favourable reviews . In his review of the film , David Edelstein of New York magazine stated that " [ t ] here isn ’ t a banal moment in Winslet ’ s performance — not a gesture , not a word . Is Winslet now the best English @-@ speaking film actress of her generation ? I think so . " Winslet was awarded a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her performance , her seventh nomination from the Golden Globes . Also released in late 2008 , the film competed against Winslet 's other project , a film adaptation of Bernhard Schlink 's 1995 novel The Reader , directed by Stephen Daldry and featuring Ralph Fiennes and David Kross in supporting roles . Originally the first choice for her role , she was initially not able to take on the role due to a scheduling conflict with Revolutionary Road , and Nicole Kidman replaced her . A month after filming began , Kidman left the film due to her pregnancy enabling Winslet to rejoin the film . Employing a German accent , Winslet portrayed a former Nazi concentration camp guard who has an affair with a teenager ( Kross ) who , as an adult , witnesses her war crimes trial . She later said the role was difficult for her , as she was naturally unable " to sympathise with an SS guard . " Because the film required full frontal nudity , a merkin was made for her . In an interview for Allure she related how she refused to use it : " Guys , I am going to have to draw the line at a pubic wig , ... " While the film garnered mixed reviews in general , Winslet received favourable reviews for her performance . The following year , she earned her sixth Academy Award nomination and went on to win the Best Actress award , the BAFTA Award for Best Actress , a Screen Actors ' Guild Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress , and a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress . In 2011 , Winslet headlined in the HBO miniseries Mildred Pierce , a small screen adaptation of James M. Cain 's 1941 novel of the same name , directed by Todd Haynes . Co @-@ starring Guy Pearce and Evan Rachel Wood , she portrayed a self @-@ sacrificing mother during the Great Depression who finds herself separated from her husband and falling in love with a new man , all the while trying to earn her narcissistic daughter 's love and respect . Broadcast to moderate ratings , the five @-@ part series earned generally favourable reviews , with Salon.com calling it a " quiet , heartbreaking masterpiece " . Winslet won an Emmy Award , a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film , and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie for her performance . Also in 2011 , Winslet appeared in Steven Soderbergh 's film Contagion , featuring an ensemble cast consisting of Marion Cotillard , Matt Damon , Gwyneth Paltrow and Jude Law . The thriller follows the rapid progress of a lethal indirect contact transmission virus that kills within days . Winslet portrayed an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer who becomes infected with the disease over the course of her investigation . Winslet 's other 2011 film project , Roman Polanski 's Carnage , premiered at the 68th Venice Film Festival . An adaptation of the play God of Carnage by French playwright Yasmina Reza , the black comedy follows two sets of parents who meet up to talk after their children have been in a fight . Jodie Foster , John C. Reilly and Christoph Waltz co @-@ starred in the film , which critics felt was not as " compelling on the screen as it was on the stage " , but made " up for its flaws with Polanski 's smooth direction and assured performances from Winslet and Foster . " For her performance Winslet received a second nomination by the Hollywood Foreign Press that year . = = = 2012 – present = = = In 2012 , Winslet 's audiobook performance of Émile Zola 's Thérèse Raquin was released at Audible.com. AudioFile 's review said , " Kate Winslet reads as though she is relishing every morsel of the drama [ ... ] She clearly loves the book , and her pleasure in the text is infectious . She grabs listeners and doesn ’ t let go . " Her first 2013 release was Movie 43 , an independent anthology black comedy film that featured 14 different storylines , with each segment having a different director . Winslet 's segment , titled The Catch , was directed by Peter Farrelly and revolves around a single businesswoman who goes on a blind date with the city 's most eligible bachelor , played by Hugh Jackman , only to be shocked when he removes his scarf , revealing a pair of testicles dangling from his neck . This marked Winslet 's second collaboration with Jackman , following the 2006 animated film Flushed Away . The compilation film was universally panned by critics , with the Chicago Sun @-@ Times calling it " the Citizen Kane of awful " . In 2013 , Winslet appeared in Jason Reitman 's big screen adaptation of Joyce Maynard 's 2009 novel Labor Day , also starring Josh Brolin , which she declared as " a very romantic movie , though a bizarre one . " While the film was met with a generally mixed reception from critics , Winslet received favorable reviews for her portrayal of Adele , a mentally fragile , repressed single mom of a 13 @-@ year @-@ old son who gives shelter to an escaped prisoner during a long summer week @-@ end . For her performance , Winslet earned her tenth Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama . Winslet then appeared in Divergent ( 2014 ) , Neil Burger 's film adaptation of the 2011 young adult novel by Veronica Roth . She appeared as erudite leader Jeanine Matthews , whom she compared to " Hitler " and on playing the antagonist first time , Winslet said , " The idea went through my head that I have never played a baddie before , I was almost kind of surprised . " Her performance met with positive response from critics ; Screendaily thought that her performance was " understated " , and Indiewire noted that she was " pure poison as Jeanine Matthews . " The film grossed US $ 288 @.@ 7 million worldwide . In late 2014 , Winslet appeared alongside Matthias Schoenaerts in Alan Rickman 's period drama A Little Chaos about rival landscape gardeners commissioned by Louis XIV to create a fountain at Versailles . Despite receiving little praise from critics , Winslet 's performance of assistant designer Sabine de Barra earned positive reviews . The Guardian noted that " Winslet manages emotional honesty within anachronistic confines , " and Vanity Fair said , " She glows with ambition and ache , playing a woman with a tragic past seeking refuge in the meticulousness and inventiveness of her work . " The same year , she also narrated Roald Dahl 's children 's novel Matilda , for which AudioFile in its review said , " She ( Winslet ) saves her panache for her characterizations . While Winslet ’ s Matilda is modestly soft @-@ spoken , she scales her vocal register as the ranting Wormwood parents , booms as Miss Trunchbull , and breathily voices the adored Miss Honey . " She won the Odyssey Award for her performance . Winslet started 2015 by reprising her role of Jeanine Matthews in the second installment of the Divergent trilogy , entitled The Divergent Series : Insurgent , making it the first sequel she has ever appeared in . Forbes described her performance as a " murderous tyrant " while TheWrap said the film " Perks up " during her scenes . The film grossed US $ 297 million worldwide . She next appeared in Danny Boyle 's Steve Jobs ( 2015 ) , alongside Michael Fassbender , about backstage events before three different computer product launches . Winslet received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Joanna Hoffman , Macintosh marketing chief , Jobs ' right @-@ hand woman and work wife . Indiewire noted , " buried under makeup and a distinctive Polish accent , Winslet 's chameleonesque transformation " , Time Out called it " steady and brilliant " , and HitFix said " Winslet gives one of the best performances of her career providing Hoffman with a gravitas that isn ’ t always in the script . " She received her seventh Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress along with a nomination from the Screen Actors Guild and went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her role in the film . Winslet 's final film of 2015 was Jocelyn Moorhouse 's The Dressmaker based on the novel of same name , in which she stars as a femme fatale in the title role . Justin Chang of Variety called her performance " crucial , stabilizing anchor " of the film , as he wrote that " Winslet , a difficult actress to root against under any circumstances , has us in her palm from the moment she steps into frame , looking like an avenging dark angel bathed in ’ 50s noir shadows " and The Star called her " smashing as Tilly Dunnage " . Winslet won an AACTA Award for Best Actress , for her performance in the film . Winslet 's only release of 2016 was John Hillcoat 's crime @-@ thriller Triple 9 , in which she appears as a Russian @-@ Israeli mafia moll , described by Hillcoat as " a really glamorous , nasty piece of work " . She received strong notices for her performance by the critics as Tom Huddleston of The Wrap said that " Kate Winslet practically rips the screen in two as the mad @-@ eyed Russian mob boss " and Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter described her performance as " commandingly and wittily , in a way that makes you instantly want to see her as Lady Macbeth . " As of June 2016 , Winslet has various film projects in different states of production . She has completed filming for David Frankel 's ensemble drama Collateral Beauty . In addition , she is set to appear alongside Idris Elba in Hany Abu @-@ Assad 's disaster film The Mountain Between Us , in a biopic based on American fashion model , artist and war correspondent Elizabeth " Lee " Miller during World War II and in Woody Allen 's next film . = = Personal life = = = = = Relationships and children = = = While on the set of the 1991 TV series Dark Season , Winslet met actor and writer Stephen Tredre , with whom she had a four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year relationship . Winslet and Tredre remained close after their separation in 1995 . He died of bone cancer during the opening week of Titanic , causing her to miss the film 's Los Angeles premiere to attend his funeral in London . On 22 November 1998 , Winslet married film director Jim Threapleton , whom she met while on the set of Hideous Kinky in 1997 . They have a daughter , Mia Honey Threapleton , who was born on 12 October 2000 in London . Winslet and Threapleton divorced on 13 December 2001 . Following her separation from Threapleton , Winslet began a relationship with director Sam Mendes in 2001 , and she married him on 24 May 2003 on the island of Anguilla . Their son , Joe Alfie Winslet Mendes , was born on 22 December 2003 in New York City . Winslet and Mendes announced their separation in March 2010 , and divorced in 2011 . In August 2011 , a fire broke out at a residence in which Winslet , her children , and her then @-@ boyfriend , model Louis Dowler , were staying on Necker Island , the private resort island of Virgin Group founder Richard Branson . The fire caused significant damage to the home , but no injuries . During the same August 2011 holiday on Necker Island , Winslet met fellow guest Ned Rocknroll , and they soon began dating . Rocknroll was born Ned Abel Smith , but later legally changed his name . He is a nephew of Richard Branson and works for Virgin Galactic , the space @-@ travel division of his uncle 's business . Rocknroll was previously married to Eliza Pearson , daughter of Viscount Cowdray . Winslet and Rocknroll became engaged in the summer of 2012 . It was announced in September 2012 that the couple had relocated from New York to live in the UK permanently , moving into a heritage home in South Downs National Park in West Wittering , West Sussex . Winslet and Rocknroll married in a private ceremony in New York in December 2012 . The couple 's son , Bear Blaze Winslet , was born in the County of Sussex , England , on 7 December 2013 . = = = Philanthropic work , experiences and interests = = = Winslet 's weight fluctuations over the years have been well documented by the media . She has been outspoken about her refusal to allow Hollywood to dictate her weight . In February 2003 , the British edition of GQ magazine published photographs of Winslet that had been digitally altered to make her look dramatically thinner . Winslet issued a statement that the alterations were made without her consent , saying , " I just didn 't want people to think I was a hypocrite and that I 'd suddenly lost 30 lbs or whatever " . GQ subsequently issued an apology . In 2007 , she won a libel suit against Grazia magazine after it claimed that she had visited a diet doctor . She won another libel suit in 2009 against the British tabloid The Daily Mail after it printed that she had lied about her exercise regimen . Winslet stated that she had requested an apology to demonstrate her commitment to the views that she has always expressed regarding women 's body issues , namely that women should accept their appearance with pride . In 2010 , Winslet narrated a video for PETA , encouraging chefs to remove foie gras from their menus and asking consumers to boycott restaurants that serve it . Winslet is a vegetarian . Winslet narrated the documentary A Mother 's Courage : Talking Back to Autism , which focused on Keli Thorsteinsson , who has autism , and his mother , Margret Ericsdottir . The documentary was generally released on 24 September 2010 , after airing on HBO in April of the same year . Her involvement in the documentary led to her founding the non @-@ profit organisation , the Golden Hat Foundation , whose mission is to eliminate barriers for people living with autism . She also wrote a book titled " The Golden Hat : Talking Back to Autism " , which contains personal statements and self @-@ portraits from number of celebrities including Leonardo DiCaprio , Marion Cotillard and Michael Caine . In 2011 , Winslet received the Yo Dona award for Best Humanitarian Work for her work with the Golden Hat . Winslet is the face of cosmetic and perfume house Lancôme and in 2010 , she joined Longines as their " Ambassador of Elegance " . In 2011 , Lancôme collaborated with Winslet 's Golden Hat Foundation to raise funds for the organization to help people with autism . Winslet supports ageing naturally and has always spoken against plastic surgery and botox . In 2015 , Winslet appeared in Running Wild with Bear Grylls and talked about being bullied at school by her classmates , saying that " I was chubby , always had big feet , the wrong shoes , bad hair " . The same year , she narrated anti @-@ bullying animated short film Daisy Chain , about a victim of cyber @-@ bullying . In November 2015 , Winslet stated that speaking publicly about the Hollywood wage gap was " vulgar . ... I 'm quite surprised by these conversations to be honest , simply because it seems quite a strange thing to be discussing out in the open like that . I am a very lucky woman and I 'm quite happy with how things are ticking along . " Later next month , she clarified more about her stance on the issue that " Jennifer Lawrence is amazing for speaking up and I think that anyone in this industry , particularly women , if there ’ s something strongly that they feel isn ’ t working for them or if they ’ re being discriminated against in any way , shape or form , it ’ s very , very important to speak up and so I fully applaud that . What I have a problem with is that there ’ s a separate thing that has started happening is that the lid has been somewhat lifted for journalists , and so journalists on red carpets will now say , ‘ So how do you feel about the gender pay gap ? ’ . ‘ What ? What ’ s the specific question ? ’ . ‘ Well , do you know that you got paid less or more than Michael Fassbender ? ’ . That question ? That to me is not very nice . I ’ m not going to have that conversation with a friend or even a family member , let alone in public . And so what ’ s happened as a result of these big very important discussions is that we ’ re then subjected to a particular line of questioning that being a Brit strikes me as being a little bit vulgar . Why would I stand on a red carpet and talk about how much I get paid ? " = = Filmography = = Winslet in her career of over two decades has appeared in different genres of films , ranging from crime drama Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) to period drama Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Titanic ( 1997 ) , to sci @-@ fi dramedy Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) , and to young @-@ adult action Divergent ( 2014 ) . As of July 2015 , Winslet 's films have grossed US $ 3 @.@ 9 billion worldwide . = = Awards and nominations = = Winslet won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Reader ( 2008 ) . She won two Golden Globe Awards in the same year ; Best Actress ( Drama ) for Revolutionary Road and Best Supporting Actress for The Reader , becoming the third actress to achieve the feat , after Joan Plowright and Sigourney Weaver . She has won three BAFTA Awards : Best Actress for The Reader , and Best Supporting Actress for Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Steve Jobs ( 2016 ) . She has earned a total of seven Academy Award nominations , eleven Golden Globe nominations , and eight BAFTA nominations . She has received numerous awards from other organizations , including the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress for Iris ( 2001 ) and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role for Sense and Sensibility and The Reader . Premiere magazine named her portrayal of Clementine Kruczynski in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) as the 81st greatest film performance of all time . = = = Academy Award nomination milestones = = = Winslet set the mark as the youngest actor to receive five nominations , at age 31 , for Little Children ( 2006 ) . She surpassed Bette Davis , who was 33 when she received her fifth nomination for her performance in The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) . With her Best Actress nomination for The Reader , Winslet became the youngest actress to receive six Oscar nominations . At age 33 , Winslet passed the mark Davis , one year older , set with Now , Voyager ( 1942 ) . Winslet received Academy Award nominations as the younger versions of the characters played by fellow nominees Gloria Stuart , as Rose , in Titanic ( 1997 ) and Judi Dench , as Iris Murdoch , in Iris . These are the only instances of the younger and older versions of a character in the same film both yielding Academy Award nominations , thus making Winslet the only actor to twice share an Oscar nomination with another for portraying the same character . When she was not nominated for her work in Revolutionary Road , Winslet became only the second actress to win a Golden Globe for Best Actress Drama without getting an Oscar nomination for the same performance ( Shirley MacLaine was the first for 1988 's Madame Sousatzka ) . Academy rules allow an actor to receive no more than one nomination in a given category ; as the Academy nominating process determined that Winslet 's work in The Reader would be considered a lead performance — unlike the Golden Globes , which considered it a supporting performance — she could not also receive a Best Actress nomination for Revolutionary Road . = = = Awards for other work = = = In 2000 , Winslet won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for Listen To the Storyteller . She was nominated for an Emmy Award Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for playing herself in a 2005 episode of Extras . At the 2011 Primetime Emmy Awards , Winslet won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for her role as the title character in Mildred Pierce . In 2014 , American Library Association presented her with Odyssey Award for her audiobook performance of Roald Dahl 's children 's novel Matilda . = = Honours = = In 2007 , British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) honoured Winslet with Britannia Award . She received the 2009 Santa Barbara International Film Festival Modern Master ( Montecito ) Award in recognition of her accomplishments in the film industry . In 2011 , Madame Tussauds unveiled a wax statue of her draped in the Elie Saab dress she wore at Primetime Emmy Awards of the same year . Winslet was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) for the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to drama . The same year she was honoured with an Honorary César Award . In 2015 , Film Society of Lincoln Center honoured her at 53rd New York Film Festival for her contributions to arts and BAFTA with a special career tribute titled BAFTA A Life in Pictures . Winslet was selected for a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2012 . She received the star at 6262 Hollywood Blvd , which was unveiled on 17 March 2014 on Saint Patrick 's Day by Winslet with Kathy Bates and James Cameron as guest speakers at the unveiling ceremony . = 90377 Sedna = 90377 Sedna is a large minor planet in the outer reaches of the Solar System that was , as of 2015 , at a distance of about 86 astronomical units ( AU ) from the Sun , about three times as far as Neptune . Spectroscopy has revealed that Sedna 's surface composition is similar to that of some other trans @-@ Neptunian objects , being largely a mixture of water , methane , and nitrogen ices with tholins . Its surface is one of the reddest among Solar System objects . It is most likely a dwarf planet . For most of its orbit , it is even farther from the Sun than at present , with its aphelion estimated at 937 AU ( 31 times Neptune 's distance ) , making it one of the most distant known objects in the Solar System other than long @-@ period comets . Sedna has an exceptionally long and elongated orbit , taking approximately 11 @,@ 400 years to complete and a distant point of closest approach to the Sun at 76 AU . These facts have led to much speculation about its origin . The Minor Planet Center currently places Sedna in the scattered disc , a group of objects sent into highly elongated orbits by the gravitational influence of Neptune . However , this classification has been contested , because Sedna never comes close enough to Neptune to have been scattered by it , leading some astronomers to conclude that it is in fact the first known member of the inner Oort cloud . Others speculate that it might have been tugged into its current orbit by a passing star , perhaps one within the Sun 's birth cluster ( an open cluster ) , or even that it was captured from another star system . Another hypothesis suggests that its orbit may be evidence for a large planet beyond the orbit of Neptune . Astronomer Michael E. Brown , co @-@ discoverer of Sedna and the dwarf planets Eris , Haumea , and Makemake , thinks that it is the most scientifically important trans @-@ Neptunian object found to date , because understanding its unusual orbit is likely to yield valuable information about the origin and early evolution of the Solar System . = = History = = = = = Discovery = = = Sedna ( provisionally designated 2003 VB12 ) was discovered by Michael Brown ( Caltech ) , Chad Trujillo ( Gemini Observatory ) , and David Rabinowitz ( Yale University ) on 14 November 2003 . The discovery formed part of a survey begun in 2001 with the Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory near San Diego , California using Yale 's 160 megapixel Palomar Quest camera . On that day , an object was observed to move by 4 @.@ 6 arcseconds over 3 @.@ 1 hours relative to stars , which indicated that its distance was about 100 AU . Follow @-@ up observations in November – December 2003 with the SMARTS telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter @-@ American Observatory in Chile as well as with the Tenagra IV telescope at the Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii revealed that the object was moving along a distant highly eccentric orbit . Later , the object was precovered on older images made by the Samuel Oschin telescope as well as on images from the Near @-@ Earth Asteroid Tracking consortium . These previous positions expanded its known orbital arc and allowed a more precise calculation of its orbit . = = = Naming = = = " Our newly discovered object is the coldest most distant place known in the Solar System " , said Mike Brown on his website , " so we feel it is appropriate to name it in honor of Sedna , the Inuit goddess of the sea , who is thought to live at the bottom of the frigid Arctic Ocean . " Brown also suggested to the International Astronomical Union 's ( IAU ) Minor Planet Center that any future objects discovered in Sedna 's orbital region should also be named after entities in arctic mythologies . The team made the name " Sedna " public before the object had been officially numbered . Brian Marsden , the head of the Minor Planet Center , said that such an action was a violation of protocol , and that some members of the IAU might vote against it . However , no objection was raised to the name , and no competing names were suggested . The IAU 's Committee on Small Body Nomenclature formally accepted the name in September 2004 , and also considered that , in similar cases of extraordinary interest , it might in the future allow names to be announced before they were officially numbered . = = Orbit and rotation = = Sedna has the longest orbital period of any known large object in the Solar System , calculated at around 11 @,@ 400 years . Its orbit is extremely eccentric , with an aphelion estimated at 937 AU and a perihelion at about 76 AU . This perihelion was the largest of that of any known Solar System object until the discovery of 2012 VP113 . When Sedna was discovered it was 89 @.@ 6 AU from the Sun approaching perihelion , and was the most distant object in the Solar System observed . Eris was later detected by the same survey near aphelion at 97 AU . Only the orbits of some long @-@ period comets extend farther than that of Sedna ; they are too dim to be discovered except when approaching perihelion in the inner Solar System . Even as Sedna nears its perihelion in mid 2076 , the Sun would appear merely as an extremely bright star @-@ like pinpoint in its sky , 100 times brighter than a full moon on Earth ( for comparison , the Sun appears from Earth to be roughly 400 @,@ 000 times brighter than the full Moon ) , and too far away to be visible as a disc to the naked eye . When first discovered , Sedna was thought to have an unusually long rotational period ( 20 to 50 days ) . It was initially speculated that Sedna 's rotation was slowed by the gravitational pull of a large binary companion , similar to Pluto 's moon Charon . A search for such a satellite by the Hubble Space Telescope in March 2004 found nothing , and subsequent measurements from the MMT telescope suggest a much shorter rotation period of about 10 hours , rather typical for a body of its size . = = Physical characteristics = = Sedna has a V @-@ band absolute magnitude ( H ) of about 1 @.@ 8 , and it is estimated to have an albedo of about 0 @.@ 32 , thus giving it a diameter of approximately 1 @,@ 000 km . At the time of its discovery it was the intrinsically brightest object found in the Solar System since Pluto in 1930 . In 2004 , the discoverers placed an upper limit of 1 @,@ 800 km on its diameter , but by 2007 this was revised downward to less than 1 @,@ 600 km after observation by the Spitzer Space Telescope . In 2012 , measurements from the Herschel Space Observatory suggested that Sedna 's diameter was 995 ± 80 km , which would make it smaller than Pluto 's moon Charon . Because Sedna has no known moons , determining its mass is currently impossible without sending a space probe . Observations from the SMARTS telescope show that in visible light Sedna is one of the reddest objects in the Solar System , nearly as red as Mars . Chad Trujillo and his colleagues suggest that Sedna 's dark red colour is caused by a surface coating of hydrocarbon sludge , or tholin , formed from simpler organic compounds after long exposure to ultraviolet radiation . Its surface is homogeneous in colour and spectrum ; this may be because Sedna , unlike objects nearer the Sun , is rarely impacted by other bodies , which would expose bright patches of fresh icy material like that on 8405 Asbolus . Sedna and two other very distant objects – 2006 SQ372 and ( 87269 ) 2000 OO67 – share their color with outer classical Kuiper belt objects and the centaur 5145 Pholus , suggesting a similar region of origin . Trujillo and colleagues have placed upper limits in Sedna 's surface composition of 60 % for methane ice and 70 % for water ice . The presence of methane further supports the existence of tholins on Sedna 's surface , because they are produced by irradiation of methane . Barucci and colleagues compared Sedna 's spectrum with that of Triton and detected weak absorption bands belonging to methane and nitrogen ices . From these observations , they suggested the following model of the surface : 24 % Triton @-@ type tholins , 7 % amorphous carbon , 10 % nitrogen , 26 % methanol , and 33 % methane . The detection of methane and water ices was confirmed in 2006 by the Spitzer Space Telescope mid @-@ infrared photometry . The presence of nitrogen on the surface suggests the possibility that , at least for a short time , Sedna may have a tenuous atmosphere . During a 200 @-@ year period near perihelion , the maximum temperature on Sedna should exceed 35 @.@ 6 K ( − 237 @.@ 6 ° C ) , the transition temperature between alpha @-@ phase solid N2 and the beta phase seen on Triton . At 38 K , the N2 vapor pressure would be 14 microbar ( 1 @.@ 4 Pa or 0 @.@ 000014 atm ) . However , its deep red spectral slope is indicative of high concentrations of organic material on its surface , and its weak methane absorption bands indicate that methane on Sedna 's surface is ancient , rather than freshly deposited . This means that Sedna is too cold for methane to evaporate from its surface and then fall back as snow , which happens on Triton and probably on Pluto . Models of internal heating via radioactive decay suggest that Sedna might be capable of supporting a subsurface ocean of liquid water . = = Origin = = In their paper announcing the discovery of Sedna , Mike Brown and his colleagues described it as the first observed body belonging to the Oort cloud , the hypothetical cloud of comets thought to exist nearly a light @-@ year from the Sun . They observed that , unlike scattered disc objects such as Eris , Sedna 's perihelion ( 76 AU ) is too distant for it to have been scattered by the gravitational influence of Neptune . Because it is a great deal closer to the Sun than was expected for an Oort cloud object , and has an inclination roughly in line with the planets and the Kuiper belt , they described the planetoid as being an " inner Oort cloud object " , situated in the disc reaching from the Kuiper belt to the spherical part of the cloud . If Sedna formed in its current location , the Sun 's original protoplanetary disc must have extended as far as 75 AU into space . Also , Sedna 's initial orbit must have been approximately circular , otherwise its formation by the accretion of smaller bodies into a whole would not have been possible , because the large relative velocities between planetesimals would have been too disruptive . Therefore , it must have been tugged into its current eccentric orbit by a gravitational interaction with another body . In their initial paper , Brown , Rabinowitz and colleagues suggested three possible candidates for the perturbing body : an unseen planet beyond the Kuiper belt , a single passing star , or one of the young stars embedded with the Sun in the stellar cluster in which it formed . Mike Brown and his team favored the hypothesis that Sedna was lifted into its current orbit by a star from the Sun 's birth cluster , arguing that Sedna 's aphelion of about 1 @,@ 000 AU , which is relatively close compared to those of long @-@ period comets , is not distant enough to be affected by passing stars at their current distances from the Sun . They propose that Sedna 's orbit is best explained by the Sun having formed in an open cluster of several stars that gradually disassociated over time . That hypothesis has also been advanced by both Alessandro Morbidelli and Scott Jay Kenyon . Computer simulations by Julio A. Fernandez and Adrian Brunini suggest that multiple close passes by young stars in such a cluster would pull many objects into Sedna @-@ like orbits . A study by Morbidelli and Levison suggested that the most likely explanation for Sedna 's orbit was that it had been perturbed by a close ( approximately 800 AU ) pass by another star in the first 100 million years or so of the Solar System 's existence . The trans @-@ Neptunian planet hypothesis has been advanced in several forms by a number of astronomers , including Rodney Gomes and Patryk Lykawka . One scenario involves perturbations of Sedna 's orbit by a hypothetical planetary @-@ sized body in the Hills cloud . Recent simulations show that Sedna 's orbital traits could be explained by perturbations by a Neptune @-@ mass object at 2 @,@ 000 AU ( or less ) , a Jupiter @-@ mass ( MJ ) at 5 @,@ 000 AU , or even an Earth @-@ mass object at 1 @,@ 000 AU . Computer simulations by Patryk Lykawka have suggested that Sedna 's orbit may have been caused by a body roughly the size of Earth , ejected outward by Neptune early in the Solar System 's formation and currently in an elongated orbit between 80 and 170 AU from the Sun . Mike Brown 's various sky surveys have not detected any Earth @-@ sized objects out to a distance of about 100 AU . However , it is possible that such an object may have been scattered out of the Solar System after the formation of the inner Oort cloud . Caltech researchers Konstantin Batygin and Mike Brown have found evidence of a giant planet with a highly eccentric orbit in the outer Solar System . The object , which the researchers have nicknamed Planet Nine , has a mass about 10 times that of Earth and orbits about 20 times farther from the Sun on average than does Neptune ( which orbits the Sun at an average distance of 30 @.@ 1 astronomical units ( 4 @.@ 50 × 109 km ) ) . In fact , it would take this new planet between 10 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 years to make just one full orbit around the Sun . The researchers hypothesised the planet 's existence through mathematical modeling and computer simulations , but have not yet observed the object directly . It has been suggested that Sedna 's orbit is the result of influence by a large binary companion to the Sun , thousands of AU distant . One such hypothetical companion is Nemesis , a dim companion to the Sun that has been proposed to be responsible for the supposed periodicity of mass extinctions on Earth from cometary impacts , the lunar impact record , and the common orbital elements of a number of long @-@ period comets . However , to date no direct evidence of Nemesis has been found , and many lines of evidence ( such as crater counts ) , have thrown its existence into doubt . John J. Matese and Daniel P. Whitmire , longtime proponents of the possibility of a wide binary companion to the Sun , have suggested that an object of 5 MJ lying at roughly 7 @,@ 850 AU from the Sun could produce a body in Sedna 's orbit . Morbidelli and Kenyon have also suggested that Sedna did not originate in the Solar System , but was captured by the Sun from a passing extrasolar planetary system , specifically that of a brown dwarf about 1 / 20th the mass of the Sun ( M ☉ ) . = = Population = = Sedna 's highly elliptical orbit means that the probability of its detection was roughly 1 in 80 , which suggests that , unless its discovery was a fluke , another 40 – 120 Sedna @-@ sized objects would exist within the same region . Another object , 2000 CR105 , has a similar but less extreme orbit : it has a perihelion of 44 @.@ 3 AU , an aphelion of 394 AU , and an orbital period of 3 @,@ 240 years . It may have been affected by the same processes as Sedna . Each of the proposed mechanisms for Sedna 's extreme orbit would leave a distinct mark on the structure and dynamics of any wider population . If a trans @-@ Neptunian planet was responsible , all such objects would share roughly the same perihelion ( about 80 AU ) . If Sedna were captured from another planetary system that rotated in the same direction as the Solar System , then all of its population would have orbits on relatively low inclinations and have semi @-@ major axes ranging from 100 – 500 AU . If it rotated in the opposite direction , then two populations would form , one with low and one with high inclinations . The perturbations from passing stars would produce a wide variety of perihelia and inclinations , each dependent on the number and angle of such encounters . Acquiring a larger sample of such objects would help in determining which scenario is most likely . " I call Sedna a fossil record of the earliest Solar System " , said Brown in 2006 . " Eventually , when other fossil records are found , Sedna will help tell us how the Sun formed and the number of stars that were close to the Sun when it formed . " A 2007 – 2008 survey by Brown , Rabinowitz and Megan Schwamb attempted to locate another member of Sedna 's hypothetical population . Although the survey was sensitive to movement out to 1 @,@ 000 AU and discovered the likely dwarf planet 2007 OR10 , it detected no new sednoid . Subsequent simulations incorporating the new data suggested about 40 Sedna @-@ sized objects probably exist in this region , with the brightest being about Eris 's magnitude ( − 1 @.@ 0 ) . In 2014 , astronomers announced the discovery of 2012 VP113 , an object half the size of Sedna in a 4200 @-@ year orbit similar to Sedna 's and a perihelion within Sedna 's range of roughly 80 AU , which led some to speculate that it offered evidence of a trans @-@ Neptunian planet . = = Classification = = The Minor Planet Center , which officially catalogs the objects in the Solar System , classifies Sedna as a scattered object . However , this grouping is heavily questioned , and many astronomers have suggested that it , together with a few other objects ( e.g. 2000 CR105 ) , be placed in a new category of distant objects named extended scattered disc objects ( E @-@ SDO ) , detached objects , distant detached objects ( DDO ) , or scattered @-@ extended in the formal classification by the Deep Ecliptic Survey . The discovery of Sedna resurrected the question of which astronomical objects should be considered planets and which should not . On 15 March 2004 , articles on Sedna in the popular press reported that a tenth planet had been discovered . This question was answered under the International Astronomical Union definition of a planet , adopted on 24 August 2006 , which mandated that a planet must have cleared the neighborhood around its orbit . Sedna has a Stern – Levison parameter estimated to be much less than 1 , and therefore cannot be considered to have cleared the neighborhood , even though no other objects have yet been discovered in its vicinity . To be a dwarf planet , Sedna must be in hydrostatic equilibrium . It is bright enough , and therefore large enough , that this is expected to be the case , and several astronomers have called it one . = = Exploration = = Sedna will come to perihelion around 2075 – 2076 . This close approach to the Sun provides an opportunity for study that will not occur again for 12 @,@ 000 years . Although Sedna is listed on NASA 's Solar System exploration website , NASA is not known to be considering any type of mission at this time . It was calculated that a flyby mission to Sedna could take 24 @.@ 48 years using a Jupiter gravity assist , based on launch dates of 6 May 2033 and 23 June 2046 . Sedna would be 77 @.@ 27 or 76 @.@ 43 AU from the Sun when the spacecraft arrives . = Rings of Jupiter = The planet Jupiter has a system of rings known as the rings of Jupiter or the Jovian ring system . It was the third ring system to be discovered in the Solar System , after those of Saturn and Uranus . It was first observed in 1979 by the Voyager 1 space probe and thoroughly investigated in the 1990s by the Galileo orbiter . It has also been observed by the Hubble Space Telescope and from Earth for the past 23 years . Ground @-@ based observations of the rings require the largest available telescopes . The Jovian ring system is faint and consists mainly of dust . It has four main components : a thick inner torus of particles known as the " halo ring " ; a relatively bright , exceptionally thin " main ring " ; and two wide , thick and faint outer " gossamer rings " , named for the moons of whose material they are composed : Amalthea and Thebe . The main and halo rings consist of dust ejected from the moons Metis , Adrastea , and other unobserved parent bodies as the result of high @-@ velocity impacts . High @-@ resolution images obtained in February and March 2007 by the New Horizons spacecraft revealed a rich fine structure in the main ring . In visible and near @-@ infrared light , the rings have a reddish color , except the halo ring , which is neutral or blue in color . The size of the dust in the rings varies , but the cross @-@ sectional area is greatest for nonspherical particles of radius about 15 μm in all rings except the halo . The halo ring is probably dominated by submicrometre dust . The total mass of the ring system ( including unresolved parent bodies ) is poorly known , but is probably in the range of 1011 to 1016 kg . The age of the ring system is not known , but it may have existed since the formation of Jupiter . A ring could possibly exist in Himalia 's orbit . One possible explanation is that a small moon had crashed into Himalia and the force of the impact caused material to blast off Himalia . = = Discovery and structure = = Jupiter 's ring system was the third to be discovered in the Solar System , after those of Saturn and Uranus . It was first observed in 1979 by the Voyager 1 space probe . It comprises four main components : a thick inner torus of particles known as the " halo ring " ; a relatively bright , exceptionally thin " main ring " ; and two wide , thick and faint outer " gossamer rings " , named after the moons of whose material they are composed : Amalthea and Thebe . The principal attributes of the known Jovian Rings are listed in the table . = = Main ring = = = = = Appearance and structure = = = The narrow and relatively thin main ring is the brightest part of Jupiter 's ring system . Its outer edge is located at a radius of about 129000 km ( 1 @.@ 806 RJ ; RJ = equatorial radius of Jupiter or 71398 km ) and coincides with the orbit of Jupiter 's smallest inner satellite , Adrastea . Its inner edge is not marked by any satellite and is located at about 122500 km ( 1 @.@ 72 RJ ) . Thus the width of the main ring is around 6500 km . The appearance of the main ring depends on the viewing geometry . In forward @-@ scattered light the brightness of the main ring begins to decrease steeply at 128600 km ( just inward of the Adrastean orbit ) and reaches the background level at 129300 km — just outward of the Adrastean orbit . Therefore , Adrastea at 129000 km clearly shepherds the ring . The brightness continues to increase in the direction of Jupiter and has a maximum near the ring ’ s center at 126000 km , although there is a pronounced gap ( notch ) near the Metidian orbit at 128000 km . The inner boundary of the main ring , in contrast , appears to fade off slowly from 124000 to 120000 km , merging into the halo ring . In forward @-@ scattered light all Jovian rings are especially bright . In back @-@ scattered light the situation is different . The outer boundary of the main ring , located at 129100 km , or slightly beyond the orbit of Adrastea , is very steep . The orbit of the moon is marked by a gap in the ring so there is a thin ringlet just outside its orbit . There is another ringlet just inside Adrastean orbit followed by a gap of unknown origin located at about 128500 km . The third ringlet is found inward of the central gap , outside the orbit of Metis . The ring ’ s brightness drops sharply just outward of the Metidian orbit , forming the Metis notch . Inward of the orbit of Metis , the brightness of the ring rises much less than in forward @-@ scattered light . So in the back @-@ scattered geometry the main ring appears to consist of two different parts : a narrow outer part extending from 128000 to 129000 km , which itself includes three narrow ringlets separated by notches , and a fainter inner part from 122500 to 128000 km , which lacks any visible structure like in the forward @-@ scattering geometry . The Metis notch serves as their boundary . The fine structure of the main ring was discovered in data from the Galileo orbiter and is clearly visible in back @-@ scattered images obtained from New Horizons in February – March 2007 . The early observations by Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) , Keck and the Cassini spacecraft failed to detect it , probably due to insufficient spatial resolution . However the fine structure was observed by the Keck telescope using adaptive optics in 2002 – 2003 . Observed in back @-@ scattered light the main ring appears to be razor thin , extending in the vertical direction no more than 30 km . In the side scatter geometry the ring thickness is 80 – 160 km , increasing somewhat in the direction of Jupiter . The ring appears to be much thicker in the forward @-@ scattered light — about 300 km . One of the discoveries of the Galileo orbiter was the bloom of the main ring — a faint , relatively thick ( about 600 km ) cloud of material which surrounds its inner part . The bloom grows in thickness towards the inner boundary of the main ring , where it transitions into the halo . Detailed analysis of the Galileo images revealed longitudinal variations of the main ring ’ s brightness unconnected with the	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
viewing geometry . The Galileo images also showed some patchiness in the ring on the scales 500 – 1000 km . In February – March 2007 New Horizons spacecraft conducted a deep search for new small moons inside the main ring . While no satellites larger than 0 @.@ 5 km were found , the cameras of the spacecraft detected seven small clumps of ring particles . They orbit just inside the orbit of Adrastea inside a dense ringlet . The conclusion , that they are clumps and not small moons , is based on their azimuthally extended appearance . They subtend 0 @.@ 1 – 0 @.@ 3 ° along the ring , which correspond to 1000 – 3000 km . The clumps are divided into two groups of five and two members , respectively . The nature of the clumps is not clear , but their orbits are close to 115 : 116 and 114 : 115 resonances with Metis . They may be wavelike structures excited by this interaction . = = = Spectra and particle size distribution = = = Spectra of the main ring obtained by the HST , Keck , Galileo and Cassini have shown that particles forming it are red , i.e. their albedo is higher at longer wavelengths . The existing spectra span the range 0 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 5 μm . No spectral features have been found so far which can be attributed to particular chemical compounds , although the Cassini observations yielded evidence for absorption bands near 0 @.@ 8 μm and 2 @.@ 2 μm . The spectra of the main ring are very similar to Adrastea and Amalthea . The properties of the main ring can be explained by the hypothesis that it contains significant amounts of dust with 0 @.@ 1 – 10 μm particle sizes . This explains the stronger forward @-@ scattering of light as compared to back @-@ scattering . However , larger bodies are required to explain the strong back @-@ scattering and fine structure in the bright outer part of the main ring . Analysis of available phase and spectral data leads to a conclusion that the size distribution of small particles in the main ring obeys a power law <formula> where n ( r ) dr is a number of particles with radii between r and r + dr and <formula> is a normalizing parameter chosen to match the known total light flux from the ring . The parameter q is 2 @.@ 0 ± 0 @.@ 2 for particles with r < 15 ± 0 @.@ 3 μm and q = 5 ± 1 for those with r > 15 ± 0 @.@ 3 μm . The distribution of large bodies in the mm – km size range is undetermined presently . The light scattering in this model is dominated by particles with r around 15 μm . The power law mentioned above allows estimation of the optical depth <formula> of the main ring : <formula> for the large bodies and <formula> for the dust . This optical depth means that the total cross section of all particles inside the ring is about 5000 km ² . The particles in the main ring are expected to have aspherical shapes . The total mass of the dust is estimated to be 107 − 109 kg . The mass of large bodies , excluding Metis and Adrastea , is 1011 − 1016 kg . It depends on their maximum size — the upper value corresponds to about 1 km maximum diameter . These masses can be compared with masses of Adrastea , which is about 2 × 1015 kg , Amalthea , about 2 × 1018 kg , and Earth 's Moon , 7 @.@ 4 × 1022 kg . The presence of two populations of particles in the main ring explains why its appearance depends on the viewing geometry . The dust scatters light preferably in the forward direction and forms a relatively thick homogenous ring bounded by the orbit of Adrastea . In contrast , large particles , which scatter in the back direction , are confined in a number of ringlets between the Metidian and Adrastean orbits . = = = Origin and age = = = The dust is constantly being removed from the main ring by a combination of Poynting – Robertson drag and electromagnetic forces from the Jovian magnetosphere . Volatile materials , for example ices , evaporate quickly . The lifetime of dust particles in the ring is from 100 to 1000 years , so the dust must be continuously replenished in the collisions between large bodies with sizes from 1 cm to 0 @.@ 5 km and between the same large bodies and high velocity particles coming from outside the Jovian system . This parent body population is confined to the narrow — about 1000 km — and bright outer part of the main ring , and includes Metis and Adrastea . The largest parent bodies must be less than 0 @.@ 5 km in size . The upper limit on their size was obtained by New Horizons spacecraft . The previous upper limit , obtained from HST and Cassini observations , was near 4 km . The dust produced in collisions retains approximately the same orbital elements as the parent bodies and slowly spirals in the direction of Jupiter forming the faint ( in back @-@ scattered light ) innermost part of the main ring and halo ring . The age of the main ring is currently unknown , but it may be the last remnant of a past population of small bodies near Jupiter . = = = Vertical corrugations = = = Images from the Galileo and New Horizons space probes show the presence of two sets of spiraling vertical corrugations in the main ring . These waves became more tightly wound over time at the rate expected for differential nodal regression in Jupiter 's gravity field . Extrapolating backwards , the more prominent of the two sets of waves appears to have been excited in 1995 , around the time of the impact of Comet Shoemaker @-@ Levy 9 with Jupiter , while the smaller set appears to date to the first half of 1990 . Galileo 's November 1996 observations are consistent with wavelengths of 1920 ± 150 and 630 ± 20 km , and vertical amplitudes of 2 @.@ 4 ± 0 @.@ 7 and 0 @.@ 6 ± 0 @.@ 2 km , for the larger and smaller sets of waves , respectively . The formation of the larger set of waves can be explained if the ring was impacted by a cloud of particles released by the comet with a total mass on the order of 2 – 5 × 1012 kg , which would have tilted the ring out of the equatorial plane by 2 km . A similar spiraling wave pattern that tightens over time has been observed by Cassini in Saturns 's C and D rings . = = Halo ring = = = = = Appearance and structure = = = The halo ring is the innermost and the vertically thickest Jovian ring . Its outer edge coincides with the inner boundary of the main ring approximately at the radius 122500 km ( 1 @.@ 72 RJ ) . From this radius the ring becomes rapidly thicker towards Jupiter . The true vertical extent of the halo is not known but the presence of its material was detected as high as 10000 km over the ring plane . The inner boundary of the halo is relatively sharp and located at the radius 100000 km ( 1 @.@ 4 RJ ) , but some material is present further inward to approximately 92000 km . Thus the width of the halo ring is about 30000 km . Its shape resembles a thick torus without clear internal structure . In contrast to the main ring , the halo 's appearance depends only slightly on the viewing geometry . The halo ring appears brightest in forward @-@ scattered light , in which it was extensively imaged by Galileo . While its surface brightness is much less than that of the main ring , its vertically ( perpendicular to the ring plane ) integrated photon flux is comparable due to its much larger thickness . Despite a claimed vertical extent of more than 20000 km , the halo ’ s brightness is strongly concentrated towards the ring plane and follows a power law of the form z − 0 @.@ 6 to z − 1 @.@ 5 , where z is altitude over the ring plane . The halo ’ s appearance in the back @-@ scattered light , as observed by Keck and HST , is the same . However its total photon flux is several times lower than that of the main ring and is more strongly concentrated near the ring plane than in the forward @-@ scattered light . The spectral properties of the halo ring are different from the main ring . The flux distribution in the range 0 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 5 μm is flatter than in the main ring ; the halo is not red and may even be blue . = = = Origin of the halo ring = = = The optical properties of the halo ring can be explained by the hypothesis that it comprises only dust with particle sizes less than 15 μm . Parts of the halo located far from the ring plane may consist of submicrometre dust . This dusty composition explains the much stronger forward @-@ scattering , bluer colors and lack of visible structure in the halo . The dust probably originates in the main ring , a claim supported by the fact that the halo ’ s optical depth <formula> is comparable with that of the dust in the main ring . The large thickness of the halo can be attributed to the excitation of orbital inclinations and eccentricities of dust particles by the electromagnetic forces in the Jovian magnetosphere . The outer boundary of the halo ring coincides with location of a strong 3 : 2 Lorentz resonance . As Poynting – Robertson drag causes particles to slowly drift towards Jupiter , their orbital inclinations are excited while passing through it . The bloom of the main ring may be a beginning of the halo . The halo ring ’ s inner boundary is not far from the strongest 2 : 1 Lorentz resonance . In this resonance the excitation is probably very significant , forcing particles to plunge into the Jovian atmosphere thus defining a sharp inner boundary . Being derived from the main ring , the halo has the same age . = = Gossamer rings = = = = = Amalthea gossamer ring = = = The Amalthea gossamer ring is a very faint structure with a rectangular cross section , stretching from the orbit of Amalthea at 182000 km ( 2 @.@ 54 RJ ) to about 129000 km ( 1 @.@ 80 RJ ) . Its inner boundary is not clearly defined because of the presence of the much brighter main ring and halo . The thickness of the ring is approximately 2300 km near the orbit of Amalthea and slightly decreases in the direction of Jupiter . The Amalthea gossamer ring is actually the brightest near its top and bottom edges and becomes gradually brighter towards Jupiter ; one of the edges is often brighter than another . The outer boundary of the ring is relatively steep ; the ring 's brightness drops abruptly just inward of the orbit of Amalthea , although it may have a small extension beyond the orbit of the satellite ending near 4 : 3 resonance with Thebe . In forward @-@ scattered light the ring appears to be about 30 times fainter than the main ring . In back @-@ scattered light it has been detected only by the Keck telescope and the ACS ( Advanced Camera for Surveys ) on HST . Back @-@ scattering images show additional structure in the ring : a peak in the brightness just inside the Amalthean orbit and confined to the top or bottom edge of the ring . In 2002 – 2003 Galileo spacecraft had two passes through the gossamer rings . During them its dust counter detected dust particles in the size range 0 @.@ 2 – 5 μm . In addition , the Galileo spacecraft 's star scanner detected small , discrete bodies ( < 1 km ) near Amalthea . These may represent collisional debris generated from impacts with this satellite . The detection of the Amalthea gossamer ring from the ground , in Galileo images and the direct dust measurements have allowed the determination of the particle size distribution , which appears to follow the same power law as the dust in the main ring with q = 2 ± 0 @.@ 5 . The optical depth of this ring is about 10 − 7 , which is an order of magnitude lower than that of the main ring , but the total mass of the dust ( 107 – 109 kg ) is comparable . = = = Thebe gossamer ring = = = The Thebe gossamer ring is the faintest Jovian ring . It appears as a very faint structure with a rectangular cross section , stretching from the Thebean orbit at 226000 km ( 3 @.@ 11 RJ ) to about 129000 km ( 1 @.@ 80 RJ ; ) . Its inner boundary is not clearly defined because of the presence of the much brighter main ring and halo . The thickness of the ring is approximately 8400 km near the orbit of Thebe and slightly decreases in the direction of the planet . The Thebe gossamer ring is brightest near its top and bottom edges and gradually becomes brighter towards Jupiter — much like the Amalthea ring . The outer boundary of the ring is not especially steep , stretching over 15000 km . There is a barely visible continuation of the ring beyond the orbit of Thebe , extending up to 280000 km ( 3 @.@ 75 RJ ) and called the Thebe Extension . In forward @-@ scattered light the ring appears to be about 3 times fainter than the Amalthea gossamer ring . In back @-@ scattered light it has been detected only by the Keck telescope . Back @-@ scattering images show a peak of brightness just inside the orbit of Thebe . In 2002 – 2003 the dust counter of the Galileo spacecraft detected dust particles in the size range 0 @.@ 2 – 5 μm — similar to those in the Amalthea ring — and confirmed the results obtained from imaging . The optical depth of the Thebe gossamer ring is about 3 × 10 − 8 , which is three times lower than the Amalthea gossamer ring , but the total mass of the dust is the same — about 107 – 109 kg . However the particle size distribution of the dust is somewhat shallower than in the Amalthea ring . It follows a power law with q < 2 . In the Thebe extension the parameter q may be even smaller . = = = Origin of the gossamer rings = = = The dust in the gossamer rings originates in essentially the same way as that in the main ring and halo . Its sources are the inner Jovian moons Amalthea and Thebe respectively . High velocity impacts by projectiles coming from outside the Jovian system eject dust particles from their surfaces . These particles initially retain the same orbits as their moons but then gradually spiral inward by Poynting – Robertson drag . The thickness of the gossamer rings is determined by vertical excursions of the moons due to their nonzero orbital inclinations . This hypothesis naturally explains almost all observable properties of the rings : rectangular cross @-@ section , decrease of thickness in the direction of Jupiter and brightening of the top and bottom edges of the rings . However some properties have so far gone unexplained , like the Thebe Extension , which may be due to unseen bodies outside Thebe 's orbit , and structures visible in the back @-@ scattered light . One possible explanation of the Thebe Extension is influence of the electromagnetic forces from the Jovian magnetosphere . When the dust enters the shadow behind Jupiter , it loses its electrical charge fairly quickly . Since the small dust particles partially corotate with the planet , they will move outward during the shadow pass creating an outward extension of the Thebe gossamer ring . The same forces can explain a dip in the particle distribution and ring 's brightness , which occurs between the orbits of Amalthea and Thebe . The peak in the brightness just inside of the Amalthea 's orbit and , therefore , the vertical asymmetry the Amalthea gossamer ring may be due to the dust particles trapped at the leading ( L4 ) and trailing ( L5 ) Lagrange points of this moon . The particles may also follow horseshoe orbits between the Lagrangian points . The dust may be present at the leading and trailing Lagrange points of Thebe as well . This discovery implies that there are two particle populations in the gossamer rings : one slowly drifts in the direction of Jupiter as described above , while another remains near a source moon trapped in 1 : 1 resonance with it . = = Himalia ring = = The small moon Dia , 4 kilometres in diameter , had gone missing since its discovery in 2000 . One theory is that it has crashed into the much larger moon Himalia , 170 kilometres in diameter , creating a faint ring . This possible ring appears as a faint streak near Himalia in images from NASA 's New Horizons mission to Pluto . This suggests that Jupiter sometimes gains and loses small moons through collisions . However , the recovery of Dia in 2010 and 2011 disproves the link between Dia and the Himalia ring , although it is still possible that a different moon may have been involved . = = Exploration = = The existence of the Jovian rings was inferred from observations of the planetary radiation belts by Pioneer 11 spacecraft in 1975 . In 1979 the Voyager 1 spacecraft obtained a single overexposed image of the ring system . More extensive imaging was conducted by Voyager 2 in the same year , which allowed rough determination of the ring ’ s structure . The superior quality of the images obtained by the Galileo orbiter between 1995 and 2003 greatly extended the existing knowledge about the Jovian rings . Ground @-@ based observation of the rings by the Keck telescope in 1997 and 2002 and the HST in 1999 revealed the rich structure visible in back @-@ scattered light . Images transmitted by the New Horizons spacecraft in February – March 2007 allowed observation of the fine structure in the main ring for the first time . In 2000 , the Cassini spacecraft en route to Saturn conducted extensive observations of the Jovian ring system . Future missions to the Jovian system will provide additional information about the rings . = Australian contribution to UNTAG = The Australian Services Contingent was the Australian Army contribution to the United Nations Transition Assistance Group ( UNTAG ) peacekeeping mission to Namibia in 1989 and 1990 . Australia sent two contingents of over 300 engineers each to assist the Special Representative of the Secretary General , Martti Ahtisaari , in overseeing free and fair elections in Namibia for a Constituent Assembly in what was the largest deployment of Australian troops since the Vietnam War . The Australian mission was widely reported as successful . Colonel John Crocker , commander of the second Australian contingent ( 2ASC ) , wrote that the November 1989 election was UNTAG 's raison d 'être and observed that " the Australian contingent 's complete and wide @-@ ranging support was critical to the success of that election and hence the mission – a fact that has been acknowledged at the highest level in UNTAG " . Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , Secretary @-@ General of the United Nations , wrote to Gareth Evans ( Australia 's Foreign Minister ) about the " remarkable contribution made by the Australian military and electoral personnel " , saying that their " dedication and professionalism had been widely and deservedly praised " . Although a total of 19 UN personnel lost their lives in Namibia , the two Australian contingents achieved their mission without sustaining any fatalities – one of the few military units in UNTAG to do so . Overall , the UNTAG mission assisted Namibia in transitioning to a democratic government after the racial segregation of the apartheid system . The military forces did not fire a shot during the operation , and Mays called it " possibly the most successful UN peacekeeping operation ever fielded " ; Hearn called it " one of the major successes of the United Nations " . Almost 20 years later , in a message to the annual session of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization on 28 February 2008 , UN Secretary @-@ General Ban Ki @-@ moon noted that " facilitating this process " constituted " one of the proudest chapters of our Organization 's history " . = = Background = = = = = History of conflict = = = Southwest Africa has a rich history encompassing colonisation , war and genocide . The first European to set foot on Namibian soil was the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão in 1485 . Over the next 500 years , the country was colonised by the Dutch , English and Germans . Namibia was a German colony ( German South @-@ West Africa ) from 1884 until its annexation by South Africa during World War I. After the war , it was mandated to South Africa by the League of Nations . After World War II the United Nations ( UN ) asked South Africa to place Namibia under UN trusteeship , but South Africa refused . Legal arguments continued until 1966 when the UN General Assembly resolved to end the mandate , declaring that henceforth South @-@ West Africa was the direct responsibility of the UN . At the height of the Cold War in 1965 , conflict escalated across the border with the Cuban intervention in Angola . Cuba formed an alliance with the People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) ( Portuguese : Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola – Partido do Trabalho ) , which led to the deployment of more than 25 @,@ 000 Cuban soldiers to the region in the Angolan War of Independence . The next year the Namibian War of Independence began when the South @-@ West Africa People 's Organisation 's ( SWAPO ) military wing – the People 's Liberation Army of Namibia ( PLAN ) – began guerrilla attacks on South African forces , infiltrating from bases in Zambia . The first attack was the battle at Omugulugwombashe on 26 August , and the war was a classic insurgent @-@ counterinsurgent operation . PLAN initially established bases in northern Namibia ; they were later forced out of the country by the South African Defence Force ( SADF ) , subsequently operating from bases in southern Angola and Zambia . The intensity of cross @-@ border conflict escalated , becoming known as the South African Border War and the Angolan Bush War . The principal protagonists were the SADF and the PLAN . Other groups involved included the South West African Territorial Force ( SWATF ) and National Union for Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) ( both aligned with the SADF ) and the People 's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola ( FAPLA ) and Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces ( both aligned with SWAPO ) . The South African @-@ aligned forces consisted of regular army ( SADF ) , South West African Police forces and the South West Africa Police Counter @-@ Insurgency Unit ( SWAPOL @-@ COIN ) , including the paramilitary @-@ trained SWAPOL police counter @-@ insurgency unit known as Koevoet . From a Namibian perspective , the nature of the closely intertwined Angolan War of Independence , Namibian War of Independence and South African Border War was typically cross @-@ border conflict . This was overshadowed by two large @-@ scale Cuban military interventions in the Angolan War of Independence . The first was in November 1975 ( on the eve of Angola 's independence ) , which further intensified with the escalation of the Angolan Civil War in 1985 . In that conflict , South Africa provided support across the northern border to UNITA . In opposition , the Soviet Union financially backed an estimated two motorised infantry divisions of Cuban troops in a Soviet @-@ led the People 's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola ( FAPLA ) offensive against UNITA in what became known as the second Cuban intervention in Angola . In September 1987 , Cuban forces came to the defence of the besieged Angolan Army ( FAPLA ) and stopped the advance of the SADF at the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale ( the largest battle in Africa since World War II ) . General Magnus Malan wrote in his memoirs that this campaign marked a great victory for the SADF . Nelson Mandela disagreed ; Cuito Cuanavale , he asserted , " was the turning point for the liberation of our continent — and of my people — from the scourge of apartheid " . This battle led to UN Security Council Resolution 602 of 25 November 1987 , demanding the SADF 's unconditional withdrawal from Angola by 10 December . When the UN force deployed to Namibia in April 1989 , there were 50 @,@ 000 Cuban troops in Angola . During the 20 @-@ year war the SADF mounted many cross @-@ border operations against PLAN bases , some of which extended 250 kilometres ( 160 mi ) into Angola . SADF units frequently remained in southern Angola to intercept PLAN combatants on their way south , forcing PLAN to move to bases far from the Namibian border . Most PLAN insurgency operations took the form of small raids on political activists , armed propaganda activity , recruitment , raids on white settlements and disruption of essential services . = = = United Nations Transition Assistance Group = = = The process leading to Namibia 's independence began with UN General Assembly Resolution 2145 ( XXI ) of 27 October 1966 . This was followed by the passage of UN Security Council Resolution 264 , adopted on 20 March 1969 . In that resolution the UN assumed direct responsibility for the territory and declared the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia illegal , calling upon the Government of South Africa to withdraw immediately . International negotiations for a peaceful solution to the Namibian problem increased . In December 1978 , in what was known as the Brazzaville Protocol , South Africa , Cuba and Angola formally accepted UN Security Council Resolution 435 outlining a blueprint for Namibian independence . The protocol envisioned a phased withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola over a two @-@ year period , set 1 April 1989 as the date for the resolution 's implementation and planned to reduce South African forces in Namibia to 1 @,@ 500 by June 1989 . The resolution established UNTAG , approving a report by the Secretary @-@ General and outlining its objective : " the withdrawal of South Africa 's illegal administration from Namibia and the transfer of power to the people of Namibia with the assistance of the United Nations " . Resolution 435 authorised a total of 7 @,@ 500 military personnel as UNTAG 's upper limit . It was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to implement the resolution , signing the Tripartite Accord ( an agreement between Angola , Cuba and South Africa ) at UN headquarters in New York City . The accord recommended that 1 April 1989 be set as the date for implementation of Resolution 435 , and was affirmed by the Security Council on 16 January 1989 . As Hearn noted , " The first characteristic of peacekeeping is that the consent of the disputants must be secured before a force is deployed " . With the accord in place ( principally with South Africa ) , UNTAG was then formally established in accordance with Resolution 632 on 16 February 1989 . The key participants in the UN process were the South African government ( represented in Namibia by the Administrator General ) and the UN . Hearn wrote that South Africa had a " desire for a smooth transition " ; this resulted in negotiations occurring locally ( between the Special Representative and the Administrator General ) , directly with the South African government in Pretoria and at the UN ( via the Secretary General and Security Council ) . The outcome of these negotiations with South Africa included draft electoral laws ( enabling free and fair elections ) and the disbanding of the Koevoet force . The elections were carried out by the South African Administrator General , under UN supervision . The UNTAG operation ultimately involved over 100 countries , the highest ever for a UN operation . The UN had a high level of credibility , and were recognised as the legitimate body to bring independence to Namibia . = = Australian political context = = In the Official History of Australian Peacekeeping , Humanitarian and Post @-@ Cold War Operations , author David Horner stated that the Australian government led by Robert Menzies was loath to criticise South Africa during the 1950s . At that time Australia generally opposed anti @-@ colonial movements ( which were often supported by the Soviets or China ) , believing them part of a world @-@ wide communist offensive . Indeed , as late as 1961 Australia ( and Britain ) abstained from a vote to condemn South Africa in the UN . It was not until 1962 that Australia voted for a UN resolution condemning South Africa for its actions in South @-@ West Africa , a change in policy led by External Affairs Minister Garfield Barwick . Initially in opposition , until he was Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was a vocal advocate of independence for Namibia . Over the following two decades , Australia played a small ( but significant ) role in supporting Namibian independence . Political leaders from both benches of Parliament , including Prime Ministers Whitlam and Malcolm Fraser , were active internationally in their support of independence for Namibia while in office . As a result , Australia was involved in the UN process almost from the start . In 1972 Australia voted in favour of a UN trust fund , and two years later it was elected to the UN Council for Namibia . Australia pledged support for UNTAG at the inception of the UN plan for Namibia with Resolution 435 in September 1978 , and made an important contribution to UN deliberations about Namibia while a non @-@ permanent member of the UN Security Council in 1985 – 1986 . Behind the scenes , the composition of the force Australia would contribute was not agreed in principle until late 1978 ; options discussed at the time were a logistic force and an infantry battalion group . By October 1978 Prime Minister Fraser had publicly stated that he wanted to send a peacekeeping force to Namibia ; however , this was not broadly supported . A November 1978 article in The Bulletin claimed that the Defence Department was " dead against " a commitment , and in January 1979 The Daily Telegraph and The Canberra Times reported that Fraser , Andrew Peacock ( Foreign Affairs ) and Jim Killen ( Defence ) were " involved in a row " over the plan . The following month , a Cabinet submission stated that the UN proposal had a " reasonable prospect " of success , and Cabinet approved the commitment of an engineer force of 250 officers and men and a national headquarters and support element of 50 on 19 February . Horner noted that there was very little criticism of this decision in the press at the time , and the decision was accepted without question . After leaving government , Fraser continued to play an important role in international relations with respect to independence for Namibia . In 1985 , he chaired UN hearings in New York on the role of multinationals in South Africa and Namibia . Fraser also co @-@ chaired the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group from 1985 to 1986 , campaigning for an end to apartheid in South Africa . Bob Hawke 's government continued the policy of the Fraser and Whitlam governments to support independence for Namibia . In the Official History , Horner stated that Australian peacekeeping " blossomed " after Gareth Evans was appointed Foreign Minister in September 1988 ; Evans reconfirmed Australia 's willingness to participate in UNTAG in October 1988 , a month after his appointment . Horner also said that the commitment was " unusual " because it occurred a decade after the government 's initial decision to participate in February 1979 . After more than 10 years of consideration , the government reconfirmed its commitment of a force of 300 engineers to Namibia on 2 March 1989 . There were many concerns about the size of the commitment and its risks . Before the deployment , Prime Minister Hawke said in Parliament that Namibia was a " very large and important commitment " comprising " almost half of the Army 's construction engineering capability " . He went on to say , " our effort in Namibia will be the largest peacekeeping commitment in which this country has ever participated . It may also be the most difficult " . Unlike the commitment of soldiers to Vietnam over 20 years earlier , the deployment to Namibia had bipartisan support . Prior to the deployment , South African authorities threatened to veto the involvement of Australian peacekeeping troops because of doubts about their impartiality . This followed the establishment by the Australian Government of a Special Assistance Program for South Africans and Namibians ( SAPSAN ) in 1986 to assist South Africans and Namibians disadvantaged by apartheid . The focus of SAPSAN was on education and training for the people of South Africa and Namibia , and some humanitarian assistance had also been provided . A total of $ 11 @.@ 9 million was spent under SAPSAN from 1986 to 1990 . In the Official History , Horner described the Australian deployment to Namibia as a " vital mission " : the first major deployment of troops to a war zone since the Vietnam War . In 1988 Australia had only 13 military personnel deployed on multinational peacekeeping operations , and with few exceptions the number of Australians committed to such activities had changed little in over 40 years ( since the Korean War ) . The successful deployment of over 600 engineers to Namibia in 1989 and 1990 was pivotal in changing Australia 's approach to peacekeeping , paving the way for much @-@ larger contingents sent to Cambodia , Rwanda , Somalia and East Timor . The deployment of a significant force to Namibia profoundly affected Australia 's defence and foreign policies . = = The Australian contingent and UNTAG = = = = = Command = = = UNTAG was a large operation , with nearly 8 @,@ 000 men and women deployed to Namibia from more than 120 countries to assist the process . The military force numbered approximately 4 @,@ 500 , and was commanded by Lieutenant @-@ General Dewan Prem Chand of India ; the main military UNTAG Headquarters was based in Windhoek , Namibia 's capital and largest city . The commanders of the Australian contingents were Colonels Richard D. Warren ( 1ASC ) and John A. Crocker ( 2ASC ) . Other senior appointments included the contingent seconds @-@ in @-@ command , Lieutenant colonels Kevin Pippard ( 1ASC ) and Ken Gillespie ( 2ASC ) , and the officers commanding the 17th Construction Squadron , Majors David Crago ( 1ASC ) and Brendan Sowry ( 2ASC ) . = = = Mission and role of UNTAG = = = UNTAG 's mission was to monitor the ceasefire and troop withdrawals , to preserve law and order in Namibia and to supervise elections for the new government . In the Official History , Horner described it as " an extremely complex mission " . The role of UNTAG was to assist the Special Representative of the Secretary General ( SRSG ) , Martti Ahtisaari , in overseeing free and fair elections in Namibia for a Constituent Assembly . The elections were to be carried out by the South African Administrator General , under UN supervision and control , and this Assembly would then draw up a constitution for an independent Namibia . UNTAG was tasked with assisting the SRSG in ensuring that all hostile acts ceased ; South African troops were confined to base , and ultimately withdrawn ; discriminatory laws were repealed , and political prisoners released ; Namibian refugees were permitted to return ( when they were known as returnees ) ; intimidation was prevented , and law and order maintained . UNTAG was the first instance of a large @-@ scale , multidimensional operation where the military element supported the work of other components concerned with border surveillance : monitoring the reduction and removal of the South African military presence ; organising the return of Namibian exiles ; supervising voter registration and preparing , observing , and certifying the results of national elections . = = = Role of Australian contingent = = = The role of the Australian force was broad for an Army engineering unit , requiring the unit to " provide combat and logistic engineer support to UNTAG " ; this included the UN civilian and military components . Its role included construction , field engineering and ( initially ) deployment as infantry . Prime Minister Hawke said in Parliament at the time that " the settlement of the long and complex issue of Namibian independence is an important international event . It is an event in which Australia has played , and will continue to play , a substantial part .... Namibia is a large , arid , sparsely populated and underdeveloped country which has been a war zone for many years . Our engineers will build roads , bridges , airstrips and camps for UNTAG . They will have the very serious task of clearing mines which have been laid by the various contending forces along the border between Angola and Namibia " . = = = Organisation and composition of contingents = = = The Australian force was structured as follows : A Headquarters ( Chief Engineer ASC UNTAG ) with operations , works , accommodations , communications , finance , logistics and personnel cells A Construction Squadron group based on the 17th Construction Squadron ( Royal Australian Engineers ) with two construction troops ( the 8th and 9th Troops ) , the 14th Field Troop , a Resources Troop , a Plant Troop and the attached Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Workshop There were two contingents , each of which contained over three hundred soldiers and deployed for about six months : 1ASC consisted of 304 members , and was principally drawn from the 17th Construction Squadron , the Workshop and the 14th Field Troop from the 7th Field Squadron in Brisbane . The contingents also included soldiers from the Royal Australian Corps of Signals , Royal Australian Army Pay Corps , Australian Army Legal Corps , Royal Australian Corps of Military Police , Royal Australian Corps of Transport , Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps , Australian Army Catering Corps and the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps . 2ASC consisted of 309 personnel , with members of 78 different units . The second contingent included the 15th Field Troop from the 18th Field Squadron in Townsville , fourteen members of the Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers ( RNZE ) , five Australian Army Reserve ( ARES ) members and one Royal Australian Air Force officer ( Flight Lieutenant Craig Forster ) . The New Zealand engineers ( under Lieutenant Jed Shirley ) were spread throughout the squadron . The second contingent also included a detachment from the Royal Australian Corps of Military Police , led by Sergeant Tim Dewar . In addition to the military force , a number of other Australians served with UNTAG ( including 25 observers from the Australian Electoral Commission ) . For the duration of the deployment , the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and Defence had agreed to jointly fund a temporary Australian Liaison Office in Windhoek manned by two DFAT personnel and headed by Nick Warner . = = Force preparation and deployment = = = = = First ten years = = = Australian Army involvement in UNTAG was formalised in February 1979 by Cabinet , which approved the plan to commit the 17th Construction Squadron , Royal Australian Engineers and Workshop as the main force for deployment . The squadron was to be supplemented by a Field Troop and by members posted from other units throughout the Army , bringing the squadron to a deployment strength of 275 . A headquarters was to be formed , supporting the Chief Engineer at the UNTAG Military Headquarters . The total strength of the force was to be over 300 of all ranks , in what was known as Plan Witan . The unit had been placed on eight weeks ' notice in July 1978 , which was reduced to a week 's notice to move in February 1979 . There was no agreement ( or settlement ) between South Africa and SWAPO , so an order to move was never issued . The Official History noted , " as the weeks passed the unit found it difficult to continue training because all its vehicles , equipment and plant were either in boxes or in a state ready for transhipment " . The notice to move reverted to 30 days in June and pushed out to 42 days in September 1979 , when the unit was formally released from standby . The notice to move was increased to 60 days in March 1982 , and 75 days in November 1986 . In July 1987 , all remaining specific readiness requirements were removed . = = = Activation = = = Horner wrote that the government had been following the course of negotiations , " but in view of the history of false alarms they were not inclined to react until Angola , Cuba and South Africa signed the protocol in Geneva " in August 1988 . Two weeks later the UN wrote , asking Australia to reconfirm its previous commitment ; within a month , Cabinet reaffirmed the commitment of a decade earlier . Chief of the Defence Force ( CDF ) General Peter Gration then placed the unit on 28 days ' notice to move . After the notice was reactivated , detailed planning recommenced ( essentially from scratch ) . Changes made to the organisation of the force approved ten years earlier were only minor . After many years of notice , there was still skepticism that the deployment would ever occur . The government and army were cautious about the timing of the commitment of funds ; significant funding was only released in late 1988 , a few months before deployment . The squadron 's equipment deficiencies were valued at $ 16 million , and there was a need to buy $ 700 @,@ 000 of equipment immediately . The UN initially estimated the cost of the entire operation at $ US1 billion , equivalent to its own budget . The reluctance to commit funds ultimately reduced training of the deployed forces ; Senator Jo Vallentine said in Parliament that the Namibia operation nearly fell apart due to a lack of advance funding , and Senator Jocelyn Newman called it disgraceful . The UN General Assembly did not approve the UNTAG budget until 1 March 1989 , less than two weeks before the advance party deployed and after the deployment of the start @-@ up team . Gration authorised Operation Picaresque on 3 March 1989 . In addition to a lack of funds , there was little intelligence on Namibia ; the region was " generally unknown to the Australian public , the policy @-@ makers and to the troops and civilians who deployed there " . = = = Buildup and deployment = = = The first staff were posted to the new contingent headquarters at Holsworthy Barracks in September 1988 . At the same time , Major J.J. Hutchings was deployed as liaison officer to UN HQ in New York . In October , the CDF formally tasked the Chief of the General Staff ( CGS ) to raise , train , equip and support the force for Namibia . By December the two units comprising 1ASC had been raised from more than thirty different units of the Australian Army , and were being trained and prepared for deployment . Equipment , vehicles and weapons were procured , transferred from across the army and prepared at Moorebank ; this included the painting of all vehicles and major equipment items in UN livery and packing items for transport to Namibia . During the buildup it was recognised that the families required support during the deployment , and Network 17 was established to support the mostly Sydney @-@ based soldiers ' and officers ' families . Hutchings was sent to Namibia as a member of the start @-@ up team , arriving in Windhoek on 19 February 1989 . Warren attended the contingent commanders ' briefing at UN HQ from 22 to 24 February 1989 , and then flew with Prem Chand to Frankfurt , West Germany to meet the other senior members of UNTAG . The 1ASC advance party , comprising 36 officers and men , were deployed by USAF C @-@ 5 Galaxy via RAAF Learmonth and Diego Garcia to Windhoek . They arrived at 2 : 00 pm on 11 March 1989 and were met by Australian Ambassador to South Africa Colin MacDonald , Warren and Hutchings . The 17th Construction Squadron advance party of ten deployed by road to Grootfontein on 13 March 1989 . The squadron 's advance echelon , comprising 59 personnel ( including the 14th Field Troop ) , arrived by USAF C5 Galaxy at Grootfontein on 14 March 1989 . The remainder of 1ASC were commended by Prime Minister Bob Hawke at a farewell parade at Holsworthy Barracks on 5 April 1989 . The main body then deployed by RAAF Boeing 707 aircraft on 14 April . The force deployed with a large quantity of construction and other equipment , including 24 Land Rovers , 19 Unimog all @-@ terrain vehicles , 26 heavy trucks , 43 trailers , eight bulldozers and a variety of other road @-@ building equipment such as graders , scrapers and rollers . The support workshop added a further 40 vehicles , and over 1 @,@ 800 tonnes of stores were shipped with the contingent 's equipment . There was a total of over 200 wheeled and tracked vehicles and trailers and a large quantity of dangerous cargo ( demolition explosives and ammunition ) . The UN hired the MV Mistra for the deployment . It departed Sydney on 23 March ; the equipment was unloaded at Walvis Bay in mid @-@ April , moving by road and rail to the South African Defence Force Logistics Base at Grootfontein . = = Operations = = = = = Operations Safe Passage and Piddock = = = By 31 March , 14th Field Troop had completed its mine @-@ awareness training ; only Lieutenant Stephen Alexander and five others remained at Oshakati , the main SADF base in the north of the country . During the early hours of 1 April an SADF aircraft began dropping flares , and mortar rounds landed near the base . This signalled the start of an intense period of conflict , and Alexander 's team was quickly withdrawn to Grootfontein . What had occurred was the infiltration of a large number of PLAN combatants ( about 1 @,@ 600 ) , re @-@ entering Namibia from Angola . Accounts differed , but Hearn stated that all of those interviewed at the time made it clear that " they did not enter Namibia for war , but to seek out the UN " . Reuters reported that SWAPO demanded the right to establish bases in Namibia . The large size of the PLAN forces and the very small number of deployed UN forces ( less than 1 @,@ 000 at the time ) meant that the UN had very little intelligence , and was unable to respond in force . Sitkowski wrote that the UN should have been informed about the high probability of SWAPO infiltration , but this did not occur . The Australians were the first to know about the incursion , but they only found out informally via church sources at the Pastoral Centre ( the accommodations for headquarters staff ) . The UN had only two police observers in the north of the country at the time , and the South African government pressured the UN to allow its forces to leave their bases and respond . On 1 April the SRSG authorised the SADF to leave their bases , and they responded in force . By 5 April the UN reported that it only had 300 troops in the north of the country , including 97 Australians . On 7 April Reuters reported that Louis Pienaar had assured safe passage out of the war @-@ torn north of the country if fighting ceased , and had called on SWAPO to surrender to the police ; he also warned that if they did not respond , " the police will have no other option than to pursue you with all means at their disposal " . Reuters reported that 73 SWAPO guerillas were killed on 8 April , 34 in a single action . It was later estimated that over the three @-@ week period following the incursion 251 PLAN combatants were killed , with the loss of 21 members of the SADF and other security forces . The SWAPO incursion became a complex political issue , and led to a week of tense negotiations . The UN considered emergency airlifts to bring more peacekeepers into the territory , and the United States offered aid . On 9 April 1989 an agreement was reached at Mount Etjo ( the Mount Etjo Declaration ) , calling for the rapid deployment of UNTAG forces and outlining a withdrawal procedure for PLAN soldiers ( Operation Safe Passage ) under which they would leave the country . Operation Piddock was the name for the Australian part of the operation . Horner wrote that if UNTAG were to play any role in ending the fighting , it was obvious that the Australians would be the key component . This was complex , and required authorisation from Gration and Defence Minister Kim Beazley for Australian troops to supervise the withdrawal of insurgent forces . It required the Australian Army engineers and British signallers to work as infantry , manning border and internal @-@ assembly points . At the time , these were the only units which could be redeployed quickly to northern Namibia . The aim of the operation was to facilitate the withdrawal of PLAN combatants . South African Foreign Minister Pik Botha confined all South African troops to their base for 60 hours , allowing SWAPO guerillas to leave the country unhindered . Nine assembly points were established by the UN , with up to twelve soldiers and five military observers at each . Six of the assembly points ( APs ) were led by Australians : Captain Richard Bradshaw ( contingent signals officer ) at AP Charlie ( Ruacana ) , Sergeant Kerry Ponting ( Squadron workshop ) at AP Foxtrot ( Oshikango ) , Captain Mark Hender ( Squadron Operations Officer ) at AP Juliet ( Okankolo ) , Lieutenant Stephen Alexander ( Field troop commander ) at AP Delta ( Beacon 7 , west of Oshikango ) , Lieutenant Mark Broome ( Plant Troop Officer ) AP Bravo ( Ruacana ) and Lieutenant Pat Sowry ( Liaison Officer ) AP Kilo ( Oshikuku ) . Most of the assembly points had intense media scrutiny . The intention of the operation was for PLAN combatants to assemble at these points . They would then be escorted across the border north to the 16th parallel to their bases of confinement , but the operation was unsuccessful . Very few PLAN combatants passed through these points ; for the most part , they withdrew across the border by walking independently . It was estimated that 200 to 400 PLAN members remained in Namibia , absorbed into the local community . Agreement was subsequently reached in late April that the SADF personnel be restricted to their bases from 26 April ; in effect , hostilities ended after that date . This was a stressful time for Australian soldiers deployed to these checkpoints . The South Africans were determined to intimidate the UN forces , and SWAPO casualties occurred in the immediate vicinity of several checkpoints . The South Africans set up in force immediately adjacent to many checkpoints , pointed machine guns at the Australians and demanded that they hand over SWAPO soldiers who had surrendered . The Australian and British soldiers were outnumbered and out @-@ gunned . Despite the fact that only nine SWAPO appeared at the points , the operation was a political success . Lieutenant Colonel Neil Donaldson , commander of the British contingent , said that " the world press showed Australian and British soldiers standing up to a bunch of South African bullies " . Crocker said that the fact that the Australian soldiers completed this operation without any casualties was a tribute to the " training standards of the Australian Army and perhaps , a bit of good luck " . The conclusion of Operation Piddock meant that the Australians were able to begin their engineering tasks . = = = Return of refugees = = = The UN plan required that all exiled Namibians be given the opportunity to return to their country in time to participate in the electoral process . This was implemented by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) , supported by a number of other UN agencies and programmes . In Namibia , the Council of Churches in Namibia ( CCN ) was UNHCR 's implementing partner . Most returning Namibians returned from Angola ; many came from Zambia , and a small number came from 46 other countries after the proclamation of a general amnesty . The logistics of managing the returnees was largely delegated to the Australian contingent . Three air and three land entry points were established , as well as five reception centres . Four centres were designed by Namibia Consult Incorporated under the directorship of Klaus Dierks , and constructed by the Australian contingent . The centres were located at Dobra , Mariabronn ( near Grootfontein ) and at Ongwediva and Engela in Ovamboland . They were administered under the auspices of the Repatriation , Resettlement and Reconstruction Committee of the CCN . The 8th Construction Troop ( under Lieutenant Geoff Burchell ) constructed a camp and managed the reception centre at Engela , less than 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) from the Angolan border ; the 9th Construction Troop ( under Lieutenant Andrew Stanner ) constructed a similar camp and managed the reception centre at Ongwediva . The SADF continued attempts to intimidate the Australians and disrupt operations , but their actions had little effect . In late April an SADF aircraft dropped flares at night over the 9th Construction Troop base at Ongwediva , and explosions ( possibly mortar rounds ) were heard nearby . Security , services and logistics at the reception centres were provided by the military component of UNTAG , and a number of secondary reception centres were also established . The movement of returnees through the centres was quick , and the repatriation programme was very successful ; a UN official report stated that the psychological impact of the return of so many exiles was perceptible throughout the country . There were some problems reported in the north , where ex @-@ Koevoet elements searched villages for SWAPO returnees ; however , the UN reported that this was kept under constant surveillance by UNTAG 's police monitors . By the end of the process , 42 @,@ 736 Namibians had been returned from exile . = = = Accommodation and other works = = = For the remainder of its deployment , the first contingent focused most of its efforts on providing accommodations for electoral centres and police stations . These were typically manned by only two or three police ( or civilian ) electoral staff and were almost always in small , remote villages . Buildings were leased , a large number of caravans purchased and deployed and prefabricated buildings constructed in about 50 locations . Much of this was done by the Resources Troop ( under Lieutenant Stuart Graham ) , centrally controlled by squadron construction officer Captain Shane Miller . The largest plant task undertaken during the deployment was the construction of an airstrip at Opuwo . The squadron commander , Major David Crago , described how the road network in Namibia was better than expected ; in retrospect , the squadron brought too much heavy road @-@ making equipment . The squadron deployed 20 members of the Plant Troop ( under Captain Nigel Catchlove ) to Opuwo . Over a period of four months , Sergeant Ken Roma constructed an all @-@ weather airstrip in one of the most remote parts of Namibia . = = = Force rotation = = = The first contingent returned to Australia in September and October 1989 , Warren reporting that he was " amazed that none of his men was killed or seriously hurt during the tour of duty " . Planning for the second contingent had begun as soon as the first contingent had deployed . Colonel John Crocker was appointed as the contingent commander , and was given the task of raising the force . Unlike the first contingent , which had been built around the 17th Construction Squadron and had maintained that unit 's structure , the second contingent had to be built from scratch . It deployed to Namibia between September and early October 1989 . = = = Election preparation and Operation Poll Gallop = = = The security environment in Namibia changed in the lead @-@ up to the election , including violence in Namibia and an increase in fighting between FAPLA and UNITA troops across the border in Angola . Horner wrote that the Australian contingent was not directly involved in " dealing with the violence " , but the increased violence changed the nature of the mission . It was initially envisioned that the military component of UNTAG would only provide communications and logistic support to the election . In September the role was broadened to include hundreds of electoral monitors , and in October ( after detailed planning and reconnaissance of all polling stations ) the Australian contingent deployed a ready @-@ reaction force . At the same time the 15th Field Troop ( under Lieutenant Brent Maddock ) was deployed , making the first entry into a live minefield by Australian troops since the Vietnam War . Operation Poll Gallop was the name given to the largely logistic operation to support the Namibian elections . Activities began with 1ASC from May 1989 onward , but became the primary task for 2ASC : Service support : Support was provided to approximately 500 electoral centres and police stations through the siting and erection of permanent ( or portable ) accommodations and the provision of essential services . UNTAG deployed over 350 polling stations ; the Australian contingent constructed and provided support ( including sanitary facilities ) at 120 stations in the northern areas of Kaokoland , Ovamboland and West Hereroland . Construction engineering : This included the construction , modification or upgrade of UNTAG working and living accommodations , provision of essential services ( power , water and air @-@ traffic @-@ control facilities ) and the maintenance and upgrade of roads . Ready Reaction Force : The squadron formed a reinforced Field Troop ( 50 soldiers ) in Buffel mine @-@ proof vehicles as a ready @-@ reaction force at Ondangwa , deploying to the 15 most @-@ sensitive locations in Ovamboland and practising actions to stabilise a hostile ( but not violent ) situation in which Australians might be involved . On two occasions during the November 1989 election , the ASC Ready @-@ Reaction Force was used to disperse rioters . Australian military electoral monitors : The Australian contingent provided a team of thirty monitors headed by Lieutenant Colonel Peter Boyd , legal officer for the second contingent . Colonel John Crocker , commander of 2ASC , wrote : " For much of the mission , but particularly during the lead @-@ up to the election , all members of the ASC worked , often well away from their bases , in a security environment which at best could be termed uneasy and on many occasions was definitely hazardous . The deeply divided political factions , which included thousands of de @-@ mobilised soldiers from both sides , had easy access to weapons including machine guns and grenades . This situation resulted in a series of violent incidents including assassinations and reprisal killings which culminated in the deaths of 11 civilians and the wounding of 50 others in street battles in the northern town of Oshakati just before the election " . Land mines and unexploded ammunition continued to cause injury and death ; even during the week of the election , there were incidents . = = = Post @-@ election and return to Australia = = = After the election , the contingent was able to focus almost exclusively on construction tasks . In addition to ongoing maintenance , these included taking over barracks and accommodations from the SADF and twelve non @-@ UNTAG tasks in support of the local community as nation @-@ building exercises . These included : Opuwo airfield : The major task was the completion of the airfield upgrade at Opuwo begun by the first contingent . A detachment from Captain Kurt Heidecker 's Plant Troop , supported by a section from 9th Construction Troop , worked over Christmas to complete these works ( which included resurfacing and shaping the runway , drainage and installing culverts ) . Andara Catholic Mission hydroelectric plant : A team under Lieutenant Nick Rowntree upgraded a 900 @-@ metre supply channel for the Andara hydroelectric plant . Classrooms in Tsumeb : Sappers from the rear of the squadron constructed a number of classrooms for an Anglican school in a black neighbourhood in Tsumeb with funds provided by the Australian Liaison Office . Other tasks carried out by the squadron included Operation Make Safe , which took place in February and March 1990 . The Field Troop conducted a reconnaissance of 10 known minefields , repaired perimeter fences and installed signs . The contingent began preparations for its return to Australia in December 1989 . In January 1990 new works stopped , manning of forward bases was reduced and stores and equipment were packed and prepared for sea . The Australian forces returned in four sorties on chartered commercial aircraft , the first departing Namibia on 6 February . The contingent 's equipment loaded aboard the MV Kwang Tung , which left Walvis Bay on 22 February . The withdrawal included support from Australian logistics experts , a psychologist to conduct end @-@ of @-@ tour debriefings and a finance officer . The last demolition task was undertaken at Ondangwa on 25 March , and the last elements of the rear party left Namibia on 9 April 1990 . During the deployment there were no fatalities ; although at least 10 soldiers were treated for malaria , there were few serious injuries . = = Commendations and Honour Distinction award = = A number of governments linked the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to UN Peacekeepers in 1988 to the UNTAG operation , but the award was shared by peacekeepers and peacekeeping operations worldwide . Secretary @-@ General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar mentioned a number of UN peacekeeping operations ( including Namibia ) in his Nobel lecture in Oslo on 9 January 1989 . Senator Graham Richardson also made similar comments in the Australian Senate . The Australian UNTAG contingents were awarded a Chief of the General Staff Commendation . The award was presented to both contingents by Defence Minister Beazley at a 2 March 1990 parade in Holsworthy honouring those who had served in eleven UN ( and other ) peacekeeping operations . In April 2012 , Army Chief Lieutenant General David Morrison , AO approved a recommendation for the award of the first Honour Distinction to the 17th Construction Squadron . This is awarded to units ( or sub @-@ units ) in recognition of service under operational conditions in security @-@ related , peacekeeping , peace enforcement and similar operations . The award was presented to the unit by Governor @-@ General Quentin Bryce on 11 May 2013 . = = Operational and other issues = = = = = Force Chief Engineer = = = The appointment of Colonel Richard Warren as Chief Engineer was opposed by both Marrack Goulding ( UN Undersecretary General for Special Political Affairs ) and Cedric Thornberry ( Director of the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary @-@ General ) . The UN had planned on a civilian filling this role and working primarily with civilian contractors ; in all subsequent UN missions , the senior engineer was a civilian . The UN resisted appointing Warren until the " last minute " , with final approval only given on 1 March . Warren recalled that this gave him " an abnormal amount of authority and a remarkable degree of responsibility " . = = = Weapons and rules of engagement = = = The contingents were faced with a number of issues concerning weapons and rules of engagement : Rules of Engagement : A major issue for the contingents concerned Rules of Engagement ( ROE ) and Orders for Opening Fire ( OFOF ) . In 1989 the UN had no doctrine in this area , and was unable to develop any during the mission . The Australian contingent used standard ROE prepared before the deployment . Machine guns : The UN required the Australians to deploy without the belt @-@ fed M60 machine gun , the standard section @-@ level automatic weapon at the time . Instead , the contingent was required to deploy with World War II @-@ vintage Bren light machine guns , since these used only a 30 @-@ round magazine ( the weapons had been rebuilt to accept 7.62mm ammunition ) . Deployment without weapons : On a number of occasions , soldiers were asked to deploy without weapons by UNTAG civilian officials . Early in the deployment Lieutenants Burchell and Stanner were asked by UNHCR to conduct an unarmed reconnaissance , but permission was refused . Near the election , Australian military electoral monitors were asked to deploy in civilian clothes without weapons . = = = Land mines and UXO = = = Land mines were used by the SADF and SWAPO and became a major feature of the war , triggering the development of mine @-@ protected vehicles ( MPV ) . The SADF typically laid marked , fenced , anti @-@ personnel minefields as perimeter protection for bases and vital assets . It laid a reported 45 @,@ 000 mines during the conflict , of which 3 @,@ 000 were unaccounted @-@ for when UNTAG arrived . SWAPO used mines for ambushing or intimidation . Mines were laid individually or in clusters ; anti @-@ tank mines were often stacked . The mines were obtained from South Africa , the USSR , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia . After initial training by the SADF 's 25th Field Squadron , an early task of the Field Troop was to conduct mine @-@ awareness training for the other contingents . For the remainder of the deployment , much of the work of the 75 field engineers was clearing exposed mines , marking minefields and clearing routes . Crocker wrote , " for the first time since the Vietnam War , Australian Sappers hand cleared their way into live minefields on seven separate occasions to destroy exposed mines . Similar mines killed several civilians and many animals during the mission . Field engineers of the contingent destroyed over 5 @,@ 000 items of unexploded ordnance ( UXO ) ranging from artillery shells , through RPG rockets to grenades . UXO , a legacy of the 20 @-@ year Bush War , posed a major hazard to local inhabitants in the northern provinces and to UNTAG personnel in that area " . To support the deployment , the UN leased a number of mine @-@ protected vehicles from the SADF . Most were Buffels , but smaller numbers of Casspir and Wolf vehicles were also leased . These vehicles had excellent mobility , and were well @-@ suited to operations in the harsh Namibian terrain . The contingent also trialled thermal @-@ intensifier technologies , in what is thought to be the first operational use of this technology . = = = Radio communications = = = One of the major difficulties early in the deployment to Namibia was poor radio communications . The Australian contingent was equipped with PRC @-@ F1 HF radios ( manufactured by AWA ) , first issued to the Australian army in 1969 . Output power was limited to one or ten watts PEP . HF radio communications were frequently impossible in the early month or two of the deployment . The primary factor was the March 1989 geomagnetic storm , exacerbated by skip zone , and ground plane effects resulting from the sandy environment and the high water table . Detachments were often out of radio contact for extended periods , with no satisfactory alternate means of communication except couriers . Because the Australian force operated over large distances , with troop deployments often up to 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) from squadron or force headquarters , courier communications often took days . Later in the deployment , the UN provided the contingent with higher @-@ powered ( 100W ) Motorola Micom X state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art HF equipment . = = = Controversy and intimidation = = = A number of observers noted that the UNTAG soldiers were not particularly popular with Namibia 's 80 @,@ 000 white residents . Shortly after the Australian advance party arrived in Namibia a pro @-@ Pretoria newspaper accused Australian officers of breaching UN impartiality by attending a cocktail party at which leading members of SWAPO were present , and the incident was widely reported in the international press . Soon afterwards , four Australian and four British soldiers were beaten by a large crowd in Tsumeb , about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) from squadron headquarters in Grootfontein . During the first few weeks of the deployment , on a number of occasions SADF soldiers discharged firearms in the direction of the Australian contingent or pointed firearms at Australians as a means of intimidation . Corporal Paul Shepherd reported that during Operation Piddock , an SADF soldier threw a grenade ( which did not explode ) at his assembly point near Ruacana ; during the night the South Africans fired in their direction , putting bullet holes in their Unimog truck . = = = Other concerns = = = Before the deployment there was controversy about the government 's non @-@ resolution of repatriation entitlements and peacekeeper coverage under the Veterans ' Entitlements Act , and it had not decided if the deployment would be considered operational service . The pay and allowance issues were resolved ; many other conditions @-@ of @-@ service issues were identified , but not resolved . During the deployment few issues were brought to Parliament 's attention , although the issue of mail censorship was raised . During the second contingent 's rotation , the soldiers ' families had a full @-@ time welfare officer tasked with supporting them . After the deployment , the issues of appropriate service conditions , awards and recognition took many years to resolve . After serving the required 90 @-@ day period , contingent members were entitled to the Australian Service Medal ( ASM ) for non @-@ warlike service . About 12 years after their return to Australia , the government changed the status of the operation ; contingent members were eligible for the Returned from Active Service Badge , and their ASMs were upgraded to the Australian Active Service Medal ( AASM ) . After the 2002 decision Major Nigel Catchlove wrote to the Army newspaper , calling it a " pointless upgrade " and saying it " detracts from the award of the AASM to those who truly deserve it " . In his letter , Catchlove compared the UNTAG operation to two subsequent operations : the 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment deployment to Somalia during Operation Solace and the deployment of service personnel as part of the International Force for East Timor : " both of those operations involved robust rules of engagement appropriate to the intervention of forces in UN @-@ sanctioned , US or Australian @-@ led multi @-@ national coalitions . UNTAG by way of contrast was a classic peacekeeping operation led by the UN in a relatively benign environment where rules of engagement were focused only on force protection " . Catchlove questioned the " half @-@ hearted approach to implementing this appalling decision " in which eligible people must apply for the upgrade , saying this " failed the test of commonsense " . = = Timeline of Australian involvement in Namibia = = A timeline of key dates is presented in the following table : = Live in Atlantic City = Live in Atlantic City is a live concert film by American recording artist Beyoncé . It was released on November 22 , 2013 by Columbia Records as part of the home media release of her autobiographical television film Life Is But a Dream . The concert film contains footage from Beyoncé 's four @-@ night residency show in the venue Revel Atlantic City in May , 2012 and was directed by Ed Burke and her . It encompasses live performances of twenty one songs , in addition to a new song by Beyoncé , " God Made You Beautiful " . After the concert film was released , videos of three performances from the concert were released online on Beyoncé 's YouTube channel — " Schoolin ' Life " , " Dance for You " and " Party " . Live in Atlantic City was commercially successful , charting in the top ten in various DVD charts worldwide . The two @-@ disc set of Life Is But a Dream / Live in Atlantic City peaked at number one on the US Billboard Top Music Videos chart and the UK Music DVD Chart , becoming the singer 's fourth and first chart topper in the countries respectively . It was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) and gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . = = Background and release = = On February 16 , 2013 , Beyoncé released Life Is But a Dream , an autobiographical television film . Released on the HBO channel , it garnered 1 @.@ 8 million viewers for the initial broadcast , becoming the largest audience for a documentary since Nielsen Media Research revised its method of measuring viewership in 2004 . However , critical commentary towards Life Is But a Dream was mixed with divided opinions by critics . The film 's home media release in a DVD and Blu @-@ ray format was announced on October 30 , 2013 along with a trailer . During the video , it was revealed that the release included a two @-@ disc set , with the second part , Live in Atlantic City , being bonus concert footage filmed during Beyoncé 's four @-@ night residency show Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live at Revel Atlantic City in May 2012 . A new song titled " God Made You Beautiful " was also featured on the concert film and heard as the background music in the trailer . The home media release was made available for pre @-@ order on November 1 , 2013 . Live in Atlantic City was first released in Germany and the Netherlands on November 22 , 2013 as part of the two @-@ disc set of Life Is But a Dream . Three days later , the DVD was also released in the US , Canada and the UK and the Blu @-@ ray version was released in the latter country the same day . In the US , the Blu @-@ ray format was released on December 17 , 2013 . After the concert film was released , videos of the performances of three songs were released online . The performance of " Schoolin ' Life " from the DVD was previewed on Beyoncé 's official YouTube page on November 25 , 2013 . A writer of Vibe magazine felt that the laser light show from the performance " brighten [ ed ] up Atlantic City " . The performance of " Dance for You " was also uploaded to the singer 's channel two days later . The live rendition of " Party " was the final uploaded video from the concert film on December 2 . John Walker of MTV reviewed it positively writing , " The sparkling , goddess @-@ like centerpiece in a swirling sea of pink feathers , Beyoncé shines like a true showgirl on stage . Thankfully , unlike the 1995 camp classic , none of her backup dancers look nefarious enough to try anything funny " . Walker further praised Beyoncé 's vocals and dance moves as " on point as always " and the " flawlessly areolicious bustier " she wore . = = Content = = The film contains live performances of twenty one songs along with a new song , " God Made You Beautiful " , written by Australian singer @-@ songwriter Sia Furler . Several short excerpts of the performances found on the concert film are also featured in Life Is But a Dream itself . The film opens with Beyoncé appearing in front of a large screen with her silhouette being seen . As the music of " End of Time " starts , she performs a choreography with her female dancers and French duo Les Twins on stage further singing the song 's lyrics . " Get Me Bodied " follows with a similarly choreographed performance and for the third song " Baby Boy " , the singer dances with her background dancers in front of a holographic background performing a Dutty Wine dance at the end . " Crazy in Love " and " Diva " are featured as the fourth and fifth song respectively . " Naughty Girl " is preceded by a video projection with a voice @-@ over by Beyoncé talking about female sexuality . A snippet of Donna Summer 's " Love to Love You Baby " is interpolated within it and the singer performs the song with her female dancers . She continues with " Party " for which a prominent Las Vegas showgirl theme is featured . Prior to starting " Dance for You " , Beyoncé announces to the audience that she is going to dance to the song without singing it . " Freakum Dress " opens with a short interlude during which several dancers appear onstage dancing with long dresses . Beyoncé appears and performs the song , interacting with her guitarist towards the end . " I Care " is performed by the singer alone on stage and during " Schoolin ' Life " a laser show is displayed for a choreographed dance . " 1 + 1 " sees Beyoncé singing the song atop a piano and " Flaws and All " follows . " Run the World ( Girls ) " is preceded by a video interlude set to the music of " Countdown " , shown on the screen onstage . A video featuring various footage from Beyoncé 's life follows as she recites the lyrics from her song " I Was Here " . After that , she performs the opening lines of " I Will Always Love You " a capella as a tribute to Whitney Houston and continues with her own song " Halo " . " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) is performed afterwards with the same choreography from its music video and " Green Light " is used as the concert 's encore . " Love on Top " is the last song on Live in Atlantic City , performed by Beyoncé and her dancers as the credits for the concert film are shown . " God Made You Beautiful " is featured as a bonus audio song on the concert film and it premiered online on November 22 , 2013 . It is a slow @-@ tempo ballad , with a staccato beat and a gospel @-@ tinged chorus . Instrumentally , it consists of drums , strings , pianos , runs and hand claps . It opens with an " echoey " a cappella choir and it lyrically talks about Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z 's daughter Blue Ivy as the singer tells that she " brought me back to life / you bring me back to life . " = = Commercial performance = = On November 30 , 2013 , Live in Atlantic City debuted at number four on the Dutch Music DVD Chart and later peaked at number two in The Netherlands . The same week it also debuted at number ten on the Belgian Music DVD Chart in Flanders and at number 30 on the French Music DVD Chart . The next week , the DVD moved to number nine on the French Music DVD Chart , setting a new peak position in that country . On the Spanish Music DVD Chart it peaked at number 11 on November 25 , 2013 , which became its only placement outside of the top ten on a DVD chart . The video debuted at number one in the United Kingdom on December 7 , 2013 , becoming Beyoncé 's first British chart @-@ topper on the UK Music DVD Chart in her entire career . It spent another consecutive week on top of the chart , before being removed to number two by One Night at the Palladium ( 2013 ) by Robbie Williams the following week . It spent six more weeks in the top five on the chart and it was seen for the last time on May 31 , 2014 at number 40 , having spent a total of 26 weeks on the chart . On December 27 , 2013 the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) awarded the DVD with a platinum certification for shipment of 50 @,@ 000 copies in that region . In the US , Live in Atlantic City became Bey	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
advised a policy of mediation , a policy that Elizabeth endorsed . Walsingham was sent on a special embassy to the Netherlands in 1578 , to sound out a potential peace deal and gather military intelligence . Charles IX died in 1574 and Henry , Duke of Anjou , inherited the French throne as Henry III . Between 1578 and 1581 the Queen resurrected attempts to negotiate a marriage with the Duke of Alençon , who had put himself forward as a protector of the Huguenots and a potential leader of the Dutch . Walsingham was sent to France in mid @-@ 1581 to discuss an Anglo @-@ French alliance , but the French wanted the marriage agreed first and Walsingham was under instruction to obtain a treaty before committing to the marriage . He returned to England without an agreement . Personally , Walsingham opposed the marriage , perhaps to the point of encouraging public opposition . Alençon was a Catholic and as his elder brother , Henry III , was childless , he was heir to the French throne . Elizabeth was past the age of childbearing and had no clear successor . If she died while married to the French heir , her realms could fall under French control . By comparing the match of Elizabeth and Alençon with the match of the Protestant Henry of Navarre and the Catholic Margaret of Valois , which occurred in the week before the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre , the " most horrible spectacle " he had ever witnessed , Walsingham raised the spectre of religious riots in England in the event of the marriage proceeding . Elizabeth put up with his blunt , often unwelcome , advice , and acknowledged his strong beliefs in a letter , in which she called him " her Moor [ who ] cannot change his colour " . These were years of tension in policy towards France , with Walsingham sceptical of the unpredictable Henry III and distrustful of the English ambassador in Paris , Edward Stafford . Stafford , who was compromised by his gambling debts , was in the pay of the Spanish and passed vital information to Spain . Walsingham may have been aware of Stafford 's duplicity , as he fed the ambassador false information , presumably in the hope of fooling or confusing the Spanish . The pro @-@ English Regent of Scotland James Douglas , 4th Earl of Morton , whom Walsingham had supported , was overthrown in 1578 . After the collapse of the Raid of Ruthven , another initiative to secure a pro @-@ English government in Scotland , Walsingham reluctantly visited the Scottish court in August 1583 , knowing that his diplomatic mission was unlikely to succeed . James VI dismissed Walsingham 's advice on domestic policy saying he was an " absolute King " in Scotland . Walsingham replied with a discourse on the topic that " young princes were many times carried into great errors upon an opinion of the absoluteness of their royal authority and do not consider , that when they transgress the bounds and limits of the law , they leave to be kings and become tyrants . " A mutual defence pact was eventually agreed in the Treaty of Berwick of 1586 . Walsingham 's cousin Edward Denny fought in Ireland during the rebellion of the Earl of Desmond and was one of the English settlers granted land in Munster confiscated from Desmond . Walsingham 's stepson Christopher Carleill commanded the garrisons at Coleraine and Carrickfergus . Walsingham thought Irish farmland was underdeveloped and hoped that plantation would improve the productivity of estates . Tensions between the native Irish and the English settlers had lasting effects on the history of Ireland . Walsingham 's younger daughter Mary died aged seven in July 1580 ; his elder daughter , Frances , married Sir Philip Sidney on 21 September 1583 , despite the Queen 's initial objections to the match ( for unknown reasons ) earlier in the year . As part of the marriage agreement , Walsingham agreed to pay £ 1 @,@ 500 of Sidney 's debts and gave his daughter and son @-@ in @-@ law the use of his manor at Barn Elms in Surrey . A granddaughter born in November 1585 was named Elizabeth after the Queen , who was one of two godparents along with Sidney 's uncle , Robert Dudley , 1st Earl of Leicester . The following year , Sidney was killed fighting the Spanish in the Netherlands and Walsingham was faced with paying off more of Sidney 's extensive debts . His widowed daughter gave birth , in a difficult delivery , to a second child shortly afterward , but the baby , a girl , was stillborn . = = Espionage = = Walsingham was driven by Protestant zeal to counter Catholicism , and sanctioned the use of torture against Catholic priests and suspected conspirators . Edmund Campion was among those tortured and found guilty on the basis of extracted evidence ; he was hanged , drawn and quartered at Tyburn in 1581 . Walsingham could never forget the atrocities against Protestants he had witnessed in France during the Bartholomew 's Day massacre and believed a similar slaughter would occur in England in the event of a Catholic resurgence . Walsingham 's brother @-@ in @-@ law Robert Beale , who was in Paris with Walsingham at the time of the massacre , encapsulated Walsingham 's view : " I think it time and more than time for us to awake out of our dead sleep , and take heed lest like mischief as has already overwhelmed the brethren and neighbours in France and Flanders embrace us which be left in such sort as we shall not be able to escape . " Walsingham tracked down Catholic priests in England and supposed conspirators by employing informers , and intercepting correspondence . Walsingham 's staff in England included the cryptographer Thomas Phelippes , who was an expert in deciphering letters and forgery , and Arthur Gregory , who was skilled at breaking and repairing seals without detection . In May 1582 , letters from the Spanish ambassador in England , Bernardino de Mendoza , to contacts in Scotland were found on a messenger by Sir John Forster , who forwarded them to Walsingham . The letters indicated a conspiracy among the Catholic powers to invade England and displace Elizabeth with Mary , Queen of Scots . By April 1583 , Walsingham had a spy , identified as Giordano Bruno by author John Bossy , deployed in the French embassy in London . Walsingham 's contact reported that Francis Throckmorton , a nephew of Walsingham 's old friend Nicholas Throckmorton , had visited the ambassador , Michel de Castelnau . In November 1583 , after six months of surveillance , Walsingham had Throckmorton arrested and then tortured to secure a confession — an admission of guilt that clearly implicated Mendoza . The Throckmorton plot called for an invasion of England along with a domestic uprising to liberate Mary , Queen of Scots , and depose Elizabeth . Throckmorton was executed in 1584 and Mendoza was expelled from England . = = = Entrapment of Mary , Queen of Scots = = = After the assassination in mid @-@ 1584 of William the Silent , the leader of the Dutch revolt against Spain , English military intervention in the Low Countries was agreed in the Treaties of Nonsuch of 1585 . The murder of William the Silent also reinforced fears for Queen Elizabeth 's safety . Walsingham helped create the Bond of Association , the signatories of which promised to hunt down and kill anyone who conspired against Elizabeth . The Act for the Surety of the Queen 's Person , passed by Parliament in March 1585 , set up a legal process for trying any claimant to the throne implicated in plots against the Queen . The following month Mary , Queen of Scots , was placed in the strict custody of Sir Amias Paulet , a friend of Walsingham . At Christmas , she was moved to a moated manor house at Chartley . Walsingham instructed Paulet to open , read and pass to Mary unsealed any letters that she received , and to block any potential route for clandestine correspondence . In a successful attempt to entrap her , Walsingham arranged a single exception : a covert means for Mary 's letters to be smuggled in and out of Chartley in a beer keg . Mary was misled into thinking these secret letters were secure , while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham 's agents . In July 1586 , Anthony Babington wrote to Mary about an impending plot to free her and kill Elizabeth . Mary 's reply was clearly encouraging and sanctioned Babington 's plans . Walsingham had Babington and his associates rounded up ; fourteen were executed in September 1586 . In October , Mary was put on trial under the Act for the Surety of the Queen 's Person in front of 36 commissioners , including Walsingham . During the presentation of evidence against her , Mary broke down and pointed accusingly at Walsingham saying , " all of this is the work of Monsieur de Walsingham for my destruction " , to which he replied , " God is my witness that as a private person I have done nothing unworthy of an honest man , and as Secretary of State , nothing unbefitting my duty . " Mary was found guilty and the warrant for her execution was drafted , but Elizabeth hesitated to sign it , despite pressure from Walsingham . Walsingham wrote to Paulet urging him to find " some way to shorten the life " of Mary to relieve Elizabeth of the burden , to which Paulet replied indignantly , " God forbid that I should make so foul a shipwreck of my conscience , or leave so great a blot to my poor posterity , to shed blood without law or warrant . " Walsingham made arrangements for Mary 's execution ; Elizabeth signed the warrant on 1 February 1587 and entrusted it to William Davison , who had been appointed as junior Secretary of State in late September 1586 . Davison passed the warrant to Cecil and a privy council convened by Cecil without Elizabeth 's knowledge agreed to carry out the sentence as soon as was practical . Within a week , Mary was beheaded . On hearing of the execution , Elizabeth claimed not to have sanctioned the action and that she had not meant Davison to part with the warrant . Davison was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London . Walsingham 's share of Elizabeth 's displeasure was small because he was absent from court , at home ill , in the weeks just before and after the execution . Davison was eventually released in October 1588 , on the orders of Cecil and Walsingham . = = = Spanish Armada = = = From 1586 , Walsingham received many dispatches from his agents in mercantile communities and foreign courts detailing Spanish preparations for an invasion of England . Walsingham 's recruitment of Anthony Standen , a friend of the Tuscan ambassador to Madrid , was an exceptional intelligence triumph and Standen 's dispatches were deeply revealing . Walsingham worked to prepare England for a potential war with Spain , in particular by supervising the substantial rebuilding of Dover Harbour , and encouraging a more aggressive strategy . On Walsingham 's instructions , the English ambassador in Turkey , William Harborne , attempted unsuccessfully to persuade the Ottoman Sultan to attack Spanish possessions in the Mediterranean in the hope of distracting Spanish forces . Walsingham supported Francis Drake 's raid of Cadiz in 1587 , which wrought havoc with Spanish logistics . The Spanish Armada sailed for England in July 1588 . Walsingham received regular dispatches from the English naval forces , and raised his own troop of 260 men as part of the land defences . On 18 August 1588 , after the dispersal of the armada , naval commander Lord Henry Seymour wrote to Walsingham , " you have fought more with your pen than many have in our English navy fought with their enemies " . In foreign intelligence , Walsingham 's extensive network of " intelligencers " , who passed on general news as well as secrets , spanned Europe and the Mediterranean . While foreign intelligence was a normal part of the principal secretary 's activities , Walsingham brought to it flair and ambition , and large sums of his own money . He cast his net more widely than others had done previously : expanding and exploiting links across the continent as well as in Constantinople and Algiers , and building and inserting contacts among Catholic exiles . Among his spies may have been the playwright Christopher Marlowe ; Marlowe was in France in the mid @-@ 1580s and was acquainted with Walsingham 's kinsman Thomas Walsingham . = = Death and legacy = = From 1571 onwards , Walsingham complained of ill health and often retired to his country estate for periods of recuperation . He complained of " sundry carnosities " , pains in his head , stomach and back , and difficulty in passing water . Suggested diagnoses include cancer , kidney stones , urinary infection , and diabetes . He died on 6 April 1590 , at his house in Seething Lane . Historian William Camden wrote that Walsingham died from " a carnosity growing intra testium sunctas [ testicular cancer ] " . He was buried privately in a simple ceremony at 10 pm on the following day , beside his son @-@ in @-@ law , in Old St Paul 's Cathedral . The grave and monument were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 . His name appears on a modern monument in the crypt listing the important graves lost . In his will , dated 12 December 1589 , Walsingham complained of " the greatness of my debts and the mean state [ I ] shall leave my wife and heirs in " , but the true state of his finances is unclear . He received grants of land from the Queen , grants for the export of cloth and leases of customs in the northern and western ports . His primary residences , apart from the court , were in Seething Lane by the Tower of London ( now the site of a Victorian office building called Walsingham House ) , at Barn Elms in Surrey and at Odiham in Hampshire . Nothing remains of any of his houses . He spent much of his own money on espionage in the service of the Queen and the Protestant cause . In 1586 , he funded a lectureship in theology at Oxford University for the Puritan John Rainolds . He had underwritten the debts of his son @-@ in @-@ law , Sir Philip Sidney , had pursued the Sidney estate for recompense unsuccessfully and had carried out major land transactions in his later years . After his death , his friends reflected that poor bookkeeping had left him further in the Crown 's debt than was fair . In 1611 , the Crown 's debts to him were calculated at over £ 48 @,@ 000 , but his debts to the Crown were calculated at over £ 43 @,@ 000 and a judge , Sir Julius Caesar , ordered both sets of debts cancelled quid pro quo . Walsingham 's surviving daughter Frances received a £ 300 annuity , and married the Earl of Essex . Ursula , Lady Walsingham , continued to live at Barn Elms with a staff of servants until her death in 1602 . Protestants lauded Walsingham as " a sound pillar of our commonwealth and chief patron of virtue , learning and chivalry " . He was part of a Protestant intelligentsia that included Philip Sidney , Edmund Spenser and John Dee : men who promoted an expansionist and nationalist English Renaissance . Spenser included a dedicatory sonnet to Walsingham in the Faerie Queene , likening him to Maecenas who introduced Virgil to the Emperor Augustus . After Walsingham 's death , Sir John Davies composed an acrostic poem in his memory and Watson wrote an elegy , Meliboeus , in Latin . On the other hand , Jesuit Robert Persons thought Walsingham " cruel and inhumane " in his persecution of Catholics . Catholic sources portray a ruthless , devious man driven by religious intolerance and an excessive love for intrigue . Walsingham attracts controversy still . Although he was ruthless , his opponents on the Catholic side were no less so ; the treatment of prisoners and suspects by Tudor authorities was typical of European governments of the time . Walsingham 's personal , as opposed to his public , character is elusive ; his public papers were seized by the government while many of his private papers , which might have revealed much , were lost . The fragments that do survive demonstrate his personal interest in gardening and falconry . = = = In fiction = = = Fictional portrayals of Walsingham tend to follow Catholic interpretations , depicting him as sinister and Machiavellian . He features in conspiracy theories surrounding the death of Christopher Marlowe , whom he predeceased . Charles Nicholl examined ( and rejected ) such theories in The Reckoning : The Murder of Christopher Marlowe ( 1992 ) , which was used as a source by Anthony Burgess for his novel A Dead Man in Deptford ( 1993 ) . The 1998 film Elizabeth gives considerable , although sometimes historically inaccurate , prominence to Walsingham ( portrayed by Geoffrey Rush ) . It fictionalizes him as irreligious and sexually ambiguous , merges chronologically distant events , and inaccurately suggests that he murdered Mary of Guise . Rush reprised the role in the 2007 sequel , Elizabeth : The Golden Age . Both Stephen Murray in the 1970 BBC series Elizabeth R and Patrick Malahide in the 2005 Channel Four miniseries Elizabeth I play him as a dour official . = Chinua Achebe = Chinua Achebe ( / ˈtʃɪnwɑː əˈtʃɛbɛ / , born Albert Chinualumogu Achebe ; 16 November 1930 – 21 March 2013 ) was a Nigerian novelist , poet , professor , and critic . His first novel Things Fall Apart ( 1958 ) was considered his magnum opus , and is the most widely read book in modern African literature . Raised by his parents in the Igbo town of Ogidi in South @-@ Eastern Nigeria , Achebe excelled at school and won a scholarship for undergraduate studies at University College ( now the University of Ibadan ) . He became fascinated with world religions and traditional African cultures , and began writing stories as a university student . After graduation , he worked for the Nigerian Broadcasting Service ( NBS ) and soon moved to the metropolis of Lagos . He gained worldwide attention for Things Fall Apart in the late 1950s ; his later novels include No Longer at Ease ( 1960 ) , Arrow of God ( 1964 ) , A Man of the People ( 1966 ) , and Anthills of the Savannah ( 1987 ) . Achebe wrote his novels in English and defended the use of English , a " language of colonisers " , in African literature . In 1975 , his lecture An Image of Africa : Racism in Conrad 's " Heart of Darkness " featured a famous criticism of Joseph Conrad as " a thoroughgoing racist " ; it was later published in The Massachusetts Review amid some controversy . When the region of Biafra broke away from Nigeria in 1967 , Achebe became a supporter of Biafran independence and acted as ambassador for the people of the new nation . The war ravaged the populace , and as starvation and violence took its toll , he appealed to the people of Europe and the Americas for aid . When the Nigerian government retook the region in 1970 , he involved himself in political parties but soon resigned due to frustration over the corruption and elitism he witnessed . He lived in the United States for several years in the 1970s , and returned to the U.S. in 1990 after a car accident left him partially disabled . A titled Igbo chieftain himself , Achebe 's novels focus on the traditions of Igbo society , the effect of Christian influences , and the clash of Western and traditional African values during and after the colonial era . His style relies heavily on the Igbo oral tradition , and combines straightforward narration with representations of folk stories , proverbs , and oratory . He also published a number of short stories , children 's books , and essay collections . Upon his return to the United States in 1990 , he began an eighteen @-@ year tenure at Bard College as the Charles P. Stevenson Professor of Languages and Literature . From 2009 until his death , he served as David and Marianna Fisher University Professor and Professor of Africana Studies at Brown University . = = Biography = = Achebe 's parents , Isaiah Okafo Achebe and Janet Anaenechi Iloegbunam , were converts to the Protestant Church Mission Society ( CMS ) in Nigeria . The elder Achebe stopped practising the religion of his ancestors , but he respected its traditions . Achebe 's unabbreviated name , Chinualumogu ( " May God fight on my behalf " ) , was a prayer for divine protection and stability . The Achebe family had five other surviving children , named in a similar fusion of traditional words relating to their new religion : Frank Okwuofu , John Chukwuemeka Ifeanyichukwu , Zinobia Uzoma , Augustine Nduka , and Grace Nwanneka . = = = Early life = = = Achebe was born Albert Chinualumogu Achebe in the Igbo village of Ogidi on 16 November 1930 . Isaiah Okafo Achebe and Janet Anaenechi Iloegbunam Achebe stood at a crossroads of traditional culture and Christian influence ; this made a significant impact on the children , especially Chinualumogu . After the youngest daughter was born , the family moved to Isaiah Achebe 's ancestral town of Ogidi , in what is now the state of Anambra . Storytelling was a mainstay of the Igbo tradition and an integral part of the community . Achebe 's mother and sister Zinobia Uzoma told him many stories as a child , which he repeatedly requested . His education was furthered by the collages his father hung on the walls of their home , as well as almanacs and numerous books – including a prose adaptation of A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( c . 1590 ) and an Igbo version of The Pilgrim 's Progress ( 1678 ) . Chinua also eagerly anticipated traditional village events , like the frequent masquerade ceremonies , which he recreated later in his novels and stories . = = = = Education = = = = In 1936 , Achebe entered St Philips ' Central School . Despite his protests , he spent a week in the religious class for young children , but was quickly moved to a higher class when the school 's chaplain took note of his intelligence . One teacher described him as the student with the best handwriting in class , and the best reading skills . He also attended Sunday school every week and the special evangelical services held monthly , often carrying his father 's bag . A controversy erupted at one such session , when apostates from the new church challenged the catechist about the tenets of Christianity . Achebe later included a scene from this incident in Things Fall Apart . At the age of 12 , Achebe moved away from his family to the village of Nekede , four kilometres from Owerri . He enrolled as a student at the Central School , where his older brother John taught . In Nekede , Achebe gained an appreciation for Mbari , a traditional art form that seeks to invoke the gods ' protection through symbolic sacrifices in the form of sculpture and collage . ( He would later suggest the name for the Mbari Writers and Artists Club that was founded in Ibadan by Ulli Beier and others in 1961 . ) the time came to change to secondary school , in 1944 , Achebe sat entrance examinations for and was accepted at both the prestigious Dennis Memorial Grammar School in Onitsha and the even more prestigious Government College in Umuahia . Modelled on the British public school , and funded by the colonial administration , Government College had been established in 1929 to educate Nigeria 's future elite . It had rigorous academic standards and was vigorously elitist , accepting boys purely on the basis of ability . The language of the school was English , not only to develop proficiency but also to provide a common tongue for pupils from different Nigerian language groups . Achebe described this later as being ordered to " put away their different mother tongues and communicate in the language of their colonisers " . The rule was strictly enforced and Achebe recalls that his first punishment was for asking another boy to pass the soap in Igbo . Once there , Achebe was double @-@ promoted in his first year , completing the first two years ' studies in one , and spending only four years in secondary school , instead of the standard five . Achebe was unsuited to the school 's sports regimen and belonged instead to a group of six exceedingly studious pupils . So intense were their study habits that the headmaster banned the reading of textbooks from five to six o 'clock in the afternoon ( though other activities and other books were allowed ) . Achebe started to explore the school 's " wonderful library " . There he discovered Booker T. Washington 's Up From Slavery ( 1901 ) , the autobiography of an American former slave ; Achebe " found it sad , but it showed him another dimension of reality " . He also read classic novels , such as Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 ) , David Copperfield ( 1850 ) , and Treasure Island ( 1883 ) , together with tales of colonial derring @-@ do such as H. Rider Haggard 's Allan Quatermain ( 1887 ) and John Buchan 's Prester John ( 1910 ) . Achebe later recalled that , as a reader , he " took sides with the white characters against the savages " and even developed a dislike for Africans . " The white man was good and reasonable and intelligent and courageous . The savages arrayed against him were sinister and stupid or , at the most , cunning . I hated their guts . " = = = = University = = = = In 1948 , in preparation for independence , Nigeria 's first university opened . Known as University College ( now the University of Ibadan ) , it was an associate college of the University of London . Achebe obtained such high marks in the entrance examination that he was admitted as a Major Scholar in the university 's first intake and given a bursary to study medicine . It was during his studies at Ibadan that Achebe began to become critical of European literature about Africa . After reading Joyce Cary 's 1939 work Mister Johnson about a cheerful Nigerian man who ( among other things ) works for an abusive British storeowner , he was so disturbed by the book 's portrayal of its Nigerian characters as either savages or buffoons that he decided to become a writer . Achebe recognised his dislike for the African protagonist as a sign of the author 's cultural ignorance . One of his classmates announced to the professor that the only enjoyable moment in the book is when Johnson is shot . He abandoned the study of medicine and changed to English , history , and theology . Because he switched his field , however , he lost his scholarship and had to pay tuition fees . He received a government bursary , and his family also donated money – his older brother Augustine gave up money for a trip home from his job as a civil servant so Chinua could continue his studies . From its inception , the university had a strong Arts faculty ; it includes many famous writers amongst its alumni . These include Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka , poet and playwright John Pepper Clark , and poet Christopher Okigbo . Elechi Amadi is also another famous writer who studied at the university in the 1950s , although he was in the faculty of sciences . In 1950 Achebe wrote a piece for the University Herald entitled " Polar Undergraduate " , his debut as an author . It used irony and humour to celebrate the intellectual vigour of his classmates . He followed this with other essays and letters about philosophy and freedom in academia , some of which were published in another campus magazine , The Bug . He served as the Herald 's editor during the 1951 – 52 school year . While at the university , Achebe wrote his first short story , " In a Village Church " , which combines details of life in rural Nigeria with Christian institutions and icons , a style which appears in many of his later works . Other short stories he wrote during his time at Ibadan ( including " The Old Order in Conflict with the New " and " Dead Men 's Path " ) examine conflicts between tradition and modernity , with an eye toward dialogue and understanding on both sides . When a professor named Geoffrey Parrinder arrived at the university to teach comparative religion , Achebe began to explore the fields of Christian history and African traditional religions . After the final examinations at Ibadan in 1953 , Achebe was awarded a second @-@ class degree . Rattled by not receiving the highest level , he was uncertain how to proceed after graduation . He returned to his hometown of Ogidi to sort through his options . = = = Teaching and producing = = = While he meditated on his possible career paths , Achebe was visited by a friend from the university , who convinced him to apply for an English teaching position at the Merchants of Light school at Oba . It was a ramshackle institution with a crumbling infrastructure and a meagre library ; the school was built on what the residents called " bad bush " – a section of land thought to be tainted by unfriendly spirits . Later , in Things Fall Apart , Achebe describes a similar area called the " evil forest " , where the Christian missionaries are given a place to build their church . As a teacher he urged his students to read extensively and be original in their work . The students did not have access to the newspapers he had read as a student , so Achebe made his own available in the classroom . He taught in Oba for four months , but when an opportunity arose in 1954 to work for the Nigerian Broadcasting Service ( NBS ) , he left the school and moved to Lagos . The NBS , a radio network started in 1933 by the colonial government , assigned Achebe to the Talks Department , preparing scripts for oral delivery . This helped him master the subtle nuances between written and spoken language , a skill that helped him later to write realistic dialogue . The city of Lagos also made a significant impression on him . A huge conurbation , the city teemed with recent migrants from the rural villages . Achebe revelled in the social and political activity around him and later drew upon his experiences when describing the city in his 1960 novel No Longer at Ease . While in Lagos , Achebe started work on a novel . This was challenging , since very little African fiction had been written in English , although Amos Tutuola 's Palm @-@ Wine Drinkard ( 1952 ) and Cyprian Ekwensi 's People of the City ( 1954 ) were notable exceptions . While appreciating Ekwensi 's work , Achebe worked hard to develop his own style , even as he pioneered the creation of the Nigerian novel itself . A visit to Nigeria by Queen Elizabeth II in 1956 brought issues of colonialism and politics to the surface , and was a significant moment for Achebe . Also in 1956 he was selected at the Staff School run by the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) . His first trip outside Nigeria was an opportunity to advance his technical production skills , and to solicit feedback on his novel ( which was later split into two books ) . In London , he met a novelist named Gilbert Phelps , to whom he offered the manuscript . Phelps responded with great enthusiasm , asking Achebe if he could show it to his editor and publishers . Achebe declined , insisting that it needed more work . = = = Things Fall Apart = = = Back in Nigeria , Achebe set to work revising and editing his novel ( now titled Things Fall Apart , after a line in the poem " The Second Coming " by W. B. Yeats ) . He cut away the second and third sections of the book , leaving only the story of a yam farmer named Okonkwo who lives during the colonization of Nigeria . He added sections , improved various chapters , and restructured the prose . By 1957 , he had sculpted it to his liking , and took advantage of an advertisement offering a typing service . He sent his only copy of his handwritten manuscript ( along with the ₤ 22 fee ) to the London company . After he waited several months without receiving any communication from the typing service , Achebe began to worry . His boss at the NBS , Angela Beattie , was going to London for her annual leave ; he asked her to visit the company . She did , and angrily demanded to know why the manuscript was lying ignored in the corner of the office . The company quickly sent a typed copy to Achebe . Beattie 's intervention was crucial for his ability to continue as a writer . Had the novel been lost , he later said , " I would have been so discouraged that I would probably have given up altogether . " In 1958 , Achebe sent his novel to the agent recommended by Gilbert Phelps in London . It was sent to several publishing houses ; some rejected it immediately , claiming that fiction from African writers had no market potential . Finally it reached the office of Heinemann , where executives hesitated until an educational adviser , Donald MacRae – just back in England after a trip through West Africa read the book and forced the company 's hand with his succinct report : " This is the best novel I have read since the war " . Heinemann published 2 @,@ 000 hardcover copies of Things Fall Apart on 17 June 1958 . According to Alan Hill , employed by the publisher at the time , the company did not " touch a word of it " in preparation for release . The book was received well by the British press , and received positive reviews from critic Walter Allen and novelist Angus Wilson . Three days after publication , The Times Literary Supplement wrote that the book " genuinely succeeds in presenting tribal life from the inside " . The Observer called it " an excellent novel " , and the literary magazine Time and Tide said that " Mr. Achebe 's style is a model for aspirants " . Initial reception in Nigeria was mixed . When Hill tried to promote the book in West Africa , he was met with scepticism and ridicule . The faculty at the University of Ibadan was amused at the thought of a worthwhile novel being written by an alumnus . Others were more supportive ; one review in the magazine Black Orpheus said : " The book as a whole creates for the reader such a vivid picture of Ibo life that the plot and characters are little more than symbols representing a way of life lost irrevocably within living memory . " In the book Okonkwo struggles with the legacy of his father – a shiftless debtor fond of playing the flute – as well as the complications and contradictions that arise when white missionaries arrive in his village of Umuofia . Exploring the terrain of cultural conflict , particularly the encounter between Igbo tradition and Christian doctrine , Achebe returns to the themes of his earlier stories , which grew from his own background . Things Fall Apart went on to become one of the most important books in African literature . Selling over eight million copies around the world , it was translated into 50 languages , making Achebe the most translated African writer of all time . The book , in recognition of its universality , appears in the Bokklubben World Library collection " proposed by one hundred writers from fifty @-@ four different countries , compiled and organized in 2002 by the Norwegian Book Club . This list endeavors to reflect world literature , with books from all countries , cultures , and time periods . " Nigerian Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka has described the work as " the first novel in English which spoke from the interior of the African character , rather than portraying the African as an exotic , as the white man would see him . " = = = Marriage and family = = = In the same year Things Fall Apart was published , Achebe was promoted at the NBS and put in charge of the network 's eastern region coverage . He moved to Enugu and began to work on his administrative duties . There he met a woman named Christiana Chinwe ( Christie ) Okoli , who had grown up in the area and joined the NBS staff when he arrived . They first conversed when she brought to his attention a pay discrepancy ; a friend of hers found that , although they had been hired simultaneously , Christie had been rated lower and offered a lower wage . Sent to the hospital for an appendectomy soon after , she was pleasantly surprised when Achebe visited her with gifts and magazines . Achebe and Okoli grew closer in the following years , and on 10 September 1961 they were married in the Chapel of Resurrection on the campus of the University of Ibadan . Christie Achebe has described their marriage as one of trust and mutual understanding ; some tension arose early in their union , due to conflicts about attention and communication . However , as their relationship matured , husband and wife made efforts to adapt to one another . Their first child , a daughter named Chinelo , was born on 11 July 1962 . They had a son , Ikechukwu , on 3 December 1964 , and another boy named Chidi , on 24 May 1967 . When the children began attending school in Lagos , their parents became worried about the world view – especially with regard to race – expressed at the school , especially through the mostly white teachers and books that presented a prejudiced view of African life . In 1966 , Achebe published his first children 's book , Chike and the River , to address some of these concerns . After the Biafran War , the Achebes had another daughter on 7 March 1970 , named Nwando . When asked about his family Achebe stated : " There are few things more important than my family . " They have six grandchildren : Chochi , Chino , Chidera , C.J. ( Chinua Jr . ) , Nnamdi and Zeal . = = = No Longer at Ease and fellowship travels = = = In 1960 , while they were still dating , Achebe dedicated to Christie Okoli his second novel , No Longer at Ease , about a civil servant who is embroiled in the corruption of Lagos . The protagonist is Obi , grandson of Things Fall Apart 's main character , Okonkwo . Drawing on his time in the city , Achebe writes about Obi 's experiences in Lagos to reflect the challenges facing a new generation on the threshold of Nigerian independence . Obi is trapped between the expectations of his family , its clan , his home village , and larger society . He is crushed by these forces ( like his grandfather before him ) and finds himself imprisoned for bribery . Having shown his acumen for portraying traditional Igbo culture , Achebe demonstrated in his second novel an ability to depict modern Nigerian life . Later that year , Achebe was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship for six months of travel , which he called " the first important perk of my writing career " ; Achebe set out for a tour of East Africa . One month after Nigeria achieved its independence , he travelled to Kenya , where he was required to complete an immigration form by checking a box indicating his ethnicity : European , Asiatic , Arab , or Other . Shocked and dismayed at being forced into an " Other " identity , he found the situation " almost funny " and took an extra form as a souvenir . Continuing to Tanganyika and Zanzibar ( now united in Tanzania ) , he was frustrated by the paternalistic attitude he observed among non @-@ African hotel clerks and social elites . Achebe also found in his travels that Swahili was gaining prominence as a major African language . Radio programs were broadcast in Swahili , and its use was widespread in the countries he visited . Nevertheless , he also found an " apathy " among the people toward literature written in Swahili . He met the poet Sheikh Shaaban Robert , who complained of the difficulty he had faced in trying to publish his Swahili @-@ language work . In Northern Rhodesia ( now called Zambia ) , Achebe found himself sitting in a whites @-@ only section of a bus to Victoria Falls . Interrogated by the ticket taker as to why he was sitting in the front , he replied , " if you must know I come from Nigeria , and there we sit where we like in the bus . " Upon reaching the waterfall , he was cheered by the black travellers from the bus , but he was saddened by their being unable to resist the policy of segregation at the time . Two years later , Achebe again left Nigeria , this time as part of a Fellowship for Creative Artists awarded by UNESCO . He travelled to the United States and Brazil . He met with a number of writers from the US , including novelists Ralph Ellison and Arthur Miller . In Brazil , he met with several other authors , with whom he discussed the complications of writing in Portuguese . Achebe worried that the vibrant literature of the nation would be lost if left untranslated into a more widely spoken language . = = = Voice of Nigeria and African Writers Series = = = Once he returned to Nigeria , Achebe was promoted at the NBS to the position of Director of External Broadcasting . One of his first duties was to help create the Voice of Nigeria network . The station broadcast its first transmission on New Year 's Day 1962 , and worked to maintain an objective perspective during the turbulent era immediately following independence . This objectivity was put to the test when Nigerian Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa declared a state of emergency in the Western Region , responding to a series of conflicts between officials of varying parties . Achebe became saddened by the evidence of corruption and silencing of political opposition . In 1962 he attended an executive conference of African writers in English at the Makerere University College in Kampala , Uganda . He met with important literary figures from around the continent and the world , including Ghanaian poet Kofi Awoonor , Nigerian playwright and poet Wole Soyinka , and US poet @-@ author Langston Hughes . Among the topics of discussion was an attempt to determine whether the term African literature ought to include work from the diaspora , or solely that writing composed by people living within the continent itself . Achebe indicated that it was not " a very significant question " , and that scholars would do well to wait until a body of work were large enough to judge . Writing about the conference in several journals , Achebe hailed it as a milestone for the literature of Africa , and highlighted the importance of community among isolated voices on the continent and beyond . While at Makerere , Achebe was asked to read a novel written by a student ( James Ngugi , later known as Ngũgĩ wa Thiong 'o ) called Weep Not , Child . Impressed , he sent it to Alan Hill at Heinemann , which published it two years later to coincide with its paperback line of books from African writers . Hill indicated this was to remedy a situation where British publishers " regarded West Africa only as a place where you sold books . " Achebe was chosen to be General Editor of the African Writers Series , which became a significant force in bringing postcolonial literature from Africa to the rest of the world , and he continued in that role until 1972 . As these works became more widely available , reviews and essays about African literature – especially from Europe – began to flourish . Bristling against the commentary flooding his home country , Achebe published an essay entitled " Where Angels Fear to Tread " in the December 1962 issue of Nigeria Magazine . In it , he distinguished between the hostile critic ( entirely negative ) , the amazed critic ( entirely positive ) , and the conscious critic ( who seeks a balance ) . He lashed out at those who critiqued African writers from the outside , saying : " no man can understand another whose language he does not speak ( and ' language ' here does not mean simply words , but a man 's entire world view ) . " In September 1964 he attended the Commonwealth Literature conference at the University of Leeds , presenting his essay " The Novelist as Teacher " . = = = Arrow of God = = = Achebe 's third book , Arrow of God , was published in 1964 . Like its predecessors , it explores the intersections of Igbo tradition and European Christianity . Set in the village of Umuaro at the start of the twentieth century , the novel tells the story of Ezeulu , a Chief Priest of Ulu . Shocked by the power of British intervention in the area , he orders his son to learn the foreigners ' secret . As with Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart and Obi in No Longer at Ease , Ezeulu is consumed by the resulting tragedy . The idea for the novel came in 1959 , when Achebe heard the story of a Chief Priest being imprisoned by a District Officer . He drew further inspiration a year later when he viewed a collection of Igbo objects excavated from the area by archaeologist Thurstan Shaw ; Achebe was startled by the cultural sophistication of the artifacts . When an acquaintance showed him a series of papers from colonial officers ( not unlike the fictional Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger referenced at the end of Things Fall Apart ) , Achebe combined these strands of history and began work on Arrow of God in earnest . Like Achebe 's previous works , Arrow was roundly praised by critics . A revised edition was published in 1974 to correct what Achebe called " certain structural weaknesses " . In a letter written to Achebe , the US writer John Updike expressed his surprised admiration for the sudden downfall of Arrow of God 's protagonist . He praised the author 's courage to write " an ending few Western novelists would have contrived " . Achebe responded by suggesting that the individualistic hero was rare in African literature , given its roots in communal living and the degree to which characters are " subject to non @-@ human forces in the universe " . = = = A Man of the People = = = A Man of the People was published in 1966 . A bleak satire set in an unnamed African state which has just attained independence , the novel follows a teacher named Odili Samalu from the village of Anata who opposes a corrupt Minister of Culture named Nanga for his Parliament seat . Upon reading an advance copy of the novel , Achebe 's friend John Pepper Clark declared : " Chinua , I know you are a prophet . Everything in this book has happened except a military coup ! " Soon afterward , Nigerian Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu seized control of the northern region of the country as part of a larger coup attempt . Commanders in other areas failed , and the plot was answered by a military crackdown . A massacre of three thousand people from the eastern region living in the north occurred soon afterwards , and stories of other attacks on Igbo Nigerians began to filter into Lagos . The ending of his novel had brought Achebe to the attention of military personnel , who suspected him of having foreknowledge of the coup . When he received word of the pursuit , he sent his wife ( who was pregnant ) and children on a squalid boat through a series of unseen creeks to the Igbo stronghold of Port Harcourt . They arrived safely , but Christie suffered a miscarriage at the journey 's end . Chinua rejoined them soon afterwards in Ogidi . These cities were safe from military incursion because they were in the southeast , part of the region which would later secede . Once the family had resettled in Enugu , Achebe and his friend Christopher Okigbo started a publishing house called Citadel Press , to improve the quality and increase the quantity of literature available to younger readers . One of its first submissions was a story called How the Dog was Domesticated , which Achebe revised and rewrote , turning it into a complex allegory for the country 's political tumult . Its final title was How the Leopard Got His Claws . Years later a Nigerian intelligence officer told Achebe , " of all the things that came out of Biafra , that book was the most important . " = = = Nigeria @-@ Biafra War = = = In May 1967 , the southeastern region of Nigeria broke away to form the Republic of Biafra ; in July the Nigerian military attacked to suppress what it considered an unlawful rebellion . Achebe 's colleague , Christopher Okigbo , who had become a close friend of the family ( especially of Achebe 's son , young Ikechukwu ) , volunteered to join the secessionist army while simultaneously working at the press . Achebe 's house was bombed one afternoon ; Christie had taken the children to visit her sick mother , so the only victims were his books and papers . The Achebe family narrowly escaped disaster several times during the war . Five days later , Christopher Okigbo was killed on the war 's front line . Achebe was shaken considerably by the loss ; in 1971 he wrote " Dirge for Okigbo " , originally in the Igbo language but later translated to English . As the war intensified , the Achebe family was forced to leave Enugu for the Biafran capital of Aba . As the turmoil closed in , he continued to write , but most of his creative work during the war took the form of poetry . The shorter format was a consequence of living in a war zone . " I can write poetry , " he said , " something short , intense more in keeping with my mood ... All this is creating in the context of our struggle . " Many of these poems were collected in his 1971 book Beware , Soul Brother . One of his most famous , " Refugee Mother and Child " , spoke to the suffering and loss that surrounded him . Dedicated to the promise of Biafra , he accepted a request to serve as foreign ambassador , refusing an invitation from the Program of African Studies at Northwestern University in the US . Achebe traveled to many cities in Europe , including London , where he continued his work with the African Writers Series project at Heinemann . During the war , relations between writers in Nigeria and Biafra were strained . Achebe and John Pepper Clark had a tense confrontation in London over their respective support for opposing sides of the conflict . Achebe demanded that the publisher withdraw the dedication of A Man of the People he had given to Clark . Years later , their friendship healed and the dedication was restored . Meanwhile , their contemporary Wole Soyinka was imprisoned for meeting with Biafran officials , and spent two years in jail . Speaking in 1968 , Achebe said : " I find the Nigerian situation untenable . If I had been a Nigerian , I think I would have been in the same situation as Wole Soyinka is – in prison . " The Nigerian government , under the leadership of General Yakubu Gowon , was backed by the British government ; the two nations enjoyed a vigorous trade partnership . Addressing the causes of the war in 1968 , Achebe lashed out at the Nigerian political and military forces that had forced Biafra to secede . He framed the conflict in terms of the country 's colonial past . The writer in Nigeria , he said , " found that the independence his country was supposed to have won was totally without content ... The old white master was still in power . He had got himself a bunch of black stooges to do his dirty work for a commission . " Conditions in Biafra worsened as the war continued . In September 1968 , the city of Aba fell to the Nigerian military and Achebe once again moved his family , this time to Umuahia , where the Biafran government had also relocated . He was chosen to chair the newly formed National Guidance Committee , charged with the task of drafting principles and ideas for the post @-@ war era . In 1969 , the group completed a document entitled The Principles of the Biafran Revolution , later released as The Ahiara Declaration . In October of the same year , Achebe joined writers Cyprian Ekwensi and Gabriel Okara for a tour of the United States to raise awareness about the dire situation in Biafra . They visited thirty college campuses and conducted countless interviews . While in the southern US , Achebe learned for the first time of the Igbo Landing , a true story of a group of Igbo captives who drowned themselves in 1803 – rather than endure the brutality of slavery – after surviving through the Middle Passage . Although the group was well received by students and faculty , Achebe was " shocked " by the harsh racist attitude toward Africa he saw in the US . At the end of the tour , he said that " world policy is absolutely ruthless and unfeeling " . The beginning of 1970 saw the end of the state of Biafra . On 12 January , the military surrendered to Nigeria , and Achebe returned with his family to Ogidi , where their home had been destroyed . He took a job at the University of Nigeria in Nsukka and immersed himself once again in academia . He was unable to accept invitations to other countries , however , because the Nigerian government revoked his passport due to his support for Biafra . = = = Postwar academia = = = After the war , Achebe helped start two magazines : the literary journal Okike , a forum for African art , fiction , and poetry ; and Nsukkascope , an internal publication of the University ( motto : " Devastating , Fearless , Brutal and True " ) . Achebe and the Okike committee later established another cultural magazine , Uwa Ndi Igbo , to showcase the indigenous stories and oral traditions of the Igbo community . In February 1972 he released Girls at War , a collection of short stories ranging in time from his undergraduate days to the recent bloodshed . It was the 100th book in Heinemann 's African Writers Series . The University of Massachusetts Amherst offered Achebe a professorship later that year , and the family moved to the United States . Their youngest daughter was displeased with her nursery school , and the family soon learned that her frustration involved language . Achebe helped her face the " alien experience " ( as he called it ) by telling her stories during the car trips to and from school . As he presented his lessons to a wide variety of students ( he taught only one class , to a large audience ) , he began to study the perceptions of Africa in Western scholarship : " Africa is not like anywhere else they know ... there are no real people in the Dark Continent , only forces operating ; and people don 't speak any language you can understand , they just grunt , too busy jumping up and down in a frenzy " . = = = = Criticism of Conrad = = = = Achebe expanded this criticism when he presented a Chancellor 's Lecture at Amherst on 18 February 1975 , An Image of Africa : Racism in Conrad 's " Heart of Darkness " . Decrying Joseph Conrad as " a bloody racist " , Achebe asserted that Conrad 's famous novel dehumanises Africans , rendering Africa as " a metaphysical battlefield devoid of all recognisable humanity , into which the wandering European enters at his peril . " Achebe also discussed a quotation from Albert Schweitzer , a 1952 Nobel Peace Prize laureate : " That extraordinary missionary , Albert Schweitzer , who sacrificed brilliant careers in music and theology in Europe for a life of service to Africans in much the same area as Conrad writes about , epitomizes the ambivalence . In a comment which has often been quoted Schweitzer says : ' The African is indeed my brother but my junior brother . ' And so he proceeded to build a hospital appropriate to the needs of junior brothers with standards of hygiene reminiscent of medical practice in the days before the germ theory of disease came into being . " Some were surprised that Achebe would challenge a man honoured in the West for his " reverence for life " , and recognised as a paragon of Western liberalism . The lecture caused a storm of controversy , even at the reception immediately following his talk . Many English professors in attendance were upset by his remarks ; one elderly professor reportedly approached him , said : " How dare you ! " , and stormed away . Another suggested that Achebe had " no sense of humour " , but several days later Achebe was approached by a third professor , who told him : " I now realize that I had never really read Heart of Darkness although I have taught it for years . " Although the lecture angered many of his colleagues , he was nevertheless presented later in 1975 with an honorary doctorate from the University of Stirling and the Lotus Prize for Afro @-@ Asian Writers . The first comprehensive rebuttal of Achebe 's critique was published in 1983 by British critic Cedric Watts . His essay " A Bloody Racist : About Achebe 's View of Conrad " defends Heart of Darkness as an anti @-@ imperialist novel , suggesting that " part of its greatness lies in the power of its criticisms of racial prejudice . " Palestinian – American theorist Edward Said agreed in his book Culture and Imperialism that Conrad criticised imperialism , but added : " As a creature of his time , Conrad could not grant the natives their freedom , despite his severe critique of the imperialism that enslaved them " . Building on Watts and Said , Nidesh Lawtoo argued that " underneath the first layer of straightforward opposition ... we find an underlying mimetic continuity between Conrad 's colonial image of Africa [ in Heart of Darkness ] and Achebe 's postcolonial representation " in Things Fall Apart . Achebe 's criticism has become a mainstream perspective on Conrad 's work . The essay was included in the 1988 Norton critical edition of Conrad 's novel . Editor Robert Kimbrough called it one of " the three most important events in Heart of Darkness criticism since the second edition of his book ... " Critic Nicolas Tredell divides Conrad criticism " into two epochal phases : before and after Achebe . " Asked frequently about his essay , Achebe once explained that he never meant for the work to be abandoned : " It 's not in my nature to talk about banning books . I am saying , read it – with the kind of understanding and with the knowledge I talk about . And read it beside African works . " Interviewed on National Public Radio with Robert Siegel , in October 2009 , Achebe remains consistent , although tempering this criticism in a discussion entitled " ' Heart of Darkness ' is inappropriate " : " Conrad was a seductive writer . He could pull his reader into the fray . And if it were not for what he said about me and my people , I would probably be thinking only of that seduction . " = = = Retirement and politics = = = When he returned to the University of Nigeria in 1976 , he hoped to accomplish three goals : finish the novel he had been writing , renew the native publication of Okike , and further his study of Igbo culture . He also showed that he would not restrict his criticism to European targets . In an August 1976 interview , he lashed out at the archetypal Nigerian intellectual , who is divorced from the intellect " but for two things : status and stomach . And if there 's any danger that he might suffer official displeasure or lose his job , he would prefer to turn a blind eye to what is happening around him . " In October 1979 , Achebe was awarded the first @-@ ever Nigerian National Merit Award . In 1980 he met James Baldwin at a conference held by the African Literature Association in Gainesville , Florida , USA . The writers – with similar political perspectives , beliefs about language , and faith in the liberating potential of literature – were eager to meet one another . Baldwin said : " It 's very important that we should meet each other , finally , if I must say so , after something like 400 years . " In 1982 , Achebe retired from the University of Nigeria . He devoted more time to editing Okike and became active with the left @-@ leaning People 's Redemption Party ( PRP ) . In 1983 , he became the party 's deputy national vice @-@ president . He published a book called The Trouble with Nigeria to coincide with the upcoming elections . On the first page , Achebe says bluntly : " the Nigerian problem is the unwillingness or inability of its leaders to rise to the responsibility and to the challenge of personal example which are the hallmarks of true leadership . " The elections that followed were marked by violence and charges of fraud . Asked whether he thought Nigerian politics had changed since A Man of the People , Achebe replied : " I think , if anything , the Nigerian politician has deteriorated . " After the elections , he engaged in a heated argument – which almost became a fistfight – with Bakin Zuwo , the newly elected governor of Kano State . He left the PRP and afterwards kept his distance from political parties , expressing his sadness at the dishonesty and weakness of the people involved . He spent most of the 1980s delivering speeches , attending conferences , and working on his sixth novel . He also continued winning awards and collecting honorary degrees . In 1986 he was elected president @-@ general of the Ogidi Town Union ; he reluctantly accepted and began a three @-@ year term . In the same year , he stepped down as editor of Okike . = = = Anthills and paralysis = = = In 1987 Achebe released his fifth novel , Anthills of the Savannah , about a military coup in the fictional West African nation of Kangan . A finalist for the Booker Prize , the novel was hailed in the Financial Times : " in a powerful fusion of myth , legend and modern styles , Achebe has written a book which is wise , exciting and essential , a powerful antidote to the cynical commentators from ' overseas ' who see nothing ever new out of Africa . " An opinion piece in the magazine West Africa said the book deserved to win the Booker Prize , and that Achebe was " a writer who has long deserved the recognition that has already been accorded him by his sales figures . " The prize went instead to Penelope Lively 's novel Moon Tiger . On 22 March 1990 , Achebe was riding in a car to Lagos when an axle collapsed and the car flipped . His son Ikechukwu and the driver suffered minor injuries , but the weight of the vehicle fell on Achebe and his spine was severely damaged . He was flown to the Paddocks Hospital in Buckinghamshire , England , and treated for his injuries . In July doctors announced that although he was recuperating well , he was paralyzed from the waist down and would require the use of a wheelchair for the rest of his life . Soon afterwards , Achebe became the Charles P. Stevenson Professor of Languages and Literature at Bard College in Annandale @-@ on @-@ Hudson , New York ; he held the position for more than fifteen years . In 1999 , Achebe was awarded the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates . In the autumn of 2009 he joined the Brown University faculty as the David and Marianna Fisher University Professor of Africana Studies . = = = Later in his life as a publisher = = = In October 2005 , the London Financial Times reported that Achebe was planning to write a novella for the Canongate Myth Series , a series of short novels in which ancient myths from myriad cultures are reimagined and rewritten by contemporary authors . Achebe 's novella has not yet been scheduled for publication . In June 2007 , Achebe was awarded the Man Booker International Prize . The judging panel included US critic Elaine Showalter , who said he " illuminated the path for writers around the world seeking new words and forms for new realities and societies " ; and South African writer Nadine Gordimer , who said Achebe has achieved " what one of his characters brilliantly defines as the writer 's purpose : ' a new @-@ found utterance ' for the capture of life 's complexity " . In 2010 , Achebe was awarded The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize for $ 300 @,@ 000 , one of the richest prizes for the arts . Also in 2010 , a collection of Achebes autobiographical essays were published under the title The Education of A British @-@ Protected Child . In October 2012 , Achebe 's publishers , Penguin Books , released There Was a Country : A Personal History of Biafra . Publication immediately caused a stir and re @-@ opened the discussion about the Nigerian Civil War . It would prove to be the last publication during his lifetime . Fondly called the " father of African literature " , Achebe died after a short illness on 21 March 2013 in Boston , United States . An unidentified source close to the family said that he was ill for a while and had been hospitalised in the city . Penguin publishing director Simon Winder said : " ... we are all desolate to hear of his death . " The New York Times described him in his obituary as " one of Africa 's most widely read novelists and one of the continent 's towering men of letters " . The BBC wrote that he was " revered throughout the world for his depiction of life in Africa " . He was laid to rest in his hometown in Ogidi , Anambra State . = = Style = = = = = Oral tradition = = = The style of Achebe 's fiction draws heavily on the oral tradition of the Igbo people . He weaves folk tales into the fabric of his stories , illuminating community values in both the content and the form of the storytelling . The tale about the Earth and Sky in Things Fall Apart , for example , emphasises the interdependency of the masculine and the feminine . Although Nwoye enjoys hearing his mother tell the tale , Okonkwo 's dislike for it is evidence of his imbalance . Later , Nwoye avoids beatings from his father by pretending to dislike such " women 's stories " . Another hallmark of Achebe 's style is the use of proverbs , which often illustrate the values of the rural Igbo tradition . He sprinkles them throughout the narratives , repeating points made in conversation . Critic Anjali Gera notes that the use of proverbs in Arrow of God " serves to create through an echo effect the judgement of a community upon an individual violation . " The use of such repetition in Achebe 's urban novels , No Longer at Ease and A Man of the People , is less pronounced . For Achebe , however , proverbs and folk stories are not the sum total of the oral Igbo tradition . In combining philosophical thought and public performance into the use of oratory ( " Okwu Oka " – " speech artistry " – in the Igbo phrase ) , his characters exhibit what he called " a matter of individual excellence ... part of Igbo culture . " In Things Fall Apart , Okonkwo 's friend Obierika voices the most impassioned oratory , crystallising the events and their significance for the village . Nwaka in Arrow of God also exhibits a mastery of oratory , albeit for malicious ends . Achebe frequently includes folk songs and descriptions of dancing in his work . Obi , the protagonist of No Longer at Ease , is at one point met by women singing a " Song of the Heart " , which Achebe gives in both Igbo and English : " Is everyone here ? / ( Hele ee he ee he ) " In Things Fall Apart , ceremonial dancing and the singing of folk songs reflect the realities of Igbo tradition . The elderly Uchendu , attempting to shake Okonkwo out of his self @-@ pity , refers to a song sung after the death of a woman : " For whom is it well , for whom is it well ? There is no one for whom it is well . " This song contrasts with the " gay and rollicking tunes of evangelism " sung later by the white missionaries . Achebe 's short stories are not as widely studied as his novels , and Achebe himself did not consider them a major part of his work . In the preface for Girls at War and Other Stories , he writes : " A dozen pieces in twenty years must be accounted a pretty lean harvest by any reckoning . " Like his novels , the short stories are heavily influenced by the oral tradition . And like the folktales they follow , the stories often have morals emphasising the importance of cultural traditions . = = = Use of English = = = As the decolonisation process unfolded in the 1950s , a debate about choice of language erupted and pursued authors around the world ; Achebe was no exception . Indeed , because of his subject matter and insistence on a non @-@ colonial narrative , he found his novels and decisions interrogated with extreme scrutiny – particularly with regard to his use of English . One school of thought , championed by Kenyan writer Ngũgĩ wa Thiong 'o , urged the use of indigenous African languages . English and other European languages , he said in 1986 , were " part of the neo @-@ colonial structures that repress progressive ideas " . Achebe chose to write in English . In his essay " The African Writer and the English Language " , he discusses how the process of colonialism – for all its ills – provided colonised people from varying linguistic backgrounds " a language with which to talk to one another " . As his purpose is to communicate with readers across Nigeria , he uses " the one central language enjoying nationwide currency " . Using English also allowed his books to be read in the colonial ruling nations . Still , Achebe recognises the shortcomings of what Audre Lorde called " the master 's tools " . In another essay he notes : For an African writing in English is not without its serious setbacks . He often finds himself describing situations or modes of thought which have no direct equivalent in the English way of life . Caught in that situation he can do one of two things . He can try and contain what he wants to say within the limits of conventional English or he can try to push back those limits to accommodate his ideas ... I submit that those who can do the work of extending the frontiers of English so as to accommodate African thought @-@ patterns must do it through their mastery of English and not out of innocence . In another essay , he refers to James Baldwin 's struggle to use the English language to accurately represent his experience , and his realisation that he needed to take control of the language and expand it . The Nigerian poet and novelist Gabriel Okara likens the process of language @-@ expansion to the evolution of jazz music in the United States . Achebe 's novels laid a formidable groundwork for this process . By altering syntax , usage , and idiom , he transforms the language into a distinctly African style . In some spots this takes the form of repetition of an Igbo idea in standard English parlance ; elsewhere it appears as narrative asides integrated into descriptive sentences . = = Themes = = Achebe 's novels approach a variety of themes . In his early writing , a depiction of the Igbo culture itself is paramount . Critic Nahem Yousaf highlights the importance of these depictions : " Around the tragic stories of Okonkwo and Ezeulu , Achebe sets about textualising Igbo cultural identity " . The portrayal of indigenous life is not simply a matter of literary background , he adds : " Achebe seeks to produce the effect of a precolonial reality as an Igbo @-@ centric response to a Eurocentrically constructed imperial ' reality ' " . Certain elements of Achebe 's depiction of Igbo life in Things Fall Apart match those in Olaudah Equiano 's autobiographical Narrative . Responding to charges that Equiano was not actually born in Africa , Achebe wrote in 1975 : " Equiano was an Igbo , I believe , from the village of Iseke in the Orlu division of Nigeria " . = = = Culture and colonialism = = = A prevalent theme in Achebe 's novels is the intersection of African tradition ( particularly Igbo varieties ) and modernity , especially as embodied by European colonialism . The village of Umuofia in Things Fall Apart , for example , is violently shaken with internal divisions when the white Christian missionaries arrive . Nigerian English professor Ernest N. Emenyonu describes the colonial experience in the novel as " the systematic emasculation of the entire culture " . Achebe later embodied this tension between African tradition and Western influence in the figure of Sam Okoli , the president of Kangan in Anthills of the Savannah . Distanced from the myths and tales of the community by his Westernised education , he does not have the capacity for reconnection shown by the character Beatrice . The colonial impact on the Igbo in Achebe 's novels is often effected by individuals from Europe , but institutions and urban offices frequently serve a similar purpose . The character of Obi in No Longer at Ease succumbs to colonial @-@ era corruption in the city ; the temptations of his position overwhelm his identity and fortitude . The courts and the position of District Commissioner in Things Fall Apart likewise clash with the traditions of the Igbo , and remove their ability to participate in structures of decision @-@ making . The standard Achebean ending results in the destruction of an individual and , by synecdoche , the downfall of the community . Odili 's descent into the luxury of corruption and hedonism in A Man of the People , for example , is symbolic of the post @-@ colonial crisis in Nigeria and elsewhere . Even with the emphasis on colonialism , however , Achebe 's tragic endings embody the traditional confluence of fate , individual and society , as represented by Sophocles and Shakespeare . Still , Achebe seeks to portray neither moral absolutes nor a fatalistic inevitability . In 1972 , he said : " I never will take the stand that the Old must win or that the New must win . The point is that no single truth satisfied me — and this is well founded in the Ibo world view . No single man can be correct all the time , no single idea can be totally correct . " His perspective is reflected in the words of Ikem , a character in Anthills of the Savannah : " whatever you are is never enough ; you must find a way to accept something , however small , from the other to make you whole and to save you from the mortal sin of righteousness and extremism . " And in a 1996 interview , Achebe said : " Belief in either radicalism or orthodoxy is too simplified a way of viewing things ... Evil is never all evil ; goodness on the other hand is often tainted with selfishness . " = = = Masculinity and femininity = = = The gender roles of men and women , as well as societies ' conceptions of the associated concepts , are frequent themes in Achebe 's writing . He has been criticised as a sexist author , in response to what many call the uncritical depiction of traditionally patriarchal Igbo society , where the most masculine men take numerous wives , and women are beaten regularly . Paradoxically , Igbo society immensely values individual achievement but also sees the ownership over or acquisition of women as a signifier of success . As seen in Things Fall Apart , Igbo society condemns violence but Okonkwo 's ability to control ‘ his ’ women is inextricably connected to his dignity . Thus , women are automatically disenfranschised in terms of achieving high status related to personal achievement . Others suggest that Achebe is merely representing the limited gendered vision of the characters , and they note that in his later works , he tries to demonstrate the inherent dangers of excluding women from society . It is also suggested that Achebe purpose	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
fully created exaggerated gender binaries in order to render Igbo history recognizable to international readers . Still others suggest that reading Achebe through a womanist lens enables an understanding of Igbo conceptions of gender complementarity . Womanism is “ an afrocentric concept forged out of global feminism to analyze the condition of Black African women ” that acknowledges the patriarchal oppression of women , but also highlights the resistance and dignity of African women . As the representation of Igbo society and kinship structures in novels such as Things Fall Apart differs considerably from the work of African feminist anthropology , the representation should not be taken literally ; rather , the reader should consider the roles of both women and men as intentionally stark and in opposition . In any case , a careful reading of Achebe paradoxically recognizes the hyperbolic representation of gender politics in Igbo society , while acknowledging the necessary nuance that gives Achebe ’ s women some agency and prominence . In Things Fall Apart , Okonkwo 's furious manhood overpowers everything " feminine " in his life , including his own conscience . For example , when he feels bad after being forced to kill his adopted son , he asks himself : " When did you become a shivering old woman ? " It is also argued that one ’ s chi , or personal god , is the ‘ mother within ’ . This understanding further demonstrates how Okonkwo ’ s hypermasculinity corrupts his conscience , as his contempt for his own mother and other women prevents him from being in harmony with his chi . He views all things feminine as distasteful , in part because they remind him of his father 's laziness and cowardice . His father was considered an agbala — a word that refers to a man without title , but is also synonymous with ‘ woman ’ . Thus , Okonkwo not only regrets his father ’ s lack of success , but attributes it to a lack of masculinity . Okonkwo ’ s feminization of all things lacking success or power is a common theme throughout the novel . His obsession with maleness is fuelled by an intense fear of femaleness , which he expresses through physical and verbal abuse of his wives , his violence towards his community , his constant worry that his son Nwoye is not manly enough , and his wish that his daughter Ezinma had been born a boy . The women in the novel , meanwhile , are obedient , quiet , and absent from positions of authority – despite the fact that Igbo women were traditionally involved in village leadership . Nevertheless , the need for feminine balance is highlighted by Ani , the earth goddess , and the extended discussion of " Nneka " ( " Mother is supreme " ) in chapter fourteen . Ekwefi ’ s perseverance and love for Ezinma , despite her many miscarriages , is seen as a tribute to Igbo womanhood , which is typically defined by motherhood . Okonkwo 's defeat is seen by some as a vindication of the need for a balancing feminine ethos . Some have also argued that all of Okonkwo ’ s failures are tied to his contempt and fear of women and his inability to form quality personal relationships with the women in his life — his wives , his children , and his own mother . Achebe has expressed frustration at frequently being misunderstood on this point , saying that " I want to sort of scream that Things Fall Apart is on the side of women ... And that Okonkwo is paying the penalty for his treatment of women ; that all his problems , all the things he did wrong , can be seen as offenses against the feminine . " Indeed , it is argued that Okonkwo ’ s violent and vehement anti @-@ women position is the exception , not the norm , within his community of Umuofia and the wider Igbo society . Still , post @-@ colonial African writing is intensely male @-@ centred , a phenomenon that is not alleviated by the frequent trope of the African woman as the " embodiment of the male writer ’ s vision for the new Africa " . It is argued that even when women and their lives are more centrally depicted in literature , the male writer continues to be the visionary while the woman is the " sign " of changes to come . Achebe 's first central female character in a novel is Beatrice Nwanyibuife in Anthills of the Savannah . As an independent woman in the city , Beatrice strives for the balance that Okonkwo lacked so severely . She refutes the notion that she needs a man , and slowly learns about Idemili , a goddess balancing the aggression of male power . Although the final stages of the novel show her functioning in a nurturing mother @-@ type role , Beatrice remains firm in her conviction that women should not be limited to such capacities . = = Legacy = = Achebe has been called " the father of modern African writing " , and many books and essays have been written about his work over the past fifty years . In 1992 he became the first living writer to be represented in the Everyman 's Library collection published by Alfred A. Knopf . His 60th birthday was celebrated at the University of Nigeria by " an international Who 's Who in African Literature " . One observer noted : " Nothing like it had ever happened before in African literature anywhere on the continent . " Achebe provided a " blueprint " for African writers of succeeding generations . In 1982 , he was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Kent . At the ceremony , professor Robert Gibson said that the Nigerian writer " is now revered as Master by the younger generation of African writers and it is to him they regularly turn for counsel and inspiration . " Even outside of Africa , his impact resonates strongly in literary circles . Novelist Margaret Atwood called him " a magical writer – one of the greatest of the twentieth century " . Poet Maya Angelou lauded Things Fall Apart as a book wherein " all readers meet their brothers , sisters , parents and friends and themselves along Nigerian roads " . Nelson Mandela , recalling his time as a political prisoner , once referred to Achebe as a writer " in whose company the prison walls fell down " , and that his work Things Fall Apart inspired him to continue the struggle to end apartheid . Nobel laureate Toni Morrison has noted that Achebe 's work inspired her to become a writer and " sparked her love affair with African literature " . Achebe was the recipient of over 30 honorary degrees from universities in England , Scotland , Canada , South Africa , Nigeria and the United States , including Dartmouth College , Harvard , and Brown University . He was awarded the Commonwealth Poetry Prize , an Honorary Fellowship of the American Academy of Arts and Letters ( 1982 ) , a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2002 ) , the Nigerian National Order of Merit ( Nigeria 's highest honour for academic work ) , the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade , the Man Booker International Prize 2007 and the 2010 Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize . He was appointed Goodwill Ambassador to the United Nations Population Fund in 1999 . He twice refused the Nigerian honour Commander of the Federal Republic , in 2004 and 2011 , saying : " I have watched particularly the chaos in my own state of Anambra where a small clique of renegades , openly boasting its connections in high places , seems determined to turn my homeland into a bankrupt and lawless fiefdom . I am appalled by the brazenness of this clique and the silence , if not connivance , of the Presidency . " Despite his scholarly achievements and the global importance of his work , Achebe never received a Nobel Prize , which some observers viewed as unjust . When Wole Soyinka was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature , Achebe joined the rest of Nigeria in celebrating the first African ever to win the prize . He lauded Soyinka 's " stupendous display of energy and vitality " , and said he was " most eminently deserving of any prize " . In 1988 Achebe was asked by a reporter for Quality Weekly how he felt about never winning a Nobel Prize ; he replied : " My position is that the Nobel Prize is important . But it is a European prize . It 's not an African prize ... Literature is not a heavyweight championship . Nigerians may think , you know , this man has been knocked out . It 's nothing to do with that . " = = List of works = = = Circus ( Britney Spears album ) = Circus is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Britney Spears . It was released on November 28 , 2008 , by JIVE Records . Looking to transition from her " darker and more urban " fifth studio album Blackout ( 2007 ) , Spears wanted to make her next project " a little bit lighter " , incorporating electropop and dance @-@ pop styles . Spears recorded the record during the summer of 2008 , after her much @-@ publicized personal struggles saw her placement under a temporary conservatorship earlier that year . As executive producers , Larry Rudolph and Teresa LaBarbera Whites enlisted collaborators including Spears ' longtime colleague Max Martin and Nate " Danja " Hills . Upon its release , Circus received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who complimented its production but were ambivalent towards its lyrical content . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of over 505 @,@ 000 copies , making it her fifth album to reach the top of the chart . The album topped charts in nine additional countries . The record eventually exceeded sales of 3 @.@ 5 million copies and 15 million digital tracks , in doing so it became Spears ' best @-@ selling album since her fourth studio album In the Zone ( 2003 ) . The project was promoted through a series of television performances and Spears ' fifth concert tour The Circus Starring Britney Spears . Four singles were released from the album , two of which became international successes . Its lead single " Womanizer " peaked atop the US Billboard Hot 100 and registered as the largest jump to the top of the chart after debuting at number ninety @-@ six . It became Spears 's best @-@ selling song in the country since " ... Baby One More Time " , and gained a Grammy Award nomination for Best Dance Recording . The second and third singles " Circus " and " If U Seek Amy " peaked at numbers three and nineteen in the country , respectively . Consequentially , Circus became Spears 's second album after her debut effort ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) to have two top ten singles and three top @-@ twenty hits , also being her first to have two top five hits in the United States along with five charting songs on the Hot 100 . Like their sixth album , this one also features CDVU + technology that includes more than 30 pages of bonus features with an exclusive video performance , 60 printable photos , complete album lyrics , downloadable graphics , and hidden links . In addition , the packaging of the album is made from 100 % recycled materials . = = Background and development = = During the summer of 2008 , it was confirmed that Spears was in the process of recording her sixth studio album . With the album 's announcement came the additional confirmation of the involvement of producers Sean Garrett , Guy Sigsworth , Danja and Bloodshy & Avant . During its development , Garrett and vocal producer Jim Beanz complimented Spears 's work ethic after her much @-@ publicized personal struggles the previous year . Spears chose to write much of the material for the album and worked to develop a more pop @-@ influenced record with collaborators she had worked with earlier in her career . She stated that Circus marked the longest time she had spent recording an album , adding , " I think it is more urban [ ... ] I 'm writing every day , right here at the piano in this living room " and also described the album as her best work to date . Producer Claude Kelly discussed the album 's initial lack of concept saying , " When I went in with [ Dr. Luke ] we knew we were going to maybe write something for [ Britney ] , but there was no concept , it was just knowing her style and knowing what she does . Max Martin , who produced Spears 's first hit " ... Baby One More Time " , produced " If U Seek Amy " for the album . The Outsyders , an Atlanta @-@ based production team , produced the album 's first single , while Fernando Garibay worked on two bonus songs for Spears . Danja reported that he worked on the tracks at Chalice Recording Studios in Los Angeles , and Spears recorded them at Glenwood Place Studios in Burbank ; the Canadian trio Let 's Go to War co @-@ wrote and produced the track " Mmm Papi " . Lil Jon , Rodney Jerkins , Sean Garrett , and Taio Cruz , announced they were working with Spears , though their tracks are not included on the official track listing . Spears commented of the album 's title , " I like the fact that you 're always on the edge of your seat when you 're at a circus . You 're never bored [ ... ] You 're just really engulfed in what 's going on around you . And you want to know what 's going to happen next . " The album shared a release date with the similarly titled album The Circus by British group Take That . Circus was initially scheduled to be released worldwide on December 2 , 2008 , on Spears 's 27th birthday . However , after unauthorized online leaks , imeem began streaming the album from their website on November 25 . = = Composition = = Circus has been described as a sequel to Spears 's fifth studio album Blackout , taking influence from pop genres , including electropop and dance . She described the album as " lighter " than Blackout , which was more urban sounding . Its " fiery " and " confrontational " lyrics have been also compared to those of its predecessor . The album has been compared to the works of Janet Jackson , Eurythmics , New Order and the songwriting of Prince , Leiber & Stoller and Phil Spector . Circus incorporates themes that were acknowledged in Spears 's earlier work . " Circus " and " Kill the Lights " discuss fame , which was previously seen in " Piece of Me " , while " Womanizer " and " Shattered Glass " talk about a womanizing man . Circus opens with its lead single " Womanizer " . It features synth sirens with a repetitive chorus , and lyrically discusses a cheating man ; it was described by Spears as a girl anthem . " Circus " addresses her feelings as an entertainer and performing , highlighted in the lines " All eyes on me in the centre of the ring just like a circus / When I crack that whip everybody gonna trip just like a circus " . Its electronic dance elements were compared to those of Spears 's earlier single " Break the Ice " . The ballad " Out from Under " incorporates acoustic guitar backings , and has gathered comparisons to her track " I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman " . " Kill the Lights " is a dance @-@ pop song that talks about Spears 's conflict with paparazzi . Critics noted similarities to the works of Madonna. as well as Spears 's own " Piece of Me " . " Shattered Glass " utilizes dark electronic beats and details a non @-@ repairable relationship . " If U Seek Amy " integrates " glam @-@ rave " elements with traditional pop styles ; it gained controversy for its double entendre , where the title sounds phonetically like " F @-@ U @-@ C @-@ K me " . The electropop track " Unusual You " deals with a woman finding unexpected love . It has been compared to musical themes from the 1980s and 1990s , and has been noted as a " pulsating ballad " , with the song also drawing comparisons to the " shimmering waterfall mood first popularized by Janet Jackson " . " Blur " sees the inclusion of urban influences , and lyrically recalls the morning after a party with lyrics " Can 't remember what I did last night / I gotta get my head right , where the hell am I ? Who are you ? What 'd we do last night ? " ; it drew similarities to Spears 's prior song " Early Mornin " . " Mmm Papi " draws elements from a 1960s go @-@ go rock guitar and Latin @-@ pop dance hall themes . Despite its " fun " nature , it was criticized for appearing to " revisit the Lolita persona of " … Baby One More Time " . It has been suggested that its lyrics deal with either Spears 's father Jamie or paparazzi Adnan Ghalib . " Mannequin " is a dance @-@ pop song with a trip hop influence ; while being noted for its " risky " and " futuristic " nature , it has also been suggested that Spears 's vocals sounded " lifeless " . " Lace and Leather " gained comparisons to " Control era Janet Jackson " , Prince , and Vanity 6 's works from the 1980s and featured a then @-@ unknown Kesha as a backing vocalist . " My Baby " , described as having a " faux @-@ Janet Jackson vocal " , was written by Spears about her two sons Sean Preston Federline and Jayden James Federline , and closes the album . = = Singles = = " Womanizer " was released on September 26 , 2008 as the album 's lead single . The song was met with positive response from critics , who complimented its hook and empowering lyrics and deemed it as a return of form and a " comeback " single for Spears . Womanizer debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number ninety @-@ six before jumping the next week to number one . The song broke the record for the largest leap to any position . The record was later broken by Kelly Clarkson 's " My Life Would Suck Without You " . The song is considered one of Spears 's biggest hits and has been covered by several other artists . " Womanizer " has sold over 3 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the United States . The music video premiered on October 18 , 2008 as a sequel to that of her 2004 hit single " Toxic " . It portrays Spears as a woman who disguises herself in different costumes and follows her boyfriend through his daily activities to expose him in the end . " Circus " was released on December 4 , 2008 as the album 's second single , a day earlier than planned due to unauthorized leaks . It debuted and peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 . " Circus " has sold over 2 @,@ 763 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the United States . The accompanying music video portrays Spears as a ringleader of a circus accompanied by different performers , and features scenes of Spears in different circus settings . The video received positive reviews from critics , but was criticized for featuring " cruelly trained animals " , however claims were dismissed . It won a Best Video award on Fuse TV . " If U Seek Amy " was released on March 10 , 2009 as the album 's third single . Sharon Dastur of Z100 stated that Spears had recorded a new version of the song and the new edit would be provided by JIVE Records . The Parents Television Council ( PTC ) threatened to file indecency complaints with the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) against any station that played the song between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. The song peaked at number nineteen on the Hot 100 . The music video was released on March 12 , 2009 , and depicts Spears poking fun at American culture . " Radar " was originally included on Blackout and to be released as its fourth and final single . However , its release was canceled when Spears began work on Circus , and was instead released as a promotional single in 2008 . " Radar " was included as a bonus track on Circus and was released as the album 's fourth and final single on June 23 , 2009 . The music video portrays Spears as an aristocrat at a polo mansion involved in a love triangle with two men who are polo players . " Radar " originally entered the Billboard Digital songs chart at number fifty @-@ two due to digital downloads from Blackout and after being confirmed as a single entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number ninety and then peaked the following week at number eighty @-@ eight . = = Promotion = = To promote the album , JIVE Records set up a hotline where fans could leave a message for Spears , some of which received a return phone call from her . Some songs were previewed through the website of the New York radio station WKTU and Amazon.com. MTV aired a 90 @-@ minute documentary , Britney : For the Record , on November 30 , 2008 , documenting her return to her career . In May 2009 , JIVE 's official website held a Britney Spears Global Fan @-@ Fiction Contest , which required a fan to submit a 200 @-@ word story based on one of the songs from Circus . The public were allowed to vote for their favorite short story which would be produced into an animated music video . The winning story was based on the song " Kill the Lights " ; the video premiered on July 27 , 2009 . Spears 's live comeback began on November 6 , 2008 with a cameo appearance at the Dodger Stadium show of Madonna 's Sticky & Sweet Tour . Midway through the performance of " Human Nature " , Spears joined Madonna on stage . The week prior to the album 's release , Spears performed in several countries as part of the Circus Promo Tour . On November 27 , 2008 , Spears performed " Womanizer " live at the Bambi Awards in Offenburg , Germany , where she received an award for Best Pop International Artist . In addition , she performed the song on Star Academy in France the following day and on The X Factor in the United Kingdom on November 29 . Her performance on The X Factor was watched by an average of 11 @,@ 880 @,@ 000 UK citizens . Spears premiered her second single " Circus " on the Big Apple Circus at the Good Morning America in New York , and also performed " Womanizer " on December 2 , 2008 which coincides with her 27th birthday and the release of the album . On December 16 , 2008 , she performed on NTV Japan 's @-@ 3000 Best Artist of 2008 . = = = The Circus Starring Britney Spears = = = While performing on Good Morning America on December 2 , 2008 , Spears announced her fifth worldwide concert tour , titled The Circus Starring Britney Spears . She first revealed the first leg of 25 dates in the United States and two in the United Kingdom . Her longtime manager , Larry Rudolf stated that the tour would " blow people 's minds and promises to show Britney 's fans something they will never forget " , later adding , " she goes full @-@ speed the whole show — about an hour and a half . It 's pretty intense . This is a full @-@ blown , full @-@ out Britney Spears show , It is everything everybody expects from her — and more ! " Spears also expressed excitement in including songs from Blackout into the setlist , as she did not tour to promote it . The tour began on March 3 , 2009 in New Orleans ' New Orleans Arena and finished in Adelaide 's Adelaide Entertainment Centre . There were four legs of the tour , visiting North America twice , and others being Europe and Australia . The stage was composed of three rings and set in @-@ the @-@ round to resemble an actual circus . Fashion designers Dean and Dan Caten created the costumes . A giant cylinder screen was set above the stage to showcase videos and backdrops . Effects were provided by Solotech . The set list was composed generally from her albums In the Zone , Blackout and Circus . In June 2009 , Britney announced she would tour Australia for the first time ; she was also rumored to tour South America , though her manager Adam Leber denied this despite their efforts to do so . Controversy arose during the Australian leg of the tour after several fans walked out of the performances due to Spears 's alleged " lip @-@ synching " ; such claims were later denied by Spears 's management and promoters . The tour was ranked as the fourth highest grossing tour of the year in North America , becoming the highest grossing tour of the year by a solo artist . In February 2010 , Pollstar released their Top 50 Worldwide Concert Tours of 2009 . The tour ranked as the fifth highest @-@ grossing tour , worldwide , of the year , with a gross of $ 131 @.@ 8 million . In May 2010 , Hollyscoop ranked the tour at the fifth position in their 15 Most Profitable Female Tours Ever list . = = Critical reception = = Upon its release , Circus received generally favorable reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , Circus received an average score of 64 , based on 22 reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine provided a favorable review , describing it as a " friendly remake of the hedonistic Blackout " , but preferred its predecessor for being more " sleek or addictive " than Circus . Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club appreciated that Spears appeared to " put some real effort into her Circus performances " , rather than seeming " flat @-@ sounding " as she felt Blackout had . Writing for Digital Spy , Nick Levine opined that Spears " sounds more confident " than she had on Blackout . While Chris Willman from Entertainment Weekly appreciated the overall production of Circus , he was critical of Spears ' recently established pattern of " putting out albums with titles that promise more self @-@ revelation than she 's ultimately able to provide . " Robert Christgau gave Circus a two @-@ star honorable mention , stating that it was " still fun more often than not " . Jon Pareles of The New York Times expressed his enjoyment of the " crisp " material that incorporated " catchy melodic interludes " . Caryn Ganz from Rolling Stone opined that the " clubby , adventurous pop " included on the album could have been a satisfactory successor to her fourth album In the Zone ( 2003 ) . Writing for USA Today , Steve Jones applauded Spears for being " resilient " and " [ knowing ] who she is as a singer " and not " [ wasting ] time searching for artistic direction or overthinking her appeal . " The Village Voice considered it " no better or worse than Janet Jackson 's dominatrix @-@ lite Discipline . " Alexis Petridis of The Guardian gave a more mixed review , suggesting that Spears appeared " frequently sounds disconnected , even a bit bored " throughout the record , whereas Blackout was a " relentless , risky album made by a woman whose obituary was apparently being prepared by Associated Press . " A writer for The Independent gave a negative review , opining that Spears ' vocal delivery sounded emotionless in mid @-@ tempo and ballad @-@ paced tracks . Slant Magazine 's Eric Henderson shared a similar sentiment , suggesting that the album 's " self @-@ actualization " gave off a " hollow " feel through the majority of the record . Ann Powers from Los Angeles Times felt that Circus served as a " bang @-@ up job " of stating that " Spears is still a young woman trying to manage an impossible situation . " Writing for NME , Hamish MacBain was disappointed that " Spears is quite simply rubbish at being sexy " , adding that Circus is the " umpteenth attempt to turn the perceived chaos of Britney 's transition to adulthood – she 's 27 next week ! – into sleazy , raunchy , dirrty adult @-@ pop product . " = = Commercial performance = = Circus debuted at the top of the US Billboard 200 , with first @-@ week sales of over 505 @,@ 000 copies . The album has spent nine weeks in the top 10 , making it Spears 's longest @-@ running top 10 album since Oops ! ... I Did It Again , which spent twenty @-@ three weeks in the top 10 in 2000 . Circus was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on January 29 , 2009 . According to Nielsen SoundScan , as of March 2015 , the album has sold 1 @.@ 7 million copies in the United States . With over 51 @,@ 000 units sold , the album opened at number @-@ one in the Canadian Albums Chart , her best sales effort since Oops ! ... I Did It Again , which sold 95 @,@ 000 copies in May 2000 . In less than a month , Circus became the ninth best @-@ selling album of 2008 , with 143 @,@ 000 copies , and one of the top ten selling digital albums of the same year with over 10 @,@ 100 downloads . In March 2009 , Circus was certified 3 × platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association , denoting 240 @,@ 000 shipped copies to retailers . In Mexico , the album debuted at the top of the international chart and at number three in the overall chart , selling over 46 @,@ 000 copies and going gold in its first week . In Oceania , the album was a top 10 success , debuting at number three in Australia and being certified Platinum after three weeks for shipments of 70 @,@ 000 units . It has since gone on to be certified 2 × platinum for shipments of 140 @,@ 000 units . In the United Kingdom the album debuted and peaked at number 4 in the United Kingdom albums chart spending thirty @-@ one weeks on the chart . The album was certified Platinum in the United Kingdom . In France the album sold 18 @,@ 319 copies in its first two days of release , debuting at number five on the French Weekly Album Charts . In Asia the album charted in the Japanese Oricon albums chart peaking at number 5 on the albums chart and gaining a Gold certification . Despite not being released as singles , several songs from " Circus " appeared on Billboard 's component charts after the album 's release . " Shattered Glass " , peaked at number seventy on Billboard Hot 100 , higher than the album 's fourth single " Radar " . It peaked at number twenty @-@ nine on U.S. Hot Digital Songs , while peaking at number thirty @-@ six on Canadian Hot Digital Songs . The song also entered the Pop 100 chart , peaking at number fifty @-@ seven . " Lace and Leather " peaked at number eighty @-@ four on Billboard Pop 100 , while " Mmm Papi " peaked at number ninety @-@ four on the same chart . " Out from Under " also charted in Sweden . The song debuted at number forty on the week of August 14 , 2009 , reaching number thirty @-@ two on the following . It stayed on the chart for five weeks . = = Track listing = = Notes ^ a signifies a vocal producer ^ b signifies a co @-@ producer = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from AllMusic . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Final Fantasy Chronicles = Final Fantasy Chronicles is a compilation of Square 's role @-@ playing video games Final Fantasy IV and Chrono Trigger , released for the North American Sony PlayStation on June 29 , 2001 . TOSE ported both titles from the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ; each had been previously released as individual Japanese PlayStation ports in 1997 ( Final Fantasy IV ) and 1999 ( Chrono Trigger ) . Several bonus features were added to each game , such as art galleries , bestiaries , and cutscenes — including computer @-@ generated full motion video used at the beginning of Final Fantasy IV and anime scenes used throughout Chrono Trigger . Final Fantasy Chronicles was received well by players and critics , who praised the peripheral features and the fact that Square was offering RPG classics to a new generation of gamers . Conversely , reviewers sharply criticized " long and frequent loading " between areas and battles due to poor emulation . Enough copies of Chronicles were sold to warrant a second release as part of Sony 's Greatest Hits in June 2003 . = = Gameplay = = In Final Fantasy IV and Chrono Trigger , the player controls a set of characters , closely following the role @-@ playing video game genre . The methods of viewing and controlling the characters are separated by three different " screens " : the overworld , where the characters traverse to different locations ; the field map , where the characters explore locations such as towns and dungeons ; and the battle screen , where the characters fight with monsters or other enemies . = = = Final Fantasy IV = = = Final Fantasy IV introduced the Active Time Battle , a system designed by Hiroyuki Ito . It centers around the player inputting orders for the characters in " real time " during battles . Each character is balanced through certain strengths and weaknesses ; for instance , a strong magic user may have low defense , while a physical fighter may have low agility . = = = Chrono Trigger = = = Chrono Trigger 's gameplay deviates from traditional role @-@ playing games in that , rather than random encounters , most enemies are openly visible on field maps or lie in wait to ambush the party . Contact with enemies on a field map initiates a battle that occurs directly on the field map itself rather than on a separate battle screen . Chrono Trigger uses an updated form of the Active Time Battle introduced in Final Fantasy IV , with additions such as " Techs " that rely on enemy positioning and abilities of characters . Other features are the employment of time travel and a " New Game Plus " option . = = Development = = Final Fantasy Chronicles features two previously released ports by TOSE ; Final Fantasy IV and Chrono Trigger were released separately , and Final Fantasy IV was re @-@ released as a part of Final Fantasy Collection , all published in Japan . Chronicles was designed and directed by Kazuhiko Aoki , supervised by Fumiaki Fukaya , and produced by Akihiro Imai . It was created as a follow @-@ up to Final Fantasy Anthology , a compilation of Final Fantasy V and Final Fantasy VI . The original Final Fantasy IV was released in North America as Final Fantasy II in 1991 , with various " Easytype " modifications . These were removed in the Final Fantasy Chronicles version , and the game was re @-@ localized , achieving a script closer Takashi Tokita 's original scenario . Chrono Trigger , released in 1995 , was already localized by Ted Woolsey , but the Final Fantasy Chronicles version has additional modifications . A primary addition to both games is full @-@ motion video . Final Fantasy IV features computer animated cutscene sequences , while Chrono Trigger features anime @-@ style sequences designed by Akira Toriyama and animated by Toei Animation that " help further tell the story of Chrono Trigger " . Final Fantasy IV was given gameplay features such as a two @-@ player mode , a " Sprint Feature " to " enhance and quicken gameplay " , and the " Memo File " system to " reduce saving time . " Chrono Trigger , instead of added gameplay features , has an " Extras Mode " . This features databases such as a bestiary and a gallery of artwork created in development . = = = Promotion and merchandising = = = A compilation of Final Fantasy IV and Chrono Trigger was in consideration in December 2000 , with Final Fantasy Anthology 's success a key decision factor . Final Fantasy Chronicles was announced by Square Electronic Arts on April 17 , 2001 . President Jun Iwasaki mentioned an " overwhelming number " of requests to re @-@ release Chrono Trigger , and believed the compilation of it and Final Fantasy IV would " appeal to fans of the original games and introduce a new generation of gamers to some of our classic titles . " An event was held on July 10 in San Francisco , primarily to celebrate the film Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within and release of Final Fantasy Chronicles . It featured a cosplay contest , a memorabilia raffle , and booths to play Final Fantasy Chronicles and Final Fantasy X. Music from Final Fantasy Chronicles is a set of two separately released compact discs published by TokyoPop . Final Fantasy IV Official Soundtrack and Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack were both released on August 21 , 2001 . Final Fantasy IV Official Soundtrack is nearly the same release as Final Fantasy IV : Original Sound Version , the soundtrack album for the original game , except that the songs were rerecorded by TOSE , resulting in minor differences , some song titles were slightly changed , and a 45th track was added , " Theme of Love ( Arranged ) " , which had previously only been released as a piano version on the second track of Piano Collections Final Fantasy IV . This release has the catalog number TPCD 0210 @-@ 2 , and its 45 tracks had a length of 62 minutes . Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack was the corresponding album for Chrono Trigger . The album was heavily based on Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack , the soundtrack album for the PlayStation release of Chrono Trigger ; the first 21 tracks of the album out of 25 were identical to Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack , while the next three tracks corresponded to tracks 22 , 23 , and 29 of the Original Soundtrack and the final track was the same as the first track of Brink of Time , an arranged album of Chrono Trigger music . The album is 1 : 13 : 03 long , and has a catalog number of TPCD 0209 @-@ 2 . In addition to the albums , a strategy guide for Final Fantasy Chronicles written by Dan Birlew and was published by BradyGames on July 2 , 2001 . = = Reception = = Final Fantasy Chronicles was commercially and critically successful , becoming the top selling PlayStation title for two weeks , and scoring an average of 89 % in Metacritic 's aggregate , a review tallying website . Gaming website IGN rated it 9 @.@ 4 and awarded an " Editor 's Choice Award " , calling the game a " must buy " for RPG fans . GameSpot reviewer Brad Shoemaker gave the game an 8 @.@ 5 , but cited " muffled sound effects " in Final Fantasy IV , and was displeased with frequent loading in Chrono Trigger . He added that the visuals were " stupendous " when the games were originally released , but they now look dated and will " turn off those looking for a bigger thrill for their gaming dollar " . Marcus Lai of Gaming Age was disappointed with a lack of additions , calling the ports " barebone games " and claiming that the full motion videos are " nice touches to both games but don 't add much " . = Harry Chauvel = General Sir Henry George Chauvel , GCMG , KCB ( 16 April 1865 – 4 March 1945 ) , more usually known as Sir Harry Chauvel , was a senior officer of the Australian Imperial Force who fought at Gallipoli and during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of the First World War . He was the first Australian to attain the rank of lieutenant general and later general , and the first to lead a corps . As commander of the Desert Mounted Corps , he was responsible for one of the most decisive victories and fastest pursuits in military history . The son of a grazier , Chauvel was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Upper Clarence Light Horse , a unit organised by his father , in 1886 . After the family moved to Queensland he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Queensland Mounted Infantry in 1890 , and saw service during the 1891 Australian shearers ' strike . He became a regular officer in 1896 , and went to the United Kingdom as part of the Queensland contingent for the 1897 Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria . In 1899 he commanded one of two companies of Queensland Mounted Infantry that were Queensland 's initial contribution to the Boer War . After the war , he was closely involved with the training of the Australian Light Horse . Promoted to colonel in 1913 , Chauvel became the Australian representative on the Imperial General Staff but the First World War broke out while he was still en route to the United Kingdom . Chauvel arranged for the Australian Imperial Force to be diverted to Egypt , where he joined his new command , the 1st Light Horse Brigade , in December . In May 1915 , it was sent dismounted to Gallipoli , where Chauvel assumed responsibility for some of the most dangerous parts of the line . He took charge of the 1st Division that November . In March 1916 , Chauvel became commander of the Anzac Mounted Division , gaining victories in the Battle of Romani in August and the Battle of Magdhaba in December , and nearly winning the First Battle of Gaza in March 1917 . The following month , he took over the Desert Column , later known as the Desert Mounted Corps , thereby becoming the first Australian to command a corps , and the first to reach the rank of lieutenant general . At Beersheba in October 1917 , his light horse captured the town and its vital water supply in one of history 's last great cavalry charges . By September 1918 , Chauvel was able to effect a secret redeployment of three of his mounted divisions and launch a surprise attack on the enemy that won the Battle of Megiddo . He followed up this victory with one of the fastest pursuits in military history . In 1919 , Chauvel was appointed Inspector General , the Army 's most senior post . He was forced to maintain an increasingly hollow structure by politicians intent on cutting expenditure . He was concurrently Chief of the General Staff from 1923 until his retirement in 1930 . In November 1929 , he became the first Australian to be promoted to the rank of general . During the Second World War , he was recalled to duty as Inspector in Chief of the Volunteer Defence Corps . = = Early life = = Henry George Chauvel was born in Tabulam , New South Wales , on 16 April 1865 , the second child of a grazier , Charles Henry Edward Chauvel , and his wife Fanny Ada Mary , née James . By 1884 , Charles Henry Chauvel 's station at Tabulam consisted of 96 @,@ 000 acres ( 39 @,@ 000 ha ) , on which he raised 12 @,@ 000 head of cattle and 320 horses . From an early age Henry George Chauvel was known as " Harry " . He was educated at Mr Belcher 's School near Goulburn , before going to Sydney Grammar School from 1874 to 1880 , and Toowoomba Grammar School from 1881 to 1882 . While at Sydney Grammar , Harry served in the school cadet unit , rising to the rank of lance corporal . In 1886 , Charles Henry was given permission to raise two troops of cavalry . On 14 March 1886 , he was commissioned as a captain in the Upper Clarence Light Horse , with his sons Arthur and Harry becoming second lieutenants , while his two younger sons became troopers . The unit escorted Lord Carrington , Governor of New South Wales , when he formally opened the railway at Tenterfield in 1886 . Following a series of severe droughts in northern New South Wales , Charles Henry Chauvel sold his property at Tabulam in 1888 for £ 50 @,@ 000 . After paying his debts , he bought a much smaller 12 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 4 @,@ 900 ha ) property at Canning Downs on the Darling Downs in Queensland . In 1889 , Harry Chauvel embarked on a solo tour of Europe , visiting Venice , Rome , Florence , Paris and London . While in the United Kingdom , he watched military manoeuvres near Aldershot in the presence of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany . Harry resigned his commission in the New South Wales Military Forces when he moved to Queensland , but on 9 January 1890 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Queensland Mounted Infantry . After completing his examinations for the rank , he was confirmed as lieutenant in June 1890 . Chauvel 's unit was called up in March 1891 during the shearers ' strike that had begun earlier that year . Leading his troops and a small detachment of Queensland Police , Chauvel was given the task of escorting a party of strikebreakers to a station north of Charleville . Near Oakwood , Chauvel 's troops were confronted by a crowd of around two hundred mounted sheep shearers . When the inspector in charge of the police detachment arrested four of the shearers who were wanted by the police , the crowd became agitated , but Chauvel managed to disperse the crowd peacefully , and bring his charges safely to their destination . During the 1894 Australian shearers ' strike , the Queensland government enrolled special constables rather than calling up the militia . Chauvel was appointed a temporary sub @-@ inspector in Clermont , and later the district around Longreach . On 9 September 1896 , Chauvel transferred to the Queensland Permanent Military Forces with the rank of captain in the Moreton Regiment . He was sent to the United Kingdom with the Queensland contingent for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria . Sporting the emu feathers worn by Queensland units , he marched with the colonial troops through London behind Lord Roberts on 21 June 1897 . Chauvel qualified at the School of Musketry at Hythe , Kent , and served on exchange with the 3rd Battalion , King 's Royal Rifle Corps and 2nd Battalion , Royal Berkshire Regiment at Aldershot . On returning to Australia , he became a staff officer at Headquarters , Queensland Defence Force . = = Boer War = = In July 1899 , the Premier of Queensland , James Dickson , offered a contingent of troops for service in South Africa in the event of war between the British Empire , and the Boer Transvaal Republic and Orange Free State . For a time Chauvel served as an enrolment officer , signing up volunteers from the Darling Downs . The Boer War broke out in October 1899 , and Chauvel was given command of one of two companies of Queensland Mounted Infantry that departed Brisbane on 1 November 1899 . They disembarked at Cape Town on 14 December and joined the Imperial force under Lord Methuen at the Orange River . The Queensland Mounted Infantry 's first fighting was in an action at Sunnyside on 1 January 1900 alongside the infantry of the Royal Canadian Regiment . In February , the Queensland Mounted Infantry became part of Major General John French 's Cavalry Division . After a strenuous march , the Cavalry Division relieved the Siege of Kimberley on 15 February . In the reorganisation that followed , the Queensland Mounted Infantry became part of Major General Edward Hutton 's 1st Mounted Infantry Brigade , along with the Canadian and New Zealand mounted units . Chauvel distinguished himself fighting alongside a group of New Zealanders and capturing a Maxim gun . The Queensland Mounted Infantry participated in the capture of Pretoria and the Battle of Diamond Hill . Chauvel was given a mixed force of British , Australian , Canadian and New Zealand mounted troops that became known as " Chauvel 's Mounted Infantry " , with Victor Sellheim as his chief of staff . Initially , Chauvel was given the mission of escorting 10 @,@ 000 head of cattle to Belfast , Mpumalanga to supply the troops in the eastern Transvaal . However , his force was diverted by local commanders , who assigned it to burning homesteads sheltering Boer commandos and attacking Boer units . The Queensland Mounted Infantry embarked for Australia on 13 December 1900 . They reached Brisbane on 17 January 1901 and the regiment was disbanded there on 23 January . For his part in the fighting , Chauvel was mentioned in despatches , and appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) . On 1 January 1901 , the colonies of Australia federated to form the Commonwealth of Australia . When Chauvel returned to Australia on 17 January , he found that during his absence he had become an officer in the newly formed Australian Army . A force of 14 @,@ 000 troops was assembled for the opening of the first Federal Parliament on 9 May 1901 in Melbourne ; Chauvel was selected as brigade major of the mounted contingent , his first Federal posting . He became Staff Officer , Northern Military District , based at Townsville , Queensland , in July . In 1902 , Chauvel was appointed to command of the 7th Commonwealth Light Horse , a unit newly raised for service in South Africa , with the local rank of lieutenant colonel . Departing from Brisbane on 17 May 1902 , the 7th Commonwealth Light Horse arrived at Durban on 22 June , three weeks after the war ended . It therefore re @-@ embarked for Brisbane , where it was disbanded . Chauvel remained in South Africa for a few weeks in order to tour the battlefields . On returning to Australia he became Staff Officer , Northern Military District once more . He was promoted to the brevet rank of lieutenant colonel in December 1902 . In 1903 , Hutton , now General Officer Commanding Australian Military Forces , sent Chauvel to South Australia to organise the light horse regiments there . On returning to Queensland in 1904 , he became acting Chief Staff Officer Queensland , based in Brisbane . He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant colonel in December 1909 , but his ambition to become the Australian representative on the Imperial General Staff in London was blocked by Hutton 's successor Major General Charles Hoad . Based on his experiences in South Africa , Chauvel propounded ideas on the nature of mounted infantry . He recommended that Australian troops improve their discipline in the field , called for stronger leadership from officers , and emphasised the need for better organisation for supply and for timely and efficient medical evacuation . Chauvel knew Keith Jopp of Newmarket , Queensland even before the Boer War , and while stationed in Brisbane , Chauvel and Major Brudenell White played tennis at the Jopps ' place with their daughters Dora and Sibyl . Chauvel became engaged to Sibyl in January 1906 , and they were married on 16 June 1906 at All Saints Anglican Church , Brisbane . Their union ultimately produced two sons and two daughters . That year Chauvel also sold the property at Canning Downs South . In the shuffle of senior positions that followed Hoad 's death in 1911 , Chauvel was appointed to the Military Board in Melbourne as Adjutant General . As such , Chauvel was involved in the implementation of the universal training scheme . Chauvel was particularly involved with the training of the light horse . " When the next war comes , " White predicted , " it will only need an Ashby or a J.E.B. Stuart to make their name immortal . " = = First World War = = = = = War Office = = = Chauvel was promoted to colonel in 1913 . On 3 July 1914 , he sailed for England with his wife and three children to replace Colonel James Gordon Legge as the Australian representative on the Imperial General Staff . While he was still travelling , the First World War broke out . On reporting for duty at the War Office in mid @-@ August 1914 , Chauvel was given a cable directing him to assume command of the 1st Light Horse Brigade of the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) when it arrived in the United Kingdom . Chauvel became concerned with slow progress on construction of the AIF 's proposed quarters on the Salisbury Plain . He made frequent visits to the site and had a Royal Australian Engineers officer , Major Cecil Henry Foott , appointed to the local staff to safeguard Australian interests . Convinced that the huts would not be ready on time , and that Australian troops would therefore have to spend a winter on Salisbury Plain under canvas , Chauvel persuaded the High Commissioner for Australia in London , former Prime Minister Sir George Reid , to approach Lord Kitchener with an alternate plan of diverting the AIF to Egypt , which was done . Accompanied by Major Thomas Blamey , Chauvel sailed for Egypt on the ocean liner SS Mooltan on 28 November 1914 , arriving at Port Said on 10 December 1914 . = = = Gallipoli = = = Chauvel began training his Brigade upon arrival in Egypt . He was noted for insisting on high standards of dress and bearing from his troops . The 1st Light Horse Brigade became part of Major General Alexander Godley 's New Zealand and Australian Division , along with the 4th Infantry Brigade , the New Zealand Infantry Brigade and New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade . When the rest of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps departed for Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915 , the mounted brigades remained in Egypt – the Gallipoli Peninsula being unsuited to mounted operations . Following heavy casualties in the early days of the Gallipoli Campaign , however , the light horse were called upon to provide 1 @,@ 000 reinforcements . The British commander in Egypt , Lieutenant General Sir John Maxwell , elected instead to ship the mounted brigades to Anzac Cove intact . Chauvel arrived on 12 May 1915 and took over the critical sector , which included Pope 's Hill and Quinn 's , Courtney 's and Steele 's Posts , from Colonel John Monash . Open to Turkish observation on two sides , these four advanced posts at the top of Monash Valley were the linchpin of the defence . Chauvel reorganised the defence , appointing permanent commanders for the posts . He also formed special sniper groups who eventually managed to suppress the Turkish snipers , making it safe even for mule trains to move up Monash Valley . Chauvel 's brigade soon found itself under heavy pressure from the Turks . On 29 May 1915 , the Turks fired a mine under Quinn 's Post and broke into it . The permanent commander of the post , Lieutenant Colonel J. H. Cannan was absent on leave and the acting commander , Lieutenant Colonel G. J. Burnage was wounded in the fighting . Chauvel responded by bringing up reserves and appointing a temporary post commander , Lieutenant Colonel H. Pope , with orders to drive the Turks out at all costs . Major S. C. E. Herring was miraculously able to charge across the open practically unscathed , his attack having coincided with a Turkish one on another part of the post so that the Turkish machine gunners could not shoot without hitting their own men . There were in fact only about seventeen Turks in the post , who eventually surrendered . Chauvel 's decision may have been the wrong one , but it was decisive ; he was also lucky . For this action , he was mentioned in despatches . On 9 July 1915 , Chauvel was promoted to brigadier general , back @-@ dated to when he assumed command of the 1st Light Horse Brigade on 10 December 1914 . He spent six weeks in Egypt , in June and July , in hospital with pleurisy , but returned in time for the August offensive , for which he was mentioned in despatches . Chauvel was acting commander of the New Zealand and Australian Division for short periods in September and October in Godley 's absence . Then on 6 November 1915 , he became commander of the 1st Division , and was promoted to major general . He commanded this division through the final phase of the Gallipoli Campaign , the evacuation , and the reorganisation in Egypt in February and March 1916 . For his part in the evacuation , he was mentioned in despatches . His role in the campaign as a whole was recognised by his appointment as a Companion of the Order of the Bath . = = = Sinai = = = = = = = Anzac Mounted Division = = = = Chauvel assumed command of the newly formed Anzac Mounted Division on 16 March 1916 , the day after it relieved the 1st Division on the Suez Canal defences . Chauvel was again mentioned in despatches for his part in the defence of the Canal . His division was committed to No. 3 Section of the Suez Canal Defences , the northern part of the Canal , under Major General H. A. Lawrence . Arrangements were far from ideal . The mounted troops were parcelled out so that only two brigades of the Anzac Mounted Division remained under Chauvel 's command . The 3rd Light Horse Brigade had been placed under No. 2 Section by General Sir Archibald Murray GHQ Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) . Lawrence was too far away to control the battle , especially once the telephone lines were cut . Murray , in Ismailia , was even further back . Chauvel was no hard @-@ riding gambler against odds . Like Alva , he could on occasion ignore the ardent enthusiasm of his officers and bide his time . Always cool , and looking far enough ahead to see the importance of any particular fight in its proper relation to the war as a whole , he was brave enough to break off an engagement if it promised victory only at what he considered an excessive cost to his men and horses . He fought to win , but not at any price . He sought victory on his own terms . He always retained , even in heated moments of battle , when leaders are often careless of life , a very rare concern for the lives of his men and his horses . For the Battle of Romani , Chauvel chose his ground carefully , reconnoitring it from the ground and the air , and selecting both forward and fall back positions . His luck held ; the German commander — Friedrich Kreß von Kressenstein — selected the same position as the forming up area for his attack in August 1916 . Under great pressure , Chauvel maintained his position until Brigadier @-@ General Edward Chaytor 's New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade arrived after being released by Lawrence . The counter @-@ attack that Chauvel had been calling for all day did not materialise until dusk . At Katia and again at Bir el Abd , Chauvel attempted to sweep around the Turkish flank but wound up making frontal attacks on the Turkish rearguard and was beaten off by determined counter @-@ attacks and artillery fire against the 3rd Light Horse Brigade . Despite killing 1 @,@ 250 Turks and taking over 4 @,@ 000 prisoners , Chauvel was criticised for his failure to rout and destroy the Turks . However , for the Australian and New Zealand horsemen , who suffered over 900 of the 1 @,@ 130 British casualties , it was a clear @-@ cut victory , their first decisive win and the turning point of the campaign . Later , Chauvel realised that Romani was the first decisive British victory of the war outside West Africa Campaign . In his report to the War Office on the battle , Murray passed lightly over the part played by the Anzac Mounted Division . The majority of awards for the Battle of Romani went to British troops , including a generous number to officers of Murray 's staff . Lawrence was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath , but Chauvel , having already been made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George for South Africa and Companion of the Order of the Bath for Gallipoli , was recommended for a lesser award , which he refused . In view of this , Murray decided that Chauvel should receive no award at all , and he was merely mentioned in despatches . = = = = Desert Column = = = = In October 1916 Major General Sir Charles Macpherson Dobell , a Canadian officer with broad experience in fighting colonial wars took over command of Eastern Force . Its advanced troops – including Chauvel 's Anzac Mounted Division – became part of the newly formed Desert Column under Major @-@ General Sir Philip Chetwode , a British cavalry baronet . In the Battle of Magdhaba in December 1916 , Chauvel therefore was answerable to the newly arrived Chetwode , instead of the distant commanders on the Canal . His intelligence on enemy dispositions was considerably better thanks to the work of the aviators of No. 5 Wing , which consisted of No. 14 Squadron , Royal Flying Corps and No. 1 Squadron , Australian Flying Corps . However , he had only limited time to capture the position and its water supply , and when the issue was in doubt Chauvel ordered a withdrawal . The order was ignored by Brigadier @-@ General Charles Frederick Cox of the 1st Light Horse Brigade , whose troops carried the position , and was cancelled by Chetwode . Despite his premature withdrawal order , it was Chauvel 's plan of attack that won the battle . " Chauvel 's leadership , " wrote Henry Gullett , " was distinguished by the rapidity with which he summed up the very obscure Turkish position in the early morning , and by his judgement and characteristic patience in keeping so much of his force in reserve until the fight developed sufficiently to ensure its most profitable employment . " Chauvel gained another important success in the Battle of Rafa in January 1917 . In many ways , the battle was similar to Magdhaba , but the Turkish position was stronger and the threat of its reinforcement was greater . Once again , the availability of water was a crucial feature of the battle . This time it was Chetwode who decided to call off the battle , with Chauvel 's concurrence , but once again the troops carried the day . The victories at Magdhaba and Rafah changed Murray 's mind about awarding Chauvel a knighthood and in January 1917 Chauvel was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George . In July , he was mentioned in despatches for these operations . However , Chauvel continued to be concerned about the lack of recognition for Australian and New Zealand troops and on 28 September 1917 wrote : The point is now that , during the period covered by Sir Archibald 's Despatch of 1 – 3 – 17 , the Australia and New Zealand Troops well know that , with the exception of the 5th Mounted Brigade and some Yeomanry Companies of the I.C.C. , they were absolutely the only troops engaged with the enemy on this front and yet they see that they have again got a very small portion indeed of the hundreds of Honours and Rewards ( including mentions in Despatches ) that have been granted . My Lists when commanding the A. & N.Z. Mounted Division , were modest ones under all the circumstances and in that perhaps I am partly to blame but , as you will see by attached list , a good many of my recommendations were cut out and in some cases those recommended for decorations were not even mentioned in Despatches . I am well aware that it is difficult to do anything now to right this , but consider that the Commander – in – Chief [ Allenby ] should know that there is a great deal of bitterness over it . Chauvel appended 32 names of soldiers he recommended for awards that had been ignored . Two New Zealanders recommended for a Bar to their Distinguished Service Orders ( DSO ) were not even mentioned in despatches and an outstanding Australian regimental commander recommended for the CMG was also not even mentioned in despatches , while a brigade commander and a staff officer Chauvel recommended for DSOs received mentions . = = = Palestine = = = In January 1917 , a second mounted division – the Imperial Mounted Division – was formed from the 3rd and 4th Light Horse Brigades and the British 5th and 6th Yeomanry Brigades . A British regular army officer fresh from experience in the Senussi Campaign , Major General Sir H. W. Hodgson , was appointed to command , with an all @-@ British staff . The deliberate mixing of Australian and Imperial troops was done with Chauvel 's approval but was contrary to the policy of the Australian Government , which soon registered its displeasure , sending Brigadier General Sir Robert Anderson to Cairo to discuss the matter frankly with Chauvel and his superiors . As a result , the Imperial Mounted Division was renamed the Australian Mounted Division . In the First Battle of Gaza in March 1917 , Chauvel 's mission was similar to Rafa and Magdhaba , but on a larger scale . He enveloped the Turkish position at Gaza while the British 53rd ( Welsh ) Infantry Division and 54th ( East Anglian ) Infantry Division attempted to capture it . When this failed , Chetwode ordered Chauvel to attempt to capture Gaza from the rear . Chauvel successfully improvised a late afternoon assault on Gaza that captured the town despite the barriers of high cactus hedges and fierce enemy opposition , entering it after dark , only to have an out @-@ of @-@ touch Dobell order the mounted troops to withdraw , despite Chauvel 's protests . This time his brigadiers at the front , Generals Ryrie and Chaytor , although they believed that Gaza could be held , felt compelled to obey , as they could not see the whole battle . All guns , including captured ones were hauled away , as were all unwounded prisoners , the wounded and even the dead . Chauvel ensured that wounded Turkish prisoners that were unfit to make the march to Deir al @-@ Balah were each left with a full water bottle . Dobell launched the Second Battle of Gaza in April 1917 with a full scale frontal assault supported by naval gunfire , tanks and poison gas . It ended even more unsatisfactorily , and Dobell was relieved of command of Eastern Force on 19 April . His place was taken by Chetwode , while Chauvel took over the Desert Column , thereby becoming the first Australian to reach the rank of lieutenant general . Command of the Anzac Mounted Division passed to Chaytor . In June , during the Stalemate in Southern Palestine , General Sir Edmund Allenby took over the EEF from Murray . Allenby moved his headquarters to Palestine and re @-@ organised his command along more regular lines . Eastern Force was abolished and two corps headquarters were formed , XX Corps under Chetwode and XXI Corps under Lieutenant General Edward Bulfin . The three corps commanders were professional soldiers , none of whom had graduated from a military college or a staff college , they had all been commissioned from the militia or volunteers . Two weeks before Allenby arrived , Chauvel attended an awards ceremony : Mick Bruxner ... was the first recipient and you should have seen his face when he realised he was going to be kissed ... Irwin of the 1st Regiment is a very tall man and had to have his head pulled down and they ... say that he kissed the old General back . I cannot say as I was having such a job keeping my countenance that I was pretending to read something I had in my hand . " = = = = Desert Mounted Corps = = = = When Chauvel learned that the Desert Column was to be renamed the 2nd Cavalry Corps he requested Desert Mounted Corps . The corps consisted of the Anzac Mounted Division , the Australian Mounted Division , the newly formed Yeomanry Mounted Division and the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade . Although some British thought that Allenby should replace Chauvel with a British officer , Allenby retained him in command . However he overrode Chauvel 's own preference to appoint a Royal Horse Guards officer , Brigadier General Richard Howard @-@ Vyse , known as " Wombat " , as Chauvel 's chief of staff . Chauvel thus , on 2 August 1917 , became the first Australian to permanently command a corps . A " brass @-@ bound brigadier " was quoted as saying , " Fancy giving the command of the biggest mounted force in the world 's history to an Australian . " On being told of the appointments , in a letter dated 12 August 1917 Chetwode wrote to congratulate Chauvel , " I cannot say how much I envy you the command of the largest body of mounted men ever under one hand – it is my own trade – but Fate has willed it otherwise . " At Romani Chauvel had been a battleground commander who led from the front while Chetwode , relying on the phone had been deciding to retreat at the victory at Rafa . Chetwode 's " arms length " style of command also impacted the First Battle of Gaza . In the Battle of Beersheba in October 1917 , it was again Chauvel and his Desert Mounted Corps that had the critical role . Chetwode believed that the EEF did not have the resources to defeat the Turks in their fixed positions so he planned to drive the Turks from them by turning the enemy flank at Beersheba , in a waterless area on the flank of the enemy line . The Desert Mounted Corps would have a long overnight approach over waterless desert and would have to capture the town with its wells intact or be forced to retreat . The Battle of Beersheba went right down to the line , but the mission was accomplished , albeit not without a mounted infantry bayonet charge by the 4th Light Horse Brigade – the last of history 's great cavalry charges – to capture the town and its vital water supply . Few battles have been won in such spectacular fashion . For this decisive victory , and the subsequent capture of Jerusalem , Chauvel was mentioned in despatches twice more , and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1918 New Year Honours List . Chauvel , however , was still disappointed with the failure to destroy the Turkish army . The Turks had fought hard , forcing the commitment of the Desert Mounted Corps in heavy action before the moment for a sweeping pursuit came . When it did , the men and horses were too tired and could not summon the required energy . In February 1918 , the EEF began a series of operations across the Jordan . Allenby soon found his British troops diverted to France , to be replaced by two Indian cavalry divisions , and the Australian Mounted Division faced a similar fate for a time . In the meantime , during the second Transjordan operations Chauvel faced great difficulties with the terrain , the weather and a tenacious enemy ; the campaign was not a success . The Desert Mounted Corps found itself fighting outnumbered , with Turkish reinforcements closing in from all sides . Chauvel was forced to withdraw to the West Bank of the Jordan . Subsequently the 5th Yeomanry Mounted Brigade was disbanded and Chauvel replaced it with the 5th Light Horse Brigade , formed from the Australian and New Zealand components of the now disbanded Imperial Camel Corps Brigade , and a composite French cavalry regiment of Spahis and Chasseurs d 'Afrique . In September 1918 , Chauvel was able to effect a secret redeployment of two of his mounted divisions . Allenby launched a surprise attack on the enemy and won the Battle of Megiddo . He then followed up this victory with one of the fastest pursuits in military history – 167 km in only three days . This time he succeeded in destroying the Turkish army . The Desert Mounted Corps moved across the Golan Heights and captured Damascus on 1 October . Between 19 September and 2 October , the Australian Mounted Division lost 21 killed and 71 wounded , and captured 31 @,@ 335 Turkish prisoners . To restore calm in the city , Chauvel ordered a show of force . Lieutenant Colonel T. E. Lawrence later lampooned this as a " triumphal entry " but it was actually a shrewd political stroke , freeing Chauvel 's forces to advance another 300 km to Aleppo , which was captured on 25 October . Five days later , Turkey surrendered . For this victory , Chauvel was again mentioned in despatches . Chauvel was obliged to remain in the Middle East due to the situation in Syria and the Egyptian Rebellion , although he was able to have Lady Chauvel join him there in January 1919 . By April , the situation had calmed and Chauvel was able to hand over command of the AIF in the Middle East to Ryrie . Chauvel and Lady Chauvel then headed for London on the RMS Malwa . They arrived in time for him to lead Australian troops on a victory march through the city on 3 May . Soon after , he was hospitalised at the 3rd London General Hospital at Wandsworth with appendicitis . The whole Chauvel family was able to sail for home on the transport HMAT Demosthenes on 26 July 1919 . For his services as commander of the Desert Mounted Corps , Chauvel was created a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in June 1919 , was awarded the French Croix de Guerre avec Palme by the President of France and the Order of the Nile ( 2nd Class ) by the Sultan of Egypt , and was mentioned in despatches for the 11th time . At his special request , when he was conferred with vestments and accoutrements of the Order of St Michael and St George by King George V , the King dubbed him " Sir Harry " rather than " Sir Henry " . = = Later life = = = = = Between the wars = = = Chauvel 's AIF appointment was terminated on 9 December 1919 , and the next day he was appointed Inspector General , the Army 's most senior post , which he held until 1930 . The office of Inspector General had been created as an auditor who provided annual reports to the Council of Defence . In the event of war , it was intended that the Inspector General would become the Commander in Chief with the Military Board as his general staff . Chauvel 's annual reports tended to emphasise the parlous state of the nation 's defences . He warned , for example , that if war came , soldiers would " be subject to the unfair handicap and the certainty of increased loss of life which inferiority in armament and shortage of ammunition must inevitability entail " . Looking back from the perspective of the Second World War , historian Gavin Long noted that Chauvel 's annual reports were " a series of wise and penetrating examinations of Australian military problems of which , however , little notice was taken " . In February 1920 , Chauvel was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general , back @-@ dated to 31 December 1919 . In January 1920 , he chaired a committee to examine the future structure of the army . The committee 's recommendations proved to be next to impossible to implement in the face of defence cuts that were imposed in 1920 and 1922 . On Lieutenant General Brudenell White 's retirement as Chief of the General Staff in 1923 , that post was divided into two , with Chauvel becoming 1st Chief of the General Staff as well as Inspector General , while Brigadier General Thomas Blamey became 2nd Chief of the General Staff . Chauvel also served as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee , being the senior of the three service chiefs . In November 1929 , he became the first Australian to be promoted to the rank of general . He attempted to maintain the Army 's structure in the face of short @-@ sighted politicians intent on cutting expenditure . As a result , the Army became increasingly hollow , retaining the form of a large force without the substance . When conscription was abolished by Prime Minister James Scullin 's government in 1929 , it was left up to Chauvel to attempt to make the new volunteer system work . He finally retired in April 1930 . Chauvel 's sons Ian and Edward resigned their commissions in the Australian Army in 1930 and 1932 respectively , and accepted commissions in cavalry regiments of the British Indian Army . His daughter Elyne married Thomas Walter Mitchell , a grazier . Chauvel became a frequent visitor to their property " Towong Hill " near Corryong , Victoria . He was staying at Towong Hill during the Black Friday Bushfires of 1939 . When the property was threatened by fire , he directed the firefighting effort , and at one point climbed a tree close to the house to hack away burning branches . The dedication of the Shrine of Remembrance in 1934 saw a series of reunions . Ian and Edward arrived from India on leave , Alexander Godley came from Britain , and Richard Howard @-@ Vyse as chief of staff to Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester . In 1937 , Chauvel travelled to the United Kingdom as head of the Australian contingent for the coronation of King George VI , where he was welcomed by Chetwode and Howard @-@ Vyse . Chauvel had the contingent dressed as light horsemen , wearing emu plumes , bandoliers and spurs . When the Dominion troops assembled at Buckingham Palace to receive their King George VI Coronation Medals , Chauvel led the parade , with Howard @-@ Vyse as his chief of staff . On the way back , the contingent visited France , where ceremonies were held at the Villers – Bretonneux Australian National Memorial and the Arc de Triomphe . Chauvel frequently led Anzac Day parades through Melbourne but resigned from the leadership of the march in 1938 in protest against at decision by the Returned and Services League of Australia to change the form of service at the Shrine from a Christian to a secular one . = = = Second World War and legacy = = = During the Second World War , Chauvel was recalled to duty as Inspector in Chief of the Volunteer Defence Corps ( VDC ) , the Australian version of the British Home Guard . Following Brudenell White 's death in the Canberra air disaster , Prime Minister Robert Menzies turned to Chauvel for advice on a successor as Chief of the General Staff . On Chauvel 's recommendation , Menzies appointed Lieutenant General Vernon Sturdee to the post . During the war , Chauvel 's son Ian served as staff officer in the Italian campaign , while Edward was posted to New Guinea to learn about jungle warfare from the Australian Army . Chauvel 's daughter Eve joined the Women 's Royal Australian Naval Service and spent a day in a lifeboat in the North Atlantic after her ship was torpedoed by a U @-@ Boat . Tom Mitchell was captured by the Japanese in the Battle of Singapore . Chauvel remained with the VDC , based at Victoria Barracks , Melbourne but constantly travelling on inspections until his death on 4 March 1945 . Chauvel was given a state funeral service at St Paul 's Cathedral , Melbourne officiated by the Anglican Archbishop of Melbourne , Joseph John Booth , after which he was cremated at Springvale Crematorium with full military honours . Eight generals acted as pallbearers : Lieutenant General John Northcott , Chief of the General Staff ; Lieutenant General John Whitham , Corps Commander , VDC ; Major General James Cannan , Quartermaster General ; Major General Charles Brand ; Major General Cyril Clowes , GOC , Victoria Line of Communications Area ; Major General John Austin Chapman , Deputy Chief of General Staff ; Major General Charles Lloyd , Adjutant General ; and Major General Clive Steele , Engineer in Chief . Portraits of Chauvel are held by the Australian War Memorial in Canberra , the Naval and Military Club in Melbourne , and the Imperial War Museum in London . A portrait by George Washington Lambert is in the possession of the family . Chauvel is commemorated in a bronze plaque in St Paul 's Cathedral , Melbourne . His sword is in Christ Church , South Yarra and his uniform in the Australian War Memorial . There is also a memorial window in the chapel of the Royal Military College , Duntroon . Chauvel Street in North Ryde , Sydney is named in his honour . Chauvel 's daughter Elyne Mitchell wrote a number of non @-@ fiction works about her father and his corps . In his book Seven Pillars of Wisdom , T. E. Lawrence provided a wildly inaccurate version of Chauvel . Charles Bean noted that " this wise , good and considerate commander was far from the stupid martinet that readers of Lawrence 's Seven Pillars of Wisdom might infer . " Lawrence confessed that " little of his book was strict truth though most of it was based on fact . " Chauvel 's nephew Charles Chauvel became a well @-@ known film director , whose films included Forty Thousand Horsemen ( 1940 ) , about the Battle of Beersheba . Harry Chauvel was portrayed in film : by Bill Kerr in The Lighthorsemen ( 1987 ) , which covered the exploits of an Australian cavalry regiment during the Third Battle of Gaza ; by Ray Edwards in A Dangerous Man : Lawrence After Arabia ( 1990 ) , which took place around the 1919 Paris peace conference ; and by Colin Baker in the 1992 Young Indiana Jones TV movie Daredevils of the Desert , another retelling of the Third Battle of Gaza from the director of The Lighthorsemen . = Franz von Hipper = Franz Ritter von Hipper ( 13 September 1863 – 25 May 1932 ) was an admiral in the German Imperial Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) . Franz von Hipper joined the German Navy in 1881 as an officer cadet . He commanded several torpedo boat units and served as watch officer aboard several warships , as well as Kaiser Wilhelm II 's yacht SMY Hohenzollern . Hipper commanded several cruisers in the reconnaissance forces before being appointed commander of the I Scouting Group in October 1913 . He held this position until 1918 , when he succeeded Admiral Reinhard Scheer as commander of the High Seas Fleet . He is most famous for commanding the German battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group during World War I , particularly at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 . During the war , Hipper led the German battlecruisers on several raids of the English coast , for which he was vilified in the English press as a " baby killer . " His squadron clashed with the British battlecruiser squadron at the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915 , where the armored cruiser Blücher was lost . At the Battle of Jutland , Hipper 's flagship Lützow was sunk , though his ships succeeded in sinking three British battlecruisers . After the end of the war in 1918 , Franz von Hipper retired from the Imperial Navy with a full pension . He initially lived under an alias and moved frequently to avoid radical revolutionaries during the German Revolution of 1918 – 1919 . After the revolution settled , he moved to Altona outside Hamburg . Unlike his superior , Reinhard Scheer , he never published a memoir of his service during the war . Hipper died on 25 May 1932 . The Kriegsmarine commemorated Hipper with the launching of the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper in 1938 . = = Early life = = Franz Hipper was born to Anton and Anna Hipper in Weilheim in Oberbayern , some 40 miles ( 64 km ) south of Munich , on 13 September 1863 . His father , a shop @-@ keeper , died when Franz was three . When Franz turned five , he began his education at a Catholic grammar school in Munich . At the age of ten , Franz attended the Gymnasium in Munich . Hipper graduated from the Gymnasium in 1879 with an Obersekunda — the equivalent of a high school diploma . After completing his education , Hipper signed up as a volunteer reserve officer ( Einjährig @-@ Freiwilliger ) , a one @-@ year volunteer position in the German military . After basic officer training in 1879 , Hipper decided to join the navy . He went to Kiel , where he took the Pressen , courses designed to prepare officers for the naval entrance examination , which he successfully passed . On 12 April 1881 , at the age of 18 , Franz Hipper became an officer of the Imperial German Navy . Among the fellow cadets of the 1881 class was Wilhelm Souchon , who went on to command the Mediterranean Division at the outbreak of World War I. = = Naval career = = = = = Peace @-@ time career = = = After Hipper joined the German Navy in 1881 as a probationary sea cadet , he served on the sail @-@ frigate SMS Niobe from April to September 1881 . He was then transferred to the Naval Cadet School in Kiel , which he attended from September 1881 to March 1882 . Upon graduation , he attended the 6 @-@ week Basic Gunnery School on the training ship Mars , from April to May 1882 . Following gunnery training , Hipper was assigned to the training ship Friedrich Carl for sea training , which lasted from May to September 1882 . He was then transferred to the steam corvette Leipzig for a world cruise ; this was begun on October 1882 and completed two years later in October 1884 . Upon reaching Germany , Hipper returned to Kiel to attend Naval Officer School from November 1884 to April 1885 . On 24 April , Hipper was assigned as a divisional drill officer ; he was tasked with training recruits for the First Naval Battalion , based in Kiel . Hipper held this position for seven months . In October 1885 , Hipper went through the Executive Officer School in Kiel , which he completed on 16 December . On 4 January 1886 , Hipper was assigned as a division officer for the Second Seaman 's Artillery Division , Coastal Defense Artillery . He remained in this post until 3 March 1887 , at which point he was assigned as the watch officer aboard Friedrich Carl . This began a three and a half year stint serving as watch officer aboard several ships , including the corvettes Stosch and Stein , the armored frigate Friedrich der Grosse , and the aviso Wacht . Hipper attended the Torpedo Officer Course aboard the corvette Blücher from October 1890 to January 1891 . He was then designated as a torpedo specialist ; he returned to Friedrich der Grosse as a torpedo officer in October 1891 . In April 1892 , he went to join the crew of the newly commissioned coastal defense ship Beowulf , again as a torpedo officer . He served in this position only briefly , before being reassigned as the company commander of the Second Torpedo Unit , based in Wilhelmshaven , in October 1892 . Hipper then took part in torpedo boat instruction from January to February 1893 . In 1894 – 95 , Hipper served as the senior watch officer aboard the new battleship Wörth , under the command of Prince Heinrich . While aboard Wörth , Hipper was promoted to Senior Lieutenant and awarded the Bavarian National Defense Service Medal on 29 August 1895 . In September 1895 , Hipper was assigned as the commanding officer of the Second Torpedo @-@ boat Reserve Division . He held this position for 21 months , during which time he alternated command of four vessels of the active and reserve units in his division . In June 1897 , Hipper participated in a 17 @-@ day Admiralty staff cruise aboard the aviso Grille . After returning from the staff cruise , Hipper was promoted to serve as the commander of the Second Reserve Torpedo @-@ boat Flotilla , a position in which he served for 15 months . Hipper was transferred to the battleship Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm on 1 October 1898 , where he served as navigator . Hipper served for 11 months as navigator aboard the battleship before he was transferred to the Imperial yacht SMY Hohenzollern on 19 September 1899 . While serving on the Imperial yacht , Hipper was present for the trip to England for Queen Victoria 's funeral in 1901 and the cruise to America the following year . Hipper was awarded a number of medals during his service aboard Hohenzollern , including the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle , the Bavarian Military Service Order , and the Order of St. Stanislaus — awarded by the Tsar Nicholas II of Russia . Hipper was promoted to the rank of Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain ) on 10 June 1901 . After leaving the Imperial yacht , Hipper was assigned to command of the Second Torpedo Unit on 1 October 1902 . He held the command until 30 September 1905 . His flagship for the first six months of his command was the new cruiser Niobe ; he then transferred his flag to the large torpedo boat D8 . While in this command , Hipper was awarded additional commendations , including the Prussian Distinguished Service Cross and the Prussian Royal Crown Order . He was promoted to the rank of Fregattenkapitän ( frigate captain ) on 5 April . In January 1906 , Hipper attended the 10 @-@ day Cruiser Gunnery School on the new armored cruiser Prinz Adalbert . In April 1906 , he participated in the Battleship Gunnery Course conducted aboard the battleship Schwaben . On 20 April , Hipper was given command of the light cruiser Leipzig , though his tenure as commander was short @-@ lived . Leipzig departed for the East Asia Squadron in September 1906 , at which point Hipper was transferred to command the new armored cruiser Friedrich Carl . Hipper assumed command of the ship on 30 September . Under Hipper 's leadership , the crew of Friedrich Carl won the Kaiser 's Prize for the best shooting in the fleet in 1907 . Admiral Hugo von Pohl stated in a subsequent report : " He has brought the ship to a higher degree of combat effectiveness , and the ship has won the Kaiser Prize for good shooting . One of the best captains we have in the cruisers . A good example for his officers . Recommended for battleship command and for higher independent commands . " On 6 April 1907 , Hipper was promoted to Kapitän zur See ( captain at sea ) . Nicholas II awarded Hipper another commendation , the Order of St. Andrew , that year during a meeting with Wilhelm II . During the ceremony , Hipper joined Wilhelm II as one of his " Imperial Captains . " On 6 March 1908 , Hipper took command of the new cruiser Gneisenau . He was tasked with conducting the shakedown cruise , after which the ship departed for the East Asia Squadron . Hipper again remained in Germany ; he was given command of the First Torpedo boat Division , based in Kiel . Here he was responsible for training more than half of the torpedo boats in the entire German navy . Hipper held the position for three years , until he returned to fleet service . On 1 October 1911 , Hipper took command of the armored cruiser Yorck , along with the position as chief of staff for Rear Admiral Gustav von Bachmann , the Deputy Flag Officer , Reconnaissance Forces . In January 1912 , Rear Admiral von Bachmann was promoted out of his position ; on the 26th Hipper succeeded him as the deputy commander . The following day , he was promoted to Rear Admiral . After serving as the deputy commander for over a year and a half , Hipper again followed Admiral von Bachmann . Admiral von Bachmann was promoted to Chief of the Baltic Station and Hipper took over as the commanding officer of the I Scouting Group on 1 October 1913 . Erich Raeder was appointed as Hipper 's deputy . = = = World War I = = = After World War I broke out in 1914 Hipper led his battlecruisers on several raids against the English coastal towns . The first such raid occurred on 2 November 1914 . Hipper 's force included the battlecruisers Moltke , Von der Tann , and Seydlitz , his flagship , and the large armored cruiser Blücher , along with four light cruisers . The flotilla arrived off Great Yarmouth at daybreak the following morning and bombarded the port , while the light cruiser Stralsund laid a minefield . The British submarine HMS D5 responded to the bombardment , but struck one of the mines laid by Stralsund and sank . Shortly thereafter , Hipper ordered his ships to turn back to German waters . On the way , a heavy fog covered the Heligoland Bight , so the ships were ordered to halt until visibility improved and they could safely navigate the defensive minefields . The armored cruiser Yorck made a navigational error that led her into one of the German minefields . She struck two mines and quickly sank ; only 127 men out of the crew of 629 were rescued . A second operation followed on 15 – 16 December 1914 ; it targeted the towns of Scarborough , Hartlepool , and Whitby . By this time Hipper 's squadron had been augmented by the new battlecruiser Derfflinger . Twelve hours after Hipper left the Jade , the High Seas Fleet , consisting of 14 dreadnoughts and 8 pre @-@ dreadnoughts and a screening force of 2 armored cruisers , 7 light cruisers , and 54 torpedo boats , departed to provide distant cover for the bombardment force . The Royal Navy had the capability to intercept and decode the German naval code , as a result of the capture of the light cruiser Magdeburg at the outbreak of the war . On 14 December , the British intercepted messages relating to the plan to bombard Scarborough . Vice Admiral Beatty 's four battlecruisers , supported by six dreadnoughts and several cruisers and smaller vessels , were to ambush Hipper 's battlecruisers . The evening of the 15th , the main German fleet encountered the six British battleships ; Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl , convinced he was faced by the entire British fleet , turned in retreat . Hipper was unaware of his superior 's decision , and so pressed on with the bombardment . The three towns were shelled briefly before Hipper turned back to the planned rendezvous point . By this time , Beatty 's battlecruisers were in position to block Hipper 's chosen egress route , while other forces were en route to complete the encirclement . Errors in signaling aboard the British ships and bad weather , however , allowed Hipper to escape the trap without incident . As a result of the civilian casualties inflicted in these raids , the British propaganda effort vilified Hipper as a " baby killer . " = = = = Battle of Dogger Bank = = = = In early January 1915 , it became known to the German naval command that British ships were conducting reconnaissance in the Dogger Bank area . Admiral von Ingenohl was initially reluctant to attempt to destroy these forces , because the I Scouting Group was temporarily weakened while Von der Tann was in drydock for periodic maintenance . Rear Admiral ( German : Konteradmiral ) Richard Eckermann , the Chief of Staff of the High Seas Fleet , insisted on the operation , and so Ingenohl relented and ordered Hipper to take his battlecruisers to the Dogger Bank . On 23 January , Hipper sortied , with Seydlitz in the lead , followed by Moltke , Derfflinger , and Blücher , along with four light cruisers and 19 torpedo boats . Again , interception and decryption of German wireless signals played an important role . Although they were unaware of the exact plans , the cryptographers of Room 40 were able to deduce that Hipper would be conducting an operation in the Dogger Bank area . Vice Admiral Beatty was again tasked with intercepting and destroying Hipper 's battlecruisers . At 08 : 14 on 24 January , the German cruiser Kolberg spotted the light cruiser Aurora and several destroyers from the Harwich Force , which had been attached to support Beatty 's battlecruiser squadron . Hipper immediately turned his battlecruisers towards the gunfire , when , almost simultaneously , Stralsund spotted a large amount of smoke to the northwest of her position . This was identified as a number of large British warships steaming towards Hipper 's ships . Hipper later remarked : " The presence of such a large force indicated the proximity of further sections of the British Fleet , especially as wireless intercepts revealed the approach of 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron ... They were also reported by Blücher at the rear of the German line , which had opened fire on a light cruiser and several destroyers coming up from astern ... The battlecruisers under my command found themselves , in view of the prevailing [ East @-@ North @-@ East ] wind , in the windward position and so in an unfavourable situation from the outset . " Hipper turned south to flee , but was limited to 23 knots ( 43 km / h ; 26 mph ) , which was Blücher 's maximum speed at the time . The pursuing British battlecruisers were steaming at 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) , and quickly caught up to the German ships . As the rearmost ship in the German line , Blücher suffered the majority of the British gunfire for the early portion of the battle . Seydlitz was struck in her forecastle at 10 : 25 , by a 13 @.@ 5 in shell from Lion , but this hit did minor damage . At 10 : 40 , Lion hit Seydlitz with a single 13 @.@ 5 in ( 343 mm ) shell , which holed the deck and penetrated the rear barbette . The shell itself failed to enter the barbette , but the explosion flashed into the working chamber and detonated the propellant charges inside . By this time , Blücher was severely damaged after having been pounded by heavy shells . The chase ended when there were several reports of U @-@ boats ahead of the British ships ; Beatty quickly ordered evasive maneuvers , which allowed the German ships to increase the distance to their pursuers . At this time , Lion 's last operational dynamo failed , which dropped her speed to 15 knots ( 28 km / h ) . Beatty , in the stricken Lion , ordered the remaining battlecruisers to " Engage the enemy 's rear , " but signal confusion caused the ships to solely target Blücher , allowing Moltke , Seydlitz , and Derfflinger to escape . Blame for the loss of Blücher was not placed on Hipper , but on his superior Admiral von Ingenohl , who was removed from his post on 4 February . Also on the 4th , Hipper met with the Kaiser on an inspection of the fleet in Wilhelmshaven . That same day , Hipper was awarded the Iron Cross by the Kaiser ; on the 23rd he was presented with the Friedrich August Cross , First and Second Classes , by the Grand Duke of Oldenburg . Three days later , Hipper was informed that his hometown had named its main street Hipperstrasse ( Hipper Street ) . By March 1916 , Hipper suffered from severe combat fatigue ; he had held command of the fleet reconnaissance forces for some 20 months , and the strain of command was beginning to take its toll . He requested sick leave on 20 March , which was approved by Admiral Reinhard Scheer — who had replaced von Pohl as fleet commander in January 1916 — a week later on the 27th . Scheer , however , attempted to have Hipper retired instead of returning after the termination of sick leave ; he contacted Henning von Holtzendorff , the Chief of the Admiralty Staff , who disagreed with Scheer . Holtzendorff thought that relieving Hipper at that point would " only damage the war leadership . " Hipper had meanwhile left for a spa in Bad Nenndorf , where he spent five weeks . His deputy , Friedrich Boedicker , assumed temporary command . Hipper returned to his post on 12 May 1916 ; he hoisted his flag aboard the newly commissioned battlecruiser Lützow . = = = = Battle of Jutland = = = = Admiral Scheer planned another operation to lure out a portion of the British fleet for 17 May , but damage to the battlecruiser SMS Seydlitz sustained during the bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft the previous month , coupled with condenser trouble on several of the battleships of III Battle Squadron caused the plan to be delayed , ultimately to 31 May . That morning , at 02 : 00 CET , the I Scouting Group , which comprised the battlecruisers Lützow , Derfflinger , Seydlitz , Moltke , and Von der Tann , five light cruisers , and 30 torpedo boats , left the Jade estuary . Scheer and the battle fleet followed an hour and a half later . The British navy 's Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation , and so sortied the Grand Fleet , totaling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers the night before , in order to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet . At 16 : 00 , the British and German battlecruiser forces encountered each other and began a running gun fight south , back towards Scheer 's battle fleet . During this portion of the battle , Hipper 's ships destroyed the battlecruisers Indefatigable and Queen Mary . Upon reaching the High Seas Fleet , Vice Admiral David Beatty 's battlecruisers turned back to the north to lure the Germans towards the rapidly approaching Grand Fleet , under the command of Admiral John Jellicoe . During the run to the north , Hipper 's ships continued to engage both Beatty 's battlecruisers and the Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleships of the 5th Battle Squadron . At 19 : 24 , the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron had formed up with Beatty 's remaining battlecruisers ahead of the German line . The leading British ships spotted Lützow and Derfflinger , and began firing on them . In the span of 8 minutes , the battlecruiser Invincible scored eight hits on Lützow ; these hits were mainly concentrated in the ship 's bow and were the primary cause of the flooding that would eventually cause her loss . In return , both Lützow and Derfflinger concentrated their fire on Invincible , and at 19 : 33 , Lützow 's third salvo penetrated Invincible 's center turret and ignited the magazine ; the ship disappeared in a series of massive explosions . By 19 : 30 , the Grand Fleet had arrived on the scene , and was deployed into a position that would cross Scheer 's " T " from the northeast . To extricate his fleet from this precarious position , Scheer ordered a 16 @-@ point turn to the south @-@ west . Lützow had lost speed and was unable to keep up , and so Hipper ordered his flagship to withdraw to the southwest . Shortly before 20 : 00 , Kommodore Michelson , aboard the cruiser Rostock , dispatched the torpedo boats of I Half @-@ Flotilla to assist Lützow . G39 came alongside and took Hipper and his staff aboard , in order to transfer him to one of the other battlecruisers . At 19 : 55 , Scheer decided to conduct another 16 @-@ point turn to launch an attack on the British fleet . This maneuver again put Scheer in a dangerous position ; Jellicoe had turned his fleet south and again crossed Scheer 's " T. " A third 16 @-@ point turn followed , which was covered by a charge by Hipper 's mauled battlecruisers — though as he was in the process of transferring from Lützow to G39 , command of the squadron had temporarily fallen to Captain Hartog aboard Derfflinger . Hipper remarked , " I had to find myself another flagship because I could no longer exercise command from one which was shot to pieces ... A torpedo boat was called alongside and we changed under heavy fire ... [ I ] drove my torpedoboat hoping to find an advantageous moment to board one of [ the other battlecruisers ] . These 1 ½ hours that I spent in a hail of shell and splinters aboard the torpedoboat I shall not be likely to forget . " By 22 : 15 , Hipper was finally able to transfer to Moltke ; he then ordered his ships to steam at 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) to take up their station the head of the German line . Only Moltke and Seydlitz , however , were in condition to comply ; Derfflinger and Von der Tann could make at most 18 knots , and so these ships lagged behind . An attack by British light cruisers caused the German formation to fall into disarray . In the confusion , Seydlitz lost sight of Moltke , and was no longer able to keep up with Moltke 's 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) ; Seydlitz detached herself to proceed to the Horns Reef lighthouse independently . Hipper 's ships were to see no further combat during the return to German waters ; at 03 : 55 Hipper reported to Scheer that Derfflinger and Von der Tann both had only two guns in operation , and that Seydlitz had been heavily damaged . Scheer replied that Hipper was to return to Wilhelmshaven while the fleet stood off Horns Reef . For his conduct in the battle , Hipper received Germany 's highest military honor , the Pour le Mérite ; it was awarded by the Kaiser on 5 June . He was also awarded the Royal Bavarian Military Order of Max Joseph , Commander 's Cross . This award carried with it elevation to the nobility and the title Ritter . He was presented with several other awards , including the Royal Saxon Order , the Order of Albrecht , and all three Hanseatic Crosses from Lübeck , Bremen , and Hamburg . = = = = Command of the High Seas Fleet = = = = The remainder of 1916 and through 1917 was largely uneventful for Hipper . He was placed in command of a detachment of the High Seas Fleet , composed of two battlecruisers , eleven battleships , four light cruisers , and twelve torpedo boats , sent to Denmark to retrieve a pair of stranded U @-@ boats in November 1916 . One was successfully returned to Germany , but the other had to be destroyed to prevent its capture . On the return to Germany , Kronprinz and Grosser Kurfürst were torpedoed by a British submarine . A year later , a brief skirmish took place in the Helgoland Bight between British and German capital ships . On 12 August 1918 , Hipper was promoted to command of the High Seas Fleet , after Scheer had been promoted to the Chief of Naval Staff . He was concurrently promoted to Admiral ; Hipper took provisional control of the fleet in a ceremony held on the old battleship Kaiser Wilhelm II the day before . However , the war was all but lost by the time Hipper took command of the fleet . In October , Hipper and Scheer envisioned one last major fleet advance to attack the British Grand Fleet . Scheer intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , to achieve a better bargaining position for Germany regardless of the cost to the navy . During the planning stages , Hipper wrote " As to a battle for the honor of the fleet in this war , even if it were a death battle , it would be the foundation for a new German fleet ... such a fleet would be out of the question in the event of a dishonorable peace . " The plan involved two simultaneous attacks by light cruisers and destroyers , one on Flanders and another on shipping in the Thames estuary ; the five battlecruisers were to support the Thames attack while the dreadnoughts remained off Flanders . After both strikes , the fleet was to concentrate off the Dutch coast , where it would meet the Grand Fleet in battle . While the fleet was consolidating in Wilhelmshaven , however , war @-@ weary sailors began deserting en masse . As Von der Tann and Derfflinger passed through the locks that separated Wilhelmshaven 's inner harbor and roadstead , some 300 men from both ships climbed over the side and disappeared ashore . On 24 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on several battleships mutinied ; three ships from the III Squadron refused to weigh anchors , and acts of sabotage were committed on board the battleships Thüringen and Helgoland . In the face of open rebellion , the order to sail was rescinded and the planned operation was abandoned . In an attempt to suppress the mutiny , the High Seas Fleet squadrons were dispersed . The situation had declined so significantly that on 9 November , Hipper personally took down his flag from the battleship Baden and went ashore . According to the terms of the Armistice , all five of Germany 's battlecruisers and two of the three battle squadrons , along with a number of light cruisers and the most modern torpedo boats , were to be interned in Scapa Flow . The fleet was placed under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter and sent to meet the Allied fleet of some 370 vessels . Hipper watched from shore as the German fleet left for Scapa Flow on 21 November 1918 . He later wrote , My heart is breaking with this ; my time as fleet commander has come to an inglorious end . The remaining questions of demobilization , disarmament , and the negotiations with the soldiers councils can be handled by my chief of staff ; I have nothing more to do . I shall remain pro forma in command for a short time , otherwise , I am dead tired . Less than two weeks later , on 2 December , Admiral Hipper submitted his request to be placed on the inactive list . He retired on 13 December with a full pension ; at the age of 55 , Hipper spent almost 37 years on active duty in the Imperial Navy . The German fleet in Scapa Flow , meanwhile , was scuttled by its crew on 21 June 1919 . = = Post @-@ war life = = Following the German defeat in World War I , Hipper retired on 13 December 1918 from the navy and lived a quiet life ; he received a full war pension . During the chaos of the German Revolution of 1918 – 1919 , Hipper hid from radical revolutionaries by assuming a false name and moving frequently . He wrote a letter to Adolf von Trotha , the new fleet commander , expressing his approval of the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow on 21 June 1919 . After the revolution was over , Hipper moved to a house in Altona near Hamburg . Unlike his superior , Reinhard Scheer , Hipper never wrote a memoir of the war or his participation in the Imperial Navy . He briefly dabbled in conservative political movements in the 1920s but never committed to any . Franz von Hipper died on 25 May 1932 ; he was cremated and was buried in his hometown of Weilheim , according to his wishes . On hearing of Hipper 's death , his old adversary David Beatty said , " I am very sorry . One would like to express one 's regrets for the passing of a gallant officer and a great sailor . " In 1938 , the German navy , which had been expanded by the Nazi party , launched the new heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper in commemoration of its namesake . = = Decorations and awards = = Iron Cross of 1914 , 1st and 2nd class Pour le Mérite ( 5 June 1916 ) Order of the Red Eagle , 2nd class with Star , Oak Leaves and Swords Order of the Crown , 2nd class ( Prussia ) Service Award ( Prussia ) Commander 's Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph ( 6 June 1916 ) ( Bavaria ) Military Merit Order , 2nd class with Star and Swords ( Bavaria ) Commander 's Cross First Class with Swords of the Albert Order ( Saxony ) Commander of the Military Merit Order ( Württemberg ) Military Merit Cross , 1st class ( Mecklenburg @-@ Schwerin ) Friedrich August Cross , 1st class ( Oldenburg ) Knight 's Cross , First Class of the Order of the White Falcon ( Weimar ) Hanseatic Crosses of Bremen , Hamburg and Lübeck Various naval warships and shore installations were named for Hipper : heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper of the Kriegsmarine , the training frigate Hipper of the Bundesmarine and a building of the German Naval Operations School in Bremerhaven . = Joss Whedon = Joseph Hill " Joss " Whedon ( born June 23 , 1964 ) is an American screenwriter , film and television director , film and television producer , comic book author , and composer . He is the founder of Mutant Enemy Productions and co @-@ founder of Bellwether Pictures , and is best known as the creator of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997 – 2003 ) , Angel ( 1999 – 2004 ) , Firefly ( 2002 ) , Dollhouse ( 2009 – 10 ) and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 – present ) . Whedon co @-@ wrote the Pixar film Toy Story ( 1995 ) , wrote and directed the Firefly film continuation Serenity ( 2005 ) , co @-@ wrote and directed the Internet mini @-@ series Dr. Horrible 's Sing @-@ Along Blog ( 2008 ) , co @-@ wrote and produced the horror comedy The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) , and wrote and directed the Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero films The Avengers ( 2012 ) and its sequel Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) . = = Early life = = Born in New York City on June 23 , 1964 as Joseph1 Hill Whedon , and being a third @-@ generation TV writer , he is the son of Tom Whedon , a screenwriter for Alice in the 1970s and The Golden Girls in the 1980s , and the grandson of John Whedon , who worked on The Donna Reed Show in the 1950s and The Dick Van Dyke Show in the 1960s . His mother , Ann Lee ( née Jeffries ) Stearns , originally from Kentucky , was a teacher at Riverdale Country School as Lee Whedon , and an aspiring novelist . His parents had both acted , and appeared in a play together at the Harvard Radcliffe Dramatic Club . Whedon is the younger sibling of Samuel and Matthew Whedon and older sibling of writers Jed and Zack Whedon . At a young age , he showed great interest in British television with shows like Masterpiece and Monty Python . Whedon attended Riverdale Country School in New York City where his mother taught history . He then spent three years at Winchester College in England , where , taking note of omnipresent bullying , he concluded , " it was clear to me from the start that I must take an active role in my survival " . Whedon graduated from Wesleyan University in 1987 , where he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters in 2013 . There , he also studied under renowned academic Richard Slotkin . After leaving Wesleyan , Whedon came up with the first incarnation of Buffy Summers , " Rhonda , the Immortal Waitress " . = = Career = = = = = 1980s – 1990s = = = = = = = Early work = = = = From 1989 to 1990 , Whedon worked as a staff writer on the sitcoms Roseanne and Parenthood . As a script doctor , Whedon was an uncredited writer on films like The Getaway , Speed , Waterworld , Twister and X @-@ Men . X @-@ Men reportedly contained only two dialogue exchanges of Whedon 's contribution , but the final cut of Speed left in most of his dialogue . At the same time as script consulting , he wrote Buffy the Vampire Slayer — the film that would precede the series — Alien : Resurrection and an early draft for Atlantis : The Lost Empire and co @-@ wrote Toy Story and Titan A.E. , the former of which earned him a shared Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay . Whedon has expressed strong dissatisfaction with the released versions of the films Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Titan A.E. and Alien : Resurrection . = = = = Buffy the Vampire Slayer = = = = In 1997 , Whedon created his first TV show , Buffy the Vampire Slayer.2 The series depicts Buffy Summers , the latest in a line of young women called to battle against vampires , demons , and other forces of darkness . The idea came directly from his aversion to seeing the Hollywood formula of " the little blonde girl who goes into a dark alley and gets killed in every horror movie " . Whedon said he wanted to subvert the idea and create someone who was a hero . This conception came from " the very first mission statement of the show , which was the joy of female power : having it , using it , sharing it " . The writing process came together from conversations about the emotional issues facing Buffy Summers , and how she would confront them in her battle against supernatural forces . Whedon usually directed episodes from his own scripts that held the most cathartic moments in Buffy 's story . The series received numerous awards and nominations , including an Emmy Award nomination for the 1999 episode " Hush " . The 2001 episode " The Body " was nominated for a Nebula Award in 2002 , and the fall 2001 musical episode " Once More , with Feeling " was nominated for a Best Dramatic Presentation Hugo Award and a Best Script Nebula Award . The final episode " Chosen " was nominated for a Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form Hugo Award in 2003 . All written and directed by Whedon , they are considered some the most effective and popular episodes of the series . Buffy the Vampire Slayer was lauded worldwide for its influential themes and impact on popular culture . Scholar A. Asbjørn Jøn recognized that the series has shifted the way vampires have since been depicted in popular culture representations . Since the end of the series , Whedon has stated that his initial intention was to produce a " cult " television series and acknowledged a corresponding “ rabid , almost insane fan base " that subsequently emerged . In June 2012 , Slate magazine identified it as the most written about popular culture text of all time . " [ M ] ore than twice as many papers , essays , and books have been devoted to the vampire drama than any of our other choices — so many that we stopped counting when we hit 200 " . A lifelong comic book fan , Whedon authored the Dark Horse Comics miniseries Fray , which takes place in the far future of the Buffyverse . Like many writers of the show , he contributed to the series ' comic book continuation , writing for the anthology Tales of the Slayers , and the main storyline of the miniseries Tales of the Vampires . Whedon and the other writers then released a new ongoing series , taking place after the series finale " Chosen " , which he officially recognizes as the canonical eighth season . Whedon returned to the world of Fray during the season eight story arc " Time of Your Life " . Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine was published from August 2011 to September 2013 , for which Whedon wrote " Freefall , Part I – II " ( with Andrew Chambliss ) . = = = = Angel = = = = As a result of Buffy the Vampire Slayer 's success , Whedon was allowed the opportunity to make his 1999 spin @-@ off series , Angel . David Greenwalt and Whedon collaborated on the pilot that was going to be developed for The WB Network . During the series ' early expansion , efforts were made by the network to mitigate Whedon 's original concept . " Corrupt " , a precociously optioned second episode , was entirely abandoned due to the gloominess written into the script . The tone was consequently softened , establishing in the opening episodes Angel Investigations as an idealistic , shoestring operation . It follows Angel , who works as a private detective in order to " help the helpless " . Though praised for presenting a unique and progressive version of the archetypal noir hero as a sympathetic vampire detective , it was criticized as being lesser than its parent show , in context of having been derived from a more popular original work . Despite this , it won a Saturn Award for Best Network TV Series and the three episodes " Waiting in the Wings " , " Smile Time " and " Not Fade Away " were nominated for Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form in 2003 and 2005 . The WB Network announced on February 13 , 2004 that Angel would not be brought back for a sixth season . Whedon said of the cancellation , " I believe the reason Angel had trouble on The WB was that it was the only show on the network that wasn 't trying to be Buffy . It was a show about grown @-@ ups " . An official continuation of the story came rather in the form of a comic book series . Following Buffy the Vampire Slayer 's successful eighth season , IDW Publishing approached Whedon about similarly producing a canonical sixth season for Angel . Angel : After the Fall released 17 issues written by Whedon and Brian Lynch . = = = 2000s = = = = = = = Firefly = = = = Whedon followed Angel with the space western Firefly , starring Nathan Fillion , Gina Torres , Alan Tudyk , Morena Baccarin , Adam Baldwin , Jewel Staite , Sean Maher , Summer Glau and Ron Glass . Set in the year 2517 , Firefly explores the lives of the people who , on the outskirts of society , make their living as the crew of Serenity , a " Firefly @-@ class " spaceship . The series ' original concept progressed after Whedon read The Killer Angels , a book on the Battle of Gettysburg , and watched Outlaw Star , a space @-@ western anime that first aired in 1998 . An ever present element was Whedon 's injection of anti @-@ totalitarianism , writing into the show a historical analogy of the Battle of Gettysburg , the " Battle of Serenity Valley " .3 The beaten soldiers were called " Browncoats " after the brown dusters they wore as their uniforms . Whedon said , " I wanted to play with that classic notion of the frontier : not the people who made history , but the people history stepped on — the people for whom every act is the creation of civilization " . Firefly was written as a serious character study , encompassing what Whedon called " life when it 's hard " , and in elaboration was about " nine people looking into the blackness of space and seeing nine different things " . The fusion of American frontier and outer space motifs was not well received by critics , and despite critical praise in other respects , the show had an average of 4 @.@ 7 million viewers at the time and was ranked 98th in Nielsen ratings , which led to the series ' cancelation by Fox . Whedon took to Universal Pictures as a means of achieving a continuation of the story . Following Firefly was Serenity , a follow @-@ up film taking place after the events of the final episode . This developed into a franchise that led to graphic novels , books and other media . New Scientist magazine held a poll in 2005 to find " The World 's Best Space Sci @-@ Fi Ever " , in which Firefly and Serenity took first and second place , respectively . Since its cancellation , the series has attained cult status . = = = = Marvel Comics = = = = In 2004 , Whedon created the comic book line Astonishing X @-@ Men . He finished his 24 issue run in 2008 and then handed over the writing reins to Warren Ellis . One storyline from this comic , the notion of a cure for mutation being found , was also an element in the third X @-@ Men film , X @-@ Men : The Last Stand . In February 2009 , Astonishing X @-@ Men # 6 , which depicted the return of Colossus to the title , and concluded Whedon 's first story	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
's murder , the Orkneyinga saga claims that Magnus was persuaded by a son of an Orkney earl , Haakon Paulsson , who wanted an earldom for himself . It is also possible that Magnus wished to provide a realm outside Norway for his eight @-@ year @-@ old son Sigurd , who accompanied him . Magnus sailed into the Western Sea in 1098 , arriving in Orkney with a large fleet . The Chronicles of the Kings of Mann and the Isles claim that he had 160 ships , but English chronicler Orderic Vitalis states that his fleet consisted of 60 ships . Based on this , P. A. Munch suggests an initial fleet of 160 ships , of which 100 were from the leidang ( public levy ) and returned shortly after arrival ; the fleet accompanying Magnus southward in the campaigns consisted of 60 royal and baronial ships . According to Førsund , the low estimate of 120 men per ship means 8 @,@ 000 men in the royal and baronial ships and 12 @,@ 000 from the leidang ships . However , many historians believe that ship numbers in old naval campaign accounts are exaggerated . After his arrival , Magnus began negotiations with Scottish and Irish kings about the hird and control of land in Scotland , Ireland and the surrounding islands . Upon arriving in Orkney , he sent the earls Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson away to Norway as prisoners on a leidang ship , took their sons Haakon Paulsson , Magnus Erlendsson and Erling Erlendsson as hostages and installed his own son Sigurd as earl . Magnus then raided Scotland , the Southern Isles and Lewis . Meeting no significant opposition , he continued pillaging the Hebridean islands of Uist , Skye , Tiree , Mull and Islay , and the peninsula of Kintyre ; Iona was visited , but not pillaged . Magnus is also recorded as warring in Sanday , although the exact location is unclear ( there are three islands with that name in the region ) . Entered the Irish Sea , he lost three leidang ships and 120 men in Ulster . Magnus then continued to Mann , where the earl Óttar fell in a violent battle ; he also chased ( or captured ) Lagman Godredsson , King of the Isles . Mann came under Norwegian control , and Magnus and his men stayed on the island for a time . During his time there , he organised Norwegian immigration to the island and had several forts and houses built ( or rebuilt ) using timber from Galloway on the Scottish mainland . This implied he had subdued part of that region too , reducing its chieftains to tributaries . Magnus may have intended to invade Ireland next , only to find he had overextended himself . He may have been approached by Gruffudd ap Cynan , King of Gwynedd , who had been driven to Ireland by the Norman earls Hugh of Montgomery and Hugh d 'Avranches . With six ships ( according to Orderic Vitalis ) , Magnus steered towards Anglesey in Gwynedd , Wales . Appearing off the coast at Puffin Island , he interrupted a Norman victory celebration after their defeat of the Gwynedd king — for the Welsh , " so opportunely it was ascribed to divine providence " according to historian Rosemary Power ( although Magnus had not necessarily intended to side with them ) . In the ensuing battle ( known as the Battle of Anglesey Sound , according to Power " the most widely reported event in the history of Magnus " ) , Magnus shot Hugh of Montgomery dead with an arrow through his eye and defeated the Norman forces . The sources indicate that Magnus regretted killing Montgomery , suggesting that he may have been interested in an alliance with the Normans . He abruptly returned to Mann with his men , leaving the Norman army weak and demoralized . After this battle , Anglesey was considered the southern border of Norway . Gruffudd ap Cynan soon returned to the island , awarding Magnus gifts and honour ( which may indicate that Gwynedd had capitulated ) . The extension of Magnus ' kingdom probably began to concern the English , who remembered the invasion of Magnus ' grandfather Harald Hardrada in 1066 , war with Danish king Sweyn Estridson in 1069 – 70 and the threat of invasion by Cnut IV in 1085 . In Scotland internal fighting continued between rival kings , although King Edgar had gained a slight advantage . Perhaps fearing to meet Magnus in battle after the internecine strife , according to the sagas Edgar — mistakenly called Malcolm — told Magnus he would renounce all Scottish claims to islands west of Scotland in exchange for peace . Magnus accepted the offer , which reportedly gave him every island a ship could reach with its rudder set . He gained recognition of his rule in the Southern Isles , including Kintyre after demonstrating that it should be included by sitting at the rudder of his ship as it was dragged across the narrow isthmus at Tarbert . Historian Richard Oram has claimed that references to a formal agreement with the Scottish king is a " post @-@ Norwegian civil war confection " designed to legitimise the agenda of Haakon IV Haakonsson . Rosemary Power agrees with the Norse sources that a formal agreement with the Scots was probably concluded , and Seán Duffy notes that Edgar " happily ceded " the isles to Magnus since he had " little or no authority there in any case " . Magnus spent the winter in the Hebrides ( continuing to fortify the islands ) , while many of his men returned to Norway . There may have been talks at this time of Magnus marrying Matilda , daughter of late Scottish king Malcolm Canmore , but no marriage took place . Magnus returned to Norway a year later during the summer of 1099 , although many of the islands he had conquered ( such as Anglesey ) were only nominally under Norwegian control . = = = Campaign in Sweden = = = After returning to Norway , Magnus turned east . By claiming an ancient border between Norway and Sweden , he set his course for the Swedish provinces of Dalsland and Västergötland in late 1099 . In Magnus ' view , the border with Sweden should be set further east : at the Göta älv river , through the Vänern lake and north to the province of Värmland . He claimed all land west of Vänern ( chiefly Dalsland ) . Swedish king Inge Stenkilsson refuted the claim , and Magnus began a campaign in response . He raided his way through the forest villages , and Inge began amassing an army . When advised by his men to retreat , Magnus became more aggressive ; he believed that once begun , a campaign should never be aborted . In a surprise nighttime attack , Magnus assaulted Swedish forces east of Göta älv at Fuxerna ( near Lilla Edet ) . After defeating the Swedes at Fuxerna , he conquered part of Västergötland . According to a skald , Magnus conquered " fifteen hundreds from the Geats " . He had a wooden fort , surrounded by a moat , built on the island of Kållandsö in the southern portion of Vänern . Before returning to Norway , Magnus left 300 men on the island for the winter ( led by Finn Skofteson and Sigurd Ullstreng ) . According to Randi Helene Førsund , the Norwegians in Kållandsö appear to have been characterized by arrogance ( perhaps due to their successes under Magnus ) and taunted the Swedish king for taking so long to arrive . After newly formed ice connected the island to the mainland , Inge arrived with about 3 @,@ 000 men . Although he offered several times to allow the Norwegians to return home in peace ( with their plunder and possessions ) , Inge 's offers were rejected . The Swedes finally attacked , burning the fort . The Norwegians were spared and allowed to return home , after being beaten with sticks and surrendering all their possessions . Angry at the humiliating defeat , Magnus planned revenge . He entered Sweden the following year , reconquering the same areas . During the hasty campaign Magnus and his men were ambushed by Swedish forces and forced to flee back to their ships , suffering heavy losses . The war continued until 1100 or 1101 . Danish king Eric Evergood , concerned that the conflict would escalate , began peace talks between the two kings . Relations had been strained between Denmark and Norway after Magnus ' 1096 raids into Halland , and Eric feared that the conflict might spill over into his own country . The three Scandinavian kings eventually agreed to negotiate peace in the border area near Göta älv . After a constructive meeting , they agreed to preserve ancestral borders ; by marrying Inge 's daughter Margaret ( who acquired the byname Fredkulla : " Colleen @-@ of @-@ Peace " ) , Magnus acquired the lands he claimed on behalf of his ancestors . Since the marriage was childless , Dalsland never became established as a Norwegian province and was returned to Sweden after his death . = = = Second Irish Sea campaign and death = = = Magnus again set his course for Ireland in 1101 or 1102 , this time probably with a greater army than he had in his previous campaign . One of his biggest challenges was the number of petty kings and alliances on the island . Irish sources maintain that Magnus came to " take Ireland , " " invade Ireland " or " besiege Ireland . " He received reinforcements from Orkney on his way to Mann , where he set up a base to survey conditions . Tensions ran high between Magnus and the king of Munster and High King of Ireland , Muirchertach Ua Briain ( Mýrjartak ) , who was struggling with his rival Domnall Ua Lochlainn . Magnus may have tested the situation in 1101 , when unnamed sailors are said to have raided Scattery Island ( near Muirchertach 's base ) . After his arrival at Mann , Irish sources describe Magnus as agreeing to " a year 's peace " with the Irish ( suggesting enmity ; such agreements were diplomatic devices , usually negotiated between two sides in war ) . The marriage agreement described in other sources was part of the treaty ; Magnus ' son , Sigurd , married Muirchertach 's daughter Bjaðmunjo . On their wedding day , Magnus named Sigurd his co @-@ king and put him in charge of the western lands . Muirchertach also recognised Magnus ' control over Dublin and Fingal . Around the same time Muirchertach married a daughter of Arnulf of Montgomery , brother of Hugh ( who was killed by Magnus in 1098 ) . The account in Morkinskinna concerning a " foreign knight " named " Giffarðr " , who appeared at the court of Magnus before his Swedish campaign , is suggested by Rosemary Power as evidence that Magnus may have conspired with the Norman Walter Giffard , Earl of Buckingham ( or a family member ) in the revolt against Henry I of England . According to Orderic Vitalis , Magnus left treasure with a wealthy citizen in Lincoln which was confiscated by King Henry after Magnus ' death . This treasure could have been paid by Norman earls for Magnus ' support , and possibly arranged by the Giffarðr who is said to have visited Magnus ' court in the sagas . This could have provided Magnus with a lucrative return for his costly western campaigns , which were unpopular in Norway at the time . Muirchertach was skilled in diplomacy , and negotiation with the dowries of his daughters may have been part of a political game . While he may not have intended to honour his agreements with Magnus ( or others ) , he needed the latter 's assistance to crush Domnall . Magnus and Muirchertach went on joint raiding expeditions after the peace agreement , only interrupted by the winter of 1102 – 03 . The sagas claim that Magnus wintered in Connacht , but since Connacht is incorrectly claimed to be Muirchertach 's kingdom the location was corrected to Kincora , Munster by modern historians . Rosemary Power considered it more likely that Magnus would have kept his fleet near Dublin . Magnus was probably allied with Muirchertach during his campaigns against Domnall and the Cenél nEógain in 1103 , but ( in contrast to the Norse sources ) Irish sources ( the Annals of Ulster and Annals of the Four Masters ) do not describe their campaigns as successful . On 5 August 1103 , Muirchertach unsuccessfully tried to subdue Domnall in the Battle of Mag Coba . Magnus did not take part , but his Dublin subjects fought with Muirchertach . Since Magnus was closing in on the Irish throne , Muirchertach may have wanted him out of the way . According to Morkinskinna and Heimskringla , the two agreed that Muirchertach was to bring Magnus and his men cattle provisions for their return to Norway ; as this dragged on past the agreed time , Magnus became suspicious that the Irish planned an attack . He gathered his men on St. Bartholomew 's Day ( or the day before , according to Ágrip ) , 24 August 1103 , and ventured into the country . It is possible that Magnus and his men made an incautious landing to raid cattle , or the Ulaid mistook the Norwegians for cattle @-@ raiding Hebrideans . Alternatively , Muirchertach may have ordered the Ulaid to bring provisions to Magnus , inciting the Ulaid to ambush the Norwegians . Norse sources describe a large force emerging from hiding places in an ambush . The Norwegian forces were taken by surprise , and were not in battle order . Magnus attempted to assert control over his disordered army , ordering part of his force to seize secure ground and use archery fire to slow the Irish . In the melee Magnus was pierced by a spear through both thighs above the knees but he fought on , attempting to get his men back to the level campsite . An axe @-@ wielding Irishman charged him , striking a lethal blow to his neck . When his men said that he proceeded incautiously in his campaigns , Magnus is reported to have responded " Kings are made for honour , not for long life " ; he was the last Norwegian king to fall in battle abroad . Perhaps betrayed by Muirchertach , Magnus may also have been betrayed by his own men ( in particular the contingent of nobleman Torgrim Skinnluve from the Uplands , who fled to the ships during the battle ) . It is possible that Torgrim and his men may have been directed by powerful men in Norway , who wanted Magnus removed from the Norwegian throne . More Irishmen than Norwegians fell in the battle , according to Snorri Sturluson , and Magnus ' reign could have been different if Torgrim and his men had fought as directed . Magnus ' son Sigurd returned to Norway without his child bride after his father 's defeat , and direct Norwegian control in the region came to an end . Although Norwegian influence remained , no Norwegian king returned for more than 150 years . = = Descendents = = Magnus married Margaret Fredkulla , daughter of Swedish king Inge Stenkilsson , as part of the peace agreement of 1101 . Their marriage did not produce any children . His three sons ( who succeeded him as king ) were born to different women , and he had two known daughters by unidentified women : Eystein : Born 1089 to a mother " of low birth " . Sigurd : Born 1090 ; his mother 's name was Tora . Olaf : Born c . 1099 , his mother was Sigrid Saxesdatter from Vik in Strinda , Trøndelag . Ragnhild : Married Harald Kesja , Danish pretender and son of Danish king Eric Evergood . Tora : Married Icelandic chieftain Loftur Sæmundsson . Years after Magnus ' death , other men came forward claiming to be his sons ; however , it is impossible to ascertain the veracity of these claims : Harald Gille : Born 1103 in Ireland , his claim was recognised by Magnus ' son Sigurd . Sigurd Slembe : His mother was Tora Saxesdatter from Vik ; his claim was not recognised ( by Harald Gille ) . Magnus Raude : Mentioned only in Fagrskinna . = = Aftermath = = = = = Burial = = = Magnus probably died in the vicinity of the River Quoile . According to the Chronicles of the Kings of Mann and the Isles , Magnus was " buried near the Church of St Patrick , in Down " . About two miles ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) south of the cathedral on Horse Island is a mound which became known as Magnus ' Grave after its identification on an 1859 map attributed to Danish archaeologist Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae . Snorri Sturluson 's description of the marshy and difficult terrain where Magnus and his men were attacked fits the conditions in and around Horse Island , making it a strong candidate for the burial site . According to Finbar McCormick , the people who ambushed Magnus may not have wanted a Christian burial for him and his men , instead burying them near where they had been slain . The Downpatrick runestone monument marking the site was erected in March 2003 to mark the 900th anniversary of his death . The burial site is largely only accessible via the heritage railway in Downpatrick ; a halt overlooking the barrow and runestone has been built by the Downpatrick and County Down Railway . = = = Succession = = = Magnus was succeeded peacefully by his three sons : Sigurd , Eystein and Olaf . Near the end of Sigurd 's reign ( he having outlived his brothers ) during the late 1120s , the previously unknown Harald Gille came to Norway from the west claiming to be a son of Magnus Barefoot and legitimate successor to the kingdom . Sigurd recognised Harald as his brother ( and successor ) after Harald walked uninjured over nine burning ploughshares in a trial by ordeal , and he was proclaimed king after Sigurd 's death in 1130 with Sigurd 's son Magnus Sigurdsson . Since Harald was accompanied by his mother to Norway , Sigurd may have recognised a former lover of his father . Relations between Harald and Magnus Sigurdsson soured , and several years later Harald had Magnus mutilated and deposed ( hence his byname " the Blind " ) . Soon afterwards , Harald was murdered by another pretender : Sigurd Slembe , who also claimed to be a son of Magnus Barefoot and had been outlawed by Harald . After Harald 's death Slembe allied himself with Magnus the Blind , but they were defeated by chieftains loyal to Harald Gille 's family in the Battle of Holmengrå . Magnus was killed during the battle ; Sigurd was captured , tortured and executed . This began what would become the century @-@ long Norwegian civil @-@ war era . = = = Legacy = = = The earliest @-@ known native Irishman to have been named Magnus may have been the son of Muirchertach 's greatest rival , Domnall Ua Lochlainn ; Magnus became a name among the Ulaid during the 12th century . According to Morkinskinna , tribute from Ireland was received in Norway as late as about twelve years after Magnus ' death . Magnus became the subject of at least two Gaelic ballads as the character Manus Mór . In the best @-@ known version , he returns to Norway after an expedition to the west ; he is killed in the second version . The different versions are probably derived from Magnus ' two expeditions . There are also traditions concerning Magnus in Scotland in legends , poems and local history . In modern times a " Magnus Barelegs festival " has been held in Ireland and a beer named after his sword , Legbiter . In Norway , according to Førsund , Magnus has " been reduced to a sigh " in history books ; little remains to commemorate him . = = Ancestry = = = Walter de Clare = Walter de Clare or Walter fitzRichard ( died probably 1137 or 1138 ) was an Anglo @-@ Norman nobleman and founder of Tintern Abbey . A member of a powerful family , Walter was a younger son who was given lands around Chepstow Castle by King Henry I of England sometime before 1119 . Walter continued to appear in Henry 's charters for the rest of the reign , and was an early supporter of King Stephen of England , Henry 's successor as king . Walter last appears in the historical record in 1136 and died without children . His lands went to his nephew . = = Family and background = = Walter was a younger son of Richard de Clare , a Norman lord and landholder who also held Clare and Tonbridge in England . Walter 's mother was Rohese , the daughter of Walter Giffard . Rohese and Richard had at least six sons and two daughters . Besides Walter , they were Roger , Gilbert , Richard , Robert and Godfrey . The daughters were Alice and Rohese . Walter 's family of de Clare was a powerful one , with members of it having participated in rebellions and conspiracies against Henry 's older brother King William II of England ( d . 1100 ) in 1088 and 1095 . = = Life = = Little is known of Walter 's life , most of it deriving from the Gesta Normannorum Ducum written by William of Jumieges . The first mention of Walter in the historical record is when he was granted the lordship of Netherwent , including Chepstow Castle beside the River Wye , by King Henry I of England . This occurred sometime before 1119 . Walter 's lordship of Netherwent or Chepstow was generally considered a feudal barony , and Walter is considered a baron by most historians . Walter 's land grant was part of a larger series of grants by Henry in southern Wales , including some given to Walter 's brother Gilbert de Clare . Henry also granted lands to another brother of Gilbert and Walter : Robert , who received Little Dunmow . These grants from the king to the Clare family helped bring them over to the royal side during the conflict between the king and his nephew William Clito over the control of Normandy in the late 1110s . Walter was a witness on 12 of Henry 's royal charters , all before 1131 . He also was a witness for some royal charters issued by Henry 's successor , King Stephen of England , early in Stephen 's reign . One was a charter issued at Henry 's funeral on 4 January 1136 and another at Stephen 's court at Easter 1136 . These two charter attestations show that he was an early supporter of Stephen in the king 's seizure of the throne from Henry 's daughter Matilda . These early charters from Stephen 's reign are Walter 's last appearances in documents during his lifetime . Also in 1136 Walter was in charge of the defense of Le Sap in Normandy against Geoffrey V of Anjou . Walter established Tintern Abbey as a Cistercian monastery on 9 May 1131 , the second Cistercian monastic house to be endowed in Britain . The monks for the establishment came from L 'Aumône Abbey in France . Although the ruins of Tintern were the subject of a poem by William Wordsworth and a painting by J. M. W. Turner , these ruins are not Walter 's original buildings , as little remains of them . = = Death and legacy = = Historians differ over whether Walter ever married , but agree that he died childless . Michael Altschul lists no wife in his work on the Clares , and C. Warren Hollister , revising J. Horace Round 's entry in the Dictionary of National Biography for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , states that it is unclear if Walter married . Jennifer Ward , however , states that Walter married Isabella , a daughter of Ralph de Tosny . Katharine Keats @-@ Rohan states that Walter married Isabel , a daughter of Ralph de Tosny , and states that his widow gave an endowment to the cathedral chapter of Salisbury Cathedral for the sake of Walter 's soul . Walter was alive at Easter in 1136 , but died after that date . The obituary for Walter from Tintern gives his death date as 10 March , but does not state a year . A date of 1138 is usually given for his death ; though this has not been proven , it is likely . His estates passed to his nephew Gilbert de Clare , son of his brother Gilbert , who had died around 1115 . = 2nd Canadian Regiment = The 2nd Canadian Regiment , also known as Congress ' Own or Hazen 's Regiment , was authorized on January 20 , 1776 , as an Extra Continental regiment and raised in the province of Quebec for service with the Continental Army under the command of Colonel Moses Hazen . All or part of the regiment saw action at Staten Island , Brandywine , Germantown and the Siege of Yorktown . Most of its non @-@ combat time was spent in and around New York City as part of the forces monitoring the British forces occupying that city . The regiment was disbanded on November 15 , 1783 at West Point , New York . The regiment was one of a small number of Continental Army regiments that was the direct responsibility of the Continental Congress ( most regiments were funded and supplied by a specific state ) . Commanded by Colonel ( later Brigadier General ) Moses Hazen for its entire existence , the regiment was originally made up of volunteers and refugees from Quebec who supported the rebel cause during the disastrous Invasion of Canada . Hazen and his staff were later authorized by Congress to recruit in other areas to supplement their ranks . = = Origins = = Late in 1775 , Colonel James Livingston raised and commanded a regiment of Canadians which fought at St. Jean , Quebec , in support of General Montgomery 's 1775 invasion of Quebec . Livingston 's 300 Canadians , along with about 50 Americans , were instrumental in the fall of Fort Chambly during that engagement . Livingston 's regiment , which was not formalized by Montgomery until November 1775 , also participated in the action at Quebec . On January 3 , 1776 , Congress commissioned him Colonel , and his organization became known as the Canadian Regiment . Moses Hazen had served as a lieutenant in the 44th Regiment during the French and Indian War and was receiving a half @-@ pay pension for his British service . In 1775 , while he was living on this plus the income from his estate in St. Jean , Quebec , the colonial army invaded . The Americans plundered Hazen 's estate plundered and damaged his property damaged by the during the siege of the fort . Nevertheless , Hazen was arrested by the British on suspicion of spying for the Americans . He was held a prisoner for 54 days , until he was finally released by General Montgomery after the fall of Montreal in November . Hazen then joined the American cause , and took part in the battle of Quebec . Following the American failure to take the city , Hazen and Edward Antill , an American expatriate , traveled to Philadelphia to report on the battle . Congress partially compensated Hazen by establishing the 2nd Canadian Regiment . He accepted the command , thus forfeiting his British half @-@ pay . Antill was made lieutenant colonel of the regiment . Although John Duggan , one of Livingston 's captains , had been promised a regiment by Benedict Arnold , Hazen and Antill reached Philadelphia before Duggan , and Hazen smeared his name in his effort to get command of the regiment . On January 20 , 1776 , Congress authorized the 2nd Canadian Regiment with an allowed maximum strength of 1 @,@ 000 . It would consist of four battalions ( 5 companies each ) , the only oversized regiment in the Continental Army . It was assigned to the Army 's Canadian Department , and was organized by Hazen on February 10 , 1776 at Montreal , to be recruited from the Richelieu and St. Lawrence Valleys . Over the next two months , Hazen and Antill recruited in those areas , until early April , when the recruiting funds dried up , raising about 250 men . During much of the war , the 2nd Canadian Regiment was known as Congress 's Own Regiment , and Livingston 's command continued to be known as the Canadian Regiment . Greatly depleted by its five years of service , Livingston 's regiment was disbanded in the reorganization of the Continental Army on January 1 , 1781 . Its Canadian elements were assigned to Hazen 's command , which was then redesignated as the Canadian Regiment . = = Montreal and retreat = = The regiment was first assigned to garrison duty in and around Montreal , which was under Major General David Wooster 's command . In March 1776 , Wooster went to Quebec City to assume command of the army there ; Hazen was temporarily placed in command of the forces at Montreal until Benedict Arnold arrived from Quebec in April . Arnold then assigned the regiment to guard duty at Fort Chambly , where it remained until the American retreat in June 1776 . On July 2 , the Canadian Department was disbanded , and regiment was reassigned to the Northern Department . The regiment was at Fort Ticonderoga in July 1776 , Albany in September , and then Fishkill , New York for winter quarters . By the time the regiment reached Albany , its strength had dropped to about 100 . On November 12 , the regiment was assigned to the Highlands Department . It was reorganized on January 1 , 1777 to consist of four battalions ( 20 companies ) , and Hazen was given permission to recruit " at large " – that is , he was allowed to recruit from any states , not just Quebec . These recruitment efforts met with mixed success , as most states had been assigned quotas for troop recruitment to fill their line companies , and thus preferred to have men enter those commands rather than Hazen 's . On January 8 , the regiment was assigned to the Main Army . = = New Jersey campaign = = The regiment was at Princeton , New Jersey as early as May 19 , 1777 , where it was assigned on May 22 to the 2nd Maryland Brigade of the Main Army . In early August the regiment , brigaded as part of General John Sullivan 's Division , was encamped at Hanover , New Jersey . Several of the regiment 's companies participated in the Battle of Staten Island on August 22 , 1777 . Its losses included 8 officers and 40 men , with the captured including Antill and Captain James Herron . Antill would not be exchanged until November 10 , 1780 . " 25 August 1777 This Moment , while writing , Colo . Hazen showed Me a Letter , giving an account of an attempt by Gen. Sullivane on the Enemy on Staten Island last Thursday . One party under Colo . Ogden of 500 , surprised the Enemy , killed a few , made 100 prisoners & returned . Sullivane commanded Deborres Brigade , he killed 5 & made 30 prisoners . Gen. Smallwood had no Luck . He was discovered & the Enemy escaped . So far Success . About 9 o 'Clock the two Brigades joined , & began to cross at the old blazing Starr . Before all our Men got over , the Enemy came up & attacked 150 of our Men . Our People behaved bravely , drove the Enemy several Times , but were overpowered . We had but a few killed . We lost 130 privates prisoners . Colo . Antill , Major Woodson , Major Stewart , Major Tillard , Capt. Carlisle , & Duffee a Surgeons Mate are taken . Capt. Hoven , Lieut . Campbell , Lt. Anderson & Ensign Lee were not mentioned in the flagg & are suffered to be killed . Several Field & Commd. officers fell into our Hands . The above is the substance of the Letter . " = = Philadelphia campaign = = = = = Battle of Brandywine = = = Sullivan 's division then marched south to join Washington 's army in the defense of Philadelphia . On September 11 , 1777 , a battalion of 200 of Hazen 's men was sent a mile north of Jones 's Ford to cover Wistar 's Ford , and a second battalion of 200 men was posted at Buffington 's Ford about a mile north of Wistar 's Ford , situated just below the forks of the Brandywine Creek . Hazen 's troops spotted British troops in a flanking maneuver and crossing the Brandywine River . They sent a report of this movement to George Washington , who initially did not believe this intelligence despite its corroboration by Lieutenant Colonel James Ross . The regiment lost 4 officers and 73 men in the battle . = = = Battle of Germantown = = = Still under Sullivan 's command , the regiment participated in the Battle of Germantown on October 4 , 1777 . The British were encamped at Germantown northwest of Philadelphia . On the evening of October 3 General Washington ordered his troops , encamped at Skippack Creek on the north side of the Schuylkill River , to march 17 miles ( 27 km ) as part of a planned surprise attack on the British at daybreak . The Americans would then descend upon Germantown from the north in four columns , under the commands of Generals Sullivan , Greene , Armstrong and Smallwood , along four main roads leading into Germantown . The main effort of the advance was to be General Sullivan leading the column on the right and General Nathanael Greene on the left . Sullivan 's column , with the Continental troops of his own division and others , was to advance down Germantown Road against Howe 's center . The regiment was part of the platoon of the advance party that first entered Germantown before the battle became general . Unbeknownst to Washington , the columns of Greene and Smallwood got lost . Washington himself accompanied Sullivan 's force and , at 5 am , ordered him to launch the assault . The leading element of Sullivan 's column , General Thomas Conway 's brigade , attacked the British 2d Light Infantry battalion , which had been reinforced by the British 40th Regiment of Foot under command of Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Thomas Musgrave . The regiment formed part of Sullivan 's early attack on the British ; its losses were 3 officers and 19 men . = = = Winter quarters 1777 – 1778 = = = On December 21 , 1777 , the regiment and a detachment of the Maryland Line under the command of General William Smallwood ( the 2nd Maryland Brigade ) arrived at Wilmington , Delaware , to protect the city from the British . They encamped at the present @-@ day Brandywine Park in Wilmington . The highlight of this time included Smallwood 's capture of the British armed brigantine Symmetry on December 30 . This ship was laden with supplies , including winter clothing , en route to the British in Philadelphia . = = Activities on the northern front = = = = = New York and Connecticut = = = On January 24 , 1778 , Washington ordered Hazen 's regiment to Albany , New York , transferring it from the 2nd Maryland Brigade to the Northern Department . The objective was a planned invasion of Quebec . Hazen was assigned to the deputy quartermaster 's post for the expedition , which was anticipated to involve 2 @,@ 500 men . The effort was troubled by supply and manpower difficulties , suspended in February , and then called off by Congress in March . The regiment was then reassigned to the Highlands Department on April 4 and ordered to West Point . The regiment was relieved July 22 from the Highlands Department and assigned to the New Hampshire Brigade , an element of the Main Army . In July 1778 the regiment was sent to White Plains to help guard New York City . At White Plains , Hazen proposed a new potential invasion route to Quebec . This route went from Newbury in the New Hampshire Grants ( present @-@ day Vermont ) , where Hazen owned property , to Saint Francis , Quebec . On July 12 , Hazen departed Newbury to scout the route . By July 25 , he had returned to White Plains ; the effort was abandoned for the time being because the manpower was needed in the New York area . That summer , low manpower in Hazen 's regiment caused Washington to consider disbanding it ; the regiment 's size had dropped to 522 , and Washington was concerned over an excessively large number of officers ( 33 ) in the regiment . Hazen successfully argued for retention of the regiment , and noted that the large number of officers was needed because companies from the regiment were often detached to other units for service . During the autumn a large shipment of clothing and shoes arrived from France . After a lottery was held in October , Hazen 's regiment were issued the uniform of brown coats faced with red . In November , the regiment was ordered to Connecticut where it encamped at Redding for winter quarters . ( Today , this is the site of Putnam Memorial State Park , where more than 100 piles of stone in the area of the park known as the " Encampment Site " are believed to mark the locations of the huts that sheltered troops from this and other regiments . ) A weekly return for the brigade dated December 26 , 1778 , states that 162 men in the regiment were " unfit for duty for want of shoes . " = = = Coös Country = = = In March 1779 the regiment was reassigned to the Northern Department , and marched to Springfield , Massachusetts . From Springfield they marched to Charlestown , New Hampshire and picked up clothing and supplies . They arrived in what was called the Coös Country of northern New Hampshire in May , and were tasked to build a road now known as the Bayley @-@ Hazen Military Road from the Connecticut River to St. Jean , Quebec . Hazen had been secretly ordered to the area by Washington in April . Along with a large portion of Colonel Timothy Bedel 's Regiment and Major Benjamin Whitcomb 's New Hampshire rangers , they began to extend the road , a portion of which had been constructed in 1776 under the direction of Colonel Jacob Bayley . Hazen 's objective was to extend a road in a northwest direction following the general path of an old Cohâssiac Indian trail from Lower Coös to St. Johns , Quebec . The road cut through the heavily forested Upper Connecticut Valley in an area of the New Hampshire Grants that was then known as Upper Coös , but is today known as Vermont 's Northeast Kingdom . The village of Peacham became the base of operations for the military road project . The road actually started at the town of Wells River on the Connecticut River just north of Newbury . Blockhouses were built at Peacham , Cabot , Walden and Greensboro . Hazen made requisition upon the selectmen of the river towns to provide teams for the movement of his stores . Wells were dug at various points , swamps were bridged with logs and the road made passable for teams . Hazen encamped for some time on the present site of Lowell village , and he called the place " the camp at the end of the road " , although the road 's actual terminus was some miles further on . The road crossed the Vermont Piedmont — rolling hills and valleys with isolated mountains . On June 22 it was reported that Hazen with half his men were within 40 miles ( 64 km ) of St. John 's . The regiment was recalled to the New York area in August ; as a result , the road was never completed . A total of 54 miles ( 87 km ) of road was built ; the location where it ended is now known as Hazens Notch . In the fall , Hazen leveled charges of corruption and mismanagement against Isaac Tichenor , the deputy commissioner of purchases at Coös , General Bayley , the deputy quartermaster @-@ general , and Matthew Lyons , the deputy commissioner of issues . His regiment were poorly supplied the whole summer at Coös , supplies of beef arrived spoiled , and Hazen had to send his men into the fields to help with the harvest so they could eat . Courts @-@ martial were later held . = = = Winter 1779 – 1780 Jockey Hollow = = = In October 1779 the regiment was ordered to Peekskill , New York , and on November 25 it was assigned to Hand 's Brigade in the Main Army . They spent the winter at Morristown , New Jersey , where they experienced severe shortages of food . The site , known as " Jockey Hollow " , is in the Morristown National Historical Park . On January 14 , 1780 , the regiment participated in a " commando " raid of Staten Island planned in secrecy by General Washington and led by Lord Stirling . The object of the raid was a surprise attack on the enemy at the Watering Place Redoubts and to secure provisions . Preparations for the raid called for British attention to be focused on Irvine 's detachment in the vicinity of Elizabethtown , while the 2nd Canadian marched to Connecticut Farms ( present @-@ day Union ) . Meanwhile , Steward 's detachment would advance onto Staten Island , and Stirling 's forces would then push to Richmond , in the center of Staten Island , where they would surprise enemy troops . Lord Stirling had intelligence that the enemy had a force of about 1 @,@ 000 men , with the main body in huts near the Watering Place Redoubts . These were three British circular redoubts , double @-@ abatised , with about 200 men each , located at present @-@ day Fort Hill Circle in St. George , just north of Tompkinsville . Around midnight on January 14 , loaded with cannon and 1 @,@ 500 – 3 @,@ 000 troops , American forces crossed over the frozen ice of the Kill Van Kull waterway from Elizabethtown Point on 500 sleds . It was a starry night , and Loyalist spies had warned the British of the American approach . As a result , the Americans found the British on the posts and alert . With the element of surprise gone , and conditions extremely cold , the raid was aborted . American troops suffered minor frostbite injuries but brought back 17 prisoners , as well as some horses and camp supplies . = = = New York 1780 = = = In the spring of 1780 , the regiment was subjected to a thorough inspection by Baron von Steuben , and was found to be " well taken care of " . Von Steuben made recommendations as a result of his inspections ( which covered much of the Continental Army ) that resulted in the merging of the 1st and 2nd Canadian regiments in 1781 . The regiment spent the summer of 1780 at King 's Ferry , New York . Regimental orderly books show that it was at Morristown , Bryant 's Tavern , Ramapo and Preakness between April 23 and July 26 . On August 1 the regiment was reassigned from Hand 's Brigade to the New Hampshire Brigade of the Main Army . This brigade was to be under the command of Enoch Poor , but its command was ultimately given to Hazen , although Hazen was not promoted to brigadier general . On August 23 , von Steuben arrested Hazen for halting his brigade on a march without permission . The army was on the march from Tappan to the Liberty Pole , a pre @-@ war landmark located near Englewood , when Hazen halted the march for his troops to drink water . Hazen was acquitted of the charges , and promptly countercharged von Steuben with conduct unbecoming an officer over the incident ; von Steuben apologized . Following the capture of British spy John André and the defection of Benedict Arnold to the British in September 1780 , one hundred of Hazen 's soldiers , under command of Lieutenant William Torrey , were detailed to be present at André 's hanging on October 2 , at Tappan , New York . In the fall of 1780 the regiment was headquartered at Nelson 's Point in Garrison , New York , directly across the Hudson River from West Point , before entering winter quarters at Fishkill , New York in November . During this time eleven officers of the regiment , led by Major James Reid , complained to General Washington ( without first consulting Hazen ) over the lack of advancement opportunities in the regiment , which were due in part to its unusual position as being the direct responsibility of Congress , rather than under a state 's supervision . Reid also made complaints against Hazen , which were heard and dismissed in a November 1780 court martial . Hazen had Reid arrested and confined to quarters afterwards ; a long court martial ( running from December 1780 to February 1781 ) resulted in Reid 's conviction on two counts and a public reprimand by General Washington . Regimental orderly books show that during these periods the regiment had operations at Orangetown , Steeprapie and West Point between September 16 and November 19 , and at West Point from October 5 to March 5 , 1781 . = = = Reorganized as Canadian Regiment = = = On January 1 , 1781 , in accordance with von Steuben 's recommendations , the 1st Canadian Regiment was disbanded . The Canadian members were reassigned to the 2nd Regiment , which was then designated as the Canadian Regiment . Most foreign volunteers were also assigned to the regiment . Hazen and part of the regiment participated in a raid on January 22 led by Lieutenant Colonel William Hull . Hull raided a position held by a Loyalist corps under Lieutenant Colonel Oliver De Lancey Sr. that was at Morrisania ( in the present @-@ day Bronx ) . The Americans burned the enemy 's barracks , captured 52 prisoners , and took large supplies of ammunition and forage . Hazen 's men were assigned to cover their retreat . About 1 @,@ 000 British troops pursued Hull 's men beyond a point where Hazen and his men were concealed . A skirmish took place , with British losing about 35 men . On June 1 , the regiment was sent from the West Point – Fishkill area to Albany and the Mohawk River valley to guard against an expected British attack . For this action it was reassigned from the Highlands Department to the Northern Department . The regiment arrived at Albany on June 5 , and spent most of the month patrolling in the Mohawk River valley against an attack that never came . When the perceived threat subsided , the regiment was immediately ordered to return to West Point . On June 29 , Hazen was finally given a brevet promotion to brigadier general . = = Siege of Yorktown = = On August 10 , 1781 , the Canadian Regiment was reassigned from the Northern Department to the Main Army . On August 19 , Washington used the regiment to feint preparations for an attack on New York . It crossed the Hudson River at Dobbs Ferry and was ordered to march , together with New Jersey troops , to posts on the heights between Springfield and Chatham , in which position the detachment would cover a French battery that had been set up at Chatham " to veil our real movements and create apprehensions for Staten Island . " Meanwhile , the main body of the American Army was starting their southward movement toward Yorktown . The regiment withdrew , and held near Kakiat for three days from August 22 – 25 . The regiment then went down the Hudson River and joined the army on the way to Yorktown . At midnight on September 2 , 270 of the regiment and other units arrived at Christiana Bridge over the Delaware . The units unloaded the boats and transported supplies for the Continental Army to Elk Landing during the three days before the boat carriages arrived . On September 24 , Hazen was given command of the second brigade of Marquis de Lafayette 's Light Division , to which the Canadian Regiment ( now under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Antill ) was assigned . After cantonment at Williamsburg , the regiment arrived at Yorktown on September 28 . The regiment participated in the siege , and was heavily involved in the October 14 attacks on the British redoubts . According to Lafayette 's own account the Americans did not fire a gun , but used only the bayonet . The brigades of light infantry under Generals Peter Muhlenberg and Hazen " advanced with perfect discipline and wonderful steadiness . The battalion of Colonel Vose deployed on the left . The remainder of the division and the rear @-@ guard successively took their positions , under the fire of the enemy , without replying , in perfect order and silence . " = = = Guard detail at Lancaster = = = The regiment was reassigned from Hazen 's Brigade to the Middle Department on December 6 , 1781 . On this date , a portion of the regiment went to Lancaster , Pennsylvania , where they guarded prisoners taken at Yorktown . They were on this detail for 10 months with prisoners under guard at Lancaster , York and Reading . The most notable prisoner under Hazen 's watch during this time was 20 @-@ year @-@ old Captain Charles Asgill . On May 3 , 1782 , upon orders by Washington , he was selected to hang in retaliation for the brutal summary execution of American Captain Joshua Huddy by the British . In November 1782 his life was spared after heartrending correspondence by his family and intervention by the Queen of France . In June 1782 Hazen again had James Reid arrested on charges including disobedience and conduct unbecoming an officer . The court martial , held in December , resulted in a mistrial , with Hazen alleging bias on the part of the presiding judge advocate . After additional hearings , Reid was ultimately acquitted of the charges . In November 1782 , the regiment was moved to Pompton , New Jersey for winter quarters . Its duties during this time included the interdiction of trade between the countryside and the British in New York City . = = Disbanded = = In June 1783 , with the peace nearly finalized , much of the regiment was furloughed . At the same time it was transferred to the Highland Department . Pursuant to a Resolution of Congress of May 26 , 1783 , 300 soldiers were discharged on June 9 . However , members of the regiment refused to depart , whether on furlough or discharge , until they received their pay . Members of the regiment that remained were ordered to march to Washington 's cantonment near New Windsor . The regiment was reorganized into two companies on June 30 and was completely disbanded on November 15 , 1783 , at West Point , New York . Because the Canadians in the regiment were unable to return to their homes , many of them settled in camps near Albany and Fishkill , where they subsisted on handouts from Congress . General Hazen appealed to Congress to give them land grants , but this effort failed . The state of New York eventually granted Hazen and a number of his men land in the northern part of the state near Lake Champlain . = = Troop strength and casualties = = Strength The regiment 's authorized strength was 1 @,@ 000 men . Casualties = Battle of Bréville = The Battle of Bréville was fought by the British 6th Airborne Division and the German 346th Infantry Division , between 8 and 13 June 1944 , during the early phases of the invasion of Normandy in the Second World War . In June 1944 , units of the 346th Infantry Division occupied Bréville @-@ les @-@ Monts , a village on a watershed between the rivers Orne and Dives . From this vantage point , they could observe the positions of the 6th Airborne Division , defending the River Orne and Caen Canal bridges and beyond them the British Sword Beach at Ouistreham . Following several German attacks on British positions from Bréville @-@ les @-@ Monts , the capture of the village became essential to secure the 6th Airborne Division positions and protect the Allied beachhead . The British attack occurred over the night of 12 / 13 June 1944 , when Major @-@ General Richard Nelson Gale committed his only reserves , the 12th ( Yorkshire ) Parachute Battalion , a company from the 12th Battalion , Devonshire Regiment and the 22nd Independent Parachute Company . To support the attack , a tank squadron from the 13th / 18th Royal Hussars and five regiments of artillery were assigned to the division . The assault had to negotiate both the British and German artillery fire , which killed or wounded several men , including some senior officers . The attackers eventually reached and secured the village . However , every officer or sergeant major who took part in the attack was killed or wounded . After the capture of Bréville , the Germans never seriously attempted to break through the airborne division 's lines again . The British division only being subjected to sporadic artillery and mortar fire . This lasted until 17 August , when the Germans started to withdraw and the 6th Airborne Division advanced to the River Seine . = = Background = = On 6 June 1944 , the 6th Airborne Division landed in Normandy to secure the left flank of the British landing zone . The division 's objectives were to capture intact the Caen canal bridge , the Orne river bridge , destroy the Merville gun battery – which was in a position to engage troops landing at the nearby Sword beach – and the bridges crossing the River Dives , the latter to prevent German reinforcements approaching the landings from the east . The division 's two parachute brigades , landing in the early hours of 6 June , were scattered across the countryside during the parachute drop . Most of the battalions could only muster around sixty per cent or less of their total strength on the drop zones ( DZ ) . They did carry out all of their objectives , however , before the 6th Airlanding Brigade arrived by gliders to reinforce them at 21 : 00 that evening . The 6th Airborne Division , now with the commandos of the 1st Special Service Brigade under command , had to defend the Orne bridgehead . This was not an easy task as it had to face elements of the 21st Panzer Division from the south and the 346th and 711th Infantry Divisions from the east . The airborne division 's brigades prepared to hold the positions they had captured , with the 5th Parachute Brigade , as the division 's depth formation , dug into the east of the River Orne bridge . The 6th Airlanding Brigade was in the south between Longueval and Hérouvillette . The two remaining brigades dug in along a ridge of high ground that , if lost , offered the Germans a position to look down on the British landing zone . The 1st Special Service Brigade was in the north on a line from Hameau Oger to Le Plain . In between the commandos and the airlanding brigade was the 3rd Parachute Brigade . Their defensive line , however , was incomplete , as the small village of Bréville @-@ les @-@ Monts , between the commandos and the 3rd Parachute Brigade , was held by the Germans . Located on the ridge line it gave the Germans a view into Ranville , at the heart of the British position , the two captured bridges and in the distance Sword beach . = = Battle = = = = = 7 / 8 June = = = At 01 : 30 on 7 June , the 9th Parachute Battalion , with only around ninety men at the time , marched through the unoccupied Bréville . Upon arrival at the 3rd Parachute Brigade 's position , the parachute battalion was ordered to dig in at the northern end of the brigade line . They would be responsible for defending an area from the Château Saint Come , across a clearing in the woods , to a house known as the Bois de Mont . To their front was a stretch of open land leading to Bréville @-@ les @-@ Monts and the road from Amfreville to Le Mesnil @-@ les @-@ Monts . A shortage in their numbers left a large gap between the 9th Parachute Battalion and No. 6 Commando , the most southern unit in the commando defensive position , to their north . By now the German 346th Infantry Division had reached the area from its base at Le Havre . Their first attack , by the 744th Grenadier Regiment , was against the 1st Special Service Brigade . Attacking in strength , they were near to breaking through the line when No. 3 Commando counter @-@ attacked and drove them back . Later in the morning , No. 6 Commando came under artillery and mortar fire from Bréville . The commandos attacked and cleared the village of Germans , capturing several prisoners , some machine @-@ guns and four artillery pieces . Then they withdrew to their original position . The Germans reoccupied the village and formed their own defensive positions , facing the ridge line defended by the airborne division . Their positions also isolated the 9th Parachute Battalion , which was almost cut off from the rest of the division . The next day a patrol from the 9th Parachute Battalion reconnoitred the Château Saint Come . They found it abandoned , but the presence of clothing , equipment , a half @-@ eaten meal and a payroll containing 50 @,@ 000 French francs betrayed the recent German occupancy . Units of the 857th Grenadier Regiment , part of the 346th Infantry Division , attacked the battalion 's position at midday . It appeared to be only a probing attack , easily fought off by ' A ' Company . Later the same day the Germans attacked ' A ' and ' C ' Companies . This time they were repelled by Vickers machine gun fire and a counter @-@ attack by the battalion 's anti @-@ tank platoon , with a Bren machine gun group under command of the Regimental Sergeant Major . = = = 9 June = = = The next German attack was at dawn on 9 June , when a heavy mortar barrage landed on the 9th Parachute Battalion positions . Then ' A ' and ' C ' Companies were attacked simultaneously . After taking heavy casualties , the Germans retreated into the woods surrounding the Château , where they reformed and attempted another unsuccessful attack an hour later . Brigade Headquarters was attacked by a force of Germans that had infiltrated through the woods . Informed of the attack , Lieutenant Colonel Terence Otway , the commanding officer of 9th Parachute Battalion , collected ' C ' Company , his own headquarters staff and a small group armed with captured German MG 42 machine @-@ guns . They approached the Germans from the rear and trapped them in a crossfire , killing nineteen and capturing one . That afternoon two infantry platoons attacked ' A ' Company , but were fought off by a counter @-@ attack from ' C ' Company 's position . At 17 : 30 a flight of Luftwaffe Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 190s attacked the Orne bridgehead , causing little in the way of any damage . Soon afterward , Royal Air Force Short Stirling bombers arrived to carry out a parachute resupply for the division . Included in the parachute drop were 6 pounder anti @-@ tank guns , which until then had always been delivered by glider . Some forty @-@ one of the 9th Parachute Battalion 's missing men arrived at their position at 21 : 00 , bringing the battalion strength up to around 200 men . = = = 10 June = = = A reconnaissance patrol from the 13th Parachute Battalion reported a large gathering of Germans in Bréville and suspected an attack was imminent . At 08 : 00 a massive artillery and mortar bombardment fell along the 1st Special Service Brigade lines , while the 857th Grenadier Regiment , which had gathered in the village , attacked No. 6 Commando . By 10 : 30 , the attack on No. 6 Commando had been driven back , but to their left at Hauger No.4 Commandos had to win a hand @-@ to @-@ hand fight before the Germans withdrew . Twice more during the day the commandos were attacked unsuccessfully , from Sallenelles in the north and again from Bréville . At 09 : 00 one battalion of the 857th Grenadier Regiment had crossed the drop zone and approached the 5th Parachute Brigades positions . Its two forward units , the 7th Parachute Battalion and the 13th Parachute Battalion , held their fire until the Germans were only 50 yards ( 46 m ) away . The few survivors of the onslaught escaped into the nearby woods . Early on 10 June another group of thirty @-@ one men arrived at the 9th Parachute Battalion position . These and other stragglers , who had arrived through the night , brought the battalion strength to around 270 men . At 11 : 00 the Germans attacked ' A ' Company again , but this time the attack was ill @-@ coordinated and was easily repelled . Shortly afterwards the battalion killed around fifty Germans , who had started digging defences in full view of the British position . Then ' A ' Company ambushed a German patrol , causing several casualties . That afternoon a strong force of Germans occupied the Château and used it as a base to start an infantry and self propelled gun assault on the British battalion . With no mortar ammunition left , the British had to use their PIATs and machine @-@ guns to stop the attack . The next German attack was in force , using the 2nd Battalion 857th Grenadier Regiment , the 1st and 2nd Battalion 's 858th Grenadier Regiment and several companies of the 744th Grenadier Regiment with tank and armoured car support . They attempted to force a gap in the British lines between the commandos and the 3rd Parachute Brigade to reach Ranville . Two infantry companies attacked ' B ' Company 9th Parachute Battalion 's position . This assault was more determined , even naval gunfire support from the 6 inch ( 150 mm ) guns of HMS Arethusa did not stop the attack . When they reached the British position a hand @-@ to @-@ hand fight ensued , during which most of the Germans were killed . One of the prisoners taken was the commander of the 2nd Battalion 857th Grenadier Regiment , who informed his captors that " his regiment had been destroyed in the fighting against the airborne division " . The rest of the German assault came up against the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion , and was stopped by an artillery bombardment , two later attacks on them suffered the same fate . Later at 23 : 00 ' C ' Company 9th Parachute Battalion fought their way to and occupied the Château , and fought off several small attacks throughout the night . With his two parachute brigades and the commando brigade heavily engaged Major General Richard Gale contacted I Corps for armour support . He had decided to clear the woods at Le Mariquet of Germans . The objective was given to the 7th Parachute Battalion and ' B ' Squadron 13th / 18th Royal Hussars . The tanks would advance over the open ground , their only cover being crashed gliders . Meanwhile , ' A ' and ' B ' Company 's would clear the woods . In the fighting the only British casualties were ten wounded in the parachute battalion , but eight men from the Hussars were killed and four Sherman and two Stuart tanks were destroyed . The Germans from the 857th Grenadier Regiment , had twenty killed and 100 men surrendered , and were driven out of the woods . The German attacks convinced Lieutenant General John Crocker , commander of I Corps , to reinforce the 6th Airborne Division , and the 51st ( Highland ) Infantry Division was ordered to take over the southern sector of the Orne bridgehead . At the same time the 5th Battalion Black Watch was attached to the 3rd Parachute Brigade . The Black Watch were informed to prepare for an assault to capture Bréville and formed up to the rear of the 9th Parachute Battalion , ready to begin their attack the next day . = = = 11 June = = = The Black Watch would attack Bréville from the south @-@ west , but before the attack sent a company to take over the defence of the Château . At 04 : 30 supported by the guns and mortars of the airborne and highland divisions the attack began . To reach Bréville the battalion had to cross 250 yards ( 230 m ) of open ground , and when they neared the village the British artillery ceased fire . The Germans then opened fire with their artillery , mortars and machine @-@ guns . One company was completely wiped out by the German machine @-@ gun fire as it advanced over the open ground . Met with such a heavy concentrated fire , the battalion suffered 200 casualties and the attack was repulsed . The survivors retreated to the Château , but were immediately counter @-@ attacked by the 3rd Battalion , 858th Infantry Regiment , who themselves suffered heavy casualties . That afternoon three troops of tanks from the 13th / 18th Royal Hussars , were sent to reinforce the Black Watch , but they had only just started to move towards the Château when three tanks were destroyed by hidden German self @-@ propelled guns . The other tanks were withdrawn being unable to deploy in the wooded ground around the Château . The rest of the day and night passed without another attack , but the Germans sent out reconnaissance patrols to establish the exact location of the British positions and German armoured vehicles could be heard moving up to the front during the night . = = = 12 June = = = At midday on 12 June the entire 3rd Parachute Brigade position came under artillery and mortar fire prior to a major attack scheduled to start at 15 : 00 . A German battalion attacked the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion , another supported by six tanks and self @-@ propelled guns attacked the 9th Parachute Battalion and the 5th Black Watch . The battle for the Château cost the Black Watch nine Bren Gun Carriers and destroyed all of their anti @-@ tank guns . Unable to resist they were forced to pull back to the Bois de Mont , joining the 9th Parachute Battalion , which was being attacked by the German armoured vehicles . One tank in front of ' B ' Company was hit by two PIAT rounds , but remained in action . The tank destroyed two of ' B ' company 's machine @-@ gun posts , when it was hit by a third anti @-@ tank projectile and withdrew . The attack killed or wounded the last men in the Machine @-@ Gun Platoon and the Anti @-@ Tank Platoon was reduced to one PIAT detachment . The German infantry were in danger of over @-@ running the battalion , when Otway contacted brigade headquarters , informing them they were not able to hold out much longer . Brigadier James Hill personally led a counter @-@ attack of forty men from the Canadian battalion which drove off the Germans . By 20 : 00 the area defended by the two battalions had been cleared of all opposition and the front line restored . = = = Night Attack = = = Gale concluded that to relieve the pressure on the division , he had to take Bréville . The only units available for the attack were the division reserve , which consisted of the 12th Parachute Battalion ( 350 men ) , and ' D ' Company 12th Battalion Devonshire Regiment ( eighty @-@ six men ) . Another unit , the 22nd Independent Parachute Company , the division 's pathfinders , were to stand by and respond to any German counter @-@ attack . To provide fire support , Gale was given a squadron of tanks from the 13th / 18th Royal Hussars , three field artillery regiments armed with 25 pounder guns , a medium artillery regiment of 5 @.@ 5 inch guns and the division 's own artillery the 53rd ( Worcester Yeomanry ) Airlanding Light Regiment . The attack on Bréville would start at 22 : 00 , timed to catch the Germans tired and off @-@ guard following the days fighting . The start line was on the outskirts of Amfreville , which had already been secured by No.6 Commando . Lieutenant Colonel Johnny Johnson of the 12th Parachute Battalion was in command of the assault . He decided his own ' C ' Company would secure the first crossroads , the Devonshire company would then clear the north of the village . At the same time ' A ' Company would advance through ' C ' Company and secure the south @-@ east . At the rear would be ' B ' Company the battalion reserve . The attack had to cross 400 yards ( 370 m ) of open ground to reach the village , to support the assault and destroy a German position 200 yards ( 180 m ) from the start line , a troop of Sherman tanks would accompany them . At 21 : 50 the British artillery opened fire , and the Germans responded with their own artillery and mortars which forced most of the British to take cover , for the next fifteen minutes , until a lull in the German fire allowed them to continue . In the lead ' C ' Company had crossed the start line at 22 : 00 , however all its officers and the company sergeant major ( CSM ) became casualties and a senior non @-@ commissioned officer took command of the company . They continued to advance through the artillery and mortar bombardment , guided towards their objective by tracer rounds from the Hussars tanks . Repeatedly hit by the artillery and tanks , Bréville was in flames by the time the company 's fifteen survivors reached the village . The battalion 's ' A ' Company suffered a similar fate , the officer commanding was wounded crossing the start line , and at the same time every member of the 2nd Platoon was killed or wounded . The CSM assumed command of the company but was killed when they reached Bréville . The company second in command who had been bringing up the rear , reached the village and found the 3rd Platoon only had nine men left but they had managed to clear the village Château and the 1st Platoon had cleared its grounds . The Devonshire company , was moving towards Amfreville when an artillery round landed amongst them wounding several men . As they crossed the start line another shell landed nearby killing Johnson , their company commander Major Bampfylde and wounding Brigadiers Lord Lovat of the commando brigade and Hugh Kindersley of the airlanding brigade , who were observing the attack . Colonel Reginald Parker , deputy commander of the airlanding brigade and a former commanding officer of the 12th Parachute Battalion , had been wounded by the same shell but went forward to take over command of the attack . By 22 : 45 the crossroads had been secured by what remained of ' C ' Company , the eighteen survivors of ' A ' Company were in among the south @-@ eastern buildings of Bréville . In the north @-@ east of the village the twenty survivors of the Devonshire company had captured their objective . The shelling had stopped when ' B ' Company reached the village unopposed and occupied abandoned German trenches beside the church . Fearing a German counter @-@ attack on his weakened battalion , Parker ordered a defensive artillery bombardment . However , there was a misunderstanding when the order reached the artillery and a heavy bombardment landed on the British positions in the village , causing several casualties including three of the surviving officers . At 02 : 00 on 13 June the 13th / 18th Royal Hussars squadron arrived at ' C ' Company 's position at the crossroads , later followed by fifty @-@ one men from the 22nd Independent Parachute Company . Bréville was now in British control again for the third time since the landings on 6 June . But not in the numbers to defend against a German counter @-@ attack , so the 1st Battalion Royal Ulster Rifles , part of the 6th Airlanding Brigade , was moved into the village to take over from the survivors of the attack . = = Aftermath = = The final attack had cost the 12th Parachute Battalion 126 killed , and left its three rifle companies with only thirty @-@ five men between them . The 12th Devonshire company had another thirty @-@ six killed . Amongst the casualties , was every officer or warrant officer , who had either been killed or wounded . The German defenders from the 3rd Battalion 858th Grenadier Regiment , had numbered 564 men before the British assault , by the time the village had been captured there were only 146 of them left . However the left flank of the invasion zone was now secure . On 13 June the 51st ( Highland ) Infantry Division took over responsibility for the southern sector of the Orne bridgehead , releasing the 6th Airlanding Brigade to strengthen the 6th Airborne Division position along the ridge line . The next two months was a period of static warfare , until 17 August when the division crossed the River Dives and advanced north along the French coast . By the 26 August they had reached Honfleur at the mouth of the River Seine , capturing over 1 @,@ 000 prisoners and liberating 400 square miles ( 1 @,@ 000 km2 ) of France . The battle of Breville has since been claimed to have been " one of the most important battles of the invasion " . Had the division lost the battle , the Germans would have been in a position to attack the landing beaches . But after the battle the Germans never attempted a serious attack on the division again . For their accomplishment , Breville was one of six battle honours awarded to the Parachute Regiment for the Normandy Campaign . = History of the Royal Australian Navy = The history of the Royal Australian Navy traces the development of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) from the colonisation of Australia by the British in 1788 . Until 1859 , vessels of the Royal Navy made frequent trips to the new colonies . In 1859 , the Australia Squadron was formed as a separate squadron and remained in Australia until 1913 . Until Federation , five of the six Australian colonies operated their own colonial naval force , which formed on 1 March 1901 the Australian Navy 's ( AN ) Commonwealth Naval Force which received Royal patronage in July 1911 and was from that time referred to as Royal Australian	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
th century warships , created a favourable environment for the disease . The pandemic swept through the British Grand Fleet in 1918 ; the Australian cruisers assigned to the fleet suffered high casualties , with up to 157 casualties in one ship alone . Outbreaks in the Mediterranean fleets were more severe than those in the Atlantic . HMAS Brisbane recorded 183 casualties between November and December 1918 , of those casualties 2 men died of pneumonia . The RAN lost a total of 26 men to the disease ; further loss prevented primarily by the ready availability of professional medical treatment . = = = South Pacific aid mission = = = The disease arrived in the South Pacific on the cargo vessel SS Talune , which sailed from Auckland on 30 October 1918 whilst knowingly carrying sick passengers . Talune stopped in Fiji , Samoa , Tonga and Nauru : the first outbreaks in these locations occurred within days of the ships visits . The local authorities were generally unprepared for the size of the outbreak , allowing the infection to spread uncontrollably . The German territory of Samoa was the worst affected of the small islands , the New Zealand administration carried out no efforts to lessen the outbreak and rejected offers of assistance from nearby American Samoa . The New Zealand government officially apologised to Samoa in 2002 for their reaction to the outbreak . On 29 November 1918 the military governor of Apia requested assistance from Wellington ; the request was turned down because all doctors were needed in New Zealand . Australia offered the only alternate source of aid . The Commonwealth Naval Board was aware of the worsening situation in the region ; the sloop HMAS Fantome reported its first case on 11 November 1918 while stationed in Fiji , with half her complement eventually affected . On 20 November 1918 , the Naval Board began forming a joint relief expedition from available military medical personnel . The commanding officer of HMAS Encounter was then ordered to embark the expedition in Sydney and sail as soon as possible . Encounter departed Sydney on 24 November 1918 , ten minutes after completing loading . As a precaution , all 450 members of Encounter 's crew were doubly inoculated ; the ship had suffered 74 cases earlier in the year at Fremantle and the captain did not want a repeat . Encounter arrived in Suva on 30 November and took on half of the available coal and 39 tonnes of water . Spanish flu was rampant in Suva ; Captain Thring implemented a strict quarantine , placed guards on the wharf , and ordered that coaling be carried out by the crew instead of native labour . Encounter departed Suva in the evening of the same day and arrived off Apia on 3 December . Within six hours , the medical landing party assigned to Apia and their stores were ashore . Encounter then departed for the Tongan capital of Nukuʻalofa , arriving on 5 December . The last of the medical staff and supplies were unloaded , and Encounter sailed for Suva on 7 December to re @-@ coal . On arriving in Suva , Encounter received orders to return to Sydney , where reached on 17 December and was immediately placed into quarantine . The South Pacific aid mission is regarded as Australia 's first overseas relief expedition , and set a precedent for future relief missions conducted by the RAN . = = Between the Wars = = Following the end of World War I , the Australian Government believed that an immediate evaluation of the RAN was necessary . Australia had based its naval policy on the Henderson Recommendations of 1911 , developed by Sir Reginald Henderson . The government sent an invitation to Admiral John Jellicoe , he arrived in Australia in May 1919 . Jellicoe remained in Australia for three months , before returning to England via New Zealand and Canada . Jellicoe submitted his findings in August 1919 , titled the Report on the Naval Mission to the Commonwealth . The report outlined several policies designed to strengthen British naval strength in the Pacific Ocean . The report heavily stressed a close relationship between the RAN and the Royal Navy . This would be achieved by strict adherence to the procedures and administration methods of the Royal Navy . The report also suggested constant officer exchange between the two forces . Jellicoe also called for the creation of a large Far East Imperial Fleet , which would be based in Singapore and include capital ships and aircraft carriers . The creation cost for this fleet was to be divided between Great Britain , Australia and New Zealand : contributing 75 % , 20 % , and 5 % respectively . The suggested makeup of the RAN would include ; one aircraft carrier , two battlecruisers , eight light cruisers , one flotilla leader , twelve destroyers , a destroyer depot ship , eight submarines , one submarine depot ship , and a small number of additional auxiliary ships . The annual cost and depreciation of the fleet was estimated to be £ 4 @,@ 024 @,@ 600 . Except for implementing closer tier with the Royal Navy , none of Jellicoe 's major recommendations were carried out . With the end of World War I , the Australian Government began to worry about the threat Japan posed to Australia . Japan had extended its empire 3 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 900 mi ) to the south , bringing it right to Australia 's doorstep . Japan had continued to build up its naval force , and had reached the point where it outgunned the Royal Navy in the Pacific . The RAN and the government believed that the possibility of a Japanese invasion was highly likely . In his report , Admiral Jellicoe believed that the threat of a Japanese invasion of Australia would remain as long as the White Australia Policy remained in place . Due to the perceived threat , and bilateral support in Australia for the White Australia Policy , the Australian Government became a vocal supporter of the continuance of the 1902 Anglo @-@ Japanese Alliance . Australia was joined in its support for the alliance by New Zealand but was heavily opposed by Canada , which believed that the alliance had hindered the British Empire 's relationship with China and the United States . No decision on the alliance was agreed on , and the discussion was shelved pending the outcome of the Washington Naval Treaty . The results of the treaty , which allowed the British to retain naval supremacy in the Pacific Ocean , created a sense of security in Australia . Many Australians saw the Four Powers Pact as replacing the Anglo @-@ Japanese Alliance . This sense of security became known as the Ten Year Rule . This led to defence retrenchments in Australia , following the international trend , and a £ 500 @,@ 000 reduction in expenditure . The Governor @-@ General Henry Forster when opening parliament on 22 June 1922 was quoted as saying : In view of the result of attained at the Washington Treaty which , my advisors believe , guarantee peace in the Pacific for some time to come , it is proposed to reduce the establishment of the navy and army , and postpone the expansion of the air force . Between World War I and World War II , the Royal Australian Navy underwent a severe reduction in ships and manpower . As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty , the flagship HMAS Australia was scrapped with her main armaments and sunk outside Sydney Heads in 1924 . In the same year , the RAN began a five @-@ year program of obtaining new ships from Britain : the heavy cruisers Australia and Canberra and the seaplane carrier Albatross . This purchase was partly paid for by scrapping Brisbane , Melbourne , Sydney , and most of the destroyers . The Great Depression of 1929 led to another reduction of manpower ; although reduced in size , the available posts were easily filled as many men were unemployed and the offered pay was greater than most jobs . The RAN 's personnel strength fell to 3 @,@ 117 personnel , plus 131 members of the Naval Auxiliary Services . By 1932 , the strength of the Reserves stood at 5 @,@ 446 . In the early 1930s , lack of funds forced the transfer of the Royal Australian Naval College from Jervis Bay to Flinders Naval Depot in Victoria . In 1933 the Australian Government ordered three light cruisers ; HMA Ships Perth , Hobart , and Sydney ; selling the seaplane carrier Albatross to fund Hobart . During this time , the RAN also purchased destroyers of the V and W destroyer classes , the ships that would become known as the Scrap Iron Flotilla . With the ever increasing threat of Germany and Japan in the late 1930s , the RAN was not in the position it was at the outbreak of World War I. = = World War II = = Australia declared war on Nazi Germany one hour after the United Kingdom 's declaration of war on 3 September 1939 . Unlike the arrangements with the British Admiralty at the start of the First World War , during World War II RAN ships remained under Australian command . At the onset of war the RAN was relatively modest , even if it was arguably the most combat @-@ ready of the three services . Major units included : two County @-@ class heavy cruisers ; Australia and Canberra , both carried 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) guns and had entered service in the 1920s three modern Modified Leander @-@ class light cruisers ; Hobart , Perth , and Sydney , which mounted 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns the older Town @-@ class cruiser Adelaide four sloops , Parramatta , Swan , Warrego , and Yarra ; although only Swan and Yarra were in commission five V @-@ class destroyers a variety of support and ancillary craft Following the call up of reserves in 1939 the permanent forces grew from 5 @,@ 440 to 10 @,@ 259 . During the war the men and vessels of the RAN served in every theatre of operations , from the tropical Pacific to the frigid Russian convoys and grew exponentially . The table illustrates the growth of the RAN between the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939 and 30 June 1945 . = = = Operations against Italy , Vichy France and Germany = = = From mid @-@ 1940 , ships of the RAN , at the request of the Admiralty , began to deploy to the Mediterranean Sea to take part in the Battle of the Mediterranean against Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy . In September 1939 , the Admiralty and the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board agreed to deploy the RAN Destroyer Flotilla outside the Australia Station ; the five ships of what was to become known as the Scrap Iron Flotilla arrived at Malta in mid @-@ December . HMAS Sydney deployed in May 1940 and was later joined by Hobart . When Italy declared war on 10 June 1940 , the Australian warships made up five of the twenty @-@ two Allied destroyers and one of the five modern light cruisers on station in the Mediterranean . The RAN then offered the services of Australia to the Admiralty , and was accepted . When Australia arrived in the Mediterranean , the RAN had sent nearly the entire combat fleet to the Northern Hemisphere , leaving Australian open to possible attack . The entry of Italy into the war also lead to a far more active role for the few remaining RAN vessels on the Australian Station . Indeed , on 12 June 1940 , after a prolonged chase , the Armed Merchant Cruiser ( AMC ) HMAS Manoora forced the Italian merchant ship Romolo ( 9 @,@ 780 tons ) to scuttle south @-@ west of Nauru . On 27 June 1940 , Admiral Cunningham commander of the Mediterranean Fleet ordered the 7th Cruiser Squadron , which included HMAS Sydney , to rendezvous with an Egypt @-@ bound convoy near Cape Matapan . The cruiser squadron sighted three Italian destroyers at 18 @.@ 00 on 28 June 1940 and immediately engaged them . Within an hour , the Espero was incapacitated and Sydney was signalled to sink her . As Sydney approached , Espero launched torpedoes , but failed to hit any targets . Sydney fired four salvos , scoring ten direct hits on Espero . Sydney remained at the scene for two hours picking up survivors . Also on 27 June 1940 , the Console Generale Liuzzi was scuttled south of Crete after being depth @-@ charged by HMAS Voyager and the British destroyers Dainty , Ilex , Decoy , and Defender . On 29 June 1940 , another Italian submarine , the Uebi Scebeli , was sunk west of Crete by the same ships . On 7 July 1940 , a 25 @-@ ship fleet departed Alexandria , intending to meet a convoy east of Malta . The next day , a submarine sighted an Italian fleet 500 miles ( 800 km ) away ; the Allied fleet altered course to intercept . The two fleets sighted each other at 15 @.@ 00 on 9 July 1940 , and a battle that became known as the Battle of Calabria began . Four vessels of the RAN took part in the battle ; HMA Ships Sydney , Stuart , Vampire , and Voyager . Sydney was the first RAN vessel to engage the enemy , and at 15 @.@ 20 opened fire on an Italian cruiser . When the Italian fleet began to withdraw , the Allied destroyer squadron was ordered forward . Stuart , leading the destroyer force , was the first to open fire ; her opening salvo was a direct hit at a range of 12 @,@ 600 yards ( 11 @,@ 500 m ) . Both fleets retired , with the Italians withdrawing under smoke , but Italian aircraft continued to attack Allied ships . Sydney , which came under heavy air attack , was believed to have sunk . The fleet arrived back in Alexandria on 13 July . On 17 July 1940 , HMAS Sydney and the destroyer HMS Havock were ordered to support a Royal Navy destroyer squadron on a sweep north of the island of Crete . At 07 @.@ 20 on 19 July , the Italian cruisers Giovanni dalle Bande Nere and Bartolomeo Colleoni , which opened fire seven minutes later . The four British destroyers retreated to the north @-@ east , while Sydney and Havock , 40 miles ( 60 km ) away , began to close in . Sydney sighted the cruisers at 08 @.@ 29 , and fired the first shots of the Battle of Cape Spada at a range of 17 @,@ 360 metres ( 56 @,@ 960 ft ) . Within minutes , Sydney had successfully damaged Bande Nere , and when the Italians withdrew to the south , the six Allied ships pursued . At 0848 , with Bande Nere hiding behind a smoke screen , Sydney shifted her fire to Bartolomeo Colleoni , which was disabled by 0933 . The Australian cruiser left to pursue Bande Nere , but broke off at 10 @.@ 27 as the Italian warship was out of range , and Sydney was dangerously low on ammunition . The only damage to Sydney during the battle was caused by a shell at 09 @.@ 21 , which knocked a hole in the forward funnel , and wounded a sailor through splinter damage . On 30 September 1940 , HMAS Stuart destroyed the Italian 600 @-@ Serie Adua class submarine Gondar , killing two of its crew . Twenty @-@ eight survivors was subsequently rescued by Stuart , with a further nineteen picked up by other vessels . On 27 March 1941 , an Allied fleet under Admiral Cunningham was ambushed by an Italian naval force off Cape Matapan , Greece . Three vessels of the RAN took part in the battle ; HMA Ships Perth , Stuart , and Vampire . The victory at Cape Matapan allowed the evacuation of thousands of Allied troops from Crete . HMAS Parramatta was torpedoed and sunk on 27 November 1941 by U @-@ 559 whilst escorting transports resupplying the Allied garrison at Tobruk . There were 24 survivors , but 138 men , including all officers , lost their lives . The Australians experienced further success on 15 December 1941 when HMAS Nestor attacked and sank the German submarine U @-@ 127 off Cape St. Vincent , Portugal . = = = = West Africa = = = = On 6 September 1940 , HMAS Australia was ordered to sail to Freetown , Sierra Leone to join Operation Menace , the invasion of Vichy French @-@ controlled Dakar in French West Africa . On 19 September , Australia and the cruiser HMS Cumberland sighted three Vichy cruisers heading south and shadowed them . When the French cruiser Gloire developed engine trouble , Australia escorted her towards Casablanca and returned to the fleet two days later . On 23 September Australia came under heavy fire from shore batteries , then drove two Vichy destroyers back into port . Australia then engaged and sunk the destroyer L 'Audacieux with eight salvos in sixteen minutes . Over the next two days French and Allied forces exchanged fire ; Australia was struck twice and lost her Walrus amphibian . Australia and the rest of the fleet retired on 25 September the battle became known as the Battle of Dakar . = = = = The " Scrap @-@ Iron Flotilla " = = = = The Scrap Iron Flotilla was an Australian destroyer group that operated in the Mediterranean and Pacific during World War II . The name was bestowed upon the group by Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels who described the fleet as a " consignment of junk " and " Australia 's Scrap @-@ Iron Flotilla " . The flotilla consisted of five vessels ; Scott @-@ class destroyer HMAS Stuart , which acted as flotilla leader , and four V @-@ class destroyers ; Vampire , Vendetta , Voyager , Waterhen . The ships were all built to fight in World War I , and were slow and poorly armed compared to newer ships . The five destroyers — the entirety of the RAN 's destroyer force — departed Australia in November 1939 destined for Singapore where they carried out anti @-@ submarine exercises with the Royal Navy submarine HMS Rover . On 13 November 1939 , the flotilla left Singapore for the Mediterranean Sea , following a request from the Admiralty for assistance . The Australian destroyer flotilla took part in multiple actions while in the Mediterranean , including the Allied evacuation following the battle of Greece in April 1941 , though the flotilla came to fame in the mission to resupply the besieged city of Tobruk . The resupply routes from Alexandria and Mersa Matruh to Tobruk became known as " Bomb Alley " and was subject to constant Axis air attacks . The flotilla , which by this time was in poor condition , managed to make 138 supply runs to Tobruk , carrying in ammunition and stores and taking out wounded soldiers . On 28 May 1941 Vampire became the first of the flotilla to leave the Mediterranean . Vendetta , the last to leave , sailed in October 1941 . Of the five destroyers , three were lost during the war ; Waterhen was sunk in the Mediterranean on 30 June 1941 , Vampire was sunk by Japanese aircraft during the Indian Ocean Raid and Voyager ran aground at Betano , during the Timor campaign and was abandoned . = = = = Red Sea = = = = As well as serving in the Mediterranean Sea , ships of the RAN also served in the Red Sea . In August 1940 , Italian forces invaded British Somaliland . After a fighting withdrawal , the small British garrison was evacuated from Berbera , with HMAS Hobart assisting in the destruction of the port and its facilities . To aid in the delaying action , Hobart sent a 3 @-@ pounder gun ashore , operated by volunteers from the crew . The seamen were captured by the Italians , but were later liberated . Two RAN sloops joined the Red Sea force in 1940 : Parramatta on 30 July and Yarra in September . In October , Yarra engaged and drove off two Italian destroyers attempting to raid a convoy . Although vessels of the RAN served in the Red Sea throughout the war , after 1941 the larger RAN ships were deployed to Australian waters in response to the threat from Japan . = = = = Loss of HMAS Sydney = = = = On 19 November 1941 , the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and the German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran engaged each other in the Indian Ocean , off Western Australia . The two ships sank each other : Sydney was lost with all 645 hands , while the majority of the Kormoran 's crew were rescued and became prisoners of war . The location of both wrecks remained a mystery to many and subject to much controversy until 16 – 17 March 2008 , when both ships were found . = = = = North Africa = = = = RAN units continued to serve in the Mediterranean campaign , with HMAS Quiberon , taking part in Operation Torch , the invasion of North Africa . On 28 November 1942 Quiberon assisted in sinking the Italian submarine Dessiè and three days later also took part in the destruction of a four @-@ ship convoy and a destroyer . = = = = Sicily 1943 = = = = During early 1943 , eight Australian @-@ designed and built Bathurst @-@ class corvettes were transferred to Egypt from the Indian Ocean , in preparation for Operation Husky , the Allied invasion of Sicily . They were part of a 3 @,@ 000 @-@ ship Allied force . The corvettes arrived in the Mediterranean in May and were formed into the 21st and 22nd Minesweeping Flotillas . All eight ships survived the campaign without damage or casualties sustained in action , although HMAS Maryborough experienced a near @-@ miss from a German bomber . When the captain of HMAS Gawler enquired what damage had been sustained , the response from Maryborough read : " no damage except to my underpants " . = = = War with Japan = = = After the Imperial Japanese Navy 's attacks on the Allies in December 1941 , the RAN redeployed its larger ships to home waters , to protect the Australian mainland from Japanese attack , while several smaller ships remained in the Mediterranean . From 1940 onwards , there was considerable Axis naval activity in Australian waters first from German commerce raiders and submarines and later by the Imperial Japanese Navy . Initially , RAN ships served as part of the British @-@ Australian component of the American @-@ British @-@ Dutch @-@ Australian Command ( ABDACOM ) naval forces or in the ANZAC Force . ABDACOM was wound up following the fall of the Netherlands East Indies and was succeeded by the South West Pacific Area ( command ) ( SWPA ) . The United States Seventh Fleet was formed at Brisbane on 15 March 1943 , for service in the SWPA . RAN ships in the Pacific generally served at part of Seventh Fleet taskforces . = = = = Timor = = = = From February 1942 , the RAN played a critical role in resupplying Australian and Dutch commandos on Timor . Voyager was not the only loss during the campaign . On 1 December 1942 , HMAS Armidale was attacked by thirteen Japanese aircraft while attempting to land Dutch soldiers off Betano , Portuguese Timor . Armidale sank with the loss of 40 of her crew and 60 Dutch personnel . During the engagement , Ordinary Seaman Teddy Sheean operated an Oerlikon anti @-@ aircraft gun and was wounded by strafing Japanese planes , he went down with the ship , still strapped into the gun and still shooting at the attacking aircraft . = = = = Java Sea = = = = On 28 February 1942 , a joint ABDA naval force met a Japanese invasion force in the Java Sea . The Leander @-@ class cruiser HMAS Perth and the American heavy cruiser USS Houston fought in and survived the Battle of the Java Sea . On 1 March 1942 , the Perth and Houston attempted to move through the Sunda Strait to Tjilatjap however they found their path blocked by the main Japanese invasion fleet from western Java . The Allied ships were engaged by at least three cruisers and several destroyers and in a ferocious night action , known as the Battle of Sunda Strait , both Perth and Houston were torpedoed and sunk . Casualties aboard Perth included 350 crew and 3 civilians killed , while 324 survived the sinking and were taken prisoner by the Japanese ( 106 of whom later died in captivity ) . The loss of Perth so soon after the sinking of her sister Sydney , had a major psychological effect on the Australian people . Japanese losses included a minesweeper and a troop transport sunk by friendly fire , whilst three other transports were damaged and had to be beached . = = = = Coral Sea = = = = On 2 May 1942 , two ships of the RAN were part of the Allied force in the Battle of the Coral Sea ; HMA Ships Australia and Hobart as part of Task Force 44 . Both ships came under intense air attack , while part of a force guarding the approaches to Port Moresby . = = = = The defence of Australian shipping = = = = In late May and early June 1942 , a group of five Imperial Japanese Navy submarines made a series of attacks on Sydney and the nearby port of Newcastle . On the night of 31 May – 1 June , the submarines launched three Ko @-@ hyoteki @-@ class midget submarines against Allied shipping in Sydney Harbour . A torpedo intended for the cruiser USS Chicago exploded under the depot ship HMAS Kuttabul , killing 21 . On 8 June , two of the submarines shelled Sydney and Newcastle , with little effect . In response , the RAN instituted convoys between Brisbane and Adelaide . All ships of over 1 @,@ 200 tons and with speeds of less than 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) were required to sail in convoy when travelling between cities on the east coast . The attack on Sydney and Newcastle marked the start of a sustained Japanese submarine campaign against Australia . During 1942 , Japanese submarines sank 17 ships in Australian waters , although none of these ships were sailing as part of a convoy . 16 ships were sunk in Australian waters during 1943 , before the Japanese ended the campaign in July . Five of these ships were sunk while sailing in escorted convoys . The Australian naval authorities gradually dismantled the coastal convoy system between December 1943 and March 1944 . By the end of the war , the RAAF and RAN had escorted over 1 @,@ 100 convoys along the Australian coastline . While the scale of the Japanese naval offensive directed against Australia was small compared to other naval campaigns of the war such as the Battle of the Atlantic , these attacks were " the most comprehensive and widespread series of offensive operations ever conducted by an enemy against Australia " . Although the RAN only sank a single full @-@ sized Japanese submarine in Australian waters ( I @-@ 124 in January 1942 ) convoy escorts may have successfully reduced the threat to shipping in Australian waters by making it harder for Japanese submarines to carry out attacks . Whilst escorting convoys between Australia and New Guinea , HMAS Arunta attacked and sank the Japanese Kaichu type submarine RO @-@ 33 off Port Moresby on 24 August 1942 , killing all 42 men aboard . = = = = Loss of HMAS Canberra = = = = The loss of HMAS Canberra at the Battle of Savo Island in August 1942 was the largest single ship loss the RAN experienced during World War II . In the early hours of the morning of 9 August 1942 , Canberra was severely damaged off Guadalcanal in a surprise attack by a powerful Japanese naval force . Canberra was hit by 24 shells in less than two minutes , with 84 of her crew killed , including Captain Frank Getting . Following an order to abandon ship , Canberra was sunk the next day by a torpedo from a US destroyer , to prevent it being captured . The loss of Canberra , following the losses of Sydney and Perth , attracted unprecedented international attention and sympathy for the RAN . US President Franklin D. Roosevelt wished to commemorate the loss of Canberra and requested that a US heavy cruiser under construction be named Canberra . USS Canberra was launched on 19 April 1943 . The British Government approved the transfer of HMS Shropshire to the RAN as a replacement , and the ship was commissioned as HMAS Shropshire on 20 April 1943 . = = = = Leyte Gulf and Lingayen Gulf = = = = Between 23 – 25 October 1944 four RAN warships – HMA Ships Australia , Shropshire , Arunta , and Warramunga – took part in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history . In the lead @-@ up , on 21 October , Australia became the first Allied ship to be hit by a kamikaze aircraft near Leyte Island . Gunners from Australia and Shropshire fired at , and reportedly hit , an unidentified Japanese aircraft . The plane then flew away from the ships , before turning and flying into Australia , striking the ship 's superstructure above the bridge , and spewing burning fuel and debris over a large area , before falling into the sea . A 200 @-@ kilogram ( 440 lb ) bomb carried by the plane failed to explode ; if it had , the ship might have been effectively destroyed . At least 30 crew members died as a result of the attack , including the commanding officer , Captain Emile Dechaineux ; among the wounded was Commodore John Collins , the Australian force commander . Australia remained on duty , but on 25 October , was hit again and was forced to retire to the New Hebrides for repairs . Shropshire and Arunta remained at Leyte and were part of the United States Seventh Fleet Support Force at the Battle of Surigao Strait on 25 October . During this action both ships contributed to the sinking of the Japanese battleship Yamashiro , with Shropshire firing thirty @-@ two eight @-@ gun broadsides into the battleship with her 8 @-@ inch guns in a period of 14 minutes . HMAS Australia returned to combat at the Battle of Lingayen Gulf in January 1945 . During the battle Australia was repeatedly attacked between 5 – 9 January , suffering significant damage which forced it to retire once more . = = = = Ships with British fleets 1942 – 45 = = = = In 1940 – 42 , five N class and two Q class were built in the UK and commissioned into the RAN for service with the British Eastern Fleet : HMA Ships Napier , Nepal , Nestor , Nizam , Norman , Quiberon , and Quickmatch . These ships were predominantly crewed by RAN personnel , although they were often commanded by British officers and remained the property of the British government . Following the Japanese raid on Ceylon of March – April 1942 , the Eastern Fleet was transferred from its base at Trincomalee , to the other side of the Indian Ocean : Kilindi in Kenya . From there the fleet undertook local patrols , escorted convoys and occasionally despatched ships to operations in the Mediterranean . During Operation Vigorous , a convoy to Malta in June 1942 , Nestor was serious damaged in an air raid and slowly sank . On 11 February 1944 the corvettes HMA Ships Ipswich and Launceston , in conjunction with the Indian sloop Jumna , sank the Japanese submarine Ro @-@ 110 in the Bay of Bengal after the later had torpedoed a ship in a Calcutta @-@ bound convoy . From late 1944 , Nepal , Norman and Quiberon were transferred , along with many other Eastern Fleet ships , to the new British Pacific Fleet ( BPF ) . Among other operations with the BPF , they took part in the Battle of Okinawa . In late 1945 , following the end of hostilities , the RAN acquired three more Q @-@ class destroyers : Queenborough , Quality , and Quadrant . = = = The End of the War 1945 = = = By the end of World War II , the RAN 's combat strength numbered 150 ships with an additional 200 auxiliary craft with the service reaching its peak in June 1945 , when it ranks swelled to 39 @,@ 650 personnel . During the six years of war , the RAN lost three cruisers , four destroyers , two sloops , a corvette , and an auxiliary minesweeper to enemy action . Casualties included 1 @,@ 740 personnel from the 19 ships sunk , and another 436 personnel killed aboard other ships or at other posts . By most measures , such losses were heavy for such a small service , representing over half its pre @-@ war strength in ships and one @-@ fifth in men . Against this the RAN destroyed one cruiser , an armed merchant raider , three destroyers or torpedo boats , a minesweeper , many light craft and seven submarines . It also destroyed or captured more than 150 @,@ 000 tons of Axis merchant shipping and shot down more than a hundred aircraft . Although difficult to quantify the RAN also played a role in numerous other successes . = = = = Surrender and occupation of Japan = = = = Ten RAN vessels were present at the signing of the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945 ; HMA Ships Ballarat , Cessnock , Gascoyne , Hobart , Ipswich , Napier , Nizam , Pirie , Shropshire , and Warramunga . Following the surrender ceremony , the majority of the RAN vessels left Japanese waters for other duties . As part of the surrender agreement , Japan agreed to an Allied occupation and disarmament . On 17 August 1945 , the Australian Government agreed to provide two cruisers and two destroyers for service with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) . A total of 15 RAN ships served with the BCOF , the ships performed a variety of tasks but were mainly employed on the Kyushu Patrol , preventing Korean nationals from illegally entering Japan . The RAN also played a role in the disarmament of Japan , assisting in the scuttling of former Imperial Japanese Navy ships , in one instance Quiberon took part in the sinking of seven submarines of Kyushu as part of Operation Bottom . When Indian and New Zealand contingents began to withdraw from the BCOF , the operation became a predominantly Australian operation . In 1948 , Kure naval base was turned over to Australia , and became known as HMAS Commonwealth . When North Korea invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950 , one RAN ship was on station as part of BCOF . The Australian Government immediately offered HMAS Shoalhaven for United Nations service . Eventually , all RAN ships in the area were transferred to the command of British Commonwealth Forces Korea ( BCFK ) . Clearing mines from Australian and New Guinean waters was another focus for the RAN in the years after the war . Minesweeping began in December 1945 and was conducted by HMAS Swan , eight Bathurst @-@ class corvettes and several smaller craft from a base at Cairns . The work was arduous and dangerous , and HMAS Warrnambool was sunk with the loss of four men killed and another 25 wounded when she struck a mine off North Queensland on 13 September 1947 . The RAN completed this task in August 1948 after sweeping 1 @,@ 816 mines . = = Cold War = = Following World War II , the RAN reduced its surface fleet but continued to expand in other ways , acquiring two Royal Navy Majestic @-@ class aircraft carriers then under construction ( HMAS Melbourne and HMAS Sydney ) to build up a Fleet Air Arm . In the 1960s , the RAN began to move away from British @-@ designed ships ; the last major British design used was the Type 12 frigate , which formed the basis of the River @-@ class frigates . When it was decided that the RAN should commission a destroyer armed with guided missiles , the obvious British design was the County class ; however , the RAN had reservations regarding the gas turbine propulsion , the Seaslug missile system , and the ability to adapt the design to Australian needs . Instead , the Australian government chose the United States @-@ built , steam turbine @-@ powered Charles F. Adams @-@ class destroyer , armed with the Tartar missile as the basis for its Perth class , the first major US warship design chosen for the RAN . By the mid @-@ late 1960s , the RAN was at the zenith of its operational capabilities ; it was capable of dispatching a full carrier battle group in support of major operations by having in service an aircraft carrier ( HMAS Melbourne ) , three large area defence destroyers of the Perth class , six modern River @-@ class frigates and four Oberon @-@ class submarines . With the retreat of British forces west of the Suez Canal in the 1960s , the RAN began to take a more defensive role , and in co @-@ operation with the United States , allied though the ANZUS treaty . The RAN saw service in many of the world 's post war conflicts , including Korea , Vietnam , and the Indonesian Confrontation . = = = Korea = = = On 27 June 1950 , the United Nations Security Council called on member nations to aid South Korea . On 29 June , Prime Minister Robert Menzies announced that the frigate HMAS Shoalhaven , stationed in Japan , and the destroyer HMAS Bataan , in Hong Kong , would be placed under UN command in Korea . On 1 July , one day after President Truman committed American ground forces to Korea , the first Australian operation in Korea took place ; Shoalhaven escorted an American ammunition ship from Japan to Pusan . The destroyer Warramunga was deployed in July 1950 , and provided gunfire support during the X Corps landing at Wonsan in October . In December , Bataan and Warramunga assisted the mass evacuation of troops and refugees from Hungnam . The aircraft carrier Sydney was deployed to Korea between September 1951 and January 1952 — the first carrier owned by a Commonwealth Dominion to see wartime service . During this time , 2 @,@ 366 sorties were flown from Sydney , with only fifteen aircraft lost and three pilots killed . Over the course of the Korean War , nine ships of the RAN participated in the naval blockade of North Korea . = = = Malaya = = = The Malayan Emergency was declared on 18 June 1948 , prompted by a rise in Malayan Communist guerrillas in Malaya ( later Malaysia ) . Australia , as a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization , first deployed two RAAF squadrons to the region in 1950 . In 1955 , the Far East Strategic Reserve was created as a concentration of Commonwealth military forces ( primarily British , New Zealand , and Australian ) in Malaya for the protection of that nation from communist threats . Australia 's commitment included two destroyers or frigates on station at any time , plus an annual visit by an aircraft carrier , and additional ships as needed . Training for the potentiality of war was the main occurrence for ships deployed to the Strategic Reserve , with RAN personnel gaining experience in working as part of a larger naval organisation . The first ships of the RAN to arrive in the area were the Tribal @-@ class destroyers Warramunga and Arunta in June 1955 . Between 1955 and 1960 , eleven other ships of the RAN operated with the Strategic Reserve : Anzac , Melbourne , Quadrant , Queenborough , Quiberon , Quickmatch , Sydney Tobruk , Vampire , Vendetta , and Voyager . = = = Indonesia = = = In response to the Indonesian invasion of Borneo and Malaya in 1963 , Australia increased its presence in the region . At the outbreak of hostilities , the RAN frigates Yarra and Parramatta were on duty in the area . As tension mounted , Australia increased its presence by sending Sydney , Vampire , Vendetta , Duchess , and Derwent to the area . On 19 May 1964 , the 16th Minesweeping Squadron , comprising six Ton @-@ class minesweepers , was also deployed . On 13 December 1964 , the minesweeper HMAS Teal was fired upon with automatic weapons by an unlit vessel whilst operating as part of the Singapore Strait patrol . The vessel was overpowered and arrested by Teal , following a further small arms engagement that resulted in the deaths of three Indonesian crew members . On 23 February 1965 , Teal was again involved in another engagement , she detected an unlit vessel off Cape Rachado . The suspicious vessel was closed on and illuminated , and revealed nine armed men in uniform who surrendered immediately upon challenge . On 13 March 1964 , HMAS Hawk became the second vessel of the 16th Minesweeping Squadron to see action , when she was fired on by an Indonesian shore battery while patrolling off Raffles Lighthouse . Eleven high @-@ explosive rounds were fired at the ship , some landing within 200 yards ( 200 m ) of the vessel , and Hawk withdrew from the area at speed . The following morning , Hawk intercepted a sampan with five Indonesians on board who were promptly arrested . When Indonesian forces crossed the border into Sebatik Island , Sabah on 28 June 1965 , HMAS Yarra was called on to carry out bombardments disrupting the withdrawal of the Indonesians . Yarra carried out two more bombardments of the border area on 5 and 10 July . During three runs , Yarra fired a total of 70 rounds on the enemy . On 13 August 1966 , an agreement between Indonesia and Malaysia brought an end to the conflict . = = = Melbourne @-@ Voyager collision = = = During the night of 10 February 1964 , the worst peacetime disaster in the RAN 's history occurred when the destroyer HMAS Voyager was cut in two by the bow of the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne , killing 82 of the 293 men on board Voyager . Melbourne was conducting air group exercises off Jervis Bay with Voyager acting as the plane guard destroyer . After a series of manoeuvres to reverse the course of the ships , Voyager ended up to starboard of Melbourne , and was ordered to resume her position ( behind the carrier and to port ) at 20 @.@ 52 . Instead of turning away from Melbourne , Voyager unexpectedly turned towards the carrier , and did not alter course until it was too late . At 20 @.@ 56 , Melbourne 's bow hit the destroyer just behind the bridge , and cut her in half , with the bow sinking quickly . The search for survivors went on through the night ; of the 314 aboard , 14 officers , 67 sailors , and 1 civilian dockyard worker were killed , including Captain Duncan Stevens . Following the collision Prime Minister Menzies ordered a Royal Commission to investigate the event . The Commissioner concluded that the collision was primarily the fault of Voyager 's bridge crew not maintaining an effective lookout , but also placed blame on Melbourne 's Captain John Robertson ( who resigned shortly after ) and two other officers for failing to alert Voyager or take effective measures to avoid collision . The handing of the Royal Commission was seen as poor , and after a combination of public pressure and claims that Stevens had a drinking problem , a second Royal Commission was announced : the only time two Commissions have been held for the same incident . The second Royal Commission found that Stevens was likely medically unfit for command , that some of the first Commission 's conclusions were therefore incorrect , and the Melbourne officers were not at fault . The two commissions caused great anguish in the hierarchy of the RAN , which was not accustomed to such tight scrutiny , and led to the eventual dismantling of the Naval Board 's isolation from the civilian world . = = = Vietnam War = = = Ships of the Royal Australian Navy were stationed on continuous operational service in Vietnam between 1965 and 1972 ; a total 18 ships served in Vietnam waters during the war . During this period , the Navy performed a wide variety of operational tasks at sea , ashore , and in the air . The RAN 's primary contribution consisted of destroyers , Fleet Air Arm personnel attached to a United States Army helicopter company and No. 9 Squadron RAAF , a Clearance Diving Team , and a logistical support force consisting of transport and escort ships . Other RAN personnel served ashore in medical teams or performed staff duties at the Australian Embassy in Saigon or the 1st Australian Task Force Headquarters at Nui Dat . The RAN did not deploy operationally until 1965 , but in 1962 HMAS Vampire and HMAS Quickmatch made goodwill visits to Saigon . They were followed a year later by similar visits by HMAS Quiberon and HMAS Queenborough . In 1967 , HMAS Hobart became the first RAN destroyer to be operationally deployed to Vietnam . Hobart served three tours in Vietnam from March to September in 1967 , 1968 , and 1970 . During her operations , she fired 10 @,@ 000 rounds at 1 @,@ 000 shore targets and came under fire around 10 times , including on one occasion by a United States F @-@ 4 Phantom . Hobart was awarded the United States Navy Unit Commendation in recognition of her service in Vietnam , while sister ship Perth received both the United States Navy Unit Commendation and the Meritorious Unit Commendation . Clearance Diving Team 3 was awarded the US Presidential Citation , two US Navy Unit Commendations and a US Meritorius Unit Commendation . The only non US Unit to ever receive all 3 awards . After their five years of service in Vietnam , the four gunline destroyers ; Perth , Brisbane , Hobart and Vendetta steamed over 397 @,@ 000 miles and fired 102 @,@ 546 rounds . The aircraft carrier HMAS Sydney was converted for troopship duties in the early 1960s , and began her first voyage to Vietnam in May 1965 , transporting the 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment , from Sydney to Vung Tau in southern Vietnam . Sydney became known as the Vung Tau Ferry and made 25 voyages to Vietnam : carrying 16 @,@ 094 troops , 5 @,@ 753 deadweight tons ( 5 @,@ 845 t ) of cargo and 2 @,@ 375 vehicles . In 1969 , the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne rammed and sank another destroyer . During the night of 2 – 3 June , USS Frank E. Evans was escorting the carrier during multinational wargames in the South China Sea . Ordered to the plane guard station , Evans crosses the carrier 's bows and was cut in two , killing 74 United States personnel . A Joint RAN @-@ USN Board of Inquiry was established , which found Melbourne 's Captain John Stevenson and three officers from Evans at fault . Despite being cleared by a RAN court @-@ martial , Stevenson resigned after receiving similar treatment to Robertson in the first collision . HMAS Melbourne is believed to be the only warship to sink two friendly vessels in peacetime . In April 1971 , Prime Minister John Gorton announced that Australian forces in Vietnam would be reduced . This led to the withdrawal of the clearance divers in May and the Fleet Air Arm in June . The final RAN destroyer on the gunline , Brisbane , returned to Sydney on 15 October 1971 . The Whitlam government withdrew all Australian forces from and stopped military aid to South Vietnam . HMAS Jeparit returned to Sydney on 11 March 1972 and was followed the next day by HMAS Sydney . During the 10 years that the RAN was involved in the war , eight officers and sailors were killed , and another 46 were either wounded or suffered other injuries . = = = Cyclone Tracy = = = During the morning of 25 December 1974 , Tropical Cyclone Tracy struck the city of Darwin , killing 71 people and causing $ 4 billion of damage ( 1998 A $ ) . In response to the cyclone , the RAN embarked upon Operation Navy Help Darwin ; the largest peacetime disaster relief operation in its history , involving 13 ships , 11 aircraft and some 3 @,@ 000 personnel . When Tracy struck Darwin , the RAN had a total of 351 personnel based in the city , along with four Attack @-@ class patrol boat ; the small number of men limited the capability of the RAN to render immediate assistance to the citizens of Darwin . All four patrol boats were damaged in some way : Advance and Assail were able to weather the cyclone with minor damage , but Attack was forced aground , and Arrow sank after colliding with Stokes Hill Wharf , killing two personnel . Land @-@ based naval installations were also heavily damaged by the cyclone , Darwin Naval Headquarters was destroyed , as were large sections of the patrol boat base and the married quarters . The oil fuel supply installation and naval communications station at HMAS Coonawarra were also damaged . The initial RAN relief which was limited to search and rescue in the area of Darwin Harbour and Melville Island , which was hindered by the lack of reliable communications . As the severity of the disaster was realised , a naval task force was established to render aid to the people of Darwin ; Operation Navy Help Darwin . A general recall was issued to all personnel ; volunteers from shore bases and ships unable to sail were used to replace those who could not return to their ships in time . The first RAN assets arrived in Darwin on 26 December , a HS 748 aircraft carrying blood transfusion equipment and Red Cross workers , followed shortly by another HS 748 carrying Clearance Diving Team 1 ( CDT1 ) . Ships also began departing for Darwin on 26 December : Balikpapan and Betano departed from Brisbane , Flinders sailed from Cairns , while Melbourne ( with Rear Admiral Wells aboard ) , Brisbane , and Stuart left Sydney . The next day , Hobart , Stalwart , Supply , and Vendetta left Sydney , while Brunei and Tarakan sailed from Brisbane . The last ship , Wewak , left Brisbane on 2 January . The first vessels , HMA Ships Brisbane and Flinders , arrived in Darwin on 31 December . Flinders surveyed the approaches to Darwin , ensuring the safety of the taskforce , while Brisbane landed working parties and established communications . The entire 13 @-@ ship task force had arrived in Darwin by 13 January 1975 , bringing over 3 @,@ 000 personnel . RAN personnel was primarily assigned to clear the suburbs of Nightcliff , Rapid Creek , Northern Territory , and Casuarina , while aircraft and helicopters were used to move evacuees and supplies , and CDT1 inspected ships in the harbour for damage and cleared several wharves . Vessels of the task force began to depart Darwin as early as 7 January , with HMA Ships Brisbane and Stalwart the last to depart on 31 January , after command of the relief operation was turned over to the Commandant of the Army 's 7th Military District . = = = Pacific patrol boat program = = = Following the introduction of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) the exclusive economic zone ( EEZ ) of many coastal nations was increased from 12 to 200 Nmi . The sudden expansion of responsibility dramatically increased the area of ocean requiring surveillance , monitoring and policing by these nations , increasing the strain on existing maritime patrol resources , and highlighting the need for countries without a maritime patrol force to obtain one , especially in the South West Pacific area . In 1979 , the Australian and New Zealand Governments , at the request of Pacific Island nations , sent defence representatives into the South @-@ West Pacific region to assess surveillance and maritime patrol requirements . The governments of a number of the Pacific nations expressed their concern about the need for a suitable naval patrol force to meet their new surveillance requirements . The Australian government responded by creating the Defence Cooperation Project ( DCP ) , to provide suitable patrol vessels , training and infrastructure to island nations in the region . The Pacific Patrol Boat Systems Program Office was created within the Minor War Vessels Branch of the RAN procurement organisation . The tender for the vessels was released in August 1984 , and was awarded to Australian Shipbuilding Industries Pty Ltd ( now Tenix Western Australia ) in September 1985 . The first of ten vessels was to be delivered in early 1987 . The first vessel , HMPNGS Tarangau , was officially handed over to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force on 16 May 1987 . Over the course of the project the number of participating countries increased . By the end of the construction phase of the project , a total of 22 boats had been delivered to 12 countries , compared to the original order of 10 boats for 8 countries . In total , the project cost for 22 vessels and associated support was A $ 155 @.@ 25 million . The RAN never operated the Pacific @-@ class patrol boat ( PPB ) , although the project has given the RAN a number of advantages in the Pacific region . The introduction of self @-@ reliant patrol forces throughout the region has eased the strain on Australia 's own maritime patrol force . Cooperation between Australia and its Pacific neighbours has allowed for a greater allocation of RAN patrol boats to protecting Australia 's maritime resources , patrolling the Sea Lines of Communication ( SLOC ) , and conducting border protection operations . The PPB 's have recently undergone a mid life refit which could potentially see them operating in the region until at least 2027 . = = = Two @-@ Ocean Policy = = = The main role of the Royal Australian Navy in the two decades following the end of Australia 's involvement in the Vietnam War was supporting Australian diplomatic initiatives . In line with this goal the RAN exercised with the navies of Australia 's allies and provided support to civil authorities in Australia and the South Pacific . The RAN 's main military concern from the 1970s was the activities of the Soviet Navy in the Indian Ocean . These concerns lead to increased co @-@ operation with the United States Navy and the development of the RAN 's main base in Western Australia , HMAS Stirling . During the late 1970s , the RAN replaced many of its ageing ships with modern equivalents . While it planned to purchase the British aircraft carrier HMS Invincible to replace Melbourne , Britain 's offer of the carrier was withdrawn after the Falklands War . As a result , Melbourne was decommissioned without replacement in 1982 and the Fleet Air Arm retired almost all of its fixed wing aircraft on 30 June 1983 . In 1987 , the Hawke Government 's Defence White Paper called for the RAN to become a more self @-@ reliant two @-@ ocean navy with major fleet bases in New South Wales and Western Australia . The plan called for the expansion of Stirling on Garden Island and Jervis Bay to accommodate an expanded RAN combat surface and submarine fleets . The plan originally called for the major combat units and submarines to be split between the two fleet bases , providing similar capabilities on both sides of the continent . The proposed Jervis Bay naval base never became a reality ; Fleet Base East was built up around HMAS Kuttabul in Sydney while HMAS Stirling is home to half the surface fleet and the entire submarine fleet . The rationale behind the policy included the possibility of savings in fuel and maintenance that would result from Indian Ocean deployments beginning their journey from Western Australia rather than New South Wales . The report also classed the Indian Ocean as an area where contingencies might arise . The new facilities would increase Australia 's worth to the United States , particularly to do with maintenance of submarines . Expansion at Jervis Bay would allow intensified east coast visits by the United States Pacific Fleet , and its nuclear warship visits would not run into as much opposition as they do in Sydney and Melbourne . The 1987 White Paper was seen by many as an attempt to strengthen Australia 's relationship with the United States , which had been damaged by New Zealand 's stance against nuclear weapons in its ports . In line with this policy , the RAN was structured to become more self @-@ reliant and its activities during the late 1980s were focused on operating within Australia 's local region . The Two Ocean Policy remains in place today and is supported by the current Australian Government and the opposition . The success of the policy is especially evident at HMAS Stirling . The base is thriving and its location both in a global and local context gives it an advantage over Fleet Base East . It has been suggested that all eight Anzac class ships be relocated to Stirling , this would create an easier training environment for sailors and would lead to significant cost savings . = = Post Cold @-@ War = = = = = The Gulf Wars = = = Australia 's contribution to the 1991 Gulf War centred on a Naval Task Group , initially Task Group 627 @.@ 4 , which formed part of the multi @-@ national fleet in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman . In addition , medical teams were deployed aboard a US hospital ship and a naval clearance diving team took part in de @-@ mining Kuwait 's port facilities at the end of the war . Over the period from 6 September 1990 to 4 September 1991 the RAN deployed a total of six ships to the area : HMA Ships Adelaide , Brisbane , Darwin , Success , Sydney , and Westralia . Clearance Diving Team 3 operated in the theatre from 27 January 1991 to 10 May 1991 . It was involved in mine clearing operations in Kuwait from 5 March to 19 April 1991 . After the end of the first Gulf War the Royal Australian Navy periodically deployed a ship to the Gulf or Red Sea to assist in maintaining sanctions against Iraq . Until the outbreak of the Second Gulf War the Australian naval force in the Persian Gulf continued to enforce the sanctions against Iraq . These operations were conducted by boarding parties from the RAN warships . Upon the outbreak of war , the RAN 's focus shifted to supporting the coalition land forces and clearing the approaches to Iraqi ports . HMAS Anzac provided gunfire support to Royal Marines during fighting on the Al @-@ Faw Peninsula and the Clearance Diving Team took part in clearing the approaches to Umm Qasr . Boarding operations continued during the war , and on 20 March , boarding parties from HMAS Kanimbla seized an Iraqi ship carrying 86 naval mines . Since the end of the war the RAN has continuously maintained a frigate in the Persian Gulf to protect Iraq 's oil infrastructure and participate in counter @-@ smuggling operations . Twelve Australian sailors were deployed to Umm Qasr , Iraq between January and October 2004 to join the multi @-@ national training team working with the Iraqi Coastal Defense Force . The RAN has also assumed command of coalition forces in the Persian Gulf on two occasions ; Combined Task Force 58 in 2005 and Combined Task Force 158 in 2006 . = = = HMAS Westralia fire = = = On 5 May 1998 , a fire broke out onboard HMAS Westralia while off the Western Australia coast . The fire was caused by the rupture of a flexible fuel line ( one of a number used to replace rigid hoses ) on cylinder number nine , starboard engine . This sprayed diesel fuel onto a hot indicator cock , which ignited a spray fire , resulting in the deaths of four crew . Following the fire , the Australian Government and the RAN began a major investigation known as the Westralia Board of Inquiry . The enquiry found that the RAN and the contractor Australian Defence Industries ( ADI ) did not critically examine their course of action and that key personnel in both the RAN and the contractor were insufficiently trained and qualified . The inquiry also found that the hoses were not properly designed and were unfit for the intended purpose . In 2005 , ADI was fined $ 75 @,@ 000 for failing to provide a safe workplace . Seven sailors who were apparently severely traumatised by the fire have also sued ADI and subcontractor Jetrock . In August 2006 , the Australian Government decided to accept liability after it reached settlement with the ADI and Jetrock . The seven sailors stand to receive compensation totalling up to $ 10 million . = = = East Timor = = = During the Australian @-@ led United Nations peacekeeping mission to East Timor in 1999 known as INTERFET , the RAN deployed a total of 16 ships to the mission : HMA Ships Adelaide , Anzac , Balikpapan , Brunei , Darwin , Farncomb , Jervis Bay , Labuan , Success , Sydney , Tarakan , Tobruk , Waller , Westralia , Newcastle and Melbourne . The RAN played a vital role in transporting troops and providing protection to transports and were vital to the success of INTERFET . The RAN returned to East Timor in 2006 under Operation Astute the United Nations @-@ authorised , Australian @-@ led military deployment to East Timor to quell unrest and return stability during the 2006 East Timor crisis . The Royal Australian Navy deployed the Amphibious Ready Group , including the ships ; Kanimbla , Manoora , Tobruk ( until approximately 8 June ) , Balikpapan , Tarakan and Success ( until 28 May ) . The RAN also deployed the Adelaide @-@ class frigate HMAS Adelaide ( until 28 May ) . The Fleet Air Arm contributed one S @-@ 70B @-@ 2 Seahawk helicopter from 816 Squadron RAN ( until 28 May ) and two Sea King helicopters from 817 Squadron RAN . The Royal Australian Navy force committed to Operation Astute is apparently the largest amphibious task force in the Navy 's history . = = = Solomon Islands = = = On 24 July 2003 , HMAS Manoora arrived off Honiara , marking the beginning of Operation Anode , Australia 's contribution to the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands ( RAMSI ) . The deployment of a 2 @,@ 200 strong multinational force followed several years of unrest in the Solomon Islands . Manoora was soon joined by HMA Ships Hawkesbury , Labuan , Wewak and Whyalla . Following the initial deployment , two vessels were generally kept on station in the area . By the time the RAN deployment ended , 19 Australian warships had taken part . The last ship to leave was Fremantle , which sailed home in October 2004 . Operation Anode was not the first time units of the RAN had been deployed to the Solomon Islands ; Anode was unique in that the navy 's primary role was to support and facilitate the work of the Participating Police Force ( PPF ) . Moreover , along with being the first time the RAN had supported a police @-@ led mission , = = = Fiji = = = On 2 November 2006 , in response to the Fijian military threats to overthrow the Fijian Government , the Australian government began Operation Quickstep by deploying military resources to support Australian citizens in Fiji in the event of a coup d 'état . The contribution from the RAN was the deployment of three vessels ; HMA Ships Kanimbla , Newcastle , and Success to international waters south of Fiji . The three vessels were deployed to Fiji to evacuate the estimated 7 @,@ 000 Australian citizens present in Fiji if the need arose . Along with the three vessels a detachment of the Special Air Service Regiment ( SASR ) , helicopters from the 171st Aviation Squadron , and an evacuation team were also deployed . On 29 November 2006 , an Australian Army S @-@ 70A Black Hawk helicopter operating from Kanimbla , and carrying ten Army personnel on board , crashed whilst attempting to land on the ship 's deck , killing 1 person , injuring 7 more and leaving one missing ( later confirmed dead ) . HMAS Melville arrived on task the morning of 15 December 2006 , equipped with a Towed Pinger Locating Drone supplied from the United States Navy set about locating the downed Black Hawk . Melville detected the locator beacon during its first pass over the crash site and pinpointed its exact location in subsequent passes . The helicopter is sitting in around 2900 metres of water . The coup took place on 5 December , but was bloodless and almost completely without violence . The evacuation of Australians was deemed unnecessary , and vessels of the task force began arriving back in Australia on 17 December , with Kanimbla docking in Townsville , and both Newcastle and Success returning to Sydney . Melville returned to Australia in late December . The RAN has decided to attempt to recover the downed Black Hawk and has identified the United States Navy Supervisor of Salvage ( SUPSALV ) as the preferred organisation . MV Seahorse Standard recovered the remains of Trooper Joshua Porter on 5 March and the Blackhawk helicopter on 9 March , with the assistance of specialist equipment provided by the SUPSALV team . The soldier 's body was repatriated on 13 March , escorted by members of the SASR . Seahorse Standard arrived in Australia with the aircraft wreckage at the end of March . The wreckage will become evidence in the Board of Inquiry into the crash . = = Battle honours = = Prior to 1989 , the battle honour system of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) was linked to that of the Royal Navy . The British Ministry of Defence and the Admiralty were responsible for approving and assigning battle honours , although from 1947 , this was done on advice from the RAN Badges , Names and Honours Committee . The only uniquely Australian battle honour during this time was " Vietnam 1965 – 72 " ( and smaller date units thereof ) for deployments to the Vietnam War . Ships of the RAN inherited honours from British ships of the same name , in addition to Australian predecessors . In 1989 , the RAN Chief of Naval Staff , Admiral Michael Hudson approved a decision to have Australian warships only carry battle honours earned by previous Australian vessels . The creation and awarding of battle honours came completely under RAN control . A complete overhaul of the RAN battle honours system was unvelied on 1 March 2010 , to celebrate the navy 's 109th anniversary of creation . New honours were created for operations during the 1990s and 2000s — the last approved honour prior to this was " Kuwait 1991 " , for Gulf War service — and the service history of previous vessels was updated to include ' due recognition ' of previous actions . = = Women in the RAN = = From 1911 to 1941 women were forbidden from serving in the RAN ; the demands World War II placed on personnel and resources led to a change of policy . On 21 April 1941 , the Australian Naval Board sent a letter authorising the entry of women into the RAN to the Commodore @-@ in @-@ Charge , Sydney . The letter led to the formation of the Women 's Royal Australian Naval Service ( WRANS ) and the Royal Australian Naval Nursing Service ( RANNS ) . The two separate women 's services existed until 1984 , when they were incorporated into the permanent force . Today , female members of the RAN have a wide variety of roles open to them ; women serve on submarines , command ships and shore postings and are expected to play an increasingly important role in the future of the RAN . = = The current navy = = The Royal Australian Navy today is a medium @-@ sized modern navy in world terms but is one of the strongest navies in the Asia Pacific Region . Today , the combat fleet of the RAN is made up of eight Anzac @-@ class frigates , four Adelaide @-@ class frigates , fourteen patrol boats of the Armidale class , and six Collins @-@ class submarines . The RAN also comprises an amphibious and supply force to transport the Australian Army and to resupply the combat arm of the navy . The RAN is divided into seven Force Element Groups ( FEGs ) : Surface Combatants , Amphibious Warfare Forces and Afloat Support Force , Naval Aviation , Submarine Force , Mine Warfare and Clearance Diving , Patrol Boat Force and the Hydrographic Force . The FEG 's were formed to manage the operations of the separate sections of the RAN in a more efficient way . The modern RAN began to form during the late 1970s when the Fraser Government announced the purchase of four Oliver Hazard Perry @-@ class frigates , all to be built in America ; in 1980 they announced an additional two vessels both to be built in Australia . The fifteen Australian @-@ built vessels of the Fremantle class made up Australia 's patrol boat from 1979 to 2007 ; they have now been replaced by the fourteen Armidale @-@ class patrol boats . The Collins class is the newest class of Australian submarines , built in Australia for the Royal Australian Navy . They were constructed by the Australian Submarine Corporation in Adelaide , South Australia , and replace the six Oberon @-@ class submarines in the Australian fleet . The first vessel , HMAS Collins , was laid down in 1990 and commissioned in 1996 , with all six vessels of the class in service and based at HMAS Stirling in Western Australia . The Anzac class is the current main fleet unit of the Royal Australian Navy ; the class has eight vessels . The lead vessel of the class , HMAS Anzac , was commissioned in 1996 and the final vessel , HMAS Perth , was commissioned on 26 August 2006 . Along with the eight Australian vessels , two Anzacs were also constructed for the Royal New Zealand Navy . The Anzac class were jointly constructed in New Zealand and Australia with the final fitout in Williamstown , Victoria . The amphibious and supply arm of the RAN is made up of ; one Kanimbla @-@ class landing platform , one heavy landing ship ( HMAS Tobruk ) , six Balikpapan @-@ class landing craft , two Leeuwin @-@ class survey vessels , four Paluma @-@ class motor launches , the fleet oiler HMAS Sirius , and the Dual Stores Replenishment Vessel HMAS Success . The RAN also has six Huon @-@ class minehunters . The Royal Australian Navy maintains several bases around Australia . Under the RAN 's Two @-@ Ocean Policy , HMAS Stirling ( Fleet Base West ) and HMAS Kuttabul ( Fleet Base East ) are the primary bases for all major fleet unit of the RAN . The majority of the patrol boat and amphibious forces are located at HMAS Cairns and HMAS Coonawarra , while all Fleet Air Arm squadrons are based at HMAS Albatross . = = The future of the RAN = = In 2000 , a major white paper was produced by the Australian Government , which set out a program of defence spending that will see significant improvements to the RAN 's fleet and capabilities . The most significant current project is SEA 4000 the procurement of three Hobart @-@ class destroyers , which will replace the Adelaide class . These ships will be fitted with the Aegis combat system , and will be based on the Spanish F100 design . The class has a planned in service date of 2013 , with the three units to be named Hobart , Brisbane , and Sydney . In August 2005 the Australian Government passed approval for the acquisition of two Canberra @-@ class landing helicopter dock ships ; these will displace over 20 @,@ 000 tonnes , can carry over 1 @,@ 000 troops , and will potentially be able to operate fixed wing aircraft . The project is expected to cost between A $ 1 @.@ 5 and A $ 2 billion , and be completed by around 2014 . The new ships will be named Canberra and Adelaide . = Russet sparrow = The russet sparrow ( Passer rutilans ) , also called the cinnamon or cinnamon tree sparrow , is a passerine bird of the sparrow family Passeridae . A chunky little seed @-@ eating bird with a thick bill , it has a body length of 14 to 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 5 – 5 @.@ 9 in ) . Its plumage is mainly warm rufous above and grey below . It exhibits sexual dimorphism , with the plumage of both sexes patterned similarly to that of the corresponding sex of house sparrow . Its vocalisations are sweet and musical chirps , which when strung together form a song . Three subspecies are recognised , differing chiefly in the yellowness of their underparts . The subspecies rutilans and intensior breed in parts of eastern Asia , where they are usually found in light woodland , and the subspecies cinnamomeus breeds in the Himalayas , where it is usually associated with terrace cultivation . The russet sparrow is the typical sparrow of human habitations in towns where the house and Eurasian tree sparrows are absent . In the southern part of its range , the russet sparrow prefers higher altitudes , but in the north it breeds by the sea . The russet sparrow is known well enough in the Himalayas to have a distinct name in some languages , and is depicted in Japanese art . This sparrow feeds mainly on the seeds of herbs and grains , but it also eats berries and insects , particularly during the breeding season . This diet makes it a minor pest in agricultural areas , but also a predator of insect pests . While breeding , it is not social , as its nests are dispersed . It forms flocks when not breeding , although it associates with other bird species infrequently . In some parts of its range , the russet sparrow migrates , at least to lower altitudes . Its nest is located in a tree cavity , or a hole in a cliff or building . The male chooses the nest site before finding a mate and uses the nest for courtship display . The typical clutch contains five or six whitish eggs . Both sexes incubate and feed the young . = = Description = = The russet sparrow is a small chunky bird , with plumage warm rufous in overall colour . It is a medium @-@ sized sparrow at 14 to 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 5 – 5 @.@ 9 in ) and 18 to 22 @.@ 5 grams ( 0 @.@ 63 – 0 @.@ 79 oz ) . It has a thick bill suited to eating seeds , which is black on the breeding male , horn @-@ coloured on the non @-@ breeding male , and yellowish with a dark tip on the female . Wingspans for males range between 6 @.@ 8 to 8 @.@ 2 cm ( 2 @.@ 7 – 3 @.@ 2 in ) and those for females from 6 @.@ 7 to 7 @.@ 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 0 in ) . Tail , bill , and tarsus lengths are 4 @.@ 3 to 5 @.@ 1 cm ( 1 @.@ 7 – 2 @.@ 0 in ) , 1 @.@ 1 to 1 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 43 – 0 @.@ 51 in ) , and 1 @.@ 6 to 1 @.@ 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 63 – 0 @.@ 71 in ) , respectively . Measurements for the russet sparrow vary geographically , between the three subspecies , and also within the Himalayan subspecies cinnamomeus . The subspecies cinnamomeus is generally larger than the others , and within this form there is a tendency for birds at higher altitudes to be larger , and a clinal variation in size with the smallest birds in the west of the range and the largest in the east . The iris is chestnut in colour . The legs of both sexes are pale brown to pinkish @-@ brown . The flight of all sparrows is swift , and that of the russet sparrow is described as swifter and more direct than that of the Eurasian tree sparrow . = = = Plumage = = = The sexes differ , or are dimorphic , in their plumage , and have a similar pattern to that in the corresponding sex of house sparrow . There is some variation between the three subspecies , especially in the colouration of the underparts . Birds of the subspecies rutilans are off @-@ white on their cheeks and the sides of their necks , and have pale grey underparts . Birds of the subspecies intensior have a pale yellow wash on their underparts and cheeks , as well as darker upperparts , while those of the subspecies cinnamomeus have a heavy yellow tinge to their underparts . Moult is poorly recorded , the only records coming from Sakhalin and Himachal Pradesh . In Sakhalin , moult occurs in August and September , between the breeding season and migration . In Himachal Pradesh , aviculturalist G. A. Perreau observed captive and wild birds and reported that they were yellow from December to spring and whitish during the remainder of the year , a pattern which may be atypical . The breeding male is bright russet or cinnamon red on its upperparts from its crown to its rump , with a black streaking on its mantle . It has a small black bib and black around its eye , separated from the russet of its crown by a very thin white supercilium , a stripe running from the bill to the rear of the head . The side of its neck and cheek are off @-@ white , and its underparts are pale grey or washed with yellow , varying geographically . Shoulders and greater coverts are chestnut , and its median coverts are black at the base with white at the tips . The rest of the wing is light brown with black tinges . Its tail is blackish brown , edged with ashy brown . The non @-@ breeding male differs little from the breeding male , being paler with more orange upperparts . The only species with which the male is easily confused is the Eurasian tree sparrow , which differs in its black cheek spot and brown back . The female has mostly pale brown upperparts , and pale grey underparts , so it resembles the female house sparrow . It differs from the house sparrow in its slightly darker , russet @-@ tinged plumage . It has a conspicuous cream supercilium from above its eye nearly around its head , and a bold dark brown stripe through its eye . It has mostly greyish brown wings and a back streaked with black and buff . The juvenile is similar to the female , though more pale and sandy . As the male reaches its first winter , it resembles the adult , differing in less bold chestnut and a dusky bib . = = = Voice = = = The russet sparrow 's vocalisations are described by most sources as " the sweetest and most musical " of any sparrow . Its basic call is a cheep or chilp , similar to that of other sparrows . This call is monosyllabic , unlike the house sparrow 's chirrup call , and is softer than that of the other sparrows . This call is given as a flight call , or by displaying males . Recorded variations include a chweep given by males at the nest and a trilled cheeep . Sometimes the male strings calls together and sings them in a strident tone , to create a sort of short song , transcribed as cheep chirrup cheeweep or chreet @-@ chreet @-@ chreet . The song is interspersed with sibilant chu @-@ swik notes similar to those of the white wagtail . A thin swee swee vocalisation not unlike that of an Indian robin has been reported , but the context of this call is unrecorded . During territorial disputes , males give a rapid chit @-@ chit @-@ chit call . = = Taxonomy = = The russet sparrow was first scientifically described , as Fringilla rutilans , by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1835 , from a specimen collected in Japan . Its specific name comes from the Latin rutilus , " of a glowing or auburn red " . It has usually been placed in the genus Passer , and within this genus it is seen as a part of the " Palearctic black @-@ bibbed sparrow " group , which includes the Eurasian tree sparrow as well as the house sparrow . It has generally been seen as a close relation of the house sparrow , and Richard Meinertzhagen even considered it to be the same species as the Somali sparrow , one of the house sparrow 's closest relatives . However , studies of mitochondrial DNA indicate that the russet sparrow is an early offshoot or basal species among the Palearctic black @-@ bibbed sparrows . While mitochrondrial DNA suggest speciation in Passer occurred during the Miocene and Pliocene , British ornithologist J. Denis Summers @-@ Smith considers the russet sparrow to have separated from the other Palearctic black @-@ bibbed sparrows about 25 @,@ 000 to 15 @,@ 000 years ago , during the last glacial period . During this time , sparrows would have only been found in isolated ice @-@ free refugia , such as the lower Yangtze valley , which Summers @-@ Smith considers the most likely centre of evolution for the russet sparrow . Thirteen subspecies have been described , but only three are widely recognised , these differing largely in the colour of their underparts . The nominate subspecies Passer rutilans rutilans breeds in Japan , Korea , Taiwan , and southeastern and central China . The subspecies intensior , described in 1922 by Walter Rothschild from Yunnan , breeds in southwest China and parts of India , Burma , Laos , and Vietnam . In a large part of Sichuan intensior intergrades with the nominate subspecies , and a number of subspecies names have been proposed for the intergrades . The subspecies cinnamomeus , described in 1836 by John Gould from the northwestern Himalayas , breeds from northern Arunachal Pradesh to Nuristan in Afghanistan . = = Distribution and habitat = = The russet sparrow is found in parts of eastern Asia and in the Himalayas . It is not known whether its distribution is continuous between these two areas , since the political sensitivity of the Brahmaputra River 's valley near the China @-@ India border makes the area less accessible to ornithologists . In the Himalayas the russet sparrow breeds from the far northeast of India through southeastern Tibet , Bhutan , Sikkim , Nepal , Uttarakhand , and Himachal Pradesh to Kashmir and Nuristan in Afghanistan . Here , the russet sparrow makes short movements to lower altitudes between November and April in many areas . In eastern Asia , the russet sparrow is found in Sakhalin , the Kuril Islands , a small part of mainland Russia , Japan , southern Korea , and part of northern China , where it is mostly migratory . It is distributed through southern China and Taiwan , and the mountainous parts of Burma , southern Northeast India , Laos , and Vietnam , where it is mostly resident . The russet sparrow also occurs as a winter visitor in southern Japan , the further south of China , and northern Thailand . In eastern Asia , the autumn migration occurs between August and November . The russet sparrow appears to be abundant in most habitats across most of its very large range , and in the some areas it is among the most common birds . In Southeast Asia , its range has contracted at lower elevations due to global warming , but it has also moved higher at high elevations and it remains common . Although its global population has not been quantified , it is assessed for the IUCN Red List as least concern for global extinction . Breeding takes place in mountains and uplands across most of the range . This preference for high altitudes is influenced by latitude : in the farthest south of its range it never breeds below 2 @,@ 500 metres ( 8 @,@ 200 ft ) above mean sea level , but in the northernmost part of its range it often breeds by the sea . In eastern Asia , the russet sparrow prefers light woodland , but it is sometimes found in towns and agricultural areas . In Sakhalin , it breeds mostly in riparian forest . In Hokkaidō , the russet sparrow finds a greater food supply for its young in more remote forests , and has greater reproductive success . In the Himalayas , it is strongly associated with terrace cultivation , and it probably only spread to the Himalayas when these agricultural practices arrived 3000 to 4000 years ago . In towns where it occurs alongside the house or tree sparrow , it is found in gardens and less built up areas . In those hill stations in India where both the house and the russet sparrow occur , the house sparrow breeds around more @-@ built up areas and bazaars , whereas the russet sparrow is " rather more up market at the larger houses with gardens and open spaces " . In towns where it is the only sparrow , it is not dependent on trees , breeding around houses and eating scraps in streets . In the winter , migratory birds occur in open cultivated land and riverine grasslands , but are never far from shrubs or trees . = = Behaviour = = In many aspects of its behaviour , the russet sparrow is similar to the house and Eurasian tree sparrows . Like them , it feeds on the ground , but spends most of its time perching on branches . Unlike those species , it prefers open , exposed branches for perching . The russet sparrow is described as shy and wary by some observers , but J. Denis Summers @-@ Smith found it approachable in Indian hill stations . Flocking russet sparrows feed close to the ground , moving forward as birds from the rear of a flock move to the front , in what is called " roller feeding " . Outside its breeding season , the russet sparrow is gregarious and forms flocks to find food , though it infrequently associates with other birds . Wintering flocks tend to keep away from human habitation . The russet sparrow is also social at night during the winter , and it forms large communal roosts in trees and bushes . In the breeding season , the female roosts in the nests and the male nests in foliage nearby . The adult russet sparrow is mostly a seed @-@ eater , eating the seeds of herbs and weeds as well as rice , barley , and other grains . Berries , such as those of the kingore ( certain Berberis spp . ) , are also eaten when available . Nestlings are fed mostly on insects , especially caterpillars and larval beetles obtained on trees and flying insects caught by aerial pursuit . During the breeding season adults also consume insects . Mortality rates in the russet sparrow have not been studied , but it is known that many young birds die from Isospora infections , to which the bird has little resistance . Other recorded parasites of the russet sparrow include Protocalliphora blowflies , and Menacanthus chewing lice . = = = Breeding = = = The russet sparrow 's breeding season is short , lasting about three months . The Himalayan subspecies cinnamomeus has been recorded breeding from April to August , the nominate subspecies breeds from May to July , and the subspecies intensior is believed to breed in March . During its breeding season , the russet sparrow is not gregarious , and its nests are dispersed uniformly rather than clustered . Its nests are most frequently built in tree cavities , often disused woodpecker nests . The russet sparrow has been recorded breeding alongside the Eurasian tree sparrow and white wagtail in black kite nests , taking advantage of the territorial defence of the kites to avoid nest predation . Other nest locations include the eaves of thatched roofs , stone walls and embankments , and electric junction boxes . In Bhutan , it nests in holes in the outer walls of monasteries , often alongside the Eurasian tree sparrow . In Sakhalin , it will sometimes build free @-@ standing nests in bushes . The russet sparrow also uses the disused nests of the red @-@ rumped swallow , and a pair of russet sparrows has been recorded attempting to oust a pair of black @-@ crested tits from their nest . The male chooses the nest site , and uses it for his courtship display , spending much time calling nearby . When a female comes near a male at his nest the male begins to display by raising his head , drooping his wings , pushing his chest forward , and lowering his tail . He then bows up and down in front of the female , who will lunge and then fly away if unreceptive . Both sexes take part in building the nest , which consists of a loose , untidy bunch of dry grass which fills the nesting cavity , lined with fur and feathers for warmth . Eggs are elongated ovals , with a fine texture and a slight gloss . They are whitish in overall colour with a grey tinge and brown spots , streaks , or blotches . The average size of the egg is 19 @.@ 2 × 14 @.@ 2 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 75 × 0 @.@ 55 in ) . Eggs are similar to those of the Eurasian tree sparrow , differing in a duller colour and more narrow shape , though they cannot be separated from those of the other sparrows with certainty . Two clutches of four or sometimes five or six eggs are laid in a year . In Hokkaidō , clutches are laid between early May and early July , with two peaks in laying around mid May and late June . Both sexes incubate and feed the young , with the male often being more active in feeding the nestlings . In Hokkaidō , nestlings hatch weighing about 2 to 5 grams ( 0 @.@ 071 to 0 @.@ 176 oz ) , and fledge fourteen or fifteen days after hatching , weighing 15 to 55 grams ( 0 @.@ 53 to 1 @.@ 94 oz ) . The common cuckoo has been recorded in old literature as a brood parasite of the russet sparrow . = = Relationships with humans = = In parts of the range , the russet sparrow inhabits towns , and in most of its range , it occurs near cultivation , and is a minor pest of agriculture . Though it damages crops , it also feeds its nestlings largely on insect pests . In China , the russet sparrow has been recorded as a captive bird , kept with the Eurasian tree sparrow . In Japan it was eaten in the 1870s and sold in the Yokohama game market . The russet sparrow is known well enough in the Himalayas that in most languages it has a different vernacular name from the Eurasian tree sparrow . Examples of these vernacular names include lal gouriya in Hindi and kang @-@ che @-@ go @-@ ma in Tibetan . The Japanese artist Hokusai portrayed the russet sparrow , and due to this , it has appeared on postage stamps featuring Japanese art in Japan , The Gambia , and Guyana . = Kolkata @-@ class destroyer = The Kolkata class ( Project 15A ) are a class of stealth guided missile destroyers constructed for the Indian Navy . The class comprises three ships – Kolkata , Kochi and Chennai , all of which are being built by Mazagon Dock Limited ( MDL ) in India , and are the largest destroyers to be operated by the Indian Navy . Due to delays in their construction , and a problem found during the sea trials , the initial commissioning date of the first ship of the class had been pushed back from 2010 to 2014 . The destroyers are a follow @-@ on of the Project 15 Delhi @-@ class destroyers , but are considerably more capable due to major improvements in the design , the addition of substantial land @-@ attack capabilities , and the fitting @-@ out of modern sensors and weapons systems . = = Development = = In 1986 , the Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs ( CCPA ) approved a follow @-@ on class of the earlier Project 15 Delhi @-@ class destroyers . The aim was that the follow @-@ on class would incorporate a higher level of air @-@ defence , land attack , anti @-@ submarine and anti @-@ ship capabilities than the preceding class . However , the Indian Navy did not initially take up the option . By the year 2000 , the Indian Navy had redesigned the follow @-@ on Kolkata class to incorporate even higher levels of technology ( including modern stealth characteristics ) and in May of that year , approval for the construction was given . Concept and function for Project 15A was framed by the navy 's Directorate of Naval Design , while the detailed design was developed by Mazagon Dock Limited ( MDL ) . = = = Construction = = = Construction of three Kolkata @-@ class ships was sanctioned by the Government of India in May 2000 , and steel for the lead ship was cut in March 2003 . Construction began in September 2003 at Mazagon Docks , Mumbai , with an initial expectation that the first of the class would be handed over to the navy by 2010 . However , since then the Kolkata class has suffered consecutive delays , slow construction procedures and technical problems which saw the first ship of the class enter service during mid 2014 . The delays in the construction programme have been attributed to persistent design changes made by the Indian Navy to incorporate new weapons systems and sensors , failure by a Ukrainian shipyard to deliver the ship 's propellers and shafts and the contract later being awarded to a Russian firm , and finally the delay in the delivery of the Barak 8 anti @-@ air missiles , which are still in the final stages of completion with Israel Aerospace Industries and the Defence Research and Development Organisation . The Kolkata class are the largest destroyers ever to be constructed at Mazagon Docks , and as of 2013 , all three ships of the class have been launched and are being fitted out . Technical problems were found during the sea trials of the lead ship Kolkata , which delayed the project by six months to early 2014 . = = Design and description = = The Kolkata class share similar dimensions to the previous Delhi class , however they have 2 @,@ 363 modifications which include major upgrades in weaponry , sensors and helicopter systems . With a standard displacement of 6 @,@ 800 t ( 6 @,@ 700 long tons ; 7 @,@ 500 short tons ) and a full @-@ load displacement of 7 @,@ 400 t ( 7 @,@ 300 long tons ; 8 @,@ 200 short tons ) , they are the largest destroyers ever operated by the Indian Navy . Some media reports have even given a full @-@ load displacement of 7 @,@ 500 t ( 7 @,@ 400 long tons ; 8 @,@ 300 short tons ) . These are the first stealth destroyers being built by India and marked a significant development in India 's shipbuilding technology . The ships would incorporate modern weapons and sensors , and will have an advanced information warfare suite , an auxiliary control system with a sophisticated power distribution architecture , and modular crew quarters . The class have a length of 163 m ( 535 ft ) , a beam of 17 @.@ 4 m ( 57 ft ) and a draught of 6 @.@ 5 m ( 21 ft ) . The ship 's power and propulsion features a standard Combined gas and gas system utilizing twin Zorya M36E gas turbine plants and four DT @-@ 59 reversible gas turbines . The class also features two KVM diesel engines . On @-@ board Wartsila WCM @-@ 1000 generators and Kirloskar AC generators supply the ship 's electricity . The two propellers are run via two RG @-@ 54 gearboxes . This configuration allows the ship to reach speeds in excess of 30 kn ( 56 km / h ; 35 mph ) . Aviation facilities include a large flight deck , which was re @-@ designed to handle larger helicopters than the Delhi @-@ class , and an enclosed hangar for up to two maritime helicopters . The primary radar sensor of the class is the EL / M @-@ 2248 MF @-@ STAR multi @-@ mission AESA . It is also equipped with Thales LW @-@ 08 long range volume search radar and EL / M @-@ 2238 S @-@ band STAR surveillance radar from Israel Aerospace Industries . A Nagin active towed array sonar and a bow @-@ mounted sonar HUMSA @-@ NG ( hull @-@ mounted sonar array - new generation ) are carried for sub @-@ surface surveillance . To protect against anti @-@ ship missiles coming from multiple directions , the ship carries the Elbit Systems Deseaver MK @-@ II decoy control and launching system . The ship 's main air @-@ defence armament is composed of two 4x8 @-@ cell vertical launching systems ( VLS ) allowing for up to 32 Barak 8 ( medium @-@ long range ) air @-@ defence missiles . In addition , four AK @-@ 630 CIWS are fitted for close @-@ in defence . The supersonic BrahMos anti @-@ ship and land @-@ attack missiles are the primary offensive armament of the Kolkata @-@ class . The BrahMos missiles are fitted into a 16 @-@ cell Universal Vertical Launcher Module ( UVLM ) allowing one missile per launch silo , and all 16 missiles can be fired in salvo . Perhaps the most distinctive and noticeable armament of the Kolkata class is its 76 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) naval gun located forward of the bridge . The 76 mm gun provides limited anti @-@ shipping capability and anti @-@ air capability in addition to its naval gun fire @-@ support role for land based operations . For anti @-@ submarine warfare , the Kolkata @-@ class are equipped with a torpedo launching system via four torpedo tubes and two RBU @-@ 6000 anti @-@ submarine rocket launchers . BEL 's Electronic Modular Command & Control Applications ( EMCCA ) Mk4 provides combat management . Four million lines of codes have been written to develop the advanced combat management system onboard INS Kochi . The system is designed so that all the data about the surrounding threat comes in one place , along with analysis about the kind of threat . The system also advises the commanding officer about the kind of weaponry he should use to tackle the threat . Obviously , all this happens in real @-@ time . The Ship is equipped with sophisticated digital networks , such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode based Integrated Ship Data Network ( AISDN ) , Combat Management System ( CMS ) , Automatic Power Management System ( APMS ) and Auxiliary Control System ( ACS ) . The AISDN is the information highway on which data from all the sensors and weapon ride . The CMS is used to integrate information from other platforms using indigenous data @-@ link system , to provide Maritime Domain Awareness . The intricate power supply management is done using APMS , and remote control and monitoring of machinery is achieved through the ACS . = = Ships of the class = = Initially in 2008 , the total program cost with long @-@ term spare parts was expected to cost ₹ 3 @,@ 800 crore ( US $ 560 million ) , but the construction costs escalated about 225 % , and by 2011 , cost of the program became ₹ 11 @,@ 662 crore ( US $ 1 @.@ 7 billion ) , with each ship costing ₹ 3 @,@ 900 crore ( US $ 580 million ) . The Defense Minister A. K. Antony cited the causes being the delay in supply of warship @-@ grade steel by Russia , increase in costs of Russian specialists due to inflation during the build period , wage revision due from October 2003 and delay in finalisation of cost of weapons and sensors . = Robert Foliot = Robert Foliot ( died 1186 ) was a medieval Bishop of Hereford in England . He was a relative of a number of English ecclesiastics , including Gilbert Foliot , one of his predecessors at Hereford . After serving Alexander , Bishop of Lincoln as a clerk , he became a clerk of Henry of Blois , the Bishop of Winchester and brother of King Stephen of England . He attended the Council of Reims in 1148 , where another relative , Robert de Chesney , was elected as Bishop of Hereford . Chesney then secured the office of Archdeacon of Oxford for Foliot . During the early 1160s , Foliot also served as a clerk for Thomas Becket , the Archbishop of Canterbury , but left the archbishop 's service as Becket 's dispute with the king began to intensify . He was elected to Hereford in 1173 , and served as a royal and papal judge while bishop . Archeological evidence links the building of the Bishop 's Palace at Hereford to his episcopate . After his death , Foliot was buried in Hereford Cathedral . = = Early life = = Robert Foliot was a relative of both Gilbert Foliot , Bishop of Hereford and Bishop of London , and of Robert de Chesney , Bishop of Lincoln . Another relative was Ralph Foliot , a royal justice . Robert Foliot 's family appears to have been the branch of the Foliot family that owned the manor of Warpsgrove in Oxfordshire . This is made likely by Foliot 's confirmation of a gift of land from Ralph Foliot of Warpsgrove to Ralph 's son , and it is possible that Foliot was the brother or uncle of Ralph Foliot . There is no evidence of Foliot 's education , but he likely received an education to fit him for his career in the church . Bibliographers have frequently confused him with his predecessor as bishop , Robert of Melun , so he has mistakenly been given as the author of a number of documents . = = Clerical career = = Foliot was a canon of Lincoln Cathedral by 1147 , and an official of Alexander of Lincoln , the Bishop of Lincoln , who secured Foliot 's early promotions in the church . Foliot was sent to the Council of Reims in 1148 by the Lincoln cathedral chapter to learn Pope Eugene III 's wishes regarding the vacant bishopric , as Alexander had died in February 1148 . Henry of Blois , the Bishop of Winchester , was attempting to secure Lincoln for one of his nephews , but the pope agreed with the chapter and appointed Robert de Chesney as bishop instead . After his consecration , Chesney continued to employ Foliot as a clerk . Foliot was later named Archdeacon of Oxford in the Lincoln diocese , sometime before 1 October 1151 , owing the appointment to Chesney . He was also a canon of Hereford Cathedral , appearing in that capacity in 1173 , but it is unclear when exactly he acquired the position . It is also unclear whether he owed this position to his relative Gilbert Foliot , who was bishop of Hereford from 1148 to 1163 , or if he received the canonry after 1163 through royal influence . Foliot served as a clerk for Thomas Becket , the Archbishop of Canterbury , witnessing three documents for Becket during the period 1162 – 1164 . During early days of Becket 's dispute with the king , Foliot helped mediate between Becket and Gilbert Foliot , who was supporting the king . Robert Foliot was one of the first of Becket 's clerks to leave the archbishop 's service , asking permission to leave Becket 's household shortly after the council at Clarendon in January 1164 , which ratified the Constitutions of Clarendon . = = Bishop of Hereford = = Foliot was elected to the see of Hereford in late April 1173 and consecrated on 6 October 1174 at Canterbury by Archbishop Richard of Dover . Hereford had been vacant since the death of Robert of Melun in 1167 , due to the Becket 's exile and then death . Foliot was either elected by the cathedral chapter without guidance from the king , or was nominated to the cathedral chapter by King Henry at the urging of his relative Gilbert Foliot . Robert Foliot later attended the Third Lateran Council in 1179 . While bishop , he became involved in a disupte with Hugh Parvus , a local baron , over the power of appointment to two churches . He also served as a judge @-@ delegate for the papacy , serving with Roger , the Bishop of Worcester on cases including one between a Norman monastery and an English priory . He judged a number of other cases for the papacy during his time as bishop . He received over 40 surviving papal commissions and communications , some of which dealt with the problems of married clergy in his diocese . From his ecclesiastical documents , almost 40 survive . While bishop , Foliot gave books , altar furnishings , and land to his cathedral chapter , as well as a purple and gold cape to Wigmore Abbey . Although no documentary evidence links him to the timbered hall in the bishop 's palace at Hereford , tree @-@ ring dating of the timbers has dated its construction to 1179 , during his time as bishop . He also gave money to the Bishop 's Chapel in Hereford Cathedral . = = Death and legacy = = Foliot died on 9 May 1186 , and was buried in Hereford Cathedral . Copies of his correspondence survive at the Bodleian Library at Oxford University . = = Note = = = James Clark ( Kentucky ) = James Clark ( January 16 , 1779 – August 27 , 1839 ) was a 19th @-@ century American politician who served in all three branches of Kentucky 's government and in the U.S. House of Representatives . His political career began in the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1807 . In 1810 , he was appointed to the Kentucky Court of Appeals , where he served for two years before resigning to pursue a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives . He served two terms in that body , resigning in 1816 . Clark accepted an appointment to the circuit court of Bourbon and Clark counties in 1817 . It was in this capacity that the most defining event of his career occurred . In 1822 , he struck down a debt relief law in the case of Williams v. Blair on the basis that it impeded the obligation of contracts . His decision was unpopular with the legislature , who condemned the ruling and summoned Clark to appear before them and defend it . An attempt by the legislature to remove him from office fell short of the needed two @-@ thirds majority . The following year , the Kentucky Court of Appeals upheld Clark 's ruling . In retaliation , the legislature attempted to abolish the court and create a new one more sympathetic to their views . This event and its aftermath became known as the Old Court @-@ New Court controversy . In 1825 , Clark was chosen to fill the congressional seat vacated by Henry Clay 's elevation to Secretary of State . He served until 1831 , but did not seek re @-@ election that year . He became active in organizing the Whig Party in Kentucky and was rewarded for his efforts by being chosen as the party 's nominee for governor in 1836 . He won the election and laid out an ambitious platform to the legislature , which acted on only part of it . Clark 's most significant accomplishment as governor was securing the creation of a state board of education and the establishment of public schools in every county in the state . Clark died in office in 1839 . His estate , Holly Rood , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 . = = Early life and family = = James Clark was born to Robert and Susannah ( Henderson ) Clark on January 16 , 1779 , near the Peaks of Otter in Bedford County , Virginia . In 1794 , the family moved to Clark County , Kentucky , where Clark was educated by Dr. James Blythe ( who later became a professor at Transylvania University ) and attended Pisgah Academy in Woodford County . Clark then went to Virginia , where he studied law with his brother , Christopher . He was admitted to the bar in 1797 . He briefly traveled to Vincennes , Indiana and St. Louis , Missouri looking for a place to open his practice , but finding none that suited him , he returned to Kentucky and commenced practice in Winchester . Clark married Susan Forsythe on July 2 , 1809 , and the couple had four children . Susan Clark died in 1825 . On March 3 , 1829 , James Clark married a widow named Margaret Buckner Thornton in Washington , D.C. Clark 's second wife died August 15 , 1836 , just days after her husband was elected governor . = = Political career = = Clark was elected to two consecutive terms in the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1807 and 1808 . On March 29 , 1810 , he was appointed to the Kentucky Court of Appeals , and served in this capacity until his resignation in 1812 . He was elected as a Democratic @-@ Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1812 . He took a leave of absence on April 18 , 1816 , and by August 1816 , had resigned his seat to accept an appointment as a circuit court judge . = = = Ruling in Williams v. Blair = = = From 1817 to 1824 , Clark served on the circuit court for Clark and Bourbon counties . In the 1822 case of Williams v. Blair , he declared unconstitutional a law allowing debtors to escape bankruptcy by imposing a moratorium on their debts . He contended that the law " impaired the obligation of contracts " in violation of the Contract Clause of the U.S. Constitution . This decision was in keeping with the recent Supreme Court ruling in Dartmouth College v. Woodward . Clark 's ruling drew a resolution of condemnation from the Kentucky General Assembly . He was summoned to appear before the legislature , but opted to respond to their charges in writing instead . Incensed , the legislature attempted to removed him from office , but the vote of 59 – 35 fell short of the needed two @-@ thirds majority . In October 1823 , Clark 's decision was upheld by the Kentucky Court of Appeals ; that decision touched off the Old Court @-@ New Court controversy , wherein the legislature attempted to abolish the Court of Appeals and replace it with a more sympathetic court . In 1825 , Clark was elected to fill the U.S. House seat left vacant by the elevation of Henry Clay to Secretary of State . He was twice re @-@ elected , and chaired the Committee on Territories . He refused re @-@ nomination in 1831 . Clark was then elected to the state Senate and served from 1832 to 1835 . He was a member of the Committee for Internal Improvements . Upon the death of Governor John Breathitt in 1834 , Lieutenant Governor James Turner Morehead was elevated to governor . The office of lieutenant governor then being empty , the Senate had no presiding officer . In 1835 , Clark was elected Speaker of the Senate , and presided in Morehead 's absence . = = = Governor of Kentucky = = = Clark helped organize the Whig Party in Kentucky , and as a reward , he was chosen as the party 's nominee for governor in 1836 . He won the canvass , defeating Democrat Matthew Flournoy 38 @,@ 587 to 30 @,@ 491 . In his first address to the legislature , he outlined an ambitious agenda of reforms , including the establishing a public school system , strengthening the office of state auditor , and combating an increase in crime . Believing that banks should be held to their responsibilities , he insisted that the state banks not suspend specie payments . He also strongly believed in the rights of slave owners , and encouraged Ohio , Indiana , and Illinois to cooperate in returning escaped slaves . The legislature heeded some of Clark 's message . They added a second auditor in the office of the state auditor , and gave greater discretion to the state 's sinking fund commission . They created a state board of education and the office of state superintendent . They also created county school commissioners in every county . In response to his remarks on slave property , the legislature enacted laws that raised the reward for apprehending a fugitive slave and made it illegal for stagecoach owners to allow fugitive slaves to use their coaches to escape . However , they refused to restrict the publication and spread of abolitionist propaganda in the state , as Clark had requested , and they ignored most of his recommendations in other areas . Clark financed internal improvements in the state through the sale of bonds . = = Death = = Clark died in office on August 27 , 1839 . He was buried in a private cemetery near his home in Winchester , Kentucky . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 13 , 1974 . = Black Country Communion = Black Country Communion is an English @-@ American hard rock band based in Los Angeles , California . Formed in 2009 , the band is a supergroup composed of bassist and vocalist Glenn Hughes , guitarist and vocalist Joe Bonamassa , drummer Jason Bonham , and keyboardist Derek Sherinian . Originally formed by Hughes and Bonamassa with the help of producer Kevin Shirley , the group released its self @-@ titled debut album in September 2010 . Second album Black Country Communion 2 followed in June 2011 , which was promoted on a European tour later in the year . The band released its third and to date latest album Afterglow in October 2012 . Following an impromptu performance together in Los Angeles , Hughes and Bonamassa started the side project in November 2009 , recruiting Bonham and Sherinian on the advice of Shirley to finalise the lineup of the band . The name Black Country Communion is derived from the term Black Country , which refers to the West Midlands area of England where Hughes and Bonham grew up . The group 's sound is intentionally reminiscent of popular classic rock groups of the 1970s , reflecting the previous work of frontman Hughes ( in bands such as Deep Purple and Black Sabbath ) as well as the link between Bonham and his father John 's band Led Zeppelin . In March 2013 , after months of public tensions , Bonamassa announced that he was no longer a member of Black Country Communion , with the question over whether the group would continue with another guitarist unclear . Days later , Hughes confirmed that the band was officially over , hinting that he would continue working with Bonham and Sherinian under a new collective name . Sherinian later joined Bonamassa 's touring band , while Hughes and Bonham formed California Breed with guitarist Andrew Watt . In April 2016 , the band announced that it would be reuniting in 2017 after Hughes and Bonamassa reconciled , with a fourth album planned . = = History = = = = = 2009 – 10 : Formation and debut album = = = Glenn Hughes ( formerly of Deep Purple , Black Sabbath , and others ) and Joe Bonamassa ( formerly of Bloodline and an established solo artist ) first met at the 2006 NAMM Show in Anaheim , California , after which they jammed together at Hughes 's studio in Hollywood with the idea to make music together in the future . Bonamassa also worked with Jason Bonham that year , when the drummer performed on the guitarist 's fifth studio album You & Me at the recommendation of producer and mutual friend Kevin Shirley . Hughes and Bonamassa reunited three years later in November 2009 , performing together at the House of Blues in Los Angeles for Guitar Center . It was at this point that the two decided to form a band . The idea of enlisting drummer Bonham ( formerly of UFO , Foreigner , and others ) and keyboardist Derek Sherinian ( formerly of Planet X , Dream Theater , and others ) to complete the band 's lineup was suggested by Bonamassa 's producer Shirley , after Hughes and Bonamassa briefly considered adding a second guitarist instead of a keyboardist . The completed quartet first performed together during the encore of a Joe Bonamassa show in Riverside , California on March 17 , 2010 , playing " One Last Soul " and a cover version of the Deep Purple song " Mistreated " . The name Black Country Communion was not finalised until May 2010 , after the threat of legal action from another band prevented the group from using the name Black Country . Frontman Glenn Hughes later revealed that the band in question was from Baltimore , Maryland , who reportedly demanded $ 500 @,@ 000 for the right to use the name Black Country , a move which he quickly condemned as " just rude " . Hughes later elaborated on the situation in a 2016 interview , explaining that his group had successfully bought the name Black Country from the Baltimore @-@ based band ( for less than the requested $ 500 @,@ 000 ) , although by the time the case was settled it was too late to use the name and they had to continue using the longer moniker . BCC recorded their debut album at Shangri @-@ La Studios in Los Angeles in early 2010 , and scheduled its release through Mascot Music in Europe and J & R Adventures in North America for September that year . Speaking about the album , Hughes described it as " a big British rock statement " , comparing the band 's sound to that of his previous groups Deep Purple and Black Sabbath , as well as Led Zeppelin . " One Last Soul " was the first song to be released from the album , receiving its worldwide radio debut on English digital station Planet Rock ( a station on which Bonamassa produces his own show ) on August 2 . The track was later released as a free digital download on the band 's official website on August 10 . Shortly before the release of the album , Planet Rock also broadcast an hour @-@ long documentary featuring exclusive interviews with the band , as well as a selection of tracks from the album . Black Country Communion was officially released in Europe on September 20 , and in North America on September 21 . On the night of its European release , the band played its first official show at the John Henry Rehearsal Studios in London , in front of a limited crowd of " around 75 – 100 people " ; the performance was broadcast on Planet Rock that night , and again later on September 24 . The album was a commercial success in the UK , reaching number 13 in the UK Albums Chart and topping the UK Rock Albums Chart , while in the US it peaked at number 54 on the Billboard 200 albums chart . It also received a widely positive critical reception , including four @-@ star reviews from website AllMusic and magazine Mojo . The band did not tour in promotion of Black Country Communion , playing just two shows in the UK at the end of the year at the Wolverhampton Civic Hall and the Shepherds Bush Empire . At the end of the year the group were named Band of the Year by the listeners of Planet Rock , beating such established groups as Iron Maiden and Muse to take the accolade ; they also won the Best New Band award , ahead of The Union , The Gaslight Anthem , and The Jokers . = = = 2010 – 12 : Second album and touring = = = Talk of a second album began to circulate as early as October 2010 , just a month after the release of Black Country Communion , when it was estimated by drummer Bonham that the band would start work on their second album in January 2011 , a claim which was verified the following month by Hughes . By December Hughes had already written nine tracks for the album , which he explained would serve as a direct sequel to the first album – " part two of the first one " . During the recording process in January it was revealed that the follow @-@ up to Black Country Communion would be released in June , with the band set to embark on a promotional tour to coincide with its release . The album 's title , release date , track listing , and artwork were revealed in March . The first song released from Black Country Communion 's second album was " The Outsider " , made available as a free digital download from the group 's official website in May 2011 , followed by " Man in the Middle " , for which the band 's first music video was released on June 6 . The album was released on June 13 in Europe and the following day in North America , selling over 8 @,@ 000 copies in its first week in the US ( compared to the 7 @,@ 100 units of Black Country Communion ) but charting 17 places lower on the Billboard 200 at number 71 . The album was also less successful in the UK Albums Chart , peaking at number 23 ( ten places lower than its predecessor ) , although it still managed to top the UK Rock Albums Chart . In promotion of the album , BCC completed a short tour of Europe between June and July , playing shows in Spain , Germany , the Netherlands , and the UK with support act the Michael Schenker Group . The group also performed in the US for the first time since its formation , playing a total of seven shows in six states between June 10 and 19 . It was confirmed in September that a live video album documenting a number of shows on the European tour , entitled Live Over Europe , would be released in October , and it was also screened in a select number of Vue Cinemas outlets across the UK and Ireland on November 1 . Live Over Europe was released on DVD on October 24 , and on Blu @-@ ray on November 15 . In November 2011 the group won the Classic Rock award for Breakthrough Act of the Year . For the remainder of the year and through early 2012 , Hughes performed sporadically at a number of events and started writing for his next solo album , Bonamassa continued with his solo touring and recorded his eleventh album Driving Towards the Daylight , Sherinian released his seventh solo album Oceana and played a number of shows , and Bonham continued his Led Zeppelin Experience tour . = = = 2012 – 13 : Afterglow and disbandment = = = In January 2012 it was announced that the band were scheduled to return to the studio in June to record the follow @-@ up to 2 , with a release planned for later in the year . Discussing the direction of the group 's third album , Hughes explained that it serves as " a continuation of the first and second albums " , containing " darker [ material ] " and " moments of drama " . The first track to be released from the album was " Confessor " , which was made available as a free download on the band 's official website from September 19 , 2012 , and Afterglow was later released on October 29 in Europe and on October 30 in North America . Despite no touring plans in place for after the release of their third album , Black Country Communion planned to play a one @-@ off show at the Wolverhampton Civic Hall on January 5 , 2013 , with a video release of the concert planned for later in the year . It was later announced , however , that the performance was cancelled due to " unforeseen circumstances " , contributing to concerns over the band 's future . Shirley offered an apology to fans the day after the cancellation , hinting that the performance would be rescheduled for a later date by assuring fans that " your call will be answered " . Speaking in August 2012 , Glenn Hughes was quoted as doubting the future of the band after the release of Afterglow , proclaiming " I hate to break it to you , but [ Afterglow ] just may be [ the band 's last album ] " , blaming the band 's lack of touring ( due in part to Joe Bonamassa 's busy solo touring schedule ) as a hindrance to the continued success of the group . Hughes later clarified his comments on the fate of the band , stating that they " were fuelled from frustration and aimed at motivating other members of the group to commit to a proper touring schedule " , and pointed out that if the band were unable to tour regularly then he would seek another band which could . Later , in an exchange on Twitter , Bonamassa and Hughes both mentioned that they were " ready to move on " , providing more evidence that the group 's disbandment was imminent . In an interview in October , Hughes quelled speculation the band was splitting up . Accepting responsibility for the initial spread of the rumours , he cited the speed at which the band had produced and released music as the cause for the stress on the group . On the possibility of the band touring together again , the frontman responded positively but warned that nothing was confirmed . Bonamassa , however , later revealed his anger at Hughes , condemning his " bullying " of the guitarist to complete the planned 2013 show despite knowing he was not able to , the way in which he publicly revealed the tensions in the band , and his claims as to being the sole songwriter on Afterglow . Jason Bonham also revealed his frustration with the situation , while manager Roy Weisman admitted it was his decision to cancel the Wolverhampton gig , although this was based on Hughes 's actions . Bonamassa sought to end the situation positively , praising Hughes as a musician and proposing that the band would continue to make music for the foreseeable future , while Bonham proposed that the band could tour with a different guitarist , chosen by Bonamassa . On March 13 , 2013 though , Joe Bonamassa announced his departure from the band , revealing that he was " happily not involved any more " with the group . On March 23 , Glenn Hughes confirmed that the band was over , revealing that Bonamassa would not allow the remaining members to continue with the Black Country Communion name . Speaking about the future ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
010 : " The stage was set for everything we had talked about , and all the good things that could have happened for fans — a big rematch , a bowl setting , a great city ... It would have been a sellout in Charlotte , and they decided to do something else . That has caused us to pause a little bit and think through the whole relationship . " Ralph Friedgen responded by saying " He 's gotta get over it , " and that the Navy rivalry never entered into the decision @-@ making process . In 2008 , Navy accepted a bid to play an ACC team in the inaugural EagleBank Bowl at Washington D.C. ' s RFK Stadium . Maryland officials said they could not accept an invitation to the game due to it conflicting with the school 's final exams . Gladchuk said , " We have exams that week , too , but we 're going to show up ... Everybody has an excuse why they can 't do this or can 't do that . We 're finding a way to accommodate the bowl 's situation . " The Maryland staff reevaluated the EagleBank Bowl but determined it was impossible as many players had an exam on the game date . Yow said , " There are people who are at [ academic ] risk and need every moment of that week to prepare for the exams . " As a result , Navy played Wake Forest for the second time of the season in the EagleBank Bowl and Maryland traveled to Boise , Idaho to play Nevada in the Humanitarian Bowl . = = = Future of the series : 2010 – = = = In 2007 , the two teams agreed to schedule a rematch for September 6 , 2010 . Deborah Yow stated that , " The citizens of Maryland have made it clear they want this game . " Alluding to the Navy athletic staff 's perceived reticence , she added , " We got past the Charlotte situation . " The delay in scheduling was attributed to the need for a three @-@ way contract between Maryland , Navy , and the stadium tenants , the Baltimore Ravens . For this reason , a renewal as far off as 2014 was not seriously discussed . Ralph Friedgen said , " I would like to see it as an annual game , but that 's not for me to decide . " The 2010 game would be the first to award the Crab Bowl Trophy to the winner . 69 @,@ 348 fans turned out to see the game at M & T Bank Stadium in Baltimore , which was considered a home game for Maryland . Navy dominated the game statistically , controlling the ball for nearly 40 minutes and gaining 485 yards . The Midshipmen also converted 10 of 18 third @-@ down chances . But their errors and failure to convert near the goal line cost them dearly . Navy kicker Joe Buckley missed a 32 @-@ yard field goal attempt , quarterback Ricky Dobbs lost a fumble at the Maryland 1 @-@ yard line , and Maryland eventually walked away with a 17 @-@ 14 victory . As of 2011 , there are no future football games scheduled between Navy and Maryland . = = Trophy = = In 2010 , the Touchdown Club of Annapolis commissioned the Crab Bowl Trophy , with underwriting by the D 'Camera group . The trophy is a large " pewter bowl overflowing with pewter crabs " , meant to be replicas of the Chesapeake Bay blue crab . The bowl " rests atop a mahogony base " , engraved with " the results of the twenty previous Maryland @-@ Navy games " , which reach back to the rivalry 's origin in 1905 . It was designed by Tilghman Company , a family @-@ owned jewelry store in Annapolis , Maryland . The Touchdown Club , founded in 1954 , has been associated with both teams for a long time , and annually hosts a dinner honoring both teams . The trophy has been well received ; the Terrapins ' Testudo Times newspaper said that having the trophy " awarded by a third party " rather than " having a trophy dreamed up by the administrations at each school to create a more ' rivalry @-@ y ' feel " makes the award seem " more legitimate and less cheesy " . Sports Illustrated included the award in its list of the 40 most " Unusual Trophies in College Football " . = = Statistics = = = = Game results = = = David Icke = David Vaughan Icke ( / aɪk / , born 29 April 1952 ) is an English writer and public speaker . A former footballer and sports broadcaster , Icke has made his name since the 1990s as a professional conspiracy theorist , calling himself a " full time investigator into who and what is really controlling the world . " He is the author of over 20 books and numerous DVDs , and has lectured in over 25 countries , speaking for up to 10 hours to audiences that cut across the political spectrum . Icke was a BBC television sports presenter and spokesman for the Green Party , when a psychic told him , in 1990 , that he had been placed on Earth for a purpose and would begin to receive messages from the spirit world . The following year he announced that he was a " Son of the Godhead " , and that the world would soon be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes , a prediction he repeated on the BBC 's primetime show Wogan . The show changed his life , turning him from a respected household name into someone who was laughed at whenever he appeared in public . He continued nevertheless to develop his ideas , and over the next seven years — in The Robots ' Rebellion ( 1994 ) , And the Truth Shall Set You Free ( 1995 ) , The Biggest Secret ( 1999 ) , and Children of the Matrix ( 2001 ) — he set out a worldview that combined New Age spiritualism with a denunciation of totalitarian trends in the modern world . At the heart of his theories lies the idea that many prominent figures belong to the Babylonian Brotherhood , a group of shapeshifting reptilian humanoids who are propelling humanity toward a global fascist state , or New World Order . The reptilians use the rings of Saturn and the Moon , all reptilian constructs , to broadcast our " five @-@ sense prison " : an " artificial sense of self and the world " that humans perceive as reality . Michael Barkun has described Icke 's position as New Age conspiracism , writing that Icke is the most fluent of the genre . Richard Kahn and Tyson Lewis argue that Icke 's reptilian hypothesis may be Swiftian satire , offering a narrative with which ordinary people can question what they see around them . = = Early life = = = = = Family and education = = = The middle child of three boys born seven years apart , Icke was born in Leicester General Hospital to Beric Vaughan Icke and Barbara J. Icke , née Cooke , who were married in Leicester in 1951 . Beric had wanted to be a doctor , but the family had no money , so he joined the Royal Air Force as a medical orderly . He was awarded a British Empire Medal for gallantry in 1943 after an aircraft crashed into the Chipping Warden air base in Northamptonshire . Along with a squadron leader , Beric ran into the burning aircraft , without protective clothing , and saved the life of a crew member who was trapped inside . After the war Beric became a clerk in the Gents clock factory . The family lived in a terraced house on Lead Street in the centre of Leicester , an area that was demolished in the mid @-@ 1950s as part of the city 's slum clearance . When Icke was three , in around 1955 , they moved to the Goodwood estate , one of the council estates the post @-@ war Labour government built . " To say we were skint , " he wrote in 1993 , " is like saying it is a little chilly at the North Pole . " He recalls having to hide under a window or chair when the council man came for the rent ; after knocking , the rent man would walk around the house peering through windows . His mother never explained that it was about the rent ; she just told Icke to hide . He wrote in 2003 that he stills get a fright when someone knocks on the door . Always a loner , he spent hours playing with toy trains , preferring to cross the street rather than speak to anyone . He attended Whitehall Infant School , then Whitehall Junior School , feeling nervous and shy to the point of feeling faint during morning assembly and having to leave before he passed out . The family doctor suggested a referral to a child psychologist , but his father would have none of it . = = = Football = = = Icke made no effort at school , but when he was nine , he was chosen for the junior school 's third @-@ year football team . It was the first time he had succeeded at anything , and he came to see football as his way out of poverty . He played in goal , which he wrote suited the loner in him and gave him a sense of living on the edge between hero and villain . After failing his 11 @-@ plus exam in 1963 , he was sent to the city 's Crown Hills Secondary Modern ( rather than the local grammar school ) , where he was given a trial for the Leicester Boys Under @-@ Fourteen team . He left school at 15 after being talent @-@ spotted by Coventry City , who signed him up in 1967 as their youth team 's goalkeeper . He also played for Oxford United 's reserve team and Northampton Town , on loan from Coventry . Rheumatoid arthritis in his left knee , which spread to the right knee , ankles , elbows , wrists and hands , stopped him from making a career out of football . Despite often being in agony during training , he managed to play part @-@ time for Hereford United , including in the first team when they were in the fourth , and later in the third , division of the English Football League . He was earning up to ₤ 33 a week . But in 1973 , at the age of 21 , the pain in his joints became so severe that he was forced to retire . = = = First marriage = = = Icke met his first wife , Linda Atherton , in May 1971 at a dance at the Chesford Grange Hotel near Leamington Spa ; she was working as a van driver for a garage . Shortly after they met , Icke had another of the huge rows he had started having with his father — always a domineering man , his father was upset that Icke 's arthritis was interfering with his football career — so he packed his bags and left home . He moved into a bedsit and worked in a travel agency , travelling to Hereford twice a week in the evenings to play football . He and Atherton were married on 30 September that year , four months after they met . A daughter arrived in March 1975 , followed by one son in December 1981 and another in November 1992 . The couple divorced in 2001 but remained good friends , and Atherton continued to work as Icke 's business manager . = = = Journalism , sports broadcasting = = = The loss of Icke 's position with Hereford meant that he and his wife had to sell their home , and for several weeks they lived apart , each moving in with their parents . In 1973 Icke found a job as a reporter with the weekly Leicester Advertiser , through a contact who was a sports editor at the Daily Mail . He moved on to the Leicester News Agency , and through them did some work for BBC Radio Leicester as their football reporter , then worked his way up through the Loughborough Monitor , the Leicester Mercury , and BRMB Radio in Birmingham . He worked for two months in Saudi Arabia in 1976 , helping with their national football team . It was supposed to be a longer @-@ term position , but he missed his wife and new daughter and decided not to return after his first holiday back to the UK . BRMB gave him his job back , after which he successfully applied to Midlands Today at the BBC 's Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham , a job that included on @-@ air appearances . One of the earliest stories he covered for them was the murder of Carl Bridgewater , the paperboy who was shot during a robbery in 1978 . In 1981 Icke became a sports presenter for the BBC 's national programme , Newsnight , which had just started . Two years later , on 17 January 1983 , he appeared on the first edition of the BBC 's Breakfast Time , British television 's first national breakfast show , and presented the sports news for them until 1985 , which meant getting up at two o 'clock in the morning five days a week . In the summer of 1983 he achieved his ambition when he co @-@ hosted Grandstand , at the time the BBC 's flagship national sports programme . He also published his first book that year , It 's a Tough Game , Son ! , about how to break into football . Icke and his family moved in 1982 to Ryde on the Isle of Wight . His relationship with Grandstand was shortlived – he wrote that a new editor arrived in 1983 who appeared not to like him – but he continued working for BBC Sport until 1990 , often on bowls and snooker programmes , and at the 1988 Summer Olympics . He was by then a household name , but a career in television began to lose its appeal ; he wrote that he found television workers insecure , shallow and sometimes vicious . In August 1990 his contract with the BBC was terminated when he refused to pay his Community Charge , a controversial local tax introduced that year by Margaret Thatcher . He did end up paying it , but his announcement that he was willing to go to jail rather than pay prompted the BBC , by charter an impartial public @-@ service broadcaster , to distance itself from him . = = New Age interests = = = = = Green Party , Betty Shine = = = Icke had begun to flirt with alternative medicine and New Age philosophies in the 1980s , in an effort to relieve his arthritis , and this encouraged his interest in Green politics . Within six months of joining the Green Party , he was given a position as one of its four principal speakers , positions created in lieu of a single leader . The Observer called him " the Greens ' Tony Blair " . His second book , It Doesn 't Have To Be Like This , an outline of his views on the environment , was published in 1989 , and he was regularly invited to high @-@ profile events . That year he discussed animal rights during a televised debate at the Royal Institute of Great Britain , alongside Tom Regan , Mary Warnock and Germaine Greer , and in 1990 his name appeared on advertisements for a children 's charity , along with Audrey Hepburn , Woody Allen and other celebrities . Despite his success , Icke wrote that 1989 was a time of considerable personal despair , and it was during this period that he said he began to feel a presence around him . He often describes how he felt it while alone in a hotel room in March 1990 , and finally asked : " If there is anybody here , will you please contact me because you are driving me up the wall ! " Days later , in a newsagent 's in Ryde , he felt a force pull his feet to the ground , he wrote , and heard a voice guide him toward some books . One of them was Mind to Mind ( 1989 ) by Betty Shine , a psychic healer in Brighton . He read the book , then wrote to her requesting a consultation about his arthritis . Icke visited Shine four times . During the third meeting , on 29 March 1990 , Icke felt something like a spider 's web on his face , and Shine told him she had a message from Wang Ye Lee of the spirit world . Icke had been sent to heal the Earth , she said , and would become famous but would face opposition . The spirit world was going to pass ideas to him , which he would speak about to others . He would write five books in three years ; in 20 years a new flying machine would allow us to go wherever we wanted and time would have no meaning ; and there would be earthquakes in unusual places , because the inner earth was being destabilized by having oil taken from the seabed . In February 1991 Icke visited a pre @-@ Inca Sillustani burial ground near Puno , Peru , where he felt drawn to a particular circle of waist @-@ high stones . As he stood in the circle , he had two thoughts : that people would be talking about this in 100 years , and that it would be over when it rained . His body shook as though plugged into an electrical socket , he wrote , and new ideas poured into him . Then it started raining and the experience ended . He described it as the kundalini ( a term from Indian yoga ) activating his chakras , or energy centres , triggering a higher level of consciousness . = = = Turquoise period = = = There followed what Icke called his " turquoise period " . He had been channelling for some time , he wrote , and had received a message through automatic writing that he was a " Son of the Godhead " , interpreting " Godhead " as the " Infinite Mind " . He began to wear only turquoise , often a turquoise shell suit , a colour he saw as a conduit for positive energy . He also started working on his third book , and the first of his New @-@ Age period , The Truth Vibrations . In August 1990 , before his visit to Peru , Icke had met Deborah Shaw , an English psychic living in Calgary , Alberta . When he returned from Peru they began a relationship , with the apparent blessing of Icke 's wife . In March 1991 Shaw began living with the couple , a short @-@ lived arrangement that the press called the " turquoise triangle " . Shaw changed her name to Mari Shawsun , while Icke 's wife became Michaela , which she said was an aspect of the Archangel Michael . The relationship with Shaw led to the birth of a daughter in December 1991 , although she and Icke had stopped seeing each other by then . Icke wrote in 1993 that he decided not to visit his daughter and had seen her only once , at the request of Shaw . Icke 's wife gave birth to the couple 's second son in November 1992 . = = = Press conference = = = In March 1991 Icke resigned from the Green Party during a party conference , telling them he was about to be at the centre of " tremendous and increasing controversy " , and winning a standing ovation from them after the announcement . A week later , shortly after his father died , Icke and his wife , Linda Atherton , along with their daughter and Deborah Shaw , held a press conference to announce that Icke was a son of the Godhead . He told reporters the world was going to end in 1997 . It would be preceded by a hurricane around the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans , eruptions in Cuba , disruption in China , a hurricane in Derry , and an earthquake on the Isle of Arran . The information was being given to them by voices and automatic writing , he said . Los Angeles would become an island , New Zealand would disappear , and the cliffs of Kent would be under water by Christmas . Icke wrote in 1993 that he heard his voice predict the end of the world and was appalled . " I was speaking the words , but all the time I could hear the voice of the brakes in the background saying , ' David , what the hell are you saying ? ' " His predictions were splashed all over the next day 's front pages , to his great dismay . = = = Wogan interview = = = The headlines attracted requests for interviews , including from Nicky Campbell for BBC Radio One , Terry Wogan for his prime @-@ time Wogan show , and Fern Britton for her ITV chat show . The Wogan interview , on 29 April 1991 , was the most damaging . ( Wogan interviewed Icke again in 2006 , acknowledging that his comments had been " a bit sharp " . ) Wogan introduced the 1991 segment with " The world as we know it is about to end . " Amid laughter from the audience , Icke prevaricated when asked if he was the son of God , replying that Jesus would have been laughed at too , and repeating that Britain would soon be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes . Without these , " the Earth will cease to exist . " When Icke said laughter was the best way to remove negativity , Wogan replied of the audience : " But they 're laughing at you . They 're not laughing with you . " The interview proved devastating for Icke . The BBC was criticized for allowing it to go ahead ; Des Christy of The Guardian called it a " media crucifixion " . Icke disappeared from public life for a time , unable to walk down the street without people mocking him . His children were followed to school by journalists and ridiculed by schoolmates , and his wife would open the back door to get the washing in only to find a camera crew filming her . In May 1991 police were called to the couple 's home after a crowd of over 100 youths gathered outside , chanting " We want the Messiah " and " Give us a sign , David . " Icke told Jon Ronson in 2001 : One of my very greatest fears as a child was being ridiculed in public . And there it was coming true . As a television presenter , I 'd been respected . People come up to you in the street and shake your hand and talk to you in a respectful way . And suddenly , overnight , this was transformed into " Icke 's a nutter . " I couldn 't walk down any street in Britain without being laughed at . It was a nightmare . My children were devastated because their dad was a figure of ridicule . = = Writing and lecturing = = = = = Publishing = = = The Wogan interview set every bridge to Icke 's past ablaze , he wrote in 2003 , although he considered it the making of him in the end , giving him the courage to develop his ideas without caring what anyone thought . His book The Truth Vibrations , inspired by his experience in Peru , was published in May 1991 , and he continued to write , turning himself into a popular author and speaker . Between 1992 and 1994 he wrote five books , all published by mainstream publishers , four in 1993 . Love Changes Everything ( 1992 ) , influenced by the " channelling " work of Deborah Shaw , is a theosophical work about the origin of the planet , in which Icke writes with admiration about Jesus . Days of Decision ( 1993 ) is an 86 @-@ page summary of his interviews after the 1991 press conference ; it questions the historicity of Jesus but accepts the existence of the Christ spirit . Icke 's autobiography , In the Light of Experience , was published the same year , followed by Heal the World : A Do @-@ It @-@ Yourself Guide to Personal and Planetary Transformation ( 1993 ) . = = = The Robots ' Rebellion = = = Icke 's fifth book of that period , The Robots ' Rebellion ( 1994 ) , published by Gateway , attracted allegations that his work was antisemitic . According to Nicholas Goodrick @-@ Clarke , the book contains " all the familiar beliefs and paranoid clichés " of the US conspiracists and militia . It claims that a plan for world domination by a shadowy cabal , perhaps extraterrestial , was laid out in a notorious antisemitic literary forgery , The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ( c . 1897 ) . Icke 's reliance on the Protocols is the first of several instances of his moving close to antisemitism , Burkun argues . The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a notorious antisemitic literary forgery , probably written under the direction of the Russian secret police in Paris , that purported to reveal a conspiracy by the Jewish people to achieve global domination . It was exposed as a work of fiction in 1920 by Lucien Wolf and the following year by Phillip Graves in The Times . Once exposed , it disappeared from mainstream discourse , Barkun writes , until interest in it was renewed by the American far right in the 1950s . Its use was spread further by conspiracy groups on the internet . Icke took both the extraterrestial angle and the focus on the Protocols from Behold a Pale Horse ( 1991 ) by Milton William Cooper , who was associated with the American militia movement ; chapter 15 of Cooper 's book reproduces the Protocols im full . The Robots ' Rebellion refers repeatedly to the Protocols , calling them the Illuminati protocols , and defining Illuminati as the " Brotherhood elite at the top of the pyramid of secret societies world @-@ wide " . Icke adds that the Protocols were not the work of the Jewish people , but of Zionists . The Robots ' Rebellion was greeted with dismay by the Green Party 's executive . Despite the controversy over the press conference and Wogan interview , they had allowed Icke to address the party 's annual conference in 1992 — a decision that led one of its principal speakers , Sara Parkin , to resign — but after the publication of The Robot 's Rebellion they moved to ban him . Icke wrote to the Guardian in September 1994 denying that The Robots ' Rebellion was antisemitic , and rejecting racism , sexism and prejudice of any kind , while insisting that whoever had written the Protocols " knew the game plan " for the 20th century . = = = David Icke Books = = = Icke 's next manuscript , And the Truth Shall Set You Free ( 1995 ) , contained a chapter questioning aspects of the Holocaust , which caused a rift with his publisher , Gateway . Sam Taylor of the Observer argued that the chapter is not antisemitic , but that Icke was " tapping into a seriously paranoid , aggressive strain in U.S. society " . After borrowing ₤ 15 @,@ 000 from a friend , Icke set up Bridge of Love Publications , later called David Icke Books , and self @-@ published that book and all his work thereafter . He wrote in 2004 that And the Truth was one of his proudest achievements . According to Lewis and Kahn , Icke set about consolidating all conspiracy theories into one project with unlimited explanatory power . His books sold 140 @,@ 000 copies between 1998 and 2011 , at a value of over £ 2 million . Thirty thousand copies of The Biggest Secret ( 1999 ) were in print months after publication , according to Icke , and it was reprinted six times between 1999 and 2006 . Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster ( 2002 ) became a long @-@ standing top @-@ five bestseller in South Africa . By 2006 his website was getting 600 @,@ 000 hits a week , and by 2011 his books had been translated into 11 languages . Icke became known , in particular , for his lengthy lectures . By 2006 he had lectured in at least 25 countries , attracting audiences of several thousand each time . He lectured for seven hours to 2 @,@ 500 people at the Brixton Academy , London , in 2008 , and the same year addressed the University of Oxford 's debating society , the Oxford Union . His book tour for Human Race Get Off Your Knees : The Lion Sleeps No More ( 2010 ) included a sell @-@ out talk to 2 @,@ 100 in New York and £ 83 @,@ 000 worth of ticket sales in Melbourne . In October 2012 he delivered a 10 @-@ hour lecture to 6 @,@ 000 people at London 's Wembley Arena . = = = Second marriage , politics , television = = = In 1997 Icke met his second wife , Pamela Leigh Richards , in Jamaica . He and Linda Atherton divorced in 2001 , and he and Richards were married the same year . The couple separated in 2008 and divorced in 2011 . Icke stood for parliament in the 2008 by @-@ election for Haltemprice and Howden ( an East Yorkshire constituency ) , on the issue of " Big Brother — The Big Picture " . He came 12th , with 110 votes ( 0 @.@ 46 % ) , resulting in a lost deposit . He explained that he was standing because " if we don 't face this now we are going to have some serious explaining to do when we are asked by our children and grandchildren what we were doing when the global fascist state was installed . ' I was watching EastEnders , dear ' will not be good enough . " In November 2013 Icke launched an internet television station , The People 's Voice , broadcast out of London . He founded the station after crowdsourcing over ₤ 300 @,@ 000 and worked for it as a volunteer until March 2014 . As of that year the station appeared to have stopped broadcasting . = = Key ideas = = = = = Overview = = = Icke combines New Age philosophical discussion about the universe and consciousness with conspiracy theories about public figures being reptilian humanoids and paedophiles . He argues in favour of reincarnation ; a collective consciousness that has intentionality ; modal realism ( that other possible worlds exist alongside ours ) ; and the law of attraction ( that good and bad thoughts can attract experiences ) . In The Biggest Secret ( 1999 ) , he introduced the idea that many prominent figures derive from the Anunnaki , a reptilian race from the Draco constellation . In Human Race Get Off Your Knees : The Lion Sleeps No More ( 2012 ) , he identified the Moon ( and later Saturn ) as the source of holographic experiences , broadcast by the reptiles , that humanity interprets as reality . = = = Reptoid hypothesis = = = In his ancient @-@ astronaut narrative , Icke argues that humanity has been genetically manipulated by the Babylonian Brotherhood , a hybrid race of human – extraterrestial reptilians , also known as the Illuminati . He briefly introduced the extraterrestrial hypothesis in The Robot 's Rebellion ( 1994 ) , citing Bill Cooper 's Behold a Pale Horse ( 1991 ) , and expanded it in And the Truth Shall Set You Free ( 1995 ) , citing Barbara Marciniak 's Bringers of the Dawn ( 1992 ) . In The Biggest Secret ( 1999 ) , Icke identified the Brotherhood as descendants of reptilians from the constellation Draco , who live in caverns inside the earth . They are the deities known as the Anunnaki in the Babylonian creation myth , Enûma Eliš , and the fallen angels , the Watchers , who mated with human women in the Biblical apocrypha . He said in an interview : When you get back into the ancient world , you find this recurring theme of a union between a non @-@ human race and humans — creating a hybrid race . From 1998 , I started coming across people who told me they had seen people change into a non @-@ human form . It 's an age @-@ old phenomenon known as shape @-@ shifting . The basic form is like a scaly humanoid , with reptilian rather than humanoid eyes . Robertson writes that Icke 's reptilian idea is adapted from Zecharia Sitchin 's The 12th Planet ( 1976 ) , combined with material from Credo Mutwa , a Zulu healer . Sitchin suggested that the Anunnaki came to Earth for its precious metals . Icke maintains that they came for monatomic gold , a non @-@ existent mineral ( only gases can exist in a monatomic state ) that , he writes , increases the capacity of the nervous system ten thousandfold . After ingesting it , the reptilians can process vast amounts of information , speed up trans @-@ dimensional travel , and shapeshift from reptilian to human . The first reptilian @-@ human breeding programmes took place 200 @,@ 000 – 300 @,@ 000 years ago ( perhaps creating Adam ) , and the third ( and latest ) 7 @,@ 000 years ago . The hybrids of the third programme , more Anunnaki than human , today control the world : " The Brotherhood which controls the world today is the modern expression of the Babylonian Brotherhood of reptile @-@ Aryan priests and ' royalty ' which came together there after the flood . " By " Aryan " he explains that he means " white " ; this includes most Jews , whom he regards as having originated in the Caucasus . = = = Brotherhood aims and institutions = = = At the apex of the Babylonian Brotherhood stands the Global Elite , and at the top of the Global Elite are the Prison Wardens . The goal of the Brotherhood , their " Great Work of Ages " , is a microchipped population and fascist world government . The Brotherhood created and controls the United Nations , International Monetary Fund , Round Table , Council on Foreign Relations , Chatham House , Club of Rome , Royal Institute of International Affairs , Trilateral Commission and Bilderberg Group , as well as the media , military , CIA , Mossad , science , religion and the Internet , with witting or unwitting support from the London School of Economics . As of 2003 the reptilian bloodline encompassed 43 American presidents , three British and two Canadian prime ministers , several Sumerian kings and Egyptian pharaohs , and a smattering of celebrities , including Bob Hope , Chris Christopherson and Boxcar Willie . Key bloodlines are the Rockefellers , Rothschilds , various European aristocratic families , the establishment families of the Eastern United States , and the British House of Windsor . Icke confirmed to Andrew Neil in May 2016 that he believes the British Royal Family are shapeshifting lizards . He identified the Queen Mother in 2001 as " seriously reptilian " , and said he had seen Ted Heath 's eyes turn black while the two waited for a Sky News interview in 1989 . Lewis and Kahn argue that Icke is using allegory to depict the alien , and alienating , nature of global capitalism . Icke has said he is not using allegory . = = = Dimensions = = = The reptilians not only come from another planet , but are also from another dimension , the lower level of the fourth dimension ( the " lower astral dimension " ) , the one nearest the physical world . Barkun argues that the introduction of different dimensions allows Icke to skip awkward questions about how the reptilians got here . Icke writes that the universe consists of an infinite number of dimensions that share the same space , just like television and radio frequencies . Some people can tune their consciousness to other wavelengths , and it is from one of these other dimensions that the Anunnaki control the planet , although just as fourth @-@ dimensional reptilians control us , they in turn are controlled by a fifth dimension . = = = Problem – reaction – solution = = = Icke writes that the Brotherhood uses human anxiety as energy . " Thus we have the encouragement of wars , " he wrote in 1999 , " human genocide , the mass slaughter of animals , sexual perversions which create highly charged negative energy , and black magic ritual and sacrifice which takes place on a scale that will stagger those who have not studied the subject . " In Tales From The Time Loop ( 2003 ) , Icke argues that the reptilians creat religious , racial , ethnic and sexual division to divide and conquer humanity . Incidents and issues he attributes to the Global Elite include the Oklahoma City bombing , Dunblane , Columbine , 9 / 11 , 7 / 7 , global warming , chemtrails , water fluoridation , and Agenda 21 . The incidents allow the reptilians to respond in whatever way they intended to act in the first place , a concept Icke calls " order out of chaos " or " problem – reaction – solution " . One of their methods is to create fake opposites , or " opposames " , such as the Axis and Allied powers of World War II . The movement of societies toward totalitarianism because of these conflicts he calls " totalitarian tiptoe " . = = = Red Dresses = = = In Infinite Love is the Only Truth ( 2005 ) , Icke introduces his three categories of people . The Brotherhood are " interactive software programs " , or " Red Dresses " . They lack consciousness and free will , and their human bodies are holographic veils . A second group , the " sheeple " ( the vast majority of humanity ) , are conscious , but do as they are told and are the Brotherhood 's main energy source . They include the " repeaters " , people in positions of influence who repeat what other people tell them ; he cites doctors , teachers and journalists as examples . The third and smallest group are those who see through the illusion ; they are usually dubbed dangerous or mad . The Red Dress genetic lines interbreed obsessively to make sure their bloodlines are not weakened by the second or third levels of consciousness , because consciousness can rewrite the software . = = = Saturn – Moon Matrix = = = The Moon Matrix is introduced in Human Race Get Off Your Knees : The Lion Sleeps No More ( 2010 ) , in which Icke suggests that the Earth and collective human mind are manipulated from the Moon , a spacecraft and inter @-@ dimensional portal controlled by the reptilians . The Moon Matrix is a broadcast from that spacecraft to the human body – computer , specifically to the left hemisphere of the brain , which gives us our sense of reality : " We are living in a dreamworld within a dreamworld — a Matrix within the virtual @-@ reality universe — and it is being broadcast from the Moon . " Unless people force themselves to become fully conscious , their minds are the Moon 's mind . This idea is further explored in Icke 's Remember Who You Are : Remember ' Where ' You Are and Where You ' Come ' From ( 2012 ) , where he introduces the concept of the " Saturn – Moon Matrix " . In this more recent conceptualization , the rings of Saturn ( which Icke believes were artificially created by reptilian spacecraft ) are the ultimate source of the signal , while the Moon is merely a sort of amplifier . = = Reception = = Icke has emerged as a professional conspiracy theorist within a global counter @-@ cultural movement that combines New World Order conspiracism , the truther movement and anti @-@ globalization , with an extraterrestrial conspiracist subculture ( Roswell , alien abduction , crop circles , men in black , The X @-@ Files ) . Thanks to Icke 's prominence , public figures are regularly asked whether they are lizards . An Official Information Act request was filed in New Zealand in 2008 to ask this of John Key , the prime minister , and Facebook 's Mark Zuckerberg was asked during a Q & A in 2016 . ( Both men said they were not lizards . Key added that he had taken the unusual step of consulting not only a doctor but a vet . ) In a 2013 survey in the United States by Public Policy Polling , four percent believed that " ' lizard people ' control our societies . Icke 's audiences consist of all ages and political persuasions , from the far @-@ right Christian Patriots to New Agers . Barkun categorizes Icke as a New Age conspiracist , describing his work as " improvisational millennialism " , with an end @-@ of @-@ history scenario involving a final battle between good and evil . Barkun defines improvisional millennialism as an " act of bricolage " : because everything is connected in the conspiracist world view , every source can be mined for links . Barkun argues that Icke has actively tried to cultivate the radical right : " There is no fuller explication of [ their ] beliefs about ruling elites than Icke 's . " In 1996 Icke spoke to a conference in Reno , Nevada , alongside opponents of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act , including Kirk Lyons , a lawyer who has represented the Ku Klux Klan . Icke was dogged for a few years by allegations that his work is antisemitic ; the focus on the Protocols was taken to mean that Icke 's reptilians were really Jews , which Icke called " friggin ' nonsense " . After complaints from the Canadian Jewish Congress in 2000 , he was briefly detained by immigration officials in Canada where he was booked for a speaking tour , and his books were removed from Indigo Books , a Canadian chain . Several stops on the tour were cancelled by the venues , as was a lecture in London . Despite his relationships with the far right , Icke 's New Age beliefs create a division between him and them , according to Barkun . Although Icke regards Christian patriots as the only Americans who understand the New World Order , he also told a Christian patriot group : " I don 't know which I dislike more , the world controlled by the Brotherhood , or the one you want to replace it with . " James Ward argues that Icke 's underlying message is hopeful , and that therein lies his appeal : as Icke said at Wembley in 2012 , " If we want a world of love and peace , we have to be loving and peaceful with everyone , even people we don 't like . " Relying on Douglas Kellner 's distinction between clinical paranoia and a " critical paranoia " that confronts power , Lewis and Kahn argue that Icke displays elements of both , and that his " postmodern metanarrative " may be allegorical , a Swiftian satire used to give ordinary people a narrative with which to question what they see around them and to alert them to the emergence of a global fascist state . = = Selected works = = Books Videos = Mount Pleasant Road = Mount Pleasant Road is a major arterial thoroughfare in the Canadian city of Toronto , Ontario that travels from Jarvis Street south of Bloor Street north to Glen Echo Drive . The road is unique as one of the few arterial roads in Toronto to be created after the development of the suburbs which it passes through . These include the wealthy Rosedale , Moore Park and Lawrence Park neighbourhoods . The road also passes through the centre of Mount Pleasant Cemetery , after which it takes its name . Mount Pleasant Road was first established in 1915 when the city of Toronto , having recently annexed Moore Park , purchased the right @-@ of @-@ way for a new road through the cemetery . This road opened to traffic in 1919 , from St. Clair Avenue to the Blythwood Ravine , south of Lawrence Avenue . Several streets were absorbed into the length of Mount Pleasant Road in 1919 , 1920 and 1935 ; the latest as part of a northward extension through Lawrence Park . In the late 1940s , what originally began as the Clifton Road Extension opened a new right @-@ of @-@ way between St. Clair Avenue and Jarvis Street , despite opposition from the Toronto Transit Commission ( TTC ) , bringing the road to its current length of 7 @.@ 6 km ( 4 @.@ 7 mi ) . This extension is considered Toronto 's first expressway . = = Route description = = Between Bloor Street and York Mills Road , Mount Pleasant Road is the first major thoroughfare east of Yonge Street , the centreline of Toronto . It is classified by the city as a " major arterial " , with a speed limit of 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) in most places . The road is 7 @.@ 6 km ( 4 @.@ 7 mi ) in length . Mount Pleasant begins as an extension of Jarvis Street , in downtown Toronto . Until late 2009 , Jarvis extended north to Bloor ; however , this section was renamed Ted Rogers Way on October 27 , 2009 , truncating Jarvis at Mount Pleasant . The road forks to the northeast between large buildings and passes beneath Bloor Street , then crosses the Rosedale Ravine . It passes through residential South Rosedale , entering a trench and passing beneath Crescent Drive . The road descends into the Yellow Creek ravine ( crossing David A. Balfour Park ) along the former route of Roxborough Drive , then climbs to pass beneath the Canadian Pacific Railway tracks . It continues to climb along the eastern bank of the ravine , entering Moore Park and turning north at St. Clair Avenue East . The road passes through the centre of Mount Pleasant Cemetery , after which it takes its name . It crosses the old Belt Line Railway trail , and winds northeast into Davisville Village . Continuing north and resuming its straight northward course , Mount Pleasant passes through a historic commercial strip , then meets Eglinton Avenue East . It passes into a primarily residential area , though several auto service shops exist along this stretch , as well as Northern Secondary School . The road heads slightly west south of Blythwood Road , then crosses Blythwood Ravine , which contains the small Burke 's Brook . After climbing into Lawrence Park , the road meets Lawrence Avenue East . This intersection , featuring a multi @-@ stage traffic light , directs driver to the east before continuing north . From here to the northern terminus , it is classified as a collector road and is a wide residential street with several stop signs . The road ends near the edge of the West Don Valley at an intersection with Glen Echo Drive , adjacent to the Doncliffe Bus Loop . = = History = = The outward growth of Toronto presented an ever increasing need for a dedicated burial ground . The Toronto General Burying Grounds Trust was formed by the owners of the Potter 's Field cemetery , which lay at the northwest corner of Yonge and Bloor . As the cemetery blocked the growth of Yorkville , the village pressured the province to move the interred to a new burial ground ; the trust purchased The Necropolis . As Toronto continued to grow , the need for a new cemetery grew . As a result , the trust purchased a 0 @.@ 81 km2 ( 200 acres ) farm north of Deer Park . The new grounds , named Mount Pleasant Cemetery , opened to the public on November 4 , 1876 . Thereafter , the " outer suburbs " of Rosedale , Deer Park , North Toronto and Moore Park grew , being annexed by the City of Toronto in 1905 , 1908 and the latter two in 1912 , respectively . Mount Pleasant Road was constructed over the course of several years by interconnecting several existing streets as well as building a new road in other places ; at that time , a road existed to the north and south of the cemetery . The road to the south , running between Clarence Street ( renamed Heath Street on April 7 , 1913 ) and Moore Avenue , was known as Lyle Street and Kinsman Avenue . The road to the north , running between Balliol Street and Merton Street , was known as Alberta Avenue . In an attempt to improve the flow of traffic coming from within the city , the operators of Mount Pleasant Cemetery were approached beginning in 1912 with the goal of opening a new right @-@ of @-@ way through the property . The operators initially refused , prompting the city to pass By @-@ law 7311 in March 1915 , which allowed for the expropriation of the cemetery property . Over the next several months , the city and the Toronto General Burying Grounds Trustees bargained over the price of the land , settling for the extraordinary sum of $ 98 @,@ 921 @.@ 88 ( $ 2 @,@ 090 @,@ 000 , adjusted for inflation ) by July ; construction began the following spring . The route through Moore Park incorporated a small street known as Kinsman Avenue ( known as Lyle Street until April 7 , 1913 ) , while north of the cemetery , the short Alberta Avenue between Merton Street And Balliol Street was absorbed . The muddy road was opened to traffic in 1919 , featuring a paved bridge with streetcar tracks over the abandoned Belt Line Railway . By the end of 1919 , Mount Pleasant Road existed between St. Clair Avenue and Blythwood Road , ending at the rim of the Blythwood Ravine . Despite this , the road on the opposite rim was renamed from Sidmouth Avenue in 1920 . Following the construction of the Vale of Avoca in the first half of the 1920s , the newly formed Toronto Transit Commission extended the St. Clair streetcar line east to Mount Pleasant Road December 1 , 1924 and then north to Eglinton Avenue on November 4 , 1925 . Between 1934 and 1936 , after gaining approval from Lawrence Park developers , a bridge was constructed over the ravine and Mount Pleasant extended north to Lawrence Avenue . In 1935 , Hilda Avenue was renamed , extending Mount Pleasant Road north to Forest Glen Crescent . = = = Clifton Road Extension = = = In November 1945 , at the recommendation of the planning board , in an effort to improve traffic flow outward from the downtown core , city council initiated what would come to be known as the Clifton Road Extension . Prior to the opening of this route , a road travelled southwest from the intersection of Inglewood Drive and Clifton Road into the ravine , crossed Yellow Creek , and climbed up the opposite slope north to the corner of Avoca Avenue and Rosehill Drive ; most of this route exists as a recreational path today . Roxborough Drive also crossed the ravine along the same route as Mount Pleasant today . A third route followed MacLennan Avenue north across the CPR tracks , ascending the steep MacLennan Hill . A decades @-@ old contract signed with CPR required the closing of the MacLennan Avenue crossing if a road should ever pass beneath the tracks . The Maclennan Hill was a dangerous and steep bottleneck for traffic leaving the inner city . The first recommendations involved creating an underpass beneath the CPR tracks . A vote was held on January 1 , 1946 , with an overwhelming majority of voters approving the project . After several months of negotiation with residents of South Rosedale , bylaw 16622 formally approved the extension of Clifton Road to Jarvis Street on June 24 , 1946 . Residents of Moore Park , opposed to the notion of widening their small residential street , approached city council in September 1948 to request the new extension connect to Mount Pleasant Road instead . A petition of residents followed , and city council accepted the recommendations . Bylaw 17489 , passed February 7 , 1949 , formally approved the project . Despite the loss of ten houses , this plan was carried out . Construction included a new bridge excavated at the intersection of Huntley and Jarvis Streets , requiring the TTC to divert its streetcar tracks to the south . The closing of the MacLennan Avenue CPR crossing resulted in the construction of a pedestrian overpass . Traffic descending the MacLennan Hill was directed west along a new road to Mount Pleasant . On January 23 , 1950 , the Clifton Road Extension was renamed Mount Pleasant Road . It opened to traffic on May 17 , and is considered the first expressway in Toronto . = = Major intersections = = The following table lists the notable crossroads encountered along Mount Pleasant Road . The entirety of the road lies within the city of Toronto . = Matagorda Bay = Matagorda Bay ( / ˈmætəˈɡɔərdə / ) is a large Gulf of Mexico estuary bay on the Texas coast , lying in Calhoun and Matagorda counties and located approximately 80 miles ( 130 km ) northeast of Corpus Christi , 143 miles ( 230 km ) east @-@ southeast of San Antonio , 108 miles ( 174 km ) south @-@ southwest of Houston , and 167 miles ( 269 km ) south @-@ southeast of Austin . It is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by Matagorda Peninsula and serves as the mouth of numerous streams , most notably the Lavaca and Colorado Rivers . The major Texas seaport of Port Lavaca is located on the system 's northwestern extension of Lavaca Bay . The city of Palacios is found on northeastern extension of Tres Palacios Bay , and Port O 'Connor is located on the southwestern tip of the main bay 's shore . The ghost town of Indianola , which was a major port before it was destroyed by two hurricanes in the late 19th Century , is also found on the bay . The bay 's shore , especially near the Colorado River delta , provides a habitat for a wide variety of wildlife . The wildlife serves as a basis for the birding and fishing tourism , and is an essential component of the production of seafood , specifically shrimp and blue crab , which are the specialties of the area . The fertile land near the bay is ideal for farming , especially for the propagation of rice . = = History = = Early European records suggest that the bay and the surrounding area went by the names Espíritu Santo and Costa y Bahía de San Bernardo . Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda 's map from the late 1510s appears to be the first documentation of the bay . In 1685 , French explorer René @-@ Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle established the colony of Fort St. Louis along the bay 's shore after missing the entrance to the Mississippi River . Half of the colonists were killed by disease , and the other half , save for five children , were killed by Karankawa Indians . It was afterward referred to as a " lost colony . " The Indians kept the children until they were rescued by the Spanish during the Alonso De León and Domingo Terán de los Ríos expeditions near the bay . In 1722 Spanish built a fort , Presidio La Bahia , and Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga on the site of Fort Saint Louis . The port of Linnville was established on Matagorda Bay in 1831 , and served as a main port for the Republic of Texas . The Great Comanche Raid of 1840 destroyed the town and forced the inhabitants to flee to the nearby Labbacca , which would later become known as Port Lavaca . Lavaca or la vaca , Spanish for cow , was founded in the wake of the Comanche Raid in 1841 . It replaced Linnville as the main port on Matagorda Bay . However , the sandbar @-@ heavy Lavaca Bay caused some navigational problems for ships . As a result , Lavaca was surpassed by Indianola as the main port on Matagorda Bay in the 1850s , even though the sandbars were dredged later in the decade . Indianola had been founded in 1846 as a landing place for German immigrants . It rapidly developed into a major seaport , and became the second largest in the state ( after Galveston ) by the 1860s . The two ports , and strategic control of Matagorda Bay in particular , became important during the American Civil War . Control of the bay shifted between the Union and Confederate forces several times . The Union presence in the area ended in June 1864 . After the war , Indianola continued its growth , and had a population of 5 @,@ 000 in the 1870s . A hurricane in 1875 caused massive damage to the city . It was rebuilt on a smaller scale shortly thereafter , but a second and more intense hurricane made landfall in 1886 ( the fifth most intense in U.S. history ) , causing even greater destruction . The following year , Indianola was completely abandoned . Although Lavaca was also significantly affected by the hurricanes , it survived as a port , and again became the largest on the bay . It continues to hold this distinction today . It was renamed Port Lavaca in the late 19th Century . Palacios was established around 1901 , and Port O 'Connor was founded on the bay in 1909 . Before 1900 , East Matagorda Bay was a free flowing extension , which formed the eastern segment of Matagorda Bay . Flooding and drainage issues caused by the Colorado River , which at the time emptied into the bay , precipitated a massive dredging campaign in the 1920s . Flooding was not remedied by the dredging , as sediment deposited in the bay and formed a tidal marsh that grew at 500 acres ( 2 @.@ 0 km2 ) a year . As a result , local citizens decided to change the course of the Colorado River in 1934 to bypass Matagorda Bay into the Gulf of Mexico , the dredging from this project causing the split and forming the isolated East Matagorda Bay . In 1992 , the river was diverted back to the bay . = = Features = = The shoreline of the bay is included in the Texas Coastal Plain . At the eastern end , near the Colorado River delta , there is a swampy terrain , with an abundance of wetlands and tidal marshes . Extended coastal prairies supporting native grasses , can be found throughout the area . On average , the Matagorda Bay system is 2 meters ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) deep , and covers approximately 1 @,@ 093 square kilometers ( 422 sq mi ) . It is the third largest estuarine system in Texas behind Galveston Bay and Laguna Madre . The main extensions include : Lavaca Bay , which extends westward to the mouth of the Lavaca River ; Tres Palacios Bay , which extends northeast to the mouth of the Tres Palacios River and East Matagorda Bay , which is nearly isolated from the system by the Colorado River delta . Other inlets include Turtle Bay , Carancahua Bay , Keller Bay , and Cox Bay . Every second , approximately 150 cubic meters ( 40 @,@ 000 U.S. gal ) of water flows into the bay . The exchange with the Gulf of Mexico occurs at Pass Cavallo , Matagorda Ship Channel , Greens Bayou , the Colorado River Delta Complex and Brown Cedar Cut . As a result of the seawater exchange , the bay 's salinity is 19 parts per thousand ( ppt ) , which is lower than the seawater average of 35 ppt . This difference is caused by the large number of creeks and rivers that flow into the system , largely from the drainage basins of the Colorado and Lavaca Rivers . = = Ecosystem = = A wide variety of wildlife can be found in and around Matagorda Bay . The Mad Island @-@ Oyster Lake conservation area , located on the eastern shore of Matagorda Bay , is a habitat for over 300 species of birds including songbirds , shorebirds and waterfowl . More species of birds were found in the area than any other in the nation during the National Audubon Society 's annual Christmas Bird Count from 2000 to 2002 . Other fauna located along the bay include bobcats , white @-@ tailed deer , river otters , Texas horned lizards , reddish egret , white @-@ tailed hawk , peregrine falcon , the piping plover and alligators . According to Texas Parks and Wildlife , the following fish have been caught in the bay : striped bass , gafftopsail catfish , Atlantic croaker , black drum , red drum , southern flounder , barred grunt , hake , skipjack herring , crevalle jack , ladyfish , Gulf menhaden , pigfish , smooth puffer , sand seatrout , spotted seatrout , blacktip shark , gray snapper , southern stingray , Gulf toadfish and tripletail . The bay serves as a nursery for finfish , shrimp and crabs . = = Industry = = The Matagorda Bay system is a renowned fishing location in the region , due to its status as a nutrient @-@ rich estuary . The mainstays of the settlements on the bay include seafood processing , manufacturing , agriculture and tourism . Commercial fishermen specialize in oyster , blue crab , and shrimp . Port Lavaca is the national leader in the processing of shrimp , and passed four million tons of seafood through its port in 1985 alone . Palacios houses the largest blue crab processing plant in the United States , and is home to the only individually quick frozen shrimp plant in Texas . Recreational fishing also contributes to the local economies , via tourism . Tourists often flock to the Port Lavaca State Fishing Pier , which is a major point of interest for fishermen . Other activities for visitors include hunting , oyster roasts , beach combing and birding . Several manufacturing complexes have been erected along the bay , which employ local residents . The Aluminum Company of America , Union Carbide , Du Pont , and Formosa Plastics all established plants in Point Comfort . The South Texas Nuclear Generating Station is found in nearby Bay City . Petroleum and natural gas were discovered in the bay in the 1930s . Maize , cotton , soybeans , turf , and rice grow well around the bay , especially in the fertile delta region . = Glass Spider Tour = The Glass Spider Tour was an 1987 worldwide concert tour by David Bowie , launched in support of his album Never Let Me Down . It began in May 1987 and was preceded by a two @-@ week press tour that saw Bowie visit nine countries throughout Europe and North America to drum up public interest in the tour . The Glass Spider Tour was the first Bowie tour to visit Austria , Italy , Spain , Ireland and Wales . Through a sponsorship from Pepsi , the tour was intended to visit Russia and South America as well , but these plans were later cancelled . The tour was , at that point , the longest and most expensive tour Bowie had embarked upon in his career . At the time , the tour 's elaborate set was called " the largest touring set ever " . Bowie conceived the tour as a theatrical show , and included spoken @-@ word introductions to some songs , vignettes , and employed visuals including projected videos , theatrical lighting and stage props . On stage , Bowie was joined by guitarist Peter Frampton and a troupe of five dancers ( choreographed by long @-@ time Bowie collaborator Toni Basil ) . With the theme " Rock stars vs Reality " , the show was divided into two acts and an encore . The set list was modified over the course of the tour as Bowie dropped some of his newer material in favour of older songs from his repertoire . The tour was generally poorly received at the time for being overblown and pretentious . Despite the criticism , Bowie in 1991 remarked that this tour laid the groundwork for later successful theatrical tours by other artists , and the set 's design and the show 's integration of music and theatrics has inspired later acts by a variety of artists . Starting in the late 2000s , the tour began to collect accolades for its successes , and in 2010 the tour was named one of the top concert tour designs of all time . The tour was financially successful and well @-@ attended ( being seen by perhaps as many as six million fans worldwide ) , but the poor critical reception of the album and tour led Bowie to not only abandon plans for other elaborate stage shows , but to reconsider his own motivations for making music . The tour was named after the album track " Glass Spider " , and performances from this tour were released on the VHS video Glass Spider ( 1988 , re @-@ released on DVD in 2007 ) . = = Background = = Preparations for the tour began as early as 1986 , when Bowie warned his band to " be ready for next year . " Bowie was initially mum on his plans for his tour , saying only " I 'm going to do a stage thing this year , which I 'm incredibly excited about , ' cause I 'm gonna take a chance again . " When asked if he would elaborate on his plans , he replied " No ! [ Laughs . ] Too many other acts are goin ' out . I 'll just be doing what I always did , which is keeping things interesting . " In announcing the tour , Bowie embarked on a series of promotional press shows covering 9 countries in 2 weeks , including Canada , the US and seven countries in Europe . The press tour shows were typically delivered in smaller venues seating around 300 people , and local fans were often allowed into the events . He used the opportunity to educate the press on his album and the tour , and the multiple dates allowed him to correct misinformation . At the London Glass Spider Press Conference , he clarified that " I didn 't say ' lights , costumes and sex , ' what I said was ' lights , costumes and theatrical sets ' " in response to a question about what the audience could expect when seeing his new live show . Press tour shows included live performances of some of the songs from the album Never Let Me Down . Bowie was joined by long @-@ time friend Peter Frampton on the tour . Frampton said " I don 't have a book to sell ; I don 't have an album to sell ; I 'm just here as a guitarist . The pressure is off . I 'm enjoying myself . " Frampton and Bowie had known each other since their teen years when they both attended Bromley Technical School , where Frampton 's father was Bowie 's art teacher . = = Development = = Bowie had a clear goal for this tour : to return to the theatrics that he had performed during his short @-@ lived 1974 Diamond Dogs Tour . He wanted this tour to be " ultra @-@ theatrical , a combination of music , theater , and rock " , and he felt that his previous tour , while successful , had veered away from the theatrics that he preferred : [ In 1983 for the Serious Moonlight Tour ] the promoters were coming around and saying , " Listen David , we moved you from this 10 @,@ 000 seater up to this 30 @,@ 000 @-@ seater " ... and it grew and grew and there were 60 @,@ 000 @-@ seaters coming up . ... Let 's trim back on the theatrics and really go for giving them songs that they 've heard on the radio for the last 15 years or so – songs they probably didn 't realize when added up are a great body of work coming from this guy . ... Whereas with [ The Glass Spider ] tour coming up , I feel I 've established that . What I now want to do is have the songs work for the performance . ... Certainly there will be obscure songs on it , at least for the general public . There will be songs from albums that weren 't huge albums , but now those particular songs actually fit a section of the show . So when you put three songs together , you can create a vignette that works . It has a beginning and a conclusion and deals with one subject . Bowie indicated that he was " testing the waters " with this tour , and was potentially considering other large , elaborate stage shows if the tour was successful : The songs have to work within the show — not the show working for the songs , if you see what I mean . That 's why it 's so different . And that 's why it 's so exciting , because that 's the way I really like working . I mean , I like devising a show . I 've got a show book that is almost like the bible you have when you 're working on a play . It 's written and structured with various thematic devices . Unfortunately , it 's in revue form , because none of the songs were written for the show . That 's the ultimate , of course . If this works the way I hope it does , then the next step for me will be to write a piece specifically for arenas and stadiums , which is almost like taking a musical on the road that has one narrative form all the way through , with a cast of characters , and is written for epic theater . Bowie decided that the theme for the show would be " the reality and unreality of rock , " or , as one critic called it , " rock stars vs. reality " . Bowie said , " It 's not just about a rock singer , it 's about rock music , so it has a lot to do with the audience and how they perceive rock , and rock figures , and all the cliches , archetypes and stereotypes , and also family relationship . " During the show itself , Bowie incorporated a wide variety of props : " I 'm really attempting to do a lot of stuff ! It incorporates movement , dialogue , fragments of film , projected images , it 's what used to be called multi @-@ media in the ' 60s . " Bowie described how he assembled the show , saying , " The idea was to concoct surrealist or minimalist stage pieces to accompany rock @-@ and @-@ roll songs . I wanted to bridge together some kind of symbolist theater and modern dance . Not jazz dance , certainly not MTV dance , but something more influenced by people like Pina Bausch and a Montreal group called [ La La La Human Steps ] . There are some symbolist pieces , some minimalist pieces , and some vulgar pieces , too – some straightforward vaudeville bits . " When Bowie was asked what he thought his audience expected of him on this tour , he said : I guess that they come along to see whether I 'll fall down or something . I really don 't know . I know that they get what they consider is a really good performance . I think that over the years I 've proved that I do my best to provide them with some new vision of musical information on the stage . So I think there 's probably that element in it , but I couldn 't go any further than that . I really don 't know what they want from me . I 've never really been able to write for them . I 've only written and performed that which interests me . So essentially they have an agreement with me and that 's great . I mean , I 've lost audiences many times over the years , and they 've come back again for one reason or another . I 've sort of got that mutual agreement with them . If it 's not going very well then they stay away . Which is fair enough , you know . Bowie reportedly coordinated aspects of the tour via email , a rarity in the late 1980s . = = Song selection = = Bowie elected to play less well @-@ known songs on the tour and avoided some of his bigger hits . He was eager to not repeat the formula that made the Serious Moonlight Tour a success , saying , " It seemed so easy . It was cheers from the word go . You know how to get a reaction – play ' Changes , ' ' Golden Years ' and they 'd be up on their feet . You get the reaction , take the money and run away . It seemed too easy . I didn 't want to do that again . " All but two songs ( " Too Dizzy " and " Shining Star ( Makin ' My Love ) " ) from his album Never Let Me Down were played live during the tour . Songs performed during the tour were " chosen because they fit the performance " and fit Bowie 's goal to make a show that was much more theatrical and had strong dramatic content . When he was asked how he was going to make his rock show " dramatic " , he replied , " You 'll be surprised what you can do with a 6 @-@ piece rock band and a stage and a couple of lights . " Several songs that Bowie had anticipated playing on the tour were ultimately dropped before rehearsals even started , including " Space Oddity " , " Ricochet " , " Joe the Lion " and " Don 't Look Down " . Some songs that the band rehearsed were never played on the tour . Bowie was looking to avoid playing some of the songs that he was tired of playing after the long Serious Moonlight Tour , saying " I 'm not doing ' Star ' again . That was quite hard . I don 't think I 'm doing much Ziggy material on this tour ! [ laughs ] Probably use a lot of that mid @-@ 70s material , but not the more ponderous things like ' Warszawa . ' I tried that , and that was a bit yawn @-@ making . There was one I was humming to myself the other day : [ sings ] ' Baby , baby , I 'll never let you down ' – oh lord , what 's that one ? Jesus , I can 't remember it . ... ' Sons of the Silent Age ! ' [ snaps fingers ] Ah ! That 's right ! Thank god I could remember it ! So that for me now is a new song . I 've never done that one onstage . " " Sons of the Silent Age " was performed every night of the tour . = = Set design = = The tour 's set , described at the time as " the largest touring set ever , " was designed to look like a giant spider . It was 60 feet ( 18.3m ) high , 64 feet ( 19.5m ) wide and included giant vacuumed tube legs that were lit from the inside with 20 @,@ 000 ' ( 6,096m ) of color @-@ changing lights . A single set took 43 trucks to move and was estimated to weigh 360 tons . 16 ' x 20 ' ( 4.9m x 6m ) video screens displayed video and images from the show to those in the audience who were further away from the stage . The system required to run the show included two separate sound systems , 260 speaker cabinets , 1 @,@ 000 lights ( with an output total of 600 @,@ 000 watts ) and three computers . This was Bowie 's first tour where wireless microphone technology was available , allowing Bowie considerable freedom to move around the stage during a concert . This allowed him to interact with the dancers and musicians much more freely , and as such the set included 3 @-@ story high mobile scaffolding , onto which Bowie and his dancers would occasionally climb during the show . Each set cost US $ 10 million , about $ 20 @.@ 8 million in today 's dollars . Bowie himself invested over $ 10 million of his own money to help fund the tour , and he paid $ 1 million a week to maintain a staff of 150 people to maintain and build the three sets as the tour moved around the world . In Philadelphia , where the tour opened in the US , the set was described as taking " 300 people 4 days " to build . About halfway through the first leg of the tour in Europe , Bowie discovered that the full Spider set was so large that it would not fit in most indoor venues . He said , " It would cost me between $ 500 @,@ 000 and $ 600 @,@ 000 to alter the sets enough to bring the show indoors . ... I may decide to have a smaller ' indoor ' set made somewhere during the tour . " He did in fact commission a third slightly smaller set ( called the " Junior Bug " set ) to be used at indoor venues where the full spider would not fit , such as New York 's Madison Square Garden . Bowie thought of the whole set as a metaphor of life , describing the stage as having " a feeling of a ship , which is the voyage , with the rigging and the climbing and the ropes . And the bottom circular area is like the Circus of Lights , so it really is from birth , and the voyaging through life . " = = Rehearsals = = Bowie assembled his band in early 1987 and were joined on stage by five dancers who were choreographed by Bowie 's long @-@ time friend Toni Basil . The band and the dancers spent time in 12 @-@ hour @-@ a @-@ day rehearsals in New York before moving on to Europe . Bowie described his rehearsal routine : I prepare the day 's work when I get up in the morning , and then I go in around 10 o 'clock ( a.m. ) for rehearsals . Then it 's constant rehearsals , both the visual side and the musical side , through about 8 o 'clock ( p.m. ) . At around 8 p.m. I look at the video tapes of what we 've been doing during the day , and make adjustments if necessary . So there really isn 't time to do anything else at all except Sundays , and then I sleep for most of the day . It 's very intensive rehearsals , and physically it 's quite demanding . Rehearsals with the full Spider set were staged in Rotterdam 's Ahoy Stadium starting on 18 May before moving to De Kuip stadium for the dress rehearsals ( 27 and 28 May ) . Due to relatively easy access to the venues during rehearsals , fans knew what the set list for the show would be before the tour even opened . Bowie stated that he was looking for dancers who did not look like typical MTV dancers and who knew both American street @-@ dancing and European performance art . Originally Bowie had hoped to have Édouard Lock of La La La Human Steps be involved in the show , but the group was booked with other commitments . Bowie later lamented that the Tour may have been viewed differently if La La La Human Steps had been involved : " It would have been a different ballgame . " La La La Human Steps would provide the choreography for Bowie 's next tour , the Sound + Vision Tour of 1990 . = = Concert synopsis = = The show was divided into two parts and included a planned encore . Bowie entered the show to the song " Glass Spider " , for which he was lowered from the set 's ceiling while seated in a silver chair and singing into a telephone . Bowie was dressed in a single @-@ breasted three @-@ quarters length red suit , a red shirt , and red shoes . The show 's first vignette began with " Bang Bang " , during which Bowie pulled an audience member out of the crowd , only to be rejected by the fan , who by the end of the song was revealed to be one of the troupe 's dancers . Later in the show , for the song " Fashion " , the dance troupe threatened Bowie with a street fight , which , by the end of the song , he accidentally wins . For the live performance of " Never Let Me Down " , Bowie was influenced by the minimalist choreography of Pina Bausch . Bowie said : I wanted one straight movement that starts upstage and comes all the way downstage and doesn 't vary . I 'm on my knees , with my arms in a kind of straitjacket , and a crawl for three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes . A girl is with me , as if she 's accompanying her pet in a park , but she has a cylinder on her back , and every now and then she 's giving me oxygen . It felt like a very protective , a very sad little image , and it felt right for the song . For Part 2 , Bowie appeared on the stage 's scaffolding to " ' 87 & Cry " , flew through the air in a Flying by Foy abseiling harness , and was subsequently tied up by riot police . On at least one occasion , the flying segment of the song was dropped due to a malfunction with the set . The movie footage shown behind Bowie during " ' Heroes ' " was shot by Bowie during his time in Russia in 1974 . Of the footage , Bowie said : There 's a poignant image of a Mongolian with a hanky in his hand waving goodbye to his family getting on a train to Moscow and I loop that up so there 's a never ending sequence of this old fellow dabbing his tears and waving bye @-@ bye . That plays behind the action in black and white and it 's alarmingly sad . It 's like saying goodbye to heroism ; it 's like saying goodbye to a world of a 19th century ideal . It 's irretrievable and now maybe we ’ re just looking for seeds of intelligence and not heroes . There 's something about it that I really like . It 's a piece of theatricality that I really adore . I ’ m really proud of it . The encore typically opened with the song " Time " , for which Bowie emerged from the top of the spider 's head with angel wings behind him , 60 feet above the crowd . The song was occasionally cut from outdoor shows when bad weather made the perch atop the spider too precarious to perform . Bowie 's outfit for the encore was a gold lamé leather suit complete with gold winged cowboy boots . One of these suits , autographed by Bowie , sold at a Sotheby 's auction in 1990 for $ 7 @,@ 000 ( worth about $ 12 @,@ 700 today ) , several times its expected selling price . One of the outfits that Bowie wore for Part 2 , also signed by Bowie , was put up for auction on 21 May 2016 . = = Setlists = = On tour , the band typically performed a roughly two and a half @-@ hour set that varied only a little from night to night . = = Opening acts = = The opening act for the tour varied from country to country ; in North America some dates of the tour were supported by Duran Duran or Siouxsie and the Banshees . The opening acts in Europe varied , and included such acts as Iggy Pop , Big Country , The Cult , Erasure , The Stranglers and Nina Hagen . The tour also played festival dates , on one occasion with The Eurythmics headlining one night and Bowie headlining the next . = = Tour incidents = = The tour took a physical toll on Bowie . Not only did he grow noticeably thinner over the course of the tour , he found that he was exhausted before the tour even started : I think [ tours like this ] are extravagantly dangerous to do because they 're so fucking tiring . Just the pressures of organising the event , and it 's no longer a show , it 's an event . Even before you go out on tour , you 're knackered . There 's God knows how many people running around , and everybody 's doing something and people are forgetting to delegate jobs to the right people , and it 's a mass of confusion and somehow it 's all supposed to come together . The tour played at large @-@ capacity venues , and in Europe the tour alternated between indoor and outdoor , open @-@ field venues . Michael Clark , a lighting engineer for the tour , died at the Stadio Comunale in Florence , Italy on 9 June after falling from the scaffolding before the show commenced . The following day on 10 June , another worker fell ( without lethal injury ) while helping build the set in Milan . Mobs of fans , some who had camped out overnight to get into the venue , rioted and had to be controlled by police . Both shows in Rome ( on 15 and 16 June ) saw similar rioting as fans who could not get tickets to the shows clashed with police . On the second night , Bowie had to sing through tear gas as 50 people were arrested and 15 policemen were injured in the rioting . As the band 's plane was leaving Rome after their show on 16 June , a bomb scare forced the plane to return the airport , only to discover that the local chief of police had used it as ruse to get Bowie 's autograph . Said Bowie of the incident , " I was not so much annoyed as stunned – that could only happen in Italy ! " The 27 June concert , originally scheduled to be performed at Ullevi , Gothenburg , Sweden had to be moved to nearby Eriksberg in Hisingen because a previous concert by Bruce Springsteen held at Ullevi Stadium incurred £ 2.7m ( or about £ 7m today ) in damages . A fan trying to enter the Slane Castle backstage area by swimming the River Boyne drowned just before the show on 11 July . At one point during the European tour , guitarist Carlos Alomar ripped a ligament in his leg , an injury that caused him to change his on @-@ stage character . Said Alomar , " [ I ] had to change my character into the mad , limping Mad Max reject with spiky hair . I went to a chiropractor and asked him for a lot of metal stuff -- leg braces , back braces and everything . Now I 'll be adding more metal as the show progresses . " Bowie was occasionally visited or had his shows attended by European royalty , including Princess Diana at the second show in Wembley Stadium ; Sarah , Duchess of York at Sunderland ; and Danish Prince Joachim and Crown Prince Frederik at Stadt Park . The Glass Spider Tour was the first Bowie tour to reach Austria , Italy , Spain , Ireland and Wales . Some of the outdoor performances in Britain had to start early due to curfew laws ( a problem typically avoided in other European shows ) , which reduced the impact of the lighting of the stage and set dressing , and bothered Bowie considerably . During the North American leg of the tour , a 30 @-@ year @-@ old woman claimed that Bowie sexually assaulted her at the Mansion Hotel after a show at Reunion Arena in Dallas . A grand jury cleared Bowie of all charges a year later . = = Ticket sales and attendance = = Demand for tickets to the tour was high : The 3 September show at Sullivan Stadium in Massachusetts set a record for quickest sellout at that venue , a record matched by U2 and unsurpassed until The Who sold 100 @,@ 000 tickets to two shows there in less than 8 hours in 1989 . For one venue , Bowie sold US $ 3 million worth of tickets to 3 shows in 90 minutes . The concert drew the largest crowd ever to see a concert in Ottawa , Canada at the time . Advance sales for the Australian leg of the tour was $ 8 @.@ 6 million , surpassing even Michael Jackson 's advance sales for the Australian leg of his " Bad " concert tour ( estimated at $ 4 @.@ 5 million ) . Writers have estimated that by the conclusion of the tour between two and six million people had attended , with another source suggesting that three million fans saw the tour worldwide . Four of the tour 's shows were among the Top 20 grossing concert shows of the year 1987 in the US , and at the end of 1987 it was estimated that the entire tour grossed more than $ 50 million . In 1991 , it was estimated that each show of the tour grossed US $ 1 million , for roughly $ 86 million over the course of the tour ( or approximately $ 179 million today , adjusted for inflation ) . = = Contemporary critical reviews = = The European leg of the tour seemed to garner mostly unfavorable reviews from the media , although there were positive reviews as well . Bowie was frustrated how the reviews in Europe changed from initially positive to negative , blaming the early start of the tour in some outdoor venues for the poor reception . He said , " the biggest mistake that was made on that tour , was opening in the daylight . The whole reason for the entire damn show was lost . " He noted that reviews from indoor shows ( where the set and lighting were more effective ) were quite positive . The US media seemed kinder , with papers in Orlando , Florida and Boston , Massachusetts writing positive reviews . The Philadelphia Inquirer and Chicago Tribune were both mixed in their reviews of shows in Philadelphia and Chicago , respectively . The review of Bowie 's first show in New York was mostly negative , calling the show " spectacular " , but adding that " overkill reigns " and lamenting " a dizzying overload of visual activity . " A review in the Christian Science Monitor was mostly positive , highlighting the dazzling visuals and complaining that the dancing was only occasionally inspired . A local paper in Portland , Oregon had a positive review that said that the dancers , music , set and band combined into an " overall effect [ that ] could rightly be called spectacular . It is performance art and rock opera ; it is a stunning assemblage worthy of any stage or arena in the world . " Despite criticism in the press , Bowie at the time said that performing on this tour was the most fun he had ever had on the road because it was the " most inventive " tour he had ever been involved with . = = Live recordings = = Despite stating during the press tour that there would be no live album from the tour , the performances at Sydney Entertainment Centre – Sydney on 7 and 9 November 1987 were filmed and released on video as Glass Spider in 1988 . An edit of this show was subsequently aired in the US in an ABC TV concert special , ABC 's first concert special since airing Elvis Presley 's Aloha from Hawaii in 1973 . A 2007 DVD re @-@ release of the show included an audio recording of the performance at the Olympic Stadium , Montreal on 30 August 1987 . The 6 June 1987 Platz der Republik ( Reichstag – City Of Berlin Festival ) performance was broadcast live on FM Radio . A critic found that the 1988 ( and 2007 DVD reissue ) video release rendered the intended meaning of the show largely nonsensical , as several songs and vignettes that made the show 's message explicit were excised from the release . = = Commercial sponsorship = = Bowie agreed to what at the time was considered a controversial commercial sponsorship agreement with PepsiCo , which was later seen as helping to pave the way for other big money tours by other artists . For his part , Bowie recorded a TV commercial with Tina Turner to the tune " Modern Love " in May 1987 while he was preparing for the tour . The commercial had a short run , as Pepsi withdrew the commercial after Bowie was accused of sexual assault during the tour . Of the sponsorship agreement , Bowie said , " We did a commercial sponsorship thing only for North America with the Pepsi @-@ Cola company . As far as I 'm concerned , what it 's allowed me to do , having them underwrite the tour , is to be able to produce a far more extravagant show than if I were just doing it myself . It means that instead of just having 1 or 2 sets I can have 3 or 4 sets made , and they can travel independently and they can be far more complicated . " Bowie had originally planned to take the Glass Spider Tour to Russia , albeit with the band only ( no dancers or elaborate props ) , but with the money and extra stage provided by the sponsorship , Bowie felt he could take the full tour to Russia and South America . However , these plans failed to come to fruition , and the tour never reached those regions . = = Tour legacy = = Bowie found himself under great stress during the tour , and after the tour ended in New Zealand , he reportedly had the Spider set burned , saying " It was so great ... We just put the thing in a field and set light to it . That was such a relief ! " This was , however , partially refuted in 2016 by road manager Peter Grumley , who claimed to have purchased and stored at least one of the sets in his West Auckland warehouse . The entire tour was so physically demanding and such a large production that Bowie said at the time that " I don 't think I 'll ever take a tour quite this elaborate out on the road again . It 's a real headache to put it together " . Bowie became engaged to Melissa Hurley , one of the dancers from the tour , but the two split up without being wed after four years . Critics have often compared later David Bowie tours to this one , commonly echoing this later review : " [ Bowie ] mounted a stadium @-@ sized production combining the excitement of rock with the perils of Broadway . ... An incredible spectacle , but the effect was overwhelming . Each additional theatrical device served to distract , ultimately flattening the impact of the music . " In 1989 while working with Tin Machine , Bowie said " I overstretched . ... There was too much responsibility on the last [ Glass Spider ] tour . I was under stress every single day . It was a decision a second . It was so big and so unwieldy and everybody had a problem all the time , every day , and I was under so much pressure . It was unbelievable . ... I put too many fine details into something that was going to be seen ( indicates tiny figure with his finger and thumb ) this big . " In 1990 , while giving interviews for his Sound + Vision Tour , Bowie said that he was pleased that the tour was regarded as " innovative " , noting reviews that pointed out how the tour had " areas of it that surely would change the way rock was done . " In 1991 , while preparing for his second tour with Tin Machine , Bowie reflected on the Glass Spider Tour 's theatrics and presentation , suggesting that many tours and acts that followed benefited from this tour : The Stones ' show , Prince 's show , Madonna 's show ... all of them have benefited from [ this ] tour . ... I like lots of it [ the Glass Spider Tour ] , but ... the whole thing should have been a lot smaller . Three @-@ quarters of it was really innovative , and I 've seen a lot of it in other people 's shows . ... One day , if you get the chance , get a copy of that show on video and take another look at it , because in the light of what 's been done since , there 's some interesting shit going on . In the late 2000s , the tour began to be re @-@ examined by critics , and the tone of the coverage began to change . In 2009 , an article in the BBC News singled out the Glass Spider Tour 's innovative set and marriage of music and theatre as an inspiration to later acts , including Britney Spears , Madonna , U2 and others . In 2010 , the Glass Spider Tour won an award for being one of the best concert designs of all time ( alongside other such notable tours as U2 's 360 ° Tour [ 2009 – 2011 ] and Pink Floyd 's Division Bell Tour [ 1994 ] ) . In 2013 , new critical reviews began to take note of some of the tour 's strengths and innovations and proposed that the tour was better than its reputation suggested . Although critics still found some elements of the tour questionable ( including the set itself and the prevalence of Bowie 's newer material ) , the tour was praised for Bowie 's strong voice , musical arrangements and choice of relatively unheard " jewels " in the set list . Peter Frampton credited his participation in this tour for helping to revive his own career . The show on 6 June 1987 was played close to the Berlin Wall . The show was heard by thousands of Eastern Germany citizens across the wall and was followed by violent rioting in East Berlin . According to Tobias Ruther , these protests in East Berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those around the time of the fall of the wall in November 1989 . Although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the wall , on Bowie 's death in 2016 , the German Foreign Office tweeted " Good @-@ bye , David Bowie . You are now among # Heroes . Thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . " Ultimately , given the negative reaction to the Never Let Me Down album and this tour , Bowie found himself creatively exhausted and in low critical standing . Bowie decided to return to making music for himself , and , having been put in touch with Reeves Gabrels through his publicist for the Glass Spider Tour , Bowie formed his band Tin Machine in 1989 and retired his back catalogue of songs from live performance with his Sound + Vision Tour in 1990 . = = Tour details = = = = = Tour design = = = Allen Branton – Lighting design Mark Ravitz – Set design Christine Strand – Video director = = = Band equipment = = = Peter Frampton played two natural @-@ finish maple body Pensa @-@ Suhr Strat types , hand @-@ made by New York @-@ based John Suhr . For the song " Zeroes " , he used a Coral electric sitar , given to him in the late 70s and previously owned by Jimi Hendrix . Carlos Alomar played on six Kramer American series guitars and one custom Alembic . Multi @-@ instrumentalist Erdal Kizilcay played Yamaha DX7 , Emax , Korg SGI and Yamaha CS70 keyboards . He also played a Tokai Stratocaster , a Yamaha GS1000 bass and a Pedulla fretless bass . Additional instruments played included a set of Latin Percussion timbales and white congas , a cowbell , 6- and 8 @-@ inch Zildjian cymbals , Promark drum sticks , a Simmons SDS @-@ 9 , a cornet and a 17th @-@ century Italian viola . Richard Cottle played on two Prophet 5s , an Oberheim , a Yamaha DX7 , DX7 @-@ IID and KX5 keyboards as well as a Selmer alto saxophone . Carmine Rojas used two Spector basses , and Alan Childs played on Tama Artstar II drums . = = = Tour dates = = = = = = The songs = = = = = = Books = = = David Buckley , Strange Fascination : The Definitive Biography of David Bowie , Virgin Books , 1999 , ISBN 1 @-@ 85227 @-@ 784 @-@ X David Currie , David Bowie : Glass Idol , Omnibus Press , 1987 , ISBN 0 @-@ 7119 @-@ 1182 @-@ 7 = We 've Come for You All = We 've Come for You All is the ninth studio album by American thrash metal band Anthrax . It was released on May 6 , 2003 through Nuclear Blast in Europe and Sanctuary Records in North America . This was the first Anthrax record to feature Rob Caggiano on lead guitar and their final studio album with John Bush on vocals . The album was recorded over one @-@ year span at the BearTracks Recording Studio in Suffern , New York . The cover art was designed by comic book artist Alex Ross , while the production was handed by Scrap 60 Productions team . The Who vocalist Roger Daltrey and Pantera guitarist Dimebag Darrell made guest appearances on the album . The album received positive reviews by contemporary music critics , with About.com crediting it for " getting the band back on track " . Despite this , the album only reached number 122 on the Billboard 200 , with first week sales of 10 @,@ 000 copies . To date , We 've Come For You All has sold over 62 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . = = Background and recording = = This album followed Volume 8 : The Threat Is Real , which was released in 1998 . Anthrax decided to sign with record label Nuclear Blast for the release of their upcoming album . Asked if changing the record company will affect the songwriting , guitarist Scott Ian replied : " To be honest , I don 't care about that at all . You know , business is business and the creative side is the creative side . Creatively , there was no big challenge . We just wanted to try to make the best record we can . " The band started writing new material during the months of May and June 2001 , and entered the studio in November the same year . The recording process was shortly interrupted because the band went on a tour with Judas Priest early in 2002 . They returned to the studio in March and in the next few months worked on the record and successfully finished it . According to Ian , the whole process of making the album took the band a year . Ian also said that there is no leftover material out of the recording sessions , except for the song " Ghost " , which was released as a B @-@ side on the single " Taking the Music Back " . The Who vocalist Roger Daltrey and Pantera guitarist Dimebag Darrell made guest appearances on the album . Daltrey was featured in the song " Taking the Music Back " , while Darrell contributed to the songs " Cadillac Rock Box " and " Strap It On " . The band explained their appearances by saying they " felt the need to invite some friends to make something special for the album and the result is simply fantastic . " The album was produced by Scrap 60 Productions team , consisted of Anthrax guitarist Rob Caggiano , Eddie Wohl , and Steve Regina . The front cover was designed by comic book artist Alex Ross . Vocalist John Bush stated that the band was honored to work with Ross , who also did the artwork for their previous pair of recordings . Bush explained that the band gave Ross a complete freedom over the concept of the artwork . Apart from suggesting the album 's title as an idea , Bush said that the other members had not participated much in creating the cover art . = = Release = = The release date of the album was delayed several times . The album was originally set for a release on February 4 , 2003 in Europe and Japan , and on February 24 in the US and Canada . After the prolongation of the release date for territories outside Japan and Europe , drummer Charlie Benante posted an explanation on the band 's official website : " I hate to tell you this but ... the record got pushed back to April 15 . It 's only been 73 years since Vol . 8 [ was released ] , what 's another week or two ? The record company needed the extra time to put more time into the promotion . One day all this crap will be over , you 'll be rocking out to some killer shit . " It was later announced that the release date for Europe would be also pushed back to March 3 , 2003 , eventually setting it on May 6 . The problems occurred after a breakdown in negotiations between Beyond Records and Sanctuary Records over a buy @-@ out of the band 's contract . According to Blabbermouth , Beyond Records was in the process of selling their entire catalog to Sanctuary , but the arrangement have fallen through . However , the problems were resolved and the record was successfully distributed through Sanctuary in North America and Nuclear Blast in Europe . The album debuted at No. 122 on the Billboard 200 chart with first week sales of just under 10 @,@ 000 units . Since its release in May 2003 , We 've Come For You All sold about 62 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . Apart from entering the French Albums Chart at number 95 , the record did not manage to chart in any other country . Referring to the low record sales , Ian posted a message on the band 's official web site saying : " That 's more than I thought it would do after five years away . That 's basically what [ the group 's last album ] Volume 8 did in its first week and this one was based on mostly just Internet promo . " = = Composition = = Bush opined that this record wasn 't very different from their previous releases . " It 's still an Anthrax album with many different parts that can appeal to a wide audience . Our sound is recognizable each time you listen to one of our songs and that 's something we really want for our music . You have the fastest rhythms , the more danceable ones , you have everything you can expect from an Anthrax record . " Benante said that elements from their earlier albums are still present on the record , though it explores " other territories " . Johnny Loftus from AllMusic described the music as a strained fusion of thrash and traditional heavy metal , accompanied by the harsh vocals of Bush . He noted the record for using modern production techniques , as well as displaying melodies and instrumentation that have always been Anthrax 's trademark . Magazine Rock Hard observed that the record was a combination of " tradition and modernity " , with strong vocals and " thrashy " tunes . They pointed that the sound was extremely complex with " super fat " production , having nothing similar with the nu metal sound of the early 2000s . Exclaim ! wrote that the songs had rock @-@ based structures , unlike the band 's earlier releases which featured " brutal beats and razor riffs " . Gregory Bradley also noted that couple of songs had " distinct hard @-@ rock vibe " , while others demonstrated " very metal " sound . In their guide to Anthrax discography , Kerrang ! wrote that We 've Come for You All was " leaning towards a groove @-@ orientated hard rock sound " with several slower and radio friendly efforts . = = Critical reception = = We 've Come for You All received positive reviews upon release , with About.com crediting it for " getting the band back on track " . Allmusic 's Johnny Loftus noted the album for its " pile @-@ driving thrash " sound , which reminded him of the group 's earlier days . Loftus concluded that We 've Come for You All was the definitive thrash metal album , released in a period when albums from that genre were not common . In a review for Raidió Teilifís Éireann , Harry Guerin wrote that the band has preserved their sense of melody and aggression . He praised the fast blast beat percussion on " Black Dahlia " , and finished the review by saying that the album would likely exceed the expectations of their most devoted fans . Writing for Metal Review , Gregory Bradley stopped short of calling the album a return to form , but asserted that the record was an " acceptable " release . Bradley did , however , credit the album for having some " very metal " songs , singling out " What Doesn 't Die " and " Black Dahlia " in particular . Chris Ayers from Exclaim ! opined that We 've Come for You All was the band 's strongest release since Sound Of White Noise ( 1993 ) and easily the best of the John Bush era : " Grittier and more confident , the self @-@ produced We 've Come for You All is a certified classic that proves the ageless Anthrax are still a viable metal option . " Vik Bansal , of MusicOMH , summarized the album as " a bold , sleek and raucous slab of modern metal " , containing elements that were absent from many heavy metal albums at the time . Bansal cited " What Doesn 't Die " for particular praise , noting the " razor @-@ sharp " riffs on the song . He noted " Cadillac Rock Box " for sounding similar to bands like Lynyrd Skynyrd and Black Sabbath . Bansal summed up his review by stating that We 've Come for You All is a " mighty album from a still mighty band " . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by John Bush , Rob Caggiano , Scott Ian , Frank Bello and Charlie Benante , except where noted . = = Personnel = = Credits are adapted from AllMusic . Anthrax John Bush – lead vocals Rob Caggiano – lead guitar , backing vocals Scott Ian – rhythm guitar , backing vocals Frank Bello – bass guitar , backing vocals Charlie Benante – drums Guest musicians Dimebag Darrell – guitar on " Strap It On " and " Cadillac Rock Box " Roger Daltrey – additional vocals on " Taking the Music Back " Technical personnel Rob Caggiano – producer Steve Regina – mixing , producer Eddie Wohl – mixing , producer Paul Crook – assistant engineer Anthony Ruotolo – assistant engineer George Marino – mastering Alex Ross – cover art concept and illustration Brent Thompson – art direction , graphic design , illustrations = = Charts = = = = Release history = = = Kayla Clarke = Kayla Clarke ( born 6 August 1991 ) is an Australian swimmer who represented Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in swimming , and has medalled at the 2010 Australian Disability Age Group Nationals , and 2010 International Paralympic Swimming World Championships , 2009 Queensland State Championships , 2009 Queensland Secondary School Titles , and 2009 Global Games . She competes in a number of events , including the 100m freestyle , 100m backstroke , 100m breaststroke , 100m butterfly and 200m individual medley . = = Personal = = Clarke was born in Silkstone , Queensland . She has an intellectual disability . She attended Ipswich Central High School and Bremer State High School , and was named the 2009 – 10 Ipswich News YoungStar Sports winner . = = Swimming = = Clarke started swimming competitively in 2007 , and competes in the S14 classification . She was a member of the Woogaroo Swimming Club , and was coached by Tony Keogh , who became her coach in 2008 . She has a swimming scholarship with the Queensland Academy of Sport , is involved in the Australian Institute of Sport program , and received A $ 20 @,@ 000 in Australian Government Direct Athlete Support ( DAS ) funds in the 2011 – 12 financial year . One of her major swimming rivals is fellow Australian swimmer Taylor Corry . At the 2009 Queensland State Championships , she won five gold medals in her classification races . The Queensland Secondary School Titles that year ended with her winning seven first place finishes , and she earned five gold medals , a silver medal two bronze medals at the 2009 Global Games . In 2010 , she won eight gold and two silver medals at Australian Disability Age Group Nationals , and competed in the International Paralympic Swimming World Championships , where she finished second with a personal best time of 1 : 11 @.@ 13 in the S14 100m backstroke event . She also finished fourth in the 200m freestyle and fifth in the 100m breaststroke . Clarke became affiliated with the Yeronga Park Club in 2011 in an effort to make the Paralympic Games , and switched coaches , taking on Rick Van Der Zant as her new coach . The 2011 Australian national championships saw her win six golds in seven events , including the 100m freestyle , 100m backstroke , 100m breaststroke , 100m butterfly and 200m individual medley . She competed in the inaugural 2011 Para Pan Pacific Championships , where she finished first in the S14 200m freestyle event , and at the 2011 Can @-@ Am Swimming Open , in which she posted first place finishes in the 100m backstroke and 200m freestyle events . Clarke was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the S14 100m backstroke , 200m freestyle and 100m breaststroke events . These were her first Paralympic Games , and she was the only female swimmer from Queensland . Going into the Games , she was ranked second in the world in the 100m backstroke . She trained for the Games in China in order to acclimatise , and participated in a two @-@ week @-@ long national team training camp in Cardiff prior to the start . Support for her Paralympic efforts came from sponsors including TogTastic Racing and Training Swimwear . She made the finals in all three events , but finished outside the medals , being placed fourth in the 200m freestyle and 100m breaststroke , and sixth in the 100m backstroke . = = = Personal bests = = = Personal bests as of 16 September 2012 : = Hurricane Charley ( 1986 ) = Hurricane Charley ( US : / ˈtʃɑːr.li / ) was the costliest tropical cyclone of the 1986 Atlantic hurricane season . The third tropical storm and second hurricane of the season , Charley formed as a subtropical low on August 13 along the Florida panhandle . After moving off the coast of South Carolina , the system transitioned into a tropical cyclone and intensified into a tropical storm on August 15 . Charley later attained hurricane status before moving across eastern North Carolina . It gradually weakened over the north Atlantic Ocean before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on August 20 . Charley 's remnants remained identifiable for over a week until after crossing the British Isles and dissipating on August 30 . The storm brought light to moderate precipitation to much of the southeastern United States . In Georgia and South Carolina , the rainfall alleviated drought conditions . In North Carolina , where the hurricane made landfall , tidal flooding and downed trees were the primary impacts . The storm brought high winds to southeastern Virginia , where 110 @,@ 000 people were left without power . Minor damage extended along the Atlantic coastline northward through Massachusetts . One traffic fatality was reported each in North Carolina and Virginia . Three people in Maryland died due to a plane crash related to the storm . Throughout the United States , Hurricane Charley caused an estimated US $ 15 million in damage ( equivalent to US $ 32 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) . One person drowned in Newfoundland . As an extratropical cyclone , Charley brought heavy rainfall and strong winds to Ireland and the United Kingdom , causing at least 11 deaths . In Ireland , the rainfall set records for 24 @-@ hour totals , including an accumulation of more than 7 @.@ 8 in ( 200 mm ) which set the record for the greatest daily rainfall total in the country . In the country , the rainfall caused widespread flooding , causing two rivers to exceed their banks . In the Dublin area , 451 buildings were flooded , some up to a depth of 8 ft ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) . In the United Kingdom , the storm flooded rivers and brought down trees and power lines . = = Meteorological history = = Hurricane Charley originated in an area of convection associated with a trough of low pressure first observed on August 11 across southern Florida and the southeastern Gulf of Mexico . The area of disturbed weather spread northward , spawning a broad low @-@ pressure area on August 12 . Moving northward over the Florida panhandle , the low became slightly better organized as it merged with a weakening weather front . On August 13 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) identified the system as a developing subtropical low near Apalachee Bay along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico . The agency defines a subtropical cyclone as " a non @-@ frontal low pressure system that has characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones . " After becoming a subtropical low , the cyclone tracked northeastward through Georgia , before turning eastward and exiting South Carolina into the Atlantic Ocean . Its track was influenced by the western periphery of the subtropical ridge , which is a large belt of high pressure . While moving over land , the cyclone had become better organized , and on August 15 it transitioned into a tropical depression about 70 miles ( 110 kilometres ) southeast of Charleston , South Carolina . The depression strengthened further , and based on reports from the Hurricane Hunters , it intensified into Tropical Storm Charley late on August 15 . With a weak ridge to its north , the storm initially tracked slowly eastward just off the coast of North Carolina , before turning to the north @-@ northeast as a trough approached from the west . A broad cyclone , Charley gradually intensified , and a single ring of convection around the center developed into an eyewall . At 1200 UTC on August 17 , it attained hurricane status about 13 mi ( 21 km ) off the North Carolina coastline . About two hours later , Hurricane Charley made landfall near Cape Fear , and it subsequently moved across the eastern portion of the state . Hurricane Charley did not weaken while moving over land ; instead , it intensified , attaining peak winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) after emerging into the Atlantic Ocean near the North Carolina – Virginia border . Within 12 hours of reaching peak intensity , however , the hurricane weakened to tropical storm status . The approaching trough , which had previously caused Charley to turn northward , forced the hurricane to accelerate northeastward and later eastward , bringing the storm about 80 mi ( 130 km ) southeast of Nantucket , Massachusetts on August 19 . As the trough was not very strong , Charley slowly underwent the process of extratropical transition , unlike other tropical cyclones that complete the transition much quicker with a stronger trough . As a result , the storm maintained hybrid , or subtropical characteristics for several days . By August 21 , Charley completed the transition south of Atlantic Canada . After becoming extratropical , Charley re @-@ intensified under baroclinic instability . The resulting storm was a very large and fairly strong gale that gradually moved across the northern Atlantic Ocean . As an extratropical cyclone , Charley attained an atmospheric pressure of 980 mbar , which was lower than its pressure as a tropical cyclone . On August 24 , it spawned a separate extratropical cyclone , which initially moved northeastward before turning and dissipating near Spain . The remnants of Charley accelerated as it approached the British Isles , and after passing south of Ireland it moved across Great Britain on August 27 . While in the North Sea , the cyclone weakened as it executed a counter @-@ clockwise loop , and on August 30 the remnants of Charley dissipated near Denmark as a new circulation developed to its southwest . = = North American impact = = = = = Southeastern United States = = = As the hurricane paralleled the east coast of the United States and its exact track and strength were uncertain , there were several tropical cyclone warnings and watches issued in association with Charley ; in a post @-@ storm analysis , the NHC described " the complication of the warning process for this type of situation . " Initially , the storm was not expected to affect land . In its first advisory on Charley , the NHC issued a 22 % probability of Charley passing within 65 mi ( 105 km ) of land ; specifically , it was predicted to be closest to the South Carolina coastline . About 16 hours prior to the hurricane 's landfall , the NHC issued a gale warning between Bogue Inlet and Oregon Inlet along the North Carolina coastline , including the Pamlico Sound . When the storm 's intensification and track close to land became apparent , the gale warning was replaced by a hurricane warning , and additional gale warnings were issued westward to Topsail Beach and northward to Virginia Beach , Virginia . Up to 10 @,@ 000 people evacuated the Outer Banks , which resulted in traffic jams on roadways heading out of the area . Ocracoke island was partially evacuated by six ferries , although many people were unable to leave and instead rode out the storm on the island . Hurricane Charley affected at least ten U.S. states , resulting in five total deaths and $ 15 million in damage ( 1986 USD ) . The precursor disturbance to Charley brought rainfall to much of Florida , including a total of 8 @.@ 61 inches ( 219 millimetres ) in Steinhatchee ; that rainfall maxima was the greatest total associated with Charley within	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Versailles . He continued his education , both at the riding school Versailles ( his fellow students included the future Charles X ) and at the prestigious Académie de Versailles . He was given a commission as a lieutenant in the Noailles Dragoons in April 1773 , the transfer from the royal regiment being done at the request of Lafayette 's father @-@ in @-@ law . In 1775 , Lafayette took part in his unit 's annual training in Metz , where he met Charles @-@ François de Broglie , Marquis de Ruffec , the Army of the East 's commander . At dinner , both men discussed the ongoing revolt against British rule by Britain 's North American colonies . One historiographical perspective suggests that the marquis was disposed to hate the British for killing his father , and felt that a British defeat would diminish that nation 's stature internationally . Another notes that the marquis had recently become a Freemason , and talk of the rebellion " fired his chivalric — and now Masonic — imagination with descriptions of Americans as ' people fighting for liberty ' " . In September 1775 , when Lafayette turned 18 , he returned to Paris and received the captaincy in the Dragoons he had been promised as a wedding present . In December , his first child , Henriette , was born . During these months , Lafayette became convinced that the American Revolution reflected his own beliefs , saying " My heart was dedicated . " The year 1776 saw delicate negotiations between American agents , including Silas Deane , and Louis XVI and his foreign minister , Comte Charles de Vergennes . The king and his minister hoped that by supplying the Americans with arms and officers , they might restore French influence in North America , and exact revenge against Britain for the loss in the Seven Years ' War . When Lafayette heard that French officers were being sent to America , he demanded to be among them . He met Deane , and gained inclusion despite his youth . On 7 December 1776 , Deane enlisted Lafayette as a major general . The plan to send French officers ( as well as other aid ) to America came to nothing when the British heard of it and threatened war . Lafayette 's father @-@ in @-@ law , de Noailles , scolded the young man and told him to go to London and visit the Marquis de Noailles , the ambassador to Britain and Lafayette 's uncle by marriage , which he did in February 1777 . In the interim , he did not abandon his plans to go to America . Lafayette was presented to George III , and spent three weeks in London society . On his return to France , he went into hiding from his father @-@ in @-@ law ( and superior officer ) , writing to him that he was planning to go to America . De Noailles was furious , and convinced Louis to issue a decree forbidding French officers from serving in America , specifically naming Lafayette . Vergennes may have persuaded the king to order Lafayette 's arrest , though this is uncertain . = = = Departure for America = = = Lafayette learned that the Continental Congress did not have the money for his voyage ; hence , he acquired the sailing ship Victoire with his own funds for 112 000 pounds . He journeyed to Bordeaux , where Victoire was being prepared for her trip , and sent word asking for information on his family 's reaction . The response , including letters from his wife and other relatives , threw Lafayette into emotional turmoil . Soon after departure , he ordered the ship turned around and returned to Bordeaux , to the frustration of the officers traveling with him . The army commander there ordered Lafayette to report to his father @-@ in @-@ law 's regiment in Marseilles . De Broglie , who hoped to become a military and political leader in America , met with Lafayette in Bordeaux and convinced him that the government actually wanted him to go . This was not true , though there was considerable public support for Lafayette in Paris , where the American cause was popular . Lafayette wanted to believe it , and pretended to comply with the order to report to Marseilles , going only a few miles east before turning around and returning to his ship . Victoire set sail for the United States on 20 April 1777 . The two @-@ month journey to the New World was marked by seasickness and boredom . The ship 's captain , Lebourcier , intended to stop in the West Indies to sell cargo , but Lafayette , fearful of arrest , bought the cargo to avoid docking at the islands . He landed on North Island near Georgetown , South Carolina , on 13 June 1777 . = = American Revolution = = On arrival , Lafayette met Major Benjamin Huger , a wealthy landowner , with whom he stayed for two weeks before going to Philadelphia . The Continental Congress had been overwhelmed by French officers recruited by Deane , many of whom could not speak English or lacked military experience . Lafayette had learned some English en route ( he became fluent within a year of his arrival ) , and his Masonic membership opened many doors in Philadelphia . After Lafayette offered to serve without pay , Congress commissioned him a major general on 31 July 1777 . Lafayette 's advocates included the recently arrived American envoy to France , Benjamin Franklin , who by letter urged Congress to accommodate the young Frenchman . General George Washington , commander in chief of the Continental Army , came to Philadelphia to brief Congress on military affairs . Lafayette met him at a dinner on 5 August 1777 ; according to Leepson , " the two men bonded almost immediately . " Washington was impressed by the young man 's enthusiasm and was inclined to think well of a fellow Mason ; Lafayette was simply in awe of the commanding general . General Washington took the Frenchman to view his military camp ; when Washington expressed embarrassment at its state and that of the troops , Lafayette responded , " I am here to learn , not to teach . " He became a member of Washington 's staff , although confusion existed regarding his status . Congress regarded his commission as honorary , while he considered himself a full @-@ fledged commander who would be given control of a division when Washington deemed him prepared . Washington told Lafayette that a division would not be possible as he was of foreign birth , but that he would be happy to hold him in confidence as " friend and father " . = = = Brandywine , Valley Forge , and Albany = = = Lafayette 's first battle was at Brandywine on 11 September 1777 . The British commanding general , General Sir William Howe , planned to take Philadelphia by moving troops south by ship to Chesapeake Bay ( rather than the heavily defended Delaware Bay ) and bringing them overland to the rebel capital . After the British outflanked the Americans , Washington sent Lafayette to join General John Sullivan . Upon his arrival , Lafayette went with the Third Pennsylvania Brigade , under Brigadier Thomas Conway , and attempted to rally the unit to face the attack . The British and Hessian forces continued to advance with their superior forces , and Lafayette was shot in the leg . During the American retreat , Lafayette rallied the troops , allowing a more orderly pullback , before being treated for his wound . After the battle , Washington cited him for " bravery and military ardour " and recommended him for the command of a division in a letter to Congress , which was hastily evacuating , as the British took Philadelphia later that month . Lafayette returned to the field in November after two months of recuperation in the Moravian settlement of Bethlehem , and received command of the division previously led by Major General Adam Stephen . He assisted General Nathanael Greene in reconnaissance of British positions in New Jersey ; with 300 soldiers , he defeated a numerically superior Hessian force in Gloucester , on 24 November 1777 . Lafayette stayed at Washington 's encampment at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777 – 78 , and shared the hardship of his troops . There , the Board of War , led by Horatio Gates , asked Lafayette to prepare an invasion of Quebec from Albany , New York . When Lafayette arrived in Albany , he found too few men to mount an invasion . He wrote to Washington of the situation , and made plans to return to Valley Forge . Before departing , he recruited the Oneida tribe , who referred to Lafayette as Kayewla ( fearsome horseman ) , to the American side . In Valley Forge , he criticized the board 's decision to attempt an invasion of Quebec in winter . The Continental Congress agreed , and Gates left the board . Meanwhile , treaties signed by America and France were made public in March 1778 , and France formally recognized American independence . = = = Barren Hill , Monmouth and Rhode Island = = = Faced with the prospect of French intervention , the British sought to concentrate their land and naval forces in one location , New York City . In May 1778 , the British began to evacuate Philadelphia . On 18 May , Washington dispatched Lafayette with a 2 @,@ 200 @-@ man force to reconnoiter near Barren Hill , Pennsylvania . The next day , the British heard that Lafayette had made camp nearby and sent 5 @,@ 000 men to trap and capture him . On 20 May , General Howe led a further 6 @,@ 000 soldiers and ordered an attack on his left flank . The flank scattered , and Lafayette organized a retreat while the British remained indecisive . To feign numerical superiority , Lafayette ordered men to appear from the woods on an outcropping ( now Lafayette Hill ) and to fire upon the British periodically . Lafayette 's troops simultaneously escaped via a sunken road , and he was then able to cross Matson 's Ford with the remainder of his force . Unable to trap Lafayette , the British marched from Philadelphia toward New York ; the Continental Army , including Lafayette , followed and finally attacked at Monmouth Courthouse , in central New Jersey . At Monmouth , Washington appointed General Charles Lee to lead the attacking force . On 28 June , Lee moved against the British flank ; however , soon after fighting began , he gave conflicting orders , causing chaos in the American ranks . Lafayette sent a message to Washington to urge him to the front ; upon his arrival he found Lee 's men in retreat . Washington relieved Lee , took command , and rallied the American force . After suffering significant casualties at Monmouth , the British withdrew in the night , and successfully reached New York . The French fleet arrived at Delaware Bay on 8 July 1778 , under Admiral d 'Estaing , with whom General Washington planned to attack Newport , Rhode Island , the other major British base in the north . Lafayette and General Greene were sent with a 3 @,@ 000 @-@ man force to participate in the attack . Lafayette wanted to control a joint Franco @-@ American force but was rebuffed by the admiral . On 9 August , the American land force attacked the British without consulting d 'Estaing . When the Americans asked the admiral to place his ships in Narragansett Bay , d 'Estaing refused and , at sea , sought to defeat the British fleet . The fighting was inconclusive as a storm scattered and damaged both fleets . D 'Estaing moved his ships north to Boston for repairs . When the fleet arrived , it faced an angry demonstration from Bostonians who considered the French departure from Newport a desertion . John Hancock and Lafayette were dispatched to calm the situation . Lafayette then returned to Rhode Island to prepare the retreat made necessary by d 'Estaing 's departure . For these actions , Lafayette was cited by the Continental Congress for " gallantry , skill , and prudence " . Lafayette wanted to expand the war to fight the British elsewhere in North America and even , under the French flag , in Europe , but found little interest in his proposals . In October 1778 , he requested permission of Washington and of Congress to go home on leave . They agreed , with Congress voting to give Lafayette a ceremonial sword , to be presented to him in France . His departure was delayed by illness , and he sailed for France in January 1779 . = = = Return to France = = = In February 1779 , Lafayette reached Paris . For disobeying the king by going to America , he was placed under house arrest for eight days . This was merely face @-@ saving by Louis XVI ; Lafayette was given a hero 's welcome and was soon invited to hunt with the king . As the American envoy was ill , Benjamin Franklin 's grandson presented Lafayette with the gold @-@ encrusted sword commissioned by the Continental Congress . Lafayette pushed for an invasion of Britain , with himself to have a major command in the French forces . Spain was now France 's ally against Britain , and sent ships to the English Channel in support . The Spanish ships did not arrive until August 1779 , to be met by a faster squadron of British ships that the combined French and Spanish fleet could not catch . In September , the idea of an invasion was abandoned , and Lafayette turned his hopes to a return to America . In December 1779 , Adrienne gave birth to a son they named Georges Washington Lafayette . Working with Benjamin Franklin , Lafayette secured the promise of 6 @,@ 000 soldiers to be sent to America , commanded by General Jean @-@ Baptiste de Rochambeau . Lafayette would resume his position as a major general of American forces , serving as liaison between Rochambeau and Washington , who would be in command of both nations ' forces . In March 1780 , Lafayette departed for America aboard the frigate Hermione , from Rochefort . He arrived in Boston on 27 April 1780 . = = = Second voyage to America = = = On his return , Lafayette found the American cause at a low ebb , rocked by several military defeats , especially in the south . Lafayette was greeted in Boston with enthusiasm , seen as " a knight in shining armor from the chivalric past , come to save the nation " . He journeyed southwest and on 10 May 1780 had a joyous reunion with Washington at Morristown , New Jersey . The general and his officers were delighted to hear that the large French force promised to Lafayette would be coming to their aid . Washington , aware of Lafayette 's popularity , had him write ( with Alexander Hamilton to correct his spelling ) to state officials to urge them to provide more troops and provisions to the Continental Army . This bore fruit in the coming months , as Lafayette awaited the arrival of the French fleet . However , when the fleet arrived , there were fewer men and supplies than expected , and Rochambeau decided to wait for reinforcements before seeking battle with the British . This was unsatisfactory to Lafayette , who proposed grandiose schemes for the taking of New York City and other areas , and Rochambeau briefly refused to receive Lafayette until the young man apologized . Washington counseled the marquis to be patient . That summer Washington placed Lafayette in charge of a division of troops . The marquis spent lavishly on his command , which patrolled Northern New Jersey and adjacent New York State . Lafayette saw no significant action , and in November , Washington disbanded the division , sending the soldiers back to their state regiments . The war continued badly for the Americans , with most battles in the south going against them , and General Benedict Arnold abandoning them for the British side . Lafayette spent the first part of the winter of 1780 – 81 in Philadelphia , where the American Philosophical Society elected him its first foreign member . Congress asked him to return to France to lobby for more men and supplies , but Lafayette refused , sending letters instead . After the Continental victory at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina in January 1781 , Washington ordered Lafayette to re @-@ form his force in Philadelphia and go south to Virginia to link up with troops commanded by Baron von Steuben . The combined force was to try to trap British forces commanded by Benedict Arnold , with French ships preventing his escape by sea . If Lafayette was successful , Arnold was to be summarily hanged . British command of the seas prevented the plan , though Lafayette and a small part of his force ( the rest left behind in Annapolis ) was able to reach von Steuben in Yorktown , Virginia . Von Steuben sent a plan to Washington , proposing to use land forces and French ships to trap the main British force under Lord Cornwallis . When he received no new orders from Washington , Lafayette began to move his troops north toward Philadelphia , only to be ordered to Virginia to assume military command there . An outraged Lafayette assumed he was being abandoned in a backwater while decisive battles took place elsewhere , and objected to his orders in vain . He also sent letters to the Chevalier de la Luzerne , French ambassador in Philadelphia , describing how ill @-@ supplied his troops were . As Lafayette hoped , la Luzerne sent his letter on to France with a recommendation of massive French aid , which , after being approved by the king , would play a crucial part in the battles to come . Washington , fearing a letter might be captured by the British , could not tell Lafayette that he planned to trap Cornwallis in a decisive campaign . = = = Virginia and Yorktown = = = Lafayette evaded Cornwallis ' attempts to capture him in Richmond . In June 1781 , Cornwallis received orders from London to proceed to the Chesapeake Bay and to oversee construction of a port , in preparation for an overland attack on Philadelphia . As the British column travelled , Lafayette sent small squads that would appear unexpectedly , attacking the rear guard or foraging parties , and giving the impression that his forces were larger than they were . On 4 July , the British left Williamsburg and prepared to cross the James River . Cornwallis sent only an advance guard to the south side of the river , hiding many of his other troops in the forest on the north side , hoping to ambush Lafayette . On 6 July , Lafayette ordered General " Mad " Anthony Wayne to strike British troops on the north side with roughly 800 soldiers . Wayne found himself vastly outnumbered , and , instead of retreating , led a bayonet charge . The charge bought time for the Americans , and the British did not pursue . The Battle of Green Spring was a victory for Cornwallis , but the American army was bolstered by the display of courage by the men . By August , Cornwallis had established the British at Yorktown , and Lafayette took up position on Malvern Hill , stationing artillery surrounding the British , who were close to the York River , and who had orders to construct fortifications to protect the British ships in Hampton Roads . Lafayette 's containment trapped the British when the French fleet arrived and won the Battle of the Virginia Capes , depriving Cornwallis of naval protection . On 14 September 1781 , Washington 's forces joined Lafayette 's . On 28 September , with the French fleet blockading the British , the combined forces laid siege to Yorktown . On 14 October , Lafayette 's 400 men on the American right took Redoubt 9 after Alexander Hamilton 's forces had charged Redoubt 10 in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . These two redoubts were key to breaking the British defenses . After a failed British counter @-@ attack , Cornwallis surrendered on 19 October 1781 . = = Hero of two worlds = = Although Yorktown was to be the last major land battle of the American Revolution , the British still held several major port cities . Lafayette wanted to lead expeditions on them , but Washington felt he would be more useful seeking additional naval support from France . In Philadelphia , Congress appointed him its advisor to the three American envoys abroad — Franklin in Paris , John Jay in Madrid , and John Adams in The Hague , " to communicate and agree on everything with him " . It also sent Louis XVI an official letter of commendation on the marquis 's behalf . Lafayette left Boston for France on 18 December 1781 . On arrival he was welcomed as a hero , and on 22 January 1782 he was received at Versailles . He witnessed the birth of his daughter , whom he named Marie @-@ Antoinette Virginie upon Thomas Jefferson 's recommendation . He was promoted to maréchal de camp , skipping numerous ranks . He was made a Knight of the Order of Saint Louis . In 1782 , with no treaty yet signed ending the war , Lafayette helped prepare for a combined French and Spanish expedition against the British West Indies . The Treaty of Paris signed between Great Britain and the U.S. in 1783 made the expedition unnecessary — Lafayette took part in the negotiations . Lafayette worked with Jefferson to establish trade agreements between the U.S. and France . These negotiations aimed to reduce the U.S. debt to France . He joined the French abolitionist group Society of the Friends of the Blacks , which advocated the end of the slave trade and equal rights for free blacks . In 1783 , in correspondence with Washington , a slave owner , he urged the emancipation of slaves and their establishment as tenant farmers . Although Washington declined to free his slaves ( though expressing interest in the young man 's ideas ) , Lafayette purchased land in French Guiana for a plantation to house the project . In 1784 , Lafayette visited America , where he enjoyed an enthusiastic welcome ; he visited all the states except Georgia . The trip included a visit to Washington 's farm at Mount Vernon on 17 August . Lafayette addressed the Virginia House of Delegates , where he called for " liberty of all mankind " and urged emancipation of slaves . Lafayette urged the Pennsylvania Legislature to help form a federal union ( the states were then bound by the Articles of Confederation ) . He visited the Mohawk Valley in New York to participate in peace negotiations with the Iroquois , some of whom he had met in 1778 . Lafayette received an honorary degree from Harvard , a portrait of Washington from the city of Boston , and a bust from the state of Virginia . Maryland 's legislature honored Lafayette by making him and his male heirs " natural born Citizens " of the state , which made him a natural born citizen of the United States after the 1789 ratification of the new national Constitution . Lafayette later boasted that he had become an American citizen before the concept of French citizenship existed . Connecticut , Massachusetts , and Virginia also granted him citizenship . Through the next years , Lafayette made his house , the Hôtel de La Fayette in Paris 's rue de Bourbon , the headquarters of Americans there . Benjamin Franklin , John and Sarah Jay , and John and Abigail Adams met there every Monday , and dined in company with Lafayette 's family and the liberal nobility , including Clermont @-@ Tonnerre and Madame de Staël . Lafayette continued to work on lowering trade barriers in France to American goods , and on assisting Franklin and his successor as envoy , Jefferson , in seeking treaties of amity and commerce with European nations . He also sought to eliminate the injustices that Protestants in France had endured since the revocation of the Edict of Nantes a century before . = = French Revolution = = = = = Assembly of Notables and Estates @-@ General = = = On 29 December 1786 , King Louis XVI called an Assembly of Notables , in response to France 's fiscal crisis . The king appointed Lafayette to the body , which convened on 22 February 1787 . In speeches , Lafayette decried those with connections at court who had profited from advance knowledge of government land purchases ; he advocated reform . He called for a " truly national assembly " , which represented the whole of France . Instead , the king chose to summon an Estates General , to convene in 1789 . Lafayette was elected as a representative of the nobility ( the Second Estate ) from Riom . The Estates General , traditionally , cast one vote for each of the three Estates : clergy , nobility , and commons , meaning the much larger commons was generally outvoted . The Estates General convened on 5 May 1789 ; debate began on whether the delegates should vote by head or by Estate . If by Estate , then the nobility and clergy would be able to outvote the commons ; if by head , then the larger Third Estate could dominate . Before the meeting , as a member of the " Committee of Thirty " , Lafayette agitated for voting by head , rather than estate . He could not get a majority of his own Estate to agree , but the clergy was willing to join with the commons , and on the 17th , the group declared itself the National Assembly . The loyalist response was to lock out the group , including Lafayette , while those who had not supported the Assembly met inside . This action led to the Tennis Court Oath , where the excluded members swore to not separate until a constitution was established . The Assembly continued to meet , and on 11 July 1789 , Lafayette presented a draft of the " Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen " to the Assembly , written by himself in consultation with Jefferson . The next day , after the dismissal of Finance Minister Jacques Necker ( who was seen as a reformer ) , lawyer Camille Desmoulins led an armed mob . The king had the royal army under the duc de Broglie surround Paris . On 14 July , the fortress known as the Bastille was stormed by the mob . = = = National Guard , Versailles , and Day of Daggers = = = On 15 July , Lafayette was acclaimed commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the National Guard of France , an armed force established to maintain order , and under the control of the Assembly . Lafayette proposed the name and the symbol of the group : a blue , white and red cockade . This combined the red and blue colors of the city of Paris with the royal white , and originated the French tricolor . He faced a difficult task as head of the Guard — the king and many loyalists considered Lafayette and those who agreed with him little better than revolutionaries , whereas many commoners felt he was helping the king keep power . On 26 August , the National Assembly approved the Declaration . On 2 October , the king rejected the Declaration . Three days later , a Parisian crowd , led mostly by women fishmongers , marched to Versailles in response to the scarcity of bread . Members of the National Guard followed the march , with Lafayette reluctantly leading them . At Versailles , the king accepted the Assembly 's votes on the Declaration , but refused requests to go to Paris . At dawn , the crowd broke into the palace . Lafayette took the royal family onto the palace balcony and attempted to restore order . The crowd insisted that the king and his family move to Paris and the Tuileries Palace . The king came onto the balcony , and the crowd started chanting " Vive le Roi ! " When the unpopular queen , Marie Antoinette , appeared there with her children , she was told to send the children back in . When she returned alone , people shouted to shoot her , but when she stood her ground , no one opened fire . Lafayette kissed her hand , leading to cheers from the crowd . As leader of the National Guard , Lafayette attempted to maintain order and steer a middle ground , even as the radicals gained increasing influence . On 12 May 1790 , he instituted , along with Jean Sylvain Bailly ( mayor of Paris ) , a political club called the Society of 1789 . The club 's intention was to provide balance to the influence of the radical Jacobins . On 14 July 1790 , Lafayette , before a huge assembly at what came to be known as the Fête de la Fédération , took the civic oath on the Champs de Mars , vowing to " be ever faithful to the nation , to the law , and to the king ; to support with our utmost power the constitution decreed by the National Assembly , and accepted by the king . " That oath was taken as well by Lafayette 's troops , and also by the king . Lafayette continued to work for order in the coming months . On 28 February 1791 , Lafayette and part of the National Guard left the Tuileries to handle a conflict in Vincennes . While he was gone , hundred of armed nobles arrived at the Tuileries to defend the king ; however , there were rumors that these nobles had come to take the king away and place him at the head of a counter @-@ revolution . Lafayette quickly returned to the Tuileries and disarmed the nobles after a brief standoff . The event , later called the Day of Daggers , boosted Lafayette 's popularity with the French people for his quick actions to protect the king . Members of the royal family were increasingly prisoners in their palace . On 18 April , the National Guard disobeyed Lafayette and stopped the king from leaving for Saint @-@ Cloud , where he planned to attend Mass . = = = Decline : Flight to Varennes and Champs de Mars massacre = = = On 20 June 1791 , a plot , dubbed the Flight to Varennes , almost allowed the king to escape from France . As leader of the National Guard , Lafayette had been responsible for the royal family 's custody . He was thus blamed by extremists like Danton for the near @-@ escape and called a traitor to the people by Robespierre . These accusations made Lafayette appear a royalist , damaging his reputation in the eyes of the public , and strengthened the hands of the Jacobins and other radicals . Lafayette continued to urge the constitutional rule of law , but was drowned out by the mob and its leaders . Through the latter half of 1791 , Lafayette 's standing continued to decline . On 17 July , the radical Cordeliers organized an event at the Champ de Mars to gather signatures on a petition to the National Assembly that it either abolish the monarchy or allow its fate to be decided in a referendum . The assembled crowd , estimated at up to 10 @,@ 000 , hanged two men believed to be spies after they were found under the platform . At the head of his troops , Lafayette rode into the Champ de Mars to restore order ; they were met with gunshots and thrown stones . When a dragoon went down , the soldiers fired on the crowd , wounding or killing dozens . Martial law was declared , and the leaders of the mob , such as Danton and Marat , fled or went into hiding . In September , the Assembly finalized a constitution , and in early October , with a semblance of constitutional law restored , Lafayette resigned from the National Guard . Immediately after the massacre , a crowd of rioters attacked Lafayette 's home , attempting to harm his wife . His reputation among the common people suffered dramatically after the massacre as they believed he sympathized with royal interests . = = = Conflict and exile = = = Lafayette returned to his home province of Auvergne in October 1791 . France declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792 , and preparations to invade the Austrian Netherlands ( today 's Belgium ) began . Lafayette , who had been promoted to Lieutenant General on June 30 , 1791 , received command of one of the three armies , the Army of the Centre , based at Metz on December 14 , 1791 . Lafayette did his best to mold inductees and National Guardsmen into a cohesive fighting force , but found that many of his troops were Jacobin sympathizers and hated their superior officers . This emotion was common in the army , as demonstrated after the Battle of Marquain , when the routed French troops dragged their leader to Lille , where he was torn to pieces by the mob . One of the army commanders , Rochambeau , resigned . Lafayette , along with the third commander , Nicolas Luckner , asked the Assembly to begin peace talks , concerned at what might happen if the troops saw another battle . In June 1792 , Lafayette criticized the growing influence of the radicals through a letter to the Assembly from his field post , and ended his letter by calling for their parties to be " closed down by force " . He misjudged his timing , for the radicals were in full control in Paris . Lafayette went there , and on 28 June delivered a fiery speech before the Assembly denouncing the Jacobins and other radical groups . He was instead accused of deserting his troops . Lafayette called for volunteers to counteract the Jacobins ; when only a few people showed up , he understood the public mood and hastily left Paris . Robespierre called him a traitor and the mob burned him in effigy . He was transferred to command of the Army of the North on July 12 , 1792 . The 25 July Brunswick Manifesto , which warned that Paris would be destroyed by the Austrians and Prussians if the king was harmed , led to the downfall of Lafayette , and of the royal family . A mob attacked the Tuileries on 10 August , and the king and queen were imprisoned at the Assembly , then taken to the Temple . The Assembly abolished the monarchy — the king and queen would be beheaded in the coming months . On 14 August , the minister of justice , Danton , put out a warrant for Lafayette 's arrest . Hoping to travel to the United States , Lafayette entered the Austrian Netherlands , the area of present Belgium . = = Prisoner = = Lafayette was taken prisoner by the Austrians near Rochefort when another former French officer , Jean @-@ Xavier Bureau de Pusy , asked for rights of transit through Austrian territory on behalf of a group of French officers . This was initially granted , as it had been for others fleeing France , but was revoked when the famous Lafayette was recognized . Frederick William II of Prussia , Austria 's ally against France , had once received Lafayette , but that was before the French Revolution — the king now saw him as a dangerous fomenter of rebellion , to be interned to prevent him from overthrowing other monarchies . Lafayette was held at Nivelles , then transferred to Luxembourg where a coalition military tribunal declared him , de Pusy , and two others to be prisoners of state for their roles in the Revolution . The tribunal ordered them held until a restored French king could render final judgment on them . On 12 September 1792 , pursuant to the tribunal 's order , the prisoners were transferred to Prussian custody . The party travelled to the Prussian fortress @-@ city of Wesel , where the Frenchmen remained in verminous individual cells in the central citadel from 19 September to 22 December 1792 . When victorious French revolutionary troops began to threaten the Rhineland , King Frederick William II transferred the prisoners east to the citadel at Magdeburg , where they remained an entire year , from 4 January 1793 to 4 January 1794 . Frederick William decided that he could gain little by continuing to battle the unexpectedly successful French forces , and that there were easier pickings for his army in the Kingdom of Poland . Accordingly , he stopped armed hostilities with the Republic and turned the state prisoners back over to his erstwhile coalition partner , the Habsburg Austrian monarch Francis II , Holy Roman Emperor . Lafayette and his companions were initially sent to Neisse ( today Nysa , Poland ) in Silesia . On 17 May 1794 , they were taken across the Austrian border , where a military unit was waiting to receive them . The next day , the Austrians delivered their captives to a barracks @-@ prison , formerly a college of the Jesuits , in the fortress @-@ city of Olmütz , Moravia ( today Olomouc in the Czech Republic ) . Lafayette , when captured , had tried to use the American citizenship he had been granted to secure his release , and contacted William Short , United States minister in The Hague . Although Short and other U.S. envoys very much wanted to succor Lafayette for his services to their country , they knew that his status as a French officer took precedence over any claim to American citizenship . Washington , who was by then president , had instructed the envoys to avoid actions that entangled the country in European affairs , and the U.S. did not have diplomatic relations with either Prussia or Austria . They did send money for the use of Lafayette , and for his wife , whom the French had imprisoned . Secretary of State Jefferson found a loophole allowing Lafayette to be paid , with interest , for his services as a major general from 1777 to 1783 . An act was rushed through Congress and signed by President Washington . These funds allowed both Lafayettes privileges in their captivity . A more direct means of aiding the former general was an escape attempt sponsored by Alexander Hamilton 's sister @-@ in @-@ law Angelica Schuyler Church and her husband John Barker Church , a British Member of Parliament who had served in the Continental Army . They hired as agent a young Hanoverian physician , Justus Erich Bollmann , who acquired an assistant , a South Carolinian medical student named Francis Kinloch Huger . This was the son of Benjamin Huger , whom Lafayette had stayed with upon his first arrival in America . With their help , Lafayette managed to escape from an escorted carriage drive in the countryside outside Olmütz , but he lost his way and was recaptured . Once Adrienne was released from prison in France , she , with the help of U.S. Minister to France James Monroe , obtained passports for her and her daughters from Connecticut , which had granted the entire Lafayette family citizenship . Her son Georges Washington had been smuggled out of France and taken to the United States . Adrienne and her two daughters journeyed to Vienna for an audience with Emperor Francis , who granted permission for the three women to live with Lafayette in captivity . Lafayette , who had endured harsh solitary confinement since his escape attempt a year before , was astounded when soldiers opened his prison door to usher in his wife and daughters on 15 October 1795 . The family spent the next two years in confinement together . Through diplomacy , the press , and personal appeals , Lafayette 's sympathizers on both sides of the Atlantic made their influence felt , most importantly on the post @-@ Reign of Terror French government . A young , victorious general , Napoleon Bonaparte , negotiated the release of the state prisoners at Olmütz , as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio . Lafayette 's captivity of over five years thus came to an end . The Lafayette family and their comrades in captivity left Olmütz under Austrian escort early on the morning of 19 September 1797 , crossed the Bohemian @-@ Saxonian border north of Prague , and were officially turned over to the American consul in Hamburg on 4 October . From Hamburg , Lafayette sent a note of thanks to General Bonaparte . The French government , the Directorate , was unwilling to have Lafayette return unless he swore allegiance , which he was not willing to do , as he believed it had come to power by unconstitutional means . As revenge , it had his remaining properties sold , leaving him a pauper . The family , soon joined by Georges Washington , who had returned from America , recuperated on a property near Hamburg belonging to Adrienne 's aunt . Due to conflict between the United States and France , Lafayette could not go to America as he had hoped , making him a man without a country . Adrienne was able to go to Paris , and attempted to secure her husband 's repatriation , flattering Bonaparte , who had returned to France after more victories . After Bonaparte 's coup d 'état of 18 Brumaire ( 9 November 1799 ) , Lafayette used the confusion caused by the change of regime to slip into France with a passport in the name of " Motier " . Bonaparte expressed rage , but Adrienne was convinced he was simply posing , and proposed to him that Lafayette would pledge his support , then would retire from public life to a property she had reclaimed , La Grange . France 's new ruler allowed Lafayette to remain , though originally without citizenship and subject to summary arrest if he engaged in politics , with the promise of eventual restoration of civil rights . Lafayette remained quietly at La Grange , and when Bonaparte held a memorial service in Paris for Washington , who had died in December 1799 , Lafayette was not invited , nor was his name mentioned . = = Retreat from politics = = Bonaparte restored Lafayette 's citizenship on 1 March 1800 , and he was able to recover some of his properties . The ruler offered to make Lafayette minister to the United States , but was met with a firm refusal , as Lafayette would not have anything to do with Napoleon 's government . In 1802 , Lafayette was part of the tiny minority that voted no in the referendum that made Bonaparte consul for life . Bonaparte offered to appoint Lafayette to the Senate and to bestow the Legion of Honor upon him , but Lafayette declined , though he stated he would gladly have taken the honors from a democratic government . In 1804 , Bonaparte was crowned the Emperor Napoleon after a plebiscite in which Lafayette did not participate . The retired general remained relatively quiet , although he made Bastille Day addresses . After the Louisiana Purchase , Jefferson , by then president , asked if he would be interested in the governorship . Lafayette declined , citing personal problems and his desire to work for liberty in France . During a trip to Auvergne in 1807 , Adrienne became ill , suffering from complications stemming from her time in prison . She became delirious but recovered enough on Christmas Eve to gather the family around her bed and to say to Lafayette : " Je suis toute à vous " ( " I am all yours " ) . She died the next day . In the years after Adrienne 's death , Lafayette mostly remained quietly at La Grange as Napoleon 's power in Europe waxed , and then waned . Many influential people and members of the public visited him , especially Americans . He wrote many letters , especially to Jefferson , and exchanged gifts with him , as the Frenchman had once done with Washington . = = Bourbon restoration = = In 1814 , the coalition that opposed Napoleon invaded France and restored the monarchy ; the comte de Provence ( brother of the executed Louis XVI ) took the throne as Louis XVIII . Lafayette was received by the new king , but the staunch republican opposed the new , highly restrictive franchise for the Chamber of Deputies that granted the vote to only 90 @,@ 000 men in a nation of 25 million . Lafayette did not stand for election in 1814 , remaining at La Grange . There was discontent in France among demobilized soldiers and others . Napoleon had been exiled only as far as Elba , an island in the Tuscan archipelago ; seeing an opportunity , he landed at Cannes on 1 March 1815 with a few hundred followers . Frenchmen flocked to his banner , and he took Paris later that month , causing Louis to flee to Ghent . Lafayette refused Napoleon 's call to serve in the new government , but accepted election to the new Chamber of Representatives under the Charter of 1815 . There , after Napoleon 's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo , Lafayette called for his abdication . Responding to the emperor 's brother Lucien , Lafayette argued : By what right do you dare accuse the nation of ... want of perseverance in the emperor 's interest ? The nation has followed him on the fields of Italy , across the sands of Egypt and the plains of Germany , across the frozen deserts of Russia . ... The nation has followed him in fifty battles , in his defeats and in his victories , and in doing so we have to mourn the blood of three million Frenchmen . On 22 June 1815 , four days after Waterloo , Napoleon abdicated . Lafayette arranged for the former emperor 's passage to America , but the British prevented this , and Napoleon ended his days on the island of Saint Helena . The Chamber of Representatives , before it dissolved , appointed Lafayette to a peace commission that was ignored by the victorious allies who occupied much of France , with the Prussians taking over La Grange as a headquarters . Once the Prussians left in late 1815 , Lafayette returned to his house , a private citizen again . Lafayette 's homes , both in Paris and at La Grange , were open to any Americans who wished to meet the hero of their Revolution , and to many other people besides . Among those whom Irish novelist Sydney , Lady Morgan met at table during her month @-@ long stay at La Grange in 1818 were the Dutch painter Ary Scheffer and the historian Augustin Thierry , who sat alongside American tourists . Others who visited included philosopher Jeremy Bentham , American scholar George Ticknor , and writer Fanny Wright . During the first decade of the Bourbon Restoration , Lafayette lent his support to a number of conspiracies in France and other European countries , all of which came to nothing . He was involved in the various Charbonnier plots , and agreed to go to the city of Belfort , where there was a garrison of French troops , and assume a major role in the revolutionary government . Warned that the royal government had found out about the conspiracy , he turned back on the road to Belfort , avoiding overt involvement . More successfully , he supported the Greek Revolution beginning in 1821 , and by letter attempted to persuade American officials to ally with the Greeks . Louis ' government considered arresting both Lafayette and Georges Washington , who was also involved in the Greek efforts , but were wary of the political ramifications if they did . Lafayette remained a member of the restored Chamber of Deputies until 1823 , when new plural voting rules helped defeat his bid for re @-@ election . = = Grand tour of the United States = = President James Monroe and Congress invited Lafayette to visit the United States in 1824 , in part to celebrate the nation 's upcoming 50th anniversary . Monroe intended to have Lafayette travel on an American warship , but the general felt having such a vessel as transport was undemocratic , and booked passage on a merchantman . Louis XVIII did not approve of the trip , and his officers had troops disperse the crowd that gathered at Le Havre to see Lafayette off . Lafayette arrived at New York on 15 August 1824 , accompanied by his son Georges Washington and his secretary Auguste Levasseur . On arrival , Lafayette was greeted by a group of Revolutionary War veterans , who had fought alongside him many years before . New York erupted for four continuous days and nights of celebration . When he departed for what he thought would be a restful trip to Boston , he instead found the route lined by cheering citizens , with welcomes organized in every town along the way . According to Unger , " It was a mystical experience they would relate to their heirs through generations to come . Lafayette had materialized from a distant age , the last leader and hero at the nation 's defining moment . They knew they and the world would never see his kind again . " New York , Boston , and Philadelphia did their best to outdo each other in the celebrations honoring Lafayette . Needing a place to hold a reception for him , Philadelphia renovated the Old State House ( today Independence Hall ) , which might otherwise have been torn down . Until that point , it had not been usual in the United States to build monuments , but Lafayette 's visit set off a wave of construction , usually with Lafayette , in his capacity as Mason , laying the cornerstone . The arts benefited by his visits as well , as many cities commissioned portraits for their civic buildings , and the likenesses were seen on innumerable souvenirs . Lafayette had intended to visit only the original thirteen states during a four @-@ month visit ; the stay stretched to sixteen months as he visited all twenty @-@ four . The towns and cities he visited — including Fayetteville , North Carolina , the first city named in his honor — gave him enthusiastic welcomes . He visited Washington City , the capital , and was surprised by the simple clothing worn by President Monroe , and the lack of any guards around the White House . In Virginia , he went to Mount Vernon , as he had forty years before , this time viewing Washington 's grave . On 19 October 1824 , he was at Yorktown for the anniversary of Cornwallis 's surrender , then journeyed to Monticello to meet with his old friend Jefferson — and Jefferson 's successor , James Madison , who arrived unexpectedly . Lafayette had dined with the other living former president , 89 @-@ year @-@ old John Adams , at his home near Boston . With the roads becoming impassable , Lafayette stayed in Washington City for the winter of 1824 – 25 , and thus was there for the climax of the hotly contested 1824 election , in which no presidential candidate was able to secure a majority of the Electoral College , throwing the decision to the House of Representatives . On 9 February 1825 , that body selected Secretary of State John Quincy Adams as president ; that evening , the runner @-@ up , General Andrew Jackson , shook hands with Adams at the White House as Lafayette looked on . In March 1825 , Lafayette began to tour the southern and western states . The general pattern of the trip was that he would be escorted between cities by the state militia , and he would enter each town through specially constructed arches to be welcomed by local politicians or dignitaries , all anxious to be seen with Lafayette . There would be special events , visits to battlefields and historic sites , celebratory dinners , and time set aside for the public to meet the legendary hero of the Revolution . Lafayette visited General Jackson at his home , The Hermitage , in Tennessee . While he was traveling up the Ohio River by steamboat , Lafayette 's vessel sank beneath him . He was put in a lifeboat by his son and secretary , then taken to the Kentucky shore and rescued by another steamboat . Although it was going the other direction , its captain insisted on turning around and taking Lafayette to Louisville . From there , he went generally northeast , viewing Niagara Falls , and taking the Erie Canal — considered a modern marvel — to Albany . Again in Massachusetts in June 1825 , he laid the cornerstone of the Bunker Hill Monument after hearing an oration by Daniel Webster . From Bunker Hill , Lafayette took home soil that would , at his death , be sprinkled on his grave . After Bunker Hill , Lafayette went to Maine and Vermont , thus visiting all of the states . He met again with John Adams , then went back to New York and then to its rival city , Brooklyn , where he laid the cornerstone for its public library . Lafayette celebrated his 68th birthday on 6 September at a reception with President John Quincy Adams at the White House , and departed the next day . He took with him , besides the soil to be placed on his grave , other gifts . Congress , at Monroe 's request , had voted him $ 200 @,@ 000 in gratitude for his services to the country , and a large tract of public lands in Florida . The passage back to France was aboard a ship that was originally called the Susquehanna , but was renamed the USS Brandywine in honor of the battle where the Marquis de Lafayette shed his blood for the United States . = = Revolution of 1830 = = While Lafayette was returning to France , Louis XVIII died , and Charles X took the throne . As king , Charles intended to restore the absolute rule of the monarch , and his decrees had already prompted protest by the time Lafayette arrived . Lafayette was the most prominent of those who opposed the king . In the elections of 1827 , the 70 @-@ year @-@ old Lafayette was elected to the Chamber of Deputies again . Unhappy at the outcome , Charles dissolved the Chamber , and ordered a new election : Lafayette again won his seat . Lafayette remained outspoken against Charles ' restrictions on civil liberties and the newly introduced censorship of the press . He made fiery speeches in the Chamber , denouncing the new decrees and advocating American @-@ style representative government . He hosted dinners at La Grange , for Americans , Frenchmen , and others ; all came to hear his speeches on politics , freedom , rights , and liberty . He was popular enough that Charles felt he could not be safely arrested , but Charles ' spies were thorough : one government agent noted " his [ Lafayette 's ] seditious toasts ... in honor of American liberty " . On 25 July 1830 , the king signed the Ordinances of Saint @-@ Cloud , removing the franchise from the middle class and dissolving the Chamber of Deputies . The decrees were published the following day . On 27 July , Parisians erected barricades throughout the city , and riots erupted . In defiance , the Chamber continued to meet . When Lafayette , who was at La Grange , heard what was going on , he raced into the city , and was acclaimed as a leader of the revolution . When his fellow deputies were indecisive , Lafayette went to the barricades , and soon the royalist troops were routed . Fearful that the excesses of the 1789 revolution were about to be repeated , deputies made Lafayette head of a restored National Guard , and charged him with keeping order . The Chamber was willing to proclaim him as ruler , but he refused a grant of power he deemed unconstitutional . He also refused to deal with Charles , who abdicated on 2 August . Many young revolutionaries sought a republic , but Lafayette felt this would lead to civil war , and chose to offer the throne to the duc d 'Orleans , Louis @-@ Philippe , who had lived in America and had far more of a common touch than did Charles . Lafayette secured the agreement of Louis @-@ Philippe , who accepted the throne , to various reforms . The general remained as commander of the National Guard . This did not last long — the brief concord at the king 's accession soon faded , and the conservative majority in the Chamber voted to abolish Lafayette 's National Guard post on 24 December 1830 . Lafayette went back into retirement , expressing his willingness to do so . = = Final years and death = = Lafayette grew increasingly disillusioned with Louis @-@ Phillippe , who backtracked on reforms and denied his promises to make them . The retired general angrily broke with his king , a breach which widened when the government used force to suppress a strike in Lyon . Lafayette used his seat in the Chamber to promote liberal proposals , and in 1831 his neighbors elected him mayor of the village of La Grange and to the council of the département of Seine @-@ et @-@ Marne . The following year , Lafayette served as a pallbearer and spoke at the funeral of General Jean Maximilien Lamarque , another opponent of Louis @-@ Phillippe . Despite Lafayette 's pleas for calm , there were riots in the streets and a barricade was erected at the Place de la Bastille . The king forcefully crushed this June Rebellion , to Lafayette 's outrage . Lafayette returned to La Grange until the Chamber met in November 1832 . He condemned Louis @-@ Phillippe for introducing censorship , as Charles X had . Lafayette spoke publicly for the last time in the Chamber of Deputies on 3 January 1834 . The next month , he collapsed at a funeral from pneumonia . Although he recovered , the following May was wet and , after being caught in a thunderstorm , he became bedridden . On 20 May 1834 , Lafayette died on 6 rue d 'Anjou @-@ Saint @-@ Honoré in Paris ( now 8 rue d 'Anjou in the 8th arrondissement of Paris ) at the age of 76 . He was buried next to his wife at the Picpus Cemetery under soil from Bunker Hill , which his son Georges Washington sprinkled upon him . King Louis @-@ Philippe ordered a military funeral in order to keep the public from attending . Crowds formed to protest their exclusion . In the United States , President Jackson ordered that Lafayette receive the same memorial honors that had been bestowed on Washington 's death in December 1799 . Both Houses of Congress were draped in black bunting for thirty days , and members wore mourning badges . Congress urged Americans to follow similar mourning practices . Later in 1834 , former president John Quincy Adams gave a eulogy of Lafayette that lasted three hours , calling him " high on the list of the pure and disinterested benefactors of mankind " . = = Assessment = = Throughout his life , Lafayette was an exponent of the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment , especially on human rights and civic nationalism . Despite the fact that he spent most of his political career in opposition , his views were taken very seriously by intellectuals and others on both sides of the Atlantic . In the United States , Lafayette 's image , from the time of the American Revolution , derived from his " disinterestedness " in fighting , without pay , for the freedom of a country not his own . As Samuel Adams praised Lafayette , in " foregoing the pleasures of Enjoyment of domestick [ sic ] Life and exposing himself to the Hardship and Dangers " of war , he fought " in the glorious cause of freedom " . This view was shared by many contemporaries , establishing an image of Lafayette seeking to advance , not the national interest of one country or another , but the liberty of all mankind . As Lafayette took on his roles in the French Revolution , he gained a new role in American eyes : that of an advocate for the virtues of the American republic , seeking to transport them from New World to Old . This was reinforced by his position as surrogate son and disciple of George Washington , who was deemed the Father of His Country and the embodiment of the American experiment . Lafayette became an American icon in part because he was not associated with any particular region of the country : he was of foreign birth , did not live in America , and had fought in New England , the Mid @-@ Atlantic states , and the South . Thus , he was a unifying figure . His role in the French Revolution , in which he was seen by Americans as steering a middle course , enhanced this popularity . Americans were naturally sympathetic to a republican cause , but also remembered Louis XVI as a friend of the nascent United States . When Lafayette fell from power in 1792 , Americans tended to blame factionalism for the ouster of a man who was , in their eyes , above such things . In 1824 , Lafayette returned to the United States at a time when Americans were questioning the success of the republican experiment in view of the disastrous economic Panic of 1819 and the sectional conflict resulting in the Missouri Compromise . Lafayette 's hosts considered him a judge of how successful the experiment had been . According to cultural historian Lloyd Kramer , Lafayette ( as well as a later visitor to America , Alexis de Tocqueville ) " provided foreign confirmations of the self @-@ image that shaped America 's national identity in the early nineteenth century and that has remained a dominant theme in the national ideology ever since : the belief that America 's Founding Fathers , institutions , and freedom created the most democratic , egalitarian , and prosperous society in the world " . Historian Gilbert Chinard wrote in 1936 : “ Lafayette became a legendary figure and a symbol so early in his life , and successive generations have so willingly accepted the myth , that any attempt to deprive the young hero of his republican halo will probably be considered as little short of iconoclastic and sacrilegious . ” That legend has been used politically : the name and image of Lafayette were repeatedly invoked in 1917 in seeking to gain popular support for America 's entry into World War I , culminating in the famous phrase , " Lafayette , we are here " . This occurred at some cost to Lafayette 's image in America : veterans returned from the front singing " We 've paid our debt to Lafayette , who the hell do we owe now ? " A longer @-@ term threat was the increasing sophistication of Americans and the lessened need for symbols of patriotism ; by 1971 , according to Anne C. Loveland , " Lafayette no longer served as a national hero @-@ symbol . " In 2002 , however , Congress voted to grant Lafayette honorary citizenship . Lafayette 's reputation in France is more problematic . Thomas Gaines , in his book about Lafayette , noted that the response to Lafayette 's death was far more muted in France than in America , and suggested that this may have been because Lafayette was the last surviving hero of America 's only revolution , whereas the evolution of the French government has been far more chaotic . Lafayette 's role , especially in the French Revolution , created a more nuanced picture of him in French historiography . To the 19th century historian Jules Michelet , Lafayette was a " mediocre idol " , lifted by the mob far beyond what his talents deserved . In their Histoire et dictionnaire de la Révolution française , Jean Tulard , Jean @-@ François Fayard , and Alfred Fierro noted Napoleon 's deathbed comment about Lafayette that , if Napoleon had had Lafayette 's place during the French Revolution , " the king would still be sitting on his throne " . They called Napoleon 's comment " not too excessive " and deemed Lafayette " an empty @-@ headed political dwarf [ and ] one of the people most responsible for the destruction of the French monarchy " . Gaines disagreed , and noted that liberal and Marxist historians have also dissented from that view of Lafayette . As Lloyd Kramer related in a survey of the French public , just before the Revolution 's bicentennial in 1989 , 57 percent deemed Lafayette the figure from the Revolution they most admired , with Marat and Saint @-@ Just tying for second with 21 percent each : " he [ Lafayette ] clearly had more French supporters in the early 1990s than he could muster in the early 1790s " . Marc Leepson concluded his study of Lafayette 's life : The Marquis de Lafayette was far from perfect . He was sometimes vain , naive , immature , and egocentric . But he consistently stuck to his ideals , even when doing so endangered his life and fortune . Those ideals proved to be the founding principles of two of the world 's most enduring nations , the United States and France . That is a legacy that few military leaders , politicians , or statesmen can match . = Series 4 , Episode 8 ( Cold Feet ) = Series 4 , Episode 8 is the final episode of the fourth series of the British comedy @-@ drama television series Cold Feet . It was written by Mike Bullen , directed by Ciaran Donnelly , and was first broadcast on the ITV network on 10 December 2001 . The plot follows on directly from the previous episode , as Adam and Rachel ( James Nesbitt and Helen Baxendale ) , and Karen and David ( Hermione Norris and Robert Bathurst ) travel to Sydney , Australia for Pete and Jo 's ( John Thomson and Kimberley Joseph ) impromptu wedding . Adam is sceptical that Pete is truly in love with Jo , and Jo 's rich father Rod ( Gary Sweet ) suspects that Pete is only marrying her to get access to his money . Under pressure from Rod , Pete gets cold feet and he and Jo call off the wedding . The couple soon reconcile and marry with Rod 's blessing . Meanwhile , David discovers that Karen has been having an affair with her colleague Mark ( Sean Pertwee ) and ends their marriage , and Rachel gives birth prematurely in a Sydney hospital . The episode was conceived by Mike Bullen and Cold Feet 's executive producer Andy Harries in 2000 . Both attended a television conference in Sydney and decided to contrive the main plot of the fourth series so the characters would end up in Australia . Helen Baxendale was pregnant and could not fly to Australia , so all scenes featuring Rachel were filmed in Manchester and Salford , England . After location scouting and casting around the Sydney area in May and July , production in Australia ran for 18 days in October 2001 . Locations used included a heritage home in Vaucluse for the wedding scenes , Palm Beach for a beach barbecue scene , and outside the Opera House . The episode was watched by nearly nine million people on its original UK broadcast and received a mixed reaction from newspaper critics ; some believed the trip to Sydney was an unnecessary jaunt for the cast and crew , others selected the episode as a " pick of the day " . It also received mixed reviews in Australia and New Zealand . Kimberley Joseph 's performance was praised , as was Gary Sweet 's guest role . The episode represented the series when it won the award for Best Drama Series at the British Academy Television Awards 2002 . = = Plot = = Adam and Rachel ( James Nesbitt and Helen Baxendale ) , and Karen and David ( Hermione Norris and Robert Bathurst ) arrive in Sydney , Australia for Pete and Jo 's ( John Thomson and Kimberley Joseph ) hastily arranged wedding . Jo 's father Rod Ellison ( Gary Sweet ) is surprised to learn that his daughter is getting married to a man he suspects is only after his money . After speaking to Rod , Adam tells Pete that he thinks the wedding is going ahead for the wrong reasons . Pete reacts angrily and tells Adam to forget being his best man . The following morning , Rod tries to bribe Pete to call off the wedding , but Pete declines . He later overhears Rod forbidding Jo to marry him and tells her they ought to postpone the wedding . Jo is devastated at his decision , and tells him to get out of her house . She confides her sorrow in her ex @-@ fiancé Shawn ( Sandy Winton ) , who unsuccessfully tries to restart their relationship by proposing to her . Rachel , who is spending most of her time in her hotel room on account of her pregnancy , receives a visit from her expatriated lesbian sister Lucy ( Susannah Doyle ) . Lucy tells Rachel that she has been sleeping around with men in order to have a child . When Adam learns of this , he suggests to Lucy that she use some of his banked sperm . They broach the idea to Rachel , who is disgusted at the thought of her husband having a baby with her sister and forbids it from going ahead . Meanwhile , Karen finally assures David that the animosity between them caused by his extramarital affair is in the past . She emails Mark Cubitt ( Sean Pertwee ) , a man she has been having an affair with in England , to tell him their fling is over . Mark arrives at her apartment the next morning and spends the day with her after David cancels a visit to an art gallery with her . He convinces her that David is still the same insensitive man that he has always been . The next day , Karen tells Rachel that she will leave David to be with Mark . Pete and Adam make up after their row and Adam goes to Jo 's to collect Pete 's clothes . Her regret over her breakup with Pete leads Adam to convince Rod that he should give the wedding his blessing . He follows David to a business meeting with Rod , which David has arranged as a prelude to emigrating his family to Sydney , and with David 's help changes Rod 's mind about Pete . Rod later meets Jo and Pete to give them his blessing , and they reconcile . On the day of the wedding , David finally reveals his plans for the family to Karen , unaware that Mark is in the apartment . Karen is surprised that David has made the plans , including finding a house for them to live in . Mark is irritated by David 's attitude and reveals the affair to him . Enraged , David lashes out at Mark and the two fight . Karen angrily tells Mark to leave . Outside the hotel , Rachel goes into premature labour . Adam rushes her to hospital , where she is taken into surgery . At the wedding venue , Pete asks David to take Adam 's place as best man . As Adam has the rings , David volunteers his own wedding band to Pete , and Karen does the same for Jo . Pete and Jo exchange their wedding vows and are pronounced husband and wife . After the wedding , Karen tries to approach David but he just walks away , telling her " no more " . Later , Pete , Jo and Karen join Adam and Rachel at the hospital , where they are introduced to the baby , Matthew Sydney Williams . David flies home alone in tears . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = The episode was devised following a lecture given by writer Mike Bullen and executive producer Andy Harries at the Screen Producers Association of Australia conference in November 2000 . Bullen and Harries already knew that actress Fay Ripley did not want to renew her contract to play Jenny Gifford for the whole fourth series , so developed a storyline where Jenny 's ex @-@ husband Pete would meet and fall in love with an Australian woman after his divorce . The storyline would culminate in an episode set in Australia , which Harries wanted " for no desperately good reason except that it 's a nice place to go " . The storyline was plotted and Kimberley Joseph was cast as Jo Ellison , who makes her first appearance in Series 4 , Episode 1 . As originally planned , the fourth series would have depicted all of the main characters permanently emigrating to Australia ; Bullen said , " One of them [ the characters ] , whose relationship is no more , meets an Australian in England and he comes out here , and the notion is that the others follow . Then one of the others would have a reason for wanting to walk away from his life so he comes out here too . That 's really an excuse to bring everyone out , and the final episode would be a 90 @-@ minute special looking back on their lives up to that point ; because it would be the last episode with these characters . " Having the characters permanently based in Australia opened up the possibility of spin @-@ off series set in the country . The direction of the fourth series , and thus the finale , changed significantly when Helen Baxendale announced that she was pregnant . Bullen wanted the episode to be an ordinary episode of Cold Feet that just happened to be set in Australia . The original script included stereotypical references to Australian culture , such as " prawns on the barbie " , but these were cut to avoid turning the episode into a travelogue . Bullen told the Sun Herald , " I really wanted to go beyond ' no worries ' and ' she 'll be right mate ' . We 've asked most of the local actors to improvise with their own sayings , to make sure we get it right . " In 2003 , Bullen recalled this episode 's script as the most difficult he had ever written . The collapse of Karen and David 's marriage was a controversial issue among the writer and producers ; two characters had already divorced and Harries wanted to avoid all three of the main relationships failing . After enjoying the quality of the Australian guest stars , Bullen joked to the Sun Herald that he would write a spin @-@ off series featuring Gary Sweet . Eventually , no spin @-@ off series were created . This episode was produced as the final episode of Cold Feet ; Mike Bullen did not believe he could continue writing another series and cast members were eager to take other roles . During production in Australia , Bullen 's interest in the series was renewed , and he decided he would like to write a final run of episodes . = = = Filming = = = The episode was directed by Ciaran Donnelly , who also directed the previous episode . Mike Bullen visited Sydney in March 2001 to scout for locations . He was followed in May by producer Spencer Campbell and production designer Chris Truelove , who made preliminary casting decisions and scouted more locations . They finalised the arrangements in July . Unusually , the production schedule was drawn up without a final script in place . This caused complications as Campbell allocated too much time for filming in Sydney and not enough in Manchester . As a result , some scenes set in Sydney were filmed in Manchester ; the scene where the characters arrive at Sydney Airport was filmed in a hall at the University of Manchester . Campbell rationalised that viewers who had never been to Sydney would not be able to tell the difference . Helen Baxendale was nearing the end of her pregnancy , so could not join the rest of the cast abroad , thus all of her scenes were filmed in Manchester and Salford . The scenes in Rachel and Adam 's hotel room were shot at the Lowry Hotel in Salford and exterior scenes of the hotel were filmed at the GMEX Centre . The taxi that takes Rachel and Adam to the hospital was a Holden car imported to Britain from Australia and altered to look like a taxi . The Loaf bar at Deansgate Locks provided a filming location for some scenes . The final scene of the episode was filmed on an aeroplane set constructed in a studio . Robert Bathurst said , " We shot the scene in the studio because we weren 't allowed to film on a real aircraft . So we had to get sections of a plane 's interior and stick them all together . The bits were flapping all over the place whenever anyone moved . I had to look out the porthole and have a weep . As I was doing that , I looked out and there through the window , standing where the wing should be , was the show 's carpenter trying to hold the set together . " Production in Sydney commenced the week beginning 1 October and lasted for 18 days . The main cast and Sean Pertwee were flown out along with a skeleton crew . Additional staff were drawn from those already working for Granada Australia , the Australian production arm of Granada Productions , as flying a complete British crew overseas would have been prohibitively expensive . Filming locations included Hyde Park , Kirribilli , Double Bay and the Northern Beaches . The scenes of Shawn 's barbecue were filmed in Palm Beach and the facade of a terraced house in Paddington was used for an establishing scene of Lucy 's apartment . The wedding scenes were set in the grounds of Strickland House , Vaucluse . Another scene was filmed on location outside the Sydney Opera House . While preparing for the scene , Hermione Norris and Robert Bathurst were distracted by a group of British tourists yelling that Karen should leave David after David 's affair in Series 3 . The group remained quiet when the scene was being shot . Karen and David 's apartment was filmed at a building near Luna Park in Milsons Point . A stunt team co @-@ ordinated the fight scene between Mark and David but could not convincingly choreograph a headbutt between Mark and David . The stunt co @-@ ordinator and Pertwee , who was already experienced in stunt fighting , agreed Pertwee would get a better reaction from Bathurst by almost headbutting his face for real , instead of " hitting air " . Initially startled by the move , Bathurst conceded that it was better for him to be surprised as he might have flinched if he had known what Pertwee was about to do . Hermione Norris found the scene upsetting insofar as it was unusual to see Robert Bathurst playing David in such an emotional state . = = Reception = = The episode was originally broadcast in an extended 90 @-@ minute commercial timeslot on 10 December 2001 on the ITV network in the United Kingdom ( ITV1 , STV and UTV ) and on TV3 in Ireland . Unofficial overnight ratings recorded an average of 8 @.@ 5 million viewers and a 37 % audience share for the episode in the UK . Final ratings , accounting for PVR viewings , rose to 8 @.@ 95 million ( 38 % share ) , making it the twenty @-@ first most @-@ watched show of the week . The fourth series had been broadcast on ITV on consecutive Sunday and Monday nights , and the Monday ratings had been considerably lower . Episode 8 marked the peak of the Monday night ratings . The episode received mixed reaction from newspaper critics . In the Liverpool Echo , Rachael Tinniswood wrote that the episode " was a fantastic display of everything that has made Cold Feet such a popular drama over the past few years " and that Kimberley Joseph had proved to be " a more than adequate replacement " for Fay Ripley over the course of the fourth series . Tony Purnell wrote in the Daily Mirror that " The fact that the gang ended up in Australia showed just how much the series had lost its way . " Graham Young in the Birmingham Mail wrote that the excursion to Sydney " smacks more of giving the cast a treat after four years , rather than any real necessity of the script " . The Daily Record 's critic wrote " if this is the last @-@ ever episode , we should make the most of what has been a relatively disappointing series " . In a column about Chewin ' the Fat , Scotsman critic Aidan Smith accused the episode — " which somehow managed to squeeze the Harbour Bridge into every shot " — of being the point the series jumped the shark . Times columnist Caitlin Moran described it as " both draining and tensifying " . Moran went on to say that Adam and Rachel had become poorly characterised and suggested that Mike Bullen had come to loathe the characters . The episode was selected as a " pick of the day " in The Sun and The Sunday Times . Writing in the Journal of British Cinema and Television in 2006 , Greg M. Smith analysed the development of the David character over the course of Series 4 , including the fantasy scene in this episode where David imagines living with Karen in Australia , and the scene where David and Karen take off their wedding rings : " Old , exhausted love is traded for new , vibrant love in this single gesture . Karen pursues David as he storms off after the ceremony , shouting his name , undoubtedly ready to alternate once more between pain and partial forgiveness , as they have done throughout their marriage . David turns and says : ' No , Karen . No more ' . " Smith also compared the scene to the wedding scene in the film The Best Years of Our Lives ( William Wyler , 1946 ) . ITV submitted the episode to the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) to represent the series in the Best Drama Series category at the British Academy Television Awards 2002 . The series won , and the award was collected by Mike Bullen , Andy Harries and Spencer Campbell at the BAFTA ceremony in April 2002 . The scene in which Pete meets Rod for the first time was voted " Best Dramatic Moment " at the BBC 's annual TV Moments broadcast in 2002 . The episode was first broadcast in Australia on the Seven Network on 6 June 2002 . Robin Oliver for The Sydney Morning Herald wrote " Unlike any of the other seemingly compulsory Oz adventures to which British TV panders , this one presents a superior storyline while soaking up the views . " Oliver complimented the performances of Gary Sweet and Kimberley Joseph , and Ciaran Donnelly 's direction . The Age 's Debi Enker was critical , decrying the plot as " fairly creaky " and the locations as " a very glossy ad for the sights of Sydney " . She also thought Gary Sweet and James Nesbitt looked bored in their roles . In New Zealand , the episode was broadcast on TV ONE on 17 September 2002 . The New Zealand Herald 's reviewer Michele Hewitson was critical of the clichés in the script , particularly the stereotypical characterisation of Rod Ellison , who she described as " a bit of a bastard " . Hewitson was also critical of Karen 's reaction to David 's attempts to repair their relationship , and concluded by writing , " God only knows why they had to drag the entire cast all the way to Australia . You can take this lot out of Manchester but they 'll still be moaning , angst @-@ ridden and selfish . " = = Home video = = The episode was first released as part of the Cold Feet : The Complete 4th Series DVD and VHS . The set was released in the United Kingdom on 25 November 2002 and in Australia on 3 April 2007 . It was also released on a single disc DVD in 2003 as a promotional venture between the Sunday Mirror and Woolworths . = Girlfight = Girlfight is a 2000 American sports drama film written and directed by Karyn Kusama and starring Michelle Rodriguez in both of their film debuts . It follows Diana Guzman , a troubled teenager from Brooklyn who decides to channel her aggression by training to become a boxer , despite the disapproval of both her father and her prospective trainers and competitors in the male @-@ dominated sport . Kusama wrote the screenplay for Girlfight after learning to box , wanting to make a film about the sport with a female protagonist . Although she struggled to find financiers for the film 's $ 1 million ( U.S. ) budget , the production was eventually funded by John Sayles , Maggie Renzi and the Independent Film Channel . Rodriguez was cast in the lead role , despite having never acted before , and trained for four months to prepare for the role before filming commenced in New York and New Jersey . Girlfight premiered on January 22 , 2000 at the Sundance Film Festival , where it won the Grand Jury Prize . It was released theatrically on September 29 , 2000 and grossed $ 1 @.@ 7 million at the box office . The film was well received by critics , who offered particular praise to Rodriguez for her performance and Kusama for her direction . Both Kusama and Rodriguez received numerous accolades , including two National Board of Review Awards , two Independent Spirit Award nominations , and two Gotham Awards . = = Plot = = Diana Guzman is a Brooklyn teenager whose hot temper gets her into trouble at school as she repeatedly starts fights with other students . Her frustration stems from her unhappy home life ; she lives in a public housing estate with her brother Tiny and their single father , Sandro . Sandro pays for Tiny 's boxing training in hopes of his becoming a professional boxer , although Tiny would prefer to be an artist . After visiting Tiny 's gym and intervening in a spar to defend him , Diana asks the trainers to let her box , too . She is told she can train there , but not compete in actual fights . When she learns that she cannot afford coaching from Tiny 's trainer , Hector Soto , she asks her father for an allowance but he tells her to get a job . She resorts to stealing his money instead and returns to the gym , where Hector begins to teach her the basics of boxing . Diana 's first spar is with Adrian Sturges , whom she later meets again when Hector takes her to a professional fight . Adrian invites Diana to dinner after the fight and kisses her after walking her home . One night after a spar which gave Diana a black eye , Sandro sees Diana and Adrian together and confronts her , assuming that she is in an abusive relationship . She storms out of the apartment and spends the night with Adrian . When he asks about her parents , she reveals that her mother committed suicide several years ago . When Diana returns to her apartment , Tiny offers to give up boxing so that she can use the coaching money he gets from their father . Diana later goes to Hector 's birthday party , but leaves when she sees Adrian getting friendly with his ex @-@ girlfriend . When Diana and Adrian spar at their next session in the gym , he is reluctant to hit her , and she leaves before he can talk to her . Diana 's first amateur match is scheduled against another girl , but when her opponent pulls out she ends up fighting a man , Ray Cortez . Sandro arrives in the middle of the fight to see the match end in Ray 's disqualification for illegal shoving . When Diana arrives home , Sandro berates her for looking like a loser . She retaliates by beating him to the floor and accuses him of abusing her mother to the point of suicide . After weeks of rigorous training , Diana wins another amateur fight , this time against a girl , Ricki Stiles . Although Diana has accepted Adrian 's apology , tensions rise between them again when they learn that they both have advanced to the finals in their division to fight each other . Adrian refuses to fight a girl and Diana struggles to convince him to view her as a legitimate opponent . He turns up for the fight on the day , however , and after an even match , Diana wins with a unanimous decision by the judges . After the fight , Adrian fears that he has lost Diana 's respect , but she tells him she respects him even more for fighting her , and they reconcile . = = Cast = = Michelle Rodriguez as Diana Guzman Jaime Tirelli as Hector Soto Paul Calderón as Sandro Guzman Santiago Douglas as Adrian Sturges Ray Santiago as Tiny Guzman Victor Sierra as Ray Cortez Elisa Bocanegra as Marisol Shannon Walker Williams as Veronica Louis Guss as Don Herb Lovelle as Cal = = Production = = Girlfight was written and directed by Karyn Kusama , marking her feature film debut . Her aim was to subvert " the classic boxing story " with a female lead , having taken up boxing herself in 1992 at the famous Gleason 's Gym in Brooklyn . After writing the script , she struggled to persuade production companies to finance the film ; numerous producers suggested that Kusama cast a white woman in the lead role rather than a Latina and felt that having a female protagonist was " unappealing [ and ] unbelievable " . Maggie Renzi , Sarah Green and Martha Griffin eventually agreed to produce the film , and found a financier in 1999 to provide the $ 1 million ( U.S. ) budget . Two days before pre @-@ production on the film was set to begin the financier backed out , but Renzi and her partner John Sayles — an independent filmmaker and Kusama 's former mentor — decided to provide funding for the film 's entire budget themselves . The Independent Film Channel later contributed $ 300 @,@ 000 towards the budget . Kusama initially sought to cast a professional actor to play Diana but felt that many of those who auditioned were overly feminized and " polished " and decided to cast an untrained actor instead . Michelle Rodriguez , who had worked as a film extra but had never auditioned for a speaking role before , attended an open casting call for the lead . Although Kusama described Rodriguez 's audition as " a disaster " , she won the role because out of 350 auditionees Kusama " could not find anyone who could come close to her in physical power " . Since Rodriguez was not a boxer , she trained at Gleason 's Gym five to six days a week for four months in preparation for filming , as did Santiago Douglas , who played Adrian . Girlfight was filmed over 24 days in New York and New Jersey . For scenes inside the gym where Diana and Tiny train , the filmmakers shot in a warehouse in Jersey City . The initial boxing sequences were shot from a spectator 's view outside of the ring but later sequences were filmed more intimately from inside the ring . Cinematographer Patrick Cady used camera rigs that allowed the actors to hit him or the camera itself to mimic the feeling of being hit . = = Release = = Girlfight premiered on January 22 , 2000 at the Sundance Film Festival , where it won the festival 's Grand Jury Prize and the Directing Award in Dramatic Competition . Distribution rights to the film were subsequently purchased by Screen Gems for $ 3 million . It had a limited release in the United States on September 29 , 2000 , opening in 28 theaters . In its debut week , it ranked 30th at the box office , grossing $ 282 @,@ 145 with a per @-@ screen average of $ 10 @,@ 077 . The following week it expanded to 253 theaters , but fell to a per @-@ screen average of $ 2 @,@ 687 , ranking 18th . In its third week , the film 's per @-@ screen average dropped to $ 1 @,@ 156 with a cumulative total gross of $ 1 @,@ 254 @,@ 600 . Girlfight ended its theatrical run after five weeks with a total domestic gross of $ 1 @,@ 565 @,@ 852 . Internationally , it grossed $ 100 @,@ 176 , making a worldwide total of $ 1 @,@ 666 @,@ 028 . The film was released on DVD on March 27 , 2001 . The DVD includes two special features : an audio commentary by Karyn Kusama and a " making of " featurette . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Girlfight was well received by critics upon its release . It has a score of 87 % on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 94 reviews with an average rating of 7 @.@ 3 out of 10 . The consensus states : " Michelle Rodriguez gives a compelling performance , despite lack of a boxing background ; Karyn Kusama packs a punch with this directorial debut . " The film also has a score of 70 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 34 critics ' reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Numerous reviews praised Rodriguez 's performance in her debut role , with several critics comparing her to Marlon Brando . David Denby of The New Yorker called her " a powerhouse star who could go a long way " , while Variety critic Emanuel Levy described her as " a natural performer who dominates every scene " . In a review for The New York Times , A. O. Scott characterized Rodriguez as " a powerful , extraordinarily gifted young actress ... Remember the name . " The Washington Post 's Desson Howe felt that Rodriguez 's performance was the most memorable aspect of the film , and that she " becomes more appealing , formidable and beautiful by the scene " . Karyn Kusama 's script and direction were also highlighted by critics . The Los Angeles Times 's Kenneth Turan commended her " craft , empathy and respect " and compared her to the character of Diana , writing that Kusama " is her protagonist 's double in terms of drive , commitment and ability " . Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly felt that , although the plot was clichéd and unrealistic at times , Kusama 's direction showed " a clear , personal filmmaking style ... and a respect for her characters ' weaknesses as well as their moments of athletic beauty " . James Berardinelli gave the film three and a half stars out of four , calling it " a well crafted and emotionally satisfying debut " and applauding Kusama 's " single @-@ minded determination and a passion for the project " . Roger Ebert , who gave the film three and a half out of four stars in a Chicago Sun @-@ Times review , enjoyed that the story is " always about more than boxing " with its deeper themes " about a girl growing up in a macho society and ... discovering she has a nature probably more macho than the men around her " . On the other hand , the San Francisco Chronicle 's Edward Guthmann opined that Kusama " ultimately undercuts her theme of female self @-@ reliance by having Diana fall for Adrian " and criticized the plot for " tak [ ing ] too much time justifying a woman 's right to be in the ring – instead of celebrating her achievement " . = = = Awards and nominations = = = = = Legacy = = Girlfight was one of the first boxing films to portray women in the sport . Film studies academic Katharina Lindner has argued that Girlfight was responsible for the " influx of female protagonists into the [ boxing film ] genre " of the 2000s , specifically the 2004 films Million Dollar Baby and Die Boxerin ( alternatively titled About a Girl ) . The film was responsible for launching Rodriguez and Kusama 's careers in film ; Rodriguez went on to star in numerous major studio films while Kusama later directed Æon Flux ( 2005 ) and Jennifer 's Body ( 2009 ) . = Nice Is Different Than Good = " Nice Is Different Than Good " is the sixth season premiere episode of the American comedy @-@ drama series , Desperate Housewives , and the 112th overall episode of the series . It originally aired in the United States on September 27 , 2009 , on ABC . In the episode , Mike ( James Denton ) marries Susan ( Teri Hatcher ) and Angie Bolen ( Drea de Matteo ) and her family move onto Wisteria Lane as they attempt to escape their sordid past . The episode was written by series creator Marc Cherry and directed by Larry Shaw . It included the introduction of the Angie character , as well as her husband , Nick ( Jeffrey Nordling ) , and their son , Danny ( Beau Mirchoff ) . The Bolen family is the subject of the series ' yearly mystery . " Nice Is Different Than Good " enacted the long @-@ running storylines of Katherine 's ( Dana Delany ) nervous breakdown , Lynette 's ( Felicity Huffman ) attempts to conceal her pregnancy , and the Fairview serial strangler . " Nice Is Different Than Good " received generally positive reviews , with critics raving about the rivalry between Susan and Katherine and the possible connection between the Bolen and serial strangler storylines . According to Nielsen ratings , the episode drew 13 @.@ 6 million viewers , the smallest audience for a Desperate Housewives season premiere until the seventh season premiere on September 26 , 2010 . = = Plot = = = = = Background = = = Desperate Housewives focuses on the lives of several residents in the suburban neighborhood of Wisteria Lane . In recent episodes , Mike Delfino ( James Denton ) married an unidentified bride , who was either Susan Mayer ( Teri Hatcher ) , his ex @-@ wife , or Katherine Mayfair ( Dana Delany ) , his fiancée and Susan 's close friend . Lynette Scavo ( Felicity Huffman ) learned that she and her husband , Tom ( Doug Savant ) , are expecting twins , two of what will be six children . Gabrielle ( Eva Longoria ) and Carlos Solis ( Ricardo Antonio Chavira ) agreed to take in his niece , Ana ( Maiara Walsh ) , and she and Gabrielle began to antagonize one another . Bree Hodge ( Marcia Cross ) sought a divorce from her husband , Orson ( Kyle MacLachlan ) ; however , Orson refused to end their marriage and blackmailed her into staying in the relationship . As a result , Bree began an affair with her divorce lawyer and Susan 's ex @-@ husband , Karl Mayer ( Richard Burgi ) . = = = Episode = = = In the eight weeks leading up to her wedding , Susan avoids any contact with Katherine . Katherine begins to resent Susan , even threatening to pour tomato sauce on Susan 's wedding dress . Mike is concerned for Katherine , but Susan is frustrated with her behavior . On the day of the wedding , Katherine demands that Susan apologize to her in public . Susan obliges , expressing her sorrow to Katherine during the wedding ceremony . Katherine tells Susan that the apology does not help mend their friendship . Angie ( Drea de Matteo ) and Nick Bolen ( Jeffrey Nordling ) move into a house on Wisteria Lane with their college @-@ bound son , Danny ( Beau Mirchoff ) . Danny takes interest in Julie Mayer ( Andrea Bowen ) , Susan 's daughter , and asks her to start tutoring him . She agrees , but at Nick 's urging , tells Danny that she is not interested in a relationship . Later , elderly neighbor Karen McCluskey ( Kathryn Joosten ) sees Julie and Danny arguing . On Susan and Mike 's wedding night , Julie is strangled outside of her home by an unidentified attacker , who flees the scene . Lynette grows increasingly weary at the idea of having more children . She confesses to Tom that while she began loving her other children before they were born , she does not have the same feelings for her unborn twins . Tom assures her that she will love them once she is able to hold them in her arms . At Lynette 's request , the couple conceals the pregnancy from their family and friends . Meanwhile , Gabrielle is irritated with Ana 's poor attitude , provocative wardrobe , and disregard for her curfew or other rules . Carlos insists that Gabrielle sign a contract that would make her Ana 's legal guardian , but she refuses . However , when Ana expresses interest in becoming a model , Gabrielle understands that they are more alike than she initially thought and signs the guardianship documents . Bree continues to hide her affair with Karl , but her difficulty with adjusting to the sinful and secretive lifestyle prompt Karl to end the affair . In that time , Orson suggests that they enter marriage counseling , but Bree insists that she no longer sees herself as his wife , but rather his captive . Realizing that guilt is a small price for happiness , Bree reignites her affair with Karl . = = Production = = " Nice Is Different Than Good " was written by series creator and executive producer Marc Cherry and directed by Larry Shaw . It marked the debut of Drea de Matteo as Angie Bolen , the matriarch of an Italian family . While brainstorming ideas for the sixth season , the Desperate Housewives writing staff decided to introduce an Italian New Yorker housewife , as she would be unlike the other title characters . When she was offered the role of Angie , de Matteo was best known for her Emmy Award @-@ winning performance as Adriana La Cerva on The Sopranos , an HBO drama series about the Italian Mafia . She accepted the offer without knowing the character 's name or storyline . Cherry described the Angie character as " a very loving but tough Italian woman who comes [ to Wisteria Lane ] with her husband and her kid ... [ and ] will do what she has to to protect her family . " Jeffrey Nordling and Beau Mirchoff made their series debuts in this episode as well , appearing as Nick , Angie 's landscaper husband , and Danny , their " tightly @-@ wound " son , respectively . Maiara Walsh also joined the cast as a series regular , having made her debut as Ana Solis in a guest starring capacity during season five . " Nice Is Different Than Good " revealed the identity of Mike Delfino 's bride , a mystery which served as the cliffhanger for the fifth season finale . Cherry revealed that he initially intended to have Mike marry Katherine Mayfair rather than Susan Mayer , but fans " were insistent " on having Mike marry Susan . As a result , Cherry decided to change the storyline " as opposed to frustrating the fans for another year by keeping Mike and Susan apart . " The episode also introduced the long @-@ running storyline of Katherine suffering a nervous breakdown after losing Mike to Susan . Cherry commented that it would be " one of the funniest breakdowns you 've ever seen . " Actress Dana Delany , who portrays Katherine , was not informed about the storyline change until a week before the episode began filming . She called the change " brilliant " and was pleased with her character 's new storyline " because happiness is great in life , but it 's kind of [ sic ] boring dramatically . " To keep the identity of Mike 's bride confidential , a stunt actress was used in the season five finale . When filming of the episode took place in July 2009 , both Hatcher and Delany were photographed wearing wedding dresses on set . " Nice Is Different Than Good " also introduced the secondary ongoing mystery of the Fairview strangler . The episode ended with a cliffhanger in which Julie Mayer is strangled by an unknown attacker . Cherry said of the storyline , " I 've come up with my own version of ' Who Shot J.R. ? ' , " referencing the murder mystery plotline surrounding the J. R. Ewing character ( Larry Hagman ) in the popular primetime soap opera Dallas . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = According to Nielsen ratings , " Nice Is Different Than Good " was seen by 13 @.@ 643 million viewers and held an 8 @.@ 6 rating / 13 share on its original American broadcast on September 27 , 2009 . Among viewers between 18 and 49 years of age , the episode drew a 4 @.@ 7 rating . The episode is the least @-@ watched season premiere of Desperate Housewives at the time , with a thirty @-@ five percent decrease in viewers from the fifth season premiere a year earlier . The seventh season premiere drew in lower ratings , with 13 @.@ 056 million viewers and an 8 @.@ 1 rating / 12 share on its September 26 , 2010 broadcast . " Nice Is Different Than Good " was outperformed by the following episode , " Being Alive " , on October 4 , which drew 14 @.@ 641 million viewers and a 9 @.@ 2 rating / 14 share in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic . Nevertheless , the premiere episode had a higher viewership than the season six average of 12 @.@ 823 million viewers and 4 @.@ 2 rating in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic per episode . The episode was outperformed by Sunday Night Football on NBC , which drew 18 @.@ 461 million viewers in the Desperate Housewives timeslot . = = = Critical reception = = = The episode received positive critical reviews . Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly praised the Julie storyline and expressed sympathy for the Katherine character . Additionally , while he enjoyed the introduction of the Bolen family , he commented that " it 's not even worth speculating [ about the Bolens ] because the family honestly didn 't reveal anything much about themselves . " He also noted the realness of the Lynette story and the comedic relief provided by the Gabrielle and Bree stories . Isabelle Carreau of TV Squad also gave the episode a positive review , expressing interest in Katherine 's storyline now that Mike has married Susan . She declared , " Karl and Bree are now my favorite couple on Wisteria Lane . They are twisted , flawed and complex characters , " calling the pair reminiscent of Bree and Orson when the first started dating . She also credited the introduction of the Ana character for making the Gabrielle story " really fun to watch " and complimented Beau Mirchoff 's portrayal of the " extremely weird " Danny Bolen character , speculating that he strangled Julie . USA Today 's Robert Bianco awarded the season premiere three out of four stars , opining that the episode " starts with a bang , ends with a cliffhanger jolt , and offers a good story for each of the wives in between while dropping a possibly worthy new addition in their midst . " He predicted that viewers would be satisfied with the revelation of the mystery bride 's identity and commented : " There 's humor and poignancy in all the stories and good work all around . " Bianco praised Felicity Huffman 's " strong and varied " acting skills , complimented Eva Longoria 's comedic talents , and declared Richard Burgi 's performance as his best in the entire series . He concluded that while the show has declined in quality since its first season , " it remains a very good TV series " and noted that " there 's also the potential for a season that returns this already @-@ solid show to top form . " TV Guide writer Mickey O 'Connor was negative in his review . He criticized the Lynette story as being " an awful development " and said the chemistry between actress de Matteo and her costars " a little off . " However , he was more receptive of Katherine 's reaction to losing Mike , saying " what could have played out as a typical weepy , hos @-@ before @-@ bros make @-@ up session has been elevated to something much richer . " = Matthew Brettingham = Matthew Brettingham ( 1699 – 19 August 1769 ) , sometimes called Matthew Brettingham the Elder , was an 18th @-@ century Englishman who rose from humble origins to supervise the construction of Holkham Hall , and become one of the country 's best @-@ known architects of his generation . Much of his principal work has since been demolished , particularly his work in London , where he revolutionised the design of the grand townhouse . As a result , he is often overlooked today , remembered	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
principally for his Palladian remodelling of numerous country houses , many of them situated in the East Anglia area of Britain . As Brettingham neared the pinnacle of his career , Palladianism began to fall out of fashion and neoclassicism was introduced , championed by the young Robert Adam . = = Early life = = Brettingham was born in 1699 , the second son of Launcelot Brettingham ( 1664 – 1727 ) , a bricklayer or stonemason from Norwich , the county town of Norfolk , England . He married Martha Bunn ( c . 1697 – 1783 ) at St. Augustine 's Church , Norwich , on 17 May 1721 and they had nine children together . His early life is little documented , and one of the earliest recorded references to him is in 1719 , when he and his elder brother Robert were admitted to the city of Norwich as freemen bricklayers . A critic of Brettingham 's at this time claimed that his work was so poor that it was not worth the nine shillings a week ( £ 65 in 2016 ) he was paid as a craftsman bricklayer . Whatever the quality of his bricklaying , he soon advanced himself and became a building contractor . = = Local contractor = = During the early eighteenth century , a building contractor had far more responsibilities than the title suggests today . A contractor often designed , built , and oversaw all details of construction to completion . Architects , often called surveyors , were employed only for the grandest and largest of buildings . By 1730 , Brettingham is referred to as a surveyor , working on more important structures than cottages and agricultural buildings . In 1731 , it is recorded that he was paid £ 112 ( £ 16 @,@ 600 in 2016 ) for his work on Norwich Gaol . From then , he appears to have worked regularly as the surveyor to the Justices ( the contemporary local authority ) on public buildings and bridges throughout the 1740s . Projects of his dating from this time include the remodelling of the Shirehouse in Norwich , the construction of Lenwade Bridge over the river Wensum , repairs to Norwich Castle and Norwich Cathedral , as well as the rebuilding of much of St. Margaret 's Church , King 's Lynn , which had been severely damaged by the collapse of its spire in 1742 . His work on the Shirehouse , which was in the gothic style and showed a versatility of design rare for Brettingham , was to result in a protracted court case that was to rumble on through a large part of his life , with allegations of financial discrepancies . In 1755 , the case was eventually closed , and Brettingham was left several hundred pounds out of pocket — several tens of thousands , in present @-@ day terms — and with a stain — if only a local one — on his character . Transcripts of the case suggest that it was Brettingham 's brother Robert , to whom he had subcontracted and who was responsible for the flint stonework of the Shirehouse , who may have been the cause of the allegations . Brettingham 's brief flirtation with the Gothic style , in the words of Robin Lucas , indicates " the approach of an engineer rather than an antiquary " and is " now seen as outlandish " . The Shirehouse was demolished in 1822 . = = Architect = = In 1734 , Brettingham had his first great opportunity , when two of the foremost Palladian architects of the day , William Kent and Lord Burlington , were collaboratively designing a grandiose Palladian country palace at Holkham in Norfolk for Thomas Coke , 1st Earl of Leicester . Brettingham was appointed Clerk of Works ( sometimes referred to as executive architect ) , at an annual salary of £ 50 ( £ 7 @,@ 300 per year in 2016 ) . He retained the position until the Earl 's death in 1759 . The illustrious architects were mostly absent ; indeed Burlington was more of an idealist than an architect , thus Brettingham and the patron Lord Leicester were left to work on the project together , with the practical Brettingham interpreting the architects ' plans to Leicester 's requirements . It was at Holkham that Brettingham first worked with the fashionable Palladian style , which was to be his trademark . Holkham was to be Brettingham 's springboard to fame , as it was through his association with it that he came to the attention of other local patrons , and further work at Heydon and Honingham Hall established Brettingham as a local country @-@ house architect . Brettingham was commissioned in 1742 to redesign Langley Hall , a mansion standing in its own parkland in South Norfolk . His design was very much in the Palladian style of Holkham , though much smaller : a large principal central block linked to two flanking secondary wings by short corridors . The corner towers , while similar to those later designed by Brettingham at Euston Hall , were the work of a later owner and architect . The neoclassical entrance lodges were a later addition , by Sir John Soane . In 1743 , Brettingham began work on the construction of Hanworth Hall , Norfolk , also in the Palladian style , with a five @-@ bay facade of brick with the centre three bays projected with a pediment . In 1745 , Brettingham designed Gunton Hall in Norfolk for Sir William Harbord , three years after the former house on the site was gutted by fire . The new house of brick had a principal facade like that of Hanworth Hall , however , this larger house was seven bays deep , and had a large service wing on its western side . His commissions began to come from further afield : Goodwood in Sussex and Marble Hill , Twickenham . In 1750 , now well @-@ known , the architect received an important commission to remodel Euston Hall in East Anglia , the Suffolk country seat of the influential 2nd Duke of Grafton . The original house , built circa 1666 in the French style , was built around a central court with large pavilions at each corner . While keeping the original layout , Brettingham formalised the fenestration and imposed a more classically severe order whereby the pavilions were transformed to towers in the Palladian fashion ( similar to those of Inigo Jones 's at Wilton House ) . The pavilions ' domes were replaced by low pyramid roofs similar to those at Holkham . Brettingham also created the large service courtyard at Euston that now acts as the entrance court to the mansion , which today is only a fraction of its former size . The Euston commission seems to have brought Brettingham firmly to the notice of other wealthy patrons . In 1751 , he began work for the Earl of Egremont at Petworth House , Sussex . He continued work intermittently at Petworth for the next twelve years , including designing a new picture gallery from 1754 . Over the same period his country @-@ house work included alterations at Moor Park , Hertfordshire ; Wortley Hall , Yorkshire ; Wakefield Lodge , Northamptonshire ; and Benacre House , Suffolk . = = London townhouses = = From 1747 , Brettingham operated from London as well as Norwich . This period marks a turning point in his career , as he was now no longer designing country houses and farm buildings just for the local aristocrats and the Norfolk gentry , but for the greater aristocracy based in London . One of Brettingham 's greatest solo commissions came when he was asked to design a town house for the 9th Duke of Norfolk in St. James 's Square , London . Completed in 1756 , the exterior of this mansion was similar to those of many of the great palazzi in Italian cities : bland and featureless , the piano nobile distinguishable only by its tall pedimented windows . This arrangement , devoid of pilasters and a pediment giving prominence to the central bays at roof height , was initially too severe for the English taste , even by the fashionable Palladian standards of the day . Early critics declared the design " insipid " . However , the interior design of Norfolk House was to define the London town house for the next century . The floor plan was based on an adaptation of one of the secondary wings he had built at Holkham Hall . A circuit of reception rooms centred on a grand staircase , with the staircase hall replacing the Italian traditional inner courtyard or two @-@ storey hall . This arrangement of salons allowed guests at large parties to circulate , having been received at the head of the staircase , without doubling back on arriving guests . The second advantage was that while each room had access to the next , it also had access to the central stairs , thus allowing only one or two rooms to be used at a time for smaller functions . Previously , guests in London houses had had to reach the principal salon through a long enfilade of minor reception rooms . In this square and compact way , Brettingham came close to recreating the layout of an original Palladian Villa . He transformed what Andrea Palladio had conceived as a country retreat into a London mansion appropriate for the lifestyle of the British aristocracy , with its reversal of the usual Italian domestic pattern of a large palazzo in town , and a smaller villa in the country . As happened so often in Brettingham 's career , Robert Adam later developed this design concept further , and was credited with its success . However , Brettingham 's plan for Norfolk House was to serve as the prototype for many London mansions over the next few decades . Brettingham 's additional work in London included two more houses in St. James 's Square : No. 5 for the 2nd Earl of Strafford and No. 13 for the 1st Lord Ravensworth . Lord Egremont , for whom Brettingham was working in the country at Petworth , gave Brettingham another opportunity to design a grandiose London mansion — the Egremont family 's town house . Begun in 1759 , this Palladian palace , known at the time as Egremont House , or more modestly as 94 Piccadilly , is one of the few great London town houses still standing . It later came to be known as Cambridge House and was the home of Lord Palmerston , and then of the Naval & Military Club ; as of October 2007 , it is in the process of conversion into a luxury hotel . = = Kedleston Hall = = Sir Nathaniel Curzon , later 1st Baron Scarsdale , commissioned Brettingham in 1759 to design a great country house . Thirty years before a prospective design for a new Kedleston Hall had been drawn up by James Gibbs , one of the leading architects of the day , but Curzon wanted his new house to match the style and taste of Holkham . Lord Leicester , Holkham 's owner and Brettingham 's employer , was a particular hero of Curzon 's . Curzon was a Tory from a very old Derbyshire family , and he wished to create a showpiece to rival the nearby Chatsworth House owned by the Whig Duke of Devonshire , whose family were relative newcomers in the county , having arrived little more than two hundred years earlier . However , the Duke of Devonshire 's influence , wealth , and title were far superior to Curzon 's , and Curzon was unable to complete his house or to match the Devonshires ' influence ( William Cavendish , 4th Duke of Devonshire , had been Prime Minister in the 1750s ) . This commission might have been the ultimate accolade Brettingham was seeking , to recreate Holkham but this time with full credit . Kedleston Hall was designed by Brettingham on a plan by Palladio for the unbuilt Villa Mocenigo . The design by Brettingham , similar to that of Holkham Hall , was for a massive principal central block flanked by four secondary wings , each a miniature country house , themselves linked by quadrant corridors . From the outset of the project , Curzon seems to have presented Brettingham with rivals . In 1759 , while Brettingham was still supervising the construction of the initial phase , the northeast family block , Curzon employed architect James Paine , the most notable architect of the day , to supervise the kitchen block and quadrants . Paine also went on to supervise the construction of Brettingham 's great north front . However , this was a critical moment for architecture in England . Palladianism was being challenged by a new taste for neoclassical designs , one exponent of which was Robert Adam . Curzon had met Adam as early as 1758 , and had been impressed by the young architect newly returned from Rome . He employed Adam to design some garden pavilions for the new Kedleston . So impressed was Curzon by Adam 's work that by April 1760 he had put Adam in sole charge of the design of the new mansion , replacing both Brettingham and Paine . Adam completed the north facade of the mansion much as Brettingham had designed it , only altering Brettingham 's intended portico . The basic layout of the house remained loyal to Brettingham 's original plan , although only two of the proposed four secondary wings were executed . Brettingham moved on to other projects . In the 1760s , he was approached by his most illustrious patron , the Duke of York ( brother of King George III ) , to design one of the greatest mansions in Pall Mall , namely York House . The rectangular mansion that Brettingham designed was built in the Palladian style on two principal floors , with the state rooms as at Norfolk House , arranged in a circuit around the central staircase hall . The house was a mere pastiche of Norfolk House , but for Brettingham it had the kudos of a royal occupant . = = Legacy = = Its royal occupant may very well have made York House the pinnacle of Brettingham 's career . Built during the 1760s , it was one of his last grand houses . His last country @-@ house commission was at Packington Hall , Warwickshire . In 1761 , he published his plans of Holkham Hall , calling himself the architect , which led critics , including Horace Walpole , to decry him as a purloiner of Kent 's designs . Brettingham died in 1769 at his house outside St. Augustine 's Gate , Norwich , and was buried in the aisle of the parish church . Throughout his long career , Brettingham did much to popularise the Palladian movement . His clients included a Royal Duke and at least twenty @-@ one assorted peers and peeresses . He is not a household name today largely because his provincial work was heavily influenced by Kent and Burlington , and unlike his contemporary Giacomo Leoni he did not develop , or was not given the opportunity to develop , a strong personal stamp to his work on country houses . Ultimately , he and many of his contemporary architects were eclipsed by the designs of Robert Adam . Adam remodelled Brettingham 's York House in 1780 and , in addition to Kedleston Hall , went on to replace James Paine as architect at Nostell Priory , Alnwick Castle , and Syon House . In spite of this , Adam and Paine remained great friends ; Brettingham 's relationships with his fellow architects are unrecorded . Brettingham 's principal contribution to architecture is perhaps the design of the grand town house , unremarkable for its exterior but with a circulating plan for reception rooms suitable for entertaining within on a forgotten scale of lavishness . Many of these anachronistic palaces are now long demolished or have been transformed for other uses and are inaccessible for public viewing . Hence , what little remains in London of his work is unknown to the general public . Of Brettingham 's work , only the buildings he remodelled have survived , and for this reason Brettingham now tends to be thought of as an " improver " rather than an architect of country houses . There is no evidence that Brettingham ever formally studied architecture or travelled abroad . Reports of him making two trips to Continental Europe , are the result of confusion with his son , Matthew Brettingham the Younger . That he enjoyed success in his own lifetime is beyond doubt — Robert Adam calculated that when Brettingham sent his son , Matthew , on the Grand Tour ( 1747 ) , he went with a sum of money in his pocket of around £ 15 @,@ 000 ( £ 2 @.@ 17 million in 2016 ) , an enormous amount at the time . However , part of this sum was probably used to acquire the statuary in Italy ( documented as supplied by Matthew Brettingham the Younger ) for the nearly completed Holkham Hall . Matthew Brettingham the Younger wrote that his father " considered the building of Holkham as the great work of his life " . While the design of that great monumental house , which still stands , cannot truly be accredited to him , it is the building for which Brettingham is best remembered . = Silicon carbide = Silicon carbide ( SiC ) , also known as carborundum / kɑːrbəˈrʌndəm / , is a compound of silicon and carbon with chemical formula SiC . It occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite . Silicon carbide powder has been mass @-@ produced since 1893 for use as an abrasive . Grains of silicon carbide can be bonded together by sintering to form very hard ceramics that are widely used in applications requiring high endurance , such as car brakes , car clutches and ceramic plates in bulletproof vests . Electronic applications of silicon carbide such as light @-@ emitting diodes ( LEDs ) and detectors in early radios were first demonstrated around 1907 . SiC is used in semiconductor electronics devices that operate at high temperatures or high voltages , or both . Large single crystals of silicon carbide can be grown by the Lely method ; they can be cut into gems known as synthetic moissanite . Silicon carbide with high surface area can be produced from SiO2 contained in plant material . = = Discovery and early production = = = = = Early experiments = = = Non @-@ systematic , less @-@ recognized , and often unverified syntheses of silicon carbide include J. J. Berzelius 's reduction of potassium fluorosilicate by potassium ( 1810 ) César @-@ Mansuète Despretz 's passing an electric current through a carbon rod embedded in sand ( 1849 ) Robert Sydney Marsden 's dissolution of silica in molten silver in a graphite crucible ( 1881 ) Paul Schuetzenberger 's heating of a mixture of silicon and silica in a graphite crucible ( 1881 ) Albert Colson 's heating of silicon under a stream of ethylene ( 1882 ) . = = = Wide @-@ scale production = = = Wide @-@ scale production is credited to Edward Goodrich Acheson in 1890 . Acheson was attempting to prepare artificial diamonds when he heated a mixture of clay ( aluminum silicate ) and powdered coke ( carbon ) in an iron bowl . He called the blue crystals that formed Carborundum , believing it to be a new compound of carbon and aluminum , similar to corundum . In 1893 , Henri Moissan discovered the very rare naturally @-@ occurring SiC mineral while examining rock samples found in the Canyon Diablo meteorite in Arizona . The mineral was named moissanite in his honor . Moissan also synthesized SiC by several routes , including dissolution of carbon in molten silicon , melting a mixture of calcium carbide and silica , and by reducing silica with carbon in an electric furnace . Acheson patented the method for making silicon carbide powder on February 28 , 1893 . Acheson also developed the electric batch furnace by which SiC is still made today and formed the Carborundum Company to manufacture bulk SiC , initially for use as an abrasive . In 1900 the company settled with the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company when a judge 's decision gave " priority broadly " to its founders " for reducing ores and other substances by the incandescent method " . It is said that Acheson was trying to dissolve carbon in molten corundum ( alumina ) and discovered the presence of hard , blue @-@ black crystals which he believed to be a compound of carbon and corundum : hence carborundum . It may be that he named the material " carborundum " by analogy to corundum , which is another very hard substance ( 9 on the Mohs scale ) . The first use of SiC was as an abrasive . This was followed by electronic applications . In the beginning of the 20th century , silicon carbide was used as a detector in the first radios . In 1907 Henry Joseph Round produced the first LED by applying a voltage to a SiC crystal and observing yellow , green and orange emission at the cathode . Those experiments were later repeated by O. V. Losev in the Soviet Union in 1923 . = = Natural occurrence = = Naturally occurring moissanite is found in only minute quantities in certain types of meteorite and in corundum deposits and kimberlite . Virtually all the silicon carbide sold in the world , including moissanite jewels , is synthetic . Natural moissanite was first found in 1893 as a small component of the Canyon Diablo meteorite in Arizona by Dr. Ferdinand Henri Moissan , after whom the material was named in 1905 . Moissan 's discovery of naturally occurring SiC was initially disputed because his sample may have been contaminated by silicon carbide saw blades that were already on the market at that time . While rare on Earth , silicon carbide is remarkably common in space . It is a common form of stardust found around carbon @-@ rich stars , and examples of this stardust have been found in pristine condition in primitive ( unaltered ) meteorites . The silicon carbide found in space and in meteorites is almost exclusively the beta @-@ polymorph . Analysis of SiC grains found in the Murchison meteorite , a carbonaceous chondrite meteorite , has revealed anomalous isotopic ratios of carbon and silicon , indicating an origin from outside the solar system ; 99 % of these SiC grains originate around carbon @-@ rich asymptotic giant branch stars . SiC is commonly found around these stars as deduced from their infrared spectra . = = Production = = Because of the rarity of natural moissanite , most silicon carbide is synthetic . It is used as an abrasive , and more recently as a semiconductor and diamond simulant of gem quality . The simplest manufacturing process is to combine silica sand and carbon in an Acheson graphite electric resistance furnace at a high temperature , between 1 @,@ 600 ° C ( 2 @,@ 910 ° F ) and 2 @,@ 500 ° C ( 4 @,@ 530 ° F ) . Fine SiO2 particles in plant material ( e.g. rice husks ) can be converted to SiC by heating in the excess carbon from the organic material . The silica fume , which is a byproduct of producing silicon metal and ferrosilicon alloys , also can be converted to SiC by heating with graphite at 1 @,@ 500 ° C ( 2 @,@ 730 ° F ) . The material formed in the Acheson furnace varies in purity , according to its distance from the graphite resistor heat source . Colorless , pale yellow and green crystals have the highest purity and are found closest to the resistor . The color changes to blue and black at greater distance from the resistor , and these darker crystals are less pure . Nitrogen and aluminium are common impurities , and they affect the electrical conductivity of SiC . Pure silicon carbide can be made by the so @-@ called Lely process , in which SiC powder is sublimated into high @-@ temperature species of silicon , carbon , silicon dicarbide ( SiC2 ) , and disilicon carbide ( Si2C ) in an argon gas ambient at 2500 ° C and redeposited into flake @-@ like single crystals , sized up to 2 × 2 cm , at a slightly colder substrate . This process yields high @-@ quality single crystals , mostly of 6H @-@ SiC phase ( because of high growth temperature ) . A modified Lely process involving induction heating in graphite crucibles yields even larger single crystals of 4 inches ( 10 cm ) in diameter , having a section 81 times larger compared to the conventional Lely process . Cubic SiC is usually grown by the more expensive process of chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) . Homoepitaxial and heteroepitaxial SiC layers can be grown employing both gas and liquid phase approaches . Pure silicon carbide can also be prepared by the thermal decomposition of a polymer , poly ( methylsilyne ) , under an inert atmosphere at low temperatures . Relative to the CVD process , the pyrolysis method is advantageous because the polymer can be formed into various shapes prior to thermalization into the ceramic . = = Structure and properties = = Silicon carbide exists in about 250 crystalline forms . The polymorphism of SiC is characterized by a large family of similar crystalline structures called polytypes . They are variations of the same chemical compound that are identical in two dimensions and differ in the third . Thus , they can be viewed as layers stacked in a certain sequence . Alpha silicon carbide ( α @-@ SiC ) is the most commonly encountered polymorph ; it is formed at temperatures greater than 1700 ° C and has a hexagonal crystal structure ( similar to Wurtzite ) . The beta modification ( β @-@ SiC ) , with a zinc blende crystal structure ( similar to diamond ) , is formed at temperatures below 1700 ° C. Until recently , the beta form has had relatively few commercial uses , although there is now increasing interest in its use as a support for heterogeneous catalysts , owing to its higher surface area compared to the alpha form . Pure SiC is colorless . The brown to black color of industrial product results from iron impurities . The rainbow @-@ like luster of the crystals is caused by a passivation layer of silicon dioxide that forms on the surface . The high sublimation temperature of SiC ( approximately 2700 ° C ) makes it useful for bearings and furnace parts . Silicon carbide does not melt at any known pressure . It is also highly inert chemically . There is currently much interest in its use as a semiconductor material in electronics , where its high thermal conductivity , high electric field breakdown strength and high maximum current density make it more promising than silicon for high @-@ powered devices . SiC also has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion ( 4 @.@ 0 × 10 − 6 / K ) and experiences no phase transitions that would cause discontinuities in thermal expansion . = = = Electrical conductivity = = = Silicon carbide is a semiconductor , which can be doped n @-@ type by nitrogen or phosphorus and p @-@ type by beryllium , boron , aluminium , or gallium . Metallic conductivity has been achieved by heavy doping with boron , aluminium or nitrogen . Superconductivity has been detected in 3C @-@ SiC : Al , 3C @-@ SiC : B and 6H @-@ SiC : B at the same temperature of 1 @.@ 5 K. A crucial difference is however observed for the magnetic field behavior between aluminium and boron doping : SiC : Al is type @-@ II , same as Si : B. On the contrary , SiC : B is type @-@ I. In attempt to explain this difference , it was noted that Si sites are more important than carbon sites for superconductivity in SiC . Whereas boron substitutes carbon in SiC , Al substitutes Si sites . Therefore , Al and B " see " different environments that might explain different properties of SiC : Al and SiC : B. = = Uses = = = = = Abrasive and cutting tools = = = In the arts , silicon carbide is a popular abrasive in modern lapidary due to the durability and low cost of the material . In manufacturing , it is used for its hardness in abrasive machining processes such as grinding , honing , water @-@ jet cutting and sandblasting . Particles of silicon carbide are laminated to paper to create sandpapers and the grip tape on skateboards . In 1982 an exceptionally strong composite of aluminium oxide and silicon carbide whiskers was discovered . Development of this laboratory @-@ produced composite to a commercial product took only three years . In 1985 , the first commercial cutting tools made from this alumina and silicon carbide whisker @-@ reinforced composite were introduced to the market . = = = Structural material = = = In the 1980s and 1990s , silicon carbide was studied in several research programs for high @-@ temperature gas turbines in Europe , Japan and the United States . The components were intended to replace nickel superalloy turbine blades or nozzle vanes . However , none of these projects resulted in a production quantity , mainly because of its low impact resistance and its low fracture toughness . Like other hard ceramics ( namely alumina and boron carbide ) , silicon carbide is used in composite armor ( e.g. Chobham armor ) , and in ceramic plates in bulletproof vests . Dragon Skin , which is produced by Pinnacle Armor , uses disks of silicon carbide . Silicon carbide is used as a support and shelving material in high temperature kilns such as for firing ceramics , glass fusing , or glass casting . SiC kiln shelves are considerably lighter and more durable than traditional alumina shelves . In December 2015 , infusion of silicon carbide nano @-@ particles in molten magnesium was mentioned as a way to produce a new strong and plastic alloy suitable for use in aeronautics , aerospace , automobile and micro @-@ electronics . = = = Automobile parts = = = Silicon @-@ infiltrated carbon @-@ carbon composite is used for high performance " ceramic " brake discs , as it is able to withstand extreme temperatures . The silicon reacts with the graphite in the carbon @-@ carbon composite to become carbon @-@ fiber @-@ reinforced silicon carbide ( C / SiC ) . These discs are used on some road @-@ going sports cars , supercars , as well as other performance cars including the Porsche Carrera GT , the Bugatti Veyron , the Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 , Bentleys , Ferraris , Lamborghinis , some specific high performance Audis , and the McLaren P1 . Silicon carbide is also used in a sintered form for diesel particulate filters . SiC is also used as an oil additive to reduce friction , emissions , and harmonics . = = = Electric systems = = = The earliest electrical application of SiC was in lightning arresters in electric power systems . These devices must exhibit high resistance until the voltage across them reaches a certain threshold VT at which point their resistance must drop to a lower level and maintain this level until the applied voltage drops below VT . It was recognized early on that SiC had such a voltage @-@ dependent resistance , and so columns of SiC pellets were connected between high @-@ voltage power lines and the earth . When a lightning strike to the line raises the line voltage sufficiently , the SiC column will conduct , allowing strike current to pass harmlessly to the earth instead of along the power line . Such SiC columns proved to conduct significantly at normal power @-@ line operating voltages and thus had to be placed in series with a spark gap . This spark gap is ionized and rendered conductive when lightning raises the voltage of the power line conductor , thus effectively connecting the SiC column between the power conductor and the earth . Spark gaps used in lightning arresters are unreliable , either failing to strike an arc when needed or failing to turn off afterwards , in the latter case due to material failure or contamination by dust or salt . Usage of SiC columns was originally intended to eliminate the need for the spark gap in a lightning arrester . Gapped SiC lightning arresters were used as lightning @-@ protection tool and sold under GE and Westinghouse brand names , among others . The gapped SiC arrester has been largely displaced by no @-@ gap varistors that use columns of zinc oxide pellets . = = = Electronic circuit elements = = = = = = = Power electronic devices = = = = Silicon carbide is a semiconductor in research and early mass @-@ production providing advantages for fast , high @-@ temperature and / or high @-@ voltage devices . The first devices available were Schottky diodes , followed by junction @-@ gate FETs and MOSFETs for high @-@ power switching . Bipolar transistors and thyristors are currently developed . A major problem for SiC commercialization has been the elimination of defects : edge dislocations , screw dislocations ( both hollow and closed core ) , triangular defects and basal plane dislocations . As a result , devices made of SiC crystals initially displayed poor reverse blocking performance though researchers have been tentatively finding solutions to improve the breakdown performance . Apart from crystal quality , problems with the interface of SiC with silicon dioxide have hampered the development of SiC @-@ based power MOSFETs and insulated @-@ gate bipolar transistors . Although the mechanism is still unclear , nitridation has dramatically reduced the defects causing the interface problems . In 2008 , the first commercial JFETs rated at 1200 V were introduced to the market , followed in 2011 by the first commercial MOSFETs rated at 1200 V. Beside SiC switches and SiC Schottky diodes ( also Schottky barrier diode , SBD ) in the popular TO @-@ 247 and TO @-@ 220 packages , companies started even earlier to implement the bare chips into their power electronic modules . SiC SBD diodes found wide market spread being used in PFC circuits and IGBT power modules . Conferences such as the International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems ( CIPS ) report regularly about the technological progress of SiC power devices . Major challenges for fully unleashing the capabilities of SiC power devices are : Gate drive : SiC devices often require gate drive voltage levels that are different from their silicon counterparts and may be even unsymmetric , for example , + 20 V and − 5 V. Packaging : SiC chips may have a higher power density than silicon power devices and are able to handle higher temperatures exceeding the silicon limit of 150 ° C. New die attach technologies such as sintering are required to efficiently get the heat out of the devices and ensure a reliable interconnection . = = = = LEDs = = = = The phenomenon of electroluminescence was discovered in 1907 using silicon carbide and the first commercial LEDs were again based on SiC . Yellow LEDs made from 3C @-@ SiC were manufactured in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and blue ones ( 6H @-@ SiC ) worldwide in the 1980s . The production was soon stopped because gallium nitride showed 10 – 100 times brighter emission . This difference in efficiency is due to the unfavorable indirect bandgap of SiC , whereas GaN has a direct bandgap which favors light emission . However , SiC is still one of the important LED components – it is a popular substrate for growing GaN devices , and it also serves as a heat spreader in high @-@ power LEDs . = = = Astronomy = = = The low thermal expansion coefficient , high hardness , rigidity and thermal conductivity make silicon carbide a desirable mirror material for astronomical telescopes . The growth technology ( chemical vapor deposition ) has been scaled up to produce disks of polycrystalline silicon carbide up to 3 @.@ 5 m ( 11 ft ) in diameter , and several telescopes like the Herschel Space Telescope are already equipped with SiC optics . = = = Thin filament pyrometry = = = Silicon carbide fibers are used to measure gas temperatures in an optical technique called thin filament pyrometry . It involves the placement of a thin filament in a hot gas stream . Radiative emissions from the filament can be correlated with filament temperature . Filaments are SiC fibers with a diameter of 15 micrometers , about one fifth that of a human hair . Because the fibers are so thin , they do little to disturb the flame and their temperature remains close to that of the local gas . Temperatures of about 800 – 2500 K can be measured . = = = Heating elements = = = References to silicon carbide heating elements exist from the early 20th century when they were produced by Acheson 's Carborundum Co. in the U.S. and EKL in Berlin . Silicon carbide offered increased operating temperatures compared with metallic heaters . Silicon carbide elements are used today in the melting of glass and non @-@ ferrous metal , heat treatment of metals , float glass production , production of ceramics and electronics components , igniters in pilot lights for gas heaters , etc . = = = Nuclear fuel particles = = = Silicon carbide is an important material in TRISO @-@ coated fuel particles , the type of nuclear fuel found in high temperature gas cooled reactors such as the Pebble Bed Reactor . A layer of silicon carbide gives coated fuel particles structural support and is the main diffusion barrier to the release of fission products . = = = Nuclear fuel cladding = = = Silicon carbide composite material has been investigated for use as a replacement for Zircaloy cladding in light water reactors . The composite consists of SiC fibers wrapped around a SiC inner layer and surrounded by an SiC outer layer . Problems have been reported with the ability to join the pieces of the SiC composite . = = = Jewelry = = = As a gemstone used in jewelry , silicon carbide is called " synthetic moissanite " or just " moissanite " after the mineral name . Moissanite is similar to diamond in several important respects : it is transparent and hard ( 9 – 9 @.@ 5 on the Mohs scale , compared to 10 for diamond ) , with a refractive index between 2 @.@ 65 and 2 @.@ 69 ( compared to 2 @.@ 42 for diamond ) . Moissanite is somewhat harder than common cubic zirconia . Unlike diamond , moissanite can be strongly birefringent . For this reason , moissanite jewels are cut along the optic axis of the crystal to minimize birefringent effects . It is lighter ( density 3 @.@ 21 g / cm3 vs. 3 @.@ 53 g / cm3 ) , and much more resistant to heat than diamond . This results in a stone of higher luster , sharper facets and good resilience . Loose moissanite stones may be placed directly into wax ring moulds for lost @-@ wax casting , as can diamond , as moissanite remains undamaged by temperatures up to 1800 ° C. Moissanite has become popular as a diamond substitute , and may be misidentified as diamond , since its thermal conductivity is closer to diamond than any other substitute . Many thermal diamond @-@ testing devices cannot distinguish moissanite from diamond , but the gem is distinct in its birefringence and a very slight green or yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light . Some moissanite stones also have curved , string @-@ like inclusions , which diamonds never have . = = = Steel production = = = Silicon carbide , dissolved in a basic oxygen furnace used for making steel , acts as a fuel . The additional energy liberated allows the furnace to process more scrap with the same charge of hot metal . It can also be used to raise tap temperatures and adjust the carbon and silicon content . Silicon carbide is cheaper than a combination of ferrosilicon and carbon , produces cleaner steel and lower emissions due to low levels of trace elements , has a low gas content , and does not lower the temperature of steel . = = = Catalyst support = = = The natural resistance to oxidation exhibited by silicon carbide , as well as the discovery of new ways to synthesize the cubic β @-@ SiC form , with its larger surface area , has led to significant interest in its use as a heterogeneous catalyst support . This form has already been employed as a catalyst support for the oxidation of hydrocarbons , such as n @-@ butane , to maleic anhydride . = = = Carborundum printmaking = = = Silicon carbide is used in carborundum printmaking – a collagraph printmaking technique . Carborundum grit is applied in a paste to the surface of an aluminium plate . When the paste is dry , ink is applied and trapped in its granular surface , then wiped from the bare areas of the plate . The ink plate is then printed onto paper in a rolling @-@ bed press used for intaglio printmaking . The result is a print of painted marks embossed into the paper . = = = Graphene production = = = Silicon carbide is used to produce epitaxial graphene by graphitization at high temperatures . This is considered as one of the promising methods to synthesize graphene at large scale for practical applications . = Tony Hawk 's Underground = Tony Hawk 's Underground is a skateboarding @-@ adventure video game published by Activision in 2003 , the fifth entry in the Tony Hawk 's series . Neversoft developed the GameCube , PlayStation 2 , Xbox versions , Canadian developer Beenox developed the Microsoft Windows version , which was only released in Australia and New Zealand as a budget release in 2005 , while the Game Boy Advance adaptation was developed by Vicarious Visions and the mobile phone version by Jamdat . Underground is built upon the skateboarding formula of previous Tony Hawk 's games : the player explores levels and completes goals while performing tricks . The game features a new focus on customization ; the player , instead of selecting a professional skater , creates a custom character . Underground adds the ability for players to dismount their boards and explore on foot . The plot follows the player character and his or her friend Eric Sparrow as the two become well @-@ known professionals and grow apart . The game was developed with a theme of individuality , which was manifested in the extensive customization options , the presence of a narrative , and the product 's characterization as an adventure game . Real @-@ world professional skateboarders contributed their experiences to the plot . Reviewers praised its wide appeal , soundtrack , customization , multiplayer , and plot . The graphics and the controls for driving vehicles and walking were less well received . Underground 's PlayStation 2 version had sold 2 @.@ 11 million copies in the United States by December 2007 . A sequel , Underground 2 , was released in 2004 . = = Gameplay = = Like its predecessors in the Tony Hawk 's series , Underground is centered on skateboarding in a series of levels . The player performs tricks via combinations of analog stick and button inputs . For example , the player initiates an ollie ( a jump trick ) by holding and releasing the jump button . During an ollie , the player may change the position of the analog stick and press one of two buttons to perform either a flip trick ( such as an impossible or kickflip ) or a grab trick ( such as a benihana or nosegrab ) . The player can grind on certain edges and rails ; different tricks may be performed during a grind based on the position of the analog stick . On quarter pipes , the player may execute lip tricks . While skating on flat surfaces , the player may manual in multiple ways via button combinations . Miscellaneous tricks include acid drops and wall @-@ rides . While a grind , lip , or manual trick is underway , a balance meter appears : unless the player prevents this meter from falling to the left or right , the character will bail and need a few seconds to recover . Bailing can also be caused by falling without one 's board facing downward . Completing tricks in succession without bailing is called a combo . Comboing raises the player 's score and fills up the Special Meter ; when it is full , the player is granted access to more elaborate tricks worth more points , such as the McTwist and 540 Flip . Underground introduces the ability to dismount one 's skateboard , which allows the player to explore levels more carefully and reach new areas . Each level features at least one vehicle , usually a car , that the player can drive . The levels are based on regions of the United States and other countries . In each level , certain tasks that advance the game 's narrative must be completed before the player can move on . These tasks include score attacks , races , item collection , and reaching one of many gaps found in a level . Each level houses one professional skateboarder , who provides a sidequest that unlocks a trick for the Special Meter . On account of the levels ' large sizes and the integration of goals into the story , Underground has been described as an adventure game . Characters can level up their stats — which include jump height and speed — by completing optional goals in a level ; this adds an element of role @-@ playing gameplay . Other gameplay modes include multiplayer minigames — one , a combat mode called " Firefight " , can be played online in the PlayStation 2 version of the game — and a " free skate " mode that lets the player explore levels with no goals or story . Underground features extensive customization . The player creates a custom character for the story mode , and may not play as a pre @-@ made professional skater outside a few contexts : a special scene late in the game , minigames , and the free skate mode . A level editor allows the player to create skate parks with a large array of objects , ranging from traditional skate park elements like halfpipes , ramps , funboxes , and grind rails to more outlandish pieces like buildings and sections of elevated freeways . The player can change their park 's time of day and environmental theme . Tricks , skateboards , and level goals may be customized as well . While the console versions of the game are fully three @-@ dimensional , the Game Boy Advance version is rendered in an isometric style that incorporates both 2D sprites and 3D models . This version is a more traditional Tony Hawk 's game , with little attention given to story or customization . The mobile phone version is similarly restricted . = = Plot = = The protagonist and their friend , Eric Sparrow , live in suburban New Jersey and dream of becoming famous skateboarders . The protagonist manages to impress professional skater Chad Muska , in town for a demo , who gives them a new skateboard and informs them that a good way to start a skating career is to gain a sponsorship from a skate shop . The protagonist seeks out Stacy Peralta , but he refuses unless he sees something to set them apart from the other local skaters , so the protagonist travels to Manhattan with Eric , who is on the run from drug dealers after setting their car on fire for stealing from the skate shop . There , the pair shoot a skating video that impresses Stacy , who loans them a van and suggests they enter the Tampa AM , an amateur division skate contest held annually at the Skate Park of Tampa in Tampa , Florida . Eric is arrested for insulting a police officer , and the protagonist does favors for the police to secure his bail . However , when they arrive for the contest , it is revealed that Eric had only completed his own registration form and not the protagonist 's , forcing a dejected protagonist to try and impress competitors in the pro contest in order to gain admission . After impressing Tony Hawk , the protagonist wins the Best Trick event at Tampa AM and is offered deals by major skateboard sponsors , much to Eric 's dismay . The protagonist then heads to San Diego , California to meet Todd , the manager of the team , and completes several photo shoots for a magazine . After a wild celebration party , it is revealed that Eric has been picked up by the same sponsor . The team then flies to Hawaii to film a video , with the protagonist aiming for local spots that skaters have not filmed in before . Finding a tall hotel , the protagonist climbs to the roof and recruits Eric to film a trick video atop it . The police arrive to arrest them for trespassing , but the protagonist uses the opportunity to perform a McTwist over the helicopter and onto the awning of an adjacent hotel , allowing them and an awestruck Eric to evade the police . The team then travels to Vancouver , Canada . After doing favors for locals and finishing their part of the team video , the protagonist attends the video premiere at the Slam City Jam . However , Eric steals the idea and alters the footage , which instead shows him jumping the helicopter and allows Eric to become a professional . After angrily confronting Eric , the protagonist , in payback , enters Eric 's pro contest and wins , becoming a pro as well . After designing their own pro skateboard , the protagonist and Eric embark on a team trip to Moscow , Russia , where they reconcile . However , Eric gets drunk and joyrides in a Russian military tank . The protagonist hops in and attempts to stop the tank , but being unfamiliar with the controls , fails to keep it from crashing . Eric jumps out and runs away , leaving the protagonist , trapped inside , to be arrested by the Russian military . Eric then lies and accuses the protagonist of stealing the tank , stating that he in fact tried to stop them . Unwilling to pay the damages , Todd kicks the protagonist off the team , much to Eric 's delight . The American Embassy bails out the protagonist , leaving them to do favors for locals in order to return to New Jersey . Eric , who now has his own skate company , reveals that he had been planning to betray the protagonist after having long abandoning the idea of " soul skating " ( skating for enjoyment rather than riches ) ; after unsuccessfully trying to exempt them from the Tampa AM , Eric stole the helicopter footage in jealousy before finally getting the protagonist kicked off the skate team by lying back in Moscow . Determined to fight back , the protagonist teams up with Peralta and several professionals to create a soul skating video , creating a new trick in the process . Due to the success of the video , Eric challenges the protagonist to one last skate @-@ off , with the unedited helicopter tape at stake . The protagonist wins by avoiding Eric 's attempts to cheat and walks away with the tape while Eric breaks down in anger . If the story has been completed more than once , an alternate ending occurs , which sees the protagonist punch Eric and knock him unconscious , taking the tape back instead of holding the skate @-@ off . = = = Characters = = = The game features many real world professional skateboarders including : Tony Hawk , Chad Muska , and Stacy Peralta . Underground also features cameo appearances by Iron Man , C.H.U.D. , and Kiss singer Gene Simmons . = = Development = = = = = Concept = = = The GameCube , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox versions of Underground were developed by Neversoft , while the Game Boy Advance version was developed by Vicarious Visions the mobile phone version by Jamdat , and the Windows version created by Beenox . Activision , which had acquired Neversoft in 1999 , published all versions of the game . Underground was created with a theme of individuality : it stars an amateur skater in a true story mode , whereas each previous Tony Hawk 's game had starred professional skaters and had lacked a plot . One reason for only allowing the player to use a custom character was that certain criminal acts completed in the plot would not reflect well on real @-@ world skaters . Previous games in the series had included character @-@ creation features as well , but Neversoft expanded customization in Underground by implementing face @-@ scanning for the PlayStation 2 version : if the player emailed a photograph of their face to faces @ thugonline.com , the company would digitize it for use in the game . Regarding the customization options , especially the park editor , producer Stacey Drellishak stated that Neversoft was " trying to create the most customizable game ever " . The developers used storytelling and exploration to distance their product from the plotless , task @-@ based format of previous Tony Hawk 's games , which led Neversoft president Joel Jewett to describe Underground as an adventure game . = = = Design = = = Levels in the console versions of Underground were significantly larger than those of earlier Tony Hawk 's games . Neversoft expanded each level until it ceased to run correctly , then shrunk it slightly . Most of the levels were modeled closely after real @-@ world locations ; the designers traveled to locales representative of each city in the game and took photographs and videos as reference . The New Jersey level was a replication of a neighborhood where team artist Henry Ji had grown up as a young skater . Neversoft wanted the player to become familiar with the basic game mechanics quickly and to notice Underground 's differences from previous Tony Hawk 's titles immediately . To accomplish this , they introduced the player to foot travel and the ability to climb along ledges in the first few missions of the game . While Neversoft wanted to keep Underground realistic and relatable for the most part , they added driving missions as an enjoyable diversion and to push the boundaries of freedom in skateboarding games . However , these missions were intended not to take away from the main experience of skateboarding . Pro Skater 4 , Underground 's predecessor in the Tony Hawk 's series , had received criticism for its difficulty : Neversoft had not realized that each game in the series was drawing new fans who were unaccustomed to the demanding tasks . As a result , Neversoft added four difficulty settings to Underground 's story mode , ranging from " Too Easy " to " Sick " . Neversoft wanted players to develop skills for higher difficulty settings on Too Easy while still progressing through the story . The company had included extremely difficult missions in each previous Tony Hawk 's game ; the methods used to create these missions were the inspiration for Underground 's Sick mode . Development of the basic gameplay mechanics and structure began quickly but by the end of August 2003 , only two months before the game 's American release , work was still in progress . While the game 's cutscenes are animated with 3D graphics , the team recorded live @-@ action videos to introduce the real @-@ world skateboarding teams , so that players could better understand each team before selecting one to join . Neversoft interviewed professional skaters about their experiences of becoming known in the skateboarding world , then compiled elements of these stories into the game 's script . Every skater who appears in the plot helped to craft their own scenes and voiced their own character . = = = Promotion and release = = = The game was promoted with a playable demo at Microsoft 's " GameRiot " event held at Lollapalooza in July 2003 . Activision stirred up enthusiasm for Underground with the " Tony Hawk 's Face Off Mobile Tour " , a series of promotional events across 29 cities in October 2003 . Attendees could play the game early and compete in it for tickets to Boom Boom Huck Jam 2003 , which the real @-@ world Tony Hawk attended . Activision , which sponsored the October 2003 Gravity Games extreme sports competition , promoted the game at the event and used its rendering engine to model tricks performed by the real @-@ world skaters . The console and Game Boy Advance versions were released on October 28 in the United States , November 14 in Europe , and May 2004 in Japan . The mobile version was released worldwide in January 2004 . = = Soundtrack = = The game features 78 songs , 75 of which are immediately playable in the main game ; the other three are unlockable . They range from the late 1970s to the early 2000s by release and are categorized into three genres : rock , punk , and hip hop . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Underground was released to critical acclaim : with scores for the PlayStation 2 at 90 @.@ 58 % on GameRankings , and 90 % on Metacritic . GameZone 's Michael Knutson stated that Underground is " one of the best skating games around " and that players of every skill level would enjoy it . Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell concurred : " as a ' pick @-@ up @-@ and @-@ play ' sort of game , THUG is endlessly rewarding once you get your head round the basics , and it 's the best entry point for the series to date . " The story was well received . Joel Rybicki of Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine celebrated that " for the first time I can remember , an extreme @-@ sports game actually has a real story [ with ] honest @-@ to @-@ goodness characters " . IGN 's Douglas Perry called it " a kick , albeit relatively lightweight in nature " . He especially praised the pervasive sense of humor in the narrative and in the portrayal of real @-@ world skaters . Knutson called the story " unique " and stated , " I really like that Neversoft had the guts to try something this radical and ditch the formula that they know works so well . " Ben Silverman of Game Revolution described the game 's plot as a " silly " cross between those of the 1980s films North Shore and Gleaming the Cube , but he praised it for giving context to the level goals and keeping distance between the skill unlocks . Bramwell called it " hackneyed " . Rybicki found that the plot hurt the game 's replay value and caused missions to be overly simplistic . By contrast , Game Informer 's Justin Leeper thought that " it serves to make some of the less @-@ entertaining goals tolerable , because there ’ s a reason for doing them . " The game 's aesthetics were generally well received . Bramwell called the graphics " unchanged and increasingly antiquated " and criticized the presence of " sharp , angular character models , eerily unrealistic lighting and odd little moments when the player is trying to turn round and ends up banging into a curb " . Knutson , meanwhile , was positive regarding the graphics , art , and animation : he called them " nearly flawless " and praised the realism they brought to the inherently fantastical skateboarding genre . Williams said that " THUG 's cityscapes are incredibly well designed " and singled out the GameCube version of Underground as exceptionally well rendered . Rybicki called the levels " big and beautiful " . Knutson commended the soundtrack 's large size and the sound effects ' realism . Perry appreciated the " hilariously hurtful " injury sounds and the extensive song list . By contrast , IGN 's Craig Harris praised the graphics of the Game Boy Advance version but was more mixed on the soundtrack . The alternate gameplay modes were received very well . Knutson lauded the game 's high degree of customization ; he summarized that " everything is expounded a hundred fold : from create @-@ a @-@ skater to create @-@ a @-@ park mode , it is simply amazing " . He singled out the level editor as one of the deepest he had ever seen . GameSpy 's Bryn Williams identified the level editor as an " extremely well @-@ designed " feature that contributed to the overall " brilliance " of the full product . Leeper said that each customization mode is " intuitive and user @-@ friendly " , and both he and Rybicki especially enjoyed the trick @-@ creation feature . Reviewers for Famitsu magazine praised the story mode , whose open world format they compared to the Grand Theft Auto series . Knutson and Perry enjoyed the multiplayer , particularly the online Firefight mode . Williams thought similarly and stated that " the most notable disappointment " of the game was the lack of online play for non @-@ PlayStation 2 owners . Harris found the board customization of the Game Boy Advance version to be poorly implemented , though in @-@ depth . Despite his praise for the customization modes , Leeper admitted that his greatest enjoyment still came from " seeking out great lines and beating my scores " . The walking and driving controls were criticized . Bramwell claimed that these modes felt " like they 've been attached with an old stick of glue that 's about as adhesive as baby oil " . Knutson agreed , though he praised the novelty of these diversions . He stated that " the Tony Hawk series has always had exceptional controls " and that Underground , overall , was no exception . Perry felt that the feature increased levels ' replay value . Similarly , Famitsu reviewers noted that , although the game 's fast pace makes it extremely challenging at times , the high difficulty provides a sense of accomplishment when jumps and tricks are performed correctly . Williams found the GameCube version 's controls mediocre , albeit manageable . Damon Brown from GameSpot stated that the mobile version 's restrictive controls — many tricks require three button inputs — were that version 's only caveat . = = = Sales and accolades = = = Underground won Best Sports Game at the 2003 Game Critics Awards hosted by Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) . The 2004 MTV Video Music Awards introduced a new category , Best Video Game Soundtrack , which Underground won . In Europe the week after the game 's release , the PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and GameCube versions were respectively the fifth , sixth , and eighth best selling games for those consoles . It would remain uninterrupted in the top twenty of every week until January 24 , 2004 , for the Xbox and GameCube and February 21 for the PlayStation 2 , inclusive . As of December 2007 , the PlayStation 2 version of the game had sold 2 @.@ 11 million copies in the United States . The GameCube version made Nintendo 's Player 's Choice list by selling 250 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . = = Sequel = = Neversoft and Activision returned for a sequel , Underground 2 . It was released on October 4 , 2004 , for mobile phones , Microsoft Windows , and the GameCube , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , Game Boy Advance , and PlayStation Portable consoles . The plot continues that of Underground and focuses on the player character and their team sabotaging an opposing team . The gameplay , structure , and level design are very similar to those of Underground . However , Underground 2 features new tricks and gameplay mechanics , like the Natas spin , the ability to plant customized stickers in levels with the " sticker slap " , a slow @-@ motion " Focus " mode , and the ability to earn points by having a tantrum after bailing . The plot is set entirely in new locations , such as Boston , New Orleans , Berlin , and Barcelona . The game received positive reviews , though less so than its predecessor : its GameRankings scores ranged from 70 @.@ 33 % for the Game Boy Advance to 86 @.@ 20 % for Windows . = The Blind Leading the Blind = The Blind Leading the Blind , Blind , or The Parable of the Blind ( Dutch : De parabel der blinden ) is a painting by the Flemish renaissance artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder , completed in 1568 . Executed in distemper on linen canvas , it measures 86 cm × 154 cm ( 34 in × 61 in ) . It depicts the Biblical parable of the blind leading the blind from the Gospel of Matthew 15 : 14 , and is held in the collection of the Museo di Capodimonte in Naples , Italy . The painting reflects Bruegel 's mastery of observation . Each figure has a different eye affliction , including corneal leukoma , atrophy of globe and removed eyes . The men hold their heads aloft to make better use of their other senses . The diagonal composition reinforces the off @-@ kilter motion of the six figures falling in progression . It is considered a masterwork for its accurate detail and composition . Copies include a larger version by Bruegel 's son Pieter Brueghel the Younger , and the work has inspired literature such as poetry by Charles Baudelaire and William Carlos Williams , and a novel by Gert Hofmann . It was painted the year before Bruegel 's death , and has a bitter , sorrowful tone . This may be related to the establishment of the Council of Troubles in 1567 by the government of the Spanish Netherlands . The council ordered mass arrests and executions to enforce Spanish rule and suppress Protestantism . The placement of Sint @-@ Anna Church of the village Sint @-@ Anna @-@ Pede has led to both pro- and anti @-@ Catholic interpretations , though it is not clear that the painting was meant as a political statement . = = Description = = The painting depicts a procession of six blind , disfigured men . They pass along a path bordered by a river on one side and a village with a church on the other . The leader of the group has fallen on his back into a ditch and , because they are all linked by their staffs , seems about to drag his companions down with him . A cowherd stands in the background . Bruegel based the work on the Biblical parable of the blind leading the blind from Matthew 15 : 14 , in which Christ refers to the Pharisees . According to art critic Margaret Sullivan , Bruegel 's audience was likely as familiar with classical literature as with the Bible . Erasmus had published his Adagia two years before Bruegel 's painting , and it contained the quotation " Caecus caeco dux " ( " the blind leader of the blind " ) by Roman poet Horace . Bruegel expands the two blind men in the parable to six ; they are well dressed , rather than wearing the peasant clothing that typifies his late work . The first blind man 's face is not visible ; the second twists his head as he falls , perhaps to avoid landing face @-@ first . The shinguard @-@ clad third man , on his toes with knees bent and face to the sky , shares a staff with the second , by which he is being pulled down . The others have yet to stumble , but the same fate seems implied . The faces and bodies of the blind men , and background detail including the church , are rendered in exceptionally fine detail . The backward @-@ falling posture of the guide demonstrates Bruegel 's mastery of foreshortening . Bruegel 's settings tend to be fictional , but that of The Blind Leading the Blind has been identified as the village Sint @-@ Anna @-@ Pede , and the church as Sint @-@ Anna Church . = = = Style = = = One of four surviving Bruegel paintings in distemper , the work is a tüchlein , a type of light painting that uses tempera made from pigment mixed with water @-@ soluble glue . This medium was widely used in painting and manuscript illumination before the advent of oil paint . It is not known from whom Bruegel learnt its use , but amongst those speculated are his mother @-@ in @-@ law , illuminator Mayken Verhulst ; his teacher Pieter Coecke van Aelst ; and painter and illuminator Giulio Clovio , with whom he resided in Italy and whom he helped paint miniatures in distemper . Due to the high perishability of linen cloth and the solubility of hide glue , tüchleins do not preserve well and are difficult to restore . The Blind Leading the Blind is in good condition and has suffered no more than some erosion , such as of a herdsman and some fowl in the middle ground . The grain of the linen canvas is visible beneath the delicate brushstrokes . The work is signed and dated BRVEGEL.M.D.LX.VIII. The painting measures 86 cm × 154 cm ( 34 in × 61 in ) , the largest of 1568 . The austere tone is achieved through pigments in a colour scheme of mostly greys , greens , brownish @-@ reds , and blacks . The diagonal movement of the bodies creates a dramatic tension in the foreground which is divided diagonally from the landscape background . The flat country features are distinctly Flemish , unlike in most of Bruegel 's landscapes , in which he introduced foreign elements such as mountain ranges even into local scenery . In contrast to earlier depictions of the blind as beneficiaries of divine gifts , Bruegel 's men are stumbling and decrepit , and portrayed without sympathy . The eyeless figure would have been interpreted as a man who had suffered punishment for wrongdoing or fighting . Bruegel painted with the empirical objectivity of the Renaissance . In earlier paintings the blind were typically depicted with eyes closed . Here , Bruegel gives each man a different ocular affliction , all painted with a realism that allowed identification of their conditions by later experts , though there is still some diagnostic disagreement . French anatomical pathologist Jean @-@ Martin Charcot and anatomical artist Paul Richer published an early account , Les difformes et les malades dans l 'art ( " The deformed and sick in art " , 1889 ) , and French pathologist Tony @-@ Michel Torrillhon followed with more research on Bruegel 's figures in 1957 . The first man 's eyes are not visible ; the second has had his eyes removed , along with the eyelids : the third suffers from corneal leukoma ; the fourth atrophy of the globe ; the fifth is either blind with no light perception , or photophobic ; and the sixth has pemphigus , or bullous pemphigoid . Charcot and Richer noted Bruegel 's accuracy in portraying the blind men facing not forward but with their faces raised in the air , as they would have had to rely on their senses of smell and hearing . = = Background = = Sixteenth @-@ century Europe was undergoing many societal changes : the Protestant Reformation and its rejection of public religious imagery ; Renaissance humanism and its emphasis on empiricism at the expense of religious faith ; and the growth of the middle class amidst the rise of mercantilism . It was a time of rapid advances in learning and knowledge , and a move towards the empirical sciences — the age of the heliocentric theory of Copernicus and of Gutenberg 's printing presses . The cartography of Ortelius influenced the painting of landscapes , and the advances Vesalius brought to the study of anatomy via the direct observation of dissected bodies , motivated artists to pay greater attention to the accuracy of the anatomy in their works . Art was now traded in open markets ; artists sought to distinguish themselves with subjects different from traditional noble , mythological , and Biblical ones , and developed new , realistic techniques based on empirical observation . Classical literature provided precedents for dealing with " low " subjects in art . Genre art and its depiction of ordinary people and everyday life emerged against this background . Pieter Bruegel the Elder began his career illustrating landscapes and fantastic scenes in a dense style that earned him a reputation as artistic heir to Hieronymus Bosch . He soon came to follow the example of another master : Pieter Aertsen , who had made a name for himself in the 1550s depicting everyday scenes in a highly realistic style , such as the detailed array of meat products that dominate his large Butcher 's Stall of 1551 . Bruegel 's subjects became more quotidian and his style observational . He achieved fame for detailed , accurate and realistic portrayals of peasants , with whom his paintings were popular . He painted on linen canvas and oak panel and avoided scenes of magnificence and portraits of nobility or royalty . The peasants Bruegel at first depicted were featureless and undifferentiated ; as his work matured , their physiognomy became markedly more detailed and expressive . In 1563 , Bruegel and his teacher Pieter Coecke van Aelst 's daughter Mayken were married , and moved to Brussels , the seat of government in the Spanish Netherlands ( 1556 – 1714 ) . In 1567 the governor of the Netherlands , the Duke of Alba , established the Council of Troubles ( popularly called the " Blood Council " ) to suppress non @-@ Catholic religions and enforce Spanish rule , leading to mass arrests and executions . Whether Bruegel had Calvinist sympathies or intended a political message in The Blind is not clear , but the evidence indicates he likely held views critical of the Catholic Church . A bitter , sorrowful tone characterizes his last works , such as The Blind and The Magpie on the Gallows . In ancient Greece the blind were depicted as having received gifts from the gods , and blind singers were held in high regard . In mediaeval Europe , the blind were depicted as the subjects of miracles such as Bartimaeus in the healing the blind near Jericho in Mark 10 : 46 – 52 . With the Reformation , painted depictions of saints and miracles fell out of favour in Protestant areas . In Catholic thought , charitable works of mercy such as giving alms to the blind and poor were good works which , together with faith , helped the salvation of the doer ; but the Protestant doctrine of sola fide rejected the efficacy of works in salvation , which depended on faith alone ( and the complication of God 's predestined will for each individual ) . The status of charity for the poor and infirm diminished , and beggars saw their circumstances deteriorate . In popular literature of the time , the blind were depicted as rogues or targets of pranks . The parable of the blind leading the blind also appears as one of the illustrated proverbs in Bruegel 's Netherlandish Proverbs ( 1559 ) . = = Analysis = = Charles Bouleau wrote of the tension in Bruegel 's compositional rhythms . The picture is divided into nine equal parts divided by a set of parallel oblique lines . These are divided by another network of lines at constant angles to the first . The composition invites the reader to follow the action rather than dwell on the individual figures . The blind men resemble each other in dress and facial features , and they appear as if they succeed one another in a single movement culminating in a fall , beginning on the left with " rambling , then hesitation , alarm , stumbling , and finally falling " . The succession of heads follows a curve , and the further the succession , the greater the space between heads , suggesting increasing speed . The steep roofs of the background houses contribute to the composition 's feeling of motion . Art historian Gustav Glück noted incongruities in that the beggars are well @-@ dressed and carry staves and full purses . Academics Kenneth C. Lindsay and Bernard Huppé suggest Bruegel may have implied that the blind men represent false priests who ignored Christ 's admonitions not to carry gold , purses , or staves ; the leader carries a hurdy @-@ gurdy , a musical instrument associated with beggars in Bruegel 's time ; this perhaps implies a false minstrel , one who sings praises not for God . The church in the background , identified as the Sint @-@ Anna Church , at Dilbeek in modern Belgium , has sparked much commentary . One view holds that the church is evidence of the painting 's moralistic intent — that while the first two blind men stumble and are beyond redemption , the other four are behind the church and thus may be saved . Another interpretation has it that the church , with a withered tree placed before it , is an anti @-@ Catholic symbol , and that those who follow it will fall following a blind leader as do the men in the ditch . Others deny any symbolism in the church , noting that churches frequently appear in Bruegel 's village scenes as they were a common part of the village landscape . Medical researcher Zeynel A. Karcioglu suggests the church represents indifference to the plight of the handicapped . In contrast to the posed , static figures typical of paintings of the period , Bruegel suggests the trajectory of time and space through the accelerated movement of the figures . Critics Charcot and Richer wrote that the concept of visualizing movement was not formulated until the 17th century , and that Bruegel prefigures motion pictures and Duchamp 's Nude Descending a Staircase , No. 2 . Karcioglu sees the painting as anticipating the 19th @-@ century chronophotography of Étienne @-@ Jules Marey . Dutch film director Joris Ivens stated , " If Bruegel were alive today he would be a film director . " = = Legacy = = The Blind Leading the Blind has been considered one of the great masterpieces of painting . Bruegel 's is the earliest surviving painting whose subject is the parable of the blind leading the blind , though there are earlier engravings from the Low Countries known that Bruegel was likely aware of , including one attributed to Bosch , and another by Cornelis Massijs . Bruegel 's paintings have enjoyed worldwide popularity and have been the subjects of scholarly works in disciplines even outside the arts , such as medicine . Bruegel 's depictions of beggars in paintings such as The Blind Leading the Blind left a strong influence on those who followed him , such as David Vinckboons . Hieronymus Wierix incorporated a copy of The Blind Leading the Blind into the series Twelve Flemish Proverbs . A forgery attributed to Jacob Savery called The Blind appeared c . 1600 bearing a false inscription dating it 1562 . Bruegel 's son Pieter Brueghel the Younger painted a larger copy in c . 1616 with extra details , including a flock of sheep , that hangs in the Louvre ; this copy was in the collection of Ferdinando Gonzaga , Duke of Mantua , patron of Italian Baroque painter Domenico Fetti , who may have been influenced by the painting when he executed his own version of the parable around 1621 – 22 . Paintings inspired by Bruegel 's ' ' The Blind Leading the Blind ' ' The painting has been the subject of poetry , including works by the Germans Josef Weinheber and Walter Bauer , and Frenchman Charles Baudelaire 's " The Blind " . American William Carlos Williams wrote a series of poems on Bruegel 's paintings ; his " Parable of the Blind " focuses on the meaning of the The Blind 's composition — a word that appears three times in the poems eight tercets . The figures stumble diagonally downward , and — ... one follows the other stick in hand triumphant to disaster Bruegel 's painting served as a model for Belgian playwright Maurice Maeterlinck 's one @-@ act The Blind . West German writer Gert Hofmann 's 1985 novel The Parable of the Blind features Bruegel and the six blind men : to accomplish a realistic portrayal , Bruegel repeatedly has the men cross a bridge and fall into a creek in midwinter until their expressions achieve the desolation Bruegel believes represents the human condition . A 1987 historical novel Bruegel , or the Workshop of Dreams by Claude @-@ Henri Rocquet has Bruegel painting the blind out of fear of losing his own eyesight . = = Provenance = = The Blind Leading the Blind and The Misanthrope were discovered in the collection of the Count Giovanni Battista Masi of Parma in 1612 , when Ranuccio I Farnese , Duke of Parma confiscated Masi 's property for his part in a conspiracy against the House of Farnese . How the painting arrived in Italy is uncertain , though it is known that Masi 's father Cosimo returned from the Netherlands in 1595 with a number of Netherlandish paintings . The Farnese art collection came to be one of the largest of the Renaissance era , divided amongst the Farnese residences in Parma and Rome . In the 18th century , Charles III of Spain inherited the collection from his mother , Elisabeth Farnese , heiress of the Duchy of Parma in north Italy , who became Queen consort of Spain . As a younger son , Charles had been made Duke of Parma , then boldly seized the Kingdom of Naples , becoming Charles VII of Naples , before inheriting the Spanish throne . Charles housed the collection in what is now the National Museum of Capodimonte in Naples . The painting hangs in the Capodimonte with The Misanthrope , as part of the Farnese collection . = = = = Books = = = = = = = = Journals = = = = = = = = Other media = = = = = Genesis Nomad = The Genesis Nomad ( also known as Sega Nomad ) is a handheld game console by Sega released in North America in October 1995 . The Nomad is a portable variation of Sega 's home console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) . Designed from the Mega Jet , a portable version of the home console designed for use on airline flights in Japan , Nomad served to succeed the Game Gear and was the last handheld console released by Sega . Unique about the Nomad is its additional functionality as a home console through a video port designed to be used with a television set . Released late in the Genesis era , the Nomad had a short lifespan . Sold exclusively in North America , the Nomad was never officially released worldwide , and employs regional lockout . Because of the timing of Nomad 's release in October 1995 , Nomad released to an active game library of over 500 Genesis titles , but did not include any pack @-@ in titles itself . Sega 's focus on the Sega Saturn left the Nomad undersupported , and the handheld itself was incompatible with several Genesis peripherals , including the Power Base Converter , the Sega CD , and the 32X . = = History = = The Genesis represents Sega 's entry into the 16 @-@ bit era of video game consoles . In Japan , Sega released the Mega Jet , a portable version of the Mega Drive designed for use on Japan Airlines flights . As a condensed version , the Mega Jet requires a connection to a television screen and a power source , and so outside of airline flights it is only useful in cars equipped with a television set and cigarette lighter receptacle . Planning to release a new handheld console as a successor to the Game Gear , Sega originally intended to produce a system which was to feature a touchscreen interface , released two years before the Game.com handheld by Tiger Electronics . However , such technology was very expensive at the time , and the handheld itself was estimated to have a high cost . Instead , Sega chose to suspend the idea and instead release the Genesis Nomad , a handheld version of the Genesis . The codename used during development was " Project Venus . " The Nomad was released in October 1995 in North America only . The release was five years into the market span of the Genesis , with an existing library of more than 500 Genesis games . According to former Sega of America research and development head Joe Miller , the Nomad was not intended to be the Game Gear 's replacement and believes that there was little planning from Sega of Japan for the new handheld . Sega was supporting five different consoles : Saturn , Genesis , Game Gear , Pico , and the Master System , as well as the Sega CD and 32X add @-@ ons . In Japan , the Mega Drive had never been successful and the Saturn was more successful than Sony 's PlayStation , so Sega Enterprises CEO Hayao Nakayama decided to focus on the Saturn . Sega decided to stop focusing on the Genesis in 1999 , by which time the Nomad was being sold at less than a third of its original price . = = Technical specifications = = Similar to the Genesis and the Mega Jet , the Nomad 's main CPU is a Motorola 68000 . Possessing similar memory , graphics , and sound capabilities , the Nomad is nearly identical to the full @-@ size console ; the only variation that is completely self @-@ sufficient . The Nomad has a 3 @.@ 25 inch backlit color screen and also contains an A / V output that allows the Nomad to be played on a television screen — a feature unique to the Nomad . Design elements of the handheld were made similar to the Game Gear , but included six buttons for full compatibility with later Genesis releases . Also included were a red power switch , headphone jack , volume dial , and separate controller input for multiplayer games . The Nomad could be powered by an AC adapter , a rechargeable battery pack known as the Genesis Nomad PowerBack , or six AA batteries , which provide a battery life of two to three hours . The Nomad consumed more power ( DC 9V , 3.5W ) than Sega 's earlier portable gaming console , the Game Gear ( DC 9V , 3W ) . The Nomad also lacks a " Reset " button , which makes it impossible to complete certain games , such as the X @-@ Men video game , which require pressing the button to finish certain objectives . The Nomad is fully compatible with several Genesis peripherals , including the Sega Activator , Team Play Adaptor , Mega Mouse , and the Sega Channel and XBAND network add @-@ ons . However , the Nomad is not compatible with the Power Base Converter , Sega CD , or 32X . This means that the Nomad can only play Genesis titles , whereas the standard Genesis can also play Master System , Sega CD , and 32X titles with the respective add @-@ ons . = = Game library = = The Nomad does not have its own game library , but instead plays Genesis games . At the time of its launch , the Nomad had over 500 games available for play . However , no pack @-@ in title was included . The Nomad can boot bootleg , unlicensed , and homebrew games made for the Genesis . Some earlier third @-@ party titles have compatibility issues when played on the Nomad , but can be successfully played through the use of a Game Genie . Likewise , due to its inability to accommodate the use any add @-@ ons , it is unable to play any games for the Sega Master System , Sega CD , or Sega 32X . The Nomad employs regional lockout , but methods have been found to bypass this . = = Reception and legacy = = Reception for the Nomad is mixed between its uniqueness and its poor timing into the market . Blake Snow of GamePro listed the Nomad as fifth on his list of the " 10 Worst @-@ Selling Handhelds of All Time , " criticizing its poor timing into the market , inadequate advertising , and poor battery life . Scott Alan Marriott of Allgame placed more than simply timing into reasons for the Nomad 's lack of sales , stating , " The reason for the Nomad 's failure may have very well been a combination of poor timing , company mistrust and the relatively high cost of the machine ( without a pack @-@ in ) . Genesis owners were too skittish to invest in another 16 @-@ bit system . " The staff of Retro Gamer , however , praised the Nomad , saying in a retrospective that Nomad was " the first true 16 @-@ bit handheld " and declared it the best variant of the Genesis . In the same article , Retro Gamer notes the collectability of the Nomad , due to its low production , and states , " Had Sega cottoned on to the concept of the Nomad before the Mega Drive 2 , and rolled it out as a true successor to the Mega Drive ... then perhaps Sega may have succeeded in its original goal to prolong the life of the Mega Drive in the US . " = Darjeeling = Darjeeling is a town and a municipality in the Indian state of West Bengal . It is located in the Lesser Himalaya at an elevation of 6 @,@ 700 ft ( 2 @,@ 042 @.@ 2 m ) . It is noted for its tea industry , the spectacular views of Kangchenjunga , the world 's third @-@ highest mountain , and the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Darjeeling is the headquarters of Darjeeling district which has a partially autonomous status within the state of West Bengal . The development of the town dates back to the mid @-@ 19th century , when the colonial British administration set up a sanatorium and a military depot . Subsequently , extensive tea plantations were established in the region , and tea growers developed hybrids of black tea and created new fermentation techniques . The resultant distinctive Darjeeling tea is internationally recognised and ranks among the most popular of the black teas . The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway connects the town with the plains and has one of the few steam locomotives still in service in India . Darjeeling has several British @-@ style public schools , which attract pupils from India and neighbouring countries . The varied culture of the town reflects its diverse demographic milieu consisting of Gorkhas , Bhutia , Lepcha and other mainland Indian ethno @-@ linguistic groups . Darjeeling , with its neighbouring town of Kalimpong , was a centre of the Gorkhaland movement ( Separate State demand within India ) in the 1980s . The town 's fragile ecology has been threatened by a rising demand for environmental resources , stemming from growing tourist traffic and poorly planned urbanisation . = = Toponymy = = The word Darjeeling has evolved from the Sanskrit , " Durjaya Linga " , means " Shiva of invincible prowess , who rules the Himalayas . " It is also believed that the name Darjeeling also comes from the Tibetan word dorje , meaning the thunderbolt sceptre of the Hindu deity Indra , and ling , a place or land . " = = History = = The history of Darjeeling is intertwined with that of Sikkim , Nepal , British occupied India and Bhutan . Until the early 19th century , the hilly area around Darjeeling was controlled by the kingdom of Sikkim , while the plains around Siliguri were intermittently occupied by the Kingdom of Nepal , with settlement consisting of a few villages of Lepcha and Kirati people . The Chogyal of Sikkim had been engaged in unsuccessful warfare against the Gorkhas of Nepal . From 1780 , the Gorkhas made several attempts to capture the entire region of Darjeeling . By the beginning of 19th century , they had overrun Sikkim as far eastward as the Teesta River and had conquered and annexed the Terai . In the meantime , the British were engaged in preventing the Gorkhas from overrunning the whole of the northern frontier . The Anglo @-@ Gorkha war broke out in 1814 , which resulted in the defeat of the Gorkhas and subsequently led to the signing of the Sugauli Treaty in 1815 . According to the treaty , Nepal had to cede all those territories which the Gorkhas had annexed from the Chogyal of Sikkim to the British East India Company ( i.e. the area between Mechi River and Teesta River ) . Later in 1817 , through the Treaty of Titalia , the British East India Company reinstated the Chogyal of Sikkim , restored all the tracts of land between the River Mechi and the River Teesta to the Chogyal of Sikkim and guaranteed his sovereignty . In 1828 , a delegation of the British East India Company ( BEIC ) officials on its way to the Nepal @-@ Sikkim border stayed in Darjeeling and decided that the region was a suitable site for a sanatorium for British soldiers . The company negotiated a lease of the area west of the Mahananda River from the Chogyal of Sikkim in 1835 . In 1849 , the BEIC director Arthur Campbell and the explorer and botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker were imprisoned in the region by the Sikkim Chogyal . The BEIC sent a force to free them . Continued friction between the BEIC and the Sikkim authorities resulted in the annexation of 640 square miles ( 1 @,@ 700 km2 ) of territory by the British in 1850 . In 1864 , the Bhutanese rulers and the British signed the Treaty of Sinchula that ceded the passes leading through the hills and Kalimpong to the British . Further discord between Sikkim and the British resulted in a war , culminating in the signing of a treaty and the annexation by the British of the area east of the Teesta River in 1865 . By 1866 , Darjeeling district had assumed its current shape and size , covering an area of 1 @,@ 234 square miles ( 3 @,@ 200 km2 ) . During the British occupation , Darjeeling 's temperate climate led to its development as a hill station for British residents seeking to escape the summer heat of the plains . The development of Darjeeling as a sanatorium and health resort proceeded briskly . Arthur Campbell , a surgeon with the Company , and Lieutenant Robert Napier were responsible for establishing a hill station there . Campbell 's efforts to develop the station , attract immigrants to cultivate the slopes and stimulate trade resulted in a hundredfold increase in the population of Darjeeling between 1835 and 1849 . The first road connecting the town with the plains was constructed between 1839 and 1842 . In 1848 , a military depot was set up for British soldiers , and the town became a municipality in 1850 . Commercial cultivation of tea in the district began in 1856 , and induced a number of British planters to settle there . Darjeeling became the formal summer capital of the Bengal Presidency after 1864 . Scottish missionaries undertook the construction of schools and welfare centres for the British residents , laying the foundation for Darjeeling 's notability as a centre of education . The opening of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in 1881 further hastened the development of the region . In 1899 , Darjeeling was rocked by major landslides that caused severe damage to the town and the native population . Under British occupation , the Darjeeling area was initially a " Non @-@ Regulation District " , a scheme of administration applicable to economically less advanced districts in the British occupation ; acts and regulations of the British Raj did not automatically apply to the district in line with rest of the country . In 1919 , the area was declared a " backward tract " . During the Indian independence movement , the Non @-@ cooperation Movement spread through the tea estates of Darjeeling . There was also a failed assassination attempt by revolutionaries on Sir John Anderson , the Governor of Bengal in 1934 . Subsequently , during the 1940s , Communist activists continued the nationalist movement against the British by mobilising the plantation workers and the peasants of the district . Socio @-@ economic problems of the region that had not been addressed during British occupation continued to linger and were reflected in a representation made to the Constituent Assembly of India in 1947 , which highlighted the issues of regional autonomy and Nepali nationality in Darjeeling and adjacent areas . After the independence of India in 1947 , Darjeeling was merged with the state of West Bengal . A separate district of Darjeeling was established consisting of the hill towns of Darjeeling , Kurseong , Kalimpong and some parts of the Terai region . While the hill population comprised mainly ethnic Nepalis , the plains harboured a large ethnic Bengali population who were refugees from the Partition of India . A cautious and non @-@ receptive response by the West Bengal government to most demands of the ethnic Nepali population led to increased calls , in the 1950s and 1960s , for Darjeeling 's autonomy and for the recognition of the Nepali language ; the state government acceded to the latter demand in 1961 . The creation of a new state of Sikkim in 1975 , along with the reluctance of the Government of India to recognise Nepali as an official language under the Constitution of India , brought the issue of a separate state of Gorkhaland to the forefront . Agitation for a separate state continued through the 1980s , included violent protests during the 1986 – 88 period . The agitation ceased only after an agreement between the government and the Gorkha National Liberation Front ( GNLF ) , resulting in the establishment of an elected body in 1988 called the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council ( DGHC ) , which received autonomy to govern the district . Though Darjeeling became peaceful , the issue of a separate state lingered , fuelled in part by the lack of comprehensive economic development in the region even after the formation of the DGHC . New protests erupted in 2008 – 09 , but both the Union and State governments rejected Gorkha Janmukti Morcha 's ( GJM ) demand for a separate state . In July 2011 , a pact was signed between GJM , the Government of West Bengal and the Government of India which includes the formation of a new autonomous , elected Gorkhaland Territorial Administration ( GTA ) , a hill council endowed with more powers than its predecessor Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council . = = Geography = = Darjeeling is the main town of the Sadar subdivision and also the headquarters of the district . It is located at an elevation of 6 @,@ 700 ft ( 2 @,@ 000 m ) in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region on the Darjeeling @-@ Jalapahar range that originates in the south from Ghum . The range is Y @-@ shaped with the base resting at Katapahar and Jalapahar and two arms diverging north of the Observatory Hill . The north @-@ eastern arm dips suddenly and ends in the Lebong spur , while the north @-@ western arm passes through North Point and ends in the valley near Tukver Tea Estate . The hills are nestled within higher peaks and the snow @-@ clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town in the distance . Kanchenjunga , the world 's third @-@ highest peak , 8 @,@ 598 m ( 28 @,@ 209 ft ) high , is the most prominent mountain visible . In days clear of clouds , Nepal 's Mount Everest , 29 @,@ 035 ft ( 8 @,@ 850 m ) high , can be seen . The hills of Darjeeling are part of the Mahabharat Range or Lesser Himalaya . The soil is chiefly composed of sandstone and conglomerate formations , which are the solidified and upheaved detritus of the great range of Himalaya . However , the soil is often poorly consolidated ( the permeable sediments of the region do not retain water between rains ) and is not considered suitable for agriculture . The area has steep slopes and loose topsoil , leading to frequent landslides during the monsoons . According to the Bureau of Indian Standards , the town falls under seismic zone @-@ IV , ( on a scale of I to V , in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes ) near the convergent boundary of the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates and is subject to frequent earthquakes . = = = Climate = = = Darjeeling has a temperate climate ( Köppen : Cwb , subtropical highland climate ) with wet summers caused by monsoon rains . The annual mean maximum temperature is 14 @.@ 9 ° C ( 58 @.@ 8 ° F ) while the mean minimum temperature is 8 @.@ 9 ° C ( 48 @.@ 0 ° F ) , with monthly mean temperatures ranging from 6 to 18 ° C ( 43 to 64 ° F ) . The lowest temperature recorded was − 5 ° C ( 23 ° F ) on 11 February 1905 . The average annual precipitation is 309 @.@ 2 cm ( 121 @.@ 7 in ) , with an average of 126 days of rain in a year . The highest rainfall occurs in July . The heavy and concentrated rainfall that is experienced in the region , aggravated by deforestation and haphazard planning , often causes devastating landslides , leading to loss of life and property . = = Flora and fauna = = Darjeeling is a part of the Eastern Himalayan zoo @-@ geographic zone . Flora around Darjeeling comprises sal , oak , semi @-@ evergreen , temperate and alpine forests . Dense evergreen forests of sal and oak lie around the town , where a wide variety of rare orchids are found . The Lloyd 's Botanical Garden preserves common and rare species of plants , while the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park specialises in conserving and breeding endangered Himalayan species . The town of Darjeeling and surrounding region face deforestation due to increasing demand for wood fuel and timber , as well as air pollution from increasing vehicular traffic . Wildlife in the district is protected by the wildlife wing of the West Bengal Forest Department . The fauna found in Darjeeling includes several species of ducks , teals , plovers and gulls that pass Darjeeling while migrating to and from Tibet . Small mammals found in the region include civets , mongooses and badgers . The nearby Jaldapara National Park consists of semi @-@ evergreen and sal forests . Animals found here include the one @-@ horned rhinoceros , elephant , tiger , leopard and hog deer , while the main bird species include the Bengal florican and herons . A conservation centre for red pandas opened at Darjeeling Zoo in 2014 , building on a prior captive breeding program . = = Civic administration = = The Darjeeling urban agglomeration consists of Darjeeling Municipality and the Pattabong Tea Garden . Established in 1850 , the Darjeeling municipality maintains the civic administration of the town , covering an area of 10 @.@ 57 km2 ( 4 @.@ 08 sq mi ) . The municipality consists of a board of councillors elected from each of the 32 wards of Darjeeling town as well as a few members nominated by the state government . The board of councillors elects a chairman from among its elected members ; the chairman is the executive head of the municipality . The Gorkha Janmukti Morcha ( GJMM ) holds power in the municipality As of 2011 . From 1988 to 2012 , the Gorkha @-@ dominated hill areas of Darjeeling district were under the jurisdiction of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council ( DGHC ) . In 2012 , the DGHC was replaced by the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration ( GTA ) . The elected members of this body are authorised to manage certain affairs of the hills , including education , health and tourism . Law and order in Darjeeling town comes under the jurisdiction of the district police force , which is a part of the West Bengal Police ; a Deputy Superintendent of Police oversees the town 's security and law affairs . Darjeeling municipality area has two police stations at Darjeeling and Jorebungalow . = = Utilities = = Natural springs in the Senchal Range provide most of Darjeeling 's water supply . Water collected is routed through stone conduits to two lakes that were constructed in 1910 and 1932 , from where it is piped to the town after purification at the Jorebungalow filtration plant . During the dry season , when water supplied by springs is insufficient , water is pumped from Khong Khola , a nearby small perennial stream . Increasing demand has led to a worsening shortfall in water supply ; just over 50 % of the town 's households are connected to the municipal water supply system . Various efforts made to augment the water supply , including the construction of a third storage reservoir in 1984 , have failed to yield desired results . The town has an underground sewage system , covering about 40 % of the town area , that collects domestic waste and conveys it to septic tanks for disposal . Solid waste is disposed of in a nearby dumping ground , which also houses the town 's crematorium . Doorstep collection of garbage and segregation of biodegradable and non @-@ biodegradable waste have been implemented since 2003 . Vermicomposting of vegetable waste is carried out with the help of non @-@ governmental organisations . In June 2009 , in order to reduce waste , the municipality proposed a ban on plastic carrier bags and sachets in the town . Darjeeling got from 1897 up to the early 1990s hydroelectricity from the nearby Sidrapong Hydel Power Station , such being the first town in India supplied with hydropower . Today , electricity is supplied by the West Bengal State Electricity Board from other places . The town often suffers from power outages and the electrical supply voltage is unstable , making voltage stabilisers popular with many households . Almost all of the primary schools are now maintained by Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council . The total length of all types of roads within the municipal area is around 134 km ( 83 mi ) . The West Bengal Fire Service provides emergency services for the town . = = Economy = = The two most significant contributors to Darjeeling 's economy are tourism and the tea industry . Darjeeling tea , due to the unique agro @-@ climatic conditions of Darjeeling , has a distinctive natural flavour , is internationally reputed and recognised as a geographical indicator . The office of the Darjeeling Indian Tea Association ( DITA ) is located at Darjeeling . Darjeeling produces 7 % of India 's tea output , approximately 9 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 kilograms ( 20 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 lb ) every year . The tea industry has faced competition in recent years from tea produced in other parts	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
his disappointment . " When questioned by a journalist on his apparent disappointment , Kenny responded sharply " Am I supposed to be going around grinning like a Cheshire Cat at everything ? " = = = Labour Party = = = The Labour Party candidate was Michael D. Higgins . He was chosen jointly by the party 's National Executive and the Labour Parliamentary Party at a special convention on 19 June 2011 . The former TD and Minister , and current Labour Party president , originally indicated that he was interested in receiving the party 's nomination in September 2010 . Like Higgins , two other candidates put their names forward in late May 2011 : Fergus Finlay , Chief Executive of Barnardo 's children 's charity , announced on 9 September 2010 that he would seek the Labour Party 's nomination for president . Kathleen O 'Meara , former Senator , also put her name forward for the party nomination . = = = Fianna Fáil = = = For the first time in any presidential election , Fianna Fáil neither ran a candidate nor supported the nomination of a candidate . The decision was made at a meeting of the parliamentary party on 31 August 2011 , and was in line with the recommendations of the six @-@ person subcommittee formed by the party leader Micheál Martin to consider the matter . In June 2011 press reports had indicated that the party was unlikely to run a candidate both for financial reasons and also because it was unlikely that a Fianna Fáil nominee could be successful . In early August 2011 there was press speculation that RTÉ broadcaster Gay Byrne might seek a nomination . On 6 August Micheál Martin rang Byrne at his holiday home to indicate that Fianna Fáil Oireachtas members would facilitate his nomination . Byrne indicated that he had yet to make a decision on whether to put his name forward , but said that if he did so he would not run under the Fianna Fáil banner but as an independent , albeit with the assistance of the party 's organisation . " Fianna Fáil are convinced no matter who they put up will be unelectable , so they 're giving me their support " he told the Irish Independent . Éamon Ó Cuív , the party 's deputy leader and member of the committee tasked with deciding on their strategy for the election stated that " I know of no approach to Gay Byrne ... Nobody has discussed the issue with me — good , bad or indifferent . " On 13 August Byrne informed Martin that he would not be going forward for nomination . He stated that the idea of running had been " foisted on him and he had not known anything about it and what it would involve " . This followed unease among Fianna Fáil parliamentary party Oireachtas members , with a number unhappy that a candidate was being imposed by the leadership without discussion . On 16 August 2011 , the Irish Examiner reported that Micheál Martin had moved to pull the party out of the presidential race over the fallout from the approach to Gay Byrne , the cost involved and the slim chance of a candidate being elected . On 24 August , however , the party 's deputy leader Éamon Ó Cuív told Raidió na Gaeltachta that he believed the party should put forward a candidate . Several members had expressed an interest in the a party nomination : Brian Crowley , MEP , said in The Irish Times on 29 September 2008 that he would like to stand for president in 2011 . In July 2011 he wrote to members of the parliamentary party confirming that he wished to contest the election as the Fianna Fáil candidate . On 23 August Crowley indicated that he would not be seeking a nomination . He stated that the party leadership " has demonstrated that it does not want an internal party candidate to contest the upcoming presidential election . So , with much disappointment , I do not now feel free to seek the Fianna Fáil nomination . " Éamon Ó Cuív , TD for Galway West and former minister , expressed an interest in the office once held by his grandfather , Éamon de Valera . Senator Mary White had announced her intention to stand for the Fianna Fáil nomination in 2008 , but in May 2011 said that she would not be seeking the nomination . Mary Hanafin also expressed an interest in seeking the nomination . Following the decision by Fianna Fáil not to run their own candidate , there was speculation that some party members might be prepared to nominate an independent candidate . However , on 11 September the party 's chief whip , Seán Ó Fearghail , made it clear that individual TDs and senators would not be permitted to sign the nomination papers of independent candidates . He said that if the party decided to support a candidacy it would be done collectively . A meeting of the parliamentary party was held on 15 September at which the issue of the presidential election was raised . Unexpectedly , one of the party 's senators , Labhrás Ó Murchú , sought nominations to run as an independent candidate . This was widely seen as a challenge to the authority of Micheál Martin . The extended meeting broke up without agreement . The parliamentary party met again on 20 September . Senator Ó Murchú withdrew his request for a nomination and a motion was passed that the party 's Oireachtas members would not nominate or endorse any candidate . The decision was seen as a severe blow to the attempts to secure a nomination by David Norris and Dana Rosemary Scallon who were expected to need signatures from individual Fianna Fáil members . = = = Sinn Féin = = = At the party 's Ard Comhairle meeting in Dublin in June 2011 , the party 's leader , Gerry Adams TD , ruled himself out as a candidate . He had previously expressed a wish to be elected president in time for the centenary of the Easter Rising in 2016 . There had been reports in July that artist Robert Ballagh was " seriously considering a run for the presidency " , and had been in talks with Sinn Féin , the Socialist Party and People Before Profit Alliance . A Sinn Féin source confirmed there had been " very informal discussions " , However , on 25 July Ballagh ruled himself out . In a keynote speech at the party 's Ard Fheis on 10 September Gerry Adams said that he felt that Sinn Féin should support the nomination of " a candidate who is capable of winning the support of progressive and nationalist opinion ... who will reflect the broad republican spirit of the Irish people at this time " . He went on to state that the party 's Ard Comhairle would consider the matter on 17 September . On 16 September it was revealed that the party would seek to have Martin McGuinness , deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland , nominated to contest the election . With 14 TDs and three Senators , Sinn Féin were three short of the required twenty Oireachtas members to nominate a candidate for the presidency . Soon after the nomination was announced , four Independent TDs agreed to nominate McGuinness , securing his nomination : Michael Healy @-@ Rae and Tom Fleming ( both representing Kerry South ) , Luke ' Ming ' Flanagan ( Roscommon – South Leitrim ) and Finian McGrath ( Dublin North @-@ Central ) . Both ' Ming ' Flanagan and McGrath had previously pledged their support to Norris . = = = Independent = = = In order to secure a nomination , a number of non @-@ party politicians sought the support of either 20 members of the Oireachtas or four city or county councils . = = = = Oireachtas nominations = = = = David Norris , a Senator since 1987 and long time civil rights campaigner who campaigned unsuccessfully in 2004 declared that he would seek a nomination in early 2010 , and launched his campaign in January 2011 . It had initially been anticipated that he might be nominated by the Labour Party . A Red C poll commissioned by Paddy Power in January 2011 showed that Norris was by far the most popular choice for President with more than double the support of any of the other potential candidates . On 14 March 2011 Norris formally launched his campaign to secure a nomination , stating that he had written to the chairpersons of each of the 34 county and city councils and that he would also be individually contacting the independent TDs elected to the 31st Dail . On 21 July Norris revealed that he had secured the support of 13 Oireachtas members for his candidacy , and was confident of securing 20 . On 22 July two more senators announced they would back him . However , on 2 August , Norris publicly announced at a press conference that he was withdrawing from the presidential race . This followed the decision of three of his backers , the TDs John Halligan , Finian McGrath and Thomas Pringle to withdraw their support following revelations that Norris had written a letter to a court asking clemency for his former partner Ezra Nawi , who was then on trial in Israel . This information was publicised on 24 July by John Connolly , a Zionist blogger in London , who claimed he had received a tip @-@ off from an associate he admitted may have been a supporter of Norris 's campaign rival and eventual election winner Michael D. Higgins . Norris withdrew his candidacy on 2 August due to the controversy . Nawi , a human rights campaigner and pacifist who has been jailed for several short spells for his activism , suggested at the time that his deeds were being " recycled " against him and those associated with him . However , by 15 September , media reports indicated Norris was seeking to re @-@ enter the election , and was meeting independent TDs looking for their support . By 25 September , 18 members of the Oireachtas had signed Norris 's nomination papers . Then Mattie McGrath TD indicated that he would not be signing Norris 's nomination papers following a meeting with his supporters . This effectively ended the attempt to gain nomination through the Oireachtas , although Michael Lowry TD stated he would give the final required nomination if Norris acquired 19 nominations . Niall O 'Dowd , New York based journalist and publisher . Early in June 2011 , he indicated he had been approached by " a cross @-@ party group of Irish and Irish @-@ Americans " urging him to put his name forward for the contest . O 'Dowd travelled to Ireland later in the month to meet Fianna Fáil , Sinn Féin and independent TDs and senators in an attempt to gain a nomination . O 'Dowd withdrew from seeking a nomination on 30 June , due to the difficulty of organising a campaign and " because he stopped believing he could win " . The members of the Technical Group of independents in Dáil Éireann considered nominating a candidate . Finian McGrath , the chair of the group , circulated a list of 10 possible candidates to the members during the summer of 2011 . Although meetings were held with Dana Rosemary Scallon , Mary Davis and Trócaire chief executive Justin Kilcullen no agreement was reached . Kilcullen withdrew from seeking a nomination on 14 September . = = = = Council nominations = = = = A number of independent politicians sought support from local authorities , and four candidates were nominated by the resolutions of four or more councils : Mary Davis announced on 26 May 2011 that she would be seeking a nomination . She had originally stated in August 2010 that she would consider standing for the presidency if approached by a political party . She subsequently decided to run as an independent , seeking nominations from four local authorities . Seán Gallagher . In May 2011 , The Sunday Business Post reported that he was likely to seek a nomination . The Irish Times subsequently reported that in addition to seeking the support of independents , he was approaching Fianna Fáil Oireachtas members in order to run as an independent candidate , but with a " semi @-@ detached " relationship with the party . On 13 June 2011 , he began the process of looking for nominations from local authorities . David Norris . Norris approached a number of councils in June and July 2011 . On 2 August Norris announced he was withdrawing from the election . In September he reversed the decision , and received his first local authority nomination on 20 September . Dana Rosemary Scallon announced on 19 September that she would be seeking a presidential nomination . She initially attempted to gain the signatures of 20 Oireachtas members . However , by 21 September , she only secured the support of one TD . She instead began the process of seeking support from county and city councils . A number of councils scheduled special meetings to consider presidential nominations prior to the deadline of midday on 28 September 2011 . = = Candidates = = There were seven candidates contesting the presidential election , having been selected by their parties or having received sufficient council nominations . This was the largest number of candidates to contest an Irish presidential election . Mary Davis , social entrepreneur , disability rights campaigner and best known as organiser of the 2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games in Ireland , was nominated by local councils . Seán Gallagher , entrepreneur , panellist on the Dragons ' Den television programme and former member of the Fianna Fáil National Executive , was nominated by local councils . Michael D. Higgins , former Government Minister and TD was selected by the Labour Party . Martin McGuinness , deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland was selected by Sinn Féin , and received enough support from independent TDs to be nominated . Gay Mitchell , MEP and former TD was selected by Fine Gael . David Norris , Senator , scholar and civil rights campaigner , was nominated by local councils . Dana Rosemary Scallon , former MEP , was nominated by local councils . = = Election campaign = = The " motley crew " of candidates ( The Washington Times ) led to much attention on the campaign and election outcome from the international media . The Guardian described it as " the most fractious presidential election campaign since the republic was founded " . Phil Hogan of Fine Gael , Minister for the Environment , Community and Local Government , attacked Martin McGuinness claiming that US multinational companies would be " appalled " if Martin McGuinness were elected and foreign direct investment would drop . This was followed by a tweet made by Government Chief Whip Paul Kehoe which claimed that McGuinness profited from the Northern Bank robbery . This was in response to a pledge made by McGuinness to only take the average industrial wage , if elected President . McGuinness dismissed both charges as " black propaganda " . It was reported in The Irish Times that Fine Gael 's " strategy of levelling strongly worded accusations at Mr McGuinness was part of a drive to motivate party voters to come out in support of Mr Mitchell in the October 27th election " . At her formal campaign launch on 4 October , Independent Mary Davis accused Fine Gael of using polling companies to research attacks on her . She also pledged she would ask the Government to bring the office of President under the terms of the Freedom of Information Act and that she would publish an annual expenditure report for the Áras . David Norris also made a pledge to publish expenses . Mrs. Davis eventually accepted " collective responsibility " for mortgage lending decisions made after she was appointed to the board of the ICS building society . During the campaign , several relatives of people killed during The Troubles objected to the prospect of a former IRA member , McGuinness , becoming President . On 10 October , McGuinness was confronted in Athlone by the son of a member of the Irish Army killed by the IRA after Don Tidey 's kidnap in Ballinamore in 1983 . In a RTÉ interview that aired on 20 October , Bryan Dobson noted a 1985 Hot Press interview in which McGuinness indicated that he considered the IRA volunteers at Ballinamore to be " defending themselves against armed Gardaí and soldiers . " When Dobson then asked if it was " fair to say that on this occasion you were standing over the killing of members of the Gardaí and Defence Forces ? " McGuinness insisted that he has " never done that . " The family of Garda Detective Frank Hand , killed in 1984 , accused McGuinness of misleading younger generations with a " glossy campaign " . The husband of a mother killed by the IRA in 1981 said he doubted McGuinness ' claims of ignorance about the identities of IRA killers , saying " If anybody knows who did it , he does . If he is full of apologies he has never apologised to me " . In Northern Ireland , unionists took exception to the appearance of McGuinness election posters there given that Northern Ireland citizens were not eligible to vote in this Republic of Ireland election . Sinn Féin has regularly called for voting rights in the presidential election to be extended to Irish citizens in Northern Ireland . Michael D. Higgins was confronted by former Tara mines workers while canvassing in Meath . The workers were upset about their pensions being cut . = = = Debates = = = The first broadcast debate of the campaign took place on 28 September 2011 , the day that nominations closed , on RTÉ Radio 1 's News at One programme . This was followed by a series of televised one @-@ on @-@ one interviews with the candidates on RTÉ One 's evening Prime Time programme on the same day . A second debate was held on The Late Late Show on 30 September ; David Norris was not interviewed alone as the other six candidates were as he had been interviewed the previous week on the programme , but was included in the later panel debate . On 4 October , TV3 broadcast Vincent Browne 's Big Presidential Debate . Gay Mitchell challenged Martin McGuinness on the " fairytale " that he left the IRA in 1974 , asking him directly : " If you ( McGuinness ) say you left the IRA in 1974 and persist in saying that when you didn ’ t ; if you say you are living on the average industrial wage when you are drawing down a couple of hundred grand – how can people have confidence in your word ? " Moderator Vincent Browne later challenged Martin McGuinness ' claims that he left the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1974 , producing eight books with alleged evidence claiming otherwise . McGuinness referenced this moment when he said in a later debate on the radio that people would blame him for the 1916 Rising if they could find a way to implicate him . During a debate on Today FM Gay Mitchell controversially spoke of Ireland rejoining the Commonwealth , with some other candidates disagreeing with him . Mitchell suffered from poor voter recognition , and was criticised over remarks on suicide he made on live radio . On 12 October , there was another TV debate on RTÉ , this time on the Prime Time programme , with the seven candidates and Miriam O 'Callaghan as moderator . The debate , lasting 90 minutes , took place on a Wednesday night , though Prime Time usually aired on a Tuesday and Thursday , and was announced a week in advance . Dana Rosemary Scallon read out a prepared statement towards the end of the debate , announcing that a " malicious " and " false " accusation has been made against her and her family in the United States and , while refusing to divulge any details , she said she would leave " no stone unturned " in her mission to track down the person or organisation responsible . Scallon was visibly upset and was comforted by other candidates . She met with her lawyers the next day . David Norris expressed sorrow for Scallon and comforted her , also expressing frustration at the general tone of the election campaign and saying the media had libelled him in some of its reports . Scallon told TV3 News on 14 October that a freelance journalist had told her the allegations would appear through the media . Miriam O 'Callaghan 's treatment of Martin McGuinness resulted in more than 100 complaints to RTÉ . O 'Callaghan 's RTÉ colleague Pat Kenny said he watched on " with shock and horror because I don 't think I 've ever seen a politician ever interviewed on radio before and more or less called a murderer . That was kind of shocking . " McGuinness himself also expressed disappointment with O 'Callaghan . Gallagher 's campaign suffered a severe setback on 24 October when , in the last televised debate before the election , he admitted collecting a € 5 @,@ 000 cheque from someone he described as a " convicted criminal and fuel smuggler " , for a Fianna Fáil fundraiser event which gave access to the then Taoiseach , Brian Cowen after being questioned on the matter by Martin McGuinness . Gallagher had been the frontrunner in an opinion poll at this point . The donation was later revealed to be from businessman Hugh Morgan . Gallagher subsequently denied collecting a cheque from Morgan , but refused to answer questions on an illegal director 's loan of € 82 @,@ 829 , which had also been raised in the 24 October televised debate . After this performance Gallagher 's campaign was compared to Devon Loch 's fall at the winning post in the 1956 Grand National . He was reported to have been left " shell @-@ shocked " afterwards . Gallagher cancelled his planned meet @-@ the @-@ people visits the following day so that he could tour broadcasters and attempt to explain his behaviour . On 7 March 2012 , the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( BAI ) upheld a complaint against RTÉ relating to the broadcasting of the tweet that derailed Gallagher 's presidential campaign . Eventual winner Michael D. Higgins was pursued by his past links to the Fianna Fáil party , and admitted on 13 October that he had been elected chairman of the UCG Fianna Fáil university cumann in 1966 . While at university in the United States he had , he admitted , smoked marijuana . However , media reports said he was " spared the intense grilling Miriam O 'Callaghan meted out to some of the others " during the Prime Time debate . = = = Campaign spending = = = In February 2012 the Standards in Public Office Commission published the candidates ' returns for campaign donations and election expenses . Candidates who receive more than 25 % of a quota ( i.e. 12 @.@ 5 % of the total votes ; 221 @,@ 471 votes ) at any stage are entitled to a refund of election expenses to a maximum of € 200 @,@ 000 . Three candidates received the maximum refund allowed ; the other four had too few votes and received no refund . Only donations above € 638 need be reported , making the reported totals less meaningful . Gay Mitchell had stated his campaign would be funded by a Fine Gael members ' lottery . = = Opinion polls = = = = Vote = = Voting took place between 07 : 00 and 22 : 00 ( IST ) on 27 October . As usual , voting began on certain offshore islands a few days before the rest of the country . On the Donegal islands of Arranmore , Gola , Inishfree , Inisbofin and Tory , voting took place on 24 October between 11 : 00 and 15 : 00 ( 11 : 00 and 19 : 30 on Arranmore ) . On 25 October , the Mayo islands of Clare Island , Inishbiggle and Inishturk went to the polls ; while the Galway islands of Inishbofin and the Aran Islands voted on 26 October between 07 : 00 and 22 : 00 . After 15 hours of voting , ballot boxes were secured , with nationwide counting of votes beginning the following morning after presidential votes were separated from constitutional referendum votes ( which were due to be counted later ) . = = Results = = Counting of votes began at 9 : 00 on 28 October . The fourth and final count was completed by 15 : 56 on 29 October . Tallies from early on 28 October showed that Higgins was likely to receive the largest number of first preferences . Speaking at the RDS count centre , David Norris conceded and sent Higgins his congratulations , calling him " a bit of a maverick like myself " . Norris mentioned on radio that he had been " collecting apologies in the newspapers " and that they " told the truth in the end " . = = = Constituency results = = = = = Reactions = = Fine Gael 's General Secretary Tom Curran called it a " bad day " for the party , adding " From early on the electorate had the view that Gay ( Mitchell ) was out of the race and that it was a two person race " . According to tallies , Mitchell received only about one in eight votes from his previous constituency of Dublin South @-@ Central . Mitchell performed considerably worse than Fine Gael 's 1990 candidate Austin Currie which was one of the party 's most unsuccessful election campaigns . Higgins received a hero 's welcome at a victory reception on 30 October at Eyre Square , Galway ; approximately 5 @,@ 000 people turned out to welcome him home . = Business routes of U.S. Route 23 in Michigan = There have been five different business routes of US Highway 23 in the state of Michigan . These business routes were designated along former sections of US Highway 23 ( US 23 ) to provide signed access from the main highway to the downtowns of cities bypassed by new routings of US 23 . Two are still extant , connecting through downtown Ann Arbor and Rogers City . Three others have been decommissioned . The former Business US 23 ( Bus . US 23 ) in Fenton was split in half during the 1970s and later completely turned back to local control in 2006 . The former business loops through Saginaw and Bay City were renumbered as business loops of Interstate 75 in the 1960s . = = Ann Arbor = = Business US Highway 23 ( Bus . US 23 ) is a business loop of US 23 through downtown Ann Arbor . The southern end is at an interchange with US 23 on the city line with Pittsfield Township . This interchange also marks the western terminus of M @-@ 17 , and the eastern end of a concurrency with Business Loop Interstate 94 ( BL I @-@ 94 ) . From this interchange westward , BL I @-@ 94 / Bus . US 23 follows Washtenaw Avenue along a five @-@ lane street past commercial areas to County Farm Park and then continues as a four @-@ lane roadway through residential neighborhoods . Washtenaw Avenue turns more northwesterly at the intersection with Stadium Boulevard southeast of Burns Park . Near the Central Campus of the University of Michigan , Washtenaw Avenue turns due north to cross part of campus before BL I @-@ 94 / Bus . US 23 turn due west onto Huron Street near Palmer Field . Bus . US 23 follows BL I @-@ 94 and the four @-@ lane Huron Street into downtown Ann Arbor to the intersection with Main Street . There , Bus . US 23 turns northward onto Main Street and exits downtown . Main Street has four lanes as it runs northward into a residential area . It parallels part of the Huron River before ending at an interchange with the M @-@ 14 freeway about a mile and a third ( 2 @.@ 2 km ) north of downtown . At that interchange , Bus . US 23 merges onto the freeway and runs concurrently with M @-@ 14 , crossing the Huron River . There is one interchange for Barton Drive and Whitmore Lake Road on the northern bank of the river . The freeway runs through a wooded area and then after about one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , it meets US 23 at an interchange in Ann Arbor Township that marks the northern terminus of the business loop . In 1962 , the northern and eastern freeway bypass of Ann Arbor was completed . At that time , the former routing of US 23 through downtown and a section of freeway north of the Huron River was redesignated as Bus . US 23 . Two years later , M @-@ 14 was rerouted to follow the US 23 23 freeway around the north side of Ann Arbor . It overlapped the business loop from the northern end of its freeway segment to Main Street and along Main Street into downtown . The next year , in 1965 , this overlap was shortened when the rest of the M @-@ 14 freeway westward from Main Street to I @-@ 94 was completed . Major intersections The entire highway is in Washtenaw County . = = Fenton = = Business US Highway 23 ( Bus . US 23 ) was a business route through downtown Fenton . At the time it was turned over to local control , it was signed as business spur from downtown to the US 23 freeway , but the state maintained a southern section that previously completed the route as a loop . At the southern end , this unsigned highway started at US 23 at the Owen Road interchange ( exit 78 ) and continued eastward on Owen Road past Fenton High School and various businesses . At the intersection with Shiawassee Avenue , Bus . US 23 followed Shiawassee through a residential area toward the southern end of downtown . At the intersection with LeRoy Street , the unsigned business loop turned northward and across the Shiawassee River . At the intersection with River Street , state maintenance ended . On the northern end of downtown at the intersection of LeRoy Street and Silver Lake Road , it resumed . Bus . US 23 followed Silver Lake Road westward out of downtown through a residential area and northwesterly to an interchange with US 23 at exit 79 . The US 23 bypass of Fenton opened as a freeway west of downtown in 1958 . The former route of US 23 along Shiawassee Avenue and LeRoy Street in Fenton was redesignated as a business loop at this time , and the state assumed control of Silver Lake Road to connect it back to the freeway northwest of town . Three years later , the US 23 freeway was extended southward from the Livingston – Genesee county line ; at that time , the freeway connections were reconfigured and Bus . US 23 was shifted to use Owen Road between a new freeway interchange and the rest of the business loop at Shiawassee Avenue . In the middle of the 1970s , city officials redeveloped downtown and closed two blocks of LeRoy Street in 1975 . After this closure , the business loop was split into two sections , and only the northern one was retained as a signed state highway . The southern segment was retained as an unsigned state highway until both segments were turned over to local control in 2006 . Major intersections The entire highway was in Fenton , Livingston County . = = Saginaw = = Business US Highway 23 ( Bus . US 23 ) was a business loop that ran through downtown Saginaw . It started at an intersection between US 10 and US 23 in Bridgeport southeast of Saginaw . From there , it ran concurrently along US 10 ( Dixie Highway ) northwesterly into Saginaw . Once in downtown , the business loop turned northward on Washington Street , running parallel to the eastern banks of the Saginaw River through downtown . At the intersection between Washington Avenue , Washington Road and Veterans Memorial Parkway , Bus . US 23 terminated . In 1953 , the initial eastern bypass of Saginaw was built as a two @-@ lane highway , and the former routing through downtown was redesignated Bus . US 23 . This bypass was upgraded in 1961 to a full freeway as part of I @-@ 75 / US 23 , and the business loop through downtown was redesignated Business Loop I @-@ 75 . Major intersections The entire highway was in Saginaw County . = = Bay City = = Business US Highway 23 ( Bus . US 23 ) was a business loop through downtown Bay City . It started at the intersection of where US 23 turned off Broadway Street westward onto Lafayette Avenue . From this point , Bus . US 23 ran east on Lafayette Avenue for two blocks and then turned northward onto Garfield Avenue , running parallel to , but inland from , the Saginaw River into downtown Bay City . As it approached downtown , the business loop jogged off Garfield onto Washington Avenue . At the intersection with 7th Street , Bus . US 23 turned westward to cross the Saginaw River . On the opposite side , the business loop followed Jenny Street westbound and Thomas Street eastbound along a one @-@ way pairing of streets . At the intersection with US 23 ( Euclid Avenue ) , the business loop terminated . With the construction of a new bridge across the Saginaw River in 1941 to connect Lafayette and Salzburg avenues , US 23 was rerouted to use that new bridge . The former routing of the mainline highway through downtown was redesignated Bus . US 23 at that time . Twenty years later , with the opening of the new freeway for Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) near Bay City , US 23 was rerouted to follow I @-@ 75 . The route of Bus . US 23 was redesignated as a part of Business Loop I @-@ 75 at this time . Major intersections The entire highway was in Bay City , Bay County . = = Rogers City = = Business US Highway 23 ( Bus . US 23 ) is a business loop that runs through downtown Rogers City on two @-@ lane streets . The highway starts at an intersection with US 23 in Belknap Township south of downtown and passes the location of Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company 's quarry Petersville Road , the largest such quarry in the world . Farther north , the business loop passes the eastern end of the Rogers City Airport and turns northwesterly , parallel to , but inland from , the Lake Huron shoreline . Now following 3rd Street , Bus . US 23 runs through a residential area on the southern side of town before entering downtown . At the intersection with Erie Street , Bus . US 23 meets the eastern terminus of M @-@ 68 . Four blocks later , the business loop comes the closest to Lake Huron in another residential area before turning to the west . Anorther five blocks to the west of this curve , Bus . US 23 terminates at an intersection with US 23 on the western edge of the city . In 1940 , a new highway routing for US 23 opened between Rogers City and Cheboygan . At the time , the former routing of US 23 through downtown Rogers City was renumbered as a part of M @-@ 65 , which was also extended northward along the segment of M @-@ 91 that was not subsumed into the new US 23 routing . Just two years later , M @-@ 65 was pared back to end at US 23 southeast of Rogers City , and the section of M @-@ 65 through downtown was renumbered as Bus . US 23 . Major intersections The entire highway is in Presque Isle County . = Bardanes Tourkos = Bardanes , nicknamed Tourkos , " the Turk " ( Greek : Βαρδάνης ὁ Τοῦρκος , fl . 795 – 803 ) , was a Byzantine general of Armenian origin who launched an unsuccessful rebellion against Emperor Nikephoros I ( r . 802 – 811 ) in 803 . Although a major supporter of Byzantine empress Irene of Athens ( r . 797 – 802 ) , soon after her overthrow he was appointed by Nikephoros as commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Anatolian armies . From this position , he launched a revolt in July 803 , probably in opposition to Nikephoros 's economic and religious policies . His troops marched towards Constantinople , but failed to win popular support . At this point , some of his major supporters deserted him and , reluctant to engage the loyalist forces in battle , Bardanes gave up and chose to surrender himself . He retired as a monk to a monastery he had founded . There he was blinded , possibly on Nikephoros 's orders . = = Origin and early career = = Nothing is known of the early life of Bardanes . He is usually regarded by modern scholars as an Armenian on account of his first name ( a Hellenized form of Vardan ) , whilst his sobriquet " Tourkos " , which was bestowed upon him , probably disparagingly , only after his revolt , could suggest a Khazar origin . Bardanes is probably identical with the patrikios Bardanios who appears in the Chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor in the mid @-@ 790s . In 795 , he was Domestic of the Schools ( commander of the Scholai guards ) , and was dispatched to arrest the monk Plato of Sakkoudion for his public opposition to the second marriage of Emperor Constantine VI ( r . 780 – 797 ) to Plato 's niece Theodote . In 797 , as strategos ( military governor ) of the Thracesian Theme , this same Bardanios supported the Empress @-@ mother Irene of Athens when she usurped the throne from her son . On Easter Monday , 1 April 799 , he is recorded as one of the four patrikioi ( along with Niketas Triphyllios , Sisinnios Triphyllios and Constantine Boilas ) who led the horses of the Empress 's carriage on a unique triumphal procession from the palace to the Church of the Holy Apostles . Irene herself was overthrown and exiled by the logothetes tou genikou ( finance minister ) Nikephoros on 31 October 802 . At the time , Bardanes was still patrikios and strategos of the Thracesians , but was soon transferred to command the powerful Anatolic Theme . In the next year , probably in preparation for a campaign against the Arabs following Nikephoros 's refusal to continue the annual payment of tribute to the Abbasid Caliphate , the Emperor apparently appointed Bardanes to the post of monostrategos ( " single @-@ general " , in effect commander @-@ in @-@ chief ) of the Empire 's five Anatolian land themes , only conferred in exceptional cases . However , this appointment is by no means certain ; he is mentioned as monostrategos only by later sources , while near @-@ contemporary ones mention him only as strategos of the Anatolics . It is possible that later sources misinterpreted his title to mean " general of all the East ( Anatole ) " . = = Revolt = = In July 803 , an Abbasid army under al @-@ Qasim , a son of the Caliph Harun al @-@ Rashid ( r . 786 – 809 ) , began advancing towards the Byzantine frontier . As Nikephoros had broken his foot in early May , it fell to Bardanes to lead the Byzantine army against the Arabs . He therefore ordered the thematic armies of Anatolia assembled in the Anatolic Theme . In mid @-@ July 803 ( the date is variously interpreted by modern scholars as 16 , 18 or 19 July ) , Bardanes was proclaimed emperor by the assembled troops of the Anatolic , Opsician , Thracesian and Bucellarian themes . Crucially , the Armeniac Theme , either because of its traditional rivalry with the Anatolics , or because it had not yet joined up with the rest of the army , did not join the uprising . It has also been hypothesized that Bardanes may have participated in the suppression of the Armeniacs ' revolt in 793 , leaving a memory of hostility towards him amongst its troops . Among the Byzantine chronicles that report on Bardanes 's revolt , the 10th @-@ century Theophanes Continuatus and the 13th @-@ century Synopsis Chronike indicate that the troops were motivated chiefly by economic concerns . Nikephoros had initiated a strict budgetary policy to shore up the Empire 's finances . The Emperor had revoked the exemption on inheritance tax for the soldiers , and had apparently left them unpaid for some time as well . Bardanes , on the other hand , had a good reputation in this regard , fairly dividing the booty won from the campaigns against the Arabs amongst the soldiers . For the motives of Bardanes himself , the situation is less clear . According to the Byzantine chroniclers , he accepted the acclamation only reluctantly , after vainly entreating the soldiers to allow him to leave . According to another story however , before his revolt , Bardanes , accompanied by his three principal associates , Thomas the Slav , Leo the Armenian and Michael the Amorian visited a holy man at Philomelion to learn of the prospects for the uprising . The monk correctly prophesied that his rebellion would fail , that Thomas too would begin a revolt , and that Leo and Michael would reign as emperors . Although possibly a later invention , this story may suggest that Bardanes planned his revolt beforehand . Aside from any personal ambition , Bardanes was also a member of the landed aristocracy and a devoted iconophile who supported Empress Irene 's regime . He has therefore also been seen as the representative of the opposition by the traditional elites to Nikephoros 's policies , both in the confessional area , where the Emperor maintained a carefully neutral stance towards both iconoclasts and iconophiles , and in the socio @-@ financial sphere , where new taxes on landed property and the expropriation of ecclesiastical estates hurt their interests . Historian Warren Treadgold further suggested that the revolt was a reaction against Nikephoros 's usurpation and aimed , at least ostensibly , at the restoration of Irene . Her death , however , at Lesbos on 8 August deprived the rebels of any claim to legitimacy . The revolt probably took place at Amorion , the capital of the Anatolic Theme . From there , the rebel army , comprising almost half of the Empire 's available military forces , marched north and west , following the military road to Nicomedia and then to Chrysopolis , the town that lay across the Bosporus from the imperial capital , Constantinople . There , Bardanes encamped for eight days , awaiting a possible uprising against Nikephoros inside the capital in response to his own rebellion . Since this did not materialize , and the populace proved not overtly enthusiastic , he withdrew to the great army base at Malagina . There , two of his associates , Michael the Amorian and Leo the Armenian , abandoned him , and were richly rewarded by Nikephoros for their defection : Michael became Count of the Tent to the Emperor , and Leo was appointed commander of the Foederati regiment . This desertion further discouraged Bardanes , and , reluctant to face the loyalist army in battle , he opted for a negotiated surrender through the mediation of Joseph , the hegumenos of the Kathara monastery who had officiated at Constantine VI 's second marriage . Bardanes received a letter signed by the Patriarch Tarasios and several leading senators which guaranteed that neither he nor his subordinates would be punished if they surrendered . As a further guarantee of good faith , Nikephoros sent his own gold cross along with the letter . Satisfied by these assurances , on 8 September Bardanes left his army and , through Nicaea , sought refuge in the monastery of Herakleios at Cius . From there , he embarked on a ship that took him to the island of Prote . Taking the monastic name Sabbas , Bardanes then entered a monastery that he had founded there in the past . = = Aftermath of the revolt = = After Bardanes 's retirement , Nikephoros formally dismissed him and confiscated much of his property . The other thematic generals who took part in the revolt were also dismissed from their posts , the metropolitan bishops of Sardis , Amorion and Nicomedia were punished for their support of the uprising by exile to the small island of Pantelleria off Sicily , while the soldiers of the Anatolian armies were left unpaid for a year . In December 803 ( Treadgold puts it in 804 ) , however , a group of " Lycaonian " ( possibly Paulician ) soldiers disembarked at Prote and blinded Bardanes . This was a highly symbolic act : blinding was the usual punishment usually meted out to heretics and rebels , or to deposed emperors and other political rivals to prevent them from becoming a threat . It is very likely that this was done at the behest of the Emperor himself , although in a later public statement before the Senate , Nikephoros swore that he had nothing to do with it . Most scholars believe in Nikephoros 's direct involvement , but Treadgold holds it likelier that the soldiers acted on their own , since Bardanes was no longer a credible threat to the Emperor . In the event , despite pressure from the Patriarch and the Senate to punish the perpetrators , and his own pledge to do so , Nikephoros let them go . Bardanes 's revolt temporarily weakened Byzantium , especially in its capability to deal with the Arab threat to the East , but Qasim 's invasion was of limited scope , and his father 's far larger intervention shortly after also resulted in no major military confrontations : Harun withdrew after a truce was concluded in exchange for a modest sum . Thus the revolt did not seriously affect the army or most of Anatolia . Nevertheless , it is indicative of the soldiers ' dissatisfaction with Nikephoros , which would surface again in subsequent years and prove a constant source of trouble throughout his reign . = = Family = = Bardanes was married to a woman named Domnika , with whom he had several children . Thekla , the wife of Michael the Amorian , is usually identified with one of them , as Theophanes Continuatus and Genesius record that Bardanes married two of his daughters to Michael the Amorian and another of his aides . Warren Treadgold identifies the second daughter with a woman named or nicknamed Barka , whom he regards as the first wife of Leo the Armenian and whom Leo divorced shortly after his accession in 813 in order to marry Theodosia . She would then be the real mother of Leo 's firstborn son , Symbatios / Constantine . Theodosia , however , is the only clearly attested wife of Leo , and there is no evidence for a divorce and remarriage . Leo is also named the " cousin " of Bardanes , but it is unclear whether this is literal or in the meaning of " brother in law " . If the former is the case , the familial relationship alone would bar any such marriage . In addition , the tale is very likely simply a later invention , inspired by the marriage of Thekla to Michael the Amorian . A son by the name of Bryennios or Bryenes is known , who held a high official post in 813 . An unnamed , unmarried daughter is recorded , as well as several other unnamed younger children , in 803 ; along with Domnika , they were left a part of Bardanes 's fortune , part of which was donated to the poor , and the rest used to found a small monastery in Constantinople , where they retired . = Tanque Argentino Mediano = The Tanque Argentino Mediano ( TAM ; English : Argentine Medium Tank ) is the main battle tank in service with the Argentine Army . Lacking the experience and resources to design a tank , the Argentine Ministry of Defense contracted German company Thyssen @-@ Henschel . The vehicle was developed by a German and Argentine team of engineers , and was based on the German Marder infantry fighting vehicle . The TAM met the Argentine Army 's requirement for a modern , lightweight and fast tank with a low silhouette and sufficient firepower to defeat contemporary armored threats . Development began in 1974 and resulted in the construction of three prototypes by early 1977 and full @-@ scale production by 1979 . Assembly took place at the local 9 @,@ 600 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 103 @,@ 000 sq ft ) TAMSE plant , founded for the purpose by the Argentine government . Economic difficulties halted production in 1983 , but manufacturing began anew in 1994 until the army 's order of 200 tanks was fulfilled . The TAM series includes seven different variants , such as a 155 mm ( 6 @.@ 1 @-@ inch ) self @-@ propelled howitzer and a self @-@ propelled mortar vehicle . In total , over 280 such vehicles were built , including armored personnel carriers , artillery and mortar pieces . The TAM and VCTP ( Infantry Fighting Vehicles based on the TAM chassis ) were manufactured for the Peruvian Army , only to be integrated into the Argentine Army when Peru canceled the contract . The TAM also competed for other export orders , but the TAM was ultimately not exported . The TAM has never seen combat , although 17 VCTP were deployed to Croatia for the United Nations UNPROFOR peacekeeping mission . = = Development = = During the 1960s Argentina sought to replace its aging fleet of tanks , which included British Sherman V Firefly tanks and American M3A1 half @-@ tracks dating from shortly after the Second World War . In their attempts to procure equipment from the United States , Argentina could only secure 50 M41 Walker Bulldogs ( undelivered ) and 250 M113 armored personnel carriers . When the United States turned down requests for further equipment , the Argentine government turned to the other side of the Atlantic , putting their " Plan Europa " ( Plan Europe ) into action . It was hoped that European technology could stimulate Argentine industry so the country could produce its own armaments in the future . Argentina procured 80 AMX @-@ 13 light tanks , as well as 180 AMX @-@ VCIs and 24 AMX @-@ 155 F3s , from the French government , manufacturing around 40 AMX @-@ 13s and 60 AMX @-@ VCIs at home . The French AMX @-@ 30 and German Leopard 1 were also examined as possible replacements for the Argentine Sherman fleet . In 1973 the Argentine Ministry of Defense drew up a series of requirements for a tank to enter service in the 1980s . The armored vehicle would weigh no more than 30 tonnes ( 29 @.@ 5 long tons ; 33 @.@ 1 short tons ) , move at a maximum speed of 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) , and cover at least 500 km ( 310 mi ) on roads . It would be armed with a modern 105 mm main gun , two machine guns , and grenade launchers . The tank designers also had to take into account Argentina 's existing infrastructure , including railroad capacity , bridges and road capacity , as well as the country 's varied terrain . In late 1973 the Proyecto de Tanque Argentino Mediano ( Medium Argentine Tank Project ) was founded with the goal of designing and developing a tank for the Argentine Army . Lacking the experience and the necessary technology , the Argentine government sought collaboration with a foreign company , resulting in a contract with the German company Thyssen @-@ Henschel . The contract called for a transfer of technology resulting in a program to develop a tank in line with the government 's requirements and under a technical team that included both German and Argentine engineers . The hull of the German Marder armored personnel carrier was used , and the chassis was strengthened to support the increased weight of the TAM . Two prototypes were manufactured in late 1976 and early 1977 , which were put through extensive testing for two years and over a road range of 10 @,@ 000 km ( 6 @,@ 200 mi ) . Simultaneously , another prototype was manufactured to further the investigation of the new vehicle and complete the three prototypes as agreed in the contract . The new tank 's firepower requirements were met by fitting a British Royal Ordnance L7A1 105 mm ( 4 @.@ 13 @-@ inch ) main gun . This gun was later replaced by the modified L7A2 and finally by Rheinmetall 's Rh @-@ 105 @-@ 30 105 mm ( 4 @.@ 13 @-@ inch ) gun . This gun is manufactured in Argentina as the FM K.4 Modelo 1L . The Rh @-@ 105 @-@ 30 's advantages include low weight , compact size and increased lethality . Unlike the Rh @-@ 105 @-@ 30 , the FM K.4 does not have a muzzle brake . The locally built cannon can be elevated to 18 degrees or depressed to -7 degrees on the TAM . The gun 's hydraulic recoil mechanism has an extended range of 580 mm ( 22 @.@ 8 inches ) to absorb the 34 @-@ tonne ( 33 @-@ long @-@ ton ; 37 @-@ short @-@ ton ) recoil force . It is designed to fire the M735A1 armor @-@ piercing fin @-@ stabilized discarding sabot , which can penetrate a maximum of 370 mm ( 14 @.@ 6 inches ) at 1 @,@ 000 meters ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) . It can also fire high @-@ explosive anti @-@ tank rounds , high @-@ explosive squash head and smoke rounds . The tank 's secondary armaments include a co @-@ axial 7 @.@ 62 mm ( 0 @.@ 30 @-@ inch ) FN MAG 60 @-@ 40 general purpose machine gun and a second FN MAG 60 @-@ 20 mounted on the TAM 's turret roof as an anti @-@ aircraft machine gun . The fire control system includes a Nd : YAG laser with a range of 9 @,@ 900 meters ( 32 @,@ 480 ft ) and a FLER @-@ HG ballistic computer to compute the gun 's fire solutions — helping the gunner aim and hit the target . The tank commander uses a Zeiss PERI @-@ R / TA panoramic periscope , with a 2x and 8x zoom . The TAM 's engine requirements included low weight and volume , but with a fast rate of acceleration and high reliability . The program chose MTU 's MB @-@ 833 Ka 500 diesel engine , producing 540 kW ( 720 hp ) at 2 @,@ 400 rpm . This gives the TAM a power @-@ to @-@ weight ratio of 24 horsepower per tonne and a maximum speed of 75 km / h ( 47 mph ) on road and 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) off @-@ road . With a 680 @-@ liter ( 180 @-@ U.S.-gallon ; 150 @-@ imperial @-@ gallon ) internal fuel tank , the TAM can travel 500 km ( 310 mi ) . Its range is extended to 900 kilometers ( 560 mi ) if the vehicle is equipped with two 200 @-@ liter ( 53 U.S. gal ; 44 imp gal ) external fuel tanks . The TAM 's transmission is a Renk HSWL @-@ 204 automatic , with a hydrodynamic torque converter . A double brake system includes hydraulic disk brakes on the roadwheels , and the suspension is a torsion bar . The TAM 's survivability is related to its low profile turret , based on that of the Leopard 1A4s and the Leopard 2 , and its physical armor array . It has 50 mm ( 1 @.@ 97 inches ) at 75 degrees on the glacis plate and 32 degrees on the vehicle 's sides . This offers protection against anti @-@ armor shells from up to 35 mm ( 1 @.@ 38 @-@ inch ) guns . The turret front is protected by 50 mm ( 1 @.@ 97 in ) of steel armor at an angle of 32 degrees . Although the tank 's weight and armor protection are light compared to other main battle tanks , it has the advantage of better tactical mobility over the nation 's terrain . As a private venture , Thyssen @-@ Henschel built a fourth prototype designated TH 301 . Completed in 1978 , it added a PERI R12 periscope , originally designed for the Leopard 1A4 , for the tank commander . The gunner and loader each received a day periscope as well . To enable the crew to fire effectively at night , a low light level television ( LLLTV ) camera , which moved in elevation with the main gun , was fitted to the mantlet . Furthermore , the tank received a more powerful 550 kW ( 750 metric horsepower ) engine . The improvement program also made provisions to increase the thickness of the armor for additional protection . In 2010 , a modernization program was announced . Israeli defense contractor Elbit Systems was chosen to provide 3 @-@ axis gyro @-@ stabilization , and most probably the L7A2 105 mm cannon will be replaced with a more powerful 120 mm cannon , like the L44 120 mm Cannon . The first TAM unit upgraded by Elbit Systems was delivered in March 2013 . = = Variants = = A number of variants were built on the same chassis as the TAM tank . The original program called for the design of an infantry fighting vehicle , and in 1977 the program finished manufacturing the prototype of the Vehículo de Combate Transporte de Personal ( Personnel Transport Combat Vehicle ) , or VCTP . The VCTP is able to transport a squad of 12 men , including the squad leader and nine riflemen . The squad leader is situated in the turret of the vehicle ; one rifleman sits behind him and another six are seated in the chassis , the eighth manning the hull machine gun and the ninth situated in the turret with the gunner . All personnel can fire their weapons from inside the vehicle , and the VCTP 's turret is armed with Rheinmetall 's Rh @-@ 202 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 @-@ inch ) autocannon . The VCTP holds 880 rounds for the autocannon , including subcaliber armor @-@ piercing DM63 rounds . It is also armed with a 7 @.@ 62 mm FN MAG 60 @-@ 20 machine gun mounted on the turret roof . Infantry can dismount through a door on the rear of the hull . The commander has a day sight and seven observation periscopes , while the gunner has a day sight and three observation periscopes . Variants also include the Vehículo de Combate de Artillería de 155 mm ( 155 mm Artillery Combat Vehicle ) , or VCA 155 , and the Vehículo de Combate Transporte de Mortero ( Mortar Transport Combat Vehicle ) , or VCTM . The VCA @-@ 155 is an elongated TAM chassis fitted with Oto Melara 's Palmaria 155 mm ( 6 @.@ 1 @-@ inch ) self @-@ propelled howitzer turret . It carries 28 projectiles , 23 of which are stored in the turret bustle . The VCTM carries an AM @-@ 50 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ) internal mortar , which has a range of 9 @,@ 500 meters ( 31 @,@ 167 @.@ 98 ft ) and a rate of fire of 8 to 12 shots per minute . Based on the TAM chassis , the Vehículo de Combate Puesto de Mando ( command combat vehicle ) , or VCPC , is another variant designed in 1982 . The Vehículo de Combate Lanzacohetes ( Rocket launcher combat vehicle ) , or VCLC , designed in 1986 , is also based on the TAM chassis and can be fitted with both 160 mm ( 6 @.@ 3 @-@ inch ) and 350 mm ( 13 @.@ 8 @-@ inch ) rockets . A combat ambulance , Vehículo de Combate Ambulancia ( VCA ) , and an armored recovery vehicle , Vehículo de Combate de Recuperación ( VCRT ) are other combat variants of the tank . = = Production = = Production began in 1979 , with the intent to build a total of 512 armored vehicles ( 200 tanks and 312 VCTP infantry fighting vehicles ) . Economic problems , however , ended production in 1983 with only 150 TAMs and 100 VCTPs built . These vehicles were produced by an Argentine company , Tanque Argentino Mediano Sociedad del Estado ( or TAMSE ) founded by the government in March 1980 . 70 % of the TAM 's components were manufactured in Argentina , while the 30 % manufactured in Germany corresponded to the transmission , optics and fire control system . In 1983 , 20 TAMs and 26 VCTPs were delivered to the Argentine Army after an original order of 80 TAMs by Peru was canceled due to budgetary issues . In 1991 , TAMSE and the TAM production line were shut down , although in 1994 TAMSE was reactivated to complete an order for 120 of both TAMs and VCTPs to replace the M4 Shermans in the 2nd Armored Cavalry Brigade of the Argentine Army . By 1995 the Argentine Army was equipped with 200 TAM tanks and 216 VCTP and VCPC armored vehicles . Although 25 VCA @-@ 155s were originally planned for production starting in 1990 , only 19 were completed and delivered by 1995 , along with 50 VCTMs . No other variants of the TAM , including the VCLC , VAC and VCRT were put into production due to budget restrictions . The TAMSE plant is a 9 @,@ 600 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 103 @,@ 300 sq ft ) facility . The factory is completely covered , with two warehouses for storing components , quality control laboratories , a project office , an engine test room and a firing range . Also participating in the production of TAM and variant components were Argentine companies Military Factories General San Martín ( manufacturing the chassis ) , Río Tercero ( turret and armament ) and Bator Cocchis , S.A. = = Export and combat history = = The TAM has never been exported , although a number of nations were interested in buying it . In 1981 , Malaysia signed a contract for 102 vehicles of the TAM family , including the tank , VCTP and VCRT ( renaming these Lion , Tiger and Elephant , respectively ) . None of these vehicles were delivered and Malaysia chose instead to procure Poland 's PT @-@ 91 . In mid @-@ 1983 , Peru established a contract for 80 TAMs . Due to budgetary problems the order was canceled after 20 tanks had been completed . A similar order was established by Panama in 1984 , and was canceled as well . In 1989 the TAM competed in a tank procurement order from Ecuador , alongside the American Stingray light tank , the Austrian SK @-@ 105 Kürassier and the French AMX @-@ 13 @-@ 105 light tank . The TAM achieved 950 out of 1 @,@ 000 points , while its closest competitor earned 750 points , but in the end Ecuador did not procure any of the vehicles presented . In the Middle East , both Iran and Saudi Arabia expressed interest in the TAM . The Iranian deal fell through after Saudi Arabia and Iraq successfully appealed to Germany to cancel the order . TAMSE attempted to sell 60 tanks through a Panamanian company , Agrometal , offering this company a commission worth 10 % of the contract 's price . This failed when TAMSE lowered the price of the vehicles , angering the Iranian government , which subsequently canceled the offer . The Saudi Arabian deal was scrapped when Israel appealed to Germany to cancel the order . Failing to export the tank , the Argentine government closed the TAMSE fabrication plant in 1995 . The TAM did not participate in the Falklands War , as it had not entered service before the end of the conflict . Seventeen VCTPs were deployed with an Argentina battalion to Yugoslavia during United Nations peacekeeping operations . = = Users = = Argentine Army = Pennsylvania Route 737 = Pennsylvania Route 737 ( PA 737 ) is a state highway in Berks County , Pennsylvania . The route runs from U.S. Route 222 ( US 222 ) in Kutztown north to PA 143 in Albany Township . PA 737 heads north from an interchange with the US 222 Kutztown Bypass north of Kutztown on Krumsville Road . It continues north through a small part of Maxatawny Township into Greenwich Township . The road features an interchange with Interstate 78 ( I @-@ 78 ) / US 22 near the village of Krumsville . PA 737 then heads northwest into Albany Township where it ends at PA 143 near the village of Kempton . PA 737 was assigned to a formerly un @-@ designated local road between Kutztown and Kempton in 1962 . Around that time , US 222 served as the southern terminus in downtown Kutztown . When the Kutztown Bypass was constructed in the 1970s , US 222 was realigned off of Main Street in Kutztown and onto the bypass . The road , at that point , ended at the now locally maintained Main Street until 1978 , when the designation was truncated . Since then , the route has remained on the same alignment . Two bridges along the route between Kutztown and Krumsville were replaced in 2011 . There are plans to reconstruct the interchange with I @-@ 78 / US 22 into a diamond interchange , shifting the route slightly to the east . = = Route description = = PA 737 begins at an interchange with the US 222 freeway on the northern edge of the borough of Kutztown in Berks County as a four @-@ lane divided highway . South of this interchange , the road continues as Greenwich Street into downtown Kutztown . From US 222 , the route heads north into Maxatawny Township and soon becomes two @-@ lane undivided Krumsville Road as it runs through forested areas to the east of Sacony Creek . The road winds northwest past a few homes before it enters Greenwich Township . PA 737 continues through forested land alongside the creek before it turns north away from the Sacony Creek and winds through a hilly mix of woods and farm fields with some homes . Farther north , the route heads northeast near a few homes and businesses before it comes to an interchange with I @-@ 78 / US 22 . Past this interchange , the road curves to the north and heads into the residential community of Krumsville , where it intersects Old Route 22 . Past Krumsville , PA 737 becomes an unnamed road and enters agricultural areas with some trees and homes , curving to the northwest . The route turns to the north and enters Albany Township , where it runs through farmland and woodland . The road passes through forests before it curves northwest and reaches the residential community of Stony Run . PA 737 continues west through a mix of farm fields and woods before it turns to the north and comes to the community of Kempton . Here , the route passes homes prior to turning west and crossing the Wanamaker , Kempton and Southern Railroad . PA 737 passes to the south of a mill and continues past rural residences before it reaches its northern terminus at an intersection with PA 143 . = = History = = PA 737 originated as an unnumbered arterial highway from US 222 ( Main Street ) in downtown Kutztown to PA 143 at an intersection in Kempton . The state took over the alignment in 1962 , designating the highway as PA 737 , which ran north on Greenwich Street out of Kutztown before following its present alignment to Kempton . In 1971 , the newly formed Pennsylvania Department of Transportation began construction on the Kutztown Bypass , a freeway alignment of US 222 that was planned to bypass downtown Kutztown . The bypass was constructed in September 1972 and US 222 was realigned onto the new highway in 1973 . After the realignment , PA 737 now ended at unnumbered Main Street in downtown Kutztown for a short time . By 1978 , the southern terminus of PA 737 was moved to the interchange with the US 222 freeway to the north of Kutztown . The route has remained on the same alignment since . In 2009 , Berks County began to work on design for a new " Accelerated Bridge Program " for several bridges , one on PA 737 and two on nearby Quadrant Routes . The bridges are set to use stimulus money from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ( ARRA ) , which will cost the county about $ 180 @,@ 000 ( 2009 USD ) for the studies . In January 2011 , work began on replacing the bridge over Mill Creek between Kutz Mill Road and Eagle Point Road , with completion slated for August of that year . Another bridge over Mill Creek between Kohlers Hill Road and Wessner Road closed on July 11 , 2011 for replacement . The replacement of this bridge , which cost over $ 963 thousand and was funded by the state , was completed on December 9 , 2011 , six months ahead of schedule . There are plans to reconfigure PA 737 at its interchange with I @-@ 78 / US 22 . This project will replace the current interchange with a new diamond interchange and will shift PA 737 to the east , with a roundabout at the ramps serving the eastbound lanes of I @-@ 78 / US 22 and Zettlemoyer Road . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Berks County . = Jonathan Agnew = Jonathan Philip Agnew ( born 4 April 1960 ) is an English cricket broadcaster and former professional cricketer . He was born in Macclesfield , Cheshire , and educated at Uppingham School . He is nicknamed " Aggers " , and , less commonly , " Spiro " – the latter , according to Debrett 's Cricketers ' Who 's Who , after former US Vice President Spiro Agnew . Agnew had a successful first @-@ class career as a fast bowler for Leicestershire from 1979 to 1990 , returning briefly in 1992 . In first @-@ class cricket he took 666 wickets at an average of 29 @.@ 25 . Agnew won three Test caps for England , as well as playing three One Day Internationals in the mid @-@ 1980s , although his entire international career lasted just under a year . In county cricket , Agnew 's most successful seasons came toward the end of his career , after his last international match , when he had learned to swing the ball . He was second- and third @-@ leading wicket @-@ taker in 1987 and 1988 respectively , including the achievement of 100 wickets in a season in 1987 . He was named as one of the five Cricketers of the Year by Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack in 1988 . While still a player , Agnew began a career in cricket journalism and commentary . Since his retirement as a player , he has become a leading voice of cricket on radio , as the BBC Radio cricket correspondent and as a commentator on Test Match Special . He has also contributed as a member of Australian broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's Grandstand team . Agnew 's on @-@ air " leg over " comment on Test Match Special , made to fellow commentator Brian Johnston in 1991 , provoked giggling fits during a live broadcast and reaction from across England . The incident has been voted " the greatest sporting commentary ever " in a BBC poll ; Michael Henderson , one of Agnew 's peers and rivals , has described him as " a master broadcaster ... the pick of the sports correspondents at the BBC . " = = Playing career = = = = = Background and early years = = = Agnew was born on 4 April 1960 at West Park Hospital in Macclesfield , Cheshire , to Philip and Margaret Agnew . His parents ' forthcoming marriage was announced in The Times in 1957 : Philip Agnew was described as " the only son of Mr and Mrs Norris M. Agnew of Dukenfield Hall , Mobberley , Cheshire " and Margaret as " youngest daughter of Mr and Mrs A.F.V. McConnell of Hampton Hall , Worthen , Shropshire " . The Agnews had a second son in June 1962 and were recorded as living at " Bainton near Stamford , Lincs " ; in April 1966 , a daughter , Felicity , was born and was announced as " a sister for Jonathan and Christopher " . Agnew 's paternal grandmother , Lady Mona Agnew , died aged 110 years and 170 days in 2010 and is on the list of the 100 longest @-@ lived British people ever . Jonathan Agnew recalls growing up on the family farm and first becoming aware of cricket aged " eight or nine " ; his father would carry a radio around and listen to Test Match Special : " The programme sparked an interest in me , in the same way it has in so many tens of thousands of children down the years , igniting a passion that lasts a lifetime . " Driven by early enjoyment of the media coverage of cricket , Agnew developed a love for playing the game . At the end of days spent watching cricket on television in a blacked @-@ out room with the commentary provided by the radio , Agnew would go into the garden and practise his bowling for hours , trying to imitate the players he had seen . Agnew 's father , an amateur cricketer , taught him the rudiments of the sport , including an offspin action , as he wanted his son to develop into a bowler like him . Another family connection to cricket was his first cousin , Mary Duggan , who was a women 's Test player for England from 1948 to 1963 . From the age of eight , Agnew boarded at Taverham Hall School near Norwich . His first cricket coach was Eileen Ryder but , according to Agnew , after " a couple of years " a professional arrived at the school : Ken Taylor , a former batsman for Yorkshire who had played three Tests for England in the late 1950s and early 1960s . Agnew attended Uppingham School for his secondary education , and left in 1978 with nine O @-@ levels and two A @-@ levels in German and English . From the age of 16 he developed his skills as a right @-@ arm fast bowler out of school hours at Alf Gover 's cricket school at Surrey . That summer , he saw fast bowler Michael Holding take 14 wickets in the 1976 Oval Test match , a performance of pace bowling referred to as " devastating " by cricket writer Norman Preston , which made a lasting impression on Agnew . More than 30 years later he wrote of his bowling during his schooldays : " For an eighteen @-@ year @-@ old bowler I was unusually fast , and enjoyed terrorising our opponents , be they schoolboys ( 8 wickets for 2 runs and 7 for 11 stick in the memory ) or , better still , the teachers in the annual staff match . This , I gather , used to be a friendly affair until I turned up , and I relished the chance to settle a few scores on behalf of my friends – for whom I was the equivalent of a hired assassin – as well as for myself . " He began playing for Surrey County Cricket Club 's second XI in 1977 , but Surrey made no move to sign him as a player . Leicestershire County Cricket Club did however take note of Agnew 's impressive performances in local club cricket and for Uppingham School , for whom he took 37 wickets at a bowling average of 8 in 1977 , and signed him while he was still a schoolboy in time for the 1978 season . = = = County cricket = = = On his first @-@ class debut against Lancashire in August 1978 , the 18 @-@ year @-@ old Agnew bowled to England international David Lloyd , an opening batsman with nine Test caps . Reported in Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , Lloyd " was halfway through a forward defensive push when his off stump was despatched halfway towards the Leicestershire wicket @-@ keeper . " Agnew took one wicket in each innings of the match , and did not bat ; Leicestershire won by an innings . Agnew won a Whitbread Brewery award at the end of his debut season , an achievement he ascribes to the influence of his county captain , Ray Illingworth : he had taken only six first @-@ class wickets at an average of 35 . Illingworth was quoted in The Times as saying that Agnew was " the second fastest bowler " in England in 1978 , behind only Bob Willis . The award afforded him the opportunity to spend a winter in Australia developing his skills , alongside fellow winners Mike Gatting , Wayne Larkins and Chris Tavaré , and to be coached by former England fast bowler , Frank Tyson . All four went on to play Test cricket . On that Australia tour , Agnew played his only youth Test , but made headlines when invited to bowl at the touring England team in the nets : " He struck the captain , Mike Brearley , a nasty blow in the face . It was , Agnew recalls , merely a gentle delivery off two paces that flew off a wet patch ; but it did not deter the headline writers . Such early publicity did him no favours , but when a bowler arrives who is young , fast and English , a quiet settling @-@ in period to one of the more difficult apprenticeships in sport is often denied him . " – Wisden Agnew 's 1979 season was disrupted by injury . The Editor 's Notes of the 1980 Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack reported , under the heading " England 's Promising Youngsters " , that Agnew had strengthened himself over the winter by felling trees . Agnew 's own account is that 1979 – 80 was " the worst winter of his life " , although his recollection is that he spent it working as a lorry driver . He did , however , make his List A limited overs debut in 1979 , playing just once , against the Sri Lanka touring team – his competitive List A debut followed in 1980 , in the Benson & Hedges Cup against Scotland : he bowled just three overs ( for five runs ) and did not bat . = = = Test cricket = = = Agnew 's career did not initially live up to his early promise . In his first six seasons as a first @-@ class cricketer , his largest haul of wickets was 31 in 1980 . The 1984 season was his breakthrough year : he played 23 first @-@ class matches , taking 84 wickets at an average of 28 @.@ 72 . Playing in the warm @-@ up game against Cambridge University , he achieved figures of 8 – 47 ( taking 8 wickets while conceding 47 runs ) from 20 @.@ 4 overs and was included in the first team for the County Championship matches that followed . He carried that success forward into the County Championship , picking up wickets for Leicestershire including a ten wicket match haul against Surrey in June , and five wickets in an innings against Kent in the days leading up to the fifth Test against West Indies . The England selectors took note and , with the West Indies leading the series 4 – 0 , Agnew and Richard Ellison were given debuts , in an ultimately unsuccessful effort to avoid the " blackwash " . Wisden describes how in the first innings , Agnew 's accuracy was affected by debutant nerves , but an improved display in the second innings resulted in figures of 2 – 51 . Agnew describes how Ian Botham helped him secure both wickets , catching Gordon Greenidge in the slips , and passing on some advice on how to dismiss Viv Richards , Botham 's great friend : " Botham said : ' Right . Don 't pitch a single ball up at him . Have two men back for the hook , and bowl short every ball . ' This I did for three overs or so , by which time Viv was looking a little exasperated , but was definitely on the back foot . Finally I pitched one up , the great man missed it and umpire David Constant ruled that Richards was LBW for 15 . " Wisden called the pair of batsmen Agnew 's " first illustrious victims in Test cricket " . England 's next match was a one @-@ off home Test against Sri Lanka and Agnew retained his place in the England team . At the time , Sri Lanka were regarded as the minnows of world cricket : this was only their 12th Test match and their first at Lord 's , but they dominated the match , taking a 121 @-@ run lead on first innings and declaring twice . It was a disappointment for England and , in a batsman @-@ friendly match in which the Sri Lankans racked up 785 runs for just 14 wickets , Agnew suffered . Wisden described England 's pacemen as ineffective ; Agnew 's match figures were 2 – 177 off 43 overs . Poor performance and a muscle injury limited him to bowling a single over on the last day ; later , Agnew reflected on other negative aspects of this match : " I felt a complete outsider , not part of the set @-@ up . I think the feeling in the dressing room was that the game had been a bit of a cock @-@ up . " England toured India and Sri Lanka that winter , and Agnew was included in the tour party . However , he failed to be selected for a Test match , with England 's decision to field two spinners ( Pat Pocock and Phil Edmonds ) in each Test playing a part in limiting Agnew 's opportunities . Agnew played just one first @-@ class match on the tour , achieving match figures of seven wickets at an average of 29 , but he did play in three One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) , two in India and one in Australia . His debut ODI was promising , as he took 3 – 38 in a losing cause . However , in his remaining two ODIs , he proved very expensive , taking no further wickets and conceding more than seven runs an over in each . Agnew began the 1985 season vying with the established England fast bowlers to get back into the Test side . Over the winter , the side had been settled , with Norman Cowans and Chris Cowdrey playing all five Tests . Neil Foster and Richard Ellison shared the third spot alongside the spinners , playing two and three Tests respectively . Cowdrey and Ellison had struggled with the ball , both averaging more than 70 . However , the side was extensively remodelled for the first Test of that summer 's Ashes series . Of the bowlers who had played the last Test in India , only Cowans had survived the cull and it set the tone for the series . England won the first Test , yet dropped Cowans and Peter Willey , replacing them with Phil Edmonds and Foster . After losing the second Test , and struggling with the ball in the third Test , when Australia made 539 all out in their only innings , England decided to make further changes . Agnew had performed consistently in county cricket through June and July , culminating in what was to be , statistically , his finest moment as a bowler . Playing against Kent , he took 9 – 70 in the first innings . His timing was perfect and he was called up for the Fourth Test against Australia . The match finished as a draw , and Agnew failed to take a wicket . He was relegated from an opening bowler in the first innings , to fifth bowler in the second , in which he only bowled nine overs . He was subsequently dropped again from the side , only for Richard Ellison to cement his place with match @-@ winning performances that helped claim the Ashes for England . = = = Later playing career and retirement = = = In the 1987 season , Agnew achieved the feat of 100 first @-@ class wickets in an English cricket season when he took 101 wickets for his county . He was the first Leicestershire player to achieve this milestone since Jack Birkenshaw in 1968 , which was the season before the county programme was greatly reduced , making the feat much less common . By this stage , he was working on local radio during the winters and he found the reassurance of the additional income and career path a major factor in his improved form . Wisden preferred to attribute his success to " bowling off a shorter run and ... a wicked slower ball added to his armoury " . The achievement led to him being selected as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year . Agnew 's form remained good : he followed his 1987 feat of taking the second @-@ most wickets in the County Championship by taking the third @-@ most in 1988 . In 1989 , with two years of good form behind him and England losing 4 – 0 in the 1989 Ashes series , Agnew " came frustratingly close to the recall to the England team that I had set my heart on . " County captain and friend of Agnew , David Gower was England captain , and a number of fast bowlers from around the country called the telephone in the Leicestershire dressing room , to tell Gower that they were injured and unavailable for the Sixth Test . According to Agnew 's account , Gower was at a loss as to whom to call into the squad . Agnew recalls that county colleague Peter Willey made a suggestion : " ' What about Agnew ? ' suggested Peter Willey ... ' He 's bowling pretty well at the moment . ' David 's face lit up . ' Of course ! ' he said . ' Jonathan , you 're in . Go home , get your England stuff ready , and I 'll call first thing tomorrow ... ' Even though I was approximately the seventeenth choice , this was still fantastic news ... After three disappointing Test appearances , this was my second chance , and the opportunity to set the record straight ... [ The following day ] the telephone finally rang . ' Got some bad news , I 'm afraid , ' David began . ' I couldn 't persuade Ted Dexter or Mickey Stewart , so you 're not in any more . They 've gone for Alan Igglesden . Know anything about him ? ' With that , David must have known his influence as England captain was over – and indeed Graham Gooch succeeded him after that Test . I felt utterly devastated , and knew I would never play for England again , which had been my main motivating force . So when the Today newspaper offered me the post of cricket correspondent the following summer , it was an easy decision to make . I might have been only thirty , which was no age to retire from professional cricket , and I could easily have played for another five years . But it was definitely time to move on . " Agnew formally retired from playing professional cricket at the end of the following season : Leicestershire 's last match of the 1990 Championship season was his last first @-@ class game . Aged 30 , Agnew took 1 – 42 in Derbyshire 's only innings and scored 6 in his only turn to bat . In 1992 , two years after retirement , Leicestershire experienced an injury crisis before their NatWest Trophy semi @-@ final against Essex . Agnew answered a request to assist and played , finishing the match with figures of 12 – 2 – 31 – 1 ( bowling twelve overs , including two maiden overs , and taking one wicket for 31 runs ) . Leicestershire won the match and progressed to the final , but Agnew chose not to play . = = = Playing style and career summary = = = Agnew 's best first @-@ class bowling figures were 9 for 70 and he took six ten @-@ wicket hauls in 218 matches . In the 1988 Cricketer of the Year editorial on Agnew , Wisden noted that " his pace comes from a whippy wrist action and co @-@ ordination ... In the field , Agnew has at times appeared to be moving with his bootlaces tied together , but his long run @-@ up was one of the more graceful in the game . However , it was the shortening of that run @-@ up , and a cutting @-@ down of pace , which led to ... achievements [ late in his career ] " As a batsman , Agnew had some highs , but it was his weaker suit . His highest first @-@ class batting score was 90 , starting initially as nightwatchman in 1987 against Yorkshire , at North Marine Road Ground , Scarborough . Wisden commented , " Agnew hit a spectacular , career @-@ best 90 from 68 balls , including six sixes and eight fours , and then took the first five Yorkshire wickets to fall " . Wisden commented that Agnew was no all @-@ rounder , but he could " certainly bat ... on his day he can destroy anything pitched up around off stump . " The same piece noted his usual playing style , " playing hard but always with a sense of fun " . Agnew reflects on his playing career as having had two periods : " My career could be divided up into two sections : the first being when I was an out @-@ and @-@ out fast bowler and played for England when I probably should not have done ; and the second being when I slowed down a bit , learned how to swing the ball and did not play for England when I probably should have done . His final Test was only twelve months after his England debut , and his first and last ODIs were played less than a month apart . Cricket commentator Colin Bateman opined , " his fleeting taste of Test cricket should have been added to in 1987 and 1988 when he was the most consistent fast bowler in the country , taking 194 wickets , but in 1989 , when England were desperate for pace bowlers , his omission amounted to wanton neglect by a regime which questioned his desire " . In 1988 , when Agnew was selected as a Cricketer of the Year , Wisden recorded this verdict on the contrariness of Agnew 's Test career : " Asked about Agnew 's omission , the chairman of selectors , P. B. H. May , expressed concern about his fitness – rather a baffling statement to make about someone who bowled more overs than any other fast bowler in the Championship . " = = Media and broadcasting career = = Agnew began gaining experience as a journalist in 1987 , while still playing cricket , when at the invitation of John Rawling he took off @-@ season employment with BBC Radio Leicester as a sports producer . It was during this period that he " fell in love with radio " , and following his retirement , he had a short stint as chief cricket writer of Today newspaper . While covering the 1990 – 91 Ashes series for Today , he was approached by Peter Baxter about joining Test Match Special . Unhappy at certain editorial decisions that had been taken during his time with the newspaper , Agnew agreed to attend an interview after the tour . Agnew joined Test Match Special in 1991 , in time for the first Test match of the summer . He was initially a junior member of the Test Match Special team , learning at close quarters from figures such as Brian Johnston , Henry Blofeld and Bill Frindall . The same year , he was also appointed the BBC 's cricket correspondent , taking over from Test Match Special colleague , Christopher Martin @-@ Jenkins . In 2007 , when asked which sports journalist he most respected , Martin @-@ Jenkins named Agnew , because he " combines astute journalism with apparently effortless communication skills . " He has also commentated for the Australian ABC radio network during Ashes series in Australia . When Channel 4 won the broadcasting rights to television coverage of England 's home Test matches in 1998 , Agnew was approached by the broadcaster and offered a job on the commentary team . Agnew declined the opportunity , opting to remain BBC cricket correspondent , in part because he was a " radio man " and in part out of loyalty . The following year , England hosted the 1999 Cricket World Cup . The BBC had the UK television rights , but with so many specialist TV cricket presenters now at Channel 4 and therefore unavailable to the BBC , Agnew was asked to present the coverage . His recollections of the experience are that it was something of a trial , helped only by the experienced Richie Benaud alongside him : " I really had no option but to agree to do it , despite my reservations about working in television . Coming so quickly after my decision to stay on the radio , this was quite an irony . I was given one day of training ... [ Transmission ended with the presenter being given a countdown ] from one minute to zero , at which point you have to say goodbye . I did not find that easy at all ... I made a real hash of it after one of the early games ... [ Richie ] ... very kindly , suggested a plan ... as soon as the count started in our earpieces I would ask him a question , and he would talk until the count reached eight seconds to go . I would then thank him , turn to the camera and tell the audience briefly about the next game to be televised . Miraculously , for the rest of the tournament I always heard ' zero ' in my ear at the moment I said goodbye ... the whole experience served to confirm my belief that my decision to stick with Test Match Special was the right one . " In addition to his writing and broadcasting work , Agnew 's commentary has been recorded for several computer games , including the International Cricket Captain and Brian Lara Cricket series . He is a shareholder in TestMatchExtra.com Ltd , a company which runs the website of the same address and acquired The Wisden Cricketer magazine from BSkyB in December 2010 . Agnew has won many awards for his broadcasting , including two Sony Awards for Best Reporter ( 1992 and 1994 ) , and Best Radio Broadcaster of the Year ( 2010 ) , an award from the Association of Sports Journalists . Agnew was made an Honorary Doctor of Arts by De Montfort University , Leicester in November 2008 , and an Honorary Doctor of Letters by Loughborough University in July 2011 . His peers in sports journalism have frequently commented on Agnew 's skills as a broadcaster and writer . As well as the praise of Christopher Martin @-@ Jenkins , Agnew has been described by Lucy Elkins in The Daily Mail as " the voice of cricket " and " one of the most highly regarded cricket commentators in the world . " . Michael Henderson , in the aftermath of the Stanford cricket controversy , wrote of Agnew as a " master broadcaster ... the pick of the sports correspondents at the BBC ... Agnew 's is a sane , reasonable voice in a game that is going potty . Fair @-@ minded , even @-@ tempered , he has become one of the finest specialists the BBC has ever had . In his understated way he speaks for the game : not the people who play it . " = = = Notable broadcasting incidents = = = In 2001 , Agnew was part of the BBC team that was sent to Sri Lanka to cover England 's Test match series . As a result of confusion and a row over broadcasting rights , the BBC team found itself barred from the Galle International Stadium , where the first Test was to take place . Agnew and Pat Murphy refused to be defeated and " decamped to the fort ramparts overlooking the ground and broadcast their programme from there . With both team and equipment protected from the sun by an umbrella held by Mr Agnew 's driver , Simmons , it made a colourful scene . " The England and Wales Cricket Board ( ECB ) chief executive , Tim Lamb became involved in discussions and the Test Match Special team were allowed to return to the ground . The Daily Telegraph called Agnew and Murphy 's effort , " new heights of ingenuity " . Agnew 's reaction to the event was , " It 's a sad day for everyone involved in English cricket . Is it really that cricket is getting so greedy that everyone who wants to come and report on the game for the good of the game is going to have to be charged for it ? " However , he remained upbeat about the situation : " Actually I get rather more of a panoramic view of it from up here than I did yesterday in my commentary box . There 's a little road that runs round the back of the ground . All manner of people are trundling up and down – buses , bikes and little three wheeled tuk @-@ tuks – it 's rather fun . " In 2004 , the Zimbabwe government banned media from following the England cricket team tour of the country . Agnew 's reaction was combative , appearing on BBC Breakfast and giving his opinion that the ban presented the ECB with a chance to withdraw from the controversial tour and that they should take the opportunity . In the summer of 2008 , then England captain Michael Vaughan reacted testily on @-@ air to questions by Agnew about his batting form . When Vaughan resigned shortly thereafter , Mike Atherton , writing in The Times , commented that it had been an out @-@ of @-@ character outburst that was a portent of the resignation . When Atherton had himself been England captain , Agnew had led the calls for Atherton to resign over a controversy known as the " dirt in the pocket " affair . Fellow BBC commentator Jack Bannister felt that Agnew 's comments were inappropriate , but only to the extent that he had referred to his friendship with Atherton : Bannister advised Agnew that he should continue to be honest and forthright as a reporter . Agnew was involved in a minor controversy regarding an appearance by Lily Allen on Test Match Special in 2009 . The Daily Telegraph reported that " the cricket @-@ loving Allen struck up an instant rapport with Agnew , and the BBC received largely positive feedback for the 30 @-@ minute interview " , but Will Buckley , writing for The Observer , described Agnew 's " amorous ambitions " as " positioned ... firmly on the pervy side of things " . Agnew was furious , noting he " gave ... Will Buckley 24 hrs to apologise for calling me a pervert , and he has declined ... As you can imagine , I have taken being called a pervert quite badly . " Allen herself supported Agnew : " [ I ] really think this Will Buckley guy should apologise to ... [ Agnew ] , he was nothing but kind and gentlemanly to me during our interview . I don 't know 1 person that agrees with The Observer on this one . " Buckley eventually apologised . = = = " Leg over " incident = = = Agnew has been known to laugh at or include occasional sexual innuendo , while on air . The most notable of these occurrences took place in August 1991 , when Agnew was commentating with Brian Johnston . In a review of the day , Johnston was describing how Ian Botham , while batting , had overbalanced and tried , but failed , to step over his stumps . Botham was consequently given out hit wicket . Agnew 's comment on this action was : " He just didn 't quite get his leg over . " Botham had attracted a number of headlines during his career for his sexual exploits and in British English , " getting one 's leg over " is a euphemism for having sexual intercourse . The comment led to " Johnston , a lover of schoolboy innuendo to rival Frankie Howerd , erupting in a Krakatoa of snorts , whimpers , sneezes and , finally , uncontrollable laughter . " Johnston tried to continue his summary , despite being almost unable to speak for laughing . He did manage to say " Aggers , for goodness ' sake , stop it " between convulsions of mirth . The incident was heard by thousands of commuters driving home from work , many of whom were forced to stop driving because they were laughing so much : a two @-@ mile traffic jam at the entrance to the Dartford Tunnel was reportedly caused by drivers unable to pay the toll due to laughter . Fourteen years later , in 2005 , Agnew 's line , " Just didn 't quite get his leg over " was voted " the greatest sporting commentary of all time " by listeners to BBC Radio 5 Live . The other eight finalists included Kenneth Wolstenholme 's " They think it 's all over – it is now ! " and Ian Robertson '	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Edward 's former adversaries – like the Earl of Gloucester , though de Clare did not ultimately participate . With the country pacified , the greatest impediment to the project was providing sufficient finances . King Louis IX of France , who was the leader of the crusade , provided a loan of about £ 17 @,@ 500 . This , however , was not enough ; the rest had to be raised through a tax on the laity , which had not been levied since 1237 . In May 1270 , Parliament granted a tax of a twentieth , in exchange for which the King agreed to reconfirm Magna Carta , and to impose restrictions on Jewish money lending . On 20 August Edward sailed from Dover for France . Historians have not determined the size of the force with any certainty , but Edward probably brought with him around 225 knights and altogether less than 1000 men . Originally , the Crusaders intended to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of Acre , but Louis had been diverted to Tunis . The French King and his brother Charles of Anjou , who had made himself King of Sicily , decided to attack the emirate to establish a stronghold in North Africa . The plans failed when the French forces were struck by an epidemic which , on 25 August , took the life of King Louis himself . By the time Edward arrived at Tunis , Charles had already signed a treaty with the emir , and there was little else to do but return to Sicily . The crusade was postponed until next spring , but a devastating storm off the coast of Sicily dissuaded Charles of Anjou and Louis 's successor Philip III from any further campaigning . Edward decided to continue alone , and on 9 May 1271 he finally landed at Acre . By then , the situation in the Holy Land was a precarious one . Jerusalem had fallen in 1244 , and Acre was now the centre of the Christian state . The Muslim states were on the offensive under the Mamluk leadership of Baibars , and were now threatening Acre itself . Though Edward 's men were an important addition to the garrison , they stood little chance against Baibars ' superior forces , and an initial raid at nearby St Georges @-@ de @-@ Lebeyne in June was largely futile . An embassy to the Ilkhan Abaqa ( 1234 – 1282 ) of the Mongols helped bring about an attack on Aleppo in the north , which helped to distract Baibars ' forces . In November , Edward led a raid on Qaqun , which could have served as a bridgehead to Jerusalem , but both the Mongol invasion and the attack on Qaqun failed . Things now seemed increasingly desperate , and in May 1272 Hugh III of Cyprus , who was the nominal king of Jerusalem , signed a ten @-@ year truce with Baibars . Edward was initially defiant , but an attack by a Muslim assassin in June forced him to abandon any further campaigning . Although he managed to kill the assassin , he was struck in the arm by a dagger feared to be poisoned , and became severely weakened over the following months . It was not until 24 September that Edward left Acre . Arriving in Sicily , he was met with the news that his father had died on 16 November , 1272 . Edward was deeply saddened by this news , but rather than hurrying home at once , he made a leisurely journey northwards . This was partly due to his health still being poor , but also due to a lack of urgency . The political situation in England was stable after the mid @-@ century upheavals , and Edward was proclaimed king at his father 's death , rather than at his own coronation , as had until then been customary . In Edward 's absence , the country was governed by a royal council , led by Robert Burnell . The new king embarked on an overland journey through Italy and France , where among other things he visited Pope Gregory X in Rome , King Philip III in Paris , and suppressed a rebellion in Gascony . Only on 2 August 1274 did he return to England , and was crowned on 19 August . = = Early reign , 1274 – 96 = = = = = Welsh wars = = = = = = = Conquest = = = = Llywelyn ap Gruffudd enjoyed an advantageous situation in the aftermath of the Barons ' War . Through the 1267 Treaty of Montgomery , he officially obtained land he had conquered in the Four Cantrefs of Perfeddwlad and was recognised in his title of Prince of Wales . Armed conflicts nevertheless continued , in particular with certain dissatisfied Marcher Lords , such as Gilbert de Clare , Earl of Gloucester , Roger Mortimer and Humphrey de Bohun , Earl of Hereford . Problems were exacerbated when Llywelyn 's younger brother Dafydd and Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn of Powys , after failing in an assassination attempt against Llywelyn , defected to the English in 1274 . Citing ongoing hostilities and the English king 's harbouring of his enemies , Llywelyn refused to do homage to Edward . For Edward , a further provocation came from Llywelyn 's planned marriage to Eleanor , daughter of Simon de Montfort . In November 1276 , war was declared . Initial operations were launched under the captaincy of Mortimer , Lancaster ( Edward 's brother Edmund ) and William de Beauchamp , Earl of Warwick . Support for Llywelyn was weak among his own countrymen . In July 1277 Edward invaded with a force of 15 @,@ 500 , of whom 9 @,@ 000 were Welshmen . The campaign never came to a major battle , and Llywelyn soon realised he had no choice but to surrender . By the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277 , he was left only with the land of Gwynedd , though he was allowed to retain the title of Prince of Wales . When war broke out again in 1282 , it was an entirely different undertaking . For the Welsh , this war was over national identity , enjoying wide support , provoked particularly by attempts to impose English law on Welsh subjects . For Edward , it became a war of conquest rather than simply a punitive expedition , like the former campaign . The war started with a rebellion by Dafydd , who was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277 . Llywelyn and other Welsh chieftains soon joined in , and initially the Welsh experienced military success . In June , Gloucester was defeated at the Battle of Llandeilo Fawr . On 6 November , while John Peckham , archbishop of Canterbury , was conducting peace negotiations , Edward 's commander of Anglesey , Luke de Tany , decided to carry out a surprise attack . A pontoon bridge had been built to the mainland , but shortly after Tany and his men crossed over , they were ambushed by the Welsh and suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Moel @-@ y @-@ don . The Welsh advances ended on 11 December , however , when Llywelyn was lured into a trap and killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge . The conquest of Gwynedd was complete with the capture in June 1283 of Dafydd , who was taken to Shrewsbury and executed as a traitor the following autumn . Further rebellions occurred in 1287 – 88 and , more seriously , in 1294 , under the leadership of Madog ap Llywelyn , a distant relative of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd . This last conflict demanded the King 's own attention , but in both cases the rebellions were put down . = = = = Colonisation = = = = By the 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan , the Principality of Wales was incorporated into England and was given an administrative system like the English , with counties policed by sheriffs . English law was introduced in criminal cases , though the Welsh were allowed to maintain their own customary laws in some cases of property disputes . After 1277 , and increasingly after 1283 , Edward embarked on a full @-@ scale project of English settlement of Wales , creating new towns like Flint , Aberystwyth and Rhuddlan . Their new residents were English migrants , with the local Welsh banned from living inside them , and many were protected by extensive walls . An extensive project of castle @-@ building was also initiated , under the direction of Master James of Saint George , a prestigious architect whom Edward had met in Savoy on his return from the crusade . These included the castles of Beaumaris , Caernarfon , Conwy and Harlech , intended to act both as fortresses and royal palaces for the King . His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe , drawing on Eastern influences . Also a product of the Crusades was the introduction of the concentric castle , and four of the eight castles Edward founded in Wales followed this design . The castles made a clear , imperial statement about Edward 's intentions to rule North Wales permanently , and drew on imagery associated with the Byzantine Roman Empire and King Arthur in an attempt to build legitimacy for his new regime . In 1284 , King Edward had his son Edward ( later Edward II ) born at Caernarfon Castle , probably to make a deliberate statement about the new political order in Wales . David Powel , a 16th @-@ century clergyman , suggested that the baby was offered to the Welsh as a prince " that was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English " , but there is no evidence to support this account . In 1301 at Lincoln , the young Edward became the first English prince to be invested with the title of Prince of Wales , when King Edward granted him the Earldom of Chester and lands across North Wales . The King seems to have hoped that this would help in the pacification of the region , and that it would give his son more financial independence . = = = Diplomacy and war on the Continent = = = Edward never again went on crusade after his return to England in 1274 , but he maintained an intention to do so , and took the cross again in 1287 . This intention guided much of his foreign policy , until at least 1291 . To stage a European @-@ wide crusade , it was essential to prevent conflict between the greater princes on the continent . A major obstacle to this was represented by the conflict between the French House of Anjou ruling southern Italy , and the kingdom of Aragon in Spain . In 1282 , the citizens of Palermo rose up against Charles of Anjou and turned for help to Peter of Aragon , in what has become known as the Sicilian Vespers . In the war that followed , Charles of Anjou 's son , Charles of Salerno , was taken prisoner by the Aragonese . The French began planning an attack on Aragon , raising the prospect of a large @-@ scale European war . To Edward , it was imperative that such a war be avoided , and in Paris in 1286 he brokered a truce between France and Aragon that helped secure Charles ' release . As far as the crusades were concerned , however , Edward 's efforts proved ineffective . A devastating blow to his plans came in 1291 , when the Mamluks captured Acre , the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land . After the fall of Acre , Edward 's international role changed from that of a diplomat to an antagonist . He had long been deeply involved in the affairs of his own Duchy of Gascony . In 1278 he assigned an investigating commission to his trusted associates Otto de Grandson and the chancellor Robert Burnell , which caused the replacement of the seneschal Luke de Tany . In 1286 , Edward visited the region himself and stayed for almost three years . The perennial problem , however , was the status of Gascony within the kingdom of France , and Edward 's role as the French king 's vassal . On his diplomatic mission in 1286 , Edward had paid homage to the new king , Philip IV , but in 1294 Philip declared Gascony forfeit when Edward refused to appear before him in Paris to discuss the recent conflict between English , Gascon , and French sailors ( that had resulted in several French ships being captured , along with the sacking of the French port of La Rochelle ) . Eleanor of Castile had died on 28 November 1290 . Uncommon for such marriages of the period , the couple loved each other . Moreover , like his father , Edward was very devoted to his wife and was faithful to her throughout their married lives — a rarity among monarchs of the time . He was deeply affected by her death . He displayed his grief by erecting twelve so @-@ called Eleanor crosses , one at each place where her funeral cortège stopped for the night . As part of the peace accord between England and France in 1294 , it was agreed that Edward should marry Philip IV 's half @-@ sister Margaret , but the marriage was delayed by the outbreak of war . Edward made alliances with the German king , the Counts of Flanders and Guelders , and the Burgundians , who would attack France from the north . The alliances proved volatile , however , and Edward was facing trouble at home at the time , both in Wales and Scotland . It was not until August 1297 that he was finally able to sail for Flanders , at which time his allies there had already suffered defeat . The support from Germany never materialised , and Edward was forced to seek peace . His marriage to Margaret in 1299 ended the war , but the whole affair had proven both costly and fruitless for the English . = = = The Great Cause = = = The relationship between the nations of England and Scotland by the 1280s was one of relatively harmonious coexistence . The issue of homage did not reach the same level of controversy as it did in Wales ; in 1278 King Alexander III of Scotland paid homage to Edward I , but apparently only for the lands he held of Edward in England . Problems arose only with the Scottish succession crisis of the early 1290s . In the years from 1281 to 1284 , Alexander 's two sons and one daughter died in quick succession . Then , in 1286 , King Alexander died himself , leaving as heir to the throne of Scotland the three @-@ year @-@ old Margaret , the Maid of Norway , who was born in 1283 to Alexander 's daughter Margaret and King Eric II of Norway . By the Treaty of Birgham , it was agreed that Margaret should marry King Edward 's then one @-@ year @-@ old son Edward of Carnarvon , though Scotland would remain free of English overlordship . Margaret , by now seven years of age , sailed from Norway for Scotland in the autumn of 1290 , but fell ill on the way and died in Orkney . This left the country without an obvious heir , and led to the succession dispute known to history as the Great Cause . Even though as many as fourteen claimants put forward their claims to the title , the real contest was between John Balliol and Robert de Brus . The Scottish magnates made a request to Edward to conduct the proceedings and administer the outcome , but not to arbitrate in the dispute . The actual decision would be made by 104 auditors - 40 appointed by Balliol , 40 by Bruce and the remaining 24 selected by Edward I from senior members of the Scottish political community . At Birgham , with the prospect of a personal union between the two realms , the question of suzerainty had not been of great importance to Edward . Now he insisted that , if he were to settle the contest , he had to be fully recognised as Scotland 's feudal overlord . The Scots were reluctant to make such a concession , and replied that since the country had no king , no one had the authority to make this decision . This problem was circumvented when the competitors agreed that the realm would be handed over to Edward until a rightful heir had been found . After a lengthy hearing , a decision was made in favour of John Balliol on 17 November 1292 . Even after Balliol 's accession , Edward still continued to assert his authority over Scotland . Against the objections of the Scots , he agreed to hear appeals on cases ruled on by the court of guardians that had governed Scotland during the interregnum . A further provocation came in a case brought by Macduff , son of Malcolm , Earl of Fife , in which Edward demanded that Balliol appear in person before the English Parliament to answer the charges . This the Scottish King did , but the final straw was Edward 's demand that the Scottish magnates provide military service in the war against France . This was unacceptable ; the Scots instead formed an alliance with France and launched an unsuccessful attack on Carlisle . Edward responded by invading Scotland in 1296 and taking the town of Berwick in a particularly bloody attack . At the Battle of Dunbar , Scottish resistance was effectively crushed . Edward confiscated the Stone of Destiny – the Scottish coronation stone – and brought it to Westminster placing it in what became known as King Edward 's Chair ; he deposed Balliol and placed him in the Tower of London , and installed Englishmen to govern the country . The campaign had been very successful , but the English triumph would only be temporary . = = Government and law = = = = = Character as king = = = Edward had a reputation for a fierce temper , and he could be intimidating ; one story tells of how the Dean of St Paul 's , wishing to confront Edward over the high level of taxation in 1295 , fell down and died once he was in the King 's presence . When Edward of Caernarfon demanded an earldom for his favourite Gaveston , the King erupted in anger and supposedly tore out handfuls of his son 's hair . Some of his contemporaries considered Edward frightening , particularly in his early days . The Song of Lewes in 1264 described him as a leopard , an animal regarded as particularly powerful and unpredictable . Despite these frightening character traits , however , Edward 's contemporaries considered him an able , even an ideal , king . Though not loved by his subjects , he was feared and respected . He met contemporary expectations of kingship in his role as an able , determined soldier and in his embodiment of shared chivalric ideals . In religious observance he also fulfilled the expectations of his age : he attended chapel regularly and gave alms generously . Edward took a keen interest in the stories of King Arthur , which were highly popular in Europe during his reign . In 1278 he visited Glastonbury Abbey to open what was then believed to be the tomb of Arthur and Guinevere , recovering " Arthur 's crown " from Llywelyn after the conquest of North Wales , while , as noted above , his new castles drew upon the Arthurian myths in their design and location . He held " Round Table " events in 1284 and 1302 , involving tournaments and feasting , and chroniclers compared him and the events at his court to Arthur . In some cases Edward appears to have used his interest in the Arthurian myths to serve his own political interests , including legitimising his rule in Wales and discrediting the Welsh belief that Arthur might return as their political saviour . = = = Administration and the law = = = Soon after assuming the throne , Edward set about restoring order and re @-@ establishing royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father . To accomplish this , he immediately ordered an extensive change of administrative personnel . The most important of these was the appointment of Robert Burnell as chancellor , a man who would remain in the post until 1292 as one of the King 's closest associates . Edward then replaced most local officials , such as the escheators and sheriffs . This last measure was done in preparation for an extensive inquest covering all of England , that would hear complaints about abuse of power by royal officers . The inquest produced the set of so @-@ called Hundred Rolls , from the administrative subdivision of the hundred . The second purpose of the inquest was to establish what land and rights the crown had lost during the reign of Henry III . The Hundred Rolls formed the basis for the later legal inquiries called the Quo warranto proceedings . The purpose of these inquiries was to establish by what warrant ( Latin : Quo warranto ) various liberties were held . If the defendant could not produce a royal licence to prove the grant of the liberty , then it was the crown 's opinion – based on the writings of the influential thirteenth @-@ century legal scholar Bracton – that the liberty should revert to the king . By enacting the Statute of Gloucester in 1278 the King challenged baronial rights through a revival of the system of general eyres ( royal justices to go on tour throughout the land ) and through a significant increase in the number of pleas of quo warranto to be heard by such eyres . This caused great consternation among the aristocracy , who insisted that long use in itself constituted licence . A compromise was eventually reached in 1290 , whereby a liberty was considered legitimate as long as it could be shown to have been exercised since the coronation of King Richard I , in 1189 . Royal gains from the Quo warranto proceedings were insignificant ; few liberties were returned to the King . Edward had nevertheless won a significant victory , in clearly establishing the principle that all liberties essentially emanated from the crown . The 1290 statute of Quo warranto was only one part of a wider legislative effort , which was one of the most important contributions of Edward I 's reign . This era of legislative action had started already at the time of the baronial reform movement ; the Statute of Marlborough ( 1267 ) contained elements both of the Provisions of Oxford and the Dictum of Kenilworth . The compilation of the Hundred Rolls was followed shortly after by the issue of Westminster I ( 1275 ) , which asserted the royal prerogative and outlined restrictions on liberties . In the Mortmain ( 1279 ) , the issue was grants of land to the church . The first clause of Westminster II ( 1285 ) , known as De donis conditionalibus , dealt with family settlement of land , and entails . Merchants ( 1285 ) established firm rules for the recovery of debts , while Winchester ( 1285 ) dealt with peacekeeping on a local level . Quia emptores ( 1290 ) – issued along with Quo warranto – set out to remedy land ownership disputes resulting from alienation of land by subinfeudation . The age of the great statutes largely ended with the death of Robert Burnell in 1292 . = = = Finances , Parliament and the expulsion of Jews = = = Edward I 's frequent military campaigns put a great financial strain on the nation . There were several ways through which the king could raise money for war , including customs duties , money lending and lay subsidies . In 1275 , Edward I negotiated an agreement with the domestic merchant community that secured a permanent duty on wool . In 1303 , a similar agreement was reached with foreign merchants , in return for certain rights and privileges . The revenues from the customs duty were handled by the Riccardi , a group of bankers from Lucca in Italy . This was in return for their service as money lenders to the crown , which helped finance the Welsh Wars . When the war with France broke out , the French king confiscated the Riccardi 's assets , and the bank went bankrupt . After this , the Frescobaldi of Florence took over the role as money lenders to the English crown . Another source of crown income was represented by England 's Jews . The Jews were the king 's personal property , and he was free to tax them at will . By 1280 , the Jews had been exploited to a level at which they were no longer of much financial use to the crown , but they could still be used in political bargaining . Their usury business – a practice forbidden to Christians – had made many people indebted to them and caused general popular resentment . In 1275 , Edward had issued the Statute of the Jewry , which outlawed usury and encouraged the Jews to take up other professions ; in 1279 , in the context of a crack @-@ down on coin @-@ clippers , he arrested all the heads of Jewish households in England and had around 300 of them executed . In 1280 , he ordered all Jews to attend special sermons , preached by Dominican friars , with the hope of persuading them to convert , but these exhortations were not followed . The final attack on the Jews in England came in the Edict of Expulsion in 1290 , whereby Edward formally expelled all Jews from England . This not only generated revenues through royal appropriation of Jewish loans and property , but it also gave Edward the political capital to negotiate a substantial lay subsidy in the 1290 Parliament . The expulsion , which was reversed in 1656 , followed a precedent set by other European territorial princes : Philip II of France had expelled all Jews from his own lands in 1182 ; John I , Duke of Brittany , drove them out of his duchy in 1239 ; and in the late 1240s Louis IX of France had expelled the Jews from the royal demesne before his first passage to the East . Edward held Parliament on a reasonably regular basis throughout his reign . In 1295 , however , a significant change occurred . For this Parliament , in addition to the secular and ecclesiastical lords , two knights from each county and two representatives from each borough were summoned . The representation of commons in Parliament was nothing new ; what was new was the authority under which these representatives were summoned . Whereas previously the commons had been expected simply to assent to decisions already made by the magnates , it was now proclaimed that they should meet with the full authority ( plena potestas ) of their communities , to give assent to decisions made in Parliament . The King now had full backing for collecting lay subsidies from the entire population . Lay subsidies were taxes collected at a certain fraction of the moveable property of all laymen . Whereas Henry III had only collected four of these in his reign , Edward I collected nine . This format eventually became the standard for later Parliaments , and historians have named the assembly the " Model Parliament " . = = Later reign , 1297 – 1307 = = = = = Constitutional crisis = = = The incessant warfare of the 1290s put a great financial demand on Edward 's subjects . Whereas the King had only levied three lay subsidies until 1294 , four such taxes were granted in the years 1294 – 97 , raising over £ 200 @,@ 000 . Along with this came the burden of prises ( appropriation of food ) , seizure of wool and hides , and the unpopular additional duty on wool , dubbed the maltolt . The fiscal demands on the King 's subjects caused resentment , and this resentment eventually led to serious political opposition . The initial resistance was not caused by the lay taxes , however , but by clerical subsidies . In 1294 , Edward made a demand of a grant of one half of all clerical revenues . There was some resistance , but the King responded by threatening with outlawry , and the grant was eventually made . At the time , the archbishopric of Canterbury was vacant , since Robert Winchelsey was in Italy to receive consecration . Winchelsey returned in January 1295 and had to consent to another grant in November of that year . In 1296 , however , his position changed when he received the papal bull Clericis laicos . This bull prohibited the clergy from paying taxes to lay authorities without explicit consent from the Pope . When the clergy , with reference to the bull , refused to pay , Edward responded with outlawry . Winchelsey was presented with a dilemma between loyalty to the King and upholding the papal bull , and he responded by leaving it to every individual clergyman to pay as he saw fit . By the end of the year , a solution was offered by the new papal bull Etsi de statu , which allowed clerical taxation in cases of pressing urgency . Opposition from the laity took longer to surface . This resistance focused on two things : the King 's right to demand military service , and his right to levy taxes . At the Salisbury parliament of February 1297 , Roger Bigod , Earl of Norfolk , in his capacity as Marshal of England , objected to a royal summons of military service . Bigod argued that the military obligation only extended to service alongside the King ; if the King intended to sail to Flanders , he could not send his subjects to Gascony . In July , Bigod and Humphrey de Bohun , Earl of Hereford and Constable of England , drew up a series of complaints known as the Remonstrances , in which objections to the extortionate level of taxation were voiced . Undeterred , Edward requested another lay subsidy . This one was particularly provocative , because the King had sought consent only from a small group of magnates , rather than from representatives from the communities in parliament . While Edward was in Winchelsea , preparing for the campaign in Flanders , Bigod and Bohun turned up at the Exchequer to prevent the collection of the tax . As the King left the country with a greatly reduced force , the kingdom seemed to be on the verge of civil war . What resolved the situation was the English defeat by the Scots at the Battle of Stirling Bridge . The renewed threat to the homeland gave king and magnates common cause . Edward signed the Confirmatio cartarum – a confirmation of Magna Carta and its accompanying Charter of the Forest – and the nobility agreed to serve with the King on a campaign in Scotland . Edward 's problems with the opposition did not end with the Falkirk campaign . Over the following years he would be held up to the promises he had made , in particular that of upholding the Charter of the Forest . In the parliament of 1301 , the King was forced to order an assessment of the royal forests , but in 1305 he obtained a papal bull that freed him from this concession . Ultimately , it was a failure in personnel that spelt the end of the opposition against Edward I. Bohun died late in 1298 , after returning from the Falkirk campaign . As for Bigod , in 1302 he arrived at an agreement with the King that was beneficial for both : Bigod , who had no children , made Edward his heir , in return for a generous annual grant . Edward finally got his revenge on Winchelsey in 1305 , when Clement V was elected pope . Clement was a Gascon sympathetic to the King , and on Edward 's instigation had Winchelsey suspended from office . = = = Return to Scotland = = = The situation in Scotland had seemed resolved when Edward left the country in 1296 , but resistance soon emerged under the leadership of William Wallace . On 11 September 1297 , a large English force under the leadership of John de Warenne , Earl of Surrey , and Hugh de Cressingham was routed by a much smaller Scottish army led by Wallace and Andrew Moray at Stirling Bridge . The defeat sent shockwaves into England , and preparations for a retaliatory campaign started immediately . Soon after Edward returned from Flanders , he headed north . On 22 July 1298 , in the only major battle he had fought since Evesham in 1265 , Edward defeated Wallace 's forces at the Battle of Falkirk . Edward , however , was not able to take advantage of the momentum , and the next year the Scots managed to recapture Stirling Castle . Even though Edward campaigned in Scotland both in 1300 , when he successfully besieged Caerlaverock Castle and in 1301 , the Scots refused to engage in open battle again , preferring instead to raid the English countryside in smaller groups . The defeated Scots , secretly urged on by the French , appealed to the pope to assert a claim of overlordship to Scotland in place of the English . His papal bull addressed to King Edward in these terms was firmly rejected on Edward 's behalf by the Barons ' Letter of 1301 . The English managed to subdue the country by other means , however . In 1303 , a peace agreement was reached between England and France , effectively breaking up the Franco @-@ Scottish alliance . Robert the Bruce , the grandson of the claimant to the crown in 1291 , had sided with the English in the winter of 1301 – 02 . By 1304 , most of the other nobles of the country had also pledged their allegiance to Edward , and this year the English also managed to re @-@ take Stirling Castle . A great propaganda victory was achieved in 1305 when Wallace was betrayed by Sir John de Menteith and turned over to the English , who had him taken to London where he was publicly executed . With Scotland largely under English control , Edward installed Englishmen and collaborating Scots to govern the country . The situation changed again on 10 February 1306 , when Robert the Bruce murdered his rival John Comyn and a few weeks later , on 25 March , had himself crowned King of Scotland by Isobel , sister of the Earl of Buchan . Bruce now embarked on a campaign to restore Scottish independence , and this campaign took the English by surprise . Edward was suffering ill health by this time , and instead of leading an expedition himself , he gave different military commands to Aymer de Valence and Henry Percy , while the main royal army was led by the Prince of Wales . The English initially met with success ; on 19 June , Aymer de Valence routed Bruce at the Battle of Methven . Bruce was forced into hiding , while the English forces recaptured their lost territory and castles . Edward responded with severe brutality against Bruce 's allies and supporters . Bruce 's sister , Mary , was hung in a cage outside of Roxburgh for four years . Isabella MacDuff , Countess of Buchan , who had crowned Bruce , was hung in a cage outside of Berwick Castle for four years . Bruce 's younger brother Neil was executed by being hanged , drawn , and quartered ; he had been captured after he and his garrison held off Edward 's forces who had been seeking Bruce 's wife ( Elizabeth ) , daughter Marjorie , sisters Mary and Christina , and Isabella . It was clear that Edward now regarded the struggle not as a war between two nations , but as the suppression of a rebellion of disloyal subjects . This brutality , though , rather than helping to subdue the Scots , had the opposite effect , and rallied growing support for Bruce . = = Death and legacy = = = = = Death , 1307 = = = In February 1307 , Bruce reappeared and started gathering men , and in May he defeated Aymer de Valence at the Battle of Loudoun Hill . Edward , who had rallied somewhat , now moved north himself . On the way , however , he developed dysentery , and his condition deteriorated . On 6 July he encamped at Burgh by Sands , just south of the Scottish border . When his servants came the next morning to lift him up so that he could eat , he died in their arms . Various stories emerged about Edward ’ s deathbed wishes ; according to one tradition , he requested that his heart be carried to the Holy Land , along with an army to fight the infidels . A more dubious story tells of how he wished for his bones to be carried along on future expeditions against the Scots . Another account of his deathbed scene is more credible ; according to one chronicle , Edward gathered around him the Earls of Lincoln and Warwick , Aymer de Valence , and Robert Clifford , and charged them with looking after his son Edward . In particular they should make sure that Piers Gaveston was not allowed to return to the country . This wish , however , the son ignored , and had his favourite recalled from exile almost immediately . The new king , Edward II , remained in the north until August , but then abandoned the campaign and headed south . He was crowned king on 25 February 1308 . Edward I 's body was brought south , lying in state at Waltham Abbey , before being buried in Westminster Abbey on 27 October . There are few records of the funeral , which cost £ 473 . Edward 's tomb was an unusually plain sarcophagus of Purbeck marble , without the customary royal effigy , possibly the result of the shortage of royal funds after the King 's death . The sarcophagus may normally have been covered over with rich cloth , and originally might have been surrounded by carved busts and a devotional religious image , all since lost . The Society of Antiquaries opened the tomb in 1774 , finding that the body had been well preserved over the preceding 467 years , and took the opportunity to determine the King 's original height . Traces of the Latin inscription Edwardus Primus Scottorum Malleus hic est , 1308 . Pactum Serva ( " Here is Edward I , Hammer of the Scots , 1308 . Keep the Vow " ) , which can still be seen painted on the side of the tomb , referring to his vow to avenge the rebellion of Robert Bruce . This resulted in Edward being given the epithet the " Hammer of the Scots " by historians , but is not contemporary in origin , having been added by the Abbot John Feckenham in the 16th century . = = = Historiography = = = The first histories of Edward in the 16th and 17th centuries drew primarily on the works of the chroniclers , and made little use of the official records of the period . They limited themselves to general comments on Edward 's significance as a monarch , and echoed the chroniclers ' praise for his accomplishments . During the 17th century , the lawyer Edward Coke wrote extensively about Edward 's legislation , terming the King the " English Justinian " , after the renowned Byzantine law @-@ maker , Justinian I. Later in the century , historians used the available record evidence to address the role of parliament and kingship under Edward , drawing comparisons between his reign and the political strife of their own century . 18th @-@ century historians established a picture of Edward as an able , if ruthless , monarch , conditioned by the circumstances of his own time . The influential Victorian historian William Stubbs instead suggested that Edward had actively shaped national history , forming English laws and institutions , and helping England to develop parliamentary and constitutional government . His strengths and weaknesses as a ruler were considered to be emblematic of the English people as a whole . Stubbs ' student , Thomas Tout , initially adopted the same perspective , but after extensive research into Edward 's royal household , and backed by the research of his contemporaries into the early parliaments of the period , he changed his mind . Tout came to view Edward as a self @-@ interested , conservative leader , using the parliamentary system as " the shrewd device of an autocrat , anxious to use the mass of the people as a check upon his hereditary foes among the greater baronage . " Historians in the 20th and 21st century have conducted extensive research on Edward and his reign . Most have concluded this was a highly significant period in English medieval history , some going further and describing Edward as one of the great medieval kings , although most also agree that his final years were less successful than his early decades in power . Three major academic narratives of Edward have been produced during this period . Frederick Powicke 's volumes , published in 1947 and 1953 , forming the standard works on Edward for several decades , and were largely positive in praising the achievements of his reign , and in particular his focus on justice and the law . In 1988 , Michael Prestwich produced an authoritative biography of the King , focusing on his political career , still portraying him in sympathetic terms , but highlighting some of the consequences of his failed policies . Marc Morris 's biography followed in 2008 , drawing out more of the detail of Edward 's personality , and generally taking a harsher view of the King 's weaknesses and less pleasant characteristics . Considerable academic debate has taken place around the character of Edward 's kingship , his political skills , and in particular his management of his earls , and the degree to which this was collaborative or repressive in nature . There is also a great difference between English and Scottish historiography on King Edward . G. W. S. Barrow , in his biography on Robert the Bruce , accused Edward of ruthlessly exploiting the leaderless state of Scotland to obtain a feudal superiority over the kingdom . This view of Edward is reflected in the popular perception of the King , as can be seen in the 1995 movie Braveheart 's portrayal of the King as a hard @-@ hearted tyrant . = = Family and children = = Edward married twice : = = = First marriage = = = By his first wife Eleanor of Castile , Edward had at least fourteen children , perhaps as many as sixteen . Of these , five daughters survived into adulthood , but only one son outlived his father , namely King Edward II ( 1307 – 1327 ) . He was reportedly concerned with his son 's failure to live up to the expectations of an heir to the crown , and at one point decided to exile the prince 's favourite Piers Gaveston . His children by Eleanor of Castile were as follows : = = = = Sons from first marriage = = = = John ( 13 July 1266 – 3 August 1271 ) , predeceased his father and died at Wallingford while in the custody of his granduncle Richard , Earl of Cornwall , buried at Westminster Abbey . Henry ( 6 May 1268 – 14 October 1274 ) , predeceased his father , buried in Westminster Abbey . Alphonso , Earl of Chester ( 24 November 1273 – 19 August 1284 ) , predeceased his father , buried in Westminster Abbey . Son ( 1280 / 81 – 1280 / 81 ) , predeceased his father ; little evidence exists for this child . King Edward II ( 25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327 ) , eldest surviving son and heir , succeeded his father as king of England . In 1308 he married Isabella of France , with whom he had four children . = = = = Daughters from first marriage = = = = Daughter ( May 1255 – 29 May 1255 ) , stillborn or died shortly after birth . Katherine ( before 17 June 1264 – 5 September 1264 ) , buried at Westminster Abbey . Joanna ( Summer or January 1265 – before 7 September 1265 ) , buried in Westminster Abbey . Eleanor ( c . 18 June 1269 – 19 August 1298 ) , in 1293 she married Henry III , Count of Bar , by whom she had two children , buried in Westminster Abbey . Juliana ( after May 1271 – 5 September 1271 ) , born and died while Edward and Eleanor were in Acre . Joan of Acre ( 1272 – 23 April 1307 ) , married ( 1 ) in 1290 Gilbert de Clare , Earl of Hertford , who died in 1295 , and ( 2 ) in 1297 Ralph de Monthermer . She had four children by Clare , and three or four by Monthermer . Margaret ( c.15 March 1275 – after 11 March 1333 ) , married John II of Brabant in 1290 , with whom she had one son . Berengaria ( May 1276 – between 7 June 1277 and 1278 ) , buried in Westminster Abbey . Daughter ( December 1277 – January 1278 ) , buried in Westminster Abbey . Mary of Woodstock ( 11 / 12 March 1279 – 29 May 1332 ) , a Benedictine nun in Amesbury , Wiltshire , where she was probably buried . Elizabeth of Rhuddlan ( c . 7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316 ) , married ( 1 ) in 1297 John I , Count of Holland , ( 2 ) in 1302 Humphrey de Bohun , Earl of Hereford . The first marriage was childless ; by Bohun Elizabeth had ten children . = = = Second marriage = = = By Margaret of France Edward had two sons , both of whom lived into adulthood , and a daughter who died as a child . The Hailes Abbey chronicle indicates that John Botetourt may have been Edward 's illegitimate son ; however , the claim is unsubstantiated . His progeny by Margaret of France was as follows : = = = = Sons from second marriage = = = = Thomas of Brotherton , 1st Earl of Norfolk ( 1 June 1300 – 4 August 1338 ) , buried in Bury St Edmunds Abbey . Married ( 1 ) Alice Hales , with issue ; ( 2 ) Mary Brewes , no issue . Edmund of Woodstock , 1st Earl of Kent ( 1 August 1301 – 19 March 1330 ) , married Margaret Wake with issue . = = = = Daughter from second marriage = = = = Eleanor ( 6 May 1306 – 1310 ) = = Ancestry = = = Degrassi : The Next Generation = Degrassi : The Next Generation ( later renamed Degrassi for seasons ten through fourteen ) is a Canadian teen drama television series set in the Degrassi universe , which was created by Linda Schuyler and Kit Hood in 1979 . It is the fourth series in the Degrassi franchise , following The Kids of Degrassi Street , Degrassi Junior High , and Degrassi High . Like its predecessors , the series follows an ensemble cast of students at Degrassi Community School who face various challenges often seen as taboo such as sex , teen pregnancy , date rape , drug abuse , self image , homosexuality , self @-@ injury , suicide , abortion , domestic violence , death , racism and many other issues . The series was created by Linda Schuyler and Yan Moore , and is produced by Epitome Pictures ( a subsidiary of DHX Media ) in association with Bell Media . The current executive producers are Schuyler , her husband Stephen Stohn and Brendon Yorke . The series is filmed at Epitome 's studios in Toronto , Ontario , rather than on the real De Grassi Street from which the franchise takes its name . Degrassi : The Next Generation has been a critical success and has often received favourable reviews from Entertainment Weekly , The New York Times , and AfterElton.com. In its initial years , it was frequently the most watched domestic drama series in Canada , and one of the highest @-@ rated shows on TeenNick in the United States . In 2004 , one episode received just under a million viewers in Canada , and over half a million viewers in the US . The series has won numerous awards , from the Geminis , Writers Guild of Canada and Directors Guild of Canada , and internationally from the Teen Choice Awards , Young Artist Awards , and Prix Jeunesse . The series premiered on CTV on October 14 , 2001 . During the ninth season in 2010 , the series moved to MuchMusic . The tenth season marked a change in production style , which saw the series become a telenovela , a daily soap opera @-@ style format , during the summer months , while the rest of the season aired during the standard fall @-@ spring schedule on a weekly basis . The thirteenth season reverted to a weekly schedule and , part way through , moved to MTV Canada . The series has been syndicated on cable television , and episodes are available on DVD and in new media download formats from Puretracks , the iTunes Store , and the Xbox Live Marketplace . Internationally , Degrassi : The Next Generation has been highly successful in the US , where it was broadcast on TeenNick , as well as being broadcast in 140 other countries . The Next Generation aired its final episode on August 2 , 2015 , after MTV Canada and TeenNick announced the show 's cancellation . However , in 2016 , the show , re @-@ titled Degrassi : Next Class , will move to Family Channel in Canada and stream on Netflix in the United States as well as all other countries where the service is available ( excluding Australia , France , and Canada until later 2016 ) . = = Production = = = = = Concept = = = The Degrassi universe was created in 1979 by Playing With Time , a production company owned by former school teacher Linda Schuyler and her partner Kit Hood . The franchise began with The Kids of Degrassi Street , which was spawned out of three half @-@ hour short films . Degrassi Junior High followed in 1987 , Degrassi High premiered in 1989 , and the television movie School 's Out aired in 1992 . Schuyler and original Degrassi series head writer Yan Moore began developing a new television drama in 1999 . As the months progressed , they began to think about what had happened to the characters of Degrassi High to develop a school @-@ reunion theme . However , they decided that a series would not work effectively if based around adults instead of children . Moore realized that the character Emma Nelson , born at the end of Degrassi Junior High 's second season , would soon be entering junior high school , and development for the series took a new direction by focusing on Emma and her school experiences . Schuyler 's husband Stephen Stohn suggested Degrassi : The Next Generation as the name for the new sequel series , borrowing the concept from Star Trek : The Next Generation , of which he was a fan . The project was pitched to CTV in May 2000 , with the originally planned reunion episode serving as the pilot to the new series . = = = Executive producers , script @-@ writers and directors = = = Produced by Epitome Pictures Inc , in association with CTVglobemedia , renamed Bell Media in 2011 , Degrassi receives funding from Canadian Television Fund and BCE the Shaw Rocket Fund , Mountain Cable Program and the Royal Bank of Canada , the Bell Broadcast and New Media Fund , and the Cogeco Program Development Fund . Linda Schuyler and Stephen Stohn have served as executive producers since the series began . Other Epitome Pictures employees and series crew members have also been credited with the title , including Sara Snow , Brendon Yorke , James Hurst , Aaron Martin . , and Sarah Glinski . Sarah Glinski and Matt Huether are the current story editors , a position previously filled by Shelley Scarrow , James Hurst , Aaron Martin , and Sean Reycraft . Frequent directors include Phil Earnshaw , Stefan Scaini and Bruce McDonald . When production of season three began , a user on the official Degrassi : The Next Generation website with the alias " ExecProducer " began a forum thread titled " Shooting Season 3 " , revealing production details , guest actors , scheduling information and DVD release details . He referred to himself as " Stephen Stohn " in one post , although it was not until the release of Degrassi : Generations - The Official 411 in 2005 , that Stohn confirmed he was the poster and it was not an imposter . = = = Episode format = = = Each episode of Degrassi is written following the same formula with two or three storylines ( Plot A , Plot B and Plot C ) . The main storyline , A , opens and closes the episode and is usually driven by a single character . Plot B is usually more comedic in tone and sometimes slightly intertwined with the other stories , often moving story arcs forward . Plot C was usually used sporadically in a season @-@ long arc , but is now used in every episode as comedic relief . The problems and issues presented in the episode are not always resolved by the end of the episode , and are carried over to the next , or create a mini @-@ arc over several episodes . The majority of episodes are named after songs from the 1980s , and since the tenth season , episodes are named after songs from the 1990s to the present , representing the entering of a new decade and a completely different cast from the earlier seasons . For the first nine seasons , Degrassi : The Next Generation had been produced as a weekly half @-@ hour teen comedy @-@ drama series , with each season consisting of between fifteen and twenty @-@ four episodes . Due to falling viewing figures between seasons six and nine , the series developed a daily soap opera format for the summer run of the tenth season , and increased the number of episodes to forty @-@ four . The tenth season also dropped the tagline " The Next Generation " , with only one original cast member remaining , and due to the young audience unfamiliar with the past generation , referring to the series as " Degrassi " . Season 13 reverted to airing episodes weekly , but still produced more episodes than prior to the soap opera format , airing a block in the summer of 2013 and also the summer of 2014 . = = = Opening sequence = = = The Degrassi opening sequence follows a two- to three @-@ minute cold open . During the first five seasons these credits showed the characters on the school premises and followed a mini storyline . Seasons six and seven featured titles with the actors breaking the fourth wall and facing the camera , over a montage of character videos from past seasons , saturated with blue colour and gold outlines . The montages behind the characters depicting a major event in that character 's storyline . For the eighth season , the show abandoned the style of titles used for the previous two seasons and returned to the original form of showing the characters at school while participating in school @-@ related activities . Season thirteen dropped the opening credits , replacing it with an eleven @-@ second montage . This continued into season fourteen . Instead of listing every ensemble actor , after the montage , season thirteen and fourteen episodes credit only the regular actors appearing in that episode . The theme music , " Whatever It Takes " , was composed by Jim McGrath , with lyrics written by Jody Colero and Stephen Stohn . The song include lines such as , " Whatever it takes , I know I can make it through / Be the best , the best I can be " , to convey what Colero calls , " a sense of joy and optimism . " Lisa Dalbello performed the lyrics with a children 's choir over an 1980s pop music style tune during the first three seasons . Dave Ogilvie and Anthony Valcic of Canadian industrial @-@ pop group Jakalope reworked and performed the song with a heavier sound , reflecting the growing maturity of the characters in season four . For seasons six and seven , the theme — still performed by Jakalope — was remixed and stripped of vocals . A fourth version of the theme song , with lyrics sung by Damhnait Doyle , was introduced for the eighth season , and a fifth version of the theme , performed by the in @-@ show band " Stüdz " is used for the ninth and tenth seasons . For seasons eleven and twelve , a sixth version of the theme song is used , performed by Alexz Johnson . Seasons thirteen and fourteen featured a truncated version of the Alexz Johnson theme . = = = Music = = = Jim McGrath creates the musical score for each episode using an instrumental version of the theme music . He also works with actors such as Jake Epstein , Melissa McIntyre and Jamie Johnston , when writing music for their characters Craig Manning , Ashley Kerwin , and Peter Stone to perform in the bands Downtown Sasquatch , Paige Michalchuk and the Sexkittens ( PMS ) , Hell Hath No Fury , and Stüdz . In addition to being scored , Degrassi features a mix of original emo , alternative rock and pop music . Popular songs are used sparingly in the series , mainly because of budget constraints . Usually , music supervisor Jody Colero selects songs from little @-@ known , unsigned Canadian artists . When these songs are included , they originate from a diegetic source . Examples of this can be seen in the first season episode " Jagged Little Pill " , when well @-@ known songs are played during Ashley 's house party , at the wedding reception in the fifth season episode " Weddings , Parties , Anything " , and during the party scene in the seventh season episode " Everything She Wants " . = = = Filming locations = = = The Degrassi universe is set on De Grassi Street in Toronto , Ontario . The four previous series were filmed on and near the street . However , Degrassi is filmed at Epitome Pictures ' four soundstages and backlot located at the company 's 100 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 9 @,@ 300 m2 ) production studios in Toronto . The facade of Degrassi Community School is the exterior of Studio C , and uses the same colours and glass pattern as Centennial College , which was used to depict the school during Degrassi High . The area in front of this facade features a " hoarding area " where students gather , a street , and a bus stop across the road . The studio 's backlot is used for exterior shots of the characters ' houses , which is one unit dressed differently for each house , and The Dot Grill . The building for The Dot is the only one on the backlot large enough to allow filming inside ; scenes taking places inside the school and house interiors are filmed on one of four sound stages . Studio A contains sets for the school 's hallways , washrooms , cafeteria and classrooms . The hallways are stenciled with phrases such as " the perfect human being is all human " , which were found at the Etobicoke School for the Arts , one of the many schools that set designers used during their original research . The washroom set has graffiti on the walls to look authentic , and is used for the girls ' and boys ' room ; urinals are installed and removed as needed . The set used for the cafeteria is " purposefully bland to take the edge off the rest of the school looking so beautiful . " It is also used as the studio 's cafeteria where the cast and crew eat . In addition to being used as the exterior of the school , Studio C holds sets for the school 's entrance foyer , the gymnasium , the media lab and a hallway with lockers . As the series progressed and the budget increased , a stairway and balcony was installed in the foyer in an attempt to get characters off the floor and not all appear in the same geometric plane . For the first few seasons , the gym floor was made of real wooden floorboards ; due to warping , it was replaced by concrete painted to look like wood . Studio B contains the sets for the characters ' houses and The Core newspaper office which was introduced in season six . It also held sets for Instant Star , another Epitome Pictures production . The fourth studio , Studio D , houses all the production offices , dressing rooms , and make @-@ up and hair departments . The pool hall and university campus club sets were built in Studio D for the seventh season . York University 's Keele Campus in Toronto served as the location for various sites at Smithdale University . = = Episodes = = = = Cast = = = = = Main roles = = = For the new generation of students , producers auditioned over six hundred school @-@ aged children in an attempt to provide characters to which the teenaged target @-@ audience could relate . The decision to cast age @-@ similar actors was purposeful to contrast the series from other shows of the same period such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Dawson 's Creek , which had cast actors in their twenties as teenagers . Eleven children were given star billing in the first season . Sarah Barrable @-@ Tishauer portrayed the lonely high @-@ achiever Liberty Van Zandt . Daniel Clark played bad @-@ boy Sean Cameron . Lauren Collins was cast as Paige Michalchuk , the school 's head cheerleader and queen bee . Ryan Cooley portrayed class clown James Tiberius " J.T. " Yorke , with Jake Goldsbie cast as J.T. ' s best friend , Toby Isaacs , a computer geek . Aubrey " Drake " Graham portrayed basketball star Jimmy Brooks , who is from a wealthy family . Shane Kippel played school bully Gavin " Spinner " Mason . Miriam McDonald was cast as Emma Nelson , an environmental rights activist , with Cassie Steele cast in the role of Emma 's best friend , Manuela " Manny " Santos . Melissa McIntyre portrayed Ashley Kerwin , the perfect girl who attracts the popular boys , and who the other girls are jealous of . Christina Schmidt portrayed the overweight and insecure Terri McGreggor . Providing ties to the previous series in the Degrassi universe , Stefan Brogren was approached to play his old character Archie " Snake " Simpson , now working at the school as the media immersion teacher . Dan Woods reprised his role as English teacher Mr. Raditch , now promoted to school principal , and Pat Mastroianni returned to his role as Joey Jeremiah . Amanda Stepto also returned to the franchise to play her character Christine " Spike " Nelson in a recurring role . In the pilot episode , former Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High actors Danah Jean Brown ( Trish Skye ) , Darrin Brown ( Dwayne Myers ) , Michael Carry ( Simon Dexter ) , Irene Courakos ( Alexa Pappadopoulos ) , Chrissa Erodotou ( Diana Economopoulos ) , Anais Granofsky ( Lucy Fernandez ) , Rebecca Haines ( Kathleen Mead ) , Sarah Holmes ( Alison Hunter ) , Neil Hope ( Derek " Wheels " Wheeler ) , Kyra Levy ( Maya Goldberg ) , Cathy Keenan ( Liz O 'Rourke ) , Stacie Mistysyn ( Caitlin Ryan ) , and Siluck Saysanasy ( Yick Yu ) reprised their roles for the class reunion storyline . In season two , Mastroianni returned to the Degrassi franchise in a starring role as Joey Jeremiah , a car salesman and single father of two children . Joey 's stepson , musician Craig Manning , played by Jake Epstein , is a new student at Degrassi Community School . Three other new characters were introduced in season two in recurring roles . Stacey Farber played Ellie Nash , a goth whose home life is in turmoil , and Adamo Ruggiero portrayed Marco Del Rossi , who is struggling to accept the reality that he is homosexual . Melissa Di Marco was cast as science and gym teacher Daphne Hatzilakos . Mistysyn also returned to her former Degrassi role as Joey 's ex @-@ high school sweetheart , Caitlyn Ryan , who in the years following graduation has become a world @-@ renowned journalist . In season three , Farber , Ruggiero and Mistysyn were given regular roles , as were Andrea Lewis ( Hazel Aden ) and Stepto , who had held recurring roles since the first season . Mike Lobel ( Jay Hogart ) , Deanna Casaluce ( Alex Nuñez ) , Ephraim Ellis ( Rick Murray ) and John Bregar ( Dylan Michalchuk ) were introduced in recurring roles as new students . Towards the end of the season , Schmidt 's character , Terri McGreggor , was written out of the show when her possessive boyfriend Rick pushed her to the ground and knocked her head against a rock , causing her to fall into a coma . Over the course of the ten seasons of Degrassi : The Next Generation , there have been several departures from the series . Season six depicted the first death of one of the show 's main characters when J.T. Yorke was stabbed and killed . Clark 's character Sean Cameron has been written out of the show twice . He left the series during the fourth season in the wake of the death of Rick Murray , and returned for the sixth season , but departed the series again at the end of the season . At the end of season five several main characters graduated from Degrassi Community School , and either left the series or went on to university . Six new characters were introduced in season seven in a storyline where nearby rival high school Lakehurst merged with Degrassi following a fire . Season eight saw many changes when many of the existing cast members , including Collins , Farber , Graham , Stepto , Ruggiero , and DiMarco either moved to recurring status or left the series entirely . The exodus of several major cast members was reportedly an executive decision that left the actors and producers on bad terms , with Graham stating in an interview with Vibe that " [ the producers ] did us foul . " Thirteen actors were added to the main cast to replace them . By season nine , Brogren , McDonald , Steele and Kippel were the only actors from season one who remained in the series as storylines began to focus on a new generation of children attending the school . This was done to avoid moving the show to a primarily college setting , as the first generation cast aged or " graduated " out of Degrassi Community School into college . As of season 10 , none of the characters from the earlier seasons remain , with the exception of Brogren , whose character has been promoted to the principal of Degrassi Community School ; the series now centres on the new generation of Degrassi students . = = = Guest roles = = = Besides Brogren , Mistysyn , Stepto , and Mastroianni having starring roles , other actors from Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High have returned to guest star in their old roles throughout Degrassi : The Next Generation 's run . As well as the pilot episode featuring the return of many Degrassi alumni , Granofsky made a second guest appearance during the second season in the episode " White Wedding " when her character attends the wedding of Spike and Snake . In a fifth season episode , Keenan and Hope guest star when their characters return to console Spike and Snake after their marriage breaks down . Movie director Kevin Smith has been a fan of the Degrassi series from the early 1990s , when he worked at a convenience store in Leonardo , New Jersey . Actor Jason Mewes was his co @-@ worker at the store and also became a fan . Every Sunday morning at work , Smith and Mewes watched episodes of Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High on Public Broadcasting Service . Smith enjoyed the earlier series and has acknowledged an infatuation with Stacie Mistysyn . He has also paid homage to Degrassi by referring to it in several of his films . He named a Clerks character Caitlin Bree after Mistysin 's Degrassi character , Caitlin Ryan , wrote Shannen Doherty 's character Rene wearing a Degrassi jacket throughout his Mallrats film , and had Jason Lee 's character in Chasing Amy specifically mention Degrassi Junior High as a TV show he wants to watch , rather than going out . Smith and Mewes guest starred as themselves in the final three episodes of the fourth season . The plot for these episodes involves the pair working on Jay and Silent Bob Go Canadian , Eh ! , a fictional feature film in the View Askewniverse , using Degrassi Community School as a filming location . Singer Alanis Morissette , who had worked with Smith , also guest stars in " Going Down the Road Part One " as herself , acting as the school principal in Smith 's film . Smith and Mewes return to Degrassi : The Next Generation as themselves for two episodes in season five . The storyline in the episodes was of the premiere of Jay and Silent Bob Go Canadian , Eh ! Alanis Morissette made a cameo appearance as the school principal when scenes from the film were shown during its premiere screening . Smith and Mewes guest starred a third time for four episodes in season eight when many of the characters travelled to Hollywood , Los Angeles . In the episodes , Mewes is the writer @-@ director and protagonist of Mewesical High , which stars a number of Degrassi Community School students . Smith appears in the episodes to support Mewes as he makes his directorial debut . Other actors to appear in Degrassi : The Next Generation include Jayne Eastwood as Sean Cameron 's mother , Billy Ray Cyrus as Duke , a limousine driver who gets arrested , the result of which leaves Jimmy , Hazel , Paige , and Spinner stranded in the street . Season seven featured appearances from Shirley Douglas as a university professor , Free The Children founder Craig Kielburger , and English pop singer Natasha Bedingfield as themselves . Jonathan Torrens guest starred as Emma 's father , Shane , in the two @-@ part season three premiere . The character had been played by Bill Parrott in the original series , but he decided not to return the former role . In season 10 , ballroom dancer Jean @-@ Marc Généreux appears as a teacher , in the episodes Adam 's transgender secret is revealed . After moving to MuchMusic cameos became more frequent , including Keke Palmer , Ben Mulroney , Chaz Bono , Hedley , and Fefe Dobson . = = Broadcast and distribution = = = = = First run broadcast = = = While the earlier Degrassi series aired in Canada on CBC , Degrassi is broadcast on Bell Media @-@ owned stations . Until mid @-@ season nine , it aired on the CTV Television Network , but due to a decline in viewing figures since season seven , it moved to sister channel MuchMusic in 2010 . In 2013 , following a revamp of MuchMusic 's schedule , the show moved to the Canadian version of MTV . In the United States , where the earlier Degrassi series aired on PBS , Degrassi aired on digital cable network TeenNick ( previously The N ) , and is the longest @-@ running program on the channel , having aired since the channel 's launch in 2002 . Seasons six and seven premiered on The N before they aired on CTV . In June 2015 , both MTV Canada and TeenNick announced that they would not renew the show . On June 9 , 2015 , Epitome Pictures announced that a sequel , Degrassi : Next Class , would premiere on Family Channel , a pay channel owned by DHX Media , in January 2016 . In the United States ( and internationally ) , first @-@ run episodes will move to Netflix . Episodes will become available on Netflix in Canada following the conclusion of the season . In Australia , ABC1 screened the first three seasons in its " ABC Kids " line @-@ up and started airing the entire series on ABC3 in 2010 , also broadcast on Nickelodeon then later MTV . = = = Post @-@ broadcast distribution = = = In Canada , strip repeats of Degrassi : The Next Generation have aired on CTV Two and MTV2 , which are owned by Bell Media . In the United States , independent distributor Program Partners and Sony Pictures Television , announced on September 24 , 2006 that they acquired the syndication rights to the first 119 episodes of the show in the United States , and any subsequent new episodes . In December 2006 , Program Partners had reached agreements with the Tribune Company for every station it owned , The CW Plus affiliated stations , and many other stations owned by major media conglomerates . Degrassi : The Next Generation was cleared in 60 % of the country including all five of the top five media markets . By March 2007 , Program Partners had cleared it in over 70 % of the country after stations owned by Hearst @-@ Argyle Television , Capitol Broadcasting Company , and ACME Communications purchased the syndication . The series meets the American FCC 's educational and informational guidelines towards children 's programming . = = = DVD and other new media releases = = = The first twelve seasons of Degrassi : The Next Generation have been released on DVD . The box sets are released in Canada by Alliance Home Entertainment . In the United States , FUNimation Entertainment released the first six seasons and Echo Bridge Entertainment released seasons seven through twelve . Each season boxset includes extra features such as pictures , karaoke sessions , audition tapes , bloopers , deleted scenes and more . In Australia , seasons 1 to 4 were released by Umbrella Entertainment in 2010 and 2011 . These DVDs are compatible with the region 4 code , which is in use in Australia , New Zealand , Oceania , Mexico , and Central and South America . The three @-@ episode story arc from the fourth season in which Kevin Smith and Jason Mewes guest star has also been released as a single disc Region 1 DVD . FUNimation Entertainment released the disc on November 8 , 2005 , in two versions : the first subtitled as " Uncut , Uncensored and Unrated " , and the second , " Rated . " Each release has the same DVD extras , including an interview with Kevin Smith , bloopers and a Jay and Silent Bob Photo Album , except the Unrated release also features episode commentaries by Kevin Smith , Jason Mewes , Stacie Mistysyn , the associate producer Jim Jackman and writer Aaron Martin . Degrassi : The Next Generation is also available in various new media formats . Episodes are streamed on the websites of MuchMusic and TeenNick to viewers with Canadian or US IP addresses . Registered users of the Canadian and American iTunes Stores can purchase episodes for playback on home computers and certain iPods . In Canada , Puretracks also offers episodes for download . They are issued as a Windows Media 10 file , and the purchaser owns them forever , although the episodes can only be burned onto a disc three times and copied to a device three times . In the US , Zune and the Xbox Live Marketplace sell every episode of the series . = = Impact = = = = = Television ratings = = = With characters from Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High appearing in Degrassi : The Next Generation , viewers of the earlier series who are in their 20s and 30s make up a dedicated fan base of the current incarnation . Approximately 40 % of the series ' viewers are outside of Degrassi : The Next Generation 's 13- to 17 @-@ year @-@ old target audience . Degrassi : The Next Generation averaged 365 @,@ 000 viewers aged 13 – 20 years old in season one , and became the most watched domestic drama in Canada . By the end of season two , it had become the most popular Canadian show for the three youngest age groups ( children aged 2 – 12 , teenagers aged 13 – 17 and young adults aged 18 – 34 ) . In the third season , Degrassi : The Next Generation was again the most @-@ watched all @-@ Canadian drama series , and the most watched Canadian drama among adults 18 – 49 . A season four episode that features a school shooting received 930 @,@ 000 viewers ; at that time it was the programme 's highest @-@ ever rating . A second episode in the same season that features a storyline about oral sex also earned just under 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 viewers . Overall , the season averaged 600 @,@ 000 viewers , and was again the top Canadian drama for teens aged 13 – 17 , and adults in three age brackets 18 – 34 , 18 – 49 and 25 – 54 . It averaged 250 @,@ 000 viewers in the US in 2004 and was the highest rated digital cable series in the US in 2006 . While that figure is still far lower than successful shows on the " big four " networks ( ABC , CBS , Fox and NBC ) , the premiere episodes of earlier seasons have achieved higher audience figures with females aged 13 – 34 . 2004 also saw the school @-@ shooting episode receive more than half a million US viewers . The fifth season drew in an average of 767 @,@ 000 viewers , with episode two of the season being watched by 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 viewers . In the most recent seasons , however , the audience figures have dropped considerably . In Canada , season six was watched by fewer viewers than had watched season five ; episode fourteen was the highest @-@ viewed episode of the season , with a total of 645 @,@ 000 viewers . The season finale was watched by 520 @,@ 000 viewers , and the season overall averaged 522 @,@ 000 viewers . The average viewing figures fell again during the seventh season . The season premiere achieved the highest figures with 585 @,@ 000 viewers . This progressively dropped over the coming weeks , from 446 @,@ 000 total viewers for the third episode , to 407 @,@ 000 total viewers for the fifth episode , and continued to fall to a low of 314 @,@ 000 viewers by the tenth episode . Overall , the first twelve episodes of the season averaged 455 @,@ 000 viewers , 45 @,@ 000 less than the same number of episodes from the season six . Viewing figures continued to fall throughout season eight ; Bill Brioux , the television columnist for The Canadian Press , was surprised that Degrassi : The Next Generation had even reached its eighth season with such poor ratings , asking " What other show in the history of Canadian or American television has so consistently drawn so few viewers yet gets renewed year after year ? " The season premiere was watched by 398 @,@ 000 viewers , almost 200 @,@ 000 viewers fewer than what the premiere of season seven achieved . Viewing figures continued to drop when episodes two and six were both watched by an average of 220 @,@ 000 viewers . At the time they were the lowest figures Degrassi : The Next Generation has ever received ; however , they continued to fall and by episode eleven , overnight ratings indicated it had received 139 @,@ 000 viewers . The overall number of viewers rose slightly for the thirteenth episode , the first of a two @-@ parter , when it was watched by 157 @,@ 000 people , but the viewing figures for the key 18 – 34 demographics was at a low of 81 @,@ 000 . The following week , the episode that concluded the two @-@ parter picked up viewers , reaching an estimated total of 206 @,@ 000 . Brioux commented again about Degrassi : The Next Generation still being on the schedules , wondering when CTV was going to announce its cancellation and noting that The Amazing Race , which follows it in the scheduling , was watched by ten times the number of Degrassi 's viewers . That pattern was repeated the following week , when Degrassi : The Next Generation was watched by 222 @,@ 000 viewers , compared to 1 @,@ 834 @,@ 000 viewers for The Amazing Race , 1 @,@ 579 @,@ 000 viewers for Desperate Housewives and 1 @,@ 106 @,@ 000 viewers for The Mentalist , which were broadcast by CTV later in the evening . CTV aired two episodes back @-@ to @-@ back in the first half of season nine , and the scheduling had improved ratings . The first two episodes earned a combined figure of 471 @,@ 000 viewers , and the third and fourth episodes retained them ; they were watched by a combined 475 @,@ 000 viewers . The following week , the total viewing figures for episodes five and six had increased to 608 @,@ 000 , and remained high as the season went into hiatus in November with 572 @,@ 000 total viewers . = = = Awards = = = Degrassi : The Next Generation has won over fifty awards , and has been nominated for many others . The Writers Guild of Canada has awarded its Canadian Screenwriting Awards to the writers of two episodes . In 2004 , Aaron Martin , James Hurst and Shelley Scarrow won the " Best Youth Script Award " for " Pride " . The following year , the Scarrow @-@ penned episode " Secret " vied with " Mercy Street " , written by James Hurst and Miklos Perlus for the " Best Youth Script Award " . " Mercy Street " won . The series has been nominated for fourteen Directors Guild of Canada Awards . In the " Outstanding Achievement in a Television Series – Children 's " group category , the Bruce McDonald helmed " Mother and Child Reunion " ( nominated 2002 ) and " When Doves Cry " ( nominated 2003 ) were winners . " White Wedding " , also directed by McDonald , won the award in 2003 for " Outstanding Achievement in Direction – Television Series " . McDonald 's " Holiday " ( nominated 2004 ) , and Stefan Scaini 's " Time Stands Still , part 2 " ( nominated 2005 ) won the group categories for " Outstanding Achievement in a Television Series – Family " . " Can 't Hardly Wait " and " Pass the Dutchie " were also nominated in that category in 2007 and 2008 , respectively , but failed to win the awards . Stephen Withrow has picked up two awards in the " Outstanding Achievement in Picture Editing " category , for " Mother and Child Reunion " in 2002 and " When Doves Cry " in 2003 . Degrassi : The Next Generation has won seventeen Gemini Awards since 2002 , and has been nominated in twenty @-@ six other categories . In 2010 , producer Linda Schuyler received the Academy Achievement Award . Degrassi : The Next Generation has also seen awards success internationally . It was nominated for a " Best Children 's Television Programme " Prix Jeunesse in Germany in 2004 , and has been nominated at the GLAAD Media Awards four times . In 2004 , the show received a nomination in the Outstanding Drama Series category , but lost to the sports drama Playmakers . It was nominated in the same category again in 2008 , but lost to Brothers & Sisters . In 2005 , Degrassi : The Next Generation won the Television Critics Association Award for " Outstanding Achievement in Children 's Programming . " It was only the second time that a non @-@ United States series has won an award in this category ( the first time was Degrassi Junior High in 1988 ) . The Young Artist Awards has been recognising actors in the Degrassi franchise since 1987 . Degrassi : The Next Generation was nominated for four awards in its first year . Ryan Cooley and Jake Goldsbie were nominated in the " Best Leading Young Actor Performance in a TV Comedy Series " category , but lost to Frankie Muniz from Malcolm in the Middle . The series won the award for " Best Ensemble in a Comedy or Drama TV Series " category . A year later , Jake Epstein won the Young Artist Award in the category for " Best Leading Young Actor Performance in a TV Comedy Series " . In 2005 , Christina Schmidt tied with Alia Shawkat of Arrested Development to win the award for " Best Supporting Young Actress Performance in a TV Comedy Series " , and Jamie Johnston won the 2008 category for " Best Leading Young Actor Performance in a TV Series " . Young Artist Awards were awarded again in 2012 , with both Cristine Prosperi and A.J. Saudin winning awards in the Lead Young Actress and Recurring Young Actor categories respectively . However , they both tied with another in their category . At the Teen Choice Awards , children aged between twelve and nineteen vote for each category 's winner . The series has been nominated three times in the " Choice Summer TV Show " category , and has won twice , in 2005 and 2007 . The episode " My Body Is a Cage " , where Adam 's transgender secret is revealed , earned a Peabody Award , and a Creative Arts Emmy Award nomination in 2011 . = = = Critical reception = = = Degrassi : The Next Generation has received generally positive reviews . Entertainment Weekly has called it " a cult hit " , and The New York Times named it " Tha Best Teen TV N da WRLD ( The best teen TV in the world ) " . Of the first season , The Ottawa Citizen 's Tony Atherton had mixed feelings of the new incarnation , saying it " has a cleaner , more polished look , has lost its edge [ and offers ] nothing new to viewers familiar with the groundbreaking preceding series , nor to anyone else who has watched the deluge of teen dramas since ... there is a sense of déjà vu with regards to the plots and characters " . He did , however , praise the show for having " the same simple narrative told from a kid 's viewpoint , and the same regard for unvarnished reality [ as Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High ] " . Before its debut in the United States , The Seattle Times ' Melanie McFarland wondered whether the series would do well , writing : " soft @-@ pedaling through the issues might work for today 's family of viewers , but what 's gentle enough for Mom and Dad 's peace of mind might not be enough to hook Junior or the original Degrassi 's older fans " . The issues that the characters experience have often been commented on in the media . It has been noted that the series never attempts to hide from depicting honest accounts of the trials and tribulations that real teenagers may often experience . Sarah Liss from CBC News said that despite often being corny and soap opera @-@ y , Degrassi : The Next Generation tackles issues that other genre series prefer to gloss over , and was part of her essential viewing . She named the series one of " the [ ten ] most important television shows of the 2000s " , and was the only children 's series , and the only Canadian television series , to appear on the list , which included Mad Men , Lost , the CSI franchise , and Sex and the City . In 2008 , Jeffrey Bento @-@ Carrier described one storyline that showed a teacher being accused of sexually assaulting one of his students as " shock [ ing ] " , adding that " Degrassi is not for everyone , mainly because it 's an honest account what it 's like to be a teen in a society which values cliques and confrontation over truth and real growth . " Brian Orloff of the St. Petersburg Times echoed the sentiments , and praised the series for " stay [ ing ] in touch with teens ' lives " . In spite of these comments , The N held back one of the more controversial episodes of the first season , which showed a character losing control after taking an ecstasy pill , and refused to broadcast it until it was presented with an edited copy from the producers . The N also refused to broadcast two episodes from the second season that featured a storyline about date @-@ rape until suitable edits could be made , and withheld other episodes from season three that showed a fourteen @-@ year @-@ old character having an abortion after having consensual sexual intercourse with her boyfriend , and feeling no regrets . The decision caused an uproar amongst fans who organized a petition that caught the attention of the New York Times , as well as CBC , the National Post and the London Free Press in Canada . The episodes eventually aired three years later as part of an " every episode ever " marathon , with very little advertisement from the network . Another storyline was featured in the media after ten children from a Québécois school were found to have a number of cuts on their bodies . They said they had copied the show when one character began cutting herself in an episode . Comparisons between Degrassi : The Next Generation and other genre specific series have also been made throughout the run . Jake Surette , a writer with AfterElton.com , a website which focuses on the portrayal of homosexual and bisexual men in the media , reported on the portrayal of two Degrassi : The Next Generation gay characters . " Degrassi features ongoing stories of real @-@ life teen dilemmas — including intense gay and lesbian storylines — and does it without the righteous , ' On a Very Special Blossom ' endings that many teen dramas and sitcoms thrive on . " Kevin Thompson of The Palm Beach Post said the series " is told from a teenager 's point of view since the writers have no interest in appealing to a broad @-@ based demographic like the writers on , say , Fox 's The O.C. ... it connects with teens on their level " . PopMatters 's Jodie Janella Horn also compared it with The O.C. , saying that while scenes from Degrassi could be " actual scenes from my actual teenage life ... The O.C. will never remind me of anything in my life " , adding that it is the most unnervingly accurate series ever of the high school genre . The San Jose Mercury News has said " If they [ Everwood , The O.C. , and One Tree Hill ] want to be taken seriously , the shows could take a cue from Canadian drama Degrassi : The Next Generation , which ... addresses the same gritty teen issues without being far @-@ fetched " , the New York Times has also made favourable reviews of the series in comparison to Everwood , The O.C. , and One Tree Hill , as well as Beverly Hills , 90210 , Gilmore Girls , Dawson 's Creek , and adult series such as Sex and the City , Maude , and Six Feet Under . AOL TV ranked it as the sixth TV 's Biggest Guilty Pleasure . = Homer Loves Flanders = " Homer Loves Flanders " is the sixteenth episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 17 , 1994 . In the episode , Ned Flanders invites Homer to a football game and the two become good friends . However , Ned soon grows weary of Homer 's overbearing friendship and stupid antics , and begins to hate him . The episode was written by David Richardson and directed by Wesley Archer . It was the last episode to be pitched by writer Conan O 'Brien before he left The Simpsons . The episode features cultural references to films such as Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , The Deadly Tower , and The Ten Commandments , and songs such as " Two Tickets to Paradise " , " Macho Man " , and " Helter Skelter " . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 9 , and was the third highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired . = = Plot = = Homer is distraught when he is unable to acquire tickets for an upcoming football game involving the Springfield Atoms . When Ned Flanders wins two tickets to the game on a radio competition , he invites Homer as his guest . Though reluctant because of his dislike of Flanders , Homer is desperate to attend the game and accepts . Ned pays for all the food and even gets the winning quarterback , Stan " The Boy " Taylor , to give the game ball to Homer . Overwhelmed by Ned 's generosity and no longer ashamed to be associated with him , Homer becomes friends with Ned and his family . Homer begins acting overly grateful and annoys Ned and his family to no end by interrupting their family time together . The situation is not helped after Homer follows Ned to a homeless shelter for charity work ; Homer becomes bored with Ned 's slowly dishing soup for the homeless and takes over , however his impatience is mistaken for generosity by a newspaper photographer , and the resulting article declares Homer a hero . Homer 's popularity with the townspeople surges and eclipses Ned 's reputation . The Flanders family and the Simpson family go on a camping trip , but the families do not get along . When the Simpsons initiate a food fight , Ned later tells his wife that he has grown to hate Homer . Upon returning home , Homer remains oblivious to Ned 's animosity . He arrives at the Flanders 's house expecting to play golf , but Flanders and his family get in their car and race off without him . Pulled over by Chief Wiggum for speeding , Ned takes a sobriety test as disapproving townspeople watch , and his good name is destroyed after Wiggum announces that Ned is " high as a kite " ( even though he simply fell over ) . At church , when the entire congregation bow their heads in prayer , Homer inhales very loudly through his nose , causing Ned to finally snap and yell at Homer . This alarms the congregation who denounce Flanders as bitter and jealous , but nevertheless , Homer sticks up for Ned and everyone apologizes to him for not getting the full story and misjudging him . Ned is touched at Homer for sticking up for him and the two reconcile their friendship . Shocked , Lisa and Bart , thinking that everything would be back to normal by now , consider that this may be the end of their wacky adventures . However , the following week , Homer once again hates Ned and everything is back to normal , much to Lisa and Bart 's relief . The family then spends the night in a haunted house ( which formerly belonged to Homer 's Great Uncle Boris ) , and are heard screaming after the lights go out . = = Production = = " Homer Loves Flanders " was the last episode to be pitched by Conan O 'Brien before he left The Simpsons . David Richardson was assigned to write it , and Wesley Archer to direct it . Richardson wrote the episode at a Motel 6 in Hemet , California while he was dating an actress who was shooting a film there . In this season , the staff wanted to take a deeper look at the relationships of the characters . One of the things they wanted to explore in particular was what Homer and Flanders have in common and how they could turn into friends . Former show runner David Mirkin enjoyed making Homer and Flanders get along because they do not normally act that way . The episode begins with the Simpson family watching a news broadcast in which the news anchor Kent Brockman calls the United States Army a " kill @-@ bot factory " . Mirkin said this was a joke the staff " particularly loved to do " because it pointed out how negative and mean @-@ spirited news broadcasts can be , and how they are seemingly " always trying to scare everybody " by creating panic and depression . In one scene in the episode , Marge begins hallucinating after drinking from Springfield 's water supply , which has been spiked with LSD by Springfield 's rival town , Shelbyville . The Fox network 's censors wanted the scene to be cut from the episode because they did not like the idea of Marge " getting high " on LSD . Mirkin , however , defended the scene and argued Marge was not " doing it on purpose " , so the censors ultimately allowed the scene to remain in the episode . In another scene , Homer becomes frustrated at God for not getting the tickets to the game , so yells at a waffle stuck to the ceiling that he believes is God . Marge points out to him , however , that it is just a waffle that Bart threw up there . This scene , inspired by some melted caramel stuck to the ceiling of the Simpsons writers ' room , is one of Mirkin 's and Richardson 's " all time favorite " jokes . = = Cultural references = = When Homer hears the 1978 song " Two Tickets to Paradise " by Eddie Money on the radio , he sings along and plays air guitar . As Homer is eating nachos at the football game , he makes up a song called " Nacho Man " , a reference to Village People 's 1978 song " Macho Man " . When Flanders is mistakenly arrested for taking drugs , Chief Wiggum asks him " Where 's your Messiah now ? " , a line commonly mistakenly believed to be spoken by Edward G. Robinson 's character Dathan in the 1956 film The Ten Commandments but in fact originates from Billy Crystal 's stand @-@ up impersonation of Robinson . Ned 's dream involves him shooting at people inside the university clock tower based on the 1975 movie The Deadly Tower , itself based on Charles Whitman 's 1966 killing spree . The scene where Homer chases Flanders 's car is a parallel of the sequence in Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , in which Robert Patrick 's character T @-@ 1000 chases the heroes in the police car after escaping from the hospital . When Rod and Todd are watching television in the Flanders 's living room , a picture of Leonardo da Vinci 's painting The Last Supper can be seen behind them . The homeless shelter that Homer and Flanders visit is called Helter Shelter , a reference to the 1968 song " Helter Skelter " by The Beatles . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " Homer Loves Flanders " finished 43rd in the ratings for the week of March 14 – 20 , 1994 , with a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 9 . The episode was the third highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following Beverly Hills , 90210 and Melrose Place . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . In 2007 , Patrick Enright of MSNBC called the episode his eighth favorite of the show . He praised the references to Terminator 2 in the episode , as well as Lisa 's self @-@ referential quote about how , " by next week , we 'll be back to where we started from , ready for another wacky adventure . " The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , thought the episode had " some great existential musings " from Lisa . They added that it also " contains some nice moments highlighting the differences between the Simpsons and the Flanders . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson said : " I always remembered [ " Homer Loves Flanders " ] to be a great episode – and I recalled correctly . Sure , the show goes with a less than creative presence ; it ’ s an easy story to make characters behave in atypical ways . However , the development of the theme is terrific , as we learn the friendship of Homer Simpson is worse than the antagonism of Homer Simpson . " DVD Talk gave the episode a 4 out of 5 score . Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode a B − grade , claiming the " rather large dose of sentimentality " and " fewer moments of absurdity " in the episode gave it " the feeling that it belongs in one of the series ' earlier seasons " . The Orlando Sentinel 's Gregory Hardy named it the second best episode of the show with a sports theme . = In My Place = " In My Place " is a song by the British alternative rock band Coldplay . The song was written collaboratively by all the band members for their second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head . The track is built around thumping drums and chiming guitars . It was released on 5 August 2002 as the lead single from A Rush of Blood to the Head and reached number two on the UK Singles Chart . The song also reached number 17 on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks . " In My Place " was well received by critics , who complimented its arrangement and profound lyrics . The song won the award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 45th Grammy Awards . = = Background and composition = = In an interview with Q magazine , frontman Chris Martin stated that " In My Place " was a song Coldplay had left after recording their debut album Parachutes ( 2000 ) . When the band finished recording their second album A Rush of Blood to the Head , Martin said that the album was complete . However , after guitarist Jonny Buckland played the song on his guitar , Martin said that they now needed to record it and include it on the album . Martin also said that : " That 's about where you 're put in the world , and how you 're given your position , and the way you look , and how you have to get on with it . " In an interview , Buckland revealed that the song was hard to record , as the band had played the song live . He also commented that when they started recording the song , they did not know how it should sound , due to the band members ' contrasting ideas . The song opens with a single crash cymbal followed by two bars of 4 / 4 drumming , then a plaintive three @-@ note guitar line rings through a strummy rhythm , and Martin 's vocals . Its instrumentation is varied with the sound of thumping drums , chiming guitars , a singalong chorus , and a string arrangement . The song also features a guitar lick swirl . The three lines of the third verse allude to a man 's love of a woman , who does not reciprocate his love . He is saying he will always wait for her , but he does not think that she should stay where she is any longer . The lyrics emphasize : " But I wait for you / if you go , if you go / leaving me here on my own / well I wait for you . " The song 's lyrics also include references to a desire for weary optimism . = = Critical reception = = Critics were positive towards the song . In the Entertainment Weekly review of the album , critic David Browne wrote : " Songs like ' In My Place ' and ' Warning Sign ' marry lyrics imbued with deep regret and mistakes ( ' ' ... You were an island / And I passed you by ' ' in the touching latter song ) with lyrical melodies and guitar hooks that twinkle and sparkle . " Adrien Begrand of PopMatters wrote : " When the shimmering , pretty lead @-@ off single ' In My Place ' represents the album 's weakest moment , you know you 've got something extraordinary . Currently storming the charts a la ' Yellow ' , ' In My Place ' is another surprisingly simple song , carried by Jonny Buckland 's chiming guitar and Chris Martin ’ s heartfelt vocals . It really shouldn 't amount to much , but Coldplay make it work very well . When Martin sings , " Please , please , please / Come back and sing to me , " he totally sells it , and you buy it . And why not ? The song 's lovely . Amy M. Bruce of The Towerlight wrote : " With a slew of introspective rock songs like ' In My Place ' and ' God Put a Smile upon Your Face , ' this album is worthy of the hype surrounding the band 's first album . " Jules Willis of the BBC wrote : " The second track , the first written post @-@ Parachutes and sounding like a refugee from that album , is the grower ' In My Place ' . It 's a fantastic pop tune that justifies Coldplay 's status as one of UK 's most exciting bands . " = = Commercial performance = = Coldplay released " In My Place " in the US and UK on 5 August 2002 as the album 's lead single . The single was pressed with two B @-@ sides : " One I Love " and " I Bloom Blaum " . The single cover features Buckland , with art directed by Sølve Sundsbø . " In My Place " peaked at number two on UK Singles Chart on 17 August 2002 , kept off the top by " Colourblind " by Darius Danesh . It stayed in the chart until 23 November 2002 . The song reached number seventeen on Billboard 's Hot Modern Rock Tracks in 2002 . The band were yet to have a number one single . In 2005 , " Speed of Sound " , the lead single of the band 's third album , X & Y , also reached number two , but never the number one position . " Speed of Sound " was marked as Coldplay 's most successful single until " Viva la Vida " , reached number one in 2008 . A live recording of " In My Place " from Glastonbury Festival 2011 was released to download on 26 June 2011 . = = Music video = = The music video for " In My Place " was directed by Sophie Muller . It debuted on 17 June 2002 on AOL . It features a by @-@ the @-@ numbers band performance , in which Coldplay are playing in a huge , nearly empty room . The two women in the background were members of the video crew : a makeup artist / wardrobe assistant and the video commissioner . The video starts off with band playing ; while they play , Chris Martin , who is sitting in a corner , gets up and joins them in the song . During the video , Martin sings directly to the camera . During the guitar solo , Martin runs up to the two women in the background , talks to them for a while , and then returns to sing the rest of the song . The video concludes with the band finishing the song . The video was subjected to a spoof by Bad Lip Reading on their YouTube page . It was dubbed with the song " Yeti " that was composed and recorded , like BLR 's other videos , to humorously reinterpret the lip movement and action in the video . " Yeti " has received well over a million views on YouTube . = = Personnel = = Chris Martin – lead vocals , synthesizer Jonny Buckland – guitar Guy Berryman – bass guitar Will Champion – drums , backing vocals = = Awards = = " In My Place " won a Grammy Award in the category of Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 2003 Grammy Awards . The song was nominated for two MuchMusic Video Awards for Best international video – group and People 's Choice : Favorite international group . = = Usage in media = = In 2003 , " In My Place " was featured on Coldplay 's live album , Live 2003 . In 2012 , " In My Place " was featured on Coldplay 's live album Live 2012 . The song appeared in the 2006 episode " Saving Sammy " on CBS ' television series Cold Case . The song was used as a closing montage song about a case from 2003 . The track appeared again on an episode of the television series Fastlane . The song is also featured in as playable in Guitar Hero 5 . In 2010 the song was on the cbs show Ghost Whisperer . Most notably , the song was also featured in the hit WB ( now CW ) show Smallville in the second season premiere . = = Track listing = = " In My Place " – 3 : 48 " One I Love " – 4 : 35 " I Bloom Blaum " – 2 : 11 All versions of the official single included the B @-@ side , " One I Love " . This track was regularly performed on the subsequent A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour and is also featured on the Coldplay Live 2003 DVD . = = Charts and certifications = = = = = Literature = = = Roach , Martin ( 2003 ) . Coldplay : Nobody Said It Was Easy . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 7119 @-@ 9810 @-@ 8 . = Led Zeppelin II = Led Zeppelin II is the second studio album by the English rock band Led Zeppelin , released on 22 October 1969 in the United States and on 31 October 1969 in the United Kingdom on Atlantic Records . Recording sessions for the album took place at several locations in the United Kingdom and North America from January to August 1969 . Production was credited to lead guitarist and songwriter Jimmy Page , while it also served as Led Zeppelin 's first album to utilise the recording techniques of engineer Eddie Kramer . With elements of blues and folk music , Led Zeppelin II also exhibits the band 's evolving musical style of blues @-@ derived material and their guitar and riff @-@ based sound . It has been described as the band 's heaviest album . Upon release , Led Zeppelin II sold well and was the band 's first album to reach number one in the UK and the US . In 1970 , art director David Juniper was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Recording Package for the album . On 15 November 1999 , it was certified 12 × Platinum by the RIAA for sales in excess of 12 million copies . Since its release , writers and music critics have regularly cited it in polls of the greatest and most influential rock albums . = = Conception = = = = = Background = = = Led Zeppelin II was conceived during a hectic and much @-@ travelled period of Led Zeppelin 's career from January through August 1969 , when they completed four European and three American concert tours . Each song was separately recorded , mixed and produced at various studios in the UK and North America . The album was written on tour , during periods of a couple of hours in between concerts , a studio was booked and the recording process begun , resulting in a sound with spontaneity and urgency through necessity . Bassist John Paul Jones recalled that " We were touring a lot . Jimmy [ Page ] ' s riffs were coming fast and furious . A lot of them came from onstage especially during the long improvised section of ' Dazed and Confused ' . We 'd remember the good stuff and dart into a studio along the way . " Some of the recording studios used by the band were not the most advanced . One studio in Vancouver , credited as " a hut " , had an 8 @-@ track set up that did not even have proper headphone facilities . The group 's lead singer Robert Plant later discussed the writing and recording process , stating " It was crazy really . We were writing the numbers in hotel rooms and then we 'd do a rhythm track in London , add the vocal in New York , overdub the harmonica in Vancouver and then come back to finish mixing at New York . " " Thank You " , " The Lemon Song " and " Moby Dick " were overdubbed during the tour , while the mixing of " Whole Lotta Love " and " Heartbreaker " was also done on tour . Page later stated " In other words , some of the material came out of rehearsing for the next tour and getting new material together . " = = = Recording = = = Recording sessions for the album took place at Olympic and Morgan Studios in London , England ; A & M , Quantum , Sunset , Mirror Sound and Mystic Studios in Los Angeles , California ; Ardent Studios in Memphis , Tennessee ; A & R , Juggy Sound , Groove and Mayfair Studios in New York City ; and the " hut " in Vancouver . Production was entirely credited to Jimmy Page , while it also served as Led Zeppelin 's first album to utilise the skills and recording techniques of engineer Eddie Kramer . Led Zeppelin archivist Dave Lewis wrote of the album 's production , stating " That the album turned out to be such a triumph , in particular for a production quality that still sounds fresh today , was in no small way due to the successful alliance with Page and Kramer in the control room . " This partnership was particularly exhibited in the central section of the track " Whole Lotta Love " . Kramer later said , " The famous Whole Lotta Love mix , where everything is going bananas , is a combination of Jimmy and myself just flying around on a small console twiddling every knob known to man . " In another interview , Kramer later gave great credit to Page for the sound that was achieved , despite the inconsistent conditions in which it was recorded : " We did that album piece @-@ meal . We cut some of the tracks in some of the most bizarre studios you can imagine , little holes in the wall . Cheap studios . But in the end it sounded bloody marvellous . There was a unification of sound on [ Led ] Zeppelin II because there was one guy in charge and that was Mr. Page . " Page and Kramer spent two days mixing the album at A & R Studios . One other song from the sessions , " La La " was included on the 2014 deluxe edition of the album . = = Composition = = The finished tracks reflect the raw , evolving sound of the band and their ability as live performers . The album has been noted for featuring a further development of the lyrical themes established by Jimmy Page on Led Zeppelin 's debut album , as Robert Plant had not until that point written any lyrics for the band . This all served to create a work which would then become more widely acclaimed and arguably more influential . " Whole Lotta Love " and " The Lemon Song " both feature sexual themes , as the latter contains a metaphor , which , according to one music writer , implores " unnamed ladies to squeeze his lemon ' til the juice runs down my leg . ' " As was later observed by Plant himself : Led Zep II was very virile . That was the album that was going to dictate whether or not we had the staying power and the capacity to stimulate . It was still blues @-@ based but it was a much more carnal approach to the music and quite flamboyant . It was created on the run between hotel rooms and the GTOs , and that was quite something . Led Zeppelin II also features experimentation with other musical styles and approaches , as on the alternately soft @-@ and @-@ loud " What Is and What Should Never Be " and " Ramble On " ( which featured Page 's acoustic guitar ) , or the pop @-@ influenced ballad " Thank You " . With its mysterious atmospherics , " Ramble On " helped develop hard rock 's association with fantasy themes , which had been partly derived from the psychedelic rock genre of two to three years before , but also from Plant 's personal interest in the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien . This musical direction would later culminate on Led Zeppelin IV ( and countless subsequent groups would later carry the influence to further extremes ) . Conversely , the instrumental " Moby Dick " features an extended drum solo by John Bonham , which would be extended further during Led Zeppelin concert performances sometimes for as long as half an hour . Page 's contribution to this album was significant , as his electric guitar solo on the song " Heartbreaker " was emulated by many younger rock guitarists , and exemplifies the group 's intense musical attack . Led Zeppelin II is the band 's first album to feature Page playing a 1959 Gibson Les Paul , the electric guitar he helped popularise . His innovative recording and drum miking effects on tracks such as " Ramble On " and " Whole Lotta Love " also demonstrated his considerable skill , resourcefulness and originality as a producer . Rolling Stone magazine later called Page 's guitar riff for the latter song " one of the most exhilarating guitar riffs in rock & roll . " John Paul Jones later discussed Page 's contributions : Jimmy started coming into his own as a producer around " Whole Lotta Love " . The backwards echo stuff . A lot of the microphone techniques were just inspired . Everybody thinks he goes into the studio with huge walls of amps , but he doesn 't . He uses a really small amp and he just mic 's it up really well , so it fits into a sonic picture . The album 's material also marked a certain honing of Plant 's vocal approach , and signalled his emergence as a serious songwriter . Plant 's name had previously been absent from the songwriting credits of the band 's first album due to the previous contractual commitments that resulted from his earlier association with CBS Records as a solo artist . His influence on tracks such as " What Is and What Should Never Be " and " Ramble On " were pointers to the band 's musical future . Plant has commented that it was only during the sessions for Led Zeppelin II that he started to feel at home as a vocalist in the studio with Led Zeppelin . In a 2008 interview for Uncut , he stated " [ D ] uring Led Zep I ( 1969 ) as far as I was concerned , I thought that I was going to [ leave the band ] anyway . I didn 't feel that comfortable because there were a lot of demands on me vocally — which there were all the way through the Zeppelin thing . And I was quite nervous and didn 't really get into enjoying it until II . " = = Packaging = = The album sleeve design was from a poster by David Juniper , who was simply told by the band to come up with an interesting idea . Juniper was a fellow student of Page 's at Sutton Art College in Surrey . His design was based on a photograph of the Jagdstaffel 11 Division of the German Air Force during World War I , the famed Flying Circus led by the Red Baron . After the picture was tinted , the faces of the four members of the band were airbrushed on from a 1969 publicity photograph . Other faces added , according to Juniper , were either Miles Davis or Blind Willie Johnson , a friend of Andy Warhol ( possibly Mary Woronov ) and astronaut Neil Armstrong , although it is actually fellow astronaut Frank Borman . The cover also pictured the outline of a Zeppelin on a brown background ( similar to the cover of the band 's first album ) , which gave the album its nickname " Brown Bomber " . = = Release and reception = = The album was released on 22 October 1969 on Atlantic Records , with advance orders of 400 @,@ 000 copies . The advertising campaign was built around the slogans ' Led Zeppelin - The Only Way to Fly ' and ' Led Zeppelin II Now Flying ' . Commercially , Led Zeppelin II was the band 's first album to hit No. 1 in the US , knocking The Beatles ' Abbey Road ( 1969 ) twice from the top spot , where it remained for seven weeks . By April 1970 it had registered three million American sales , whilst in Britain it enjoyed a 138 @-@ week residence on the LP chart , climbing to the top spot in February 1970 . The album also yielded Led Zeppelin 's biggest hit with the track " Whole Lotta Love " . This song reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1970 , after Atlantic went against the group 's wishes by releasing a shorter version on 45 . The single 's B @-@ side , " Living Loving Maid ( She 's Just a Woman ) " , also hit the Billboard chart , peaking at No. 65 in April 1970 . The album helped establish Led Zeppelin as an international concert attraction , as for the next year , the group continued to tour relentlessly , initially performing in clubs and ballrooms , then in larger auditoriums and eventually stadiums as their popularity grew . In 1970 art director David Juniper was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of best album package for Led Zeppelin II . On 10 November 1969 , the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and in 1990 it was certified 5x platinum reflecting shipping of five million copies . By 14 November 1999 , Led Zeppelin II had shipped twelve million copies and was certified 12x platinum by the RIAA . 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s final wartime score of twenty @-@ six included six aircraft driven down out of control , thirteen aircraft and four balloons destroyed , and three other aircraft destroyed in victories shared with other airmen . This made him second only to Harry Cobby as the most successful ace in the AFC , as well as the fourth most successful of all the Australian aces in the war ( his top @-@ scoring compatriots , Robert Little and Roderic ( Stan ) Dallas , flew with the British Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Air Force ) . King was recommended for a bar to his DFC , which was upgraded to the Distinguished Service Order and awarded on 3 June 1919 . The recommendation noted his victories in the air and described him as having " proved himself a very brilliant patrol leader " and as " a magnificent example at all times to all pilots in the Squadron by his keenness on the ground and gallantry in the air which was of the highest possible order " . He was also belatedly mentioned in despatches in July 1919 for his wartime service . = = Interbellum and World War II = = Following the end of hostilities , No. 4 Squadron joined the British Army of Occupation at Bickendorf , near Cologne , Germany , in December 1918 . The unit returned to England in March 1919 , and King sailed with it back to Australia aboard RMS Kaisar @-@ i @-@ Hind on 6 May . He left the AFC on 11 August 1919 in Melbourne , before gaining employment as an air courier for Larkin @-@ Sopwith Aviation Co. of Australasia Ltd , which had been co @-@ founded by fighter ace Herbert Larkin . While working for Larkin @-@ Sopwith , King refused an appointment in the newly established Australian Air Corps ( AAC ) — forerunner of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) — because it had not then offered a commission to Frank McNamara , VC . In a letter to the AAC selection committee on 30 January 1920 , he wrote " I feel I must forfeit my place in favor ( sic ) of this very good and gallant officer " ; McNamara received a commission in the AAC that April . King 's career with Larkin @-@ Sopwith involved many pioneering flights . In 1920 alone , flying a Sopwith Gnu , he was credited with making the first aerial deliveries of mail and newspapers to various cities in eastern Australia , and with making the first aircraft landing at several townships in southern Queensland . He also competed in air races . By April 1922 , working with Larkin @-@ Sopwith 's successor , Larkin Aircraft Supply Co . Ltd , King was reported as having safely flown 2 @,@ 000 passengers and 48 @,@ 000 miles ( 77 @,@ 000 km ) throughout Victoria , New South Wales and Queensland . He soon left the aviation business to go into partnership with another pilot , T.T. Shipman , founding Shipman , King and Co . Pty Ltd . Importing and building machinery , the company was successful and allowed King to take up the restoration and racing of motor vehicles . He married Josephine Livingston , twenty , at St John 's Anglican Church , Camberwell , on 31 March 1925 . The couple had a son and a daughter . In December 1939 , soon after the outbreak of World War II , King joined the RAAF as a squadron leader . Initially considered for general flying duties , he was assigned training commands commencing in the new year . On 2 January 1940 , he became the inaugural commanding officer of No. 3 Elementary Flying Training School ( No. 3 EFTS ) in Essendon , Victoria . Part of Australia 's contribution to the Empire Air Training Scheme , No. 3 EFTS initially comprised a significant civilian presence , many of the aircraft and staff under King 's control being from private airline companies and the Royal Victorian Aero Club ; by July , all private machines had been pressed into RAAF service and the civilian element largely disappeared . King assumed command of No. 5 Elementary Flying Training School at Narromine , New South Wales , on 21 December . Promoted to wing commander , he took over No. 1 Service Flying Training School at RAAF Point Cook , Victoria , from Group Captain John McCauley on 7 July 1941 . In October , King was promoted to acting group captain and posted to command the newly established Station Headquarters Point Cook . = = Death and legacy = = King died unexpectedly of cerebral oedema on 28 November , aged 47 . Survived by his wife and children , he was cremated at Fawkner Crematorium , Melbourne . His funeral service at South Yarra was attended by hundreds of mourners from the military and civil aviation world , including the Chief of the Air Staff , Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Burnett , and a representative of the Minister for Air ; the pallbearers included Air Vice Marshal Henry Wrigley , Air Commodore Raymond Brownell , Group Captain Allan Walters , and Wing Commander Henry Winneke . Elwyn Roy King 's name appears on panel 97 in the Commemorative Area of the Australian War Memorial , Canberra . His youngest brother Francis , who served as a flying officer with No. 30 Squadron in New Guinea , died in an aircraft crash on 31 May 1943 . = Via della Conciliazione = Via della Conciliazione ( Road of the Conciliation ) is a street in the Rione of Borgo within Rome , Italy . Roughly 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) in length , it connects Saint Peter 's Square to the Castel Sant 'Angelo on the western bank of the Tiber River . The road was constructed between 1936 and 1950 , and it is the primary access route to the Square . In addition to shops , it is bordered by a number of historical and religious buildings – including the Palazzo Torlonia , the Palazzo dei Penitenzieri and the Palazzo dei Convertendi , and the churches of Santa Maria in Traspontina and Santo Spirito in Sassia . Despite being one of the few major thoroughfares in Rome able to cope with a high volume of traffic without congestion , it is the subject of much ire both within the Roman community and among historical scholars due to the circumstances under which it was constructed . The area around the church was rebuilt several times following the various Sacks of Rome , and again after having deteriorated due to the loss of prosperity resulting from the Papacy 's relocation to Avignon during the 14th century . Through all of these reconstructions , the area in front of the short courtyard of Saint Peter 's Basilica remained a maze of densely packed structures overhanging narrow side @-@ streets and alleyways . = = Previous plans = = Plans were drawn up several times over the years for the construction of a major link between the Vatican City and the centre of Rome ; the number of submissions increasing dramatically with the onset of the Italian Renaissance . The first design was submitted by Leone Battista Alberti during the reign of Pope Nicholas V , and formed one of the two perennial designs proposed for the area . Alberti envisioned an " open " plan , consisting of a single voluminous V @-@ shaped boulevard , widest at St. Peter 's Basilica itself and tapering as it approached the Tiber . The other scheme of designs submitted by architects was a " closed " plan that would consist of two roads arching outwards in an ellipse , with the Tiber and the Square at opposite ends . Proponents of a closed plan would usually suggest that the space between the two causeways be separated by a colonnade , or by a row of inhabited structures whose designs would be scrutinised and approved by architects employed by the Holy See . Variations on both themes were submitted time and time again . Proponents of an " open " plan included such architects as Giovanni Battista Nolli and Cosimo Morelli . A number of other architects , such as Carlo Fontana , and at least one Pope ( Sixtus V ) favoured a " closed " design , with a number of streets radiating from the central square , maintaining the " spina " , or spine , of the structures of Borgo directly between the square and the Tiber . Neither approach moved beyond sketches and blueprints . Both open and closed designs were considered by the Vatican , but were ultimately discarded for reasons of expense . A thorough examination of the costs of constructing a thoroughfare was made by the Vatican @-@ approved St. Peter 's Building Commission in 1651 . Their conclusion was that " the cardinals ' proposal to demolish all the buildings between the Borgo Nuovo and the Borgo Vecchio for a greater and longer vista to the church " would be infeasible due to inordinately high expropriation costs and vested property interests . Further momentum was lost when Gian Lorenzo Bernini was commissioned to redesign the terrace in front of the Basilica in 1656 . After discarding several sketches , Bernini settled on a colossal open space in the shape of an ellipse . With the potential expense of clearing Borgo , Bernini decided instead to make use of the warren of poorly maintained medieval buildings to obscure any view of the Vatican structures from any significant distance . In this way , pilgrims emerged from the relative darkness of the city into the vast open space and grandeur of the Square and its surrounding buildings – a sight calculated to inspire awe in first @-@ time visitors to the Holy See 's seat of power . Bernini had originally planned to demolish a square roughly 100 m to a side directly in front of the square , filling the space with a third colonnade ( or " terzo braccio " ) to match the two still standing today . This would afford a longer vantage point to allow visitors a better viewing angle of the new Basilica . The death of his patron , Pope Alexander VII , put a halt to Bernini 's work . The third set of columns was abandoned , and Bernini 's piazza remained open @-@ ended and incomplete . From the final major reconstruction of Borgo in the 15th century , the site which the Via della Conciliazione now covers remained occupied by residential , religious , and historical buildings for nearly 500 years . The final impetus behind the road 's construction was primarily political . Borgo , along with the rest of the Papal States outside of the Vatican itself , was taken by the Kingdom of Italy during the Italian unification in the 19th Century – leading to Pope Pius IX 's declaration that he had become a prisoner in the Vatican and the formation of the Roman Question . For the next 59 years , the Popes refused to leave the Vatican , in order to avoid any appearance of accepting the authority wielded by the Italian government over Rome as a whole . Initially , parts of the Italian government welcomed this , expecting the influence of the Papacy to fade to the point that enough political support could be gained to abolish it altogether . However , this failed to come to pass , and eventually a compromise acceptable to both states was reached in the Lateran treaty of 1929 . = = Mussolini and Rome = = Prime Minister Benito Mussolini , who had signed the accord on behalf of the King , resurrected the idea of a grand thoroughfare symbolically connecting the Vatican to the heart of the Italian capital . To fulfil this vision , Mussolini turned to the prominent Fascist architects Marcello Piacentini and Attilio Spaccarelli . Drawing inspiration from a number of the designs submitted by Carlo Fontana , Piacentini came up with a plan that would preserve the best aspects of both the " open " and " closed " designs – a grand boulevard that would nonetheless obscure the majority of the Vatican buildings per Bernini 's intentions . The vast colonnaded street would require the clearance of the whole " spina " of Borgo placed in between the Basilica and the Castle . Since the facades of the buildings lining this space did not align perfectly , in order to create the illusion of a perfectly straight causeway traffic islands would be erected along both sides , with rows of obelisks leading towards the Square , doubling as lampposts . These were also intended to reduce the effect that the funnel @-@ shaped design would have on perspective when facing the Basilica . The wings of those buildings closest to the square would be preserved to form a propylaea , blocking the greater portion of the Vatican City from approaching visitors and framing the Square and Basilica at the head of a grand open space that would allow for easy vehicular access . = = Construction = = Demolition of the spina of Borgo began with Mussolini 's symbolic strike of the first building with a pickaxe on 29 October 1936 and continued for twelve months . Even at the time , the demolition proved controversial , with many Borgo residents displaced en masse to settlements ( " borgate " ) outside of the city . Among the buildings dismantled , either totally or in part , and rebuilt in another position , were the Palazzo dei Convertendi , the house of Giacomo Bartolomeo da Brescia , the Church of the Nunziatina , the palaces Rusticucci @-@ Accoramboni and degli Alicorni ( the latter had been already demolished in 1931 ) . Other buildings , like the palace of the Governatore di Borgo and the Churches of San Giacomo Scossacavalli and Sant 'Angelo al Corridore , were destroyed . Facing into the cleared area are five other historical buildings , the Palazzo Giraud Torlonia , the church of Santa Maria in Traspontina , the Palazzo dei Penitenzieri , Palazzo Serristori , and Palazzo Cesi ( which was mutilated ) . The construction of the road was only a small feature in the reconstruction of Rome ordered by Mussolini , which ranged from the restoration of the Castel Sant 'Angelo , the clearance of the Mausoleum of Augustus , to the vastly more complicated site of the Via dell 'Impero through Rome 's ancient imperial remains . His plan was to transform Rome into a monument to Italian fascism . In five years , Rome must appear marvellous to all the peoples of the world ; vast , orderly , powerful , as it was in the time of the first empire of Augustus . Benito Mussolini Construction of the road continued long after Mussolini 's death and the abolition of Italian Fascism . The obelisks along the road were installed in time for the Jubilee of 1950 . = = Today = = Since its completion , the road has acted as the primary access point to St. Peter 's Square , and by extension to the Vatican City itself . At times , such as during the funeral of Pope John Paul II , it has acted as an extension to the square itself , allowing a greater number of visitors to attend functions conducted there . = Nigel Gibbs = Nigel James Gibbs ( born 20 November 1965 ) is a former English professional footballer and most recently worked as first @-@ team coach of Millwall . A Watford supporter , as well as a product of their youth system , Gibbs spent his entire professional career as a right back for the club . He was assistant manager of Leeds United after being appointed on 12 April 2013 alongside Brian McDermott , whom he assisted at Reading . He departed from Leeds United in August 2014 . Gibbs made his Watford debut in 1983 , in front of 38 @,@ 000 spectators in a UEFA Cup match against Sparta Prague . In his early career Gibbs also played nine times for the England youth team , and five times for England under @-@ 21s . Under the management of Graham Taylor , Gibbs eventually established himself as a first @-@ team player at Watford , making 100 Football League appearances before the club 's relegation from the First Division in 1988 . Gibbs remained a key player for the team in the Second Division , and was voted Watford F.C. Player of the Season in 1992 . Manager Glenn Roeder appointed Gibbs as club captain for the 1992 – 93 season , but a series of serious injuries restricted him to 33 appearances over the following four seasons . When his contract expired in 1996 , Gibbs considered retirement , but he went on to earn a new contract and make the most appearances of any Watford player in 1996 – 97 . Gibbs featured regularly in Watford 's rise from the Second Division to the Premier League between 1997 and 1999 , and went on to play a further 17 games at the top level of English football . Watford were relegated in 2000 , and Gibbs made eight further appearances before retiring in 2002 . Gibbs remained at Watford as a coach , primarily working with the youth and reserve teams . He took charge of the first team for a week following Ray Lewington 's sacking as manager in 2005 , but in turn was dismissed by incoming manager Aidy Boothroyd just before the start of the following season . After taking a year off to acquire the UEFA Pro Licence , Gibbs joined Reading as youth team manager in 2006 , and became assistant manager in 2009 – 10 . He continued in this role , and in 2011 – 12 Reading won the Football League Championship title , earning promotion to the Premier League . = = Early life = = Born in the city of St Albans , Hertfordshire , Gibbs attended How Wood primary school , and as a nine @-@ year @-@ old striker helped his team win a district six @-@ a @-@ side competition . Gibbs began training with and supporting Watford from an early age , and was watching from the Main Stand at Vicarage Road as Watford sealed the Fourth Division title in 1978 . Although part of Watford 's youth system , he occasionally played for St Albans City 's youth team due to their close proximity to his home and school . He also played for Hertfordshire schools at under @-@ 14 to under @-@ 16 levels . Although initially a striker , Gibbs switched to the position of right @-@ back as a teenager . Further success came with Watford 's youth teams ; he played in the first leg of the youth team 's 7 – 6 aggregate FA Youth Cup win against Manchester United in 1982 , and in the final as Watford finished runners up in the Southern Junior Floodlit Cup . These performances earned him a callup to England 's youth team , for whom he played nine times . However , after signing as an apprentice in July 1982 , Gibbs played in midfield for the reserves . Due to his height , first team manager Graham Taylor was concerned about Gibbs ' ability to cope with the physicality of being a first @-@ team full back , and placed 17 @-@ year @-@ old Gibbs on a steak and Guinness diet as an attempt to " beef him up . " = = Professional career = = = = = Turning professional in the First Division = = = Gibbs turned professional on 20 November 1983 . Three days later , he made his Watford debut in a UEFA Cup third round home match against Sparta Prague at the club 's stadium , Vicarage Road . He also played in the away fixture , in front of 38 @,@ 000 spectators . Faced with snowy conditions in Prague , Watford were eliminated 7 – 2 on aggregate . Gibbs made his first Football League appearances in Watford 's final three First Division games of 1983 – 84 , including as a substitute in a 2 – 1 win over Arsenal . However , he was not selected for the 1984 FA Cup final . Gibbs , now 18 , returned to the reserves for much of the following season . Watford 's first @-@ team struggled , failing to win any of their first nine league games . Although his first start of the season ended in an 2 – 0 defeat to Queens Park Rangers , Gibbs retained his place for 10 of the remaining 11 matches , experiencing only one further defeat . Continuing in this vein , 1985 – 86 saw Gibbs establish himself as the team 's first choice right @-@ back . He missed only two games all season , both of which resulted in defeat for Watford . His first goal came on 5 April 1986 in a 4 – 1 home victory over Newcastle United , while he also played in a 5 – 1 win over Chelsea at Stamford Bridge on the final day of the season . Gibbs ' consistency helped him to third place in the voting for the club 's Player of the Season award . After suffering a foot injury at the start of 1986 – 87 , Gibbs was restricted to 18 appearances as his team finished the season 9th in the First Division . However , the departure of Graham Taylor and arrival of Dave Bassett the following season signalled a decline in the club 's fortunes . Gibbs lost his place shortly before Bassett 's departure in January , and although he soon returned to the side under Steve Harrison , Watford were relegated in 1988 . At the time of the club 's relegation , Gibbs had made precisely 100 First Division appearances . = = = Second Division = = = Despite the disappointment of relegation , Gibbs started 1988 – 89 strongly . The defender played every minute of Watford 's four opening fixtures , with the team keeping four consecutive clean sheets . During this run , he also scored the only goal of the game against West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns . Playing in all 46 league games , Gibbs finished second in the Player of the Season vote behind Glyn Hodges . Watford finished the season in a play @-@ off position , behind Chelsea , Manchester City and Crystal Palace . The team faced Blackburn Rovers in the semi @-@ finals , drawing both games but being eliminated on the away goals rule . The following season saw Watford slip down to 15th , although they did keep 11 clean sheets in the 41 games that Gibbs played in . Gibbs briefly lost his place in the team following Harrison being replaced by Colin Lee , but regained it before the end of the campaign . An injury sustained on 25 August 1990 kept Gibbs out for two months , and once he had regained full fitness , his team were bottom of the table . His return coincided with a winless run of seven league matches , leaving Watford seven points from safety with nearly half the season gone . Nonetheless , Watford managed to climb to 20th place , and despite missing 14 games , Gibbs was once again shortlisted for the club 's end of season award . In 1991 – 92 Gibbs finally became Player of the Season . Missing only three matches , he rounded off a good season by scoring his first goal in four years in Watford 's last league game , cementing a top @-@ ten finish in the Second Division . = = = Career threatening injury = = = Gibbs was appointed club captain at the start of the 1992 – 93 season . The team started the season with three First Division defeats in their opening six games , keeping just one clean sheet . However , on an individual level the season was to get even worse for Gibbs . He sustained a knee injury against Notts County on 7 September 1992 , putting him out of first team contention for six weeks . During his comeback , at home to Tranmere Rovers , Gibbs aggravated the previous injury , putting him out of action for more than two years . Concern over the injury , coupled with the good form of Gerard Lavin , restricted Gibbs ' opportunities under Glenn Roeder in 1994 – 95 . After making only nine appearances during Watford 's 1995 – 96 relegation season , general manager Graham Taylor released him upon the expiry of his contract , over injury concerns . Gibbs considered retirement . = = = Comeback and return to the top division = = = Despite receiving enquiries from other clubs , he stayed at Vicarage Road for pre @-@ season , in the hope of regaining his match fitness . After proving that he had recovered , Gibbs was offered a short term contract at the club , which was eventually extended . Newly relegated Watford finished 13th of 24 teams in 1996 – 97 . They conceded 38 goals in 46 league matches , the joint @-@ best defensive record in the division . Gibbs missed just one of the club 's 57 fixtures , scoring in a game against Brentford . The defender later noted the irony that having been released as an injury concern , he ended up playing more games the following season than any of his team @-@ mates . Kenny Jackett stood down as manager following Watford 's disappointing season , becoming assistant to Graham Taylor . The effect was immediate ; Watford won six of their first seven league games , eventually becoming 1997 – 98 Second Division champions and earning promotion . Gibbs played part of the season at left @-@ back due to an injury to Paul Robinson , although in turn Gibbs also missed games to injury . He started the 1998 – 99 season as a first @-@ team regular , but sustained an injury in a game against Bolton on 20 October 1998 , and only made two further appearances . Nonetheless , Watford secured promotion via the playoffs in Gibbs ' absence , and when Watford won the play @-@ off final to secure promotion , Gibbs was the first person to celebrate the win with Taylor . = = = Later years and retirement = = = When fit , Gibbs had been Watford 's first choice right @-@ back since 1985 , with the exception of 1994 – 95 , where Gerard Lavin 's form kept a recovering Gibbs in the reserves . A combination of Gibbs ' age , and a desire to acquire more strength in depth for the Premier League , prompted Taylor to sign right @-@ backs Des Lyttle and Neil Cox in 1999 . Despite the competition , Gibbs managed to make 20 appearances in 1999 – 2000 , and his Premier League experience included victories over Chelsea , Coventry City and Southampton , although these were not enough to prevent relegation back to the First Division . By now in his mid thirties , first team opportunities became scarce for Gibbs in 2000 – 01 . He made only seven first team appearances , although Watford managed to avoid defeat in six of those . His final appearance , and only game under Gianluca Vialli , came on 24 April 2002 . An 82nd @-@ minute substitute , Gibbs was unable to prevent a late Gillingham goal , which secured them a 3 – 2 victory . Among Gillingham 's players for Gibbs ' professional swansong was Andy Hessenthaler , the man who became Watford captain after Gibbs ' injury . Gibbs retired as Watford 's second highest all @-@ time appearance maker , although he started more matches than Luther Blissett , the man ahead of him . = = = Style of play = = = Considerably shorter than the average footballer at 5 ft 7in , Gibbs made up for his physical disadvantage with positional play , determination , accurate tackling , and staying on his feet . Although a defender , his lack of goals ( 7 in 491 appearances ) and reluctance to get forward were often remarked upon . Gibbs refuted the suggestion that he didn 't attack enough , while former managers Roeder and Taylor both considered Gibbs to be an excellent crosser of the ball when he did venture forward . He scored his first professional goal during his 59th game . By comparison , Gibbs ' long @-@ term successor at right @-@ back , Lloyd Doyley , scored his first professional goal on his 269th appearance . = = = Career statistics = = = Key = = Managing career = = After retiring , Gibbs served Watford as a coach for three years , initially working with the reserve and youth teams , and later as an assistant manager . During this period he oversaw the development of players such as Ashley Young , Lloyd Doyley and Hamer Bouazza , and helped Watford to a Premier Reserve League win in 2002 – 03 . Following Ray Lewington 's sacking in March 2005 , Gibbs briefly managed Watford on a caretaker basis , although his reign did not include a single game . Following the appointment of Aidy Boothroyd , Gibbs left Watford in July . Having had a formal connection with the club since the 1970s , he felt that his departure had been " very poorly handled " . In 2006 , Gibbs received his UEFA Pro Licence , which means he can manage any football club in England on a full @-@ time basis . At the beginning of the 2006 – 07 season , Gibbs joined the management team at Reading , where his initial responsibility was working with the younger players at the club . Further Premier Reserve League success followed in 2007 , and Gibbs was promoted to the role of assistant manager in 2009 – 10 . On the penultimate game of the season , Reading faced Watford at Vicarage Road . A Reading victory would have put their opponents in danger of relegation , but Watford emerged 3 – 0 winners to seal their Championship survival . Gibbs remained at Reading under the management of Brian McDermott , and in 2011 – 12 the team won the Football League Championship , earning promotion to the Premier League . He left Reading on 11 March 2013 following McDermott 's departure as manager . Following the departure of Neil Warnock in April 2013 , Brian McDermott took over as manager of Leeds United on 12 April 2013 on a 3 @-@ year contract , with Nigel Gibbs joining him at the club as Assistant Manager . On the 1st of February 2014 , after the dismissal of Brian McDermott , Gibbs took charge of Leeds United as caretaker manager in the 5 @-@ 1 win over local rivals Huddersfield Town . On 15 December 2014 , Gibbs was appointed first @-@ team coach at Millwall . = = Personal life = = Gibbs was born into a football family . His father Dennis had played for Hitchin Town , Hemel Hempstead Town and St Albans City , while father @-@ in @-@ law Alan helped form the youth team Nascot Wood Rangers . Although a Watford supporter from childhood , Gibbs is related to supporters of both Watford and Luton Town , despite the rivalry between the two . He maintains a connection with his former club , regularly attending club events and occasionally playing for their masters football team . Among others , Gibbs remains close friends with former teammates Luther Blissett and Kenny Jackett , both of whom coached him after ending their playing careers . Owing to his long association with the club , he is also a friend of Elton John , and once filled in as a backup singer for John on a Watford tour of China . During the " Let 's buy back the Vic " fundraising show at Vicarage Road in 2005 , John dedicated his performance of Electricity to Gibbs ' wedding anniversary . = = Honours = = Watford F.C. Player of the Season Winner : 1991 – 92 Shortlisted : 1985 – 86 , 1988 – 89 , 1990 – 91 , 1996 – 1997 Watford F.C. Hall of Fame Inducted : 2010 FA Youth Cup Winner : 1981 – 82 Football League First Division Promotion : 1998 – 99 Football League Second Division Winner : 1997 – 98 = Linvoy Primus = Linvoy Stephen Primus MBE ( born 14 September 1973 ) is an English former footballer . Born in Forest Gate , England , to Caribbean @-@ born parents , Primus began his professional career at Charlton Athletic ; where he made four league appearances . Primus moved on a free transfer to Barnet and established himself as a first team regular in the lower divisions of English football before earning a £ 250 @,@ 000 transfer to Reading . A Bosman transfer to Portsmouth followed after three successful seasons at the Berkshire @-@ based club . Initially , Primus struggled to break into the team and had his progress hindered by injuries but the 2002 – 03 season signalled a change in direction as Primus broke into the first team and won Portsmouth fan 's player of the season as well as the PFA Fans ' Player of the Year for his division . For the next three seasons Primus was in and out of the first team and worked under three different managers : Harry Redknapp , Velimir Zajec and Alain Perrin . The 2006 – 07 season was the last injury @-@ free season for Primus as a career threatening knee injury meant he would not make a single appearance the following season . Primus went out on loan to former club Charlton and made 10 appearances and one further appearance for Portsmouth before retiring through injury in December 2009 . The Milton End stand at Fratton Park was renamed the ' Linvoy Primus Community Stand ' because of his outstanding services to the club . Primus , who is married and has three children , is also known for his Christian charity work . He is involved in the Christian charity ' Faith & Football ' and walked the Great Wall of China to raise £ 100 @,@ 000 for their cause . Other charitable causes he has been involved in are the Alpha course , a cinema advertisement about Christianity and the formation of a prayer group at Portsmouth . In 2007 , he released his autobiography , titled " Transformed " , which details his conversion to Christianity . = = Early life = = Primus was born the first child of Newton and Pauline Primus in Forest Gate Hospital , Forest Gate , Greater London on 14 September 1973 . His Jamaican @-@ born mother worked as an orderly at Whipps Cross Hospital in nearby Leytonstone . Primus ' father , who was born in St. Vincent and the Grenadines , worked for Thames Water as an engineer . His parents are both practising Christians and took Linvoy to church and Sunday school when he was young . In his autobiography he wrote that church was " a cold unwelcoming place " for him as a child but also that it " instilled in [ him ] a very strong sense of right and wrong " . Primus attributed his desire to become a footballer from watching Ricky Villa 's winning goal for Tottenham Hotspur against Manchester City in the 1981 FA Cup Final Replay . He played his first game of football two years later in a match between two Cub Scout groups and , because of his performance , he was offered a trial with the Newham District Schools under @-@ 11 's by one of the Cub Scout leaders who was also the manager of the Newham team . Primus played as a striker or right winger at this time , also in the team was future Portsmouth team mate Sol Campbell who played in midfield . = = Football career = = = = = Early career = = = In Primus ' early teenage years he played for his local Sunday league football club , Pretoria , based in Canning Town after being introduced by a school friend . Charlton Athletic arranged a friendly match with Pretoria and Primus was offered the chance to join the Charlton associate schoolboys which he took . For the last two years of his school life , Primus travelled to Greenwich twice a week to train with the team , in addition to this he played matches on a Sunday against the schoolboy teams of clubs such as Maidstone United and Dover Athletic . Primus initially struggled to cope ; he cited the " dog eat dog " nature and the " ambitious and aggressive " parents as factors but nevertheless he decided to see it through later remarking that it was a " very strong character building experience " . = = = Charlton Athletic = = = After finishing his GCSEs , where he achieved three A grades , Primus signed a two @-@ year apprenticeship with Charlton . At this time he also received an offer from West Ham United , who were in a higher division , but he rejected this because he felt his first team opportunities would be greater at Charlton . Primus was playing in various positions until the club 's youth team coach , Colin Clarke , decided that he should play as a centre back , " I see you as a centre back , that way you can see everything you want in front of you " . Under the Youth Training Scheme , Primus was earning £ 35 a week while training with the youth and reserve teams as well as having cleaning duties . He also had to study Leisure Management at a nearby college which he disliked . Primus , along with Jermaine Darlington , was chosen to travel to Charlton 's temporary stadium Selhurst Park to lay out the kits and the boots for the senior players and he admitted this may have earned him " Brownie points " with the youth management . Primus began playing in the reserves under manager Alan Curbishley and at the end of his apprenticeship , Primus was offered a one @-@ year professional contract by the new youth team coach John Cartwright . Darlington was the only other apprentice who was offered a contract . Due to injuries to first team centre backs Simon Webster and Darren Pitcher , Primus made his professional debut against Birmingham City . The match took place at their substitute stadium Upton Park in November 1992 and Primus was awarded man of the match for his performance . Primus played the next two matches against Leicester City and Brentford but was disappointed with his performance in both matches . Primus made two further first team appearances in the 1992 – 93 season but soon found himself lower down in the pecking order after other players returned from injury and Primus himself got injured . Primus felt that he had to leave the club : " I really felt as though I wasn 't wanted and that my days were numbered . " Despite this , he signed a one @-@ year extension with the Greenwich @-@ based club . However , he suffered another muscle injury , and with further competition for places in the form of Dean Chandler and Richard Rufus , he failed to make a single appearance for Charlton in the 1993 – 94 season and was released at the end of it . = = = Barnet = = = Primus first rejected a trial with Crewe Alexandra before accepting one with Cardiff City . Just three days before his trial with Cardiff was set to begin Ray Clemence , the Barnet manager , offered Primus a two @-@ year contract with the club . It was later revealed that Clemence was told by his assistant , Terry Harvey , that he should sign him immediately : " Get in now and sign him , if he goes down to Cardiff and sees their stadium he will sign for them . " Primus was determined to prove Charlton wrong and says he " grew from a boy to a man " at Barnet . This was also a time when depression was common for Primus and he became addicted to alcohol and drugs such as ecstasy and LSD . In the second game of the 1994 – 95 season against Leyton Orient , Primus made his debut as a substitute coming on for the injured Mark Newson . His next appearance for Barnet , against Scarborough , was described as the " worst performance of [ his ] career " in his autobiography . He went on to say that he was " weighed down by the burden of expectation " and heard someone say he was the " worst player we 've ever had at Barnet " . He was often nervous before matches and recited the Lord 's Prayer as a way of coping with his anxiety . At the end of the season , Primus was runner @-@ up in the voting for the Player of the Season and was man of the match on several occasions . Barnet had a poor start to the next season and they were at the bottom of the table in mid @-@ September . After beating Northampton Town 2 – 0 , Barnet went on an 11 @-@ game winning streak which ended at Colchester United despite Primus scoring a goal . He would go on to score five goals in the season ; more than any other season in his career . Once again , he was runner @-@ up in the Player of the Season award ; this time to the goalkeeper Maik Taylor . His third season for the club was an unsettled one . The club went through three different managers after the departure of Clemence : Terry Bullivant ( twice ) , Terry Gibson and Alan Mullery . Nevertheless , Barnet narrowly avoided relegation to the Conference and Primus was awarded the Player of the Season and given the captaincy after a season which saw him make 46 league appearances . After Bullivant left for Reading , however , Primus became unsettled and said " [ I was ] hankering after a move to join Terry [ Bullivant ] and Pards [ Alan Pardew ] at Reading " . = = = Reading = = = Primus was signed for £ 500 @,@ 000 at the start of the 1997 – 98 season although he found himself being sued by the Stellar Sports Agency after the £ 8 @,@ 000 fee was not paid because of difficulties with Primus ' agent . Also joining him in Berkshire was Barnet team mate Lee Hodges . Primus partnered Keith McPherson in defence but Reading started the season poorly with just one point from the first six games despite Primus saying " I played well from the word go " . Due to an injury crisis , Reading lost their penultimate league match at Nottingham Forest and were relegated from Division One . This was Primus ' first experience of relegation . Earlier in the season Primus had scored his first and what turned out be only Reading goal in the home match against Forest . In the next season , Reading finished 10th and faced strong competition from new signing Elroy Kromheer , but Primus became disillusioned at the financial situation he was in . He was on £ 1 @,@ 500 a week and commented " [ new signings were ] on twice the wages I was being paid and I had seen the lifestyles they were enjoying " . Primus was promised an improved contract , however no such contract was given to him over the summer . By popular demand , manager Tommy Burns was replaced by Alan Pardew . Fitness problems prevented Primus from getting much first team football at the start of the 1999 – 2000 season until a change of diet helped him regain stamina . As the season progressed , the club offered Primus a new contract which he dismissed as " derisory " saying the club was " taking advantage of [ his ] good nature " . At the end of the season , Primus was free to leave under the Bosman ruling and received an offer from Luton Town which he accepted . Lennie Lawrence , the manager who bidded for Primus was sacked soon afterwards , however , and the deal was cancelled to the dismay of Primus who said he felt as if " [ his ] whole world had collapsed " . In the aftermath , Pardew put him in contact with Portsmouth manager Tony Pulis and a trial was agreed . = = = Portsmouth = = = After friendly matches with Dorchester Town and Exeter City , Primus signed a contract with Portsmouth although he was disappointed with the low wages in comparison to other players . He did not get his Portsmouth career off to a good start , scoring an own goal on his debut away at Sheffield United . Pulis was sacked early on in the 2000 – 01 season after a poor start and was replaced by fans ' favourite Steve Claridge . Portsmouth were still near the relegation zone after a poor run of form that also saw Primus being sent off for the first time in his career for a foul on Fulham 's Louis Saha . Gilmore 's groin ruled him out of action for five months from November of that season , during which Claridge was replaced by Graham Rix , this was after Primus formed a partnership with Jamaican international Darren Moore . After a defeat to Crystal Palace ( which Primus described as the " lowest point of [ his ] career " ) , Portsmouth needed a victory over Barnsley to stay in Division One and they duly won 3 – 0 with Huddersfield being relegated after their final day defeat . After the conclusion of the season , Primus fell out with Rix as he was unsure about whether Rix thought he had a future at the club . The next season started with the death of goalkeeper Aaron Flahavan and the departure of Primus ' close friend Moore to West Bromwich Albion . Primus struggled to get a game under Rix but the appointment of Harry Redknapp in March 2002 gave him a new lease of life and he ended that season with two league goals in games against Bradford City and Barnsley . Despite originally being told by Redknapp he was not of Division One standard , let alone suitable for the Premier League , Primus proved his manager wrong by seizing his chance when other players missed out through injury and suspension . By the end of the 2002 – 03 season he had become a vital member of the side that won the Division One title , winning the Portsmouth fans ' player of the season as well as the PFA accolade for Division One . He scored once that season for Portsmouth in the League Cup against Peterborough United . Primus credits his renaissance to his conversion to Christianity after a friend of his wife 's invited him to church . Despite the previous season 's heroics , Primus was not used regularly in the early part of Portsmouth 's first Premier League season . Harry Redknapp had ditched his 3 – 5 – 2 formation in favour of the more conventional 4 – 4 – 2 and partnered new record signing Dejan Stefanović with Arjan de Zeeuw . During December , Portsmouth were in a terrible run of form and Redknapp decided to bring one of his most reliable players back into his plans for the derby match with Southampton . In spite of a 3 – 0 loss , Primus retained his starting place for the remainder of the season . The following season saw Primus remain a regular member of the Portsmouth team under first Redknapp and then both his successors , Velimir Zajec and Alain Perrin . He scored his first Premier League goal at Crystal Palace on Boxing Day 2004 . He scored again on Boxing Day in 2006 , when grabbing two headed goals against West Ham United . Although Primus was a regular member of Perrin 's team at the end of the 2004 – 05 season and captained the side on occasions during pre @-@ season , he rarely featured until Perrin 's sacking in November . The return of Harry Redknapp , who had been won over by his performances and was now one of his biggest admirers , to Portsmouth lead to Primus ' immediate return to the side , and he was ever present in the side that achieved Premiership survival in the last 10 games of the season . Primus remained a regular in the Portsmouth defence for the 2006 – 07 season , partnering England international Sol Campbell in the centre of defence , and Redknapp hailed him as the unofficial Player of the Season ; the official winner of the award was David James . He failed to make an appearance in 2007 – 08 due to a career threatening knee injury . He was treated with surgery performed by Dr. Richard Steadman who is known to have saved the careers of many footballers , including Alan Shearer and Ronaldo . After the operation , Primus commented " The difference between success and failure is what you do afterwards in your rehabilitation , not necessarily the actual operation . " Despite his injury , he still managed to earn a new one @-@ year deal at Portsmouth in May 2008 . = = = Charlton Athletic loan and Portsmouth return = = = In August 2008 , Primus returned to Charlton Athletic on a loan deal , however the deal almost collapsed as negotiations broke down between Portsmouth manager Harry Redknapp and Charlton manager Alan Pardew . Pardew wanted the centre half for the whole of the 2008 – 09 season , but Redknapp was only happy to loan him out until Christmas of 2008 to gain match fitness , and it appeared the deal would be called off by Portsmouth . Finally Charlton agreed to the terms and Primus move to the Valley on a three @-@ month loan days before the transfer window closed . He scored his first goal for Charlton in a 5 – 2 home defeat to Sheffield United . The result ultimately led to the sacking of manager Alan Pardew . He played 10 matches for the Championship ( new name for Division One ) club before returning to Portsmouth for the rest of the 2008 – 09 season . He was due to play in a crucial match against Derby County , however the match was postponed by Sky until after the expiration of his loan ; much to the anger of Charlton . Primus ' loan had to be rearranged and a deal was agreed by both clubs for the loan to expire after the match against Derby . After a near two @-@ year absence , Primus made a comeback to the Portsmouth first team on 18 May 2009 , the penultimate game of the 2008 – 09 season , as a late substitute appearance against Sunderland at Fratton Park . He received a standing ovation from the home crowd and was cheered each time he touched the ball . Primus signed a one @-@ year extension to his contract with Portsmouth in July 2009 . Primus also agreed to take on an ambassadorial and advisory role to help guide emerging talent at Portsmouth , as well as a playing role . On 8 December 2009 , Primus announced his retirement due to a knee injury . Portsmouth 's chief executive Peter Storrie confirmed that Primus would retain his ambassadorial role . Following his testimonial on 31 July 2010 , Portsmouth announced that the Milton End Stand at Fratton Park would be renamed the ' Linvoy Primus Community Stand ' because of his outstanding services to the club . = = Personal life = = At the age of 17 , Primus met future wife Trish through a mutual friend . Much to the chagrin of Primus ' parents , they decided to have a child after 18 months of the relationship . The footballer himself said in his autobiography , " Up until then I had been the model son and had brought no trouble to their door , but now they were upset at what they saw as my rebellion " . On November 1993 , their first son Nathan was born . They also have a daughter called Atlanta , born in April 1997 . Atlanta is a footballer playing in the Women 's Super League with Yeovil Town Ladies FC and has been picked to represent England at U19 level . Primus and Trish married on 9 June 1999 . Their third child and second son , Cameron , was born in 2002 . In 2007 , he released his autobiography , " Transformed " , which was co @-@ written by Peter Jeffs . The book received generally positive reviews : Christianity Magazine said the book was a " disarmingly honest account of Primus 's triumphs and struggles on and off the pitch " while FourFourTwo described it as " an antidote to the ' me @-@ me @-@ me ' tales that weigh down the shelves " but rival football magazine When Saturday Comes was more critical , pointing out its " sometimes ungrammatical and often ponderous style " and going on to say " [ the ] book is also full of cliches " . = = Charitable and Christian work = = Trish suffered from depression and was introduced to Christianity by stable owners , Keith and Sam , who invited the Primus family to join them at church on a Sunday . Initially , Primus was reluctant but Trish convinced him to accept and Primus remarked that it was a case of " well church is the last place we 'd go , but why not ? " The church was more " laid @-@ back " in comparison to the one that Primus attended as a child and he , along with the rest of his family , became regular churchgoers in 2001 . Trish 's depression was lifted and Primus converted to Christianity later that year , " In my heart I felt whole and complete , and I wanted to read the Bible at every opportunity . " According to his autobiography , Primus is able to speak in tongues . Primus , along with Darren Moore , former footballer Mick Mellows , and former Portsmouth player Joel Ward is involved with the Christian charity ' Faith and Football , and walked the Great Wall of China in summer 2005 to raise £ 100 @,@ 000 for Prospect Children 's School in Ibadan , Nigeria and a new medical centre , school and orphanage for a village in Goa . He was also involved in supporting the Alpha course , which is run all over the world , and are designed to explain Christian beliefs and promote discussion . Primus appeared in a cinema advertisement for the movement , alongside the comedian Lennie Bennett . At his former club Portsmouth , he founded a prayer group which has included teammates such as Nwankwo Kanu , Sean Davis and Benjani . In December 2006 , he took part in a Football Focus feature on faith in the game presented by fellow Christian footballer Gavin Peacock . On 16 April 2013 , Primus will play for Portsmouth in a charity match raising money for the Portsmouth supporters trust . Primus was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to football and to charity in Portsmouth . = = Career statistics = = = Boston campaign = The Boston campaign was the opening campaign of the American Revolutionary War , taking place primarily in the Province of Massachusetts Bay . The campaign began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19 , 1775 , in which the local colonial militias interdicted a British government attempt to seize military stores and leaders in Concord , Massachusetts . The entire British expedition suffered significant casualties during a running battle back to Charlestown against an ever @-@ growing number of militia . Subsequently , accumulated militia forces surrounded the city of Boston , beginning the Siege of Boston . The main action during the siege , the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17 , 1775 , was one of the bloodiest encounters of the war , an resulted in a Pyrrhic British victory . There were also numerous skirmishes near Boston and the coastal areas of Boston , resulting in loss of life , military supplies , or both . In July 1775 , George Washington took command of the assembled militia and transformed them into a more coherent army . On March 4 , 1776 , the colonial army fortified Dorchester Heights with cannon capable of reaching Boston and British ships in the harbor . The siege ( and the campaign ) ended on March 17 , 1776 , with the permanent withdrawal of British forces from Boston . To this day , Boston celebrates March 17 as Evacuation Day . = = Background = = In 1767 , the British Parliament passed the Townshend Acts , which imposed import duties on paper , glass , paint , and other common items imported into the American colonies . The Sons of Liberty and other Patriot organizations responded with a variety of protest actions . They organized boycotts of the goods subject to the duty , and they harassed and threatened the customs personnel who collected the duties , many of whom were either corrupt or related to Provincial leaders . Francis Bernard , then Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay , requested military forces to protect the King 's personnel . In October 1768 , British troops arrived in the city of Boston and occupied the city . Tensions led to the Boston Massacre on March 5 , 1770 , and the Boston Tea Party on December 16 , 1773 . In response to the Tea Party and other protests , Parliament enacted the Intolerable Acts to punish the colonies . With the Massachusetts Government Act of 1774 it effectively abolished the provincial government of Massachusetts . General Thomas Gage , already the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of British troops in North America , was also appointed governor of Massachusetts and was instructed by King George 's government to enforce royal authority in the troublesome colony . However , popular resistance compelled the newly appointed royal officials in Massachusetts to resign or to seek refuge in Boston . Gage commanded four regiments of British regulars ( about 4 @,@ 000 men ) from his headquarters in Boston , but the countryside was largely controlled by Patriot sympathizers . = = War begins = = On September 1 , 1774 , British soldiers removed gunpowder and other military supplies in a surprise raid on a powder magazine near Boston . This expedition alarmed the countryside , and thousands of American Patriots sprang into action , amid rumors that war was at hand . Although it proved to be a false alarm , this event — known as the Powder Alarm — caused all concerned to proceed more carefully in the days ahead , and essentially provided a " dress rehearsal " for events seven months later . Partly in response to this action , the colonists carried off military supplies from several forts in New England and distributed them among the local militias . On the night of April 18 , 1775 , General Gage sent 700 men to seize munitions stored by the colonial militia at Concord . Several riders — including Paul Revere — alerted the countryside , and when the British troops entered Lexington on the morning of April 19 , they found 77 minutemen formed up on the village common . Shots were exchanged , eight Minutemen were killed , the outnumbered colonial militia dispersed , and the British moved on to Concord . At Concord , the troops searched for military supplies , but found relatively little , as the colonists , having received warnings that such an expedition might happen , had taken steps to hide many of the supplies . During the search , there was a confrontation at the North Bridge . A small company of British troops fired on a much larger column of colonial militia , which returned fire , and eventually routed those troops , which returned to the village center and rejoined the other troops there . By the time the " redcoats " or " lobster backs " ( as the British soldiers were called ) began the return march to Boston , several thousand militiamen had gathered along the road . A running fight ensued , and the British detachment suffered heavily before reaching Charlestown . With the Battle of Lexington and Concord — the " shot heard ' round the world " — the war had begun . = = Siege of Boston = = In the aftermath of the failed Concord expedition , the thousands of militiamen that had converged on Boston remained . Over the next few days , more arrived from further afield , including companies from New Hampshire , Connecticut , and Rhode Island . Under the command of Artemas Ward , they surrounded the city , blocking its land approaches and putting the occupied city under siege . The British regulars fortified the high points in the city . = = = Need for supplies = = = While the British were able to resupply the city by sea , supplies in Boston were short . Troops were sent out to some of the islands in Boston Harbor to raid farmers for supplies . In response , the colonials began clearing those islands of supplies useful to the British . One of these actions was contested by the British in the Battle of Chelsea Creek , but it resulted in the loss of two British soldiers and the British ship Diana . The need for building materials and other supplies led Admiral Samuel Graves to authorize a Loyalist merchant to send his ships from Boston to Machias in the District of Maine , accompanied by a Royal Navy schooner . The Machias townspeople rose up , seizing the merchant vessels and then the schooner after a short battle in which its commander was killed . Their resistance and that of other coastal communities led Graves to authorize an expedition of reprisal in October whose sole significant act was the Burning of Falmouth . The outrage in the colonies over this action contributed to the passing of legislation by the Second Continental Congress that established the Continental Navy . The colonial army also had issues with supply , and with command . Its diverse militias needed to be organized , fed , clothed , and armed , and command needed to be coordinated , as each militia leader was responsible to his province 's congress . = = = Bunker Hill = = = Late in May , General Gage received by sea about 2 @,@ 000 reinforcements and a trio of generals who would play a vital role in the war : William Howe , John Burgoyne , and Henry Clinton . They formulated a plan to break out of the city , which was finalized on June 12 . Reports of these plans made their way to the commanders of the besieging forces , who decided that additional defensive steps were necessary . On the night of June 16 – 17 , 1775 , a detachment of the colonial army stealthily marched onto the Charlestown peninsula , which the British had abandoned in April , and fortified Bunker Hill and Breed 's Hill . On June 17 , British forces under General Howe attacked and seized the Charlestown peninsula in the Battle of Bunker Hill . This battle was technically a British victory , but losses ( about 1 / 3 the attacking forces killed or wounded , including a significant fraction of the entire British officer corps in all of North America ) were so heavy that the attack was not followed up . The siege was not broken , and General Gage was recalled to England in September and replaced by General Howe as the British commander @-@ in @-@ chief . = = = Formation of the Continental Army = = = The Second Continental Congress , meeting in Philadelphia , had received reports of the situation outside Boston when it began to meet in May 1775 . In response to the confusion over command in the camps there , and in response to the May 10 capture of Fort Ticonderoga , the need for unified military organization became clear . Congress officially adopted the forces outside Boston as the Continental Army on May 26 , and named George Washington its commander @-@ in @-@ chief on June 15 . Washington left Philadelphia for Boston on June 21 , but did not learn of the action at Bunker Hill until he reached New York City . = = = Stalemate = = = Following the Battle of Bunker Hill , the siege was effectively stalemated , as neither side had either a clearly dominant position , or the will and materiel to significantly alter its position . When Washington took command of the army in July , he determined that its size had reduced from 20 @,@ 000 to about 13 @,@ 000 men fit for duty . He also established that the battle had severely depleted the army 's powder stock , which was eventually alleviated by powder shipments from Philadelphia . The British were also busy bringing in reinforcements ; by the time of Washington 's arrival the British had more than 10 @,@ 000 men in the city . Throughout the summer and fall of 1775 , both sides dug in , with occasional skirmishes , but neither side chose to take any significant action . Congress , seeking to take some initiative and to capitalize on the capture of Ticonderoga , authorized an invasion of Canada , after several letters to the inhabitants of Canada were rejected by the French @-@ speaking and British colonists there . In September , Benedict Arnold led 1 @,@ 100 troops on an expedition through the wilderness of Maine , which was drawn from the army assembled outside Boston . Washington faced a personnel crisis toward the end of 1775 , as most of the troops in the army had enlistments that expired at the end of 1775 . He introduced a number of recruitment incentives and was able to keep the army sufficiently large to maintain the siege , although it was by then smaller than the besieged forces . = = Siege ends = = By early March 1776 , heavy cannons that had been captured at Fort Ticonderoga were moved to Boston , a difficult feat engineered by Henry Knox . When the guns were placed on Dorchester Heights in the course of one day , overlooking the British positions , the British situation became untenable . While General Howe planned an attack to reclaim the high ground , a snowstorm prevented its execution . The British , after threatening to burn the city if their departure was hindered , evacuated the city on March 17 , 1776 and sailed for temporary refuge in Halifax , Nova Scotia . The local militias dispersed and , in April , General Washington took most of the Continental Army to fortify New York City and the start of the New York and New Jersey campaign . = = Legacy = = The British were essentially driven from New England as a result of this campaign , although there ( as elsewhere in the colonies ) they continued to receive support from local Loyalists , especially in Newport , Rhode Island , from which they drove most of the local Patriots . The campaign , as well as the final result of the war as a whole , were a significant blow to British prestige and confidence in its military . The senior military leaders of the campaign were criticized for their actions ( Clinton , for example , while he went on to command the British forces in North America , would take much of the blame for the British loss of the war ) , and others either saw no more action in the war ( Gage ) , or were ultimately disgraced ( Burgoyne , who surrendered his army at Saratoga ) . While the British continued to control the seas , and had military successes on the ground ( notably in New York , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania ) , their actions that led to these conflicts had the effect of uniting the Thirteen Colonies in opposition to the crown . As a result , they were never able to marshal enough support from Loyalists to regain meaningful political control of the colonies . The colonies , in spite of their differences , united themselves as a consequence of these events , granting the Second Continental Congress ( predecessor to the modern U.S. Congress ) sufficient authority and funding to conduct the revolution as a unified whole , including funding and outfitting the military forces that formed as a result of this campaign . = Nefarious : Merchant of Souls = Nefarious : Merchant of Souls is a 2011 American documentary film about modern human trafficking , specifically sexual slavery . Presented from a Christian worldview , Nefarious covers human trafficking in the United States , Western and Eastern Europe , and Southeast Asia , alternating interviews with re @-@ enactments . Victims of trafficking talk about having been the objects of physical abuse and attempted murder . Several former prostitutes talk about their conversion to Christianity , escape from sexual oppression , and subsequent education or marriage . The film ends with the assertion that only Jesus can completely heal people from the horrors of sexual slavery . Nefarious was written , directed , produced and narrated by Benjamin Nolot , founder and president of Exodus Cry , the film 's distributor . Nolot , who travelled to 19 countries to collect the film 's content , said that the purpose of the film is " to draw people 's attention to the issue , but also to inspire them in terms of what they can be doing … to take a stand against this injustice . " The film was officially released on July 27 , 2011 , with individual grassroots screenings also taking place . Laila Mickelwait , Exodus Cry 's director of awareness and prevention , screened the film in several countries in an attempt to persuade governments to make laws similar to Sweden 's Sex Purchase Act , which criminalizes the purchasing rather than the selling of sex . The film was released on home video on May 1 , 2012 . Interviewees in the film include Canadian journalist Victor Malarek , Jerusalem Institute of Justice founder Calev Myers , Christian therapist Dan Allender , clinical psychologist Melissa Farley , Piet Keesman , Baptist missionary Lauran Bethell , Agape International Missions founder Don Brewster , anti @-@ trafficking activist Helen Sworn , former prostitute Annie Lobert , and Swedish detective superintendent Kajsa Wahlberg . Ted Baehr of Movieguide , a Christian magazine , called the film " a powerful , compelling and transformational documentary about human trafficking and sex slavery " and commented that it covered the inherently sexual subject matter candidly without displaying nudity . Dan Preston of Godculture Magazine praised Nolot 's writing and directing . Nefarious has won film awards , including the Honolulu Film Award for best screenplay , the Urban Mediamakers Film Festival best documentary feature award , and the Indie Fest feature documentary award of excellence . = = Themes = = Nefarious : Merchant of Souls documents modern human trafficking , specifically sexual slavery . While there are men and boys who are trafficked around the world , the United States Department of State ( DoS ) estimates that about 80 % of human trafficking victims are female , and the film focuses on them . Information is presented from a Christian worldview — despite the subject matter , there is no profanity or nudity in the film , although there are scenes showing alcohol consumption and women wearing skimpy clothing . Nefarious explores how sex trafficking differs from country to country , and suggests that all the victims are both psychologically and emotionally enslaved . One of the initial assertions in the film is that slavery has not been abolished but is increasing , and that half of this slavery is sexual in nature . Nefarious identifies political corruption and difficult socioeconomic situations as elements that prevent sex slaves from escaping exploitation , and suggests that most victims do not survive for more than seven years after initially being trafficked . While the violent acquisition of sex slaves depicted in the first sequence of the film does occur in reality , Jimmy Stewart of Charisma wrote that most girls who are sexually trafficked in Europe are recruited through a fraudulent offer of employment and an improved lifestyle overseas , neither of which ultimately materializes in the new country . Nefarious asserts that there is a link between the international sex industry and legal prostitution in the Western world , and that those who create the demand for forced prostitution around the world are of a wide variety of ages and are often considered respectable . The film contrasts the secretiveness and brutality of the sex industry in Eastern Europe with the openness of public prostitution in the Netherlands . Nefarious suggests that sex trafficking in Southeast Asia is fuelled largely by the complicity of the victims ' parents , with many in Cambodia grooming and then knowingly selling their daughters into prostitution to pay for luxury goods . The film asserts that 10 % of the population of Moldova has been sexually trafficked . Nefarious contrasts Las Vegas prostitutes with victims of sex trafficking in Europe , depicting the former as drawn into the sex industry by dreams of a glamorous lifestyle , and the latter as made vulnerable by child abandonment and orphanages . The film presents human trafficking statistics and assertions from a variety of sources , prominently departments of the United States government and the United Nations . These include that human trafficking is growing faster than any other criminal industry , that the average age of those forced into prostitution in the U.S. is 13 , that the commercial sexual exploitation of children victimizes almost two million children globally , that 80 % of trafficked women and 50 % of trafficked children are sexually exploited , that 161 UN member states engage in human trafficking , and that modern slavery has an annual revenue of US $ 32 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 — according to the film , higher than the annual revenues of Major League Baseball , the National Basketball Association , the National Football League and the National Hockey League combined . The film indicates that " trafficking is an exploitation of vulnerability " and expresses the need to " take away the stigma that [ prostitutes ] choose to be there . " Kevin Bales of Free the Slaves is quoted as saying that there are 27 million slaves in the world . The film ends with the assertion that only Jesus can free people from sexual slavery . = = Contents = = = = = Re @-@ enactments and live footage = = = Nefarious covers human trafficking in the United States , Western and Eastern Europe , and Southeast Asia . Interviews are interspersed with re @-@ enactments . The film opens with a re @-@ enactment of a girl being kidnapped by organized criminals . She is confined with other girls in a dark room , lit by a flickering lightbulb . Men order the girls to remove their clothes , and then examine them and shout commands and threats at them , causing them to cry from fear . One girl is dragged into another room . A victim of ordeals such as these , speaking in voiceover , explains that , in this situation , girls are often taken into a separate room to have their sexual performance tested . Identifying these events as taking place near Belgrade , Serbia , the film then tracks the fictional girls through Croatia to Amsterdam 's red @-@ light district De Wallen , and to sex markets in Berlin and Las Vegas . The film states that this slavery goes unnoticed in cities where prostitution is legal . Slaves are depicted in confinement , at their places of work , and as they are sold . Many of the girls are orphans , and all are either kidnapped or tricked into forced prostitution . Traffickers in the film use hard drugs , brainwashing and sexual and physical abuse to keep the girls under control . One of the scenes in Southeast Asia takes place near a karaoke club , and depicts groups of girls , apparently ranging in age from early to late teens , offering sexual services to customers . Benjamin Nolot interviews a police officer , who says that the bar 's owner recently bought eight other similar clubs and controls around 2 @,@ 000 girls . Another Southeast Asian scene shows Nolot and his crew chasing an American man out of a town where he was trying to purchase sex with a child . = = = Interviews = = = The interviewees in Nefarious include former traffickers , international humanitarian workers , social workers , psychologists , human rights experts , and former victims of human trafficking . Interviewees include Canadian journalist Victor Malarek , Jerusalem Institute of Justice founder Calev Myers , Christian therapist Dan Allender , clinical psychologist Melissa Farley , Amsterdam police official Piet Keesman , Baptist missionary Lauran Bethell , Agape International Missions founder Don Brewster , anti @-@ trafficking activist Helen Sworn , former prostitute Annie Lobert , and Swedish Detective Superintendent Kajsa Wahlberg . The film includes an interview with a man referring to himself as " Vlad " , who formerly trafficked in humans and drugs in Europe for eleven years . Vlad explains that traffickers control their victims by drugging them , physically abusing them , or threatening to abuse them . He claims that traffickers consider themselves most successful when the exploited girls start responding immediately to shouted , one @-@ word commands . Vlad describes beating girls who tried to run away and says that he felt little remorse after such incidents ; the large sums of money involved made him indifferent to the girls ' fate . Vlad surmises that the reason global sex trafficking has expanded is that girls can be sold for sex repeatedly , while drugs can only be sold once . When asked how sex trafficking can function on an international scale , Vlad states that the two major contributory factors are organized crime and political corruption . Another interview features an Amsterdam pimp , " Slim " , who owns a business allowing passers @-@ by to view scantily clad girls in a display window ; they can have sex with them on a mattress in a back room . He initially says that the display window women are not in any danger while with a client in the back room , but later clarifies that the girls should " keep a hand close to the panic button " located on the wall . When asked by Nolot if these activities are financed by organized crime , Slim hesitates , then says no . A female human trafficking victim is interviewed with her face hidden . She describes how she and other human trafficking victims in Eastern Europe were held in buildings with security cameras , where they were forced to walk naked down a runway before a group of men who watched under the guise of attending a fashion show . She then describes being auctioned off to the audience members , who she says examined her off the runway as one might examine cattle . A 55 @-@ year @-@ old woman from England tells the story of how she was first prostituted in Boscombe , near Bournemouth in Dorset , after being raped as a child in the council houses where she grew up . She describes running away , being raped again at the age of 13 and then being locked in a wardrobe in Manchester , and says that she found this situation normal at the time as it was the only life she knew . She eventually became addicted to heroin . She then describes a vision of Jesus that she says gave her the strength to escape sexual trafficking at the age of 40 and heroin six years later . Other victims of trafficking speak about having been the objects of physical abuse and attempted murder . Nevada prostitutes describe having gone into prostitution in Las Vegas after watching the film Pretty Woman . Several former prostitutes talk about their conversion to Christianity , escape from sexual oppression , and subsequent education or marriage . Some of them cry while telling their stories . Lobert calls prostitution " the greatest acting job " , explaining that prostitutes have to constantly feign enjoyment while actually feeling none . Before Nefarious was completed , one of the former prostitutes interviewed for the film returned to prostitution , a fact acknowledged in the film . In her interview , Swedish Detective Superintendent Kajsa Wahlberg describes purchasing sex from a prostitute as paying to masturbate into someone . The leader of an organization working to rescue girls from prostitution in Cambodia says that it is not the poorest parents who sell their children into sexual slavery but rather the parents who are looking to buy luxury goods . He therefore argues that sex trafficking is a spiritual and moral issue that cannot be solved by education or money . In another interview , a man purchasing sex in Thailand says that he believes the girls are happy to be working as prostitutes . Another interview features an American man who had been a sex tourist in Asia . = = Production = = = = = Background = = = Nefarious was written , directed , produced , and narrated by Benjamin Nolot , founder and president of Exodus Cry . Exodus Cry , which distributed the film , is headquartered in Grandview , Missouri and is an organization that opposes human trafficking by raising awareness , by reintegrating victims back into society , and by prayer . Nolot founded Exodus Cry in 2007 after a woman he did not know gave him US $ 10 @,@ 000 , saying that God told her to do so in order that Nolot might found an anti @-@ human @-@ trafficking organization . This was founded at a prayer meeting later that year where attendees prayed for human trafficking victims . The organization claims that this prayer meeting occurred on the day before the announcement of the 2007 international child pornography investigation , which involved approximately 2 @,@ 400 human @-@ trafficking @-@ related arrests in 77 countries . = = = Filming = = = Filming of Nefarious was started in 2007 , marking Nolot 's film debut . The initial plan was to create a short film , but the project was expanded when Exodus Cry realized the scope of the issue they were documenting . Nolot , a leader in Mike Bickle 's International House of Prayer , travelled to 19 countries to collect material for the film . These filming locations included countries in the Middle East , Europe , North America , and Asia . Nolot attested to having found it difficult to produce the film due to the subject matter ; he stated that " there is not a day that goes by that I am not mindful of the horrific tragedies we uncovered . " He further said that he did not make the film for money or for fame but did so in order to rouse people to action against human trafficking , an issue that he feels to be of great importance . Nolot said that the purpose of the film is " to draw people 's attention to the issue , but also to inspire them in terms of what they can be doing … to take a stand against this injustice . " Steve Willis and Matthew Dickey were the film 's cinematographers . Willis , founder of Underpin Photography , also served as photographer while Dickey filled the roles of associate producer and editor , also directing the re @-@ enactment scenes . Actors in these re @-@ enactment scenes included Bill Oberst Jr . , Christian Simpson ( as Christian J. Simpson ) , Allison Weissman , Sarah Agor , and Jess Allen . John Samuel Hanson composed the film score for Nefarious after having worked on such other projects as 16 Blocks , Constantine , The Book of Eli , and Lost . As of January 2012 , Nolot was producing two sequels to Nefarious . = = Release = = = = = Official release and grassroots screenings = = = The film was officially released on July 27 , 2011 , with individual grassroots screenings also taking place . Nolot appeared at a screening in Appleton , Wisconsin , and afterwards led a question and answer session with a local police officer . During this time , Nolot promoted the Red Light Campaign , wherein drivers waiting at red lights pray for sex trafficking to end . Texas State representative Todd Ames Hunter attended a screening at the Summit Church in Corpus Christi , saying that human trafficking " is a critical issue to the state of Texas that needs education and attention . " The Justice Alliance , a Christian nonprofit organization that raises awareness about human trafficking , hosted a screening in the auditorium of El Dorado Middle School in Kansas . Florida Abolitionist , a non @-@ governmental organization that also opposes human trafficking , sponsored a screening at the Full Sail University in Orlando , Florida . Most of the attendees were Christians . The Australian Christian Lobby ( ACL ) hosted two screenings of the film in 2012 , one of which took place before the Parliament of Tasmania . The Government of Tasmania was considering reforms to the Tasmanian sex industry at the time and the ACL was disappointed because the only politicians who showed up to the screening were four members of the Liberal Party . The ACL planned screenings in the rest of the states of Australia as well , hoping to convince legislators that the criminalization of the purchase of sex is the only effective way of combatting sexual slavery . Another screening was held at United Nations headquarters in New York City in March 2012 during that year 's session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women . = = = Home video release and subsequent screenings = = = Nefarious was released on home video on May 1 , 2012 . On June 26 , the film made its British premiere , following which an interactive panel was held in which the audience was encouraged to fight human trafficking by donating funds , raising awareness , and praying . In September , the film was screened at The Rome International Film Festival in Rome , Georgia , the Midwest Christian @-@ Inspirational Indie Film Festival in Chicago , Illinois , and the Atlanta International Documentary Film Festival in Atlanta , Georgia . Nefarious was screened at Oaxaca FilmFest two months later . The Rose Marine Theater in Fort Worth , Texas hosted a screening in celebration of Human Rights Day in December . Other screenings have taken place in South Korea , Hong Kong , Bermuda , and Canada . The Hong Kong premiere was attended by such people as Clement Cheng , Lori Chow , Cathy Leung , Pamela Peck , Nancy Sit , and Grace Wong , and the subsequent three weeks of screenings were all sold out . In May 2013 , Katarina MacLeod , a former sex slave , spoke at a screening in Peterborough , Ontario hosted by Canadian Baptist Women of Ontario and Quebec . Laila Mickelwait , Exodus Cry 's Director of Awareness and Prevention , screened the film in several countries in an attempt to persuade governments to make laws similar to Sweden 's Sex Purchase Act , which criminalizes the purchasing rather than the selling of sex . Because Sweden now has the lowest human trafficking rate in the European Union , Mickelwait argued that such laws decrease the demand for commercial sex and effectively combat related organized crime . At some screenings , Exodus Cry solicited funds for the halfway houses it runs in Moldova called LightHouses , where victims of sex trafficking are given help . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Both Jim Uttley of Indian Life Newspaper and Pastor Jamie Bagley of The News of Cumberland County called Nefarious " hard @-@ hitting " . Uttley further asserted that Nefarious " is not an easy film to watch because it deals with a subject that most of us would rather ignore " , and he went on to highly recommend the film . Jimmy Stewart of Charisma reported that the film gives a human face to trafficking statistics and instils a desire in the viewer to put an end to such criminal activity . Ted Baehr of Movieguide , a Christian magazine , called the film " a powerful , compelling and transformational documentary about human trafficking and sex slavery " and wrote that it was amazing that the film covered an inherently sexual topic both honestly and without nudity . Baehr praised the cinematography , editing , and filmmaking , but criticized some portions of the film as being repetitive and uncompelling . The Movieguide review ends by comparing the film 's opposition to modern slavery to the death of Saint Telemachus , which put an end to gladiatorial games in ancient Rome . Erica Yunghans of Star News Daily called the film " controversial " . In News Weekly , Babette Francis called Nefarious a " ground @-@ breaking documentary " . Tiffany Owens of World , a Christian magazine , praised the film , describing its storytelling as compelling and vivid . Jamie Rake of The Phantom Tollbooth called the film " an engrossing , sometimes appropriately gross , exposé [ that ] sounds a clarion cry against … modern slavery " . Rake praises the re @-@ enactments for being appropriately ominous , and for demonstrating the dehumanization and abuse that characterize sexual trafficking . He suggests that the film is a modern version of This Is the Life , a Christian television series that dealt with social issues , and that , if Nolot applied for a Motion Picture Association of America film rating , it would be given a PG @-@ 13 rating . Dan Preston of Godculture Magazine called the film " a hands @-@ on , grimy , honest , explorative piece of journalism " . Preston praised Nolot 's writing and directing . Jennifer Cheng of the South China Morning Post called the film " unnerving " and wrote that it " offers a glimpse into how organized crime , abuse , greed , lust and humiliation intertwine to make human trafficking possible . " = = = Accolades = = = † Seahorse Awards are given to male writers , composers , and filmmakers . = Dunrobin Castle = Dunrobin Castle is a stately home in Sutherland , in the Highland area of Scotland , and the family seat of the Earl of Sutherland and the Clan Sutherland . It is located 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of Golspie , and approximately 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) south of Brora , overlooking the Dornoch Firth . Dunrobin 's origins lie in the Middle Ages , but most of the present building and the gardens were added by Sir Charles Barry between 1835 and 1850 . Some of the original building is visible in the interior courtyard , despite a number of expansions and alterations that made it the largest house in the north of Scotland . After being used as a boarding school for seven years , it is now open to the public . = = History = = The lands of Sutherland were acquired before 1211 , by Hugh , Lord of Duffus , grandson of the Flemish nobleman Freskin . The Earldom of Sutherland was created around 1235 for Hugh 's son , William , surmised to have descended from the House of Moray by the female line . The castle may have been built on the site of an early medieval fort , but the oldest surviving portion , with an iron yett , is first mentioned in 1401 . The earliest castle was a square keep with walls over 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) thick . Unusually , the ceilings of each floor were formed by stone vaults rather than being timber . The castle is thought to be named after Robert , the 6th Earl of Sutherland ( d.1427 ) . Dunrobin Castle was built in the midst of a tribal society , with Norse and Gaelic in use at the time . Robert the Bruce planted the Gordons , who supported his claim to the crown , at Huntly in Aberdeenshire , and they were created Earls of Huntly in 1445 . The Earldom passed to the Gordon family in the 16th century when the 8th Earl of Sutherland gave his daughter Elizabeth in marriage to Adam Gordon . After the 8th Earl died in 1508 , Elizabeth 's elder brother was declared heir to the title , but a brieve ( writ ) of idiocy brought against him and his younger brother by the Gordons meant that the possession of the estate went to Adam Gordon in 1512 . In 1518 , in the absence of Adam Gordon , the castle was captured by Alexander Sutherland , the legitimate heir to the Earldom of Sutherland . The Gordons quickly retook the castle , captured Alexander and placed his head on a spear on top of the castle tower . Alexander 's son John made an attempt on the castle in 1550 , but was killed in the castle garden . During the more peaceful 17th century , the keep was extended with the addition of a large house , built around a courtyard to the south @-@ west . During the Jacobite Rising of 1745 , the Jacobites under Charles Edward Stuart stormed Dunrobin Castle without warning , because the Clan Sutherland supported the British government . The 17th Earl of Sutherland , who had changed his surname from Gordon to Sutherland , narrowly escaped them , exiting through a back door . He sailed for Aberdeen where he joined the Duke of Cumberland 's army . On the death of the 18th Earl in 1766 , the house passed to his daughter , Elizabeth , who married the politician George Leveson @-@ Gower , later created 1st Duke of Sutherland . In 1785 , the house was altered and extended again . Between 1835 and 1850 , Sir Charles Barry remodelled the castle in the Scottish Baronial style for the 2nd Duke of Sutherland . Barry had been the architect for the Palace of Westminster , home to the House of Commons , and was much in demand . The 14th @-@ century tower , and the 17th @-@ century and 18th @-@ century extensions , were retained , and survive within Barry 's 19th @-@ century work . Dunrobin Castle railway station , on the Far North Line , was opened in 1870 , as a private station for the castle . The present waiting room was constructed in 1902 , and is a category B listed building . In 1915 , the building was in use as a naval hospital when fire damaged much of the interior , but was confined to the newer additions by Barry . Scottish architect Sir Robert Lorimer was engaged to renovate the house following the First World War . When the 5th Duke died in 1963 , the Earldom and the house went to his niece , the current Countess of Sutherland , while the Dukedom had to pass to a male heir and went to John Egerton , Earl of Ellesmere . Between 1965 and 1972 , the house became a boarding school for boys , taking on forty boys and five teachers in its first year . Since 1973 , the house and grounds have been open to the public , with private accommodation retained for the use of the Sutherland family . = = Architecture = = There are 189 rooms within the castle , making it the largest in the northern Highlands . Much of Barry 's interior was destroyed by the fire of 1915 , leading to the restoration by Sir Robert Lorimer , although he incorporated surviving 17th @-@ century and 18th @-@ century work , including wood carvings attributed to Grinling Gibbons . Externally , the castle has elements inspired by the work of the French architect Viollet @-@ le @-@ Duc , such as the pyramidal roof over the main entrance . The portion built by Barry uses freestone in broadly the same style as the turreted parts from the 16th and 17th centuries , but borrows significant elements from the Château style . A large quadrangular pile of four stories , with towers at each corner , connects to the older castle by a building of three stories and containing the stately apartments . The tallest tower , containing the entrance , is 135 feet ( 41 m ) high , the round towers being 115 feet ( 35 m ) high and the clock tower 125 feet ( 38 m ) . St. John 's Well , in the courtyard of the oldest portion of the castle , is one of the deepest draw wells in Scotland , at 92 feet ( 28 m ) . There is no indication as to the origin of the name . = = = Interior = = = In the entrance hall is a frieze of the armorials used by past earls of Sutherland . The main stairway , decorated with portraits of the Leveson @-@ Gower family , is around 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) wide and 50 feet ( 15 m ) high . The panelled dining room , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long and 22 feet ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) wide , has a wall @-@ top Italian Grisaille frieze and a Khorassan carpet , as well as chairs containing the needlework of the 5th Duke 's wife . The drawing room , made from two previous rooms by Lorimer during his restoration of the castle , looks out over the gardens and sea , and contains large Canalettos and 18th @-@ century tapestries , as well as portraits by Hoppner and Reynolds . Housing over 10 @,@ 000 books , the library features a painting by Philip de László of Duchess Eileen , as well as a mahogany Chippendale table . = = = Gardens = = = The French influence extends into the gardens , completed in 1850 , with Barry taking inspiration from the French formal style of the Gardens of Versailles . Each parterre is set around a circular pool with a fountain , with the essential layout the same since it was created in around 1848 . The total landscaped area is 1 @,@ 379 acres ( 558 ha ) . = = = Museum = = = A museum displays the trophy heads of animals shot by family members on safari , ethnographic items from around the world and an important collection of archaeological artifacts . The museum retains its Victorian @-@ Edwardian arrangement , and is housed in an 18th @-@ century summer @-@ house adjoining the formal gardens . Historically , the castle is a category A listed building , and the gardens are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland . The castle is open to visitors between April and October each year . Falconry displays are held in the castle 's gardens by a resident Falconer . = Underoath = Underoath ( stylized as Underøath or UnderOath ) is an American Christian post @-@ hardcore band from Tampa , Florida . Founded by Dallas Taylor and Luke Morton on November 30 , 1997 , in Ocala , Florida , subsequently its additional members were from Tampa , Florida . They released Act of Depression , Cries of the Past , and The Changing of Times with the band 's original vocalist Dallas Taylor . Following his departure , Spencer Chamberlain became lead vocalist . The band then released They 're Only Chasing Safety and Define the Great Line , gaining a certified gold rating for both . These two albums have given them more mainstream and commercial success . They have received two Grammy nominations in 2007 and 2010 respectively and have recorded a live CD / DVD box set entitled Survive , Kaleidoscope , which was released on May 27 , 2008 . From late February to early May the band recorded their sixth studio album entitled Lost in the Sound of Separation , which was released on September 2 , 2008 , and peaked at number 8 on the Billboard 200 . Their last album Ø ( Disambiguation ) was released on November 9 , 2010 , and is the first without the band 's last original member , drummer and vocalist Aaron Gillespie after parting ways with the band earlier in the year . On October 2 , 2012 , Underoath announced that they would be disbanding in 2013 . However , they announced their reunion on August 17 , 2015 . = = History = = = = = Formation and Act of Depression ( 1997 – 2000 ) = = = On November 30 , 1997 , Underoath formed with Dallas Taylor , and guitarist Luke Morton , in Ocala , Florida . Morton devised the name Underoath " from somewhere in the Bible . " Drummer Aaron Gillespie , who attended Morton 's church , was then asked to play with them . Gillespie agreed , and the group recruited guitarist Corey Steger and bassist Octavio Fernandez ; the band members were all in high school . After a year of playing at festivals and touring the area around Florida , Underoath signed to Alabama 's Takehold Records in 1999 . Around this time Luke Morton had left the band without appearing on any of their formal recordings . They released their debut Act of Depression , which sold over 2 @,@ 000 copies . = = = Cries of the Past and The Changing of Times ( 2000 – 2003 ) = = = In 2000 , keyboardist Christopher Dudley joined Underoath , and the five @-@ song , forty @-@ minute long record , Cries of the Past was released , quickly selling 3 @,@ 000 copies . In 2001 , Takehold Records was bought out by Seattle 's Tooth & Nail Records and Underoath was subsequently signed to the label 's subsidiary , Solid State Records . In January 2002 , bassist Grant Brandell joined Underoath . The band then began working on their Solid State debut , The Changing of Times , with Cries of the Past producer James Paul Wisner . The album was released on February 26 , 2002 , and produced one single titled " When the Sun Sleeps " . Dallas Taylor explained that the lyrics on The Changing of Times were about " people playing with other people 's emotions and how it can leave you bitter " and " struggling through life 's hardships and trying to find God in all of it . " The band was criticized by critics and long @-@ time fans for the album 's style because it had changed from the sound of their previous releases . However , The Changing of Times went on to outsell both of their earlier releases combined . In 2003 , Underoath supported the album 's release with their first inclusion on Warped Tour , however their participation in the tour came to an end when Taylor ( under controversial conditions ) was asked to leave the band . Keyboardist , Chris Dudley explained at that time that Taylor could no longer tour with Underoath for various reasons and left on his own decision . Under speculation of a potential break up , the band then went on a supporting tour with Atreyu in August 2003 with Matt Tarpey as the temporary lead vocalist , while at the time being a part of Winter Solstice . In October 2003 , at the CMJ Fest in New York City , the band reappeared with Spencer Chamberlain , formerly of the band This Runs Through , as the new lead vocalist . Chamberlain had toured with Underoath when fronting his former band and at one time was roommates with Dudley ; their previous friendship with Chamberlain was considered when making him lead vocalist . Gillespie explained that before Chamberlain had been in the band , the group members " didn 't really get along " , however , after Chamberlain joined " everything was just normal , we clicked " . After Chamberlain became a permanent member , Underoath discussed the possibility of changing the name and becoming a new band . Ultimately , the members decided to remain as Underoath . = = = They 're Only Chasing Safety ( 2004 – 2005 ) = = = After taking the end of 2003 off from touring to begin working on an album , the band scheduled time in February 2004 to begin recording . During the early months of 2004 , Underoath returned to the studio with Chamberlain as lead vocalist and producer James Paul Wisner . They 're Only Chasing Safety was released on June 15 , 2004 , and proved to be a more commercial success for the band , going onto outsell the previous three albums combined . The album sold close to 100 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of release and was certified gold by the end of 2005 , selling more than 487 @,@ 000 copies . With Gillespie being the only original member , They 're Only Chasing Safety had been a vast change in sound and rhythm from what they performed earlier on . " Reinventing Your Exit " and " It 's Dangerous Business Walking out Your Front Door " were released as the album 's two singles and both songs spawned music videos that received frequent airplay on MTV2 and Fuse . In March 2005 , Underoath participated in the inaugural Taste of Chaos tour , and shortly after , embarked on their first headlining tour . The band premiered two brand @-@ new songs during the length of the tour . They played a part of the Warped Tour , but declined to perform for the entirety of the tour in order to take time to record another album . Underoath made their first covers of national magazines appearing on CCM Magazine in July 2005 and then Alternative Press in September , and in October , They 're Only Chasing Safety was re @-@ released in a two @-@ disc set with four formerly unreleased songs . Also included was re @-@ mastered album artwork by Jacob Bannon of Converge , and a DVD with over two hours of footage of the band touring in support of the album . As of 2005 , They 're Only Chasing Safety has sold more than 218 @,@ 000 copies , with the re @-@ release selling an additional 279 @,@ 000 copies , making a combined sales of more than 500 @,@ 000 copies in the US alone . = = = Define the Great Line ( 2006 – 2007 ) = = = In January 2006 , Underoath entered the studio to record their fifth album , Define the Great Line ; the title is presented upon the theory of an individual having " to find that line and that way to live your life . " The band had been writing for the album two weeks after the release of They 're Only Chasing Safety . Matt Goldman , who produced albums for Copeland and Norma Jean , and Adam Dutkiewicz , guitarist for Killswitch Engage , enlisted as producers . Chamberlain noted that the vocals for the album would sound less like an imitation of former vocalist Taylor , but more like the vocals of Chamberlain 's former band . The lyrics were also meaningful to Chamberlain because they had been written about " things that have molded him into who he is today " . An unfinished version of the album was leaked onto BitTorrent websites and P2P services months before the release date . Drummer Aaron Gillespie , during the short time after the recording of Define the Great Line , recorded the debut album for his side @-@ project The Almost , which was produced by Seattle producer Aaron Sprinkle and was released April 3 , 2007 . In April 2006 , the band had been courted by several major record labels , instead re @-@ signing with Tooth & Nail Records because they felt that major labels " don 't get heavy bands " and " we don 't really agree with a lot of the business practices major labels employ sometimes . " On April 21 , Underoath flew to Sweden to work with Popcore Films , to create music videos for " In Regards to Myself " and " Writing on the Walls " ; the latter was chosen as the lead single for the album and was later nominated for the 2007 Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video . Dudley commented that the videos were " high @-@ energy videos and more intricate than any video we 've ever done . " Released on June 20 , 2006 , Define the Great Line sold 98 @,@ 000 copies in its first week and debuted on the Billboard 200 Chart at number 2 , the highest debut for a Christian album since 1997 . With the debut of Define the Great Line , Underoath simultaneously released a special edition version of the album featuring special artwork and a DVD that includes another behind @-@ the @-@ scenes movie and a " making of " video . Define the Great Line was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 11 , 2006 , representing 500 @,@ 000 shipped units of the album . The album was also released on vinyl however , this edition was limited to only 3 @,@ 000 copies . The band was scheduled to spend June and July 2006 on the main stage of the Warped Tour , but on July 28 , 2006 , it was announced that Underoath was dropping off the remaining dates of the tour . A statement from the band stated that the members " felt it necessary to take some immediate time to focus on our friendship , as that 's more important than risking it for the sake of touring at this time . " In an Alternative Press cover story on Underoath , Michael " Fat Mike " Burkett told the magazine that Chamberlain had confided in him that Underoath 's band members had been " having a lot of arguments over their religious beliefs . " Burkett admitted to Punknews.org that he had poked fun at the band for their beliefs , but emphasized that he befriended Underoath 's band members at the start of the tour and had a personal policy of not making jokes on @-@ stage about anyone he was not friends with or did not like personally . It was also spread that the band 's withdrawal from the tour was due to Chamberlain 's rumored drug problems and time spent in rehabilitation , to which Gillespie responded , " If there was something serious going on like that and he was in rehab , we 'd have to tell the press . But it 's just not true . " Underoath toured extensively throughout Europe , Australia and Asia in the late 2006 , from February to April in 2007 toured with Taking Back Sunday and Armor for Sleep . Underoath shot videos for the songs " You 're Ever So Inviting " and " A Moment Suspended in Time " in February 2007 ; both videos have been released and " You 're Ever So Inviting " won MTV 's Battle of the Videos on May 23 , 2007 . Underoath performed a Canadian tour followed by the Taste of Chaos World Tour , and also played at the 2007 Cornerstone Festival . On July 17 , 2007 , Underoath released a DVD entitled 777 to the US market . Underoath also played the Warped Tour 2007 from July 24 to August 9 , and in August 2007 , toured Australia and East Asia . During a tour with Maylene and the Sons of Disaster , Poison the Well , and Every Time I Die , Gillespie went through emergency surgery on an infection in his hand . Instead of cancelling shows , Underoath recruited Kenny Bozich , the drummer of Gillespie 's band , The Almost . Underoath lead vocalist Spencer Chamberlain was featured on the cover of the Warped Tour 2008 Tour Compilation album . = = = Lost in the Sound of Separation ( 2008 – 2009 ) = = = During the September 2007 tour , Chamberlain stated various times that the band will release a new album in mid @-@ 2008 . It was later confirmed that it would be released on September 2 , 2008 . Recording for the album began in March 2008 and ended in April 2008 . McTague said that the album , Lost in the Sound of Separation , would be considerably heavier than Define the Great Line . In October 2007 , Underoath had begun filming their third person documentary Survive , Kaleidoscope . " The Audible Diversion Group " , a small film team , shot footage of the band as they followed Underoath on their September tour and the entirety of the " We Believe in Dino @-@ Tours " . The film was shot in 720p high definition 16 : 9 widescreen format . Underoath released the Survive , Kaleidoscope live CD / DVD on May 27 , 2008 . The album reached No. 81 on the Billboard 200 . The band recorded the concert footage at a performance in Philadelphia at the Electric Factory in October 2007 . During mid @-@ 2008 , Underoath joined the 30 @-@ city Rockstar Energy Mayhem Tour with bands such as Slipknot , Disturbed , Mastodon , and DragonForce . The tour began on July 9 , 2008 , and concluded in Buffalo , New York , on August 19 , with Underoath headlining the tour 's stop at the Hot Topic venue . After the release of Lost in the Sound of Separation on September 2 , 2008 , Underoath began headlining tour in support of the album , along with Saosin and The Devil Wears Prada , and in various markets , P.O.S , Person L , and The Famine . In its first week , Lost in the Sound of Separation debuted at No. 8 on the Billboard 200 charts , selling around 56 @,@ 000 copies in the US alone . In December 2008 , Underoath won Best Hardcore / Screamo Artist at the Rock on Request Awards and embarked on their first South American Tour . The band played six concerts in Brazil , Argentina , Chile and Colombia , and played at Warped Tour 2009 . On international tours in 2009 , Underoath began writing pieces of new songs for their fifth studio release . The songs " Desperate Times , Desperate Measures " and " Too Bright to See , Too Loud to Hear " were released as the two singles from the album . = = = Departure of Aaron Gillespie and Ø ( Disambiguation ) ( 2010 – 2011 ) = = = During a late 2009 interview , guitarist Timothy McTague stated that the band had " just started writing songs that may be included on the next record " , and that they are hoping to enter the studio late summer or early fall 2010 . Underoath is set to release their live album Live at Koko exclusively to their UK audience via their UK merchandise site . On February 25 , 2010 , Underoath stated they were finishing writing their new album . On April 5 , 2010 , the band announced the departure of their final founding member , drummer and vocalist , Aaron Gillespie . Due to this occurrence , none of the band 's original members remain . Aaron played his final show with the band in Milan , Italy , on April 6 . On May 10 , 2010 through their official MySpace blog , Underoath announced that they will be entering the studio on May 24 to record their follow up to Lost in the Sound of Separation , which was aimed to be released later that year , with producers Matt Goldman ( Lost in the Sound of Separation and Define the Great Line ) and Jeremy SH Griffith . Following the departure of Gillespie , Underoath recruited ex @-@ Norma Jean drummer Daniel Davison for the recording of their new album . Davison 's first tour with the band was " The Cool Tour " featuring As I Lay Dying and Blessthefall . The new album , titled Ø ( Disambiguation ) , will be released on November 9 , 2010 , through Tooth & Nail Records . On September 9 , 2010 , it was announced that Underoath had signed to Roadrunner Records for worldwide distribution outside of the US and Canada . On September 14 , 2010 , the band held a listening party for Ø ( Disambiguation ) at Swinghouse Studios in Los Angeles . Danny Sugimoto of spitInthemud.com remarked that the album " feels darker and more chaotic than ones prior , yet with a tasteful sense of calm mixed within . " Underoath embarked on their headlining November tour on the 2nd of the month . On November 23 , vocalist , Spencer Chamberlain began to suffer from foodborne disease . His position in Underoath was substituted by Tyler " Telle " Smith of The Word Alive for the show scheduled that day . In October 18 , 2011 , a compilation , Play Your Old Stuff , was released , containing three previously @-@ released albums : The Changing of Times , They 're Only Chasing Safety and Define the Great Line , along with new artwork . = = = Anthology , breakup , and farewell tour ( 2012 – 2013 ) = = = On October 2 , 2012 , the band announced through their Twitter account that they would be disbanding in 2013 . In addition , the band released a career @-@ spanning compilation album , Anthology : 1999 – 2013 on November 6 , 2012 . On October 9 , 2012 , they announced their farewell tour with mewithoutYou , As Cities Burn , and letlive. as opening acts . On January 26 , 2013 , Underoath played their final show at Jannus Live in St. Petersburg , Florida . Aaron Gillespie also performed on the songs " Emergency Broadcast : : The End is Near " and " Reinventing Your Exit . " = = = Post @-@ break @-@ up activities and reunion ( 2015 – present ) = = = In January 2015 , the band and launched a campaign to finalize production of documentary film about their farewell tour of 12 shows , posting two trailers on that subject to their YouTube channel . In July 2015 , Underoath began teasing the phrase " rebirth is coming " and an accompanying cryptic video across their social media accounts . The audio portion to the cryptic video , when played backwards , turned out to be the chorus for " It 's Dangerous Business Walking Out Your Front Door " off the band 's 2004 album They 're Only Chasing Safety , and later a countdown timer ending on August 24 , 2015 later appeared on the band 's website . On August 17 , 2015 , the band 's first show since disbanding in 2013 was announced , headlining the Self Help Fest in San Bernardino , California on March 19 , 2016 , along with A Day to Remember . In an interview article for Alternative Press , Chamberlain and Gillespie confirmed that the band was reuniting . = = Musical style and influences = = = = = Christianity = = = Underoath 's members are Christian and have stated that they are a Christian band . However , as vocalist Spencer Chamberlain explains , " [ We are Christian but ] in a different way . We 're not like your average Christian band . " He explains that Christianity is the " backbone of our lives , especially in the way that we handle certain things , but it 's not so much the backbone of our lyrics . It 's not like every song is a lesson from the Bible or something . It 's just normal life struggles . " Keyboardist Christopher Dudley stated that a majority of Underoath 's audience is not Christian , nor are the bands with whom they would often tour . Though the band has been noted for " setting precedent in both Christian rock and beyond " , only a portion of their albums are sold in the Christian marketplace . Chamberlain said , " I look at us as just another band in the secular market like with all these other hardcore bands and we just happen to be a Christian band that has different beliefs . " However , in an interview with Alternative Press , Drummer Aaron Gillespie stated that " I 'm definitely a Christian , but I don 't think Underoath should be a ' Christian band ' " = = = Genre = = = Underoath have been labeled as a Christian metal and metalcore band , but have also been described as hardcore , post @-@ hardcore , emo , and screamo . The band 's style has changed over the years , as explained by Allmusic : " since their inception , Florida 's Underoath have evolved from a run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill Christian metalcore band into a fluid , dynamic , and energized rock group that adeptly blends emotive melody , charged punk rock rhythms , and a chunky , engaging bottom end . " Jesus Freak Hideout also took notice of this , mentioning in a review that " Underoath 's sound has evolved a lot - from metal to emocore to straight @-@ up hardcore . " As demonstrated on their first release , Act of Depression , Underoath initially played a combination of hardcore and metalcore mixed with black metal and death metal . The band kept a similar sound on their second album , Cries of the Past , featuring occasional traces of black metal , but the band later moved away from this style to embrace a more melodic @-@ leaning post @-@ hardcore sound . On the follow up release , Underoath stood " at the heavy metal crossroads on The Changing of Times , a hardcore album that parallels classic arena rock . " The band experimented with electronic elements , with Casey Boland of Alternative Press noting that the album " was an Olympic pole vault @-@ like leap forward for Underoath , " and that the band was " welcoming the process of evolution . " He also noted the addition of Aaron Gillespie 's clean singing , which offered " a compelling counterpoint and presaged a swarm of bands adopting the sing @-@ scream dichotomy that would become the hallmark of ' screamo . ' " Cross Rhythms noted the growing popularity of the band , and described them as playing " an interesting mix of hardcore and indie rock , utilising loops , keyboards , acoustic guitars and melodic vocal harmonies , amongst the onslaught of heavy guitars and screeching hardcore vocals . " Underoath underwent an extreme overhaul preceding their fourth release , They 're Only Chasing Safety , with Dallas Taylor and Octavio Fernandez leaving the band and Spencer Chamberlain taking over lead vocal duties . This marked a radical shift for Underoath , " as the band ditched its formerly metal leanings for the decidedly friendly confines of screamo , " a change with ignited a debate over which was better , " old " or " new " Underoath . A review by Alex Henderson of Allmusic classifies the album under an alternative rock style which could be described as screamo , post @-@ hardcore , or melodic hardcore , and which differed from full @-@ out metalcore . In another review , Andrew Segal of Cross Rhythms described the album as nu metal , and said that , while on the heavier side of the rock scale , the album is well produced and " shows more signs of intelligence than the [ nu @-@ metal ] genre is often credited with . " For their fifth album , Define the Great Line , Underoath abandoned the pop choruses of the previous album and instead demonstrated a heavier and more eclectic style , updating their sound with " weird " time changes and ambient post @-@ metal passages . According to Sputnikmusic , while the album is basically a modern metalcore recording , it incorporated other influences including post @-@ metal guitar leads on several tracks and ambient electronica on tracks such as " Salmarnir . " Allmusic stated that the band found the " delicate middle ground between throat @-@ shredding grindcore and My Chemical Romance / From Autumn to Ashes @-@ style emo @-@ punk , " and Cross Rhythms described the album as " an impressively versatile project where metal riffs and emo breakdowns , screamo noise and memorable hooks collide in a veritable sonic feast . " Underoath 's sixth album , Lost in the Sound of Separation , established Spencer Chamberlain as the front @-@ man , and saw the band incorporating some industrial elements . With the departure of the last original member of Underoath , Aaron Gillespie , the band underwent their " biggest shift in sound for the band in a long time . " On their latest release , Ø ( Disambiguation ) , Underoath featured a darker and more immersive approach than their previous albums , and used a heavy atmospheric and ambient sound and also utilized groove sections on some tracks . = = = Influences = = = Bassist Grant Brandell has explained that Underoath 's music has been influenced by various bands such as Refused , At the Drive @-@ In , Apple Not Asteroid , Jimmy Eat World , Isis and Radiohead . When Taylor left Underoath following the release of The Changing of Times , an album that somewhat foreshadowed the changes to come for the band , the group 's style took a considerable change as new vocalist Chamberlain joined . With Chamberlain , the writing dynamic change in the band – now Gillespie and Chamberlain wrote the lyrics they sang – and Underoath released They 're Only Chasing Safety . Then Define the Great Line was released in which Chamberlain noted that his vocals sounded less like himself imitating Taylor 's vocals , and more similar to the vocals of his previous band , This Runs Through . Alternative Press stated , " [ Chamberlain 's ] bellow [ is ] more carnal and guttural , [ and ] his high end more tuneful than whiny . " = = Band members = = Timeline = = Discography = = Studio albums Act of Depression ( 1999 ) Cries of the Past ( 2000 ) The Changing of Times ( 2002 ) They 're Only Chasing Safety ( 2004 ) Define the Great Line ( 2006 ) Lost in the Sound of Separation ( 2008 ) Ø ( Disambiguation ) ( 2010 ) = PRR 4876 = PRR 4876 is a GG1 @-@ class electric locomotive located at the B & O Railroad Museum in Baltimore , Maryland , United States . It was built in 1939 and was involved in the only accident to befall a GG1 . In 1953 , the locomotive overran the buffer stop and crashed into Union Station in Washington , D.C. after its brakes failed . A temporary concourse floor was erected over 4876 ( which had broken through the original ) for the upcoming inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower . After the inauguration it was shipped back to Altoona , Pennsylvania , for repairs and placed back into service . = = Background = = The GG1 was developed in the 1930s by General Electric as the replacement for the Pennsylvania Railroad 's then standard electric locomotive , the P5a , and was based largely on the New Haven EP3 . The GG1 was capable of a top speed of 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) , powered by its twelve 385 horsepower ( 287 kW ) traction motors . The prototype GG1 , PRR 4800 , was tested against Westinghouse 's submission , the R1	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
peers , not Walter himself . After several sightings , the Fringe team move into some nearby storm drains to bait the chimera with its larvae . Feeling somewhat responsible , Walter locks himself in with the chimera and ingests some poison that will kill him within the hour , believing that if it kills him , the chimera will only be killing itself . He manages to shoot the chimera in time however , and they use its blood to find a cure for Charlie . = = Production = = " Unleashed " was directed by filmmaker Brad Anderson , his third episode of the season . It was co @-@ written by writer Zack Whedon and supervising producer J. R. Orci . The episode centered on Kirk Acevedo 's character Charlie Francis . Acevedo explained in an interview , " Charlie goes out on this call , and he gets attacked by this mythological , genetically enhanced griffin . He fights for his life throughout the episode " . Acevedo suggested that his wife , actress Kiersten Warren , play his character 's wife Sonia , and the producers duly cast her . Acevedo explained his choice was because , " to create intimacy with someone who you don 't know is actually not going to work . So to have your real wife do it , then you can be a lot better on screen " . The scene where Walter confronts the chimera was shot in a Boston sewer . He and Peter carry 50 caliber Desert Eagle handguns , called " monster killers " by one prop crew member . While shooting , the actors had to use their imagination , as the CGI monster was not yet complete . Director Brad Anderson described the chimera " sort of an amalgam of a bat , lion , and a dragon " . Anderson called the scene between Walter and the chimera as a " triumphant moment " for Walter , and actor Joshua Jackson characterized the scene as Walter 's " action hero moment " . The actor himself , John Noble , described the scene with the chimera as " terrifying " , as his character " tries to be a hero " . Andrew Orloff , Zoic ’ s Creative Director and Visual Effects Supervisor later called the chimera effect the most difficult effect he 'd done for the show thus far . Sound editor Thomas Harris explained that because the episode had a monster that was " part lizard , part wasp , part bat , and part lion , " it was difficult to " manipulate sounds from all these animals , as well as other sweeteners , without getting muddy and meshing together " . Their efforts on the episode were ultimately nominated in several categories at the Golden Reel Awards , and at the HPA Awards , for which they won . Actress Jasika Nicole explained in a May 2009 interview that the scariest episode for her at the time was " Unleashed " . She described the episode 's production , " The props people had these big buckets of earth worms , but they were thicker and meatier and longer . They had teeny little bitty faces ... So the guy 's chest is cut open and he ’ s been in make @-@ up for hours to make it look like he ’ s been torn open and he ’ s all bloody and stuff . So then they pour these worms and this goopy , syrupy stuff and this fake blood onto this guy ’ s chest ... We had to zip him up in the body bag . It takes a few minutes to get to ' action ' after he 's zipped up . We unzip him and we see the worms and it ’ s so gross – and the look on his face . The worms are crawling up and their in his armpits and starting to crawl toward his face and he can ’ t move at all because he ’ s supposed to be dead . " Nicole continued that this scene had to be shot " three or four times . We kept trying to get faster and faster but we were all laughing [ for him ] . It was like a Fear Factor episode with no chance of getting money ... It was so gross but so much fun . The guy was such a trooper . " New Media consultant Glen Whitman stated in an interview that this particular episode contains some recent scientific developments that were part of their inspiration for the creation of Fringe in the first place . Specifically , Whitman is referring to the use of transgenics , which is the idea that there are organisms with genes from other species . Whitman concluded that they were partly inspired by scientists Osamu Shimomura , Martin Chalfie , and Roger Y. Tsien and their work on research on isolating genes from jellyfish for the treatment of Huntington 's disease ; all three won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Unleashed " was watched by more than 10 @.@ 15 million viewers in the United States . It had a 5 @.@ 9 / 9 share among all households . = = = Reviews = = = Ramsey Isler from IGN rated it 7 @.@ 8 / 10 , explaining the " mysterious escaped monster " is a tired idea that failed to bring anything new to the show , and the episode " lacked real suspense and intrigue " . Isler however praised the further development of John Noble 's character , as Walter took responsibility for his actions . Josie Kafka of Open Salon.com saw allusions in the episode to many other genres , including Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Halloween , and Dollhouse . She thought the " Walter @-@ Peter interchanges " were the most interesting aspects of the episode . The A.V. Club 's Noel Murray graded the episode a B- , writing that though he enjoyed the " thrilling , funny opening " and the " multiple amusing lines of dialogue , " he wished the episode had gone further with the genetic experimentation concept . Murray concluded that " ' Unleashed ' stays at the level of a well @-@ shot , disappointingly straightforward monster movie , with an everything ’ s @-@ okay @-@ now ending " . Sarah Stegall from SFScope was skeptical of the chimera premise , but wrote she was willing to overlook that because the episode " delivers [ entertainment ] in spades " and gives " a fine payoff ... There are creepy sewers , pee jokes , heroics , tears , laughter , scares , and finally a kill shot of a terrifically scary monster " . Stegall also praised Torv and Acevedo 's performances , and called the episode the best she 's watched in a while . Andrew Hanson from the Los Angeles Times praised the episode , writing the writers and characters were " finally getting into their groove , " and that the monster sequence was " better than most horror films I ’ ve seen lately " . = = = Awards and nominations = = = " Unleashed " was nominated for several awards . At the 2009 HPA Awards , the episode and its crew were nominated and ultimately won for Outstanding Audio Post — Television . Its competition was an episode of Lost and an episode of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . At the 2010 Golden Reel Awards , the episode was nominated for two categories : Best Sound Editing : Short Form Dialogue and ADR in Television and Best Sound Editing : Short Form Sound Effects and Foley in Television . It lost in the first category to an episode of True Blood , and the second category award went to an episode of House . = Battle of Marston Moor = The Battle of Marston Moor was fought on 2 July 1644 , during the First English Civil War of 1642 – 1646 . The combined forces of the English Parliamentarians under Lord Fairfax and the Earl of Manchester and the Scottish Covenanters under the Earl of Leven defeated the Royalists commanded by Prince Rupert of the Rhine and the Marquess of Newcastle . During the summer of 1644 , the Covenanters and Parliamentarians had been besieging York , which was defended by the Marquess of Newcastle . Rupert had gathered an army which marched through the northwest of England , gathering reinforcements and fresh recruits on the way , and across the Pennines to relieve the city . The convergence of these forces made the ensuing battle the largest of the civil wars . On 1 July , Rupert outmanoeuvred the Covenanters and Parliamentarians to relieve the city . The next day , he sought battle with them even though he was outnumbered . He was dissuaded from attacking immediately and during the day both sides gathered their full strength on Marston Moor , an expanse of wild meadow west of York . Towards evening , the Covenanters and Parliamentarians themselves launched a surprise attack . After a confused fight lasting two hours , Parliamentarian cavalry under Oliver Cromwell routed the Royalist cavalry from the field and , with Leven 's infantry , annihilated the remaining Royalist infantry . After their defeat the Royalists effectively abandoned Northern England , losing much of the manpower from the northern counties of England ( which were strongly Royalist in sympathy ) and also losing access to the European continent through the ports on the North Sea coast . Although they partially retrieved their fortunes with victories later in the year in Southern England , the loss of the north was to prove a fatal handicap the next year , when they tried unsuccessfully to link up with the Scottish Royalists under the Marquess of Montrose . = = Background = = = = = The civil war in the north = = = In Northern England , the Royalists had the advantage in numbers and local support , except in parts of Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire , where the Parliamentarians had support from the clothing @-@ manufacturing towns which " naturally maligned the gentry " . On 30 June 1643 , the Royalists commanded by the Marquess of Newcastle defeated the Parliamentarian army of Lord Fairfax at the Battle of Adwalton Moor near Bradford . Fairfax and his son , Sir Thomas Fairfax , fled with their remaining forces to the port of Hull , which was held for Parliament . Newcastle sent some of his army south into Lincolnshire , as part of a planned " three @-@ pronged " advance on London , but was forced to besiege Hull with most of his forces . The siege failed , as the Parliamentarian navy could supply and reinforce the port and the garrison flooded wide areas around the city , while the Royalist detachments sent into Lincolnshire were defeated at the Battle of Gainsborough and the Battle of Winceby . In late 1643 , the English Civil War widened . King Charles I negotiated a " cessation " in Ireland , which allowed him to reinforce his armies with English regiments ( one of horse and twelve of foot ) which had been sent to Ireland following the Irish Rebellion of 1641 , but Parliament took an even greater step by signing the Solemn League and Covenant , sealing an alliance with the Scottish Covenanters . Early in 1644 , a Covenanter army under the Earl of Leven entered the north of England on behalf of the English Parliament . The Marquess of Newcastle was forced to divide his army , leaving a detachment under Sir John Belasyse to watch the Parliamentarians under Lord Fairfax in Hull , while he led his main body north to confront Leven . = = = Siege of York = = = During March and early April , the Marquess of Newcastle fought several delaying actions as he tried to prevent the Scots from crossing the River Tyne and surrounding the city of Newcastle upon Tyne . Meanwhile , a Parliamentarian cavalry force under Sir Thomas Fairfax , who had been campaigning in Cheshire and Lancashire during the winter , crossed the Pennines and entered the West Riding of Yorkshire . To prevent Sir Thomas rejoining Lord Fairfax in Hull , Belasyse occupied the town of Selby which lay between them . On 11 April , Sir Thomas Fairfax 's force , reinforced by infantry under Sir John Meldrum , stormed Selby , capturing Belasyse and most of his force . Hearing the news , Newcastle realised that the city of York was in danger . York was the principal city and bastion of Royalist power in the north of England , and its loss would be a serious blow to the Royalist cause . He hastily retreated there to forestall the Fairfaxes . Leven left a detachment to mask the Royalist garrison of Newcastle upon Tyne , and followed Newcastle 's army with his main body . On 22 April , Leven and the Fairfaxes joined forces at Wetherby , about 14 miles ( 23 km ) west of York . Together , they began the Siege of York . Initially , the siege was a rather loose blockade as the Covenanters and Parliamentarians concentrated on capturing smaller Royalist garrisons which threatened their communications with Hull . On 3 June , they were reinforced by the Parliamentarian army of the Eastern Association under the Earl of Manchester . York was now completely encircled and siege operations began in earnest . Leven was accepted as commander in chief of the three combined allied armies before York ( referred to by Parliament as the " Army of Both Kingdoms " ) . It was politic to make the Scottish Covenanters pre @-@ eminent in the north as they were the largest single contingent in the army , but Leven was also a respected veteran of the Thirty Years ' War . = = = Relief moves = = = News of the siege soon reached Oxford , where King Charles had his wartime capital . From 24 April to 5 May , he held a council of war attended by his nephew and most renowned field commander , Prince Rupert . It was settled that while Charles attempted to play for time in Oxford , Rupert would relieve York . Rupert set out from Shrewsbury with a small force on 16 May . His first moves were intended to gather reinforcements along the way to bolster his army , and secure Lancashire for the troops heading over from Ireland for the Royalist cause . He assumed the direction of a small Royalist army , based on Chester and commanded by Lord John Byron , raising his force to 2 @,@ 000 horse and 6 @,@ 000 foot . Having forced a crossing of the River Mersey at Stockport , he stormed Bolton , allegedly killing 1 @,@ 600 of the Parliamentarian defenders and citizens . Resting at Bury nearby , Rupert was joined by the Marquess of Newcastle 's cavalry under Lord George Goring , which had broken out of York early in the siege , with a small contingent from Derbyshire , and several regiments which were being freshly raised in Lancashire by the Earl of Derby . Bypassing the Parliamentarian stronghold of Manchester , Rupert approached Liverpool on 6 June and wrested control of the city from Parliament after a five @-@ day siege . Rupert now hesitated , unsure whether to proceed to the relief of York or remain to consolidate the Royalist hold on Lancashire , securing more reinforcements in the process . He also distrusted some of the members of Charles 's council of war and was wary of being so far from the King 's side . On 16 June , he received a dispatch from the King which contained troubling news . The King 's advisors on the council of war had overturned Rupert 's defensive policies , sending the garrisons of Reading and Abingdon on an offensive in the West Country . This had left Oxford exposed to a sudden threat from the Parliamentarian armies commanded by the Earl of Essex and Sir William Waller and forced the King to leave the city in haste and head to Worcester , where he was still in danger . The letter also contained some ambiguous orders regarding Rupert 's northern offensive and future plans : But now I must give the true state of my affairs , which , if their condition be such as enforces me to give you more peremptory commands than I would willingly do , you must not take it ill . If York be lost I shall esteem my crown little less ; unless supported by your sudden march to me ; and a miraculous conquest in the South , before the effects of the Northern power can be found here . But if York be relieved , and you beat the rebels ' army of both kingdoms , which are before it , then ( but otherwise not ) I may possibly make a shift upon the defensive to spin out time until you come to assist me . Wherefore I command and conjure you , by the duty and affection that I know you bear me , that all new enterprises laid aside , you immediately march according to your first intention , with all your force to the relief of York . But if that be either lost , or have freed themselves from the besiegers , or that for want of powder , you cannot undertake that work , that you immediately march with your whole strength , directly to Worcester to assist me and my army ; without which , or you having relieved York by beating the Scots , all the successes you can afterwards have must infallibly be useless onto me . Rupert understood the letter to be an order both to relieve York and defeat the allied army before heading south once more to aid the King . By this time Rupert 's army numbered nearly 14 @,@ 000 . He set out from Liverpool to Preston , which surrendered without a fight . From there he proceeded via Clitheroe and crossed the Pennines to Skipton , where he paused for three days from 26 June to 28 June to " fix arms " and await some final reinforcements from Cumberland and Westmoreland . He arrived at the Royalist garrison at Knaresborough Castle 14 miles ( 23 km ) northwest of York on 30 June . = = = Relief of York = = = The allies were aware of Rupert 's approach and had been hoping that reinforcements from the Midlands under Sir John Meldrum and the Earl of Denbigh could ward off this threat , but they learned that these forces could not intervene in time . The allied armies around York were separated from each other by rivers , and if Rupert attacked them in their siege lines he could destroy any one army before the other two could come to its aid . Therefore , they abandoned the siege on the night of 30 June , and concentrated their forces near the village of Hessay before taking position on Marston Moor , where they blocked Rupert 's expected direct march to York ( along the old Roman road named Ermine Street , the modern A59 ) , and could easily move to their left to prevent Rupert making any move to the south via Wetherby . Early on 1 July , some Royalist cavalry advanced from Knaresborough and appeared on the Moor , and the allies prepared for battle . However , Rupert had made a 22 @-@ mile ( 35 km ) flank march to the northeast with his main body , crossing the River Ure at Boroughbridge and the River Swale at Thornton Bridge . These two rivers merge to form the River Ouse , which Rupert had successfully put between himself and the allied armies . Later that day , his forces defeated the Earl of Manchester 's dragoons , who had been left to guard a bridge of boats across the Ouse at the village of Poppleton a few miles north of York . This had been the only crossing available to the allies above another bridge of boats at Acaster Malbis 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) south of York , and its capture prevented the allies crossing the Ouse to engage Rupert . More of Rupert 's cavalry arrived at York to gain touch with the garrison . With York definitely relieved , Newcastle sent Rupert a fulsome letter of welcome and congratulations . Rupert replied , not in person but through Goring , with a peremptory demand for Newcastle to march his forces to Rupert 's assistance on the following morning . = = Battle = = = = = Prelude = = = On learning that they had been outmanoeuvred , the allied commanders debated their options . They decided to march south to Tadcaster and Cawood , where they could both protect their own supply lines from Hull , and also block any move south by Rupert on either side of the Ouse . Their foot ( infantry ) , ordnance and baggage set off early on 2 July , leaving the cavalry and dragoons , commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax , as rearguard . At about 9 am , the allied generals learned that Rupert 's army had crossed the captured bridge of boats at Poppleton , and was advancing onto Marston Moor . The Covenanter and Parliamentarian foot , some of whom had already reached Tadcaster , were hastily recalled . However , Newcastle and his Lieutenant General , Lord Eythin , were opposed to any pitched battle and possibly offended by Rupert 's high @-@ handed attitude . Rather than join Rupert immediately they temporised , claiming that it would take time to clear the earth and rubble which had been used to block the city gates of York during the siege . Newcastle 's soldiers in York then refused to fight unless given their delayed payment , a dispute which Eythin may have fomented . A number were also absent , pillaging the abandoned allied siege works and encampments outside the city , and had yet to return . Around midday , Rupert was joined on Marston Moor by Newcastle , accompanied by a mounted troop of " gentleman volunteers " only . Rupert greeted him by saying , " My Lord , I wish you had come sooner with your forces , but I hope we shall yet have a glorious day . " Newcastle counselled that the three allied armies , with separate garrisons , recruiting areas and lines of communication to protect , would eventually separate . He also suggested waiting for a force of 3 @,@ 000 under Colonel Clavering and collected garrisons amounting to another 2 @,@ 000 to join the Royalist army . Rupert was adamant that the King 's letter ( which he never showed to Newcastle ) was a command to engage and defeat the enemy immediately . Furthermore , Rupert wished to compensate for the Royalists ' numerical inferiority by catching the enemy unawares , and before further Parliamentarian reinforcements could increase their superiority in numbers . However , without Newcastle 's infantry , and with his own infantry exhausted from their long march on the previous day , Rupert was unable to attack , and the odds against him lengthened as the day wore on , and the Scots and Parliamentarian infantry and artillery returned from their aborted move south and took position . At about 2 : 00 pm , the allied artillery , consisting of around thirty pieces of ordnance commanded by General Alexander Hamilton , began a cannonade . However , at about 5 : 00 pm , the firing ceased . Meanwhile , at about 4 : 00 pm , the Royalist contingent from York belatedly arrived , led by Eythin . Rupert and Eythin already knew and disliked one another . Both had fought at the Battle of Vlotho in 1638 , where Rupert had been captured and held prisoner for several years . Rupert blamed Eythin 's caution for the defeat on that occasion , while Eythin blamed Rupert 's rashness . On the Moor , Eythin criticised Rupert 's dispositions as being drawn up too close to the enemy . His main concern was that a fold in the ground ( referred to by some eyewitnesses as a " glen " ) between the ridge on which the allied forces were drawn up and the track between Long Marston and Tockwith concealed the front line of the allied infantry from both view and artillery fire , allowing them to attack suddenly from a comparatively close distance . When Rupert proposed to either attack or move his army back as Eythin suggested , Eythin then pontificated that it was too late in the day for such a move . The Royalist army prepared to settle down for the night , close to the allied armies . = = = Deployment = = = = = = = Covenanters and Parliamentarians = = = = The Covenanters and Parliamentarians occupied Marston Hill , a low feature ( actually part of a terminal moraine ) less than 100 feet ( 30 m ) above the surrounding countryside but nevertheless prominent in the flat Vale of York , between the villages of Long Marston and Tockwith . They had the advantage of the higher ground , but cornfields stretching between the two villages hampered their deployment . At some point in the day , the Royalists attempted to seize a rabbit warren to the west of the cornfields from where they might enfilade the Parliamentarian position , but they were driven off and the Parliamentarian left wing of horse occupied the ground . The wing was under the command of Manchester 's Lieutenant General , Oliver Cromwell . The first two lines consisted of over 3 @,@ 000 cavalry from the Eastern Association , including Cromwell 's own double @-@ strength regiment of ironsides . They were deployed in eleven divisions of three or four troops of cavalry each , with 600 " commanded " musketeers deployed as platoons between them . The use of musketeers to disrupt attacking cavalry or dragoons was a common practice in the Swedish Army during the Thirty Years ' War , and was adopted by both the Parliamentarians and Royalists at Marston Moor . Three regiments of Covenanter horse , numbering 1 @,@ 000 and mounted on lighter " nags " , formed a third line to Cromwell 's rear under Sir David Leslie . Five hundred Scottish dragoons under Colonel Hugh Fraser were deployed on the extreme left . The centre , under the direction of the Earl of Leven as nominated commander in chief , consisted of over 14 @,@ 000 foot , with 30 to 40 pieces of artillery . Thomas Stockdale recorded the disposition of the troops and the role of Leven in drawing up the order of battle : The Yorkeshire forces strengthened with a great party of the Scotts army hauing the main battle , the Earl of Manchester ’ s forces the left wing , and the Scotts the right wing , each battle hauing severall reserues and winged with horse , according to Generall Lesleys direction whose great experience did worthyly challenge the prime power in ordering them . The Covenanter Sergeant Major General of Foot , James Lumsden , nevertheless noted ( in a note on the map he made of the allied army 's dispositions ) that " ... the Brigads drawen up heir as we [ illegible ] it is not so formal as it ought to be . " Most of Manchester 's infantry under Sergeant Major General Lawrence Crawford were on the left of the front line . A brigade of Lord Fairfax 's foot was in the centre . Two Covenanter brigades each of two regiments , the " vanguard " of the main battalia commanded by Lieutenant General William Baillie , made up the right of the front line . The second line consisted of four Covenanter brigades , their " main battle " , commanded by Lumsden . There is confusion as to the disposition of the third line and of the infantry deployment on the right wing , as the only map ( Lumsden 's ) is badly damaged . The usual interpretation , based on Peter Young 's reconstruction , is that the third line contained two or three Covenanter brigades and the Earl of Manchester 's own regiment of foot . Young placed the main body of Fairfax 's foot on the left of the third line , although more recent interpretations of accounts put them on the right of the third line or even behind the cavalry of the right wing . An unbrigaded Covenanter regiment may have formed an incomplete fourth line . ( There were a total of nineteen Covenanter regiments of foot , some of them incomplete , present at the battle . ) The right wing was commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax , with John Lambert as his second in command . He had at least 2 @,@ 000 horse from Yorkshire and Lancashire , deployed in nine divisions , with 600 musketeers posted between them in the same manner as on the left wing . There were also perhaps 500 dragoons . One regiment of Covenanter horse commanded by the Earl of Eglinton was deployed with Fairfax 's front line , two more ( one of them composed of lancers commanded by the Earl of Balgonie , Leven 's son ) were deployed behind Fairfax 's second line . The second and third lines of the right wing may also have included some units of foot , whose identity is uncertain . = = = = Royalists = = = = The Royalists occupied the low @-@ lying moor , behind a drainage ditch that Rupert noted as an effective obstacle to a cavalry charge . There is some dispute over the course of the ditch at the time of the battle . Some contemporary accounts support the contention by later historians that it was non @-@ existent on the Royalists ' right wing . On the other hand , a near @-@ contemporary plan of the Royalist dispositions by Rupert 's chief engineer , Bernard de Gomme , shows the ditch in its present @-@ day alignment . It is generally accepted that the ditch was at least less of an obstacle on the Royalist right . The Royalist left wing was commanded by Lord Goring . It consisted of 1 @,@ 700 cavalry from the Marquess of Newcastle 's cavalry ( the " Northern Horse " ) , 400 cavalry from Derbyshire and 500 musketeers . The first line was commanded by Goring and the second by Sir Charles Lucas . Their centre was commanded by Eythin . A brigade numbering 1 @,@ 500 and consisting of Rupert 's and Byron 's regiments of foot under Colonel Robert Napier of Byron 's regiment was deployed at the ditch , at the junction of the right wing and centre , possibly to protect some artillery which may have occupied a slight hummock near this point . To their left , a forlorn hope of musketeers lined the ditch . Behind them , the first line and the left wing of the second line were composed of the remaining infantry units of Rupert 's army , numbering 5 @,@ 500 , under Rupert 's Sergeant Major General , Henry Tillier . The 3 @,@ 000 infantry from Newcastle 's army under Sergeant Major General Francis Mackworth formed the right wing of the second line and an incomplete third line behind the right centre when they arrived , though some at least of them may not have taken up their assigned positions when the battle began , leaving the right of the Royalist centre understrength . A brigade of 600 " Northern Horse " under Sir William Blakiston was deployed behind the left centre . A total of 14 field guns were deployed in the centre . The right wing was commanded by Byron , with 2 @,@ 600 horse and 500 musketeers . The second line , which included Rupert 's Regiment of Horse but also some comparatively inexperienced regiments , was commanded by Lord Molyneux , although the experienced but unprincipled Sir John Urry ( or " Hurry " ) was Sergeant Major General of Rupert 's horse and therefore Byron 's second in command . Unlike the Covenanters and Parliamentarians , Rupert retained a reserve of 600 cavalry , including his elite Lifeguard of Horse , under his personal command . This reserve was situated behind the centre . = = = Main action = = = Delayed by the late arrival of the York garrison , it was late evening before the Royalists were fully deployed . A flurry of rain showers and the discouragement of Newcastle and Eythin persuaded Rupert to delay his attack until the next day . From the ranks of the allied army he could hear the singing of psalms . As the Royalist troops broke ranks for their supper , Leven noted the lack of preparation among his opponents and ordered his men to attack at or shortly after 7 : 30 pm , just as a thunderstorm broke out over the moor . On the allied left , Crawford 's infantry outflanked and drove back Napier 's brigade while Cromwell 's horse quickly defeated Byron 's wing . Though Byron had been ordered to stand his ground and rely on the ditch and musket fire to slow and disorganize an enemy attack , he instead ordered a hasty counter @-@ charge which disordered his own troops and prevented his musketeers and four " drakes " ( field guns ) attached to Napier 's brigade from firing for fear of hitting their own cavalry . In the clashes which followed , Byron 's front line regiments were put to flight . Cromwell was slightly wounded in the neck , by a pistol ball in most accounts , and briefly left the field to have the wound dressed . Noting the setback on this flank , Rupert led his reserve towards the right , rallying his own fleeing regiment of horse and leading them in a counter @-@ attack . A Parliamentarian officer wrote : Cromwell 's own division had a hard pull of it ; for they were charged by Rupert 's bravest men both in front and flank ; they stood at the sword 's point a pretty while , hacking one another ; but at last ( it so pleased God ) he [ Cromwell ] brake through them , scattering them before him like a little dust . Leslie 's Covenanter regiments eventually swung the balance for Cromwell , outflanking and defeating the Royalist cavalry . Rupert 's right wing and reserve were routed and he himself narrowly avoided capture by hiding in a nearby bean field . In the centre , the main Covenanter foot initially succeeded in crossing the ditch , capturing at least three pieces of artillery . On the allied right , Sir Thomas Fairfax 's wing fared worse . He later wrote : Our Right Wing had not , all , so good success , by reason of the whins and ditches which we were to pass over before we could get to the Enemy , which put us into great disorder : notwithstanding , I drew up a body of 400 Horse . But because the intervals of Horse , in this Wing only , were lined with Musketeers ; which did us much hurt with their shot ; I was necessitated to charge them . We were a long time engaged with one another , but at last we routed that part of their Wing ... [ I ] myself only returned presently , to get to the men I left behind me . But that part of the Enemy which stood , perceiving the disorder they were in , had charged and routed them , before I could get to them . Fairfax wrote that his second @-@ in @-@ command , Major @-@ General Lambert , could not get up to him , and so charged in another place . A lane , the present @-@ day Atterwith Lane , crossed the ditch on this flank , and some accounts suggest that several units were easy targets for the Royalist musketeers as they advanced along the lane only four abreast . When a small embankment alongside the ditch at this point was removed in the 1960s , several hundred musket balls were recovered . When Goring launched a counter @-@ charge , the disorganised Parliamentarians were routed , although some of the Covenanter cavalry regiments with Sir Thomas Fairfax 's wing , especially the Earl of Eglinton 's regiment , resisted stoutly for some time . As an eyewitness observed : sir Tho . Fairfax his new levied Regiments being in the Van [ of the right wing ] , they wheeled about , & being hotly pursued by the enemy , came back upon the L. Fairfax foot , and the reserve of the Scottish foot , broke them wholly , & trod the most part of them under foot . Most of Goring 's victorious wing then either scattered in pursuit , or fell out to loot the allied baggage train , but some of them under Lucas wheeled to attack the right flank of the allied infantry . Meanwhile , some of Newcastle 's foot counter @-@ attacked the brigade of Fairfax 's foot in the centre of the allied front line and threw them into confusion . Following up this advantage , Blakiston 's brigade of horse , probably reinforced by the troop of " gentleman volunteers " under Newcastle himself , charged the allied centre . Under Lucas 's and Blakiston 's assaults in the confusion and the gathering darkness , six of the Covenanter infantry regiments and all of Fairfax 's infantry fled the field . The Scottish sergeant major general , Lumsden , on the right of the allied second line , stated that : These that ran away shew themselves most baselie . I commanding the battel was on the head of your Lordships [ Loudoun 's ] Regiment , and Buccleuch 's ; but they carried themselves not so I could have wished , neither could I prevaile with them : For these that fled , never came to charge with the enemie , but were so possest with ane pannick fear , that they ran for an example to others , and no enemie following them , which gave the enemie [ an opportunity ] to charge them , they intended not , & they had only the losse . One isolated Covenanter brigade that stood its ground was at the right of their front line and consisted of the regiments of the Earl of Crawford @-@ Lindsay and Viscount Maitland . Lucas launched three cavalry charges against them . In the third charge , Lucas 's horse was killed , and he was taken prisoner . Behind them , Lumsden reformed the reserve of the allied centre , pushing four regiments ( those of the Earl of Cassilis , William Douglas of Kilhead , Lord Coupar and the Earl of Dunfermline ) and part of the Clydesdale Regiment forward into the breach in the allied front line . Behind them in turn , the Earl of Manchester 's regiment repulsed and scattered Blakiston 's brigade . By now it was nearly fully dark , although the full moon was rising . The countryside for miles around was covered with fugitives from both sides . A messenger from Ireland riding in search of Prince Rupert wrote : In this horrible distraction did I coast the country ; here meeting with a shoal of Scots crying out , ' Weys us , we are all undone ' ; and so full of lamentation and mourning , as if their day of doom had overtaken them , and from which they knew not whither to fly ; and anon I met with a ragged troop reduced to four and a Cornet ; by and by with a little foot officer without hat , band , sword , or indeed anything but feet and so much tongue as would serve to enquire the way to the next garrisons , which ( to say the truth ) were well filled with the stragglers on both sides within a few hours , though they lay distant from the place of the fight 20 or 30 miles . Cromwell 's disciplined horsemen had rallied behind the right of the original Royalist position . Sir Thomas Fairfax , finding himself alone in the midst of Goring 's men , removed the " field sign " ( a handkerchief or slip of white paper which identified him as a Parliamentarian ) from his hat , and made his way to Cromwell 's wing to relate the state of affairs on the allied right flank . Some five or six troops of Fairfax 's cavalry and Balgonie 's Covenanter regiment of horse ( split into two bodies ) also made their way though the Royalists to join Cromwell . Cromwell now led his cavalry , with Sir David Leslie still in support and Sergeant Major General Crawford 's foot on his right flank , across the battlefield to attack Goring 's cavalry . By this time , Goring 's troops were tired and disorganised , and several of his senior officers were prisoners . They nevertheless marched down the hill from the Parliamentarian baggage to occupy roughly the same position which Fairfax 's cavalry had held at the start of the battle , which most contemporary accounts stated to be a disadvantageous position . When Cromwell attacked , Goring 's outnumbered troops were driven back . Many of them retired to the " glen " , the fold of ground beneath Marston Hill , but refused to take any further part in the battle despite the efforts of officers such as Sir Marmaduke Langdale and Sir Philip Monckton to rally them . Eventually they obeyed orders to retreat to York late at night . The triumphant allies meanwhile turned against the remains of the Royalist centre , overrunning successive units and cutting down many fugitives . Finally some of Newcastle 's foot , the " whitecoats " , gathered for a last stand in a ditched enclosure . This has usually been stated to be White Sike Close , in the rear of the Royalists ' original position , where some of Newcastle 's infantry would have retreated when they found their right flank " in the air " following the defeat of Byron 's and Rupert 's cavalry , and certainly where some mass burials later took place , although the enclosure may instead have been Fox Covert , a mile north of Long Marston on the natural line of retreat towards York . The whitecoats refused quarter and repulsed constant cavalry charges until infantry and Colonel Hugh Fraser 's dragoons were brought up to break their formation with musket fire . The last 30 survivors finally surrendered . = = = Casualties = = = Approximately 4 @,@ 000 Royalist soldiers had been killed , many in the last stand of the whitecoats , and 1 @,@ 500 captured , including Lucas and Tillier . The Royalists lost all their guns , with many hundreds of weapons and several standards also falling into the hands of the allied forces . The allied generals ' dispatch , and other Parliamentarian accounts , stated that 300 of their soldiers were killed . One of those mortally wounded among the Parliamentarians was Sir Thomas Fairfax 's brother , Charles . Another was Cromwell 's nephew , Valentine Walton , who was struck by a cannonball early in the day . Cromwell was present when he died afterwards , and wrote a famous letter to the soldier 's father , Cromwell 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , also named Valentine Walton , which briefly described the battle and then informed the father of the son 's last words and death . = = Outcome = = = = = Royalists = = = Late at night , the Royalist generals reached York , with many routed troops and stragglers . The Governor of York , Sir Thomas Glemham , allowed only those who were part of the garrison ( in effect , only a few officers who had participated in the battle as volunteers ) into the city , in case Parliamentarian cavalry entered the city on the heels of the fleeing Royalists . Many fugitives , including wounded , crowded the streets before Micklegate Bar , the western gate into the city . Newcastle , having seen his forces broken and having spent his entire fortune in the Royalist cause , resolved that he would not endure the " laughter of the court " . He departed for Scarborough on the day after the battle ( 3 July ) and went into exile in Hamburg , with Eythin and many of his senior officers . Two days after the battle , Rupert rallied 5 @,@ 000 cavalry and a few hundred infantry whom he mounted on spare horses . He considered that rather than attempt to restore Royalist fortunes in the north , he was required to return south to rejoin the King . Leaving York by way of Monk Bar on the north east side , he marched back over the Pennines , making a detour to Richmond to escape interception . At Marston Moor , Rupert had been decisively beaten for the first time in the war . He was deeply affected by the defeat , and kept the King 's ambiguous dispatch close to him for the remainder of his life . He had suffered an additional blow through the death during the battle of his dog " Boye " , who had been a constant companion by his side throughout his campaigns . Parliamentarian propaganda made much of this , treating Boye almost as a Devil 's familiar . With the departure of Newcastle and Rupert , the Royalists effectively abandoned the north , except for isolated garrisons , which were reduced one by one over the next few months . The remnants of Byron 's troops were driven from Lancashire in August , and were involved in another Royalist disaster at the Relief of Montgomery Castle in Wales in September . The Royalist cavalry from the northern counties , the " Northern Horse " , continued to fight for Charles under Sir Marmaduke Langdale . They relieved a Royalist garrison at Pontefract Castle in south Yorkshire in February 1645 , but their undisciplined and licentious conduct turned many former sympathisers away from the Royalist cause . After being involved in the defeats of Charles at the battles of Naseby and Rowton Heath , they made a final attempt to reach Scotland and were routed at Sherburn @-@ in @-@ Elmet in October 1645 . = = = Allies = = = The victorious allies regrouped , although too slowly to intercept Rupert as he left York . Once the allied army had reformed ( and had been joined by Meldrum 's and Denbigh 's forces ) they resumed the siege of York . Without hope of relief , and under the agreement that no Scottish soldiers were to be quartered in the city , the garrison surrendered on honourable terms on 16 July . Once York surrendered , the allied army soon dispersed . Leven took his troops north to besiege Newcastle upon Tyne and Carlisle . He sent dispatches to Scotland ordering that all runaways from the Covenanter regiments which broke at Marston Moor be returned , but not before every tenth deserter was hanged according to article 14 of Leven 's Articles of War . Once reunited with the Army of both Kingdoms , the remnants of the six broken regiments were put to base service such as latrine duties and the disposing of corpses until they got the chance to redeem themselves during the storm of Newcastle . Manchester 's army returned to Lincolnshire and eventually moved into the south of England to take part in the Second Battle of Newbury . The Earl of Leven had again demonstrated the importance of disciplined infantry . Even as some of the newly levied allied regiments were routed by the Royalists , he had ensured he had enough veterans in reserve to replace them and overturn the early gains made by his opponents . Cromwell 's reputation as a cavalry commander was also firmly established at this battle . Despite attempts by his political rivals such as Denzil Holles and military critics such as Major General Lawrence Crawford to belittle the part he played , it was acknowledged that the discipline he had instilled into his troops and his own leadership on the battlefield had been crucial to the victory . Cromwell would later declare that Marston Moor was " an absolute victory obtained by God 's blessing " . From this moment , he was to exert increasing influence both in the House of Commons and in the Parliamentarian armies in the field . However , the accounts published after the battle exacerbated the rifts which were already growing between the moderates and Presbyterians on the one hand and the Independents on the other . The noted Scottish theologian Robert Baillie wrote from Westminster only a few days later to one of his Independent brethren : We were both grieved and angry , that your Independents there should have sent up Major Harrison to trumpet over all the city their own praises , to our prejudice , making all believe , that Cromwell alone , with his unspeakable valorous regiments , had done all that service : that most of us fled : and who stayed they fought so and so , as it might be . We were much vexed with these reports , against which yow were not pleased , any of yow to instruct us with any ansuer , till Lindesay 's letters came at last , and captain Stewart with his collors . Then we sent abroad our printed relations , and could lift up our face . But within three days Mr Ashe 's relation was also printed , who gives us many good words , but gives much more to Cromwell than we are informed is his due … See by this inclosed , if the whole victorie both in the right and left wing , be not ascribed to Cromwell , and not a word of David Lesley , who in all places that day was his leader . = = = = Conduct of the allied generals = = = = Much of the resulting many @-@ sided dispute among the Parliamentarians and Covenanters was prompted by accounts very soon after the battle that all three allied generals @-@ in @-@ chief had fled the field . The Earl of Manchester left the field but he subsequently rallied some infantry and returned , although he was able to exercise little control over events . By some accounts , Lord Fairfax and Leven also fled the battlefield with their routed troops , but this has recently been challenged , certainly in Leven 's case . The most detailed account of Leven 's flight was written by the biographer of Lieutenant Colonel James Somerville , who was present at the battle as a volunteer . However , this second hand account was published only in 1679 , and has been challenged by previously unused eye witness accounts . These show most of the Covenanter infantry and cavalry units remained fighting until the end of the battle . As seven different eyewitnesses attested , they did so under the direction of Leven . For example , Simeon Ashe ( the Earl of Manchester 's chaplain ) noted that : The Earl of Manchester ’ s new levied Forces began to give backe , the Enemey pursued our men , fell on again and gained two peeces of ordnance there ; Rupert fell upon Sir Thomas Fairfaxes horse , and there was a very hot fight , many slayne on both sides : our forces retreated , but ralleing our men again and General Lessly coming on with his foot , they fell on furiously , many were killed on both sides , and then the enemy beginning to retreat , our men followed pursuing and totally Routed Rupert . The enigmatic English reporter , " T. M. " , agreed that Leven still commanded the centre battalia after the initial rout : The Lord of Hosts did so strike up the hearts of the three Noble Generals [ that God ] took boldness and courage unto them , gathering up those Horse Forces that were left into a body to assist those English and Scotts that stood to it , and set upon them , as David with his small Army upon the numerous company of the Amalekites , while they were rejoicing over their spoils , and smote them until the evening . = = Fiction and media = = In 1971 the British band Electric Light Orchestra released a song titled " The Battle of Marston Moor ( July 2nd 1644 ) " . = Cottingley Fairies = The Cottingley Fairies appear in a series of five photographs taken by Elsie Wright ( 1901 – 88 ) and Frances Griffiths ( 1907 – 86 ) , two young cousins who lived in Cottingley , near Bradford in England . In 1917 , when the first two photographs were taken , Elsie was 16 years old and Frances was 9 . The pictures came to the attention of writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , who used them to illustrate an article on fairies he had been commissioned to write for the Christmas 1920 edition of The Strand Magazine . Doyle , as a spiritualist , was enthusiastic about the photographs , and interpreted them as clear and visible evidence of psychic phenomena . Public reaction was mixed ; some accepted the images as genuine , but others believed they had been faked . Interest in the Cottingley Fairies gradually declined after 1921 . Both girls married and lived abroad for a time after they grew up , yet the photographs continued to hold the public imagination . In 1966 a reporter from the Daily Express newspaper traced Elsie , who had by then returned to the UK . Elsie left open the possibility that she believed she had photographed her thoughts , and the media once again became interested in the story . In the early 1980s Elsie and Frances admitted that the photographs were faked , using cardboard cutouts of fairies copied from a popular children 's book of the time , but Frances maintained that the fifth and final photograph was genuine . The photographs and two of the cameras used are on display in the National Media Museum in Bradford , England . = = 1917 photographs = = In mid @-@ 1917 nine @-@ year @-@ old Frances Griffiths and her mother — both newly arrived in the UK from South Africa — were staying with Frances ' aunt , Elsie Wright 's mother , in the village of Cottingley in West Yorkshire ; Elsie was then 16 years old . The two girls often played together beside the beck ( stream ) at the bottom of the garden , much to their mothers ' annoyance , because they frequently came back with wet feet and clothes . Frances and Elsie said they only went to the beck to see the fairies , and to prove it , Elsie borrowed her father 's camera , a Midg quarter @-@ plate . The girls returned about 30 minutes later , " triumphant " . Elsie 's father , Arthur , was a keen amateur photographer , and had set up his own darkroom . The picture on the photographic plate he developed showed Frances behind a bush in the foreground , on which four fairies appeared to be dancing . Knowing his daughter 's artistic ability , and that she had spent some time working in a photographer 's studio , he dismissed the figures as cardboard cutouts . Two months later the girls borrowed his camera again , and this time returned with a photograph of Elsie sitting on the lawn holding out her hand to a 1 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 30 cm ) gnome . Exasperated by what he believed to be " nothing but a prank " , and convinced that the girls must have tampered with his camera in some way , Arthur Wright refused to lend it to them again . His wife Polly , however , believed the photographs to be authentic . Towards the end of 1918 , Frances sent a letter to Johanna Parvin , a friend in Cape Town , South Africa , where Frances had lived for most of her life , enclosing the photograph of herself with the fairies . On the back she wrote " It is funny , I never used to see them in Africa . It must be too hot for them there . " The photographs became public in mid @-@ 1919 , after Elsie 's mother attended a meeting of the Theosophical Society in Bradford . The lecture that evening was on " fairy life " , and at the end of the meeting Polly Wright showed the two fairy photographs taken by her daughter and niece to the speaker . As a result , the photographs were displayed at the society 's annual conference in Harrogate , held a few months later . There they came to the attention of a leading member of the society , Edward Gardner . One of the central beliefs of theosophy is that humanity is undergoing a cycle of evolution , towards increasing " perfection " , and Gardner recognised the potential significance of the photographs for the movement : ... the fact that two young girls had not only been able to see fairies , which others had done , but had actually for the first time ever been able to materialise them at a density sufficient for their images to be recorded on a photographic plate , meant that it was possible that the next cycle of evolution was underway . = = Initial examinations = = Gardner sent the prints along with the original glass @-@ plate negatives to Harold Snelling , a photography expert . Snelling 's opinion was that " the two negatives are entirely genuine , unfaked photographs ... [ with ] no trace whatsoever of studio work involving card or paper models " . He did not go so far as to say that the photographs showed fairies , stating only that " these are straight forward photographs of whatever was in front of the camera at the time " . Gardner had the prints " clarified " by Snelling , and new negatives produced , " more conducive to printing " , for use in the illustrated lectures he gave around the UK . Snelling supplied the photographic prints which were available for sale at Gardner 's lectures . Author and prominent spiritualist Sir Arthur Conan Doyle learned of the photographs from the editor of the spiritualist publication Light . Doyle had been commissioned by The Strand Magazine to write an article on fairies for their Christmas issue , and the fairy photographs " must have seemed like a godsend " according to broadcaster and historian Magnus Magnusson . Doyle contacted Gardner in June 1920 to determine the background to the photographs , and wrote to Elsie and her father to request permission from the latter to use the prints in his article . Arthur Wright was " obviously impressed " that Doyle was involved , and gave his permission for publication , but he refused payment on the grounds that , if genuine , the images should not be " soiled " by money . Gardner and Doyle sought a second expert opinion from the photographic company Kodak . Several of the company 's technicians examined the enhanced prints , and although they agreed with Snelling that the pictures " showed no signs of being faked " , they concluded that " this could not be taken as conclusive evidence ... that they were authentic photographs of fairies " . Kodak declined to issue a certificate of authenticity . Gardner believed that the Kodak technicians might not have examined the photographs entirely objectively , observing that one had commented " after all , as fairies couldn 't be true , the photographs must have been faked somehow " . The prints were also examined by another photographic company , Ilford , who reported unequivocally that there was " some evidence of faking " . Gardner and Doyle , perhaps rather optimistically , interpreted the results of the three expert evaluations as two in favour of the photographs ' authenticity and one against . Doyle also showed the photographs to the physicist and pioneering psychical researcher Sir Oliver Lodge , who believed the photographs to be fake . He suggested that a troupe of dancers had masqueraded as fairies , and expressed doubt as to their " distinctly ' Parisienne ' " hairstyles . = = 1920 photographs = = Doyle was preoccupied with organising an imminent lecture tour of Australia , and in July 1920 , sent Gardner to meet the Wright family . Frances was by then living with her parents in Scarborough , but Elsie 's father told Gardner that he had been so certain the photographs were fakes that while the girls were away he searched their bedroom and the area around the beck ( stream ) , looking for scraps of pictures or cutouts , but found nothing " incriminating " . Gardner believed the Wright family to be honest and respectable . To place the matter of the photographs ' authenticity beyond doubt , he returned to Cottingley at the end of July with two Kodak Cameo cameras and 24 secretly marked photographic plates . Frances was invited to stay with the Wright family during the school summer holiday so that she and Elsie could take more pictures of the fairies . Gardner described his briefing in his 1945 Fairies : A Book of Real Fairies : I went off , to Cottingley again , taking the two cameras and plates from London , and met the family and explained to the two girls the simple working of the cameras , giving one each to keep . The cameras were loaded , and my final advice was that they need go up to the glen only on fine days as they had been accustomed to do before and tice the fairies , as they called their way of attracting them , and see what they could get . I suggested only the most obvious and easy precautions about lighting and distance , for I knew it was essential they should feel free and unhampered and have no burden of responsibility . If nothing came of it all , I told them , they were not to mind a bit . Until 19 August the weather was unsuitable for photography . Because Frances and Elsie insisted that the fairies would not show themselves if others were watching , Elsie 's mother was persuaded to visit her sister 's for tea , leaving the girls alone . In her absence the girls took several photographs , two of which appeared to show fairies . In the first , Frances and the Leaping Fairy , Frances is shown in profile with a winged fairy close by her nose . The second , Fairy offering Posy of Harebells to Elsie , shows a fairy either hovering or tiptoeing on a branch , and offering Elsie a flower . Two days later the girls took the last picture , Fairies and Their Sun @-@ Bath . The plates were packed in cotton wool and returned to Gardner in London , who sent an " ecstatic " telegram to Doyle , by then in Melbourne . Doyle wrote back : My heart was gladdened when out here in far Australia I had your note and the three wonderful pictures which are confirmatory of our published results . When our fairies are admitted other psychic phenomena will find a more ready acceptance ... We have had continued messages at seances for some time that a visible sign was coming through . = = Publication and reaction = = Doyle 's article in the December 1920 issue of The Strand contained two higher @-@ resolution prints of the 1917 photographs , and sold out within days of publication . To protect the girls ' anonymity , Frances and Elsie were called Alice and Iris respectively , and the Wright family was referred to as the " Carpenters " . An enthusiastic and committed spiritualist , Doyle hoped that if the photographs convinced the public of the existence of fairies then they might more readily accept other psychic phenomena . He ended his article with the words : The recognition of their existence will jolt the material twentieth century mind out of its heavy ruts in the mud , and will make it admit that there is a glamour and mystery to life . Having discovered this , the world will not find it so difficult to accept that spiritual message supported by physical facts which has already been put before it . Early press coverage was " mixed " , generally a combination of " embarrassment and puzzlement " . The historical novelist and poet Maurice Hewlett published a series of articles in the literary journal John O ' London 's Weekly , in which he concluded : " And knowing children , and knowing that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has legs , I decide that the Miss Carpenters have pulled one of them . " The Sydney newspaper Truth on 5 January 1921 expressed a similar view ; " For the true explanation of these fairy photographs what is wanted is not a knowledge of occult phenomena but a knowledge of children . " Some public figures were more sympathetic . Margaret McMillan , the educational and social reformer , wrote : " How wonderful that to these dear children such a wonderful gift has been vouchsafed . " The novelist Henry De Vere Stacpoole decided to take the fairy photographs and the girls at face value . In a letter to Gardner he wrote : " Look at Alice 's [ Frances ' ] face . Look at Iris 's [ Elsie 's ] face . There is an extraordinary thing called Truth which has 10 million faces and forms – it is God 's currency and the cleverest coiner or forger can 't imitate it . " Major John Hall @-@ Edwards , a keen photographer and pioneer of medical X @-@ ray treatments in Britain , was a particularly vigorous critic : On the evidence I have no hesitation in saying that these photographs could have been " faked " . I criticize the attitude of those who declared there is something supernatural in the circumstances attending to the taking of these pictures because , as a medical man , I believe that the inculcation of such absurd ideas into the minds of children will result in later life in manifestations and nervous disorder and mental disturbances . Doyle used the later photographs in 1921 to illustrate a second article in The Strand , in which he described other accounts of fairy sightings . The article formed the foundation for his 1922 book The Coming of the Fairies . As before , the photographs were received with mixed credulity . Sceptics noted that the fairies " looked suspiciously like the traditional fairies of nursery tales " and that they had " very fashionable hairstyles " . = = Gardner 's final visit = = Gardner made a final visit to Cottingley in August 1921 . He again brought cameras and photographic plates for Frances and Elsie , but was accompanied by the clairvoyant Geoffrey Hodson . Although neither of the girls claimed to see any fairies , and there were no more photographs , " on the contrary , he [ Hodson ] saw them [ fairies ] everywhere " and wrote voluminous notes on his observations . By now Elsie and Frances were tired of the whole fairy business . Years later Elsie looked at a photograph of herself and Frances taken with Hodson and said : " Look at that , fed up with fairies . " Both Elsie and Frances later admitted that they " played along " with Hodson " out of mischief " , and that they considered him " a fake " . = = Later investigations = = Public interest in the Cottingley Fairies gradually subsided after 1921 . Elsie and Frances eventually married and lived abroad for many years . In 1966 , a reporter from the Daily Express newspaper traced Elsie , who was by then back in England . She admitted in an interview given that year that the fairies might have been " figments of my imagination " , but left open the possibility she believed that she had somehow managed to photograph her thoughts . The media subsequently became interested in Frances and Elsie 's photographs once again . BBC television 's Nationwide programme investigated the case in 1971 , but Elsie stuck to her story : " I 've told you that they 're photographs of figments of our imagination , and that 's what I 'm sticking to " . Elsie and Frances were interviewed by journalist Austin Mitchell in September 1976 , for a programme broadcast on Yorkshire Television . When pressed , both women agreed that " a rational person doesn 't see fairies " , but they denied having fabricated the photographs . In 1978 the magician and scientific sceptic James Randi and a team from the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal examined the photographs , using a " computer enhancement process " . They concluded that the photographs were fakes , and that strings could be seen supporting the fairies . Geoffrey Crawley , editor of the British Journal of Photography , undertook a " major scientific investigation of the photographs and the events surrounding them " , published between 1982 and 1983 , " the first major postwar analysis of the affair " . He also concluded that the pictures were fakes . = = Confession = = In 1983 , the cousins admitted in an article published in the magazine The Unexplained that the photographs had been faked , although both maintained that they really had seen fairies . Elsie had copied illustrations of dancing girls from a popular children 's book of the time , Princess Mary 's Gift Book , published in 1914 , and drew wings on them . They said they had then cut out the cardboard figures and supported them with hatpins , disposing of their props in the beck once the photograph had been taken . But the cousins disagreed about the fifth and final photograph , which Doyle in his The Coming of the Fairies described in this way : Seated on the upper left hand edge with wing well displayed is an undraped fairy apparently considering whether it is time to get up . An earlier riser of more mature age is seen on the right possessing abundant hair and wonderful wings . Her slightly denser body can be glimpsed within her fairy dress . Elsie maintained it was a fake , just like all the others , but Frances insisted that it was genuine . In an interview given in the early 1980s Frances said : It was a wet Saturday afternoon and we were just mooching about with our cameras and Elsie had nothing prepared . I saw these fairies building up in the grasses and just aimed the camera and took a photograph . Both Frances and Elsie claimed to have taken the fifth photograph . In a letter published in The Times newspaper on 9 April 1983 , Geoffrey Crawley explained the discrepancy by suggesting that the photograph was " an unintended double exposure of fairy cutouts in the grass " , and thus " both ladies can be quite sincere in believing that they each took it " . In a 1985 interview on Yorkshire Television 's Arthur C. Clarke 's World of Strange Powers , Elsie said that she and Frances were too embarrassed to admit the truth after fooling Doyle , the author of Sherlock Holmes : " Two village kids and a brilliant man like Conan Doyle – well , we could only keep quiet . " In the same interview Frances said : " I never even thought of it as being a fraud – it was just Elsie and I having a bit of fun and I can 't understand to this day why they were taken in – they wanted to be taken in . " = = Subsequent history = = Frances died in 1986 , and Elsie in 1988 . Prints of their photographs of the fairies , along with a few other items including a first edition of Doyle 's book The Coming of the Fairies , were sold at auction in London for £ 21 @,@ 620 in 1998 . That same year , Geoffrey Crawley sold his Cottingley Fairy material to the National Museum of Film , Photography and Television in Bradford ( now the National Media Museum ) , where it is on display . The collection included prints of the photographs , two of the cameras used by the girls , watercolours of fairies painted by Elsie , and a nine @-@ page letter from Elsie admitting to the hoax . The glass photographic plates were bought for £ 6 @,@ 000 by an unnamed buyer at a London auction held in 2001 . Frances ' daughter , Christine Lynch , appeared in an episode of the television programme Antiques Roadshow in Belfast , broadcast on BBC One in January 2009 , with the photographs and one of the cameras given to the girls by Doyle . Christine told the expert , Paul Atterbury , that she believed , as her mother had done , that the fairies in the fifth photograph were genuine . Atterbury estimated the value of the items at between £ 25 @,@ 000 and £ 30 @,@ 000 . The first edition of Frances ' memoirs was published a few months later , under the title Reflections on the Cottingley Fairies . The book contains correspondence , sometimes " bitter " , between Elsie and Frances . In one letter , dated 1983 , Frances wrote : I hated those photographs from the age of 16 when Mr Gardner presented me with a bunch of flowers and wanted me to sit on the platform [ at a Theosophical Society meeting ] with him . I realised what I was in for if I did not keep myself hidden . The 1997 films FairyTale : A True Story and Photographing Fairies were inspired by the events surrounding the Cottingley Fairies . The photographs were parodied in a 1994 book written by Terry Jones and Brian Froud , Lady Cottington 's Pressed Fairy Book . = Demons ( The X @-@ Files ) = " Demons " is the twenty @-@ third episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on May 11 , 1997 and in the United Kingdom on BBC One on February 25 , 1998 . It was written by R. W. Goodwin and directed by Kim Manners . The episode helps explore the series ' overarching mythology . " Demons " received a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 8 , being watched by 19 @.@ 1 million viewers in its initial broadcast . The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics , with many complimenting the episode 's look in Mulder 's mind . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Mulder wakes up in a hotel with blood all over him and no memory what happened . Mulder and Scully soon discover that Mulder was involved in a double homicide and may have been the killer . It is soon revealed that Mulder had been seeing a doctor who had allowed him to view glimpses of his past memories . After evidence becomes paramount , Mulder is cleared of the murder charges . The episode was written by R. W. Goodwin , an executive producer and director for the show . This marked the second instance where a member of the production crew wrote an episode , after the third season entry " Wetwired " , written by Mat Beck . The episode was influenced by An Anthropologist on Mars , a series of essays by Oliver Sacks , in particular The Landscape of Dreams featuring a man who could recall every detail of his childhood . During the flashback sequences in the episode , various effects were created by manipulating the camera and its film . = = Plot = = Fox Mulder 's ( David Duchovny ) mind flashes back to being in the attic with his sister Samantha while their parents are arguing downstairs . Back in the present , Mulder awakens in a hotel room in Providence , Rhode Island , covered in blood . Mulder calls Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) , who arrives , finding him in shock . Mulder has a pounding headache and has no memory of what he has done in the past two days . Scully finds that two bullets have been fired from Mulder 's gun and that he has keys belonging to a David and Amy Cassandra . Scully wants Mulder to check into a hospital , but he wants to find out if he was involved in a crime before doing so . The agents arrive at the Cassandra 's house where the housekeeper tells them they are not at home . Mulder recognizes a house in many of Cassandra 's paintings : a house that is near his parent 's summer home in Rhode Island . When they arrive there , Mulder has striking pains in his head and flashes back again to when he was a child , seeing a younger version of The Smoking Man ( Chris Owens ) in his home . The agents enter the home , where they find the Cassandras dead from gunshot wounds . The agents call the police , who take Mulder with them due to the circumstantial evidence against him . Scully performs an autopsy on Amy Cassandra , finding a scab on her forehead . The detective in charge of the case tells Mulder that they have found David and Amy 's blood on his shirt . Mulder refuses to confess to the murders , not remembering anything . Scully arrives , saying she found in Amy 's blood traces of ketamine , an anesthesic substance that has hallucinogenic properties . The substance was detected in Mulder 's blood as well . Meanwhile , one of the officers at the station kills himself ; he has similar symptoms to that of the Cassandras . Mulder suffers a seizure and flashes back to his childhood again , witnessing his parents arguing with The Smoking Man . Scully sees Mulder the next day , telling him that she believes that the Cassandras killed themselves after receiving psychiatric treatment and that Mulder was visiting them about their alien abduction experiences . The agents visit Dr. Goldstein in Warwick , Rhode Island , who was treating Amy with an aggressive method to help her recover her abduction memories . Goldstein also treated the police officer , but says he has not met Mulder before . Mulder has another painful flashback of The Smoking Man arguing with his mother , Teena Mulder . Mulder declines Scully 's request that he go to the hospital and goes to visit his mother , demanding she explain what really happened when they had to make a choice between him and Samantha . Mulder believes that The Smoking Man forced them to take Samantha . Mulder also questions who his father really is . Mulder 's mother gets upset and refuses to provide him answers . Later Mulder visits Goldstein , and convinces him to again treat him so he will remember what really happened . Mulder has further visions of the past . Scully and the police arrive soon after to arrest Goldstein but find Mulder gone . Scully finds him at the family 's summer home in Rhode Island and is able to calm him down . While Mulder is cleared in the deaths of the Cassandras , what truly happened when he was a child remains a mystery . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = The episode was written by R. W. Goodwin , an executive producer and director for the show . This was the second instance where a member of the production crew wrote an episode , the first being Mat Beck 's " Wetwired " . Goodwin was inspired to write the episode after reading An Anthropologist on Mars , a series of essays by Oliver Sacks , in particular The Landscape of Dreams featuring a man who could recall every detail of his childhood . Goodwin came up with the idea of having Fox Mulder waking up in a strange place with no idea how he got there . After receiving approval from series creator Chris Carter , Goodwin spent approximately six weeks writing the episode . The episode helped to elaborate the backstory of The Smoking Man , the series ' chief antagonist . William B. Davis , the actor who played the character , later noted , " As the story developed , we developed a relationship between Cigarette @-@ Smoking Man and Mulder 's apparent father , and Cigarette @-@ Smoking Man and Mulder 's mother ; then we started backfilling with an historical connection . " Carter explained that the episode was the start of the series ' greater conspiracy : " It 's an interesting development because it really was the development of the conspiracy . The elements of the conspiracy were part of his development . But [ The Smoking Man 's ] back story , of course , intertwined with Mulder 's . " Actor Chris Owens reprised his role as The Smoking Man ; he had previously played him in the season 's earlier episode " Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man " . The crux of the episode relied on the idea that Geschwind syndrome — the ability to recall every memory of one 's younger life — could be incurred via a combination of technology and drugs , a situation that is certainly not supported by modern medicine . Goodwin , however , himself admitted that this was completely a creative license he took with the disorder . In addition , he also based a majority of Dr. Goldstein 's equipment on various New Age equipment , including a " brain stimulator " . = = = Filming = = = The home where the Cassandras were murdered was filmed at a farmhouse in South Surrey , near locations used for filming the episodes " Home " and " Tunguska " . The farmhouse was rented and refurbished by the show 's art department , although this restoration was only used for pre @-@ production photographs and the farmhouse was returned to its original state for the actual filming . The paintings of the house were created with Adobe Photoshop and Fractal Painter . During the flashback sequences in the episode , various effects were created by manipulating the camera and its film . The camera 's shuttering mechanism was " continuously stopped and started " to give the scene an " out @-@ of @-@ time " feel . A majority of the effects were created in post @-@ production . The entire sequence 's colors were manipulated during film development ; the film 's negatives were filtered with strobe lights . Furthermore , the scene 's dialogue was mixed with background noise and then filtered by Paul Rabwin . = = Reception = = " Demons " was originally broadcast in the United States on the Fox network on May 11 , 1997 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on February 25 , 1998 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 8 , with an 18 share , meaning that roughly 11 @.@ 8 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 18 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 19 @.@ 10 million viewers . Critical response to the episode was mostly positive . Zack Handlen from The A.V. Club wrote highly of the episode and awarded it an A – . Handlen praised the episode 's exploration of Mulder 's mind , noting that the entry allowed the audience to see Mulder 's views of the world . He argued that " Mulder 's desperate need to understand what happened to his sister [ … ] drives him to expect betrayal , because at least with betrayal , the world makes some kind of sense . " He did write , however , that he was " a little disappointed at how " Demons " doesn 't really hold up in retrospect from a story perspective , " but noted that " what does work here is great . " John Keegan from Critical Myth awarded the episode an 8 out of 10 and wrote , " Overall , this episode continued to strip away , in methodical fashion , Mulder ’ s psychological support system . [ … ] While there are some plot contrivances that are troubling , the episode as a whole comes together very well . " Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a largely positive review and awarded it three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . She wrote that " Demons " works " as a character study of Mulder " and praised the episode 's " hyper @-@ realistic flashback " sequences . Vitaris , while calling the structure of the story " not particularly imaginative " , wrote that " Mulder 's condition is intriguing " . Not all reviews were positive . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , calling it " the wrong episode at the wrong time . " The two argued that the attention given to Mulder 's potential " aneurysm " are oddly juxtaposed next to Scully 's real , life @-@ threatening brain cancer . However , they did call the flashback sequences " masterpieces of editing " , but noted that their contents " lack [ ed ] information " . = Furt = " Furt " is the eighth episode of the second season of the American musical television series Glee , and the thirtieth episode overall . It was written by series creator Ryan Murphy , directed by Carol Banker , and premiered on Fox in the United States on November 23 , 2010 . The episode features a guest appearance by actress Carol Burnett as a Nazi hunter and mother of cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) , who shows up for the first time in years , just in time to attend Sue 's wedding to herself . The long @-@ anticipated wedding of Burt Hummel ( Mike O 'Malley ) and Carole Hudson ( Romy Rosemont ) is also featured , and the bullying storyline reaches a climax that results in Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) transferring from McKinley High to Dalton Academy at the end of the episode . The episode features covers of four songs ; they received generally favorable reviews . Three were featured during the Hummel – Hudson wedding sequence , and the two songs by Bruno Mars , " Marry You " and " Just the Way You Are " , charted both on the Billboard Hot 100 and internationally . Burnett 's appearance , and her song with Lynch , were lauded by most critics , as was the central wedding of Hudson and Hummel , but Sue 's wedding to herself was widely panned . Additionally , a few reviewers , including The Atlantic 's Kevin Fallon , thought the bullying storyline had been stretched over too many episodes . Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 10 @.@ 41 million American viewers and garnered a 4 @.@ 0 / 12 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , its lowest for the second season to that point , and down substantially from the previous episode , " The Substitute " . = = Plot = = Burt Hummel ( Mike O 'Malley ) and Carole Hudson ( Romy Rosemont ) tell their respective sons , New Directions glee club members Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) and Finn ( Cory Monteith ) , that they are engaged . Kurt insists that New Directions perform at the wedding and reception . Principal Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) announces her intention to marry herself , and glee club member Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) tells fellow member Quinn Fabray ( Dianna Agron ) that he loves her and would like to marry her in the future , by offering her a promise ring . Kurt is menaced by school bully Dave Karofsky ( Max Adler ) and badly shaken ; while Sue sympathizes with Kurt 's plight , she can only punish Karofsky if he physically attacks Kurt . Glee club co @-@ captain Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) convinces the glee club girls to have their football @-@ playing boyfriends defend Kurt , but her own boyfriend , Finn , refuses , concerned that it may jeopardize his position as quarterback . Artie Abrams ( Kevin McHale ) , Noah Puckerman ( Mark Salling ) and Mike Chang ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) do confront Karofsky , and demand that he leave Kurt alone . Karofsky retaliates , and Sam defends them by fighting with him . Quinn is impressed by Sam 's actions , and decides to accept his promise ring . Karofsky later sees Kurt and Finn practicing a wedding dance and taunts them in front of Burt . Burt is angered by this	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
, but becomes livid when Kurt admits that Karofsky has threatened to kill him . He instigates a meeting with Sue , Karofsky 's father ( Daniel Roebuck ) and the two boys , at which Sue expels Karofsky . The day of the wedding , Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) , who wants another chance at Finn , suggests that he reveal that they had sex to boost his popularity at school . He is unwilling to do so , as he truly loves Rachel , who recently admitted to him that she lied when she claimed to have slept with her then @-@ boyfriend Jesse ( Jonathan Groff ) ; Finn also lied at the same time , by saying he never had sex with Santana . At the wedding , New Directions perform " Marry You " by Bruno Mars as they , and then Burt and Carole , dance down the aisle , after which the two of them marry . During the reception , Finn uses his best man speech as an opportunity to apologize to Kurt for not defending him , and promises to do so in the future ; he announces that Finn and Kurt are now " Furt " . He and the other glee club members dedicate a performance of Mars ' " Just the Way You Are " to Kurt , and the new stepbrothers dance together . Following the wedding , Kurt and his parents learn that the school board has reversed Karofsky 's expulsion and given him a verbal warning , thus allowing him to return to school . Sue resigns as principal in protest , and Burt and Carole use their honeymoon savings to enroll Kurt at Dalton Academy , which has a zero @-@ tolerance policy against bullying and is also the school that Kurt 's friend Blaine ( Darren Criss ) attends . While the Hummel – Hudson wedding is being arranged , Sue advances her own marriage plans . She is surprised when her mother arrives in town . Doris ( Carol Burnett ) , a recently retired Nazi hunter who was an absentee parent to Sue and her sister Jean ( Robin Trocki ) , attempts to make amends for her long absence , but is nevertheless so critical of her daughter that Sue calls her a bully and disinvites her during the wedding rehearsal . Doris leaves , and Sue and Jean comfort each other . = = Production = = Sue 's parents were mentioned and their occupations as Nazi hunters revealed in the season one episode " The Power of Madonna " . According to Lynch , Sue 's mother left her two daughters to pursue her career , and returns home retired after the last Nazi has been captured . On working with Burnett , Lynch said , " I 'm a little nervous , but I can 't wait to get in scenes with her ... It 's like playing tennis with a master . " The origin behind Sue 's antagonistic personality was explored in this episode ; plans at the time were for Burnett to reappear on the series in a future episode . This is Burnett 's and Lynch 's second time working together , the first being the 2009 comedy film Post Grad . In an interview after BAFTA / LA 's Brittania Awards , Lynch told People a wedding was in the future for her character . A tracksuit wedding dress was created by personal costume designer Ali Rahimi . Recurring characters in this episode include glee club members Mike Chang and Sam Evans , cheerleader Becky Jackson ( Lauren Potter ) , athlete and school bully Dave Karofsky , football coach Shannon Beiste ( Dot @-@ Marie Jones ) , and local news anchors Rod Remington ( Bill A. Jones ) and Andrea Carmichael ( Earlene Davis ) . In addition , Rosemont and Burnett star as Carole and Doris , the respective mothers of Finn and Sue , and Daniel Roebuck plays Karofsky 's father , Paul . Four songs were covered on the episode and were all released as singles available for digital download . The song " Ohio " from the 1953 musical Wonderful Town was covered as a duet between Burnett and Lynch . In an interview with TV Guide , Burnett revealed that her husband suggested the possibility of her doing the song since her character was returning to Ohio after an absence ; she then brought it to Glee creator Ryan Murphy 's attention . Additionally , two Bruno Mars songs were featured — " Just the Way You Are " and " Marry You " — as well as Pablo Beltrán Ruiz 's " Sway " as covered by Michael Bublé . All songs except " Ohio " are included on the album Glee : The Music , Volume 4 . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings and viewership = = = " Furt " was first broadcast on November 23 , 2010 , in the United States on Fox . It was watched by 10 @.@ 41 million American viewers during its initial airing — Glee 's lowest viewership for the second season to that point — and was the fifteenth @-@ most @-@ watched show of the week across all channels . It garnered a 4 @.@ 0 / 12 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , which made it the highest @-@ rated show in its timeslot , and the third @-@ highest @-@ rated scripted show of the week amongst adults aged 18 – 49 . The total viewership and ratings for this episode were down significantly from those of the previous episode , " The Substitute " , which was watched by 11 @.@ 70 million American viewers and acquired a 5 @.@ 0 / 14 rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic upon first airing on November 16 , 2010 . The episode 's Canadian broadcast , also on November 23 , 2010 , attained 2 @.@ 10 million viewers , which placed Glee ninth in the weekly program rankings . Viewership declined slightly from " The Substitute " , which was watched by 2 @.@ 29 million , but also ranked ninth . " Furt " aired in Australia on November 29 , 2010 , where it drew 1 @.@ 33 million viewers , and was the second @-@ most @-@ watched show of the night and third of the week . Here , viewership increased from " The Substitute " , which attained 1 @.@ 06 million viewers and ranked seventh for the night and nineteenth for the week . David Dale noted in The Sydney Morning Herald that Glee faced weaker competition than usual , as Network Ten was " the only commercial network showing new episodes of its top shows " . In the UK , the episode aired on February 28 , 2011 , and was watched by 2 @.@ 43 million viewers — 2 @.@ 03 million on E4 , and 406 @,@ 000 on E4 + 1 — which made it the most @-@ watched show on both channels and the second @-@ most @-@ watched show on cable for the week . Here again , viewership was down from the previous episode , which drew 2 @.@ 55 million viewers and was the most @-@ watched show across all cable channels . = = = Critical reception = = = " Furt " received a generally positive reception from critics , though there were some dissenting viewpoints . Meghan Brown of The Atlantic wrote that the episode " worked beautifully . " The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff called it a " largely terrific episode of television " , and gave it a " B + " . Lisa Respers France of CNN was reminded of " how well this show marries plot with music " , and Rolling Stone 's Erica Futterman concluded , " The focus on the show 's best characters , Kurt and Sue , kept the show balanced between heart and bite — just the way we like our Glee " . IGN 's Robert Canning was less enthusiastic ; he called it an " unfocused jumble of an episode " and gave it a score of 7 out of 10 . The BuddyTV reviewers were split , with Jen Harper quite happy , and John Kubicek who wrote that he hated the entire episode . Most reviews heaped praise on the guest appearance of Carol Burnett , who played Sue 's Nazi @-@ hunting absentee mother Doris . Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle said Burnett was a " well @-@ used guest star " , and he " loved every minute she was on screen . " Dave Itzkoff of the New York Times asked " who could not be charmed " by Burnett , and the Wall Street Journal 's Raymund Flandez lauded the " tour @-@ de @-@ force panache and sharp @-@ tongued deadpan by Carol Burnett " , and called her appearance the " best guest casting this season " . The marriage of Burt Hummel and Carole Hudson received generally good marks . VanDerWerff wrote , " it 's rare that an episode of television can make a hurried wedding between two middle @-@ aged people who are rarely on the show into something so well @-@ conceived and thrillingly moving . " Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times noted , " Every character in that family rings emotionally true . " Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack was pleased with the performances of Mike O ’ Malley as Burt and Romy Rosemont as Carole ; he also welcomed the episode 's increased focus on Finn , and praised Cory Monteith as a " good , natural actor " . Kevin Fallon of The Atlantic was unhappy with both weddings , and Canning said they " took up most of this episode , and unfortunately neither were entirely successful " . Several reviewers noted the " homage " of the wedding procession dance , including Hankinson , Anthony Benigno of the Daily News and Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post ; the Wall Street Journal invited readers to compare the original viral " JK Wedding Entrance Dance " YouTube video and the subsequent dancing procession from the " Niagara " episode of The Office with Glee 's version in " Furt " , while Stack made his own comparison , and said Glee 's was " just about as good " as the original , and " a blast to watch " . Sue Sylvester 's marriage to herself was lambasted by many critics , including Vanity Fair 's Brett Berk , who said it " was about as compelling as a hair lollipop " . Patrick Burns of The Atlantic was also unimpressed , especially " because the main plot points of this episode are otherwise so effective " ; his colleague Fallon was brief and to the point : " Blergh . " There was disagreement on the bullying storyline . Some critics , including Canning and Hankinson , praised it , while others had reservations , such as Brown , who characterized it as " heavy @-@ handed " , and Fallon , who considered it " well @-@ acted " but " far too stagnant " . The Sam and Quinn storyline was panned by VanDerWerff , who wrote " the series has wasted whatever chemistry the two had in ' Duets ' on scenes where Sam talks about how he wants to be the most popular kid in school " , and by Kubicek , who criticized the lack of consistency in Sam 's characterization . = = = Music and performances = = = The musical performances and cover versions in the episode attracted generally positive reviews , though a few reviewers noted that the program had been on for twenty @-@ three minutes before the first song appeared . While Fallon said it was an " interminable wait " for the first musical number , " Ohio " , and Reiter cited the delay as flaw , James Poniewozik of Time thought it a " credit to the episode " that he had not noticed the absence of music to that point . Flandez and Futterman commented favorably on all the musical numbers , though Canning felt the songs were a " disappointing aspect of this episode " , and none were " exceptionally memorable " . The duet of Burnett and Lynch on " Ohio " was well received . Jean Bentley of AOL TV praised it as " simply magnificent " , Zap2it 's Hanh Nguyen called it a " fantastic job " and Flandez said it was " lovely " and that " the bickering interlude was a delight . " Others tempered their praise : Berk gave it three of five stars and noted the " bland staging " , and Benigno graded it a " C " and called it " boring " , though he said " their voices work well " together ; Stack gave it a " B + " with the caveat that it was " a little too theatrical " . The dancing wedding procession and its accompanying performance of the Bruno Mars song " Marry You " were mostly praised . Stack gave it an " A " and Berk five stars out of five , and Amanda Hensel of AOL Music called it " easily one of the best performances of the season " . Benigno gave it a " B " primarily because the cast didn 't " do anything particularly interesting with it " vocally , but called the performance " pure joy " . Flandez wrote that " two Bruno Mars songs that were brilliant in execution and touching in sentiment " , and Futterman agreed : " the Bruno Mars songs gave the show two of its best performances this season " . While Benigno and Stack also praised " Just the Way You Are " , and both gave the song an " A " , Harper thought Monteith 's vocals as Finn " aren 't the strongest " and Bentley also wished Finn had not been the soloist . Additionally , Harper criticized the failure of the show to adjust the song 's pronouns from feminine to masculine when Finn was singing to Kurt , and noted that Gwyneth Paltrow had changed pronouns while singing Cee Lo Green 's " Forget You " the week before . Hankinson was more impressed with " Just the Way You Are " , and gave it a " slight edge " over " Marry You " for the episode 's " best musical number " , " given the emotional context " . Matthew Morrison 's performance of " Sway " received the most divergent opinions . Some reviewers mentioned how closely it resembled Michael Bublé 's version : Benigno graded it " A- " and said " Matthew Morrison sounds EXACTLY like Bublé here , which is both unbelievably impressive ( Bublé 's got some pipes on him ) , and takes a little bit away from the number ( easy to write it off as an impression ) " , Stack gave it a " B " and characterized it as " pretty simple , but Matthew Morrison does a mean Michael Bublé " , and Bentley called it " a perfectly fine cover " , though Futterman said it " can ’ t beat Michael Bublé ’ s take " . Among those who did not compare Morrison to Bublé , Hensel called it a " beautiful solo performance " , while Berk gave it two stars out of five and wrote " Shue sings it just like a real wedding singer " , and Nguyen said the song felt " out of place " . = = = Chart history = = = Only two of the four cover versions released as singles — the two songs by Bruno Mars — debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 , and appeared on other musical charts . On the Hot 100 , the show 's rendition of " Marry You " debuted at number thirty @-@ two ; it was number nineteen on the Canadian Hot 100 . The other song on the Hot 100 was " Just the Way You Are " at number forty , which also made number twenty @-@ four on the Canadian Hot 100 . That same week , Mars 's own single of " Marry You " also debuted on these same charts , though well below the Glee cover version , at number ninety @-@ one on the Hot 100 and number eighty @-@ nine on the Canadian Hot 100 ; his single of " Just the Way You Are " was in the top five on both charts that week . = Customer Loyalty ( The Office ) = " Customer Loyalty " is the twelfth episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office . The episode was written by Jonathan Green and Gabe Miller , and directed by Kelly Cantley . It originally aired on NBC on January 24 , 2013 . The episode guest stars Chris Diamantopoulos as Brian the boom mike operator , and Ben Silverman as Isaac , a coworker of Jim 's . The series — presented as if it were a real documentary — depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) is forced to miss his daughter 's first recital after a major investor exits his company , leading to a fight with his wife Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) tries to prevent Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) from leaving the office . Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) tries to put an end to Pete ( Jake Lacy ) and Erin Hannon 's ( Ellie Kemper ) flirting with each other . This episode also begins to finally reveal who is behind the documentary . The episode received largely positive reviews from television critics ; many praised Krasinski and Fischer for the dramatic fight at the end . Furthermore , the reveal of the camera crew was commented upon by many critics . The episode was viewed by 4 @.@ 19 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 0 / 5 percent rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 , ranking third in its timeslot . The episode ultimately ranked as the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night . = = Plot = = Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) is upset that Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) will be leaving Dunder @-@ Mifflin to join Athlead , Jim Halpert 's ( John Krasinski ) startup . He tries to browbeat Darryl into staying with Dunder @-@ Mifflin by tallying up his perceived job failures since taking the Athlead job and holding a meeting on customer loyalty with a customer he describes as " enraged " , but who demurs at the characterization . When this is ineffective , Dwight joins Darryl 's delivery run to make the job more " fun . " One attempt at being more fun is to order a milkshake at a fast food drive @-@ through and throw it at the server , shouting " Fire in the hole ! " Morally outraged , Darryl forces Dwight to stay behind and clean up the mess , whereupon another customer pulls the same prank on Dwight himself . Darryl later laughs at footage of the event that has been uploaded onto the internet , saying that this is what he will miss when he moves to Philadelphia . Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) assigns Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) and Pete Miller ( Jake Lacy ) to a social media project that meets with some success . She notices the two 's flirting with each other for the first time and assumes that she brought it on with the project , citing several unintentional double entendres in her project e @-@ mails . She feels guilty because Erin is Andy Bernard 's ( Ed Helms ) girlfriend and Andy recommended Nellie to the adoption agency , and is afraid that Andy will fire her when he finds out . She hijacks Dwight 's customer loyalty meeting to talk about fidelity in relationships , which soon zeroes in on Erin and Pete . Nellie also ends the social media project so they will not be able to flirt . Shamed by Nellie 's fidelity speech , Erin assumes a coldly professional attitude towards Pete . However , a talk with Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) reminds Nellie that Andy was not the best boyfriend to Erin and Nellie has second thoughts . She soon restarts the project , ' forcing ' Erin and Pete to work together again , much to their delight . Jim 's plan to drive home from Philadelphia to see his daughter Cece 's ballet recital hits a snag when a major investor says he is backing out . Jim asks his wife Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) to record the recital with her phone , which she agrees to do . During the opening of the recital , she stops recording to take a phone call , informing her that she has been chosen to paint an important public mural . In her excitement , she messes up the recording and fails to record any of Cece 's appearance . Jim calls her that evening to tell her the investor backed out , and his group will have to work long hours to make up the lost funds . He asks her to send him her recording of the recital as a way to cheer him up , and Pam confesses that she did not tape it . She tries to make light of the mishap by making self @-@ deprecating remarks and pointing out that they can get recordings of the recital from other attendees , but he becomes frustrated at her , scolding her and starting a fight over his new job , the time he spends away from the family , and the sacrifices they are making to get their new life to work . After he hangs up , Pam breaks down in tears . A previously unseen boom operator named Brian ( Chris Diamantopoulos ) enters into the shot and comforts her , and tells the crew to stop filming . = = Production = = " Customer Loyalty " was written by co @-@ executive producers Jonathan Green and Gabe Miller , their second writing credit for the series after " Andy 's Ancestry " . It was directed by Kelly Cantley , making her television directorial debut ; Cantley previously served as a first assistant director on the series and directed The Office webisode series The Mentor . The episode is the first of the series to actively feature a member of the documentary crew interacting with the characters on screen ; before the episode was aired , showrunner Greg Daniels stated that this episode would begin to reveal who was behind the documentary . Originally , the idea to have a sound man named Brian comfort Pam when she was crying was proposed by former series actress and writer Mindy Kaling . According to an interview with B.J. Novak , she had proposed it during the show 's third season . The episode guest stars Chris Diamantopoulos as Brian the boom operator . Brian 's character is named after the series ' actual boom mic operator , Brian Wittle . Wittle played the part of one of the annoyed parents at Cece 's recital . Ben Silverman also appears as Issac , one of Jim 's coworkers at Athlead . This marks Silverman 's third appearance , after cameoing in the episodes " Here Comes Treble " and " Suit Warehouse " . The cold open features a montage of Jim setting up a prank — which involves sending Dwight on a quest for the Holy Grail . Through Jim 's voice @-@ over , it is heavily suggested that Jim set up the prank sometime circa 2006 , which would have taken place during the show 's second season . Appropriately , the montage was filmed to look as if the documentarians were using archival footage of Jim ; his hair matches the style that Jim had during the first few seasons of the show . This is not the first time this technique has been used on the show . During the cold open for the sixth season episode " Shareholder Meeting " , a montage of Dwight harassing past receptionists was shown . Furthermore , during the seventh season episode " Threat Level Midnight " , there is a short sequence that was shot to look as if it had been filmed during the show 's second season , although the scene itself was filmed in 2011 . = = Broadcast and reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Customer Loyalty " originally aired on NBC on January 24 , 2013 . Before the premiere of the episode , OfficeTally — the largest fan site for the series — was given a message by the show 's producers that urged fans to watch " Customer Loyalty " due to the major reveal at the end of the episode . Reportedly , the producers had never done this before . In its original American broadcast , the episode was viewed by 4 @.@ 19 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 0 rating / 5 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 0 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 5 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The Office ranked third in its timeslot , being beaten by an episode of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy which received a 3 @.@ 0 / 8 percent rating , and an installment of the Fox series Glee which received a 2 @.@ 6 / 7 percent rating . The Office was the highest @-@ rated NBC television program on the night it aired . 2 @.@ 04 million viewers watched the episode through DVR playback , bringing the total viewership to 6 @.@ 24 million . = = = Reviews = = = " Customer Loyalty " received largely positive reviews from television critics . James Poniewozik of Time magazine concluded that it " showed the stakes behind its characters ’ paper @-@ pushing lives in a way it hasn ’ t since Michael Scott left Scranton . " He called the first half a " wacky ensemble show " , but said that the last part featured elements that allowed the audience to " all but hear the old machinery [ of earlier episodes ] waking up and sliding into place " . Poniewozik stated that Jim and Pam 's fight was " believable in its arc and its parameters " and that both characters were presented in a way in which their plights were understandable . Ally Serrigran of Hollywood.com wrote that the " episode was one worth tuning in for . " She felt that , for fans of the show who had left when Steve Carell departed , " Customer Loyalty " was the right episode for them to come back to the series . She called the fight between Jim and Pam " jarring in and of itself " . Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald commented on the fight between Jim and Pam , writing that it " felt just like the kind of argument that two real people would have . " Brett Harrison Davinger of the California Literary Review wrote that the episode was " fine " and was composed of " several small storylines , all of which worked " . Davinger called the ending " odd " but " effective " . Michael Tedder of Vulture wrote positively of the episode and awarded it four out of five stars . He called the final fight between Pam and Jim " ugly and real " and one in which " the writers didn 't flinch " , in that it truly made him feel uncomfortable . Tedder complimented both Fischer and Krasinski , and wrote that Krasinski " doesn 't try to make Jim look charming in this fight , just terrified and exhausted . " He called Nellie 's subplot " the best use of this new version of Nellie " , but wrote that Dwight and Darryl 's subplot was undeveloped . Rick Porter of Zap2it felt that , while the episode was " up and down " ( he wrote that Dwight and Darryl 's subplot was " flat " , but that Erin and Pete 's yielded several humorous lines ) the final confrontation between Jim and Pam was " a big dose of reality " and that it was not " a contrived fight " . David Wilcox of The Citizen wrote that the fight between Pam and Jim was " welcome " because their relationship had grown stale ever since they had " hooked up and started living their perfect little lives together . " Wilcox praised the way in which the fight was written , and wrote that he " couldn 't help smiling . Not because the fight wasn 't wrenching to watch . But because it was . " Cindy White of IGN awarded the episode a 7 @.@ 8 out of 10 , denoting a " good " episode . She reasoned that while the episode was funny but largely forgettable , the final scene made it worth watching . Not all reviews were as positive . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " C + " , and called it " a middle @-@ of @-@ the @-@ road table @-@ setting episode of The Office " with a " tacked @-@ on coda " . Adams wrote that the episode was " not really a ' story ' at all " because it was dragged down by elements that are necessary for the episode to play as a standalone piece , even though " it ’ s not meant to be taken as " one . Adams was complimentary towards the episode 's cold open but wrote that " there aren ’ t a whole lot of quality laughs in ' Customer Loyalty ' " . Nick Campbell of TV.com felt that the Erin and Pete relationship was not constructed properly , nor was the conclusion satisfying . Furthermore , he felt that the ending fight was " petty " . Many reviews commented on the reveal of the documentary crew . E ! Online named the reveal one of the " Best TV Moments of the Week " . Verne Gay of Newsday called the scene a " historic " moment for the show . Serrigran wrote that , between Jim and Pam fighting , and the cameramen making an appearance , the scene was " a lot to take in " . However , she felt that the scene was properly done . Jason Hughes of The Huffington Post called the reveal a " huge " and " shocking " moment . Tedder called the reveal " something that we 've never seen before on The Office . " He admitted that , " the last five minutes of this episode genuinely startled me , which is an impressive feat for a series on its ninth and final season . " Porter called the shots with Brian " good " because it reaffirmed that the camera crew was a character , one that had been an integral part of the show . Wilcox wrote that Brian 's appearance was a " weird turn " , and that it was " kind of funny " that the first time a member of the camera crew intervened with the characters was when Pam needed comforting and not " one of Dwight or Michael 's dozens of near @-@ death experiences . " Poniewozik enjoyed the reveal of the documentary crew . However , he wrote that , " I don ’ t know if I ’ m going to like the idea of making Brian an actual player in the events , if indeed that ’ s where the show is going . " Adams , on the other hand , said that the reveal of the cameramen was " a Big Moment for The Office , but it has a hollow ring to it " because the cameramen had never before interacted with the members of the office before . Campbell wrote that " the show played its documentary crew trump card WAY [ sic ] too early " and noted that the crew had never intervened in past events that were on the same level as Pam crying . = Mesoscale convective system = A mesoscale convective system ( MCS ) is a complex of thunderstorms that becomes organized on a scale larger than the individual thunderstorms but smaller than extratropical cyclones , and normally persists for several hours or more . A mesoscale convective system 's overall cloud and precipitation pattern may be round or linear in shape , and include weather systems such as tropical cyclones , squall lines , lake @-@ effect snow events , polar lows , and Mesoscale Convective Complexes ( MCCs ) , and generally form near weather fronts . The type that forms during the warm season over land has been noted across North America , Europe , and Asia , with a maximum in activity noted during the late afternoon and evening hours . Forms of MCS that develop within the tropics use either the Intertropical Convergence Zone or monsoon troughs as a focus for their development , generally within the warm season between spring and fall . One exception is that of lake @-@ effect snow bands , which form due to cold air moving across relatively warm bodies of water , and occurs from fall through spring . Polar lows are a second special class of MCS which form at high latitudes during the cold season . Once the parent MCS dies , later thunderstorm development can occur in connection with its remnant mesoscale convective vortex ( MCV ) . Mesoscale convective systems are important to the United States rainfall climatology over the Great Plains since they bring the region about half of their annual warm season rainfall . = = Definition = = Mesoscale convective systems are thunderstorm regions which may be round or linear in shape , on the order of 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) or more across in one direction but smaller than extratropical cyclones , and include systems such as tropical cyclones , squall lines , and Mesoscale Convective Complexes ( MCCs ) , among others . MCS is a more generalized term which includes systems that do not satisfy the stricter size , shape , or duration criteria of an MCC . They tend to form near weather fronts and move into areas of 1000 @-@ 500 mb thickness diffluence , which are areas where the low to mid level temperature gradient broadens , which generally steers the thunderstorm clusters into the warm sector of extratropical cyclones , or equatorward of warm fronts . They can also form along any convergent zones within the tropics . Their formation has been noted worldwide , from the Mei @-@ Yu front in the far East to the deep tropics . Mesoscale convective systems are important to the United States rainfall climatology over the Great Plains since they bring the region about half of their annual warm season rainfall . = = Types = = = = = Mesoscale Convective Complex = = = A mesoscale convective complex ( MCC ) is a unique kind of mesoscale convective system which is defined by characteristics observed in infrared satellite imagery . Their area of cold cloud tops exceeds 100 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 39 @,@ 000 sq mi ) with temperature less than or equal to − 32 ° C ( − 26 ° F ) ; and an area of cloud top of 50 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 19 @,@ 000 sq mi ) with temperature less than or equal to − 52 ° C ( − 62 ° F ) . Size definitions must be met for six hours or greater . Its maximum extent is defined as when the cloud shield , or the overall cloud formation , reaches its maximum area . Its eccentricity ( minor axis / major axis ) is greater than or equal to 0 @.@ 7 at maximum extent , so they are fairly round . They are long @-@ lived , nocturnal in formation as they tend to form overnight , and commonly contain heavy rainfall , wind , hail , lightning and possibly tornadoes . = = = Squall line = = = A squall line is an elongated line of severe thunderstorms that can form along and / or ahead of a cold front . In the early 20th century , the term was used as a synonym for cold front . The squall line contains heavy precipitation , hail , frequent lightning , strong straight line winds , and possibly tornadoes and waterspouts . Severe weather , in form of strong straight @-@ line winds can be expected in areas where the squall line itself is in the shape of a bow echo , within the portion of the line which bows out the most . Tornadoes can be found along waves within a line echo wave pattern , or LEWP , where mesoscale low pressure areas are present . Some bow echoes which develop within the summer season are known as derechos , and they move quite fast through large sections of territory . On the back edge of the rain shield associated with mature squall lines , a wake low can form , which is a mesoscale low pressure area that forms behind the mesoscale high pressure system normally present under the rain canopy , which are sometimes associated with a heat burst . = = = Tropical cyclone = = = A tropical cyclone is a fairly symmetric storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and flooding rain . A tropical cyclone feeds on the heat released when moist air rises , resulting in condensation of water vapour contained in the moist air . It is fueled by a different heat mechanism than other cyclonic windstorms such as nor 'easters , European windstorms , and polar lows , leading to their classification as " warm core " storm systems . The term " tropical " refers to both the geographic origin of these systems , which form often in tropical regions of the globe , and their formation in Maritime Tropical air masses . The term " cyclone " refers to such storms ' cyclonic nature , with counterclockwise rotation in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise rotation in the Southern Hemisphere . Depending on their location and strength , tropical cyclones are referred to by other names , such as hurricane , typhoon , tropical storm , cyclonic storm , tropical depression , or simply as a cyclone . Generally speaking , a tropical cyclone is referred to as a hurricane ( from the name of the ancient Central American deity of wind , Huracan ) in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans , a typhoon across the northwest Pacific ocean , and a cyclone across in the southern hemisphere and Indian ocean . Tropical cyclones can produce extremely powerful winds and torrential rain , as well as high waves and damaging storm surge . They develop over large bodies of warm water , and lose their strength if they move over land . This is the reason coastal regions can receive significant damage from a tropical cyclone , while inland regions are relatively safe from the strong winds . Heavy rains , however , can produce significant flooding inland , and storm surges can produce extensive coastal flooding up to 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from the coastline . Although their effects on human populations can be devastating , tropical cyclones can also relieve drought conditions . They also carry heat and energy away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes , which makes them an important part of the global atmospheric circulation mechanism . As a result , tropical cyclones help to maintain equilibrium in the Earth 's troposphere , and to maintain a relatively stable and warm . Many tropical cyclones develop when the atmospheric conditions around a weak disturbance in the atmosphere are favorable . Others form when other types of cyclones acquire tropical characteristics . Tropical systems are then moved by steering winds in the troposphere ; if the conditions remain favorable , the tropical disturbance intensifies , and can even develop an eye . On the other end of the spectrum , if the conditions around the system deteriorate or the tropical cyclone makes landfall , the system weakens and eventually dissipates . A tropical cyclone can become extratropical as it moves toward higher latitudes if its energy source changes from heat released by condensation to differences in temperature between air masses ; From an operational standpoint , a tropical cyclone is usually not considered to become a subtropical cyclone during its extratropical transition . = = = Lake @-@ effect snow = = = Lake @-@ effect snow is produced in the winter in the shape of one or more elongated bands when cold winds move across long expanses of warmer lake water , providing energy and picking up water vapor which freezes and is deposited on the lee shores . The same effect over bodies of salt water is called ocean effect snow , sea effect snow , or even bay effect snow . The effect is enhanced when the moving air mass is uplifted by the orographic effect of higher elevations on the downwind shores . This uplifting can produce narrow , but very intense bands of precipitation , which is deposited at a rate of many inches of snow per hour and often brings copious snowfall totals . The areas affected by lake @-@ effect snow are called snowbelts . This effect occurs in many locations throughout the world , but is best known in the populated areas of the Great Lakes of North America . If the air temperature is not low enough to keep the precipitation frozen , it falls as lake @-@ effect rain . In order for lake @-@ effect rain or snow to form , the air moving across the lake must be significantly cooler than the surface air ( which is likely to be near the temperature of the water surface ) . Specifically , the air temperature at the altitude where the air pressure is 850 millibars ( or 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) altitude ) should be 13 ° C ( 24 ° F ) lower than the temperature of the air at the surface . Lake @-@ effect occurring when the air at 850 millibars is 25 ° C ( 45 ° F ) colder than the water temperature can produce thundersnow , snow showers accompanied by lightning and thunder ( due to the larger amount of energy available from the increased instability ) . = = = Polar low = = = A polar low is a small @-@ scale , symmetric , short @-@ lived atmospheric low pressure system ( depression ) that is found over the ocean areas poleward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The systems usually have a horizontal length scale of less than 1 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) and exist for no more than a couple of days . They are part of the larger class of mesoscale weather systems . Polar lows can be difficult to detect using conventional weather reports and are a hazard to high @-@ latitude operations , such as shipping and gas and oil platforms . Polar lows have been referred to by many other terms , such as polar mesoscale vortex , Arctic hurricane , Arctic low , and cold air depression . Today the term is usually reserved for the more vigorous systems that have near @-@ surface winds of at least 17 metres per second ( 38 mph ) . = = Where they form = = = = = Great Plains of the United States = = = The time period in the Plains where thunderstorm areas are most prevalent ranges between May and September . Mesoscale convective systems develop over the region during this time frame , with a bulk of the activity occurring between 6 and 9 p.m. local time . Mesoscale convective systems bring 30 to 70 percent of the annual warm season rainfall to the Plains . A subset of these systems known as mesoscale convective complexes lead to up to 10 % of the annual rainfall across the Plains and Midwest . Squall lines account for 30 % of the large thunderstorm complexes which move through the region . = = = Europe = = = While most form over the continent , some MCSs form during the second half of August and September over the western Mediterranean Sea . MCS triggering over Europe is strongly tied to mountain ranges . On average , a European MCS moves east @-@ northeast , forming near 3 p.m. local solar time , lasts 5 @.@ 5 hours , dissipating near 9 p.m. LST . Around 20 % of the MCSs over Europe do not form during maximum heating . Their average maximum extent is around 9 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 3 @,@ 500 sq mi ) . = = = Tropics = = = Mesoscale convective systems , which can evolve into tropical cyclones , form along areas such as tropical waves or easterly waves which progress westward along monsoon troughs and the Intertropical Convergence Zone in regions of ample low level moisture , convergent surface winds , and divergent winds aloft . This typically occurs north of the equator from Africa across the Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans , as well as across the northwest and southwest Pacific oceans , from Australia eastward into Oceania , the Indian ocean , Indonesia , and from southeast Brazil into the southern Atlantic ocean . It is also noted on occasion in the southeast Pacific ocean mild to cool ENSO years , outside of El Niño . More intense systems form over land than water . = = = Lee of warm water bodies in the winter = = = In the cases of Lake @-@ effect snow and polar lows , the convective systems form over warm water bodies when cold air sweeps over their surface and leads to an increase in moisture and significant vertical motion . This vertical motion leads to the development of showers and thunderstorms in areas of cyclonic flow on the backside of extratropical cyclones . = = Their remnants = = A mesoscale convective vortex-- ( MCV ) --is a mid @-@ level low @-@ pressure center within an MCS that pulls winds into a circling pattern , or vortex . Once the parent MCS dies , this vortex can persist and lead to future convective development . With a core only 30 miles ( 48 km ) to 60 miles ( 97 km ) and up to 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) deep , an MCV can occasionally spawn a mesoscale surface low pressure area which appears on mesoscale surface weather analyses . But an MCV can take on a life of its own , persisting for up to several days after its parent MCS has dissipated . The orphaned MCV will sometimes then become the seed of the next thunderstorm outbreak . An MCV that moves into tropical waters , such as the Gulf of Mexico , can serve as the nucleus for a tropical storm or hurricane . = Porpoise = Porpoises are a group of fully aquatic marine mammals that are sometimes referred to as mereswine , all of which are classified under the family Phocoenidae , parvorder Odontoceti ( toothed whales ) . There are six extant species of porpoise . They are small toothed whales that are very closely related to oceanic dolphins . The most obvious visible difference between the two groups is that porpoises have shorter beaks and flattened , spade @-@ shaped teeth distinct from the conical teeth of dolphins . Porpoises , and other cetaceans , belong to the clade Cetartiodactyla with even @-@ toed ungulates , and their closest living relatives are the hippopotamuses , having diverged from them about 40 million years ago . Porpoises range in size from the 1 @.@ 4 metres ( 4 @.@ 6 ft ) and 54 kilograms ( 119 lb ) vaquita , the smallest cetacean to be discovered , to the 2 @.@ 3 metres ( 7 @.@ 5 ft ) and 220 kilograms ( 490 lb ) Dall 's porpoise . Several species exhibit sexual dimorphism in that the females are larger than males . They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers . Dall 's porpoise is one of the fastest cetaceans discovered , with the ability to travel at 41 knots . Porpoises have the ability to produce biosonar and it is their primary sensory system . Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths . They have a layer of fat , or blubber , under the skin to keep them warm in cold water . Porpoises are not very widespread , with many specialising near the polar regions , usually near the coast . Porpoises feed largely on fish and squid , much like the rest of the odontocetes . Males typically mate with multiple females every year , but females only mate every two to three years . Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them . Some porpoises produce a variety of clicks and whistles , which are thought to be primarily for social purposes . A few species , like the harbour porpoise , are highly sociable , but pods generally do not exceed ten individuals for most species . Porpoises were , and still are , hunted by some countries by means of drive hunting . Some species are attributed with high levels of intelligence . At the 2012 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , support was reiterated for a cetacean bill of rights , listing cetaceans as non @-@ human persons . The vaquita nearly became extinct in the twentieth century , with a predicted population of fewer than 100 individuals , and , since the extinction of the baiji , is considered the most endangered cetacean . Besides drive hunting , they also face threats from bycatch , competition ( from humans ) , and marine pollution . Porpoises are sometimes kept in captivity and trained to perform tricks , but breeding success has been poor . = = Taxonomy and evolution = = Porpoises , along with whales and dolphins , are descendants of land @-@ living ungulates ( hoofed animals ) that first entered the oceans around 50 million years ago ( Mya ) . During the Miocene ( 23 to 5 Mya ) , mammals were fairly modern , meaning they seldom changed physiologically from the time . The cetaceans diversified , and fossil evidence suggests porpoises and dolphins diverged from their last common ancestor around 15 Mya . The oldest fossils are known from the shallow seas around the North Pacific , with animals spreading to the European coasts and Southern Hemisphere only much later , during the Pliocene . ORDER ARTIODACTYLA Infraorder Cetacea Parvorder Odontoceti toothed whales Superfamily Delphinoidea Family Phocoenidae – porpoises Genus † HaborophocoenaH. toyoshimai Genus Neophocaena N. phocaeniodes – finless porpoise Genus † NumataphocoenaN. yamashitai Genus Phocoena P. phocoena – harbour porpoise P. sinus – vaquita P. dioptrica – spectacled porpoise P. spinipinnis – Burmeister 's porpoise Genus Phocoenoides P. dalli – Dall 's porpoise Genus † SeptemriocetusS. bosselaersii Genus † Piscolithax P. aenigmaticus P. longirostris P. boreios P. tedfordi Recently discovered hybrids between male harbour porpoises and female Dall 's porpoises indicate the two species may actually be members of the same genus . = = Biology = = = = = Anatomy = = = Porpoises have a bulbous head , no external ear flaps , a non @-@ flexible neck , a torpedo shaped body , limbs modified into flippers , and a tail fin . Their skull has small eye orbits , small , blunt snouts , and eyes placed on the sides of the head . Porpoises range in size from the 1 @.@ 4 metres ( 4 @.@ 6 ft ) and 54 kilograms ( 119 lb ) Vaquita to the 2 @.@ 3 metres ( 7 @.@ 5 ft ) and 220 kilograms ( 490 lb ) Dall 's porpoise . Overall , they tend to be dwarfed by other cetaceans . Almost all species have female @-@ biased sexual dimorphism , with the females being larger than the males , although those physical differences are generally small ; one exception is Dall 's porpoise . Odontocetes possess teeth with cementum cells overlying dentine cells . Unlike human teeth , which are composed mostly of enamel on the portion of the tooth outside of the gum , whale teeth have cementum outside the gum . Porpoises , like other odontocetes , possess only one blowhole . Breathing involves expelling stale air from the blowhole , forming an upward , steamy spout , followed by inhaling fresh air into the lungs . All porpoises have a thick layer of blubber . This blubber can help with insulation from the harsh underwater climate , protection to some extent as predators would have a hard time getting through a thick layer of fat , and energy for leaner times . Calves are born with only a thin layer of blubber , but some species compensate for this with lanugos . Porpoises have a two @-@ chambered stomach that is similar in structure to those of terrestrial carnivores . They have fundic and pyloric chambers . = = = Locomotion = = = Porpoises have two flippers on the front , and a tail fin . Although porpoises do not possess fully developed hind limbs , they possess discrete rudimentary appendages , which may contain feet and digits . Their flippers , for example , contain four digits . Porpoises are fast swimmers in comparison to seals , which typically cruise at 5 – 15 kn , or 9 – 28 kilometres per hour ( 5 @.@ 6 – 17 @.@ 4 mph ) ; Dall 's porpoise , in comparison , can travel at speeds up to 74 kilometres per hour ( 46 mph ) . The fusing of the neck vertebrae , while increasing stability when swimming at high speeds , decreases flexibility , making it impossible for them to turn their head . When swimming , they move their tail fin and lower body up and down , propelling themselves through vertical movement , while their flippers are mainly used for steering . Flipper movement is continuous . Some species log out of the water , which may allow then to travel faster , and sometimes they porpoise out of the water , meaning jump out of the water . Their skeletal anatomy allows them to be fast swimmers . They have a very well defined and triangular dorsal fin , allowing them to steer better in the water . Unlike their dolphin counterparts , they are adapted for coastal shores , bays , and estuaries . = = = Senses = = = The porpoise ear has specific adaptations to the marine environment . In humans , the middle ear works as an impedance equaliser between the outside air 's low impedance and the cochlear fluid 's high impedance . In whales , and other marine mammals , there is no great difference between the outer and inner environments . Instead of sound passing through the outer ear to the middle ear , porpoises receive sound through the throat , from which it passes through a low @-@ impedance fat @-@ filled cavity to the inner ear . The porpoise ear is acoustically isolated from the skull by air @-@ filled sinus pockets , which allow for greater directional hearing underwater . Odontocetes send out high frequency clicks from an organ known as a melon . This melon consists of fat , and the skull of any such creature containing a melon will have a large depression . The large bulge on top of the porpoises head is caused by the melon The porpoise eye is relatively small for its size , yet they do retain a good degree of eyesight . As well as this , the eyes of a porpoise are placed on the sides of its head , so their vision consists of two fields , rather than a binocular view like humans have . When porpoises surface , their lens and cornea correct the nearsightedness that results from the refraction of light ; their eyes contain both rod and cone cells , meaning they can see in both dim and bright light . Porpoises do , however , lack short wavelength sensitive visual pigments in their cone cells indicating a more limited capacity for colour vision than most mammals . Most porpoises have slightly flattened eyeballs , enlarged pupils ( which shrink as they surface to prevent damage ) , slightly flattened corneas and a tapetum lucidum ; these adaptations allow for large amounts of light to pass through the eye and , therefore , they are able to form a very clear image of the surrounding area . The olfactory lobes are absent in porpoises , suggesting that they have no sense of smell . Porpoises are not thought to have a good sense of taste , as their taste buds are atrophied or missing altogether . However , some have preferences between different kinds of fish , indicating some sort of attachment to taste . = = = Sleep = = = Unlike most animals , porpoises are conscious breathers . All mammals sleep , but porpoises cannot afford to become unconscious for long because they may drown . While knowledge of sleep in wild cetaceans is limited , porpoises in captivity have been recorded to sleep with one side of their brain at a time , so that they may swim , breathe consciously , and avoid both predators and social contact during their period of rest . = = Behaviour = = = = = Life cycle = = = Porpoises are fully aquatic creatures , which means that courtship and birth behaviours are very different from those of terrestrial and semi @-@ aquatic creatures . Since they are unable to go onto land to calve , they deliver the baby with the foetus positioned for tail @-@ first delivery . This prevents the baby from drowning either upon or during delivery . Being mammals , the females have mammary glands used for nursing calves ; to feed the new @-@ born calf , the mother must squirt the milk into its mouth . This milk contains high amounts of fat , which aids in the development of blubber ; it contains so much fat that it has the consistency of toothpaste . The calves are weaned at about 11 months of age . Females , referred to as " cows " , carry the responsibility of childcare as males , referred to as " bulls " , play no part in raising calves . Females deliver a single calf after a gestation period lasting about a year , the calf is dependent for one to two years , and maturity occurs after seven to ten years , all varying between the species . This mode of reproduction produces few offspring , but increases the probability of each one surviving . = = = Diet = = = Porpoises eat a wide variety of creatures . The stomach contents of harbour porpoises suggests that they mainly feed on benthic fish , and sometimes pelagic fish . They may also eat benthic invertebrates . In rare cases , algae , such as Ulva lactuca , is consumed . Atlantic porpoises are thought to follow the seasonal migration of bait fish , like herring , and their diet varies between seasons . The stomach contents of Dall 's porpoises reveal that they mainly feed on cephalopods and bait fish , like capelin and sardines . Their stomachs also contained some deep @-@ sea benthic organisms . The finless porpoise is known to also follow seasonal migrations . It is known that populations in the mouth of the Indus River migrate to the sea from April through October to feed on the annual spawning of prawns . In Japan , sightings of small pods of them herding sand lance onto shore are common year @-@ round . Little is known about the diets of other species of porpoises . A dissection of three Burmeister 's porpoises shows that they consume shrimp and euphausiids . A dissection of a beached Vaquita showed remains of squid and grunts . Nothing is known about the diet of the spectacled porpoise . = = Interactions with humans = = = = = Research history = = = In Aristotle 's time , the 4th century BCE , porpoises were regarded as fish due to their superficial similarity . Aristotle , however , could already see many physiological and anatomical similarities with the terrestrial vertebrates , such as blood ( circulation ) , lungs , uterus and fin anatomy . His detailed descriptions were assimilated by the Romans , but mixed with a more accurate knowledge of the dolphins , as mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his “ Natural history ” . In the art of this and subsequent periods , porpoises are portrayed with a long snout ( typical of dolphins ) and a high @-@ arched head . The harbour porpoise was one of the most accessible species for early cetologists , because it could be seen very close to land , inhabiting shallow coastal areas of Europe . Much of the findings that apply to all cetaceans were first discovered in porpoises . One of the first anatomical descriptions of the airways of the whales on the basis of a harbor porpoise dates from 1671 by John Ray . It nevertheless referred to the porpoise as a fish . = = = In captivity = = = Porpoises , as opposed to their dolphin counterparts , don 't thrive in captivity , and it is very difficult to maintain a porpoise . Currently , there are five porpoises in captivity , two in Vancouver , and three in Hiroshima . Among their collection , the reopened Miyajima Aquarium in Hiroshima houses many sea creatures , among them are three finless porpoises . In the Vancouver Aquarium , there are two harbour porpoises on display : Jack , who beached himself in 2011 onto Horseshoe Bay , and Daisy , who beached herself into Horseshoe Bay in 2008 . Harbour porpoises have historically been kept in captivity , under the assumption that they would fare better than their dolphin counterparts due to their shallow @-@ water habitats . Of the 150 harbour porpoises kept worldwide , nearly 100 were kept in Denmark . Nearly half of these died of diseases caught before they were captured , or damage sustained during capture and transit . Almost all died within 14 months . Breeding success has always been poor with porpoises , and there are only six recorded births ( of a harbour porpoise and five finless porpoises ) . Lack of births in captivity is mainly due the fact that there were few breeding attempts , many were actually kept in isolation and those who were not were often not mature . Finless porpoises have commonly been kept in Japan , as well as China and Indonesia . Ninety four in total have been in captivity in Japan , eleven in China , and at least two in Indonesia . Japan has had three establishments designated for breeding them , and there have been five recorded births . Three calves died moments after their birth , but two survived for several years . This breeding success proved that porpoises can be successfully bred in captivity , and this could open up new conservation options . Dall 's porpoises have been kept in captivity , but not in great numbers . Nine were captured in the U.S. and nine more in Japan , a total of eighteen , but none were successfully kept in captivity . There were considerable difficulties dealing with these animals , most of them rammed their heads at the walls and the bottom . They sometimes refused to feed . The skin was sloughed at an early stage due to speed limitation in their confining tanks . A male showed irritable behaviour . None of the Dall 's porpoises survived for long . = = = Threats = = = = = = = Drive hunting = = = = Porpoises and other smaller cetaceans , mainly dolphins , are hunted in an activity known as drive hunting . This is accomplished by driving a pod together with boats and usually into a bay or onto a beach . Their escape is prevented by closing off the route to the ocean with other boats or nets . Porpoises are hunted this way in several places around the world , including the Solomon Islands , the Faroe Islands , Peru , and Japan , the most well @-@ known practitioner of this method . By numbers , porpoises are mostly hunted for their meat , though some end up in dolphinariums . Despite the controversial nature of the hunt resulting in international criticism , and the possible health risk that the high methylmercury levels impose , thousands of porpoises are caught in drive hunts each year . = = = = Fishing = = = = Porpoises are highly affected by bycatch . Many porpoises , mainly the vaquita , are subject to great mortality due to gillnetting . Although it is the world 's most endangered marine cetacean , the vaquita continues to be caught in small @-@ mesh gillnet fisheries throughout much of its range . Incidental mortality caused by the fleet of El Golfo de Santa Clara was estimated to be at around 39 vaquitas per year , which is over 17 % of the population size . Harbour porpoises also suffer drowning by gillnetting , but on a less threatening scale due to their high population ; their mortality rate per year increases a mere 5 % due to this . The fishing market , historically has always had a porpoise bycatch . In 1981 , it was legal to kill 22 @,@ 500 porpoises per year to catch yellowfin tuna . This type of tuna has been known to follow porpoises , and when fishermen find these tuna , more often than not , a porpoise is also entangled in a net . Sometimes , a pod of porpoises are herded along with schools of tuna , and when fishermen cast a seine , the porpoises are trapped in the net , and drown because they can 't surface . Today , the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 has enforced the use of safer fishing equipment to reduce bycatch . = = = = Environmental hazards = = = = Porpoises are very sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances , and are keystone species , which can indicate the overall health of the marine environment . Populations of harbor porpoises in the North and Baltic Seas are under increasing pressure from anthropogenic causes such as offshore construction , ship traffic , fishing , and military exercises . Increasing pollution is a serious problem for marine mammals . Heavy metals and plastic waste are not biodegradable , and sometimes cetaceans consume these hazardous materials , mistaking them for food items . As a result , the animals are more susceptible to diseases and have fewer offspring . Harbour porpoises from the English Channel were found to have accumulated heavy metals . The military and geologists employ strong sonar and produce an increases in noise in the oceans . Marine mammals that make use of biosonar for orientation and communication are not only hindered by the extra noise , but may race to the surface in panic . This may lead to a bubbling out of blood gases , and the animal then dies because the blood vessels become blocked , so @-@ called decompression sickness . This effect , of course , only occurs in porpoises that dive to great depths , such as Dall 's porpoise . Additionally , civilian vessels produce sonar waves in order to measure the depth of the body of water in which they are . Similar to the navy , some boats produce waves that attract porpoises , while others may repel them . The problem with the waves that attract is that the animal may be injured or even killed by being hit by the vessel or its propeller . = = = Conservation = = = The Harbour porpoise , spectacled porpoise , Burmeister 's porpoise , and Dall 's porpoise are all listed on Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ( CMS ) . In addition , the Harbour porpoise is covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic , North East Atlantic , Irish and North Seas ( ASCOBANS ) , the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea , Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area ( ACCOBAMS ) and the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia . Their conservation statuses are either at least concern or data deficient . As of 2014 , only five hundred and five Yangtze finless porpoises remained in the main section of the Yangtze , with an alarming population density in Ezhou and Zhenjiang . While many threatened species decline rate slows after their classification , population decline rates of the porpoise are actually accelerating . While population decline tracked from 1994 to 2008 has been pegged at a rate of 6 @.@ 06 % annually , from 2006 to 2012 , the porpoise population decreased by more than half . Finless porpoise population decrease of 69 @.@ 8 % in just a 22 @-@ year span from 1976 to 2000 . 5 @.@ 3 % . A majority of factors of this population decline are being driven by the massive growth in Chinese industry since 1990 which caused increased shipping and pollution and ultimately environmental degradation . Some of these can be seen in damming of the river as well as illegal fishing activity . To protect the species , China 's Ministry of Agriculture classified the species as being National First Grade Key Protected Wild Animal , the strictest classification by law , meaning it is illegal to bring harm to a porpoise . Protective measures in the Tian @-@ e @-@ Zhou Oxbow Nature Reserve has increased its population of porpoises from five to forty in twenty five years . The Chinese Academy of Science 's Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology has been working with the World Wildlife Fund to ensure the future for this subspecies , and have placed five porpoises in another well @-@ protected area , the He @-@ wang @-@ miao oxbow . Five protected natural reserves have been established in areas of the highest population density and mortality rates with measures being taken to ban patrolling and harmful fishing gear in those areas . There have also been efforts to study porpoise biology to help specialize conservation through captivation breeding . The Baiji Dolphinarium , was established in 1992 at the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Wuhan which allowing the study of behavioral and biological factors affecting the finless porpoise , specifically breeding biology like seasonal changes in reproductive hormones and breeding behavior . Because vaquitas are indigenous to the Gulf of California , Mexico is leading conservation efforts with the creation of the International Committee for the Recovery of the Vaquita ( CIRVA ) , which has tried to prevent the accidental deaths of vaquitas by outlawing the use of fishing nets within the vaquita 's habitat . CIRVA has worked together with the CITES , the Endangered Species Act , and the Marine Mammal Protection Act ( MMPA ) to nurse the vaquita population back to a point at which they can sustain themselves . CIRVA concluded in 2000 that between 39 and 84 individuals are killed each year by such gillnets . In order to try to prevent extinction , the Mexican government has created a nature reserve covering the upper part of the Gulf of California and the Colorado River delta . They have also placed a temporary ban on fishing , with compensation to those affected , that may pose a threat to the vaquita . = Russula densifolia = Russula densifolia , commonly known as the crowded russula or the reddening russula , is a species of agaric fungus in the family Russulaceae . It was first described in 1833 and given its current name in 1876 . A widespread species , it is found in Asia , Europe , and North America , where it fruits on the ground in mixed and deciduous forests . Fruit bodies ( mushrooms ) are robust and squat , with caps up to 14 @.@ 5 cm ( 5 @.@ 7 in ) in diameter , and stems that are 2 – 7 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 3 @.@ 0 in ) long by 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 0 in ) thick . The mushrooms are characterized by the red and then black color changes that occur in the flesh when it is bruised , and a relatively thick cap cuticle . Although the mushroom is sold as an edible species in some areas of Asia , it is mild to moderately toxic , and may cause gastrointestinal upset if consumed . Several bioactive compounds have been isolated and identified from the mushroom . = = Taxonomy = = The species was first described by Louis Secretan in 1833 as Agaricus adustus var. densifolius . In 1876 , Claude @-@ Casimir Gillet transferred it to the genus Russula . Russula densifolia is classified in the section Nigricantes of Russula subgenus Compactae , which consists of species with robust , squat fruit bodies that discolor to brown or black . Robert Shaffer defined four forms of R. densifolia in a 1962 monograph on section Compactae , differentiating them by spore print color , fruiting pattern , odor , gill spacing , and the intensity of the color change with bruising . Three forms are from the Pacific Northwest region of North America : form dilatoria has fruit bodies that darken to lavender gray to brownish gray ; form fragrans has a fragrant odor and widely spaced gills ; form cremeispora produces a light yellow spore print and has an obscurely two @-@ layered cap cuticle . Form gregata , found in the eastern United States , grows gregariously in jack pine and Scotch pine forests . The nomenclatural database Index Fungorum lumps these forms , as well as f. subrubescen , published by Patrick Reumaux in 1996 , together into synonymy . Other synonyms include Rolf Singer 's 1931 variety caucasica , Roger Heim 's 1938 variety latericola , and C. Dagron 's 1999 variety colettarum . The specific epithet densifolius derives from the Latin words densi ( meaning " compact " or " placed close together " ) and folius meaning " leaf " , and refers to the closely spaced gills . The mushroom is commonly known as the " dense @-@ gilled brittlegill " or the " reddening russula " . = = Description = = The cap , initially convex when young , becomes almost flattened , depressed , or funnel @-@ shaped in maturity , and reaches a diameter of 4 @.@ 5 – 14 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 8 – 5 @.@ 7 in ) . The smooth cap surface is sticky in moist , young specimens , but develops a polished look when dry . It is initially white before turning brownish gray and eventually blackish in age . The cap margin is curved inward throughout most of the life of the fruit body . The cap cuticle can be peeled up to one @-@ half the radius of the cap . The flesh is white , but slowly stains reddish then grayish @-@ black after being exposed to air . This characteristic staining reaction can be slow to develop , or may not develop at all , especially in old fruit bodies where the underlying tissue has already darkened . The flesh has no distinctive odor , and a hot , bitter taste . Gills are adnate ( squarely fused ) to slightly decurrent ( extending a short way down the length of the stem ) , and interspersed with many tiers of lamellulae ( short gills that do not extend fully from the cap edge to the stem ) . They are very crowded , with about 7 – 12 gills per centimeter . Initially creamy white in color , they will stain reddish then blackish where they have been injured , or sometimes develop dirty reddish stains with age . The stem measures 2 – 7 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 3 @.@ 0 in ) long by 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 0 in ) thick , and is nearly equal in width throughout its length . It is solid ( i.e. , not hollow ) and hard , initially white before aging to brownish @-@ black , and has a smooth to slightly scaly , dry surface . Russula densifolia produces a white to pale yellow spore print . Spores are oval to elliptical to roughly spherical , hyaline ( translucent ) , amyloid , and measure 7 @.@ 6 – 9 @.@ 5 by 6 @.@ 7 – 7 @.@ 5 µm . They have a rough , reticulate surface marked by ridges and low , isolated warts that are 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 5 μm high . The cystidia in the hymenium are thin @-@ walled and hyaline , with shapes ranging from club @-@ shaped with broad tips to somewhat fuse @-@ shaped with short and narrow appendages at the tip ; cystidia have dimensions of 30 – 80 by 5 – 10 µm . Under the hymenium , the subhymenium is starkly differentiated . There are abundant sphaerocysts ( fragile , spherical cells common in the Russulaceae ) present in the gill tissue , and the cap tissue has clusters of these cells . The cap cuticle , typically 125 – 200 µm thick , is embedded in a gelatinous layer , and is differentiated into two layers : the epicutis , which consists of interwoven hyphae , and the underlying subcutis . Shaffer attempted to differentiated several forms of the mushroom by differences in cap cuticle thickness and morphology , although these forms are now not considered to have taxonomic significance . = = = Edibility = = = The mushroom is mild to moderately toxic , and may cause gastrointestinal upset if consumed . David Arora has noted that much of the bitter taste can be removed with cooking , but " the end product is insipid at best and indigestible or even poisonous at worst . " Despite this , however , the mushroom is sold as an edible species in Phayao Province and Chiang Mai Province in northern Thailand . It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine for its purported antirheumatic activity . = = = Similar species = = = Another similarly colored Russula is R. nigricans , which can be distinguished from R. densifolia by its darker cap and widely spaced gills . Another lookalike , R. dissimulans , has a dry cap surface , and a mild taste . R. albonigra stains directly to black when injured , and has a taste reminiscent of menthol . R. densifolia is often confused with R. acrifolia , but the latter 's gills do not change color when bruised . R. adusta , found with conifers , has a less acrid taste , and its cut flesh changes to light pink rather than red . = = Ecology , habitat and distribution = = Russula densifolia is a mycorrhizal species . Descriptions have been published of the morphology of the ectomycorrhizae that it forms with European beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) , and Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) . Its mushrooms grow on the ground singly , scattered , or in groups in both mixed and deciduous forests , and tend to appear in the summer and autumn . In Spain , it is common in dune pine forests . Fruit bodies can be parasitized by the fungus Asterophora lycoperdoides . Widely distributed , Russula densifolia is known from Asia ( including China , India , Japan , and Thailand ) , Europe and North America . In a study of the chronological sequence of ectomycorrhizal fungi communities of Pinus densiflora forests of eastern China , R. densifolia was shown to reach its peak abundance in 30 @-@ year @-@ old stands . In another Chinese study , the species was found to be one of the six most common Russula species associated with 1 – 2 year @-@ old seedlings of Pinus yunnanensis . In Mexico , they have been found with oak . The fungus is well @-@ adapted to live in cold climates , as its mycelium has a relatively high tolerance to low temperatures , although repeated freezing / thawing cycles tend to slow the growth of mycelium . The lethal temperature required for 50 % of the mycelium to die is − 8 @.@ 6 ° C ( 16 @.@ 5 ° F ) . = = Research = = Aqueous extracts of the fruit bodies contain polysaccharides that have been shown in laboratory tests to be highly efficient at inhibiting infection by tobacco mosaic virus . Several bioactive compounds have been isolated and identified from the mushroom , including allitol , stearic acid , furan @-@ 3 @-@ carboxylic acid , ( 22E , 24R ) -3β @-@ hydroxyergosta @-@ 5 @,@ 22 @-@ diene , 3β @-@ hydroxy @-@ 5α , 8α @-@ epidioxy @-@ 24ξ @-@ methylcholesta @-@ 6 @-@ ene , dihydrofuran @-@ 2 @,@ 5 @-@ dione , 3β @-@ hydroxy @-@ 5α , 8α @-@ epidioxyergosta @-@ 6 @,@ 22 @-@ diene , palmitic acid , uracil , cis @-@ butenedioic acid , thioacetic anhydride , succinic acid , 1 @-@ ethylic @-@ βD @-@ glycoside , 2 @-@ acetamino @-@ 2 @-@ deoxy @-@ β @-@ D @-@ glucose , and cerebroside B. = Eurasian tree sparrow = The Eurasian tree sparrow ( Passer montanus ) is a passerine bird in the sparrow family with a rich chestnut crown and nape , and a black patch on each pure white cheek . The sexes are similarly plumaged , and young birds are a duller version of the adult . This sparrow breeds over most of temperate Eurasia and Southeast Asia , where it is known as the tree sparrow , and it has been introduced elsewhere including the United States , where it is known as the Eurasian tree sparrow or German sparrow to differentiate it from the native unrelated American tree sparrow . Although several subspecies are recognised , the appearance of this bird varies little across its extensive range . The Eurasian tree sparrow 's untidy nest is built in a natural cavity , a hole in a building or the large nest of a European magpie or white stork . The typical clutch is five or six eggs which hatch in under two weeks . This sparrow feeds mainly on seeds , but invertebrates are also consumed , particularly during the breeding season . As with other small birds , infection by parasites and diseases , and predation by birds of prey take their toll , and the typical life span is about two years . The Eurasian tree sparrow is widespread in the towns and cities of eastern Asia , but in Europe it is a bird of lightly wooded open countryside , with the house sparrow breeding in the more urban areas . The Eurasian tree sparrow 's extensive range and large population ensure that it is not endangered globally , but there have been large declines in western European populations , in part due to changes in farming practices involving increased use of herbicides and loss of winter stubble fields . In eastern Asia and western Australia , this species is sometimes viewed as a pest , although it is also widely celebrated in oriental art . = = Description = = The Eurasian tree sparrow is 12 @.@ 5 – 14 cm ( 5 – 5 1 ⁄ 2 in ) long , with a wingspan of about 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) and a weight of 24 g ( 0 @.@ 85 oz ) , making it roughly 10 % smaller than the house sparrow . The adult 's crown and nape are rich chestnut , and there is a kidney @-@ shaped black ear patch on each pure white cheek ; the chin , throat , and the area between the bill and throat are black . The upperparts are light brown , streaked with black , and the brown wings have two distinct narrow white bars . The legs are pale brown , and the bill is lead @-@ blue in summer , becoming almost black in winter . This sparrow is distinctive even within its genus in that it has no plumage differences between the sexes ; the juvenile also resembles the adult , although the colours tend to be duller . Its contrasting face pattern makes this species easily identifiable in all plumages ; the smaller size and brown , not grey , crown are additional differences from the male house sparrow . Adult and juvenile Eurasian tree sparrows undergo a slow complete moult in the autumn , and show an increase in body mass despite a reduction in stored fat . The change in mass is due to an increase in blood volume to support active feather growth , and a generally higher water content in the body . The Eurasian tree sparrow has no true song , but its vocalisations include an excited series of tschip calls given by unpaired or courting males . Other monosyllabic chirps are used in social contacts , and the flight call is a harsh teck . A study comparing the vocalisations of the introduced Missouri population with those of birds from Germany showed that the US birds had fewer shared syllable types ( memes ) and more structure within the population than the European sparrows . This may have resulted from the small size of the founding North American population and a consequent loss of genetic diversity . = = Taxonomy = = The Old World sparrow genus Passer is a group of small passerine birds that is believed to have originated in Africa , and which contains 15 – 25 species depending on the authority . Its members are typically found in open , lightly wooded , habitats , although several species , notably the house sparrow ( P. domesticus ) have adapted to human habitations . Most species in the genus are typically 10 – 20 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 – 7 @.@ 9 in ) long , predominantly brown or greyish birds with short square tails and stubby conical beaks . They are primarily ground @-@ feeding seed @-@ eaters , although they also consume invertebrates , especially when breeding . Genetic studies show that the Eurasian tree sparrow diverged from the other Eurasian members of its genus relatively early , before the speciation of the house , plain @-@ backed and Spanish sparrows . The Eurasian species is not closely related to the American tree sparrow ( Spizelloides arborea ) , which is an American sparrow . The Eurasian tree sparrow 's binomial name is derived from two Latin words : passer , " sparrow " , and montanus , " of the mountains " ( from mons " mountain " ) . The Eurasian tree sparrow was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 Systema Naturae as Fringilla montana , but , along with the house sparrow , it was soon moved from the finches ( family Fringillidae ) into the new genus Passer created by French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 . The Eurasian tree sparrow 's common name is given because of its preference of tree holes for nesting . This name , and the scientific name montanus , do not appropriately describe this species 's habitat preferences : the German name Feldsperling ( " field sparrow " ) comes closer to doing so . = = = Subspecies = = = This species varies little in appearance across its large range , and the differences between the seven extant subspecies recognised by Clement are slight . At least 15 other subspecies have been proposed , but are considered to be intermediates of the listed races . P. m. montanus , the nominate subspecies , ranges across Europe except southwestern Iberia , southern Greece , and the former Yugoslavia . It also breeds in Asia east to the Lena River and south to the northern regions of Turkey , the Caucasus , Kazakhstan , Mongolia and Korea . P. m. transcaucasicus , described by Sergei Aleksandrovich Buturlin in 1906 , breeds from the southern Caucasus east to northern Iran . It is duller and greyer than the nominate race . P. m. dilutus , described by Charles Wallace Richmond in 1856 , is resident in the extreme northeast of Iran , northern Pakistan and northwest India . It also occurs further north , from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan east to China . Compared to P. m. montanus , it is paler , with sandy @-@ brown upperparts . P. m. tibetanus , the largest race by size , was described by Stuart Baker in 1925 . It is found in the northern Himalayas , from Nepal east through Tibet to northwest China . It resembles P. m. dilutus , but is darker . P. m. saturatus , described by Leonhard Hess Stejneger in 1885 , breeds in Sakhalin , the Kuril Islands , Japan , Taiwan and South Korea . It is deeper brown than the nominate subspecies and has a larger bill . P. m. malaccensis , described by Alphonse Dubois in 1885 , is found from the southern Himalayas east to Hainan and Indonesia . It is a dark race , like P. m. saturatus , but is smaller and more heavily streaked on its upperparts . P. m. hepaticus , described by Sidney Dillon Ripley in 1948 , breeds from northeast Assam to northwest Burma . It is similar to P. m. saturatus , but redder on its head and upperparts . = = Distribution and habitat = = The Eurasian tree sparrow 's natural breeding range comprises most of temperate Europe and Asia south of about latitude 68 ° N ( north of this the summers are too cold , with July average temperatures below 12 ° C ) and through Southeast Asia to Java and Bali . It formerly bred in the Faroes , Malta and Gozo . In South Asia it is found mainly in the temperate zone . It is sedentary over most of its extensive range , but northernmost breeding populations migrate south for the winter , and small numbers leave southern Europe for North Africa and the Middle East . The eastern subspecies P. m. dilutus reaches coastal Pakistan in winter and thousands of birds of this race move through eastern China in autumn . The Eurasian tree sparrow has been introduced outside its native range , but has not always become established , possibly due to competition with the house sparrow . It was introduced successfully to Sardinia , eastern Indonesia , the Philippines and Micronesia , but introductions to New Zealand and Bermuda did not take root . Ship @-@ carried birds colonised Borneo . This sparrow has occurred as a natural vagrant to Gibraltar , Tunisia , Algeria , Egypt , Israel , and Dubai . In North America , a population of about 15 @,@ 000 birds has become established around St. Louis and neighbouring parts of Illinois and southeastern Iowa . These sparrows are descended from 12 birds imported from Germany and released in late April 1870 as part of a project to enhance the native North American avifauna . Within its limited US range , the Eurasian tree sparrow has to compete with the house sparrow in urban centres , and is therefore mainly found in parks , farms and rural woods . The American population is sometimes referred to as the " German sparrow " , to distinguish it from both the native American tree sparrow species and the much more widespread " English " house sparrow . In Australia , the Eurasian tree sparrow is present in Melbourne , towns in central and northern Victoria and some centres in the Riverina region of New South Wales . It is a prohibited species in Western Australia , where it often arrives on ships from Southeast Asia . Despite its scientific name , Passer montanus , this is not typically a mountain species , and reaches only 700 m ( 2 @,@ 300 ft ) in Switzerland , although it has bred at 1 @,@ 700 m ( 5 @,@ 600 ft ) in the northern Caucasus and as high as 4 @,@ 270 m ( 14 @,@ 010 ft ) in Nepal . In Europe , it is frequently found on coasts with cliffs , in empty buildings , in pollarded willows along slow water courses , or in open countryside with small isolated patches of woodland . The Eurasian tree sparrow shows a strong preference for nest @-@ sites near wetland habitats , and avoids breeding on intensively managed mixed farmland . When the Eurasian tree sparrow and the larger house sparrow occur in the same area , the house sparrow generally breeds in urban areas while the smaller Eurasian tree sparrow nests in the countryside . Where trees are in short supply , as in Mongolia , both species may utilise man @-@ made structures as nest sites . The Eurasian tree sparrow is rural in Europe , but is an urban bird in eastern Asia ; in southern and central Asia , both Passer species may be found around towns and villages . In parts of the Mediterranean , such as Italy , both the tree and the Italian or Spanish sparrows may be found in settlements . In Australia , the Eurasian tree sparrow is largely an urban bird , and it is the house sparrow which utilises more natural habitats . = = Behaviour and ecology = = = = = Breeding = = = The Eurasian tree sparrow reaches breeding maturity within a year from hatching , and typically builds its nest in a cavity in an old tree or rock face . Some nests are not in holes as such , but are built among roots of overhanging gorse or similar bush . Roof cavities in houses may be used , and in the tropics , the crown of a palm tree or the ceiling of a verandah can serve as a nest site . This species will breed in the disused domed nest of a European magpie , or an active or unused stick nest of a large bird such as the white stork , white @-@ tailed eagle , osprey , black kite or grey heron . It will sometimes attempt to take over the nest of other birds that breed in holes or enclosed spaces , such as the barn swallow , house martin , sand martin or European bee @-@ eater . Pairs may breed in isolation or in loose colonies , and will readily use nest boxes . In a Spanish study , boxes made from a mixture of wood and concrete ( woodcrete ) had a much higher occupancy rate than wooden boxes ( 76 @.@ 5 % versus 33 @.@ 5 % ) , and birds nesting in woodcrete sites had earlier clutches , a shorter incubation period and more breeding attempts per season . Clutch size and chick condition did not differ between nest box types , but reproductive success was higher in woodcrete , perhaps because the synthetic nests were 1 @.@ 5 ° C warmer than their wooden counterparts . The male calls from near the nest site in spring to proclaim ownership and attract a mate . He may also carry nest material into the nest hole . The display and nest building is repeated in autumn . The preferred locations for the autumn display are old Eurasian tree sparrow nests , particularly those where nestlings had hatched . Empty nest boxes , and sites used by house sparrows or other hole nesting birds , such as tits , pied flycatchers or common redstarts , are rarely used for the autumn display . The untidy nest is composed of hay , grass , wool or other material and lined with feathers , which improve the thermal insulation . A complete nest consists of three layers ; base , lining and dome . The typical clutch is five or six eggs ( rarely more than four in Malaysia ) , white to pale grey and heavily marked with spots , small blotches , or speckling ; they are 20 mm × 14 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in × 0 @.@ 55 in ) in size and weigh 2 @.@ 1 g ( 0 @.@ 074 oz ) , of which 7 % is shell . The eggs are incubated by both parents for 12 – 13 days before the altricial , naked chicks hatch , and a further 15 – 18 days elapse before they fledge . Two or three broods may be raised each year ; birds breeding in colonies produce more eggs and fledglings from their first broods than solitary pairs , but the reverse is true for second and third clutches . Females which copulate frequently tend to lay more eggs and have a shorter incubation time , so within @-@ pair mating may be an indicator of the pairs ' reproductive ability . There is a significant level of promiscuity ; in a Hungarian study , more than 9 % of chicks were sired by extra @-@ pair males , and 20 % of the broods contained at least one extra @-@ pair young . Hybridisation between the Eurasian tree sparrow and the house sparrow has been recorded in many parts of the world with male hybrids tending to resemble the Eurasian tree sparrow while females have more similarities with the house sparrow . A breeding population in the Eastern Ghats of India , said to be introduced , may also hybridise with house sparrows . On at least one occasion a mixed pair has resulted in fertile young . A wild hybridisation with the resident sparrows of Malta , which are intermediate between the Spanish sparrow ( P. hispaniolensis ) and Italian sparrows ( P. italiae ) , was recorded in Malta in 1975 . = = = Feeding = = = The tree sparrow is a predominantly seed and grain eating bird which feeds on the ground in flocks , often with house sparrows , finches , or buntings . It eats weed seeds , such as chickweeds and goosefoot , spilled grain , and it may also visit feeding stations , especially for peanuts . It will also feed on invertebrates , especially during the breeding season when the young are fed mainly on animal food ; it takes insects , woodlice , millipedes , centipedes , spiders and harvestmen . Adults use a variety of wetlands when foraging for invertebrate prey to feed nestlings , and aquatic sites play a key role in providing adequate diversity and availability of suitable invertebrate prey to allow successful chick rearing throughout the long breeding season of this multi @-@ brooded species . Large areas of formerly occupied farmland no longer provide these invertebrate resources due to the effects of intensive farming , and the availability of supplementary seed food within 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) of the nest @-@ site does not influence nest @-@ site choice , or affect the number of young raised . In winter , seed resources are most likely to be a key limiting factor . At this time of year , individuals in a flock form linear dominance hierarchies , but there is no strong relation between the size of the throat patch and position in that hierarchy . This is in contrast to the house sparrow ; in that species , fights to establish dominance are reduced by the display of the throat patch , the size of which acts as a signalling " badge " of fitness . The risk of predation affects feeding strategies . A study showed increased distance between shelter and a food supply meant that birds visited a feeder in smaller flocks , spent less time on it and were more vigilant when far from shelter . Sparrows can feed as " producers " , searching for food directly , or " scroungers " , just joining other flock members who have already discovered food . Scrounging was 30 % more likely at exposed feeding sites , although this is not due to increased anti @-@ predator vigilance . A possible explanation is that riskier places are used by individuals with lower fat reserves . = = = Survival = = = Predators of the tree sparrow include a variety of accipiters , falcons and owls , such as the Eurasian sparrowhawk , common kestrel , little owl , and sometimes long @-@ eared owl and white stork . It does not appear to be at an increased risk of predation during its autumn moult , despite having fewer flight feathers at that time . Nests may be raided by Eurasian magpies , jays , least weasels , rats , cats and constricting snakes such as the horseshoe whip snake . Many species of birdlice are present on the birds and in their nests , and mites of the genus Knemidocoptes have been known to infest populations , resulting in lesions on the legs and toes . Parasitisation of nestlings by Protocalliphora blow @-@ fly larvae is a significant factor in nestling mortality . Egg size does not influence nestling mortality , but chicks from large eggs grow faster . Tree sparrows are also subject to bacterial and viral infections . Bacteria have been shown to be an important factor in the failure of eggs to hatch and in nestling mortality , and mass deaths due to Salmonella infection have been noted in Japan . Avian malaria parasites have been found in the blood of many populations , and birds in China were found to harbour a strain of H5N1 that was highly virulent to chickens . The immune response of tree sparrows is less robust than that of the house sparrow and has been proposed as a factor in the greater invasive potential of the latter . The house sparrow and tree sparrow are the most frequent victims of roadkill on the roads of Central , Eastern and Southern Europe . The maximum recorded age is 13 @.@ 1 years , but three years is a typical lifespan . = = Status = = The tree sparrow has a large , currently unquantified range ; its world population is also unknown , but includes an estimated 52 – 96 million individuals in Europe . Although population trends have not been evaluated , the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List ( that is , declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) . For these reasons , the species ' conservation status is evaluated at the global level as being of least concern . Although the tree sparrow has been expanding its range in Fennoscandia and eastern Europe , populations have been declining in much of western Europe , a trend reflected in other farmland birds such as the skylark , corn bunting and northern lapwing . From 1980 to 2003 , common farmland bird numbers fell by 28 % . The collapse in populations seems to have been particularly severe in Great Britain , where there was a 95 % decline between 1970 and 1998 , and Ireland , which had only 1 @,@ 000 – 1 @,@ 500 pairs in the late 1990s . In the British Isles , such declines may be due to natural fluctuations , to which tree sparrows are known to be prone . Breeding performance has improved substantially as population sizes have decreased , suggesting that decreases in productivity were not responsible for the decline and that survival was the critical factor . The large decline in tree sparrow numbers is probably the result of agricultural intensification and specialisation , particularly the increased use of herbicides and a trend towards autumn @-@ sown crops ( at the expense of spring @-@ sown crops that produce stubble fields in winter ) . The change from mixed to specialised farming and the increased use of insecticides has reduced the amount of insect food available for nestlings . = = Relationships with humans = = The tree sparrow is seen as a pest in some areas . In Australia , it damages many cereal and fruit crops and spoils cereal crops , animal feed and stored grain with its droppings . Quarantine rules prohibit the transport of this species into Western Australia . Chairman Mao Zedong of China attempted in April 1958 to reduce crop damage by tree sparrows , estimated at 4 @.@ 5 kg ( 9 @.@ 9 lb ) of grain per bird each year , by mobilising three million people and many scarecrows to drive the birds to death by exhaustion . Although initially successful , the " great sparrow campaign " had overlooked the numbers of locusts and other insect pests consumed by the birds , and crop yields fell , exacerbating a famine which led to the deaths of 30 million people between 1959 and 1961 . The tree sparrow 's consumption of insects has led to its use in agriculture to control fruit tree pests and the common asparagus beetle , Crioceris aspergi . The tree sparrow has long been depicted in Chinese and Japanese art , often on a plant spray or in a flying flock , and representations by oriental artists including Hiroshige have featured on the postage stamps of Antigua and Barbuda , Central African Republic , China and the Gambia . More straightforward illustrations were used on the stamps of Belarus , Belgium , Cambodia , Estonia and Taiwan . The fluttering of the bird gave rise to a traditional Japanese dance , the Suzume Odori , which was depicted by artists such as Hokusai . In the Philippines , where it is one of several species referred to as maya , and is sometimes specifically referred to as the " mayang simbahan " ( " church maya " or " church sparrow " ) , the tree sparrow is the most common bird in the cities . Many urban Filipinos confuse it with the former national bird of the Philippines , the black @-@ headed munia - also called a maya , but specifically differentiated in folk taxa as the " mayang pula " ( " red maya " ) . = Uranium = Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92 . It is a silvery @-@ white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table . A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons , of which 6 are valence electrons . Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable ( with half @-@ lives of the six naturally known isotopes , uranium @-@ 233 to uranium @-@ 238 , varying between 69 years and 4 @.@ 5 billion years ) . The most common isotopes in natural uranium are uranium @-@ 238 ( which has 146 neutrons and accounts for over 99 % ) and uranium @-@ 235 ( which has 143 neutrons ) . Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements , lighter only than plutonium . Its density is about 70 % higher than that of lead , and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten . It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil , rock and water , and is commercially extracted from uranium @-@ bearing minerals such as uraninite . In nature , uranium is found as uranium @-@ 238 ( 99 @.@ 2739 – 99 @.@ 2752 % ) , uranium @-@ 235 ( 0 @.@ 7198 – 0 @.@ 7202 % ) , and a very small amount of uranium @-@ 234 ( 0 @.@ 0050 – 0 @.@ 0059 % ) . Uranium decays slowly by emitting an alpha particle . The half @-@ life of uranium @-@ 238 is about 4 @.@ 47 billion years and that of uranium @-@ 235 is 704 million years , making them useful in dating the age of the Earth . Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties . Uranium @-@ 235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope . Uranium @-@ 238 is fissionable by fast neutrons , and is fertile , meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium @-@ 239 in a nuclear reactor . Another fissile isotope , uranium @-@ 233 , can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology . Uranium @-@ 238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons ; uranium @-@ 235 and to a lesser degree uranium @-@ 233 have a much higher fission cross @-@ section for slow neutrons . In sufficient concentration , these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction . This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors , and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons . Depleted uranium ( 238U ) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating . Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass , producing lemon yellow to green colors . Uranium glass fluoresces green in ultraviolet light . It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography . The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth , who named the new element after the planet Uranus . Eugène @-@ Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel . Research by Otto Hahn , Lise Meitner , Enrico Fermi and others , such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy , the first nuclear weapon used in war . An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium @-@ derived plutonium @-@ 239 . The security of those weapons and their fissile material following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 is an ongoing concern for public health and safety . See Nuclear proliferation . = = Characteristics = = When refined , uranium is a silvery white , weakly radioactive metal . It has a Mohs hardness of 6 , sufficient to scratch glass and approximately equal to that of titanium , rhodium , manganese and niobium . It is malleable , ductile , slightly paramagnetic , strongly electropositive and a poor electrical conductor . Uranium metal has a very high density of 19 @.@ 1 g / cm3 , denser than lead ( 11 @.@ 3 g / cm3 ) , but slightly less dense than tungsten and gold ( 19 @.@ 3 g / cm3 ) . Uranium metal reacts with almost all non @-@ metal elements ( with an exception of the noble gases ) and their compounds , with reactivity increasing with temperature . Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium , but non @-@ oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly . When finely divided , it can react with cold water ; in air , uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide . Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry . Uranium @-@ 235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile . Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable , but not fissile . On bombardment with slow neutrons , its uranium @-@ 235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei , releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons . If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium @-@ 235 nuclei , a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or ( in special circumstances ) an explosion . In a nuclear reactor , such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison , absorbing some of the free neutrons . Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods ( see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control ) . As little as 15 lb ( 7 kg ) of uranium @-@ 235 can be used to make an atomic bomb . The first nuclear bomb used in war , Little Boy , relied on uranium fission , but the very first nuclear explosive ( the Gadget used at Trinity ) and the bomb that destroyed Nagasaki ( Fat Man ) were both plutonium bombs . Uranium metal has three allotropic forms : α ( orthorhombic ) stable up to 668 ° C. Orthorhombic , space group No. 63 , Cmcm , lattice parameters a = 285 @.@ 4 pm , b = 587 pm , c = 495 @.@ 5 pm . β ( tetragonal ) stable from 668 ° C to 775 ° C. Tetragonal , space group P42 / mnm , P42nm , or P4n2 , lattice parameters a = 565 @.@ 6 pm , b = c = 1075 @.@ 9 pm . γ ( body @-@ centered cubic ) from 775 ° C to melting point — this is the most malleable and ductile state . Body @-@ centered cubic , lattice parameter a = 352 @.@ 4 pm . = = Applications = = = = = Military = = = The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high @-@ density penetrators . This ammunition consists of depleted uranium ( DU ) alloyed with 1 – 2 % other elements , such as titanium or molybdenum . At high impact speed , the density , hardness , and pyrophoricity of the projectile enable the destruction of heavily armored targets . Tank armor and other removable vehicle armor can also be hardened with depleted uranium plates . The use of depleted uranium became politically and environmentally contentious after the use of such munitions by the US , UK and other countries during wars in the Persian Gulf and the Balkans raised questions concerning uranium compounds left in the soil ( see Gulf War Syndrome ) . Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials . While the metal itself is radioactive , its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium . Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces , as ballast for missile re @-@ entry vehicles and as a shielding material . Due to its high density , this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses . Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost . The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity ( uranium being only a weak alpha emitter ) . During the later stages of World War II , the entire Cold War , and to a lesser extent afterwards , uranium @-@ 235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons . Initially , two major types of fission bombs were built : a relatively simple device that uses uranium @-@ 235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium @-@ 239 derived from uranium @-@ 238 . Later , a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission / fusion bomb ( thermonuclear weapon ) was built , that uses a plutonium @-@ based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion . Such bombs are jacketed in a non @-@ fissile ( unenriched ) uranium case , and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process . = = = Civilian = = = The main use of uranium in the civilian sector is to fuel nuclear power plants . One kilogram of uranium @-@ 235 can theoretically produce about 20 terajoules of energy ( 2 × 1013 joules ) , assuming complete fission ; as much energy as 1500 tonnes of coal . Commercial nuclear power plants use fuel that is typically enriched to around 3 % uranium @-@ 235 . The CANDU and Magnox designs are the only commercial reactors capable of using unenriched uranium fuel . Fuel used for United States Navy reactors is typically highly enriched in uranium @-@ 235 ( the exact values are classified ) . In a breeder reactor , uranium @-@ 238 can also be converted into plutonium through the following reaction : 238 92U + n → 239 92U + γ β- → 239 93Np β- → 239 94Pu Before ( and , occasionally , after ) the discovery of radioactivity , uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes , such as uranium glass and in Fiestaware . The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore ( pitchblende ) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium , which was used to make glow @-@ in @-@ the @-@ dark paints for clock and aircraft dials . This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product , since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium . This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry , making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant . Besides the pottery glazes , uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use , including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green , yellow , mauve , black , blue , red and other colors . Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals ( especially uranium nitrate as a toner ) , in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs , to improve the appearance of dentures , and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes . Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool . Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron @-@ dense " stains " in transmission electron microscopy , to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses , isolated cell organelles and macromolecules . The discovery of the radioactivity of uranium ushered in additional scientific and practical uses of the element . The long half @-@ life of the isotope uranium @-@ 238 ( 4 @.@ 51 × 109 years ) makes it well @-@ suited for use in estimating the age of the earliest igneous rocks and for other types of radiometric dating , including uranium @-@ thorium dating , uranium @-@ lead dating and uranium @-@ uranium dating . Uranium metal is used for X @-@ ray targets in the making of high @-@ energy X @-@ rays . = = History = = = = = Pre @-@ discovery use = = = The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to at least the year 79 CE , when it was used to add a yellow color to ceramic glazes . Yellow glass with 1 % uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples , Italy , by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912 . Starting in the late Middle Ages , pitchblende was extracted from the Habsburg silver mines in Joachimsthal , Bohemia ( now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic ) , and was used as a coloring agent in the local glassmaking industry . In the early 19th century , the world 's only known sources of uranium ore were these mines . = = = Discovery = = = The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth . While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789 , Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound ( likely sodium diuranate ) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide . Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet @-@ undiscovered element and heated it with charcoal to obtain a black powder , which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself ( in fact , that powder was an oxide of uranium ) . He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus , ( named after the primordial Greek god of the sky ) , which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel . In 1841 , Eugène @-@ Melchior Péligot , Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers ( Central School of Arts and Manufactures ) in Paris , isolated the first sample of uranium metal by heating uranium tetrachloride with potassium . Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity by using uranium in 1896 . Becquerel made the discovery in Paris by leaving a sample of a uranium salt , K2UO2 ( SO4 ) 2 ( potassium uranyl sulfate ) , on top of an unexposed photographic plate in a drawer and noting that the plate had become " fogged " . He determined that a form of invisible light or rays emitted by uranium had exposed the plate . = = = Fission research = = = A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays ( electrons or positrons from the elements produced ; see beta particle ) . The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94 , which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome , Orso Mario Corbino , christened ausonium and hesperium , respectively . The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium 's ability to fission ( break apart ) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn 's laboratory in Berlin . Lise Meitner and her nephew , the physicist Otto Robert Frisch , published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process " nuclear fission " . Soon after , Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction . Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939 , and later work found that on average about 2 @.@ 5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium @-@ 235 . Further work found that the far more common uranium @-@ 238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium , which , like uranium @-@ 235 , is also fissile by thermal neutrons . These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power . On 2 December 1942 , as part of the Manhattan Project , another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self @-@ sustained nuclear chain reaction , Chicago Pile @-@ 1 . Working in a lab below the stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago , the team created the conditions needed for such a reaction by piling together 400 short tons ( 360 metric tons ) of graphite , 58 short tons ( 53 metric tons ) of uranium oxide , and six short tons ( 5 @.@ 5 metric tons ) of uranium metal , a majority of which was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant in a makeshift production process . = = = Nuclear weaponry = = = Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II : a uranium @-@ based device ( codenamed " Little Boy " ) whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium , and a plutonium @-@ based device ( see Trinity test and " Fat Man " ) whose plutonium was derived from uranium @-@ 238 . The uranium @-@ based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 . Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12 @,@ 500 tonnes of TNT , the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50 @,@ 000 buildings and killed approximately 75 @,@ 000 people ( see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) . Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare , and that nuclear proliferation could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks , but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world . = = = Reactors = = = The X @-@ 10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory ( ORNL ) in Oak Ridge , Tennessee , formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X @-@ 10 Pile , was the world 's second artificial nuclear reactor ( after Enrico Fermi 's Chicago Pile ) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation . Argonne National Laboratory 's Experimental Breeder Reactor I , located at the Atomic Energy Commission 's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco , Idaho , became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951 . Initially , four 150 @-@ watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor , but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility ( later , the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX @-@ III , another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory ) . The world 's first commercial scale nuclear power station , Obninsk in the Soviet Union , began generation with its reactor AM @-@ 1 on 27 June 1954 . Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England , which began generation on 17 October 1956 , and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania , which began on 26 May 1958 . Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine , the USS Nautilus , in 1954 . = = = Prehistoric naturally occurring fission = = = In 1972 , the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon , West Africa , collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors . The ore deposit is 1 @.@ 7 billion years old ; then , uranium @-@ 235 constituted about 3 % of the total uranium on Earth . This is high enough to permit a sustained nuclear fission chain reaction to occur , provided other supporting conditions exist . The capacity of the surrounding sediment to contain the nuclear waste products has been cited by the U.S. federal government as supporting evidence for the feasibility to store spent nuclear fuel at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository . = = = Contamination and the Cold War legacy = = = Above @-@ ground nuclear tests by the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1950s and early 1960s and by France into the 1970s and 1980s spread a significant amount of fallout from uranium daughter isotopes around the world . Additional fallout and pollution occurred from several nuclear accidents . Uranium miners have a higher incidence of cancer . An excess risk of lung cancer among Navajo uranium miners , for example , has been documented and linked to their occupation . The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act , a 1990 law in the USA , required $ 100 @,@ 000 in " compassion payments " to uranium miners diagnosed with cancer or other respiratory ailments . During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium . Since the break @-@ up of the Soviet Union in 1991 , an estimated 600 short tons ( 540 metric tons ) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium ( enough to make 40 @,@ 000 nuclear warheads ) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states . Police in Asia , Europe , and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb @-@ grade uranium or plutonium , most of which was from ex @-@ Soviet sources . From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection , Control , and Accounting Program , operated by the federal government of the United States , spent approximately US $ 550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia . This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities . Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair . According to an interview from the article , one facility had been storing samples of enriched ( weapons grade ) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project ; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box . = = Occurrence = = = = = Biotic and abiotic = = = Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock , soil , and water . Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth 's crust . Uranium is also the highest @-@ numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements . Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron , it is only naturally formed in supernovae . The decay of uranium , thorium , and potassium @-@ 40 in the Earth 's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection , which in turn drives plate tectonics . Uranium 's average concentration in the Earth 's crust is ( depending on the reference ) 2 to 4 parts per million , or about 40 times as abundant as silver . The Earth 's crust from the surface to 25 km ( 15 mi ) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg ( 2 × 1017 lb ) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg ( 2 × 1013 lb ) . The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0 @.@ 7 to 11 parts per million ( up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers ) , and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion . Uranium is more plentiful than antimony , tin , cadmium , mercury , or silver , and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum . Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals , including uraninite ( the most common uranium ore ) , carnotite , autunite , uranophane , torbernite , and coffinite . Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits , and minerals such as lignite , and monazite sands in uranium @-@ rich ores ( it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0 @.@ 1 % uranium ) . Some bacteria , such as Shewanella putrefaciens , Geobacter metallireducens and some strains of Burkholderia fungorum , use uranium for their growth and convert U ( VI ) to U ( IV ) . Some organisms , such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter , can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment . Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate ( or other similar organic phosphates ) . After one day , one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals ; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium @-@ polluted water . The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water . The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant . In nature , uranium ( VI ) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH . This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards . However , it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH . A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR @-@ 1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase ( PhoK ) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions . The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli . Plants absorb some uranium from soil . Dry weight concentrations of uranium in plants range from 5 to 60 parts per billion , and ash from burnt wood can have concentrations up to 4 parts per million . Dry weight concentrations of uranium in food plants are typically lower with one to two micrograms per day ingested through the food people eat . = = = Production and mining = = = Worldwide production of U3O8 ( yellowcake ) in 2013 amounted to 70 @,@ 015 tonnes , of which 22 @,@ 451 t ( 32 % ) was mined in Kazakhstan . Other important uranium mining countries are Canada ( 9 @,@ 331 t ) , Australia ( 6 @,@ 350 t ) , Niger ( 4 @,@ 518 t ) , Namibia ( 4 @,@ 323 t ) and Russia ( 3 @,@ 135 t ) . Uranium ore is mined in several ways : by open pit , underground , in @-@ situ leaching , and borehole mining ( see uranium mining ) . Low @-@ grade uranium ore mined typically contains 0 @.@ 01 to 0 @.@ 25 % uranium oxides . Extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore . High @-@ grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan , Canada can contain up to 23 % uranium oxides on average . Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali . The leachate is subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation , solvent extraction , and ion exchange . The resulting mixture , called yellowcake , contains at least 75 % uranium oxides U3O8 . Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling process before refining and conversion . Commercial @-@ grade uranium can be produced through the reduction of uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals . Uranium metal can also be prepared through electrolysis of KUF 5 or UF 4 , dissolved in molten calcium chloride ( CaCl 2 ) and sodium chloride ( NaCl ) solution . Very pure uranium is produced through the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament . = = = Resources and reserves = = = It is estimated that 5 @.@ 5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US $ 59 per lb of uranium , while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources ( reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction ) . Prices went from about $ 10 / lb in May 2003 to $ 138 / lb in July 2007 . This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration , with US $ 200 million being spent worldwide in 2005 , a 54 % increase on the previous year . This trend continued through 2006 , when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $ 774 million , an increase of over 250 % compared to 2004 . The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006 . Australia has 31 % of the world 's known uranium ore reserves and the world 's largest single uranium deposit , located at the Olympic Dam Mine in South Australia . There is a significant reserve of uranium in Bakouma a sub @-@ prefecture in the prefecture of Mbomou in Central African Republic . Some nuclear fuel comes from nuclear weapons being dismantled , such as from the Megatons to Megawatts Program . An additional 4 @.@ 6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water ( Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible ) . There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water , but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water . In 2012 , ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules , atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water , according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory . = = = Supplies = = = In 2005 , seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides , with Canada ( 27 @.@ 9 % of world production ) and Australia ( 22 @.@ 8 % ) being the largest producers and Kazakhstan ( 10 @.@ 5 % ) , Russia ( 8 @.@ 0 % ) , Namibia ( 7 @.@ 5 % ) , Niger ( 7 @.@ 4 % ) , Uzbekistan ( 5 @.@ 5 % ) , the United States ( 2 @.@ 5 % ) , Argentina ( 2 @.@ 1 % ) , Ukraine ( 1 @.@ 9 % ) and China ( 1 @.@ 7 % ) also producing significant amounts . Kazakhstan continues to increase production and may have become the world 's largest producer of uranium by 2009 with an expected production of 12 @,@ 826 tonnes , compared to Canada with 11 @,@ 100 t and Australia with 9 @,@ 430 t . In the late 1960s , UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia . The find was the largest of its kind , with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25 % of the world 's then known uranium reserves of 800 @,@ 000 tons . The ultimate available supply is believed to be sufficient for at least the next 85 years , although some studies indicate underinvestment in the late twentieth century may produce supply problems in the 21st century . Uranium deposits seem to be log @-@ normal distributed . There is a 300 @-@ fold increase in the amount of uranium recoverable for each tenfold decrease in ore grade . In other words , there is little high grade ore and proportionately much more low grade ore available . = = Compounds = = = = = Oxidation states and oxides = = = = = = = Oxides = = = = Calcined uranium yellowcake , as produced in many large mills , contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxid	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
or toxic effects of sedative @-@ hypnotic drugs including alcohol on neurochemistry , such as decreased levels of serotonin and norepinephrine , or activation of immune mediated inflammatory pathways in the brain . Chronic use of benzodiazepines also can cause or worsen depression , or depression may be part of a protracted withdrawal syndrome . About a quarter of people recovering from alcoholism experience anxiety and depression , which can persist for up to 2 years . Methamphetamine abuse is also commonly associated with depression . = = Diagnosis = = = = = Clinical assessment = = = A diagnostic assessment may be conducted by a suitably trained general practitioner , or by a psychiatrist or psychologist , who records the person 's current circumstances , biographical history , current symptoms , and family history . The broad clinical aim is to formulate the relevant biological , psychological , and social factors that may be impacting on the individual 's mood . The assessor may also discuss the person 's current ways of regulating mood ( healthy or otherwise ) such as alcohol and drug use . The assessment also includes a mental state examination , which is an assessment of the person 's current mood and thought content , in particular the presence of themes of hopelessness or pessimism , self @-@ harm or suicide , and an absence of positive thoughts or plans . Specialist mental health services are rare in rural areas , and thus diagnosis and management is left largely to primary @-@ care clinicians . This issue is even more marked in developing countries . The mental health examination may include the use of a rating scale such as the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression or the Beck Depression Inventory or the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire @-@ Revised . The score on a rating scale alone is insufficient to diagnose depression to the satisfaction of the DSM or ICD , but it provides an indication of the severity of symptoms for a time period , so a person who scores above a given cut @-@ off point can be more thoroughly evaluated for a depressive disorder diagnosis . Several rating scales are used for this purpose . Primary @-@ care physicians and other non @-@ psychiatrist physicians have more difficulty with underrecognition and undertreatment of depression compared to psychiatric physicians , in part because of the physical symptoms that often accompany depression , in addition to the many potential patient , provider , and system barriers that the authors describe . A review found that non @-@ psychiatrist physicians miss about two @-@ thirds of cases , though this has improved somewhat in more recent studies . Before diagnosing a major depressive disorder , in general a doctor performs a medical examination and selected investigations to rule out other causes of symptoms . These include blood tests measuring TSH and thyroxine to exclude hypothyroidism ; basic electrolytes and serum calcium to rule out a metabolic disturbance ; and a full blood count including ESR to rule out a systemic infection or chronic disease . Adverse affective reactions to medications or alcohol misuse are often ruled out , as well . Testosterone levels may be evaluated to diagnose hypogonadism , a cause of depression in men . Vitamin D levels are often checked now , as low levels of vitamin D have been associated with greater risk for depression . Subjective cognitive complaints appear in older depressed people , but they can also be indicative of the onset of a dementing disorder , such as Alzheimer 's disease . Cognitive testing and brain imaging can help distinguish depression from dementia . A CT scan can exclude brain pathology in those with psychotic , rapid @-@ onset or otherwise unusual symptoms . In general , investigations are not repeated for a subsequent episode unless there is a medical indication . No biological tests confirm major depression . Biomarkers of depression have been sought to provide an objective method of diagnosis . There are several potential biomarkers , including Brain @-@ Derived Neurotrophic Factor and various functional MRI techniques . One study developed a decision tree model of interpreting a series of fMRI scans taken during various activities . In their subjects , the authors of that study were able to achieve a sensitivity of 80 % and a specificity of 87 % , corresponding to a negative predictive value of 98 % and a positive predictive value of 32 % ( positive and negative likelihood ratios were 6 @.@ 15 , 0 @.@ 23 , respectively ) . However , much more research is needed before these tests could be used clinically . = = = DSM @-@ IV @-@ TR and ICD @-@ 10 criteria = = = The most widely used criteria for diagnosing depressive conditions are found in the American Psychiatric Association 's revised fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM @-@ IV @-@ TR ) , and the World Health Organization 's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ( ICD @-@ 10 ) , which uses the name depressive episode for a single episode and recurrent depressive disorder for repeated episodes . The latter system is typically used in European countries , while the former is used in the US and many other non @-@ European nations , and the authors of both have worked towards conforming one with the other . Both DSM @-@ IV @-@ TR and ICD @-@ 10 mark out typical ( main ) depressive symptoms . ICD @-@ 10 defines three typical depressive symptoms ( depressed mood , anhedonia , and reduced energy ) , two of which should be present to determine depressive disorder diagnosis . According to DSM @-@ IV @-@ TR , there are two main depressive symptoms — depressed mood and anhedonia . At least one of these must be present to make a diagnosis of major depressive episode . Major depressive disorder is classified as a mood disorder in DSM @-@ IV @-@ TR . The diagnosis hinges on the presence of single or recurrent major depressive episodes . Further qualifiers are used to classify both the episode itself and the course of the disorder . The category Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified is diagnosed if the depressive episode 's manifestation does not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode . The ICD @-@ 10 system does not use the term major depressive disorder but lists very similar criteria for the diagnosis of a depressive episode ( mild , moderate or severe ) ; the term recurrent may be added if there have been multiple episodes without mania . = = = = Major depressive episode = = = = A major depressive episode is characterized by the presence of a severely depressed mood that persists for at least two weeks . Episodes may be isolated or recurrent and are categorized as mild ( few symptoms in excess of minimum criteria ) , moderate , or severe ( marked impact on social or occupational functioning ) . An episode with psychotic features — commonly referred to as psychotic depression — is automatically rated as severe . If the patient has had an episode of mania or markedly elevated mood , a diagnosis of bipolar disorder is made instead . Depression without mania is sometimes referred to as unipolar because the mood remains at one emotional state or " pole " . DSM @-@ IV @-@ TR excludes cases where the symptoms are a result of bereavement , although it is possible for normal bereavement to evolve into a depressive episode if the mood persists and the characteristic features of a major depressive episode develop . The criteria have been criticized because they do not take into account any other aspects of the personal and social context in which depression can occur . In addition , some studies have found little empirical support for the DSM @-@ IV cut @-@ off criteria , indicating they are a diagnostic convention imposed on a continuum of depressive symptoms of varying severity and duration : Excluded are a range of related diagnoses , including dysthymia , which involves a chronic but milder mood disturbance ; recurrent brief depression , consisting of briefer depressive episodes ; minor depressive disorder , whereby only some symptoms of major depression are present ; and adjustment disorder with depressed mood , which denotes low mood resulting from a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor . = = = = Subtypes = = = = The DSM @-@ IV @-@ TR recognizes five further subtypes of MDD , called specifiers , in addition to noting the length , severity and presence of psychotic features : Melancholic depression is characterized by a loss of pleasure in most or all activities , a failure of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli , a quality of depressed mood more pronounced than that of grief or loss , a worsening of symptoms in the morning hours , early @-@ morning waking , psychomotor retardation , excessive weight loss ( not to be confused with anorexia nervosa ) , or excessive guilt . Atypical depression is characterized by mood reactivity ( paradoxical anhedonia ) and positivity , significant weight gain or increased appetite ( comfort eating ) , excessive sleep or sleepiness ( hypersomnia ) , a sensation of heaviness in limbs known as leaden paralysis , and significant social impairment as a consequence of hypersensitivity to perceived interpersonal rejection . Catatonic depression is a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms . Here , the person is mute and almost stuporous , and either remains immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements . Catatonic symptoms also occur in schizophrenia or in manic episodes , or may be caused by neuroleptic malignant syndrome . Postpartum depression , or mental and behavioral disorders associated with the puerperium , not elsewhere classified , refers to the intense , sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth . Postpartum depression has an incidence rate of 10 – 15 % among new mothers . The DSM @-@ IV mandates that , in order to qualify as postpartum depression , onset occur within one month of delivery . It has been said that postpartum depression can last as long as three months . Seasonal affective disorder ( SAD ) is a form of depression in which depressive episodes come on in the autumn or winter , and resolve in spring . The diagnosis is made if at least two episodes have occurred in colder months with none at other times , over a two @-@ year period or longer . = = = Screening = = = In 2016 the United States Preventive Services Task Force ( USPSTF ) recommended screening in the adult populations with evidence that it increases the detection of people with depression and with proper treatment improves outcomes . They recommend screening in those between the age of 12 to 18 as well . A Cochrane review from 2005 found screening programs do not significantly improve detection rates , treatment , or outcome . = = = Differential diagnoses = = = To confer major depressive disorder as the most likely diagnosis , other potential diagnoses must be considered , including dysthymia , adjustment disorder with depressed mood , or bipolar disorder . Dysthymia is a chronic , milder mood disturbance in which a person reports a low mood almost daily over a span of at least two years . The symptoms are not as severe as those for major depression , although people with dysthymia are vulnerable to secondary episodes of major depression ( sometimes referred to as double depression ) . Adjustment disorder with depressed mood is a mood disturbance appearing as a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor , in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode . Bipolar disorder , also known as manic – depressive disorder , is a condition in which depressive phases alternate with periods of mania or hypomania . Although depression is currently categorized as a separate disorder , there is ongoing debate because individuals diagnosed with major depression often experience some hypomanic symptoms , indicating a mood disorder continuum . Other disorders need to be ruled out before diagnosing major depressive disorder . They include depressions due to physical illness , medications , and substance abuse . Depression due to physical illness is diagnosed as a Mood disorder due to a general medical condition . This condition is determined based on history , laboratory findings , or physical examination . When the depression is caused by a medication , drug of abuse , or exposure to a toxin , it is then diagnosed as a Substance / Medication @-@ induced depressive disorder ( previously called Substance @-@ induced mood disorder in the DSM @-@ IV @-@ TR ) . = = Prevention = = Preventative efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38 % . Eating large amounts of fish may also reduce the risk . Behavioral interventions , such as interpersonal therapy and cognitive @-@ behavioral therapy , are effective at preventing new onset depression . Because such interventions appear to be most effective when delivered to individuals or small groups , it has been suggested that they may be able to reach their large target audience most efficiently through the Internet . However , an earlier meta @-@ analysis found preventive programs with a competence @-@ enhancing component to be superior to behavior @-@ oriented programs overall , and found behavioral programs to be particularly unhelpful for older people , for whom social support programs were uniquely beneficial . In addition , the programs that best prevented depression comprised more than eight sessions , each lasting between 60 and 90 minutes , were provided by a combination of lay and professional workers , had a high @-@ quality research design , reported attrition rates , and had a well @-@ defined intervention . The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions , such as the " Coping with Depression " course ( CWD ) for people with sub @-@ threshold depression . The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression ( both for its adaptability to various populations and its results ) , with a risk reduction of 38 % in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies . = = Management = = The three most common treatments for depression are psychotherapy , medication , and electroconvulsive therapy . Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice ( over medication ) for people under 18 . The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence ( NICE ) 2004 guidelines indicate that antidepressants should not be used for the initial treatment of mild depression , because the risk @-@ benefit ratio is poor . The guidelines recommend that antidepressants treatment in combination with psychosocial interventions should be considered for : People with a history of moderate or severe depression Those with mild depression that has been present for a long period As a second line treatment for mild depression that persists after other interventions As a first line treatment for moderate or severe depression . The guidelines further note that antidepressant treatment should be continued for at least six months to reduce the risk of relapse , and that SSRIs are better tolerated than tricyclic antidepressants . American Psychiatric Association treatment guidelines recommend that initial treatment should be individually tailored based on factors including severity of symptoms , co @-@ existing disorders , prior treatment experience , and patient preference . Options may include pharmacotherapy , psychotherapy , electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) , transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS ) or light therapy . Antidepressant medication is recommended as an initial treatment choice in people with mild , moderate , or severe major depression , and should be given to all patients with severe depression unless ECT is planned . Treatment options are much more limited in developing countries , where access to mental health staff , medication , and psychotherapy is often difficult . Development of mental health services is minimal in many countries ; depression is viewed as a phenomenon of the developed world despite evidence to the contrary , and not as an inherently life @-@ threatening condition . A 2014 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of psychological versus medical therapy in children . = = = Psychotherapy = = = Psychotherapy can be delivered , to individuals , groups , or families by mental health professionals . A 2015 review found that cognitive behavioral therapy appears to be similar to antidepressant medication in terms of effect . A 2012 review found psychotherapy to be better than no treatment but not other treatments . With more complex and chronic forms of depression , a combination of medication and psychotherapy may be used . A 2014 Cochrane review found that work @-@ directed interventions combined with clinical interventions helped to reduce sick days taken by people with depression . Psychotherapy has been shown to be effective in older people . Successful psychotherapy appears to reduce the recurrence of depression even after it has been terminated or replaced by occasional booster sessions . = = = = Cognitive behavioral therapy = = = = Cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) currently has the most research evidence for the treatment of depression in children and adolescents , and CBT and interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) are preferred therapies for adolescent depression . In people under 18 , according to the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence , medication should be offered only in conjunction with a psychological therapy , such as CBT , interpersonal therapy , or family therapy . Cognitive behavioral therapy has also been shown to reduce the number of sick days taken by people with depression , when used in conjunction with primary care . The most @-@ studied form of psychotherapy for depression is CBT , which teaches clients to challenge self @-@ defeating , but enduring ways of thinking ( cognitions ) and change counter @-@ productive behaviors . Research beginning in the mid @-@ 1990s suggested that CBT could perform as well or as better than antidepressants in patients with moderate to severe depression . CBT may be effective in depressed adolescents , although its effects on severe episodes are not definitively known . Several variables predict success for cognitive behavioral therapy in adolescents : higher levels of rational thoughts , less hopelessness , fewer negative thoughts , and fewer cognitive distortions . CBT is particularly beneficial in preventing relapse . = = = = = Variants = = = = = Several variants of cognitive behavior therapy have been used in those with depression , the most notable being rational emotive behavior therapy , and mindfulness @-@ based cognitive therapy . Mindfulness based stress reduction programs may reduce depression symptoms . Mindfulness programs also appear to be a promising intervention in youth . = = = = Psychoanalysis = = = = Psychoanalysis is a school of thought , founded by Sigmund Freud , which emphasizes the resolution of unconscious mental conflicts . Psychoanalytic techniques are used by some practitioners to treat clients presenting with major depression . A more widely practiced , eclectic technique , called psychodynamic psychotherapy , is loosely based on psychoanalysis and has an additional social and interpersonal focus . In a meta @-@ analysis of three controlled trials of Short Psychodynamic Supportive Psychotherapy , this modification was found to be as effective as medication for mild to moderate depression . = = = Antidepressants = = = Conflicting results have arisen from studies that look at the effectiveness of antidepressants in people with acute , mild to moderate depression . Stronger evidence supports the usefulness of antidepressants in the treatment of depression that is chronic ( dysthymia ) or severe . While small benefits were found , researchers Irving Kirsch and Thomas Moore state they may be due to issues with the trials rather than a true effect of the medication . In a later publication , Kirsch concluded that the overall effect of new @-@ generation antidepressant medication is below recommended criteria for clinical significance . Similar results were obtained in a meta analysis by Fornier . A review commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence concluded that there is strong evidence that SSRIs have greater efficacy than placebo on achieving a 50 % reduction in depression scores in moderate and severe major depression , and that there is some evidence for a similar effect in mild depression . Similarly , a Cochrane systematic review of clinical trials of the generic antidepressant amitriptyline concluded that there is strong evidence that its efficacy is superior to placebo . In 2014 the U.S. FDA published a systematic review of all antidepressant maintenance trials submitted to the agency between 1985 and 2012 . The authors concluded that maintenance treatment reduced the risk of relapse by 52 % compared to placebo , and that this effect was primarily due to recurrent depression in the placebo group rather than a drug withdrawal effect . To find the most effective antidepressant medication with minimal side @-@ effects , the dosages can be adjusted , and if necessary , combinations of different classes of antidepressants can be tried . Response rates to the first antidepressant administered range from 50 – 75 % , and it can take at least six to eight weeks from the start of medication to remission . Antidepressant medication treatment is usually continued for 16 to 20 weeks after remission , to minimize the chance of recurrence , and even up to one year of continuation is recommended . People with chronic depression may need to take medication indefinitely to avoid relapse . Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) are the primary medications prescribed , owing to their relatively mild side @-@ effects , and because they are less toxic in overdose than other antidepressants . People who do not respond to one SSRI can be switched to another antidepressant , and this results in improvement in almost 50 % of cases . Another option is to switch to the atypical antidepressant bupropion . Venlafaxine , an antidepressant with a different mechanism of action , may be modestly more effective than SSRIs . However , venlafaxine is not recommended in the UK as a first @-@ line treatment because of evidence suggesting its risks may outweigh benefits , and it is specifically discouraged in children and adolescents . For adolescent depression , fluoxetine is recommended . Fluoxetine appear to have only slight benefit in children , while other antidepressants have not been shown to be exffective . There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by dementia . Any antidepressant can cause low serum sodium levels ( also called hyponatremia ) ; nevertheless , it has been reported more often with SSRIs . It is not uncommon for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia ; the sedating antidepressant mirtazapine can be used in such cases . Irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors , an older class of antidepressants , have been plagued by potentially life @-@ threatening dietary and drug interactions . They are still used only rarely , although newer and better @-@ tolerated agents of this class have been developed . The safety profile is different with reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as moclobemide where the risk of serious dietary interactions is negligible and dietary restrictions are less strict . For children , adolescents , and probably young adults between 18 and 24 years old , there is a higher risk of both suicidal ideations and suicidal behavior in those treated with SSRIs . For adults , it is unclear whether SSRIs affect the risk of suicidality . One review found no connection ; another an increased risk ; and a third no risk in those 25 – 65 years old and a decrease risk in those more than 65 . A black box warning was introduced in the United States in 2007 on SSRI and other antidepressant medications due to increased risk of suicide in patients younger than 24 years old . Similar precautionary notice revisions were implemented by the Japanese Ministry of Health . = = = Other medications = = = There is some evidence that fish oil supplements containing high levels of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) to docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) may be effective in major depression , but other meta @-@ analysis of the research conclude that positive effects may be due to publication bias . There is some preliminary evidence that COX @-@ 2 inhibitors have a beneficial effect on major depression . Lithium appears effective at lowering the risk of suicide in those with bipolar disorder and unipolar depression to nearly the same levels as the general population . There is a narrow range of effective and safe dosages of lithium thus close monitoring may be needed . Low @-@ dose thyroid hormone may be added to existing antidepressants to treat persistent depression symptoms in people who have tried multiple courses of medication . = = = Electroconvulsive therapy = = = Electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) is a standard psychiatric treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in patients to provide relief from psychiatric illnesses . ECT is used with informed consent as a last line of intervention for major depressive disorder . A round of ECT is effective for about 50 % of people with treatment @-@ resistant major depressive disorder , whether it is unipolar or bipolar . Follow @-@ up treatment is still poorly studied , but about half of people who respond , relapse with twelve months . Aside from effects in the brain , the general physical risks of ECT are similar to those of brief general anesthesia . Immediately following treatment , the most common adverse effects are confusion and memory loss . ECT is considered one of the least harmful treatment options available for severely depressed pregnant women . A usual course of ECT involves multiple administrations , typically given two or three times per week until the patient is no longer suffering symptoms ECT is administered under anesthetic with a muscle relaxant . Electroconvulsive therapy can differ in its application in three ways : electrode placement , frequency of treatments , and the electrical waveform of the stimulus . These three forms of application have significant differences in both adverse side effects and symptom remission . After treatment , drug therapy is usually continued , and some patients receive maintenance ECT . ECT appears to work in the short term via an anticonvulsant effect mostly in the frontal lobes , and longer term via neurotrophic effects primarily in the medial temporal lobe . = = = Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation = = = Transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS ) or deep transcranial magnetic stimulation is a noninvasive method used to stimulate small regions of the brain . TMS was approved by the FDA for treatment @-@ resistant major depressive disorder in 2008 and as of 2014 evidence supports this use . The American Psychiatric Association the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Disorders , and the Royal Australia and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists have endorsed rTMS for trMDD . = = = Other = = = Bright light therapy reduces depression symptom severity , with benefit was found for both seasonal affective disorder and for nonseasonal depression , and an effect similar to those for conventional antidepressants . For non @-@ seasonal depression , adding light therapy to the standard antidepressant treatment was not effective . For non @-@ seasonal depression where light was used mostly in combination with antidepressants or wake therapy a moderate effect was found , with response better than control treatment in high @-@ quality studies , in studies that applied morning light treatment , and with people who respond to total or partial sleep deprivation . Both analyses noted poor quality , short duration , and small size of most of the reviewed studies . There is a small amount of evidence that skipping a night 's sleep may help . Physical exercise is recommended for management of mild depression , and has a moderate effect on symptoms . It is equivalent to the use of medications or psychological therapies in most people . In the older people it does appear to decrease depression . In unblinded , non @-@ randomized observational studies smoking cessation has benefits in depression as large as or larger than those of medications . Cognitive behavioral therapy and occupational programs ( including modification of work activities and assistance ) have been shown to be effective in reducing sick days taken by workers with depression . = = Prognosis = = Major depressive episodes often resolve over time whether or not they are treated . Outpatients on a waiting list show a 10 – 15 % reduction in symptoms within a few months , with approximately 20 % no longer meeting the full criteria for a depressive disorder . The median duration of an episode has been estimated to be 23 weeks , with the highest rate of recovery in the first three months . Studies have shown that 80 % of those suffering from their first major depressive episode will suffer from at least 1 more during their life , with a lifetime average of 4 episodes . Other general population studies indicate that around half those who have an episode recover ( whether treated or not ) and remain well , while the other half will have at least one more , and around 15 % of those experience chronic recurrence . Studies recruiting from selective inpatient sources suggest lower recovery and higher chronicity , while studies of mostly outpatients show that nearly all recover , with a median episode duration of 11 months . Around 90 % of those with severe or psychotic depression , most of whom also meet criteria for other mental disorders , experience recurrence . Recurrence is more likely if symptoms have not fully resolved with treatment . Current guidelines recommend continuing antidepressants for four to six months after remission to prevent relapse . Evidence from many randomized controlled trials indicates continuing antidepressant medications after recovery can reduce the chance of relapse by 70 % ( 41 % on placebo vs. 18 % on antidepressant ) . The preventive effect probably lasts for at least the first 36 months of use . Those people experiencing repeated episodes of depression require ongoing treatment in order to prevent more severe , long @-@ term depression . In some cases , people must take medications for long periods of time or for the rest of their lives . Cases when outcome is poor are associated with inappropriate treatment , severe initial symptoms that may include psychosis , early age of onset , more previous episodes , incomplete recovery after 1 year , pre @-@ existing severe mental or medical disorder , and family dysfunction as well . Depressed individuals have a shorter life expectancy than those without depression , in part because depressed patients are at risk of dying by suicide . However , they also have a higher rate of dying from other causes , being more susceptible to medical conditions such as heart disease . Up to 60 % of people who die by suicide have a mood disorder such as major depression , and the risk is especially high if a person has a marked sense of hopelessness or has both depression and borderline personality disorder . The lifetime risk of suicide associated with a diagnosis of major depression in the US is estimated at 3 @.@ 4 % , which averages two highly disparate figures of almost 7 % for men and 1 % for women ( although suicide attempts are more frequent in women ) . The estimate is substantially lower than a previously accepted figure of 15 % , which had been derived from older studies of hospitalized patients . Depression is often associated with unemployment and poverty . Major depression is currently the leading cause of disease burden in North America and other high @-@ income countries , and the fourth @-@ leading cause worldwide . In the year 2030 , it is predicted to be the second @-@ leading cause of disease burden worldwide after HIV , according to the World Health Organization . Delay or failure in seeking treatment after relapse , and the failure of health professionals to provide treatment , are two barriers to reducing disability . = = Epidemiology = = Depression is a major cause of morbidity worldwide . It is believed to currently affect approximately 298 million people as of 2010 ( 4 @.@ 3 % of the global population ) . Lifetime prevalence varies widely , from 3 % in Japan to 17 % in the United States . In most countries the number of people who have depression during their lives falls within an 8 – 12 % range . In North America , the probability of having a major depressive episode within a year @-@ long period is 3 – 5 % for males and 8 – 10 % for females . Population studies have consistently shown major depression to be about twice as common in women as in men , although it is unclear why this is so , and whether factors unaccounted for are contributing to this . The relative increase in occurrence is related to pubertal development rather than chronological age , reaches adult ratios between the ages of 15 and 18 , and appears associated with psychosocial more than hormonal factors . People are most likely to suffer their first depressive episode between the ages of 30 and 40 , and there is a second , smaller peak of incidence between ages 50 and 60 . The risk of major depression is increased with neurological conditions such as stroke , Parkinson 's disease , or multiple sclerosis , and during the first year after childbirth . It is also more common after cardiovascular illnesses , and is related more to a poor outcome than to a better one . Studies conflict on the prevalence of depression in the elderly , but most data suggest there is a reduction in this age group . Depressive disorders are more common to observe in urban than in rural population and the prevalence is in groups with stronger socioeconomic factors i.e. homelessness . = = History = = The Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates described a syndrome of melancholia as a distinct disease with particular mental and physical symptoms ; he characterized all " fears and despondencies , if they last a long time " as being symptomatic of the ailment . It was a similar but far broader concept than today 's depression ; prominence was given to a clustering of the symptoms of sadness , dejection , and despondency , and often fear , anger , delusions and obsessions were included . The term depression itself was derived from the Latin verb deprimere , " to press down " . From the 14th century , " to depress " meant to subjugate or to bring down in spirits . It was used in 1665 in English author Richard Baker 's Chronicle to refer to someone having " a great depression of spirit " , and by English author Samuel Johnson in a similar sense in 1753 . The term also came into use in physiology and economics . An early usage referring to a psychiatric symptom was by French psychiatrist Louis Delasiauve in 1856 , and by the 1860s it was appearing in medical dictionaries to refer to a physiological and metaphorical lowering of emotional function . Since Aristotle , melancholia had been associated with men of learning and intellectual brilliance , a hazard of contemplation and creativity . The newer concept abandoned these associations and through the 19th century , became more associated with women . Although melancholia remained the dominant diagnostic term , depression gained increasing currency in medical treatises and was a synonym by the end of the century ; German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin may have been the first to use it as the overarching term , referring to different kinds of melancholia as depressive states . Sigmund Freud likened the state of melancholia to mourning in his 1917 paper Mourning and Melancholia . He theorized that objective loss , such as the loss of a valued relationship through death or a romantic break @-@ up , results in subjective loss as well ; the depressed individual has identified with the object of affection through an unconscious , narcissistic process called the libidinal cathexis of the ego . Such loss results in severe melancholic symptoms more profound than mourning ; not only is the outside world viewed negatively but the ego itself is compromised . The patient 's decline of self @-@ perception is revealed in his belief of his own blame , inferiority , and unworthiness . He also emphasized early life experiences as a predisposing factor . Adolf Meyer put forward a mixed social and biological framework emphasizing reactions in the context of an individual 's life , and argued that the term depression should be used instead of melancholia . The first version of the DSM ( DSM @-@ I , 1952 ) contained depressive reaction and the DSM @-@ II ( 1968 ) depressive neurosis , defined as an excessive reaction to internal conflict or an identifiable event , and also included a depressive type of manic @-@ depressive psychosis within Major affective disorders . In the mid @-@ 20th century , researchers theorized that depression was caused by a chemical imbalance in neurotransmitters in the brain , a theory based on observations made in the 1950s of the effects of reserpine and isoniazid in altering monoamine neurotransmitter levels and affecting depressive symptoms . The term " unipolar " ( along with the related term " bipolar " ) was coined by the neurologist and psychiatrist Karl Kleist , and subsequently used by his disciples Edda Neele and Karl Leonhard . The term Major depressive disorder was introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid @-@ 1970s as part of proposals for diagnostic criteria based on patterns of symptoms ( called the " Research Diagnostic Criteria " , building on earlier Feighner Criteria ) , and was incorporated into the DSM @-@ III in 1980 . To maintain consistency the ICD @-@ 10 used the same criteria , with only minor alterations , but using the DSM diagnostic threshold to mark a mild depressive episode , adding higher threshold categories for moderate and severe episodes . The ancient idea of melancholia still survives in the notion of a melancholic subtype . The new definitions of depression were widely accepted , albeit with some conflicting findings and views . There have been some continued empirically based arguments for a return to the diagnosis of melancholia . There has been some criticism of the expansion of coverage of the diagnosis , related to the development and promotion of antidepressants and the biological model since the late 1950s . = = Society and culture = = People 's conceptualizations of depression vary widely , both within and among cultures . " Because of the lack of scientific certainty , " one commentator has observed , " the debate over depression turns on questions of language . What we call it — ' disease , ' ' disorder , ' ' state of mind ' — affects how we view , diagnose , and treat it . " There are cultural differences in the extent to which serious depression is considered an illness requiring personal professional treatment , or is an indicator of something else , such as the need to address social or moral problems , the result of biological imbalances , or a reflection of individual differences in the understanding of distress that may reinforce feelings of powerlessness , and emotional struggle . The diagnosis is less common in some countries , such as China . It has been argued that the Chinese traditionally deny or somatize emotional depression ( although since the early 1980s , the Chinese denial of depression may have modified drastically ) . Alternatively , it may be that Western cultures reframe and elevate some expressions of human distress to disorder status . Australian professor Gordon Parker and others have argued that the Western concept of depression " medicalizes " sadness or misery . Similarly , Hungarian @-@ American psychiatrist Thomas Szasz and others argue that depression is a metaphorical illness that is inappropriately regarded as an actual disease . There has also been concern that the DSM , as well as the field of descriptive psychiatry that employs it , tends to reify abstract phenomena such as depression , which may in fact be social constructs . American archetypal psychologist James Hillman writes that depression can be healthy for the soul , insofar as " it brings refuge , limitation , focus , gravity , weight , and humble powerlessness . " Hillman argues that therapeutic attempts to eliminate depression echo the Christian theme of resurrection , but have the unfortunate effect of demonizing a soulful state of being . Historical figures were often reluctant to discuss or seek treatment for depression due to social stigma about the condition , or due to ignorance of diagnosis or treatments . Nevertheless , analysis or interpretation of letters , journals , artwork , writings , or statements of family and friends of some historical personalities has led to the presumption that they may have had some form of depression . People who may have had depression include English author Mary Shelley , American @-@ British writer Henry James , and American president Abraham Lincoln . Some well @-@ known contemporary people with possible depression include Canadian songwriter Leonard Cohen and American playwright and novelist Tennessee Williams . Some pioneering psychologists , such as Americans William James and John B. Watson , dealt with their own depression . There has been a continuing discussion of whether neurological disorders and mood disorders may be linked to creativity , a discussion that goes back to Aristotelian times . British literature gives many examples of reflections on depression . English philosopher John Stuart Mill experienced a several @-@ months @-@ long period of what he called " a dull state of nerves " , when one is " unsusceptible to enjoyment or pleasurable excitement ; one of those moods when what is pleasure at other times , becomes insipid or indifferent " . He quoted English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's " Dejection " as a perfect description of his case : " A grief without a pang , void , dark and drear , / A drowsy , stifled , unimpassioned grief , / Which finds no natural outlet or relief / In word , or sigh , or tear . " English writer Samuel Johnson used the term " the black dog " in the 1780s to describe his own depression , and it was subsequently popularized by depression sufferer former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill . Social stigma of major depression is widespread , and contact with mental health services reduces this only slightly . Public opinions on treatment differ markedly to those of health professionals ; alternative treatments are held to be more helpful than pharmacological ones , which are viewed poorly . In the UK , the Royal College of Psychiatrists and the Royal College of General Practitioners conducted a joint Five @-@ year Defeat Depression campaign to educate and reduce stigma from 1992 to 1996 ; a MORI study conducted afterwards showed a small positive change in public attitudes to depression and treatment . = = Research = = Trials are looking at the effects of botulinum toxins on depression . The idea is that the drug is used to make the person look less frowning and that this stops the negative facial feedback from the face . In 2015 it turned out , however , that the partly positive effects that had been observed until then could have been placebo effects . = = Elderly = = Depression is especially common among those over 65 years of age and increases in frequency with age beyond this age . In addition the risk of depression increases in relation to the age and frailty of the individual . Depression is one the most important factors which negatively impact quality of life in adults as well as the elderly . Both symptoms and treatment among the elderly differ from those of the rest of the adult populations . As with many other diseases it is common among the elderly not to present classical depressive symptoms . Diagnosis and treatment is further complicated in that the elderly are often simultaneously treated with a number of other drugs , and often have other concurrent diseases . Treatment differs in that studies of SSRI @-@ drugs have shown lesser and often inadequate effect among the elderly , while other drugs with more clear effects have adverse effects which can be especially difficult to handle among the elderly . Duloxetine is an SNRI @-@ drug with documented effect on recurring depression among the elderly , but has adverse effects in form of dizziness , dryness of the mouth , diarrhea , and constipation . Problem solving therapy was as of 2015 the only psychological therapy with proven effect , and can be likened to a simpler form of cognitive behavioral therapy . However , elderly with depression are seldom offered any psychological treatment , and the evidence surrounding which other treatments are effective is incomplete . Electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT or electric @-@ shock therapy ) has been used as treatment of the elderly , and register @-@ studies suggest it is effective although less so among the elderly than among the rest of the adult population . The risks involved with treatment of depression among the elderly as opposed to benefits is not entirely clear . Awaiting more evidence on how depression @-@ treatment among the elderly is best designed it is important to follow up treatment results , and to reconsider changing treatments if it does not help . = = Other animals = = = = = Cited works = = = American Psychiatric Association ( 2000a ) . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , Fourth Edition , Text Revision : DSM @-@ IV @-@ TR . Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Publishing , Inc . ISBN 0 @-@ 89042 @-@ 025 @-@ 4 . Barlow DH ; Durand VM ( 2005 ) . Abnormal psychology : An integrative approach ( 5th ed . ) . Belmont , CA , USA : Thomson Wadsworth . ISBN 0 @-@ 534 @-@ 63356 @-@ 0 . Beck AT , Rush J , Shaw BF , Emery G ( 1987 ) [ 1979 ] . Cognitive Therapy of depression . New York , NY , USA : Guilford Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 89862 @-@ 919 @-@ 5 . Hergenhahn BR ( 2005 ) . An Introduction to the History of Psychology ( 5th ed . ) . Belmont , CA , USA : Thomson Wadsworth . ISBN 0 @-@ 534 @-@ 55401 @-@ 6 . May R ( 1994 ) . The discovery of being : Writings in existential psychology . New York , NY , USA : W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 @-@ 393 @-@ 31240 @-@ 2 . Hadzi @-@ Pavlovic , Dusan ; Parker , Gordon ( 1996 ) . Melancholia : a disorder of movement and mood : a phenomenological and neurobiological review . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 47275 @-@ X. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ( 2008 ) . British National Formulary ( BNF 56 ) . UK : BMJ Group and RPS Publishing . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 85369 @-@ 778 @-@ 7 . Sadock , Virginia A. ; Sadock , Benjamin J. ; Kaplan , Harold I. ( 2003 ) . Kaplan & Sadock 's synopsis of psychiatry : behavioral sciences / clinical psychiatry . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 @-@ 7817 @-@ 3183 @-@ 6 . = O 'Shaughnessy Dam ( California ) = O 'Shaughnessy Dam is a 430 @-@ foot ( 131 m ) high concrete arch @-@ gravity dam in Tuolumne County , California , in the United States . It impounds the Tuolumne River , forming the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir at the lower end of Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park , about 160 miles ( 260 km ) east of San Francisco . The dam and reservoir are the source for the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct , which provides water for over 2 million people in San Francisco and other municipalities of the west Bay Area . The dam is named for engineer Michael O 'Shaughnessy , who oversaw its construction . Although San Francisco had sought Tuolumne River water as early as the 1890s , this project did not move forward until the disastrous earthquake and fire of 1906 , which underscored the insufficiency of the existing water supply . The Hetch Hetchy Valley – then compared to Yosemite Valley for its scenic beauty – was chosen for its water quality and hydroelectric potential , but the location within the national park generated controversy . An act of Congress was required to circumvent federal protection of the Tuolumne River , with the reasoning that public land should be developed for the public benefit . Construction of the dam started in 1919 and was finished in 1923 , with the first water delivered in 1934 after numerous delays . From 1935 – 38 the dam was raised to increase its capacity for water supply and power generation . The dam , aqueduct and appurtenant hydroelectric systems are collectively known as the Hetch Hetchy Project . Deriving from a largely wild and pristine area of the Sierra Nevada , the Hetch Hetchy supply is some of the cleanest municipal water in the US , requiring only primary filtration and disinfection . Hetch Hetchy represented the first great environmental controversy in the US , and debate over the dam and reservoir continues today . Preservationist groups such as the Sierra Club lobby for the restoration of the valley , while others argue that leaving the dam in place would be the better economic and environmental decision . = = Background = = In the late 19th century , the city of San Francisco was rapidly outgrowing its limited water supply , which depended on intermittent local springs and streams . The city looked east to the Sierra Nevada , where snowmelt fed the headwaters for many of California 's largest rivers . In 1890 , San Francisco mayor James D. Phelan proposed to build a dam and aqueduct on the Tuolumne River , one of the largest southern Sierra rivers , as a way to increase and stabilize the city 's water supply . In 1900 , a United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) report also described the Tuolumne River as " the best source of sustainable water for San Francisco " . Although Phelan managed to secure water rights for the Tuolumne River in 1901 , his appeals to the federal government for development of the Hetch Hetchy Valley were unsuccessful . But when the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and subsequent fire razed the city , the dangerous inadequacies of the city 's water supply system were brought to national light . Out of fourteen potential water sources considered by the city – which included Lake Tahoe , the Eel River , and tributaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers – Hetch Hetchy was considered superior for its excellent dam site , abundant sediment @-@ free water , lower cost and hydroelectric potential . At the time , Hetch Hetchy was an isolated , seldom visited subalpine valley , visited intermittently by gold seekers and sheepherders . However , since 1890 , Hetch Hetchy Valley and the surrounding lands had been part of Yosemite National Park and thus off @-@ limits to utility development , let alone at the grand scale proposed by the city . Even though the valley was not well known to the general public , organizations such as the Sierra Club treasured it for its spectacular beauty , often compared to that of Yosemite Valley itself . Led by naturalist and mountaineer John Muir , the Sierra Club adamantly opposed the city of San Francisco as it sought permission from the federal government to build a dam in the valley . In 1908 Secretary of the Interior James R. Garfield responded to San Francisco 's appeal , granting the city rights to development at Hetch Hetchy , stating that " Hetch Hetchy was not unique , a lake would be even more beautiful than its meadow floor and the hydroelectric power generated could eventually pay for the costs of construction . " One of the strongest supporters of the Hetch Hetchy project was Gifford Pinchot , Chief Forester of the United States Forest Service , who pushed a policy of " conservation through use " , promoting the sustainable development of natural resources in the U.S. On December 19 , 1913 , President Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Act , which permitted San Francisco 's development of the Hetch Hetchy project on the terms that water and power derived from the project could only be used for public utilities , not private profit . Though highly controversial , the bill passed the Senate by a vote of 43 for and 25 against . The consensus was that since Hetch Hetchy lay on public land , it was reasonable for its natural resources to be developed for the public benefit . Muir , the Sierra Club and other groups were outraged by the federal government 's permission for development at Hetch Hetchy . However , on December 24 , 1914 , with construction on the dam barely underway , Muir died , leaving his Sierra Club to fight a protracted battle against the Hetch Hetchy Project over the next ten years . " Dam Hetch Hetchy ! " Muir had said – " As well dam for water tanks the peoples ' cathedrals and churches , for no holier temple has been consecrated by the heart of man ! " The Sierra Club argued that it was not necessary for San Francisco to destroy the valley for its water supply , pointing out the availability of other sites with reasonable proximity – including the Mokelumne River , which the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reported in 1913 as " a better and cheaper source than Hetch Hetchy " . ( The Mokelumne was later dammed , in a similar scheme to the Hetch Hetchy project , to provide water to the East Bay . ) By this point , however , San Francisco had become " obsessed " with developing Hetch Hetchy , and " dismissed or discarded other rivers and valleys that would have served them better ... as if it was created for their purpose . " = = Construction = = Work on the Hetch Hetchy project began in early 1914 shortly after the passage of the Raker Act . The city hired John R. Freeman , who had previously worked on the water supply systems of Boston and New York City , to plan the complex dam and aqueduct system . Civil engineer Michael O 'Shaughnessy would oversee the construction and design details of the Hetch Hetchy project . The dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley would subsequently be named in his honor . Before construction of O 'Shaughnessy Dam could commence , the city completed a 70 @-@ foot ( 21 m ) high dam at Lake Eleanor to provide water for the Early Intake Powerhouse , which was necessary to provide electricity for the construction site of the larger dam . Initial construction of the dam cost $ 6 @,@ 121 @,@ 000 , and was largely financed by revenue bonds issued by the city of San Francisco . To transport workers and materials , the city hired Frederick Rolandi , a San Francisco engineer who had previous experience designing railways , to oversee construction the Hetch Hetchy Railroad . The railway would be a 68 @-@ mile ( 109 km ) standard gauge line that followed the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River to the remote dam site . Built from 1915 to 1918 by a workforce of roughly 900 , the railway allowed for supplies to be shipped directly from San Francisco along the Southern Pacific and Sierra lines which connected to the Hetch Hetchy line . The railroad principally used geared Shay locomotives to negotiate its dangerous winding curves and steep 4 percent grades . Actual groundbreaking on O 'Shaughnessy Dam was on August 1 , 1919 , when Utah Construction Company of San Francisco began preparing the dam site for construction . Workers began clearing the trees in Hetch Hetchy Valley to prepare it for receiving waters of the future reservoir . A 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) diameter tunnel , later expanded to 23 @-@ by @-@ 25 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 0 m × 7 @.@ 6 m ) , was dug around the south side of the O 'Shaughnessy Dam site , and a timber crib cofferdam diverted the waters of the Tuolumne River into the tunnel during construction . The riverbed on the site of the future dam was excavated over 100 ft ( 30 m ) before hitting the granite bedrock . A retaining wall was poured on the upstream side to prevent water seepage into the foundation hole , and the granite was scoured and artificially roughened to prepare for receiving concrete . The concrete for the dam was processed in a plant located shortly upstream from the construction site , with sand and rock excavated from abundant alluvial deposits in the Hetch Hetchy valley . This was mixed with cement shipped in on the Hetch Hetchy Railroad and local boulders ranging from 1 ft ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) to several yards ( metres ) in diameter to produce a cyclopean construction material for the dam . Beginning in September 1921 , the concrete was hoisted up a 375 @-@ foot ( 114 m ) tower on the south side of the gorge , from which it could flow down movable chutes by gravity to the construction site . A total of 398 @,@ 516 cu yd ( 304 @,@ 687 m3 ) of concrete was poured to form a dam standing 226 feet ( 69 m ) above the riverbed and 344 feet ( 105 m ) above foundations . The last concrete was placed in February 1922 and the dam was completed in May 1923 . At the time , it was the second tallest dam in the United States , after Idaho 's Arrowrock Dam . On May 24 , 1923 , the reservoir filled for the first time . A peak labor force of five hundred worked on the project , which claimed the lives of 67 men and one woman . The first hydropower was delivered in 1925 with the completion of the Moccasin Powerhouse , fed by Hetch Hetchy water through the Canyon and Mountain Tunnels . However , the first water deliveries did not reach San Francisco until 1934 , eleven years after the completion of O 'Shaughnessy Dam and twenty years after groundbreaking of the Hetch Hetchy project . O 'Shaughnessy Dam had been designed with adequate foundations and a unique stepped face in order to make possible a future increase in the dam height . This was done in anticipation of rapid growth in the demand for water and hydroelectricity . Indeed , between 1935 and 1938 , the dam was raised by 85 feet ( 26 m ) ; a new spillway and outlet channels were constructed to accommodate the increased height and storage capacity , which helped to increase summer generation at downstream powerhouses . = = The dam and reservoir today = = Completed to its final dimensions in 1938 , O 'Shaughnessy Dam now stands 312 feet ( 95 m ) above the riverbed and 430 feet ( 130 m ) above bedrock . The crest spans 900 feet ( 270 m ) with a 17 @-@ foot ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) wide roadway crossing the top ; the thickness of the dam wall reaches a maximum 308 feet ( 94 m ) at the base . Altogether , the structure contains 662 @,@ 605 cu yd ( 506 @,@ 598 m3 ) of concrete and 700 @,@ 000 pounds ( 320 @,@ 000 kg ) of steel . Aside from normal water flows through the Canyon Tunnel to the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct , water is released from the reservoir through eleven jet @-@ flow gates on the dam face and an unlined side spillway controlled by three 65 ft ( 20 m ) wide steel drum gates . With gates lowered , the spillway has a capacity of 48 @,@ 600 cubic feet per second ( 1 @,@ 380 m3 / s ) . Behind the dam , Hetch Hetchy Reservoir stretches for 8 miles ( 13 km ) along the Tuolumne River , submerging Hetch Hetchy Valley and the lowermost section of the Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne . At maximum capacity , the reservoir stores 360 @,@ 400 acre feet ( 444 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 m3 ) , covering 1 @,@ 972 acres ( 798 ha ) . The dam and reservoir receive water from the upper 459 square miles ( 1 @,@ 190 km2 ) of the Tuolumne River watershed , and are supplied with water by Falls Creek , Tiltill Creek , and Rancheria Creek in addition to the main stem of the Tuolumne . Hetch Hetchy is accessed by the Evergreen / Hetch Hetchy Road , which runs 14 miles ( 23 km ) from Big Oak Flat along the Tuolumne River and terminates at the crest of the dam . The road is open seasonally as it is not plowed in the winter months . Hetch Hetchy water drives turbines in the Kirkwood and Moccasin Powerhouses located downstream along the Tuolumne River . Kirkwood Powerhouse came online in 1967 with two Pelton units , with a third added in 1987 , bringing the total generating capacity to 124 megawatts ( MW ) . Kirkwood is serviced with a hydraulic head of 1 @,@ 450 feet ( 440 m ) through the Canyon Tunnel , and produces an annual average of 549 million kilowatt hours ( KWh ) . A new powerhouse was built to replace the old Moccasin Powerhouse in 1969 . The new Moccasin Powerhouse , located near Lake Don Pedro lower on the Tuolumne River , has a capacity of 110 MW from two Pelton turbines . Moccasin generates 427 million KWh per year , and is fed by Hetch Hetchy water through the Mountain Tunnel , which provides a maximum head of 1 @,@ 300 feet ( 400 m ) . Water diverted at O 'Shaughnessy Dam feeds into the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct , which provides 85 percent of the municipal water for 2 @.@ 4 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area . The firm water yield is 265 @,@ 000 acre feet ( 0 @.@ 327 km3 ) per year , or 237 million gallons ( 895 @,@ 000 m3 ) per day . Because of the unique geology of the Hetch Hetchy watershed , which consists of shallow soils underlain by solid granite bedrock , water that flows into the reservoir is exceptionally clear and of very high quality . This quality is further maintained by stringent protection of the watershed ; boating and swimming are prohibited at Hetch Hetchy Reservoir ( although fishing is permitted at the reservoir and in the rivers which feed it ) . As a result , San Francisco tap water is some of the cleanest in the United States , without even the need for filtration , and is said to be of better quality than most bottled water . = = Proposed removal = = O 'Shaughnessy Dam has been controversial since its original construction both for its environmental impact and violations of the Raker Act by the city of San Francisco . Although the Raker Act explicitly stated that power and water from the Hetch Hetchy Project could be used only for public purposes , San Francisco has sold Hetch Hetchy power to Pacific Gas & Electric ( PG & E ) since 1925 . Dam removal advocates have stated that San Francisco 's utilization of Yosemite National Park for water and power is unfair because of the damage to tourism and the local environment caused by the dam and reservoir . By draining the reservoir , removing the dam and restoring the valley to its original state , visitors to the park would once again be able to enjoy the natural beauty of Hetch Hetchy – once compared to that of Yosemite Valley . There are other rivers and reservoirs available for San Francisco to replace the water supply , such as the city 's currently unused share of water in Lake Don Pedro , the biggest reservoir on the Tuolumne River . Opponents of dam removal state that the estimated demolition cost of $ 3 – 10 billion is a poor investment , especially in regards of the resulting loss of renewable hydroelectric power , which would have to be replaced by polluting fossil fuel generation . Although there are several options available to replace San Francisco 's water , none are of the purity currently supplied by Hetch Hetchy . There is also no guarantee that the valley can be successfully restored , as the original valley floor was actually the product of thousands of years of intensive controlled burning and management by the native Paiute and Miwok peoples that once lived in the area . Without this intervention , a forest would grow in the place of the valley 's renowned meadows . Finally , the increased pressure of new tourism could cause its own environmental damage , as has been demonstrated in the crowded Yosemite Valley . Despite the hotly contested status of O 'Shaughnessy Dam in the environmental field , and occasional federal money set aside for studying alternatives to Hetch Hetchy – such as $ 7 million provided by President George W. Bush in 2007 in the National Park Service budget – local support for its removal is relatively low . In 2012 , San Francisco voters struck down Proposition F , which would have ordered the city to study the removal of O 'Shaughnessy Dam and draft a plan to replace Hetch Hetchy water , by a vote of 77 percent against . Proposition F would have allocated $ 8 million to create a feasibility study by 2016 ; new water delivery and filtration systems would have to be in place by 2025 and Hetch Hetchy Reservoir would have to be drained by 2035 . = Argo Tea = Argo Tea is a chain of tea cafes that was founded in the Lincoln Park community area in Chicago , Illinois , in June 2003 . It is now headquartered in Chicago 's Loop community area . It had more than a dozen locations in the Chicago metropolitan area before expanding in 2010 to New York City , where it opened four locations that year and then expanded to St. Louis and Boston . As of October 2011 the chain had 26 locations and distribution in over 3 @,@ 000 grocery stores . In its first decade , it has grown simultaneously with the tea market . Its expansion into grocery stores occurred in 2010 and 2011 . Arsen Avakian is the current chief executive officer . By spring 2013 , it had opened in Beirut with plans to add locations in five Middle East cities by year end . Argo Tea primarily sells a variety of hot and cold tea @-@ based signature drinks . In addition , it offers about three dozen international varieties of loose @-@ leaf tea ( tea brewed from loose tea leaves , as opposed to tea leaves in bagged tea ) , coffee , baked goods , small entrées , and teaware . The tea menu includes a variety of black , green , white teas , and natural herbal teas , served hot or iced . Argo Tea has formed a special relationship with Whole Foods Market to distribute Argo products . According to the description in Bloomberg Businessweek , Argo 's specialty foods include pastries , sandwiches , salads , and quiches . Argo markets from a lifestyle perspective with awareness of modern design and sustainable environment . It also sells audio CDs . = = History = = Argo set out to be the Starbucks of tea . Argo Tea was launched in 2003 by three partners : Arsen Avakian , Simon Simonian , and Daniel Lindwasser . Avakian and Simonian are boyhood friends from Armenia . They grew up in Yerevan and emigrated in the 1990s to the United States , where Simonian , a computer scientist , and Avakian , a startup company specialist , teamed up following the dot @-@ com bubble . Avakian first came to the United States as a Fulbright scholar . Lindwasser is a Frenchman who moved to the U.S. in 1997 . He is a former management consultant . Avakian 's father , Yuri , holds multiple wind and solar technology patents . The original 900 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 84 m2 ) cafe for Argo Tea , which had 24 indoor seats and 20 patio seats in its 2003 configuration , is located at 958 West Armitage Avenue on the corner of Sheffield Avenue in Chicago . The venture , which opened in June 2003 , was the first tea cafe in Lincoln Park . It was across the street from a Starbucks . Argo borrowed its name from the story of Jason and the Argonauts in Greek mythology . The original store was financed by its founders , who were all experienced management consultants , without outside investors . They used their own credit cards as lines of credit . Chicago architect Mark A. Cuellar was hired to design Argo 's early cafe interiors . At first , the company experimented with expansion by distributing boxed dry tea at Whole Foods , but quickly restrategized . Barely six months after opening , Argo was planning expansion in Chicago and beyond . Late in 2004 , Argo signed a lease to make its first expansion beyond its original location ( at Loyola University in the Near North Side community area on Rush Street ) . By the beginning of 2006 , there was a third location ( in the Loop community area on Randolph Street near State ) with a fourth on the way . In March 2006 , Argo expanded to the South Side of Chicago at the University of Chicago Medical Center , which is located in the Hyde Park community area , with a location that is described as a teaosk , a themed kiosk . By 2007 , the company decided to pursue consistency across its locations and began a centralized concentrate brewing process . After five years , the franchise had 10 locations ranging from 1 @,@ 000 to 2 @,@ 000 square feet ( 93 to 186 m2 ) , all in Chicago . In Chicago , several of the early cafes , including the 11th inside Merchandise Mart and the 13th at O 'Hare International Airport , have been located in close proximity to a Starbucks storefronts with the thought that Starbucks is expanding demand for tea . By February 2009 , the company was still a Chicago metropolitan area business with all 13 of its locations . In July 2011 , Argo became the first outside retail tenant of the Tribune Tower in six years when it leased space . Argo opened its flagship New York City location in January 2010 by signing a 10 @-@ year lease in the Flatiron Building . It promptly followed with a Chelsea neighborhood storefront and then a Columbus Circle store in the spring . It opened a total of four cafes in New York City in 2010 , taking advantage of the late @-@ 2000s recession , which allowed the company to procure prime retail locations such as Union Square , Columbus Circle and the Flatiron District at reasonable rates . The business replaced a Dean & Deluca in the Union Square neighborhood . Among the investors in the New York City expansion were Sam Zell , Glen Tullman and Oxford Capital . In May 2011 , the company added its fifth tea room in New York City . By 2010 , the company eschewed its aspiration to be the Starbucks of tea , " Starbucks is more like Windows PC — it 's old , less healthy and designed for everyone — and we want to be more like Mac : young , healthy , cool and a more unique , innovative brand . " Avakian said the company hopes to build the Apple of tea . At the time , it was opening its 18th store ( 14 in Chicago and 4 in New York ) and had $ 10 million in annual sales , making it the largest chain focused on tea , according to Technomic Inc . In 2011 , the San Francisco Chronicle credited Argo as being the company that caused the 21st century tea shop revolution , while Time ran a story claiming that Argo has gotten America to drink tea . As of 2011 , the United States market had grown to over 3 @,@ 000 tearooms , according to the Tea Association of the USA . According to Beverage Digest , between 2006 and 2009 , coffee consumption declined 2 @.@ 3 percent in the United States , while tea consumption rose 4 @.@ 5 percent . The growth of teas has caused Starbucks to drop the word coffee from its name and build the Tazo brand . Starbucks had a total 2010 revenue of $ 9 billion , while the entire tea industry was $ 7 @.@ 7 billion , including $ 443 million by the top 6 U.S. tea chains . By early October 2011 , Argo claimed 26 locations in four cities ( Chicago , New York , Boston and St. Louis ) and distribution in 3 @,@ 000 grocery stores around the country including Whole Foods , Safeway and Dominick 's . When the lease came up for renewal at the original location on April 30 , 2013 , the company did not extend the deal , but the company would open greenhouse location the following month . By March 2013 , bottle drinks , which they had begun in 2010 were 20 % of the company 's business . By that time Argo Tea had opened a business location in Beirut and had planned to follow that with one in Doha in April 2013 . It also intended to open 2013 Middle East locations in Abu Dhabi , Dubai , Kuwait and Riyadh . By September 2013 , Doha was opened and that month a second Beirut location opened . = = Products = = Tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world , after water . Argo was founded in response to a realization that Americans had so few tea offerings that they generally were unfamiliar with anything but bagged teas . At the time , most tea retailers either supplied bulk tea for home brewing or traditional sit @-@ down service , but Argo focused on premium specialty drinks in paper cups . Meanwhile , a minority of Asian immigrants from countries such as India , Vietnam and China where tea is the national beverage were spreading some of their traditions . Argo endeavored to emphasize the healthy aspects of tea as an alternative to coffee . When it was founded , Argo was part of a field of blossoming tea cafe franchises meeting a burgeoning demand . By 2002 , there were 1 @,@ 100 tearooms with sit @-@ down service . In 2003 , retail sales of tea totaled $ 5 @.@ 1 billion , and in 2005 , as the specialty tea market was growing 20 percent per year , the total retail tea market was expected to surpass $ 10 billion by 2010 . Argo began with 35 teas from around the world , including black tea , green tea and chamomile tisane as well as exotic teas . From the outset , it included a mix of traditional Asian teas as well as teas from exotic locations . One of the companies staple drinks came from a vacation to Ipanema beach in Rio de Janeiro in which Avakian paid a juice bar operator to close shop to allow him to experiment with flavor combinations during business hours . Several of Argo 's teas are seasonal . One of its signature drinks is the teappuccino , a black tea mixed with steamed milk and froth , which the company has trademarked . The menu leverages the new wave of specialty teas that may be served sweetened or spiced and that are blended with milk , sparkling water or fruit juices . In the early years , its favorite offerings were Bubble tea , Pomegranate tea , Matte Latte or Chai tea and milk and Tea sangria . In its first years , the company sold illy brand coffee . While the company imports its teas from sources around the world , it now brews its teas at a centralized location in downtown Chicago . Argo started out selling loose tea in 1- and 4 @-@ ounce bags or in bulk . Among Argo 's Americanized drink varieties is a version of the national drink of both Argentina and Uruguay , the mate , which Argo serves as a Mate late . By 2010 , the company ventured into the grocery store market ( Whole Foods and Treasure Island ) with bottled specialty teas in Chicago and had plans for its own bottling facility . By the time the company opened its New York locations , it offered fair trade certified coffee . In 2011 , the company expanded its distribution to grocery stores around the country . According to the company 's press release for the opening of its 20th location in 2011 , the menu included " all natural tea @-@ based signature drinks , over 30 varieties of loose leaf teas , fair @-@ trade organic coffee , fresh @-@ baked pastries , specialty foods , and a selection of teaware and accessories . The signature drink menu features healthy and unique options such Maté Laté ™ with earthy maté , almond and milk , Green Tea Ginger Twist ® with Japanese green tea and ginger root , MojiTea ® with cool mint tea and lime juice as well as many others . The food menu features a wide assortment of freshly baked gourmet pastries , French quiches , and a SpecialTea Foods made with tea @-@ infused ingredients such Teanie Panini , Tea Bites and wholesome Teapot Grains . Argo Tea ’ s ready @-@ to @-@ drink bottled beverages can also be found outside the cafés , in the finest grocery retailers across the country . " Bloomberg Businessweek summarized Argo Tea 's business as follows : " Chicago @-@ based Argo Tea strives to redefine the message of tea as a healthy beverage and lifestyle choice , to create unique , all @-@ natural tea @-@ based beverages and to provide customer experiences that reflect modern designs and a sustainable environment . " The tea ware and accessories include tea pots , high @-@ tech tea infusers , and wide variety of tea cups . = = Social efforts = = Although there are both proponents and opponents of the health effects of tea , Argo tea is a proponent of the health benefits of tea and advocates for its use in research . Certain varieties of teas when properly prepared produce antioxidants that have been said to assist in preventing cancer and reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels . In addition black tea , which contains L @-@ theanine , is credited in one study with mobilizing the immune system 's disease @-@ fighting T @-@ cells . Another study also says teas may reduce halitosis . Argo Tea has donated a large amount of white teas , which have high concentrations of antioxidants , to the University of Chicago Hospitals , contributing to cancer research efforts there . This contribution prompted the University of Chicago to invite Argo to open the kiosk inside the hospital lobby . The company also holds tea seminars in conjunction with Northwestern University and the University of Chicago to build awareness of the possible health benefits and research possibilities for tea . Argo tea advocates for sustainability , demonstrates concern and awareness of environmental issues in their business plan and uses charitable donations to promote research as noted above . The company has an environmentally friendly business plan that includes encouraging use of reusable service @-@ ware such as ceramic mugs and plates and washable silverware by its dine @-@ in customers . Argo also markets reusable tea tumblers , which enable its customers to obtain discounted pricing on its drinks . The company considers sustainability and environmental consciousness in all phases of its business including supplier , operations , store design and product decisions . = = Corporate information = = Although the company was founded in Lincoln Park , the official business address is at the third location in the Loop ( 16 West Randolph Street Chicago , IL 60601 ) . The company has mostly part @-@ time employees , but offers medical benefits to employees who work 20 hours per week . As of September 2007 the workforce was about 150 people . A year later the estimated workforce was 200 . Despite its wide @-@ ranging menu , as of 2011 , 80 percent of Argo 's $ 15 million annual sales came from tea beverages . In August 2011 , Chicago Alderman Brendan Reilly ceded control of Connors Park in the Gold Coast to Argo tea for development of a 1 @,@ 200 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 110 m2 ) store . The area had been neglected by the Chicago Park District and become run down . In exchange for a 15 @-@ year lease , Argo assumes responsibility for maintaining the park . The business opened its location in the park within a greenhouse in late May 2013 . = SMS Habsburg = SMS Habsburg was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy in 1899 . The lead ship of the Habsburg class , she was launched on 9 September 1900 . In 1903 and 1904 , Habsburg and her sister ship Árpád conducted training exercises in the Mediterranean Sea . In 1906 and 1907 , Habsburg was transferred to the III Battleship Division . One of her superstructure decks was removed to reduce weight and to modernize the vessel in 1910 . For most of World War I , Habsburg remained in her home port of Pula , in present @-@ day Croatia except for two engagements . In 1914 , she was part of the Austro @-@ Hungarian flotilla sent to protect the escape of the German ships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau from the British @-@ held Mediterranean ; she advanced as far as Brindisi before being recalled to her home port . Her sole combat engagement occurred in late May 1915 , when she participated in the bombardment of the Italian port city of Ancona . After the war , Habsburg was awarded to the British as a war prize . She was scrapped in 1921 . = = Construction and layout = = Habsburg was the first of three battleships of her class . Her hull was laid down on 13 March 1899 at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino shipyard in Trieste . Following a year and a half of construction , she was launched on 9 September 1900 . After the completion of final fitting @-@ out work , Habsburg was commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet on 31 December 1902 . Like all ships of her class , Habsburg was 113 @.@ 11 m ( 371 ft ) long at the waterline and was 114 @.@ 55 m ( 375 ft 10 in ) in overall length . She had a beam of 19 @.@ 8 m ( 65 ft ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 5 m ( 24 ft 6 in ) . The ship displaced 8 @,@ 364 metric tons ( 8 @,@ 232 long tons ) . Habsburg had a crew of 638 officers and enlisted men . Habsburg was powered by 2 @-@ shaft , 4 @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion engines , which were supplied with steam by 16 Belleville boilers . Habsburg 's power output was rated at 15 @,@ 063 indicated horsepower ( ihp ) , which produced a top speed of 19 @.@ 62 knots ( 36 @.@ 34 km / h ; 22 @.@ 58 mph ) . The ship 's hull was constructed from longitudinal and transverse steel frames , over which the outer hull plates were riveted into place . The hull incorporated a double bottom that ran for 63 percent of the ship 's length . A series of watertight bulkheads also extended from the keel to the gun deck . There were a total of 174 watertight compartments in the ship . Habsburg had a metacentric height of between .82 m ( 2 @.@ 7 ft ) and 1 @.@ 02 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) . Bilge keels mounted on either side of the hull reduced rolling . She had a flush main deck that was planked with wood ; the upper decks were covered with linoleum or corticine . Habsburg had three 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) L / 40 guns , two mounted in a twin turret forward and one mounted in a single turret aft of the main superstructure . The C 97 guns were manufactured by Krupp in Germany . Her secondary armament consisted of twelve 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 inch ) SK L / 40 guns in casemates . These guns could fire at 4 – 5 shells per minute . Habsburg was built with face @-@ hardened chrome @-@ nickel steel . The main armored belt was 220 mm ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) in the central portion of the ship , where the ammunition magazines , machinery spaces , and other critical areas were located . The belt tapered slightly to 180 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) on either end of the central section . = = Service history = = = = = Peacetime = = = Habsburg and her sister , Árpád , took part in their first fleet maneuvers in mid @-@ 1903 . By the summer of 1904 , a third ship , Babenberg , was commissioned and participated in successive fleet drills . During the 1904 training exercises , the three Habsburg @-@ class battleships engaged the three Monarch @-@ class battleships in a simulated war game . The maneuvers also marked the first time the Austro @-@ Hungarian navy had two squadrons of modern battleships . Following these maneuvers , the Habsburg @-@ class ships were formed into the I Battleship Division . With her sisters , Habsburg was also active in the Mediterranean Sea . Habsburg underwent a training cruise with the three Monarch @-@ class battleships in January 1903 . Árpád joined the training cruise in 1904 . With the commissioning of the Erzherzog Karl @-@ class battleships in 1906 and 1907 , the three Habsburg @-@ class ships were transferred to the II Division and the three Monarchs formed the III Division . In 1910 Habsburg was extensively modernized and lightened : one of her superstructure decks removed to reduce weight . In 1911 , her sister ship , Árpád underwent the same renovations . Following these renovations , Habsburg and her sister ships were converted to coastal defense vessels . = = = World War I = = = In late July and August 1914 , Habsburg served as the flagship of the III Battleship Division of the Austro @-@ Hungarian navy , under the command of Captain Miklós Horthy . The battleship , along with her sister ships and the rest of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , were mobilized to support the flight of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau from 28 July to 10 August 1914 . The two German battlecruisers were stationed in the Mediterranean Sea and were attempting to break out of the strait of Messina , which was surrounded by British troops and vessels , and make their way to Turkey . After the Germans successfully escaped the strait , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy was recalled . The fleet had advanced as far south as Brindisi in southeastern Italy . Following the flight of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau , Habsburg was transferred to the IV Division along with her sisters when the first new Tegetthoff @-@ class battleships came into service in 1912 . After Italy entered World War I on the side of France and Great Britain , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy bombarded several Italian port cities along the Adriatic coast . Habsburg took part in the bombardment of Ancona on 23 May 1915 . During the attack on the Italian port city , Habsburg bombarded the town 's train station , the St. Stefano military camp and Ancona coastal batteries . The bombardment of Ancona was Habsburg 's only combat operation . Following the bombardment , Habsburg and her sister ships traveled back to their port city of Pula . Due to a shortage of coal , they remained there for the remainder of the war . For the latter half of the war , Habsburg was decommissioned and re @-@ purposed as a harbor defense vessel . Her crew was transferred to the new U @-@ boats and aircraft . In 1918 , she was re @-@ commissioned as a training ship for the Austrian Naval Academy . Following the war , the Habsburg was awarded to Great Britain as a war prize . She was instead sold to Italy and broken up for scrap in 1921 . = Keshi ( demon ) = In Hindu mythology , Keshi ( Sanskrit : केशी ; Keśi , nominative singular masculine from the root Keśin , literally " long haired " ) is the horse @-@ demon , healed by Krishna , an avatar of the god Vishnu . The demon was dispatched by Krishna 's evil uncle Kamsa , who was destined to die at Krishna 's hands . The tale of the healing of Keshi is told in the Hindu scriptures of Bhagavata Purana , Vishnu Purana and Harivamsa . Krishna is often praised as Keshava - the healer of Keshi - in scriptures . Theories suggested about Keshi 's origins range from his being a demon of childhood diseases to the story 's being inspired by the Greek Herculean labour of slaying the horses of Diomedes . = = Legend = = Keshi 's legend is recounted in the tenth Book of the Bhagavata Purana ( between 500 CE - 1000 CE ) . Kamsa , the evil king of Mathura and the maternal uncle of Krishna , is destined to be killed by Krishna . In an attempt to avoid his death , Kamsa sends a series of demons to Gokula , where Krishna is staying with his foster @-@ parents . After Krishna kills the bull demon Arishta , the divine sage Narada confirms to Kamsa that Krishna is his sister Devaki 's child and that the girl @-@ child that Kamsa had killed , mistaking her for the child of Devaki , was in fact the daughter of Yashoda , Krishna 's foster @-@ mother . Infuriated at hearing this , Kamsa calls the demon Keshi and orders him to kill Krishna and his brother Balarama . Keshi assumes the form of a huge horse , who gallops at the speed of thoughts , wears the earth with his hooves and scatters celestial vehicles and clouds in the sky with his mane . His neighing terrifies the people . Krishna challenges Keshi to a duel , as the horse is creating havoc around Gokula . Keshi roars like a lion and charges towards Krishna , striking him with his hooves . Krishna catches hold of Keshi 's two legs and tosses him to a great distance . Recovering from the fall , the agitated Keshi opens his mouth and attacks Krishna . As soon as Krishna thrusts his left arm into Keshi 's mouth , all of Keshi 's teeth fall . Krishna 's arm expands , and Keshi chokes to death , as sweat flows from his body , his eyes roll and he struggles kicking his feet . As Keshi falls lifeless on the ground , assuming his true demon form , the gods and Narada extol Krishna . Narada in his panegyric thanks Krishna for easily slaying the horse @-@ demon , whose neighing alone was driving the gods to abandon heaven . He further prophesies the great deeds that Krishna will perform later , including the killing of Kamsa . The fourth Book of the Vishnu Purana ( between the 1st century BCE to the 4th century CE ) also tells the story . However , Keshi first appears in the episode when Kamsa calls the host of demons to kill all male children , once he realizes Krishna is born . Chapters 15 and 16 of the fourth Book presents a detailed account of Keshi 's death which parallels the Bhagavata Purana account . The narrative of Arishta 's death , Narada 's disclosure to Kamsa and the subsequent ordering of Keshi is the same . Though the terror by Keshi on earth and sky and Krishna 's challenge is the same , the fight starts directly with Keshi attacking Krishna with his opened mouth . The hand of Krishna choking Keshi at the same time , tearing his body into two halves . The splitting of Keshi 's body is not told in the Bhagavata Purana . Narada 's eulogy and prophesy about Kamsa 's death follows the account , where Narada decreed that Krishna would be called Keshava , the slayer of Keshi . The Harivamsa from the epic Mahabharata also narrates the incident in a similar fashion complete with Narada 's praise identifying Krishna as Vishnu . The Vishnu Purana and the Harivamsa ( 1st - 2nd century BCE ) tell that Keshi is the last agent sent by Kamsa to kill Krishna , after Keshi 's killing , Krishna and Balarama go to Mathura , where Kamsa is killed . However , the Bhagavata Purana describes the killing of the demon Vyoma sent by Kamsa , before he leaves for Mathura . The first century CE Buddhist writer Ashvaghosa also mentions the killing of Keshi in a passage in his Saundarananda . = = Origins = = In the Atharvaveda ( 2nd millennium BCE ) , Keshi , the " hairy one " , first appears as being described as a demon who attacks the unborn , though not in relation to Krishna . A line from passage 8 @.@ 6 which describes evils that attack female fetuses reads as : " Let us keep the black asura Keśin , born in the reed clump , snout @-@ mouthed and all other harmful creatures , away from her genitals and her loins " [ IAST original ] . Phyllis Granoff , a scholar on Indian religions , opines that the Keshi is a demon of childhood diseases or miscarriage , like the demoness Putana , who were both killed by the infant Krishna . However , this hypothesis is not unanimous . The tales of Keshi @-@ vadha ( " The killing of Keshi " ) are well known in the Kushan period ( 60 @-@ 375 CE ) . Metropolitan Museum of Art parallels Krishna killing Keshi to the labour of Greek hero Heracles - slaying the horses of Diomedes , from which episode the former may be inspired . Keshi or Keśī could be the earliest Sanskrit word known in Chinese ; the ( 2nd century BCE ) Huainanzi records treasures given in ransom for King Wen of Zhou to King Zhou of Shang in 1103 BCE , including the mount named jisi 雞斯 or Old Chinese * kese . = = Commemoration = = According to the Malayalam Bhagavata Purana , Krishna got the name Keshava as he slew Keshi . Krishna is referred to as slayer of Keshi twice in the Bhagavata Gita by Arjuna - Keshava ( 1 @.@ 30 ) and Keshi @-@ nisudana ( 18 @.@ 1 ) . In the first chapter ( 1 @.@ 30 ) , addressing Krishna as slayer of Keshi , Arjuna expresses his doubts about war , at the same time , finds Krishna capable of destroying them . Here , Keshi represents false pride and the reference as slayer of Keshi by Arjuna expresses his humility . Keshi as a mad horse who created havoc in Gokula - also represents the wild horse of doubts who run in the mind of a person . In the last chapter ( 18 @.@ 1 ) , Arjuna addresses Krishna as Maha @-@ baho ( " mighty @-@ armed " ) paired with the slayer of Keshi epithet , reminding the reader how Krishna killed Keshi with his arms alone . The Vishnu sahasranama ( " The Thousand names of Vishnu " ) calls Krishna as Keshava ( Names 23 , 648 ) and Keshitha ( 649 ) - the slayer of Keshi . The fourth century play Mudrarakshasa also interprets the epithet Keshava as the slayer of Keshi . Keshighat is a major bathing ghat along the river Yamuna in Vrindavan , where Krishna is believed to have overpowered Keshi . = Framlingham Castle = Framlingham Castle is a castle in the market town of Framlingham in Suffolk in England . An early motte and bailey or ringwork Norman castle was built on the Framlingham site by 1148 , but this was destroyed by Henry II of England in the aftermath of the revolt of 1173 @-@ 4 . Its replacement , constructed by Roger Bigod , the Earl of Norfolk , was unusual for the time in having no central keep , but instead using a curtain wall with thirteen mural towers to defend the centre of the castle . Despite this , the castle was successfully taken by King John in 1216 after a short siege . By the end of the 13th century , Framlingham had become a luxurious home , surrounded by extensive parkland used for hunting . During the 15th and 16th centuries Framlingham was at the heart of the estates of the powerful Mowbray and Howard families . Two artificial meres were built around the castle , which was expanded in fashionable brick . With a large , wealthy household to maintain , the castle purchased supplies from across England and brought in luxury goods from international markets . Extensive pleasure gardens were built within the castle and older parts redesigned to allow visitors to enjoy the resulting views . By the end of the 16th century , however , the castle fell into disrepair and after the final Howard owner , Theophilus , entered into financial difficulties the castle and the surrounding estates were sold off . Framlingham Castle was given to Pembroke College as a philanthropic gesture in 1636 , after which the internal buildings were taken down to make way for the construction of a poorhouse within the site . The castle was used in this way until 1839 when the facility was closed ; the castle was then used as a drill hall and as a county court . In 1913 , Pembroke College donated Framlingham to the Commissioner of Works . During the Second World War , Framlingham Castle was used by the British military as part of the regional defences against a potential German invasion . Today , Framlingham Castle is owned by English Heritage and run as a tourist attraction . It is protected under UK law as a grade I listed building and a scheduled monument . = = History = = = = = 11th - 12th centuries = = = The population of Framlingham in Suffolk rose sharply after the Norman invasion of England as the village turned into a small town of at least 600 inhabitants , surrounded by valuable lands in one of the most prosperous parts of the country . The region was owned by the powerful Hugh d 'Avranches , the Earl of Chester , who granted it in turn to Roger Bigod , the Sheriff of Suffolk . A ringwork or motte and bailey castle was first built in either the 11th or early 12th century in the northern half of the Inner Court of the current castle . Although the first documentary reference to a castle at Framlingham occurs in 1148 , the actual date of its construction is uncertain and three possible options have been suggested by academics . The first possibility is that the castle was built by Roger Bigod in either the late 11th century or around 1100 , similar to the founding of Bigod 's caput at nearby Eye . A second possibility is that Roger 's son , Hugh Bigod , built it during the years of the Anarchy in the 1140s on the site of an existing manor house ; the castle would then be similar to the Bigod fortification at Bungay . A third possibility is that there were in fact two castles : the first being built in the late 11th century and then demolished by Hugh Bigod in the 1160s in order to make way for a newer , larger castle . Historian Magnus Alexander hypotheses the castle might have been built on top of a set of pre @-@ existing Anglo @-@ Saxon , high prestige buildings , a practice common elsewhere in East Anglia , possibly echoing the arrangement at Castle Acre ; this would be most likely if the castle was built in the 11th century . By the late 12th century the Bigod family had come to dominate Suffolk , holding the title of the Earl of Norfolk and owning Framlingham and three other major castles at Bungay , Walton and Thetford . The first set of stone buildings , including the first hall , were built within the castle during the 1160s . Tensions persisted throughout the period , however , between the Crown and the Bigods . Hugh Bigod was one of a group of dissenting barons during the Anarchy in the reign of King Stephen , and after coming to power Henry II attempted to re @-@ establish royal influence across the region . As part of this effort , Henry confiscated the four Bigod castles from Hugh in 1157 , but returned both Framlingham and Bungay in 1165 , on payment of a large fine of £ 666 . Hugh then joined the revolt by Henry 's sons in 1173 . The attempt to overthrow Henry was unsuccessful , and in punishment the king ordered several Bigod castles , including Framlingham , to be destroyed . The king 's engineer , Alnoth , destroyed the fortifications and filled in the moat at Framlingham between 1174 @-@ 6 at a total cost of £ 16 11s 12d , although he probably shored up , rather than destroyed , the internal stone buildings . Hugh 's son , Roger Bigod , was out of favour with Henry , who initially denied him the family earldom and estates such as Framlingham . Roger finally regained royal favour when Richard I succeeded to the throne in 1189 . Roger then set about building a new castle on the Framlingham site - the work was conducted relatively quickly and the castle was certainly complete by 1213 . The new castle comprised the Inner Court , defended with 13 mural towers ; an adjacent Lower Court with smaller stone walls and towers , and a larger Bailey with timber defences . By this time , a castle @-@ guard system was in place at Framlingham , in which lands were granted to local lords in return for their providing knights or soldiers to guard the castle . = = = 13th century = = = The First Barons ' War began in 1215 between King John and a faction of rebel barons opposed to his rule . Roger Bigod became one of the key opponents to John , having argued over John 's requirements for military levies . Royal troops plundered the surrounding lands and John 's army arrived on 12 March , followed by John the next day . With John 's permission , messages were sent on the 14th from the castle to Roger , who , influenced by the fate of Rochester Castle the previous year , agree that the garrison of 26 knights , 20 sergeants , 7 crossbowmen and a priest could surrender without a fight . John 's forces moved on into Essex , and Roger appears to have later regained his castle , and his grandson , another Roger , inherited Framlingham in 1225 . A large park , called the Great Park , was created around the castle ; this park is first noted in 1270 , although it may have been constructed somewhat earlier . The Great Park enclosed 243 hectares ( 600 acres ) stretching 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) to the north of the castle , and was characterised by possessing bank @-@ and @-@ ditch boundaries , common elsewhere in England but very unusual in Suffolk . The park had a lodge built in it , which later had a recreational garden built around it . Like other parks of the period , the Great Park was not just used for hunting but was exploited for its wider resources : there are records of charcoal @-@ burning being conducted in the park in 1385 , for example . Four other smaller parks were also located near the castle , extending the potential for hunting across a long east @-@ west belt of emparked land . In 1270 Roger Bigod , the 5th Earl , inherited the castle and undertook extensive renovations there whilst living in considerable luxury and style . Although still extremely wealthy , the Bigods were now having to borrow increasing sums from first the Jewish community at Bungay and then , after the expulsion of the Jews , Italian merchants ; by the end of the century , Roger was heavily in debt to Edward I as well . As a result , Roger led the baronial opposition to Edward 's request for additional taxes and support for his French wars . Edward responded by seizing Roger 's lands and only releasing them on the condition that Roger granted them to the Crown after his death . Roger agreed and Framlingham Castle passed to the Crown on his death in 1306 . By the end of the 13th century a large prison had been built in the castle ; this was probably constructed in the north @-@ west corner of the Lower Court , overlooked by the Prison Tower . The prisoners kept there in the medieval period included local poachers and , in the 15th century , religious dissidents , including Lollard supporters . = = = 14th century = = = Edward II gave the castle to his half @-@ brother , Thomas of Brotherton , the Earl of Norfolk . Records show that Framlingham was only partially furnished around this time , although it is unclear if this was because it was in limited use , or because fittings and furnishings were moved from castle to castle with the owner as he traveled , or if the castle was simply being refurnished . The castle complex continued to thrive , however , and on Thomas ' death in 1338 the castle passed first to his widow , Mary , and then in 1362 into the Ufford family . William de Ufford , the Earl of Suffolk , held the castle during the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 , with much of the revolt occurring close to Framlingham . From the Uffords , the castle passed first to Margaret Brotherton , the self @-@ styled " Countess @-@ Marshall " , and then to Thomas de Mowbray , the Duke of Norfolk . The Mowbrays seem to have used Framlingham Castle as their main seat of power for most of the 15th century . With as many as 83 people living in the castle at any one time , the castle played a major role in the surrounding economy during the period . Large amounts of food and drink were purchased to support the household - over twelve months in 1385 @-@ 6 , for example , over £ 1 @,@ 000 was spent , including the purchase of 28 @,@ 567 imperial gallons ( 129 @,@ 870 L ) of ale and 70 @,@ 321 loaves of bread . By the 14th century the castle was purchasing goods from across western Europe , with wine being imported from France , venison from parks as far away as Northamptonshire and spices from the Far East through London @-@ based merchants . The castle purchased some goods , such as salt , through the annual Stourbridge Fair at nearby Cambridge , then one of the biggest economic events in Europe . Some of this expenditure was supported by the demesne manor attached to the castle , which comprised 168 hectares ( 420 acres ) of land and 5 @,@ 000 days of serf labour under feudal law . A vineyard was created at the castle in the late 12th century , and a bakery and a horse mill were built in the castle by the 14th century . Surrounding manors also fed in resources to the castle ; in twelve months between 1275 @-@ 6 , £ 434 was received by the castle from the wider region . Two large lakes , called meres , were formed alongside the castle by damming a local stream . The southern mere , still visible today , had its origins in a smaller , natural lake ; once dammed , it covered 9 @.@ 4 hectares ( 23 acres ) and had an island with a dovecote built on it . The meres were used for fishing as well as for boating , and would have had extensive aesthetic appeal . It is uncertain exactly when the meres were first built . One theory suggests that the meres were built in the early 13th century , although there is no documentary record of them at least until the 1380s . Another theory is that they were formed in the first half of the 14th century , at around the same time as the Lower Court was constructed . A third possibility is that it was the Howard family who introduced the meres in the late 15th century as part of their modernisation of the castle . = = = 15th - 16th centuries = = = In 1476 the castle passed to John Howard , the Duke of Norfolk , who probably began the sequence of improvements to the castle during the Tudor period . Under the Howards the castle was extensively modernised ; fashionable brick was used to improve parts of the castle ; ornamental chimneys were added ; the battlements were reduced in size to exaggerate the apparent height of the walls , and the Howard coat of arms was added to the gatehouse . The Great Chamber was probably built across the Inner Court at this time , linking the Great Hall with the chapel and chambers on the east side of the castle , and by 1524 there were at least 29 different rooms in the castle . The drawbridge outside the gatehouse was replaced with the current permanent bridge between 1524 – 47 ; by this time a half @-@ moon defensive structure had been built in stone to defend it . A pleasure garden had been built in the Lower Court by the 16th century , with several ornamental ponds and terraced walkways - the garden would probably have also had fruit trees , herb gardens and fountains . Another pleasure garden was built in the Bailey , and a second bridge built across the moat to allow access to it directly from the Inner Court . The Prison Tower was redesigned to become a viewing gallery for the new formal gardens below . The Wars of the Roses during the 15th century saw prolonged fighting between the Yorkists and Lancastrians for the control of the English throne . John Howard , a Yorkist supporter , was killed at Bosworth Field in 1485 and in the aftermath his son Thomas , the 2nd Duke , was attainted , forfeiting his and his heirs ' rights to his properties and titles , and placed in the Tower of London . The Lancastrian victor at Bosworth , Henry VII , granted Framlingham Castle to John de Vere , but Thomas finally regained the favour of Henry VIII after fighting at the victory of Flodden in 1513 . Framlingham was returned to Thomas and the Duke spent his retirement there ; he decorated his table at the castle with gold and silver plate that he had seized from the Scots at Flodden . The castle was expensively decorated in a lavish style during this period , including tapestries , velvet and silver chapel fittings and luxury bedlinen . A hundred suits of armour were stored in the castle and over thirty horses kept in the stables . The 3rd Duke of Norfolk , also called Thomas , made far less use of the castle , using first Stoke @-@ by @-@ Nayland and then Kenninghall as his principal residence . Thomas was attainted in 1547 for his part in supporting the claim of Mary to the throne ; Henry VIII died the day before Thomas was due to be executed at the Tower , and his successor , Mary 's half @-@ brother Edward VI , reprieved Thomas but kept him in the Tower , giving Framlingham to Mary . When Mary seized power in 1553 she collected her forces at Framlingham Castle before successfully marching on London . Thomas was released from the Tower by Mary as a reward for his loyalty , but retired to Kenninghall rather than Framlingham . The castle was leased out but when the 4th Duke , another Thomas , was executed for treason by Elizabeth I in 1572 the castle passed back to the Crown . Repairs to the castle appear to have been minimal from the 1540s onwards , and after Mary left Framlingham the castle went into a fast decline . A survey in 1589 noted that the stonework , timber and brickwork all needed urgent maintenance , at a potential cost of £ 100 . The Great Park was disparked and turned into fields in 1580 . As religious laws against Catholics increased , the castle became used as a prison from 1580 onwards ; by 1600 the castle prison contained 40 prisoners , Roman Catholic priests and recusants . = = = 17th - 21st centuries = = = In 1613 James I returned the castle to Thomas Howard , the Earl of Suffolk , but the castle was now derelict and he chose to live at Audley End House instead . Thomas 's son , Theophilus Howard , fell heavily into debt and sold the castle , the estate and the former Great Park to Sir Robert Hitcham in 1635 for £ 14 @,@ 000 ; as with several other established parks , such as Eye , Kelsale and Hundon , the Great Park was broken up turned into separate estates . Hitcham died the following year , leaving the castle and the manor to Pembroke College in Cambridge , with the proviso that the college destroy the internal castle buildings and construct a poorhouse on the site instead , operating under the terms of the recently passed Poor Law . After the collapse of the power of the Howards , the county of Suffolk was controlled by an oligarchy of Protestant gentry by the 17th century and did not play a prominent part in the English Civil War that occurred between 1642 @-@ 6 . Framlingham Castle escaped the slighting that occurred to many other English castles around this time . Hitcham 's bequest had meanwhile become entangled in the law courts and work did not begin on the poorhouse until the late 1650s , by which time the internal buildings of castle were being broken up for the value of their stone ; the chapel had been destroyed in this way by 1657 . The first poorhouse at Framlingham , the Red House , was finally built in the Inner Court and used as a home for poor families ; it proved unsatisfactory and , following the mismanagement of the poorhouse funds , the Red House was closed and used as a public house instead . The maintenance of the meres ceased around this time and much of the area returned to meadow . In 1699 another attempt was made to open a poorhouse on the site , resulting in the destruction of the Great Chamber around 1700 . This poorhouse failed too , and in 1729 a third attempt was made - the Great Hall was pulled down and the current poorhouse built on its site instead . Opposition to the Poor Law grew , and in 1834 the law was changed to reform the system ; the poorhouse on the castle site was closed by 1839 , the inhabitants being moved to the workhouse at Wickham Market . The castle continued to fulfil several other local functions . During the outbreak of plague in 1666 ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
jointly applied for a patent on it , they soon became involved in a dispute over who deserved credit . After the war , Bethe returned to Cornell University , but he was deeply involved in the development of thermonuclear weapons as a consultant . In 1954 , he wrote an article on the history of the H @-@ bomb , which presents his opinion that both men contributed very significantly to the breakthrough . This balanced view is shared by others who were involved , including Mark and Fermi , but Teller persistently attempted to downplay Ulam 's role . " After the H @-@ bomb was made , " Bethe recalled , " reporters started to call Teller the father of the H @-@ bomb . For the sake of history , I think it is more precise to say that Ulam is the father , because he provided the seed , and Teller is the mother , because he remained with the child . As for me , I guess I am the midwife . " With the basic fusion reactions confirmed , and with a feasible design in hand , there was nothing to prevent Los Alamos from testing a thermonuclear device . On 1 November 1952 , the first thermonuclear explosion occurred when Ivy Mike was detonated on Enewetak Atoll , within the US Pacific Proving Grounds . This device , which used liquid deuterium as its fusion fuel , was immense and utterly unusable as a weapon . Nevertheless , its success validated the Teller – Ulam design , and stimulated intensive development of practical weapons . = = = Fermi – Pasta – Ulam problem = = = When Ulam returned to Los Alamos , his attention turned away from weapon design and toward the use of computers to investigate problems in physics and mathematics . With John Pasta , who helped Metropolis to bring MANIAC on line in March 1952 , he explored these ideas in a report " Heuristic Studies in Problems of Mathematical Physics on High Speed Computing Machines " , which was submitted on 9 June 1953 . It treated several problems that cannot be addressed within the framework of traditional analytic methods : billowing of fluids , rotational motion in gravitating systems , magnetic lines of force , and hydrodynamic instabilities . Soon , Pasta and Ulam became experienced with electronic computation on MANIAC , and by this time , Enrico Fermi had settled into a routine of spending academic years at the University of Chicago and summers at Los Alamos . During these summer visits , Pasta and Ulam joined him to study a variation of the classic problem of a string of masses held together by springs that exert forces linearly proportional to their displacement from equilibrium . Fermi proposed to add to this force a nonlinear component , which could be chosen to be proportional to either the square or cube of the displacement , or to a more complicated " broken linear " function . This addition is the key element of the Fermi – Pasta – Ulam problem , which is often designated by the abbreviation FPU . A classical spring system can be described in terms of vibrational modes , which are analogous to the harmonics that occur on a stretched violin string . If the system starts in a particular mode , vibrations in other modes do not develop . With the nonlinear component , Fermi expected energy in one mode to transfer gradually to other modes , and eventually , to be distributed equally among all modes . This is roughly what began to happen shortly after the system was initialized with all its energy in the lowest mode , but much later , essentially all the energy periodically reappeared in the lowest mode . This behavior is very different from the expected equipartition of energy . It remained mysterious until 1965 , when Kruskal and Zabusky showed that , after appropriate mathematical transformations , the system can be described by the Korteweg – de Vries equation , which is the prototype of nonlinear partial differential equations that have soliton solutions . This means that FPU behavior can be understood in terms of solitons . = = = Nuclear propulsion = = = Starting in 1955 , Ulam and Frederick Reines considered nuclear propulsion of aircraft and rockets . This is an attractive possibility , because the nuclear energy per unit mass of fuel is a million times greater than that available from chemicals . From 1955 to 1972 , their ideas were pursued during Project Rover , which explored the use of nuclear reactors to power rockets . In response to a question by Senator John O. Pastore at a congressional committee hearing on " Outer Space Propulsion by Nuclear Energy " , on January 22 , 1958 , Ulam replied that " the future as a whole of mankind is to some extent involved inexorably now with going outside the globe . " Ulam and C. J. Everett also proposed , in contrast to Rover 's continuous heating of rocket exhaust , to harness small nuclear explosions for propulsion . Project Orion was a study of this idea . It began in 1958 and ended in 1965 , after the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 banned nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere and in space . Work on this project was spearheaded by physicist Freeman Dyson , who commented on the decision to end Orion in his article , " Death of a Project " . Bradbury appointed Ulam and John H. Manley as research advisors to the laboratory director in 1957 . These newly created positions were on the same administrative level as division leaders , and Ulam held his until he retired from Los Alamos . In this capacity , he was able to influence and guide programs in many divisions : theoretical , physics , chemistry , metallurgy , weapons , health , Rover , and others . In addition to these activities , Ulam continued to publish technical reports and research papers . One of these introduced the Fermi – Ulam model , an extension of Fermi 's theory of the acceleration of cosmic rays . Another , with Paul Stein and Mary Tsingou , titled " Quadratic Transformations " , was an early investigation of chaos theory and is considered the first published use of the phrase " chaotic behavior " . = = Return to academia = = During his years at Los Alamos , Ulam was a visiting professor at Harvard from 1951 to 1952 , MIT from 1956 to 1957 , the University of California , San Diego , in 1963 , and the University of Colorado at Boulder from 1961 to 1962 and 1965 to 1967 . In 1967 , the last of these positions became permanent , when Ulam was appointed as professor and Chairman of the Department of Mathematics at Boulder , Colorado . He kept a residence in Santa Fe , New Mexico , which made it convenient to spend summers at Los Alamos as a consultant . In Colorado , where he rejoined his friends Gamow , Richtmyer , and Hawkins , Ulam 's research interests turned toward biology . In 1968 , recognizing this emphasis , the University of Colorado School of Medicine appointed Ulam as Professor of Biomathematics , and he held this position until his death . With his Los Alamos colleague Robert Schrandt he published a report , " Some Elementary Attempts at Numerical Modeling of Problems Concerning Rates of Evolutionary Processes " , which applied his earlier ideas on branching processes to biological inheritance . Another , report , with William Beyer , Temple F. Smith , and M. L. Stein , titled " Metrics in Biology " , introduced new ideas about biometric distances . When he retired from Colorado in 1975 , Ulam had begun to spend winter semesters at the University of Florida , where he was a graduate research professor . Except for sabbaticals at the University of California , Davis from 1982 to 1983 , and at Rockefeller University from 1980 to 1984 , this pattern of spending summers in Colorado and Los Alamos and winters in Florida continued until Ulam died of an apparent heart attack in Santa Fe on 13 May 1984 . Paul Erdős noted that " he died suddenly of heart failure , without fear or pain , while he could still prove and conjecture . " In 1987 , Françoise Ulam deposited his papers with the American Philosophical Society Library in Philadelphia . She continued to live in Santa Fe until she died on 30 April 2011 , at the age of 93 . Both Françoise and her husband are buried with her French family in Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris . = = Impact and legacy = = From the publication of his first paper as a student in 1929 until his death , Ulam was constantly writing on mathematics . The list of Ulam 's publications includes more than 150 papers . Topics represented by a significant number of papers are : set theory ( including measurable cardinals and abstract measures ) , topology , transformation theory , ergodic theory , group theory , projective algebra , number theory , combinatorics , and graph theory . In March 2009 , the Mathematical Reviews database contained 697 papers with the name " Ulam " . Notable results of this work are : With his pivotal role in the development of thermonuclear weapons , Stanislaw Ulam changed the world . According to Françoise Ulam : " Stan would reassure me that , barring accidents , the H @-@ bomb rendered nuclear war impossible . " In 1980 , Ulam and his wife appeared in the television documentary The Day After Trinity . The Monte Carlo method has become a ubiquitous and standard approach to computation , and the method has been applied to a vast number of scientific problems . In addition to problems in physics and mathematics , the method has been applied to finance , social science , environmental risk assessment , linguistics , radiation therapy , and sports . The Fermi – Pasta – Ulam problem is credited not only as " the birth of experimental mathematics " , but also as inspiration for the vast field of Nonlinear Science . In his Lilienfeld Prize lecture , David K. Campbell noted this relationship and described how FPU gave rise to ideas in chaos , solitons , and dynamical systems . In 1980 , Donald Kerr , laboratory director at Los Alamos , with the strong support of Ulam and Mark Kac , founded the Center for Nonlinear Studies ( CNLS ) . In 1985 , CNLS initiated the Stanislaw M. Ulam Distinguished Scholar program , which provides an annual award that enables a noted scientist to spend a year carrying out research at Los Alamos . The fiftieth anniversary of the original FPU paper was the subject of the March 2005 issue of the journal Chaos , and the topic of the 25th Annual International Conference of CNLS . The University of Southern Mississippi and the University of Florida supported the Ulam Quarterly , which was active from 1992 to 1996 , and which was one of the first online mathematical journals . Florida 's Department of Mathematics has sponsored , since 1998 , the annual Ulam Colloquium Lecture , and in March 2009 , the Ulam Centennial Conference . Ulam 's work on non @-@ Euclidean distance metrics in the context of molecular biology made a significant contribution to sequence analysis and his contributions in theoretical biology are considered watersheds in the development of cellular automata theory , population biology , pattern recognition , and biometrics generally . Colleagues noted that some of his greatest contributions were in clearly identifying problems to be solved and general techniques for solving them . In 1987 , Los Alamos issued a special issue of its Science publication , which summarized his accomplishments , and which appeared , in 1989 , as the book From Cardinals to Chaos . Similarly , in 1990 , the University of California Press issued a compilation of mathematical reports by Ulam and his Los Alamos collaborators : Analogies Between Analogies . During his career , Ulam was awarded honorary degrees by the Universities of New Mexico , Wisconsin , and Pittsburgh . = Jean Sibelius = Jean Sibelius ( / sɪˈbeɪliəs , -ˈbeɪljəs / ; Swedish pronunciation ) , born Johan Julius Christian Sibelius ( 8 December 1865 – 20 September 1957 ) , was a Finnish composer and violinist of the late Romantic and early @-@ modern periods . He is widely recognized as his country 's greatest composer and , through his music , is often credited with having helped Finland to develop a national identity during its struggle for independence from Russia . The core of his oeuvre is his set of seven symphonies which , like his other major works , continue to be performed and recorded in his home country and internationally . His best @-@ known compositions are Finlandia , the Karelia Suite , Valse triste , the Violin Concerto , the choral symphony Kullervo , and The Swan of Tuonela ( from the Lemminkäinen Suite ) . Other works include pieces inspired by the Finnish national epic , the Kalevala , over a hundred songs for voice and piano , incidental music for numerous plays , the opera Jungfrun i tornet ( The Maiden in the Tower ) , chamber music , piano music , Masonic ritual music , and 21 publications of choral music . Throughout his career , the composer found inspiration in nature and Nordic mythology , especially the heroic legends of the national epic , the Kalevala . Sibelius composed prolifically until the mid @-@ 1920s but after completing his Seventh Symphony ( 1924 ) , the incidental music for The Tempest ( 1926 ) , and the tone poem Tapiola ( 1926 ) , he failed to produce any major works in his last thirty years , a stunning and perplexing decline commonly referred to as " The Silence of Järvenpää " , the location of his home . Although he is reputed to have stopped composing , he attempted to continue writing , including abortive efforts on an eighth symphony . In later life , he wrote Masonic music and re @-@ edited some earlier works while retaining an active but not always favourable interest in new developments in music . The Finnish 100 mark note featured his image until 2002 when the euro was adopted . Since 2011 , Finland has celebrated a Flag Day on 8 December , the composer 's birthday , also known as the " Day of Finnish Music " . In 2015 , the 150th anniversary of the composer 's birth , a number of special concerts and events were held , especially in the city of Helsinki . = = Life = = = = = Early years = = = Sibelius was born on 8 December 1865 in Hämeenlinna in the Grand Duchy of Finland , an autonomous part of the Russian Empire . He was the son of the Swedish @-@ speaking medical doctor Christian Gustaf Sibelius and Maria Charlotta Sibelius née Borg . The family name stems from the Sibbe Estate in Eastern Uusimaa which was owned by his paternal great grandfather . Sibelius 's father died of typhoid in July 1868 , leaving substantial debts . As a result , his mother — who was again pregnant — had to sell their property and move the family into the home of Katarina Borg , her widowed mother , who also lived in Hämeenlinna . Sibelius was therefore brought up in a decidedly female environment , the only male influence coming from his uncle , Pehr Ferdinand Sibelius , who was interested in music , especially the violin . It was he who gave the boy a violin when he was ten years old and later encouraged him to maintain his interest in composition . For Sibelius , Uncle Pehr not only took the place of a father but of a musical adviser . From an early age , Sibelius showed a strong interest in nature , frequently walking around the countryside when the family moved to Loviisa on the coast for the summer months . In his own words : " For me , Loviisa represented sun and happiness , Hämeenlinna was where I went to school . Loviisa was freedom . " It was in Hämeenlinna , when he was seven , that his aunt Julia was brought in to give him piano lessons on the family 's upright instrument , rapping him on the knuckles whenever he played a wrong note . He reacted by improvising on his own but nevertheless learned to read music . He later turned to the violin which he preferred . He participated in trios with his elder sister Linda , who played the piano , and his younger brother Christian on the cello . ( Christian Sibelius was to become an eminent psychiatrist , still remembered for his contributions to modern psychiatry in Finland . ) Furthermore , Sibelius often played in quartets with neighbouring families , receiving a background in chamber music . Fragments survive of his early compositions of the period , a trio , a piano quartet and a Suite in D Minor for violin and piano . Around 1881 , he recorded on paper his short pizzicato piece Vattendroppar ( Water Drops ) for violin and cello although it might just have been a musical exercise . The first reference he himself made to composing comes in a letter from August 1883 in which he reveals he had composed a trio and was working on another : " They are rather poor , but it is nice to have something to do on rainy days . " In 1881 , he started to take violin lessons from the local bandmaster , Gustaf Levander , immediately developing a particularly strong interest in the instrument . Setting his heart on a career as a great violin virtuoso , he soon succeeded in becoming quite an accomplished player , performing David 's Concerto in E minor in 1886 and , the following year , the last two movements of Mendelssohn 's Violin Concerto in Helsinki . Despite his success as an instrumentalist , he ultimately chose to become a composer . Although his mother tongue was Swedish , in 1874 Sibelius attended Lucina Hagman 's Finnish @-@ speaking preparatory school . In 1876 , he was then able to continue his education at the Finnish @-@ language Hämeenlinna Normal Lyceum where he proved to be a rather absent @-@ minded pupil although he did quite well in mathematics and botany . Despite having to repeat a year , he succeeded in passing the school @-@ leaving examination in 1885 which allowed him to study at university . As a boy he was known as Janne , a colloquial form of Johan . However , during his student years , he adopted the French form Jean , inspired by the business card of his deceased seafaring uncle . Thereafter he became known as Jean Sibelius . = = = Studies and early career = = = After graduating from high school in 1885 , Sibelius began to study law at the Imperial Alexander University in Finland but , showing far more interest in music , soon moved to the Helsinki Music Institute ( now the Sibelius Academy ) where he studied from 1885 to 1889 . One of his teachers was its founder , Martin Wegelius , who did much to support the development of education in Finland . It was he who gave the self @-@ taught Sibelius his first formal lessons in composition . Another important influence was his teacher Ferruccio Busoni , a pianist with whom he enjoyed a lifelong friendship . His close circle of friends included the pianist and writer Adolf Paul and the conductor @-@ to @-@ be Armas Järnefelt ( who introduced him to his influential family including his sister Aino who would become Sibelius 's wife ) . The most remarkable of his works during this period was the Violin Sonata in F , rather reminiscent of Grieg . Sibelius continued his studies in Berlin ( from 1889 to 1890 ) with Albert Becker and in Vienna ( from 1890 to 1891 ) with Robert Fuchs and the Hungarian Karl Goldmark . In Berlin , he had the opportunity to widen his musical experience by going to a variety of concerts and operas , including the premiere of Richard Strauss 's Don Juan . He also heard the Finnish composer Robert Kajanus conducting the Berlin Philharmonic in a programme which included his symphonic poem Aino , a patriotic piece which may well have triggered Sibelius 's later interest in using the epic poem Kalevala as a basis for his compositions . While in Vienna , he became particularly interested in the music of Anton Bruckner whom , for a time , he regarded as " the greatest living composer " , although he continued to show interest in the established works of Beethoven and Wagner . He enjoyed his year in Vienna , frequently partying and gambling with his new friends . It was also in Vienna that he turned to orchestral composition , working on the Overture in E major and the Scène de Ballet . While embarking on Kullervo , an orchestral work inspired by the Kalevala , he fell ill but was restored to good health after a gallstone had been removed . Shortly after returning to Helsinki , Sibelius thoroughly enjoyed conducting his Overture and the Scène de Ballet at a popular concert . He was also able to continue working on Kullervo , now that he was increasingly developing an interest in all things Finnish . Premiered in Helsinki on 28 April 1892 , the work was an enormous success . It was around this time that Sibelius finally abandoned his cherished aspirations as a violinist : My tragedy was that I wanted to be a celebrated violinist at any price . Since the age of 15 I played my violin practically from morning to night . I hated pen and ink — unfortunately I preferred an elegant violin bow . My love for the violin lasted quite long and it was a very painful awakening when I had to admit that I had begun my training for the exacting career of a virtuoso too late . In addition to the long periods he spent studying in Vienna and Berlin ( 1889 – 91 ) , in 1900 he travelled to Italy where he spent a year with his family . He composed , conducted and socialized actively in the Scandinavian countries , the UK , France and Germany and later travelled to the United States . = = = Marriage and rise to fame = = = While Sibelius was studying music in Helsinki in the autumn of 1888 , Armas Järnefelt , a friend from the Music Institute , invited him to the family home . There he met and immediately fell in love with Aino , the 17 @-@ year @-@ old daughter of General Alexander Järnefelt , the governor of Vaasa , and Elisabeth Clodt von Jürgensburg , a Baltic aristocrat . The wedding was held on 10 June 1892 at Maxmo . They spent their honeymoon in Karelia , the home of the Kalevala . It served as an inspiration for Sibelius 's tone poem En saga , the Lemminkäinen legends and the Karelia Suite . Their home , Ainola , was completed on Lake Tuusula , Järvenpää , in 1903 . Over their years in Ainola , they had six daughters : Eva , Ruth , Kirsti ( who died very young from typhoid ) , Katarina , Margareta and Heidi . Eva married an industrial heir , Arvi Paloheimo , and later became the CEO of the Paloheimo Corporation . Ruth Snellman was a prominent actress , Katarina Ilves became the wife of a banker , and Heidi Blomstedt was a designer , her husband Aulis Blomstedt being an architect . Margareta married the conductor Jussi Jalas , Aulis Blomstedt 's brother . In 1892 , the Kullervo became the beginning of Sibelius 's focus on orchestral music . It was described by the composer Aksel Törnudd as " a volcanic eruption " while Juho Ranta who sang in the choir stated , " It was Finnish music . " At the end of the year , the composer 's grandmother , Katarina Borg died . Sibelius went to her funeral , visiting his Hämeenlinna home one last time before the house was sold . On 16 February 1893 , the first ( long ) version of En saga was presented in Helsinki although it was not too well received , the critics suggesting that superfluous sections should be eliminated ( as they were in Sibelius 's 1902 version ) . Even less successful were three more performances of Kullervo in March which one critic found was incomprehensible and lacking in vitality . Following the birth of Sibelius 's first child Eva , in April the premiere of his choral work Väinämöinen 's Boat @-@ ride was a considerable success , receiving the support of the press . On 13 November 1893 , the full version of Karelia was premiered at a student association gala at the Seurahuone in Viipuri with the collaboration of the artist Axel Gallén and the sculptor Emil Wikström who had been brought in to design the stage sets . While the first performance was difficult to appreciate over the background noise of the talkative audience , a second performance on 18 November was more successful . Furthermore , on the 19th and 23rd , Sibelius presented an extended suite of the work in Helsinki , conducting the orchestra of the Philharmonic Society . Sibelius 's music was increasingly presented in Helsinki 's concert halls . In the 1894 – 95 season , works such as En saga , Karelia and Vårsång ( composed in 1894 ) were included in at least 16 concerts in the capital , not to mention those in Turku . When performed in a revised version on 17 April 1895 , the composer Oskar Merikanto welcomed Vårsång ( Spring Song ) as " the fairest flower among Sibelius 's orchestral pieces " . For a considerable period , Sibelius worked on an opera , Veneen luominen ( The Building of the Boat ) , again based on the Kalevala . To some extent he had come under the influence of Wagner but he finally realized his mistake , drawing instead inspiration from Liszt 's tone poems . Adapted from material for the opera which was never completed , his Lemminkäinen Suite consisted of four legends in the form of tone poems . They were premiered in Helsinki on 13 April 1896 to a full house . In contrast to Merikanto 's enthusiasm for the Finnish quality of the work , the critic Karl Flodin found the cor anglais solo in The Swan of Tuonela " stupendously long and boring " , although he considered the first legend , Lemminkäinen and the Maidens of the Island , represented the peak of Sibelius 's achievement to date . To pay his way , from 1892 Sibelius had taken on teaching assignments at the Music Institute and at Kajanus 's conducting school but this left him insufficient time for composing . The situation improved considerably when in 1898 he was awarded a substantial annual grant , initially for ten years and later extended for life . He was able to complete the music for Adolf Paul 's play King Christian II . Performed on 24 February 1898 , its catchy tunes appealed to the public . The scores of four popular pieces from the play were published in Germany and sold well in Finland . When the orchestral suite was successfully performed in Helsinki in November 1898 , Sibelius commented : " The music sounded excellent and the tempi seem to be right . I think this is the first time that I have managed to make something complete . " The work was also performed in Stockholm and Leipzig . In January 1899 , Sibelius embarked on his First Symphony at a time when his patriotic feelings were being enhanced by the Russian emperor Nicholas II 's attempt to restrict the powers of the Grand Duchy of Finland . The symphony was well received by all when it was premiered in Helsinki on 26 April 1899 . But the programme also premiered the even more compelling , blatantly patriotic Song of the Athenians for boys ' and male choirs . The song immediately brought Sibelius the status of a national hero . Another patriotic work followed on 4 November in the form of eight tableaux depicting episodes from Finnish history known as the Press Celebration Music . It had been written in support of the staff of the Päivälehti newspaper which had been suspended for a period after editorially criticizing Russian rule . The last tableau , Finland Awakens , was particularly popular ; after minor revisions , it became the well @-@ known Finlandia . In February 1900 , Sibelius and his wife were deeply saddened by the death of their youngest daughter . Nevertheless , in the spring Sibelius went on an international tour with Kajanus and his orchestra , presenting his recent works ( including a revised version of his First Symphony ) in thirteen cities including Stockholm , Copenhagen , Hamburg , Berlin and Paris . The critics were highly favourable , bringing the composer international recognition with their enthusiastic reports in the Berliner Börsen @-@ Courier , the Berliner Fremdenblatt and the Berliner Lokal Anzeiger . During a trip with his family to Rapallo in 1901 , Sibelius began to write his Second Symphony , partly inspired by the fate of Don Juan in Mozart 's Don Giovanni . It was completed in early 1902 with its premiere in Helsinki on 8 March . The work was received with tremendous enthusiasm by the Finns . Merikanto felt it exceeded " even the boldest expectations " while Evert Katila qualified it as " an absolute masterpiece " . Flodin , too , wrote of a symphonic composition " the likes of which we have never had occasion to listen to before " . Sibelius spent the summer in Tvärminne near Hanko where he worked on the song Var det en dröm ( Was it a Dream ) as well as on a new version of En saga . When it was performed in Berlin with the Berlin Philharmonic in November 1902 , it served to firmly establish the composer 's reputation in Germany leading shortly afterwards to the publication of his First Symphony . In 1903 , Sibelius spent much of his time in Helsinki where he indulged excessively in wining and dining , running up considerable bills in the restaurants . Nevertheless , he continued to compose , one of his major successes being Valse triste , one of six pieces of incidental music he composed for his brother @-@ in @-@ law Arvid Järnefelt 's play Kuolema ( Death ) . Short of money , he sold the piece at a low price but it quickly gained considerable popularity not only in Finland but internationally . During his long stays in Helsinki , Sibelius 's wife Aino frequently wrote to him , imploring him to return home but to no avail . Even after their fourth daughter , Katarina , was born , he continued to work away from home . Early in 1904 , he finished his Violin Concerto but its first public performance on 8 February was not a success . It led to a revised condensed version which was performed in Berlin the following year . = = = Move to Ainola = = = In November 1903 , Sibelius began to build his new home Ainola ( Aino 's Place ) near Lake Tuusula some 45 km ( 30 miles ) north of Helsinki . To cover the construction costs , he gave concerts in Helsinki , Turku and Vaasa in early 1904 as well as in Tallinn , Estonia , and in Latvia during the summer . The family were finally able to move into the new property on 24 September 1904 , making friends with the local artistic community , including the painters Eero Järnefelt and Pekka Halonen and the novelist Juhani Aho . In January 1905 , Sibelius returned to Berlin where he conducted his Second Symphony . While the concert itself was successful , it received mixed reviews , some very positive while those in the Allgemeine Zeitung and the Berliner Tageblatt were less enthusiastic . Back in Finland , he rewrote the increasingly popular Pelléas and Mélisande as an orchestral suite . In November , visiting Britain for the first time , he went to Liverpool where he met Henry Wood . On 2 December , he conducted the First Symphony and Finlandia , writing to Aino that the concert had been a great success and widely acclaimed . In 1906 , after a short , rather uneventful stay in Paris at the beginning of the year , Sibelius spent several months composing in Ainola , his major work of the period being Pohjola 's Daughter , yet another piece based on the Kalevala . Later in the year he composed incidental music for Belshazzar 's Feast , also adapting it as an orchestral suite . He ended the year conducting a series of concerts , the most successful being the first public performance of Pohjola 's Daughter at the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg . = = = Ups and downs = = = From the beginning of 1907 , Sibelius again indulged in excessive wining and dining in Helsinki , spending exorbitant amounts on champagne and lobster . His lifestyle had a disastrous effect on the health of Aino who was driven to retire to a sanatorium , suffering from exhaustion . While she was away , Sibelius resolved to give up drinking , concentrating instead on composing his Third Symphony . He completed the work for a performance in Helsinki on 25 September . Although its more classical approach surprised the audience , Flodin commented that it was " internally new and revolutionary " . Shortly afterwards Sibelius met Gustav Mahler who was in Helsinki . The two agreed that with each new symphony , they lost those who had been attracted to their earlier works . This was demonstrated above all in St Petersburg where the Third Symphony was performed in November 1907 to dismissive reviews . Its reception in Moscow was rather more positive . In 1907 , Sibelius underwent a serious operation for suspected throat cancer . Early in 1908 , Sibelius had to spend a spell in hospital . His smoking and drinking had now become life @-@ threatening . Although he cancelled concerts in Rome , Warsaw and Berlin , he maintained an engagement in London but there too his Third Symphony failed to attract the critics . In May 1908 , Sibelius 's health deteriorated further . He travelled with his wife to Berlin to have a tumour removed from his throat . After the operation , he vowed to give up smoking and drinking once and for all . The impact of this brush with death has been said to have inspired works that he composed in the following years , including Luonnotar and the Fourth Symphony . = = = More pleasant times = = = In 1909 , the successful throat operation resulted in renewed happiness between Sibelius and Aino in the family home . In Britain too , his condition was well received as he conducted En saga , Finlandia , Valse Triste and Spring Song to enthusiastic audiences . A meeting with Claude Debussy produced further support . After another uneventful trip to Paris , he went to Berlin where he was relieved to learn that his throat operation had been entirely successful . Sibelius started work on his Fourth Symphony in early 1910 but his dwindling funds also required him to write a number of smaller pieces and songs . In October , he conducted concerts in Kristiania ( now Oslo ) where The Dryad and In Memoriam were first performed . His Valse triste and Second Symphony were particularly well received . He then travelled to Berlin to continue work on his Fourth Symphony , writing the finale after returning to Järvenpää . Sibelius conducted his first concerts in Sweden in early 1911 when even his Third Symphony was welcomed by the critics . He completed the Fourth Symphony in April but , as he expected , with its introspective style it was not very warmly received when first performed in Helsinki with mixed reviews . Apart from a trip to Paris where he enjoyed a performance of Richard Strauss 's Salome , the rest of the year was fairly uneventful . In 1912 , he completed his short orchestral work Scènes historiques II . It was first performed in March together with the Fourth Symphony . The concert was repeated twice to enthusiastic audiences and critics including Robert Kajanus . The Fourth Symphony was also well received in Birmingham in September . In March 1913 , it was performed in New York but a large section of the audience left the hall between the movements while in October , after a concert conducted by Carl Muck , the Boston American labelled it " a sad failure " . Sibelius 's first significant composition of 1913 was the tone poem The Bard which he conducted in March to a respectful audience in Helsinki . He went on to compose Luonnotar ( Daughter of Nature ) for soprano and orchestra . With a text from the Kalevala , it was first performed in Finnish in September 1913 by Aino Ackté ( to whom it had been dedicated ) at the music festival in Gloucester , England . In early 1914 , Sibelius spent a month in Berlin where he was particularly drawn to Arnold Schönberg . Back in Finland , he began work on The Oceanides which had been commissioned by the American millionaire Carl Stoeckel for the Norfolk Music Festival . After first composing the work in D flat major , Sibelius undertook substantive revisions , presenting a D major version in Norfolk which was well received , as were Finlandia and the Valse triste . Henry Krehbiel considered The Oceanides to be one of the most beautiful pieces of sea music ever composed , while The New York Times commented that Sibelius 's music was the most notable contribution to the music festival . While in America , Sibelius received an honorary doctorate from Yale University and , almost simultaneously , one from the University of Helsinki where he was represented by Aino . = = = First World War years = = = While travelling back from the United States , Sibelius heard about the events in Sarajevo which led to the beginning of the First World War . Although he was far away from the fighting , his royalties from abroad were interrupted . To make ends meet , he was forced to compose lots of smaller works for publication in Finland . In March 1915 , he was able to travel to Gothenburg in Sweden where his The Oceanides was really appreciated . While working on his Fifth Symphony in April , he saw 16 swans flying by , inspiring him to write the finale . " One of the great experiences of my life ! " he commented . Although there was little progress on the symphony during the summer , he was able to complete it by his 50th birthday on 8 December . On the evening of his birthday , Sibelius conducted the premiere of the Fifth Symphony in the hall of the Helsinki Stock Exchange . Despite high praise from Kajanus , the composer was not satisfied with his work and soon began to revise it . Around this time , Sibelius was running ever deeper into debt . The grand piano he had received as a present was about to be confiscated by the bailiffs when the singer Ida Ekman paid off a large proportion of his debt after a successful fund @-@ raising campaign . A year later , on 8 December 1915 , Sibelius presented the revised version of his Fifth Symphony in Turku , combining the first two movements and simplifying the finale . When it was performed a week later in Helsinki , Katila was very favourable but Wasenius frowned on the changes , leading the composer to rewrite it once again . From the beginning of 1917 , Sibelius started drinking again , triggering arguments with Aino . Their relationship improved with the excitement resulting from the start of the Russian Revolution . By the end of the year , Sibelius had composed his Jäger March . The piece proved particularly popular after the Finnish parliament accepted the Senate 's declaration of independence from Russia in December 1917 . The Jäger March , first played on 19 January 1918 , coinciding with the beginning of the Finnish Civil War , delighted the Helsinki elite for a short time until the Finnish Red Guard , supporting the Russians , seized power in Helsinki on 28 January . When the Red Guards had been defeated by Gustaf Mannerheim , Sibelius conducted the march in Helsinki , reinforcing his image as a national hero . = = = Revived fortunes = = = In early 1919 , Sibelius enthusiastically decided to change his image , removing his thinning hair . In June , together with Aino , he visited Copenhagen on his first trip outside Finland since 1915 , successfully presenting his Second Symphony . In November he conducted the final version of his Fifth Symphony , receiving repeated ovations from the audience . By the end of the year , he was already working on the Sixth . In 1920 , despite a growing tremor in his hands , Sibelius composed the Hymn of the Earth to a text by the poet Eino Leino for the Suomen Laulu Choir and orchestrated his Valse lyrique , helped along by drinking wine . On his birthday in December 1920 , Sibelius received a donation of 63 @,@ 000 marks , a substantial sum the tenor Wäinö Sola had raised from Finnish businesses . Although he used some of the money to reduce his debts , he also spent a week celebrating to excess in Helsinki . Sibelius enjoyed a highly successful trip to England in early 1921 conducting several concerts around the country which included the Fourth and Fifth symphonies , The Oceanides and the ever popular Finlandia and Valse triste . Immediately afterwards , he conducted the Second Symphony and Valse triste in Norway . Although he was beginning to suffer from exhaustion , the critics were still very positive . On his return to Finland in April , he presented Lemminkäinen 's Return and the Fifth Symphony at the Nordic Music Days . Early in 1922 , after suffering from headaches Sibelius decided to acquire spectacles although he never wore them for photographs . In July , he was saddened by the death of his brother Christian . In August , he joined the Finnish Freemasons and composed ritual music for them . February 1923 saw the premiere of his Sixth Symphony which was highly praised by Evert Katila who qualified it as " pure idyll " . Before the year was out he had also conducted concerts in Stockholm and Rome , the first to considerable acclaim , the second to mixed reviews . He then proceeded to Gothenburg where he enjoyed an ecstatic reception despite arriving at the concert hall suffering from over @-@ indulgence in food and drink . Despite continuing to drink , to Aino 's dismay , Sibelius managed to complete his Seventh Symphony in early 1924 . In March , under the title of Fantasia sinfonica it received its first public performance in Stockholm where it was a success . It was even more highly appreciated at a series of concerts in Copenhagen in late September . Sibelius was honoured with the Knight Commander 's Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog . He spent most of the rest of the year resting as his recent spate of activity was straining his heart and nerves . Composing a few small pieces , he relied increasingly on alcohol . In May 1925 , his Danish publisher Wilhelm Hansen and the Royal Danish Theatre invited him to compose incidental music for a production of Shakespeare 's The Tempest . He completed the work well in advance of its premiere in March 1926 . It was well received in Copenhagen although Sibelius was not there himself . = = = Last major contributions = = = The year 1926 saw a sharp and lasting decline in Sibelius 's output : after his Seventh Symphony he produced only a few major works during the rest of his life . Arguably the two most significant were the incidental music for The Tempest and the tone poem Tapiola . For most of the last thirty years of his life , Sibelius even avoided talking publicly about his music . There is substantial evidence that Sibelius worked on an eighth symphony . He promised the premiere of this symphony to Serge Koussevitzky in 1931 and 1932 , and a London performance in 1933 under Basil Cameron was even advertised to the public . The only concrete evidence of the symphony 's existence on paper is a 1933 bill for a fair copy of the first movement and short draft fragments first published and played in 2011 . Sibelius had always been quite self @-@ critical ; he remarked to his close friends , " If I cannot write a better symphony than my Seventh , then it shall be my last . " Since no manuscript survives , sources consider it likely that Sibelius destroyed most traces of the score , probably in 1945 , during which year he certainly consigned a great many papers to the flames . His wife Aino recalled , In the 1940s there was a great auto da fé at Ainola . My husband collected a number of the manuscripts in a laundry basket and burned them on the open fire in the dining room . Parts of the Karelia Suite were destroyed – I later saw remains of the pages which had been torn out – and many other things . I did not have the strength to be present and left the room . I therefore do not know what he threw on to the fire . But after this my husband became calmer and gradually lighter in mood . On 1 January 1939 , Sibelius participated in an international radio broadcast which included the composer conducting his Andante Festivo . The performance was preserved on transcription discs and later issued on CD . This is probably the only surviving example of Sibelius interpreting his own music . = = = Final years and death = = = From 1903 and for many years thereafter Sibelius had lived in the countryside . From 1939 he and Aino again had a home in Helsinki but they moved back to Ainola in 1941 , only occasionally visiting the city . After the war he returned to Helsinki only a couple of times . The so @-@ called " the Silence of Järvenpää " became something of a myth , as in addition to countless official visitors and colleagues , his grandchildren and great grandchildren also spent their holidays in Ainola . Sibelius avoided public statements about other composers , but Erik W. Tawaststjerna and Sibelius 's secretary Santeri Levas have documented his private conversations in which he admired Richard Strauss and considered Béla Bartók and Dmitri Shostakovich the most talented composers of the younger generation . In the 1950s he promoted the young Finnish composer Einojuhani Rautavaara . His 90th birthday , in 1955 , was widely celebrated and both the Philadelphia Orchestra under Eugene Ormandy and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra under Sir Thomas Beecham gave special performances of his music . Erik Tawaststjerna also relates an anecdote in connection with Sibelius 's death : [ He ] was returning from his customary morning walk . Exhilarated , he told his wife Aino that he had seen a flock of cranes approaching . " There they come , the birds of my youth , " he exclaimed . Suddenly , one of the birds broke away from the formation and circled once above Ainola . It then rejoined the flock to continue its journey . Two days later , on 20 September 1957 , Sibelius died of a brain haemorrhage at age 91 in Ainola . At the time of his death , his Fifth Symphony , conducted by Sir Malcolm Sargent , was being broadcast from Helsinki . He is buried in the garden at Ainola . Another well @-@ known Finnish composer , Heino Kaski , died the same day . Aino lived there for the next 12 years until she died on 8 June 1969 ; she is buried alongside her husband . = = Music = = Sibelius is widely known for his symphonies and his tone poems , especially Finlandia and the Karelia suite . His reputation in Finland grew in the 1890s with the choral symphony Kullervo , which like many subsequent pieces drew on the epic poem Kalevala . His First Symphony was first performed to an enthusiastic audience in 1899 at a time when Finnish nationalism was evolving . In addition to six more symphonies , he gained popularity at home and abroad with incidental music and more tone poems , especially En saga , The Swan of Tuonela and Valse triste . Sibelius also composed a series of works for violin and orchestra including a Violin Concerto , the opera Jungfrun i tornet , many shorter orchestral pieces , chamber music , works for piano and violin , choral works and numerous songs . In the mid @-@ 1920s , after his Sixth and Seventh Symphonies , he composed the symphonic poem Tapiola and incidental music for The Tempest . Thereafter , although he lived until 1957 when he was 92 , he did not publish any further works of note . For several years , he worked on an Eighth Symphony which he later burned , leaving virtually no trace . As for his musical style , hints of Tchaikovsky 's music are particularly evident in early works such as his First Symphony and his Violin Concerto . For a period , he was nevertheless overwhelmed by Wagner , particularly while composing his opera . More lasting influences included Ferruccio Busoni and Anton Bruckner . But for his tone poems , he was above all inspired by Liszt . The similarities to Bruckner can be seen in the brass contributions to his orchestral works and the generally slow tempo of his music . Sibelius progressively stripped away formal markers of sonata form in his work and , instead of contrasting multiple themes , focused on the idea of continuously evolving cells and fragments culminating in a grand statement . His later works are remarkable for their sense of unbroken development , progressing by means of thematic permutations and derivations . The completeness and organic feel of this synthesis has prompted some to suggest that Sibelius began his works with a finished statement and worked backwards , although analyses showing these predominantly three- and four @-@ note cells and melodic fragments as they are developed and expanded into the larger " themes " effectively prove the opposite . This self @-@ contained structure stood in stark contrast to the symphonic style of Gustav Mahler , Sibelius 's primary rival in symphonic composition . While thematic variation played a major role in the works of both composers , Mahler 's style made use of disjunct , abruptly changing and contrasting themes , while Sibelius sought to slowly transform thematic elements . In November 1907 Mahler undertook a conducting tour of Finland , and the two composers were able to take a lengthy walk together , leading Sibelius to comment : I said that I admired [ the symphony 's ] severity of style and the profound logic that created an inner connection between all the motifs ... Mahler 's opinion was just the reverse . " No , a symphony must be like the world . It must embrace everything . " = = = Symphonies = = = Sibelius started work on his Symphony No. 1 in E minor , Op. 39 , in 1898 and completed it in early 1899 , when he was 33 . The work was first performed on 26 April 1899 by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra , conducted by the composer , in an original , well received version which has not survived . After the premiere , Sibelius made some revisions , resulting in the version performed today . The revision was completed in the spring and summer of 1900 , and was first performed in Berlin by the Helsinki Philharmonic , conducted by Robert Kajanus on 18 July 1900 . The symphony begins with a highly original , rather forlorn clarinet solo backed by subdued timpani . His Second Symphony , the most popular and most frequently recorded of his symphonies , was first performed by the Helsinki Philharmonic Society on 8 March 1902 , with the composer conducting . The opening chords with their rising progression provide a motif for the whole work . The heroic theme of the finale with the three @-@ tone motif is interpreted by the trumpets rather than the original woodwinds . During a period of Russian oppression , it consolidated Sibelius 's reputation as a national hero . After the first performance , Sibelius made some changes , leading to a revised version which was given its first performance by Armas Järnefelt on 10 November 1903 in Stockholm . The Third Symphony is a good @-@ natured , triumphal , and deceptively simple @-@ sounding piece . The symphony 's first performance was given by the Helsinki Philharmonic Society , conducted by the composer , on 25 September 1907 . There are themes from Finnish folk music in the work 's early chords . Composed just after his move to Ainola , it contrasts sharply with the first two symphonies , with its clear mode of expression developing into the marching tones of the finale . His Fourth Symphony was premiered in Helsinki on 3 April 1911 by the Philharmonia Society , with Sibelius conducting . It was written while Sibelius was undergoing a series of operations to remove a tumour from his throat . Its grimness can perhaps be explained as a reaction from his ( temporary ) decision to give up drinking . The opening bars , with cellos , basses and bassoons , convey a new approach to timing . It then develops into melancholic sketches based on the composer 's setting of Poe 's The Raven . The waning finale is perhaps a premonition of the silence Sibelius would experience twenty years later . In contrast to the usual assertive finales of the times , the work ends simply with a " leaden thud " . Symphony No. 5 was premiered in Helsinki to great acclaim by Sibelius himself on 8 December 1915 , his 50th birthday . The version most commonly performed today is the final revision , consisting of three movements , presented in 1919 . The Fifth is Sibelius 's only symphony in a major key throughout . From its soft opening played by the horns , the work develops into rotational repetitions of its various themes with considerable transformations , building up to the trumpeted swan hymn in the final movement . While the Fifth had already started to veer away from the sonata form , the Sixth , conducted by the composer at its premiere in February 1923 , is even further removed from the traditional norms . Tawaststjerna comments that " the [ finale 's ] structure follows no familiar pattern " . Composed in the Dorian mode , it draws on some of the themes developed while Sibelius was working on the Fifth as well as from material intended for a lyrical violin concerto . Now taking a purified approach , Sibelius sought to offer " spring water " rather than cocktails making use of lighter flutes and strings rather than the heavy brass of the Fifth . Symphony No. 7 in C major was his last published symphony . Completed in 1924 , it is notable for having only one movement . It has been described as " completely original in form , subtle in its handling of tempi , individual in its treatment of key and wholly organic in growth " . It has also been called " Sibelius 's most remarkable compositional achievement " . Initially titled Fantasia sinfonica , it was first performed in Stockholm in March 1924 , conducted by Sibelius . It was based on an adagio movement which he had sketched down almost ten years earlier . While the strings dominate , there is also a distinctive trombone theme . = = = Tone poems = = = After the seven symphonies and the violin concerto , Sibelius 's thirteen symphonic poems are his most important works for orchestra and , along with the tone poems of Richard Strauss , represent some of the most important contributions to the genre since Franz Liszt . As a group , the symphonic poems span the entirety of Sibelius 's artistic career ( the first was composed in 1892 , while the last appeared in 1925 ) , display the composer 's fascination with nature and Finnish mythology ( particularly the Kalevala ) , and provide a comprehensive portrait of his stylistic maturation over time . En saga ( meaning a fairy tale ) was first presented in February 1893 with Sibelius conducting . The single @-@ movement tone poem was possibly inspired by the Icelandic mythological work Edda although Sibelius simply described it as " an expression of [ his ] state of mind " . Beginning with a dreamy theme from the strings , it evolves into the tones of the woodwinds , then the horns and the violas , demonstrating Sibelius 's ability to handle an orchestra . The composer 's first significant orchestral piece , it was revised in 1902 when Ferruccio Busoni invited Sibelius to conduct his work in Berlin . Its successful reception encouraged him to write to Aino : " I have been acknowledged as an accomplished ' artist ' " . The Wood Nymph , a single @-@ movement tone poem for orchestra , was written in 1894 . Premiered in April 1895 in Helsinki with Sibelius conducting , it is inspired by the Swedish poet Viktor Rydberg 's work of the same name . Organizationally , it consists of four informal sections , each corresponding to one of the poem 's four stanzas and evoking the mood of a particular episode : first , heroic vigour ; second , frenetic activity ; third , sensual love ; and fourth , inconsolable grief . Despite the music 's beauty , many critics have faulted Sibelius for his " over @-@ reliance " on the source material 's narrative structure . The Lemminkäinen Suite was composed in the early 1890s . Originally conceived as a mythological opera , Veneen luominen ( The Building of the Boat ) , on a scale matching those by Richard Wagner , Sibelius later changed his musical goals and the work became an orchestral piece in four movements . The suite is based on the character Lemminkäinen from the Finnish national epic , the Kalevala . It can also be considered a collection of symphonic poems . The second / third section , The Swan of Tuonela , is often heard separately . Finlandia , probably the best known of all Sibelius 's works , is a highly patriotic piece which was first performed in November 1899 as one of the tableaux for the Finnish Press Celebrations . It had its public premiere in revised form in July 1900 . The current title only emerged later , first for the piano version , then in 1901 when Kajanus conducted the orchestral version under the name Finlandia . Although Sibelius insisted it was primarily an orchestral piece , it became a world favourite for choirs too , especially for the hymn episode . Finally the composer consented and in 1937 and 1940 agreed to words for the hymn , first for the Free Masons and later for more general use . The Oceanides is a single @-@ movement tone poem for orchestra written in 1913 – 14 . The piece , which refers to the nymphs in Greek mythology who inhabited the Mediterranean Sea , premiered on 4 June 1914 at the Norfolk Music Festival in Connecticut with Sibelius himself conducting . The work ( in D major ) , praised upon its premiere as " the finest evocation of the sea ever produced in music " , consists of two subjects Sibelius gradually develops in three informal stages : first , a placid ocean ; second , a gathering storm ; and third , a thunderous wave @-@ crash climax . As the tempest subsides , a final chord sounds , symbolizing the mighty power and limitless expanse of the sea . Tapiola , Sibelius 's last major orchestral work , was commissioned by Walter Damrosch for the New York Philharmonic Society where it was premiered on 26 December 1926 . It is inspired by Tapio , a forest spirit from the Kalevala . To quote the American critic Alex Ross , it " turned out to be Sibelius 's most severe and concentrated musical statement " . Even more emphatically , the composer and biographer Cecil Gray asserts : " Even if Sibelius had written nothing else , this one work would entitle him to a place among the greatest masters of all time . " = = = Other important works = = = The Karelia Music , one of the composer 's earlier works , written for the Vyborg Students ' Association , was first performed on 13 November 1893 to a noisy audience . The " Suite " emerged from a concert on 23 November consisting of the overture and the three movements which were published as Op. 11 , the Karelia Suite . It continues to be one of Sibelius 's most popular pieces . Valse triste is a short orchestral work which was originally part of the incidental music Sibelius composed for his brother @-@ in @-@ law Arvid Järnefelt 's 1903 play Kuolema . It is now far better known as a separate concert piece . Sibelius wrote six pieces for the 2 December 1903 production of Kuolema ( meaning death ) . The waltz accompanied a sequence in which a woman rises from her deathbed to dance with ghosts . In 1904 , Sibelius revised the piece for a performance in Helsinki on 25 April where it was presented as Valse triste . An instant success , it took on a life of its own , and remains one of Sibelius 's signature pieces . The Violin Concerto in D minor was first performed on 8 February 1904 with Victor Nováček as soloist . As Sibelius had barely completed the piece in time for the premiere , Nováček had insufficient time to prepare with the result that the performance was a disaster . After substantial revisions , a new version was premiered on 19 October 1905 with Richard Strauss conducting the Berlin Court Orchestra . With Karel Halíř , the orchestra 's leader , as soloist it was a tremendous success . The piece has become increasingly popular and is now the most frequently recorded of all the violin concertos composed in the 20th century . Kullervo , one of Sibelius 's early works , is sometimes referred to as a choral symphony but is better described as a suite of five symphonic movements resembling tone poems . Based on the character Kullervo from the Kalevala , it was premiered on 28 April 1892 with Emmy Achté and Abraham Ojanperä as soloists and Sibelius conducting the chorus and orchestra of the recently founded Helsinki Orchestra Society . Although the work was only performed five times during the composer 's lifetime , since the 1990s it has become increasingly popular both for live performances and recordings . = = Freemasonry = = When Freemasonry was revived in Finland , having been forbidden during the Russian sovereignty , Sibelius was one of the founding members of Suomi Lodge No. 1 in 1922 and later became the Grand Organist of the Grand Lodge of Finland . He composed the ritual music used in Finland ( Op 113 ) in 1927 and added two new pieces composed in 1946 . The new revision of the ritual music of 1948 is one of his last works . = = Nature = = Sibelius loved nature , and the Finnish landscape often served as material for his music . He once said of his Sixth Symphony , " [ It ] always reminds me of the scent of the first snow . " The forests surrounding Ainola are often said to have inspired his composition of Tapiola . On the subject of Sibelius 's ties to nature , his biographer , Erik Tawaststjerna , wrote : Even by Nordic standards , Sibelius responded with exceptional intensity to the moods of nature and the changes in the seasons : he scanned the skies with his binoculars for the geese flying over the lake ice , listened to the screech of the cranes , and heard the cries of the curlew echo over the marshy grounds just below Ainola . He savoured the spring blossoms every bit as much as he did autumnal scents and colours . = = Reception = = Sibelius exerted considerable influence on symphonic composers and musical life , at least in English @-@ speaking and Nordic countries . The Finnish symphonist Leevi Madetoja was a pupil of Sibelius . In Britain , Vaughan Williams and Arnold Bax both dedicated their fifth symphonies to Sibelius . Furthermore , Tapiola is prominently echoed in both Bax 's Sixth Symphony and Moeran 's Symphony in G Minor . The influence of Sibelius 's compositional procedures is also strongly felt in the First Symphony of William Walton . When these and several other major British symphonic essays were being written in and around the 1930s , Sibelius 's music was very much in vogue , with conductors like Beecham and Barbirolli championing its cause both in the concert hall and on record . Walton 's composer friend Constant Lambert even claimed that Sibelius was " the first great composer since Beethoven whose mind thinks naturally in terms of symphonic form " . Earlier , Granville Bantock had championed Sibelius ( the esteem was mutual : Sibelius dedicated his Third Symphony to the English composer , and in 1946 he became the first President of the Bantock Society ) . More recently , Sibelius was also one of the composers championed by Robert Simpson . Malcolm Arnold acknowledged his influence , and Arthur Butterworth also saw Sibelius 's music as a source of inspiration in his work . Eugene Ormandy and to a lesser extent , his predecessor with the Philadelphia Orchestra Leopold Stokowski , were instrumental in bringing Sibelius 's music to American audiences by frequently programming his works ; the former developed a friendly relationship with Sibelius throughout his life . Later in life , Sibelius was championed by the American critic Olin Downes , who wrote a biography of the composer . In 1938 Theodor Adorno wrote a critical essay , notoriously charging that " If Sibelius is good , this invalidates the standards of musical quality that have persisted from Bach to Schoenberg : the richness of inter @-@ connectedness , articulation , unity in diversity , the ' multi @-@ faceted ' in ' the one ' . " Adorno sent his essay to Virgil Thomson , then music critic of the New York Herald Tribune , who was also critical of Sibelius ; Thomson , while agreeing with the essay 's sentiment , declared to Adorno that " the tone of it [ was ] more apt to create antagonism toward [ Adorno ] than toward Sibelius " . Later , the composer , theorist and conductor René Leibowitz went so far as to describe Sibelius as " the worst composer in the world " in the title of a 1955 pamphlet . Perhaps one reason Sibelius has attracted both the praise and the ire of critics is that in each of his seven symphonies he approached the basic problems of form , tonality , and architecture in unique , individual ways . On the one hand , his symphonic ( and tonal ) creativity was novel , while others thought that music should be taking a different route . Sibelius 's response to criticism was dismissive : " Pay no attention to what critics say . No statue has ever been put up to a critic . " In the latter decades of the twentieth century , Sibelius began to be re @-@ assessed more favourably : Milan Kundera dubbed the composer 's approach to be that of " antimodern modernism " , standing outside the perpetual progression of the status quo . In 1990 , the composer Thea Musgrave was commissioned by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra to write a piece in honour of the 125th anniversary of Sibelius 's birth : Song of the Enchanter was premiered on 14 February 1991 . In 1984 , the American avant @-@ garde composer Morton Feldman gave a lecture in Darmstadt , Germany , wherein he stated that " the people you think are radicals might really be conservatives – the people you think are conservatives might really be radical , " whereupon he began to hum Sibelius 's Fifth Symphony . Writing in 1996 , the Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning music critic Tim Page stated , " There are two things to be said straightaway about Sibelius . First , he is terribly uneven ( much of his chamber music , a lot of his songs and most of his piano music might have been churned out by a second @-@ rate salon composer from the 19th century on an off afternoon ) . Second , at his very best , he is often weird . " With 8 December 2015 being the 150th anniversary of Sibelius 's birth , the Helsinki Music Centre has planned an illustrated and narrated " Sibelius Finland Experience Show " every day during the summer of 2015 . The production is also planned to extend over 2016 and 2017 . On 8 December itself , the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by John Storgårds has planned a commemorative concert featuring En Saga , Luonnotar and the Seventh Symphony . = = Legacy = = In 1972 , Sibelius 's surviving daughters sold Ainola to the State of Finland . The Ministry of Education and the Sibelius Society of Finland opened it as a museum in 1974 . The Finnish 100 mark bill featured his image until 2002 when the euro was adopted . Since 2011 , Finland has celebrated a Flag Day on 8 December , the composer 's birthday , also known as the " Day of Finnish Music " . The year 2015 , the 150th anniversary of the composer 's birth , featured a number of special concerts and events , especially in the city of Helsinki . The quinquennial International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition , instituted in 1965 , and the Sibelius Monument , unveiled in 1967 in Helsinki 's Sibelius Park , both exist in his honour , as does the asteroid 1405 Sibelius . Sibelius kept a diary in 1909 – 1944 , and his family allowed it to be published unabridged in 2005 . The diary was edited by Fabian Dahlström and published in the Swedish language in 2005 . To celebrate the 150th anniversary of the composer , the entire diary was also published in the Finnish language in 2015 . Several volumes of Sibelius ’ correspondence have also been edited and published in Swedish , Finnish and English . = Steve Purcell = Steven Ross Purcell ( born 1961 ) is an American cartoonist , animator , director and game designer . He is most widely known as the creator of Sam & Max , an independent comic book series about a pair of anthropomorphic animal vigilantes and private investigators , for which Purcell received an Eisner Award in 2007 . Since being a comic , the series has grown to incorporate an animated television series and several video games . A graduate of the California College of Arts and Craft , Purcell began his career creating comic strips for the college newsletter . He performed freelance work for Marvel Comics and Fishwrap Productions before publishing his first Sam & Max comic in 1987 . Purcell was hired by LucasArts as an artist and animator in 1988 , working on several titles within the company 's adventure games era . Purcell collaborated with Nelvana to create a Sam & Max television series in 1997 , and briefly worked as an animator for Industrial Light & Magic after leaving LucasArts . He is currently employed in the story development department at Pixar . His main work for the animation studio has been with the 2006 film Cars , the 2012 film Brave and spin @-@ off materials such as shorts and video games . Alongside his employment with Pixar , Purcell has continued to work with comic books and came together with Telltale Games in 2005 to bring about new series of Sam & Max video games . = = Career = = = = = Early career = = = Purcell entered into a career with comic books while an undergraduate at the California College of Arts and Crafts in 1980 ; he produced comic strips for the weekly newsletter . These strips featured Sam and Max , an anthropomorphic dog and rabbit duo who work as vigilantes and private investigators ; Purcell drew the first strip the night before the deadline . Following his graduation in 1982 , Purcell became involved in freelance illustration , working briefly for Marvel Comics , Chaosium , and on Steven Moncuse 's Fish Police series . Moncuse approached Purcell about the possibility of another comic book series to accompany his well @-@ performing Fish Police series in 1987 . Purcell agreed , and wrote his first feature length comic using the characters of Sam and Max . The 32 @-@ page comic was published by Fishwrap Productions in 1987 . The comic contained two Sam & Max stories : " Monkeys Violating the Heavenly Temple " , a name that Purcell found on a firework and thought was appropriate ; and " Night of the Gilded Heron @-@ Shark " . Purcell published a further story in a 1987 issue of Critters titled " Night of the Cringing Wildebeest " . These three stories established the basics for Purcell 's future work with the characters . = = = LucasArts = = = Purcell was hired by LucasArts , then known as Lucasfilm Games , as an animator in 1988 , but was subsequently laid off when the project he was working on was canceled . Despite being laid off , he was rehired to produce artwork for the graphic adventure game Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders . Purcell was later commissioned to create the cover artwork for Maniac Mansion and the first two Monkey Island games and researched into whips for the adventure game version of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . He worked with animation in several LucasArts adventure games , published three more Sam & Max comic books during this time , and began creating brief comic strips for LucasArts ' quarterly newsletter , The Adventurer . The characters eventually became involved as training material for LucasArts programmers working with SCUMM , the core game engine used by LucasArts adventure games ; Purcell created versions of Sam and Max in their office for new programmers under Ron Gilbert to practice on . References to the characters were occasionally made in unrelated LucasArts adventure games as a clandestine appearance in backgrounds . Purcell wrote the six @-@ issue comic book series Defenders of Dynatron City for Marvel Comics in 1992 . After a positive reaction to the Sam & Max strips in The Adventurer and wanting to expand into other franchises following Maniac Mansion and Monkey Island , LucasArts offered to create a graphic adventure game on the characters in 1992 . Sam & Max Hit the Road was conceived and developed by a small team headed by Purcell , Sean Clark , Michael Stemmle and Collette Michaud . Purcell decided to base the game on one of his earlier Sam & Max stories , the 1988 story " On The Road " . In 1995 , Purcell combined all published Sam & Max printed media into a 154 @-@ page paperback compilation titled Sam & Max : Surfin ' the Highway . After producing the cover artwork for Herc 's Adventures and concept art for The Curse of Monkey Island , Purcell left LucasArts . = = = Later work = = = Purcell joined with story editor Dan Smith from Canadian studio Nelvana to create an animated television series of Sam & Max in 1996 . The result was the 1997 series The Adventures of Sam & Max : Freelance Police , broadcast on Fox Kids in the United States , YTV in Canada and Channel 4 in the United Kingdom . Purcell wrote the jokes for each installment of the 24 episode series , and wrote the scripts for four episodes . Despite the toned down violence and mild profanity common in the Sam & Max franchise due to the target audience of children , Purcell was content that the characters maintained their moral ambiguity . Some parent groups in the United States attempted to have the series pulled from networks due to content issues ; Purcell was pleased that they " had managed to ruffle some feathers along the way " . Two Sam & Max comic strips appeared in Fox 's Totally Fox Kids Magazine in 1998 to accompany the series ; other Sam & Max strips appeared in Wizard and Oni Double Feature . During the development of the television series in 1997 , Purcell co @-@ authored and illustrated the Hellboy Christmas Special with Mike Mignola and Gary Gianni . After the conclusion of the Sam & Max animated series , Purcell was briefly employed by Industrial Light & Magic to work on digital effects for a film version of Frankenstein . Despite his work , the project was canceled ; Purcell believes that some of the development work morphed into ILM 's contributions to Van Helsing . While at ILM , Purcell was involved in a project to create an animated film based on Monkey Island ; while the project did not reach fruition , Purcell began posting concept art he had produced for the film on his personal blog several years after . = = = Pixar and Telltale Games = = = After the brief stint at ILM , Purcell moved to Pixar . Despite being employed by Pixar , Purcell acted as an advisor in the development of Sam & Max : Freelance Police , a sequel to Sam & Max Hit the Road that began development in 2002 under LucasArts . Purcell provided Michael Stemmle 's development team with concept art and assisted in the creation of the game 's plot . Despite its smoothly proceeding development , LucasArts abruptly canceled the project in March 2004 . Purcell was unable to understand why development halted ; he described himself as " frustrated and disappointed " at the decision . At Pixar 's story development department , Purcell contributed screenplay material and voice work for the 2006 film Cars , and designed the character of the Screaming Banshee in the short Mater and the Ghostlight . Providing scripts and voice work for three games based on Cars , Purcell became involved with THQ 's video game adaptations of Pixar films . Purcell was credited for involvement with Pixar 's 2007 film Ratatouille ; he provided the voice for the character of Carl in George & A.J. — a 2009 short based on the film Up . Purcell was key for Pixar 's 2012 film Brave , co @-@ directing the film alongside Brenda Chapman and Mark Andrews in addition to providing work for the screenplay ; Brave constituted Purcell 's biggest role in a Pixar project to date . In 2014 , Purcell wrote and directed the Pixar Christmas special Toy Story That Time Forgot which aired on ABC on December 2 , 2014 . Purcell is not considering the possibility of Pixar adapting Sam & Max into a film , as the characters ' moral ambiguity is inconsistent with traditional Pixar stories . In 2005 , LucasArt 's license with Purcell that gave them the right to produce games based on the Sam & Max franchise expired ; this allowed Purcell to take the franchise to Telltale Games , a new company formed by members of Stemmle 's development team . A new episodic series of Sam & Max games , Sam & Max Save the World , was announced . Purcell 's work on the new game series encompassed design and writing , as well as the design of the game 's cover artwork ; despite his work , Purcell described it as " minimal " due to the effectiveness of the team . At the same time , Purcell began a Sam & Max webcomic hosted on the Telltale Games website . The webcomic ran for twelve issues , and it earned Purcell an Eisner Award for " Best Digital Comic " when the comic finished its run in 2007 . Purcell assisted with design and writing when Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space began development in 2007 . Through Telltale Games , he released two sketchbooks of his Sam & Max work and a 20th anniversary edition of Sam & Max : Surfin ' the Highway in 2008 . Purcell later painted the cover artwork for Telltale 's Tales of Monkey Island . = = Personal life = = Purcell grew up in California , where he still resides . In a 2000 interview , Purcell said that he had been drawing all his life , and that he still possesses drawings from when he was three years old . Noting that his line of creative work depends entirely on things one learns , Purcell describes himself as an " average " student at school , but wishing that he had tried harder at some classes . After studying film @-@ making courses at junior college , Purcell enrolled in the California College of Arts and Crafts to read fine art ; he now holds a bachelor 's degree there . Purcell befriended Mike Mignola , and later Art Adams while at the college . Citing the Marx Brothers , Peter Sellers and Monty Python as among his interests , he says that he is inspired by " creative people who have made their seemingly most self @-@ indulgent artistic whims into a career " . During the development of Sam & Max Hit the Road in 1993 , Purcell married fellow lead designer Collette Michaud ; the wedding cake was topped with figurines of Sam and Max as a bride and groom . Purcell has two sons . The characters of Sam and Max were created in Purcell 's youth ; Purcell 's younger brother Dave originally came up with several comics around the idea of a dog and rabbit detective duo . Dave would often leave unfinished comics around the house . Deliberately making the characters mix up each other 's names , shoot at each other and mock the way in which they had been drawn , Steve , in a case of sibling rivalry , would sometimes finish the stories in parodies of their original form . This developed from Steve mocking his brother 's to the creation of his own stories with the characters . In the late 1970s , Dave Purcell gave Steve the rights to the characters ; he signed them over in a contract on Steve 's birthday and allowed him to develop the characters in his own way . Purcell believes that his younger brother has recovered and forgiven him from their earlier years . Having kept one as a pet in his youth , Purcell has an interest in rats , which are commonly featured in his artistic work . = = Credited works = = = = = Video games = = = = = = Films = = = The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley ( 1988 ) – production crew The Adventures of Sam & Max : Freelance Police ( 1997 – 1998 ) – writing and design Cars ( 2006 ) – additional screenplay material , voice of the tractors Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) – additional character design Ratatouille ( 2007 ) – production crew George & A.J. ( 2009 ) – voice of Carl Fredricksen Brave ( 2012 ) – co @-@ director and writing , voice of the crow Toy Story That Time Forgot ( 2014 ) – writer and director , voice of the Cleric = Bicycle kick = A bicycle kick , also known as an overhead kick or scissors kick , is a physical move in association football . It is achieved by throwing the body backward up into the air , making a shearing movement with the lower limbs to get one leg in front of the other in order to strike an airborne ball rearwards above head level , without resting on the ground . In most languages , the manoeuvre is named after either the cycling motion or the scissor motion that it resembles . Its complexity and uncommon performance in competitive football matches makes it one of association football 's most celebrated skills . Bicycle kicks can be used defensively to clear away the ball from the goalmouth or offensively to strike at the goal in an attempt to score . The bicycle kick is an advanced football skill that is dangerous for inexperienced players . Its successful performance has largely been limited to the most experienced and athletic players in football history . The bicycle kick was invented in South America , possibly as early as the late 19th century , during a period of development in football history . Innovations like the bicycle kick were the result of local adaptations to the football style introduced by British immigrants . Football lore has many legends on the possible origins of the bicycle kick . Newspaper archives from the beginning of the 20th century evidence a complex , multinational history for the bicycle kick 's invention , naming , and diffusion . As an iconic skill , bicycle kicks are an important part of association football culture . Executing a bicycle kick in a competitive football match , particularly in scoring a goal , usually garners wide attention in the sports media . The bicycle kick has been featured in works of art , such as sculptures , films , advertisements , and literature . The manoeuvre is also used in other similar ball sports , particularly in the variants of association football ( like futsal and beach soccer ) . The controversy over the move 's invention and name in Brazil , Chile , and Peru ( and its status as an element of the notable Chile – Peru football rivalry ) has added to the kick 's acclaim in popular culture . = = Name = = The bicycle kick is known in English by three names : bicycle kick , overhead kick , and scissors kick . The term " bicycle kick " describes the action of the legs while the body is in mid @-@ air , resembling the pedalling of a bicycle . The manoeuvre is also called an " overhead kick " , which refers to the ball being kicked above the head or a " scissors kick " , reflecting the movement of two scissor blades coming together . Some authors differentiate the " scissors kick " as similar to a bicycle kick , but done sideways or at an angle ; other authors consider them to be the same move . In languages other than English , its name also reflects the action it resembles . Sports journalist Alejandro Cisternas , from Chilean newspaper El Mercurio , compiled a list of these names . In most cases , they either refer to the kick 's scissor @-@ like motion , such as the French ciseaux retourné ( returned scissor ) and the Greek psalidaki , or to its bicycle @-@ like action , such as the Portuguese pontapé de bicicleta . In other languages , the nature of the action is described : German Fallrückzieher ( falling backward kick ) , Polish przewrotka ( overturn kick ) , Dutch omhaal ( turnaround drag ) , and Italian rovesciata ( reversed kick ) . Exceptions to these naming patterns are found in languages that designate the move by making reference to a location , such as the Norwegian brassespark ( Brazilian kick ) . This exception is most significant in Spanish , where there exists a fierce controversy between Chile and Peru — as part of their historic sports rivalry — over the naming of the bicycle kick ; Chileans know it as the chilena , while Peruvians call it the chalaca . Regardless , the move is also known in Spanish by the less tendentious names of tijera and tijereta — both a reference to the manoeuvre 's scissor @-@ like motion . = = Execution = = A successful performance of the bicycle kick in association football typically requires great skill and athleticism . Not only does the performer need to maintain good form when executing the move , but must simultaneously exhibit exceptional accuracy and precision when striking the ball . Sports historian Richard Witzig recommends that footballers attempt executing a bicycle kick with a focused and determined state of mind . Due to the action 's complexity , a successfully executed bicycle kick is notable and , according to sports journalist Elliott Turner , prone to awe audiences . Brazilian forward Pelé , one of the sport 's renowned players , also considers the manoeuvre difficult and recalled having scored from it only a few times out of his 1 @,@ 283 career goals . To perform a bicycle kick , the ball must be airborne so that the player can hit it while doing a backflip ; the ball can either come in the air towards the player , such as from a cross , or the player can flick the ball up into the air . The non @-@ kicking leg should rise first to help propel the body up while the kicking leg makes the jump . While making the leap , the body 's back should move rearwards until it is parallel to the ground . As the body reaches peak height , the kicking leg should snap toward the ball as the non @-@ kicking leg is simultaneously brought down to increase the kick 's power . Vision should stay focused on the ball until the foot strikes it . The arms should be used for balance and to diminish the impact from the fall . Bicycle kicks are generally done in two situations , one defensive and the other offensive . A defensive bicycle kick is done when a player facing his side 's goal uses the action to clear the ball in the direction opposite his side 's goalmouth . Sports historian Richard Witzig considers defensive bicycle kicks a desperate move requiring less aim than its offensive variety . An offensive bicycle kick is used when a player has his back to the opposing goal and is near the goalmouth . According to Witzig , the offensive bicycle kick requires concentration and a good understanding of the ball 's location . Bicycle kicks can also be done in the midfield , but this is not recommended because safer and more accurate passes can be done in this zone . Crosses that precede an offensive bicycle kick are of dubious accuracy — German striker Klaus Fischer reportedly stated that most crosses prior to a bicycle kick are bad . Moreover , performing a bicycle kick is dangerous , even when done correctly , as it may result in the injury of a startled participant in the field . For this reason , Peruvian defender César González recommends that the player executing the bicycle kick have enough space to perform it . For the player using the manoeuvre , the greatest danger happens during the drop ; a bad fall can result in injuries to the head , back , or wrist . Witzig recommends players attempting the move to land on their upper back , using their arms as support , and simultaneously rolling over to a side in order to diminish impact from the drop . A poor bicycle kick can also expose a player to ridicule . = = History = = = = = Background = = = The bicycle kick was created in South America during an era of innovation in association football tactics and skills . Football was introduced to South America by British immigrants who , during the 1800s , were attracted by the region 's economic prospects , including the export of coffee from Brazil , hide and meat from Argentina , and guano from Peru . The sport was adopted by South Americans through trans @-@ cultural diffusion , because the British immigrant communities founded institutions , such as schools and sporting clubs , where activities included the practice of association football . Football had previously spread to mainland Europe , principally Belgium , the Netherlands and Scandinavia , but British sports journalist Jonathan Wilson argues that no innovations were made to the game in these locations . Matters developed differently in South America because , rather than simply imitate the British immigrant 's style of play — which was based more on the slower " Scottish passing game " than on the faster and rougher English football style — the South Americans contributed to the sport 's growth by emphasizing the players ' technical qualities . By adapting the sport to their preferences , South American footballers mastered individual skills like the dribble , bending free kicks , and the bicycle kick . = = = Invention = = = The possible origins of the bicycle kick have been a part of football lore , with many legends relating when it was first performed and who created it . According to Brazilian football chronicler Mario Rodrigues Filho , claims of authorship of football skills reflected the tenor of the early game . Peruvian football journalist Roberto Castro wrote that it is inherently impossible to know for certain who made the first bicycle kick , as anyone playing with a ball could have done it without it being recorded . Uruguayan sports journalist Diego Pérez wrote in the Montevideo @-@ based newspaper El País that the legends obscure the origin of the bicycle kick . Although journalists Uli Hesse and Paul Simpson regard the invention of the bicycle kick as one of several puzzles of football , they consider that reconstructing the true history is possible and that it is to be preferred over the legends . The earliest known person to perform the bicycle kick is the defender Ramón Unzaga , a Basque athlete born in Spain and naturalized Chilean , and he is sometimes credited as its inventor . His first bicycle kick is dated as occurring either in 1914 or in 1916 . According to journalist Luis Osses Guíñez , the author of Talcahuano 's football history , Unzaga 's first recorded bicycle kick occurred in 1918 , as documented by a civil law notary report filed after a heated match between Talcahuano and neighbouring Concepción turned violent . Unzaga , described by Osses Guíñez as a hot @-@ tempered Basque , got into a fistfight with a referee who called a foul on the player 's bicycle kick . This event was reported a few days after the match in the Concepción newspaper El Sur , where Unzaga defends himself by indicating that he had previously executed the manoeuvre in other matches without it being called a foul . To name the move , Chilean newspapers referred to the bicycle kick as a chorera ( alluding to Talcahuano , Chile , where Unzaga played the sport ) . Argentine football journalist Jorge Barraza , former director of CONMEBOL 's official magazine ( Magazine Conmebol ) , affirms that Chilean newspaper records from 1900 also name the bicycle kick as a chalaca ( alluding to the port of Callao , Peru ) , a term that they would use again in 1935 when Peruvian forward Alejandro Villanueva performed it during Alianza Lima 's undefeated tour in Chile . Reports and oral traditions further indicate that the bicycle kick was already being used by Afro @-@ Peruvian footballers in Callao by the end of the 19th century , during football games played between locals and British sailors and railroad employees . Since the second half of the 19th century , football had developed in Peru 's chief seaport as a working @-@ class sport , and it was common for British mariners to practice the game with stevedores and other locals as a form of leisure while their ships docked in Callao . For these reasons , various researchers conclude that the bicycle kick was invented in Peru . Football was also commonly played between Peruvian and Chilean mariners at the beginning of the 20th century , and Barraza reasons that Chileans learned about the bicycle kick or tiro de chalaca ( " chalaca shot " , as spectators called it ) through these matches , which Colombian journalist Alejandro Millán Valencia considers the first international football games between Chile and Peru . = = = Diffusion = = = According to Millán Valencia , Chilean footballers first performed the bicycle kick outside Western South America during the 1910s and 1920s . During the first editions of the South American Championship , Chilean defenders Ramón Unzaga and Francisco Gatica amazed the public with their bicycle kicks ; Gatica 's bicycle kick , used to stop an imminent goal , garnered so much attention that he was credited with the move 's invention . Also notable were the actions of Chilean club Colo @-@ Colo founder David Arellano , who played as a forward and performed the bicycle kick during his team 's tour of Spain in 1927 . Impressed by the Chileans ' bicycle kick , aficionados from Spain and Argentina named it chilena for the players ' nationality . It was also around this time that , in Brazil , footballer Petronilho de Brito would achieve notoriety for his bicycle kicks — locally receiving credit for the move 's invention . During a 1922 match between clubs from São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro , Petronilho notably scored twice from a bicycle kick — or bicicleta , as it was locally known . Amid the nascent football of the Río de la Plata , the bicycle kick was associated with other skills ( such as the back @-@ heel volley and the diving header ) as the nucleus of what newspaper El Gráfico in 1928 praised as a uniquely Argentine style of football ; according to that newspaper , the creative striker Pedro Calomino of Boca Juniors invented the bicycle kick . Football skills from South America , including the bicycle kick , also reached Europe through Italy , which received numerous Argentine , Uruguayan , and Brazilian footballers until the mid @-@ 1930s . The South American football style and the Danubian School , a football system from Central Europe that emphasized ball control and tactical positioning on the field , was of significant importance in Italian football and its development of a fourth model of play . This Italian football style furthered the sport 's complexity by giving more precise roles for individual players , especially defenders , and emphasizing micro @-@ level tactics . During the 1930s , the instinctive striker Silvio Piola of Italy was among Europe 's first notable bicycle kick performers — Italians even credited him for its invention and the phrase a la Piola ( " like Piola " ) became locally synonymous with bicycle kick goals . The bicycle kick attained greater notability after it was performed in the France 1938 World Cup quarter @-@ finals match between Brazil and Czechoslovakia , by the Brazilian forward Leônidas da Silva . At the international level , he had previously scored twice from a bicycle kick , in 1932 , against Uruguay . Leônidas would also be hailed as the manoeuvre 's inventor , or as the one to have perfected it , and the bicycle kick continues being closely associated with the Brazilian football style . According to sports historian David Goldblatt 's , the influx of South American footballers ended before the start of the Second World War . In spite of the war , football continued being practiced in various European countries . During the 1940s , the bicycle kick was again popularized in Italy by local defender Carlo Parola , nicknamed Signor Rovesciata ( " Mr. Reverse Kick " ) , and Italians credited him with its invention . Doug Ellis , President Emeritus of English club Aston Villa , claimed to have invented the manoeuvre at Southport at around the same time ; however , due to the lack of new developments in British football at the time , Ellis may have been the first player to make a bicycle kick in England . = = = Pelé 's kick = = = During the second half of the twentieth century , the bicycle kick would again be brought forth to international acclaim by Pelé , who learned the manoeuvre from Petronilho 's younger brother , Waldemar de Brito . Pelé 's capability to perform bicycle kicks with ease was one of the traits that made him stand out from other players early in his sports career , and it also boosted his self @-@ confidence as a footballer . The majority of the goals that Pelé scored from a bicycle kick occurred during club matches with Santos FC and the New York Cosmos , but the most celebrated is the one he scored in an international football match between Brazil and Belgium in 1968 . Due to the skill 's rarity at the time , Pelé 's bicycle kick caught the Belgian goalkeeper by surprise and dumbfounded the spectators ; an iconic photograph , taken while Pelé was in mid @-@ air , helped immortalize the event . Pelé has since been closely associated with the bicycle kick and has also been attributed its invention . After Pelé , Argentine midfielder Diego Maradona and Mexican forward Hugo Sánchez became notable performers of the bicycle kick during the last decades of the 20th century . Other notable players to have performed the move during this period include Peruvian winger Juan Carlos Oblitas , who scored a bicycle kick goal in a 1975 Copa América match between Peru and Chile , and Welsh forward Mark Hughes , who scored from a bicycle kick in a World Cup qualification match played between Wales and Spain in 1985 . = = = Modern acclaim = = = Some of the late twentieth century 's most memorable bicycle kicks have also been performed in the FIFA World Cup finals . German striker Klaus Fischer scored from a bicycle kick in the Spain 1982 World Cup semi @-@ finals match between West Germany and France , tying the score in overtime — the game then went into a penalty shootout , which ended in favour of the German team . Hesse and Simpson consider Fischer 's action the World Cup 's most outstanding bicycle kick . In the Mexico 1986 World Cup , Mexican midfielder Manuel Negrete Arias scored from a bicycle kick during the round of 16 match between Mexico and Bulgaria — despite receiving great notability early in the tournament , Negrete 's goal was eventually overshadowed by " The Goal of the Century " scored by Maradona in the quarter @-@ finals match between Argentina and England . Not all bicycle kicks in association football 's major international tournament have to result in a goal to be notable , however , as proven by a memorable bicycle kick that occurred in the United States 1994 World Cup , when U.S. defender Marcelo Balboa used the skill during the group stage match between Colombia and the United States . Even though it did not result in a goal , Balboa 's move has received much praise and is even credited with boosting the sport 's popularity in the United States . Since the beginning of the twenty @-@ first century , the bicycle kick continues to be a skill that is rarely successfully executed in football matches . In 2001 , Spanish midfielder Guti scored a bicycle kick goal in a match between Real Madrid and Villarreal that sports journalist Rob Smyth listed as one of the six best bicycle kicks in the history of football in an article for theguardian.com. In the Korea @-@ Japan 2002 World Cup , Belgian attacking midfielder Marc Wilmots scored what English football writer Brian Glanville describes as a " spectacular bicycle kick " against Japan . Other notable players to have performed the bicycle kick in recent years include Swedish forward Zlatan Ibrahimović , who in 2012 scored an overhead goal during an international friendly match between Sweden and England , and English forward Wayne Rooney , who during the 2011 Manchester derby scored a bicycle kick that was voted as the best in the Premier League 's history . = = In popular culture = = The bicycle kick retains popular appeal ; Hesse and Simpson highlight the positive impact a successful bicycle kick has on player notability , and the United States Soccer Federation describes it as an iconic embellishment of the sport . According to former Manchester City defender Paul Lake , a notable bicycle kick performed by English left winger Dennis Tueart in the English Premier League injured hundreds of fans who tried to emulate it . When Italian striker Mario Balotelli during his youth development years tried to pattern his skills on those of Brazilian midfielder Ronaldinho and French midfielder Zinedine Zidane , he fixated on the bicycle kick . The manoeuvre is also admired in variants of association football , such as beach soccer and futsal . An action like the bicycle kick is also used in sepak takraw , a sport whose objective is to kick a ball over a net and into the opposing team 's side . Bicycle kicks are also an important part of football culture . According to the United States Soccer Federation , Pelé 's bicycle kick in the 1981 film Escape to Victory is a textbook execution of the skill and Pelé expressed satisfaction with his attempt to " show off " for the film in his autobiography . A Google Doodle in September 2013 , celebrating Leônidas da Silva 's 100th birthday , prominently featured a bicycle kick performed by a stick figure representing the popular Brazilian forward . Bicycle kicks have also been featured in advertisements , such as in a 2014 television commercial where Argentine forward Lionel Messi executes the manoeuvre to promote that year 's FIFA football simulation video game . A monument to the bicycle kick executed by Ramón Unzaga was erected in Talcahuano , Chile , in 2014 ; created by sculptor María Angélica Echavarri , the statue is composed of copper and bronze and measures three meters in diameter . A statue in honor of Manuel Negrete 's bicycle kick is planned for the Coyoacán district of Mexico City . The Uruguayan novelist Eduardo Galeano wrote about the bicycle kick in his book Soccer in Sun and Shadow , praising Unzaga as the inventor . The Peruvian Nobel laureate writer Mario Vargas Llosa has the protagonist in The Time of the Hero 's Spanish edition declare that the bicycle kick must have been invented in Callao , Peru . = = = Origin controversy = = = According to journalist Diego Pérez , bicycle kicks are currently less common and their origins cloudier . Popular opinion in Brazil , Chile , and Peru defends those nations ' claims of inventing the bicycle kick . Witzig acknowledges different names for the move , depending on country . In Goal : The New York Times Soccer Blog , journalist Juan Arango wrote that the bicycle kick 's origin is a sensitive issue in Peru and Chile . In 2006 , Harold Mayne @-@ Nicholls , president of the Football Federation of Chile ( FFCh ) , poked gentle fun at Peruvian insistence on credit for the bicycle kick . That year Mayne @-@ Nicholls ' Peruvian Football Federation ( FPF ) counterpart , Manuel Burga , announced a campaign to verify the bicycle kick 's origin in his country . In 2009 , Peruvian footballer Teófilo Cubillas advised the FPF to patent the manoeuvre with FIFA , and that year Chilean footballer Sandrino Castec expressed his belief that the Peruvian position was based on anti @-@ Chilean sentiment . According to Brazilian anthropologist Antonio Jorge Soares , the bicycle kick 's origin is important only as an example of how folklore is created . In the Spanish newspaper El País , journalist Alberto Lati raised no objection to local names for the move . Simpson and Hesse agree that the move 's name should be a matter of personal opinion . Roberto Castro wrote that the bicycle kick 's alternate names are synonyms , with no one name definitive . = Battle of Huoyi = The Battle of Huoyi ( 霍邑之戰 ; Wade @-@ Giles : Huo @-@ i ) was fought in China on 8 September 617 between the forces of the rebel Duke of Tang , Li Yuan , and the army of the ruling Sui Dynasty . Li Yuan , with an army of ca . 25 @,@ 000 , was advancing south along the Fen River towards the imperial capital , Daxingcheng . His advance was stalled for two weeks due to heavy rainfall and he was met at the town of Huoyi by an elite Sui army of 20 @,@ 000 ( or 30 @,@ 000 ) men . Li Yuan 's cavalry , under the command of his two eldest sons , lured the Sui out of the protection of the city walls , but in the first clash between the two main armies , Li Yuan 's forces were initially driven back . At that point , possibly due to a stratagem on Li Yuan 's behalf , the arrival of the rest of the rebel army , or to the flanking manoeuvres of Li Yuan 's cavalry , which had gotten behind the Sui army , the Sui troops collapsed and routed , fleeing back towards Huoyi . Li Yuan 's cavalry , however , cut off their retreat . The battle was followed by the capture of weakly defended Huoyi , and the advance on Daxingcheng , which fell to the rebels in November . In the next year , Li Yuan deposed the Sui and proclaimed himself emperor , beginning the Tang Dynasty . = = Background = = During the later reign of the second emperor of the Sui Dynasty , Yang , the dynasty 's authority began to wane . The main reason was the immense material and human cost of the protracted and fruitless attempts to conquer the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo . Coupled with natural disasters , the conscription of more and more men for the war and the hoarding of scarce grain reserves for the army 's needs increased provincial discontent . As a result , from 611 on rural revolts broke out across the empire , and with the emperor 's prestige and legitimacy diminished by military failure , ambitious provincial magnates were encouraged to challenge his rule . Yang nevertheless continued to be fixated on the Korean campaigns , and only as unrest spread within the Empire and the powerful Eastern Turks turned hostile , did he realize the gravity of the situation : in 616 , he abandoned the north and withdrew to Jiangdu , where he remained until his assassination in 618 . With the emperor 's withdrawal from the scene , local governors and magnates emerged to claim power . Nine major contenders emerged , some claiming the imperial title for themselves , others , like Li Mi in Henan , contending themselves , for the time being , with more modest titles . Among the most well @-@ positioned contenders was Li Yuan , Duke of Tang and governor of Taiyuan in the northwest ( modern Shanxi ) . A scion of a noble family related to the Sui dynasty , and with a distinguished career behind him , Li Yuan was an obvious candidate for the throne . His province possessed excellent natural defences , a heavily militarized population and was located near the capitals of Daxingcheng ( Chang 'an ) and Luoyang . = = Li Yuan 's march south = = Traditional historiography emphasizes Li Yuan 's initial reluctance to revolt against the Sui , and that he had to be persuaded by his senior aides and his second son ( and eventual successor ) , Li Shimin . In reality , Li Yuan was considering a rebellion at least by the time of his appointment to Taiyuan in early 617 . In mid @-@ 617 , Li began raising additional troops from his province and executed his two deputies — who were appointed by emperor Yang to watch over him . He also concluded an alliance with Shibi , the powerful khagan of the Eastern Turks , which secured his northern frontier from a Turkish invasion and provided him with men and , most importantly , horses , which he lacked . Initially , however , Li Yuan portrayed himself a Sui loyalist , and proclaimed his intention of placing Yang 's grandson , Yang You , on the throne . Li Yuan 's campaign is recorded in detail by his chief secretary , Wen Daya . In mid @-@ July , a first expedition , under Li Yuan 's eldest sons Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin , was launched against the loyalist Xihe commandery further south along the Fen River . Li Yuan 's sons succeeded in capturing the province within a few days and returned to Taiyuan . Finally , after his preparations were complete , on 10 August , Li Yuan began his march south , along the Fen towards Daxingcheng . His " righteous army " comprised 30 @,@ 000 men , raised from the local " soaring hawk " militia , but with some 10 @,@ 000 additional volunteers and including a 500 @-@ strong Turkish contingent , provided by the khagan along with 2 @,@ 000 horses . His fifteen @-@ year @-@ old son Li Yuanji was left behind to guard Taiyuan , while Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin accompanied their father as his lieutenants . A small force under Chang Lun was detached to advance parallel to the main army and capture the loyalist commanderies further west , securing the flanks . Li Yuan 's advance was stopped at a place called Guhubao for two weeks in late August due to heavy rainfall , giving time to the Sui authorities to react : the general Qutu Tong was sent to secure Hedong Commandery on the Yellow River , while another army , of 20 @,@ 000 elite troops under Song Laosheng advanced north to the town of Huoyi , some 17 miles south of Guhubao , to confront him . Huoyi was placed on the southern exit of a defile through which the road passed , following the course of the Fen River , and provided an excellent position from which to check an army coming from the north . When Li Yuan 's army learned of Song Laosheng 's presence , some began advocating a retreat to Taiyuan , fearing that in their absence the Turks might break the treaty and attack it . A council was held , at which Li Yuan sided with his sons , who argued forcefully for continuing the campaign . Thus , on 8 September , after the rains stopped , Li Yuan 's army set out from its encampment . Instead of following the road through the defile , however , they chose a path through the southeastern hills , allegedly revealed to them by a peasant . Li Yuan 's army that arrived at Huoyi numbered less than its original 30 @,@ 000 men , perhaps as few as 25 @,@ 000 , due to the detachments left behind . It was predominantly composed of infantry was divided into six divisions under a general ( tongjun ) , but it is unclear how they were subordinated to Li Yuan and his sons : Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin were named in the traditional fashion as commanders of the left and right respectively , but in the accounts of the battle , the army appears formed in van , middle and rear divisions . The cavalry , a few hundred strong , was apparently kept as a strategic reserve . Very little is also known about the Sui army , except that Song Laosheng 's troops were considered to be elite warriors . Some sources raise their number to 30 @,@ 000 from the more typical 20 @,@ 000 ; this could be an error , or possibly indicate additional forces recruited at Huoyi . = = Battle = = There are two accounts of the subsequent battle : the account of Wen Daya , and a later official account , which became the dominant version in traditional Chinese historiography . The latter was compiled during the reign of Li Shimin , and therefore enhances his own role , having him decide the battle in a cavalry charge , while denigrating the role of both his father and his elder brother Li Jiancheng , whom Li Shimin would murder and supplant on the throne . The two accounts are difficult to reconcile , but Wen Daya 's account , despite its own inadequacies , is clearly to be preferred as an eyewitness testimony . According to Wen Daya , Li Yuan feared that Song Laosheng would deny battle and instead force him to engage in a prolonged and costly siege of the town . For this reason , as soon as the headquarters with the cavalry cleared the hills and came into view of Huoyi in the early afternoon of 8 September , Li Yuan sent his sons at the head of the cavalry to manoeuvre before the walls of Huoyi , hoping to entice the Sui army to come out . In this he hoped to exploit Song Laosheng 's reputation for rashness . The slower @-@ moving infantry , which formed bulk of Li Yuan 's army , was still in the process of traversing the hills , and Li Yuan sent officers to hurry them up . Song Laosheng , who may have seen this as an opportunity of destroying his enemy piecemeal , deployed his army outside the town wall , but proved reluctant to advance further , and had to be goaded further away from the town through a feigned retreat by the cavalry . At this time , Li Yuan 's infantry began arriving , with the van division deploying in a square to fend off a Sui attack while the other two divisions were coming up behind it . Wen Daya 's account now becomes sketchier , indicating that the infantry charged the Sui army , at which point Li Yuan 's sons led the cavalry around the Sui flank towards the town , where the small garrison left behind by Song Laosheng was forced to drop the portcullis gates . Li Yuan then let spread the rumour that Song Laosheng had been killed , which demoralized the Sui force . The Sui army began to retreat , but this turned into a rout when they found their retreat to Huoyi cut off by Li Yuan 's cavalry and the barred gates . Wen Daya 's narrative can be supplemented by the later account , which , despite its bias regarding Li Shimin , also contains indications that not everything went according to Li Yuan 's plans : it appears that in the first clash between Li Yuan 's infantry and the Sui army , the Sui had the upper hand and pushed Li Yuan back , possibly because he had not yet managed to bring all his forces into the field . Either through the arrival of the rest of Li Yuan 's infantry , the actions of Li Yuan 's cavalry along and behind the Sui flanks , or Li Yuan 's stratagem , the Sui army 's morale gave way abruptly , and their resistance collapsed . The battle was over by 4 p.m. in a crushing victory for Li Yuan , who then led his troops against Huoyi itself . Although he lacked any siege equipment , the garrison in the town was too small to effectively resist Li Yuan 's army , and Huoyi fell within a few hours . = = Aftermath = = Following their victory , Li Yuan and his army continued their southward advance , and in mid @-@ October reached the Yellow River . Part of the army was left behind to contain the Sui garrison at Puzhou , while the rest crossed the river , defeating a Sui army that tried to prevent them . The governor of Huazhou surrendered the city and its vital granaries to him , and turned towards the capital . On the way , he was joined by his daughter , Princess Pingyang , and his cousin , Li Shentong , with the troops they had raised themselves . By the time Li Yuan 's army reached Daxingcheng , it was said to number 200 @,@ 000 men . After a brief siege , on 9 November , Li Yuan 's troops stormed the capital . This feat established Li Yuan as a major contender for the empire , but for the moment , despite the calls of his generals to proclaim himself emperor there and then , he still feigned to be a Sui loyalist : the Sui imperial family was kept safe and its dignity respected , and the young Yang You was enthroned as emperor Gong , with Yang himself delegated to the honorific position of " Retired Emperor " ( taishang huang ) . It was not until 16 June 618 , exactly a year after he formally broke with Sui by executing his deputies , that Li Yuan deposed the puppet emperor and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Tang Dynasty , with the temple name of Gaozu . The new dynasty still had to face the various local rebels and warlords that had sprung up throughout the Chinese Empire , but by 628 , with a judicious mixture of force and clemency , the Tang had succeeded in the pacification and consolidation of China under their rule . = Brislington House = Brislington House ( now known as Long Fox Manor ) was built as a private lunatic asylum . When it opened in 1806 it was one of the first purpose @-@ built asylums in England . It is situated on the Bath Road in Brislington , Bristol , although parts of the grounds cross the city boundary into the parish of Keynsham in Bath and North East Somerset . The Palladian @-@ fronted building was originally seven separate blocks into which patients were allocated depending on their class . The buildings , estate and therapeutic regime designed by Edward Long Fox were based on the principles of moral treatment that was fashionable at the time . Brislington House later influenced the design and construction of other asylums and influenced Acts of Parliament . The house and ancillary structures are listed buildings that have now been converted into private residences . The original grounds are Grade II * listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England and now include St. Brendan 's Sixth Form College , sports pitches and some farmland . They are now included on the Heritage at Risk register . = = History = = The asylum was established by Edward Long Fox and considered state of the art when it opened in 1806 , having been built on moral treatment ideas pioneered at the York Retreat , which had opened in 1796 . Fox had an extensive private practice in Bristol and served as a physician at Bristol Infirmary before taking over a madhouse at Cleeve Hill in 1792 . He had a range of different businesses locally and was able to pay £ 4 @,@ 000 for the Brislington Estate . The site had previously been Brislington Common , which had been enclosed in 1780 . The site , on the main road between Bristol and Bath , now the A4 , enabled him to attract wealthy clients from both cities . Fox divided the patients at Brislington House according to social class , ' 1st ' , ' 2nd ' and ' 3rd ' class ladies and gentlemen , who were housed in different blocks , as well as behavioural presentation . Fox insisted that patients should be separated from their families as they needed to move away from the conventional authority of the head of the household following the madness of King George III . It had erroneously been suggested that the king become a patient at Brislington House . Each block had access to courtyards , known as airing courts , and the asylum was surrounded by extensive grounds . At the end of each courtyard were stone rooms used to house incontinent patients , who slept on straw beds . All buildings were made from stone and iron , avoiding the use of wood because of the potential fire hazard . Hot and cold plunge baths were also included , as Fox saw their use as an important part of treatment , which may have been related to his Quaker beliefs and John Wesley 's advocacy of the practice . The total construction cost around £ 35 @,@ 000 . In addition to the wealthy private patients , paupers funded by parish funds were also admitted and kept in accommodation furthest from the central block , which was for the highest in society . By 1844 there were 60 private patients . The building was refronted and a chapel added in 1851 . The design of the buildings and the therapeutic regime were seen as models to be followed elsewhere , including at the General Lunatic Asylum of Nottingham at Sneinton , and the drafting of the 1808 County Asylums Act and Lunacy Act 1845 . The asylum continued to be owned and run by physicians from the Fox family until the Second World War . The asylum did not become part of the National Health Service when it was formed in 1948 , being categorised as a " disclaimed hospital " . In 1951 it was sold to the Royal United Hospital , who used it as a nurses ' home until the 1980s , when it became a care home for the elderly . In the 1990s it was converted into flats and its name changed to Long Fox Manor . = = = Patients = = = John Thomas Perceval , the son of Spencer Perceval , spent about a year at Brislington House , from 1831 until February 1832 , followed by two years at Ticehurst House , Ticehurst in Sussex . In Brislington House Perceval experienced , in spite of the expense , a regime of deprivation , brutality and degradation . For eight months , during which time he was completely under the control of his voices , spirits and presences , he was kept under restraint , either in a straitjacket or tied down in bed . Treatment consisted of cold baths and an operation to sever his temporal artery . He was later one of the founders of the Alleged Lunatics ' Friend Society and acted as their honorary secretary for about twenty years . Perceval 's two books about his experience in asylums were republished by the anthropologist Gregory Bateson in 1962 , and in recent years he has been hailed as a pioneer of the mental @-@ health advocacy movement . The artist Frank Miles was committed to Brislington House in 1887 . = = Architecture = = The front of the building is in the Palladian style , with a central block and two wings , all of which have slate roofs . The three @-@ storey central block has a Doric porch and a nine @-@ window range . The wings on either side have six @-@ window ranges . On the southern end is an attached pavilion and on the northern end is the chapel , which contains a window from St Luke 's Church , Brislington . The current layout was developed in the mid @-@ 19th century from the original separate blocks , which had been linked by a corridor at basement level . < = = Grounds = = The extensive grounds covered around 36 hectares ( 89 acres ) with 2 hectares ( 4 @.@ 9 acres ) of kitchen gardens , 6 hectares ( 15 acres ) of pleasure grounds and gardens , with the remaining 25 hectares ( 62 acres ) being parkland , which is now largely covered with sports fields . They were laid out as part of the regimen of moral treatment that was in vogue when the asylum was built . They included pathways and walks including one along the cliff above the River Avon . There were also facilities for various recreational activities , including a bowling green and fives court , and later football and cricket pitches . The inclusion of a grotto and other eye @-@ catching features , along with attractive views , may have been seen as therapeutic and based on the ideas of Archibald Alison as expressed in his work Essays on the Nature and Principles of Taste ( 1790 ) . He based these on the principle of " association " , which suggested that seeing objects of beauty could help to correct thought patterns . There were several cottages on the estate , the first of which , The Beeches , was built for the Fox family . Swiss Cottage , which was built in 1819 , was originally known as Carysfoot Cottage , when the Earl of Carysfort was a patient there . Lanesborough Cottage was built as accommodation for Lord Lanesborough . The lodge house was originally called the wheelhouse as it contained the mechanism used to open and close the iron gates to the asylum . A garden alcove dating from around 1820 is a Grade II listed building . In the late 1950s The Beeches and a large part of the grounds were sold for the establishment of St. Brendan 's Sixth Form College . The grounds , which are Grade II * listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England , are now on the Heritage at Risk register of Historic England . = James Bryant Conant = James Bryant Conant ( March 26 , 1893 – February 11 , 1978 ) was an American chemist , a transformative President of Harvard University , and the first U.S. Ambassador to West Germany . Conant obtained a PhD in Chemistry from Harvard in 1916 . During World War I he served in the U.S. Army , working on the development of poison gases . He became an assistant professor of chemistry at Harvard in 1919 , and the Sheldon Emery Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1929 . He researched the physical structures of natural products , particularly chlorophyll , and he was one of the first to explore the sometimes complex relationship between chemical equilibrium and the reaction rate of chemical processes . He studied the biochemistry of oxyhemoglobin providing insight into the disease methemoglobinemia , helped to explain the structure of chlorophyll , and contributed important insights that underlie modern theories of acid @-@ base chemistry . In 1933 , Conant became the President of Harvard University with a reformist agenda that involved dispensing with a number of customs , including class rankings and the requirement for Latin classes . He abolished athletic scholarships , and instituted an " up or out " policy , under which scholars who were not promoted were terminated . His egalitarian vision of education required a diversified student body , and he promoted the adoption of the Scholastic Aptitude Test ( SAT ) and co @-@ educational classes . During his presidency , women were admitted to Harvard Medical School and Harvard Law School for the first time . Conant was appointed to the National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) in 1940 , becoming its chairman in 1941 . In this capacity , he oversaw vital wartime research projects , including the development of synthetic rubber , and the Manhattan Project , which developed the first atomic bombs . On July 16 , 1945 , he was among the dignitaries present at the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range for the Trinity nuclear test , the first detonation of an atomic bomb , and was part of the Interim Committee that advised President Harry S. Truman to use atomic bombs on Japan . After the war , he served on the Joint Research and Development Board ( JRDC ) that was established to coordinate burgeoning defense research , and on the influential General Advisory Committee ( GAC ) of the Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) . In his later years at Harvard , Conant taught undergraduate courses on the history and philosophy of science , and wrote books explaining the scientific method to laymen . In 1953 he retired as President of Harvard and became the United States High Commissioner for Germany , overseeing the restoration of German sovereignty after World War II , and then was Ambassador to West Germany until 1957 . On returning to the United States , he criticized the education system in works such as The American High School Today ( 1959 ) , Slums and Suburbs ( 1961 ) and The Education of American Teachers ( 1963 ) . Between 1965 and 1969 , Conant , suffering from a heart condition , worked on his autobiography , My Several Lives ( 1970 ) . He became increasingly infirm , suffered a series of strokes in 1977 , and died in a nursing home the following year . = = Early life = = James Bryant Conant was born in Dorchester , Massachusetts , on March 26 , 1893 , the third child and only son of James Scott Conant , a photoengraver , and his wife Jennett Orr née Bryant . Conant was one of 35 boys who passed the competitive admission exam for the Roxbury Latin School in West Roxbury in 1904 . He graduated near the top of his class in 1910 . Encouraged by his science teacher , Newton H. Black , in September of that year he entered Harvard College , where he studied physical chemistry under Theodore W. Richards and organic chemistry under Elmer P. Kohler . He was also an editor of The Harvard Crimson . He joined the Signet Society and Delta Upsilon , and was initiated as a brother of the Omicron Chapter of Alpha Chi Sigma in 1912 . He graduated Phi Beta Kappa with his Bachelor of Arts in June 1913 . He then went to work on his doctorate , which was an unusual double dissertation . The first part , supervised by Richards , concerned " The Electrochemical Behavior of Liquid Sodium Amalgams " ; the second , supervised by Kohler , was " A Study of Certain Cyclopropane Derivatives " . Harvard awarded Conant his Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1916 . In 1915 , Conant entered into a business partnership with two other Harvard chemistry graduates , Stanley Pennock and Chauncey Loomis , to form the LPC Laboratories . They opened a plant in a one @-@ story building in Queens , New York , where they manufactured chemicals used by the pharmaceutical industry like benzoic acid that were selling at high prices on account of the interruption of imports from Germany due to World War I. In 1916 , the departure of organic chemist Roger Adams created a vacancy at Harvard that was offered to Conant . Since he aspired to an academic career , Conant accepted the offer and returned to Harvard . On November 27 , 1916 , there was an explosion at the plant . Pennock and two other workers were killed and the plant was completely destroyed . One of the contributing causes was Conant 's faulty test procedures . Following the United States declaration of war on Germany , Conant was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Sanitary Corps on September 22 , 1917 . He went to the Camp American University , where he worked on the development of poison gases . Initially , his work concentrated on mustard gas , but in May 1918 Conant took charge of a unit concerned with the development of lewisite . He was promoted to major on July 20 , 1918 . A pilot plant was built , and then a full @-@ scale production plant in Cleveland , but the war ended before lewisite could be used in battle . After the war ended , Conant was discharged from the Army and returned to Harvard , where he was appointed an assistant professor of chemistry on September 1 , 1919 . The following year he became engaged to Richards 's daughter , Grace ( Patty ) Thayer Richards . They were married in the Appleton Chapel at Harvard on April 17 , 1920 , and had two sons , James Richards Conant , born in May 1923 , and Theodore Richards Conant , born in July 1928 . = = Chemistry professor = = Conant became an associate professor in 1924 . In 1925 , he visited Germany , then the heart of chemical research , for eight months . He toured the major universities and laboratories there and met many of the leading chemists , including Theodor Curtius , Kazimierz Fajans , Hans Fischer , Arthur Hantzsch , Hans Meerwein , Jakob Meisenheimer , Hermann Staudinger , Adolf Windaus and Karl Ziegler . After Conant returned to the United States , Arthur Amos Noyes made him an attractive offer to	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
The schooner Wallace and steamer Otago were also both wrecked at or near Chasland 's Mistake , in 1866 and 1876 respectively , and a 4534 @-@ ton steamer , the Manuka , ran aground at Long Point north of Tautuku in 1929 . In all there were eight shipwrecks of note between 1839 and 1892 . After a decline in the 1890s , the logging of native timber expanded into new areas made accessible by an extension of the railway , before petering out in the mid @-@ 20th century . One nail in the industry 's coffin came with a series of bushfires which destroyed several mills in 1935 . The cleared land was used primarily for pastoral sheep and dairy farming , which continues to be a mainstay of the Catlins ' economy . Much of the remaining forest is now protected by the Department of Conservation as part of the Catlins Conservation Park . From the time of the Great Depression until the formation of the New Zealand Rabbit Board in 1954 , rabbits became a major pest in the area , and rabbiters were employed to keep the creatures under control . The trapping of rabbits and auctioning of their skins in Dunedin became a minor but important part of the Catlins area 's economy during this time . The area 's population has declined from a peak of around 2700 in 1926 to its current level of around 1200 . This decline has halted in recent decades , with 2008 figures being very similar to those of 1986 . = = Natural history = = = = = Wildlife = = = The Catlins coast often hosts New Zealand fur seals and Hooker 's sea lions , and occasionally southern elephant seals can be seen . Several species of penguin also nest along the coast , notably the rare yellow @-@ eyed penguin ( hoiho ) , as do other seabirds including mollymawks and Australasian gannets , and the estuaries of the rivers are home to herons , stilts , godwits and oystercatchers . Bitterns and the threatened fernbird ( matata ) can also occasionally be seen along the reedy riverbanks . In the forests , endangered birds such as the yellowhead ( mohua ) and kakariki ( New Zealand parakeet ) occur , as do other birds such as the tui , fantail ( piwakawaka ) , and kererū ( New Zealand pigeon ) . One of New Zealand 's only two native species of non @-@ marine mammal , the long @-@ tailed bat , lives in small numbers within the forests , and several species of lizard are also found locally , including the southern forest gecko . Many species of fish , shellfish , and crustaceans frequent both the local rivers and sea , notably crayfish and paua . Nugget Point in the northern Catlins hosts a particularly rich variety of marine wildlife . The establishment of a marine reserve off the coast here , discussed in 1992 , 2004 and 2015 , has been controversial . Hector 's dolphins can often be seen close to the Catlins coast , especially at Porpoise Bay near Waikawa , which is protected as part of the Catlins Coast Marine Mammal Sanctuary , established in 2008 . Migratory southern right whales and humpback whales can be spotted along the coastline during winter . = = = Flora = = = The Catlins features dense temperate rainforest , dominated by podocarps . This is the largest area of native forest remaining on the South Island 's east coast , with over 500 square kilometres ( 190 sq mi ) of forest and neighbouring subalpine areas being protected in Catlins Conservation Park . The forest is thick with trees such as rimu , totara , silver beech , matai and kahikatea . Of particular note are the virgin rimu and totara forest remaining in those areas which were too rugged or steep to have been milled by early settlers , and an extensive area of silver beech forest close to the Takahopa River . This is New Zealand 's most southerly expanse of beech forest . Many native species of forest plant can be found in the undergrowth of the Catlins forest , including young lancewoods , orchids such as the spider orchid and perching Easter orchid , and many different native ferns . Settlers cleared much of the Catlins ' coastal vegetation for farmland , but in some areas the original coastal plant life survives , primarily around cliff edges and some of the bays close to the Tautuku Peninsula , these being furthest from the landward edges of the forest . Plant life here includes many native species adapted to the strong salt @-@ laden winds found in this exposed region . The Catlins coastal daisy ( Celmisia lindsayii ) is unique to the region , and is related to New Zealand 's mountain daisies . Tussocks , hebes , and flaxes are common , as are native gentians , though sadly the endangered native sedge pingao can now rarely be found . In years when the southern rātā flowers well , the coastal forest canopy turns bright red . The rātā also thrives in some inland areas . = = = Geology = = = The geology of the Catlins dates back to over 150 million years ago , when the bedrock of the New Zealand continent was being assembled by thick sediments and volcanic arcs accreting onto the edge of the Gondwana supercontinent in a series of long thin terranes . The parallel hill ranges of the Catlins form part of the Murihiku terrane , which extends inland through the Hokonui Hills as far west as Mossburn . This itself forms part of a larger system known as the Southland Syncline , which links to similar formations in Nelson ( offset by the Alpine Fault ) , the North Island and even New Caledonia , 3 @,@ 500 km ( 2 @,@ 200 mi ) away . The north @-@ eastern boundary of this geologic region is marked by the Murihiku escarpment , which runs along the southern edge of the dormant Hillfoot fault line . The Catlins ranges are strike ridges composed of Triassic and Jurassic sandstones , mudstones and other related sedimentary rocks , often with a high incidence of feldspar . Fossils of the late and middle Triassic Warepan and Kaihikuan stages are found in the area . Curio Bay features the petrified remains of a forest 160 million years old . This represents a remnant of the subtropical woodland that once covered the region , only to become submerged by the sea . The fossilised remnants of trees closely related to modern kauri and Norfolk pine can be seen here . = = Population and demographics = = The Catlins area has very few inhabitants ; the region as a whole has a population of only some 1200 people . Almost all of the Catlins ' population lies either close to the route of the former State Highway running from Balclutha to Invercargill ( which now forms part of the Southern Scenic Route ) , or in numerous tiny coastal settlements , most of which have only a few dozen inhabitants . The largest town in the Catlins , Owaka , has a population of about 400 . It is located 35 km ( 22 mi ) southwest of Balclutha . The only other settlements of any great size are Kaka Point ( population 200 ) , Waikawa , Tokanui , and Fortrose , which lies at the western edge of the Catlins on the estuary of the Mataura River . Most of the area 's other settlements are either little more than farming communities ( such as Romahapa , Maclennan , and Glenomaru ) or seasonally populated holiday communities with few permanent residents . An outdoor education centre , run by the Otago Youth Adventure Trust is located at Tautuku , almost exactly half way between Owaka and Waikawa . The area 's population has predominantly European ancestry , with 94 @.@ 2 % of Owaka 's population belonging to the European ethnic group according to the 2001 Census , compared to 93 @.@ 7 % for the Otago region and 80 @.@ 1 % for New Zealand as a whole . The median income in the same census ranked considerably lower than for most of the country , although the unemployment rate was very low ( 3 @.@ 2 % , compared with 7 @.@ 5 % nationwide ) . = = Economy = = The early European economy of the Catlins during the 1830s and 1840s centred on whaling and sealing . The exploitation of the forests for timber started in the 1860s with the rapid growth of the city of Dunedin as a result of the goldrush of 1861 – 62 . In the early 1870s more timber cargo was loaded at Owaka than at any other New Zealand port . Forestry and sawmilling declined in the late 1880s once the easily accessible timber had been removed . The extension of the railway beyond Owaka breathed new life into these industries , however , with activity peaking during the 1920s . The land cleared of trees largely became pasture . From the 1880s , clearing of land for dairy farming increased , especially in the areas around Tahakopa and the Owaka River valley . Considerable sheep and dairy farming continues on the cleared hills on the periphery of the region , and this accounts for much of the Catlins ' income . A rural polytechnic specialising in agricultural science ( Telford Rural Polytechnic ) is located south of Balclutha close to the northeastern edge of the Catlins . Fishing and tourism now account for much of the area 's economy . The rugged natural scenery , sense of isolation , and natural attractions such as Cathedral Caves makes the Catlins a popular destination for weekend trips by people from Dunedin and Invercargill , the two nearest cities . A large number of cribs ( holiday cottages ) occur at places such as Jack 's Bay and Pounawea . Ecotourism is becoming increasingly important to the area 's economy , with many of the visitors coming from overseas . Tourism added an estimated $ 2 @.@ 4 million to the region 's economy in 2003 . = = Transport = = The Southern Scenic Route links Fiordland and Dunedin via the Catlins . Here it runs northeast to southwest as an alternative road to State Highway 1 , which skirts the Catlins to the northwest . This section of the Southern Scenic Route — formerly designated State Highway 92 but no longer listed as a state highway — winds through most of the small settlements in the area , and was only completely sealed during the late 1990s ( a stretch of about 15 km ( 9 mi ) southwest of Tautuku was surfaced with gravel prior to that time ) . The settlements of Owaka , Maclennan , Papatowai , Tokanui , and Fortrose all lie on this route . A coastal route also parallels the inland highway between Waikawa and Fortrose , but only about two thirds of this road is sealed . The remaining small roads in the district , all of which link with the former State Highway , have gravel surfaces . These roads mainly link the main route with small coastal settlements , although gravel roads also extend along the valleys of the Owaka and Tahakopa Rivers , linking the main Catlins route with the small towns of Clinton and Wyndham respectively . The gravelled Waikawa Valley Road crosses the hills to join the Tahakopa @-@ Wyndham route . Several of the area 's coastal settlements have facilities for small boats , but generally only fishing and holiday craft use them ; no regular passenger or freight @-@ boat service runs to the Catlins . A railway line , the Catlins River Branch , linked the area with the South Island Main Trunk Line from the late 19th century . Construction of this line began in 1879 , but it did not reach Owaka until 1896 . Construction progressed slowly due to the difficult terrain , and the final terminus of the line at Tahakopa was not completed until 1915 . The economic viability of the line declined with the sawmills that it was built to serve , and the line was eventually closed in 1971 . Parts of the line 's route are now accessible as walkways , among them a 240 m ( 790 ft ) long tunnel ( " Tunnel Hill " ) between Owaka and Glenomaru . = = Government = = The Catlins forms part of the Clutha @-@ Southland electorate in the Parliament of New Zealand . Between 1996 and 2014 , the electorate was represented by Bill English of the National Party , who is Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand and a former Leader of the Opposition . The Catlins area is split between the Clutha and Southland Districts for local government purposes . Most of the Catlins falls in the Clutha District , based in Balclutha , and one of the council 's fourteen representatives is elected directly from a Catlins Ward which is roughly coterminous with this area . The Clutha District is itself part of the Otago Region , controlled administratively by the Otago Regional Council ( ORC ) in Dunedin , 80 km ( 50 mi ) to the northeast of Balclutha . The Molyneux Constituency of the ORC , which covers roughly the same area as the Clutha District , elects two councillors to the 12 @-@ member Regional Council . Approximately the westernmost one @-@ third of the Catlins area lies in the Southland District , based in Invercargill , 50 km ( 31 mi ) to the west of Fortrose . One of the council 's 12 elected members represents the Toetoes Ward , which contains this part of the Catlins , along with an area around Wyndham and extending along Toetoes Bay towards the Awarua Plain . The Southland District is itself part of the Southland Region , controlled administratively by the Southland Regional Council ( SRC ; also known as Environment Southland ) , which is also based in Invercargill . The Southern Constituency of the SRC , which covers the entire Toetoes Ward and extends across the Awarua Plain almost as far as Bluff in the west and Mataura in the north , elects one councillor to the 12 @-@ member Regional Council . = = Education = = The Catlins area hosts four co @-@ educational schools : Tahakopa School , Tokanui School , and Romahapa School , all of which are primary schools ; The Catlins Area School , Owaka is a combined primary and secondary school . It is the only one of the four with more than 100 pupils . The nearest dedicated secondary schools are South Otago High School in Balclutha and Menzies College in Wyndham . The nearest tertiary institution is Telford Rural Polytechnic , located at the edge of the Catlins at Otanomomo , south of Balclutha . Other than this , the nearest tertiary establishments are in Invercargill and Dunedin , the nearest university being the University of Otago in Dunedin . = = Medical services = = A hospital opened in Owaka in 1924 , offering a decreasing range of services until its closure during the 1980s . The building and grounds now host a youth hostel and holiday park . Today , Owaka is served by a medical centre and a pharmacy . The Southern District Health Board is responsible for most publicly funded health services in Otago and Southland , including the Catlins . The nearest hospital to most of the area is the community owned Clutha Health First , in Balclutha . There is another small hospital in Gore , a secondary level hospital in Invercargill , and a tertiary level hospital ( Dunedin Public Hospital ) in Dunedin . The last two are also university teaching hospitals . = Wignacourt Aqueduct = The Wignacourt Aqueduct ( Maltese : L @-@ Akwedott ta ' Wignacourt ) is a 17th @-@ century aqueduct in Malta , which was built by the Order of Saint John to carry water from springs in Dingli and Rabat to the newly @-@ built capital city Valletta . The aqueduct was carried through underground pipes and a system of arches along depressions in the ground . The first attempts to build the aqueduct were made by Grand Master Martin Garzez in 1596 , but construction was suspended before being continued in 1610 . The watercourse was inaugurated five years later on 21 April 1615 . Several engineers took part in the project , including Bontadino de Bontadini , Giovanni Attard and Natale Tomasucci . The aqueduct was named after Grand Master Alof de Wignacourt , who partially financed its construction . The aqueduct remained in use until the 20th century . Most of its arches still survive today , and can still be seen in the localities of Attard , Balzan , Birkirkara , Fleur @-@ de @-@ Lys and Santa Venera . Other remains of the aqueduct include water towers at Santa Venera , Ħamrun and Floriana , and several fountains in Floriana and Valletta . = = History = = In 1566 , the capital city of Valletta was founded on the Sciberras Peninsula , which did not have a good water supply . Rainwater collected within the city was not enough to meet the needs of its population . Water had to be carted from springs to the city , but this became difficult by the end of the 16th century , when the city had become the largest settlement in Malta . At the time , there were also fears of an Ottoman attack on Malta , so a steady water supply to the capital was a priority for the military authorities in the case of a siege . The order to build an aqueduct to carry water from springs in Dingli and Rabat to the capital was issued on 19 October 1596 . That year , Grand Master Grand Master Martin Garzez brought in the Jesuit Padre Giacomo to design the watercourse . His design was accepted and work was begun , but construction was suspended soon afterwards due to financial reasons . On 9 January 1610 , works on the aqueduct continued under the direction of another Jesuit called Padre Natale Tomasucci . By this time , Garzez had died and was succeeded as Grand Master by Alof de Wignacourt . In July 1612 , the Bolognese hydraulic expert Bontadino de Bontadini took over the project , probably on the recommendation of Inquisitor Evangelista Carbonesi . Bontadini designed a new watercourse with water being carried through underwater pipes , and over stone arches when there were depressions in the ground . Bontadini was assisted by a Maltese capomastro Giovanni Attard and several other engineers . 600 local workers were employed in the construction of the aqueduct , which was completed in 1614 and inaugurated on 21 April 1615 . The aqueduct cost a total of 434 @,@ 605 scudi , most of which were paid by Grand Master Wignacourt . The aqueduct was therefore named in his honour . Upon its completion , the aqueduct supplied 1 @,@ 400 m3 ( 49 @,@ 000 cu ft ) of water every day to around 30 @,@ 000 people . The constant supply of water brought about a rise in the populations of Valletta , Floriana and other towns and villages along the route of the aqueduct . The aqueduct was improved by Grand Master Emmanuel de Rohan @-@ Polduc in 1780 . On 4 September 1798 , in the early stages of the Maltese uprising against the French , insurgents ambushed French soldiers near the aqueduct at Mrieħel , in the limits of Birkirkara . In 1907 , there was a proposal to construct buildings on top of the aqueduct , with its arches effectively serving as an arcade . The Office of the Public Works drew up plans for these buildings , but eventually nothing materialized . The aqueduct remained in use until the early 20th century . Between 2004 and 2005 , the aqueduct 's surviving arches were restored and a lighting system was installed , at a total cost of Lm 140 @,@ 000 . Some of the arches are in need of restoration once again , mainly due to pollution since a major road is now located along the aqueduct . A section of the aqueduct was extensively damaged in December 2013 due to a car crash , but the damage has since been repaired . Various sections of the aqueduct are scheduled by the Malta Environment and Planning Authority ( MEPA ) as grade 1 national monuments and are listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands . = = Architecture = = The aqueduct ran from the springs in Rabat and Dingli to the countryside near Attard through underwater pipes . From Attard onwards , the ground level was irregular so stone arches were constructed where there were depressions . The arches begin at present @-@ day Peter Paul Rubens Street ( Maltese : Triq Peter Paul Rubens ) in Attard , and are initially quite small . They continue through Mdina Road ( Maltese : Triq l @-@ Imdina ) in Balzan and Birkirkara , and the size of the arches gradually increases as the ground level drops . At Fleur @-@ de @-@ Lys , the aqueduct crossed the road , and the Wignacourt Arch was built to commemorate the project . The arches then continue through St. Joseph High Road ( Maltese : Triq il @-@ Kbira San Ġużepp ) in Santa Venera , until they stop at a small tower known as the Tower of St. Joseph . From this tower , water continued its journey to Ħamrun , Blata l @-@ Bajda , Floriana and Valletta through underground pipes once again . Water inspection towers were also built at Ħamrun and Floriana . = = = Wignacourt Arch / Fleur @-@ de @-@ Lys Gate = = = The triumphal archway at the boundary between Fleur @-@ de @-@ Lys and Santa Venera is known as the Wignacourt Arch or the Fleur @-@ de @-@ Lys Gate . It has three doorways , and it is adorned with Wignacourt 's coat of arms and three sculpted fleurs @-@ de @-@ lis , the heraldic symbols of Wignacourt . The suburb of Fleur @-@ de @-@ Lys got its name from this arch , and fleurs @-@ de @-@ lis are featured on the flags and coat of arms of both Fleur @-@ de @-@ Lys and Santa Venera . One of the original plaques on the arch gave due respect to the engineer Bontadino de Bontadini . The arch together with the aqueduct 's water towers and fountains were the first expression of baroque architecture in Malta . The original arch was demolished in 1944 , and a roundabout was later built on its site . The construction of a replica of the arch was approved in 2012 . The local councils of Santa Venera and Birkirkara , as well as the Fleur @-@ de @-@ Lys Administrative Committee disagreed on what the arch 's name should be , and eventually agreed in 2014 that it should be called " The Wignacourt Arch Known As The Fleur @-@ de @-@ Lys Gate " . The arch was reconstructed in 2015 , and it was inaugurated on 28 April 2016 . = = = Water inspection towers = = = = = = = Santa Venera = = = = The first inspection tower of the Wignacourt Aqueduct is located in present day Santa Venera . It is called the Tower of St. Joseph ( Italian : Torre di San Giuseppe ) , but it is commonly known as it @-@ Turretta in Maltese or the Torretta in Italian . The turret is linked to the aqueduct 's arches , and it has two floors with a buttressed lower level , giving it the resemblance of a coastal watchtower such as the De Redin towers . It is not clear if the present structure is the original one , since the original designs of the aqueduct show a slightly different tower . The tower had the following inscription ( no longer visible ) : QUAM SUBTERRANEIS SESE DUCTIBUS INFERENTEM HOC LOCO AMITTIS AQUAM EADEM URBE MEDIA PULCHERRIMO SESE FONTE COMPERIES EFFERENTEM . INGENIO MIRO BONTADINI DE BONTADINIS BONON . = = = = Ħamrun = = = = The second water inspection tower was built on the hill of St. Nicholas in Ħamrun , and it is known as il @-@ Monument tat @-@ Tromba or it @-@ Turretta ta ' Atoċja . It has a round shape , and water originally flowed through an open tank in the tower . The tower contains Wignacourt 's coat of arms and a commemorative inscription which reads : VT SPIRITVS IN AQVIS SIC SPIRITVS AB AQVIS . ( meaning As there is life in water , life started from water ) The tower still exists , but it is in a dilapidated state and it is surrounded by modern houses . In 1780 , when the aqueduct was improved by De Rohan , a commemorative obelisk was erected some distance away from the tower . It is now found in a private backyard . It has a coat of arms which was damaged in World War II , and an inscription which means : Emmanuel De Rohan made this aqueduct stronger for the collection of water , with a newer one better built by the kind hearted Prince for the health of his people in the year 1780 . = = = = Floriana = = = = The third and final water inspection tower was built in Floriana , and it became known as the Wignacourt Water Tower . It is located close to Argotti Botanical Gardens and the Sarria Church . It is a round structure supported by pilasters , and it also contains a fountain and a horse trough . The top of the tower contains a sculpted fleur @-@ de @-@ lis , and it is also decorated with the coat of arms of the Order of St. John and the personal arms of Wignacourt . Below the coats of arms is the following inscription : TURRICULA ORNATUM LILIIS CAPUT EFFERO VT VRBE INSPICIAM FONTEM VIVIFICANTIS AQUÆ . BONTADINO DE BONTADINIS , BONOM . AQUÆ DUCTORE MDCXV . The tower was included on the Antiquities List of 1925 . The tower was restored between June 2015 and June 2016 by the Ministry for Transport and Infrastructure . = = = Fountains = = = With the completion of the Wignacourt Aqueduct , many fountains supplied by water from the aqueducts were built in Valletta . = = = = Wignacourt Fountain = = = = The first fountain which was connected to the aqueduct was the Wignacourt Fountain , located in St. George 's Square in Valletta , facing the Grandmaster 's Palace . The inauguration ceremony of the aqueduct on 21 April 1615 was held at this fountain . When the square became a parade ground for the British military , the fountain was relocated to St. Philip 's Gardens in Floriana , where it remains today . The baroque fountain consists of a large circular basin with three smaller seashell @-@ like basins above it , supported on a pedestal containing sculpted dolphins . It is scheduled as a Grade 1 monument , but it is currently in a dilapidated state . = = = = Fountain at the Valletta Marina = = = = Another fountain was located at Valletta 's marina , just outside Del Monte Gate and near the fish market . It had an ornate basin , a marble cannon barrel @-@ shaped spout , topped by a bronze statue of Neptune holding a trident in one hand , with the other hand resting on an escutcheon containing Wignacourt 's coat of arms . The statue is based on the Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune . The marble of the spout has a latin inscription which translates to English saying " Why are you afraid little boat ? there is no fire here , but water instead of shot . " According to Giovanni Bonello , the statue was sculpted by Leone Leoni in 1584 . Other sources erroneously attribute it to the Flemish sculptor Giambologna or to one of his pupils , generally Pietro Tacca . The fountain supplied excess water from the Wignacourt Fountain to ships anchored at the Grand Harbour . In 1858 , the statue of Neptune was relocated to the Grandmaster 's Palace 's lower courtyard , which is now also known as Neptune 's Courtyard . The fountain 's spout is now located at the Malta Maritime Museum in Birgu . The statue of Neptune is often described as a giant . The area around the original location of the fountain remained known as fuq l – iġgant ( on the giant ) until well into the 20th century . = = = = Omnibus Idem fountain = = = = Another fountain , sometimes also known as the Wignacourt Fountain , was built close to Porta Reale in Valletta . It consists of a lion 's head pouring out water into a stone basin , topped by the coat of arms of Wignacourt and the Order and surrounded by a garland of flowers and interlocking seashells . Below the coats of arms is a radiating sun with the inscription Omnibus Idem ( meaning the same to all ) , indicating that the water was freely available to everyone . This fountain was relocated a number of times throughout its history : first in 1874 when the building near which it was built was demolished , in the 1960s when the City Gate was rebuilt , in 2000 when Saint James Cavalier was renovated and converted into a cultural centre , and again in the early 2010s during the City Gate Project . Due to these relocations and restorations , nothing remains of the original fountain . = = = Other fountains = = = Other fountains built in subsequent centuries , such as the Lion Fountain in Floriana , which was built in 1728 during the magistracy of António Manoel de Vilhena , were also supplied by water from the aqueducts . = = Commemorations = = The aqueduct is featured on a ceiling at the Archbishop 's Palace in Valletta . The 400th anniversary of the aqueduct was commemorated on 21 April 2015 . A ceremony was held in Valletta , with schoolchildren carrying water from City Gate to St. George 's Square , where a re @-@ enactment of the inauguration of the aqueduct was held . The anniversary was also commemorated by a silver coin minted by the Central Bank of Malta . The coin shows the aqueduct on the reverse and Grand Master Wignacourt on the obverse . MaltaPost also issued a set of two stamps on 21 April 2015 . The stamps show Wignacourt Arch and the Wignacourt Water Tower in Fleur @-@ de @-@ Lys and Floriana respectively . = Mah Laqa Bai = Mah Laqa Bai ( 7 April 1768 – 1824 ) , born Chanda Bibi , and sometimes referred to as Mah Laqa Chanda , was an Indian 18th century Urdu poet , courtesan and philanthropist based in Hyderabad . In 1824 , she became the first female poet to have a diwan ( collection of poems ) of her work , a compilation of Urdu Ghazals named Gulzar @-@ e @-@ Mahlaqa , published posthumously . She lived in a period when Dakhini ( a version of Urdu ) was making its transition into the highly Persianized Urdu . Her literary contributions provide insight on such linguistic transformations in southern India . She was an influential female courtesan of the Deccan ; the Nizam , ruler of Hyderabad , appointed her to the omarah ( the highest nobility ) , and as a close affiliate at the court . In 2010 , her memorial in Hyderabad , that houses her tomb , was restored using funds donated by the Federal government of the United States . = = Life = = Mah Laqa Bai was born as Chanda Bibi on 7 April 1768 in Aurangabad in the present @-@ day Maharashtra . Her mother was Raj Kunwar – a courtesan who migrated from Rajputana , and father was Bahadur Khan , who served as a Mansabdar ( military official ) at Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah 's court . Khan migrated from Delhi to Hyderabad Deccan where he met and married Raj Kunwar . Chanda Bibi was adopted by Kunwar 's childless sister Mehtaab Ma who was married to Nawab Rukn @-@ ud @-@ Daula , a Prime Minister of Nizam of Hyderabad . Chanda Bibi 's adoptive father took personal interest in her education and provided her with the best teachers . While growing up , she had access to a well @-@ endowed library and was exposed to the vibrant culture of Hyderabad . By the time she was 14 , she excelled in horse riding and archery . Due to her skills , she accompanied the Nizam II ( Mir Nizam Ali Khan ) in three wars ; dressed in male attire , she was noted for bow and javelin skills in the wars . Owing to her contributions , the Nizams awarded her with Jagir ( lands ) on various occasions , that include the neighborhoods of Hyderguda , Chanda Nagar , Syed pally and Adikmet . On one occasion , she was conferred the title of Mah Laqa — meaning " Visage of the Moon " . Though she never married , she was in love with Raja Rao Rambha Rao ( a Maratha military chief who led a cavalry of 600 army men , fought against Maratha Empire under the second Nizam and became his favourite ) , and used to admire Captain Sir John Malcolm ( an assistant of James Achilles Kirkpatrick , the British Resident at Hyderabad ) . She was an influential woman in the court of the second and third Nizam of Hyderabad . At that time , she was the only woman to be given recognition publicly in Hyderabad State . In addition , she was appointed to the omarah , the highest nobility . Mah Laqa was frequently consulted by the rulers of the state on policy matters . As a pride among the nobility in those times , a battalion of 500 soldiers was reserved to march with her while she visits any official . She was also a courtesan while the Nizams held court . She was a mistress of the Prime Ministers of the Nizams . She died in 1824 and bequeathed her properties that included land , gold , silver and diamond @-@ studded jewelery to homeless women . Her residence which was located in Nampally , Hyderabad , today had been converted into a Government aided girls degree college . Mah Laqa of Deccan was the contemporary of renowned poets like Mir Taqi Mir , Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda and Khwaja Mir Dard in North India . = = Accomplishments = = Mah Laqa was influenced by the literary work of mystic poet Siraj Aurangabadi ( 1715 – 1763 ) , and learned poetry from Nawab Mir Alam who later became the Prime Minister of Hyderabad State . Her first language was Urdu , and she was also fluent in Arabic , Persian and Bhojpuri languages . She was the first woman poet to author a diwan , a complete collection of Urdu ghazals . The collection , named Gulzar @-@ e @-@ Mahlaqa , comprises 39 ghazals , and each ghazal consists of 5 couplets . The collection was published in 1824 after her death . The Diwan e Chanda is a manuscript collection of Mah Laqa 's 125 Ghazals , compiled and calligraphed by her in 1798 . It was signed and gifted to Captain Malcolm on 18 October 1799 , during a dance performance at Mir Alam 's residence . It is now preserved in the British Museum . Her Nom de plume was Chanda . The Urdu words Bulbul ( songbird ) , Gul ( rosebud ) and Saqi ( one who serves wine ) recurred as themes in her ghazals . Her popularity in reading poetry made her the first poetess of the region to participate and present her poetries in a mushaira ( poetic symposium ) which was earlier reserved for men . Along with her poetry , sometimes she sang the songs composed by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah and Sultan of Bijapur Ibrahim Adil Shah II . From her Diwan of 39 Ghazal collection , one Ghazal " Hoping to blossom ( one day ) into a flower " translates as : Mah Laqa learned singing and classical Indian music Thumri from Khush hal Khan , a master musician of that time , and a great @-@ grandson of the Tansen , the maestro of Mughal court . She excelled in Ghazal singing in multiple raga ( melodic modes ) and Taal ( rhythms ) ; she was adept at the Yaman raga and Khayal Tappa which she use to sing at special occasions . Mah laqa preferred using Bhimpalasi raga in romantic Ghazals . When singing Sufi songs she used Dhrupad raga mixed with taal chautala and raga Bhairavi . Mah Laqa excelled in singing love lyrics accompanied by Deccani style of Kathak dance . She established a cultural centre in which 300 girls were trained by her along with other masters . Maha Laqa 's library contain manuscripts and books on poetry along with the arts and the science collections . She sponsored and supervised the publication of Mahnama , a historical book about the revival period of Hyderabad State . Although Mah Laqa practiced Islam , she was influenced by the understanding of Hindu books and philosophy . One author studied her writings and said that " her verses had a distinct darbari ring in which she eulogized the king and nobles , a common style employed by poets during the 17th and 18th centuries . " = = Memorial in Hyderabad = = Near a hillock in Moula @-@ Ali , Hyderabad , Mah Laqa constructed a walled compound where she frequently held mushairas . Inside this compound , she built a tomb for her biological mother in 1792 . After her death , Mah Laqa was buried next to her mother . The tomb was constructed in the Mughal and Rajasthani architectures style in the Char Bagh pattern . Along with mausoleum , the complex contains a pavilion in centre that is decorated intricately with stucco work , the caravanserai , a mosque and two stepwells . On a carved teakwood over the door of her mausoleum , an inscription in Urdu can be seen which translates as : Scott Kugle , a Professor of Emory University and a researcher , studied the life of Mah Laqa Bai . During his study , he came across this memorial in a dilapidated condition . Kugle proposed the idea of renovating it . In the year 2010 , by using funds from the US government through the Consulate General 's office in Hyderabad , the Center for Deccan Studies spearheaded the year @-@ long renovation project . The Muslim Educational , Social and Cultural Organization also provided support to the project . In this renovation project , the debris was cleared , water channels were rebuilt , trees , bushes , the buildings and their exquisite decorations were restored . = = Legacy and influence = = Abdul Halim Sharar ( 1860 – 1926 ) , an Urdu writer and novelist , presented Mah Laqa Bai in his novel Husan Kay Dakoo ( the robbers of beauty ) as a well @-@ informed lady who got benefits from the modern educational system . Sajjad Shahid , a Hyderabad @-@ based scholar writes in his series of articles published in The Times of India that Mah Laqa Bai was the inspiration for Mirza Hadi Ruswa 's famed novel Umrao Jaan Ada , published in 1899 . Ruswa , the author of the novel , had served briefly at Hyderabad 's " translation bureau " ( later merged to found the Osmania University ) , before he wrote the fictionalized account of a courtesan . Umrao Jaan Ada is referred to as the first true novel of Urdu literature . Narendra Luther , an expert on Hyderabad 's history , posits that Mah Laqa Bai , the first women poet of India whose anthology was ever published " brought much pride to Hyderabad " . Pallabi Chakravorty , a Kathak dancer and a professor in the Department of Music and Dance at Swarthmore College , US , and Scott Kugle told in the seminar " Mad and divine women " that Mah Laqa Bai , besides being an aristocratic courtesan , was a devoted mystic , and was enamored by Sufi and bhakti elements . In 2013 , during the Hyderabad heritage festival , a monologue stage play " Maha Laq Bai Chanda " on the life of Mah Laqa was sponsored by Andhra Pradesh State Tourism Department . The play was directed by Vinay Varma ; Ratika Sant Keswani played the role of Mah Laqa bai . = Anti @-@ predator adaptation = Anti @-@ predator adaptations are mechanisms developed through evolution that assist prey organisms in their constant struggle against predators . Throughout the animal kingdom , adaptations have evolved for every stage of this struggle . The first line of defence consists in avoiding detection , through mechanisms such as camouflage , living underground , or nocturnality . Alternatively , prey animals may ward off attack , whether by advertising the presence of strong defences in aposematism , by mimicking animals which do possess such defences , by startling the attacker , by signalling to the predator that pursuit is not worthwhile , by distraction , by using defensive structures such as spines , and by living in a group . Members of groups are at reduced risk of predation , despite the increased conspicuousness of a group , through improved vigilance , predator confusion , and the likelihood that the predator will attack some other individual . Some prey species are capable of fighting back against predators , whether with chemicals , through communal defence , or by ejecting noxious materials . Finally , some species are able to escape even when caught by sacrificing certain body parts : crabs can shed a claw , while lizards can shed their tails , often distracting predators long enough to permit the prey to escape . = = Avoiding detection = = = = = Staying out of sight = = = Animals may avoid becoming prey by living out of sight of predators , whether in caves , underground , or by being nocturnal . Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by activity during the night and sleeping during the day . This is a behavioral form of crypsis that can be used by animals to either avoid predation or to enhance prey hunting . Predation risk has long been recognized as critical in shaping behavioral decisions . For example , this predation risk is of prime importance in determining the time of evening emergence in echolocating bats . Although early access during brighter times permits easier foraging , it also leads to a higher predation risk from bat hawks and bat falcons . This results in an optimum evening emergence time that is a compromise between the conflicting demands . Another nocturnal adaptation can be seen in kangaroo rats , which exhibit moonlight avoidance . These rodents forage in relatively open habitats and reduce their activity outside their nest burrows in response to moonlight . During a full moon , they shift their activity towards areas of relatively dense cover to compensate for the extra brightness . In controlled experiments , artificial moon @-@ like illumination stimulates similar responses in their foraging behavior , suggesting that this behavior has evolved to reduce predation risk . = = = Camouflage = = = Camouflage uses any combination of materials , coloration , or illumination for concealment to make the organism hard to detect by sight . It is common in both terrestrial and marine animals . Camouflage can be achieved in many different ways , such as through resemblance to surroundings , disruptive coloration , shadow elimination , self @-@ decoration , cryptic behavior , or changeable skin patterns and color . Animals such as the flat @-@ tail horned lizard of North America have evolved to eliminate their shadow and blend in with the ground . The bodies of these lizards are flattened , and their sides thin towards the edge . This body form , along with the white scales fringed along their sides , allows the lizards to effectively hide their shadows . Additionally , these lizards hide any remaining shadows by pressing their bodies to the ground . = = Warding off attack = = Many species make use of behavioral strategies to deter predators . = = = Startling the predator = = = Many animals , including moths , butterflies , mantises , phasmids , and cephalopods such as octopuses , make use of patterns of threatening or startling behaviour , such as suddenly displaying conspicuous eyespots , so as to scare off or momentarily distract a predator , thus giving the prey animal an opportunity to escape . = = = Pursuit @-@ deterrent signals = = = Pursuit @-@ deterrent signals are behavioral signals used by prey that convince predators not to pursue them . For example , gazelles stot , jumping high with stiff legs and an arched back . This is thought to signal to predators that they have a high level of fitness and can outrun the predator . As a result , predators may choose to pursue a different prey that is less likely to outrun them . Warning calls given by birds such as the Eurasian jay are similarly honest signals , benefiting both predator and prey : the predator is informed that it has been detected and might as well save time and energy by giving up the chase , while the prey is protected from attack . = = = Playing dead = = = Another pursuit @-@ deterrent signal is thanatosis or playing dead . Thanatosis is a form of bluff in which an animal mimics its own dead body , feigning death to avoid being attacked by predators seeking live prey . Thanatosis can also be used by the predator in order to lure prey into approaching . An example of this is seen in white @-@ tailed deer fawns , which experience a drop in heart rate in response to approaching predators . This response , referred to as " alarm bradycardia " , causes the fawn 's heart rate to drop from 155 to 38 beats per minute within one beat of the heart . This drop in heart rate can last up to two minutes , causing the fawn to experience a depressed breathing rate and decrease in movement , called tonic immobility . Tonic immobility is a reflex response that causes the fawn to enter a low body position that simulates the position of a dead corpse . Upon discovery of the fawn , the predator loses interest in the " dead " prey . Additionally , other symptoms of alarm bradycardia , including salivation , urination , and defecation , can cause the predator to lose interest . = = = Distraction = = = Marine molluscs such as sea hares , cuttlefish , squid and octopuses give themselves a last chance to escape by distracting their attackers . To do this , they eject a mixture of chemicals , which may mimic food or otherwise confuse predators . In response to a predator , animals in these groups release ink , creating a cloud , and opaline , affecting the predator 's feeding senses , causing it to attack the cloud . Distraction displays attract the attention of predators away from an object , typically the nest or young , that is being protected . Distraction displays are performed by some species of birds , which may feign a broken wing while hopping about on the ground , and by some species of fish . = = = Mimicry and aposematism = = = Mimicry occurs when an organism ( the mimic ) simulates signal properties of another organism ( the model ) to confuse a third organism . This results in the mimic gaining protection , food , and mating advantages . There are two classical types of defensive mimicry : Batesian and Müllerian . Both involve aposematic coloration , or warning signals , to avoid being attacked by a predator . In Batesian mimicry , a palatable , harmless prey species mimics the appearance of another species that is noxious to predators , thus reducing the mimic 's risk of attack . This form of mimicry is seen in many insects . The idea behind Batesian mimicry is that predators that have tried to eat the unpalatable species learn to associate its colors and markings with an unpleasant taste . This results in the predator learning to avoid species displaying similar colors and markings , including Batesian mimics . Some species of octopus can mimic a selection of other animals by changing their skin color , skin pattern and body motion . When a damselfish attacks an octopus , the octopus mimics a banded sea @-@ snake . The model chosen varies with the octopus 's predator and habitat . Most of these octopuses use Batesian mimicry , selecting an organism repulsive to predators as a model . In Müllerian mimicry , two or more aposematic forms share the same warning signals , as in viceroy and monarch butterflies . Birds avoid eating both species because their wing patterns honestly signal their unpleasant taste . = = = Defensive structures = = = A spine is a sharp , needle @-@ like structure used to inflict pain on predators . An example of this seen in nature is in the Sohal surgeonfish . These fish have a sharp scalpel @-@ like spine on the front of each of their tail fins , able to inflict deep wounds . The area around the spines is often brightly colored to advertise the defensive capability ; predators often avoid the Sohal surgeonfish . Defensive spines may be detachable , barbed or poisonous . Porcupine spines are long , stiff , break at the tip , and are barbed to stick into a would @-@ be predator . In contrast , the hedgehog 's short spines , which are modified hairs , readily bend , and are barbed into the body , so they are not easily lost ; they may be jabbed at an attacker . Many species of slug caterpillar , Limacodidae , have numerous protuberances and stinging spines along their dorsal surfaces . Species that possess these stinging spines suffer less predation than larvae that lack them , and a predator , the paper wasp , chooses larvae without spines when given a choice . = = Safety in numbers = = Group living can decrease the risk of predation to the individual in a variety of ways , as described below . = = = Dilution effect = = = A dilution effect is seen when animals living in a group " dilute " their risk of attack , each individual being just one of many in the group . George C. Williams and W.D. Hamilton proposed that group living evolved because it provides benefits to the individual rather than to the group as a whole , which becomes more conspicuous as it becomes larger . One common example is the shoaling of fish . Experiments provide direct evidence for the decrease in individual attack rate seen with group living , for example in Camargue horses in Southern France . The horse @-@ fly often attacks these horses , sucking blood and carrying diseases . When the flies are most numerous , the horses gather in large groups , and individuals are indeed attacked less frequently . Water striders are insects that live on the surface of fresh water , and are attacked from beneath by predatory fish . Experiments varying the group size of the water striders showed that the attack rate per individual water strider decreases as group size increases . = = = Selfish herd = = = The selfish herd theory was proposed by W.D. Hamilton to explain why animals seek central positions in a group . It refers to the idea of reducing the individual 's domain of danger . A domain of danger is the area within the group in which the individual is more likely to be attacked by a predator . The center of the group has the lowest domain of danger , so animals will constantly strive to gain this position . In a study testing Hamilton 's selfish herd effect , Alta De Vos and Justin O 'Rainn ( 2010 ) studied brown fur seal predation from great white sharks . Using decoy seals , the researchers varied the distance between the decoys to produce different domains of danger . The seals with a greater domain of danger had an increased risk of shark attack . = = = Predator satiation = = = A radical strategy for avoiding predators which may otherwise kill a large majority of the emerging young of a population is to emerge very rarely , at irregular intervals . This strategy is seen in dramatic form in the periodical cicadas , which emerge at intervals of 13 or 17 years . Predators with a life @-@ cycle of one or a few years are unable to reproduce rapidly enough in response to such an emergence , so predator satiation is a likely evolutionary explanation for the cicadas ' unusual life @-@ cycle . Predators may still feast on the emerging cicadas , but are unable to consume more than a fraction of the brief surfeit of prey . = = = Alarm calls = = = Animals that live in groups often give alarm calls that give warning of an attack . For example , vervet monkeys give different calls depending on the nature of the attack : for an eagle , a disyllabic cough ; for a leopard or other cat , a loud bark ; for a python or other snake , a " chutter " . The monkeys hearing these calls respond defensively , but differently in each case : to the eagle call , they look up and run into cover ; to the leopard call , they run up into the trees ; to the snake call , they stand on two legs and look around for snakes , and on seeing the snake , they sometimes mob it . Similar calls are found in other species of monkey , while birds also give different calls that elicit different responses . = = = Improved vigilance = = = In the improved vigilance effect , groups are able to detect predators sooner than solitary individuals . For many predators , success depends on surprise . If the prey is alerted early in an attack , they have an improved chance of escape . For example , wood pigeon flocks are preyed upon by goshawks . Goshawks are less successful when attacking larger flocks of wood pigeons than they are when attacking smaller flocks . This is because the larger the flock size , the more likely it is that one bird will notice the hawk sooner and fly away . Once one pigeon flies off in alarm , the rest of the pigeons follow . Wild ostriches in Tsavo National Park in Kenya feed either alone or in groups of up to four birds . They are subject to predation by lions . As the ostrich group size increases , the frequency at which each individual raises it head to look for predators decreases . Because ostriches are able to run at speeds that exceed those of lions for great distances , lions try to attack an ostrich when its head is down . By grouping , the ostriches present the lions with greater difficulty in determining how long the ostriches ' heads stay down . Thus , although individual vigilance decreases , the overall vigilance of the group increases . = = = Predator confusion = = = Individuals living in large groups may be safer from attack because the predator may be confused by the large group size . As the group moves , the predator has greater difficulty targeting an individual prey animal . The zebra has been suggested by the zoologist Martin Stevens and his colleagues as an example of this . When stationary , a single zebra stands out because of its large size . To reduce the risk of attack , zebras often travel in herds . The striped patterns of all the zebras in the herd may confuse the predator , making it harder for the predator to focus in on an individual zebra . Furthermore , when moving rapidly , the zebra stripes create a confusing , flickering motion dazzle effect in the eye of the predator . = = Fighting back = = Defensive structures such as spines may be used both to ward off attack as already mentioned , and if need be to fight back against a predator . Methods of fighting back include chemical defences , mobbing , defensive regurgitation , and suicidal altruism . = = = Chemical defences = = = Many animals make use of poisonous chemicals for self @-@ defence . These may be concentrated in surface structures such as spines or glands , giving an attacker a taste of the chemicals before it actually bites or swallows the prey animal : many toxins are bitter @-@ tasting . A last @-@ ditch defence is for the animal 's flesh itself to be toxic , as in the puffer fish , danaid butterflies and burnet moths . Many insects acquire toxins from their food plants ; Danaus caterpillars accumulate toxic cardenolides from milkweeds ( Asclepiadaceae ) . The bombardier beetle has specialized glands on the tip of its abdomen that allows it to direct a toxic spray towards predators . The spray is generated explosively through oxidation of hydroquinones and is sprayed at a temperature of 100 ° C. Armoured crickets similarly release blood at their joints when threatened ( autohaemorrhaging ) . Several species of grasshopper including Poecilocerus pictus , Parasanaa donovani , Aularches miliaris , and Tegra novaehollandiae secrete noxious liquids when threatened , sometimes ejecting these forcefully . Spitting cobras squirt venom from their fangs when threatened ; it can blind a predator if it strikes the eye . A few vertebrate species such as the Texas horned lizard are able to shoot squirts of blood from their eyes , by rapidly increasing the blood pressure within the eye sockets , if threatened . Because an individual may lose up to 53 % of blood in a single squirt , this is only used against persistent predators like foxes , wolves and coyotes ( Canidae ) , as a last defence . Canids often drop horned lizards after being squirted , and attempt to wipe or shake the blood out of their mouths , suggesting that the fluid has a foul taste ; they choose other lizards if given the choice , suggesting a learned aversion towards horned lizards as prey . The slime glands along the body of the hagfish secrete enormous amounts of mucus when it is provoked or stressed . The gelatinous slime has dramatic effects on the flow and viscosity of water , rapidly clogging the gills of any fish that attempt to capture hagfish ; predators typically release the hagfish within seconds ( pictured above ) . Common predators of hagfish include seabirds , pinnipeds and cetaceans , but few fish , suggesting that predatory fish avoid hagfish as prey . = = = Communal defence = = = In communal defence , prey groups actively defend themselves by attacking or mobbing a predator , rather than allowing themselves to be passive victims of predation . Mobbing is the harassing of a predator by many prey animals . Mobbing is usually done to protect the young in social colonies . For example , red colobus monkeys exhibit mobbing when threatened by chimpanzees , a common predator . The male red colobus monkeys group together and place themselves between predators and the group 's females and juveniles . The males jump together and actively bite the chimpanzees . Fieldfares are birds which may nest either solitarily or in colonies . Within colonies , fieldfares mob and defecate on approaching predators , shown experimentally to reduce predation levels . = = = Defensive regurgitation = = = Some birds and insects use defensive regurgitation to ward off predators . The northern fulmar vomits a bright orange , oily substance called stomach oil when threatened . The stomach oil is made from their aquatic diets . It causes the predator 's feathers to mat , leading to the loss of flying ability and the loss of water repellency . This is especially dangerous for aquatic birds because their water repellent feathers protect them from hypothermia when diving for food . European roller chicks vomit a bright orange , foul smelling liquid when they sense danger . This repels prospective predators and may alert their parents to danger : they respond by delaying their return . Numerous insects utilize defensive regurgitation . The eastern tent caterpillar regurgitates a droplet of digestive fluid to repel attacking ants . Similarly , larvae of the noctuid moth regurgitate when disturbed by ants . The vomit of noctuid moths has repellent and irritant properties that help to deter predator attacks . = = = Suicidal altruism = = = An unusual type of predator deterrence is observed in the Malaysian exploding ant . Social hymenoptera rely on altruism to protect the entire colony , so the self @-@ destructive acts benefit all individuals in the colony . When a worker ant 's leg is grasped , it suicidally expels the contents of its hypertrophied glands , expelling corrosive irritant compounds and adhesives onto the predator . These prevent predation and serve as a signal to other enemy ants to stop predation of the rest of the colony . = = Escaping = = = = = Flight = = = The normal reaction of a prey animal to an attacking predator is to flee by any available means , whether flying , gliding , falling , swimming , running or jumping according to the animal 's capabilities . Escape paths are often erratic , making it difficult for the predator to predict which way the prey will go next : for example , birds such as snipe , ptarmigan and black @-@ headed gulls evade fast raptors such as peregrine falcons with zigzagging or jinking flight . In the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia in particular , many vertebrates escape predators by falling and gliding . Among the insects , many moths turn sharply , fall , or perform a powered dive in response to the sonar clicks of bats . Among fish , the stickleback follows a zigzagging path , often doubling back erratically , when chased by a fish @-@ eating merganser duck . = = = Autotomy = = = Some animals are capable of autotomy ( self @-@ amputation ) , shedding one of their own appendages in a last @-@ ditch attempt to elude a predator 's grasp or to distract the predator and thereby allow escape . The lost body part may be regenerated later . Certain sea slugs discard stinging papillae ; arthropods such as crabs can sacrifice a claw , which can be regrown over several successive moults ; among vertebrates , many geckos and other lizards shed their tails when attacked : the tail goes on writhing for a while , distracting the predator , and giving the lizard time to escape ; a smaller tail slowly regrows . = Ernest Radcliffe Bond = Ernest Radcliffe Bond , OBE , QPM , ( 1 March 1919 – 20 November 2003 ) , also called Commander X , was a British soldier , and later policeman famous for his service in the Metropolitan Police Service . He married the 23 @-@ year @-@ old Mabel Laming at 16 , and they remained together until Mabel 's death in 1992 . Bond experienced the Fraud Squad , the Flying Squad , the Murder Squad , and became the first commander of the newly formed Bomb Squad ( later the Anti @-@ Terrorist Branch , now merged into Counter Terrorism Command ) . His notable achievements in the bomb squad were negotiating the rise of The Angry Brigade , eventually jailing several members . The other major event he negotiated as commander with the Bomb Squad was the Balcombe Street siege , in which two people were taken hostage by four Irish Republican Army members , who demanded a plane to Ireland . Bond , answering the demands , refused saying that the police " are not going to make any deals " . The gunmen surrendered , the event a success for police with no casualties on either side . = = Early life = = Ernest Radcliffe Bond was born on 1 March 1919 in Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness , where he lived in a " close @-@ knit community " at 58 John Street . His father , William Edward Bond , was a shipyard worker , and his mother was Annie Elizabeth Bond née Radcliffe . Bond was an apprentice French polisher after he left school . = = Military career = = Bond joined the British Army on 16 September 1935 , entering the 2nd battalion of the Scots Guards . His objective was to fight in any short engagement that he could , and then to become a police officer . He was sent to Palestine to help with the Arab Revolt . However , his plan was scuppered by the outbreak of World War II , and he stayed with his battalion , serving first in Norway as a sergeant . After a short time in No. 8 ( Guards ) Commando , where he served in a group of units under Robert Laycock 's command fighting in the Middle East in 1941 , by that time Bond had been promoted to the rank of sergeant . The unit was disbanded , and he journeyed to North Africa with his original battalion in the Scots Guards , fighting in the Eighth Army . In 1941 , still in North Africa , Bond joined " L " Detachment in the Special Service Brigade , which became David Stirling 's Special Air Service . Bond was part of a parachute training mission in Kabrit , Egypt , against the airfields of Gazala and Tmimi . The conditions were " atrocious " , and his aeroplane crashed in desert . He became a prisoner of war for the remainder of the conflict . He was reported to have spent four years in jail in his military career . = = Police career = = When Bond was released from his imprisonment by the Axis , he was demobilised in 1946 and entered the Metropolitan Police with the warrant number 128434 , realising his pre @-@ war ambition . He was ' on the beat ' for 2 years , working in Lambeth with ' M ' division . His division became ' E ' division , patrolling Holborn , when he decided to enter the Criminal Investigation Department ( CID ) in 1948 . He experienced another promotion in 1957 , to become a Detective Sergeant ; " he began to develop a reputation for his discerning skill as a detective . " Bond rapidly experienced both the Fraud Squad and the Flying Squad ; and in 1963 joined the Murder Squad at the rank of Detective Inspector . Bond joined the Bomb Squad , newly formed in January 1971 due to concern over The Angry Brigade . Bond became the unit 's first commander on 23 June 1971 , being promoted to that position in 1969 . The unit served at Tintagel House , and Bond 's name was theoretically meant to be kept secret and he should be called ' Commander X ' , so that he was not bombed , but journalists have since claimed to have known his name within days of his appointment . The press lauded Commander X as a " mystery supremo to hunt down the Angry Brigade . " The Angry Brigade was a new political group ; " a small group [ around 200 ] of leftwing radicals and anarchists , " who claimed responsibility for about 20 small bombings which began on 20 November 1970 , with the bombing of a BBC van . At its formation , the Bomb Squad comprised around 30 men , one third from CID , the rest from Special Branch . The Angry Brigade 's decline came in 1971 , when various conspirators were arrested . At the 1971 – 72 trial , the nine conspirators were denied bail at Clerkenwell Court after Bond opposed the move , and the judge , J Purcell , " remanded all nine in custody for a week . " There were concerns that the police had " over @-@ reached themselves . " The Angry Brigade member John Barker later said that " the police framed a guilty man , " and Bond was called an " old @-@ fashioned plod " by a defendant . He told the Purcell that " I am quite certain that , sooner or later , we would have had somebody killed . " Due to his success , in 1972 he was awarded the Queen 's Police Medal and promoted to Deputy Assistant Commissioner ( Operations ) . The Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) also had a bombing campaign ongoing , and in December 1975 Bond " saturated " the centre of London with plainclothes police officers . Four IRA members took two people hostage in Balcombe Street , following a police chase which involved a shoot out on 7 December . The terrorists called the police , in a call which was routed to Bond ; who refused their demands of a plane to fly to Ireland , proclaiming that " They are not going anywhere and they are not getting any plane to Ireland . We are not going to make any deals at all . " The gunmen gave up on 12 December , their surrender sparking fears of reprisals , after what Bond called a " rather humiliating episode , " Bond " masterminded " the operation to regain the hostages . He retired the following year , in 1976 , and received the Order of the British Empire in the New Year 's honours list . Upon his retirement in February 1976 , he had served in the police for 30 years , full of " exemplary conduct . " In his time , Bond received 12 Commissioner 's Commendations and 7 for " courage , diligence and determination in the course of investigations . " = = Personal life = = Bond married the 23 @-@ year @-@ old Mabel Phoebe Isabell née Laming on 29 October 1935 , the daughter of a dock worker , Alfred Thomas Laming ( Bond was 16 at the time ) . They had two sons and two daughters together , who all survived both Ernest and Mabel . When Bond had retired , he indulged his interests in decorating and gardening , and remained a Freemason . Mabel died in 1992 , and on 20 November 2003 , Ernest died of prostate cancer in Welling ; in his home . = Today the Sun 's on Us = " Today the Sun 's on Us " is a song by the English recording artist Sophie Ellis @-@ Bextor from her third studio album Trip the Light Fantastic ( 2007 ) . It was written by Ellis @-@ Bextor alongside Steve Robson and Nina Woodford , while production was helmed by Jeremy Wheatley and Brio Taliaferro . A pop ballad , it contains electric and bass guitar ; its melancholic lyrics address living the " good times " . The track served as the third single from the album , and was released on 6 August 2007 as a CD single . Critical response to " Today the Sun 's on Us " was mixed — some appreciated the overall tone of the song , and others criticized Ellis @-@ Bextor 's vocal performance . Commercially , the song had very limited success , peaking at number 64 on the UK Singles Chart . An accompanying music video was filmed in Iceland , and features Ellis @-@ Bextor and her boyfriend stealing a couple . = = Recording and composition = = " Today the Sun 's on Us " was produced by Jeremy Wheatley and Brio Taliaferro , while the English musician Steve Robson engineered Ellis @-@ Bextor 's vocals . Wheatley mixed the song at the Twenty @-@ One Studios in London , where he was assisted by Richard Edgeler . The song is a slow adult pop ballad which features instrumentation from electric guitars and a bass guitar . Richard Jones recorded both instruments , and Tim Van der Kuit recorded the electric guitar . The track was co @-@ written by Ellis @-@ Bextor , Robson and the Swedish songwriter Nina Woodford . Ellis @-@ Bextor commented that the song talks about " appreciating the good times " , and is " very sensitive " , despite observing that it is " a bit melancholy " . In 2010 , she discussed the song , It still gets me a little bit . I think that 's cos [ sic ] it 's really sincere . [ ... ] when you 've got a family , you spend a lot of time worrying about the what @-@ ifs , and all the terrible things that can happen . You have to remember to not lose the moment because you 're worried about what could be . But it 's easier said than done . = = Release = = " Today the Sun 's on Us " was released as a CD single by Fascination as the third single from Trip the Light Fantastic . Issued on 6 August 2007 , the single included the radio edit of the song and Ellis @-@ Bextor 's cover of " Duel " by Propaganda . Ellis @-@ Bextor stated that she released the song because " it was important to me with this single to push boundaries a little bit and part of that is explore a few musical directions that are a bit more unexpected , so it 's been nice to release a ballad " . = = = Critical reception = = = AllMusic 's K. Ross Hoffman described the song as a " highlight " from its parent album Trip the Light Fantastic ( 2007 ) . Nick Levine of Digital Spy remarked that , in " Today the Sun 's on Us " , Ellis @-@ Bextor incorporated a " guitar pop balladeer " and her vocals are " limited " . Writing for Playlouder , Jeremy Allen positively compared the song to the works of Theaudience , a band of which Ellis @-@ Bextor was part of . Writing for musicOMH , Ben Hogwood observed that it was " pleasant enough " , despite recognising that it was a " grower " . He stated , " Also lacking is a big chorus ( ... ) The principal thing it does , however , is make you want to put on one of her sassier [ songs ] " . The staff of Popjustice listed it as the eighth greatest 2007 single , and opined that the track was " brilliant " . This Is Fake DIY writer Stuart McCaighy characterised the song as " warm , layered and soothing with a summery sheen " . Emily Mackay from Yahoo ! Music likened " Today the Sun 's on Us " to " The Cardigans on a bad day " and to the " naffer moments of Pink or Kelly Clarkson . " Mackay also found Ellis @-@ Bextor 's voice too light to support the track . = = = Chart performance = = = The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 64 , on the chart issue dated 25 August 2007 . As of January 2014 , the song is Ellis @-@ Bextor 's 18th best @-@ selling single in the United Kingdom . Ellis @-@ Bextor later talked on the chart success the song had , " It just didn 't get heard by enough people , [ ... ] I suppose as well it felt slightly frustrating because it was a slightly different style of song for me , and I really got sort of punished for it . " = = Music video = = The music video for " Today the Sun 's on Us " was filmed in Iceland . The video begins with Ellis @-@ Bextor , wearing a black dress and short hair , trying to talk to her on @-@ screen boyfriend , who is sending text messages through his phone . Later , she plays a sudoku game on a computer however her boyfriend makes her leave . He starts browsing through pictures of a man and a woman kissing , who are later seen by Ellis @-@ Bextor and her boyfriend through the window of the hotel room . The following day , they start following the recently @-@ arrived couple , and at night , in the hotel restaurant , Ellis @-@ Bextor manages to steal the couple 's room key and breaks into the room . She steals money from a safe in the room , while in the restaurant , her boyfriend looks at the other couple repeatedly . She and her boyfriend pack and leave the hotel , and the latter gets angry when he learns that Ellis @-@ Bextor has stolen the couple . She decides to abandon their car , and , seemingly angry as well , goes near a cliff . The visual ends with him trying to comfort Ellis @-@ Bextor , hugging her . = = Formats and track listings = = CD Single " Today The Sun 's On Us " ( Radio Edit ) - 3 : 45 " Duel " - 4 : 24 Club Promo " Today The Sun 's On Us " ( Richmann Remix ) - 6 : 41 " Today The Sun 's On Us " ( Richmann Radio Edit ) - 4 : 10 " Today The Sun 's On Us " ( Radio Edit ) - 3 : 45 = No Stairway = No Stairway is the debut studio album of Glassine , the musical project of Danny Greenwald , first released online and later issued on cassette worldwide by the label Patient Sounds , in April and August of 2015 , respectively . The title is a reference to a line from the 1992 film Wayne 's World . The album garnered significant attention from music journalists for its compositional and production technique . In two Guitar Center stores , Greenwald tapped people playing instruments on his iPhone , and used snippets of these low @-@ quality trackings as loops or synth patches , playing some of them through effects pedals or 4 @-@ track machines . The " dystopian " environment of Guitar Center shops and his desire to record something without a budget while in New York City is what inspired his idea to use samples of recordings of people playing instruments and build compositions out of them . On Fact 's year @-@ end list of best Bandcamp releases , No Stairway came in at number 19 . = = Background = = Raised in Columbia , Maryland , Greenwald first went to a Guitar Center store at age 14 to buy his first electric guitar . However , he rarely went to the former shop and instead bought equipment from local stores like Atomic Music in Beltsville , Maryland for most of his life . He disliked Guitar Center for its " dystopian " and " unpleasant " environment , which was one of the major parts of him being influenced to make No Stairway : " I wanted to take something unattractive and be able to extract beauty from it . I wanted to make that environment float on a cloud . I wanted to inspect little nuances , capture them , and paint with them . " While living in New York City , there was a point where Greenwald became bankrupt and wanted to create great @-@ sounding tracks with no budget whatsoever without the need of using samples from a digital audio workstation or other computer software . While waiting for a train , he went at a Guitar Center shop near Atlantic Terminal out of boredom . At the store , he heard someone playing a song by Green Day on an electric guitar and noticed the instrument 's poor tone : I remember thinking like , ' what if I could feed that through these weird reverb pedals I have at home ? ' ' Would it sound any different ? ' and it sort of hit me ' why don 't I just record other people playing and then sort of use as my paint ' . = = Production and composition = = Greenwald first tried to take control of the sounds from the expensive synthesizers Guitar Center was selling by recording samples of them , but was unimpressed with the results . On a later visit to the shop , he recorded what would be the first sound to be featured on the album ; he taped a guy who " was just going for it on a drum kit " , lowering the speed of the sample of the drum recording he used . The singer described how he felt while editing the sample : " I started to hear some kind of solace in a place that is sonically hellish . ” Greenwald started recording the album in a Guitar Center in Brooklyn , and then at a shop in Baltimore . Instead of looking to record instruments specifically planned for a song , Greenwald taped whatever sound he thought that could become better in quality when editing them later . Greenwald ended up with around 40 hours of iPhone recordings to work at his home . Some snippets were played through a 4 @-@ track tape recorder , others were old pedals and some were looped or used as synthesizer patches . These recordings were put together , EQ 'd , mixed and mastered in Pro Tools . Much planning was put into how the recordings were edited together , as he tried to " connect things that were seemingly un @-@ connectable . " The end result was an album that featured ambient , dub , new @-@ age , experimental and post @-@ vaporwave styles . = = Release and reception = = No Stairway was first self @-@ released on Bandcamp and Glassine 's official SoundCloud page on April 17 , 2015 @.@ n the same year , on August 6 , record label Patient Sounds distributed the album on cassette . The title of the album is a reference to the line " No stairway , denied " from the 1992 comedy film Wayne 's World . Live at Guitar Center , an album by Brookyln musician Noah Wall that also used Guitar Center recordings , was released slightly before the Glassine album on April 6 . When Greenwald and Patient Sounds accidentally found out about Wall 's record , he almost didn 't want to release No Stairway , feeling " gutted " someone had already made an album with an identical concept to his project . However , when the label made Wall aware of Greenwald 's release , he was very excited about the album and his support got Greenwald motivated again to distribute his record . Greenwald has not sent No Stairway to the company despite suggestion to do so from his relatives . A Tiny Mix Tapes journalist praised the album 's style as " some post @-@ vaporwave produced faux melodic ambiance that ’ s all at once subconscious music and next @-@ level field recording . And the esoterica and nostalgic level of listening here is completely outta @-@ whack when paired with the idea that NONE of these samples are realmed in the same genre or created ( potentially ) by the same person . " Critic Jesse Locke featured it on his column for Aux " No Rest for the Obsessed " , suggesting that listeners will wanted repeated hearings of Greenwald 's album unlike Live at Guitar Center . Jayson Greene , scoring No Stairway a 7 @.@ 2 out of ten in his review for Pitchfork , called the album along with Wall 's record " slight redemptive " reminders of Guitar Center 's commercial success during the 1990s pre @-@ Internet period , which contrast with a current time where the chain of retailers may shut down quickly due to extreme financial decrease . He called Greenwald 's editing of such low @-@ quality sound recordings as " impressive and even a little bewildering , but the knowledge proves unnecessary . " In May 2015 , Fact magazine honored the record as one of their favorite Bandcamp releases for the month of April , and on their year @-@ end list of " 20 best Bandcamp releases " , it was ranked number 19 . In The Fader 's " Top 2 Reasons Guitar Center Still Shreds " , No Stairway was number two and Live at Guitar Center topped the list . = = Track listing = = Length addapted from the following source : = Professional wrestling in New Zealand = Professional wrestling in New Zealand has been promoted in the country from the early 20th century . In 1919 , Gisborne Katene became the first national heavyweight champion , though the title was not recognized by the National Wrestling Association until 1925 , and promoter Walter Miller began running events under the Dominion Wrestling Union banner ten years later . It was not until the years following the Second World War that professional wrestling enjoyed its first golden age . Pat O 'Connor , a one @-@ time NWA and AWA World Heavyweight Champion , was one of the earliest stars of that era . During the 1960s and 1970s , other wrestlers from New Zealand also travelled to the United States , where they enjoyed similar success in the National Wrestling Alliance and the World Wide Wrestling Federation . American wrestlers frequently toured New Zealand during this period and were well received by the public . The NWA World Heavyweight Championship was also defended several times in the country ; in 1984 Ric Flair won the title from Harley Race in Wellington and Jeff Jarrett defeated Sting in Auckland to unify the title with Australia 's WWA World Heavyweight Championship in 2003 . As in the United Kingdom , its popularity was helped through a weekly television show , On the Mat , that showcased many wrestlers from around the world in the 1970s and early 1980s . Although professional wrestling in New Zealand declined following the 1980s wrestling boom , it still maintained a presence in the industry . Retired wrestler and promoter Steve Rickard briefly served as President of the NWA during the mid @-@ 1990s . Jason Conlan , a New Zealand @-@ born cartoonist known as Pro Wrestling Illustrated 's " Mr. J " , began drawing a popular comic strip for the publication in 1995 . Sharon Mazer of Auckland University of Technology wrote a series of articles on professional wrestling and published Professional Wrestling : Sport and Spectacle in 1998 . Since 2003 , its popularity has returned following the emergence of several independent promotions , and with it the reappearance of televised wrestling , bringing professional wrestling back into the popular culture of New Zealand . = = History = = = = = Early years ( 1900 – 1920s ) = = = Though wrestling bouts had been held as early as the 1860s , modern professional wrestling would not take shape until around the turn of the 20th century . Georg Hackenschmidt toured the country performing against local wrestlers in exhibition bouts in 1905 and 1910 . In 1919 , Gisborne Katene defeated Frank Findlay for the NWA New Zealand Heavyweight Championship , though it became vacant shortly afterwards . The first officially recognized champion was Maori wrestler Ike Robin who won the title in Auckland on 17 March 1925 , and held it until his retirement the following year ; the title continued to be defended for almost 70 years . Prior to his retirement , Robin and Stanislaus Zbyszko , a one @-@ time World Heavyweight Champion , faced each other in a three @-@ match series at the Auckland Town Hall in 1926 . One of their matches lasted for several hours before ending in a time limit draw which , according to the New Zealand Railways Magazine , had " gone on for many weary hours and when midnight Saturday chimed and Sunday commenced the match had to cease " . Despite the vast geographic distances , professional wrestling as practiced in the South Pacific region followed along the same lines as professional wrestling in Canada and the United States . = = = Association with the NWA ( 1930s – 1940s ) = = = In 1929 , the country 's first professional wrestling promotion , the Dominion Wrestling Union , was established . It was originally under the control of the New Zealand Wrestling Union , a governing body which oversaw both amateur and professional wrestling , until hiring American @-@ born promoter Walter Miller in 1935 . Miller , who had been in the wrestling business since 1914 , was able to bring in some of the top stars in the US throughout the 1930s and 1940s . In 1937 , the promotion featured Dr. Gordon McKenzie , Tom Meade , Don Mclntyre , Hal Rumberg , Ray Richards , Sam Stein , Jack Forsgren , John Spellman , Matros Kirilenko , King Kong Cox , Chief Little Wolf , Frank Marshall , Rusty Wescoatt , Glen Wade , Joe Woods , Frank Judson , Don Noland , Vie Christy , Francis Fouche and Ed " Strangler " Lewis . The American wrestlers , who then travelled by boat , spent the three @-@ week trip in training prior to their arrival . Canadian wrestler George Walker claimed the New Zealand @-@ version of the British Empire / Commonwealth Heavyweight Championship upon his arrival in New Zealand in 1929 . Former Canadian Olympian Earl McCready was recognized as champion when Walker left to compete for a rival promotion in 1935 , and legitimised his claim to the title by defeating Walker on 9 November 1937 ; his second and last reign lasted from 1940 to 1953 . Other stand @-@ out stars included Dean Detton , Ken Kenneth , John Kattan and African @-@ American wrestler Jack Claybourne . It was Lofty Blomfield , however , who was arguably New Zealand 's most popular wrestler of the period . He was the first New Zealand Amateur Heavyweight Wrestling Champion in 1931 and the first undisputed New Zealand Heavyweight Champion seven years later . During the late @-@ 1930s , Blomfield was to have met NWA World Heavyweight Champion Bronko Nagurski in a first @-@ ever " champion vs. champion " match . Miller negotiated with NWA promoters Toots Mondt , Lou Daro and Tony Stecher for Nagurski to travel to New Zealand in exchange for the largest guarantee ever offered a boxer or wrestler in the Southern Hemisphere . It was believed at the time that the event would attract more than 40 @,@ 000 people . Though Nagurski ultimately cancelled the trip at the last minute , Blomfield followed the world champion to Canada where the two wrestled to a time limit draw in Vancouver on 17 March 1938 . Blomfield was the first New Zealander to challenge for the NWA World title . In October of that year , he won a tournament to become the undisputed New Zealand Heavyweight Champion . Blomfield held the title for over a decade until his retirement on 7 June 1949 . Throughout his career , Blomfield vigorously defended professional wrestling and denied frequent charges that matches were rigged . Four decades later , Blomfield became the first wrestler to be inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame . To date he remains the only wrestler , amateur or professional , to be an inductee . The same year of Blomfield 's retirement , a number of New Zealand @-@ born wrestlers left for Europe where they became major stars on the continent during the next few years . Ernie " Kiwi " Kingston , a student of Olympic wrestler Anton Koolmann , was considered one of the best heavyweights in Europe and a main rival of British Heavyweight Champion Bert Assirati . A few were especially popular in the United Kingdom such as Ray Clarke , who also had a notable rivalry with Assirati , Bob Russell and Russ Bishop . While many of these men were regarded as some of the most formidable wrestlers during the late 1940s and 1950s , they most often remained unknown in their native country . = = = Golden Age ( 1950s – 1970s ) = = = After the end of World War II , amateur and professional wrestling enjoyed widespread popularity in New Zealand popular culture . Part of this of was due to its radio broadcasts from live events both prior to and after the war . By 1956 , professional wrestling had surpassed the then @-@ national sport of rugby in popularity and was the most popular spectator sport in New Zealand with the exception of horse racing . The Wellington Town Hall Concert Chamber was one of the more popular postwar venues for wrestling events . Within a few years , New Zealand champions were traveling oversees as far as Western Canada . Pat O 'Connor , a champion amateur wrestler who had competed at the Pan American and the British Empire Games , was discovered by visiting American wrestlers Joe Pazandak and Butch Levy and taken back to Minneapolis , Minnesota , where he eventually became a major star in the National Wrestling Alliance and the American Wrestling Association . On 9 January 1959 , O 'Connor defeated Dick Hutton in St. Louis , Missouri to become the first wrestler from New Zealand to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship . Over the next 20 years , many other wrestlers from New Zealand became big name stars in the United States . Abe Jacobs was among the first to follow O 'Connor to the US and later challenged him for the NWA World title in New York . This was the first time two New Zealanders fought for a world heavyweight championship , and on foreign soil . In 1959 , Miller died and was succeeded by Steve Rickard who ran the Dominion Wrestling Union for two years until starting All Star Pro @-@ Wrestling in 1962 . Fellow wrestler John da Silva also began a rival promotion , Central Wrestling Association , around this time but it eventually closed in the early 1970s . After Miller 's death , regular appearances by American wrestlers declined considerably , though a few still managed to arrive each year . In that time , a number of local stars were developed in New Zealand including Tony Garea , Peter Maivia , Al Hobman , and The Sheepherders . From other parts of the world came Australian wrestlers Ron Miller and Larry O 'Day of World Championship Wrestling , Robert Bruce from Scotland , Canadians Gordon Nelson and George Gordienko , and André the Giant . South Pacific Wrestling , another small promotion started by referee Ernie Pinches , produced Johnny Garcia and Onno Boelee during the 1970s . By the end of the decade , Rickard and Australian wrestling promoter Jim Barnett managed to attract foreign stars back to the Pacific . American wrestlers frequently toured New Zealand as well and were well received by the public . In 1972 , Big Bad John , Bulldog Brower , Les Wolff , King Curtis Iaukea , Spiros Arion , Mark Lewin , Thunderbolt Patterson , Sweet Daddy Siki , Tarzan Tyler , Dewey Robertson and Haystacks Calhoun all toured New Zealand . Calhoun and his wife in particular made numerous television appearances , press interviews and visited schools . The debut of Rickard 's On the Mat during this period , a counterpart of Britain 's World of Sport , replaced the once popular radio broadcasts and showcased many New Zealand and international stars including Pat Barrett , The Destroyer , Man Mountain Link , Les Thornton , Leo Burke , Ripper Collins , Rick Martel , Tiger Jeet Singh , Ali Vizeri , Abdullah the Butcher , and Siva Afi . Afi 's tournament victory over John DaSilva in 1978 marked the first time a Samoan wrestler won a New Zealand championship on New Zealand television , and the first to hold the national title since 1964 ; An official member of the NWA since 1972 , the NWA World title was also defended in Rickard 's promotion . Peter Maivia nearly won the NWA World title from then @-@ champion Harley Race in 1979 . This title changed hands between Ric Flair and Harley Race in Wellington , New Zealand and Geylang , Singapore in 1984 but these would not be acknowledged by the NWA for several years . While Peter Maivia , Tony Garea and The Sheepherders left for the US in the 1970s , stars from the National Wrestling Alliance and the World Wide Wrestling Federation regularly toured the country including Don Muraco , Toru Tanaka , Mr. Fuji and Rocky Johnson . New Zealand was among the places future WWE superstar Dwayne " The Rock " Johnson lived in with his father Rocky while growing up . Japanese wrestlers too , such as Giant Baba , the Great Togo and midget wrestler Little Tokyo , also visited New Zealand . There wre also other wrestling promotions going one out of Hamilton which was called Big Time Wrestling which was around from the 1970s to the 1990s . They wrestled all over New Zealand and Australia Thre wrestling roster included wrestlers like Big Bad Pete @-@ Sargent Haldez @-@ Shane O 'Rourke [ who also wrestled for On The MAT ] -the Crucifier @-@ Wild Joe @-@ Killer Zenk @-@ the Masked Executiner @-@ Ron Astrella @-@ Ross Wood @-@ Ross the Referee Pilton @-@ Brute Mallison- Peter Lauda @-@ Red Sheenan , just to name a few , The announcer for them from time to time was Johnny Garcia [ On The Mat ] who also wrestled from time to time Most of the wrestlers went on to hold various titles ranging from middleweight- light heavyweight and heavyweight . = = = Decline ( 1980s – 1990s ) = = = Though the retirements of O 'Connor and Garea left a void , talents such as Ox Baker , Tor Kamata , Al Perez , Rip Morgan , Samoan Joe , Johnny Garcia , Bruno Bekkar and A.J. Freely remained in New Zealand during the 1980s and early 1990s . Likewise , wrestlers from the World Wrestling Federation often toured New Zealand and Australia such as The Bushwhackers ( formerly The Sheepherders ) and Lanny Poffo . These stars continued to be seen in New Zealand via On the Mat until the early 1980s . As American wrestling went into a slump following the wrestling boom of the 1980s , All Star Pro @-@ Wrestling closed in the 1990s , after 30 years . A few small independent promotions sprang up after All @-@ Star 's close , specifically the Arena Wrestling Alliance ( 1990 ) , Wai @-@ Kato Wrestling Association ( 1991 – 1992 ) and the International Wrestling Federation ( 1993 ) , though these were all short @-@ lived . By 1998 , professional wrestling in New Zealand was all but non @-@ existent . However , many New Zealand wrestlers and personalities maintained a strong presence in the industry . Steve Rickard served as President of the NWA from 1995 to 1996 . New Zealand @-@ born cartoonist Jason Conlan , also known as Pro Wrestling Illustrated 's " Mr. J " , began drawing a monthly comic strip for the publication around this time . Sharon Mazer , associate professor of Theatre & Performance Studies at Auckland University of Technology , wrote a series of articles on professional wrestling focused on what was then the WWF and research done at the Unpredictable Johnny Rodz School of Professional Wrestling ( Gleason 's Gym , Brooklyn ) . In 1998 , she wrote Professional Wrestling : Sport and Spectacle . Mazer also contributed to author Nicholas Sammond 's Steel Chair to the Head : The Pleasure and Pain of Professional Wrestling ( 2005 ) . Children 's science fiction author Debbie Renner claimed to	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
, but also her third consecutive number @-@ one from the Aphrodite album on that chart . At the time , Minogue also held the third spot on the chart with " Higher " , her collaboration with British recording artist Taio Cruz , becoming the first artist to claim two of the top three spots at the same time in the American dance chart 's history . " Better than Today " was released digitally in Minogue 's native Australia on 28 February 2011 and physically on 18 March 2011 . It made its debut on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 55 . This proved to be her third single to miss the top @-@ fifty along with " Finer Feelings " ( 1992 ) , which peaked at number 60 , and " Get Outta My Way " ( 2010 ) , which peaked at number 69 . In a March 2011 interview with Perth Now , Minogue expressed disappointment with the commercial performance of her singles from Aphrodite . Minogue said , " It 's confusing . I felt a little let down with my releases from Aphrodite , ... I was caught out like a lot of artists were , with record companies figuring out how to do single releases these days . I remember doing a promo for one of the last singles and it just felt really old @-@ fashioned . I 'm pretty computer @-@ savvy , something didn 't feel right , but no one said anything to me . " Consequently , after acknowledging that both " Better than Today " and " Get Outta My Way " charted poorly across the world , she announced there would be no more singles released from the album . However , " Put Your Hands Up " was released in late May 2011 following a press release from Astralwerks , Minogue 's North American record label . = = Music video = = = = = Background and synopsis = = = Minogue premiered the video for " Better than Today " at her official website on 19 November 2010 . The video was directed by Minogue herself with help from her tour staff , including her long @-@ time stylist and friend William Baker . The video resembles performances of the song done during her 2009 For You , For Me Tour , featuring the same dances by choreographer Tony Testa . The video begins with Minogue dancing on a stage surrounded by laser beams . As the first verse starts , she is surrounded by female dancers wearing pink wigs as shoulder pads and a band wearing Pac @-@ Man helmets . She is wearing a blue bodysuit with fringed material on top and silver , spiked Louboutin stilettos similar to the golden ones featured in the video for " Get Outta My Way " . Screens in the background show several colourful projections inspired by Space Invaders and other arcade games . When the chorus starts , Minogue sits on two Marshall amps while animated flowers , 3D bears and bold letters echoing lyrics move through the screens . During the bridge , Minogue is surrounded once again with laser beams , some projected from her microphone stand . The screens display colourful lips inspired by the musical The Rocky Horror Picture Show . After the final chorus cuts through all scenes the video ends with Minogue surrounded by the laser beams again , lowering her beamed microphone stand . = = = Reception = = = Feedback to the music video was mostly positive . Pink is the New Blog applauded the video , labelling it a " very colorful , 80 ′ s video game inspired video " . Gary Pini of Paper described the set of the music video as being " designed by Murakami and Pac Man " with " a cool microphone stand the shoots out laser beams " . Bradley Stern of MuuMuse described it as a mixture of the music videos for " 2 Hearts " and " The One " . He continued , " ... the video for " Better Than Today " kicks Kylie 's X Factor performance up ten notches with laser lights , bright neon animations , extra furry pink shoulders – and of course , killer spiked heels . " HardCandy was reminded of the music video for " Can 't Get You Out of My Head " . " I love that she 's brought back her ' Can 't Get You Out of My Head ' robots with an updated Tron feel to them . " They added that the video was " nothing special or ground breaking " . = = Live performances = = Minogue premiered " Better than Today " by adding it to the set list of her 2009 For You , For Me Tour . Prior to performing the song on the first tour date in Oakland , she said , " I know it 's taken me a little long to get [ to the United States ] , so I thought I 'd give you guys a first ... " Rolling Stone commented on Minogue 's background singers during the song , saying they had " the evening 's most striking fashion innovation " : neon pink wigs worn as shoulder pads . After the tour stop in Chicago , John Dugan of Time Out said that the performance was his " favorite song of the night " . To promote the single , Minogue took on a number of television performances . Most of these performances resembled ones from the tour and the music video as well . On 7 November 2010 , she sung the song live on The X Factor 's results show . She wore a red , fringed cocktail dress with small cut @-@ outs in the waist and the silver heels featured in the music video . She received a standing ovation from all four judges ; Dannii Minogue , who is a judge on the show and Minogue 's sister , gave her praise . She called the performance a " ten out of ten " . Minogue reprised this performance for BBC One 's Children in Need 2010 television special on 19 November 2010 . She donned a bodysuit similar to the one featured in the video , but in white . Minogue opened Capital FM 's Jingle Bell Ball on 6 December 2010 , adding " Better than Today " to her set list . She wore a sheer , white floor @-@ length gown with the same silver heels . She then went on to perform the song at the annual Royal Variety Performance on 10 December 2010 . Minogue and Gary Barlow got the chance to greet Prince Charles and Camilla at the London Palladium , where the event was held . At the end of 2010 , she performed a big band version of the song at Jools Holland 's annual Hootenanny . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Recorded and engineered at Electric Love Studios , London ( England ) in 2009 . Additional production and mixing took place at Tracques , London ( England ) in 2009 . Nerina Pallot – producer , writer , background vocals , acoustic guitar , electric guitar , piano , keyboards , synthesizer , engineer Andy Chatterley – producer , writer , piano , keyboards , synthesizer , drum programming , engineer Stuart Price – producer ( additional ) , mixing Ben Vella – electric guitar Kylie Minogue – background vocals , lead vocals Jason Tarver – engineer ( assistant ) Dave Emery – mixing ( assistant ) Source : = = Charts = = = = = Chart procession and succession = = = = = Release history = = = Kent vs Lancashire at Canterbury = Kent vs Lancashire at Canterbury is an oil on canvas painting by Albert Chevallier Tayler completed in 1907 . It was commissioned by the Kent County Cricket Club at the suggestion of chairman Lord Harris to celebrate their first County Championship title win . Tayler painted the picture after taking individual sittings with each of the Kent players . With the exception of short @-@ term loans , the painting remained at the St Lawrence Ground until 1999 , at which time it was moved to the Lord 's Pavilion as the Kent Club could no longer afford the insurance . In 2006 , Kent sold the painting to a charity foundation at an auction . The piece is currently on display at Lord 's Cricket Ground in London . = = Commissioning = = Kent County Cricket Club won the 1906 County Championship , gaining 78 % of the points available in their completed matches , above the 70 % achieved by second @-@ place Yorkshire County Cricket Club . This was Kent 's first victory since the County Championship had been instituted in 1890 . At a celebratory dinner in London , the Kent chairman , George Harris , 4th Baron Harris , suggested that the club commission a painting to celebrate the championship victory . Kent selected Albert Chevallier Tayler as the artist ; he had earlier painted Lord Harris batting for Kent in 1905 . Tayler was paid 200 guineas by Kent for the painting , with an additional royalty for reproductions that could bring the total as high as 350 guineas . = = Composition = = Lord Harris expressed his view that the painting should show an action shot of a match at the St Lawrence Ground , Canterbury , and suggested that the bowler in the painting should be Kent 's Colin Blythe . Kent had only played three matches at Canterbury during the 1906 season ; of those it was decided that the subject of the painting would be Kent 's match against Lancashire County Cricket Club . That match was part of the Canterbury Cricket Week , and Blythe had taken eight wickets , making it the most appropriate of the three fixtures to depict . Tayler decided that he would show the second day of the match , at an hour prior to lunchtime . The painting shows the view from the boundary of the Nackington Road end of the St. Lawrence Ground with Canterbury Cathedral visible in the background . The painting has Blythe in the action of bowling from the Pavilion End to Johnny Tyldesley . Tayler compressed the view of the playing area so that he could feature all of Kent 's eleven players while keeping them recognisable and reasonably sized . To ensure accuracy , Tayler arranged sittings with each member of the Kent team and made an effort to paint each one true to life . He initially planned to include non @-@ striking Lancashire batsman Harry Makepeace , but when Makepeace was unable to attend a sitting , Tayler used another Lancashire player , William Findlay , as the batsman . Findlay had not actually played in that particular match , but he was available to visit Tayler 's London studio as he had been newly @-@ appointed secretary of the Surrey County Cricket Club after his retirement from active cricket competition at the end of 1906 . = = Reception and display history = = Tayler completed the painting in 1907 . By this time , 192 advance engravings of the painting had been ordered , ensuring that Tayler would be well compensated for the work . When the painting was unveiled , it was praised for its accuracy , use of lighting , and shade . In 1908 , a limited print signed by Tayler and Lord Harris was created ; further prints were made by Kent in 1990 and 2000 , and each was signed by current players of their respective times , including Colin Cowdrey , E.W. Swanton , Les Ames and Matthew Fleming . As a result of its popularity , the painting was lent out for display at Rectory Field , Blackheath and Lord 's Cricket Ground . The painting is viewed by cricket fans and historians as a notable illustration of the Golden Age of cricket in the Victorian and Edwardian periods before the First World War . Cricket historian E. W. Swanton praised the painting , singling it out as " one of the finest ever portrayals of distinguished identifiable cricketers in action " . The painting was predominantly displayed in the pavilion of the St. Lawrence Ground . However , in 1999 it was lent to Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) after Kent were unable to continue to afford its insurance . The MCC hung the painting in the Lord 's Pavilion while Kent retained one of the prints for display in the St. Lawrence Ground pavilion in place of the original . In 2005 , with Kent finding itself in debt , the club announced their intention to sell the painting . When questioned by Kent members about the proposed sale , Kent chairman Carl Openshaw said that it was being done because he felt the painting no longer particularly benefited the cricket club as many of Kent 's members already owned reproductions of the painting . Openshaw also stated that the painting would not be sold if it did not achieve an " appropriate sum " . The painting was auctioned at Sotheby 's in 2006 . With a guide price of £ 300 @,@ 000 to £ 500 @,@ 000 , the painting was sold for £ 680 @,@ 000 . This was a record price for a cricket painting . It was bought by the Andrew Brownsword Art Foundation run by Bath Rugby chairman Andrew Brownsword ; the foundation is known for keeping " important British paintings in the public eye in Britain " . The painting 's new owner lent it to the MCC so it could be kept on display at Lord 's in keeping with Openshaw 's preference that the painting remain at Lord 's . The sale of the painting contributed to a £ 293 @,@ 000 profit for Kent in their 2006 financial year . On display in the Long Room in the Lord 's Pavilion , the painting has been used as the background for a number of publicity photographs for the England cricket team , including the unveiling of new England captains . = Disappointed ( Ivy song ) = " Disappointed " is a song recorded by American indie rock band Ivy . It was released as the second single from their third studio album , Long Distance ( 2000 ) . It was released exclusively to the United States on July 10 , 2001 by Nettwerk . The release was simultaneous with the release of ' " Edge of the Ocean " . The track was written by Dominique Durand , Adam Schlesinger , and Andy Chase , while production was handled by the latter two and Peter Nashel . The single received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who found it " memorable " and admired Durand 's vocals . Similar to Ivy 's previous material , " Disappointed " is an indie pop and indie rock song . For promotion of the song , Ivy performed it live on Late Night with Conan O 'Brien in 2001 . = = Background and recording = = It took several years for Ivy to finalize the material included on the album due to the birth of lead singer Dominque Durand and musician Andy Chase 's daughter , Justine , in 1999 . During the recording and writing processes for the album , Ivy experienced several unexpected events . Following their drop from Epic Records in 1999 , the recording suffered further delays after their New York City studio burned down . After being without a record label , they considered signing to Japanese music group EastWest to strengthen their fan base . However , independent record label Nettwerk offered to fund the album ; Ivy signed with both labels and began preparing it for a national release . During recording sessions for the song , Adam Schlesinger and Chase played around with the idea of incorporating new genres into their music ; in an interview with Billboard , Ivy stated " the first songs [ we ] recorded were jangly and simple and straight @-@ ahead . We started gravitating toward the groovier , slightly more melancholy stuff . It works well with Dominique 's voice . " With the exploration , Ivy began crafting " stronger " songs , that were less atmospheric to their previous studio album Apartment Life ( 1997 ) , but contained more " infectious melodies " . = = Composition and promotion = = " Disappointed " was written by Durand , Schlesinger , and Chase , while production was handled by Schlesinger , Chase , and Peter Nashel . The song is an indie pop and indie rock song , similar to Ivy 's signature sound . AllMusic claimed the single 's " taut rhythm and slinky guitars provide a sleekly sexy backdrop for Durand 's wistful vocals . " A reviewer from indie blogger Baby Sue called it a " strange and haunting composition with an unforgettable chorus . " The track was released as a digital download on July 10 , 2001 , alongside " Edge of the Ocean " ; both singles were released to adult alternative radio on the same day . To promote Long Distance , Ivy performed " Disappointed " live on an episode of Late Night with Conan O 'Brien in 2001 . For the performance , the band members wore large , insulated coats and t @-@ shirts . Chase and Schlesinger provided backup vocals for Durand , while Chase played the guitar and Schlesinger played the keyboards . = = Critical response = = " Disappointed " received generally favorable reviews from contemporary music critics . Jonathan Cohen from Billboard praised the track and commented that " Durand 's sensual vocals are beguiling as ever " . A reviewer from CMJ New Music Monthly enjoyed " the lazy float " of the track , further commenting that " Durand 's near @-@ catatonic delivery [ is ] not a bad idea . " AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine complimented the single 's production and Durand 's vocals , while Heather Phares of the same agency enjoyed the intimacy of the song . = = Track listings and formats = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits and personnel adapted from Long Distance liner notes and Andy Chase 's discography . Recording Recorded at Stratosphere Sound , New York City and Sony Music Studios , New York City Personnel = = Release history = = = Music of Final Fantasy IX = The music of the video game Final Fantasy IX was composed by regular series composer Nobuo Uematsu . It was his last exclusive Final Fantasy score . The Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack , a compilation of all music in the game , was originally released on four Compact Discs by DigiCube in 2000 , and was re @-@ released by Square Enix in 2004 . A Best Of and arranged soundtrack album of musical tracks from the game entitled Final Fantasy IX : Uematsu 's Best Selection was released in 2000 by Tokyopop Soundtrax . Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack PLUS , an album of music from the game 's full motion videos and extra tracks , was released by DigiCube in 2000 and re @-@ released in 2004 , and a collection of piano arrangements of pieces from the original soundtrack arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi and performed by Louis Leerink was released as Piano Collections Final Fantasy IX in 2001 . The game 's soundtrack is best known for " Melodies of Life , " the theme song of the game , performed by Emiko Shiratori in Japanese and English . The song was released as a single by King Records in 2000 . The soundtrack was based around a theme of medieval music , and was heavily inspired by previous Final Fantasy games , incorporating themes and motifs from earlier soundtracks . The music was overall well received ; reviewers found the soundtrack to be both well done and enjoyable , though opinions were mixed as to the reliance on music of previous games . Several tracks , especially " Melodies of Life " and " Vamo ' Alla Flamenco " , remain popular today , and have been performed numerous times in orchestral concert series , as well as been published in arranged and compilation albums by Square as well as outside groups . = = Creation and influence = = In discussions with director Hiroyuki Ito , Uematsu was told " It 'd be fine if you compose tracks for the eight characters , an exciting battle track , a gloomy , danger @-@ evoking piece , and around ten tracks or so . " However , Uematsu spent an estimated year composing and producing " around 160 " pieces for Final Fantasy IX , with 140 appearing in the game . Uematsu composed with a piano , and used two contrasting methods : " I create music that fits the events in the game , but sometimes , the event designer will adjust a game event to fit the music I 've already written . " Uematsu felt previous games Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII had a mood of realism , but that Final Fantasy IX was more of a fantasy , so " a serious piece as well as silly , fun pieces could fit in . " He felt the theme was medieval music , and was given a two @-@ week break to travel in Europe for inspiration - " looking at old castles in Germany and so on . " However , the music was not entirely composed in the medieval mode , as Uematsu claims that " it would be unbalanced " and " a little boring " . He aimed for a " simple , warm " style and included uncommon instruments such as a kazoo and dulcimer . Uematsu also included motifs from older Final Fantasy games " because Final Fantasy IX was returning to the roots , so to speak " and incorporated ideas such as " the old intro for battle music " and arranged the Volcano theme from Final Fantasy and the Pandemonium theme from Final Fantasy II , as well as others from the series . Uematsu has claimed several times that Final Fantasy IX is his favorite work , as well as the one he is most proud of . He also stated in the liner notes for the Final Fantasy IX : Original Soundtrack album that he was " glad that [ he ] was able to join this project . " = = Albums = = = = = " FINAL FANTASY IX " Original Soundtrack = = = " FINAL FANTASY IX " Original Soundtrack is a soundtrack album containing musical tracks from the game , composed , arranged and produced by Nobuo Uematsu . It spans four discs and 110 tracks , covering a duration of 4 : 46 : 31 . It was first released on 30 August 2000 by DigiCube , and subsequently re @-@ released on 10 May 2004 by Square Enix . The lyrics for the theme song to the game , " Melodies of Life " , were written by Hiroyuki Ito for the Japanese version and Alexander O. Smith for the English version . The song was performed in both languages by Emiko Shiratori . The album reached # 4 on the Japan Oricon charts , and sold 101 @,@ 000 copies as of January 2010 . The album was well received ; many reviewers found that it was a " good " soundtrack , though not without faults . Josh Bizeau and Roko Zaper of Soundtrack Central especially liked it , finding it to be " a blessing for Final Fantasy music " , and both Patrick Gann of RPGFan and Isaac Engelhorn of Soundtrack Central felt it was Uematsu 's second @-@ best work to date , behind only the soundtrack of Final Fantasy VI . Ben Schweitzer of RPGFan , however , found that the heavy reliance of the soundtrack on music and themes from previous Final Fantasy soundtracks resulted in a sense of " stretched creativity " and " a bit of blandness " , though he still felt it was not " a bad soundtrack ... [ but ] not really a great soundtrack . " Other reviewers , however , such as Engelhorn and Tyler Schulley of Final Fantasy Symphony , enjoyed the fact that it pulled from previous soundtracks , feeling that it gave the album " the classic feel of the older Final Fantasies " while still being " original and beautiful " . Track listing Literal translation of the original titles appear in ( brackets ) if different = = = Final Fantasy IX : Uematsu 's Best Selection = = = Final Fantasy IX : Uematsu 's Best Selection is a soundtrack album composed of popular musical tracks from the Final Fantasy IX : Original Soundtrack album . It was arranged by Nobuo Uematsu , Shirō Hamaguchi , Kunihiko Kurosawa , and Haruo Kondo . Vocals were again performed by Emiko Shiratori for " Melodies of Life " . It spans 33 tracks and covers a duration of 74 : 16 . The first 32 tracks correspond to tracks on the Final Fantasy IX : Original Soundtrack album , while the last track , an arranged version of " A Place to Call Home " , can only be found on this album . It was first released on August 21 , 2000 worldwide by Tokyopop Soundtrax , with English track names . The release bears the catalog number TPCD 0201 @-@ 2 . Reviewers were much less pleased with Final Fantasy IX : Uematsu 's Best Selection than with the original soundtrack , finding it to have a " great track listing " but that it felt as if " [ they ] tried to get as many tracks on the disc as they could " , with the result that many tracks were cut too short . = = = " FINAL FANTASY IX " Original Soundtrack PLUS = = = " FINAL FANTASY IX " Original Soundtrack PLUS is a soundtrack album consisting of pieces that did not appear on the original soundtrack . The album was composed by Nobuo Uematsu and orchestrated by Shirō Hamaguchi . Emiko Shiratori supplied the vocals for " The Song of Zidane and Dagger " and " Melodies of Life ( Silent Mix ) " . The album contains music from the majority of the game 's full motion videos and several extra tracks that did not appear in the game , which appear as tracks 34 through 41 on the album . It also contains a bonus track , an English version of " Melodies of Life " entitled " Melodies of Life ( Silent Mix ) " , found at the last track on the album . The album spans 42 tracks and covers a duration of 72 : 05 . It was first published by DigiCube on December 6 , 2000 , and subsequently re @-@ published by Square Enix on October 20 , 2004 . The original release bears the catalog number SSCX @-@ 10047 and the reprint SQEX @-@ 10035 . Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack PLUS was very well received , with reviewers finding the tunes to have " great dynamics " and " incredibly well made " , and that the " orchestrations work wonders with Uematsu 's incidental music . " It reached # 58 on the Oricon charts . = = = Piano Collections : FINAL FANTASY IX = = = Piano Collections : FINAL FANTASY IX is a collection of Final Fantasy IX music composed by Nobuo Uematsu , arranged for the piano by Shirō Hamaguchi , and performed by Louis Leerink . It spans 14 tracks and covers a duration of 53 : 44 . It was first released on January 24 , 2001 , in Japan by DigiCube , and subsequently re @-@ released on July 22 , 2004 , by Square Enix . The original release bears the catalog number SSCX @-@ 10048 and the re @-@ release bears the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10027 . The album well received , with reviewers finding the album " enjoyable " and " a pleasant surprise " , although they did find some of the arrangements to be " a bit on the simple side " . = = Melodies of Life = = " Melodies of Life " is the theme song of Final Fantasy IX , and consists primarily of two themes that were frequently used in the game itself , the Overworld theme ( Crossing Those Hills ) , and a lullaby that is sung by Dagger . It was performed by Emiko Shiratori in both the Japanese and English versions , arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi , and composed , like the rest of the game , by Nobuo Uematsu . The lyrics were written by game director Hiroyuki Ito ( credited as Shiomi ) in the Japanese version and Alexander O. Smith in the English version . The song was released as a single by King Records on August 2 , 2000 , and contains both the English and Japanese versions , an instrumental version , and a bonus track named " Galway Sky " . The single covers a duration of 23 : 17 and has a catalog number of KICS @-@ 811 . Melodies of Life reached # 10 on the Oricon charts . = = Legacy = = The Black Mages have arranged four pieces from Final Fantasy IX . These are " Hunter 's Chance " and " Vamo ' Alla Flamenco " from the album The Skies Above , published in 2004 , and " Assault of the Silver Dragons " and " Grand Cross " from the album Darkness and Starlight , published in 2008 . Additionally , Uematsu continues to perform certain pieces in his Dear Friends : Music from Final Fantasy concert series . The music of Final Fantasy IX has also appeared in various official concerts and live albums , such as 20020220 music from FINAL FANTASY , a live recording of an orchestra performing music from the series including " Vamo ' Alla Flamenco " . Additionally , " Vamo ' Alla Flamenco " was performed by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra and the Chicagoland Pops Orchestra for the Distant Worlds : Music from Final Fantasy concert tour , while " Not Alone " was performed by the New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra in the Tour de Japon : Music from Final Fantasy concert series . " Melodies of Life " was performed at the Press Start -Symphony of Games- 2008 concerts in Tokyo and Shanghai . " Vamo ' Alla Flamenco " was played at the Fantasy Comes Alive concert in Singapore on April 30 , 2010 . Independent but officially licensed releases of Final Fantasy IX music have been composed by such groups as Project Majestic Mix , which focuses on arranging video game music . Selections also appear on Japanese remix albums , called dojin music , and on English remixing websites . = Bodiam Castle = Bodiam Castle ( / ˈboʊdiəm / ) is a 14th @-@ century moated castle near Robertsbridge in East Sussex , England . It was built in 1385 by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge , a former knight of Edward III , with the permission of Richard II , ostensibly to defend the area against French invasion during the Hundred Years ' War . Of quadrangular plan , Bodiam Castle has no keep , having its various chambers built around the outer defensive walls and inner courts . Its corners and entrance are marked by towers , and topped by crenellations . Its structure , details and situation in an artificial watery landscape indicate that display was an important aspect of the castle 's design as well as defence . It was the home of the Dalyngrigge family and the centre of the manor of Bodiam . Possession of Bodiam Castle passed through several generations of Dalyngrigges , until their line became extinct , when the castle passed by marriage to the Lewknor family . During the Wars of the Roses , Sir Thomas Lewknor supported the House of Lancaster , and when Richard III of the House of York became king in 1483 , a force was despatched to besiege Bodiam Castle . It is unrecorded whether the siege went ahead , but it is thought that Bodiam was surrendered without much resistance . The castle was confiscated , but returned to the Lewknors when Henry VII of the House of Lancaster became king in 1485 . Descendants of the Lewknors owned the castle until at least the 16th century . By the start of the English Civil War in 1641 , Bodiam Castle was in the possession of Lord Thanet . He supported the Royalist cause , and sold the castle to help pay fines levied against him by Parliament . The castle was subsequently dismantled , and was left as a picturesque ruin until its purchase by John Fuller in 1829 . Under his auspices , the castle was partially restored before being sold to George Cubitt , 1st Baron Ashcombe , and later to Lord Curzon , both of whom undertook further restoration work . The castle is protected as a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Monument . It has been owned by The National Trust since 1925 , donated by Lord Curzon on his death , and is open to the public . = = Background = = Edward Dalyngrigge was a younger son and thus deprived of his father 's estates through the practice of primogeniture , hence he had to make his own fortunes . By 1378 , he owned the manor of Bodiam by marrying into a land @-@ owning family . From 1379 to 1388 , Dalyngrigge was a Knight of the Shire for Sussex and one of the most influential people in the county . By the time he applied to the king for a licence to crenellate ( build a castle ) , the Hundred Years ' War had been fought between England and France for nearly 50 years . Edward III of England ( reigned 1327 – 1377 ) pressed his claim for the French throne and secured the territories of Aquitaine and Calais . Dalyngrigge was one of many Englishmen who travelled to France to seek their fortune as members of Free Companies – groups of mercenaries who fought for the highest bidder . He left for France in 1367 and journeyed with Lionel , Duke of Clarence and son of Edward III . After fighting under the Earl of Arundel , Dalyngrigge joined the company of Sir Robert Knolles , a notorious commander who was reputed to have made 100 @,@ 000 gold crowns as a mercenary from pillage and plunder . It was as a member of the Free Companies that Dalyngrigge raised the money to build Bodiam Castle ; he returned to England in 1377 . The Treaty of Bruges ( 1375 ) ensured peace for two years , but after it expired , fighting resumed between England and France . In 1377 Edward III was succeeded by Richard II . During the war , England and France struggled for control of the English Channel , with raids on both coasts . With the renewed hostilities , Parliament voted that money should be spent on defending and fortifying England 's south coast , and defences were erected in Kent in anticipation of a French invasion . There was internal unrest as well as external threats , and Dalyngrigge was involved in suppressing the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 . The manor of Bodiam was granted a charter in 1383 permitting a weekly market and an annual fair to be held . In 1385 , a fleet of 1 @,@ 200 ships – variously cogs , barges , and galleys – gathered across the English Channel at Sluys , Flanders ; the population of southern England was in a state of panic . Later in the year , Edward Dalyngrigge was granted a licence to fortify his manor house . = = Construction and use = = ... Know that of our special grace we have granted and given licence on behalf of ourselves and our heirs , so far as in us lies , to our beloved and faithful Edward Dalyngrigge Knight , that he may strengthen with a wall of stone and lime , and crenellate and may construct and make into a Castle his manor house of Bodyham , near the sea , in the County of Sussex , for the defence of the adjacent country , and the resistance to our enemies ... In witness of which etc . The King at Westminster 20 October . Dalyngrigge 's licence from Richard II permitted him to refortify his existing manor house , but instead he chose a fresh site to build a castle on . Construction was completed in one phase , and most of the castle is in the same architectural style . Archaeologist David Thackray has deduced from this that Bodiam Castle was built quickly , probably because of the threat from the French . Stone castles were usually time @-@ consuming and expensive to build , often costing thousands of pounds . Dalyngrigge was Captain of the port of Brest in France from 1386 to 1387 , and as a result was probably absent for the first years of the castle 's construction . It replaced the old manor house as Dalyngrigge 's main residence and the administrative centre of the manor . It is not recorded when Bodiam Castle was completed , but Thackray suggests that it was before 1392 ; Dalyngrigge did not have long to spend in the completed castle , as he was dead by 1395 . Danlyngrigge 's estates , including the castle , were inherited by his son , John Dalyngrigge . Like his father , John enjoyed the favour of the king and was described as the " King 's Knight " ; in 1400 he was granted an annual allowance of 100 marks by the king . He died on 27 September 1408 ; his will ensured that his property belonged to his widow , Alice . John and Alice had no children , so on her death in 1443 the estates and castle were passed on to Richard Dalyngrigge , John 's cousin . Richard died without issue , so in accordance with John 's will the estates passed on to Richard 's sister Philippa in 1470 . She was married to Sir Thomas Lewknor , from a prominent Sussex family who owned land all over the country . Sir Thomas Lewknor was a supporter of the House of Lancaster during the Wars of the Roses , which began in 1455 . When Richard of the House of York ascended to the throne as Richard III in 1483 , Lewknor was accused of treason and of raising men @-@ at @-@ arms in southeast England . In November 1483 , Lewknor 's uncle and Thomas Howard , the Earl of Surrey , were given permission to levy men and besiege Bodiam Castle , where Lewknor was based . It is not recorded whether the siege went ahead , and Thackray suggests that Lewknor surrendered without much resistance . His property was confiscated , and Nicholas Rigby was made constable of the castle . On Henry VII 's accession to the English throne the attainder was revoked , and Bodiam Castle was returned to Lewknor . However , not all the surrounding land was returned to the family until 1542 . Possession of Bodiam Castle passed through several generations of the Lewknor family . Although the inheritance of the castle can be traced through the 16th and 17th centuries , there is little to indicate how it was used in this period , or if the family spent much time in it . Following Sir Roger Lewknor 's death in 1543 , his estates were divided among his descendants , and the castle and manor were split . John Levett of Salehurst purchased the castle in 1588 . In 1623 , most of the estates of Bodiam were bought by Sir Nicholas Tufton , later Earl of Thanet . His son , John Tufton , 2nd Earl of Thanet , inherited Nicholas 's property on his father 's death in 1631 ; it was John Tufton who reunited possession of castle and manor when he bought Bodiam Castle in 1639 . John Tufton was a supporter of the Royalist cause during the English Civil War , and led an attack on Lewes , and was involved in a Royalist defeat at Haywards Heath . Parliament confiscated some of his lands in 1643 , and more in 1644 , as well as fining him £ 9 @,@ 000 ( £ 1 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 today ) . To help pay his fine , Tufton sold Bodiam Castle for £ 6 @,@ 000 ( £ 930 @,@ 000 today ) in March 1644 to Nathaniel Powell , a Parliamentarian . = = Picturesque ruins = = After the Civil War , Powell was made a baronet by Charles II . Although it is unrecorded when Bodiam Castle was dismantled ( slighted ) , it was probably after it was bought by Powell . During and after the Civil War , many castles were slighted to prevent them from being reused . Not all were destroyed completely , and in some cases care was taken not to unnecessarily deface the structure . At Bodiam , it was deemed sufficient to dismantle the barbican , the bridges , and the buildings inside the castle . When Nathaniel Powell died in 1674 or 1675 , Bodiam Castle was passed on to his son , also called Nathaniel . After the second Nathaniel , the castle came into the possession of Elizabeth Clitherow , his daughter @-@ in @-@ law . In 1722 Sir Thomas Webster bought the castle . For over a century , Bodiam Castle and its associated manor descended through the Webster family . It was in this period that the site became popular as an early kind of tourist attraction because of its connection with the medieval period . The first drawings of Bodiam Castle date from the mid @-@ 18th century , when it was depicted as a ruin overgrown with ivy . Ruins and medieval buildings such as Bodiam Castle served as an inspiration for the revival in Gothic architecture and the renovation of old structures . The third Sir Godfrey Webster began looking for buyers for the castle in 1815 , and in 1829 he finally managed to sell it and 24 acres ( 10 ha ) of the surrounding land to John ' Mad Jack ' Fuller for £ 3 @,@ 000 ( £ 240 @,@ 000 today ) . Fuller repaired one of the towers , added new gates to the site , and removed a cottage which had been built within the castle in the 18th century ; he is thought to have bought the castle to prevent the Webster family from dismantling it and reusing its materials . George Cubitt , later Baron Ashcombe , purchased the castle and its 24 acres ( 97 @,@ 000 m2 ) from Fuller 's grandson in 1849 , for over £ 5 @,@ 000 ( £ 470 @,@ 000 today ) . Cubitt continued the renovations that Fuller started . He commissioned the first detailed survey of Bodiam Castle in 1864 , and undertook repairs to the tower at the southwest corner of the site , which had almost entirely collapsed . Because there was then a fashion for ruins covered in ivy , the vegetation was not removed despite its detrimental effect on the masonry , and the trees which had taken root in the courtyard were left . Lord Curzon decided that " so rare a treasure [ as Bodiam Castle ] should neither be lost to our country nor desecrated by irreverent hands " . Curzon made enquiries about buying the castle , but Cubitt did not wish to sell . However , after Cubitt 's death , Curzon was able to make a deal with Cubitt 's son , and he bought Bodiam Castle and its lands in 1916 . Curzon began a programme of investigation at Bodiam in 1919 , and with architect William Weir restored parts of the castle . The moat , on average about 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) deep but 7 ft ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) deep in the southeast corner , was drained and 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) of mud and silt removed ; during excavations the original footings of the bridges to the castle were discovered . Nearby hedges and fences were removed to provide an unobscured view of the castle . There were excavations in the interior , and a well was discovered in the basement of the southwest tower . Vegetation was cleared , stonework repaired , and the original floor level re @-@ established throughout the castle . A cottage was built to provide a museum to display the finds from the excavations and a home for a caretaker . Bodiam Castle was given to the National Trust in 1925 . The National Trust continued the restoration work , and added new roofs to the towers and gatehouse . Excavations were resumed in 1970 , and the moat was once again drained . Bodiam Castle was used in Monty Python and the Holy Grail in an establishing shot identifying it as " Swamp Castle " in the " Tale of Sir Lancelot " sequence . The Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England carried out a survey of the earthworks surrounding Bodiam Castle in 1990 . In the 1990s , Bodiam Castle was at the centre of a debate in castle studies over the balance between militaristic and social interpretations of such sites . The arguments focused on elements such as the apparent strength of the defences – such as the imposing moat – and elements of display . It has been suggested that the moat could have been drained in a day because the embankment surrounding it was not substantial , and that as such it did not pose a serious obstacle to an attacker . Also , the large windows in the castle 's exterior were defensive weak points . The castle is a Scheduled Monument , which means it is a " nationally important " historic building and archaeological site which has been given protection against unauthorised change . It is also a Grade I listed building , and recognised as an internationally important structure . Today the castle is open to the public , and according to figures released by the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions , nearly 170 @,@ 000 people visited in 2014 . In the opinion of historian Charles Coulson , Bodiam " represents the popular ideal of a medieval castle " . = = Architecture = = = = = Location and landscape = = = The castle 's location was ostensibly chosen to protect England 's south coast from raids by the French . A landscape survey by the Royal Commission for Historic Monuments concluded that if this were the case , then Bodiam Castle was unusually sited , as it is far from the medieval coastline . The area surrounding Bodiam Castle was landscaped when the castle was built , to increase its aesthetic appeal . Archaeologists Oliver Creighton and Robert Higham have described Bodiam as one of the best examples of landscaping to emphasise a castle . The water features were originally extensive , but only the moat survives , along with the earthworks left over from its construction . Roughly rectangular , the moat is supplied by several springs , some of them within it , which made it difficult to drain during the excavations of the 1930s . A moat can prevent attackers from gaining access to the base of a castle 's walls , but in the case of Bodiam it also had the effect of making the castle appear larger and more impressive by isolating it in its landscape . The moat is now regarded more as an ornamental feature than a defence . The approach to the castle through the moat and satellite ponds was indirect , giving visitors time to view the castle in its intended splendour . Military historian Cathcart King describes the approach as formidable , and considers it the equal of the 13th @-@ century castles of Edward I in Wales , such as Caerphilly Castle . The castle sits roughly in the middle of the moat . The postern gate at the rear would have been connected to the moat 's south bank by a drawbridge and a long timber bridge . The main entrance on the north side of the castle is today connected to the north bank by a wooden bridge , but the original route would have included two bridges : one from the main entrance to an island in the moat , and another connecting the island to the west bank . For the most part the bridge was static , apart from the section closest to the west bank , which would have been a drawbridge . The island in the moat is called the Octagon , and excavations on it have uncovered a garderobe ( toilet ) , suggesting that there may have been a guard on the island , although it is unclear to what extent it was fortified . The Octagon was connected to a barbican by a bridge , probably a drawbridge . The castle 's 28 toilets drained directly into the moat , which in the words of archaeologist Matthew Johnson would have been effectively an " open sewer " . = = = Exterior and entrance = = = A quadrangular castle , Bodiam is roughly square @-@ shaped . This type of castle , with a central courtyard and buildings against the curtain wall , was characteristic of castle architecture in the 14th century . Bodiam Castle has been described by military historian Cathcart King as the most complete surviving example of a quadrangular castle . There are circular towers at each of the four corners , with square central towers in the south , east , and west walls . The main entrance is a twin @-@ towered gatehouse in the north face of the castle . There is a second entrance from the south ; the postern gate is through a square tower in the middle of the south wall . The towers are three storeys high , taller than the curtain walls and the buildings in the castle which are two storeys high . Between the Octagon and the main gatehouse in the north wall was a barbican , of which little survives – just a piece of the west wall – although the structure was originally two storeys high . The surviving fabric includes a slot for a portcullis for the barbican 's north gate , although there are no hinges for gates . The base of a garderobe demonstrates that second storey would have provided space for habitation , probably a guard room . Drawings from the late 18th century show the ground floor of the barbican still standing and includes detail such as vaulting inside the passageway . The gatehouse in the castle 's north wall is three storeys high ; now reached by a static bridge , it was originally connected to the barbican by a drawbridge . The top of the gatehouse is machicolated , and the approach is overlooked by gun @-@ loops in the gatehouse towers . The gatehouse is the only part of the castle which has gun @-@ loops , and the curtain wall and towers are studded with windows for domestic use rather than military . There are guardrooms on the ground floor and a basement beneath them . The passage would originally have had three wooden portcullises . Above the entrance passage is an arch in the gateway , although it leads nowhere . The ceiling of the passage through the gatehouse into the castle is vaulted and pierced with murder @-@ holes . Murder @-@ holes were most likely used to drop objects on attackers , similar to machicolations , or to pour water to extinguish fires . Just above the gate , there are three coats of arms carved in relief into the arch ; from left to right they are the arms of the Wardeux , Dalyngrigge , and Radynden families . The Wardeux family was that of Edward Dalyngrigge 's wife ; the Radyndens were relations of the Dalyngrigges . Above the arms is a helm bearing a unicorn head crest . Three coats of arms also decorate the postern gate ; the central arms is that of Sir Robert Knolles , who Edward Dalyngrigge had fought for in the Hundred Years ' War , but those flanking it are blank . = = = Interior = = = Although the exterior of Bodiam Castle has largely survived , the interior is ruinous . The domestic buildings within the castle lined the curtain walls . However , remains are substantial enough to recreate a plan of the castle . The structure was divided into separate living areas for the lord and his family , high @-@ status guests , the garrisons , and servants . The south range of the castle consisted of the great hall , the kitchens , and associated rooms . The great hall , to the east of the centrally located postern gate , was 24 by 40 feet ( 7 @.@ 3 by 12 @.@ 2 m ) and would have been as tall as the curtain wall . To the west of the great hall was the pantry and buttery , linked to the great hall by a screens passage . The three standing arches gave access to different rooms , the pantry , buttery and the kitchen which was at the far west of the south range . This layout was typical of large medieval houses . The great hall was the social centre of the castle , and where the lord would have entertained guests . The buttery and pantry occupied the bottom floor , and above was a room of unknown purpose . The buttery had a cellar and was used to store ale and wine , while the pantry held the supplies for the kitchen . To prevent heat from the cooking fires becoming unbearable , the kitchen was as tall as the curtain walls to provide a large space to absorb the heat . In the southwest tower was a well , from which water would have been drawn for the household . Along the east wall is a chapel , a hall , and an antechamber . To accommodate the chapel , the curtain wall near the northeast corner projects 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) further into the moat than the rest of the wall along the east side . Immediately south of the chapel was the main accommodation for the lord and his family . The buildings were two storeys high and incorporated a basement . The exact layout of the rooms is unclear . Arranged along the west curtain wall was an extra hall and a kitchen ; it is not certain what these were used for , although it is probable that these were intended to provide for the household 's retainers . The " retainers ' hall " had no windows on its west side and would have been relatively dark compared to the great hall . Also , whereas the great hall had a large fireplace , the " retainers ' hall " had none . The hall was adjacent to the kitchen , to which it was directly connected , with no screens passage in between . Above the " retainers ' hall " , which was confined to the ground floor , was a room with no fireplace and of unclear purpose . East of the main gatehouse was a two @-@ storey building with a basement . The basement was probably used for storage while the above two floors provided accommodation . The purpose of the buildings along the west end of the north range is uncertain . The sparse arrangement , with little provision for lighting , has led to suggestions that it was used as stables , however there are no drains which are usually associated with stables . The tower in the northwest corner of the castle had a garderobe and fireplace on each of the three above @-@ ground floors , and there was a basement underneath . = Galilean moons = The Galilean moons are the four largest moons of Jupiter — Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto . They were discovered by Galileo Galilei around January 1610 and were the first group of objects found to orbit another planet . Their names derive from the lovers of Zeus . They are among the largest objects in the Solar System with the exception of the Sun and the eight planets , with radii larger than any of the dwarf planets . Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System , and is even bigger than the planet Mercury . The three inner moons — Io , Europa , and Ganymede — are in a 4 : 2 : 1 orbital resonance with each other . The Galilean moons were discovered in either 1609 or 1610 when Galileo made improvements to his telescope , which enabled him to observe celestial bodies more distinctly than ever . Galileo 's discovery showed the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers by proving that there were objects in space that cannot be seen by the naked eye . More importantly , the incontrovertible discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than Earth dealt a serious blow to the then @-@ accepted Ptolemaic world system , or the geocentric theory in which everything orbits around Earth . Galileo initially named his discovery the Cosmica Sidera ( " Cosimo 's stars " ) , but the names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius . Marius discovered the moons independently at the same time as Galileo , and gave them their present names , which were suggested by Johannes Kepler , in his Mundus Jovialis , published in 1614 . = = History = = = = = Discovery = = = As a result of improvements Galileo Galilei made to the telescope , with a magnifying capability of 20 × , he was able to see celestial bodies more distinctly than was ever possible before . This allowed Galilei to discover in either December 1609 or January 1610 what came to be known as the Galilean moons . On January 7 , 1610 , Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter 's moons . At the time , he saw only three of them , and he believed them to be fixed stars near Jupiter . He continued to observe these celestial orbs from January 8 to March 2 , 1610 . In these observations , he discovered a fourth body , and also observed that the four were not fixed stars , but rather were orbiting Jupiter . Galileo 's discovery proved the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers by showing that there were objects in space to be discovered that until then had remained unseen by the naked eye . More importantly , the discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than Earth dealt a blow to the then @-@ accepted Ptolemaic world system , which held that Earth was at the center of the universe and all other celestial bodies revolved around it . Galileo 's Sidereus Nuncius ( Starry Messenger ) , which announced celestial observations through his telescope , does not explicitly mention Copernican heliocentrism , a theory that placed the Sun at the center of the universe . Nevertheless , Galileo accepted the Copernican theory . A Chinese historian of astronomy , Xi Zezong , has claimed that a " small reddish star " observed near Jupiter in 362 BCE by Chinese astronomer Gan De may have been Ganymede , predating Galileo 's discovery by around two millennia . = = = Dedication to the Medicis = = = In 1605 , Galileo had been employed as a mathematics tutor for Cosimo de ' Medici . In 1609 , Cosimo became Grand Duke Cosimo II of Tuscany . Galileo , seeking patronage from his now @-@ wealthy former student and his powerful family , used the discovery of Jupiter 's moons to gain it . On February 13 , 1610 , Galileo wrote to the Grand Duke 's secretary : " God graced me with being able , through such a singular sign , to reveal to my Lord my devotion and the desire I have that his glorious name live as equal among the stars , and since it is up to me , the first discoverer , to name these new planets , I wish , in imitation of the great sages who placed the most excellent heroes of that age among the stars , to inscribe these with the name of the Most Serene Grand Duke . " Galileo asked whether he should name the moons the " Cosmian Stars " , after Cosimo alone , or the " Medician Stars " , which would honor all four brothers in the Medici clan . The secretary replied that the latter name would be best . On March 12 , 1610 , Galileo wrote his dedicatory letter to the Duke of Tuscany , and the next day sent a copy to the Grand Duke , hoping to obtain the Grand Duke 's support as quickly as possible . On March 19 , he sent the telescope he had used to first view Jupiter 's moons to the Grand Duke , along with an official copy of Sidereus Nuncius ( The Starry Messenger ) that , following the secretary 's advice , named the four moons the Medician Stars . In his dedicatory introduction , Galileo wrote : Scarcely have the immortal graces of your soul begun to shine forth on earth than bright stars offer themselves in the heavens which , like tongues , will speak of and celebrate your most excellent virtues for all time . Behold , therefore , four stars reserved for your illustrious name ... which ... make their journeys and orbits with a marvelous speed around the star of Jupiter ... like children of the same family ... Indeed , it appears the Maker of the Stars himself , by clear arguments , admonished me to call these new planets by the illustrious name of Your Highness before all others . = = = Name = = = Galileo initially called his discovery the Cosmica Sidera ( " Cosimo 's stars " ) , in honour of Cosimo II de ' Medici ( 1590 – 1621 ) . At Cosimo 's suggestion , Galileo changed the name to Medicea Sidera ( " the Medician stars " ) , honouring all four Medici brothers ( Cosimo , Francesco , Carlo , and Lorenzo ) . The discovery was announced in the Sidereus Nuncius ( " Starry Messenger " ) , published in Venice in March 1610 , less than two months after the first observations . Other names put forward include : I. Principharus ( for the " prince " of Tuscany ) , II . Victripharus ( after Vittoria della Rovere ) , III . Cosmipharus ( after Cosimo de ' Medici ) and IV . Fernipharus ( after Duke Ferdinando de ' Medici ) – by Giovanni Battista Hodierna , a disciple of Galileo and author of the first ephemerides ( Medicaeorum Ephemerides , 1656 ) ; Circulatores Jovis , or Jovis Comites – by Johannes Hevelius ; Gardes , or Satellites ( from the Latin satelles , satellitis , meaning " escorts " ) – by Jacques Ozanam . The names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius , who discovered the moons independently at the same time as Galileo : he named them at the suggestion of Johannes Kepler after lovers of the god Zeus ( the Greek equivalent of Jupiter ) : Io , Europa , Ganymede and Callisto , in his Mundus Jovialis , published in 1614 . Galileo steadfastly refused to use Marius ' names and invented as a result the numbering scheme that is still used nowadays , in parallel with proper moon names . The numbers run from Jupiter outward , thus I , II , III and IV for Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto respectively . Galileo used this system in his notebooks but never actually published it . The numbered names ( Jupiter x ) were used until the mid @-@ 20th century when other inner moons were discovered , and Marius ' names became widely used . = = = Determination of longitude = = = Galileo was able to develop a method of determining longitude based on the timing of the orbits of the Galilean moons . The times of the eclipses of the moons could be precisely calculated in advance , and compared with local observations on land or on ship to determine the local time and hence longitude . The main problem with the technique was that it was difficult to observe the Galilean moons through a telescope on a moving ship ; a problem that Galileo tried to solve with the invention of the celatone . The method was used by Cassini and Picard to re @-@ map France . = = Members = = Some models predict that there may have been several generations of Galilean satellites in Jupiter 's early history . Each generation of moons to have formed would have spiraled into Jupiter and been destroyed , due to tidal interactions with Jupiter 's proto @-@ satellite disk , with new moons forming from the remaining debris . By the time the present generation formed , the gas in the proto @-@ satellite disk had thinned out to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons ' orbits . Other models suggest that Galilean satellites formed in a proto @-@ satellite disk , in which formation timescales were comparable to or shorter than orbital migration timescales . Io is anhydrous and likely has an interior of rock and metal . Europa is thought to contain 8 % ice and water by mass with the remainder rock . These moons are , in increasing order of distance from Jupiter : = = = Io = = = Io is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter and , with a diameter of 3 @,@ 642 kilometers , the fourth @-@ largest moon in the Solar System . It was named after Io , a priestess of Hera who became one of the lovers of Zeus . Nevertheless , it was simply referred to as " Jupiter I " , or " The first satellite of Jupiter " , until the mid @-@ 20th century . With over 400 active volcanos , Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System . Its surface is dotted with more than 100 mountains , some of which are taller than Earth 's Mount Everest . Unlike most satellites in the outer Solar System ( which have a thick coating of ice ) , Io is primarily composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron sulfide core . Although not proven , recent data from the Galileo orbiter indicate that Io might have its own magnetic field . Io has an extremely thin atmosphere made up mostly of sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) . If a surface data or collection vessel were to land on Io in the future , it would have to be extremely tough ( similar to the tank @-@ like bodies of the Soviet Venera landers ) to survive the radiation and magnetic fields that originate from Jupiter . = = = Europa = = = Europa , the second of the four Galilean moons , is the second closest to Jupiter and the smallest at 3121 @.@ 6 kilometers in diameter , which is slightly smaller than the Moon . The name comes from a mythical Phoenician noblewoman , Europa , who was courted by Zeus and became the queen of Crete , though the name did not become widely used until the mid @-@ 20th century . It is one of the smoothest objects in the Solar System , with a layer of water surrounding the mantle of the planet , thought to be 100 kilometers thick . The smooth surface includes a layer of ice , while the bottom of the ice is theorized to be liquid water . The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface have led to the hypothesis that a water ocean exists beneath it , which could conceivably serve as an abode for extraterrestrial life . Heat energy from tidal flexing ensures that the ocean remains liquid and drives geological activity . Life may exist in Europa 's under @-@ ice ocean , perhaps subsisting in an environment similar to Earth 's deep @-@ ocean hydrothermal vents or the Antarctic Lake Vostok . Life in such an ocean could possibly be similar to microbial life on Earth in the deep ocean . So far , there is no evidence that life exists on Europa , but the likely presence of liquid water has spurred calls to send a probe there . The prominent markings that criss @-@ cross the moon seem to be mainly albedo features , which emphasize low topography . There are few craters on Europa because its surface is tectonically active and young . Some theories suggest that Jupiter 's gravity is causing these markings , as one side of Europa is constantly facing Jupiter . Also , volcanic water eruptions splitting the surface of Europa , and even geysers have been considered as a cause . The color of the markings , reddish @-@ brown , is theorized to be caused by sulfur , but scientists cannot confirm that , because no data collection devices have been sent to Europa . Europa is primarily made of silicate rock and likely has an iron core . It has a tenuous atmosphere composed primarily of oxygen . = = = Ganymede = = = Ganymede , the third Galilean moon is named after the mythological Ganymede , cupbearer of the Greek gods and Zeus 's beloved . Ganymede is the largest natural satellite in the Solar System at 5262 @.@ 4 kilometers in diameter , which makes it larger than the planet Mercury – although only at about half of its mass since Ganymede is an icy world . It is the only satellite in the Solar System known to possess a magnetosphere , likely created through convection within the liquid iron core . Ganymede is composed primarily of silicate rock and water ice , and a salt @-@ water ocean is believed to exist nearly 200 km below Ganymede 's surface , sandwiched between layers of ice . The metallic core of Ganymede suggests a greater heat at some time in its past than had previously been proposed . The surface is a mix of two types of terrain — highly cratered dark regions and younger , but still ancient , regions with a large array of grooves and ridges . Ganymede has a high number of craters , but many are gone or barely visible due to its icy crust forming over them . The satellite has a thin oxygen atmosphere that includes O , O2 , and possibly O3 ( ozone ) , and some atomic hydrogen . = = = Callisto = = = Callisto is the fourth and last Galilean moon , and is the second largest of the four , and at 4820 @.@ 6 kilometers in diameter , it is the third largest moon in the Solar System . Callisto was a daughter of the Arkadian King Lykaon and a hunting companion of the goddess Artemis . It does not form part of the orbital resonance that affects three inner Galilean satellites and thus does not experience appreciable tidal heating . Callisto is composed of approximately equal amounts of rock and ices , which makes it the least dense of the Galilean moons . It is one of the most heavily cratered satellites in the Solar System , and one major feature is a basin around 3000 km wide called Valhalla . Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide and probably molecular oxygen . Investigation revealed that Callisto may possibly have a subsurface ocean of liquid water at depths greater than 100 kilometers . The likely presence of an ocean within Callisto indicates that it can or could harbor life . However , this is less likely than on nearby Europa . Callisto has long been considered the most suitable place for a human base for future exploration of the Jupiter system since it is furthest from the intense radiation of Jupiter . = = Comparative structure = = Fluctuations in the orbits of the moons indicate that their mean density decreases with distance from Jupiter . Callisto , the outermost and least dense of the four , has a density intermediate between ice and rock whereas Io , the innermost and densest moon , has a density intermediate between rock and iron . Callisto has an ancient , heavily @-@ cratered and unaltered ice surface and the way it rotates indicates that its density is equally distributed , suggesting that it has no rocky or metallic core but consists of a homogeneous mix of rock and ice . This may well have been the original structure of all the moons . The rotation of the three inner moons , in contrast , indicates differentiation of their interiors with denser matter at the core and lighter matter above . They also reveal significant alteration of the surface . Ganymede reveals past tectonic movement of the ice surface which required partial melting of subsurface layers . Europa reveals more dynamic and recent movement of this nature , suggesting a thinner ice crust . Finally , Io , the innermost moon , has a sulfur surface , active volcanism and no sign of ice . All this evidence suggests that the nearer a moon is to Jupiter the hotter its interior . The current model is that the moons experience tidal heating as a result of the gravitational field of Jupiter in inverse proportion to the square of their distance from the giant planet . In all but Callisto this will have melted the interior ice , allowing rock and iron to sink to the interior and water to cover the surface . In Ganymede a thick and solid ice crust then formed . In warmer Europa a thinner more easily broken crust formed . In Io the heating is so extreme that all the rock has melted and water has long ago boiled out into space . = = = Size = = = = = = Latest flyby = = = = = Origin and evolution = = Jupiter 's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk , a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk . They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean @-@ mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter 's history . Simulations suggest that , while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment , over time a substantial fraction ( several tenths of a percent ) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the Solar nebula was processed through it . However , the disk mass of only 2 % that of Jupiter is required to explain the existing satellites . Thus there may have been several generations of Galilean @-@ mass satellites in Jupiter 's early history . Each generation of moons would have spiraled into Jupiter , due to drag from the disk , with new moons then forming from the new debris captured from the Solar nebula . By the time the present ( possibly fifth ) generation formed , the disk had thinned out to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons ' orbits . The current Galilean moons were still affected , falling into and being partially protected by an orbital resonance which still exists for Io , Europa , and Ganymede . Ganymede 's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io . = = Visibility = = All four Galilean moons are bright enough that they could be sighted from Earth without a telescope , if they were farther away from Jupiter . ( They are , however , easily visible with even low @-@ powered binoculars . ) They have apparent magnitudes between 4 @.@ 6 and 5 @.@ 6 when Jupiter is in opposition with the Sun , and are about one unit of magnitude dimmer when Jupiter is in conjunction . The main difficulty in observing the moons from Earth is their proximity to Jupiter since they are obscured by its brightness . The maximum angular separations of the moons are between 2 and 10 minutes of arc from Jupiter , which is close to the limit of human visual acuity . Ganymede and Callisto , at their maximum separation , are the likeliest targets for potential naked @-@ eye observation . = The Boat Race 1935 = The 87th Boat Race took place on 6 April 1935 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Umpired by former Oxford rower Robert Bourne , Cambridge won by four and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 48 seconds . The record twelfth consecutive victory took the overall record in the event to 46 – 40 in Cambridge 's favour . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1934 race by four and a quarter lengths , and led overall with 45 victories to Oxford 's 40 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . Cambridge 's coaches were D. H. E. McCowen ( who had rowed in the 1932 race ) and , according to the rowing correspondent for The Times , " two eminent Metropolitan coaches " in R. A. Nisbet and C. H. Rew . Oxford were coached by Francis Escombe and Peter Haig @-@ Thomas , both of whom previously coached the Light Blues , and former Light Blue rower Kenneth Payne ( who rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races ) . The race was umpired by former Oxford rower and boat club president Robert Bourne who had stroked the Dark Blues to four consecutive victories between 1909 and 1912 , while the finishing judge was C. W. Kent . Both boats were made by Sims and both crews used Ayling 's oars . The rowing correspondent for The Times noted that " neither crew is exceptionally fast " and suggested that Oxford 's heavier crew would out @-@ perform Cambridge , who he claimed " will be seen at their best in calm conditions " . As a result of Oxford 's practice rows during the period running up to the race , former Dark Blue rower E. P. Evans , writing in The Manchester Guardian , stated " Cambridge are now at the zenith of their power and are not likely to improve , whilst Oxford are still in the stages of reaching perfection " . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 13 lb ( 81 @.@ 9 kg ) , 4 @.@ 375 pounds ( 2 @.@ 0 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge saw four participants with Boat Race experience return to the crew , including cox Noel Duckworth . The Light Blue crew also included a pair of brothers in Annesely and Desmond Kingsford . Oxford 's crew also contained four former Blues , including P. R. S. Bankes and John Couchman , both of whom were rowing in their third consecutive race . All of the race participants were registered as British . = = Race = = Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . The umpire Bourne started the race at 2 : 48 p.m. in strong and gusty wind , and rough water . The Light Blues made the quicker start , out @-@ rating Oxford by three strokes within the first minute , and led by half a length . Thirty seconds later , Cambridge were clear and were further ahead by Craven Steps . By the end of the Fulham Wall , Duckworth steered directly towards the Surrey shore in an attempt to find shelter from the conditions . A spurt from the Dark Blues made no difference to the gap and Cambridge passed the Mile Post almost two lengths ahead . Another spurt from Oxford at Harrods Furniture Depository once again made no impact on the deficit and Cambridge passed below Hammersmith Bridge with a lead of three lengths . Intelligent steering from C. G. F. Bryan , the Oxford cox , saw the Dark Blues " hugging the Surrey bank " to reduce the Cambridge lead to about a length by Chiswick Eyot . It was short @-@ lived however , as Bryan steered back over towards the Middlesex side of the river , losing his crew a length in doing so and moving into rougher water , and by Chiswick Steps , the Light Blues were four and a half lengths ahead . Cambridge 's stroke Ran Laurie called for a spurt and by the time they passed under Barnes Bridge they were five lengths ahead . They crossed to the Middlesex side of the river before passing the finishing post with a lead of four and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 48 seconds . It was a record twelfth victory for the Light Blues and took the overall record in the event to 46 – 40 in their favour . Former Oxford rower E. P. Evans , writing in The Manchester Guardian , stated that Cambridge " won in the easiest manner possible , having led from start to finish " and described the race as a " fiasco " . The rowing correspondent for The Times suggested that " never was it so obvious after the first few strokes that there was only one crew in the race ... Oxford 's form was too bad to be true . " = Sharon Kay Penman = Sharon Kay Penman ( born August 13 , 1945 ) is an American historical novelist , published in the UK as Sharon Penman . She is best known for the Welsh Princes trilogy and the Plantagenet series . In addition , she has written four medieval mysteries , the first of which , The Queen 's Man , was a finalist in 1996 for the Best First Mystery Edgar Award . Her novels and mysteries are set in England , France , and Wales , and are about English and Welsh royalty during the Middle Ages . The Sunne in Splendour , her first book , is a stand @-@ alone novel about King Richard III of England and the Wars of the Roses . When the manuscript was stolen she started again and rewrote the book . Her work is generally well received , with the more recent novels reaching the New York Times Bestseller List . Critics have praised her meticulous research of settings and events presented in her fiction , as well as the characterizations . = = Career = = Born in New York City , Penman grew up in New Jersey . She received her bachelor 's degree from the University of Texas at Austin , where she majored in history . She also received a Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) degree from Rutgers University School of Law , and worked as a tax lawyer before becoming a writer . While a student , Penman researched and wrote The Sunne in Splendour that chronicled the life of Richard III . When the 400 @-@ page manuscript was stolen from her car , Penman found herself unable to write for the next five years . She eventually rewrote the book and by the time the 936 page book was published in 1982 she had spent 12 years writing it , while practicing law at the same time . Of practicing law , she admits she " considered it penance . " Penman lives in New Jersey , and in the early 1980s moved to Wales to research her second book , Here Be Dragons . She has a second home in the Welsh mountains where , she says , the history inspires her and provides material for her novels . = = Writing career = = The Sunne in Splendour is about the end of England 's War of the Roses . In the book , Penman characterizes King Richard III as a healthy , if misunderstood , ruler . She chose to write Richard 's character in such a way after becoming fascinated with his story and researching his life , both in the United States and in the United Kingdom , which led her to believe that " his was a classic case of history being rewritten by the victor . " Once finished with The Sunne in Splendour she claims to have become " hopelessly hooked " on writing . She had plenty of material to be written about the " rebellious sons and disgruntled brothers and conniving kings and willful queens " of the Plantagenets and hoped to write as many as a dozen books on the subject . After the publication of The Sunne in Splendour , Penman began work on the Welsh Trilogy , set primarily in Wales . The " Welsh Trilogy " was followed by the " Plantagenet series " , which presents the events of the life of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine . Penman 's settings are all in the Middle Ages ; the Welsh Princes trilogy is set in the 13th century , two centuries earlier than The Sunne in Splendour . During her research for Here Be Dragons , the first book in the series , she became fascinated with the complexity of the role of women in medieval society ; for example , Welsh women at the time had a great deal more independence than the English women . Whether in Wales or in England , a noble wife had responsibility for a household , complete with household knights , whom the wife relied upon to keep the household safe . In 1996 Penman published the first in the series of medieval mystery novels . Penman 's first mystery , The Queen 's Man , was a finalist for an Edgar Award for Best First Mystery from the Mystery Writers of America . Penman explains her reasons for turning to the mystery genre after writing only historical novels : " By the time I 'd finished researching and writing When Christ and His Saints Slept , I was in danger of burning out . For the first time in nearly two decades , my boundless enthusiasm for the Middle Ages had begun to flag . So I decided I needed a change of pace , and since I am a long @-@ time mystery fan , it occurred to me that a medieval mystery might be fun to write . Once that idea took root , it was probably inevitable that I 'd choose to write about Eleanor of Aquitaine , surely one of history 's most memorable women . " Set in the 12th century , Penman presents the young Justin de Quincy as a medieval sleuth . In the first book he is elevated to the status of " queen 's man " by Eleanor of Aquitaine . The Queen 's Man and Cruel as the Grave depict the period after King Henry II 's death , as Eleanor , about age 70 , rules the Angevin empire with one son ( Richard ) in captivity , and another son ( John ) hovering at the edge of power . The third novel in the series , The Dragon 's Lair , is set during the same period , but Penman shifts the locale to northwest England and north Wales . And finally , in the most recent novel of the series , Prince of Darkness , Penman continues to show the conflict between mother and sons , and weaves in de Quincy 's conflicts as well . In addition to the Edgar Award , Penman is the winner of the 2001 Career Achievement Award for Historical Mysteries from Romantic Times . = = Welsh Princes trilogy = = Here Be Dragons ( 1985 ) is the first of Penman 's trilogy of novels about the medieval princes of Gwynedd . Of the novel , Penman states , “ I think Dragons is so popular because it was virgin territory for most readers . The saga of the Plantagenets was much better known , but not many people were familiar with medieval Wales or its princes . And then , too , the story of Llewelyn the Great and Joanna , King John ’ s illegitimate daughter , is a remarkable one , which struck an emotional chord with many readers . ” In Falls the Shadow ( 1988 ) Penman chronicles the family relationships of King Henry III and his brother @-@ in @-@ law Simon de Montfort . Falls the Shadow is a bridge novel as Penman uses the Simon de Montfort rebellion to lead her to the conclusion of the trilogy in The Reckoning . As Penman explains : ' “ After I ’ d finished Here Be Dragons , I knew I wanted to continue the story … At first I ’ d planned to write one book in which Simon de Montfort would share top billing with Llewelyn Fawr ’ s grandson , Llewelyn ap Gruffydd , who later wed Simon ’ s daughter . I soon realized , though , that this was too much to tackle in one book , that Simon and Llewelyn each deserved his own novel . So I decided to devote Falls the Shadow to Simon and The Reckoning to Llewelyn " . Penman 's characterization of Simon de Montfort is that of a man increasingly disillusioned by his sovereign , who rebels in 1263 , becomes regent to Henry III , and attempts to reestablish rights granted under the Magna Carta . In addition to the story of Simon de Montfort and his wife , Eleanor the Countess of Pembroke and sister to King Henry III , the novel presents characters such as the Welsh ruler Llywelyn Fawr and London 's FitzThomas . Of her research for Falls the Shadow , Penman explains : " I did a great deal of on @-@ site research , visiting the castles and battlefields that figured in Falls the Shadow , visiting the Reading Room at the British Library , the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth , and local reference libraries … Here at home , I made use of the University of Pennsylvania Library in Philadelphia , which has an excellent medieval selection . But it really helped to see the scenes for myself . At Lewes , we actually walked along the same path that Simon de Montfort and his men would have followed . It was breathtaking to stand on the Downs , gazing out upon the same view that he would have seen " . The Reckoning ( 1991 ) chronicles the reign of England 's King Henry III in Penman 's final volume of the series that began with Here Be Dragons . The conflict between the Welsh prince Llewelyn ap Gruffydd who is the grandson of Llewelyn the Great of Here Be Dragons , and England 's King Henry III is one subplot . Additionally , Penman chronicles the life and character of Ellen , daughter of Simon de Montfort and niece to Henry III ; her betrothal to Llewellyn ( negotiated prior to de Montfort 's death ) ; and the conflict between Ellen and her cousin Edward , soon to become King Edward , who opposes the betrothal . = = Plantagenet series = = The Plantagenet series focuses on the Angevin King Henry II and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine , beginning with the sinking of the White Ship , the marriage of the Empress Maude and Geoffrey of Anjou , and Henry 's birth and childhood in When Christ and His Saints Slept . Of Henry and Eleanor , Penman explains : Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine were larger than life , legends in their own lifetimes . He was one of the greatest of the medieval kings , and she was the only woman to wear the crowns of both England and France . They loved and fought and schemed on a stage that stretched from the Scots border to the Mediterranean Sea . Their children were branded by contemporaries as " The Devil ’ s Brood , " but they founded a dynasty that was to rule England for three hundred years . My first novel in their trilogy [ sic ] , When Christ and His Saints Slept , traces the beginning of their tempestuous union . Time and Chance continues their story at high noon . From the greenwoods of Wales to a bloodied floor at Canterbury Cathedral , theirs was an amazing story , and I very much enjoyed being along for the ride ! When Christ and His Saints Slept introduces the genesis of the Plantagenet dynasty as Queen Maude fights to secure her claim to the English throne . In the 15 years she spent writing three novels and four mysteries set during the period of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine Penman claims she found no villains . Instead she focused on the human characteristics : she believes Henry II was a brilliant king but a bad father . Of Eleanor of Aquitaine , she claims she was a " law unto herself " , and Penman was intrigued by the role of a medieval queen . Time and Chance ( 2002 ) , a New York Times Bestseller , continues the story of Eleanor of Aquitaine and her husband , and focuses on the rift between Henry II and Thomas Becket . Time and Chance spans a 15 @-@ year period from 1156 to 1171 as Henry II became estranged from his wife ( although Eleanor and Henry have eight children during thirteen years ) , and from his close friend and advisor Thomas Becket . King Henry 's decision to elevate Becket to the Archbishop of Canterbury becomes a fulcrum for discord between Henry and Eleanor . The Devil 's Brood ( 2008 ) opens with the conflict between Henry II , his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine , and their four sons , which escalates into a decade of warfare and rebellion pitting the sons against the father and the brothers against each other while Eleanor spends the period imprisoned by Henry . Penman places the characters against a tightly woven tapestry of medieval life , personal conflict , and dramatic characters . The Devil 's Brood was supposed to be the final volume in Penman 's Plantagenet series , but the " Angevins were not ready to go quietly into that good night . " Lionheart ( 2011 ) is about the children of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine . The book focuses on Richard the Lionheart 's Crusades in the Holy Land and on what happened to Eleanor when she was finally released after spending sixteen years in a confinement that was ordered and enforced by her husband . A King 's Ransom is about the second half of Richard 's life , during and following his imprisonment , ransom , and life afterward . = = Writing characteristics = = Penman 's approach to her novels is to present meticulously researched medieval life and history as everyday life , and to present the nobility as fallible . Set against a backdrop of political tension , power struggles , war , and hardship , the main characters confront personal drama such as conflict in love , conflict between family members , conflict with God , and conflict in friendship , as well as conflicted loyalties between family , self , king and country . A Library Journal review praises Penman 's attention to detail in which she " combines an in @-@ depth knowledge of medieval Europe with vivid storytelling , re @-@ creating the complex events and emotional drama of the 12th – 15th centuries . " Although set in the 12th and 13th centuries , Penman sets the characters and narrative in her novels in medieval sites that still exist and can be visited , including castles , churches and archeological areas . Areas such as Aber Falls and Dolwyddelan Castle have important scenes in Penman 's novels . In Devil 's Brood , Penman sets the characters in scenes in a variety of medieval royal residences , castles and abbeys , in England and present day France , many of which still exist such as the Château de Chinon , Fontevrault Abbey , and Chateau de Loches . = = = Welsh Princes Trilogy = = = Here Be Dragons New York : Holt , Rinehart , and Winston , c1985 ISBN 0 @-@ 03 @-@ 062773 @-@ 7 London : Collins , 1986 ISBN 0 @-@ 00 @-@ 222960 @-@ 9 Falls the Shadow New York : H. Holt , c1988 ISBN 0 @-@ 8050 @-@ 0300 @-@ 2 London : Joseph , 1988 ISBN 0 @-@ 7181 @-@ 2923 @-@ 7 The Reckoning New York : H. Holt , 1991 ISBN 0 @-@ 8050 @-@ 1014 @-@ 9 London : Joseph , 1991 ISBN 0 @-@ 7181 @-@ 2948 @-@ 2 = = = Plantagenet Series = = = When Christ and His Saints Slept New York : H. Holt , 1995 ISBN 0 @-@ 8050 @-@ 1015 @-@ 7 London : Joseph , 1994 ISBN 0 @-@ 7181 @-@ 3585 @-@ 7 Time and Chance New York : G.P. Putnam ’ s Sons , c2002 ISBN 0 @-@ 399 @-@ 14785 @-@ 3 London : Joseph , 2002 ISBN 0 @-@ 7181 @-@ 4308 @-@ 6 Devil 's Brood New York : G.P. Putnam ’ s Sons , c2008 ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 399 @-@ 15526 @-@ 0 London : Joseph , 2009 ISBN 0 @-@ 7181 @-@ 5465 @-@ 7 Lionheart New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , c2011 ISBN 0 @-@ 399 @-@ 15785 @-@ 9 London : Marian Wood Books / Putnam , 2011 ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 399 @-@ 15785 @-@ 1 A King 's Ransom New York : Marian Wood Books / Putnam , c2014 ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 399 @-@ 15922 @-@ 0 London : Macmillan 2014 ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 230 @-@ 76805 @-@ 5 = = = Justin de Quincy Mysteries = = = The Queen 's Man New York : H. Holt , 1996 ISBN 0 @-@ 8050 @-@ 1015 @-@ 7 London : Joseph , 1996 ISBN 0 @-@ 7181 @-@ 3981 @-@ X Cruel as the Grave New York : Henry Holt , 1998 ISBN 0 @-@ 8050 @-@ 5608 @-@ 4 London : Joseph , 1998 ISBN 0 @-@ 7181 @-@ 4307 @-@ 8 Dragon 's Lair New York : G.P. Putnam ’ s Sons , c2003 ISBN 0 @-@ 399 @-@ 15077 @-@ 3 London : Penguin , 2005 ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 025098 @-@ 0 ( pbk . ) Prince of Darkness New York : G.P. Putnam ’ s Sons , c2005 ISBN 0 @-@ 399 @-@ 15256 @-@ 3 = Pan American Games sports = The Pan American Games sports comprise all the sports contested in the Summer Olympic Games . In addition , traditional and popular sports throughout the Americas which are not contested at the Olympic Games are also contested such as bowling and baseball . As of 2015 , the Pan American Games included 36 sports with 51 disciplines and 364 events . The number and kinds of events may change slightly from one Pan American Games to another . = = Sports , disciplines , events = = For purposes of Pan American Games competition , the Pan American Sports Organization ( PASO ) makes a distinction between sports and disciplines . A sport , in Pan American Games terms , is a single or group of disciplines as represented by an international governing body , namely an International Federation . For example , aquatics , represented at the Olympic level by the International Swimming Federation , is a sport at the Pan American Games that includes the swimming , diving , synchronized swimming and water polo disciplines . Canoe slalom is the only Olympic discipline not on the Pan American Games program . It was , in fact , scheduled to be held at both the 2007 and 2011 Pan American Games , but due to the small number of countries competing in the discipline , the event was dropped . However , the discipline is scheduled to make its debut at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto , Canada . Medals are awarded on a per @-@ event basis ; there can be one or more events per sport or discipline . In fact , besides baseball , rugby sevens , and softball , every current Pan American Games discipline has at least two events . = = = Changes = = = A sport or discipline appears on the Pan American Games program if it is included on the Olympic program . For the traditional Pan American Games sports , PASO determines if they are widely practised around the Americas ; that is , the number of countries that compete in a given sport is the indicator of the sport 's prevalence . PASO 's requirements reflect participation in the Pan American Games as well , especially more stringent toward men ( as they are represented in higher numbers ) . Previous Pan American Games have included sports which are no longer present on the current program , like futsal and polo . The International Olympic Committee voted on October 9 , 2009 , during the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , to elevate both rugby sevens and golf as official Olympic sports and to include them in the Olympics , beginning with the 2016 Olympic Games . With this development , rugby sevens made its debut at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara , and golf was played at the 2015 Pan American Games . During a PASO general assembly in 2015 , surfing was included into the 2019 Pan American Games programme . = = = Current Pan American Games program = = = The following sports ( or disciplines of a sport ) make up the current Pan American Games official program and are listed alphabetically according to the name used by PASO . The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport contested at the respective Games ; a bullet ( • ) denotes that the sport / discipline was scheduled to be competed , but was dropped do to a lack of entries . Eight of the 36 sports ( Aquatics , Canoeing , Cycling , Football , Gymnastics , Volleyball , Equestrian ) consist of multiple disciplines . Disciplines from the same sport are grouped under the same heading : For equestrian and wrestling , the figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport , and not for each discipline separately . The following sports have been contested at the Pan American Games : = = = Discontinued sports = = = The following sports were previously part of the Pan American Games program as official sports , but are no longer on the current program . = = = Winter sports = = = = Midsomer Norton = Midsomer Norton / ˈmɪdsʌmər ˈnɔːrtən / is a town near the Mendip Hills in Bath & North East Somerset , England , 10 miles ( 16 km ) south @-@ west of Bath , 10 miles ( 16 km ) north @-@ east of Wells , 10 miles ( 16 km ) north @-@ west of Frome , and 16 miles ( 26 km ) south @-@ east of Bristol . It has a population of 10 @,@ 997 . Along with Radstock and Westfield it used to be part of the conurbation and large civil parish of Norton Radstock , but is now a town council in its own right . It is also part of the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset . Midsomer Norton is characterised by the River Somer which runs the length of the town centre , the river itself was regenerated with new plant life during the summer of 2012 in a bid to improve the aesthetics of the town centre . The Town has a long history which can be seen through a number of early churches which remain , but really started to grow and become a transport hub with the development of the Somerset coalfield . For many years the coalmines provided employment for local men until they ceased operations in the 1960s , around the same time that the town 's two railway stations also closed . Afterwards , good employment opportunities still remained for the town with elements of the print industry , and although some of these plants have also now begun to close , overall employment levels in the area remain very high . Midsomer Norton provides shopping and service industries for the surrounding areas and supports several music venues and bands . The town has four primary schools and two large secondary schools . Midsomer Norton is home to a leisure centre , several sports clubs and provides youth opportunities such as Scouts and Guides . It has been the birthplace or home to several notable people . = = History = = " Norton " means ' north enclosure ' from the Old English , while the use of its forename to distinguish it from other ' Nortons ' is of late origin and not mentioned until 1334 . Sources point to the town being situated midway between two branches of the Somer river ; the Somer itself and Wellow Brook , which joins the Somer a short distance to the east near Radstock . The spelling " Missomerys Norton " may be a variation Eilert Ekwall wrote that the village " is said to be so called in allusion to the festival held at midsummer on the day of St. John , the patron saint . " John Wesley wrote of the appalling local road conditions which ensured it was reachable " only in midsummer . " As Simon Winchester notes in his book The Map that Changed the World , " ... the roads on this part of Somerset were atrocious , thick with mud and as rough as the surface of the moon " . In some church records the town is referred to as ' Norton Canonicorum ' as an alternative to Midsomer Norton , and this may be because of the local Priory 's link to Merton Priory in London until the dissolution of the monasteries in 1546 . The parish was part of the hundred of Chewton . Following the Norman Conquest William the Conqueror gave large parts of north Somerset , including the manor or Norton to Geoffrey de Montbray , bishop of Coutances , and Norton was held under him by Ulveva . From about 1150 until 1300 the manor was held by Alured de Lincoln . From 1387 the manor was held by the family of Thomas West , 1st Baron West and his descendants . The Duchy of Cornwall owned most of the mineral rights around Midsomer Norton and various small pits opened around 1750 to exploit these . Coal mining in the Somerset coalfield gave the town and area its impetus as an industrial centre . Around 1866 an obelisk Crimean War monument with two marble plaques , was built at the site of St Chad 's well , by the mother of Frederick Stukeley Savage for the benefit of the poor . The obelisk was in the grounds of Norton House , a Georgian mansion built by Thomas Savage , an investor in coalmines in the area , in 1789 . The house itself has since been demolished but other features of its estate are still visible at Silver Street Nature reserve ( see below ) . = = Governance = = There are 2 electoral wards in the town from which Midsomer Norton elects its own Town Council with an elected Mayor . It is part of the North East Somerset constituency , which elects a Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It is also part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament . The Palladian council offices were built in the mid to late 18th century . The Town Hall was built in an Italianate style in 1860 by Thomas Harris Smith . = = Geography = = The main geological feature in this area	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
of the Mendip Hills south of Hallatrow consists of Supra @-@ Pennant Measures which includes the upper coal measures and outcrops of sandstone . The relics of the industrial past are very evident within the area , including the distinct conical shape of the Old Mills batch overlooking the town . Midsomer Norton lies on the River Somer which rises to the west of Chilcompton and on the Wellow Brook which rises near the village of Ston Easton . The town therefore occupies two valleys of the Mendip Hills and these merge west of Radstock . The combined river then flows east reaching the River Avon near Midford , thence to Bath and through Bristol into the Bristol Channel at Avonmouth . On the southern fringes of the town is the 2 hectares ( 4 @.@ 9 acres ) Silver Street Local Nature Reserve , on the site of the estate of Norton House , an eighteenth century mansion built by the coalmine @-@ owning Savage family but demolished in 1937 @-@ 8 . It contains a broad @-@ leaf woodland around several ponds , a restored nineteenth @-@ century wellhead that supplied water to the house , and a grassland field . The woodland is leased to the Somerset and Dorset Heritage Railway Trust by Bath and North East Somerset Council and the meadow in the stewardship of Somervale School . Along with the rest of South West England , the Midsomer Norton has a temperate climate generally wetter and milder than the rest of England . The annual mean temperature is about 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) with seasonal and diurnal variations , but the modifying effect of the sea , restricts the range to less than that in most other parts of the United Kingdom . January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) and 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) . July and August are the warmest , with mean daily maxima around 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . In general , December is the dullest month and June the sunniest . The south @-@ west of England enjoys a favoured location , particularly in summer , when the Azores High extends its influence north @-@ eastwards towards the UK . Cloud often forms inland , especially near hills , and reduces exposure to sunshine . The average annual sunshine is about 1 @,@ 600 hours . Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection . In summer , convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of the annual precipitation falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year . Average rainfall is around 800 – 900 mm ( 31 – 35 in ) . About 8 – 15 days of snowfall is typical . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds , with June to August having the lightest ; the prevailing wind direction is from the south @-@ west . = = Midsomer Norton flood alleviation scheme = = For many years , the centre of Midsomer Norton was prone to flooding . Sometimes several times a year , the Somer rose up during prolonged rainfall and flooded shops , particularly where the high street is at its lowest point in the middle between Martin ’ s newsagent and the former Palladium cinema . To prevent future deluges , a major flood alleviation tunnel — completed in 1977 – was constructed beneath the high street to remove excess water when the town centre was threatened with flooding . The infrastructure comprises a sluice gate situated at the top of the high street near Somervale School through which the water is carried under the town via a pre @-@ cast concrete culvert several metres in diameter to an outlet further downstream at Rackvernal . Since it began operation , no flooding has occurred to the high street and an Environment Agency report confirms that the relief scheme remains in good condition and continues to serve to its 100 @-@ year standard . Despite the success of the scheme , some outlying areas of the town are now rated at increased risk of flooding from Wellow Brook due to climate change and the increased provision of housing in the vicinity . In 2008 a new monitoring station was installed at nearby Welton through which data on water pressure and flood levels can be collected via metal tubes placed in the river linked to a telemetry box . This facility is now providing the Environment Agency with extremely useful information for use in future assessments of flood risk . = = Industry and commerce = = For hundreds of years mining was an important industry for the area , and there were a number of mines in Midsomer Norton , e.g. Old Mills , Norton Hill , and Welton . However the seams were thin and with the hilly nature around , not easily worked . Generations of miners who worked in the difficult conditions of the local collieries are remembered at the Radstock Museum . The coming of the railways , particularly the Bath extension of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway ( S & D ) in 1874 , transformed the conveyance of coal out of the area . The last pit in the town , at Norton Hill , closed in 1966 . Despite modernisation in the early 1960s , this final pit lapsed into unprofitability due to local geological difficulties and manpower shortages . One of the town 's most successful companies was Prattens , manufacturer of prefabricated classrooms , founded and run as a family firm from 1912 . It was acquired by Beazer in 1980 before its main factory site in Charlton Road in the town was demolished in the 1990s . Midsomer Norton traditionally hosted other industries and became a major manufacturing centre for printing and packaging . Some 2 @,@ 000 people ( 27 % of total employment ) work in this industry locally . Following the decline of mining , these companies expanded on local trading estates and in Welton . The sites of the disused collieries in the area have subsequently been developed for light industry . In recent years some of the larger firms have disappeared or relocated , with poor transport links being cited as a handicap . A large packaging company , Alcan Mardon closed in 2006 , although the social club remains . Another extremely important plant , Polestar Purnell , based in nearby Paulton also closed the same year with the loss of 400 jobs . In August 2011 , the town 's largest remaining employer , Welton , Bibby & Baron , the largest producer of recyclable paper bags in Europe , announced the closure of its site in Welton , which it occupied for 150 years . The company , known locally as ‘ Welton Bag ’ plans to move to larger premises at Westbury in Wiltshire , but promises to transfer all 400 jobs to the new site . The business parks remain busy however , and the town and environs has its share of national trading companies including supermarkets and retail outlets . The town 's High Street has free parking . Many inhabitants commute to Bath and Bristol for employment and shopping . Dial @-@ a @-@ Ride services for the elderly and handicapped are well used , along with the local Community minibus set up by the local Rotary Club in 1967 under Midsomer Norton & Radstock Community Service Vehicle Trust . This vehicle is for use primarily by organisations in the area serving the disabled and infirm . = = The railways = = The town was previously served by a station on the Somerset and Dorset Railway ( S & D ) but this closed in 1966 , and by a second station on the Bristol and North Somerset Railway at Welton in the valley . The railways were separate , the S & D being administered by the Midland Railway and the London and South Western Railway companies ( later the London Midland and Scottish Railway and the Southern Railway ) and the North Somerset being run by and then owned by the Great Western Railway . The stations were both called " Midsomer Norton and Welton " ( the B & NSR station was originally called just " Welton " ) ; under British Railways , the S & D station was renamed as Midsomer Norton South after a short period as Midsomer Norton Upper ; and is currently being restored with occasional open weekends with engines in steam . The Somerset & Dorset Railway Heritage Trust one day hopes to operate steam trains for a mile up to Chilcompton Tunnel but there remains much to do before this can happen . = = Culture = = Midsomer Norton ’ s railway station has been memorialised , along with many other stations , in a famous song associated with railway closures , Slow Train , with lyrics by Michael Flanders and music by Donald Swann : Children ’ s author Roald Dahl , prior to his writing fame , used to sell kerosene in Midsomer Norton and the surrounding area in the 1930s . He described the experience vividly in his autobiographical work Boy : Tales of Childhood ( published 1984 ) : The Waugh family connection with Midsomer Norton began when Dr Alexander Waugh , father of Arthur Waugh and grandfather of Evelyn Waugh and Alec Waugh moved to Island House , which had been built in the early 18th century , in The Island in the centre of the town in 1865 . The family later moved to a house in Silver Street . As a boy , Evelyn Waugh spent his summer holidays in Midsomer Norton with his maiden aunts . He later described his visits there : “ I suppose that in fact I never spent longer than two months there in any year , but the place captivated my imagination as my true home never did . ” The Palladium cinema was opened as the Empire in 1913 in a building which had previously been a brewery . It closed in 1993 and various attempts were made to turn it into a club and shop , before Wetherspoons announced in January 2015 that they had acquired the site and intended to seek planning and licensing permission to convert it to a pub . The town was left without cinema for almost two decades . Cinema was brought back to the town under the Palladium name in 2012 with a new community cinema at the Town Hall . In 2013 , permanent cinema equipment was installed in the building and there are now regular film screenings of both modern and classic films . The town is commemorated in “ The Sheriff of Midsomer Norton ” a song by local Somerset band The Wurzels . Midsomer Norton hosts the only unofficial carnival on the West Country Carnival circuit . Originally , floats travelled through the main High Street but road improvements put paid to the larger vehicles and for many years the procession was held on the main Fosseway through Westfield . Since 2014 however , the carnival has returned to the High Street following changes made to the traffic layout . The town ’ s free newspaper is the Midsomer Norton , Radstock & District Journal . The other local weekly paper is the Somerset Guardian , which is part of the Daily Mail and General Trust . The monthly magazine , the Mendip Times , also includes local features . Somer Valley FM ( 97.5FM and online ) is the Community Radio for the district . There is also a community website where residents can discuss local issues called Midsomer Norton People . On 17 @-@ 18 June 2016 the town 's first ever LGBT Pride celebration event was held . = = = Music scene = = = Regular concerts and events are held in the town in both local community buildings and local pubs and bars . A popular live music venue in the town is The Wunderbar . It is a small bar located in the cellar of an estate agency on the High Street , which has been open since October 1994 and hosts regular concerts by local bands and regional touring acts as well as ' open mic ' events . It plays host to its own internet radio station that specialises in playing local underground rock and punk music . On the first Friday of every month the Paradis Palm Court Trio perform free classical concerts in the Town Hall . Choir concerts ( male voices in particular ) command a local following and the Lions club is a promoter of such attractions usually held in the Methodist or Parish churches . There are a number of thriving local brass bands . In 2006 Midsomer Norton hosted the European Open Marching and Show Band Championship which saw many bands from all over Europe visit the town . = = = Midsomer Murders = = = Anthony Horowitz , the original writer of Midsomer Murders , borrowed part of the name of the town when he adapted Caroline Graham ’ s Chief Inspector Barnaby series for television in 1997 . Although the series itself is primarily filmed in picturesque villages in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire , Horowitz chose the name after looking at a map of Somerset , believing that it sounded quintessentially English . Although no filming of the show has ever taken place in Midsomer Norton or the surrounding parishes , some names of other nearby locations have been used by the producers in creating their fictional county of Midsomer , including Midsomer Wellow ( Wellow ) , Midsomer Magna ( Chew Magna ) , Midsomer Morton and the main settlement of Causton ( Corston ) . Despite some occasional confusion , there is no other link between Midsomer Norton and the television series . = = Religious sites and communities = = The Old Priory , which was a hotel and restaurant , dates from the early to mid 17th century . Another old building is the Catholic Church of the Holy Ghost , which is a 15th @-@ century tithe barn converted by the famous architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott . It is a grade II * listed building . The local Catholic community are served by Benedictine monks from nearby Downside Abbey , coming under the Diocese of Clifton . The Anglican Church of St John the Baptist has a tower dating from the 15th century , although the upper stages are from the 17th century , but the rest was rebuilt in Gothic Revival style by John Pinch the younger in 1830 – 1831 and was extended in the 20th century with new chancel and lady chapel . It is a grade II * listed building . The churchyard includes a memorial to the 12 miners killed in 1839 when their rope was severed . St. John 's is part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells . The Patronage vests in Christ Church , Oxford . The Methodist Church in the town 's High Street celebrated its 150th Anniversary in 2009 . In 1746 , John Wesley 's travelling preachers , based in Bristol were invited in the mid @-@ 1700s to support the local society , the man himself first coming in 1767 . By the middle of the 1800s , the congregation had outgrown the original chapel erected in 1775 in Rackvernal Road ( now demolished ) . In the 1990s , the present church building and adjoining hall were totally refurbished and linked , the facilities being well used by the local community . Local Methodists are part of the Bristol District of the Methodist Church and in the North East Somerset & Bath Circuit . The Baptist Church have their building in Welton but hold their Sunday morning service at Somervale School now in order to accommodate their growing congregation . The Salvation Army meet in their citadel at Stones Cross . There is a successful Scout group , the 1st Midsomer Norton Scout Group based at Radstock Road , providing scouting to around 140 boys and girls per week , and a similarly popular Guide group a short distance away at Rock Hall . = = Education = = First schools for children up to 11 include Midsomer Norton Primary , St. John 's Church of England , Welton Primary , Longvernal Primary and Westfield Primary . In addition , St Benedicts Catholic Primary School on the edge of Midsomer Norton with a ' Midsomer Norton , Radstock ' postal address , is actually part of the neighbouring Somerset County Council 's education service . There are two local secondary schools . Norton Hill School has approximately 1 @,@ 400 students from the age of 11 to 18 . In 1999 it became a Technology College and in 2007 changed specialism to become a Maths and Computing College . In 2006 Norton Hill was also awarded a second specialism as a Language College . The school was described by Ofsted in 2007 as outstanding in every respect . The school has received both the Sportsmark Award by Sport England and Artsmark Silver Award . Somervale School which has foundation status , is a specialist Arts College . In 2008 , the school was the first in Bath and North East Somerset to win the Eco @-@ Schools Silver Award . The number of pupils on the school roll has fallen to 603 . This fall prompted the school to propose a federation with nearby Norton Hill School in March 2009 called the Midsomer Norton Schools Partnership [ 1 ] . This is now in place with Alun Williams as the overall head teacher of both schools within the federation . In October 2010 the federation was confirmed as an academy . Both secondary schools were awarded ' Good ' by Ofsted in January 2013 . The two schools share one sixth form called the Midsomer Norton Sixth Form which is based across the two sites . The town is served by a further education college , the Somer Valley branch of Bath College , in neighbouring Westfield . It serves 1 @,@ 000 full @-@ time students and 5 @,@ 000 part @-@ time students . The College has steadily expanded since it opened in the 1940s to serve the Somerset coalfields . As a Community College , it has expanded its range of vocational programmes , and has become an established part of the community . The college works with local employers to provide training programmes that meet the needs of both employers and employees . This ranges from short skills workshops , through to NVQs , BTEC , Higher National Diplomas and apprenticeships . = = Sport = = South Wansdyke Leisure Centre provides a wide range of activities including swimming . Norton Hill and Somervale School also have sports facilities used by town and local groups . In 2010 , additional leisure facilities were constructed including a skate board park and new children 's play area . There are several football clubs including Welton Rovers F.C. who play in the Western Football League , Welton Arsenal , and Norton Hill Rangers . Midsomer Norton has its own Cricket club , as do Midsomer Norton Methodists , and a Rugby union team . In 2002 the World Professional Billiards Championship was held at the Centurion Hotel , part of L & F Jones , Midsomer Norton . = = Notable people = = Peter Alexander ( born 1952 ) , actor who appeared in Emmerdale Farm Thomas William Allies ( 1813 – 1903 ) , historical writer specialising in religious subjects Sir Frank Beauchamp ( 1866 @-@ 1950 ) , owner of coalmines in the Somerset coalfield Joan Beauchamp ( 1890 – 1964 ) , suffragette and co @-@ founder of the Communist Party of Great Britain Kay Beauchamp ( 1899 – 1992 ) , Communist who helped found the Daily Worker William Bees ( 1871 – 1938 ) , English recipient of the Victoria Cross for services in South Africa Arthur Bulleid ( 1862 @-@ 1951 ) , antiquarian Don Carter ( 1921 - 2002 ) , footballer for Bury and Blackburn Rovers Chloe Davies ( born 1998 ) , paralympic swimmer . David Fisher ( 1946 @-@ 2013 ) , award @-@ winning artist . Jody Gooding ( born 1981 ) , professional beach volleyball player , lives in the town . Frederick Gould ( 1879 – 1971 ) MP for Frome , 1923 – 24 and 1929 – 31 Sir Ronald Gould ( 1904 – 1986 ) , General Secretary of the National Union of Teachers Anita Harris ( born 1942 ) , actor , singer and entertainer . Bert Head ( 1916 – 2002 ) , footballer for Torquay United and Bury FC . Denise Johns ( born 1978 ) , professional beach volleyball player for Great Britain who lives in the town . Uriah Maggs ( c.1828 – 1913 ) , founder of Maggs Bros Ltd , long @-@ surviving antiquarian bookseller Professor Leslie Rowsell ( L.R. ) Moore ( 1912 – 2003 ) , Professor of Geology at Sheffield University Sedge Moore ( born 1958 ) , musician with The Wurzels Gareth and Kim Paisey from indie pop band Los Campesinos ! . Frederick Pratten ( 1904 @-@ 1967 ) , cricketer George Rowdon ( 1914 – 1987 ) , cricketer for Somerset Samuel Evans Rowe ( 1834 – 1897 ) , Methodist missionary to South Africa Duncan Steel ( born 1955 ) , writer on space science Karen Steel ( born 1953 ) , geneticist Sir Reginald Thatcher ( 1888 @-@ 1975 ) , composer and Principal of the Royal Academy of Music Dr. Geoffrey Tovey ( 1916 – 2001 ) , expert in serology and founder of NHS Blood and Transplant Service Steve Voake , children 's author Arthur Waugh ( 1866 – 1943 ) , author and member of a literary family C. J. F. Williams ( 1930 – 1997 ) , philosopher Maisie Williams ( born 1997 ) , actor who is best known for appearing in Game of Thrones = California 's 12th congressional district election , 1946 = An election for a seat in the United States House of Representatives took place in California 's 12th congressional district on November 5 , 1946 , the date set by law for the elections for the 80th United States Congress . In the 12th district election , the candidates were five @-@ term incumbent Democrat Jerry Voorhis , Republican challenger Richard Nixon , and former congressman and Prohibition Party candidate John Hoeppel . Nixon was elected with 56 % of the vote , starting him on the road that would , almost a quarter century later , lead to the presidency . First elected to Congress in 1936 , Voorhis had defeated lackluster Republican opposition four times in the then @-@ rural Los Angeles County district to win re @-@ election . For the 1946 election , Republicans sought a candidate who could unite the party and run a strong race against Voorhis in the Republican @-@ leaning district . After failing to secure the candidacy of General George Patton , in November 1945 they settled on Lieutenant Commander Richard Nixon , who had lived in the district prior to his World War II service . Nixon spent most of 1946 campaigning in the district , while Voorhis did not return from Washington D.C. until the end of August . Nixon 's campaign worked hard to generate publicity in the district , while Voorhis , dealing with congressional business in the capital , received little newspaper coverage . Voorhis received the most votes in the June primary elections , but his percentage of the vote decreased from his share in the 1944 primaries . At five debates held across the district in September and October , Nixon was able to paint the incumbent as ineffectual and to suggest that Voorhis was connected to communist @-@ linked organizations . Voorhis and his campaign were constantly on the defensive and were ineffective in rebutting Nixon 's contentions . The challenger defeated Voorhis in the November general election . Various explanations have been put forward for Nixon 's victory , from national political trends to red @-@ baiting on the part of the challenger . Some historians contend that Nixon received large amounts of funding from wealthy backers determined to defeat Voorhis , while others dismiss such allegations . These matters remain subjects of historical debate . = = Background = = = = = District and campaigns = = = Since its creation following the 1930 census , the 12th district had been represented by Democrats . The 12th stretched from just south of Pasadena to the Orange and San Bernardino county lines , encompassing such small towns as Whittier , Pomona and Covina . The area has since been entirely absorbed into the Los Angeles megalopolis , but at the time it was principally agricultural . The freeway system had barely touched the 12th district ; only a small segment of the Pasadena Freeway cut across its northwest corner . In 1932 , John Hoeppel was elected to represent the 12th district . In 1936 , Hoeppel was vulnerable as he had been convicted for trying to sell a nomination to West Point . Voorhis defeated Hoeppel in the Democratic primary and easily won the general election . Voorhis , who gained a reputation as a respected and hard @-@ working representative , nicknamed " Kid Atlas " by the press for taking the weight of the world on his shoulders , was loyal to the New Deal . The 12th district leaned Republican , the more so after 1941 when the Republican @-@ dominated California State Legislature attempted to gerrymander Congressman Voorhis out of office by removing strong Democratic precincts in East Los Angeles from the district during the decennial redistricting . The revamped 12th district had little industry and almost no union influence . Voorhis was left with such Republican strongholds as San Marino , where he did not campaign , concluding that he would receive the same number of votes whether he visited there or not . Despite the maneuvers of the Republicans in the legislature , Voorhis was re @-@ elected in 1942 , receiving 57 % of the vote , and won with a similar percentage two years later . Voorhis had not faced strong opposition prior to 1946 . In his initial election , Voorhis benefited from the Roosevelt landslide of 1936 . His 1938 opponent was so shy that Voorhis had to introduce him to the crowd at a joint appearance . In 1940 , he faced Captain Irwin Minger , a little @-@ known commandant of a military school , and his 1942 opponent , radio preacher and former Prohibition Party gubernatorial candidate Robert P. Shuler , " embarrassed GOP regulars " . In 1944 , the 12th district Republicans were bitterly divided , and Voorhis easily triumphed . = = = Republican search for a candidate = = = As Voorhis served his fifth term in the House , Republicans searched for a candidate capable of defeating him . Local Republicans formed what became known as the " Committee of One Hundred " ( officially , the " Candidate and Fact @-@ Finding Committee " ) to select a candidate with broad support in advance of the June 1946 primary election . This move caused some editorial concern in the district : The Alhambra Tribune and News , fearing the choice of a candidate was being taken away from voters in favor of a small group , editorialized that the committee formation was " a step in the wrong direction " and an attempt to " shove Tammany Hall tactics down our throats " . The Committee initially wooed State Commissioner of Education ( and former Whittier College president ) Walter Dexter . Dexter was reluctant to give up his state post to run and sought a guarantee that he would receive another job if his candidacy failed . He continued to consider running for several months without reaching a decision , frustrating local Republicans . As Dexter dithered , Republicans tried to get General George Patton to run , though they were not certain if the general was a Republican . However , a day after the Los Angeles Times speculated on the run , Patton announced from Germany his intent to " keep completely out of politics " . The Committee also contacted Stanley Barnes , a rising young Republican attorney and former football star at the University of California , Berkeley . Barnes declined to be considered , skeptical of the chances of defeating Voorhis . With little progress made on securing a high @-@ profile candidate , Committee working groups held interviews . Of the eight men who applied , the most prominent was former congressman John Hoeppel , who promised to keep " the Jews and the niggers " out of the district . On October 6 , 1945 , the Monrovia News Post reported that while Dexter seemed the likely candidate , " of course anything can happen in politics and generally does " . The News Post stated that other names discussed by the Committee included " Lt. [ sic ] Richard Nixon , U.S.N.R. , of Whittier . " Congressman Voorhis wrote his father and political adviser , Charles Voorhis , on October 15 , " I understand the General has decided not to run in the 12th district . Dr. Dexter would , in my opinion , be hard to beat . But at least it would be a clean , decent campaign , and I 'm not so sure I wouldn 't prefer that even if I lost . " Herman Perry , Whittier Bank of America branch manager and Nixon family friend , wrote to Nixon , who was then a lieutenant commander in the Navy , telling him he should apply for the Committee 's endorsement . Nixon replied enthusiastically . When Dexter finally turned the Committee down , he recommended Nixon , his onetime student . Dexter died only days later of a heart attack , and Patton died in an auto accident before the 1946 campaign began . At the time , Nixon was stationed in Baltimore , Maryland , using his legal training to deal with military contract terminations . On November 1 , 1945 , he flew to California to meet influential Republicans and give a speech at a Committee meeting . The meeting was advertised throughout the district and was open to any potential candidate . However , the advertisements for the meeting noted that Nixon would be flying in to speak . A number of potential rivals also showed up at the meeting on November 2 , 1945 , including a local judge and assemblyman . Nixon , who spoke last , was " electrifying " , according to one Committee member . When the Committee met to vote on November 28 , Nixon received over two @-@ thirds of the vote , which was then made unanimous . Committee chairman Roy Day immediately notified the victor of the Committee 's endorsement . Nixon was already arranging to research Voorhis 's record and to meet with Republican leaders in Washington , including House Minority Leader ( and future Speaker ) Joseph W. Martin , Jr . The newly minted candidate wrote to Day regarding Voorhis , " His ' conservative ' reputation must be blasted . But my main efforts are being directed toward building up a positive , progressive group of speeches which tell what we want to do , not what the Democrats have failed to do ... I 'm really hopped up over this deal , and I believe we can win . " However , " wheelhorse " Republicans deemed Nixon 's campaign hopeless . Nixon was a virtual unknown outside of his hometown of Whittier and was facing a popular and respected incumbent . Charles Voorhis wrote his son that the Republicans had endorsed a Quaker named Richard Nixon , but hoped that his son would retain a large part of the Quaker vote . The elder Voorhis was confident that his son would triumph again , writing , " It is just another campaign that we have to go through ... In any event , we have nothing to worry about now . " = = Primary campaign = = Nixon was discharged from the Navy at the start of 1946 . Within days , he and his wife Pat Nixon , the latter almost eight months pregnant , returned to Whittier . They initially moved in with the candidate 's parents , Frank and Hannah . Nixon returned to his old law firm , but spent most of his time campaigning . Roy Day , chairman of the now @-@ dissolved Committee , appointed himself as Nixon 's campaign manager . This self @-@ appointment dismayed the candidate somewhat , and Nixon unsuccessfully sought to replace Day . Voorhis had been in Washington since August 1945 , attending to congressional business . He did not return to the district until August 1946 , well after the June primary . By his own account , he was busy dealing with : [ The a ] mendment of the Social Security Act , the Case Labor bill , the British loan , terminal leave pay for soldiers , and several appropriation bills [ and ] the most important problem our country had ever faced in all its history — the problem of what to do about atomic energy . I felt sure that the people of the district would rather have me stay on the job than come home to campaign . Beginning in February , the Republican hopeful began a heavy speaking schedule , addressing civic groups across the 400 square miles ( 1 @,@ 000 km2 ) district . Nixon 's efforts to get publicity were aided by the birth of his daughter Tricia in late February . The new father was extensively interviewed and photographed with his infant daughter . Congressman Voorhis 's office sent the Nixons a government pamphlet entitled Infant Care , of which representatives received 150 per month to distribute to their constituents . When Richard Nixon sent his rival a note of thanks in early April , the congressman responded with a letter proposing that the two debate once Congress adjourned in August . In mid @-@ March , Nixon was approached by former congressman Hoeppel , who hated Voorhis . Hoeppel offered to enter the Democratic primary in exchange for a payment of several hundred dollars plus the promise of a civil service job once the Republican was elected . After consulting with his aides , Nixon turned him down . Subsequently , Hoeppel filed as a Prohibition Party candidate . Voorhis was privy to these events through an informant close to the former representative , and was convinced that Roy Day had arranged to pay Hoeppel 's filing fee . The congressman feared that Hoeppel would serve as a stalking horse for Nixon , sparing the Republican from any " mudslinging " . Voorhis responded to Hoeppel 's filing with a letter to his campaign manager , Baldwin Park realtor Jack Long , stating that " it would be worthwhile for us to try our level best to beat him in the Prohibition primary by a write @-@ in campaign " . On March 18 , two days before the filing deadline , Nixon filed in both the Republican and Democratic primaries under California 's cross @-@ filing system . Voorhis also filed in the two major party primaries . Under cross @-@ filing , if the same candidate won both major party endorsements , he would be effectively elected , with only minor party candidates to stand against him . Day advanced the $ 200 ( the current equivalent of $ 2 @,@ 230 ) for Nixon 's filing fees , later noting that he had great difficulty being reimbursed . By late March , Nixon 's stock speeches to civic groups were becoming worn . Day hired political consultant Murray Chotiner for $ 580 for the primary campaign , and the consultant warned that unless new life came into the campaign , it was in serious danger . In the following years , Chotiner was to become Nixon 's campaign manager , adviser , and friend in an association that lasted until Chotiner 's death a few months before President Nixon 's 1974 resignation . Chotiner arranged for stories in local papers alleging that Voorhis had been endorsed by " the PAC " , hoping that voters would take that to mean the Congress of Industrial Organizations 's Political Action Committee ( CIO @-@ PAC ) . The CIO was a labor federation which later merged with the American Federation of Labor to form the AFL @-@ CIO . It had been organized in 1943 and took left @-@ wing stands ; its PAC was seen as a communist front organization by some . A second PAC , the National Citizen 's Political Action Committee ( NCPAC ) was also affiliated with the CIO , but was open to those outside the labor movement . Among the 1946 members of the NCPAC were actors Melvyn Douglas and Ronald Reagan . Both PACs had been headed by the late labor leader , Sidney Hillman , and the two organizations shared office space in New York City . While the CIO 's national leadership decried communism ; some of the local CIO @-@ PAC branches were dominated by Communist Party members . The CIO @-@ PAC , which had endorsed Voorhis in 1944 , refused to back him again . The Southern California chapter of the NCPAC endorsed Voorhis on April 1 , 1946 . Chotiner 's strategy was to conflate the two PACs in the public eye . Nourished by the PAC controversy , the Republican campaign gained new life as Nixon returned to the lecture circuit . After Nixon spoke to a Lions Club meeting on May 1 , a worried Voorhis supporter wrote to the congressman , " He carried the group by storm . He is dangerous . You will have the fight of your life to beat him . " The primary was held on June 4 , 1946 . Both Voorhis and Nixon won his own party 's primary , with Voorhis garnering a considerable number of votes in the Republican poll . When all the votes from all primaries were added together , Voorhis outpolled Nixon by 7 @,@ 000 votes . Voorhis 's total percentage of the vote decreased from 60 % in the 1944 primaries to 53 @.@ 5 % in 1946 . Hoeppel survived the write @-@ in campaign to advance to the general election . = = General election = = Following a two @-@ week vacation in British Columbia after the primary , Nixon returned to the 12th district . The Republican began the general election campaign by replacing Roy Day with South Pasadena engineer Harrison McCall as campaign manager . As Chotiner was increasingly distracted by his position as Southern California campaign manager for the ( successful ) reelection bid of Republican Senator William Knowland , the Nixon campaign added publicist William Arnold . Voorhis , on the other hand , remained in Washington , dealing with Congressional business and generating little publicity . He corresponded with his father and with his campaign manager , Jack Long , by letter . Voorhis hoped to return to California in mid @-@ August but while returning from Washington in August , he was forced to have surgery for hemorrhoids in Ogden , Utah . Voorhis spent two weeks in an Ogden hotel recuperating from the operation and did not return to the district until the end of August . Voorhis wrote later , " I can 't say I was exactly ' ready for the fray ' . But the ' fray ' was certainly ready for me . " = = = South Pasadena debate = = = Nixon did not reply to Voorhis 's April debate proposal . In May , the congressman wrote to Long as Nixon 's campaign initially made the alleged PAC endorsement an issue . Voorhis suggested that Nixon be challenged to debates as a matter of urgency . Long responded in June , saying that though Nixon was known as a champion debater during his Whittier College days , " with your age and experience the general public might not take kindly to your challenging a boy like Nixon " . Long advised awaiting a challenge from Nixon . By August , the two campaigns had settled on a debate to be held before a veteran 's group in Whittier on September 20 . However , the " Independent Voters of South Pasadena " ( IVSP ) , headed by future Voorhis biographer Paul Bullock , announced a September 13 town meeting on campaign issues at South Pasadena Junior High School . The IVSP 's actual purpose in having the meeting was to get a vulnerable Republican assemblyman ( who declined his invitation ) to debate his Democratic rival , but Senate and 12th district Republican and Democratic candidates were invited . Given that the debate sponsors were liberals , some of Nixon 's aides advised him to refuse , but he overrode them . Voorhis also accepted ; when it was suggested to him later he should have sent a spokesman , he responded , " I suppose so , but I just couldn 't bring myself to refuse . " Both Senate candidates declined their invitations , with Senator Knowland sending Chotiner in his place , while Democratic candidate Will Rogers , Jr. sent Representative Chester E. Holifield of the neighboring 19th district . The town meeting attracted a packed crowd of over a thousand , with Nixon supporters distributing anti @-@ Voorhis literature at the door . The Senate proxies spoke first for their candidates , followed by Voorhis . Nixon , who had notified organizers that he would be late due to another commitment , arrived during Voorhis 's speech , and remained backstage until the congressman had completed his talk . He then came onstage , shook hands with Voorhis , and delivered a fifteen @-@ minute address . A question @-@ and @-@ answer period then followed , with a Nixon supporter asking Voorhis about his onetime Socialist registration , and about his views on monetary policy . After the representative responded , a Voorhis supporter asked Nixon why he was making " false charges " about the supposed Voorhis CIO @-@ PAC endorsement . In response , Nixon reached into his pocket and pulled out a copy of a Southern California NCPAC bulletin mentioning the group 's endorsement of Voorhis . The congressman was unaware of the endorsement ; those of his aides in the know had " completely forgotten " to tell him . Nixon walked halfway across the stage and displayed it to Voorhis , asking him to read it for himself . Voorhis came from his seat and took it , and ( according to Bullock , who served as timekeeper at the debate ) " mumbled " that this seemed to be a different organization from the CIO @-@ PAC . Nixon reclaimed the document , and began to read out names of the members of the boards of directors of the two groups , " It 's the same thing , virtually , when they have the same directors . " The crowd began to cheer Nixon , who later wrote , " I could tell by the audience reaction that I had made my point " , and to jeer Voorhis , who wrote , " They 'd boo and laugh at my remarks , and this disturbed me . " In the midst of the turmoil , Prohibition Party candidate Hoeppel came down the aisle ( according to Bullock , possibly drunk ) and demanded to know why he had been excluded from the debate . He was permitted to ask one question , of Voorhis , and the evening ended . According to Bullock , " the magnitude of Nixon 's triumph did not immediately dawn on us . " Congressman Holifield had grasped it , and when Voorhis asked him , " How did it go ? " he responded , " Jerry , he cut you to pieces . " = = = Additional debates = = = On September 19 , Voorhis wired the NCPAC 's Los Angeles and New York offices , requesting that " whatever qualified endorsement the Citizens PAC may have given me be withdrawn " . By this time , newspapers across the district had printed Nixon 's charges , along with a Nixon advertisement castigating Voorhis for allegedly accusing Nixon of lying about the PAC endorsement . According to Nixon biographer Roger Morris , the repudiation of NCPAC endorsements did not help Voorhis , as his actions " would seem to many a half @-@ guilty shedding of sinister backing he never had . To the end , as Chotiner had calculated , the PACs were hopelessly entangled . " The Nixon campaign distributed 25 @,@ 000 thimbles labeled " Nixon for Congress / Put the needle in the P.A.C. " The second debate was held at Patriotic Hall in Whittier on September 20 . As the debate was sponsored by the Whittier Ex @-@ Servicemen 's Association , attendance was limited to veterans . The candidates debated the best way of dealing with the postwar housing shortage . Voorhis favored restricting building of commercial structures to free up materials for housing , while Nixon urged the removal of all building restrictions . When Nixon repeated his PAC allegations , Voorhis noted his request to the NCPAC , stating that he could not be held responsible for its actions . According to Morris , the debate ended as a draw , or perhaps even a Voorhis victory . Chotiner convinced Nixon that he needed to run an aggressive campaign to the end , and McCall challenged the Voorhis campaign to as many as eight additional debates , of which three were actually held . The debates captured the interest of the public in the district and attracted large crowds . The candidates were compared to Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas , who had famously debated in their 1858 senatorial campaign , and bands played marches as each candidate entered the venue . The two candidates ' third meeting was held at Bridges Auditorium in Claremont on October 11 . Voorhis was , by his own admission , " awfully tired " . The candidates discussed labor policy , and Nixon " scored " by detailing a policy for dealing with public strikes that Voorhis too late realized was taken from a bill he had drafted . Nixon took Voorhis aside after the debate and lambasted him for addressing him as " Lieutenant Commander Nixon " , accusing him of pandering to former enlisted men 's dislike of officers . In the fourth debate , on October 23 at Monrovia High School , Nixon attacked Voorhis ' congressional record . The challenger alleged that in the previous four years , Voorhis only had been able to pass a single bill through Congress and into law . The bill in question transferred jurisdiction over rabbit farming from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture . Nixon chided , " One has to be a rabbit to get effective representation in this congressional district . " Voorhis responded that he had sponsored an act to employ the physically handicapped , but Nixon stated that it was not a law , but a joint resolution . Nixon restated his allegation regarding Voorhis and the PAC ; Voorhis retorted that he had repudiated the NCPAC endorsement . Nixon parried with a comment that Voorhis 's voting record " earned him the endorsement , whether he wanted it or not " . Nixon also contended that in 46 votes , Voorhis had almost entirely followed the CIO @-@ PAC agenda . Distraught , Voorhis stayed up until 4 am studying the votes Nixon had taxed him with . He concluded that due to duplications , there were actually only 27 roll calls in question , on many of which he had opposed the CIO @-@ PAC position . The congressman also found that the votes " friendly " to the CIO @-@ PAC included one authorizing a school lunch program . The final debate took place October 28 at the San Gabriel Civic Auditorium , to an overflow crowd in excess of a thousand . Voorhis went on the attack , charging Nixon with misrepresenting the " 46 votes " to avoid real debate and any discussion of where Nixon himself stood on issues . The Republican candidate stated that he was fighting for " the person on a pension trying to keep up with the rising cost of living ... the white @-@ collar worker who has not had a raise ... Americans have had enough , and they have come to the conclusion that they are going to do something . " Nixon sat down to thunderous applause , and the San Gabriel Sun described Voorhis : " He pauses , breathes heavily , scans the audience with tired eyes , adjusts his glasses nervously with both hands , and then strikes the podium with an open hand . " = = = Final days = = = In mid October , the Nixon campaign unveiled an advertisement which foreshadowed his run for Senate four years later . After stating that Nixon , at the South Pasadena debate , confronted the congressman with " a photostatic copy of his endorsement by the communist @-@ dominated PAC " , the ad stated , " Among the extreme left @-@ wingers with whom Voorhis kept company in voting the PAC line are Helen Gahagan Douglas , Vito Marcantonio ... " On October 29 , the Alhambra Post @-@ Advocate and Monrovia News @-@ Post printed identical pieces entitled " How Jerry and Vito voted " , comparing the California congressman 's voting record with that of Marcantonio , a leftist New York congressman . In 1950 , a similar comparison between the voting record of Marcantonio and Democratic Senate nominee Douglas , printed on pink paper , came to be known as the " Pink Sheet " . The Nixon campaign continued to run newspaper ads touching on the PAC issue . One ad suggested Radio Moscow had urged the election of the CIO slate . Others touched on Voorhis 's past registration as a Socialist , and stated that his congressional record " is more Socialistic and Communistic than Democratic " . The Democrats brought James Roosevelt and other prominent Democrats into the district to campaign for Voorhis . Nixon proposed that his wartime acquaintance , former Minnesota Governor Harold Stassen campaign for him . However , the candidate could not get permission from the California Republican committee for Stassen to visit . Voorhis publicized a letter he had received from the Republican governor , Earl Warren , praising him for a disability insurance proposal he had made . Nixon supporters asked Warren for a letter praising Nixon , or at least a retraction of the Voorhis letter . Warren refused , saying that Voorhis deserved the compliment , and Nixon would not receive an endorsement . This conflict began a contentious relationship between Nixon and Warren which lasted until Warren 's death shortly before Nixon 's resignation as president . No polls had been taken during the campaign . On election night , Voorhis took an early lead in the vote count , but was soon overtaken by his challenger , whose margin increased as the night went on . Nixon defeated Voorhis by over 15 @,@ 000 votes . The Republican won 19 of the 22 municipalities in the district , including Voorhis 's home town of San Dimas . Voorhis won the Democratic strongholds of El Monte and Monterey Park , as well as rural Baldwin Park . Time magazine 's post @-@ election issue came out in mid @-@ November , and it praised the future president for " politely avoid [ ing ] personal attacks on his opponent " . = = Aftermath and analysis = = = = = Candidates = = = The day after the election , Voorhis issued a concession statement , wishing Nixon well in his new position , and stating : I have given the best years of my life to serving this district in Congress . By the will of the people that work is ended . I have no regrets about the record I have written . I know the principles I have stood for and the measures I have fought for are right . I know , too , that , in broad outline at least , they are vital to the future safety and welfare of our country . I know the day will come when a lot more people will recognize this than was the case on November fifth . Former congressman Hoeppel , who gathered just over one percent of the vote , wrote Nixon after the election , stating that he had never expected to win , and that his purpose had been " to expose what I considered to be the alien @-@ minded , un @-@ American , PAC , Red , congressional record of the Democratic incumbent " . Despite any hard feelings , Voorhis sent Nixon a letter of congratulations in early December 1946 . Nixon and Voorhis met for an hour at Voorhis 's office , and parted , according to Voorhis , as friends . In 1971 , Voorhis said that the two had never spoken again . Voorhis 's final letter as a congressman , written on December 31 , was to his father , who had been his political adviser throughout his congressional career . Representative Voorhis wrote , " It has been primarily due to your help , your confidence , your advice ... above all to a feeling I have always had that your hand was on my shoulder . Thanks ... God bless you . " Voorhis never ran again for political office , working as an executive in the cooperative movement for twenty years after his defeat . Hoeppel continued as publisher and editor of National Defense magazine , a publication for veterans , until his 1960 retirement , and died in Arcadia in 1976 at age 95 . Nixon served two terms in the House , and in 1950 was elected to the United States Senate , continuing his political rise , which would lead him to the White House in 1969 . = = = Historical issues = = = The 12th district race of 1946 was little noticed at the time . As Nixon became prominent , the 1946 race was scrutinized more closely . Nixon biographer Herbert Parmet noted , " Except for Nixon 's subsequent reputation , what happened in California 's Twelfth would have been indistinguishable from campaigns across the country to elect the Eightieth Congress . " Jonathan Aitken , also a biographer of Nixon , attributes the later scrutiny to " the unexpected toppling of a liberal icon and [ the Democratic Party 's ] regret over the meteoric rise of the new Republican hero who won the seat " . Nixon 's defeat of Voorhis has been cited as the first of a number of red @-@ baiting campaigns by the future president which elevated him to the House , the Senate , the Vice Presidency , and eventually put him in position to run for president . Nixon , in his 1978 memoir , stated that the central issue in the 1946 campaign was " the quality of life in postwar America " , and he won because voters " had ' had enough , ' and they decided to do something about it " . Voorhis , in his 1947 memoir , indicated that the " most important single factor in the campaign of 1946 was the difference in general attitude between the ' outs ' and the ' ins ' . Anyone seeking to unseat an incumbent needed only to point out all the things that had gone wrong and all the trouble of the war period and its aftermath . " In later years , Voorhis had more to say about the reasons for his defeat . In 1958 , he alleged that voters had received anonymous phone calls saying that he was a communist , that newspapers had stated that he was a fellow traveler , and that when Nixon got angry , he would " do anything " . In November 1962 , after Nixon 's defeat in the California gubernatorial race , Voorhis appeared on Howard K. Smith 's News and Comment program on ABC in the episode entitled " The Political Obituary of Richard M. Nixon " and complained about the way Nixon had conducted himself in the 1946 race . Voorhis 's appearance was overshadowed by the controversial participation of Nixon adversary Alger Hiss . In 1972 , Voorhis authored a book , The Strange Case of Richard Milhous Nixon , in which he stated that Nixon was " quite a ruthless opponent " whose " one cardinal and unbreakable rule of conduct " was " to win , whatever it takes to do it " . In 1981 , three years before his death , Voorhis denied in an interview that he had been endorsed by the NCPAC . In his memoirs , Voorhis alleged that in October 1945 , " a representative of a large New York financial house " journeyed to California to meet with a number of influential Californians and " bawl them out " for allowing Voorhis , whom the New Yorker supposedly described as " one of the most dangerous men in Washington " , to remain in Congress . In an early draft of his memoir , Voorhis wrote that he had documentation showing that " the Nixon campaign was a creature of big eastern financial interests " . Nixon biographer Roger Morris suggested that the amount the Nixon campaign reported " was only a small fraction of what actually went into the campaign . " According to Morris , the Committee of One Hundred represented wealthy interests , and Nixon benefited from " the University Club ... the corporate levies , the vastly larger forces arrayed against Voorhis " . Nixon himself addressed this point in his memoir : As I moved up the political ladder , my adversaries tried to picture me as the hand @-@ picked stooge of oil magnates , rich bankers , real estate tycoons and conservative millionaires . But a look at the list of my early supporters shows that they were typical representatives of the Southern California middle class : an auto dealer , a bank manager , a printing salesman , and a furniture dealer . Nixon biographer Irwin Gellman , writing in 1999 , nine years after Morris , disagreed with the latter 's conclusions . Gellman argued that the Committee was a " grassroots " group which was " far from sophisticated " in its efforts to find a candidate . Parmet wrote that the campaign was not well financed , " Nixon had to learn that money would be scarce until he became a winner ... The Nixon campaign of 1946 did look like a shoestring affair . " Aitken points out that Nixon spent no money on radio advertising during the campaign . Other allegations center on Murray Chotiner , painting him as the evil genius of the campaign . Voorhis , for example , in his 1972 book , deemed himself " the first victim of the Nixon @-@ Chotiner formula for political success . " Several writers , including Kenneth Kurz in his book , Nixon 's Enemies , and Ingrid Scobie in her biography of Helen Douglas , Center Stage , describe Chotiner incorrectly as Nixon 's 1946 campaign manager . Part of this inflation is due to Chotiner himself , who , in later years , lost no opportunity to exaggerate his role in the 1946 race , to the annoyance of Day and McCall . According to Nixon biographer Stephen Ambrose , " Nevertheless , the legend grew . In the eyes of Nixon 's critics , as a candidate he was merely a front man for Chotiner 's evil manipulations . But it simply was not so . " A number of biographies on Nixon or Voorhis , or which otherwise touch on the 1946 campaign , state with varying degrees of certainty that during the final weekend of the campaign , anonymous calls were made to district households . The caller would ask " Did you know Jerry Voorhis is a communist ? " and then hang up . According to Bullock , there was a phone bank staffed by workers who had responded to a newspaper ad , run by the Nixon organization in Alhambra . Bullock cites as his source for this Zita Remley , a " Voorhis admirer " , who stated that her niece had worked there . Though the niece died before Bullock 's book was written , according to Bullock , Remley 's " reputation for veracity is unchallengeable " . = = = Campaigns = = = Nixon spent most of 1946 campaigning in the district , and worked hard to extend his name recognition beyond his hometown of Whittier . In 1952 , as Nixon ran for vice president , the Madera News @-@ Tribune set forth its view of why Nixon beat Voorhis , " He rang doorbells , he talked on street corners and in auditoriums , he kissed babies , patted old ladies on the cheek , and otherwise made himself known wherever and whenever two people would stop and listen to him . He made friends with the press and radio , he went out of his way to be congenial and likable . " Bullock indicated that regardless of the tactics used , Nixon would likely have beaten the incumbent given the national Republican tide that swept the party into power in the House of Representatives for the first time since 1931 . Starting in the primary , the Nixon campaign made determined efforts to woo the district 's newspapers . The campaign targeted smaller papers , especially the small weekly newspapers that were distributed for free ; Republican surveys found that these were widely read and trusted . Nixon supporter and Republican National Committeeman from California McIntyre Faries arranged to buy ads on behalf of the Nixon campaign on condition that the newspaper run an editorial at its direction ( most of the papers were , in any event , Republican in their outlook ) . These efforts paid off ; 26 of the 30 newspapers serving the district endorsed Nixon . According to Nixon biographer Morris , Voorhis was given no coverage in newspapers , or limited to small paid advertisements . The paper owners told the Voorhis campaign that , with the postwar paper shortage , space had to be saved for regular customers . Voorhis 's campaign , described by Bullock as " traditionally amateurish and poorly put together " , was slow to perceive the threat presented by Nixon and remained continually on the defensive . In 1971 , in an article marking the 25th anniversary of the campaign , Voorhis acknowledged that " I never had much of an organization ; frankly , there was no form to it . And we needed it badly in 1946 . " In the same article , the Los Angeles Times described Voorhis 's campaign as " undermanned , underfinanced , outgunned , outmaneuvered and he apparently was on the wrong side of most of the issues of the day " . His one avenue of outreach in the press was his newspaper column , People 's Business , which ran in most local newspapers . In July 1946 , Voorhis chose to suspend this column lest it be thought that he was using it as a means of campaigning . According to Gellman , this weakened Voorhis 's political outreach . One blunder identified by Gellman was Voorhis 's decision to debate Nixon , as it raised the challenger 's profile to the same level as the incumbent 's . This decision was described by Morris as " quiet hubris " . Nixon later stated , " In 1946 , a damn fool incumbent named Jerry Voorhis debated a young unknown lawyer , and it cost him the election . " Gellman itemized Voorhis 's other errors : " He never established a viable Democratic organization ; instead he relied on his father and friends to evaluate voters ' likely habits . Rather than return to campaign in the primary when he recognized Nixon 's attractiveness , he remained in the capital , allowing Nixon to court newspaper publishers and reporters as well as constituents who wanted to have firsthand contact with their congressional representative . Even when Voorhis returned to the district , he made one blunder after another . " Ambrose summed up his chapter on the 1946 campaign : For Whittier and the 12th district , Nixon 's first campaign produced the first Nixon haters and the first group of Nixon supporters . This was a consequence of his campaigning style and his penchant for polarizing his constituents over basic issues . The numbers of both groups would grow in the years ahead , until virtually everyone in the nation belonged to either one or the other . = = Results = = = = = General election , November 5 , 1946 = = = = = = Party primaries , June 4 , 1946 = = = Hometowns in parentheses , as is any other relevant information . = = = = Democratic = = = = = = = = Republican = = = = = = = = Prohibition = = = = = 1892 – 93 Small Heath F.C. season = The 1892 – 93 season was the twelfth season of competitive association football played by Small Heath F.C. , an English football club based in Birmingham . After finishing in third position in the Football Alliance in 1891 – 92 , Small Heath was one of 12 clubs elected to the newly formed Second Division for the 1892 – 93 Football League season . During the season , the team scored 90 goals at an average of four goals per game , beat Walsall Town Swifts 12 – 0 to set a club record League victory which , as of 2012 , still stands , remained undefeated on their own ground throughout the season , and won the last nine matches of the League season to take the Second Division title at their first attempt . Promotion to the First Division was not automatic , even for the champions , but depended on the results of test matches between the top three Second Division and bottom three First Division teams . Small Heath lost to Newton Heath , the 16th @-@ placed First Division team , after a replay , so were not promoted , although the teams placed second and third were . Small Heath entered the 1892 – 93 FA Cup at the first round proper , and lost in that round to First Division club Burnley . In local competitions , they were eliminated by Aston Villa in the semi @-@ final of the Birmingham Senior Cup and the final of the Mayor of Birmingham 's Charity Cup . Small Heath also played several friendly matches during the season , including benefit matches for players Harry Morris , Caesar Jenkyns and Fred Speller . Small Heath used 19 different players in nationally organised competitive matches during the season and had ten different goalscorers . Three players , Fred Wheldon , Tommy Hands and Billy Ollis , appeared in every League match . The top scorer was inside @-@ forward Wheldon with 25 League goals , a total which made him the Second Division 's leading scorer , and the other four first @-@ choice forwards all reached double figures . Chris Charsley became the first Small Heath player to represent the England national football team , and Fred Jones was capped for Wales . = = Background = = Small Heath Football Club 's 1891 – 92 season had been relatively successful after several years of declining interest . On the field , they finished third in the Football Alliance . Off it , the Annual General Meeting of the club , held at Jenkins Street Board School in July 1892 , heard that " skilful management , good matches , and capital ' gates ' " had combined to produce a statement of financial affairs " distinctly creditable to managers and players " , and the directors were to be congratulated . The club 's application for election to the Football League First Division when it was expanded to 16 clubs was unsuccessful , but it was one of 12 clubs , mostly from the previous season 's Football Alliance , elected to compete in the inaugural season of that league 's Second Division . Alfred Jones had been acting as club secretary on a voluntary basis since 1885 , when payment of players was first permitted . Prior to entering the Football League , the board of directors appointed him as the club 's first paid official , as secretary @-@ manager . Caesar Jenkyns captained the team . All the regular first @-@ team members during the previous season – goalkeepers Chris Charsley and George Hollis , backs Tom Bayley and Fred Speller , half @-@ backs Ted Devey , Caesar Jenkyns and Billy Ollis , and forwards Jack Hallam , Tommy Hands , Harry Morris , Billy Walton and Fred Wheldon – remained with the club . Others from the Football Alliance side included the versatile Bernard Pumfrey and George Short , and the long @-@ serving Charlie Simms , who was by 1892 employed as the first @-@ team trainer , but retained his playing registration for emergencies . Among the newcomers were back Fred Jones from Newton Heath , forward Harry Edwards , signed from Singer 's of Coventry , and centre @-@ forward Frank Mobley , who joined soon after the start of the season , also from Singer 's . They played in the same kit as in the previous season : royal blue shirts and stockings with white knickerbockers . = = Review = = = = = September = = = Small Heath opened their first season in the Football League at home to Burslem Port Vale . The match was due to kick off at 3 : 30 pm , but the visitors arrived half an hour late . Small Heath won the toss and , with the dual benefit of a strong wind behind them and their opponents having only ten men because their centre @-@ forward Billy Beats had missed his train , had most of the play in the first half . After a near @-@ miss by Tommy Hands , their first goal came as " the right wing took the ball in front of goal , and after a little scrimmaging it was sent between the posts " ; the goal was credited to Fred Wheldon . Port Vale rallied , and the game , " more vigorous than scientific " , was even until Small Heath scored twice just before half @-@ time . In the second half , with the advantage of the wind , Port Vale pulled a goal back , but the final score was 5 – 1 . Small Heath made the short trip to Walsall Town Swifts for their first away match of the season . In a " hard @-@ fought " game , Wheldon opened the scoring after 25 minutes with a " swift oblique shot " after all five forwards broke in a line . Walsall equalised with a scrappy goal from a corner , and attempted to impose themselves on the game , but the visitors ' combination play held them at bay . Small Heath regained the lead when Walsall defender Alf Pinches headed into his own goal under pressure in a crowded goalmouth . In the second half , team captain Caesar Jenkyns increased the visitors ' lead following a corner , and as the players of both sides tired , the play became disjointed , both goalkeepers had several saves to make , and a Walsall goal was disallowed for offside . A benefit match for Harry Morris , who had been a regular first @-@ team player since 1885 and captained the club in the 1891 – 92 season , produced an " exciting contest " against a Birmingham and District eleven which Small Heath won 4 – 3 . The visit to Sheffield United proved less productive . The home side opened the scoring early on , and " only good half @-@ back and back play by the visitors prevented the United greatly increasing the lead " . In the second half , with " a brilliant sun shining in the faces of their opponents " , the play was more even , and Jack Hallam came close to equalising , but Sheffield United made the score 2 – 0 three minutes from time , when Harry Hammond ran through the Small Heath defence and scored with a " magnificent shot " . A comfortable victory against Lincoln City , with two goals from Wheldon and one each from Jenkyns and debutant Frank Mobley , all scored before half @-@ time , left Small Heath in fourth place in the division with three wins from their September programme . According to the Birmingham Daily Gazette , Mobley , " a determined player , though on the small side , [ who ] passes well to his wings " , made a " very favourable impression for a first appearance " . = = = October = = = October began with a 3 – 2 defeat at Grimsby Town . The home side , who " showed a clear superiority " in the first half , led 3 – 1 at half @-@ time , and though Wheldon pulled one back from a free kick against the run of play , Small Heath did well to prevent Grimsby adding to their lead . Two days later they played a close game away to Burton Swifts in " dismal " weather ; Small Heath led at half @-@ time , Burton equalised 20 minutes into the second half , but Small Heath regained the lead and held on for a 3 – 2 win . Their next game was an open affair at home to Crewe Alexandra , in which the accuracy of Crewe 's shooting let them down . Despite playing against the wind , Small Heath led 2 – 0 by half @-@ time , a lead extended to 6 – 0 by the close in a one @-@ sided second half . Each goal was scored by a different player : Billy Walton , Hallam , Ted Devey , Wheldon , Hands and Mobley , of whom the Birmingham Daily Post suggested he had " the making of an excellent centre forward " . Against division leaders Ardwick at Manchester , the home club took a two @-@ goal lead by the interval , aided by some poor shooting by the visitors . Wheldon scored in the second half , and then a heavy rain- and hailstorm began , blowing into the faces of the Ardwick players . Wheldon scored again and Small Heath pressed hard , but their shooting failed to improve , and they were fortunate not to lose the game when a shot from William Lambie hit the crossbar . Charsley put up a good performance playing on the winning side for the Midlands against a Lancashire and the North XI in a trial match for the Football League representative team . Although getting a hand to the first shot on target , from Sunderland 's Jimmy Hannah , he could only turn it onto the underside of the bar and into the net . Early in the second half , he made a smart double save to thwart the same club 's John Campbell , first from a " fast shot low down " and then from the rebound . Later on , Charsley held on to the ball in a scrimmage and needed the assistance of Sheffield Wednesday full @-@ back Tom Brandon to keep from carrying the ball over the line . In Small Heath 's last game in October , at home to Darwen , a 3 – 2 victory was marred by a serious injury to full @-@ back Fred Speller . Soon after kickoff . Speller was in the act of kicking the ball when the onrushing William Campbell collided with him , knocking him to the ground . A police constable administered first aid before the player , whose leg was broken , was carried from the field on a plank and taken to hospital . On a heavy pitch in poor condition , it was nearly impossible to dribble the ball , and Small Heath 's decision to play on with only one back meant Darwen 's attackers were frequently caught offside . In the second half , Small Heath 's forwards took control , and repeated attacks resulted in goals from Hallam and from Hands after Hallam had struck the bar . Darwen 's committee decided not to proceed with a protest lodged " on account of the bankings at the corners of the field " , despite " the Small Heath ground hardly reflect [ ing ] credit on a club which holds such an important position in the football world " . The win meant Small Heath overtook Darwen to reach second place in the division . = = = November = = = Because of other teams ' FA Cup engagements , Small Heath played only twice in the League during November . A comfortable victory by four goals to one at Bootle on 5 November took them to the top of the table , one point clear of Ardwick who lost at Grimsby . Their next game was less straightforward . At home to Burton Swifts , the visitors ' superior finishing gave them a 2 – 0 lead at half @-@ time ; the second half was quite the opposite . Mobley scored from a Hallam cross after ten minutes , " shot after shot was sent in to the Burton goal " , and eventually , with ten minutes left , Walton headed home the equaliser . The crowd 's vocal support and the home side 's " desperate efforts to win " were rewarded by Caesar Jenkyns with a late header . Billy Walton scored the only goal of a friendly match against First Division team Derby County , in which Small Heath gave a first opportunity to brothers Arnold and Fred Jones . In the first half , Derby 's attacks were foiled by the defensive tactics of the Small Heath half @-@ backs , on fine form , and Wheldon twice hit the post . Derby , who had the better of the second half , appeared to score from a free kick , but the goal was disallowed because the ball had not been touched on its way to the net . That apart , Small Heath 's defence held out , and Hollis , in goal for the unavailable Charsley , " defended brilliantly " . The next weekend , they enjoyed a comfortable 4 – 1 win against Gainsborough Trinity . Despite playing only friendlies in the second half of the month , Small Heath retained their lead in the division , level on points with Darwen having played one game fewer . = = = December = = = In their first League match for three weeks , Small Heath played out a 1 – 1 draw with Sheffield United . Wheldon 's positional sense left him free to receive a pass from Mobley and score after only five minutes , and then the game went from end to end , both sides attacking but failing to score . Full @-@ back Fred Jones turned up late , but once he did take the field he was kept busy by the Sheffield forwards . The visitors had much the better of the second half ; " shot after shot rained upon the Small Heath goal , and it was only by swarming round Charsley that the Coventry road men kept the ball out . " With 11 minutes left , the ball was dribbled from the goal @-@ line into midfield , then passed from flank to flank before a cross from Drummond found Davies who scored the equalising goal . A top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ table clash followed as Small Heath visited Darwen in what the Blackburn Standard described as " the most exciting game that has been played on the Darwen ground for years " . In icy conditions , Small Heath scored early , again just before the interval , and a combination of home goalkeeper Kenyon and defender Orr presented them with a third soon afterwards ; Darwen scored three times in the last 12 minutes to take the game 4 – 3 . The same newspaper suggested that were it not for the " grand player " Charsley 's " magnificent display , the Birmingham club would have met with a severe thrashing " . The win gave Darwen a three @-@ point lead in the table , having played one more game than Small Heath . Small Heath returned to winning ways the following week at home to Walsall Town Swifts , producing what remains , as of 2012 , their record League victory : they won 12 – 0 . Six goals came in each half , three from Mobley , three by Walton , whose third was the culmination of a " brilliant run " , and two each from the other three forwards , Hallam , Wheldon and Hands . The goalscoring continued on Christmas Eve with a 6 – 0 victory at Northwich Victoria , and a 3 – 1 home win against Crewe Alexandra which meant Small Heath would begin the new year at the top of the table . On Boxing Day , they visited Aston Villa for a friendly attended by 7 @,@ 000 spectators . Without both Charsley and George Hollis , trainer Charlie Simms played in goal as Villa won 3 – 2 with the last kick of the game . = = = January = = = Simms made his Football League debut at Lincoln City in place of Caesar Jenkyns , who had missed his train . In bitterly cold weather , after snow had been cleared from the pitch , Lincoln took advantage of winning the toss by choosing to play downhill , and took a 2 – 1 lead . On change of ends , Small Heath came back into the game , and scored twice in the last quarter of an hour to take the game 4 – 3 . On a hard and dangerous playing surface , Small Heath had much the better of the game against Northwich Victoria . The visitors scored first , which only served to settle the home side . The forwards dominated , the remainder of the first half being " practically a bombardment of the Northwich goal " . After Hallam used his pace to equalise , inside @-@ left Wheldon was actively involved in the rest of the goals . Hallam just failed to reach the rebound from Wheldon 's shot , and full @-@ back Billy Ollis headed home from a Wheldon cross . The same player 's shot across goal was tapped in by Walton , and a goal was awarded despite the Northwich goalkeeper 's claim that the ball had not crossed the line . Wheldon himself scored the fourth with a " brilliant shot " , then he and Hands ran the ball upfield before crossing for Hallam to score with a header . In the second half , Wheldon scored Small Heath 's sixth from 30 yards ( 27 m ) , before the pace of the game dropped and Northwich scored a consolation with a long @-@ range cross @-@ shot . After the match , 150 guests attended a dinner at the Old Royal Hotel in central Birmingham " in order that the shareholders and friends of the Small Heath Club might meet the players and congratulate them of their achievements and wish them still further success " . Walter Hart , the club 's chairman , spoke of the good character of the players , most of whom still worked at their own trades when not required for football , suggesting that " a man who had nothing to do but loaf about from week 's end to week 's end was not ready for play , and such a mode of life was not conducive to good football " . He praised the players ' esprit de corps and pluck which had taken them to the top of the division , and encouraged them to resist the temptation to sign for other clubs , insisting that " whatever money [ the club ] made after providing things of necessity would come to the players and ... the club could do as well for its players , if they only clung together , as any club in the country " . In reply , captain Caesar Jenkyns agreed that the players ' efforts meant they " deserved all the praise that had been bestowed on them " , and promised they would do their utmost to beat First Division club Burnley the following week in the FA Cup . Despite media predictions of an upset , their utmost proved insufficient , though in the Dart 's opinion , " Small Heath deserve [ d ] all praise for the splendid fight they made with the Burnley eleven , who are all great players on their own ground . " Playing downwind , Burnley scored after half an hour from a scrimmage under the crossbar , and doubled their lead on the stroke of half @-@ time . In the second half , " dangerous fouls " were given against both sides . Small Heath continued to play a neat passing game but were kept at bay by Burnley 's strong defence and the offside rule . Small Heath 's final game of January was a 3 – 1 defeat of Burton Swifts in the Birmingham Cup . They went into February with a three @-@ point lead over Darwen , each club having only four League games left to play . Sheffield United , in third place , eight points behind with five games in hand , were the only other team with a chance of overtaking them for the divisional title . = = = February = = = With no competitive fixture for the first two weekends of the month , friendlies were arranged against First Division Bolton Wanderers , at home , and Royal Arsenal away . With Charsley , a serving police officer , unavailable , regular full @-@ back Fred Jones played in goal , giving an opportunity to triallist Arthur Littleford at right @-@ back , as Small Heath beat Bolton 4 – 3 , the visitors having a goal disallowed late on in the game . " In the presence of a large company " , Arsenal won 3 – 1 . When Small Heath finally returned to League football , their forwards , " conspicuous for some really beautiful passing " on a soft and slippery playing surface , gave them a 6 – 2 victory over Bootle . The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent accepted that their local team was not going to win the title , for " Small Heath can scarcely be dislodged except by a very great reversal of form such as is not likely to come about " , though still expected Sheffield United to finish in the top three . Chris Charsley became the first Small Heath player to play for England , and only the second , after Caesar Jenkyns for Wales , to represent his country at full international level , when he took the field against Ireland on 27 February at Aston Villa 's ground in Perry Barr , Birmingham . Although a strong team , it was composed solely of amateurs . Charsley had little to do , as England won the match 6 – 1 , but a series of four saves in quick succession " demonstrated his ability between the sticks to everyone 's satisfaction " . Back in the League , Hollis took Charsley 's place in goal , as customary in the latter 's absence . The heavy ground did not suit the visitors , Grimsby Town , and the Small Heath forwards ' hard @-@ working combination play brought them victory by eight goals to three . The following week , the Coventry Road ground hosted benefit matches for striking ironplate @-@ workers . Around 1 @,@ 500 spectators watched a match between tinplate- and ironplate @-@ workers ' elevens , followed by a second between teams raised by former Aston Villa captain Archie Hunter , whose poor health prevented him playing , and the recently retired Small Heath forward Eddy Stanley , who led his team to a 9 – 3 victory . Small Heath went into March with a four @-@ point lead over Darwen , each club having only two League games left to play , but the former 's goal average was so much superior that Sheffield United , in third place , ten points behind with five games in hand , were the only team still able to overhaul them . = = = March = = = Small Heath fielded eight of their regular starting eleven in a friendly against First Division Nottingham Forest . A close and exciting game , which featured " both goal @-@ keepers displaying wonderful cleverness and resource " , was won by Forest with a late goal . In their first competitive fixture of the month , the quarter @-@ final of the Birmingham Cup , they beat Wednesbury Old Athletic , a team from the Birmingham & District League , by five goals to nil in a match " characterised by a good deal of rough play " . A " fairly strong " team suffered a rare home defeat in a friendly against Middlesbrough of the Northern League . Jack Hallam appeared to score in the first half , but the referee disallowed the goal , having spotted that Hallam had knocked the ball in with hand rather than head , and Middlesbrough went on to score twice without reply in the second period . Fred Jones missed the Middlesbrough match because of international duty . Selected among the reserves for Wales ' match against Scotland , he was required to play after both first @-@ choice backs dropped out . The Liverpool Mercury reported that he had " a wretched game at back and completely disorganised the Welsh defence " , as Scotland won 8 – 0 , while according to the Wrexham Advertiser , " some @-@ one said that he appeared to have made a resolve before he went on the field not to kick the ball " . On 20 March , Small Heath played West Bromwich Albion in a benefit match for captain Caesar Jenkyns . Teddy Jolley made his first appearance for the club , and a relatively strong side whose forwards " were very quick on the ball , and passed remarkably well " , notably Wheldon , who " as usual , played brilliantly " , won 5 – 0 in front of about 4 @,@ 000 spectators . In an uneventful penultimate League match of the regular season , Small Heath won 3 – 0 at the Athletic Ground against Burslem Port Vale , Walton opening the scoring just before half @-@ time with a penalty kick . The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent now predicted that Sheffield United would win their remaining four matches , all away from home , to take the divisional title on goal average . = = = April = = = Despite competition from holiday entertainments which included the Military Tournament at Bingley Hall , Hengler 's circus at Curzon Hall , the fairground , variety shows and dancing at Aston Lower Grounds , and boating and other amusements in the public parks , a large attendance was expected at Small Heath 's last League match of the season , on a fine Easter weekend at home to Ardwick . Ardwick took an early lead , which Hands came close to equalising after a clever passing move with Wheldon . Just before the interval , Wheldon forced a corner , from which the ball was rushed across the line . In the second half , Small Heath went all out in attack , and after the Ardwick goalkeeper had made several saves , Walton scored with a header , and Hallam made it three from a Walton pass . Ardwick pulled one back , but Small Heath 's " admirable defence " held out " by watchfulness and combination " for a gratifying result for the supporters . On Easter Monday they visited Middlesbrough where they lost 2 – 1 to the Ironopolis club in a friendly . The next Saturday saw the meeting with Aston Villa in the semifinal of the Birmingham Senior Cup . Both clubs fielded full first teams , Small Heath missing only Walton , for whom Harry Edwards proved a " very indifferent " substitute . In front of 15 @,@ 000 spectators at Aston Lower Grounds , Small Heath outplayed their First Division opponents for the first half hour , and had several chances which they failed to take , but Aston Villa improved thereafter , winning 5 – 0 after a quite one @-@ sided second half . On the Monday , Darwen visited Small Heath to play a benefit match for Fred Speller , who had been injured playing against that club in October . Unfortunately for the beneficiary , the attendance was affected by the semi @-@ final of the Mayor 's Charity Cup between Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion being played the same day . Friendlies against First Division Stoke and West Bromwich Albion produced wins by 4 – 2 and 4 – 1 respectively , and Sheffield United 's failure to beat Walsall in their last League match of the season confirmed Small Heath as inaugural Second Division champions . Ahead of the promotion test match , against 16th @-@ placed First Division team Newton Heath at Stoke 's Victoria Ground , the Birmingham Daily Gazette was sure that " all the good wishes of Midland sportsmen will go with the Heathens for their success after a consistently good season 's performance " . Small Heath forced several early corners , but then conceded on the break when Alf Farman scored from a Tommy Fitzsimmons pass . Towards half @-@ time , they had chances from a scramble in front of the Newton Heath goal , and pressed hard after the interval , the persistence of Wheldon eventually securing an equaliser " after brilliant work by all of the Small Heath forwards " . " Capital defensive play " by both teams prevailed thereafter , and the match was drawn . The Manchester Guardian noted the contrast in attacking style , as " the Small Heath players were playing a most scientific game , but the rushes of Newton Heath were often very dangerous " , and the Gazette 's reporter felt that half @-@ backs George Short and , particularly , Jenkyns had been " inclined to take matters a little too easily " in the first half . Two days later , Small Heath , with Jack Lee and Bernard Pumfrey in the forward line instead of Walton and Mobley , and Littleford standing in at back , played a similarly depleted Wolverhampton Wanderers in the semi @-@ final of the Mayor of Birmingham 's Charity Cup . Hands scored Small Heath 's opening goal , but sustained a leg injury after about half an hour ; although he continued for a time , he was struggling , and could not complete the game . Despite the numerical disadvantage , Lee scored twice for Small Heath to take the tie 3 – 1 . Harry Morris replaced the injured Hands at outside left for the test match replay at Olive Grove , Sheffield . Newton Heath had a goal disallowed for handball before Wheldon opened the scoring with a powerful shot from distance . After several attacks at each end – Tom Bayley cleared off the line and Wheldon hit the foot of a post – Farman equalised after 37 minutes with a penalty awarded against Bayley for handball . Soon after half @-@ time , Newton Heath took the lead from a goalmouth scramble , within a minute a pass from Hallam found Walton who equalised , but in the end Small Heath were overrun . With 18 minutes remaining , goals from Joe Cassidy , Jimmy Coupar and Farman made the final score 5 – 2 , ensuring that Small Heath would remain in the Second Division for another year . In the final of the Mayor 's Charity Cup at the Lower Grounds – Small Heath 's last competitive match of the season , and their fourth in eight days – Hallam opened the scoring from the rebound after a long shot hit the post in the first attacking move of the game . Aston Villa took a 2 – 1 lead , Small Heath equalised in the second half , but Villa scored the winning goal after torrential rain had driven " a great many " of the spectators from the ground . = = Summary and aftermath = = Small Heath went through the season unbeaten at Coventry Road . In the League , they scored 90 goals , at a rate of more than 4 goals per game , and all five first @-@ choice forwards reached double figures . The leading scorer was Fred Wheldon , with 25 goals from the 22 League fixtures and 1 in the test match , a total which made him the top scorer for the Second Division . Wheldon , Tommy Hands and Billy Ollis were ever @-@ present in the League , and Caesar Jenkyns and Jack Hallam missed only one game apiece . Unable to dislodge Wheldon or Billy Walton from the inside forward position , Harry Edwards chose to leave at the end of the season . Tom Bayley was released , and Fred Jones left for Lincoln City after losing his place at left back to Bernard Pumfrey . Harry Morris retired to concentrate on his plumbing business . Fred Speller attempted a comeback , appearing twice for the first team in September 1893 , but the injury received against Darwen effectively proved the end of his football career . Speculation by " people who profess to believe that these test matches will not be played at all , and that if they are , and a First Division team is knocked out , the rules will be circumvented in some way " proved unfounded . The League 's Annual General Meeting heard proposals that the First Division be expanded to either 20 or 18 teams . Both motions were seconded by Small Heath – not surprisingly , after they as champions had failed to gain promotion while the teams in second and third place had succeeded – but both were defeated , thus confirming that the team would play in the Second Division for the 1893 – 94 season . Small Heath were to finish that season as runners @-@ up and , this time , achieved promotion to the First Division via the test matches . = = Match details = = For consistency , attendances and goalscorers ' names in the League , Test Match and FA Cup match details tables are sourced from Matthews ' Complete Record . Attendance figures were estimated , so information in contemporary newspaper reports could , and often did , differ . For example , the attendance at the last match of the regular season , against Ardwick , is variously recorded as 1 @,@ 000 , 2 @,@ 000 , and " about 4 @,@ 000 " . League positions are sourced from Statto . = = = Football League Second Division = = = = = = Test Matches = = = = = = FA Cup = = = = = = Birmingham Senior Cup = = = = = = Mayor of Birmingham 's Charity Cup = = = = = = Other matches = = = = = Squad statistics = = This table includes appearances and goals in nationally organised competitions – the Football League , including promotion test matches , and FA Cup – only . For a description of the playing positions , see Formation ( association football ) # 2 – 3 – 5 ( Pyramid ) . = Day of the Tentacle = Day of the Tentacle , also known as Maniac Mansion II : Day of the Tentacle , is a 1993 graphic adventure game developed and published by LucasArts . It is the sequel to the 1987 game Maniac Mansion . The game 's plot follows Bernard Bernoulli and his friends Hoagie and Laverne as they attempt to stop the evil Purple Tentacle — a sentient , disembodied tentacle — from taking over the world . The player takes control of the trio and solves puzzles while using time travel to explore different periods of history . Dave Grossman and Tim Schafer co @-@ led the game 's development , their first time in such a role . The pair carried over a limited number of elements from Maniac Mansion and forwent the character selection aspect to simplify development . Inspirations included Chuck Jones cartoons and the history of the United States . Day of the Tentacle is the eighth LucasArts title to use the SCUMM engine . The game was released simultaneously on floppy disk and CD @-@ ROM to critical acclaim and commercial success . Critics focused on its cartoon @-@ style visuals and comedic elements . Day of the Tentacle has featured regularly in lists of " top " games published more than two decades after its release , and aspects have been referenced in popular culture . A remaster of Day of the Tentacle was developed by Schafer 's current studio , Double Fine Productions , and released on March 22 , 2016 for the PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Windows and OS X. = = Gameplay = = Day of the Tentacle follows the point @-@ and @-@ click two @-@ dimensional adventure game formula , first established by the original Maniac Mansion . Players direct the controllable characters around the game world by clicking with the computer mouse . To interact with the game world , players choose from a set of nine commands arrayed on the screen ( such as " pick up " , " use " , or " talk to " ) and then on an object in the world . This was the last SCUMM game to use the original interface of having the bottom of the screen being taken up by a verb selection and inventory ; starting with the next game to use the SCUMM engine , Sam & Max Hit the Road , the engine was modified to scroll through a more concise list of verbs with the right mouse button and having the inventory on a separate screen . Day of the Tentacle uses time travel extensively ; early in the game , the three main protagonists are separated across time by the effects of a faulty time machine . The player , after completing certain puzzles , can then freely switch between these characters , interacting with the game 's world in the separate time periods . Certain small inventory items can be shared by placing the item into the " Chron @-@ o @-@ Johns " , modified portable toilets that instantly transport objects to the other time period , while other items are shared by simply leaving the item in a past time period to be picked up by a character in a future period . Changes made to a past time period will affect a future one , and many of the game 's puzzles are based on the effect of time travel , aging of certain items , and alterations of the time stream . For example , one puzzle requires the player , while in the future era where Purple Tentacle has succeeded , to send a medical chart of a Tentacle back to the past , having it used as the design of the American flag , then collecting one such flag in the future to be used as a Tentacle disguise to allow that character to roam freely . Day of the Tentacle was the first LucasArts game to adopt the philosophy of " never die or get stuck " ; LucasArts staff felt the player should not be punished for his or her inability to solve a puzzle . For comparison , earlier LucasArts adventures did make it possible for characters to be killed or the player to take actions that would render the game unfinishable , although they were still far less harsh than Sierra 's adventure games which were almost infamous for their frequent and easy deaths . The whole original Maniac Mansion game can be played on a computer resembling a Commodore 64 inside the Day of the Tentacle game ; this practice has since been repeated by other game developers , but at the time of Day of the Tentacle 's release , it was unprecedented . = = Plot = = Five years after the events of Maniac Mansion , Purple Tentacle — a mutant monster and lab assistant created by mad scientist Dr. Fred Edison — drinks toxic sludge from a river behind Dr. Fred 's laboratory . The sludge causes him to grow a pair of flipper @-@ like arms , develop vastly increased intelligence and a thirst for global domination . Dr. Fred plans to resolve the issue by killing Purple Tentacle and his harmless , friendly brother Green Tentacle , but Green Tentacle sends a plea of help to his old friend , the nerd Bernard Bernoulli . Bernard travels to the Edison family motel with his two housemates , deranged medical student Laverne and roadie Hoagie , and frees the tentacles . Purple Tentacle escapes to resume his quest to take over the world . Since Purple Tentacle 's plans are flawless and unstoppable , Dr. Fred decides to use his Chron @-@ o @-@ John time machines to send Bernard , Laverne and Hoagie to the day before to turn off his Sludge @-@ o @-@ Matic machine , thereby preventing Purple Tentacle 's exposure to the sludge . However , because Dr. Fred used an imitation diamond rather than a real diamond as a power source for the time machine , the Chron @-@ o @-@ Johns breaks down in operation . Laverne is sent 200 years in the future , where humanity has been enslaved and Purple Tentacle rules the world from the Edison mansion , while Hoagie is dropped 200 years in the past , where the motel is being used by the Founding Fathers as a retreat to write the United States Constitution . Bernard is returned to the present . To salvage Dr. Fred 's plan , Bernard must acquire a replacement diamond for the time machine , while Hoagie and Laverne must restore power to their respective Chron @-@ o @-@ John pods by plugging them in . To overcome the lack of electricity in the past , Hoagie recruits the help of Benjamin Franklin and Dr. Fred 's ancestor , Red Edison , to build a superbattery to power his pod , while Laverne evades capture by the tentacles long enough to run an extension cord to her unit . The three send small objects back and forth in time through the Chron @-@ o @-@ Johns and make changes to history to help the others complete their tasks . Eventually , Bernard uses Dr. Fred 's family fortune of royalties from Maniac Mansion to purchase a real diamond , both Laverne and Hoagie manage to power their Chron @-@ o @-@ Johns , and the three are reunited in the present . Purple Tentacle arrives , hijacks a Chron @-@ o @-@ John and takes it to the previous day to prevent them from turning off the sludge machine ; he is pursued by Green Tentacle in another pod . With only one Chron @-@ o @-@ John pod left , Bernard , Hoagie and Laverne use it to pursue the tentacles to the previous day , while Dr. Fred uselessly tries to warn them of using the pod together , referencing the film The Fly . Upon arriving , the trio exit the pod only to discover that they have been turned into a three @-@ headed monster , their bodies merging into one during the transfer . Meanwhile , Purple Tentacle has used the time machine to bring countless of versions of himself from different moments in time to the same day to prevent the Sludge @-@ o @-@ Matic from being deactivated . Bernard and his friends defeat the Purple Tentacles guarding the Sludge @-@ o @-@ Matic , turn off the machine and prevent the whole series of events from ever happening . Returning to the present , Dr. Fred discovers that the three have not been turned into a monster at all but have just gotten stuck in the same set of clothes ; they are then ordered by Dr. Fred to get out of his house . The game ends with the credits rolling over a tentacle @-@ shaped American flag , one of the more significant results of their tampering in history . = = Development = = Following a string of successful adventure games , LucasArts assigned Dave Grossman and Tim Schafer to lead development of a new game . The two had previously assisted Ron Gilbert with the creation of The Secret of Monkey Island and Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge , and the studio felt that Grossman and Schafer were ready to manage a project . The company believed that the pair 's humor matched well with that of Maniac Mansion and suggested working on a sequel . The two developers agreed and commenced production . Gilbert and Gary Winnick , the creators of Maniac Mansion , collaborated with Grossman and Schafer on the initial planning and writing . The total budget for the game was about $ 600 @,@ 000 , according to Schafer . = = = Creative design = = = In planning the plot , the four designers considered a number of concepts , eventually choosing an idea of Gilbert 's about time travel that they believed was the most interesting . The four discussed what time periods to focus on , settling on the Revolutionary War and the future . The Revolutionary War offered opportunities to craft many puzzles around that period , such as changing the Constitution to affect the future . Grossman noted the appeal of the need to make wide @-@ sweeping changes such as the Constitution just to achieve a small personal goal , believing this captured the essence of adventure games . The future period which allowed them to explore the nature of cause and effect without any historical bounds . Grossman and Schafer decided to carry over previous characters that they felt were the most entertaining . The two considered the Edison family " essential " and chose Bernard because of his " unqualified nerdiness " . Bernard was considered " everyone 's favorite character " from Maniac Mansion , and was the clear first choice for the protagonists . The game 's other protagonists , Laverne and Hoagie , were based on a Mexican ex @-@ girlfriend of Grossman 's and a Megadeth roadie named Tony that Schafer had met , respectively . Schafer and Grossman planned to use a character selection system similar to the first game , but felt that it would have complicated the design process and increased production costs . Believing that it added little to the gameplay , they removed it early in the process and reduced the number of player characters from six to three . The dropped characters included Razor , a female musician from the previous game ; Moonglow , a short character in baggy clothes ; and Chester , a black beat poet . Ideas for Chester , however , morphed into new twin characters in the Edison family . The smaller number of characters reduced the strain on the game 's engine in terms of scripting and animation . The staff collaboratively designed the characters . They first discussed the character personalities , which Larry Ahern used to create concept art . Ahern wanted to make sure that the art style was consistent and the character designs were established early , in contrast to what had happened with Monkey Island 2 , in which various artists came in later to help fill in necessary art assets as necessary , creating a disjointed style.Looney Tunes animation shorts , particularly the Chuck Jones @-@ directed Rabbit of Seville , What 's Opera , Doc ? and Duck Dodgers in the 24 ½ th Century inspired the artistic design . The cartoonish style also lent itself to providing larger visible faces to enable more expressive characters . Peter Chan designed backgrounds , spending around two days to progress from concept sketch to final art for each background . Chan too used Looney Tunes as influence for the backgrounds , trying to emulate the style of Jones and Maurice Noble . Ahern and Chan went back and forth with character and background art to make sure both styles worked together without too much distraction . They further had Jones visit their studio during development to provide input into their developing art . The choice of art style inspired further ideas from the designers . Grossman cited cartoons featuring Pepé Le Pew , and commented that the gag involving a painted white stripe on Penelope Pussycat inspired a puzzle in the game . The artists spent a year creating the in @-@ game animations . The script was written in the evening , when fewer people were in the office . Grossman considered it the easiest aspect of production , but encountered difficulties when writing with others around . Grossman and Schafer brainstormed regularly to devise the time travel puzzles , and collaborated with members of the development team as well as other LucasArts employees . They would identify puzzle problems and work towards a solution similar to how the game plays . Most issues were addressed prior to programming , but some details were left unfinished to work on later . The staff conceived puzzles involving the U.S. ' s early history based on their memory of their compulsory education , and using the more legendary aspects of history , such as George Washington cutting down a cherry tree to appeal to international audiences . To complete the elements , Grossman researched the period to maintain historical accuracy , visiting libraries and contacting reference librarians . The studio , however , took creative license towards facts to fit them into the game 's design . Day of the Tentacle features a four @-@ minute long animated opening credit sequence , the first LucasArts game to have such . Ahern noted that their previous games would run the credits over primarily still shots which would only last for a few minutes , but with Tentacle , the team had grown so large that they worried this approach would be boring to players . They assigned Kyle Balda , an intern at CalArts , to create the animated sequence , with Chan helping to create minimalist backgrounds to aid in the animation . Originally this sequence was around seven minutes long , and included the three characters arriving at the mansion and releasing Purple Tentacle . Another LucasArts designer , Hal Barwood , suggested they cut it in half , leading to the shortened version as in the released game , and having the player take over when they arrive at the mansion . = = = Technology and audio = = = Day of the Tentacle uses the SCUMM engine developed for Maniac Mansion . LucasArts had gradually modified the engine since its creation . For example , the number of input verbs was reduced and items in the character 's inventory are represented by icons rather than text . While implementing an animation , the designers encountered a problem later discovered to be limitation of the engine . Upon learning of the limitation , Gilbert reminisced about the file size of the first game . The staff then resolved to include it in the sequel . The title was the first LucasArts adventure game to incorporate voice work on release . The game was not originally planned to include voice work , as at the time , the install base for CD @-@ ROM was too low . As they neared the end of 1992 , CD @-@ ROM sales grew significantly . The general manager of LucasArts , Kelly Flock , recognizing that the game would not be done in time by the end of the year to make the holiday release , suggested that the team include voice work for the game , giving them more time to complete the title . Voice director Tamlynn Barra managed that aspect of the game . Schafer and Grossman described how they imagined the characters ' voices and Barra sought audition tapes of voice actors to meet the criteria . She presented the best auditions to the pair . Schafer 's sister Ginny was among the auditions , and she was chosen for Nurse Edna . Schafer opted out of the decision for her selection to avoid nepotism . Grossman and Schafer encountered difficulty selecting a voice for Bernard . To aid the process , Grossman commented that the character should sound like Les Nessman from the television show WKRP in Cincinnati . Barra responded that she knew the agent of the character 's actor , Richard Sanders , and brought Sanders on the project . Denny Delk and Nick Jameson were among those hired , and provided voice work for around five characters each . Recording for the 4 @,@ 500 lines of dialog occurred at Studio 222 in Hollywood . Barra directed the voice actors separately from a sound production booth . She provided context for each line and described aspects of the game to aid the actors . The voice work in Day of the Tentacle was widely praised for its quality and professionalism in comparison to Sierra 's talkie games of the period which suffered from poor audio quality and limited voice acting ( some of which consisted of Sierra employees rather than professional talent ) . The game 's music was composed by Peter McConnell , Michael Land and Clint Bajakian . The three had worked together to share the duties equally of composing the music for Monkey Island 2 and Fate of Atlantis , and continued this approach for Day of the Tentacle . According to McConnell , he had composed most of the music taking place in the game 's present , Land for the future , and Bajakian for the past , outside of Dr. Fred 's theme for the past which McConnell had done . The music was composed around the cartoonist nature of the game play , further drawing on Looney Tunes ' use of parodying classical works of music , and playing on set themes for all of the major characters in the game . Many of these themes had to be composed to take into account different processing speeds of computers at the time , managed by the iMUSE music interface ; such themes would include shorter repeating patterns that would play while the game 's screen scrolled across , and then once the screen was at the proper place , the music would continue on to a more dramatic phrase . Day of the Tentacle was one of the first games concurrently released on CD @-@ ROM and floppy disk . A floppy disk version was created to accommodate consumers that had yet to purchase CD @-@ ROM drives . The CD @-@ ROM format afforded the addition of audible dialog . The capacity difference between the two formats necessitated alterations to the floppy disk version . Grossman spent several weeks reducing files sizes and removing files such as the audio dialog to fit the game onto six diskettes . = = Reception = = Day of the Tentacle was a moderate commercial success ; according to Schafer , it sold around 80 @,@ 000 copies upon release . The game was critically acclaimed . Charles Ardai of Computer Gaming World wrote , " Calling Day of the Tentacle a sequel to Maniac Mansion [ ... ] is a little like calling the space shuttle a sequel to the slingshot " . He enjoyed the game 's humor and interface , and praised the designers for removing " dead end " scenarios and player character death . Ardai lauded the voice acting , writing that it " would have done the late Mel Blanc proud " , and compared the game 's humor , animation , and camera angles to " Looney Toons gems from the 40 's and 50 's " . He concluded , " I expect that this game will keep entertaining people for quite some time to come " . Sandy Petersen of Dragon stated that its graphics " are in a stupendous cartoony style " , while praising its humor and describing its sound and music as " excellent " . Although the reviewer considered it " one of the best " graphic adventure games , he noted that , like LucasArts ' earlier Loom , it was extremely short ; he wrote that he " felt cheated somehow when I finished the game " . He ended the review , " Go , Lucasfilm ! Do this again , but do make the next game longer ! " . Phil LaRose of The Advocate called it " light @-@ years ahead of the original " , and believed that its " improved controls , sound and graphics are an evolutionary leap to a more enjoyable gaming experience " . He praised the interface , and summarized the game as " another of the excellent LucasArts programs that place a higher premium on the quality of entertainment and less on the technical knowledge needed to make it run " . The Boston Herald 's Geoff Smith noted that " the animation of the cartoonlike characters is of TV quality " , and praised the removal of dead ends and character death . He ended , " It 's full of lunacy , but for anyone who likes light @-@ hearted adventure games , it 's well worth trying " . Vox Day of The Blade called its visuals " well done " and compared them to those of The Ren & Stimpy Show . The writer praised the game 's humor , and stated that " both the music and sound effects are hilarious " ; he cited the voice performance of Richard Sanders as a high point . He summarized the game as " both a good adventure and a funny cartoon " . Lim Choon Wee of the New Straits Times highly praised the game 's humor , which he called " brilliantly funny " . The writer commented that the game 's puzzles relied on " trial and error " with " no underlying logic " , but stated that the game " remains fun " despite this issue , and concluded that Day of the Tentacle was " definitely the comedy game of the year " . Daniel Baum of The Jerusalem Post called it " one of the funniest , most entertaining and best @-@ programmed computer games I have ever seen " , and lauded its animation . He wrote that the game provided " a more polished impression " than either The Secret of Monkey Island or Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge . The writer stated that its high system requirements were its only drawback , and believed that a Sound Blaster card was required to fully appreciate the game . In a retrospective review , Adventure Gamers ' Chris Remo wrote , " If someone were to ask for a few examples of games that exemplify the best of the graphic adventure genre , Day of the Tentacle would certainly be near the top " . Day of the Tentacle has been featured regularly in lists of " top " games . In 1996 , Computer Gaming World ranked it as the 34th best game of all time , writing : " DOTT completely blew away its ancestor , Maniac Mansion , with its smooth animated sequences , nifty plot and great voiceovers . " Adventure Gamers included the game as the top entry on its 20 Greatest Adventure Games of All Time List in 2004 . The game has appeared on several IGN lists . The website rated it number 60 and 84 on its top 100 games list in 2005 and 2007 , respectively . IGN named Day of the Tentacle as part of their top 10 LucasArts adventure games in 2009 , and ranked the Purple Tentacle 82nd in a list of top 100 videogame villains in 2010 . ComputerAndVideoGames.com ranked it at number 30 in 2008 , and GameSpot also listed Day of the Tentacle as one of the greatest games of all time . = = Legacy = = Fans of Day of the Tentacle created a webcomic , The Day After the Day of the Tentacle , using the game 's graphics . The 1993 LucasArts title Zombies Ate My Neighbors features a stage dedicated to Day of the Tentacle . The artists for Day of the Tentacle shared office space with the Zombies Ate My Neighbors development team . The team included the homage after frequently seeing artwork for Day of the Tentacle during the two games ' productions . In describing what he considered " the most rewarding moment " of his career , Grossman stated that the game 's writing and use of spoken and subtitled dialog assisted a learning @-@ disabled child in learning how to read . Telltale Games CEO Dan Connors commented in 2009 that an episodic game based on Day of the Tentacle would be " feasible " . However , he cautioned that such an endeavor would hinge on the sales of the Monkey Island titles released that year . = = Remasters = = = = = Special Edition = = = According to Kotaku , a remastered version of Day of the Tentacle was in the works at LucasArts Singapore before the sale of LucasArts to Disney in 2012 . Though never officially approved , the game used a pseudo @-@ 3D art style and was nearly 80 % complete , according to one person close to the project , but was shelved in the days before the closure of LucasArts . = = = Remastered = = = At PlayStation Experience 2014 , Schafer announced that a remastered version of Day of the Tentacle , simply titled Day of the Tentacle Remastered , was being developed by his studio , Double Fine Productions . The remaster was released on March 22 , 2016 for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Microsoft Windows and OS X , with a Linux version released at July 11th together with a mobile port for iOS . Schafer credited both LucasArts and Disney for help in creating the remaster , which follows from a similar remastering of Grim Fandango , as well by Double Fine , in January 2015 . Schafer said when they originally were about to secure the rights to Grim Fandango from LucasArts to make the remaster , they did not originally have plans to redo the	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
manga , and he focused on how Naruto 's facial expressions would appear in difficult situations , trying make them consistent . He commented " It 's rather awkward to talk about what makes Naruto appealing to audiences , but I think his being a knucklehead gives him an appeal ; " He believed it was Naruto 's loses what made readers identify with him . However , he wanted Naruto to not feel defeat again which was his biggest objective when writing the series . During the series ' publication , Kishimoto got married and had children which influenced Naruto 's character . This resulted in Naruto shortly meeting his parents and learning of their sacrifices to help him control the Fox inside him so that he could protect the world in their place . As a result , Naruto appreciated his life more and learned how his parents loved him , something the author wanted the character to feel based on his own experience as a father . Naruto 's growth across the series surprised the author due to how the acknowledgement he receives from other characters allows the character even further . By the time Sasuke suffered a drastic change in the plot which made him become one of the series ' antagonists , Kishimoto compared Sasuke and Naruto to the yin and yang as a result of their notable differences . As a result , he mentions that whenever one of the two progresses , he makes sure the other does it too . Since the series started serialization , Kishimoto had decided the ending would feature a fight between these two characters . Still , he wanted the fight ending with Naruto forgiving Sasuke similar to the time Naruto forgave Nagato . Naruto 's romantic partner was also decided in the middle of the series . Since Hinata Hyuga always respected Naruto even before the series ' beginning , he felt they were meant to be . This angered Kishimoto 's wife who wanted Naruto to marry Sakura Haruno . While a realistic ninja wears black in order to be stealthy , Kishimoto gave Naruto an orange jumpsuit to fit the shonen genre . Naruto 's wardrobe is based on clothing that Kishimoto wore when he was younger . According to Kishimoto , a pre @-@ existing design would not have made Naruto unique , whereas something original would have made him too distinctive . Because Naruto is associated with spirals in terms of objects he uses , the designer incorporated swirl patterns into the costume . Initial illustrations depicted Naruto in boots , but Kishimoto replaced these with sandals , because he enjoys drawing toes . The goggles that Naruto used to wear were replaced with a hitai @-@ ite , or shinobi headband , because they were too time @-@ consuming to draw . One of the most difficult design choices was the color palette of Naruto 's outfit . The orange in his costume makes Naruto " pop " and the blue parts are often used as complements . Kishimoto apologized to the anime staff for Naruto 's design , considering it too difficult to translate to animation . Kishimoto was satisfied that he gave his character blond hair and blue eyes , something rarely seen in Japanese . Therefore , Naruto , along with the immense popularity the series has gained , comes naturally to the readers and international audiences with blond hair and blue eyes . Moreover , the editor of the American magazine Shonen Jump implied that these traits may have made the characters more appealing to Western audiences . Kishimoto most identifies with Naruto of all of the series ' characters . When asked why Naruto 's favorite food is ramen instead of kitsune udon , Kishimoto said that he personally liked eating ramen . In the Naruto : Clash of Ninja video game series , Naruto is playable in various stages of the Demon Fox 's manifestation , characterized by a red @-@ colored chakra . Kishimoto took inspiration from the games ' presentation of these forms , imitating one of them for the manga cover of volume 26 . When designing Naruto for his Part II appearance , Kishimoto drew Naruto 's forehead @-@ protector wider to make his eyebrows easier to draw , something that had bothered him in his previous design . He also noted that Naruto 's pants made the character look too childish . To remedy this , Kishimoto designed Naruto 's pants to roll up , giving him a more mature appearance . In the original Japanese versions of Naruto , Naruto often ends his sentences with the addendum " -ttebayo " ( which achieves an effect similar to ending a sentence with " you know ? " in English ) . Kishimoto wanted to give Naruto a childlike catchphrase , and " dattebayo " came to mind ; the creator believed that the phrase complements Naruto 's character , and serves as a verbal tic that portrays him in a brat @-@ ish manner . Throughout the first episodes of the English dub version , " dattebayo " and " -ttebayo " were replaced with the phrase " Believe it ! " , both to mirror the effect and to match the character 's lip movements . = = = Voice actors = = = During the casting for the Japanese version of the animated adaptations , the staff sought a male voice actor for Naruto . Junko Takeuchi , a female actress , was instead chosen following a large number of auditions that involved male actors . Before recording the first episode , Takeuchi noticed several lines from the script that ended with exclamations points which helped her define Naruto 's voice . She noted difficulties in transitioning from the young Naruto to the older Naruto in the animated adaptation of Part II , as she had to record the first episode after the time skip only one week after voicing the character from before the time skip . This concerned the character 's growth as Naruto started acting more mature in contrast to his attitude of a child . It was difficult for Takeuchi to voice Naruto in his Nine @-@ Tailed Demon Fox form and during the fight against Sasuke , due to the suffering Naruto was going through . Nine years after first voicing the character , while still finding it tough to voice Naruto , Takeuchi 's opinion regarding him changed to " a very reliable young man " . She admires his ability to prioritize and calmly make important decisions , and believes these traits will inspire viewers worldwide . The producers of the English anime stated that Naruto was the most difficult character to cast , adding that Maile Flanagan " has Naruto down , from the mischievous side , that precocious twelve @-@ year @-@ old we learn to love , to the serious side . " Flanagan did not listen to Junko Takeuchi 's performance of Naruto because she did not want to imitate it , stating : " I wanted to create my own voice for the character . " = = Reception = = In every official Weekly Shōnen Jump popularity poll of the series , Naruto ranks in the top five characters and as of the beginning of 2012 has been in first place twice . In 2006 , Naruto lost his top @-@ two status to the characters Deidara , Kakashi and Sasuke in the magazine 's sixth poll . In the 2011 poll , Naruto was once again in first place . Merchandise has been modeled after Naruto , including key chains , and action figures . In the 2009 Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation Awards , Junko Takeuchi won " Best Voice Actress ( Japanese ) " for her work as Naruto . Naruto placed sixth in IGN 's Top 25 Anime Characters of All Time with writer Chris Mackenzie stating that although " Naruto actually isn 't the most popular character in his own series most of the time " , he is " the engine that powers the franchise " . In the 2011 Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition , he was voted as the twenty @-@ ninth best character appearing in video games . While working for CyberConnect2 in the making of the .hack games , character designer Yoshiyuki Sadamoto used Naruto as a model for .hack 's protagonist , Kite . Incidentally , shortly afterwards CyberConnect2 started developing the Naruto : Ultimate Ninja games although Sadamoto recalls he was unaware of such fact . CyberConnect2 CEO Hiroshi Matsuyama also participated in the Paris Marathon 2012 while cosplaying as Naruto celebrating the release of a new video game . Naruto 's character has received mostly positive critical response in printed and online publications . Praise was given by Joseph Szadkowski of The Washington Times who noted that Naruto " has become a pop @-@ culture sensation . " Naruto 's character was analyzed by GameSpot 's Joe Dodson who noted that Naruto , despite having an " ideal " life , still suffers from severe isolation . Nevertheless , he was praised for his optimistic personality by Carl Kimlinger from Anime News Network ( A.N.N. ) . Writers from Mania Entertainment labeled him as a " good lead character " with good overall development despite certain initial problems . Writing for Popular Culture in Counseling , Psychotherapy , and Play @-@ Based Interventions , Lawrence Rubin stated that while Naruto has an optimistic and hyperactive personality , the Nine @-@ Tailed Demon Fox within his body symbolizes his negative emotions . Rubin concluded that Naruto 's fights to protect the village help him become a " complete and mature person " . On the other hand , Christina Carpenter of T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews disagreed with other writers , noting that while Naruto is a " likable enough scamp " , his type of character has been done before in many anime and manga series . His relationships with the other characters have been deemed as appealing by IGN 's Charles White and Jason Van Horn , most notably his rivalry with Sasuke , as it shows " signs of maturity " in Naruto . However , his desire to retrieve Sasuke following the end of Part I received criticism as a result of his subsequent suffering . Jacob Hope Chapman from ANN listed Naruto and Sasuke as one of the " Anime 's Fiercest Frenemies " considering their similarities and how they turn into friends after a mortal battle . His romantical involvement with other characters led to disputes as there were fans supporting him alongside Sakura Haruno and another with Hinata Hyuga . Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network said that while Naruto 's initial fight scenes are lacking when compared to others , his encounter with Gaara is one of his best moments because it surpassed most shōnen stereotypes , owing to Naruto 's tactics . A.N.N. ' s Theron Martin and Mania Entertainment 's Justin Rich made similar comments . The character 's final fight against Sasuke in the end of Part I received like responses , due to the fighting styles employed , and the character development resulting from their rivalry . The enormous physical changes caused by the Nine @-@ Tailed Demon Fox have also been the focus of critics , as Naruto 's loss of control causes him to become a bigger threat to his loved ones than series ' antagonists . Carlo Santos of Anime News Network commented on the character 's growth in Part II , specifically his fight against Pain in which Naruto 's comments on peace and the means by which it is achieved touch on philosophical themes never seen in a shōnen series . Chris Beveridge from Mania Entertainment noted a change in Naruto 's attitude as he acts more calm and serious than in previous story arcs . Naruto 's new Senjutsu style was praised as was his careful preparation for the fight against Pain , which resulted in a big display of Naruto 's skills . = Struthiosaurinae = Struthiosaurinae is a subfamily of ankylosaurian dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Europe . It is defined as " the most inclusive clade containing Europelta but not Cedarpelta , Peloroplites , Sauropelta or Edmontonia " while being reinstated for a newly recognized clade of basal nodosaurids . Struthiosaurinae appeared at about exactly the same time as the North American subfamily Nodosaurinae . Struthiosaurines range all across the Cretaceous , the oldest genus being Europelta at an age of 112 Ma and the youngest being Struthiosaurus at about 85 – 66 Ma . It was originally mentioned by Franz Nopcsa in 1923 as a subfamily of Acanthopholidae , along with the previously defined Acanthopholinae . The family has gone through many taxonomic revisions since it was defined by Nopcsa in 1902 . It is now recognized as a junior synonym of the family Nodosauridae . The subfamily now includes the genera Anoplosaurus , Europelta , Hungarosaurus , and Struthiosaurus , designated as the type genus . Because of the instability of Acanthopholis , the generic namesake of Acanthopholinae , and its current identification as a nomen dubium , Struthiosaurinae , the next named group , was decidedly used over the older one . A review of ankylosaur osteoderms was published in 2000 , and reviewed the armour of Struthiosaurinae . The group was represented by the single genus Struthiosaurus , known from head , cervical , dorsal , sacral , and caudal scutes . Only a few head osteoderms were identified , so it is unknown how much of the skull was armoured . Many cervical and dorsal scutes have been preserved alongside species of Struthiosaurus . They include cervical bands , which are groups of osteoderms fused together and attached to the vertebrae , and large spines found on the shoulders of nodosaurids like Sauropelta and Edmontonia , although it is not known if the spines were fused like the later of separate like the former . It is quite possible that small ovoid scutes found on Struthiosaurus could have formed a pelvic shield like polacanthids . The caudal scutes of struthiosaurines are small and rough . Even though osteoderms are well @-@ known , it is not certain where they were positioned on the body . = = Classification = = Struthiosaurinae is a group named by Franz Nopcsa , that was reinstated by James Kirkland for a group of just @-@ european nodosaurids . = = = History = = = Baron Franz Nopcsa , in 1902 , proposed a new grouping of dinosaurs , Acanthopholididae , a clade of lightly @-@ built thyreophorans . He included in it the genera Acanthopholis , Polacanthus , Syngonosaurus , Struthiosaurus , and possibly Nodosaurus . Soon after , he also added Priodontognathus and Palaeoscincus . He considered Acanthopholididae to be the sister clade to Stegosauridae , and also stated that it might include Hylaeosaurus , which he found had most of the characteristics of the family . Later , in 1915 , he rearranged the species included in it . The genera that were later included were Acanthopholis ( = Anoplosaurus ) , Polacanthus , Stegopelta , Stegoceras , and Struthiosaurus . Along with Ankylosaurus , Acanthopholididae was defined to form a subfamily of Nodosauridae . In 1923 he divided up the family into two subfamilies without comment . These two subfamilies were named Acanthopholinae and Struthiosaurinae . In the same year , he corrected the subgroups of Thyreophora . He placed Acanthopholididae , Stegosauridae and Ceratopsidae together inside the group . Five years later , he corrected the name of the family to Acanthopholidae , which is now the correct spelling . In the same publication , he also changed the genera included . He assigned Hylaeosaurus , Stegoceras , Struthiosaurus , and Troodon inside it but moved Stegopelta and Ankylosaurus into the family Ankylosauridae . Nopcsa then downgraded the phylogenetic rank of Acanthopholidae to make it a subfamily inside Nodosauridae . The clade was defined to include Ankylosaurus and Acanthopholinae . Inside Acanthopholinae he placed Acanthopholis , Hylaeosaurus , Rhodanosaurus , Struthiosaurus , and Troodon . Now considered as an artificial grouping , it was defined to include dinosaur taxa now considered to be polacanthids , a pachycephalosaur and Acanthopholis , a genus that is widely considered to be dubious . Acanthopholidae and Acanthopholinae are now dubious groups since the validity of Acanthopholis has changed . = = = Phylogeny = = = Historically , Struthiosaurinae has been considered a junior synonym of the family Nodosauridae by Walter P. Coombs in 1978 and Tatyana Tumanova in 1987 , or a sister clade to Edmontoniinae , Panoplosaurinae , Stegopeltinae , and Sauropeltinae by Tracy L. Ford in 2000 . Kirkland and his colleagues followed Ford in using Struthiosaurinae as a clade of basal nodosaurids , but concluded that the only other subfamily of Nodosauridae was Nodosaurinae . According to Kirkland et al . , Acanthopholinae was not an acceptable classification for the new clade of previously unrecognized nodosaurids because of the instability of Acanthopholis . Struthiosaurinae was decided on as the name of the clade , as it was the next published term after Acanthopholinae . To ensure the group was rendered valid , Kirkland et al. redefined Struthiosaurinae as the most inclusive clade containing Europelta but not Cedarpelta , Peloroplites , Sauropelta , or Edmontonia . This definition includes the genera Anoplosaurus , Europelta , Hungarosaurus and Struthiosaurus inside the newly defined group . Below is a cladogram from before the recognition of the clade Struthiosaurinae . = = Description = = Struthiosaurines are well @-@ known , and include one of the best @-@ preserved species of ankylosaur , Europelta carbonensis . = = = Osteoderms = = = In 2000 , Ford published a complete description of ankylosaurian osteoderms , in which he recognized the group Struthiosaurinae . Ford 's description of Struthiosaurinae was based on the genus Struthiosaurus . Ford found that Struthiosaurus transylvanicus lacked any remains of the jugal , which makes a jugal scute unknown . The skull roof of T. transylvanicus is large and bulbous , preserving a large , flat scute on top , and no osteoderms behind the orbits . Another species , S. austriacus , is known from two incomplete skulls , which preserved irregular scutes parallel to the orbits along the cranium . Scutes from the postcranial region of the skeleton are also known from struthiosaurines . Cervical bands have been found on S. austriacus , as well as S. sp .. The cervical bands are preserved as a groups of two or three osteoderms that are fused with a large neural spine on the medial edge , and attached to each other through small ovular scutes with short rounded peaks . The scute attaching to the neural spine has a round ridge with a shallow depression ovular in shape . One band was preserved with a primary osteoderm that was angled across the neck from side @-@ to @-@ side and was as long as the whole band itself . The base of the scute is rounded and ends with a tapered point , and the upper side of the scute has a smooth , lightly arching shape . Other bands are preserved with a triangular osteoderms with flat tops and rounded bottoms . The exact placement of cervical bands is not known . In 1995 , Pereda @-@ Suberbiola et al. suggested that in a more traditional placement , the bands would have been horizontal along the body , with the neural spine in the middle of the back . That positioning would mean that the medial scute would be next to another osteoderm of equal size , and together they would either fuse , like in Edmontonia , or touch , as in Sauropelta . Another possibility , suggested by Ford , was that the bands were along the side of the neck , pointing dorsally . If oriented along the side , the primary scutes would have pointed up and down , like in polacanthids , and the medial scutes would , by definition , become secondary osteoderms . The set of medial scutes ( or secondary ) would be possibly oval in shape . Thoratic scutes on struthiosaurines are oval to teardrop shaped , and possess sharp ridges that rise distally . Some scutes were long and had small domes on them . The first primary osteoderms on the pelvis are large , compressed from the sides , and have a sharp , short point . S. sp. was preserved with five fragmentary scutes from the pelvis . One fragment includes two small scutes with a ridge down the middle , joining the two together , and a compressed osteoderm with a small spike . It is thought that the fragment was from the edge of the pelvic region . Another fragment includes two oval osteoderms with small ossicles fused between them . Pelvic shields were probably formed on struthiosaurines by these scutes . Caudal scutes have been preserved on struthiosaurines . The osteoderms are compressed inwards from the side , have a slope positioned anteriorly , and a square @-@ shaped posterior edge . = = = Distinguishing anatomical features = = = All ankylosaurs that possess these characteristics - a narrow predentary ; a nearly horizontal quadrate that is not fused and is oriented 30 degrees from the skull roof ; the presence of mandibular condyles that are three times wider than long ; premaxillary and dentary teeth that are near a symphysis with the front of the lower jaw ( the predentary ) ; a sacrum arched on top ; an acromion process above the midpoint of the scapula to coracoid attachment ; a straight ischium with a straight dorsal margin ; relatively long , slender limbs ; sacral shield armour ; and the presence of erect pelvic osteoderms with flat bases - form a clade of basal nodosaurids , the Struthiosaurinae . That set of cranial and postcranial features are only present on genera considered to be in the clade . The features above distinguish Struthiosaurinae from other clades and genera found by other analysis ' . = = Biogeography = = The near simultaneous appearance of nodosaurids in both North America and Europe is worthy of consideration , because at the time , they were separated from each other by a huge body of water . Europelta is the oldest nodosaurid from Europe ; it is derived from the lower Albian Escucha Formation . The oldest western North American nodosaurid is Sauropelta , from the lower Albian Little Sheep Mudstone Member of the Cloverly Formation , at an age of 108 @.@ 5 ± 0 @.@ 2 million years . Eastern North American fossils seem older . Teeth of Priconodon crassus have been derived from the Arundel Clay of the Potomac Group of Maryland , which dates near the Aptian – Albian boundary . A Propanoplosaurus hatchling was uncovered from the base of the underlying Patuxent Formation , dated to the upper Aptian , making Propanoplosaurus the oldest nodosaurid . Polacanthids are known from pre @-@ Aptian fauna from both Europe and North America . The timing of the appearance of nodosaurids on both continents indicates the origins of the clade preceded the isolation of North America and Europe , thereby pushing the group 's date of evolution back to at least the middle Aptian . The separation of Nodosauridae into European Struthiosaurinae and North American Nodosaurinae by the end of the Aptian provides a revised date for the isolation of the continents from each other with rising sealevel . Struthiosaurinae is one of the longest @-@ lasting groups of ankylosaurians . They range from Europelta at 112 Ma to Struthiosaurus , which lived until the uppermost Cretaceous , or 66 Ma . In between those two early and late struthiosaurines are the genera Anoplosaurus and Hungarosaurus . Hungarosaurus is younger , at about 85 Ma , from the late Santonian of the Csehbánya Formation . Anoplosaurus is a fair amount older , at about 100 Ma , from the late Albian Cambridge Greensand . = Thunderball ( novel ) = Thunderball is the ninth book in Ian Fleming 's James Bond series , and the eighth full @-@ length James Bond novel . It was first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 27 March 1961 , where the initial print run of 50 @,@ 938 copies quickly sold out . The first novelization of an unfilmed James Bond screenplay , it was born from a collaboration by five people : Ian Fleming , Kevin McClory , Jack Whittingham , Ivar Bryce and Ernest Cuneo , although the controversial shared credit of Fleming , McClory and Whittingham was the result of a courtroom decision . The story centres on the theft of two atomic bombs by the crime syndicate SPECTRE and the subsequent attempted blackmail of the Western powers for their return . James Bond , Secret Service operative 007 , travels to the Bahamas to work with his friend Felix Leiter , seconded back into the CIA for the investigation . Thunderball also introduces SPECTRE 's leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld , in the first of three appearances in Bond novels , with On Her Majesty 's Secret Service and You Only Live Twice being the others . Thunderball has been adapted three times , once in a comic strip format for the Daily Express newspaper and twice for the cinema . The Daily Express strip was cut short on the order of its owner , Lord Beaverbrook , after Ian Fleming signed an agreement with The Sunday Times to publish a short story . On screen , Thunderball was released in 1965 as the fourth film in the Eon Productions series , with Sean Connery as James Bond . The second adaptation , Never Say Never Again , was released as an independent production in 1983 also starring Connery as Bond and was produced by Kevin McClory . = = Plot = = Thunderball begins with a meeting between Bond and his superior , M , during which the agent is told that his latest physical assessment is poor because of excessive drinking and smoking ( up to sixty cigarettes a day ) . M sends Bond on a two @-@ week treatment at the Shrublands health clinic to improve his health . At the clinic Bond encounters Count Lippe , a member of the Red Lightning Tong criminal organisation from Macau . When Bond learns of the Tong connection , Lippe tries to kill him by tampering with a spinal traction machine . Bond , however , is saved by nurse Patricia Fearing and later retaliates against Lippe by trapping him in a steam bath , resulting in the Count 's second @-@ degree burns and a week 's stay in hospital . The Prime Minister receives a communiqué from SPECTRE ( SPecial Executive for Counter @-@ intelligence , Terrorism , Revenge and Extortion ) explaining that the organisation has hijacked a Villiers Vindicator and seized its two nuclear bombs , which it will use to destroy two major cities unless a £ 100 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ransom is paid . This is SPECTRE 's Plan Omega . SPECTRE is headed by criminal mastermind Ernst Stavro Blofeld . Count Lippe was dispatched to Shrublands to oversee Giuseppe Petacchi of the Italian Air Force , at the Boscombe Down Airfield , a bomber squadron base . Although Lippe was successful , Blofeld considered him unreliable , because of his childish clash with Bond and , as a consequence , Blofeld has Lippe killed . Acting as a NATO observer of Royal Air Force procedure , Petacchi is in SPECTRE 's pay to hijack the bomber in mid @-@ flight by killing its crew and flying it to the Bahamas . Once there , Petacchi is killed and the plane , with bombs , are taken by Emilio Largo ( aka SPECTRE Number One ) on board the cruiser yacht Disco Volante . The Americans and the British launch Operation Thunderball to foil SPECTRE and recover the two atomic bombs . On a hunch , M assigns Bond to the Bahamas to investigate . There , Bond meets Felix Leiter , seconded to the CIA from his usual role at Pinkertons because of the Thunderball crisis . While in Nassau , Bond meets Dominetta " Domino " Vitali , Largo 's mistress and the sister of the dead pilot Giuseppe Petacchi . She is living on board the Disco Volante and believes Largo is on a treasure hunt , although Largo makes her stay ashore while he and his partners hunt hidden treasure . After seducing her , Bond informs her that Largo killed her brother ; Bond then recruits her to spy on Largo . Domino re @-@ boards the Disco Volante with a Geiger counter to ascertain if the yacht is where the two nuclear bombs are hidden . However , she is discovered and Largo tortures her for information . Bond and Leiter alert the Thunderball war room of their suspicions of Largo and join the crew of the American nuclear submarine Manta as the ransom deadline nears . The Manta chases the Disco Volante to capture it and recover the bombs en route to the first target . An undersea battle ensues between the crews , while Bond fights Largo . Bond , now very weak from his efforts to disable the bombs , tries to get away , but Largo corners him in an underwater cave and easily overpowers him . Before Largo can finish Bond off Domino shoots him with a spear gun . The bombs are recovered and Bond is sent to hospital with Domino . = = Characters and themes = = According to continuation Bond author Raymond Benson , there was further development of the Bond character in Thunderball , with glimpses of both his sense of humour and his own sense of mortality being shown . Felix Leiter had his largest role to date in a Bond story and much of his humour came though , whilst his incapacity , suffered in Live and Let Die , had not led to bitterness or to him being unable to join in with the underwater fight scene towards the end of the novel . Academic Christoph Linder sees Thunderball as part of the second wave of Bond villains : the first wave consisted of SMERSH , the second of Blofeld and SPECTRE , undertaken because of the thawing of relations between East and West , although the cold war heated up again shortly afterwards , with the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the construction of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis all occurring in an eighteen @-@ month period from April 1961 – November 1962 . The introduction of SPECTRE and its use over a number of books gives a measure of continuity to the remaining stories in the series , according to academic Jeremy Black . Black argues that SPECTRE represents " evil unconstrained by ideology " and it partly came about because the decline of the British Empire led to a lack of certainty in Fleming 's mind . This is reflected in Bond using US equipment and personnel in the novel , such as the Geiger counter and nuclear submarine . = = Background = = As with the previous novels in the series , aspects of Thunderball come from Fleming 's own experiences : the visit to the health clinic was inspired by his own 1955 trip to the Enton Hall health farm and Bond 's medical record , as read out to him by M , is a slightly modified version of Fleming 's own . The name of the health farm , Shrublands , was taken from that of a house owned by the parents of his wife 's friend , Peter Quennell . Fleming dedicates a quarter of the novel to the Shrublands setting and the naturalist cure Bond undergoes . Bond 's examination of the hull of the Disco Volante was inspired by the ill @-@ fated mission undertaken on 19 April 1956 by the ex @-@ Royal Navy frogman " Buster " Crabb on behalf of MI6 , as he examined the hull of the Soviet cruiser Ordzhonikidze that had brought Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin on a diplomatic mission to Britain . Crabb disappeared in Portsmouth Harbour and was never seen again . As well as having Buster Crabb in mind , Fleming would also recall the information about the 10th Light Flotilla , an elite unit of Italian navy frogmen who used wrecked ships in Gibraltar to launch attacks on Allied shipping . The specifications for the Disco Volante herself had been obtained by Fleming from the Italian ship designer , Leopold Rodriguez . As often happened in Fleming 's novels , a number of names were taken from people of whom he had known . Ernst Stavro Blofeld 's name partially comes from Tom Blofeld , a Norfolk farmer and a fellow member of Fleming 's club Boodle 's , who was a contemporary of Fleming 's at Eton . Tom Blofeld 's son is Henry Blofeld , a sports journalist , best known as a cricket commentator for Test Match Special on BBC Radio . Additionally , when Largo rents his beachside villa , it is from " an Englishman named Bryce " , whose name was taken from Old Etonian Ivar Bryce , Fleming 's friend , who had a beachside property in Jamaica called Xanadu . Other names used by Fleming included a colleague at The Sunday Times , Robert Harling , who was transformed into Commissioner of Police Harling , whilst an ex @-@ colleague from his stock broking days , Hugo Pitman , became Chief of Immigration Pitman and Fleming 's golfing friend , Bunny Roddick , became Deputy Governor Roddick . The title Thunderball came from a conversation Fleming had about a US atomic test . = = = Writing and copyright = = = = = = = Chronology = = = = In the summer of 1958 Fleming and his friend , Ivar Bryce , began talking about the possibility of a Bond film ; in the autumn of 1958 Bryce introduced Fleming to a young Irish writer and director , Kevin McClory , and the three of them , together with Fleming and Bryce 's friend Ernest Cuneo , formed the partnership Xanadu Productions , named after Bryce 's Bahamian home , but which was never actually formed into a company . In May 1959 Fleming , Bryce , Cuneo and McClory met first at Bryce 's Essex house and then in McClory 's London home as they came up with a story outline which was based on an aeroplane full of celebrities and a female lead called Fatima Blush . McClory was fascinated by the underwater world and wanted to make a film that included it . Over the next few months , as the story changed , there were ten outlines , treatments and scripts . Numerous titles were proposed for these works , including SPECTRE , James Bond of the Secret Service and Longitude 78 West . Much of the attraction Fleming felt working alongside McClory was based on McClory 's film , The Boy and the Bridge , which was the official British entry to the 1959 Venice Film Festival . However , when the film was released in July 1959 , it was poorly received , and did not do well at the box office ; Fleming became disenchanted with McClory 's ability as a result . In October 1959 , with Fleming spending less time on the project , McClory introduced experienced screenwriter Jack Whittingham to the writing process . In November 1959 Fleming left to travel around the world on behalf of The Sunday Times , material for which Fleming also used for his non @-@ fiction travel book , Thrilling Cities . On his travels – through Japan , Hong Kong and into the US – Fleming met with McClory and Ivar Bryce in New York and McClory told Fleming that Whittingham had completed a full outline , which was ready to shoot . Back in Britain in December 1959 , Fleming met with McClory and Whittingham for a script conference ; shortly afterwards McClory and Whittingham sent Fleming a script , Longitude 78 West , which Fleming considered to be good , although he changed the title to Thunderball . In January 1960 McClory visited Fleming 's Jamaican home Goldeneye , where Fleming explained his intention of delivering the screenplay to MCA , with a recommendation from him and Bryce that McClory act as producer . Additionally , Fleming told McClory that if MCA rejected the film because of McClory 's involvement , then McClory should either sell himself to MCA , back out of the deal , or file suit in court . Fleming then wrote the novel Thunderball at Goldeneye over the period January to March 1960 , based on the screenplay written by himself , Whittingham and McClory . In March 1961 McClory read an advance copy of the book and he and Whittingham immediately petitioned the High Court in London for an injunction to stop publication . The plagiarism case was heard on 24 March 1961 and allowed the book to be published , although the door was left open for McClory to pursue further action at a later date . He did so and on 19 November 1963 , the case of McClory v Fleming was heard at the Chancery Division of the High Court . The case lasted three weeks , during which time Fleming was unwell — including having a heart attack during the case itself — and , under advice from his friend Ivar Bryce , they offered a deal to McClory , settling out of court . McClory gained the literary and film rights for the screenplay , while Fleming was given the rights to the novel , although it had to be recognised as being " based on a screen treatment by Kevin McClory , Jack Whittingham and the Author " . On settlement , " Fleming ultimately admitted ' [ t ] hat the novel reproduces a substantial part of the copyright material in the film scripts ' ; ' [ t ] hat the novel makes use of a substantial number of the incidents and material in the film scripts ' ; and ' [ t ] hat there is a general similarity of the story of the novel and the story as set out in the said film scripts ' . " On 12 August 1964 , nine months after the conclusion of the trial , Fleming suffered a further heart attack and died at the age of 56 . The plagiarism case and its aftermath were documented in detail in the 2008 book , The Battle for Bond , by Robert Sellers . = = = = Script elements = = = = When the script was first drafted in May 1959 , with the storyline of an aeroplane of celebrities in the Atlantic , it included elements from Fleming 's friend Ernie Cuneo , who included ships with underwater trapdoors in their hulls and an underwater battle scene . The Russians were originally the villains , then the Sicilian Mafia , but this was later changed again to the internationally operating criminal organisation , SPECTRE . Both McClory and Fleming claim to have come up with the concept of SPECTRE ; Fleming biographer Andrew Lycett and John Cork both note Fleming as the originator of the group , Lycett saying that " [ Fleming ] proposed that Bond should confront not the Russians but SPECTRE ... " whilst Cork produced a memorandum in which Fleming called for the change to SPECTRE : Cork also noted that Fleming used the word " spectre " previously : in the fourth novel , Diamonds Are Forever , for a town near Las Vegas called " Spectreville " , and for " spektor " , the cryptograph decoder in From Russia , with Love . Others , such as continuation Bond author Raymond Benson , disagree , saying that McClory came up with the SPECTRE concept . Those elements which Fleming used which can be put down to McClory and Whittingham ( either separately or together ) include the airborne theft of a nuclear bomb , " Jo " Petachi and his sister Sophie , and Jo 's death at the hands of Sophie 's boss . The remainder of the screenplay was a two @-@ year collaboration among Fleming , Whittingham , McClory , Bryce and Cuneo . = = Release and reception = = Thunderball was published on 27 March 1961 in the UK as a hardcover edition by publishers Jonathan Cape ; it was 253 pages long and cost 15 shillings . 50 @,@ 938 copies were printed and quickly sold out . Thunderball was published in the US by Viking Press and sold better than any of the previous Bond books . Publishers Jonathan Cape spent £ 2 @,@ 000 ( £ 40 @,@ 149 in 2016 pounds ) on advance publicity . Cape sent out 130 review copies to critics and others and 32 @,@ 000 copies of the novel had been sent to 864 UK booksellers and 603 outside the UK . Artist Richard Chopping once again provided the cover art for the novel . On 20 July 1960 Fleming wrote to Chopping to ask if he could undertake the art for the next book , agreeing on a fee of 200 guineas , saying that " I will ask [ Jonathan Cape ] to produce an elegant skeleton hand and an elegant Queen of Hearts . As to the dagger , I really have no strong views . I had thought of the ordinary flick knife as used by teenagers on people like you and me , but if you have a nice dagger in mind please let us use it . The title of the book will be Thunderball . It is immensely long , immensely dull and only your jacket can save it ! " = = = Reviews = = = Thunderball was generally well received by the critics ; Francis Iles , writing in The Guardian wrote that it " is a good , tough , straightforward thriller on perfectly conventional lines . " Referring to the negative publicity that surrounded Dr. No — in particular the article by Paul Johnson in the New Statesman entitled , " Sex , Snobbery and Sadism " — Iles was left " wondering what all the fuss is about " , noting that " there is no more sadism nor sex than is expected of the author of this kind of thriller " . Peter Duval Smith , writing in Financial Times , also took the opportunity to defend Fleming 's work against negative criticism , also specifically naming Paul Johnson and his review : " one should not make a cult of Fleming 's novels : a day @-@ dream is a day @-@ dream ; but nor should one make the mistake of supposing he does not know what he is doing . " Duval Smith thought that Thunderball was " an exciting story is skilfully told " , with " a romantic sub @-@ plot ... and the denouement involves great events " He also considered it " the best written since Diamonds Are Forever , four books back . It has pace and humour and style . The violence is not so unrelenting as usual : an improvement , I think . " He also expressed concern for the central character , saying " I was glad to see him [ Bond ] in such good form . Earlier he seemed to be softening up . He was having bad hangovers on half @-@ a @-@ bottle of whisky a day , which I don 't call a lot , unless he wasn 't eating properly . " Writing in The Times Literary Supplement , Phillip Stead thought that Fleming " continues uninhibitedly to deploy his story @-@ telling talents within the limits of the Commander Bond formula . " Stead saw that the hijacking of the two bombs " gives Bond some anxiety but , needless to say , does not prevent him from having a good deal of fun in luxury surroundings " , whilst " the usual beatings @-@ up , modern style , are ingeniously administered to lady and gentleman like " . As to why the novels were so appealing , Stead considered that " Mr. Fleming 's special magic lies in his power to impart sophistication to his mighty nonsense ; his fantasies connect with up @-@ to @-@ date and lively knowledge of places and of the general sphere of crime and espionage . " Overall , in Stead 's opinion , with Thunderball " the mixture , exotic as ever , generates an extravagant and exhilarating tale and Bond connoisseurs will be glad to have it . " The critic for The Times wrote that Thunderball " relies for its kicks far less than did Dr. No or Goldfinger on sadism and a slightly condescending sophistication . " The upshot , in the critic 's opinion , was that " the mixture — of good living , sex and violent action — is as before , but this is a highly polished performance , with an ingenious plot well documented and plenty of excitement . " Writing in The Washington Post , Harold Kneeland noted that Thunderball was " Not top Fleming , but still well ahead of the pack " , whilst Charles Poore , writing in The New York Times considered the Bond novels to be " post @-@ Dostoevskian ventures in crime and punishment " . Thunderball he found to be " a mystery story , a thriller , a chiller and a pleasure to read . " Poore identified aspects of the author 's technique to be part of the success , saying " the suspense and the surprises that animate the novel arise from the conceits with which Mr. Fleming decorates his tapestry of thieving and deceiving " . The critic from The Sunday Times considered Fleming to have " a sensational imagination , but informed by style , zest and — above all — knowledge " . Anthony Boucher wrote that " As usual , Ian Fleming has less story to tell in 90 @,@ 000 words than Buchan managed in 40 @,@ 000 ; but Thunderball is still an extravagant adventure " . The critic for the Daily Herald implored " Hey ! — that man is taking his clothes off again . So is the girl ... Can anybody stop this ? Unfortunately not . Not this side of the best @-@ seller lists . I don 't envy Mr Bond 's wealthy creator , Ian Fleming . I wish I could pity him " , whilst L.G. Offord considered Thunderball to be " just about as wild as ever , with a walloping climax . " = = Adaptations = = Comic strip ( 1961 – 1962 ) A comic strip adaptation was published daily in the Daily Express newspaper and syndicated worldwide , beginning on 11 December 1961 . However , the owner of the Daily Express , Lord Beaverbrook , cancelled the strip on 10 February 1962 after Fleming signed an agreement with The Sunday Times for them to publish the short story " The Living Daylights " . Thunderball was reprinted in 2005 by Titan Books as part of the Dr. No anthology that also includes Diamonds Are Forever and From Russia , with Love . Thunderball ( 1965 ) In 1965 , the film Thunderball was released , starring Sean Connery as James Bond . The film was produced as the fourth Eon Productions film and , as well as listing Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman as producers , Kevin McClory was also included in the production team : Broccoli and Saltzman made a deal with McClory , to undertake a joint production of Thunderball , which stopped McClory from making any further version of the novel for a period of ten years following the release of the Eon @-@ produced version . Thunderball premiered in Tokyo on 9 December 1965 , grossing $ 141 @.@ 2 million at the global box office . Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) In 1983 Kevin McClory produced a version of the Thunderball story , again with Sean Connery as Bond . The film premiered in New York on 7 October 1983 , grossing $ 9 @.@ 72 million ( $ 23 million in 2016 dollars ) on its first weekend , which was reported to be " the best opening record of any James Bond film " up to that point . Warhead ( 1990s ) In the 1990s , McClory announced plans to make another adaption of the Thunderball story , Warhead 2000 AD , with Timothy Dalton or Liam Neeson in the lead role , but this was eventually dropped . = The Quatermass Experiment = The Quatermass Experiment is a British science @-@ fiction serial broadcast by BBC Television during the summer of 1953 and re @-@ staged by BBC Four in 2005 . Set in the near future against the background of a British space programme , it tells the story of the first manned flight into space , supervised by Professor Bernard Quatermass of the British Experimental Rocket Group . When the spaceship that carried the first successful crew returns to Earth , two of the three astronauts are missing , and the third is behaving strangely . It becomes apparent that an alien presence entered the ship during its flight , and Quatermass and his associates must prevent the alien from destroying the world . Originally comprising six half @-@ hour episodes , it was the first science @-@ fiction production to be written especially for an adult television audience in Britain . Previous written @-@ for @-@ television efforts such as Stranger from Space ( 1951 – 52 ) were aimed at children , whereas adult entries into the genre were adapted from literary sources , such as R.U.R. ( 1938 and again in 1948 ) and The Time Machine ( 1949 ) . The serial was the first of four Quatermass productions to be screened on British television between 1953 and 1979 , and was transmitted live from the BBC 's original television studios at Alexandra Palace in London , one of the final productions before BBC television drama moved to west London . As well as spawning various remakes and sequels , The Quatermass Experiment inspired much of the television science fiction that succeeded it , particularly in the United Kingdom , where it influenced successful series such as Doctor Who and Sapphire and Steel . It also influenced successful Hollywood films such as 2001 : A Space Odyssey and Alien . = = Production = = The serial was written by BBC television drama writer Nigel Kneale , who had been an actor and an award @-@ winning fiction writer before joining the BBC . The BBC 's Head of Television Drama , Michael Barry , had committed most of his original script budget for the year to employing Kneale . An interest in science , particularly the idea of ' science going bad ' , led Kneale to write The Quatermass Experiment . The project originated when a gap formed in the BBC 's schedules for a six @-@ week serial to run on Saturday nights during the summer of 1953 , and Kneale 's idea was to fill it with " a mystifying , rather than horrific " storyline . Rudolph Cartier , one of the BBC 's best @-@ regarded directors , directed the serial . He and Kneale had collaborated on the play Arrow to the Heart , and worked closely on the initial storyline to make it suit the television production methods of the time . Kneale claimed to have picked his leading character 's unusual last name at random from a London telephone directory . He chose the character 's first name , Bernard , in honour of astronomer Bernard Lovell . The working titles for the production were The Unbegotten and Bring Something Back ... ! , the latter a line of dialogue in the second episode . Kneale had not finished scripting the final two episodes of the serial before the first episode was transmitted . The production had an overall budget of just under £ 4000 . The theme music used was " Mars , Bringer of War " from Gustav Holst 's The Planets . Each episode was rehearsed from Monday to Friday at the Student Movement House on Gower Street in London , with camera rehearsals taking place all day on Saturday before transmission . The episodes were then transmitted live — with a few pre @-@ filmed 35mm film inserts shot before and during the rehearsal period — from Studio A of the BBC 's original television studios at Alexandra Palace in London . It was one of the last major dramas to be broadcast from the Palace , as the majority of television production was soon to transfer to Lime Grove Studios , and it was made using the BBC 's oldest television cameras , the Emitrons , installed with the opening of the Alexandra Palace studios in 1936 . These cameras gave a ( by modern standards ) poor @-@ quality picture , with areas of black and white shading across portions of the image . The Quatermass Experiment was transmitted weekly on Saturday night from 18 July to 22 August 1953 . Episode one ( " Contact Has Been Established " ) was scheduled from 8 @.@ 15 to 8 @.@ 45 p.m. ; episode two ( " Persons Reported Missing " ) , 8 @.@ 25 – 8 @.@ 55 p.m. ; episodes three and four ( " Very Special Knowledge " and " Believed to be Suffering " ) , 8 @.@ 45 – 9 @.@ 15 p.m. ; and the final two episodes ( " An Unidentified Species " and " State of Emergency " ) from 9 @.@ 00 to 9 @.@ 30 p.m. Due to the live performances , each episode overran its slot slightly , from two minutes ( episode four ) to six ( episode six ) . The long overrun of the final episode was caused by a temporary break in transmission to replace a failing microphone . Kneale later claimed that the BBC 's transmission controllers had threatened to take them off the air during one significant overrun , to which Cartier replied , " Just let them try ! " Some BBC documentation suggests that at least one transmitter region did cut short the broadcast of the final episode . The BBC intended that each episode be telerecorded onto 35mm film , a relatively new process that allowed for the preservation of live television broadcasts . Sale of the serial had been provisionally agreed with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , and Cartier wanted the material available to use for trailers and recaps . Only poor @-@ quality copies of the first two episodes were recorded before the idea was abandoned , although the first of these was later shown in Canada . During the telerecording of the second episode , an insect landed on the screen being filmed , and can be seen on the image for several minutes . It is very unlikely that material from the third to sixth episodes of the serial will ever be recovered to the BBC 's archives . The two existing episodes are the oldest surviving examples of a multi @-@ episodic British drama production , and some of the earliest existing examples of British television drama at all , with only a few earlier one @-@ off plays surviving . In November 1953 , it was suggested that the existing two episodes could be combined and followed with a condensed live production of the latter part of the story for a special Christmas omnibus repeat of the serial . This idea was abandoned . Although Cartier and star Reginald Tate were keen to make an all @-@ film omnibus version for television , this also did not come to fruition . In 1963 , one of the existing episodes was selected as a representative of early British programming for the Festival of World Television at the National Film Theatre in London . = = Plot = = Along with his laboratory assistants , Professor Bernard Quatermass anxiously awaits the return to Earth of his new rocket ship and its crew , who have become the first humans to travel into space . The rocket is at first thought to be lost , having dramatically overshot its planned orbit , but eventually it is detected by radar and returns to Earth , crash @-@ landing in Wimbledon , London . When Quatermass and his team reach the crash area and succeed in opening the rocket , they discover that only one of the three crewmen , Victor Carroon , remains inside . Quatermass and his chief assistant Paterson ( Hugh Kelly ) investigate the interior of the rocket , and are baffled by what they find : the space suits of the others are present , and the instruments on board indicate that the door was never opened in flight , but there is no sign of the other two crewmen . Carroon , gravely ill , is cared for by the Rocket Group 's doctor , Briscoe ( John Glen ) , who has been having a secret affair with Carroon 's wife , Judith ( Isabel Dean ) . It is not just Quatermass who is interested in what happened to Carroon and his crewmates ; journalists such as James Fullalove ( Paul Whitsun @-@ Jones ) and Scotland Yard 's Inspector Lomax ( Ian Colin ) are also keen to hear his story . Carroon is abducted by a group of foreign agents whose government wants the information they believe he has obtained about travelling in space . It is clear that there is something critically wrong : he appears to have absorbed the consciousness of the other two crew members , and is slowly mutating into a plant @-@ like alien organism . As the police chase the rapidly transforming Carroon across London , Quatermass analyses samples of the mutated creature in a laboratory , and realises that it has the ability to end all life on Earth if it spores . A television crew working on an architectural programme locates the monster in Westminster Abbey , and Quatermass and troops of the British Army rush in to destroy it in the hour before it brings about doomsday . Quatermass convinces the consciousness of the three crewmen buried deep inside the creature to turn against it and destroy it ; this appeal to the last remains of their humanity succeeds in defeating the organism . = = Cast and crew = = Following the success of The Quatermass Experiment , Nigel Kneale became one of the best @-@ regarded screenwriters in the history of British television . In addition to the various Quatermass spin @-@ offs and sequels , he wrote acclaimed productions such as Nineteen Eighty @-@ Four ( 1954 ) and The Stone Tape ( 1972 ) . A tribute article by writer and admirer Mark Gatiss , published on the BBC News Online website shortly after Kneale 's death in 2006 , praised his contribution to British television history . " He is amongst the greats — he is absolutely as important as Dennis Potter , as David Mercer , as Alan Bleasdale , as Alan Bennett . " Kneale 's actions were represented on screen in the final episode of The Quatermass Experiment . He manipulated the monster seen in Westminster Abbey at the climax , with his hands stuck through a photographic blow @-@ up of the interior of the Abbey . The monster actually consisted of gloves covered in various plant and other materials , prepared by Kneale and his girlfriend ( and future wife ) Judith Kerr . The couple kept the gloves as a memento , and still owned them fifty years later , when Kneale wore them again in a television documentary about his career . Rudolph Cartier had emigrated from Germany in the 1930s to escape its Nazi regime , and joined the staff of the BBC the year before The Quatermass Experiment was made . He collaborated with Kneale on several further productions , and became a major figure in the British television industry . He directed important productions such as Kneale 's Nineteen Eighty @-@ Four adaptation , the two further BBC Quatermass serials , and one @-@ off plays such as Cross of Iron ( 1961 ) and Lee Oswald : Assassin ( 1966 ) . His 1994 obituary in The Times praised his contribution to 1950s television drama : " At a time when studio productions were usually as static as the conventional theatre , he was widely respected for a creative contribution to British television drama which gave it a new dimension . " The same piece also named The Quatermass Experiment as a high point in his career , calling the serial " a landmark in British television drama as much for its visual imagination as for its ability to shock and disturb . " Quatermass was played by the experienced Reginald Tate , who had appeared in various films , including The Way Ahead ( 1944 ) . He died two years later , while preparing to take the role of the Professor again in Quatermass II . Tate was the second choice for the part ; Cartier had previously offered it to André Morell , who declined the role . ( Morell did later play Quatermass in the third instalment of the series , Quatermass and the Pit . ) Victor Carroon was played by Scottish actor Duncan Lamont , who later appeared in the film Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1962 ) , and as a different character in the film adaptation of Quatermass and the Pit ( 1967 ) . He enjoyed working on The Quatermass Experiment so much that , although he was not required for the final episode , he went to Alexandra Palace to lend moral support . While there , he helped Kneale and Kerr to prepare their ' monster ' prop . Appearing in a small role as a drunk was Wilfrid Brambell , who later appeared as a tramp in Quatermass II . Brambell , who also appeared in Cartier and Kneale 's production of Nineteen Eighty @-@ Four , later became widely known for his roles in the sitcom Steptoe and Son ( 1962 – 74 ) and the film A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) . The 74 @-@ year @-@ old actress Katie Johnson played a supporting part ; she later became well known and won a British Film Award for her role as the landlady Mrs. Louisa Wilberforce in the film The Ladykillers ( 1955 ) . = = Reception and influence = = The Quatermass Experiment achieved favourable viewing figures in 1953 , opening with an estimated audience of 3 @.@ 4 million for the first episode , increasing to 5 million for the sixth and final episode , and averaging 3 @.@ 9 million for the entire serial . The Times estimated that one year before The Quatermass Experiment was broadcast , in August 1952 , the total television audience consisted of about 4 million people . In March of that year , the BBC estimated that an average of 2 @.@ 25 million people watched BBC programmes each evening . In 1954 Cecil McGivern , the Controller of Programmes at BBC Television , referred to the success of the serial in a memo discussing the impending launch of a new commercial television channel , ending the BBC 's monopoly . " Had competitive television been in existence then , we would have killed it every Saturday night while The Quatermass Experiment lasted . We are going to need many more ' Quatermass Experiment ' programmes . " Following Kneale 's death in 2006 , film historian Robert Simpson said that the serial had been " event television , emptying the streets and pubs for the six weeks of its duration . " When the digital television channel BBC Four remade the serial in 2005 , the channel 's controller , Janice Hadlow , described the original as " one the first ' must @-@ watch ' TV experiences that inspired the water cooler chat of its day " . Viewers ' responses were generally positive . Letters praising the production were sent to the BBC 's listings magazine , the Radio Times , while the writer and producer were also applauded by readers of TV News magazine , which nominated them for one of the publication 's " TV Bouquet " awards . Looking back at The Quatermass Experiment in a 1981 article for The Times , journalist Geoffrey Wansell highlighted the finale : " Westminster Abbey undoubtedly dominated television during the summer of 1953 but it was not just the Coronation of the Queen that sticks in my mind now . It is also the memory of Professor Bernard Quatermass grappling with the pulsating giant plant that threatened to destroy the world from its rooting place in the Abbey 's nave … The Quatermass Experiment frightened the life out of a vast new generation of television viewers whose sets had been acquired in order to watch the Coronation … Quatermass was one of the first series on British television to make life seem potentially terrifying . " Subsequent audience research showed that technical problems interrupting the final episode 's broadcast had a negative impact on audiences ' views of the serial ; the audience felt that the climax had been spoiled . Despite such problems — and the existence of only the first two episodes in the archives — The Quatermass Experiment continued to earn critical praise in the decades following its transmission . The British Film Institute 's " Screenonline " website describes the serial as " one of the most influential series of the 1950s " , adding that " with its originality , mass appeal and dynamism , The Quatermass Experiment became a landmark of science fiction and the cornerstone of the genre on British television . " The website of the Museum of Broadcast Communications praises the serial 's underlying themes as its most effective feature . " The Quatermass Experiment 's depiction of an Englishman 's transformation into an alienated monster dramatized a new range of gendered fears about Britain 's postwar and post @-@ colonial security . As a result , or perhaps simply because of Kneale and Cartier 's effective combination of science fiction and poignant melodrama , audiences were captivated . " The website also points to the programme 's influence on the British science @-@ fiction television productions that followed , claiming that " with [ The Quatermass Experiment ] began a British tradition of science fiction television which runs in various forms from Quatermass to A for Andromeda to Blake 's 7 , and from Doctor Who to Red Dwarf . " Kneale disliked Doctor Who — the most successful of the British science @-@ fiction programmes — saying that it had stolen his ideas . An article for The Daily Telegraph in 2005 described Doctor Who as the " spiritual successor " to the Quatermass serials , and Mark Gatiss , a scriptwriter for Doctor Who , wrote of his admiration of Kneale in an article for The Guardian in 2006 . " Kneale wrote that [ 1953 ] was ' an over @-@ confident year ' and he piloted his hugely influential tale like a rocket into the drab schedules of Austerity Britain … What sci @-@ fi piece of the past 50 years doesn 't owe Kneale a huge debt ? " In 2007 , Gatiss appeared as the character Professor Lazarus in the Doctor Who episode " The Lazarus Experiment " . The Radio Times noted in its preview of the episode that " Tonight 's story is an enjoyable synthesis of She , The Fly and The Quatermass Experiment — even down to the final battle in a London cathedral . " = = Other media = = The popularity of The Quatermass Experiment gained the attention of the film industry , and Hammer Film Productions quickly purchased the rights to make an adaptation . It was released in 1955 , and starred the American actor Brian Donlevy , supported by the English actor Jack Warner , with Val Guest directing and co @-@ writing the screenplay . Nigel Kneale was unhappy with the result , and was especially displeased with the casting of Donlevy as Quatermass . He stated in an interview , " [ Donlevy ] was then really on the skids and didn 't care what he was doing . He took very little interest in the making of the films or in playing the part . It was a case of take the money and run . Or in the case of Mr Donlevy , waddle . " The film was titled The Quatermass Xperiment to emphasise its X @-@ certificate status . In America the film was renamed The Creeping Unknown after the title Shock ! was considered for that territory , and an alternative opening title sequence with that name was prepared . The BBC were also pleased with the success of The Quatermass Experiment and in 1955 a sequel , Quatermass II , was broadcast , with John Robinson in the title role following Tate 's death . This was followed in 1958 by Quatermass and the Pit , and both serials also had feature film versions made by Hammer . The character returned to television in a 1979 serial , simply titled Quatermass , for Thames Television . A script book of The Quatermass Experiment , containing several production stills from the missing episodes , was published by Penguin Books in 1959 . To coincide with the broadcast of the Thames serial , it was republished in 1979 with a new introduction by Kneale . In April 2005 , BBC Worldwide released a boxed set of all their Quatermass material on DVD , containing digitally restored versions of the two existing episodes of The Quatermass Experiment , the two subsequent BBC serials , and various extra material , including PDF files of photocopies of the original scripts for episodes three to six . However , the quality of these photocopies is in some cases quite poor . On 2 April 2005 , the digital television channel BBC Four broadcast a live remake of the serial , abridged to a single special , also entitled The Quatermass Experiment . = 1985 Puerto Rico floods = The 1985 Puerto Rico floods produced the deadliest single landslide on record in North America , killing at least 130 people in the Mameyes neighborhood of barrio Portugués Urbano in Ponce . The floods were the result of a westward @-@ moving tropical wave that emerged off the coast of Africa on September 29 . The system moved into the Caribbean Sea on October 5 and produced torrential rainfall across Puerto Rico , peaking at 31 @.@ 67 in ( 804 mm ) in Toro Negro State Forest . Two stations broke their 24 @-@ hour rainfall records set in 1899 . The rains caused severe flooding in the southern half of Puerto Rico , which isolated towns , washed out roads , and caused rivers to exceed their banks . In addition to the deadly landslide in Mameyes , the floods washed out a bridge in Santa Isabel that killed several people . The storm system caused about $ 125 million in damage and 180 deaths , which prompted a presidential disaster declaration . The tropical wave later spawned Tropical Storm Isabel . = = Meteorological history = = The tropical wave that caused the flooding moved off the west coast of Africa on September 29 . Moving westward , the system entered the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 5 , although rainfall began spreading across Puerto Rico the day prior . The wave 's associated convection , or thunderstorms , were amplified by an upper @-@ level trough to its west . It was developing into a tropical cyclone while it moved across Puerto Rico . When the system 's rainbands reached the mountains of southern Puerto Rico , it produced torrential rainfall , and additional precipitation occurred owing to the system 's slow movement . The most intense rainfall occurred on October 6 , and on that day two stations recorded 24 @-@ hour precipitation totals exceeding 23 in ( 580 mm ) . These totals broke the 24 @-@ hour rainfall records set during the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane , and amounted to nearly half of the annual precipitation totals . The town of Peñuelas reported very high rainfall totals in a short amount of time , including 2 @.@ 75 in ( 70 mm ) in one hour and 5 @.@ 5 in ( 140 mm ) in two hours . The highest rainfall total on Puerto Rico was 31 @.@ 67 in ( 804 mm ) in Toro Negro State Forest . Rainfall spread across the island , and the southern half of Puerto Rico experienced totals of over 10 in ( 250 mm ) . Rainfall totals over 7 in ( 180 mm ) spread across the United States Virgin Islands . The tropical wave later spawned a low pressure area north of Hispaniola that became Tropical Storm Isabel on October 7 , a day before the rains subsided in Puerto Rico . The storm ultimately struck Florida before dissipating on October 15 . = = Impact = = Across Puerto Rico , heavy rains from the weather system caused river flooding and landslides . The rains most significantly affected the municipalities of Ponce , Juana Díaz , Santa Isabel , and Coamo . Several stations reported 100 year flooding , just five months after similar floods affected the island . The floods in May generally affected the northern portion of the island , and the October event generally affected southern Puerto Rico , although the town of Barceloneta experienced floods in both events . Several rivers exceeded their banks , and the Toa Vaca reservoir filled to its capacity for the second time since it was constructed in 1972 . Saturated soils caused mudslides throughout Puerto Rico , although only one resulted in loss of life . In the hillside community of Mameyes , within Ponce , there was a block slide at around 3 : 00 am local time on October 7 . A large slab of sandstone detached from a hill , moving about 250 @,@ 000 cu yd ( 190 @,@ 000 m3 ) of material down the hill . The intense rainfall triggered the landslide , although pre @-@ existing conditions such as a leaking water main and poor sewage flow likely contributed to the event . The landslide destroyed about 90 houses , killing at least 130 people ; however , the death toll could have been as high as 300 . This made it the deadliest single landslide on record in North America . Many of the homes in Mameyes were poorly built with tin and wood materials , and some were built on stilts . Two landslides occurred near Peñuelas , collectively damaging or destroying 13 buildings . A flooded creek in Quebrada del Agua , near Ponce , killed 16 people . Flooding washed away the westbound bridge over the Río Coamo near Santa Isabel along San Juan – Ponce highway . At least six cars drove into an unlit 35 ft ( 11 m ) gap in the road , killing 29 people . Four of the deaths were police officers who were trying to rescue a family from a car that was washed away . At least six bridges were washed out across the island . The floods left about 32 @,@ 000 people without power , and some towns were isolated . The floods shut down 11 water filtration plants and 13 sewage treatment plants , which left 16 municipalities temporarily without water . Across Puerto Rico , the floods damaged 1 @,@ 700 houses and destroyed another 1 @,@ 300 . About 50 @,@ 000 people had to leave their houses for shelter across Puerto Rico . Damage was estimated at $ 125 million ( 1985 USD ) , and throughout the territory , the floods killed 180 people , 150 of whom lived in Ponce . Officials considered the system to be the " worst disaster " on the island since Hurricane Donna in 1960 . = = Aftermath = = On October 7 , Puerto Rican governor Rafael Hernández Colón declared an islandwide state of emergency and activated 300 National Guardsmen to assist in search and rescue operations . Governor Colón sought " technical advice " from Mexico , as the country had experienced a devastating earthquake two weeks prior . The United States Coast Guard flew helicopters into flooded areas to rescue stranded residents , including 18 people along a hill in the western portion of the island . About $ 10 million in emergency funds was allocated by the Puerto Rican legislature , of which $ 1 million was distributed among the most affected families with $ 300 checks . The American Red Cross deployed a team of 15 people to Puerto Rico , who specialized in damage assessment , health services , or other services . After the storm , the Puerto Rican government created a Rainfall @-@ Runoff Alert Network , designed to predict flash flooding in advance , in conjunction with the National Weather Service , the United States Geological Survey , and the territory 's Department of Natural Resources . On October 10 , United States president Ronald Reagan declared 33 municipalities across Puerto Rico as disaster area . This allocated federal funding for assistance to individual families and public aid to repair public facilities . Federal Emergency Management Agency ultimately provided $ 63 million in aid to the territory . Puerto Ricans living in the United States raised money and collected donations for the residents on the island . Governor Colón considered turning the Mameyes neighborhood into a common grave to prevent the spread of disease outbreak . As a result , the National Guard evacuated the town , although the governor changed his mind after public outcry . Initially , a death toll of 500 people was reported , although that was " the product of the original , collective hysteria , " according to the mayor of Ponce 's press officer . Additionally , the number of destroyed houses was overestimated , only to be revised downward owing to before @-@ and @-@ after satellite images and interviews with survivors . After the Mameyes landslide , about 150 people , including National Guardsmen , worked to locate bodies with the assistance of six rescue dogs . Rescue workers also recovered 23 bodies from the collapsed bridge near Coamo . On October 13 , officials halted the search for any survivors of the landslide , although workers continued to look for storm victims . On October 22 , Governor Colón ordered the teams to stop searching for bodies after officials determined that there was a threat of further landslides . Workers initially had difficulty assisting the affected families due to the occurrence in early morning and the continued intensity of the rain , and as a result , only 50 bodies were recovered . Many houses around the Mameyes landslide were later demolished as they were at risk for further landslides . Governor Hernández Colón announced that a memorial would be created for the Mameyes victims at the site . Originally the memorial was known as " el Parque de la Recordación del Barrio Mameyes " , literally " Park of the Recollection of the Neighborhood Mameyes " in English . In 2011 , however , residents of Ponce successfully petitioned to change the name from a park to a memorial site . = = Children drawings = = Three days before the Mameyes landslide , a group of children from a nearby Head Start school were asked by their teacher to draw " whatever came to their minds " . Several of them made drawings that some people see as premonitions of the disaster . Several of the drawings featured crosses , and dark earth @-@ like colors . Some of the children died in the landslide . The drawings were handed by an unidentified teacher to Gladys Torres , administrator of public documents and Director of the Historic Archive of Ponce . They are exhibited in the Ponce Museum of History . = Webster Sycamore = The Webster Sycamore ( alternatively known as the Webster Springs Sycamore and the Big Sycamore Tree ) was an American sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis ) in the U.S. state of West Virginia . Long recognized for its size , the Webster Sycamore was the largest living American sycamore tree in West Virginia until its felling in 2010 . The tree stood approximately 4 @.@ 5 miles ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) east of Webster Springs in Webster County , in a moist flood plain along the banks of the Back Fork Elk River , a tributary stream of the Elk River . The Webster Sycamore reached a tree height measurement of 112 feet ( 34 m ) , a tree crown measurement of 90 feet ( 27 m ) , and a circumference of 25 @.@ 75 feet ( 7 @.@ 85 m ) at breast height . In 1955 , the American Forests Association declared the tree the largest of its species in the United States . It only held the title for three weeks , before the association identified a larger American sycamore in Maryland . Despite losing its national title , the sycamore remained the largest American sycamore in West Virginia . Following a 1963 survey of large trees in West Virginia , the Webster Sycamore was named the second @-@ largest tree after a white oak ( Quercus alba ) in Randolph County . The land upon which the Webster Sycamore was located was owned by the Purdee and Curtin Lumber Company , which spared the tree during its lumber operations in the area during the 1950s . West Virginia University biologist W. H. Gillespie averred that the tree stood as " a memorial of the original virgin forest " . The Purdee and Curtin Lumber Company preserved the land surrounding the tree as a park , known as Big Sycamore Park . During the annual events Webster Wildwater Weekend in April and the Webster County Nature Weekend in May , hiking excursions were led to the Webster Sycamore . On September 3 , 2007 , a malicious fire was set in the base of the Webster Sycamore 's trunk . The tree survived the blaze , but suffered irreparable damage . The West Virginia Division of Forestry performed a safety and risk assessment of the tree , and determined that structural mitigation was not feasible , and that the Webster Sycamore was to be " considered an extreme hazard " . In January 2008 , a 17 @-@ year @-@ old suspect from Bergoo was formally charged with a felony count of arson for setting fire to the tree . Following the fire , experts recommended that the Webster Sycamore be felled or fenced off as a safety measure . According to the Division of Forestry , the tree was finally brought down during the summer of 2010 . At the time of its death , the tree was estimated to be over 500 years old . = = Geography and setting = = Prior to the arrival of European American settlers and explorers , the Allegheny Mountain Range of the Appalachian Mountains was overlaid with old @-@ growth forests consisting predominantly of deciduous hardwood trees , which were characterized by individual trees of enormous size and girth . The American sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis ) was one of the species of trees that proliferated throughout these old @-@ growth forests . American sycamores can grow at least 100 feet ( 30 m ) in height and the species is distributed throughout the Eastern United States . It usually thrives in moist soils along streams , especially in sandy loam soils . American sycamores are a dominant species in bottomland and riparian forests . The species is present throughout every county in West Virginia , and is most abundant along the state 's streams . Formerly West Virginia 's largest American sycamore , the Webster Sycamore ( alternatively known as the Webster Springs Sycamore and the Big Sycamore Tree ) was located in a moist flood plain along the banks of the Back Fork Elk River , a tributary stream of the Elk River , in Webster County . The tree was located approximately 4 @.@ 5 miles ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) east of Webster Springs . = = Dimensions , age , and recognition = = = = = Dimensions and age = = = Various measurements were taken of the tree during the latter part of its lifetime ; however , measurements of the circumference differ . In 1955 , the tree 's circumference at breast height , when measured 4 @.@ 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 4 m ) from the ground , was 24 feet 8 inches ( 7 @.@ 52 m ) . At a tree fork 45 feet ( 14 m ) from the ground , its trunk measured 4 @.@ 33 feet ( 1 @.@ 32 m ) in diameter . The trunk stood to a height of 82 feet ( 25 m ) , where it had been decapitated by a previous windstorm . The tree 's horizontal canopy spread measured approximately 75 feet ( 23 m ) in width . The lowest limb of the sycamore was 23 @.@ 5 feet ( 7 @.@ 2 m ) from the ground , and measured 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) in diameter . According to official measurements in 1963 , however , the diameter at breast height of the Webster Sycamore , when measured 4 @.@ 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 4 m ) from the ground , was more than 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) and its circumference measured 23 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) . The sycamore was estimated to be at least 120 feet ( 37 m ) in height . Its trunk measured approximately 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) in diameter when measured 90 feet ( 27 m ) from the forest floor . According to the West Virginia Division of Forestry and West Virginia Humanities Council in 2002 and the West Virginia Big Tree Program in 2011 , the Webster Sycamore was the largest American sycamore in West Virginia , with a height of 112 feet ( 34 m ) , a tree crown measurement of 90 feet ( 27 m ) , and a circumference of 25 @.@ 75 feet ( 7 @.@ 85 m ) at breast height . By the time of its felling in 2010 , the Webster Sycamore was estimated to be over 500 years in age . = = = Other physical characteristics = = = In 1955 , an eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ) measuring 5 @.@ 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 7 m ) in height grew from a rotten knothole in the tree 's main south fork . By 1963 , the hemlock that had taken root in the tree 's south fork remained . In describing the growth of the hemlock from an upper tree fork of the Webster Sycamore , writer William C. Blizzard referenced the idiom of Pelion piled upon Ossa . No tree hollows or visible outer blemishes were reported on the sycamore at that time ; however , by 2007 , the tree 's trunk had developed an opening into its hollow center at its base , which allowed visitors to step inside of it . = = = Recognition = = = The Webster Sycamore had long been a local landmark on account of its age and size , and was known locally as being the world 's largest American sycamore . By 1920 , author Edwin Lincoln Mosely had included an image and a brief description of a similar American sycamore near Webster Springs – probably the Webster Sycamore – in his book Trees , Stars and Birds : A Book of Outdoor Science . It was in 1955 that the tree won recognition from the American Forests Association as the largest tree of its species in the United States . It only held the title for three weeks before a larger American sycamore in Maryland was discovered and recognized by the association . Despite losing its national title , the sycamore remained the largest American sycamore in West Virginia . During the West Virginia Centennial " big @-@ tree contest " of 1963 , the honorific of the state 's largest tree went to a white oak ( Quercus alba ) near Huttonsville in Randolph County , thus beating out the Webster Sycamore . The white oak measured 11 @.@ 25 feet ( 3 @.@ 43 m ) in diameter . An elm ( Ulmus ) tree in Putnam County also bested the Webster Sycamore at 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) in diameter . During a speech to the United States Senate in honor of West Virginia Day on June 20 , 2004 , U.S. Senator Robert C. Byrd mentioned the Webster Sycamore while boasting of " the biggest and best of West Virginia " . = = Preservation = = The land upon which the Webster Sycamore was located was owned by the Purdee and Curtin Lumber Company of nearby Webster Springs . The company spared the tree in the 1950s , during its lumber operations in the area . According to West Virginia University biologist W. H. Gillespie in Castanea , the tree stood as " a memorial of the original virgin forest " . The Purdee and Curtin Lumber Company preserved the land surrounding the tree as a park , known as Big Sycamore Park . The park was utilized by campers , and by tourists visiting the tree . A swinging bridge across the Back Fork of Elk River provided access to the tree and the park . In 2002 , the Webster Sycamore was one of five trees nominated by the West Virginia Humanities Council to the National Register of Historic Trees , a registry of historic trees maintained by the American Forests Historic Tree Nursery . During the annual events Webster Wildwater Weekend in April and the Webster County Nature Weekend in May , hiking excursions were led to the Webster Sycamore , in addition to the nearby Three Falls of Back Fork . = = Vandalism and death = = On the afternoon of September 3 , 2007 , a malicious fire was set in the base of the Webster Sycamore 's trunk . The fire burned up through the hollow center of the tree 's hollow bole . The Webster Springs Fire Department , Webster County Sheriff 's Department , and the West Virginia Division of Forestry provided a joint response to the fire , and remained on the scene for several hours until the flames were out . The tree survived the blaze but suffered irreparable damage . Initially following the fire , the tree 's vicinity was closed for the investigation and for an assessment of the extent of damage and safety risk . On September 27 , 2007 , the West Virginia Division of Forestry 's urban forestry coordinator Bob Hannah and technical specialist Jennifer Brashears engaged in an inspection and evaluation of the tree to provide recommendations . In their report , Hannah and Brashears assessed that the tree 's " severe structural weakness " was not caused by the fire , and instead highlighted the tree 's " size , age , and severity of defects " as the cause of its instability . They did , however , assess that the fire may have caused further mortality of the tree 's cambium . They used various measurements developed by the International Society of Arboriculture and the United States Forest Service to formulate a tree risk assessment . At the time of their investigation , the tree 's diameter at breast height was 8 @.@ 42 feet ( 2 @.@ 57 m ) , with 27 % of the trunk consisting of open space . Hannah and Brashears also found that one @-@ third of the lower trunk and root crown demonstrated callus formation and no new growth , but instead severe decay and peeling bark . Hannah and Brashears further determined that structural mitigation was not feasible , and that the Webster Sycamore was to be " considered an extreme hazard " and the public should be " excluded from its striking zone through fencing and signage " . The investigation into the fire was led by the Division of Forestry 's chief investigator , Sam Butcher . The investigation lasted four months , and once a suspect had been identified , the case was turned over to the Webster County prosecuting attorney 's office . Butcher credited Art Yagel , a Division of Forestry investigator , for bringing the investigation to its conclusion . In January 2008 , a 17 @-@ year @-@ old suspect from Bergoo was formally charged with a felony count of arson for setting fire to the tree , while a second juvenile was also charged with a misdemeanor for providing false information to investigators . The suspect was also charged with misdemeanor counts of providing false information to conservation officers , possession of marijuana , and underage consumption of alcohol . The second juvenile was not involved in the setting of the fire . Following the fire , experts recommended that the Webster Sycamore be felled or fenced off as a security measure . According to the Division of Forestry , the tree was finally brought down during the summer of 2010 . In recognition of the tree , the Health Policy Division of the Office of the West Virginia Insurance Commissioner considered the name " Sycamore Healthcare Exchange " as one of the naming options for West Virginia 's health insurance marketplace in 2011 , following the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . = Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus = Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus , commonly known as the olive wax cap , is a species of fungus in the genus Hygrophorus . The fruit bodies ( mushrooms ) appear from midsummer to late autumn under conifers in North American and Eurasian mountain forests . The mushrooms have olive @-@ brown , slimy caps with dark streaks and a dark umbo ; the caps measure 3 to 12 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 4 @.@ 7 in ) in diameter . Other characteristic features include a slimy stem up to 12 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) long that is spotted with ragged scales up to a ring @-@ like zone . As its name implies , the mushroom has a waxy cap and gills . It is native to North America and across the northern regions of Europe . According to a publication by the Council of Europe , the fungus is nearly extinct in France . Although Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus is edible , opinions are divided regarding its taste . Besides its usage as an edible mushroom , the fungus possesses antibiotic @-@ like compounds . = = Taxonomy and classification = = The species was first officially described as Agaricus olivaceoalbus by Elias Fries in 1815 . It had earlier been published as Agaricus adustus by August Johann Georg Karl Batsch in 1783 , but this was an illegitimate renaming of Agaricus brunneus published in 1774 by Jacob Christian Schäffer . It received its current scientific name when Fries transferred it to the genus Hygrophorus in 1838 . Paul Kummer moved the species to Limacium in 1871 , but this genus has since been sunk into synonymy with Hygrophorus . Several varieties of H. olivaceoalbus have been proposed : Together with H. pustulatus , H. persoonii , H. mesotephrus and H. latitabundus , H. olivaceoalbus form the section Olivaceoumbrini within the genus Hygrophorus . The fungi of this section have greasy to slimy caps and stems . Their caps are darkish brown grey , olive or orange , and their stems are nattered or somewhat distinctly ringed . Common names that have been used for the mushroom include the " slimy @-@ sheathed waxy cap " , the " olive hygrophorus " , the " sheated waxgill " and the " olive wax cap " . The specific epithet olivaceoalbus is derived from the Latin words for olive @-@ brown ( olivaceus ) and white ( albus ) . = = Characteristics = = = = = Fruit body = = = The cap of H. olivaceoalbus is 3 – 12 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 4 @.@ 7 in ) wide and is hemispherical in young fungi ; they become flatter and wider with age , but they keep their characteristic dark umbo . Underneath the slimy grey to sooty @-@ brown surface , the cap cuticle is streaked with fine , dark grey radially arranged fibers . Young fruit bodies are covered by two velum layers ; the inner velum , composed of dark fibrils , becomes a ring or sheath ( annular zone ) on the stem that is covered by the gelatinous outer layer . The fruit body has a long stem ranging from 3 to 12 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 4 @.@ 7 in ) , a diameter of 1 – 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) and a somewhat slimy surface in wet weather . It is often wavy or bent . The base of the stem is sometimes slimmer than near its apex . Above the annular zone , the stem is smooth and whitish . It is covered by two layers of tissue : the exterior sticky layer , and the comparatively thin interior layer that consists of flaky fibres , similar to the those under the cap 's slime layer , with which they are initially linked . As the stem grows and increases in length , the interior layer becomes ripped , and breaks up into ragged dark concentric bands . The gills of H. olivaceoalbus are thick , widely spaced and adnate ( broadly attached ) to decurrent ( extending slightly down the stem ) ; they are white ( slightly greyish on the base ) , and have a waxy surface . The flesh of the mushroom is smooth , thin and white . The taste and odor are mild and have no distinct smell . When treated with a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) or sulfuric acid , the flesh turns reddish . The spore print of H. olivaceoalbus is white . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = The spores are 9 – 12 × 5 – 6 µm , ellipsoid , and are not amyloid ; their surface is smooth . They are yellow in Melzer 's reagent . The basidia have dimension of 46 – 62 × 7 – 10 µm , and are tetrasporic with short , stubby sterigmata . They have neither pleurocystidia nor cheilocystidia . The cap cuticle has a width of 250 to 450 µm and consists of loopshaped , dark hyphae with a width from 2 to 3 µm , which form an ixocutis ( a horizontal layer of hyphae embedded in slime ) and possess clamp connections ; the fungus has no hypocutis . The gill trama consists of hyphae about 3 to 8 µm thick ; the cap tissue comprises radial hyphae . The mycorrhiza , formed from H. olivaceoalbus as a fungal partner , such as the Piceirhiza gelatinosa , is white and has a smooth , waxy surface , with several layers of hyphae layered around the tree 's roots ; sometimes this mycorrhiza shows hypertrophy . The hyphae are covered with a jellylike mass that is secreted from the outer walls of the hyphae . The ectomycorrhizae can reach lengths of up to 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) and have few side branches ; many older ectomycorrhizae have a cavity at the tip that resembles a hole . = = = Similar species = = = H. olivaceoalbus shows similarities between other closely related fungi of the genus Hygrophorus , some of which have only minor differences in physical features . Examples include H. pustulatus , H. inocybiformis , H. tephroleucus or H. morrisii . In the field , H. olivaceoalbus is distinguished by a combination of features including the double velum , the dark streaks on the slimy cap , the nattering of the stem , and growth under pines , as well as by microscopic characteristics . There is no risk of confusing it with toxic fungi . Hygrophorus persoonii and H. olivaceoalbus produce different mycosterine ( sterole ) and their flesh react differently with the addition of NaOH ( red on H. olivaceoalbus versus olive green on H. persoonii ) . Furthermore , H. persoonii favours oaks as a mycorrhizal partner . The North American species H. inocybiformis produces a smaller fruit body with caps measuring 3 – 6 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) wide , and dry stems that measure 3 – 6 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) long by 0 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 20 – 0 @.@ 47 in ) thick . = = Ecology and distribution = = Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus creates mycorrhizae with conifers . In the West Coast of the United States , associations are most common with Sitka spruces and giant redwoods . In the Rocky Mountains it associates with Engelmann spruce and blue spruce , and in northeast North America with hemlocks . It usually favours acidic and chalky ground with mosses in higher altitudes as well as conifer forests and occasionally mixed forests . The fruit bodies are often found singly , but may also grow in clusters . The range of H. olivaceoalbus stretches across the northern and western North America as well as across Europe ( except the Mediterranean region ) and Russia . The fungus typically fruits between late summer and early winter , and occasionally ( depending on the geographical location and climate ) as early as June or right through December . The population is currently not endangered , except in France , where it is almost extinct . = = Importance = = = = = Edibility = = = Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus finds a use especially in the kitchen , but the indistinct taste of the fruit bodies have received a mixed reception overall . Kate Mitchel considers the waxy surface " unappetizing " , while David Arora described the taste as " bland and slimy " . Some authors suggest removing the cap cuticle before eating . Overall , several authors call the mushroom edible , but caution is still required , as " not everyone can eat them " . The popularity of this fungus varies from one region to another . It is more commonly consumed in Europe than in North America , and is differently coveted within Europe . For example , in Spain the fungi is more highly appreciated in Catalonia ; mushroom dishes in this region are more common than in the rest of Spain . = = = Pharmacology = = = Derivates of cyclopentenones , the so @-@ called hygrophorones , can be obtained from the fruit body of H. olivaceoalbus ; the fungus produces them as secondary metabolites . The detected compounds are polyols and have an antifungal and antibacterial effect , especially in connection with Gram @-@ positive bacteria . H. olivaceoalbus is therefore an important source of antibiotics , especially as the hygrophorones also show an effect on bacterial cultures that are resistant against contemporary antibiotics such as methicillin , ciprofloxacin or vancomycin . The fungus has been used in Traditional Chinese medicine , where it is known for its curing components , such as 4- , 6- or 4 @,@ 5 @,@ 6 @-@ tri @-@ O @-@ acetyl hygrophorones B14 . = 200 ( South Park ) = " 200 " is the fifth episode of the fourteenth season of the American animated television series South Park , and the 200th overall episode of the series . It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 14 , 2010 . In the episode , Tom Cruise and all other celebrities who have been mocked by residents of South Park in the past plan to file a class action lawsuit against the town , but Cruise promises to end the lawsuit if the town can get the Muslim prophet Muhammad to meet him . The episode was written and directed by series co @-@ creator Trey Parker . To celebrate their landmark episode , Parker and fellow series co @-@ creator Matt Stone combined many of South Park 's past storylines and controversies . The Muhammad subplot , similar to the one previously featured in the season 10 episode " Cartoon Wars " , refers to Comedy Central 's past refusal to allow images of Muhammad to be shown on the network in response to the riots and threats generated from controversial cartoons in 2005 and 2007 of Muhammad in European newspapers . " 200 " includes many celebrities that have been mocked in previous episodes , including Cruise , Rob Reiner , Steven Spielberg , Kanye West , Paris Hilton , George Lucas , Mel Gibson and Barbra Streisand . An additional subplot includes Cartman learning he may not know the true identity of his father . The 1998 season 2 episode " Cartman 's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut " claimed that Cartman 's hermaphrodite mother is his father , but the events of " 200 " and the subsequent episode reveal that this is not the case . " 200 " received mostly positive reviews . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was seen by 3 @.@ 33 million viewers , making it the most watched cable television program of the night . Both " 200 " and the sequel episode " 201 " were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program in 2010 . Within a week of the episode 's original broadcast date , the website for the radical Muslim organization Revolution Muslim posted an entry warning Parker and Stone that they risked being murdered for airing the episode , which several media outlets and observers interpreted as a threat . As a result , Comedy Central heavily censored portions of " 201 " by removing references to Muhammad and the episode 's closing speech . = = Plot = = While on a school field trip to a candy factory , Butters spots actor Tom Cruise working there , packing fudge into boxes . Stan , who previously told Cruise that his acting is not as good as others ' in " Trapped in the Closet " , accidentally insults him again by calling him a " fudge packer " , as Cruise claims to be fly fishing . Cruise then recruits 200 other celebrities who have been ridiculed by the town of South Park to bring a class action lawsuit against the town . Stan returns to the factory with his father Randy to try to apologize and convince Cruise to drop the suit , but also finds it difficult not to call him a fudge packer as well since he was literally packing fudge while they spoke . An angry Cruise agrees to do so , but only if they can help Cruise meet Muhammad . This causes an uproar because depictions of Muhammad are forbidden , and the townsfolk fear that forcing Muhammad to appear in public will drive Muslim radicals to bomb the town . Stan and Kyle go to the Super Best Friends , a squad of superhero @-@ like religious figures of which Muhammad is a member , to request he return with them to South Park . Meanwhile , it is revealed that Cruise and the other celebrities only want Muhammad for his " goo " , as Rob Reiner , previously shown to be filled with " goo " in " Butt Out " , has invented a machine to transfer Muhammad 's " goo " to the celebrities , which they believe will make them immune to ridicule , just like Muhammad . By this time , Cartman arrives with " Mitch Connor " , a face painted on Cartman 's hand as one @-@ half of a ventriloquist act . Previously , Connor had successfully impersonated actress Jennifer Lopez in " Fat Butt and Pancake Head " , and now Cartman and Connor return to the Lopez imitation in order to get involved in the lawsuit along with the other celebrities . Connor soon secretly convinces Cartman that they should steal Muhammad 's goo for themselves to sell on the black market for more than the lawsuit could offer . Meanwhile , Kyle and Stan convince the Super Best Friends to let Muhammad come to town , but only if he stays in the back of a U @-@ Haul truck and is not seen . When the townspeople realize they must bring Muhammad to Cruise 's limo , they allegedly put him inside a bear mascot outfit . South Park is about to give Muhammad to the celebrities when the exchange is interrupted by a bomb planted by the Ginger Kids , a group of fair @-@ skinned , red @-@ haired children who are tired of being made fun of for their physical appearance . The Gingers want Muhammad for themselves , hoping to use his goo for their own means . They threaten to blow up the town if Muhammad is not turned over to them . The people of South Park decide to turn Muhammad over to the Gingers , fearing the violence that will befall their town if they do not . The celebrities are angered by this change in events , but refuse to resort to violence for fear of ruining their careers . Instead , the celebrities decide to awaken the rebuilt Mecha @-@ Streisand , a giant mechanical monster form of Barbra Streisand , who previously terrorized the town of South Park before being destroyed . The celebrities hope to use Mecha @-@ Streisand to force South Park to accept their demands . Meanwhile , due to the chain of events , Cartman decides Connor 's scheme has become too complicated and tries to quit , but Connor convinces him to stay involved by revealing that the townspeople of South Park have lied to Cartman about his true father . Although they previously claimed his hermaphroditic mother was also his father , Connor insists this is a lie . Cartman confronts his school teacher Mr. Garrison and Garrison 's old hand puppet Mr. Hat , who admits to Cartman there was indeed a cover @-@ up . Mecha @-@ Streisand roars threateningly and continues her reign of destruction as the episode ends . = = Production = = Written and directed by series co @-@ founder Trey Parker , " 200 " was rated TV @-@ MA L in the United States . It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 14 , 2010 . It was the 200th episode of the series . Parker and fellow co @-@ creator Matt Stone conceive , write and produce most South Park episodes within a week of their broadcast date in order to maintain a sense of energy and timeliness . The idea for " 200 " , however , was conceived before the fourteenth season began in March 2010 , and before any of the season fourteen episodes that preceded it were conceived . While trying to decide how to celebrate the 200th episode , Parker and Stone started reviewing the plots and controversies of previous episodes , many of which had a common thread of mocking a particular celebrity . This led to the idea of the having all the celebrities band together in a class action lawsuit against the town . Parker said their reactions mirrored the real @-@ life reactions some of the celebrities had to their portrayals , adding , " If they could join forces , they probably would . " Stone said in writing the episode , they were determined not to produce a clip show , but to merge all of the old ideas into a new , original script . The process proved challenging for the duo because it involved incorporating many ideas , subplots and characters into a single episode . Parker and Stone included a joke about this process at the start of the episode , when Cartman and Kyle are fighting with each other , and Stan accuses them of just " rehashing a bunch of old stuff " . In honor of the 200th episode , the website SouthPark200.com was launched , offering a forum to fans to post their congratulations to South Park and view those posted by others . Several notable names have contributed to the site , including the creators of the animated series The Simpsons ( who used the opportunity to revisit another previous South Park theme , the episode " Simpsons Already Did It " , saying " We already [ produced 200 episodes ] . Twice . " ) , members of the rock band Rush and Denver Nuggets basketball player Chauncey Billups . The site also includes congratulations from All in the Family creator Norman Lear , who guest @-@ starred in the 100th episode " I 'm a Little Bit Country " , and figure skater Brian Boitano , who was featured in the song " What Would Brian Boitano Do ? " in the 1999 film South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut . = = Theme = = = = = Muhammad subplot = = = " 200 " features jokes and references to past South Park episodes , storylines , characters and controversies . The episode revolves heavily around efforts to bring Muhammad into public view . This is based on two past controversies in 2005 ( Jyllands @-@ Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy ) and 2007 ( Lars Vilks Muhammad drawings controversy ) , when European newspapers published cartoons of Muhammad , which was responded to with reactions of violent riots , global protests and death threats toward the artists . As a result of those incidents , many publications and television studios have refused to broadcast images of Muhammad whatsoever , which was the inspiration behind Tom Cruise 's efforts to harvest Muhammad 's apparent immunity to satire and ridicule . Parker and Stone addressed the Muhammad issue in their two @-@ part tenth season episode " Cartoon Wars " , during which they attempt to show an image of the prophet , only to reveal that Comedy Central has forbidden any such image from being broadcast on their network . However , Muhammad had already been featured on @-@ screen in the fifth season episode " Super Best Friends " , in which he is among a band of religious figures modeled after the superheroes in the Super Friends cartoons from the 1970s and 1980s . ( The Super Best Friends are featured once again in " 200 " . ) The episode " Super Best Friends " aired in 2001 , before the Jyllands @-@ Posten and Vilks controversies . Stan makes reference to that past use of Muhammad 's image in " 200 " by saying of Muhammad , " I saw him once ... a while ago ... " This reference was purposely included to reflect the irony that an image that was previously not a problem had suddenly become an issue due to new circumstances . Stone said , " Something that was OK is now not OK , and that 's just fucked up . " The " Super Best Friends " episode continues to be run uncensored by Comedy Central in repeats , even though new images of Muhammad remained prohibited . Additionally , Muhammad has long been featured as one of the many characters shown in an image of dozens of South Park residents during the show 's opening credits . That image , however , has gone largely unnoticed , and thus has not drawn much controversy . When asked whether they feared retribution for mocking Muhammad , Parker said , " We 'd be so hypocritical against our own thoughts , if we said , ' Okay , well let 's not make fun of them because they might hurt us . Okay , we 'll rip on the Catholics because they won 't hurt us , but we won 't rip on [ Muslims ] because they might hurt us . ' " The Muhammad subplot in " 200 " , like the " Cartoon Wars " episodes , advocates for free speech and speaks out against censorship , both of Muhammad 's image and any subject considered taboo . " 200 " also demonstrates the double standard in the handling of offensive images of Muhammad and other religious figures , particularly in the scene in which Muhammad is censored altogether , but Buddhism founder Gautama Buddha is shown snorting cocaine in front of the South Park children . The extreme measures the South Park boys go to in order to conceal Muhammad , like hiding him in a window @-@ less truck and dressing him as a mascot , demonstrate the absurdity of the fear in showing the prophet , as does the fear of retaliation that the South Park residents show after Randy draws a stick figure @-@ like drawing of him , which is not censored . = = = Celebrities = = = " 200 " includes many celebrities that have been mocked in previous episodes . One of the most prominently parodied is Tom Cruise , who was the center of the ninth season episode " Trapped in the Closet " . Cruise spent much of that episode hiding in a closet , a reference to rumors of his homosexuality . In " 200 " , he is found working in a fudge factory as a " fudge packer " , another reference to alleged homosexuality . The episode also reveals Cruise 's house consists mostly of closets , a reference to both homosexuality and the original episode in which Cruise was mocked . Other celebrities mocked in " 200 " include : Actor Ben Affleck ( " How to Eat with Your Butt " , " Fat Butt and Pancake Head " ) Film director Michael Bay ( " Imaginationland Episode I " , Cartmanland ) Pope Benedict XVI ( " Bloody Mary " , " Fantastic Easter Special " ) al @-@ Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden ( " Osama bin Laden Has Farty Pants " ) Magician David Blaine ( " Super Best Friends " ) U2 vocalist Bono ( " More Crap " ) Singer / songwriter Jimmy Buffett ( " Tonsil Trouble " ) Politician Hillary Rodham Clinton ( " The Snuke " ) Lawyer Johnnie Cochran ( " Chef Aid " ) Singer / songwriter Phil Collins ( " Timmy 2000 " ) Politician Gary Condit ( " Butters ' Very Own Episode " ) Comedian Bill Cosby ( " Trapper Keeper " , " Here Comes the Neighborhood " , " Clubhouses " ) Actor Russell Crowe ( " The New Terrance and Phillip Movie Trailer " ) Actor Michael Douglas ( " Sexual Healing " ) Actor David Duchovny ( " Sexual Healing " ) Subway spokesman Jared Fogle ( " Jared Has Aides " , " Stunning and Brave " ) Film character Indiana Jones ( " The China Probrem " ) Actor Mel Gibson ( " The Passion of the Jew , Imaginationland " ) Television host Kathie Lee Gifford ( " Weight Gain 4000 " ) Socialite Paris Hilton ( " Stupid Spoiled Whore Video Playset " ) Wildlife expert Steve Irwin ( " Hell on Earth 2006 " , " Prehistoric Ice Man " ) Politician Jesse Jackson ( " With Apologies to Jesse Jackson " ) Singer Michael Jackson ( " Dead Celebrities , The Jeffersons " ) Actress Angelina Jolie ( " Lice Capades " ) Talk show host David Letterman ( " Sexual Healing " ) Film director George Lucas ( " Free Hat " , " The China Probrem " ) Actress Liza Minnelli ( " Freak Strike " ) Disney mascot Mickey Mouse ( " The Ring " ) Actress and television host Rosie O 'Donnell ( " Trapper Keeper " ) Singer and activist Yoko Ono ( " World Wide Recorder Concert " ) Actress Sarah Jessica Parker ( " The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs " ) Actor and film director Robert Redford ( " Chef 's Chocolate Salty Balls " ) Film director Rob Reiner ( " Butt Out " ) Actor Michael Richards ( " With Apologies to Jesse Jackson " ) Actress Winona Ryder ( South Park : Bigger , Longer , and Uncut ) Actor and television host Bob Saget ( " Cartman 's Mom is a Dirty Slut " ) Actor Fred Savage ( " Chef 's Chocolate Salty Balls " ) Actor Charlie Sheen ( " Sexual Healing " ) Actress Brooke Shields ( South Park : Bigger , Longer , and Uncut ) Film director M. Night Shyamalan ( " Imaginationland Episode I " ) Actor and retired football player O. J. Simpson ( " Butters ' Very Own Episode " ) Actor and rapper Will Smith ( " Here Comes the Neighborhood " ) Film director Steven Spielberg ( " Cripple Fight " , " Free Hat " , " The China Probrem " ) Singer Britney Spears ( " Britney 's New Look " ) Television host Martha Stewart ( " Eat , Pray , Queef " , " Red Hot Catholic Love " ) Actress Sally Struthers ( " Starvin ' Marvin " ) , ( " Mecha @-@ Streisand " ) , ( " Starvin ' Marvin in Space " ) , ( " The Death of Eric Cartman " ) Actor Billy Bob Thornton ( " Sexual Healing " ) Actor John Travolta ( " The Entity " , " Trapped in the Closet " ) Animal rights / Environmental activist Paul Watson ( " Whale Whores " ) Rapper Kanye West ( " Fishsticks " ) Talk show host Oprah Winfrey ( " Here Comes the Neighborhood " , " A Million Little Fibers " ) Golf pro Tiger Woods ( " Sexual Healing " ) Near the end of " 200 " , the celebrities seek assistance from singer and actress Barbra Streisand , who resembles a giant two @-@ legged mechanical monster . This is a reference to Streisand 's appearance in the first season episode " Mecha @-@ Streisand " , in which she transforms into a monster in the style of Mechagodzilla from the Godzilla franchise . The Mecha @-@ Streisand featured in " 200 " is designed with more sophisticated computer imagery than the original , which was a simple cut @-@ out style cartoon like the rest of South Park . Although Parker and Stone have maintained that most of the celebrities they mock in South Park are chosen at random , with no personal animosity behind it , Barbra Streisand is one of the few they actively and vehemently dislike . Streisand , in turn , has been critical of South Park and her portrayal in it , and has accused the show of adding " to the cynicism and negativity in our culture , especially in children " . = = = Cartman 's father = = = The episode ends with a cliffhanger involving Cartman 's father . The identity of Cartman 's father made up a major plot point at the end of the first season , culminating in the second season episode " Cartman 's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut " , in which it is revealed Cartman 's mother , Liane Cartman , is a hermaphrodite and , in fact , is Cartman 's father . " 200 " is the first episode to return to the matter and suggest this was not the actual truth . Throughout the episode , Cartman uses a hand @-@ puppet con @-@ artist named Mitch Connor , who had , presumably , just been made up by Cartman in trying to fool Kyle in the seventh season episode " Fat Butt and Pancake Head " , resuming his role in pretending to be Jennifer Lopez and utilizing many offensive Hispanic stereotypes in his portrayal of her . The hand puppet portrayal is very similar to the work of Spanish ventriloquist Señor Wences . Several other references to previous South Park episodes are featured throughout " 200 " . It marks the reappearance of Mr. Hat , a hand puppet that had been frequently used by Mr. Garrison during the early South Park seasons , but had long been abandoned in later episodes . During the second half of " 200 " , an army of red @-@ haired " ginger kids " attempt to capture Muhammad themselves . Several South Park episodes , most prominently the ninth season episode " Ginger Kids " , have featured the ginger kids , which are children with fair skin , freckles and red hair . In most cases , they have been made the subject of ridicule by Cartman , who views them in an offensively stereotypical way . = = Cultural references = = During one scene , a frustrated Tom Cruise angrily jumps up and down on a couch while Oprah Winfrey sits next to him . This is a reference to incident on The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2005 , in which Cruise repeatedly jumped on the couch next to Oprah , fell to one knee and loudly professed his love for actress Katie Holmes . Cruise has been repeatedly mocked for his behavior . In another scene , George Lucas and Steven Spielberg are shown to have actor Harrison Ford leashed , chained and ball @-@ gagged , as the actor wears the fedora he wore in the Indiana Jones films . This is a reference to the twelfth season episode " The China Probrem " , in which Lucas and Spielberg literally rape Indiana Jones repeatedly , which served as a commentary by Parker and Stone for the poor quality of the 2008 Spielberg / Lucas film , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . A cartoon image of film director Tim Burton is featured in the episode , despite having not been previously ridiculed by the show . In the episode , Burton is mocked for not having an original idea since the 1988 comedy horror film Beetlejuice , and for his tendency to feature film actor Johnny Depp in so many of his films that he should " just have sex with him [ Johnny Depp ] already " . Cartman 's Jennifer Lopez hand @-@ puppet repeatedly demands food from the American restaurant chain Taco Bell , particularly enchiritos , which is one of the many Hispanic stereotypes utilized by the character . Also , when the celebrities are discussing who to bring in to help capture Mohammed , Barbra Streisand is referenced as " her , " to which the discussion goes " her who ? " " her " " oh ... her . " This is slightly reminiscent of the movie Little Shop of Horrors when Rick Moranis and Steve Martin are talking about Audrey , who the dentist had physically abused , where Steve asks " what did I ever do to you " and Rick answers " it wasn 't what you did to me , it was what you did to her " Steve : " her ? oh ... her " = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original American broadcast on April 14 , 2010 , " 200 " was watched by 3 @.@ 33 million viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research , making it the most watched cable television show of the night . It outperformed the previous week 's episode , " You Have 0 Friends " , which was seen by 3 @.@ 07 million viewers , and it was seen by roughly 177 @,@ 000 more viewers than its closest competitor on April 14 , USA Network 's In Plain Sight . The episode received an overall 2 @.@ 0 rating / 3 share , meaning that it was seen by 2 % of the population , and 3 % of people watching television at the time of the broadcast . Among viewers between ages 18 and 49 , it received a 1 @.@ 9 rating / 5 share , and among male viewers between 18 and 34 , it received a 3 @.@ 7 rating / 13 share . = = = Reviews = = = The episode received mostly positive reviews . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly said he was surprised by the complexity of " 200 " and the amount of South Park references and subplots it encompassed , especially the questions over Cartman 's father . Tucker praised the episode , and said , " With jokes raining down like hell @-@ fire , the 200th episode spared no one except the South Park kids themselves . " Ramsey Isler of IGN said it was fun to identify all the references to past South Park moments , but felt " 200 " itself didn 't stand out as a great episode . Isler said the new material wasn 't very funny , and that the rehashed material was not as funny as the first time they were shown , which was disappointing due to the hype surrounding the episode . The A.V. Club writer Sean O 'Neal said the episode was funny , but that the original material was far outnumbered by rehashed jokes . O 'Neal said the use of all the celebrities demonstrated how South Park had been more original in early episodes , but now had " morph [ ed ] into something whose default mode is mocking famous people in the news " . Douglas Murray of The Daily Telegraph said of the episode , " I can 't recommend it enough " , and particularly complimented the episode scenes with Buddha snorting cocaine and the South Park townspeople hiding Muhammad . Murray said , " They make the point about the absurd self @-@ censorship and thuggish intimidation surrounding the Islamic faith better than anything else I 've seen . " Amy Duncan of Metro said it " certainly was an episode to remember " . Duncan praised the story , which she said " develops with [ South Park 's ] usual rude inferences and below @-@ the @-@ belt remarks " . Ryan Broderick of The Hofstra Chronicle said the episode " came together so simply , so smoothly , and so hilariously that it forgives the last couple lame duck episodes of the season " . Broderick said it avoided the pitfalls of most landmark episodes by providing an original story in addition to the throwback references . Nick Zaino of TV Squad said the episode did not offer much new , but also offer good throwbacks and celebrity spoofs , and didn 't " pull any punches " . Zaino said the episode has " a wonderful sense of the absurd " , particularly through the use of Mecha @-@ Streisand and Cartman 's hand @-@ puppet . The Council on American @-@ Islamic Relations , a Washington , D.C.-based civil rights and advocacy group , said they were aware of the depiction of Muhammad in " 200 " , but declined to put out a formal statement about it because they did not want to draw any more attention to the show . The group 's spokesman , Ibrahim Hooper , said , " People are pretty tired of this whole ' Let 's insult the prophet Muhammad thing . ' " = = = Revolution Muslim entry = = = The website for the organization Revolution Muslim , a New York @-@ based terrorist organization , posted an entry that included a warning to creators Parker and Stone that they risk retribution for their depictions of Muhammad . It said that they " will probably wind up like Theo van Gogh for airing this show . " Filmmaker Theo van Gogh was murdered by an Islamist in 2004 for making a short documentary on the violence against women in some Islamic societies . The posting provided the addresses to Comedy Central in New York and the production company in Los Angeles . The author of the post , Zachary Adam Chesser ( who prefers to be called Abu Talhah al Amrikee ) , said it was meant to serve as a warning to Parker and Stone , not a threat , and that providing the addresses was meant to give people the opportunity to protest . The entry included audio clips of a sermon by al @-@ Qaeda imam Anwar al @-@ Awlaki , calling for the assassination of anyone who has defamed Muhammad , saying , " Harming Allah and his messenger is a reason to encourage Muslims to kill whoever does that . " It also included a link to a 2009 Huffington Post article that gave details of Stone and Parker 's mansion in Colorado , and images of Ayaan Hirsi Ali , an activist writer and critic of Islam , who lives in permanent security protection because of threats . Comedy Central declined to comment on the post . Before writing the Revolution Muslim post , Chesser wrote an April 15 entry on his Twitter page : " May Allah kill Matt Stone and Trey Parker and burn them in Hell for all eternity . They insult our prophets Muhammad , Jesus , and Moses . " Chesser was subsequently sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment for this and other offenses . Despite Chesser 's statements that the website entry was a warning , several media outlets and observers interpreted it as a threat . Ayaan Hirsi Ali dismissed claims that the website entry was just a warning , calling it " an assault on the freedom of expression " that should not be marginalized or overlooked . She said of the episode , " The ' South Park ' episode of last weekend was not just funny , and it wasn 't just witty . [ It ] addressed an essential piece in the times that we are living . There is one group of people , one religion [ , ] that is claiming to be above criticism . " New York City Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly said he was aware of the website posting , but said , " We don 't think that this threat , as [ it ] is currently assessed , rises to a crime right now . " CNN journalist Anderson Cooper said of the episode , " You might not like South Park the cartoon . You might think it 's offensive . [ But ] the notion that some radical Islamic group in America would make a threat , even a veiled one , against two men 's lives because of it is chilling . " Fox News commentator Bill O 'Reilly said he would have advised Parker and Stone not to do the episode out of fear of retaliation : " On the one hand you do have to admire their courage . But I don 't know whether the risk – reward [ ratio ] is worth it . " The Daily Telegraph writer Douglas Murray said the entry only gave " 200 " more legitimacy , writing , " [ It ] of course just confirms the point that the South Park boys were making . [ ... ] I 'd have said that was point proved . South Park 1 : Islamists 0 . " On the April 22 , 2010 , episode of Comedy Central 's The Daily Show , host Jon Stewart went into a ten @-@ minute tirade about the alleged death threats , expressing disgust at the alleged hypocrisy of Revolution Muslim 's speech while its members enjoy the American lifestyle and freedom of speech . In response to the Revolution Muslim post , the South Park episode " 201 " , which aired the following week and concluded the unresolved storylines from " 200 " , was heavily censored by Comedy Central . The channel inserted audio bleeps over all references to Muhammad 's name and other portions of dialogue , including the entirety of the ending speech by the show 's main characters . The Dutch version of Comedy Central began airing commercials for " 200 " during the week of April 26 , with the show scheduled to air on April 30 . However , " The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs " was shown instead . When asked about this , a spokesperson for Comedy Central Netherlands said they had reluctantly decided the episode to be pulled , along with the episode " 201 " . Neither episode is available on the Dutch South Park Studios website ; the same applies to the German website as of May 9 , 2010 . The Swedish affiliate of Comedy Central also refused to broadcast " 200 " and " 201 " in Sweden : Comedy Central has decided not to air these two episodes of South Park . It is a decision we 've made with great reluctance . Comedy Central believes strongly in creative freedom of expression ; when unique and deeply insightful creative talents like those behind South Park are able to express themselves freely , we all benefit . However , the safety of our employees is our unquestioned number [ - ] one priority , and therefore we have decided to take these precautionary measures . = = = Possible link to Times Square car bomb attempt = = = On May 1 , 18 days after the episode 's original airdate , a failed car bomb attempt was discovered by the New York City Police Department near the eastern corner of 1 Astor Plaza in New York City , on West 45 Street , on a side street near the location of the world headquarters of Viacom , Comedy Central 's parent company . Some news outlets reported that police are looking into a possible link between the attempted bombing and the warnings of violence against Trey Parker and Matt Stone , although no such link has yet been established . Such speculation was also fueled by statements from U.S. Congressman Peter T. King , who described as one possible motive " the whole issue with ' South Park , ' which Islamic terrorists were threatening to have retribution for . " However , King stressed the theory was " one possibility out of a hundred " . Revolution Muslim has denied any involvement with the incident . Younus Abdullah Muhammed , who runs the group 's website , was in Times Square at the time speaking out against President Barack Obama with a loudspeaker . But he said of the failed car bomb , " What do you think , I commanded somebody to blow up a building in the middle of Times Square ? [ ... ] It had nothing to do with the ' South Park ' controversy . It was not an attack targeting Viacom . " NYPD Commissioner Raymond Kelly said of the theory , " We certainly wouldn 't rule that out . " However , media reports indicated Faisal Shahzad , the suspect arrested in connection with the attempted bombing , had trained for months prior to the first broadcast of " 200 . " = = = Sri Lanka ban = = = The depiction of Buddha snorting cocaine in " 200 " and " 201 " , prompted the government of Sri Lanka to ban the entire series outright . = = Digital censorship = = The day after the episode aired , the episode was available for streaming on the site . After a week , like the other Muhammad episodes , it was taken off due to copyright reasons . However , the message presented to the user for this episode is " We apologize that South Park Studios cannot stream this episode . " The sequel episode , " 201 " , also has not been made available for streaming , but a different message describes an intent to potentially post that episode . Similarly the episode and its sequel are not available to stream or buy on services Netflix , iTunes , Hulu , or Amazon on Demand . Furthermore , digital copies of these episodes that were purchased prior to their ban from digital distribution are no longer available for streaming or download . = = Home release = = Although " 200 " was not currently available on the internet legally , and had not re @-@ aired since April 2010 , it was confirmed on February 11 , 2011 that " 200 " will be released on DVD . " 200 " along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park 's fourteenth season , was released on a three @-@ disc DVD set and two @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray set in the United States on April 26 , 2011 . The version presented on the DVD and Blu @-@ ray is the uncensored version , with Muhammad 's name unbleeped , unlike the episode that follows , " 201 " , which is presented on disc in its original network censored version . During the commentary in both " 200 " and " 201 " Parker and Stone never mention Muhammad directly , referring to him only as " the prophet of the Muslim faith " . Despite the package claiming otherwise , both " 200 " and " 201 " were completely omitted from the Region 4 and Region 2 releases . = New Jersey Route 24 = Route 24 is a state highway in New Jersey , United States , that extends 10 @.@ 42 mi ( 16 @.@ 77 km ) from a junction with Interstate 287 in Hanover Township in Morris County , passing southeast through Essex County , and ends at a junction with Interstate 78 in Springfield Township in Union County . The route is a four- to six @-@ lane freeway its entire length . The route was created in 1927 to run from Phillipsburg to Newark , replacing pre @-@ 1927 Route 12 from Phillipsburg to Penwell and Pre @-@ 1927 Route 5 from Morristown to Newark . The route was extended west to the new Easton – Phillipsburg Toll Bridge in 1938 but was cut back to U.S. Route 22 in the eastern part of Phillipsburg in 1953 . The western terminus was cut back further around 1970 to Hackettstown with the route west of there becoming part of Route 57 . The freeway alignment of Route 24 between the John F. Kennedy Parkway and Interstate 78 was completed in 1972 . With the completion of this freeway , Route 24 east of the John F. Kennedy Parkway became Route 124 . The freeway was completed between the abandoned Tri @-@ Borough Road interchange and the JFK Parkway in the 1970s but was not opened until 1992 , when the rest of the freeway to Interstate 287 was completed after years of legal , environmental and budgetary problems . At this time , the alignment of Route 24 between U.S. Route 202 in Morristown and the JFK Parkway became a western extension of Route 124 while the route was officially eliminated between Hackettstown and Morristown as it followed county @-@ maintained routes . The former route between Hackettstown and Morristown is still referred to as Route 24 by many and is still signed as such due to local outcry . = = Route description = = = = = Morris County = = = Route 24 begins at an interchange with Interstate 287 in Hanover Township , Morris County , heading southeast on a six @-@ lane freeway . The route interchanges with County Route 511 ( Whippany Road ) with a westbound exit and eastbound entrance and crosses into Morris Township . Route 24 crosses back into Hanover Township , where it passes over County Route 623 ( Park Avenue ) and narrows to four lanes , and intersects County Route 510 ( Columbia Turnpike ) at a cloverleaf interchange near the Morristown Municipal Airport . Just past this interchange , the freeway crosses into Florham Park , heading southeast and passing through Madison before crossing back into Florham Park . Route 24 passes under Tri @-@ Borough Road and enters Chatham Borough . An abandoned cloverleaf interchange exists at this location , as Tri @-@ Borough Road was to be an extension of the Eisenhower Parkway . = = = Essex and Union Counties = = = Route 24 crosses into Millburn Township , Essex County , widens to six lanes , and passes over the Passaic River . In Millburn Township , the route interchanges with Route 124 , County Route 649 ( John F. Kennedy Parkway ) , and River Road . This interchange provides access to The Mall at Short Hills . Past this interchange , Route 124 becomes a frontage road for the Route 24 freeway and the freeway forms the border between the city of Summit in Union County and Millburn Township and interchanges with County Route 657 ( Summit Avenue ) . Route 24 continues along the Summit @-@ Millburn border until it fully enters Millburn and intersects County Route 608 ( Hobart Avenue ) with a westbound exit and eastbound entrance . Past this interchange , the Route 124 frontage road ends , with Route 124 following the freeway closely to the north as a two @-@ way road , and Route 24 crosses into Summit . The freeway interchanges with County Route 512 ( Broad Street ) with a westbound exit and entrance and eastbound exit and County Route 527 ( Morris Avenue ) with an eastbound exit and entrance , entering Springfield Township . Route 24 continues southeast toward its terminus at an interchange with Interstate 78 . = = History = = Route 24 was created in 1927 to run from downtown Phillipsburg at the Northampton Street Bridge over the Delaware River east to Route 25 ( now U.S. Route 1 / 9 ) in Newark , replacing Pre @-@ 1927 Route 12 from Phillipsburg to Penwell and Pre @-@ 1927 Route 5 from Morristown to Newark , along with a new proposed alignment between Penwell and Morristown . Two spurs of Route 24 numbered Route S24 were created in 1927 , both of which were renumbered in the 1953 renumbering . The western Route S24 ran northeast from Penwell to Hackettstown , and is now mostly Route 57 . The eastern Route S24 ran from Springfield to Elizabeth , and is now mostly Route 82 . In addition , Route 24N was a planning number for the approach to the new Delaware River crossing ( the Easton – Phillipsburg Toll Bridge ) in Phillipsburg that opened in 1938 . However , before the bridge opened , Route 24N was instead built simply as an extension of Route 24 . Between 1938 and 1941 , this segment was also designated as part of a rerouted U.S. Route 22 . In the 1953 renumbering , Route 24 ’ s western terminus was cut back to U.S. Route 22 in eastern Phillipsburg ( removing the concurrency in that town ) and the incomplete section of Route 24 between Penwell and Long Valley was bridged by signing the route along the former Route S24 and County Route 517 . Around 1970 , Route 24 west of Hackettstown became part of Route 57 . Plans for the Route 24 freeway go back to 1950 when a bypass of the many congested towns along the route was planned ; this bypass was designated as a freeway in 1952 . In 1959 the freeway was planned on its current alignment , running from Interstate 287 near Morristown to Interstate 78 in Springfield Township , with approval in 1960 . In 1962 , plans were made to extend the Route 24 freeway west to U.S. Route 22 in Phillipsburg . In the 1970s , this western extension was cut back to U.S. Route 206 in Chester . It was put on hold in 1982 , largely because its route was planned through protected wetlands and forests . In 1970 , the Route 24 freeway was planned to become part of a western extension of Interstate 278 , which would have run northwest from its current terminus at U.S. Route 1 / 9 in Linden to Interstate 78 , which it would have followed west for a mile to the Route 24 freeway . However , this proposal was rejected by the Federal Highway Administration . Construction on the section of the Route 24 freeway between the John F. Kennedy Parkway on the Essex / Morris County border and Interstate 78 began in 1967 and was finished in 1972 . With the completion of this section , the former alignment of Route 24 between the John F. Kennedy Parkway and the boundary between Maplewood and Irvington , including frontage roads built alongside a portion of the freeway in the Short Hills area , was designated as Route 124 . The section across Chatham Borough from the John F. Kennedy Parkway to shortly past the still @-@ existing unused cloverleaf interchange at the Florham Park borough line , once signed as the Tri @-@ Borough Road , a never @-@ built southern extension of the Eisenhower Parkway , was built in 1973 @-@ 74 but not opened as it did not provide any connections to existing roads . Plans were made to finish the rest of the freeway to Interstate 287 ; however construction was halted for many years due to legal , environmental and budgetary problems . Construction finally began on this portion of freeway in 1988 . Route 24 was finally completed through to the intersection with Interstate 287 in Hanover Township on November 17 , 1992 , and at that time the Route 24 designation was limited to strictly that freeway . Following the completion of the freeway , the former signed route of Route 24 between the junction with U.S. Route 202 in Morristown and the John F. Kennedy Parkway became a western extension of Route 124 . The western portion between Route 57 and Route 182 in Hackettstown and U.S. Route 202 officially had the Route 24 designation removed as the road has always been county @-@ maintained rather than state @-@ maintained . The New Jersey Department of Transportation has tried to remove signs from this section , but locals protested because they know it as Route	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Scott is 4 @.@ 5 miles east of Suches on Highway 180 and 7 @.@ 1 miles west of U.S. Highway 19 / 129 near Vogel State Park . Two roads provide access to the park , although the north entrance is only for lake access . The south entrance leads to the campgrounds , hiking trails and lakeshore facilities . The hardwood forests surrounding the lake and in Sosebee Gap offer brilliant autumn displays , making it a popular destination during the leaf season . = = = Wildlife and flora = = = Like the rest of the southern Blue Ridge Mountains , the area surrounding the lake consists of many valleys , ridges and mountains formed by repeated plate tectonic movement and collisions , starting with the Grenville Orogeny nearly 1 @.@ 5 billion years ago . The resulting landscape created diverse topology containing many different species of plants and animal . Much of the area is similar to Pennsylvania in climate , vegetation and wildlife . The lake is near the southern limit for Eastern hemlock and Eastern white pine . Coves in the area vary by elevation and topography , with second @-@ growth oak and hickory more common in lower @-@ lying areas . Forests surrounding the lake contain rich , high @-@ altitude flora including rare wildflowers and ferns , such as Painted Trillium , which grows near Rhododrendron . Boulderfields near Sosebee Cove include Dutchman 's breeches , squirrel corn , waterleaf and other herbaceous plants . The lake area is populated with white tail deer , grouse and raccoon . The deer population , which was extirpated by 1895 , has rebounded since re @-@ introduction by park ranger Arthur Woody during the 1930s . Over 100 species of birds inhabit or migrate through the area , including native songbirds such as the Canada , Blackburnian , Black @-@ throated Blue , Black @-@ throated Green and Chestnut @-@ sided warblers . Also found are hawks , owls , woodpeckers , kinglets , thrushes , vireos , cuckoos , phoebes , chickadees , titmice , nuthatches , brown creepers , wrens , tanagers , grosbeaks , indigo buntings and red crossbills . Migratory species are present during the late spring and early fall , making the area popular among birdwatchers . The creeks surrounding the lake are rich with different species of salamanders . = = Recreation = = The recreational area encompassing the lake includes camping , picnicking , boating , fishing and a variety of hiking trails . Motorcyclists refer to the area as the starting point of " The Georgia Triangle " , a scenic riding circuit beginning on Highway 180 . = = = Fishing , boating and swimming = = = The small lake is a local favorite for fishing . Lake Winfield Scott is stocked with rainbow trout and also contains local species of warmwater fish such as largemouth bass and sunfish . Also on the lake are a boat ramp , boat dock and swimming area with a sand beach . The Forest Service allows only man @-@ powered and electric @-@ powered watercraft on the lake . = = = Camping and hiking trails = = = The recreational area has camping loops offer 36 campsites , including 21 which can accommodate tents and RVs ; these sites provide utility hook @-@ ups . There is also a group camping area which accommodates up to 25 people . The area houses comfort stations with flush toilets and showers . There is also one cabin available for rental . The recreational area includes a children 's playground and picnic sites . The campground is open spring through fall and is administered by the USFS 's Chattahoochee @-@ Oconee National Forest / Blue Ridge Ranger District . There are three trails at the lake . The 0 @.@ 4 @-@ mile ( 640 m ) Lake Winfield Scott Trail circles around the lake shore . This easy trail has portions which are wheelchair accessible . Jarrad Gap Trail and Slaughter Gap Trail share a common trailhead , located on the lake 's southern tip . Both are approach trails to the nearby Appalachian Trail and are marked with blue blazes . Slaughter Creek Trail passes through a hardwood forest on the south bank of Slaughter Creek for most of its distance , following a series of old roadbeds . It climbs 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) over its 2 @.@ 7 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 3 km ) path to Slaughter Gap ( elevation 3 @,@ 920 feet ) , where it intersects the Appalachian Trail at the base of Blood Mountain . The trail passes through thickets of mountain laurel and rosebay rhododendron along the way , and crosses the creek at one point . Also present are excellent spring wildflower habitats . The summit of Blood Mountain is 1 @.@ 4 miles ( 2 @.@ 3 km ) from Slaughter Gap along the Appalachian Trail . Jarrard Creek Trail is an easy to moderate hike which leads southward 1 @.@ 2 miles ( 1 @.@ 9 km ) to Jarrard Gap ( elevation 3 @,@ 300 feet ) on the Appalachian Trail . It follows Lances Branch creek through second @-@ growth hardwood forests . Jarrard Creek Trail can be combined with Slaughter Creek Trail and a 2 @.@ 1 @-@ mile section of the Appalachian Trail to form a six @-@ mile loop hike that starts and ends at the lake . = Music of Athens , Georgia = The music of Athens , Georgia , includes a wide variety of popular music and was an important part of the early evolution of alternative rock and new wave . The city is well known as the home of chart @-@ topping bands like R.E.M. and The B @-@ 52s , C Fresh , and several long @-@ time indie / rock hip @-@ hop groups . Athens hosts the Athens Symphony Orchestra and other music institutions , as well as prominent local music media , such as the college radio station WUOG . Much of the modern Athens music scene relies on students from the large University of Georgia campus in the city . The University sponsors Western classical performances and groups specializing in other styles . Athens became a center for music in the region during the Civil War and gained further fame in the early twentieth century with the founding of the Morton Theatre , which was a major touring destination for African American performers . The city 's local rock music scene can be traced to the 1950s , with live music at Allen 's Hamburgers in Normaltown . International attention came in the 1970s when the B @-@ 52 's began releasing the first of several best @-@ selling recordings . Athens @-@ based rock bands have performed in a wide array of styles , and the city has never had a characteristic style of rock ; most of the bands have been united only in their quirky and iconoclastic image . Music author Richie Unterberger describes the town as an unlikely center for musical development , as a " sleepy [ place where ] it 's difficult to imagine anyone working up a sweat , let alone playing rock music . " The contributions of Athens to rock , country music , and bluegrass have earned it the nickname " the Liverpool of the South " , and the city is known as one of the American birthplaces for both modern alternative rock and new wave music . Athens was home to the first and most famous college music scene in the country , beginning in the 1970s . = = Music venues and institutions = = Athens ' local music is based primarily in the small downtown area of the northern part of the town . The nightclub 40 Watt Club is among the most famous indie rock venues on the East Coast ; the club opened on Halloween in 1978 , with a band called Strictly American featuring Curtis Crowe , founder of the club and future member of the band Pylon . Other major music venues in the city include the Georgia Theater , ( a converted cinema that hosted both local and touring performers . The Theater burned down in June 2009 , but has been fully remodelled into a state of the art music venue reopening in early August 2011 ) , the Caledonia Lounge , the Melting Point , and the UGA Performing Arts Center , home to the Ramsey Concert Hall and the Hugh Hodgson Concert Hall . The Morton Theater is a historic venue , a major part of the city 's African American community in the early 20th century ; it claims to be the only theater from that era remaining in operation . Athens is home to the summer music festival Athfest , AlanFest , the Athens Popfest and the late spring Athens Human Rights Festival and North Georgia Folk Festival . The college radio station WUOG ( 90 @.@ 5 FM ) , the low @-@ power ( 100 @.@ 7 ) FM WPPP @-@ LP and the free weekly Flagpole are the city 's most prominent modern music media . Athens has never produced a major local label like many similar indie rock towns ; the most important label of the 1970s and 1980s was DB Records , based out of Atlanta , though jangle pop pioneers Kindercore Records and Wuxtry Records were also Athens @-@ based . Local music institutions include the Athens Symphony Orchestra , Athens Choral Society ( founded in 1971 ) , Athens Youth Symphony and the Athens Folk Music and Dance Society . The Athens Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1978 as a firmly non @-@ profit , strictly volunteer organization , conducted by Albert Ligotti of the University of Georgia . The first performance came in 1979 ; the Orchestra now has two regular performances , one in the summer and one in the winter , and has also done shows for young people , pops concerts and Christmas concerts . In 1996 , the Athens Symphony moved into its modern home , the Classic Center Theatre in downtown Athens . The University of Georgia 's Athens campus has long been an important part of local music . Country Music Hall of Fame song writwer and performer " Whispering " Bill Anderson attended UGA and used to play guitar around campus . The faculty of the Hugh Hodgson School of Music operate the Georgia Brass Quintet and Georgia Woodwind Quintet . Student institutions include the ARCO Chamber Orchestra , Men 's and Women 's Glee Clubs , several concert choirs , jazz bands , and brass and woodwind ensembles , the Redcoat Marching Band , the University Philharmonia and a Symphony Orchestra . The University of Georgia Glee Clubs launched a pair of a cappella offshoot groups . They are now called Noteworthy and Accidentals ( female and male vocal groups , respectively ) , who are regionally known . = = History = = The earliest music in North Georgia , including what is now Athens , was that of the Native Americans of the area , principally the Creek and the Cherokee . Athens was officially chartered in 1806 , and began growing rapidly near the middle of the 19th century . By the time of the American Civil War in the 1860s , the city was an important part of musical life in Georgia . The war accelerated the development of the city 's musical importance , as Athens was largely spared widespread destruction while the larger city of Atlanta took a long time to recover . Major touring acts like the Dixie Family and The Slomans visited Athens during the war ; the Dixie Family , a prominent touring group , performed disastrously , according to local newspapers , who said that the highlight of the performance came from four local African American musicians , and the Dixie Family had absconded with the concert 's proceeds , which had been promised to the local Ladies Aid Society . In the 1870s , the city was almost half African American , and local black @-@ owned industry flourished ; among the residents was Bob Cole , born in 1868 to a musically active family . Cole would later become a pioneer in African American theater , known for works like the 1898 musical A Trip to Coontown . African American industry , churches and other institutions grew rapidly in prominence through the end of the 19th century . The city 's African American community was well established by the beginning of the 20th century , when the corner of Lumpkin and Washington Streets became a major center for the city 's black culture . This area was known as the Hot Corner , and was owned by a number of black professional businesses , as well as many performance spaces and a renowned opera house in the Morton Building that hosted such national figures as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington . The Morton Theater was one of the preeminent venues in the city in the early 20th century , and is the only such theater to survive to the present , though it was not in operation for many years , until re @-@ opening in 1993 . = = = Origins of the modern scene = = = In the 1950s , the city 's musical life consisted primarily of dances at local venues like the American Legion Hall and the YMCA , where popular bandleaders included most famously Jimmy Dorsey . The Canteen was a spot in Memorial Park in Athens , which became an important performance space after local musician Terry " Mad Dog " Melton and his group began playing there in 1958 . The Canteen later hosted local Motown / beach legends The Jesters , who have continued to perform from 1964 to the present . Later in the 1960s and into the 1970s , locally prominent bands gradually changed from primarily cover bands to more well rounded groups , while the city 's musical opportunities grew with the foundation of venues and institutions . This period has been called the Normaltown River of Music , and included long @-@ time local performers like Mad Dog Melton as well as Brian Burke , Davis Causey and Randall Bramblett , many of whom later worked with Gregg Allman and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band . The most influential local bands to emerge from this period included the Normaltown Flyers , and Dixie Grease . The oldest bar featuring live music in Athens is Allen 's Hamburgers where the Normaltown Flyers were the house band for many years . Allen 's opened in 1955 on Prince Avenue , closed for a brief time , and has since reopened on Hawthorne Ave. as part of a restoration project . Bars like The Last Resort ( currently the Last Resort Grille restaurant ) opened in the 1960s , beginning the local club scene just as some bands were beginning to gain some regional fame for Athens . = = = Rock = = = In the late 1970s , the 40 Watt Club became a well @-@ known regional attraction for music fans , and was followed by the Uptown Lounge ; with the local industry 's growth in the 1980s , both the 40 Watt Club and the Uptown Lounge moved to larger spaces , the latter taking over the landmark Georgia Theatre . The early 1980s saw a host of new bands and venues appear , while the city 's musical subculture became more diversified . LSD , a hallucinogenic drug , was widely used in the college music scene in this era . Many members of Athens 's most prominent later bands became locally renowned starting in the 1970s , including The B @-@ 52 's . Ort 's Oldies , a used record store on Jackson Street , and its proprietor , William Orten Carlton , commonly known as Ort , were among the institutional figures that made the Athens music scene possible . Ort has an excellent memory for rock trivia , which served him well in running the store . Perhaps more importantly , his off @-@ the @-@ wall sense of humor and warmly iconoclastic personality ( and his thrift @-@ sale wardrobe ) were regularly on display at parties , gigs and musical venues around town . A final element in creating and sustaining the Athens musical culture was the University of Georgia Lamar Dodd School of Art . The great majority of Athens ' musicians and their fan base were associated with the University 's liberal arts curriculum , and the School of Art , rather than the music department , was the area where the creative and musical alliances that later defined the scene began forming in the 1970s . Michael Stipe of R.E.M. was an art major ( although he did not graduate ) , and the Art School incubated other major figures such as Curtis Crowe , founding member and drummer for Pylon . The cinematographer for the documentary film Athens GA : Inside / Out was Jim Herbert , an art school professor . Herbert went on to direct music videos for a number of Athens bands , including 14 for R.E.M. The B @-@ 52 's and R.E.M. became by far the most famous musical products of Athens in the 1980s , when both bands launched a string of hits . Their roots in the city 's local scene go back to the 1970s and early 1980s . The B @-@ 52 's formed after a St. Valentine 's Day party in 1977 . The members had little musical knowledge , but performed new wave music with a cheeky and humorous image and sound . They were known for their campy thrift store fashion , and their unusual and eye @-@ catching music videos for hits like " Rock Lobster " and " Love Shack " . Though the B @-@ 52 's were the first Athens band to achieve national prominence , their popularity was soon eclipsed by R.E.M .. The future members of the band R.E.M. moved to Athens to work and / or attend the University of Georgia , including bassist Mike Mills and former drummer Bill Berry . The group began performing as R.E.M. in 1980 . They became locally prominent , and released a single , " Radio Free Europe " , that was a major college rock hit . Their popularity grew with a series of singles , EPs and albums that made R.E.M. the top underground band in the country , finally breaking into the mainstream with 1987 's " The One I Love " and " It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) " . By 1991 's Out of Time album — which featured vocals by Kate Pierson of The B @-@ 52s — and its acclaimed follow @-@ up Automatic for the People ( named after the motto of Weaver D 's , a local Athens soul @-@ food eatery ) , R.E.M. had become one of the world 's biggest rock bands . The band 's style went through many evolutions but originally had a jangle pop sound and harmonies often compared to folk @-@ rock band The Byrds ; singer and songwriter Michael Stipe is known for obscure , allusive lyrics delivered in a monotonous drone . The success of R.E.M. and the B @-@ 52 's brought attention from major labels and music media to Athens , and many local bands received a career boost . The band Pylon was a long @-@ standing and influential part of the Athens scene , and became critical darlings in the 1980s , but never achieved significant mainstream success . This was partially because they eschewed several record contracts from the major labels due to a lack of trust in their corporate goodwill . Pylon 's dance rock style was not very accessible or commercial , and was accompanied grating , chanting @-@ style vocals , funky guitars and bass @-@ heavy beats . Other 1980s local bands with nationwide alternative followings included Love Tractor , Oh @-@ OK , with Michael Stipe 's sister Lynda Stipe , vocalist Linda Hopper ( later of Magnapop ) and future solo performer Matthew Sweet , Dreams So Real . The members of R.E.M. have remained fixtures in Athens as they have also become international stars , helping out local performers like Vic Chesnutt , the Chickasaw Mudd Puppies and Jack Logan . The Elephant 6 Collective , a group of like @-@ minded indie bands , gained limited nationwide exposure starting in the mid @-@ 1990s with the rise of Neutral Milk Hotel , Elf Power and Olivia Tremor Control . The same period saw the Kindercore Records roster find critical acclaim , including the bands Sunshine Fix , Masters of the Hemisphere , Japancakes , Love Tractor , Gresham Disco and Of Montreal . Candy , a DJ store owned by Michael Lachowski of Pylon , opened in 1998 ; the store became an important part of the burgeoning dance music scene that produced Danger Mouse , Phungus and DJ 43 . = = = Other styles = = = Athens is near the Blue Ridge Mountains area of North Georgia ; this is an important region in the development of several varieties of folk music , including the Appalachian bluegrass style and the Piedmont blues . North Georgia 's bluegrass heritage can be traced back to the 19th century , when bluegrass was a nascent style throughout Appalachia and North Georgia was home to major fiddling contests , beginning in the 1880s . A 1983 recording expedition by Art and Margo Rosenbaum documented the continued existence of many forms of folk music , including work songs , string bands , African American hymns and spirituals , banjo tunes and unaccompanied ballads ; the collection includes a chapter devoted to Doc and Lucy Barnes of Athens . Athens ' modern contributions to the field of bluegrass include the Packway Handle Band and BlueBilly Grit . Athens ' local country scene has never been as significant as the profusion of indie rock bands ; however , modern Athens rock takes many elements from the folk , bluegrass and country traditions , including such bands as the Normaltown Flyers . The band Drive @-@ By Truckers , and the Holman Autry Band , have done much in recent years to make country rock a major part of Athens ' musical identity . The rapper Bubba Sparxxx , originally from South Georgia , has also helped diversify Athens ' country heritage , by adding a rural image and elements of country music to his Dirty South style of hip hop music . Folk artists and singer @-@ songwriters have always flourished in the Athens atmosphere , albeit , as mentioned , not as significantly as Pop and Rock . Some of Athens ' most notable solo singer @-@ songwriter performers are Vic Chesnutt , Nathan Sheppard , Corey Smith , John Berry , Patterson Hood , Ricky Fitzpatrick , along with younger , emerging musicians like Thayer Sarrano and T. Hardy Morris . Athens also has an Irish band community representing several Irish folk bands ( e.g. The Green Flag Band , Repent at Leisure ) . Recently , a Latin music scene has emerged with a diverse array of different musical styles that include bossa nova , samba , salsa music , and tango . Notable groups include Grogus , Incatepec , Athens Tango Project , and Quiabo De Chapeu . = = = Video game music = = = Athens was the home of Robert Prince ( Bobby Prince – a long time Athens musician ) when he wrote the music and created the sound effects for early computer and video games , including the Commander Keen series , Wolfenstein 3D and Doom . = = = Post @-@ 2000 = = = Recently , Athens has produced some notable rock bands , including Dead Confederate and Lera Lynn . = The FP = The FP is a 2011 American comedy film written and directed by Brandon and Jason Trost . The film focuses on two gangs — the 248 and the 245 — that are fighting for control of Frazier Park ( The FP ) . The gangs settle their disputes by playing Beat @-@ Beat Revelation , a video game similar to Dance Dance Revolution . Gang member JTRO ( Jason Trost ) undergoes training to defeat L Dubba E ( Lee Valmassy ) , the leader of a rival gang . The film also features Caitlyn Folley , Art Hsu , Nick Principe , Dov Tiefenbach , and James DeBello . Jason Trost conceived The FP when he was 16 years old , and developed it into a short film starring himself , Valmassy , Principe , DeBello , Brandon Barrera , Diane Gaeta , Kris Lemche , and Torry Haynes . After seeing the finished film , Barrera suggested that Trost make a feature @-@ length version . In the expanded production , Gaeta , Lemche , and Haynes were replaced with Folley , Hsu , and Bryan Goddard , respectively . Principal photography took place in Frazier Park , California in September 2008 . Ron Trost — Brandon and Jason Trost 's father — served as special effects supervisor and executive producer of the film , and his property was the primary filming location . The full @-@ length version of The FP premiered at South by Southwest on March 13 , 2011 , and received positive reviews . After its screening at the Fantasia Festival on July 30 that year , Drafthouse Films acquired the film for distribution . It had a limited release in 28 American theaters , beginning on March 16 , 2012 , and was released on home media on June 29 , 2012 . The FP received mixed reviews upon its theatrical release and it failed to recoup its production budget of US $ 45 @,@ 000 , grossing $ 40 @,@ 557 in the United States . = = Plot = = In a dystopian future , rival gangs the 245 and the 248 fight for control of Frazier Park ( the FP ) by challenging each other in Beat @-@ Beat Revelation , a dance @-@ fight video game . L Dubba E , the leader of the 245 gang , battles and defeats BTRO , the leader of the 248 gang . BTRO dies as a result . His younger brother JTRO is traumatized and leaves the FP . One year later , BTRO 's best friend KCDC finds JTRO working as a lumberjack . KCDC convinces JTRO that the FP needs him because L Dubba E has taken control of the local alcohol industry and is refusing to sell alcoholic drinks to everyone . The lack of alcohol has led to an increase in methamphetamine addicts , a decrease in homeless people and , consequently , ducks . Reluctantly , JTRO returns with KCDC ; he meets BLT and reunites with Stacy , an old friend . JTRO and Stacy are interrupted by L Dubba E — now Stacy 's boyfriend — who is picking her up to go to a party . JTRO goes to the same party and Stacy drunkenly flirts with him . L Dubba E taunts JTRO then hits him with a baseball bat , rendering him unconscious . JTRO dreams that BTRO tells him to fight back , pushing him to challenge L Dubba E. L Dubba E declines , saying that JTRO lacks sufficient " street cred " . L Dubba E demands that JTRO defeat Triple Decka 1K before he will accept JTRO 's challenge . JTRO begins a grueling training regime with BLT to regain his former level of skill . Before his match with Triple Decka 1K , BLT gives BTRO 's boots to JTRO . At the match venue , JTRO is tricked into drinking alcohol tainted with methamphetamine . Despite his drug @-@ induced visual impairment , JTRO defeats Triple Decka 1K before vomiting and passing out . KCDC wakes JTRO , having taken him to the 248 headquarters . After JTRO 's recovery , BLT takes him and KCDC shooting ; they decide to take guns to JTRO 's match against L Dubba E. Stacy tells JTRO that her relationship with L Dubba E began when he spiked her drink with turpentine and raped her . She continued the relationship so she could supply her father with beer to prevent him from turning to drugs . One day , JTRO hears Stacy 's father assaulting her and intervenes . After a brief fight with him , JTRO persuades Stacy to leave . Immediately after their departure , L Dubba E arrives and says that he has been cheating on Stacy . Stacy decides to stay with him , which angers JTRO and causes him to end their friendship . Later the same day , Stacy , who has been badly beaten , finds JTRO and tells him that she has ended her relationship with L Dubba E. She apologizes , and they kiss . Meanwhile , L Dubba E tells his gang members to also take guns to the final match . At the venue , JTRO wears BTRO 's outfit and L Dubba E taunts him . When the match begins , L Dubba E defeats JTRO in the first round but JTRO perseveres and wins the second and third rounds . L Dubba E tries to kill JTRO , triggering a lengthy gunfight between the 248 and the 245 . L Dubba E escapes the event and kidnaps Stacy . JTRO and KCDC pursue him while BLT remains at the venue . L Dubba E abruptly pulls into a gas station , JTRO follows and a fight ensues . JTRO gains the upper hand , beats L Dubba E into submission and forces him to leave the FP . Freedom to buy alcohol is restored and control of the FP is returned to the 248 . JTRO and Stacy go to the pond together as ducks fly over them . = = Cast = = Jason Trost as JTRO , a member of the 248 gang who sets out to defeat L Dubba E. Trost wrote JTRO as the straight man and compared him to Rocky Balboa and John Rambo . Lee Valmassy as L Dubba E , the leader of the 245 , a rival gang to the 248 . Jason Trost said the character is similar to Mr. T and that Valmassy was " so embarrassed ... when he first [ played the part ] he almost didn 't want to talk to me again " . Valmassy also appears several times as a background extra . Caitlyn Folley as Stacy , L Dubba E 's girlfriend and JTRO 's old friend . Art Hsu as KCDC , an energetic member of the 248 and BTRO 's best friend who serves as the emcee for the Beat @-@ Beat Revelation matches . The directors said Hsu needed little direction because he played his character well . Hsu described KCDC as " the sidekick " and " the guy who ... guides people through the FP " . The Trosts originally wrote the character to be more bipolar and feminine but they decided to reduce those elements for the final draft . Nick Principe as BLT , an abrasive member of the 248 and JTRO 's trainer . Jason met Principe during the production of Laid to Rest ( 2009 ) , on which he worked as a costume assistant and as Principe 's body double . Dov Tiefenbach as Triple Decka 1K , a Russian Beat @-@ Beat Revelation player who faces JTRO . Tiefenbach engaged in method acting by maintaining his Russian accent on- and off @-@ set throughout filming . James DeBello as Beat Box Busta Bill , a member of the 245 and one of L Dubba E 's henchmen . Bryan Goddard as Sugga Nigga , a member of the 245 and one of L Dubba E 's henchmen . Brandon Barrera as BTRO , JTRO 's deceased brother and the leader of the 248 . Barrera appears as an extra in several scenes . Additional cast members include Mike Sandow as Jody , Rachel Robinson as Lacy , Natalie Minx as Macy , Sean Whalen as Stacy 's father , and Clifton Collins , Jr. as CC Jam . Blayne Weaver makes a cameo appearance as the owner of a gas station KCDC robs , while James Remar narrates the film 's prelude . Dash Mihok played a small role in the cut of the film shown at South by Southwest , but his scenes were removed from the theatrical release . Several of the production crew , including producer Christian Agypt , first assistant director Christopher Holmes , costume designer Sarah Trost , as well as Valmassy 's younger brother Kyle , and several of the Trosts ' friends appear as background extras . Brandon Trost voices a collect call operator . = = Production = = = = = Crew = = = = = = Development and writing = = = Jason Trost conceived The FP when he was 16 years old and regularly played Dance Dance Revolution . He noticed people playing the game intensely and thought of treating the gameplay " like some blood sport " . Trost made short films throughout high school before briefly attending film school . After dropping out , he used his tuition money to fund a short film , also titled The FP . The short film was based on the original feature @-@ length script , but only the first ten pages were filmed . The feature film recreated several shots from the short film . Trost said the feature film was inspired by what they imagined a Dance Dance Revolution movie made by producer Jerry Bruckheimer would look like . The Trost brothers asked producer Brandon Barrera to act in the short film . After seeing their work , Barrera suggested that the brothers expand the premise into a feature film . The filmmakers placed an advertisement in the Mountain Enterprise , the Mountain Communities of the Tejon Pass 's online newspaper , encouraging community members to call if they wanted to help with locations , catering , donations , or by serving as extras or crew members on the film . The Trost brothers named The FP after Frazier Park , California , where they grew up . Jason Trost said locals started referring to Frazier Park as " the FP " after The O.C. began airing . He also said the film 's story copies that of Rocky " beat for beat " and that there were " near @-@ plagiarism moments " . All the character names were based on his friends . Over 80 percent of the dialogue was based on phrases frequently spoken by several Frazier Park residents . Much of the profanity in the script was taken from conversations overheard by costume designer Sarah Trost at parties , and what the Trost brothers thought of on set . Further inspiration for the dialogue came from Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas and Def Jam : Fight for NY , both of which Jason Trost played alongside Dance Dance Revolution . The settings in The FP were written using the materials that the Trosts ' father had on his property due to the minimal budget . Jason Trost said he had seen several low @-@ budget films that " try to be something they aren 't " and did not want to feign the production value . When they are defeated in a dance @-@ off , characters in the film die of a " 187 " , which is slang for murder that originated from California Penal Code . The characters ' actual causes of death are unexplained in the film . The Trost brothers found depicting the deaths as ambiguous funnier and believed it would remove doubts about the film being a comedy . = = = Casting = = = Jason Trost ( JTRO ) , Lee Valmassy ( L Dubba E ) , Brandon Barrera ( BTRO ) , and James DeBello ( Beat Box Busta Bill ) reprised their roles from the original short film , while Diane Gaeta ( Stacy ) , Kris Lemche ( KCDC ) , and Torry Haynes ( Sugga Nigga ) were replaced with Caitlyn Folley , Art Hsu , and Bryan Goddard , respectively . Goddard was cast as a " rite of passage " for being a noteworthy resident of Frazier Park . Mike Sandow , who portrays Jody , originally had a larger part in the film but his scenes were almost entirely edited out for pacing reasons . Most of the cast were friends of the Trosts . James Remar , a friend of the Trosts since childhood , agreed to narrate the film 's opening . The brothers had met Remar on the set of Mortal Kombat : Annihilation , on which their father Ron worked as the special effects supervisor . Brandon Trost knew Hsu and Clifton Collins , Jr. after working with them on Crank : High Voltage ( 2009 ) and invited them to join The FP 's cast . = = = Costume design = = = Sarah Trost was the costume designer for The FP ; she designed the costumes using fashions local to Frazier Park as her first influence . She was also inspired by the fashions of Elvis Presley , and the films Double Dragon , Rocky , Mad Max , The Warriors , 8 Mile , Escape from New York , X @-@ Men , as well as the works of John Carpenter . Trost based the opposing gangs ' outfits on American military uniforms of the American Civil War era . The 245 's outfits were based on the uniforms of the Confederate Army , while the 248 's outfits were based on those of the Union Army . The flags of the gangs were also based on those of the Confederacy and the Union . Trost designed the 245 costumes to look clean and the 248 costume to appear gritty . Most of the costumes were made from materials available to the crew ; L Dubba E 's costumes were made from jumpsuits . The boots worn by JTRO and BTRO were snow expedition boots . Most of the base clothing came from thrift stores , Sarah Trost 's fabric storage , and the Trost 's childhood clothing . Trost designed the costumes to be distinct from one another . JTRO and BTRO wear very similar costumes , the only noticeable difference being a color inversion . Both costumes had American flag @-@ like emblems on the backs of their jackets , further enforcing the identification of the 248 with the Union . At the end of the film , JTRO takes BTRO 's outfit , which required Trost to readjust it for the height difference between Jason Trost and Brandon Barrera , who portray JTRO and BTRO , respectively . As the film progresses , JTRO 's color scheme changes from black and blue to military green to reflect his " becoming one with BLT " . KCDC 's ( Art Hsu ) costume was designed with ducks , referencing a speech in the film in which he notes the lack of ducks in the FP . Stacy ( Caitlyn Folley ) and her father ( Sean Whalen ) are both dressed to be somewhat transsexual , though it is more prominent in her father 's character . Whalen told Trost he would wear anything as long as his nipple was exposed at all times . Stacy also wears an I Love New York shirt , with the words New York covered in duct tape and " The FP " written over it with a marker . CC Jam 's ( Clifton Collins , Jr . ) costume was designed to be as colorful as possible to emulate rave culture . = = = Filming = = = Principal photography took place in Frazier Park , California , with a budget of $ 45 @,@ 000 . It began in September 2008 and lasted 20 days , most of which were spent on Ron Trost 's property . Scenes set in BLT 's house were filmed at the Trosts ' childhood home , while the look of his basement was designed using the inside of a shipping container . Many set pieces were taken either from items Ron had collected or from other film sets . The Trost brothers split directorial duties between themselves ; Brandon focused on visuals and Jason focused on the performances and story . Valmassy directed a driving scene featuring himself and Folley when the Trosts were briefly unavailable . Several planned filming locations were abandoned due to budget constraints . For thematic reasons , the film 's penultimate fight scene between JTRO and L Dubba E was originally set at Dawn 's Liquor Mart — a key location in the film . The store 's owners refused permission for filming and the location was changed to a long @-@ abandoned gas station . Bryan Goddard , who portrays Sugga Nigga , acquired permission for the crew to film on the property . The penultimate dance @-@ off was filmed in three eight @-@ minute long takes and edited down . Brandon Trost would " float around with the camera " while Valmassy and Jason Trost performed the dance @-@ off sequence . While filming a tire training scene , Brandon asked Jason to increase the amount of spins he was performing . Jason broke his ankle and relied on his costume 's snow boots as medical boots . Director of photography Brandon Trost shot The FP using digital cinematography with Canon XH @-@ A1 cameras , which he had recently used while filming Crank : High Voltage . Using a single @-@ camera setup , he filmed The FP using 35 mm film to evoke the traditional look of films such as The Warriors and Total Recall . Trost ignored camera and lighting errors to make the film " feel genuine " . = = = Visual effects = = = Visual effects artist Aaron Juntunen copied the visuals from the Beat @-@ Beat Revelation dance tracks from Dance Dance Revolution by using computer graphics . The tracks were played live , allowing the actors to dance in unison . Visual effects were also used to cover the name of Dawn 's Liquor Mart , as the actual location did not give the production permission to use its name and logo . = = = Music = = = George Holdcroft composed the score for The FP . He was invited to a screening of the film by producer Christian Agypt , and asked if he could compose the music for it . Holdcroft , who lived in Chicago at the time , spent 12 hours a day composing the score and e @-@ mailed his compositions to the Trost brothers . To emulate the sound of a choir for one song , Holdcroft sang the same segment more than 200 times using different voices and melodies to achieve the desired result . For another song , he sang in falsetto and altered the pitch of his voice to make himself sound like a woman . Holdcroft had never played Dance Dance Revolution , though he was familiar with video game music — specifically the compositions of Koji Kondo , the score of Final Fantasy , and the music of early Nintendo games . The film 's soundtrack consists of 61 songs . = = Release = = The FP premiered on March 13 , 2011 , at South by Southwest . It was later screened at several events , including the Fantasia Festival , the Lund International Fantastic Film Festival , the Philadelphia Film Festival , and Cinefamily . The Trosts held a free screening of The FP in Frazier Park , California , as part of the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema 's Rolling Roadshow . The film began its limited theatrical run in the United States on March 16 , 2012 . = = = Box office = = = Drafthouse Films acquired distribution rights to The FP on August 1 , 2011 , one day after its premiere at the Fantasia Festival . Tim League , the founder of Drafthouse Films , attended the film 's screening at South by Southwest and " fell in love with it " . It was the second film distributed by Drafthouse Films , following Four Lions . The FP grossed $ 22 @,@ 571 in 28 North American theaters during its opening week , averaging $ 806 per theater . The following week , it was shown in nine theaters and grossed $ 9 @,@ 314 . In the remaining five weeks of its run , the film grossed $ 7 @,@ 979 , for a total gross of $ 40 @,@ 557 . = = = Critical response = = = The film was met with positive reviews at its festival screenings . Jordan Hoffman , writing for UGO Networks , gave it a B + , compared it to Black Dynamite , and wrote that it " is bursting with idiotic humor and in @-@ your @-@ face stoner wit " . Eric Kohn of Indiewire also gave the film a B + , called it " loud , furious and recklessly funny " , and mentioned the references to The Warriors , RoboCop , and Escape from New York . Scott Weinberg of Twitch Film echoed Hoffman 's comparison to Black Dynamite . Weinberg said he " found quite a lot to enjoy " and praised the performances of Hsu , Valmassy , and Trost . Jacob Hall of Moviefone gave the film a positive review , praising Brandon Trost 's cinematography and mentioned its similarities to Mad Max 2 and A Clockwork Orange . He commended the film 's dedication to its " absolutely ludicrous premise " and called it " the rare ' ready @-@ made cult hit ' that actually works " . Fred Topel of Screen Junkies predicted that the film " will be the Trosts ' calling card " and praised it for being " exactly the kind of the movie [ Topel ] hope [ s ] to see at Fantastic Fest , or any film festival " . Upon its theatrical release , The FP received mixed reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 48 % approval rating , with an average rating of 5 @.@ 2 / 10 based on 23 reviews . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 48 based on 11 reviews , which is considered to be " mixed or average reviews " . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a positive review , calling it " deadpan hilarious , a shameless satire of every teen gang , future @-@ shock dystopian nightmare movie — combined with a brutal send @-@ up of 8 Mile " . Tom Keogh of The Seattle Times gave the film 2 ½ stars out of 4 ; he praised its novelty and criticized its lack of " outright laughs " . Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle gave the film 3 stars out of 5 , saying it was " awash in silliness " and calling it a " potential cult @-@ movie masterpiece " . Angela Watercutter of Wired called it an " instant cult classic " and also compared it to 8 Mile , Rocky , and The Karate Kid . Shawn Anthony Levy , writing for The Oregonian , gave the film a B ; he praised its eccentricity and said , " It 's very hard not to admire its zealous commitment to its ethos " . In a mixed review , Peter Debruge of Variety praised Brandon Trost 's cinematography but said the film " plays its boilerplate premise with endearing earnestness , but runs thin in no time " . Matt Hawkins of Kotaku called it a " legit goofball comedy " and said it " speaks to gamers without flat @-@ out insulting them " . Michael Phillips , writing for the Chicago Tribune , gave the film 2 stars out of 4 , praising its premise and filming technique while criticizing its " sometimes funny execution " . Conversely , Andy Webster of The New York Times said , " Its bargain @-@ basement production values and lack of wit unexpectedly prove a greater liability than an asset " . Robert Abele of the Los Angeles Times criticized its characters , costumes , and dialogue ; he said it " so desperately wants to be cultishly admired ... that it forgets to be genuinely offbeat or funny " . Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club gave the film a C + , mentioning the influences of John Carpenter , The Warriors , Mad Max 2 , and A Clockwork Orange , and criticizing Jason Trost 's performance . He said the film was " a junky , disposable lark , created for a midnight audience to swallow , belch , and forget about the next morning " . Nick Schager of Slant Magazine gave it 1 ½ stars out of 4 , and called it a " humorless void " and a " wannabe cult hit " . Eric Hynes of The Village Voice said , " the film 's charm fades fast " and , " [ t ] he problem with paying such dogged homage to shitty movies is that integrity is best achieved by producing a shitty movie in turn . Mission accomplished , for whatever that 's worth . " Ethan Gilsdorf of The Boston Globe gave the film 1 star out of 4 , saying it was not " obliviously dreadful enough to be ' so bad it 's good ' " . Christy Lemire of the Associated Press echoed this opinion , giving it 1 star out of 4 ; she said the film is " just plain bad — and boring , and repetitive " and that " as comedy , it just feels numbing " . Max Nicholson of IGN said the film " is by no means the worst thing I 've ever seen " , but that it " should have been a three @-@ minute sketch on Funny or Die " . = = = Home media = = = Image Entertainment released The FP on DVD , Blu @-@ ray Disc , video on demand , and digital download on June 19 , 2012 . The feature was accompanied by a making @-@ of featurette , interviews with costume designer Sarah Trost and composer George Holdcroft , audio commentary by the Trost brothers , and a special edition collectors ' booklet with introductions by Rob Zombie , Brian Taylor , and Mark Neveldine . Four special editions were made available for purchase on Drafthouse Films ' website , all of which contain Holdcroft 's soundtrack and a 720p HD digital download . Additional items sold include a Blu @-@ ray or DVD copy of the film , a poster signed by the Trost brothers , a model of L Dubba E 's grill , and a tampon in a glass tube signed by the Trost brothers . = = Possible sequels = = According to Jason Trost , two sequels to The FP have been planned , the first of which would involve going to Hong Kong . He said the first sequel would take place five years after the original and would feature more dancing and a Beat @-@ Beat Revelation tournament . He also compared the film 's plot to that of Escape from L.A. Trost also teased the possibility of a fourth film to come when he was older , comparing it to Rocky Balboa . In August 2013 , Trost said that both he and the film 's investors had not received any money from The FP , and " probably never will " . He further stated that it was challenging " to figure out a way to get people to fund a sequel to a movie that recouped zero dollars " . In February 2016 , the teaser trailer to the sequel was released known as Beats of Rage : The FP Part 2 . = Omen ( Antestor album ) = Omen is the fourth studio album by the Norwegian Christian extreme metal band Antestor , released by Bombworks Records on November 16 , 2012 . Recording began in 2010 , and was mostly conducted at the home of vocalist Ronny Hansen . The album cover is a painting by Polish artist Zdzisław Beksiński , and depicts a deformed , many @-@ fingered humanoid creature playing a trumpet . Antestor met with critical praise for its musicianship and the progressive sound on the recording . Critics described the sound as primarily black metal , though the band prefers the more general term " extreme metal " to describe the sound on Omen . To promote the album , the band went on tour in Brazil in January 2013 , but encountered difficulties . The venue at Belém was cancelled due to a banking error , and while at Belo Horizonte Antestor was stormed by violent protestors antagonistic to the Christian beliefs of the band members , and police had to usher the band to safety . Despite these setbacks , Antestor considered the tour a success , and wished no ill will on its attackers . On February 18 , 2013 , a music video was released for the song " Unchained " . = = Background = = Antestor was founded in 1990 by Lars Stokstad , Kjetil Molnes , Øyvind Hope and Erling Jørgensen , under the name Crush Evil . After recording two demos and undergoing a lineup change which left Stokstad and Molnes as sole founding members , the band renamed itself as Antestor in 1993 . Shunned by the early Norwegian black metal scene due to the band members ' staunch Christian faith , Antestor struggled retaining a record deal . Its first album , Martyrium , was recorded in 1994 and had a few bootleg copies illegally distributed , but did not see legitimate release until 2000 . Antestor 's second album , The Return of the Black Death , was released in 1998 through Cacophonous Records , but the band claims that the label never paid Antestor any royalties for that album . In 2004 and 2005 , respectively , the band released , under Endtime Productions , the EP Det tapte liv and the studio album The Forsaken , both of which featured session drum work by drummer Jan Axel Blomberg , known as Hellhammer , who has played in strongly anti @-@ Christian bands such as Mayhem and Immortal . Despite a positive reception to the album , after 2007 Antestor consisted only of Stokstad and vocalist Ronny Hansen , and the band went into hiatus . Several new members joined the band in 2010 : Thor Georg Buer on bass , Jo Henning Børven on drums , Robert Bordevik on guitar , and Nickolas Main Henriksen on keyboard . Rehearsals began in June , and Antestor performed at Nordic Fest in Oslo on October 28 through October 30 . On November 4 , Antestor announced that it signed a record deal with Bombworks Records . = = Recording = = Except for drums and the folk music instrumental " Tilflukt " , the album was entirely recorded at Hansen 's home in Norway . Drums were recorded by Børven at his home , while " Tilflukt " was recorded and mixed by Erik Normann Aanonsen and James William Makepeace at Salvation Room studios . In an interview with HM , Antestor explained that it had trouble finding a studio that it liked , as well as finding time when all members were available to record . Since Buer and Børven had the necessary equipment to record , the band decided it would take on recording itself . The band stated that Buer " really took the brunt of the workload and singlehandedly made it possible for us to record the album ourselves . " Recording began in 2010 , and Antestor uploaded a video clip from its recording sessions on September 4 . During recording , bassist Thor Georg Buer left Antestor in May 2011 due to commitments to his other band , Grave Declaration , and Aanonsen was recruited as his replacement . A few months later , Buer rejoined , this time on guitar , to replace Robert Bordevik , who had temporarily left the band . On June 23 , the Christian music website Indie Vision Music noted a video uploaded by Antestor that contained footage of the band recording . The recording process finished on July 31 , 2012 . On August 25 , Buer announced that he was leaving Antestor again , this time due to upcoming college studies . In September , Erik Tordsson completed the mixing and mastering for Omen at Solid Mix Studios , Teleborg Castle , Växjö , Sweden . = = Music and lyrics = = The album is primarily black metal in sound , though still retains the thrash metal , doom metal , and folk music influences of previous releases by the band . On Omen , Antestor took a more brutal and experimental approach . Most of the vocals are screamed and growled , except Unchained " , which features a passage with sung vocals , which Andy Synn of No Clean Signing described as having a " strong Pink Floyd feel to them " . Synn considered the album as a mixture of the aggressive assault of Dark Funeral with the more technical and atmospheric playing of Dark Fortress . Scott Waters , writing for HM , described the album as " progressive , post @-@ black / extreme metal that paints a dark , sullen landscape with lyrics that offer hope . " Victimer , editor @-@ in @-@ chief for the Czech webzine Echoes , described Omen as black metal with influences from thrash metal . Antestor itself does not consider the album black metal , preferring instead the term " extreme metal " . It explained to HM that Black metal is dead . The progressive development has stalled and has lost its edge in the genre . We don ’ t consider ourselves black metal , but extreme metal . Other people feel that they have a claim on the name and concept of black metal , and we don ’ t want to keep ourselves within any box or confines . We just want to write the music we like . " Treacherous Domain " contains slow , doom @-@ inspired riffing , while " In Solitude , " " The Kindling , " and " Benighted " feature a more progressive , technical style of black metal . " Tilflukt " is a short folk instrumental which segues into the double @-@ bass drumming of " Benighted " . Synn described " Remnants " as developing " a harsh , angular pounding rhythm that would sit well on any Gorgoroth album " ; " Tilflukt " as similar to the output of Windir , and " Mørket 's Grøde " as containing echoes of early Satyricon . Apart from the final track , " Mørket 's Grøde " , and the instrumental " Tilflukt " , all song lyrics are written in English . Zuza Steck of the Polish magazine Musick Magazine noted the " unblack " - Christian - message of the lyrics and how Antestor demonstrates that a band can maintain an extreme atmosphere but take a different lyrical approach . Antestor expounded on the lyrical themes that " at the same time that we are Christians , we are also humans . I think almost everyone can relate to parts of our music and lyrics , for absolutely everyone – Christians and non @-@ believers alike – experience hard and terrible times . The Lord does not say we will not meet hard times as Christians , but that He will be with us and carry us through it , and that is a big part of the Antestor message . " = = = Artwork = = = The album features a painting by Polish surrealist artist Zdzisław Beksiński . The painting depicts a deformed , humanoid creature with many fingers , playing a trumpet . The band explained that it decided on this picture because " Our music represents the more broken and monster @-@ like feelings of our humanity , like the apparition in this picture . It seemed a very fitting cover for our return after seven years of silence . " = = Promotion and touring = = To promote the album , a music video for " Unchained " was released on February 18 , 2013 . Directed by Alexandre Spiacci , it was the band 's first music video . Antestor played numerous concerts during and after the recording of Omen . On March 5 , 2011 , the band performed at Elements of Rock in Uster , Switzerland . Though this performance was plagued by very poor sound , the band considered it a success . Throughout 2011 and 2012 , Antestor performed at several venues in Norway , Netherlands , and Germany . On January 30 , 2013 , after Antestor 's completion of its Brazilian tour , it announced that its keyboardist , Nickolas Main Henriksen , had left the group due to health reasons , but that no replacement would be recruited . On June 15 , 2013 , the band performed in Pieksämäki , Finland . = = = Brazilian tour = = = In January 2013 , Antestor embarked on a tour of Brazil to promote the album . Seven venues were scheduled - Jundiaí , São Paulo , Curitiba , Belém , Vitória , Belo Horizonte , and Rio de Janeiro . However , the show at Belém was cancelled due to a banking error which led to the band 's plane ticket being revoked . While Antestor was playing at Belo Horizonte , the venue was mobbed by Satanist black metal fans who protested against the band members ' Christian beliefs . The band had received over three hundred threats , including death threats , since its announcement of the tour in October 2012 . At Belo Horizonte , approximately one hundred protestors gathered outside the venue , holding up banners , shouting " fuck Antestor ! " , and threatening kill both the band members and concert attendees . About thirty guards stood outside the venue , but the situation escalated and the protestors tried to storm the building . Brodevik , the guitarist , reported that he and his fellow band members were kicked , beaten , and spat upon by protestors . As the protestors tried to tear down the door , the band waited for police to arrive , and then were escorted outside by two officers who were armed and wearing bulletproof vests . The minibus waiting outside the back door had had its tires punctured , so the band was instead escorted out the main entrance . The police fired warning shots and formed a defensive ring , allowing the band to escape in a waiting taxi . After the incident , Brodevik described his and the other band member 's situation as " trapped like rats . " While he said that the band is used to hatred from the extreme metal community toward the Bible and Christianity , nothing like this had ever happened to the band before . Aanonsen , the bassist and a father of three , explained that while he understood that the tour could have ended in death for him and the other band members , when violence finally broke out a Belo Horizonte he remained completely , unexpectedly calm . In retrospect he remarked that while it scared him , the concert in Belo Horizonte was the best he has ever experienced , as all attendees " defied so much " to get to it . He also noted that because of the attack , the band is now " twice as big " in Brazil as it had been before the incident . In a summary of the concert posted on Facebook , Antestor stated that We could write in details about all the drama that happened after the show . But not on this page . We do not hate the angry mob who came to hurt us . In fact , our message in our shows is to love your enemy . So God bless everybody who stood outside chanting : Fuck Antestor ! Hope we can talk like reasonable people someday over a fresh squeezed juice . Extra special hails to our fans who had the balls to come although they knew it could be dangerous . Antestor salutes you and be blessed . = = Critical reception = = Released on November 16 , 2012 , Omen was well received by music critics . They highlighted the drumming on the album , remarking on how Børven was able to match the skill and intensity of Blomberg . Steven Ecott of Cross Rhythms praised the drumming , guitar work , and harsh vocals . He concluded that " ' Omen ' is a breath of fresh air in the rather stale and stuffy room that black metal finds itself resting . " Scott Waters of HM wrote that " the musicianship is beyond reproach . To simply play that fast and accurate , even for four @-@ minute spurts , requires more than just talent . It requires skill and endurance . Much of the music on Omen display that skill and endurance and definitely accomplishes what it set out to do . " Victimer , of Echoes , extolled Antestor 's expansive , unorthodox approach . Andy Synn of No Clean Singing , after a lengthy , track @-@ by @-@ track review , concluded that " It 's clear that Antestor have poured their all into this record , physically and emotionally , learning from their past successes and failures , in order to craft an album of impressive depth and detail , with a volcanic core of molten metal passion . " Eric Strother of the website Untombed stated that " this band is as strong as ever . Omen is highly recommended not only to ( un ) black metal fans , but also to anyone with a tolerance for extreme vocals who is a fan of well @-@ crafted , creative metal . " However , Strother did note that he personally felt that the bass guitar was buried in the mix , and that this detracted from an otherwise near @-@ perfect album . Musick Magazine 's Zuza Stecka opined that the album is sure to satisfy the seven @-@ year wait after Antestor 's last release and that the skills in recording the album should not be underestimated . Stecka noted , however , that the guitar solos were not that impressive , and at times sounded as though they were forced , recorded only because the band felt obligated to do so . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = Antestor Lars Stokstad – guitars , backing vocals , additional acoustic guitar on " Mørkets Grøde " Thor Georg Buer – bass , guitars Erik Normann Aanonsen – electric bass , acoustic guitar , double bass , EBow , additional electric guitars on " All Towers Must Fall " Nickolas Main Henriksen – keyboard Robert Bordevik – lead guitars , backing vocals Jo Henning Børven – drums Ronny Hansen – vocals Guest musicians Jo Einar Sterten Jansen – Hardanger fiddle Morten Sigmund Magerøy – sung vocals on " Benighted " Production Antestor – recording Erik Normann Aanonsen – recording and mixing on " Tilflukt " James William Makepeace – recording and mixing on " Tilflukt " Erik Tordsson – mixing and mastering Album artwork Zdzisław Beksiński – cover art Vegar Bakken – design In Anett Husom Larsen – band photo = Glass Swords = Glass Swords is the debut studio album by Scottish producer Russell Whyte under his alias of Rustie , released by Warp in 2011 . The album was produced and recorded between 2008 and 2010 by Whyte , partially in his father 's home in Glasgow , Scotland and partly in his own home in London , England . The album contains vocal work from Whyte as well as London based producer Nightwave . The final six months of the production sessions involved Whyte attempting to choose and edit which tracks he felt were worth releasing on the final version of Glass Swords . Glass Swords is a musically diverse album that critics found hard to classify as anything specific other than electronic music . The track " Ultra Thizz " was released as a single in September 2011 before the album 's release in October of the same year . Re @-@ worked versions of the songs " Surph " and " After Light " were released as singles in 2012 with new vocalists . The album received positive reviews from critics and was listed as one of the best albums of 2011 by The Guardian , The Wire and Mixmag and shortlisted for the Scottish Album of the Year Award in 2012 . = = Production = = Whyte stated that he began working on the album in " 2008 maybe " and worked on it for a two @-@ year period . Glass Swords was recorded in Whyte 's father 's house in Glasgow and in his home in London after Whyte had moved there . The album 's music was developed with Whyte not having a strong idea for it , noting that he was " just making tracks and not really thinking too much of it as being an album " . The album was created using Ableton on a personal computer along with a midi guitar controller , a midi keyboard , keyboard , electric guitar and a microphone . To give the album an analogue sound , Whyte used compressors and tape distortion plugins to get the tracks what he described as a " sort of warmth " . Vocals on the album were done by Whyte on the track " Surph " while his girlfriend Nightwave performed some of the backing vocals . Whyte described his music as trying to channel " good energy , just love and peace and happiness and joy . That 's what I want from my music , and that 's what I want other people to feel . " The last six months of production were spent by Whyte " trying to glue everything together so it made sense as an album . " This involved adding intros to some tracks and other motifs to " make it make more sense " . Whyte created around one hundred tracks for the album and whittled down the album to a final selection of fourteen . These tracks were sent back and forth between himself and Warp which Whyte described as a " long process " as he found it difficult having people critique the music he wanted to release . Prior to the release of Glass Swords and any single , Whyte released the EP Sunburst in 2010 . Several tracks originally planned for the album were described by Whyte as " a lot weirder and more ambient " , but that Warp " didn 't really want that " . = = Style = = Music critics described the album as spanning several subgenres of electronic music . Spin opined that Glass Swords ' music " doesn 't adhere to any strict definition of genre beyond loose electronic " . A reviewer for Fact described the influences of the album as being from video games , progressive rock and " big room dance music " . while the BBC stated the songs on the album are " often jamming five or six recognisable influences into a single four @-@ minute track . " These included " glossy synths " , dirty south hip hop percussion and " fragments of dubstep , UK garage , classic Detroit techno and trance music " . AllMusic shared the multiple genres view , finding that it integrated " the currently hip and terminally unhip – garish probes of ' 80s synth rock , beaten @-@ to @-@ a @-@ pulp dance @-@ pop , ' 90s rave , and bass music , to name four of several drawing points . " MTV noted the pop culture references in Glass Swords , namely " Hover Traps " samples the video game The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time and the title of " Ultra Thizz " references Bay Area slang for the drug ecstasy . Pitchfork noted that the album 's more traditional dubstep songs " won 't sit still or do what they 're supposed to " . Specifically , " Crystal Echo " contains sped @-@ up voices and melodies with a dubstep @-@ styled bass while " Surph " used the bass drops related to dubstep but also includes what Pitchfork describes as " pop @-@ rave pianos , trance keyboards , and snippets of sugary R & B " = = Release = = A single of " Ultra Thizz " was released by Warp as a 12 " vinyl single and as a digital download on 6 September 2011 . For the Glass Swords album cover , Whyte was shown various designer 's portfolios by Warp . Whyte chose Jonathan Zawada , as he felt it had a " ' 70s sci @-@ fi art feel " . After discussing ideas with Whyte , Zawada gave him the album cover in a few days . When asked about the album cover resembling two erect penises , Whyte responded " Everyone says that ! That 's what I thought when I first saw it and I was like , " Am I okay with that ? " And , yeah , that 's fine . " Glass Swords was released by Warp on vinyl , compact disc and digital download on 10 October 2011 in the United Kingdom and 11 October in the United States . A launch party for Glass Swords was held on 1 October 2011 , which included a performance from Rustie along with DJ sets from Darkstar , Nightwave and Spencer . A re @-@ worked version of " Surph " was released as a single featuring Nightwave on vocals in March 2012 . In 2012 , a re @-@ worked version of the song " After Light " was released with Aluna Francis , the singer for United Kingdom @-@ based R & B group AlunaGeorge providing the vocals . Whyte 's follow @-@ up album to Glass Swords titled Green Language was released in 2014 . = = Reception = = At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album has received an average score of 82 , indicating universal acclaim , based on 14 reviews . Pitchfork stated that " One of the best things about Glass Swords is that , for all of its pop @-@ goes @-@ clubbing bluster , it 's also as psychedelic , where the devil 's in the zillion little details zigzagging across the tracks " and that " there 's not a lot here that will redefine your ideas of what dubstep or electronic music in general can do . For all of Rustie 's skill as a sculptor of very 21st @-@ century beats , Glass Swords can feel just as much like a " greatest bits " collage . " Fact gave the album a five out of five rating , stating that " you get the impression that it 's the point Rustie has been building up to for the last five years ; an album made in relative isolation , with zero self @-@ consciousness , shame or thought for trend behind it . " Drowned in Sound gave the album an eight out of ten rating , finding that the album is " equally impressive is the fact that this formula ( or lack thereof ) never grows tired . Thirteen tracks of excess could easily have been a recipe for sighs , but instead it is consistently addictive and grin @-@ inducing . " The BBC described Whyte 's music as " a little difficult to handle " but that the album " shows just the right amount of restraint to prevent total disarray . Even if the album weren 't half as much fun as it is , that feat would be worthy of celebration in itself . " Exclaim ! noted that " songs like " Hover Traps , " " Death Mountain " and " All Nite " are , at their core , extremely primitive . But it 's in the way that Rustie builds , deconstructs and sequences his songs that allows Glass Swords to work its way into your psyche . " and that " After a couple of listens , one may come to the conclusion that Rustie might just be a one @-@ trick @-@ pony . But , man , that one trick is perfect . " Mojo referred to the album as " easy to admire but hard to love " Glass Swords was listed on several critics Best Albums of 2011 lists . MixMag and The Wire placed Glass Swords as the third and second best albums of 2011 respectively . The Guardian placed the album at ninth in their list of Best Albums of 2011 stating that the album was " the sound of uninhibited , unironic hands @-@ in @-@ the @-@ air joy : banger after banger after banger . " In 2012 , The Guardian awarded Rustie with their First Album award , opining that " Rustie 's music first attacks like a day @-@ glo migraine , a couple of spins reveals an album imbued with real emotion . " Glass Swords was shortlisted for the Scottish Album of the Year Award in 2012 . In 2014 , Fact placed the album at number one on their list of " Top 100 Albums of the Decade So Far " , describing the album as " full of exhilarating , ecstatic , thrilling , fun and sometimes downright silly songs " and " It 's the sound of someone changing dance music by utterly disregarding dance music . " Reflecting on the album in 2014 , Whyte stated that he felt that he " “ went kind of quite crazy on Glass Swords " and that he was " taking the piss with kitsch sounds and over @-@ the @-@ top silliness . " Whyte stated that his wanted his next album Green Language to be different and " more serious " . = = Track listing = = All songs composed by Rustie . " Glass Swords " – 2 : 20 " Flash Back " – 3 : 47 " Surph " – 4 : 33 " Hover Traps " – 3 : 00 " City Star " – 3 : 08 " Globes " – 2 : 46 " Ultra Thizz " – 3 : 59 " Death Mountain " – 3 : 24 " Cry Flames " – 3 : 48 " After Light " – 3 : 42 " Ice Tunnels " – 1 : 17 " All Nite " – 3 : 08 " Crystal Echo " – 3 : 22 = = Credits = = Mike Marsh – mastering Nightwave – vocals Rustie – engineer , producer Jonathan Zawada – design = German aircraft carrier I ( 1942 ) = The German aircraft carrier I was a planned conversion of the transport ship Europa during World War II . The loss of the battleship Bismarck and near torpedoing of her sistership Tirpitz in May 1941 and March 1942 , respectively , spurred the Kriegsmarine to acquire aircraft carriers . Europa was one of several vessels selected for conversion into auxiliary aircraft carriers . As designed , the ship would have had an air complement of 24 Bf 109T fighters and 18 Ju 87C Stuka dive @-@ bombers . Conversion planning began in May 1942 , and had the conversion been finished , she would have been the largest German aircraft carrier , longer even than the purpose @-@ built Graf Zeppelin @-@ class aircraft carriers . The work was canceled in November 1942 , however , after design problems , including serious instability and structural weaknesses , proved to be irreconcilable . No work was done on the ship , which was eventually seized by the US Army and used as a troop transport following the end of the war . = = Design = = The carrier I was a conversion proposal for the transport ship Europa . The ship was launched on 16 August 1928 and entered service on 19 March 1930 for the German Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping company . Starting in 1939 , the ship was used as a floating barracks ; the ship was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use in the planned Operation Sea Lion , but the operation was abandoned when the Luftwaffe failed to achieve air superiority in the Battle of Britain . Following the loss of the battleship Bismarck in May 1941 and the near torpedoing of her sistership Tirpitz in March 1942 , the Kriegsmarine was convinced of the need to acquire aircraft carriers . Several vessels were selected for conversion , including the incomplete heavy cruiser Seydlitz and several passenger liners . Planning for the conversion of Europa into an auxiliary aircraft carrier was started in May 1942 . The ship would have been faster and larger than any of the other ships Germany intended to convert into auxiliary carriers . However , a number of design problems emerged as the drawing up of the conversion plan progressed . Her speed and capacity advantages were offset by several serious practical problems . These included structural weakness , caused by the need to recess the hangar deck into the primary structural deck ; instability , normally resolved by adding bulges ; and high fuel consumption . Another significant obstacle was the unwillingness of Hermann Göring , the commander in chief of the Luftwaffe , to provide the Kriegsmarine with sufficient aircraft and pilots . By the time the design was completed in November 1942 , these problems had proved impossible to rectify , and so the project was abandoned . As a result , no construction work began . After the end of the war , Europa was seized by the US Army and commissioned as a troop transport under the name AP 177 before being transferred to France , where she resumed her commercial duties . = = = General characteristics and machinery = = = I was 280 meters ( 920 ft ) long at the waterline , and 291 @.@ 5 m ( 956 ft ) long overall , which was approximately 30 m ( 98 ft ) longer than the Graf Zeppelin @-@ class aircraft carriers . The ship initially had a beam of 31 m ( 102 ft ) , but bulges added during the design process to help stability increased the beam to 37 m ( 121 ft ) . The ship had a draft of 8 @.@ 5 m ( 28 ft ) as designed , but the conversion would have increased it to 10 @.@ 3 m ( 34 ft ) . I displaced 44 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 43 @,@ 000 long tons ; 49 @,@ 000 short tons ) at the designed weight , and up to 56 @,@ 500 t ( 55 @,@ 600 long tons ; 62 @,@ 300 short tons ) at maximum displacement . The ship 's hull was divided into 16 watertight compartments and was equipped with a double bottom . The percentage of the length of the hull the double bottom extended is unknown . The ship 's flight deck was 276 m ( 906 ft ) long and 30 m ( 98 ft ) wide . There was a single hangar that was 216 m ( 709 ft ) long , 25 m ( 82 ft ) wide forward , and 30 m ( 98 ft ) wide aft . No armor was to have been added to the ship during the conversion process . The ship was propelled by four sets of Blohm & Voss geared turbines that drove four shafts , each with a four @-@ bladed screw that was 5 m ( 16 ft ) in diameter . The turbines were powered by 24 double @-@ ended narrow water tube boilers that produced up to 21 atmospheres of pressure . The engines were rated for 100 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 75 @,@ 000 kW ) , and provided a top speed of 26 @.@ 5 knots ( 49 @.@ 1 km / h ; 30 @.@ 5 mph ) . At the maximum speed , the ship could steam for 5 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 9 @,@ 300 km ; 5 @,@ 800 mi ) ; at a cruising speed of 19 kn ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) , the cruising range doubled , to 10 @,@ 000 nmi ( 19 @,@ 000 km ; 12 @,@ 000 mi ) . The ship was designed to store up to 6 @,@ 500 t ( 6 @,@ 400 long tons ; 7 @,@ 200 short tons ) of fuel oil , but total fuel bunkerage was 8 @,@ 500 t ( 8 @,@ 400 long tons ; 9 @,@ 400 short tons ) . I had only one rudder . The electrical power plant comprised four diesel generators that provided 520 kilowatts and two emergency generators that provided 100 kW each . The total power output was 2 @,@ 280 kW at 230 volts . = = = Armament = = = The ship was to have been armed with twelve 10 @.@ 5 @-@ centimeter ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) L / 65 anti @-@ aircraft guns in six twin mounts , three forward and three aft of the island and funnel . These guns had a total of 4 @,@ 800 rounds , or 400 rounds per gun . The 10 @.@ 5 cm guns fired two types of projectiles : a 58 @.@ 4 kg ( 129 lb ) high explosive shell and a 51 @.@ 8 kg ( 114 lb ) incendiary round . Both types of ammunition used a single propellant charge : the 11 @.@ 46 kg ( 25 @.@ 3 lb ) RPC / 32 charge . The guns could elevate to 80 degrees , and could hit targets flying at 12 @,@ 500 m ( 13 @,@ 700 yd ) . When the guns were used to engage surface targets , they could hit targets 17 @,@ 700 m ( 19 @,@ 400 yd ) away , at an elevation of 45 degrees . There were also to have been twenty 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) anti @-@ aircraft guns , also in double mounts . These guns were placed along both sides of the flight deck , and had a total of 40 @,@ 000 shells . The 3 @.@ 7 cm guns fired 0 @.@ 742 kg ( 1 @.@ 64 lb ) high @-@ explosive shells at a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute , and a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 000 m / s ( 3 @,@ 281 ft / s ) . The guns could elevate to 85 degrees and hit targets flying at 6 @,@ 800 m ( 7 @,@ 400 yd ) , although the tracers were limited to 4 @,@ 800 m ( 5 @,@ 200 yd ) . The anti @-@ aircraft battery was rounded out by twenty @-@ eight to thirty @-@ six 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) guns in the usual Flakvierling quadruple mounts , supplied by a store of up to 72 @,@ 000 rounds . These guns fired at a rate of 480 shells per minute cyclic , but were limited in practice to around 200 rounds per minute . The shells were fired at a muzzle velocity of between 800 – 835 m / s ( 2 @,@ 625 – 2 @,@ 740 ft / s ) , depending on the type of shell fired . The effective ceiling of the guns was 3 @,@ 700 m ( 4 @,@ 000 yd ) at 85 degrees elevation . The ship was designed to carry 18 Ju 87 " Stuka " dive @-@ bombers and 24 Bf 109 . The Ju 87s were to have been the " E " variant , which was a navalized version of the Ju 87D , and were modified for catapult launches and were equipped with arresting gear . The Bf 109 fighters were a navalized version of the " E " model , designated as Bf 109T . Their wings were longer than the land @-@ based model to allow for shorter take @-@ off . = A Bug 's Life = A Bug 's Life is a 1998 American 3D computer @-@ animated comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . Directed by John Lasseter and co @-@ directed by Andrew Stanton , the film involves a misfit ant , Flik , that is looking for " tough warriors " to save his colony from greedy grasshoppers , only to recruit a group of bugs that turn out to be an inept circus troupe . Randy Newman composed the music for the film , which stars the voices of Dave Foley , Kevin Spacey , Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus , Hayden Panettiere , Phyllis Diller , Richard Kind , David Hyde Pierce , Joe Ranft , Denis Leary , John Ratzenberger , Jonathan Harris , Madeline Kahn , Bonnie Hunt , Mike McShane and Brad Garrett . The film is inspired by Aesop 's fable The Ant and the Grasshopper . Production began shortly after the release of Toy Story in 1995 . The screenplay was penned by Stanton and comedy writers Donald McEnery and Bob Shaw . The ants in the film were redesigned to be more appealing , and Pixar 's animation unit employed new technical innovations in computer animation . During production , the filmmakers became embroiled in a public feud with DreamWorks Animation due to their similar film , Antz , which was released the same year . The film was released to theaters on November 25 , 1998 , and was a box office success , surpassing competition and grossing $ 363 million in receipts . It received positive reviews from film critics , who commended the storyline and animation , while others criticized it by comparing it to Antz . The film has been released multiple times on home video . = = Plot = = Flik , an individualist and would @-@ be inventor , lives in a colony of ants in the middle of a dried creek . They are led by Princess Atta and her mother , the Queen . The colony is oppressed by a gang of marauding grasshoppers , led by Hopper , that arrive every season demanding food from the ants . One day , when the annual offering is accidentally knocked into a stream by Flik 's latest invention , a grain @-@ harvesting device , the grasshoppers demand twice as much food as compensation . The ants trick Flik into accepting his plan to recruit " warrior bugs " to fight off the grasshoppers . While Flik actually believes in the plan , the other ants see it as an opportunity to get rid of Flik and save themselves trouble . Making his way to the " big city " ( a heap of trash under a trailer ) , Flik mistakes a group of circus bugs that have recently been dismissed by their money @-@ hungry ringmaster , P.T. Flea , for the warrior bugs he seeks . The bugs , in turn , mistake Flik for a talent agent and accept his offer to travel with him back to Ant Island . After they arrive , the circus bugs and Flik both discover their mutual misunderstandings during a welcome performance by the ants . The circus bugs then attempt to leave , but are forced back by a bird that attacks the group . They save Dot , Atta 's younger sister , from the bird as they flee , gaining the ants ' respect in the process . At Flik 's insistence , they continue the ruse of being " warriors " so the troupe can continue to enjoy the attention and hospitality of the ants . The bird encounter inspires Flik into creating a false bird to scare away the grasshoppers . While the bird is being built , Hopper reveals to the other grasshoppers how greatly the ants outnumber them and worries that they will eventually turn on them . The bird is constructed , but during a celebration party , the truth about the circus bugs is revealed when P.T. Flea arrives searching for them . Outraged at Flik 's deception , the ants exile him and desperately gather food for a new offering to the grasshoppers . When the grasshoppers discover the mediocre offering upon their arrival , they take control of the entire colony , demanding the ants ' winter store of food . After overhearing Hopper 's plan to kill the Queen , Dot leaves in search of Flik and the circus bugs and has them use the bird model to save the colony . The bird nearly works , but P.T. Flea , also mistaking it for a real bird , lights it on fire , exposing it as a decoy . Hopper beats Flik in retaliation , and proclaims that the ants are lowly life forms and live to serve the grasshoppers . However , Flik retorts that the ants are actually independent , without helping the grasshoppers . This inspires the entire colony along with the circus bugs to force the grasshoppers out of Ant Island . Hopper , refusing to flee , is taken by the ants to be disposed of , but it suddenly begins to rain . In the ensuing chaos among the ants , Hopper kidnaps Flik and flies off . Atta rescues Flik after the circus bugs fail to save him . As Hopper viciously pursues them , Flik leads him to the nest of the bird he encountered earlier . Mistaking the actual bird for another fake one , Hopper taunts it , before he is picked up by the bird and fed to her chicks . Some time later , Flik 's inventions are finally perfected and appreciated by the ants , and Atta professes her love for Flik . The ants congratulate Flik as a hero and bid a fond farewell to the circus troupe , hoping that they will return for the following year . Atta is crowned the new queen and Dot is crowned the new heir to the throne . = = Voice cast = = Dave Foley as Flik , an ant and inventor Kevin Spacey as Hopper , the dictator of the grasshopper gang Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus as Princess Atta , the soon @-@ to @-@ be queen of the colony Hayden Panettiere as Dot , Princess Atta 's younger sister Phyllis Diller as the Queen , the leader of the ant colony Richard Kind as Molt , Hopper 's dim @-@ witted younger brother David Hyde Pierce as Slim , a walkingstick and Francis and Heimlich 's friend Denis Leary as Francis , a short @-@ tempered ladybug that is constantly mistaken for a female Joe Ranft as Heimlich , a plump German @-@ accented caterpillar that longs to be a butterfly Bonnie Hunt as Rosie , a black widow spider and Dim 's tamer Brad Garrett as Dim , a rhinoceros beetle that plays the " Ferocious Beast " in the circus act Jonathan Harris as Manny , a praying mantis and magician in P.T. Flea 's circus Madeline Kahn as Gypsy , a gypsy moth and Manny 's beautiful wife and assistant Mike McShane as Tuck and Roll , twin pillbugs from Hungary John Ratzenberger as P.T. Flea , the owner of the circus Roddy McDowall as Mr. Soil , the lead thespian . It was McDowall 's final film before his death in October 1998 . Edie McClurg as Dr. Flora , the doctor of the ant colony Alex Rocco as Thorny , Princess Atta 's assistant David Ossman as Cornelius , an elderly ant David Lander as Thumper , a feral grasshopper and Hopper 's " pet " Randy Thom as Bird , a Blanford 's rosefinch which attacks the colony = = Production = = = = = Development = = = During the summer of 1994 , Pixar 's story department began turning their thoughts to their next film . The storyline of A Bug 's Life originated in a lunchtime conversation between John Lasseter , Andrew Stanton , Pete Docter , and Joe Ranft , the studio 's head story team . Monsters , Inc. and Finding Nemo were also conceived at this lunch . Lasseter and his story team had already been drawn to the idea of insects as characters . Insects , like toys , were within the reach of computer animation at the time due to their relatively simple surfaces . Stanton and Ranft wondered whether they could find a starting point in Aesop 's fable The Ant and the Grasshopper . Walt Disney had produced his own version with a cheerier ending decades earlier in the 1934 short The Grasshopper and the Ants . In addition , Walt Disney Animation Studios had considered producing a film in the late 1980s entitled Army Ants , that centered around a pacifist ant living in a militaristic colony , but it never fully materialized . As Stanton and Ranft discussed the adaption , they rattled off scenarios and storylines springing from their premise . Lasseter liked the idea and offered suggestions . The concept simmered until early 1995 , when the story team began work on the second film in earnest . At an early test screening for Toy Story in San Rafael in June 1995 , they pitched the film to Disney CEO Michael Eisner . Eisner thought the idea was fine and they submitted a treatment to Disney in early July under the title Bugs . Disney approved the treatment and gave notice on July 7 , 1995 , that it was exercising the option of a second film under the original 1991 agreement between Disney and Pixar . Lasseter assigned Stanton the job of co @-@ director ; the two men worked well together and had similar sensibilities . Lasseter had found that the workday of a sole @-@ director on a computer @-@ animated feature was dangerous while working on Toy Story . In addition , Lasseter felt it would relieve stress and the role would groom Stanton for a lead directing position of his own . = = = Writing = = = In The Ant and the Grasshopper , a grasshopper squanders the spring and summer months on singing while the ants put food away for the winter ; when winter comes , the hungry grasshopper begs the ants for food , but the ants turn him away . Andrew Stanton and Joe Ranft hit on the notion that the grasshopper could just take the food . After Stanton had completed a draft of the script , he came to doubt one of the story 's main pillars – that the circus bugs that had come to the colony to cheat the ants would instead stay and fight . He felt the circus bugs were unlikable characters as liars and that it was unrealistic for them to undergo a complete personality change . Also no particularly good reason existed for circus bugs to stay with the ant colony during the second act . Although the film was already far along , Stanton concluded that the story needed a different approach . Stanton took one of the early circus bug characters , Red the red ant , and changed him into the character that would become Flik . The circus bugs , no longer out to cheat the colony , would be embroiled in a comic misunderstanding about why Flik was recruiting them . Lasseter agreed with this new approach and comedy writers Donald McEnery and Bob Shaw spent a few months at Pixar working with Stanton on further polishing . The characters of " Tuck and Roll " were inspired by a drawing that Andrew Stanton did of two bugs fighting when he was in second grade . Lasseter had come to envision the film as an epic in the tradition of David Lean 's 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia . = = = Casting = = = The voice cast was heavy with television situation @-@ comedy stars of the time : Flik was voiced by Dave Foley ( NewsRadio ) , Princess Atta was voiced by Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus ( Seinfeld ) , Molt was voiced by Richard Kind ( Spin City ) , Slim was voiced by David Hyde Pierce ( Frasier ) and Dim was voiced by Brad Garrett ( Everybody Loves Raymond ) . Joe Ranft , member of Pixar 's story team , played Heimlich the caterpillar at the suggestion of Lasseter 's wife , Nancy , who had heard him playing the character on a scratch vocal track . Several of the film 's voice actors would voice characters in later Pixar films : Foley returned for Monsters University , Kind for Cars , Cars 2 , Toy Story 3 and Inside Out ; and Garrett for Finding Nemo and Ratatouille . The casting of Hopper proved problematic . Lasseter 's top choice was Robert De Niro , who repeatedly turned the part down , as did a succession of other actors . Kevin Spacey met John Lasseter at the 1995 Academy Awards and Lasseter asked Spacey if he would be interested in doing the voice of Hopper . Spacey was delighted and signed on immediately . = = = Art design and animation = = = It was more difficult for animators during production of A Bug 's Life than Toy Story , as computers ran sluggishly due to the complexity of the character models . Lasseter and Stanton had two supervising animators to assist with directing and reviewing the animation : Rich Quade and Glenn McQueen . The first sequence to be animated and rendered was the circus sequence that culminated with P.T. Flea 's " Flaming Wall of Death " . Lasseter placed this scene first in the pipeline because he believed it was less likely to change . Lasseter thought it would be useful to look at a view of the world from an insect 's perspective . Two technicians obliged by creating a miniature video camera on Lego wheels , which they dubbed the " Bugcam " . Fastened to the end of a stick , the Bugcam could roll through grass and other terrain and send back an insect 's @-@ eye outlook . Lasseter was intrigued by the way grass , leaves , and flower petals formed a translucent canopy , as if the insects were living under a stained @-@ glass ceiling . The team also later sought inspiration from Microcosmos ( 1996 ) , a French documentary on love and violence in the insect world . The transition from treatment to storyboards took on an extra layer of complexity due to the profusion of storylines . Where Toy Story focused heavily on Woody and Buzz , with the other toys serving mostly as sidekicks , A Bug 's Life required in @-@ depth storytelling for several major groups of characters . Character design also presented a new challenge , in that the designers had to make ants appear likable . Although the animators and the art department studied insects more closely , natural realism would give way to the film 's larger needs . The team took out mandibles and designed the ants to stand upright , replacing their normal six legs with two arms and two legs . The grasshoppers , in contrast , received a pair of extra appendages to appear less attractive . The story 's scale also required software engineers to accommodate new demands . Among these was the need to handle shots with crowds of ants . The film would include more than 400 such shots in the ant colony , some with as many as 800 . It was impractical for animators to control them individually , but neither could the ants remain static for even a moment without appearing lifeless , or move identically . Bill Reeves , one of the film 's two supervising technical directors , dealt with the quandary by leading the development of software for autonomous ants . The animators would only animate four or five groups of about eight individual " universal ants " . Each one of these " universal ants " would later be randomly distributed throughout the digital set . The program also allowed each ant to be automatically modified in subtle ways ( e.g. different color of eye or skin , different heights , different weights , etc . ) . This ensured that no two ants were the same . It was partly based on Reeves 's invention of particle systems a decade and a half earlier , which had let animators use masses of self @-@ guided particles to create effects like swirling dust and snow . The animators also employed subsurface scattering — developed by Pixar co @-@ founder Edwin Catmull during his graduate student days at the University of Utah in the 1970s — to render surfaces in a more lifelike way . This would be the first time that subsurface scattering would be used in a Pixar film , and a small team at Pixar worked out the practical problems that kept it from working in animation . Catmull asked for a short film to test and showcase subsurface scattering and the result , Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) , was attached alongside A Bug 's Life in its theatrical release . = = Rivaling DreamWorks and Antz = = During the production of A Bug 's Life , a public feud erupted between DreamWorks ' Jeffrey Katzenberg , and Pixar 's Steve Jobs and John Lasseter . Katzenberg , former chairman of Disney 's film division , had left the company in a bitter feud with CEO Michael Eisner . In response , he formed DreamWorks SKG with Steven Spielberg and David Geffen and planned to rival Disney in animation . After DreamWorks ' acquisition of Pacific Data Images ( PDI ) — long Pixar 's contemporary in computer animation — Lasseter and others at Pixar were dismayed to learn from the trade papers that PDI 's first project at DreamWorks would be another ant film , to be called Antz . By this time , Pixar 's project was well @-@ known within the animation community . Both Antz and A Bug 's Life center on a young male , a drone with oddball tendencies that struggles to win a princess 's hand by saving their society . Whereas A Bug 's Life relied chiefly on visual gags , Antz was more verbal and revolved more around satire . The script of Antz was also heavy with adult references , whereas Pixar 's film was more accessible to children . It was clear that Lasseter and Jobs believed that the idea was stolen by Katzenberg . Katzenberg had stayed in touch with Lasseter after the acrimonious Disney split , often calling to check up . In October 1995 , when Lasseter was overseeing postproduction work on Toy Story at the Universal lot 's Technicolor facility in Universal City , where DreamWorks was also located , he called Katzenberg and dropped by with Stanton . When Katzenberg asked what they were doing next , Lasseter described what would become A Bug 's Life in detail . Lasseter respected Katzenberg 's judgment and felt comfortable using him as a sounding board for creative ideas . Lasseter had high hopes for Toy Story , and he was telling friends throughout the tight @-@ knit computer @-@ animation business to get cracking on their own films . " If this hits , it 's going to be like space movies after Star Wars " for computer @-@ animation companies , he told various friends . " I should have been wary , " Lasseter later recalled . " Jeffrey kept asking questions about when it would be released . " When the trades indicated production on Antz , Lasseter , feeling betrayed , called Katzenberg and asked him bluntly if it were true , who in turn asked him where he had heard the rumor . Lasseter asked again , and Katzenberg admitted it was true . Lasseter raised his voice and would not believe Katzenberg 's story that a development director had pitched him the idea long ago . Katzenberg claimed Antz came from a 1991 story pitch by Tim Johnson that was related to Katzenberg in October 1994 . Another source gives Nina Jacobson , one of Katzenberg 's executives , as the person responsible for the Antz pitch . Lasseter , who normally did not use profane language , cursed at Katzenberg and hung up the phone . Lasseter recalled that Katzenberg began explaining that Disney was " out to get him " and that he realized that he was just cannon fodder in Katzenberg 's fight with Disney . In truth , Katzenberg was the victim of a conspiracy : Eisner had decided not to pay him his contract @-@ required bonus , convincing Disney 's board not to give him anything . Katzenberg was further angered by the fact that Eisner scheduled Bugs to open the same week as The Prince of Egypt , which was then intended to be DreamWorks ' first animated release . Lasseter grimly relayed the news to Pixar employees but kept morale high . Privately , Lasseter told other Pixar executives that he and Stanton felt terribly let down by Katzenberg . Katzenberg moved the opening of Antz from spring 1999 to October 1998 to compete with Pixar 's release . David Price writes in his 2008 book The Pixar Touch that a rumor , " never confirmed " , was that Katzenberg had given PDI " rich financial incentives to induce them to whatever it would take to have Antz ready first , despite Pixar 's head start " . Jobs was furious and called Katzenberg and began yelling . Katzenberg made an offer : He would delay production of Antz if Jobs and Disney would move A Bug ’ s Life so that it did not compete with The Prince of Egypt . Jobs believed it " a blatant extortion attempt " and would not go for it , explaining that there was nothing he could do to convince Disney to change the date . Katzenberg casually responded that Jobs himself had taught him how to conduct similar business long ago , explaining that Jobs had come to Pixar 's rescue by making the deal for Toy Story , as Pixar was near bankruptcy at that time . " I was the one guy there for you back then , and now you ’ re allowing them to use you to screw me , " Katzenberg said . He suggested that if Jobs wanted to , he could simply slow down production on A Bug ’ s Life without telling Disney . If he did , Katzenberg said , he would put Antz on hold . Lasseter also claimed Katzenberg had phoned him with the proposition , but Katzenberg denied these charges later . As the release dates for both films approached , Disney executives concluded that Pixar should keep silent on the DreamWorks battle . Regardless , Lasseter publicly dismissed Antz as a " schlock version " of A Bug 's Life . Lasseter , who claimed to have never seen Antz , told others that if DreamWorks and PDI had made the film about anything other than insects , he would have closed Pixar for the day so the entire company could go see it . Jobs and Katzenberg would not back down and the rivaling ant films provoked a press frenzy . " The bad guys rarely win , " Jobs told the Los Angeles Times . In response , DreamWorks ’ head of marketing Terry Press suggested , “ Steve Jobs should take a pill . " Despite the successful box office performance of both Antz and A Bug 's Life , tensions would remain high between Jobs and Katzenberg for many years . According to Jobs , Katzenberg came to Jobs after the success of Shrek ( 2001 ) and insisted he had never heard the pitch for A Bug 's Life , reasoning that his settlement with Disney would have given him a share of the profits if that were so . Although the contention left all parties estranged , Pixar and PDI employees kept up the old friendships that had arisen from spending a long time together in computer animation . = = Music = = The film 's score was composed and conducted by Randy Newman . The soundtrack album was produced and released on October 27 , 1998 , by Walt Disney Records . The album 's first track is a song called " The Time of Your Life " written and performed by Newman , while all the other 19 tracks are orchestral cues . The album is no longer manufactured into physical media , but is available for purchase on iTunes . The time duration is 47 minutes and 32 seconds . Out of five stars , Allmusic , Empire Online , and Film Tracks rated the album three stars . Movie Wave rated it four and a half . The score won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 92 % , based on 86 reviews , with an average rating of 7 @.@ 9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " A Bug 's Life is a rousing adventure that blends animated thrills with witty dialogue and memorable characters - and another smashing early success for Pixar . " Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Todd McCarthy of Variety gave the film a positive review , saying " Lasseter and Pixar broke new technical and aesthetic ground in the animation field with Toy Story , and here they surpass it in both scope and complexity of movement while telling a story that overlaps Antz in numerous ways . " James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " A Bug 's Life , like Toy Story , develops protagonists we can root for , and places them in the midst of a fast @-@ moving , energetic adventure . " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Will A Bug 's Life suffer by coming out so soon after Antz ? Not any more than one thriller hurts the chances for the next one . Antz may even help business for A Bug 's Life by demonstrating how many dramatic and comedic possibilities can be found in an anthill . " Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film four out of five stars , saying " What A Bug 's Life demonstrates is that when it comes to bugs , the most fun ones to hang out with hang exclusively with the gang at Pixar . " Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film four out of four stars , saying " A Bug 's Life is one of the great movies – a triumph of storytelling and character development , and a whole new ballgame for computer animation . Pixar Animation Studios has raised the genre to an astonishing new level " . Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a positive review , saying " The plot matures handsomely ; the characters neatly converge and combust ; the gags pay off with emotional resonance . " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying " A Bug 's Life may be the single most amazing film I 've ever seen that I couldn 't fall in love with . " Paul Clinton of CNN gave the film a positive review , saying " A Bug 's Life is a perfect movie for the holidays . It contains a great upbeat message ... it 's wonderful to look at ... it 's wildly inventive ... and it 's entertaining for both adults and kids . " Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three and a half stars out of four , and compared the movie to " Akira Kurosawa 's Seven Samurai ( with a little of another art @-@ film legend , Federico Fellini , tossed in ) . " where " As in Samurai , the colony here is plagued every year by the arrival of bandits . " On the contrary , Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post gave the film a negative review , saying " Clever as it is , the film lacks charm . One problem : too many bugs . Second , bigger world for two purposes : to feed birds and to irk humans . " = = = Box office = = = A Bug 's Life grossed approximately $ 33 @,@ 258 @,@ 052 on its opening weekend , ranking number 1 for that weekend . It managed to retain its number 1 spot for two weeks . The film grossed $ 162 @.@ 7 million in its United States theatrical run , covering its estimated production costs of $ 120 million . The film made $ 200 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 in foreign countries , pushing its worldwide gross to $ 363 @.@ 3 million , surpassing the competition from DreamWorks Animation 's Antz . = = = Awards = = = A Bug 's Life won a number of awards and numerous nominations . The film won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards for Best Animated Film ( tied with The Prince of Egypt ) and Best Family Film , the Satellite Award for Best Animated Film and the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition by Randy Newman . It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and the BAFTA Award for Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects . = = = Critical comparisons to Antz = = = PopMatters journalist J.C. Maçek III compared A Bug 's Life to Antz , writing , " The feud deepened with both teams making accusations and excuses and a release date war ensued . While Antz beat A Bug ’ s Life to the big screen by two months , the latter film significantly out grossed its predecessor . Antz made almost $ 91 million domestically against a $ 105 million budget ( with a worldwide haul of almost $ 172 million ) while A Bug ’ s Life made almost $ 163 million domestically against a $ 120 million budget ( with a worldwide haul of over $ 363 million ) . Rip off or not , Antz ‘ s critical response has proven to be almost exactly as positive as what A Bug ’ s Life has enjoyed . " = = = American Film Institute = = = The American Film Institute nominated A Bug 's Life for its Top 10 Animated Films list . = = Home media = = A Bug 's Life was released on VHS and DVD on April 20 , 1999 . On August 1 , 2000 , it was rereleased on VHS and DVD under the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection banner . On May 27 , 2003 , another DVD was released as a 2 @-@ disc Collector 's Edition . This DVD was fully remastered and has substantial bonus features . On May 19 , 2009 , the film was released on Blu @-@ ray . = = Media and merchandise = = = = = Attached short film = = = The film 's theatrical and video releases include Geri 's Game , a Pixar short made in 1997 , a year before this film was released . = = = Video game = = = A game , based on the film , was developed by Traveller 's Tales and Tiertex Design Studios and released by Sony Computer Entertainment , Disney Interactive , THQ and Activision for various systems . The game 's storyline was similar to the film 's , with a few changes . However , unlike the film , the game received mixed to negative reviews . Aggregating review website GameRankings gave the Nintendo 64 version 54 @.@ 40 % , the PlayStation version 51 @.@ 90 % and the Game Boy Color version 36 @.@ 63 % . GameSpot gave the PlayStation version a 2 @.@ 7 / 10 , concluding that it was " obvious that Disney was more interested in producing a $ 40 advertisement for its movie than in developing a playable game . " IGN gave the Nintendo 64 version a 6 @.@ 8 / 10 , praising the presentation and sound by stating " It was upbeat , cheery look and feel very much like the movie of the same name with cheery , happy tunes and strong sound effects but again criticised the gameplay by saying the controls were sluggish with stuttering framerate and tired gameplay mechanics " . while they gave the PlayStation version a 4 / 10 , criticizing the gameplay as slow and awkward but praising the presentation as cinematic . = = = Theme park attractions = = = A Bug 's Land is a section of Disney California Adventure that is inspired by A Bug 's Life . One of the main attractions is the 3D show It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! which is also in Disney 's Animal Kingdom . The Disney California Adventure nighttime show World of Color features a segment that includes Heimlich , the caterpillar from the film . = = Future reading = = Price , David ( 2008 ) . The Pixar Touch . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 @-@ 307 @-@ 26575 @-@ 7 . = Roxette = Roxette is a Swedish pop rock duo , consisting of Marie Fredriksson ( vocals ) and Per Gessle ( vocals and guitar ) . Formed in 1986 , the duo became an international act in the late 1980s , when they released their breakthrough album Look Sharp ! . Their third album Joyride , which was released in 1991 , became just as successful as its predecessor . Roxette went on to achieve nineteen UK Top 40 hits and several US Hot 100 hits , including four US number @-@ ones with " The Look " , " Listen to Your Heart " , " It Must Have Been Love " , and " Joyride " . Other hits include " Dangerous " , " Fading Like a Flower " , " Dressed for Success " and " The Centre of the Heart " . Before coming together to form the duo , Fredriksson and Gessle were already established artists in Sweden , with Fredriksson releasing a number of solo albums and Gessle being the lead singer and songwriter of Gyllene Tider , which had three No. 1 albums . On the advice of the managing director of their record label , they came together to record " Neverending Love " , which became a hit single in Sweden . After the release of Don 't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ! , a greatest hits record , the duo took a hiatus from the mid @-@ 1990s before returning with the albums Have a Nice Day ( 1999 ) and Room Service ( 2001 ) . They continued to chart in other territories , mainly in Europe and Latin America , where they earned various Gold and Platinum awards until the beginning of the new millennium . In 2002 , the duo took a break from recording and touring when Fredriksson was diagnosed with a brain tumour . Gessle went on to release solo albums and reunited with Gyllene Tider before Roxette took to the stage together again for the first time in 8 years , in 2009 , during Gessle 's European Party Crasher tour . In 2011 , they released Charm School , their first studio album in ten years . This was followed by Travelling a year later . Their songs " It Must Have Been Love " and " Listen to Your Heart " continue to receive wide radio airplay , with both singles recently receiving awards from BMI for achieving five million radio plays . They have sold an estimated 75 million records worldwide , with over 10 million in certified units from Germany , the US and the UK , achieving gold and platinum certifications for Joyride and Look Sharp ! in all three regions . = = History = = = = = 1979 – 1986 : Formation = = = Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson first met in Halmstad , Sweden , in the late 1970s . Gessle performed in Gyllene Tider , one of Sweden 's most popular bands of the time , and Fredriksson in the less successful Strul and MaMas Barn ( Mama 's Children ) before both embarked on solo careers . In 1981 , Fredriksson sang for the first time with Gyllene Tider on stage and was featured as a background vocalist for a Swedish @-@ language album the band released in 1982 . Gessle also worked with ex @-@ ABBA singer Frida , for a song that appeared on her 1982 album Something 's Going On , setting music to a Dorothy Parker poem . While working on her first solo album , Het vind ( Hot Wind ) , Fredriksson performed more background vocals for Gyllene Tider 's only album in English , The Heartland Café . The 11 @-@ track album was released in February 1984 and sold 45 @,@ 000 copies in Sweden . According to Gessle , the group 's first English @-@ language release was in response to interest expressed by EMI 's American label Capitol Records . Capitol took six of the tracks and released an extended play ( EP ) record in the US with an abridged title , Heartland , but the company insisted on a different name for the band . Gessle and the other members of Gyllene Tider ( Swedish for " Golden Times " or " Golden Age " ) chose the title of a 1975 Dr. Feelgood song , " Roxette " . The newly named Roxette issued one near @-@ invisible release in the US , " Teaser Japanese " , whose video reached MTV 's studio but received no rotation to speak of . It , and subsequent singles , fared better in Sweden , and Gyllene Tider briefly toured the country to support the album . However , " the album died soon enough and the international career died before it even started " , Gessle wrote . " We decided to put Gyllene Tider to rest ... until further notice . " Gessle then turned solo work , recording his second Swedish @-@ language solo album , Scener , released in 1985 and again featuring Fredriksson on background vocals . While Fredriksson recorded her second solo album , Den sjunde vågen ( The Seventh Wave ) . It was then that the Managing Director of EMI , Rolf Nygren , suggested that Gessle and Fredriksson should sing together . Gessle translated a song called " Svarta glas " ( " Black glasses " ) into English , which became their first single , " Neverending Love " . It was released in the summer of 1986 under the name " Roxette " and reached the Swedish top 10 , selling 50 @,@ 000 copies . = = = 1986 – 1988 : Pearls of Passion = = = After the success of " Neverending Love " in Sweden , Gessle and Fredriksson quickly recorded a full @-@ length album , translating songs Gessle had written originally for his third solo album . With the release of Pearls of Passion in October 1986 , Roxette maintained their commercial momentum in Sweden with their next singles " Goodbye to You " and " Soul Deep " . Some singles from Passion were released in other countries , however these international releases didn 't emulate their Swedish success . The album was followed by a compilation of remixes of the same songs entitled Dance Passion . In 1987 , Fredriksson released her third solo album Efter stormen ( After the Storm ) . Meanwhile , Roxette released the single " I Want You " in collaboration with Eva Dahlgren and Ratata . Later in the year , they released " It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas For the Broken Hearted ) " after EMI Germany asked the duo to come up with an intelligent Christmas single . The holiday themed song received some attention in their native country as Roxette prepared their next album , though EMI Germany decided against releasing the single . Pearls of Passion was re @-@ released internationally in 1997 , and included " It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) " as a bonus track . = = = 1988 – 1990 : Look Sharp ! = = = In native Sweden , " Dressed for Success " and " Listen to Your Heart " were chosen as the first two singles from their second album Look Sharp ! , as Gessle and EMI Sweden chose to highlight Fredriksson 's singing . Gessle said " I always thought we should promote the songs Marie sang . Me being a lead singer wasn 't part of the plan , not for me anyway . " Both singles reached the top 10 of the Swedish singles chart , while the album , which was released in Sweden in October 1988 , held the No. 1 position for fourteen weeks . Music critic Måns Ivarsson was underwhelmed by the album , " To consist of two such original persons as Marie Fredriksson and Per Gessle , the album sounds unbelievably conventional . Most striking are the lyrics . Gessle 's once so subtle Swedish lyrics have became desolate English nonsense . " The album won Roxette their first Rockbjörnen awards in Sweden and Gessle his first Grammis award in the category Best Composer . When the third single from Look Sharp , " The Look " became another top 10 single in their home country , Roxette were still unknown internationally . It was while studying in Sweden , that an American exchange student from Minneapolis , Dean Cushman , heard " The Look " , and brought a copy of Look Sharp ! home for the 1988 holiday break . He gave the album to a Minneapolis radio station , KDWB 101 @.@ 3 FM . The station started playing " The Look " and based on positive caller feedback , the song became very popular , quickly spreading to other radio stations . The song became a radio hit before any Roxette product had been commercially released or promoted in the US market . The story was covered by radio , newspapers and TV in the US and in Sweden , with Gessle recently telling this as the story which highlighted the beginning of their international success . Fredriksson dismissed rumours that Cushman was paid to take the record to the radio station . EMI had previously rejected Roxette as unsuitable for the American market and they did not have a recording contract there , but after the popularity of " The Look " in the US , EMI officials made the decision to release and market the single worldwide . " The Look " and pressed copies of Look Sharp ! were issued in early 1989 to record stores and radio stations . " The Look " became their first No. 1 in the US on 8 April 1989 , where it remained for one week . The breakthrough for Roxette became international when the song also topped the charts in 25 other countries , and at the end of the year , Billboard named " The Look " one of the 20 biggest Hot 100 singles of the year . " Dressed for Success " , featuring Fredriksson on lead vocals with Gessle singing short parts , was the second international single . The single peaked at No. 14 on the Hot 100 as well as at No. 3 in Australia . " Listen to Your Heart " was released thereafter ; it differed from previous singles and instead resembled the guitar @-@ heavy ballads of Heart . Spending a single week at No. 1 in the US in November 1989 it bore the distinction of being the first US Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 to be not commercially available on 7 @-@ inch vinyl . A fourth single , " Dangerous " , was released at the end of the year , entering the Hot 100 at the end of December . The single , a duet between Gessle and Fredriksson , spent two weeks at No. 2 on the Hot 100 in February 1990 , and again becoming a worldwide success by reaching the top 10 in important music markets such as Germany and Australia . " Dangerous " was released as a double A @-@ sided single in the UK with " Listen to Your Heart " . = = = = " It Must Have Been Love " – Pretty Woman soundtrack = = = = It was around this time that Touchstone Pictures approached EMI and Roxette about contributing a song to the soundtrack of an upcoming film , Pretty Woman , starring Richard Gere and Julia Roberts . Gessle has claimed that " It Must Have Been Love " , by then a 2 @-@ year @-@ old recording , was chosen because Roxette didn 't have time to compose and record a new song . The film 's producers turned it down , asking for another song , but Gessle declined to produce another song . Some weeks later after re @-@ editing the film before release , the producers re @-@ requested " It Must Have Been Love " , but Roxette had to remove the Christmas lyrics . Gessle and producer Clarence Öfwerman then took the old recording , had Fredriksson replace a single Christmas @-@ referenced line in the song and added some instrumentation and background vocal overlays . Though not the first single released from the soundtrack , " It Must Have Been Love " would prove to be Roxette 's most successful single release . The song spent two weeks at No. 1 on the Hot 100 in June 1990 , three months after the film 's release , and stayed for two additional weeks at No. 2 , spending a total of seventeen weeks in the top 40 . Billboard named the song the No. 2 Hot 100 single of the year behind Wilson Phillips ' " Hold On " . The single also topped the charts in more than 20 other countries ( including Australia ) around the world . In Germany the single spent 9 months in the top 75 , and peaked at No. 3 in the UK , the duo 's highest singles chart position there . The soundtrack went on to be certified three times platinum by the RIAA . = = = 1991 – 1992 : Joyride = = = As 1990 wound down , Roxette completed its tour and returned to Sweden to record its follow @-@ up to Look Sharp ! The 14 @-@ track collection titled Joyride , which was released in March 1991 , became a critical and commercial success . It topped the charts in a number of countries and became Roxette 's best selling album . Their record company EMI invested almost 2 million dollars on promotion for the album , which stayed at No. 1 in Germany for 13 weeks , while staying on the US album chart for over a year . J.D. Considine of Rolling Stone magazine reviewed Joyride : " By emphasizing its sense of personality , Roxette delivers more than just well @-@ constructed hooks ; this music has heart , something that makes even the catchiest melody more appealing . " The album 's success brought the duo two Rockbjörnen awards for Best Swedish Album and Best Swedish Group , the second time they had achieved that feat . " Joyride " the single became Roxette 's first No. 1 in their home country . It also topped the charts in more than 25 countries around the world , including Germany , Australia and the US ; it was their fourth and last US No. 1 . The single also charted well in the UK and achieved success in Canada which resulted in the song being nominated in 1992 for a Juno Award in the category , Best Selling Single by a Foreign Artist . Its follow @-@ up , " Fading Like a Flower ( Every Time You Leave ) " , a power ballad similar to " Listen to Your Heart " , with Fredriksson on lead , spent a week at No. 2 in the US in July and achieved success in other big markets as well . It was then that Roxette embarked on an ambitious worldwide tour . The Join the Joyride ! World Tour 1991 / 92 tour eventually reached more than 1 @.@ 5 million fans in 107 concerts around the world , including a few dates in the US . On reviewing their Universal Amphitheater performance , Dennis Hunt of the Los Angeles Times said , " Fredriksson is squandering her talents in pop 's low @-@ rent district . She 's clearly superior to Roxette 's uncomplicated , hook @-@ crammed material ... " The end of 1991 saw the merger of SBK , Chrysalis and EMI record companies , to form EMI Records Group North America . The resulting merger saw many personnel changes that resulted in a downturn in publicity for Roxette . Though Joyride was certified platinum and made impressive worldwide sales , subsequent singles from the album , the ballad " Spending My Time " and " Church of Your Heart " , failed to reach the heights of previous singles in the US charts . Music tastes in the US were changing , with the emergence of new genres such as new jack swing , grunge , harder @-@ core rap and hip @-@ hop . As William Ruhlmann of AllMusic later wrote , " Americans probably lost interest [ in Roxette ] at about the time that Nirvana came roaring in from the Northwest . " In a 2009 interview with the BBC News , Gessle highlighted Nirvana and grunge music as part of the cause which contributed to Roxette 's downturn of success . Although Roxette 's commercial momentum in America was slowing down dramatically , elsewhere , singles from the Joyride album continued to become hits when " Spending My Time " and " The Big L. " charted in many countries . = = = 1992 – 1993 : Tourism = = = Roxette continued the Join the Joyride tour through into 1992 . It was during this tour that most of the material for Tourism : Songs from Studios , Stages , Hotelrooms & Other Strange Places was recorded . Instead of releasing an album of brand @-@ new material , Gessle and Fredriksson re @-@ mastered older recordings , including several slated for but not included on Look Sharp ! and Joyride . They also recorded some of their live performances , recorded a country music inspired version of " It Must Have Been Love " in a Los Angeles studio , and recorded new material in various locations around the world – an empty dance club , a hotel room – and compiled everything on to the album . Released in October 1992 , Gessle and Fredriksson said Tourism was meant to " capture the energy within the band " . The first single off the album was " How Do You Do ! " followed by the ballad " Queen of Rain " and an electrified version of the song " Fingertips " , originally recorded acoustically for the album and re @-@ titled " Fingertips ' 93 " for single release . Singles from Tourism barely dented the American radio and record charts but in the rest of the world , the first single " How Do You Do ! " , hit the top 5 in most European and South American countries . The album Tourism also charted well outside of the US , reaching No. 1 in Germany and Sweden , No. 2 in the UK as well as peaking at No. 13 in Australia . The duo 's success reflected in an ECHO Award nomination for International Group of the Year . At home , Roxette won a Rockbjörnen Award for Best Swedish Group . It remains the last Rockbjörnen the duo has received . In October 1992 , Fredriksson released her first solo album in Swedish for five years , titled Den ständiga resan ( The Eternal Journey ) . In early 1993 , Roxette became the first non @-@ native @-@ English speaking artists to be featured on MTV 's Unplugged series , though the songs from the performance were never released on an official Unplugged album . In the same year , Roxette recorded and released " Almost Unreal " , a song originally slated for the film Hocus Pocus starring Bette Midler . However , the song was moved to the soundtrack of the film based on the Nintendo video game Super Mario Bros. Supported by an expensive video and ultimately receiving respectable airplay , " Almost Unreal " managed to briefly reach the lower end of the Billboard Hot 100 but charted highest in the UK reaching the top 10 , the group 's first time there since " Joyride " two years before . Roxette themselves were dismissive about the song , with Fredriksson saying it was " not one of our most inspired moments . " On the other hand , Gessle stated : " I still like the song in a way ... but if you wanted to make a parody of Roxette , it would probably sound something like this . " To coincide with the UK television premiere of the film Pretty Woman , " It Must Have Been Love " was re @-@ issued in September 1993 and entered the UK and Irish singles charts for the second time . = = = 1994 – 1998 : Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! and Don 't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ! = = = Roxette changed their musical style with the 1994 release of Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! . Bryan Buss of Allmusic wrote , " They rock harder than on their pop @-@ friendly albums prior to this , and the result shows growth but not the fun that made them so popular in the first place ... Though the two have an edge on this album , they almost seem to have become a bit bored . " Although Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! saw chart success ( No. 1 in Sweden , No. 2 in Germany & Australia , No. 3 in the UK ) , it didn 't sell as many as their previous albums . EMI America were reluctant to release the album , and instead promoted a shortened 10 @-@ track Favorites CD in association with McDonald 's . The Favorites of Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! CD reportedly sold about 1 million copies . It was noted by journalists that the McDonald 's promotion CD and other CDs by Tina Turner , Garth Brooks and Elton John , led to US music retailers of the time being unhappy with the promotion on several fronts , including that it bypassed established music stores and that the price of the CD was way below normal wholesale costs . Some stores refused to sell the albums published by EMI , with one major chain protesting by temporarily pulling all products from CEMA ( EMI 's distribution wing ) out of its sales and ad campaigns . Relations with EMI 's North American subsidiary , never on the best of terms , collapsed after the release of this album . Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! became the last Roxette release EMI would issue in the US , until Greatest Hits was released in 2011 on subsidiary label Capitol Records . The first single release from Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! was " Sleeping in My Car " . The distortion guitar @-@ heavy pop song , born out of anger and frustration of the album 's grown up nature , reached No. 2 in Canada , as well as the top 10 in 7 European countries ( including No. 1 in Sweden ) as well as the top 15 in the UK , Australia and Germany . However , in the US it was less successful , reaching only the Billboard top 50 . Subsequent releases , the title track " Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! " , " Fireworks " , and " Run to You " , were less successful but managed to reach the charts in some countries . Roxette then embarked on another , albeit scaled @-@ down , worldwide tour , skipping North America in the process . It was during this tour that Roxette became the first Western band to be allowed to perform in China ( Workers ' Indoor Arena , Beijing ) since Wham ! in 1985 . The procedure to get permission for this concert had taken over a year , and included self @-@ censoring the lyrics . In 2008 they were ordered to pay 4 @.@ 5 million kronor in unpaid taxes to the Swedish Tax Agency , for money earned during the German part of 94 / 95 tour . In October 1995 , Roxette released their first greatest hits compilation Don 't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ! , which reached the top 5 in many European countries including the UK , as well as the top 10 in Australia . It featured four new songs , three were released as singles , including the ballad " You Don 't Understand Me " , co @-@ written by Desmond Child . Also that year , a compilation of demos , B @-@ sides and remixes , alongside some of the 1993 MTV Unplugged material , was released in Japan and parts of South America under the title Rarities . Gessle briefly reunited with Gyllene Tider in 1996 , then Roxette took instrumental masters of many of its ballads and recorded translated Spanish lyrics over them . The resulting album , Baladas En Español , sold well in Spanish speaking regions reaching 2 × platinum in Spain and platinum in Argentina . The single " Un día sin ti " ( " Spending My Time " ) accompanied by a video directed by Jonas Åkerlund , became their first Latin Pop Airplay chart entry . The duo then released solo albums , I en tid som vår ( In a Time Like Ours ) by Fredriksson and The World According to Gessle by Gessle , with both charting in Sweden . = = = 1999 – 2001 : Have a Nice Day and Room Service = = = Gessle and Fredriksson reunited in 1998 to record material for a new Roxette album , Have a Nice Day , which was released in March 1999 and gave Roxette a comeback in continental Europe . It entered at No. 1 in Sweden and No. 2 in Germany . The first single , " Wish I Could Fly " , became their highest charting UK single since 1993 ( No. 11 ) . In Sweden it charted at No. 4 , their best position since " Sleeping in My Car " . Although the second single , " Anyone " , didn 't chart well in Europe , " Stars " , the third single , charted well in Scandinavian and German speaking countries . NME 's review called Have a Nice Day " ... another clever @-@ clever bastard of an album which defies Doctor Rock " . A review of " I Wish I could Fly " by Håkan Steen of Aftonbladet said " The come @-@ back single is a disappointment . The lyrics which conveys a sense of distance in a relationship , are not particularly engaging . " The album , according to Billboard magazine , was under discussion for release in the US but ultimately it was not released there . In 2000 , Fredriksson released a greatest hits compilation called Äntligen ( At Last ) , which went on to be a big seller in Sweden , peaking at No. 1 for three weeks . Meanwhile , Roxette signed a US distribution deal with	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
regaining the trophy in 1968 , 2000 and May 2009 , while the West Indies regained it in 1973 and April 2009 . 105 Test matches have been played , with West Indies winning 43 times , England 28 times , and 34 matches being drawn . Brian Lara is the top scorer in the Wisden Trophy series with 2983 runs , while Curtly Ambrose is the leading wicket taker with 164 wickets . = = Match venues = = The series usually alternates between England and West Indies , and within each country each of the matches is held at the following grounds . In England the grounds used have been Old Trafford ( since 1963 ) , Lord 's ( 1963 ) , Edgbaston ( 1963 ) , Headingley ( 1963 ) , The Oval ( 1963 ) , Trent Bridge ( 1966 ) and Riverside Ground ( 2007 ) . In the West Indies the grounds used have been Queen 's Park Oval ( since 1968 ) , Sabina Park ( 1968 ) , Kensington Oval ( 1968 ) , Bourda ( 1968 ) , Antigua Recreation Ground ( 1981 ) and Sir Vivian Richards Stadium ( 2009 ) . = Carancahua Bay = Carancahua Bay is a northern extension of Matagorda Bay located in Jackson and Matagorda counties in Texas , United States . It is oriented from the southeast to the northwest but meanders as it reaches the north to the confluence with Carancahua Creek . Generally slender , it is only about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) in width north of its circular mouth . The bay serves as a nursery for shrimp and as an ecosystem for diverse species of birds and fish . Shrimp farms have been established inland to circumvent restrictions on the bay . The area close to shore is prone to flooding , and can sometimes accumulate large populations of mosquitos . As a consequence , no major settlements have been founded on the bay . However , the small communities of Port Alto and Carancahua have been established on the western and eastern shores , respectively . = = History = = The name Carancahua derives from the term that formerly referred to the Karankawa Indians , who resided on its shores . Texas ' Spanish Royal Governor , Martín de Alarcón was the first documented European to tour the bay while on a voyage with a Tejas guide and several others in the early 18th century . During the expedition , two Karankawa Indians were spotted near the bay going about their daily lives , but were frightened by the sight of Alarcón , and quickly swam across despite the guide 's reassurance to them that Alarcón meant no harm . The next day , the Indians came ashore from a sixteen @-@ passenger canoe ( which could hold 4 men , 4 women and 8 children ) , and notified the Tejas guide that they wished for Alarcón and his men to leave . As a peace offering , Alarcón presented the Indians with tobacco and clothing on behalf of the Spanish crown , which they accepted . In exchange , the Indians offered Alarcón dried fish , and warned him of the nearby French fort of St. Louis , believing he wanted to establish a colony on the bay . Alarcón declared the bay for Spain , but did not establish a permanent settlement . Only a handful of settlements have been established on the bay . The town of Carancahua first formed as a small collection of cabins that were used in the 1880s as a stop for mail between Texana and Matagorda . However , the bay 's propensity for flooding and malaria prevented growth . In fact , the bay was notorious for its swarms of mosquitos that would fly from the Colorado River delta , and documented by a late 19th @-@ century rancher : A fairly strong easterly wind had been blowing for three days ; on the evening of the third day , the mosquitos arrived , flying high , about fifty feet , and looking like a cloud of mist over Carancahua Bay . At the ranch , they set everything on fire that had blood in it , and all work was suspended by unanimous consent ... little or nothing was done for nearly five days ; by this time the main body had passed , though plenty remained to make everything uncomfortable for about two weeks . This migration was from east to west and the line was about three miles wide . Approximately 50 people lived at Carancahua in 1915 , but the population dwindled to 25 in the next decade . The town remains a community , but the current population is unknown . Across the bay , a settlement of about ten permanent residents , initially known as Persimmon Point , was renamed Port Alto in 1939 . The town grew , attracting retirees and vacationers who contributed to a peak summer population of 205 in 1961 . Hurricane Carla destroyed the town in September 1961 , but it was rebuilt five years later . In 1970 , a beachfront was constructed along the shoreline as the listed population reached 170 people . The 2000 census reported that 45 people lived in the town . Schicke Point , located near the mouth of Carancahua Bay at Carancahua Pass , is a small fishing village with approximately 70 residents , including legendary anglers Tyler Kurtz & James Malek and big trout specialist Russell Shelton . Cape Carancahua is an affluent gated residential community , located on the bay 's northern shore . = = Features = = The bay has two extensions near its mouth with Matagorda Bay at Carancahua Pass , including Redfish Lake to the southwest and Salt Lake , just above the former . On the bay 's eastern shore , the mouth is headed by Schicke Point , which curves north to the Schicke Point Community , where several private piers are located . About one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) inland from the community 's shoreline are the Piper Lakes . North from the Schicke Point community , the El Campo Club community is found , with several residences on a straight line along the coast with docks stretched into the water . Further north , the bay takes a sharp turn to the west past a swampy area then heads north and becomes more slender as it passes from Calhoun into Jackson County . The shoreline continues north and passes several oil wells to the town of Carancahua , where a few piers are scattered along the shore . Just north of the town , a small inlet is formed , at the base of which , the Fivemile Draw is found , surrounded by swamps . To the north , several docks line the shore and continue until the bay winds to the west to a large swamp . Past the swamp , the width of the bay shrinks and continues southward along the shore of the Cape Carancahua community , surrounded by water on three sides . Past the cape , the bay turns to the north and is crossed by Texas State Highway 35 . It then heads west and north again , while gradually becoming narrower until it reaches the marsh at the mouth of Carancahua Creek . The East and West Carancahua Creeks , which merge before their confluence , feed the bay . West Carancahua Creek runs 28 miles ( 45 km ) south from its source near White Hall to meet with East Carancahua Creek , which runs southwest for 32 miles ( 51 km ) from its source in southern Wharton County . Both streams are intermittent in their upper reaches . The western shore mimics the shape of the east . As it moves south of the Carancahua Creek mouth , Weedhaven is formed , south of which , the shore counters Cape Carancahua and heads northeast past several oil wells to a sharp point . The shoreline continues directly south until it reaches a large swamp . Past the swamp is the town of Port Alto , where several docks and piers are located . = = Ecosystem = = Carancahua Bay is protected by the State of Texas and locally by the 300 @-@ member Carancahua Bay Protection Association . It is a nursery bay for shrimp , and is a habitat for shellfish including oysters . Finfish such as the redfish and black drum are commonly caught from the bay by recreational fishermen . Birds common to the bay include the wood ibis , roseate spoonbill , snowy egret , great @-@ tailed grackle , Louisiana heron , willet , black @-@ necked stilt , caracara and the black vulture . During a 2004 assessment of Texas waterways , the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality found higher than normal levels of bacteria at the mouth of Carancahua Creek and alkaline pH levels , symptomatic of algal bloom . The issues discovered by the Commission were common in the water bodies examined for the study , and they noted that such issues would be addressed . = = Industry = = The bay is off limits to shrimping due to its legal status as a nursery , however shrimp farms have been established and approved along its shores . The harvest of shellfish , particularly oysters , is heavily regulated , but allowed at certain times and places . Whereas the main Matagorda Bay is an approved area for shellfish production , Carancahua Bay is divided between restricted and conditionally approved areas . The Texas Department of State Health Services described the areas conditionally approved as being from the mouth of the bay to a " beige house " on the eastern shore and cutoff across to a " grey barn " on the western shore , save for a small sliver of water that includes most of the shoreline of Port Alto , which is restricted . All areas north of the diagonal line are restricted as well . Several oil and natural gas wells are scattered throughout the shoreline and a few are included in the waters of Carancahua Bay . The most notable include the wells of the Appling Field segment , a mile offshore from Port Alto , which is believed to contain 33 billion cubic feet ( 0 @.@ 93 billion cubic meters ) of natural gas . The field was first discovered in the 1950s , but later abandoned . Brigham Exploration is working with Royale Energy to develop ten reserves in the area , spotted during a seismic survey . = U.S. Route 44 in New York = U.S. Route 44 ( US 44 ) in the state of New York is a major east – west thoroughfare in the Hudson Valley region of the state . Its entire 65 @.@ 98 @-@ mile ( 106 @.@ 18 km ) length is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) , with the exception of the Mid @-@ Hudson Bridge , which is maintained by the New York State Bridge Authority . The portion of the route in New York begins at an intersection with US 209 and New York State Route 55 ( NY 55 ) near the hamlet of Kerhonkson and ends at the Connecticut state line near the village of Millerton . The road passes through rural parts of Ulster and Dutchess counties before crossing into Litchfield County , Connecticut . Most of the route in Dutchess County was once part of the Dutchess Turnpike , an early road interconnecting Poughkeepsie to various settlements in Dutchess County . US 44 was designated c . 1935 and had no major changes in alignment until 2007 , when it was relocated onto New York State Route 44A , a highway that bypassed the village of Millbrook to the northwest . The NY 44A designation was deleted as a result of the relocation , and signage for NY 44A was taken down in April 2008 . US 44 's original alignment through Millbrook became NY 984P , an unsigned reference route . = = Route description = = US 44 begins at an intersection with US 209 and NY 55 west of the hamlet of Kerhonkson in the town of Wawarsing in Ulster County . NY 55 , concurrent with US 209 southwest of this point , turns east onto US 44 , forming an overlap as the two routes proceed eastward across Ulster County . Midway between Kerhonkson and Gardiner and just north of NY 299 , US 44 and NY 55 traverse a hairpin turn made necessary by the surrounding Shawangunk Ridge . Farther east , the road passes through the hamlets of Gardiner and Clintondale , and meets US 9W in the hamlet of Highland . Just inside of Gardiner , the highway passes through Minnewaska State Park , a large state park in the Hudson Valley . US 44 and NY 55 join US 9W for roughly a half @-@ mile southward along the western bank of the Hudson River before separating at a trumpet interchange south of Highland . One mile east of US 9W , US 44 and NY 55 cross the Hudson on the Mid @-@ Hudson Bridge . On the opposite bank in Dutchess County , US 44 and NY 55 enter the city of Poughkeepsie . In the downtown area , US 44 and NY 55 connect with US 9 by way of an interchange before splitting into a pair of parallel one @-@ way streets . At the eastern end of the parallel roadways in Arlington , just outside Poughkeepsie , US 44 and NY 55 split upon meeting Main Street at an interchange . NY 55 continues southeast through the junction as Manchester Road ; US 44 , however , joins Main Street to the northeast along what becomes the Dutchess Turnpike . West of the interchange , state maintenance continues along Main Street for an additional 0 @.@ 19 miles ( 0 @.@ 31 km ) to County Route 38 ( CR 38 , named Fairmont Avenue ) . This segment of Main Street is designated as NY 983W , an unsigned reference route . Past CR 38 , Main Street becomes CR 114 . From Arlington , Route 44 bends first to the north , then after 1 @.@ 5 miles northeast , through intermittently developed areas , woodlots , and farms to the next settlement along its route , Pleasant Valley . In its commercial center the road widens to include a center turn lane . After crossing Wappinger Creek , it returns to two lanes . The road returns to a more easterly course for two miles , then straightens out as it climbs steadily past the Newcomb – Brown Estate . It crests just before the interchange with the Taconic State Parkway . A mile past it , at the state police Troop K barracks , NY 82 joins from the north and the two roads overlap . This concurrency ends after another mile , when US 44 diverges along the route of the former NY 44A , going around the village of Millbrook past the Mary Flagler Cary Arboretum , home to the Institute of Ecosystem Studies . The highway returns to a more due @-@ east orientation as it passes north of the village , then gradually curves to the northeast again as it passes through a heavily farmed area . Route 44 gradually descends into the upper Harlem Valley , with a sharp hairpin turn providing a panoramic view to the south . A gradual descent takes it into downtown Amenia . At the center of town , the highway turns north and replaces NY 343 as NY 22 's overlap . A seven @-@ mile ( 11 km ) journey over increasingly rolling and open terrain takes the two highways into the town of North East and towards Millerton . Just south of the village , NY 199 reaches its eastern terminus . The road enters Millerton on South Elm Street , making a sharp turn north that necessitates a concrete barrier and lower speed limit just south of downtown . At the traffic light just north of that bend , US 44 leaves NY 22 and turns right through Millerton 's historic downtown . Maple Avenue on the south marks the former northern terminus of NY 361 . After that junction , Route 44 leaves the village . It passes some strip development on the south , bends slightly to the north and crosses the Connecticut state line just past a car dealership on the south . = = History = = The portion of US 44 between Poughkeepsie and Amenia was the main line of an early toll road known as the Dutchess Turnpike . The turnpike continued past Amenia into the Connecticut town of Sharon along modern NY 343 . Between the Wallkill River near the hamlet of Gardiner and the hamlet of Ardonia , modern US 44 was also roughly located along another early toll road known as the Farmer 's Turnpike . The Farmer 's Turnpike continued east past Ardonia to the village of Milton where a ferry across the Hudson River once existed . In 1924 , when state highways were first marked by route numbers in New York , the main line of the Dutchess Turnpike was designated as NY 21 . Other portions of modern US 44 , aside from the overlap with NY 22 , were unnumbered in the 1920s . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the old NY 21 was partitioned into three numbered routes . Between Poughkeepsie and South Millbrook , old NY 21 became the western half of NY 200 , which continued east to Dover Plains using the Dover branch route of the Dutchess Turnpike ( modern NY 343 ) . The section from South Millbrook to Amenia became part of NY 82A , which continued past Amenia to Pine Plains . The easternmost section from Amenia to the Connecticut line was designated as NY 343 . West of the Hudson River , NY 55 was also designated in 1930 between Barryville and Pawling , running along the portion of modern US 44 between Kerhonkson and Poughkeepsie . US 44 was assigned c . 1935 . West of the Hudson River , it was overlaid on the pre @-@ existing NY 55 , with US 44 officially beginning at US 209 , which was also extended into New York c . 1935 . East of the river , US 44 was routed on the original Dutchess Turnpike main line from Poughkeepsie to Amenia , supplanting NY 200 west of South Millbrook , NY 82A west of Amenia , and a short portion of NY 343 between NY 82A and the hamlet of Amenia . US 44 left the turnpike at Amenia and followed NY 22 north to Millerton , where it continued east on a short piece of former NY 199 into Connecticut . The alignments of NY 200 and NY 343 were flipped as part of US 44 's assignment . US 44 originally entered the village of Millbrook via NY 82 , North Avenue , and Franklin Avenue . On April 1 , 1980 , the state of New York assumed ownership of a highway bypassing Millbrook to the west and north as part of a highway maintenance swap between the state and Dutchess County . The newly acquired roadway was designated as NY 44A . On June 5 , 2007 , NYSDOT announced that US 44 would be permanently realigned onto NY 44A . All shields along NY 44A were replaced with US 44 signage , and the NY 44A designation ceased to exist . NYSDOT will continue to perform maintenance on US 44 's former routing through Millbrook . The portion of the routing that did not overlap NY 82 is now NY 984P , an unsigned reference route . = = Major intersections = = = JetBlue Mint = Mint is a premium airline product offered by JetBlue on some flights between the West Coast and the East Coast of the contiguous United States , and seasonally on some flights between the United States and Caribbean destinations . The service is operated with a fleet of Airbus A321 aircraft in a premium configuration , with lie @-@ flat seats in premium class . As of May 2016 , JetBlue is the only low cost airline in the Americas offering a dedicated premium product of this distinction . = = History = = JetBlue first announced its intention to introduce premium seats on some of its transcontinental flights in March 2013 . The company officially announced its Mint premium class product on September 30 , 2013 ; the aforementioned service was to be available on flights between New York and San Francisco and New York and Los Angeles , with fares for Mint @-@ class seats starting at US $ 599 each way . Dave Barger , JetBlue CEO at the time , said that the move was necessary for the airline to better compete with its competitors , which were operating lie @-@ flat seats in transcontinental markets , leaving JetBlue with an all @-@ economy class cabin . The routes were to be operated with new Airbus A321 aircraft , and feature Wi @-@ Fi connectivity . JetBlue 's all seven daily round @-@ trip flights between New York and Los Angeles were to feature the service by the fourth quarter of 2014 , and all five daily round @-@ trip flights between New York and San Francisco by early 2015 . The first Mint flight , from New York – JFK to Los Angeles , was to begin on June 15 , 2014 . On March 15 , 2015 , JetBlue announced seasonal expansion of its Mint service to Caribbean routes , with service from JFK Airport to Aruba and Barbados . The service was to operate once daily per destination during the winter holiday season , and once weekly per destination for the rest of the winter season . JetBlue announced expansion of its Mint service to Boston in June 2015 , with year @-@ round service from Boston to Los Angeles and San Francisco , and seasonal Saturday @-@ only service from Boston to Barbados . Flights from Boston to San Francisco began on March 24 , 2016 , and flights from Boston to Los Angeles were to begin on October 20 , 2016 . On April 12 , 2016 , JetBlue announced an expansion of its Mint service . New routes utilizing the Mint configuration were to be launched to Fort Lauderdale , Las Vegas , San Diego and Seattle , with service beginning during 2017 and 2018 . The announcement was made almost immediately after Alaska Air Group announced its intention to acquire Virgin America and merge it with Alaska Airlines . Either Alaska or Virgin operated in 4 out of 7 of JetBlue 's newly announced markets . = = Service = = The Mint subfleet consists of A321 aircraft with 159 seats , including 16 flat @-@ bed Mint seats . The Mint seat is a version of the Thompson Aero Vantage business class seat , customized to include extra storage and dual 110V + USB power outlets at every seat . 4 of the 16 Mint seats are mini @-@ suites which include a sliding door for privacy . The seats have a width of up to 22 @.@ 3 inches and can convert to a flat bed of up to 6 ' 8 " in length . Pairs of non @-@ suite Mint seats alternate with single mini @-@ suite seats . The seats use air cushioning , allowing passengers to adjust the firmness of the seats . Economy class on Mint A321 aircraft uses B / E Aerospace Pinnacle slimline seats , with a seat pitch of 33 inches in the main cabin and up to 37 inches in the " Even More Space " extra legroom product . There are two power outlets per row of economy class seats . A 15 @.@ 6 inch video screen provides Live TV 4 @.@ 0 , SiriusXM Radio , and a selection of films as in @-@ flight entertainment . The LiveTV 4 @.@ 0 system provides about 100 DirecTV channels , up from about 30 channels offered on previous generations of JetBlue inflight entertainment systems . On flights outside the coverage range of satellite TV , such as flights to Caribbean destinations , TV channels and radio are not provided . In @-@ flight Wi @-@ Fi is provided via a Ka @-@ band satellite system named " Fly @-@ Fi " . Passengers are provided with a choice of five offerings for meal service , including hot and cold options , and may choose three . Amenity kits are provided by Birchbox , a cosmetics company based in New York . = Jonas Quinn = Jonas Quinn is a fictional character in the Canadian @-@ American television series Stargate SG @-@ 1 , a science fiction show about a military team exploring the galaxy via a network of alien transportation devices . Played by Corin Nemec , Jonas is introduced in the season 5 episode " Meridian . " Jonas fills Daniel Jackson 's empty spot on the SG @-@ 1 team in season 6 and the beginning of season 7 , and last appears in the mid @-@ season 7 episode " Fallout " . Nemec 's character replaced Daniel Jackson ( portrayed by Michael Shanks ) during season 6 after Shanks had left the show amid controversy after season 5 . The producers based Jonas 's motivation to join Stargate Command on his momentary reluctance to actively prevent Daniel 's death , and his feelings of responsibility afterwards . Jonas was slowly integrated into the story in a prolonged transition stage over the first half of season 6 . Nemec was open to continue playing Jonas Quinn after season 6 , but a new contract was reached with Michael Shanks for Daniel to return in season 7 . The role of Jonas was reduced to recurring status in season 7 . = = Role in Stargate SG @-@ 1 = = = = = Character arc = = = Jonas Quinn is introduced in the penultimate season 5 episode " Meridian " as a scientist of the human nation of Kelowna on Langara , a planet with an industrial level comparable to Earth of the 1940s , and that is also locked in a cold war with two rival states . He is an exceptionally quick learner , which becomes useful in memorizing SG mission reports and earth culture . The Kelownans are experimenting with naqahdriah ( an unstable but extremely powerful native element related to naqahdah ) to build a bomb against their two rival nations , Terrania and the Andari Federation . Jonas is present when SG @-@ 1 team member Daniel Jackson gets radiation @-@ poisoned with naqahdriah in an attempt to prevent a catastrophe in Kelowna , but when the Kelownan leaders respond with glee to Daniel 's imminent death , Jonas steals a small amount of naqahdriah and offers it to Earth for more peaceful uses . Still wracked by guilt in the season 6 premiere " Redemption " over his hesitation to step in , Jonas helps Major Samantha Carter find a solution to save Earth from an attack by the Goa 'uld Anubis . Although Colonel Jack O 'Neill is reluctant to add a new fourth member to SG @-@ 1 , he allows Jonas to join the team , partly to prevent a Russian from being assigned . After several missions with SG @-@ 1 , Jonas is confronted with his past in " Shadow Play " and learns more of the effects of naqahdriah on people . In " Metamorphosis " , the Goa 'uld Nirrti learns via an Ancient DNA Resequencer that Jonas is different from other humans , but she is killed before this is further investigated . In " Prophecy " , Nirrti 's experiments cause clairvoyant visions in Jonas , and the doctors remove a potentially lethal tumor from his brain . After SG @-@ 1 finds the de @-@ ascended Daniel on another planet in the season 7 premiere " Fallen " / " Homecoming " , Jonas and Daniel join forces and succeed in driving Anubis away from Kelowna . The three Langaran nations agree to meet for peace talks for the greater good of the planet , and Jonas decides to become a peace negotiator for his people . While Jonas returns to his planet , Daniel rejoins SG @-@ 1 . Jonas last appears in season 7 's " Fallout " to ask Earth for help saving his homeworld from the destructive powers of naqahdriah in the planet 's core . Season 10 's " Counterstrike " mentions that the Ori conquered Langara , Jonas 's homeworld . Langara 's story arc is resumed in Stargate Universe 's " Seizure " , where Earth eventually agrees to protect Langara from the Lucian Alliance , while the Langarans remove the Stargate from their facility . = = = Characterization and relationships = = = After Daniel 's death and Jonas 's subsequent move to Earth , Major Carter is the SG @-@ 1 team member around whom Jonas Quinn feels most comfortable . Nevertheless , Amanda Tapping ( Carter ) felt that " there is a hesitancy on [ Carter ] ' s part to be too familiar with Jonas [ or ] make this big emotional investment " in him because he is not Daniel . Jonas hopes that Carter and the alien SG @-@ 1 member Teal 'c can persuade Colonel O 'Neill to give him a chance to prove himself worthy of a place on the SG @-@ 1 team , but according to Richard Dean Anderson ( O 'Neill ) , " O 'Neill feels that Jonas is directly responsible for the demise or at least the damaging of Daniel Jackson [ and thus ] harbors some resentment towards Jonas " . Although O 'Neill is suspicious of aliens in general ( except of Teal 'c ) , O 'Neill begins to accept Jonas at the end of " Redemption " yet finds it hard to ever significantly warm up to Jonas , something which Nemec felt " makes things much more interesting " . Tapping added that Jonas inadvertently brings the three remaining SG @-@ 1 members closer together again . Jonas 's " easy @-@ going nature " later helps him to also establish relationships with the supporting characters Dr. Janet Fraiser and General George Hammond , whom Nemec regarded " very much [ as ] a father figure in Jonas 's eyes " . = = Conceptual history = = When actor Michael Shanks ( Daniel Jackson ) announced his decision to leave Stargate SG @-@ 1 at the end of season 5 for concerns over being under @-@ utilized , the Sci Fi Channel wanted to fill the void with a new character for season 6 . Corin Nemec happened to be at the courtyard of Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer 's Santa Monica offices rehearsing audition dialog for an independent film when some casting agents recognized him from previous projects . They briefly mentioned Stargate SG @-@ 1 to him and informed Nemec 's manager of their strong interest in him the same afternoon . Although Nemec was familiar with the Stargate film , he had never watched the television show and was sent videotapes to familiarize himself with the series . Nemec was cast for the penultimate season 5 episode " Meridian " after several more meetings , but both sides agreed to await the character 's look on film before deciding on a long @-@ term involvement . Producer Brad Wright announced in September 2001 that an actor had been cast and that the new character would be someone whom fans would recognize . An MGM Sci @-@ Fi newsletter revealed Corin Nemec to play the role of Liander [ sic ] Quinn in " Meridian " in November 2001 , fueling fan speculation of the identity of the new character . Soon afterwards , producer Joseph Mallozzi revealed that Nemec 's character appears in the first five episodes of season 6 . Meanwhile , Nemec started to work out six days a week in @-@ between seasons and gained about 25 pounds ( 11 kg ) to look bigger around the tall SG @-@ 1 cast . Mallozzi stated before the airing of season 6 that " Jonas will bring a unique alien perspective and ability to the team [ that ] will allow him to contribute in areas of expertise usually owned by [ Carter ] and Daniel . " Brad Wright hoped that " what Corin , as Jonas , will bring to the show is a renewed sense of amazement " of traveling around the galaxy although older characters have grown accustomed to it . The season 6 opening two @-@ parter " Redemption " intended to establish Jonas as a team player who can contribute ideas , although writer Robert C. Cooper felt the need to acknowledge and not " trivialize what the [ Daniel Jackson ] character meant to the team and to the show for five seasons " . The writers incorporated the initial viewer resistance to the change by making O 'Neill the most resistant to Jonas ' presence , allowing viewers to grieve Daniel and gradually come to terms with his absence . The producers based Jonas 's motivation to join SG @-@ 1 on his former reluctance to shut off the machine that indirectly killed Daniel , and his feelings of responsibility for Daniel 's death . Jonas was slowly integrated into the story in a prolonged transition stage over the first half of season 6 . Nemec was open to continue playing Jonas Quinn after season 6 or in a feature film or a spin @-@ off series , but a new contract was reached with Michael Shanks for Daniel to return in season 7 . The role of Jonas was therefore reduced to recurring status in season 7 . Nemec welcomed the producers ' openness for story pitches and offered several story ideas . He wrote the mid @-@ season @-@ 7 episode " Fallout " and considered pitching more stories afterwards , but he became busy with other projects . Jonas is seldom mentioned in the series after this point but after Season 10 's " Counterstrike " stated that the Ori conquered Jonas 's homeworld , Stargate producer Joseph Mallozzi said in his blog that " in [ his ] mind , Jonas went underground and is still alive somewhere , resisting the Ori army . " = = Reception = = The audience reception of Jonas Quinn was sparked with controversy over Michael Shanks ' departure from the show . When rumors began late in 2001 that Showtime would also not be renewing Stargate SG @-@ 1 after its fifth season , panicking fans rallied to save the show and Daniel 's character , starting massive write @-@ in campaigns and setting up websites such as the " Save Daniel Jackson " site . The SciFi Channel eventually ordered a sixth season of the show , but the character of Jonas continued to be distrusted by loyal fans , who were concerned that Daniel 's death might cause the SG @-@ 1 team to lose its moral compass . Robert C. Cooper summarized that " there 's been quite a bit of ire directed by fans towards Daniel 's replacement " after the airing of " Meridian " , but he hoped that the character would grow on fans eventually . Producer Joseph Mallozzi claimed at the beginning of season 6 to still get the " odd incoherent rambling death threat passed along to me from the [ Save Daniel Jackson ] site " . Amanda Tapping admitted that it had been easier to establish relationships with her co @-@ stars at the beginning of the series , comparing Nemec 's situation to " being the new kid in school ; we 're still trying to make [ Corin ] comfortable , but it 's not the same " . Nevertheless , the Stargate SG @-@ 1 actors and producers complimented Corin Nemec and the character . Richard Dean Anderson was impressed with Nemec 's performance in " Meridian " , saying " he really struck me as a bright guy , very respectful of the dynamic of the set , but with an awareness of what he wanted to bring . " Don S. Davis ( General Hammond ) noted during the filming of season 6 that " Corin is a wonderful [ and well @-@ liked ] young man with a tremendous personality and he 's had a great deal of experience in the business " , agreeing with writer Robert C. Cooper that Nemec had done a " fine " and " wonderful " job . TV Zone 's Jan Vincent @-@ Rudzki expected Jonas to be " pushed out of the way " in season 7 's " Fallen " / " Homecoming " , but considered the character 's departure as " keeping with previous events " and " quite plausible " . The writers ' decision to team up Jonas with Daniel for a significant part of the two @-@ part episode " gives credence to Jonas 's exit " , although " it 's a great shame that this new ' partnership ' couldn 't have continued " since " the two [ characters ] worked so well together " . Nemec stated in a 2008 interview that " the initial backlash from a very small core , outspoken group of the fandom had a bit of a volatile reaction to it , which is totally natural ... I 'd say 95 @-@ plus percent of the fan base grew to like the character and accepted the character overall . Especially by the time season 6 ended , I think people were pretty much , ' Eh , OK — I 'm cool with that . ' For the most part . " = Apollo 18 ( album ) = Apollo 18 is the fourth studio album by American alternative rock duo They Might Be Giants . It was released in 1992 through Elektra Records and was named after the cancelled Apollo 18 mission which was scheduled to have followed Apollo 17 . The album was also associated with International Space Year , for which They Might Be Giants were declared the official " musical ambassadors " by NASA . The album marked the first conscious effort by John Linnell and John Flansburgh to branch out of their early sound , opting for more traditional rock rhythms and fuller arrangements . The duo adopted a backing band with live drums during the supporting tour . It was their last album recorded as a duo , and the band expanded to include a regular rhythm guitarist , bass player , and saxophone player for their subsequent releases . Apollo 18 also includes the " Fingertips " suite , a series of twenty @-@ one songs , each under thirty seconds long . The album generated three singles , " The Statue Got Me High " , " The Guitar ( The Lion Sleeps Tonight ) " and " I Palindrome I " , although only the first charted . The album received mostly positive reviews from music critics , with many commending the band for making music with a darker tone . However , the album was criticized for lacking a stand @-@ out lead single . Commercially , the album was not as successful as Flood ( 1990 ) , peaking at number 99 on the Billboard 200 and spending only six weeks on that chart . In addition , some fans were upset that and Flansburgh and Linnell opted to use a backing band for the album 's tour , with some even boycotting shows . = = Recording and production = = After the major success of Flood ( 1990 ) , Elektra sought out Elvis Costello to produce Apollo 18 ; however , John Linnell and John Flansburgh elected to produce the album themselves as they had originally planned . Prior to recording , the band upgraded many of their instruments ; Flansburgh purchased a Marshall amp and Linnell bought several new saxophones . The album was recorded at The Magic Shop in New York City , in approximately ten weeks . Although the band recorded Apollo 18 primarily as a duo , its production is much less sparse when compared to previous releases . This is reflected in the fact that the album 's associated tour , the Don 't Tread on the Cut @-@ Up Snake World Tour 1992 , was the band 's first to utilize a live backing band , rather than a tape deck playing backing tracks . Linnell later noted that this led to much more complicated and deliberate rehearsals . = = Style and composition = = The music found on Apollo 18 is slightly darker in tone and mood than the songs found on Flood . When it came to writing songs for the album , Linnell and Flansburgh used " old standbys " , such as producing harmonies through improvisation and generating melodies by sampling sounds in varying cycles . According to the album 's press @-@ release , however , Flansburgh and Linnell both sought to expand their horizons and incorporate new sounds and " extreme song arrangements " . The album 's opening track , " Dig My Grave " has been described by Parry Gettelman of the Orlando Sentinel as " an angry , fuzzed @-@ out rocker " . The vocals for the track were recorded through a guitar fuzz @-@ box in order to distort them . " I Palindrome I " , is the final single that was released to promote Apollo 18 . The circular nature of the song 's lyrical themes is reinforced by its title and use of palindromes . In fact , the song is notable for featuring a word @-@ by @-@ word palindrome in one of the verses : " ' Son , I am able ' , she said , ' though you scare me . ' ' Watch ' , said I. ' Beloved " , I said , ' watch me scare you , though . ' Said she , ' Able am I , son . ' " " She 's Actual Size " was written by Flansburgh after he contemplated that the imagery of someone viewing a departing person in a mirror ; he felt that the symbolism was a " really succinct way of talking about leaving somebody behind " . The band later expressed disappointment with the " definitive " version featured on this album , largely because the song continued to develop as the band played it live . Flansburgh called the album version " timid " and noted that " later performance versions of [ the song ] have so much more spirit than the recorded version . " Although Linnell and Flansburgh usually write songs individually , " My Evil Twin " was an example of the two collaborating . Linnell wrote the musical structure of the song , rendering it as a MIDI file , Flansburgh then wrote the melody and the lyrics . " Mammal " revolves around the idea that all mammals have hair at some point in their lifespan . According to Linnell , most of the scientific information in the song was gathered from an encyclopedia . The first single released from the album was " The Statue Got Me High " . The titular lyrics originally started out as the dummy line " The Apple of My Eye " . However , Linnell soon conceived the line that would become the title , and he was amused at the juxtaposition of a statue — something " utterly immobile and … in the past " — completely " blowing somebody 's mind " . " Spider " is an eclectic song that was made when Flansburgh and Linnell were experimenting with a sampler . Linnell provided almost all of the voices , save for the line , " must stop ! " which was spoken by Flansburgh . Flansburgh himself was responsible for the bongos , horns , and various sound effects . The second single from the album , " The Guitar ( The Lion Sleeps Tonight ) " , was spawned from a jam session of The Tokens song " The Lion Sleeps Tonight " . The song was also originally intended to simply be titled " The Guitar " . Due to the legal ramifications of including the " Lion Sleeps Tonight " motif , Elektra required the band to add the name of the original song to the title . The song features Laura Cantrell on the chorus . " Dinner Bell " references Ivan Pavlov , and his experimentations in classical conditioning by using a dinner bell to cause his dog to salivate . According to Rolling Stone , " Narrow Your Eyes " is a " touching breakup song that pays vocal tribute to The Beatles and The Four Seasons " . Spin magazine called the song " the most direct lyrically and simplest musically . " The opening line of " See the Constellation " — described by Rolling Stone as " a psychedelic / New Wave potion " — references railroad tracks and was inspired by a promotional photo of an Elektra recording artist who was resting on tracks . Flansburgh was struck by the " contrary elements of the image " , and he wondered , " How relaxing can that kind of rest be unless you ’ ve given up on everything else ? " " Fingertips " is a series of twenty @-@ one short tracks ranging in duration from 0 : 04 to 1 : 01 seconds , totaling 4 : 35 . The liner notes , in reference to these tracks , include the message " the indexing of this disc is designed to complement the Shuffle Mode of modern CD players " . According to John Flansburgh , listening to the album on shuffle made a collage of songs , with the short fingertips interspersed among tracks of regular length . Arnold Aronson argued that this element made the album " a stunning declaration of post @-@ modernism " due to its heavy use of " rupture , dissociation , and pastiche " . The songs were written to resemble short fragments of pop songs . The format was inspired by advertisements for collections of music , which only included samples of choruses . The " Fingertips " suite features vocal cameos from Peter Stampfel , who founded The Holy Modal Rounders , and Brian Dewan , who crafted the shrine that appeared on They Might Be Giants 's 1988 album Lincoln . Due to a mastering error , the European and Australian issues of the CD include " Fingertips " as one continuous track , while on the US edition , it is correctly split into 21 tracks . This concept of including extremely short songs on an album was later somewhat recycled for the band 's sixteenth album , Nanobots , which contains twenty @-@ five songs , nine of which run under one minute each . The album concludes with " Space Suit " , a jazz @-@ influenced song with synthesizer elements . The song had been written to make use of chords that Flansburgh had learned under the tutelage of Jack DeSalvo . The song originally was titled " I 'll Remember 3rd Street " , a nod to its " jazzy origins " , but once the keyboard elements were added , the band decided to give it a name that was more " spacey " . = = Title and packaging = = The title of the album references NASA 's aborted Apollo 18 mission , originally planned to land in the moon 's Schroter 's Valley in February 1972 . The album 's cover depicts a giant squid locked in combat with a sperm whale in space , using graphics which the Johns came across while searching the NASA Archive Center for images to use in media art surrounding the album . The Dial @-@ A @-@ Song phone number is misprinted as 718 @-@ 963 @-@ 6962 on the back of the album , and the phone number written leads to a warehouse . The album liner notes and artwork for the album 's singles include a number of photographs from NASA , and the packaging was designed by John Flansburgh , under the pseudonym " Rolf Conant " , with Barbara Lipp . = = Promotion = = Between 1992 and 1993 , Bo Orloff , the band 's assistant manager at the time , sent out various informational updates via email to the band 's mailing list . These included a full track listing prior to the album 's release , as well as a press release and biography of the band . The bulletins also included information on the album 's associated tour . The band appeared as a musical guest on numerous talk shows to promote Apollo 18 . " The Guitar ( The Lion Sleeps Tonight ) " and " The Statue Got Me High " were performed on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and " I Palindrome I " on Late Night with David Letterman . Their appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on 19 May 1992 was the television debut of They Might Be Giants 's new backing band . = = = International Space Year = = = The band became associated with the International Space Year ( ISY ) , designated as 1992 by the United Nations to promote peaceful and collaborative space exploration , when Linnell and Flansburgh were searching the NASA Archive Center for appropriate photographs and visual materials for the album artwork . Staff members at the NASA facility took notice of the duo and inquired about their research . Linnell responded that they " were in this band , we 're making this record , and we 're going to start touring next year ... They were particularly interested in that , because they said that 1992 was ISY . It was the first time we ever heard of that , but they said because we were a band going to be touring around the world in 1992 they wondered if we wanted to be spokesband for the ISY . So we said why not ? " The band was soon declared the official " musical ambassadors " for the year , although , according to Linnell , it was more of an informal arrangement . The band had originally planned to create short videos called " Space Minutes " which would have aired on an unspecified cable television station that was affiliated with ISY , but the plans never came to fruition . In support of the designation , the logo for ISY is included on the back cover of the album . The band was scheduled for concerts to endorse ISY , and mentioned in promotional material from NASA , which headed the celebration in the United States . Commenting on the success of the designation of International Space Year , however , Linnell pointed out that he " [ didn 't ] think most people have heard that this is International Space Year " . = = = Don 't Tread on the Cut @-@ Up Snake World Tour = = = In support of Apollo 18 , They Might Be Giants embarked on a tour across the United States , Europe , and Asia . The tour was named the " Don 't Tread on the Cut @-@ Up Snake World Tour 1992 " , a reference to the Gadsden flag and the " Join , or Die " cartoon , with the " world tour " affix appended by Elektra Records . The band 's largest tour up to that point , spanning the length of 1992 , the Don 't Tread on the Cut @-@ Up Snake tour was also associated with ISY . Although they were initially hesitant about using live backing musicians , it was also the first tour for which Linnell and Flansburgh were joined by a live band , consisting of a rhythm section and saxophonist . They were encouraged to adopt the larger touring outfit by their Elektra A & R representative , Susan Drew . The band also expanded to include a regular rhythm guitarist , bass player , and saxophone player for their subsequent studio recordings . The band 's " O Tannenbaum " single was recorded during a sound check on the tour . The track would later reappear on the They Might Be Giants in Holidayland EP , released in 2001 . = = = Promotional video = = = A short video promoting Apollo 18 was produced by Elektra Records , in the vein of the previous Flood promo . In the video , graphic and video illustrations of certain songs are presented , in addition to samples of some of the songs . The video is arranged to resemble a traditional slide show presentation . The video also introduced the concept of the three " Power Spheres " , from which the compilation album A User 's Guide to They Might Be Giants : Melody , Fidelity , Quantity ( 2005 ) would take its subtitle . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = Apollo 18 garnered positive reviews from critics . Writing for AllMusic , Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album 4 out of 5 stars and stated that it was more " consistent " than predecessors , making note of its darker tone . However , Erlewine also felt that the album was " lacking a standout single " . Robert Christgau , who assigned the album an A – , praised the first five tracks especially , asserting that the remaining thirty @-@ three were more experimental in nature . Christgau acclaimed the album melodically , while stating that the lyrics were pleasant but " meaningless " . Ira Robbins , reviewing for Rolling Stone magazine , gave Apollo 18 4 out of 5 stars . Similar to Christgau , Robbins called the lyrics throughout the album " whimsy " , and said that they were not too complex to weigh down melodies . Robbins also praised the album 's eclecticism , observing that " ' Turn Around ' mimics Forties swing ; the funky bass groove of ' The Guitar ' interpolates a rewrite of ' The Lion Sleeps Tonight ' , fetchingly sung by Laura Cantrell . Another wry science lesson , ' See the Constellation ' , mixes a psychedelic / New Wave potion for a bouncy space trip . " Robbins was critical of the disorganized " Fingertips " selections . A review by Craig Tomashoff , published in People , lauded the variety found in " Fingertips " . Tomashoff also made note of the wide vocabulary employed in the lyrics ( citing , specifically , " Turn Around " and " I Palindrome I " ) , concluding that the album was " totally cool " . = = = Consumer response = = = On April 11 , 1992 , Apollo 18 peaked at number 99 on the Billboard 200 . It spent six weeks on that chart . " The Statue Got Me High " , the first single from the album , peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart on March 21 , 1992 , and spent eight weeks on the chart . The album 's other singles failed to chart . Apollo 18 debuted on the Australian ARIA albums chart at number 60 on April 26 , 1992 , before peaking at number 59 the following week ; it spent 6 weeks in the top 100 . Although Apollo 18 received a positive response from consumers and critics , some fans were upset that the duo of Linnell and Flansburgh had been augmented to include a full band for the album 's tour . In rebuttal , some fans stopped attending live concerts , even taking the aggressive approach of trying to discourage others from entering venues for shows . Despite these reactions , the live band was generally well received . In a New York Times review of a contemporaneous live show , Jon Pareles observed that the band was " just as tricky as ever " , and still delighted its audience . They Might Be Giants continues to record and tour with a full backing band . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by They Might Be Giants , except where noted . = = Personnel = = = = Chart performance = = Album Singles = = Release history = = Apollo 18 was released on CD and cassette in the United States , Australia , and Canada and on CD , LP , and cassette formats in European markets by Elektra Records . In 2013 , a two @-@ part CD compilation collected Apollo 18 and some contemporary B @-@ sides along with the band 's other Elektra studio albums and surrounding material . The album was also released on LP in the United States and Canada by Asbestos Records in 2014 as part of a series of LP reissues spanning They Might Be Giants 's period on the Elektra label . = Oda of Canterbury = Oda ( or Odo ; died 958 ) , called the Good or the Severe , was a 10th @-@ century Archbishop of Canterbury in England . The son of a Danish invader , Oda became Bishop of Ramsbury before 928 . A number of stories were told about his actions both prior to becoming and while a bishop , but few of these incidents are recorded in contemporary accounts . After being named to Canterbury in 941 , Oda was instrumental in crafting royal legislation as well as involved in providing rules for his clergy . Oda was also involved in the efforts to reform religious life in England . He died in 958 and legendary tales afterwards were ascribed to him . Later he came to be regarded as a saint , and a hagiography was written in the late 11th or early 12th century . = = Early career = = Oda 's parents were Danish , and he may have been born in East Anglia . His father was said to have been a Dane who came to England in 865 , together with the Viking army of Ubba and Ivar , and presumably settled in East Anglia . Oda 's nephew Oswald of Worcester later became Archbishop of York . It is possible that Oswald 's relatives Oscytel , afterwards Archbishop of York , and Thurcytel , an abbot , were also relatives of Oda , but this is not known for sure . In Byrhtferth of Ramsey 's Life of Saint Oswald , Oda is said to have joined the household of a pious nobleman called Æthelhelm , whom he accompanied to Rome on pilgrimage . While on pilgrimage , Oda healed the nobleman 's illness . Other stories , such as those by the 12th @-@ century writer William of Malmesbury , describe Oda as fighting under Edward the Elder and then becoming a priest , but these statements are unlikely . Other statements in the Life have Oda being named " Bishop of Wilton " by the king , who is stated to have been Æthelhelm 's brother . The appointment to Wilton is likely to be false , as no English king of the period had a brother named Æthelhelm . Some sources state that he became a monk at Fleury @-@ sur @-@ Loire in France . = = Bishop of Ramsbury = = Oda was consecrated Bishop of Ramsbury sometime between 909 and 927 , not to Wilton as stated by both William of Malmesbury and the Life . The appointment was most likely made by King Æthelstan , and the first securely attested mention in documents of the new bishop occurs in 928 , when he is a witness to royal charters as bishop . According to the late tenth @-@ century chronicler , Richer of Rheims , in 936 Æthelstan sent Oda to France to arrange the return to the throne of France of King Louis IV . Louis was Æthelstan 's nephew and had been in exile in England for a number of years . However , this story is not related in any contemporary records . Oda was said to have fought alongside Æthelstan at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937 . It was at this battle that Oda is said to have miraculously provided a sword to the king when the king 's own sword slipped out of its scabbard . A Ramsey chronicle records that in the 1170s , the sword was still preserved in the royal treasury , although the chronicler carefully states the story " as is said " rather than as fact . There are no contemporary records of Oda 's appearance at the battle . In 940 , Oda arranged a truce between Olaf III Guthfrithson , king of Dublin and York , and Edmund I , king of England . = = Archbishop of Canterbury = = In 941 Oda was named Archbishop of Canterbury . During his time as archbishop , he helped King Edmund with the new royal law @-@ code , which had a number of laws concerned with ecclesiastical affairs . The archbishop was present , along with Archbishop Wulfstan of York , at council that proclaimed the first of these law codes and which was held by Edmund at London , over Easter around 945 or 946 . Oda also settled a dispute over the Five Boroughs with Wulfstan . Oda also made constitutions , or rules , for his clergy . His Constitutions of Oda are the first surviving constitutions of a 10th @-@ century English ecclesiastical reformer . Oda reworked some statutes from 786 to form his updated code , and one item that was dropped were any clauses dealing with paganism . Other items covered were relations between laymen and the clergy , the duties of bishops , the need for the laity to make canonical marriages , how to observe fasts , and the need for tithes to be given by the laity . The work is extant in just one surviving manuscript , British Museum Cotton Vespasian A XIV , folios 175v to 177v . This is an 11th @-@ century copy done for Wulfstan II , Archbishop of York . At the death of King Eadred of England in 955 , Oda was one of the recipients of a bequest from the king , in his case a large amount of gold . He was probably behind the reestablishment of a bishopric at Elmham , as the line of bishops in that see starts with Eadwulf of Elmham in 956 . Oda crowned King Eadwig in 956 , but in late 957 the archbishop joined Eadwig 's rival and brother Edgar who had been proclaimed king of the Mercians in 957 , while Eadwig continued to rule Wessex . The exact cause of the rupture between the two brothers that led to the division of the previously united kingdom is unknown , but may have resulted from Eadwig 's efforts to promote close kinsmen and his wife . The division was peaceful , and Eadwig continued to call himself " King of the English " in contrast to Edgar 's title of " King of the Mercians " . In early 958 Oda annulled the marriage of Eadwig and his wife Ælfgifu , who were too closely related . This act was likely a political move connected to the division between Eadwig and Edgar , as it is unlikely that the close kinship between Eadwig and Ælfgifu had not been known before their marriage . Oda was a supporter of Dunstan 's monastic reforms , and was a reforming agent in the church along with Cenwald the Bishop of Worcester and Ælfheah the Bishop of Winchester . He also built extensively , and re @-@ roofed Canterbury Cathedral after raising the walls higher . In 948 , Oda took Saint Wilfrid 's relics from Ripon . Frithegod 's verse Life of Wilfrid has a preface that was written by Oda , in which the archbishop claimed that he rescued the relics from Ripon , which he described as " decayed " and " thorn @-@ covered " . He also acquired the relics of St Ouen , and Frithegod also wrote , at Oda 's behest , a verse life of that saint , which has been lost . He was also an active in reorganizing the diocesan structure of his province , as the sees of Elmham and Lindsey were reformed during his archbishopric . The archbishop died on 2 June 958 and is regarded as a saint , with a feast day of 4 July . Other dates were also commemorated , including 2 June or 29 May . After his death , legendary tales ascribed miracles to him , including one where the Eucharist dripped with blood . Another was the miraculous repair of a sword . There is no contemporary evidence for veneration being made to Oda , with the first indication of cult coming in the hagiography written by Byrhtferth about Oswald , but no hagiography specifically about Oda was written until Eadmer wrote the Vita sancti Odonis sometime between 1093 and 1125 . Oda was known by contemporaries as " The Good " and also became known as Severus " The Severe " . = John W. Johnston = John Warfield Johnston ( September 9 , 1818 – February 27 , 1889 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Abingdon , Virginia . He served in the Virginia State Senate , and represented Virginia in the United States Senate when the state was readmitted after the American Civil War . He was United States Senator for 13 years . In national politics , he was a Democrat . Johnston had been ineligible to serve in Congress because of the Fourteenth Amendment , which forbade anyone who had sworn allegiance to the United States and subsequently sided with the Confederacy during the Civil War from holding public office . However , his restrictions were removed at the suggestion of the Freedmen 's Bureau when he aided a sick and dying former slave after the War . He was the first person who had sided with the Confederacy to serve in the United States Senate . Several issues marked Johnston 's senatorial career . He was caught in the middle during the debate over the Arlington Memorial . The initial proposal to relocate the dead was distasteful to Johnston , yet the ensuing debate caused him to want to defend the memory of Robert E. Lee ; the need to stay quiet for the sake of the Democratic Party , however , proved decisive . Johnston was an outspoken opponent of the Texas @-@ Pacific Bill , a sectional struggle for control of railroads in the South , which figured in the Compromise of 1877 . He was also an outspoken Funder during Virginia 's heated debate as to how much of its pre @-@ War debt the state ought to have been obliged to pay back . The controversy culminated in the formation of the Readjuster Party and the appointment of William Mahone as its leader ; this marked the end of Johnston 's career in the Senate . = = Family and early life = = Johnston was born in his paternal grandfather 's house , " Panicello " , near Abingdon , Virginia . He was the only child of Dr. John Warfield Johnston and Louisa Smith Bowen . His grandfather was Judge Peter Johnston , who had fought under Henry " Light Horse Harry " Lee during the Revolutionary War , and his great @-@ grandmother was the sister of Patrick Henry . His mother was the sister of Rees T. Bowen , a Virginia politician , and his paternal uncles included Charles Clement Johnston and General Joseph Eggleston Johnston . His first cousin was U. S. Congressman Henry Bowen . Johnston 's ancestry was Scottish , English , Welsh , and Scots @-@ Irish . Johnston attended Abingdon Academy , South Carolina College at Columbia , and the law department of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville . He was admitted to the bar in 1839 and commenced practice in Tazewell , Virginia . On October 12 , 1841 , he married Nicketti Buchanan Floyd , the daughter of Governor John Floyd and Letitia Preston , and the sister of Governor John Buchanan Floyd . His wife was Catholic , having converted when young ; Johnston converted after the marriage . In 1859 , he moved his family to Abingdon , Virginia , and lived at first on East Main Street . An Abingdon resident noted that " it was a delightful home to visit and the young men enjoyed the cordial welcome that they received from the old and the young . " While there , the family started construction of a new home called " Eggleston " , three miles ( 5 km ) east of town ; the family 's affectionate name for it was " Castle Dusty " . They moved in sometime after August 1860 . Johnston and Nicketti Buchanan Floyd had twelve children , one of whom was Dr. George Ben Johnston , prominent physician in Richmond who is credited with the first antiseptic operation performed in Virginia . Both the Johnston Memorial Hospital in Abingdon and the Johnston @-@ Willis Hospital in Richmond are named after him . = = Early career = = Johnston served as commonwealth attorney for Tazewell County between 1844 and 1846 . In 1846 , he was elected to serve the remainder of the 1846 – 1847 term in the Virginia Senate , representing Tazewell , Wythe , Grayson , Smyth , Carroll , and Pulaski counties . He was re @-@ elected for the 1847 – 1848 session . During the Civil War , he held the position of Confederate States receiver , and was also elected as a councilman for the town of Abingdon in 1861 . Not much is known of his activities during the war , but he did send a letter to Brigadier @-@ General John Echols that the Order of Heroes of America , was " growing fearfully " in southwest Virginia . This secret order was composed of Union sympathizers . This information was used in conjunction with other reports to request a suspension of habeas corpus so that the military could make arrests . After the war , in 1867 , he founded the Villa Maria Academy of the Visitation in Abingdon for the education of girls . He was judge of the Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery of Virginia in 1869 – 1870 . Also around 1869 , he formed a law partnership with a young local attorney , and his future son @-@ in @-@ law , Daniel Trigg . In 1872 , they set up their offices in a small building near the courthouse which became known as the Johnston @-@ Trigg Law Office . In November 1868 , he wrote a letter to his daughter , which revealed that butter was scarce and that he doubted he would get a supply for the winter , but that " when we have spare ribs , sausages & crackilin bread , we can do without butter . The fact is I begin to consider butter a luxury anyhow , that poor people have no business with . " = = Senatorial career = = Virginia by 1869 was essentially a military zone . Gilbert C. Walker was elected as governor in this year and ushered in a moderate conservatism , with Whiggish roots . The new General Assembly ratified the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to end Reconstruction and also elected two people as representatives for the U. S. Senate , including Johnston . He was to serve the unexpired portion of a six @-@ year term that started in March 1865 . Johnston received a letter from William Mahone , sent on October 18 , 1869 , that he must go to Richmond " without fail , by the first train . You are Senator . " Johnston was one of the few Virginia men eligible to hold office : at the time , anyone who had fought for , or served , the former Confederacy was ineligible to hold office under the Fourteenth Amendment until their " political disabilities " were removed by Congress by a two @-@ thirds vote . Johnston 's were removed because word had reached the local Abingdon Freedmen 's Bureau officer that he had helped care for an elderly former slave , Peter , who had passed through Abingdon on his way to Charlotte County , Virginia from Mississippi . The Norfolk and Western Railroad passed 200 yards ( 180 m ) from Johnston 's house , and former slaves used the tracks as a guide to return home from where they had been sold . In the summer of 1865 Johnston aided many with food and shelter , and in August of that year he found Peter near death in a stable near the railroad ; Johnston carried him to the house , where he stayed at least a month . When Peter regained enough strength he told his story , which Johnston later wrote down and is now kept with his papers at Duke University . Peter had been a slave of a Mr. Read in Charlotte County , a neighbor of John Randolph . He had been sold ( apparently because of Read 's debts ) to a trader , leaving behind a wife and young daughter to work a cotton field for thirty @-@ five years in Mississippi . When he was freed , Peter walked from Mississippi until he reached Abingdon in his quest to return home . Johnston wrote : " It was evident to me and my wife that all our care could not rebuild that worn @-@ out body , and that death was near at hand . He weakened rapidly ... His life was weary , toilsome , and full of trouble . But surely the Lord has rewards for such as he , and will give him rest in all eternity , and permit him to see Susy and his Mammy and Daddy . " Peter died of tuberculosis . The Freedmen 's Bureau agent wrote to Congressman William Kelley of Pennsylvania requesting the removal of Johnston 's disabilities because of his charity . Kelly did so and the bill passed both houses of Congress . Johnston only discovered all of this when he read about the passage of the bill in the newspaper . = = = Overview = = = Johnston went to Washington in December in hopes that Virginia would be readmitted to the Union . It was , however , not until January 26 , 1870 , that Virginia was readmitted ; Johnston was able to take his seat shortly afterward . The delay was due to a Congressional need to pass an act that would allow Virginia representation in the body . When Johnston arrived on January 28 to take his seat , he had some difficulty . George F. Edmunds of Vermont questioned whether he was the right Mr. Johnston and thought a fraud was being perpetrated until Waitman T. Willey of West Virginia vouched for Johnston 's identity , allowing his qualification . Later , he was in the process of signing a document put before him , but without having read it . This was the ironclad oath , that required all white males to swear they had never borne arms against the Union or supported the Confederacy . If the senator sitting next to Johnston , Thomas F. Bayard of Delaware , had not noticed , Johnston would likely have been " disgraced ... forever in the eyes of the people of Virginia " . The oath had been deemed unconstitutional in 1867 , but its use was not effectively ended until 1871 . At this time , Johnston was the only senator who had sided with the Confederacy — all the rest were either Northerners by birth or had been " Union men " . At the time he joined the Senate , the two parties in Virginia were the Conservatives and the Radicals . Johnston was a Conservative , which was an alliance of pre @-@ War Democrats and Whigs . The Democrats had once been bitter rivals of the Whigs and would not join a party of that name , giving rise to the Conservative party . Which direction Johnston would vote in the national arena was unknown , but mattered little because the Senate was overwhelmingly Republican . There were only 10 Democrats at the time out of 68 senators . There was speculation that Johnston might side with the Republicans and " turn traitor to his party and state ... for patronage " based on a letter he had written to the new Virginia governor . These doubts were settled when Johnston declined a formal invitation to join the Republican caucus and went to a joint meeting of House and Senate Democrats ; it was declared that " a Conservative in Virginia was a democrat in Washington " . Johnston served from January 26 , 1870 , to March 4 , 1871 , and was re @-@ elected on March 15 , 1871 , for the term beginning March 4 , 1871 . He was re @-@ elected again in 1877 and served until March 4 , 1883 . He was a member Committee on Revolutionary Claims , and later served as its chairman during the Forty @-@ fifth and Forty @-@ seventh Congresses . He was also chairman of the Committee on Agriculture during the Forty @-@ sixth Congress . In November 1881 , Johnston served on the Committee on Foreign Relations . It is recorded that when Clara Barton 's plea to President Chester Arthur to sign the First Geneva Convention ( establishing the International Red Cross ) , Arthur 's favorable reply was referred to this committee and Johnston was named as one of the members . = = Political issues = = = = = Arlington Memorial controversy = = = On December 13 , 1870 , Thomas C. McCreery ( D ) of Kentucky introduced a resolution regarding the Arlington House , the former home of the Confederate leader Robert E. Lee , that brought down a firestorm of objections . Arlington House had been captured by Union forces during the Civil War and its grounds were used as a cemetery for 16 @,@ 000 soldiers by the end of the war . The resolution called for an investigation to establish its ownership and the possibility of returning it to Mrs. Robert E. Lee . In addition , McCreery proposed the government fix up the premises , return any Washington relics discovered , and determine whether a suitable location nearby existed to relocate the dead . Johnston described the excitement caused as the most pronounced he would see in his thirteen years in the Senate . It put him in " the most painful and embarrassing position of my life " . and he was vehemently opposed : There was something very abhorent to me in the idea of making a job of digging up and carting away the remains of thousands of people — especially as they were gallant men who had died on the field of battle . Not only was the substance of the resolution displeasing but its tone was equally so . It seemed to say : " Here , whitewash these fences , scour these floors , fix up this house and grounds , dig up these bones , and hand the premises over to the owners . " However , in the course of the speeches opposing the resolution , Johnston felt Lee 's memory had been attacked and he felt duty bound to defend him . The Democratic Party , knowing his views and that of his state , approached him and asked him to keep silent for the sake of the party and the relief of Virginia . Johnston correctly predicted that he would be attacked at home . He was up for re @-@ election , and the opposing candidates used his position against him . A delegation from the Virginia General Assembly travelled to Washington to talk with the Democrats and assess the situation and were satisfied by the reports they received . Later , Johnston made a speech on behalf of Mrs. Lee and her Memorial proposal . His first attempt to speak was objected to and he was denied permission . Near the end of the session , when an unrelated bill was under discussion , Johnston made a motion related to it and then used the opportunity , which was allowed to Senators , to make his speech ; this caused " great indignation and impatience on the floor " . The Lee family and their advisors desired that the " true facts about the sale of Arlington and the nature of her claim to the property , should be placed before the country " so that , if found in her favor , she could receive compensation and then donate the property to the government . Eventually the Supreme Court of the United States did find in the family 's favor in 1882 . = = = Texas @-@ Pacific Bill = = = When Johnston was up for re @-@ election in 1877 , he was involved in the controversial Texas @-@ Pacific Bill , a battle between Northern and Southern railroad interests . Johnston was opposed to Tom Scott 's Texas and Pacific Railway , and the bill , which favored Scott 's interests . Scott was trying to persuade Southern states to accept his railroad so that they would subsequently appoint senators who would vote for the bill . Johnston 's seat was vulnerable if Scott succeeded in influencing the Virginia legislature , as it was known that he opposed the bill . As Johnston wrote in a letter , " ... what I have done about the Pacific road is before the people and I cannot recall it if I would . It would not be policy to retreat from my position nor am I inclined to do so , if was policy . I thought & I think that I was right & am therefore ready to take the consequences . I intend to fight it out on that line . " William Mahone worked to prevent his re @-@ election . Most Southern states went along with Scott , but Virginia and Louisiana did not , and Johnston was re @-@ elected . The Texas @-@ Pacific Bill remained a bargaining chip in the Compromise of 1877 , following the 1876 Presidential election crisis . Later , Johnston gave a speech in 1878 in Congress against the railroad , specifically Bill No. 942 , which he viewed as " a positive menace to the commercial interests of the South " . = = = Funder and Readjuster debate = = = Another issue that marked Johnston 's career was the Funder vs. Readjuster debate . Funders maintained that the state was obligated to pay back its entire pre @-@ War debt , whereas the Readjusters suggested differing , lesser figures , regarding how much was owed . The controversy culminated in the end of the Conservative Party in Virginia and the formation of the Readjuster Party and the Democratic Party . William Mahone was chosen as head of the Readjusters and they gained control of the state legislature in 1879 , but not the governorship . The legislature then elected Mahone as the successor to Democrat Robert E. Withers in the U. S. Senate . However , without a sympathetic governor , they could not enact their reforms . Their next chance came in the election of 1881 ; their aim was to elect a governor , but most importantly to maintain control of the state legislature , since it would elect " a successor to the Hon. John W. Johnston ... " Their party succeeded and the legislature elected prominent Readjuster , and Mahone 's " intimate friend " , Harrison H. Riddleberger to replace Johnston , eighty @-@ one to forty @-@ nine . = = Death and legacy = = After serving in the Senate , Johnston resumed his legal practice . He died in Richmond , Virginia , on February 27 , 1889 , aged seventy . He was conscious until his death and was aware that he was dying . On March 1 , his family brought his body from Richmond to Wytheville , where he was buried in St. Mary 's Cemetery . On May 11 , 1903 , a ceremony was held to install the portraits of deceased judges in the Washington County Courthouse . David F. Bailey was the speaker that presented the portrait of Johnston . In his speech , he described Johnston : He was not an orator , but a strong debater — powerful in clean cut argument . He was a dangerous opponent . You never caught him asleep . You never saw him demoralized ... He was temperate in all things . In nothing was he a fanatic . He was the friend of the poor . Need I say this in Washington County ? His liberality was limited only by his ability to bestow . He was at all times the young lawyer 's friend . Johnston was outlived by his wife , Nicketti , who died on June 9 , 1908 , aged eighty @-@ nine . = = Works = = The True Southern Pacific Railroad Versus the Texas Pacific Railroad : Speech of Hon. John W. Johnston 1878 Repudiation in Virginia , The North American Review . Volume 134 , Issue 303 . University of Northern Iowa , Cedar Falls , Iowa . February 1882 . Railway Land @-@ grants , The North American Review . Volume 140 , Issue 340 . University of Northern Iowa , Cedar Falls , Iowa . March 1885 The True South vs the Silent South , The Century . Volume 32 , Issue 1 , New York . May 1886 = Holkham National Nature Reserve = Holkham National Nature Reserve is England 's largest national nature reserve ( NNR ) . It is on the Norfolk coast between Burnham Overy Staithe and Blakeney , and is managed by Natural England with the cooperation of the Holkham Estate . Its 3 @,@ 900 hectares ( 9 @,@ 600 acres ) comprise a wide range of habitats , including grazing marsh , woodland , salt marsh , sand dunes and foreshore . The reserve is part of the North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest , and the larger area is additionally protected through Natura 2000 , Special Protection Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar listings , and is part of both an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) and a World Biosphere Reserve . Holkham NNR is important for its wintering wildfowl , especially pink @-@ footed geese , Eurasian wigeon and brant geese , but it also has breeding waders , and attracts many migrating birds in autumn . A number of scarce invertebrates and plants can be found in the dunes , and the reserve is one of the only two sites in the UK to have an antlion colony . This stretch of coast originally consisted of salt marshes protected from the sea by ridges of shingle and sand , and Holkham 's Iron Age fort stood at the end of a sandy spit surrounded by the tidal wetland . The Vikings navigated the creeks to establish Holkham village , but access to the former harbour was stopped by drainage and reclamation of the marshes between the coast and the shingle ridge which started in the 17th century , and was completed in 1859 . The Holkham estate has been owned by the Coke family , later Earls of Leicester since 1609 , and their seat at Holkham Hall is opposite the reserve 's Lady Anne 's Drive entrance . The 3rd Earl planted pines on the dunes to protect the pastures reclaimed by his predecessors from wind @-@ blown sand . The national nature reserve was created in 1967 from 1 @,@ 700 hectares ( 4 @,@ 200 acres ) of the Holkham Estate and 2 @,@ 200 hectares ( 5 @,@ 400 acres ) of foreshore belonging to the Crown . The reserve has over 100 @,@ 000 visitors a year , including birdwatchers and horse riders , and is therefore significant for the local economy . The NNR has taken steps to control entry to the fragile dunes and other areas important for their animals or plants because of the damage to sensitive habitats that could be caused by unrestricted access . The dunes are an essential natural defence against the projected rises in sea level along this vulnerable coast . = = Description = = The reserve lies to the north of A149 coast road , starting just west of Burnham Overy Staithe and extending west past Holkham to Beach Road , Wells @-@ next @-@ the @-@ Sea . It also includes the tidal salt marshes continuing further east to Blakeney . Its total area of about 3 @,@ 900 hectares ( 9 @,@ 600 acres ) makes it the largest NNR in England . The reserve can be accessed by footpaths from Wells and the local villages including the Peddars Way / Norfolk Coast long @-@ distance trail that traverses the main part of the reserve , and National Cycle Route 1 loops through the core of the NNR between Holkham and Wells . There is a car park near Holkham village at the north end of Lady Anne 's Drive that gives access to two bird hides , and another parking area at the end of Beach Road in Wells . To the east of the Wells channel , the reserve is mainly salt marshes and mud flats , and is difficult and potentially dangerous to access , although a public footpath runs along the southern edge of these tidal areas . The salt marshes on this coast are stated in the Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) notification document to be " among the best in Europe ... the flora is exceptionally diverse " . Holkham also has good examples of sand dunes , and the pines planted on the dunes have provided shelter for other trees and shrubs to become established , making this the only substantial area of woodland in the North Norfolk Coast SSSI . The dunes are created and altered by the elements , and the sand islands in Holkham Bay have formed only within the last 60 years . The flat ground inland from the dunes is reclaimed salt marsh that was used as pasture until the 1940s , but converted to arable land during World War II . The value of the fields to wildlife was reduced by the resulting lower water table , but Natural England 's management measures have raised the water levels , attracting breeding and wintering birds . Water management can also be used to ensure a high water table in summer , benefiting breeding waders , and drier conditions in winter , preferred by the geese . The management of water levels and grassland increased the numbers of breeding wetland birds from 120 pairs of ten species in 1986 to 795 pairs of 26 species in 1994 , and the number of wintering birds of four key wildfowl species rose from 1 @,@ 215 to 17 @,@ 305 in the decade from 1983 / 84 . = = History = = Norfolk has a long history of human occupation . Both modern and Neanderthal people were present in the area between 100 @,@ 000 and 10 @,@ 000 years ago , before the last glaciation , and humans returned as the ice retreated northwards . The archaeological record is poor until about 20 @,@ 000 years ago , partly because of the then prevailing very cold conditions , but also because the coastline was much further north than at present . As the ice retreated during the Mesolithic ( 10 @,@ 000 – 5 @,@ 000 BCE ) , the sea level rose , filling what is now the North Sea . This brought the Norfolk coastline much closer to its present line , so that many ancient sites are now under the sea in an area now known as Doggerland . The coast at Holkham originally consisted of salt marshes protected from the sea by ridges of shingle and sand . A large Iron Age fort at the end of a sandy spit in the marshes could only be approached along the spit ; it enclosed 2 @.@ 5 hectares ( 6 @.@ 2 acres ) and remained in use until the defeat of the Iceni in 47 AD . The Vikings navigated the tidal creeks to establish Holkham , the name deriving from the Danish for " ship town " . The Holkham Estate has been owned by the Coke family since 1609 , and Holkham Hall , built by Thomas Coke , 1st Earl of Leicester between 1734 and 1764 , is opposite the NNR entrance . Until the 17th century , ships could navigate the tidal creeks to reach the staithe ( harbour ) at Holkham village , but local landowners began to reclaim the marshes from 1639 , and the final embankment at Wells was constructed by the 2nd Earl in 1859 , completing the conversion of about 800 hectares ( 2 @,@ 000 acres ) to farmland . The 3rd Earl planted Corsican , maritime and Scots pines on the dunes in the late 19th century to shelter the agricultural land from wind @-@ blown sand , which is carried inland when the wind speed exceeds three metres ( 10 ft ) per second and blows from directions between northwest to northeast . The Holkham National Nature Reserve was created in 1967 from 1 @,@ 700 hectares ( 4 @,@ 200 acres ) of the Holkham Estate and 2 @,@ 200 hectares ( 5 @,@ 400 acres ) of intertidal sand and mud flats belonging to the Crown Estate . In 1986 the NNR was subsumed into the newly created 7 @,@ 700 hectares ( 19 @,@ 000 acres ) North Norfolk Coast SSSI . The larger area is now additionally protected through Natura 2000 , Special Protection Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar listings , and is part of the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The coast from Holkham NNR to Salthouse , together with Scolt Head Island , is a Biosphere Reserve . = = Flora and fauna = = = = = Birds = = = As many as 50 @,@ 000 pink @-@ footed geese , 13 @,@ 000 Eurasian wigeon and 7 @,@ 000 brent geese winter at Holkham , making it of international importance for these species . Up to 400 white @-@ fronted geese and a few tundra bean geese may join the wildfowl flocks , and the odd peregrine falcon , short @-@ eared owl , merlin , marsh harrier or hen harrier may hunt over the fields . The shingle banks and foreshore hold wintering flocks of shore larks , snow buntings and twite , and waders like knots , curlews , dunlins and grey plover probe for invertebrates in the mud flats . Spring migration is relatively quiet , although sightings of ring ouzel and firecrest are possible amongst the more common arrivals . Breeding birds include lapwings , common snipe , pied avocets , common redshanks and marsh harriers on the grazing marshes , ringed plovers and little terns on the beach , and black @-@ headed , herring and lesser black @-@ backed gulls on the salt marsh . The small grey heron colony has been joined by little egrets , and , from 2010 , by Eurasian spoonbills . The pines may occasionally have nesting siskins or common crossbills , and parrot crossbills bred in 1984 and 1985 . Holkham 's north @-@ facing coastal location can attract large numbers of migrating birds in autumn if the weather conditions are right , especially with a north to north @-@ east wind . The common species may be accompanied by a wryneck , red @-@ backed shrike or greenish warbler in August , with goldcrests , thrushes and finches later in the season , and perhaps red @-@ breasted flycatchers and yellow @-@ browed warblers . Vagrant rarities such as Pallas 's , Radde 's or dusky warblers may occur ; a red @-@ breasted nuthatch in 1989 was the first , and , as of 2012 , the only individual of its species to be recorded in the UK . = = = Other animals and plants = = = Brown hares and European otters are found all along the north Norfolk coast , but red squirrels disappeared from the Holkham pines by 1981 . The rare natterjack toad breeds at Holkham , one of only two sites along this coast , although the common frog , common toad and common lizard are widespread in appropriate habitats . The green hairstreak , purple hairstreak , comma , hummingbird hawk @-@ moth , broad @-@ bordered bee hawk @-@ moth and ghost moth are sometimes seen in the woods with the common butterfly and moth species , and a clouded yellow or Camberwell beauty may also occur in some years . Grayling , small heath and common blue butterflies can be found in the dunes , where there is also a large antlion colony , making Holkham one of only two locations for this predatory insect in the UK . Dragonflies include the migrant hawker , southern hawker and ruddy darter . On exposed parts of the coast , the muds and sands are scoured by the tides , and have no vegetation except possibly algae or eelgrass , but where the shoreline is more protected , internationally important salt marshes can form , with several uncommon species . The salt marsh contains glassworts and annual seablite in the most exposed regions , with a succession of plants following on as the marsh becomes more established : first sea aster , then mainly sea lavender , with sea purslane in the creeks and smaller areas of sea plantain and other common marsh plants . Scrubby sea @-@ blite and matted sea lavender are characteristic plants of the drier upper salt marsh here , although they are uncommon in the UK away from the Norfolk coast . Grasses such as sea couch grass and sea poa grass are important in the driest areas of the marshes , and on the coastal dunes , where marram grass , sand couch @-@ grass , lyme @-@ grass and red fescue help to bind the sand . Sea holly and sand sedge are other specialists of this arid habitat , and petalwort is a nationally rare bryophyte found on damper dunes . Bird 's @-@ foot trefoil , pyramidal orchid , bee orchid , lesser centaury and carline thistle flower on the more stable dunes , where the rare Jersey cudweed and grey hair @-@ grass are also found . The narrow 5 @-@ km ( 3 @-@ mi ) belt of pines shelters creeping lady 's tresses and yellow bird 's nest orchids . = = Recreation = = A 2005 survey at Holkham and five other North Norfolk coastal sites found that 39 per cent of visitors gave birdwatching as the main purpose of their visit . The 7 @.@ 7 million day visitors and 5 @.@ 5 million who made overnight stays in the area in 1999 are estimated to have spent £ 122 million , and created the equivalent of 2 @,@ 325 full @-@ time jobs . Holkham NNR is one of three sites within the SSSI that attract 100 @,@ 000 or more visitors annually , the others being Titchwell Marsh and Cley Marshes . The large number of visitors at coastal sites sometimes has negative effects . Wildlife may be disturbed , a frequent difficulty for species that breed in exposed areas such as Ringed Plovers and Little Terns , and also for wintering geese . Plants can be trampled , which is a particular problem in sensitive habitats such as sand dunes and vegetated shingle . The discovery of the nationally rare tiny earthstar fungus at Holkham led its finders to state that " The survival of this species in Britain would undoubtedly benefit from the construction of a boardwalk across this fragile and frequently @-@ visited habitat . " The Little Tern colony at Holkham , holding seven per cent of the British population , is cordoned off in the breeding season , with signs explaining why people are excluded from the area . The dune vegetation can be damaged by too many people walking over it , leading to blowout , the rapid wind erosion of the sand . Boardwalks and steps enable visitors to reach the beach on foot without harming the dunes , and horse riders and naturists are asked to stay on the beach and keep off the dunes . As the climate becomes warmer in the future , there is likely to be more tourism pressure on the coasts , but the effects of this may be mitigated by a move towards lower @-@ impact activities like bathing . The Norfolk Coast Partnership , a grouping of conservation and environmental bodies , divide the coast and its hinterland into three zones for tourism development purposes . Holkham dunes , along with Holme Dunes and Blakeney Point , were considered to be sensitive habitats already suffering from visitor pressure , and were designated as red @-@ zone areas with no development or parking improvements to be recommended . The rest of the NNR is placed in the orange zone , for locations with fragile habitats but less tourism pressure . = = Threats = = The underlying geology of the North Norfolk coast is Cretaceous chalk , exposed at Hunstanton cliffs just to the west of the SSSI , but buried by soft Quaternary glacial debris for the entire length of the SSSI coast . Unlike the soft , rapidly eroding cliffs further east , the coast of the SSSI has shown a less consistent pattern , with a net accretion of beach material between 1880 and 1950 . However , this coastline is threatened by climate change , with sea level rising an estimated 1 – 2 mm per year for the last 100 years , increasing the risk of flooding and coastal erosion . Half the area of the salt marshes that formed in the lee of Scolt Head Island has been reclaimed in the last 300 years , creating ecologically important , but very fragile , grazing marshes . Although Holkham is low @-@ lying and can flood in severe weather conditions , it is protected by the spit that developed at the Holkham Gap in the 1990s and the dunes along the coast , which are increasingly being stabilised by vegetation . The Environment Agency 's management plan until 2105 is to rely on the natural protection of the dunes , intervening only if work is necessary to maintain their effectiveness in the face of a potential sea level rise of 1 @.@ 1 m ( 3 ft ) by that date . The shingle that makes up Scolt Head Island is moving westwards and southwards at up to 3 @.@ 5 m ( 10 ft ) per year . This may affect the movement of sediment , and lead to some erosion of the dunes and beaches at Holkham , but should not destroy their effectiveness as a sea defence unless the island reattaches to the mainland at some date in the distant future . = 2015 Il Lombardia = The 2015 Il Lombardia ( also known as the Giro di Lombardia or the Tour of Lombardy ) was a one @-@ day cycling classic that took place around Lake Como in Lombardy in northern Italy on 4 October 2015 . It was the 109th edition of the Il Lombardia one @-@ day cycling race and was the final cycling monument of the 2015 season , as well as being the final race of the 2015 UCI World Tour . The race was organised by RCS Sport , who also organise the Giro d 'Italia . The course was difficult , taking in several hard climbs over the 245 @-@ kilometre ( 152 mi ) route , including the famous Madonna del Ghisallo climb . It started in Bergamo and reached the coast of Lake Como about halfway through the race . The final 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) contained most of the climbing , with the final climb coming in the last 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) . This was followed by a descent to the finish line in Como itself . There was aggressive racing from the climb of the Madonna del Ghisallo and the very difficult Muro di Sormano that followed it . A small group came to the final climbs together . Vincenzo Nibali ( Astana ) , who had targeted the race following his expulsion from the Vuelta a España , attacked on the penultimate descent . Despite losing some time to the chasers on the final climb , he came to the finish line alone to take his first ever Monument victory . Daniel Moreno ( Team Katusha ) was second , with Thibaut Pinot ( FDJ ) third . = = Background = = Il Lombardia was the final race in the 2015 UCI World Tour . This was a change from recent years , when the Tour of Beijing was the final race . The individual victory in the World Tour had already been won by Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) . Valverde had won two of the one @-@ day classics that took place early in the season ( La Flèche Wallonne and Liège – Bastogne – Liège ) and took top ten places in both the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España . Team Katusha were leading the team rankings ahead of Movistar and Team Sky , while Spain were leading the country rankings ahead of Colombia and Great Britain . Il Lombardia was also the last of a series of Italian classics . The most important of these came in two groups of three . The first three races formed the Trittico Lombardo : these were the Coppa Ugo Agostoni , the Coppa Bernocchi and the Tre Valli Varesine . Vincenzo Nibali ( Astana ) came second to Davide Rebellin ( CCC – Sprandi – Polkowice ) in the Coppa Ugo Agostoni , then won the remaining two races . The second group was the Trittico di Autunno : these were the Milano – Torino , the Gran Piemonte and Il Lombardia itself , which was the only one of the races to be part of the World Tour . Diego Rosa , Nibali 's teammate , won the Milano – Torino . = = Teams = = The seventeen UCI WorldTeams were automatically invited and obliged to attend the race . The race organisers , RCS Sport , also invited eight UCI Professional Continental teams to take part as wildcard entries . These included the five wildcard teams from the Giro d 'Italia , four of which were Italian @-@ based . UnitedHealthcare and Colombia received entries after being rejected for the Giro , with Bora – Argon 18 receiving the final place . Each team was expected to enter eight riders . Two riders failed to start the race , so the peloton initially comprised 198 riders . 99 riders finished the race . The teams entering the race were : = = Route = = The route for the 2015 Il Lombardia was announced on 11 September 2015 , a little over three weeks before the race took place , with numerous changes from the previous year 's route . The race took place in Lombardy in northern Italy on 4 October over a course that was 245 kilometres ( 152 mi ) in length , with most of the difficult hills coming in the second half . The route began in Bergamo , where the 2014 race had finished , on the Viale Papa Giovanni XXIII .	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
There was a neutral zone that took the riders south and out of the city , before the racing started on the Via San Bernardino . After first heading south , the route turned to the east and then to the north . After 43 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 27 @.@ 1 mi ) the riders reached Entratico , where they joined the main valley road heading north @-@ east . The roads up to this point were almost entirely flat . 6 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) after joining the valley road , however , the route turned to the west to cross the first climb of the day , the Colle Gallo ( 7 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 6 mi ) at an average gradient of 6 % ) . After the descent from the climb , the route continued west and returned to the outskirts of Bergamo . By this point the riders had completed 79 kilometres ( 49 mi ) of racing . The route left Bergamo again , this time to the north @-@ west , and went past Valbrembo . After this the course turned west to come to the second climb of the day , the Colle Brianza . This was a moderate climb ( approximately 3 @.@ 9 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 4 mi ) at 4 % ) and the descent was followed by more flat roads that took the riders north towards Pescate , where they came to the shore of Lake Como for the first time . Here the course turned gradually back to the south , to pass along the eastern coast of the Lago di Annone and around its southern tip . This was approximately the half @-@ way point in the race . The roads travelled north again , through Onno and to Bellagio , again riding along the coast of Lake Como . By this point the riders had covered 172 kilometres ( 107 mi ) . The remaining 73 kilometres ( 45 mi ) were by far the hilliest and most difficult of the race . The first climb was the Madonna del Ghisallo . This is an 8 @.@ 6 @-@ kilometre ( 5 @.@ 3 mi ) climb , with an average gradient of 6 @.@ 2 % . The middle 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) of the climb are flat , however , so the remaining 5 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 5 mi ) had an average gradient of over 9 % and sections as steep as 14 % . Immediately after the descent , the riders faced the Colma di Sormano . The first 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) of the climb had an average gradient of 6 @.@ 6 % . After this came the Muro di Sormano ( the " wall of Sormano " ) , which was a 1 @.@ 9 @-@ kilometre ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) section of road with an average gradient of 15 @.@ 8 % and sections of almost 30 % . At the top of the climb there were 50 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 31 @.@ 3 mi ) to the finish line . After the descent back to the shores of Lake Como , there were around 16 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 9 mi ) of flat roads that took the riders south @-@ west into Como itself . The riders only got as far as the eastern outskirts , however , before they turned to the east for the day 's penultimate climb . This was the Civiglio ( 4 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 6 mi ) at 9 @.@ 7 % ) , the summit of which came with 16 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 10 @.@ 3 mi ) to the finish . The riders then descended back into Como , which they reached with 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) remaining . The route left the town to the west and climbed the San Fermo della Battaglia ( 2 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 7 mi ) at 7 @.@ 2 % ) . The summit came with 5 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 3 mi ) remaining . There was then a descent back into town . The descent ended as the riders went under the flamme rouge with 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) remaining . There was a final corner with 600 metres ( 1 @,@ 970 ft ) to the finish line , which was on the Lungo Lario Trento on the shore of the lake . = = Pre @-@ race favourites = = The defending champion in the race was Dan Martin ( Cannondale – Garmin ) , who won the 2014 edition with a late attack . He had crashed during the Vuelta a España , however , and had been forced to retire from the race due to injury . After recovering from the injury , he had raced just once since the crash : he finished in 14th place in Milano – Torino . His form before the race was therefore unclear , especially as Il Lombardia is both longer and more difficult than Milano – Torino . Il Lombardia was the final race of Martin 's season and also his final race for the Cannondale @-@ Garmin team . With Martin 's form uncertain , the favourite for the race was Alejandro Valverde . As well as performing strongly in the early @-@ season hilly classics in the 2015 season , he had been close to success in Il Lombardia in the past : he finished second in both 2013 and 2014 . Max Sciandri , a directeur sportif for the BMC Racing Team , said that the increased difficulty of the 2015 edition suited Valverde : " now it suits the climbers and good descenders rather the Classics riders ... [ Valverde ] can climb , can descend and is even fast in a sprint finish . " Cycling Weekly suggested that Valverde 's ability to recover from the Vuelta in time for Il Lombardia would work in his favour . Joaquim Rodríguez ( Team Katusha ) would also have been a strong favourite for the race : he won the 2012 and 2013 editions and had come second in the Vuelta . However , he injured his knee when he hit a sign post while training and was forced to withdraw from the race . Vincenzo Nibali was also cited as a potential winner of the race , following a difficult season . He had struggled during the Tour de France and was subsequently thrown out of the Vuelta for holding on to a team car . He had therefore made Il Lombardia a significant target . Nibali had performed strongly in the other late @-@ season Italian classics , while his team had shown its strength in supporting Diego Rosa to victory in Milano – Torino . Fabio Aru , who had won the Vuelta , was not present : he was riding the Tour of Almaty instead . With Rodríguez absent , two other former champions started the race : these were Philippe Gilbert ( BMC ) , the winner in 2009 and 2010 , and Damiano Cunego ( Nippo – Vini Fantini ) , who won in 2007 and 2008 . Gilbert in particular was considered a potential winner of the race . Other favourites for the race victory included Thibaut Pinot ( FDJ ) , Rui Costa and Diego Ulissi ( Lampre @-@ Merida ) , Simon Gerrans ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) , Rafał Majka ( Tinkoff – Saxo ) , Robert Gesink ( LottoNL – Jumbo ) , Warren Barguil ( Giant – Alpecin ) , Domenico Pozzovivo and Romain Bardet ( AG2R La Mondiale ) , Michał Kwiatkowski ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) and Tim Wellens ( Lotto – Soudal ) . = = Race report = = The race began in Bergamo with grey skies and rain falling . The race began with a succession of attacks ; eventually an eleven @-@ rider group escaped to form the day 's principal breakaway . These were Stefan Schumacher ( CCC – Sprandi – Polkowice ) , Enrico Barbin ( Bardiani – CSF ) , Jan Polanc ( Lampre @-@ Merida ) , Matteo Busato ( Southeast Pro Cycling ) , Dennis van Winden ( LottoNL @-@ Jumbo ) , Simon Geschke ( Giant @-@ Alpecin ) , Pierpaolo De Negri ( Nippo @-@ Vini Fantini ) , Marco Canola ( UnitedHealthcare ) , Cesare Benedetti ( Bora @-@ Argon 18 ) , Jérôme Coppel ( IAM Cycling ) and Oscar Gatto ( Androni Giocattoli ) . The break had a lead that extended to over eight minutes after the Colle Brianza , while the peloton was controlled principally by Astana , with some assistance from Movistar and Team Sky . By the foot of the Madonna del Ghisallo , the lead had been cut to just two and a half minutes . The Madonna del Ghisallo was the location for several attacks . In the breakaway , Benedetti , Canola , van Winden and Barbin broke away from the other riders . Michał Kwiatkowski was the first to attack from the peloton : he was then joined by Matteo Trentin , Carlos Verona , Łukasz Wiśniowski ( all Etixx @-@ Quick Step ) , Tom @-@ Jelte Slagter ( Cannondale @-@ Garmin ) , Jon Izagirre ( Movistar ) , Robert Gesink , Timo Roosen ( Lotto NL @-@ Jumbo ) , Giacomo Nizzolo ( Trek Factory Racing ) and Tim Wellens . After this climb came the Muro di Sormano . Benedetti and Canola led at the beginning of the climb , but they were soon passed by Kwiatkowski and Wellens . Wellens had to struggle to keep up with Kwiatkowski . Meanwhile , Astana rode hard in the main peloton , reducing it to around 20 riders . Philippe Gilbert and Dan Martin were among the riders unable to stay with the group and , despite Gilbert 's efforts , they were unable to regain contact . On the descent from the Sormano , Kwiatkowski and Wellens led , while Diego Rosa led the peloton on behalf of Nibali . The leading pair 's advantage was reduced on the descent and then further on the flat section leading towards Como . As the climb of the Civiglio started with approximately 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) remaining , Kwiatkowski attacked alone ; he was caught , however , by the peloton just 0 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 mi ) later . Astana continued to lead the peloton ; their pace reduced the front group to just seven riders . Rosa was among the riders to be dropped , but he worked with Sergio Henao ( Sky ) to return to the group . He was then one of several riders to attack towards the top of the Civiglio , along with Mikel Nieve ( Sky ) , Nibali and Pinot . None of the attacks were successful , as Daniel Moreno ( Katusha ) brought the other riders back to the leaders , and the group came to the top of the climb together . Nibali attacked again just after the summit and rode alone down the descent . Despite almost colliding with a race motorbike at one point , he used his strong descending skills to gain an advantage over the rest of the group . He used the whole width of the road and coming very close to the crash barriers at various moments . Rosa , meanwhile , came to the head of the group in an attempt to slow the chase down . Nibali 's lead at the foot of the descent was around 40 seconds . As the final climb began with 7 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 7 mi ) remaining , Nibali was still over 40 seconds ahead of the group behind . Pinot attacked but was soon caught and passed by Moreno , who set off alone in pursuit of Nibali . Moreno made up some time during the ascent , but was unable to catch him . On the descent towards the finish line in Como , Nibali 's superior skill at descending allowed him to stay ahead of Moreno and he reached the finish line alone to take the victory . Moreno finished 21 seconds later , with Pinot a further 11 seconds behind . Valverde won the sprint for fourth ahead of Rosa and Nieve . = = Result = = = = Post @-@ race analysis = = = = = Reactions = = = Nibali said after the race that his victory in Il Lombardia made his expulsion from the Vuelta a " good thing " as it helped him find some anger . He went on to say that his success had got his season back on track , particularly as he was the first Italian to win one of the Monuments in a long time . The last Italian to win any of the cycling Monuments was Damiano Cunego in the 2008 Giro di Lombardia . Nibali described the victory as being as good as a win in Liège – Bastogne – Liège ; he said also that , despite the risks he took on the descent from the Civiglio , Peter Sagan was " crazier " than him when descending . Pinot described himself as " proud " at the end of the race , as Il Lombardia had been a major goal for him . He described Nibali as " the strongest , the smartest and the sneakiest " rider in the race . It was the first time Pinot had finished in the top ten of a Monument . Dan Martin , who had been unable to follow the leading riders on the Muro di Sormano , finished the race in order to repay his team 's faith in him following his injury earlier in the season . He finished 52nd , nearly ten minutes behind Nibali , and said that he had not been strong enough to follow the attacks on the climb . = = = UCI World Tour rankings = = = Despite the points won by Moreno 's second @-@ place finish , Katusha were not able to win enough points to win the UCI World Tour rankings . The 60 points that Valverde won were enough to secure the overall victory in the team 's competition , as well as increasing his own margin of victory in the individual classification . Pinot 's third @-@ place finish earned him 70 points and moved him up to tenth place in the World Tour rankings , while the success of the Italian riders moved Italy ahead of both Colombia and Great Britain to finish second behind Spain in the national rankings . = Promos ( The Office ) = " Promos " is the eighteenth episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the 193rd overall . The episode was written by Tim McAuliffe and directed by Jennifer Celotta . It originally aired on NBC on April 4 , 2013 . The episode guest stars sports star Ryan Howard , Chris Diamantopoulos , Nora Kirkpatrick , and Allan Havey . Former lead actor Steve Carell also appears through archival footage . The series — presented as if it were a real documentary — depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , everyone in the office is excited when international promos for the documentary surface , but are soon horrified to discover how much candid filming has taken place . While everyone panics about their secrets being revealed , Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) reflects upon how much she and Jim ( John Krasinski ) have changed over the past nine years . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) makes Angela Lipton ( Angela Kinsey ) jealous when he starts dating a Brussels sprout farmer . Meanwhile , at Athlead 's office in Philadelphia , Jim and Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) have a big meeting with baseball player Ryan Howard , who pitches a bizarre sci @-@ fi sports movie about himself . The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics ; many felt that while the episode had an interesting theme and that much of the drama was successful , the humor was too broad or forced . The episode was viewed by 3 @.@ 44 million viewers and received a 1 @.@ 8 / 5 percent rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode ranked fourth in its timeslot , and it was the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night , though it was lowest rated episode of The Office at the time of airing . = = Plot = = The office is excited to see promos for the upcoming documentary " The Office : An American Workplace " , which consists of the footage of them that has been compiled over the past nine years . However , many of the workers are dismayed to learn just how much of their activities have been recorded ; for instance , Dwight and Angela 's affair that occurred a year ago was captured . Several excuse themselves and go to the warehouse to talk , turning off their microphones in an unsuccessful effort to keep the discussion private . Pete Miller ( Jake Lacy ) suggests that Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) talk to dismissed crew member Brian ( Chris Diamantopoulos ) to learn more . At Brian 's house , Pam tells him that upon seeing the old footage she thinks Jim 's feelings for her have largely faded , and Brian agrees . When she asks about what the crew filmed , he tells her that every important moment was captured even when not wearing their microphones . Realizing the extent to which their privacy has been violated , Pam storms out of Brian 's house . On re @-@ watching the promo , Pam decides she is glad that the history of her relationship with Jim has been captured . Angela Lipton ( Angela Kinsey ) and Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) call Angela 's husband Senator Robert Lipton ( Jack Coleman ) to inform him that the documentary will probably out him and reveal that Angela slept with Dwight . Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) becomes obsessed with online comments regarding his brief appearance in the promo , posting lengthy replies and even uploading his own video in response to negative reactions . The documentary crew discovers that Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) has left at least some of the negative comments , taking pleasure in Andy 's annoyance . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) starts dating a Brussels sprout farmer , Esther Bruegger , while negotiating the purchase of a tractor with her father . Dwight does poorly in the negotiations , yielding to all of Mr. Bruegger 's terms . During the haggling , Esther 's sisters flirt with Clark Green and try to coax him into buying farming equipment . Clark stops Dwight from signing the papers and takes him aside to tell him that he thinks Esther and her sisters are too physically attractive to be interested in men like them , and that Esther is probably just dating him so that her father can take advantage of him on the tractor deal . Dwight sees the logic in Clark 's suspicion . However , Esther appears and tells Dwight that he shouldn 't sign the contract and negotiate for a better deal . Dwight realizes that Esther does care for him after all , much to Angela 's dismay . At the Athlead offices , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) have a meeting with Major League Baseball player Ryan Howard ( himself ) . The meeting ends up with Darryl and Jim reading Ryan 's self @-@ written screenplay of a baseball player turned superhero . = = Production = = " Promos " was written by consulting producer Tim McAuliffe , his first writing credit for the series . It was directed by former series writer , director , and co @-@ showrunner Jennifer Celotta , her third such credit for the series . The episode features Philadelphia Phillies star Ryan Howard playing himself . This marks the second time a major sports star has played themselves for the season , as former Philadelphia 76ers star Julius Erving portrayed himself in the episode " Lice " . Robinson later said that Ryan " killed it " and that " He ’ s pretty damn funny in real life , which doesn ’ t always translate to TV " . He also joked that Howard is " definitely a better actor than John Krasinski . Without a doubt . " The titular promos are composed of stock footage from The Office , primarily from early seasons of the series . They feature the departed characters Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) and Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) . = = Cultural references = = In the cold open , Phyllis is seen listening to an audiobook of the erotic romance novel Fifty Shades of Grey on her iPod , which makes everyone uncomfortable due to her arousal . Ryan Howard makes reference to the restaurant Subway 's slogan , " Eat Fresh " , a reference to the fact that he is a spokesman for the franchise . During the table read of Howard 's screenplay , he mentions that it is of utmost importance for them to secure the rights to the name Darth Vader from the popular space movie series Star Wars . Oscar notes that Angela 's husband — when he was dressed as former US president Ronald Reagan for Halloween — kissed him like former president John F. Kennedy . The title of the in @-@ series documentary , The Office : An American Workplace , is the name given to the series itself when it was broadcast in the UK to differentiate it from the British version of the show . In the context of the series and episode , it is revealed that the documentary is scheduled to air on WVIA @-@ TV , the actual Scranton PBS affiliate . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Promos " originally aired on April 4 , 2013 on NBC . In its original American broadcast , the episode was viewed by an estimated 3 @.@ 44 million viewers and received a 1 @.@ 8 rating / 5 percent share . This means that it was seen by 1 @.@ 8 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 5 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a decrease in the ratings from the previous episode , " The Farm " . The Office ranked fourth in its timeslot , being beaten by an entry of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy which received a 2 @.@ 8 / 8 percent rating , an episode of the CBS police procedural Person of Interest which received a 2 @.@ 7 / 8 percent rating , and an installment of the Fox comedy series New Girl which earned a 2 @.@ 0 / 6 rating . = = = Reviews = = = Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " B – " . He noted that it " represents a tipping point for The Office " because it eliminates the fact that — while the characters have known they were on camera — many of the people that the documentary is following have not realized the extent to which the camera people have been following and recording them . " Adams said that strong plots such as Pam 's realization about her relationship were rushed and that other plots , like Dwight 's , were made to " [ run ] out the clock " . M. Giant of Television Without Pity awarded the episode a " B – " . Roth Cornet of IGN awarded the episode a 7 @.@ 9 out of 10 , denoting a " good " episode . She argued the episode had a " cohesive , united feel " , even though Jim and Darryl were separated from the main action , that " past , present , and ( possible ) future combined together nicely " , and that " the emotion wasn 't overplayed " . However , she said that this was not the " funniest episode of The Office that we 've ever seen " . Dan Forcella of TV Fanatic awarded the episode 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 , and criticized the reintroduction of Brian , saying it felt " forced " and that it ruined " something so innately interesting " . Nick Campbell of TV.com wrote that the quality of the episode hinged on whether or not the viewer could accept the fact that the characters were unaware of the extent of the footage that the camera crew caught . He wrote that " If you can ride with the Scranton branch not understanding what ' being filmed all the time ' means , this might have been a pretty funny episode . If you can 't ... then the premise of this episode is pretty awful . " He concluded that while " Promos " had " its moments " , it was not the most solid of the series ' episodes . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix felt that " there was good idea hiding inside of ' The Promo ' [ sic ] " , but that much of the episode was undermined by the broad nature of the humor . = Abd al @-@ Rahim al @-@ Hajj Muhammad = Abd al @-@ Rahim al @-@ Hajj Muhammad ( Arabic : عبد الرحيم الحج محمد ; 1892 – 23 March 1939 ) , also known by his kunya Abu Kamal , was a prominent Palestinian Arab commander of rebel forces during the 1936 – 39 Arab revolt against British Mandate rule and increased Jewish settlement in Palestine . Most of his activities were based in the areas of Tulkarm , Nablus and Jenin ( modern @-@ day northern West Bank ) . In September 1938 , he became the official General Commander of the Revolt , although he shared the post in rotation with Arif Abd al @-@ Raziq . In February 1939 , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad was given sole title to the post by the revolt 's political leadership . He was later killed in a firefight with British forces in March . = = Early life = = Al @-@ Hajj Muhammad was born in the village of Dhinnaba ( today a part of Tulkarm city ) in 1892 . He belonged to the landowning clan of Samara , itself a part of the larger tribal confederation of al @-@ Barqawi , which had a long history of activity in the area of Tulkarm . During the invasion of Syria by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798 – 99 , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad 's great @-@ grandfather fought in the Ottoman defense of the country , but was later sentenced to death . Another of his great @-@ grandfathers participated in the 1834 peasants ' revolt against Ibrahim Pasha 's rule in Palestine . Al @-@ Hajj Muhammad was initially educated in Dhinnaba 's kuttab , a traditional elementary school . In 1899 – 1900 he was enrolled in a primary school in Tulkarm . Later , he would work the fields of his lands alongside his father and occasionally traveled with him from place to place , selling their agricultural products . During World War I ( 1914 – 18 ) he was conscripted into the Ottoman army ( a requirement for male Ottoman citizens ) , posted outside of Palestine in Tripoli and Beirut . He returned following the Ottomans ' defeat by British forces and their Hashemite Arab allies . His father had died sometime during the war . In 1920 Britain , which had already been in control of the area , established a mandate over Palestine under the auspices of the League of Nations . = = Career during British rule = = Upon his return to Palestine in 1918 , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad supervised his family 's land possessions and entered the trade business . He became one of the prominent local grain traders in Palestine during the early years of the Mandate . Coinciding with this period , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad became an ardent opponent of Zionism and British support for that movement . The 1920 Nebi Musa riots , unrest in 1923 and the 1929 Palestine riots all extended into Tulkarm and al @-@ Hajj Muhammad was angered at the coercive manner in which the British authorities quelled the Palestinian Arab participants . His business eventually went bankrupt after the Mandate adopted new economic policies that saw the import of cheaper , foreign wheat at the expense of local produce . His disaffection of British economic policies partly motivated his future participation in the Palestinian Arab revolt in 1936 . The local connections al @-@ Hajj Muhammad established as a grain merchant would become beneficial in his later recruitment efforts . The web of the al @-@ Barqawi 's tribal loyalties proved resourceful , providing him with fighting men and provisions . During the 1930s , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad set up base in the vicinity of Bal 'a , near Tulkarm , and began recruiting and training fighters from the area , including former Ottoman soldiers who brought additional expertise in combat and firearms . Under his command , this group of men would launch minor raids against Jewish settlements and British security personnel . One of the main targets were the orange orchards of newly established Jewish settlements in the Wadi al @-@ Hawarith area west of Tulkarm . These places had mostly been built on the lands of absentee landlords and their peasant tenants had been evicted . Al @-@ Hajj Muhammad had a criminal record with the Mandatory authorities . According to Israeli historian Yehoshua Porath , his alleged crime was committing fraud in a land transaction with a Jewish buyer . However , author and anthropologist Ted Swedenburg wrote Porath 's claim was never mentioned by other sources that discussed al @-@ Hajj Muhammad . In 1934 , his wife Badia 'a died and al @-@ Hajj Muhammad was left with his four sons . With the killing of Izz al @-@ Din al @-@ Qassam , a Muslim revivalist preacher and anti @-@ colonial militant by British forces , tensions between the Palestinian Arab population , among whom al @-@ Qassam was popular , and the authorities rose significantly . His sympathizers grew in number and the notion of armed struggle against British rule and British sponsorship of Zionism became increasingly popular as an alternative to the diplomatic negotiations between the Palestinian leadership and the British government . The negotiations were ultimately seen by the local population as a futile effort that bore no tangible results . When al @-@ Hajj Muhammad actively took part in the upcoming revolt , he entrusted his children with his sister Halima , a widow . According to his eldest son Kamal , she too was a grain merchant , who later traded in textiles . She also financially supported the children 's education . Al @-@ Hajj Muhammad would normally meet with his sons for one or two days in different villages . His children would be escorted to his location by one of al @-@ Hajj Muhammad 's rebels . = = Commander in the revolt = = = = = Early stage = = = The revolt started in Nablus with the Palestinian general strike in April 1936 . The strike spread to a number of cities throughout Palestine , including Tulkarm where al @-@ Hajj Muhammad helped organize the campaign . By the summer of that year , several Palestinian Arab rebel bands had sprung up , including the forces of al @-@ Hajj Muhammad . The latter used existing social networks and the complex web of local clan politics to build alliances both with the middle classes of the major towns , particularly the well @-@ educated activists , and the rural clan elders to build a solid base of resistance against the British . In order to avoid detection , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad refrained from commanding a large unit of troops . Instead , he raised small , semi @-@ permanent bands of volunteers called fasa 'il ( sing. fasl ) as he moved from one area to another . They normally launched nighttime attacks against specific targets . In the earliest stage of the revolt , in the early summer , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad 's fighters primarily operated in the Wadi al @-@ Sha 'ir area between Nablus and the coastal plain . Most of their actions consisted of attacks against British Army and police patrols between Tulkarm and Nablus . On 21 June al @-@ Hajj Muhammad and his fasa 'il ambushed a British Army force protecting a Jewish convoy passing near the village of Bal 'a . Three British bomber planes were dispatched to aid the ambushed convoy . The ensuing battle lasted about seven hours and ended with the deaths of three rebels and one British soldier . A further 21 rebels and two British soldiers were wounded . The authorities consequently issued an arrest warrant for al @-@ Hajj Muhammad . The rebel bands had worked independently of each other until July , when al @-@ Hajj Muhammad , Arif Abd al @-@ Raziq and Fakhri Abd al @-@ Hadi decided to coordinate the actions of their respective militias . Abd al @-@ Raziq was based in the Bani Sa 'b area around Tayibe , while Abd al @-@ Hadi operated in Sha 'ruwiya , around Arraba . All of their areas of operation were concentrated in the north @-@ central highlands . Another meeting between the leaders was held in August to designate official areas of operation and specific targets to attack . The Jerusalem @-@ area militia of Abd al @-@ Qadir al @-@ Husayni was absent from both of these meetings , making it increasingly difficult to form a solid military command among rebels across the country . The arrival of the well @-@ known Arab nationalist volunteer commander Fawzi al @-@ Qawuqji in August , and his assumption of the rebels ' leadership , further damaged the revolt 's coherence , despite his attempts to unify rebel ranks . Although al @-@ Qawuqji was an experienced field commander , relations between him and the Palestinian political and military leadership was one of general mistrust . Local rebels resented the delegation of command positions to non @-@ Palestinians and al @-@ Qawuqji 's references to the area as " Southern Syria " instead of " Palestine . " Nonetheless , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad and al @-@ Qawuqji fought together in a second major confrontation with British forces in Bal 'a in September . The battle went on for six hours and according to Mandatory figures , three British military personnel were killed and four wounded . One of the fatalities was a British pilot whose plane was downed by rebels , who suffered ten dead and six wounded . In October 1936 , rebel operations temporarily ceased after the Arab Higher Committee ( AHC ) , the revolt 's political leadership , accepted calls by the generally pro @-@ British royals of Jordan , Iraq and Saudi Arabia for a cessation of hostilities . In return , the Arab royals would lobby the British Mandatory authorities to address Palestinian Arab concerns about Zionist activity in Palestine . That month , al @-@ Qawuqji left Palestine . Al @-@ Hajj Muhammad followed suit and headed for Damascus to evade arrest ; the British had placed a bounty of 500 pounds on him . While in Damascus , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad raised funds and purchased weapons for the revolt . He also began working with Syrian and Lebanese nationalists to smuggle the arms into Palestine . Al @-@ Hajj Muhammad later left Damascus for the Lebanese mountain village of Qarnayel east of Beirut . From there , he maintained regular communications with his forces . = = = Renewal of rebellion = = = While fighting was on hold , the British government announced it would not restrict Jewish immigration to Palestine and instead proposed a partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states as put forward by the Peel Commission ( November 1936 – January 1937 . ) These moves antagonized the Palestinian leadership whose principal concern was increased Jewish settlement . Thus , they boycotted the commission from the time it began its work . The AHC under the chairmanship of Amin al @-@ Husayni , the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem , requested rebel leaders return and resume military activities in Palestine to pressure the authorities . To that end , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad returned to Palestine in April to command his fasa 'il in the Tulkarm @-@ Jenin @-@ Nablus region , which was referred to by the authorities as the " Triangle of Terror " due to the concentration of rebel activity in the area . With the renewal of the revolt , efforts were made to unify rebel ranks and establish a hierarchical command structure . In late 1937 , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad summoned the village elders in Tulkarm 's vicinity and requested that they each provide him with one armed man . He was generally successful and recruited a 50 @-@ man force . The last quarter of the year saw increased attacks against British military targets , buses carrying Jews , the Iraqi Petroleum Company pipeline in Palestine and telecommunication lines . At this stage , the revolt had developed into an organized effort across Palestine , with each area 's fasa 'il having a hierarchy of some sort . In the case of al @-@ Hajj Muhammad 's forces , there were four brigades , each led by a commander and designated funds . Al @-@ Hajj Muhammad appointed Ahmad Massad as his deputy to whom the other commanders were subordinate . This military order contrasted with the early phase of the revolt where al @-@ Hajj Muhammad had been the sole field commander . During a confrontation between rebels and British forces at the village of an @-@ Nazla ash @-@ Sharqiya in early December 1937 , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad was wounded , but managed to evade capture when the mukhtar ( village headman ) escorted him to safety in a nearby cave . Four of al @-@ Hajj Muhammad 's men died in the battle . After the British withdrew from the area , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad was treated by local doctors until January 1938 when he received more advanced care in Damascus . He returned to Palestine later that month . By early 1938 , the rebels consolidated control over much of the countryside and the rural roads . These areas became increasingly dangerous for British forces , who were mostly concentrated in the main towns . = = = General commander = = = Local rebel commanders were generally suspicious of outside Arab military leaders , such as al @-@ Qawuqji , and of the AHC , particularly after many members of the latter joined the Damascus @-@ based Central Committee of Jihad following the AHC 's dissolution by the authorities in October 1937 . The Central Committee had been founded in late 1937 by Izzat Darwaza , and officially served as the revolt 's political leadership , fundraising body and arms supplier . On the ground in Palestine , competition for the role of the rebels ' general command became increasingly tense between al @-@ Hajj Muhammad and Abd al @-@ Raziq . They engaged in a serious rivalry , which coincided with acrimonious relations between their families over influence in the Tulkarm area 's social and political spheres . To smooth over differences , the revolt 's leaders held a summit in Deir Ghassaneh in September 1938 and established the Bureau of the Arab Revolt in Palestine as the armed body of the Central Committee , with al @-@ Hajj Muhammad and Abd al @-@ Raziq rotating as general gommander . The other two commanders on the Bureau were Abu Ibrahim al @-@ Kabir of the Upper Galilee and Yusuf Abu Durra of the Haifa @-@ Wadi Ara region . The British Army , backed by bomber planes , assaulted Deir Ghassaneh after gaining knowledge of the meeting , and sought to arrest or kill the commanders . A battle ensued in which a prominent commander , Muhammad al @-@ Salih ( known as Abu Khalid ) was slain . Despite the Bureau 's formation , the rivalry between al @-@ Hajj Muhammad and Abd al @-@ Raziq continued and undermined its purpose . The Central Committee settled the leadership dispute when it conferred the title of general gommander solely to al @-@ Hajj Muhammad in February 1939 . He was already in Damascus at the time , having moved back in October 1938 . Al @-@ Hajj Muhammad was also given an assurance of support after tensions between him and the Central Committee resulted in the latter 's withholding of supplies and funding to al @-@ Hajj Muhammad at one point in 1938 . The rebellion was also entering a different stage with the establishment of British @-@ sponsored and Zionist @-@ supported anti @-@ rebel forces known as " peace bands " . They were commanded by al @-@ Husayni 's political rivals , chief among them the Nashashibi clan , and launched counterattacks against rebel forces and a campaign to harass rebel sympathizers and pressure local leaders to end the revolt . = = Death and legacy = = On 23 March 1939 , on his return to Palestine after being officially confirmed as the rebellion 's general commander , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad was killed by the British Army in the village of Sanur , located between Jenin and Nablus . He had entered the village with two of his subordinate commanders and a few of his fighters . A peace band set up by Farid Irsheid had been surveilling him . Irsheid had sought revenge for the killing of his brothers Ahmad and Muhammad in May 1938 , which were generally attributed to al @-@ Hajj Muhammad . The information Irsheid 's band of informants collected on al @-@ Hajj Muhammad 's movements were then passed to British intelligence . A large force from the British Army subsequently arrived at and sealed off Sanur . Irsheid 's band served alongside the army unit . The village 's residents had reportedly pleaded with al @-@ Hajj Muhammad to escape from Sanur undercover , but he and his fighters entered the adjacent Marj Sanur plain and clashed with British troops . Al @-@ Hajj Muhammad was killed in the firefight along with one of his deputy commanders . According to some residents who witnessed the clash , the British officer who headed the operation , Jeffrey Motrin , removed his hat and covered al @-@ Hajj Muhammad 's face with a handkerchief in a sign of respect . Motrin later wrote " Abdul Rahim had a special respect among his people , and among us . " Al @-@ Hajj Muhammad was buried in Sanur , but two weeks later members of his fasa 'il exhumed his body and transported it to Dhinnaba . There , he was buried in a ceremonial manner " befitting his stature in the revolt , " according to author Sonia Nimr . As news of his death proliferated , a general strike was held throughout Palestine for a number of days in honor of al @-@ Hajj Muhammad 's efforts in the anti @-@ colonial and anti @-@ Zionist struggle . His death made the headlines of various newspapers in Palestine and other parts of the Arab world . The Municipality of Tulkarm commemorates al @-@ Hajj Muhammad 's death annually in March and the 70th anniversary of his death was also honored by the city 's Khodori Institute in March 2009 . A boys ' school in Dhinnaba is named after al @-@ Hajj Muhammad as is a major street in Amman , Jordan . According to historian Hillel Frisch , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad 's death was a " reflection of how much the rebels were then bereft of an area that could serve as a sanctuary or from which they could renew operations . " The revolt had largely dissipated by the time al @-@ Hajj Muhammad was killed , his demise being a significant blow . He was succeeded by Ahmad al @-@ Hasan , but the latter was unable to maintain the momentum of the revolt , which ended in late 1939 . = = Ideology and relationship with the Central Committee = = According to Swedenburg , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad was the " most respected commander , was renowned for his nationalist convictions , for his opposition to political assassination , and for his tirelessness as a fighter " . He operated more or less independently from the political leadership of the rebellion , including those based in Palestine , such as al @-@ Husayni , and the Damascus @-@ based Central Committee . Despite his tacit alliance with al @-@ Husayni , al @-@ Hajj Muhammad had refused to assassinate local leaders who rivaled the al @-@ Husayni family for political power , once remarking " I don 't work for Husayniya ( " Husanyni @-@ ism " ) , but for wataniya ( patriotism ) . " Political assassinations , attempted or successful , commonly occurred throughout the revolt . Al @-@ Hajj Muhammad 's refusal to participate did not seriously damage his relations with al @-@ Husayni or the Central Committee , an organization which he depended on for war material . He frequented Damascus to obtain weapons and supplies as well as to discuss the situation in Palestine . However , an intelligence document from the British Mandatory authorities revealed that al @-@ Hajj Muhammad left Palestine for Syria in October 1938 after being disaffected with the Central Committee 's activities . The report states that he refused to send funds to the Committee , remarking " The shoe of the most insignificant mujahid ( fighter ) is nobler than all the members of the Society , who have indulged in pleasure , while their brethren suffer in the mountains . " At one point , tensions emanating from al @-@ Hajj Muhammad 's refusal to carry out the killings of several men provided to him in a hit list by Da 'ud al @-@ Husayni on behalf of the Committee resulted in the cutting off of financial and material support for a certain period of time in 1938 . This forced al @-@ Hajj Muhammad to go to Jerusalem 's chamber of commerce and the Ramallah municipality for funds . Another reason for his departure was the increased presence of informants within rebel ranks , making it hard for him to continue military activities . His personal assistant Abu Shahir depicted al @-@ Hajj Muhammad as a " genuine nationalist , " in contrast to the self @-@ proclaimed nationalist leaders whom Abu Shahir accused of adhering to " narrow factional interests " . He claimed that al @-@ Hajj Muhammad saw Palestinian unity as being all @-@ inclusive and incompatible with political assassinations , particularly killings that would fuel divisions within the ranks of the rebellion 's leadership . A possible exception to his anti @-@ assassination policy was his alleged responsibility in the killings of Ahmad and Muhammad Irsheid , landowners who supported Nashashibi @-@ led opposition to al @-@ Husayni 's leadership . Because of the widely @-@ disputed circumstances surrounding the Irsheids ' deaths and its general attribution to al @-@ Hajj Muhammad , the killings were rarely mentioned in Palestinian narratives of the revolt . = Louise of Mecklenburg @-@ Strelitz = Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg @-@ Strelitz ( Luise Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie ; 10 March 1776 – 19 July 1810 ) was Queen consort of Prussia as the wife of King Frederick William III . The couple 's happy , though short @-@ lived , marriage produced nine children , including the future monarchs Frederick William IV of Prussia and German Emperor Wilhelm I. Her legacy became cemented after her extraordinary 1807 meeting with French Emperor Napoleon I at Tilsit – she met with the emperor to plead unsuccessfully for favorable terms after Prussia 's disastrous losses in the Napoleonic Wars . She was already well loved by her subjects , but her meeting with Napoleon led Louise to become revered as " the soul of national virtue " . Her early death at the age of thirty @-@ four " preserved her youth in the memory of posterity " , and caused Napoleon to reportedly remark the king " has lost his best minister " . The Order of Louise was founded by her grieving husband four years later as a female counterpart to the Iron Cross . In the 1920s conservative German women founded the Queen Louise League , and Louise herself would be used in Nazi propaganda as an example of the ideal German woman . = = Duchess of Mecklenburg @-@ Strelitz 1776 – 1793 = = Duchess Luise Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie of Mecklenburg @-@ Strelitz ( Louise in English ) was born on 10 March 1776 in a one story villa , just outside the capital in Hanover . She was the fourth daughter and sixth child of Duke Charles of Mecklenburg and his wife Landgravine Friederike of Hesse @-@ Darmstadt , a granddaughter of Louis VIII , Landgrave of Hesse @-@ Darmstadt . Her maternal grandmother , Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse @-@ Darmstadt , and her paternal first @-@ cousin Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom served as sponsors at her baptism ; her second given name came from Princess Augusta Sophie . At the time of her birth , Louise 's father was not yet the ruler of Mecklenburg @-@ Strelitz ( he would not succeed his brother as Duke until 1794 ) , and consequently she was not born in a court , but rather in a less formal home . Charles was field marshal of the household brigade in Hanover , and soon after Louise 's birth he was made Governor @-@ General of that territory by his brother @-@ in @-@ law George III , king of the United Kingdom and Hanover ( husband of his sister , Queen Charlotte ) . The family subsequently moved to Leineschloss , the residence of Hanoverian kings , though during the summer they usually lived at Herrenhausen . Louise was particularly close to her sister Frederica , who was two years younger , as well as with their only brother George . Louise and her siblings were under the care of their governess Fraulein von Wolzogen , a friend of their mother 's . When Louise was only six years old , her mother died in childbirth , leaving a permanent mark on the young duchess ; she would often give away pocket change to other children who experienced similar losses , stating " she is like me , she has no mother " . After Duchess Charles ' death , the family left Leineschloss for Herrenhausen , sometimes called a " miniature Versailles " . Duke Charles remarried two years later to his first wife 's younger sister Charlotte , producing a son , Charles . Louise and her new stepmother became close until Charlotte 's early death the year after their marriage . The twice widowed and grieving duke went to Darmstadt , where he gave the children into the care of his mother @-@ in @-@ law and Louise 's godmother , the widowed Landgravine Marie Louise . = = = Education = = = Their grandmother preferred to raise them simply , and they made their own clothes . A new governess from Switzerland , Madame Gelieux , was appointed , giving the children lessons in French ; as was common for royal and aristocratic children of the time , Louise became fluent and literate in the language , while neglecting her own native German . She received religious instruction from a clergyman of the Lutheran Church . Complementary to her lessons was an emphasis on charitable acts , and Louise would often accompany her governess when visiting the houses of the poor and needy . Louise was encouraged to give out as much as was in her means , although she often got into trouble with her grandmother for donating too much for charity . From the age of ten until her marriage at 17 , Louise spent most of her time in the presence of her grandmother and governess , both well @-@ educated and refined . When only nine years old , Louise was present when the poet Friedrich Schiller read from the first act of " Don Carlos " for the entertainment of the assembled court , thus sparking her love for German as a literary language , especially works of Schiller . Louise loved history and poetry , and not only enjoyed reading Schiller , but also came to like the works of Goethe , Paul , Herder and Shakespeare , as well as ancient Greek tragedies . In 1793 , Marie Louise took the two youngest duchesses with her to Frankfurt , where she paid her respects to her nephew King Frederick William II . Louise had grown up into a beautiful young woman , possessing " an exquisite complexion " and " large blue eyes , " and was naturally graceful . Louise 's uncle , the Duke of Mecklenburg , hoped to strengthen ties between his house and Prussia . Consequently , on one evening carefully planned by the Duke , seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Louise met the king 's son and heir , Crown Prince Frederick William . The crown prince was twenty @-@ three , serious @-@ minded , and religious . She made such a charming impression on Frederick William that he immediately made his choice , desiring to marry her . Frederica caught the eye of his younger brother Prince Louis Charles , and the two families began planning a double betrothal , celebrating a month later , on 24 April 1793 in Darmstadt . Frederick and Louise were subsequently married on 24 December that same year , with Louis and Frederica marrying two days later . = = Crown Princess of Prussia 1793 – 1797 = = In the events leading up to her marriage , Louise 's arrival in Berlin , the Prussian capital , caused quite a sensation , and she was greeted with a grand reception by the city 's joyful citizens . When she broke protocol and stooped to pick up and kiss a child , Prussian writer Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué remarked that " The arrival of the angelic Princess spreads over these days a noble splendor . All hearts go out to meet her , and her grace and goodness leaves no one unblessed . " Another wrote " The more perfectly one becomes acquainted with the Princess the more one is captivated by the inner nobility , and the angelic goodness of her heart . " Louise 's father @-@ in @-@ law King Frederick William II gave the couple Charlottenburg Palace , but the crown prince and his new wife preferred to live at Paretz Palace , just outside Potsdam , where Louise kept herself busy with household affairs . Paretz was far from the bustle of court , as the couple were most content in the " rural retirement " of a country life . The marriage was happy , and Louise was well @-@ beloved by the king , who called her " the princess of princesses " and gave her a palace in Oranienburg . The crown princess saw it as her duty to support her husband in all his pursuits , and the couple enjoyed singing together and reading from Shakespeare and Goethe . Louise soon became pregnant , disappointingly giving birth to a stillborn girl on 1 October 1794 . Nine healthy children would follow in quick succession , though two died in childhood : Crown Prince Frederick William ( 1795 ) , Prince William ( 1797 ) , Princess Charlotte ( 1798 ) , Princess Frederica ( 1799 ) , Prince Charles ( 1801 ) , Princess Alexandrine ( 1803 ) , Prince Ferdinand ( 1804 ) , Princess Louise ( 1808 ) , and Prince Albert ( 1809 ) . The couple also used the Crown Prince 's Palace in the capital . Louise 's charitable giving continued throughout her life , and on one occasion , while attending a harvest festival , she purchased presents and distributed them to local children . On her first birthday after her marriage in Berlin , when King Frederick William II asked his daughter @-@ in @-@ law what she desired for a present , Louise replied she wanted a handful of money to let the city 's people share her joy ; he smilingly gave her a large quantity for the task . = = Queen consort of Prussia 1797 – 1810 = = On 16 November 1797 , her husband succeeded to the throne of Prussia as King Frederick William III after the death of his father . Louise wrote to her grandmother , " I am now queen , and what rejoices me most is the hope that now I need no longer count my benefactions so carefully . " The couple had to abandon their solitude at Paretz and begin living under the restraints of a royal court . They began a tour of the country 's eastern provinces for two purposes : the king wanted to acquaint himself with their new subjects , and despite the unusualness of a consort accompanying the king further than the capital , Frederick William wanted to introduce the queen as well to their people . Louise was received everywhere with festivities . For the first time in Prussian history , the queen emerged as a celebrated public personality in her own right , as she occupied a much more prominent role than her predecessors . Louise 's presence on her husband 's eastern journey was a break from the traditional role of the consort – importantly however the queen 's power and enduring legacy did not stem from holding a separate court and policy than her husband 's , but rather the opposite : she subordinated her formidable intelligence and skill for her husband 's sole advantage . She also became a fashion icon , for instance starting a trend by wearing a neckerchief to keep from getting ill . After her husband 's accession , Louise developed many ties to senior ministers and became a powerful figure within the government as she began to command universal respect and affection . The queen went out of her way to stay informed about political developments at court , and from the very beginning of his reign the new king consulted Louise on matters of state . Frederick William was hesitant and cautious , and hated war , stating in 1798 , " I abhor war and ... know of nothing greater on earth than the preservation of peace and tranquility as the only system suited to the happiness of human kind " . In keeping with the later foreign policy of his father 's , Frederick William favored neutrality during the early years of the conflict with the revolutionary French First Republic , which evolved into the Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 – 15 ) ; he refused the various pressures to pick a side in the War of the Second Coalition . Louise supported this view , warning that if Prussia were to side with the coalition powers of Austria , Great Britain , and Russia , it would lead to dependence on the latter power for military support . She foresaw that because Prussia was by far the weakest of the great powers , and it would not have been able to ensure it benefited from the results of such an alliance . French aggression caused the king to eventually consider entering the wars , but his indecision prevented him from choosing a side , either France or the coalition powers . He consulted the many differing opinions of Queen Louise and his ministers , and was eventually compelled into an alliance with Napoleon , who was recently victorious from the Battle of Austerlitz ( 1805 ) . Baron vom Stein , a member of the bureaucracy , having abhorred the country 's former neutrality , sought to reform the organization of the government from favor @-@ based cronyism into a responsible ministerial government . He prepared a document for the king detailing in strong language what administrative reforms were needed , such as establishing clearer lines of responsibility among ministers ; this work however never reached Frederick William , as Stein passed it first to General Ernst von Rüchel , who in turn passed it onto the queen in the spring of 1806 . Though Louise agreed with its contents , she thought it " too violent and passionate " for the king , and consequently helped suppress it . = = = War with France = = = Among the king 's advisers , members of his family , such as the queen ( an open advocate of war ) and Prince Louis Ferdinand , led the militaristic faction in favor of war against France ; those against neutrality but in favor of reform were led by Baron vom Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg . Knowing the temperament of the king , Hardenberg appealed directly to the queen for desired reform – wisely as it turned out , as Frederick William viewed the demands to remove his trusted advisers in the Kabinett as a " mutiny " similar to the Fronde . Though Prussia had not fought in a war since 1795 , its military leaders confidently expected that they could win against Napoleon 's troops . After a small incident concerning an anti @-@ French pamphlet occurred , King Frederick William was finally pressured by his wife and family to break off his uneasy peace and enter the war against the French emperor . Prussian troops began mobilizing , culminating in the October 1806 Battle of Jena @-@ Auerstedt , which was a disaster for Prussia , as the ability of its armed forces to continue the war were effectively wiped out . The king and queen had accompanied their troops into battle at Jena ( with Louise apparently dressed " like an Amazon " ) , but had to flee from French troops . Napoleon himself occupied Berlin , causing the king , queen and the rest of the royal family to flee , despite Louise 's illness , in the dead of winter to Memel in the easternmost part of the kingdom . On the journey there , there was no food or clean water , and the king and queen were forced to share the same sleeping arrangements in " one of the wretched barns they call houses " , according to one witness traveling with them . After various events took place , Napoleon demanded , from a highly superior position , peace terms in what was to be called the Peace of Tilsit ( 1807 ) . In the midst of these negotiations , the emperor agreed to keep half of Prussia intact . The men were joined by Queen Louise ; Frederick William had sent for his pregnant wife to beg for a better settlement for Prussia , with Louise advising her husband , " For God 's sake no shameful peace ... [ Prussia ] should at least not go down without honor . " As the king felt that her presence might put Napoleon in a " more relaxed mood " ; Louise reluctantly agreed to meet the emperor at Tilsit , but only to save " her Prussia " . Napoleon had previously attempted to destroy her reputation by questioning Louise 's marital fidelity , but the queen met him anyway , attempting to use her beauty and charm to flatter him into more favorable terms . Formerly Louise had regularly referred to him as " the Monster " , but nevertheless made a request for a private interview with the emperor , whereon she threw herself at his feet ; though he was impressed by her grace and determination , Napoleon refused to make any concessions , writing back to his wife Empress Joséphine that Louise " is really charming and full of coquettishness toward me . But don 't be jealous ... it would cost me too dearly to play the gallant . " Napoleon 's attempts to destroy Louise 's reputation failed however , and they only made her more beloved in Prussia . Queen Louise 's efforts to protect her adopted country from French aggression secured for her the admiration of future generations . = = = Remaining years = = = Harsh restrictions were imposed on Prussia , such as a massive indemnity of one hundred and twenty million francs and the quartering of troops . At the time , one hundred and twenty million francs was equivalent to the entire yearly budget of Prussia . As the perceived symbol of Prussia 's former grandeur and pride , the French occupation of Prussia had a particularly devastating effect upon Louise , as the queen endured personal insults – Napoleon himself callously called her " the only real man in Prussia " . The queen recognized that her adopted country depended on her for moral strength , and as a consequence Louise regained her old sense of optimism , often taking time to prepare their eldest son for his future role as king . In the following few years Louise supported the reforming efforts of government carried out by Stein and Hardenberg , as well as those of Gerhard von Scharnhorst and August Neidhardt von Gneisenau , to reorganize the army . After the disaster at Tilsit , Louise was instrumental in Stein 's reappointment ( the king had previously dismissed him ) , telling Frederick William " [ Stein ] is my last hope . A great heart , an encompassing mind , perhaps he knows remedies that are hidden to us . " By 1808 it was still considered unsafe to return to Berlin , and the royal family consequently spent the summer near Königsberg ; Louise believed that the hard trials of her children 's early lives would be good for them : " If they had been reared in luxury and prosperity they might think that so it must always be . " In the winter of 1808 , Tsar Alexander I invited the king and queen to St. Petersburg , where she was treated to sumptuously decorated rooms ; " Nothing dazzles me anymore " , she exclaimed on her return to Germany . Near the birth of her youngest child Princess Louise in 1809 , Louise wrote to her father , " Gladly ... the calamities which have befallen us have not forced their way into our wedded and home life , rather have strengthened the same , and made it even more precious to us . " Louise was sick for much of that year , but returned with the king to Berlin near the end of it after an absence of three years ; the queen arrived in a carriage accompanied by her two daughters Charlotte and Alexandrine and younger son Charles , and was greeted by her father at Charlottenburg Palace – the residence was ransacked however , as Napoleon and his commanders had stripped its rooms of paintings , statues , manuscripts , and antiquities . Returning to a much different Prussia than she left , a preacher observed that " our dear queen is far from joyful , but her seriousness has a quiet serenity ... her eyes have lost their former sparkle , and one sees that they have wept much , and still weep " . On 19 July 1810 , while visiting her father in Strelitz , the Queen died in her husband 's arms from an unidentified illness . The queen 's subjects attributed the French occupation as the cause of her early death . " Our saint is in heaven " , exclaimed Prussian general Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher . Louise 's untimely death left her husband alone during a period of great difficulty , as the Napoleonic Wars and need for reform continued . Napoleon reportedly remarked the king " has lost his best minister . " Louise was buried in the garden of Charlottenburg Palace , where a mausoleum , containing a fine recumbent statue by Christian Daniel Rauch , was built over her grave . Frederick William did not remarry until 1824 , when he entered into a morganatic marriage with his mistress Auguste von Harrach , explaining " Womanly companionship and sympathy have become necessary to me , therefore I must marry again . " After his death on 7 June 1840 , Frederick William was buried by her side . = = Legacy = = Queen Louise was revered by her subjects as the " soul of national virtue " , and some historians have written that Louise was " Prussian nationalism personified . " According to Christopher Clark , Louise was " a female celebrity who in the mind of the public combined virtue , modesty , and sovereign grace with kindness and sex appeal , and whose early death in 1810 at the age of only thirty @-@ four preserved her youth in the memory of posterity . " Her reputation as a loving and loyal supporter of her husband became crucial to her enduring legacy ; the cult that eventually surrounded Louise became associated with the " ideal " feminine attributes : prettiness , sweet nature , maternal kindness , and wifely virtue . On the anniversary of her birth , in 1814 , the widowed King Frederick William instituted the Order of Louise ( Luisenorden ) as a complementary decoration for the Iron Cross . Its purpose was to be given to those women who had made a significant contribution to the war effort against Napoleon , though it was subsequently awarded to future members of the House of Hohenzollern unrelated to the French emperor , such as her granddaughter @-@ in @-@ law , Empress Victoria of Germany , and her great @-@ granddaughter , Queen Sophia of Greece . In 1880 a statue of Queen Louise was erected in the Tiergarten in Berlin . Louise inspired the establishment of a conservative women 's organization known as Königin @-@ Luise @-@ Bund , often shortened to Luisenbund ( " Queen Louise League " ) in which her person achieved an almost cult @-@ like status . The group 's main purpose was to promote patriotic feelings among German women , and it emphasized the family and German morality . The Königin @-@ Luise @-@ Bund was active during the time of the Weimar Republic and the first years of the Third Reich . Despite having actively supported the National Socialist movement since its early stages all through their accession to power in 1933 , the Queen Louise League was nonetheless disbanded by the Nazis in 1934 , as they viewed it as a hostile organization . Significantly , Louise and Maria Theresa of Austria were the only two historical women used in Nazi propaganda , as the regime felt Louise was the " personification of womanly qualities , " which the government was trying to integrate into German schools . While the queen 's resistance and defiance of the French kept the " Prussian spirit " alive , her husband was cast as a " pathetically embarrassing " king who would rather have lived in peace than revenge himself on Napoleon . = = = Popular culture = = = The character of Queen Louise was the popular subject of countless films released in German cinema . These included Der Film von der Königin Luise ( 1913 ) , Die elf schillschen Offiziere ( 1926 ) , and Vivat – Königin Luise im Fichtelgebirge ( 2005 ) , Luise – Königin der Herzen ( 2010 documentary ) . She was played by Mady Christians in the 1927 silent film Queen Louise , by Henny Porten in Louise , Queen of Prussia ( 1931 ) and by Ruth Leuwerik in the 1957 film Queen Louise . She was also briefly portrayed in an extremely reverential manner in the 1945 propaganda film Kolberg . The German warship sunk in Lake Victoria in the film The African Queen is called the Königin Luise ( the " Queen Louise " ) . Louise became the subject of a series of novels by nineteenth century German historical fiction writer Luise Mühlbach , which included Louisa of Prussia and her Times and Napoleon and the Queen of Prussia . = = Titles , styles , honours and arms = = = = = Titles and styles = = = 10 March 1776 – 24 December 1793 : Her Serene Highness Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg , Princess of Mecklenburg @-@ Strelitz 24 December 1793 – 16 November 1797 : Her Royal Highness The Crown Princess of Prussia 16 November 1797 – 19 July 1810 : Her Majesty The Queen of Prussia = = Issue = = By Frederick William III of Prussia ( 3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840 ) ; married on 24 December 1793 . = = Ancestry = = = Nobelium = Nobelium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol No and atomic number 102 . It is named in honor of Alfred Nobel , the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of science . A radioactive metal , it is the tenth transuranic element and is the penultimate member of the actinide series . Like all elements with atomic number over 100 , nobelium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles . A total of twelve nobelium isotopes are known to exist ; the most stable is 259No with a half @-@ life of 58 minutes , but the shorter @-@ lived 255No ( half @-@ life 3 @.@ 1 minutes ) is most commonly used in chemistry because it can be produced on a larger scale . Chemistry experiments have confirmed that nobelium behaves as a heavier homolog to ytterbium in the periodic table . The chemical properties of nobelium are not completely known : they are mostly only known in aqueous solution . Before nobelium 's discovery , it was predicted that it would show a stable + 2 oxidation state as well as the + 3 state characteristic of the other actinides : these predictions were later confirmed , as the + 2 state is much more stable than the + 3 state in aqueous solution and it is difficult to keep nobelium in the + 3 state . In the 1950s and 1960s , many claims of the discovery of nobelium were made from laboratories in Sweden , the Soviet Union , and the United States . Although the Swedish scientists soon retracted their claims , the priority of the discovery and therefore the naming of the element was disputed between Soviet and American scientists , and it was not until 1997 that International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) established nobelium as the official name for the element and credited the Soviet team with the discovery . = = Discovery = = The discovery of element 102 was a complicated process and was claimed by groups from Sweden , the United States , and the former Soviet Union . The first complete and incontrovertible report of its detection only came in 1966 from the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna ( then in the Soviet Union ) . The first announcement of the discovery of element 102 was announced by physicists at the Nobel Institute in Sweden in 1957 . The team reported that they had bombarded a curium target with carbon @-@ 13 ions for twenty @-@ five hours in half @-@ hour intervals . Between bombardments , ion @-@ exchange chemistry was performed on the target . Twelve out of the fifty bombardments contained samples emitting ( 8 @.@ 5 ± 0 @.@ 1 ) MeV alpha particles , which were in drops which eluted earlier than fermium ( atomic number Z = 100 ) and californium ( Z = 98 ) . The half @-@ life reported was 10 minutes and was assigned to either 251102 or 253102 , although the possibility that the alpha particles observed were from a presumably short @-@ lived mendelevium ( Z = 101 ) isotope created from the electron capture of element 102 was not excluded . The team proposed the name nobelium ( No ) for the new element , which was immediately approved by IUPAC , a decision which the Dubna group later characterized in 1968 as being hasty . The following year , scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory repeated the experiment but were unable to find any 8 @.@ 5 MeV events which were not background effects . In 1959 , the Swedish team attempted to explain the Berkeley team 's inability to detect element 102 in 1958 , maintaining that they did discover it . However , later work has shown that no nobelium isotope lighter than 259No ( no heavier isotopes could have been produced in the Swedish experiments ) with a half @-@ life over 3 minutes exist , and that the Swedish team 's results are most likely from thorium @-@ 225 , which has a half @-@ life of 8 minutes and quickly undergoes triple alpha decay to polonium @-@ 213 , which has a decay energy of 8 @.@ 53612 MeV . This hypothesis is lent weight by the fact that thorium @-@ 225 can easily be produced in the reaction used and would not be separated out by the chemical methods used . Later work on nobelium also showed that the divalent state is more stable than the trivalent one and hence that the samples emitting the alpha particles could not have contained nobelium , as the divalent nobelium would not have eluted with the other trivalent actinides . Thus , the Swedish team later retracted their claim and associated the activity to background effects . The Berkeley team , consisting of Albert Ghiorso , Glenn T. Seaborg , John R. Walton and Torbjørn Sikkeland , then claimed the synthesis of element 102 in 1958 . The team used the new heavy @-@ ion linear accelerator ( HILAC ) to bombard a curium target ( 95 % 244Cm and 5 % 246Cm ) with 13C and 12C ions . They were unable to confirm the 8 @.@ 5 MeV activity claimed by the Swedes but were instead able to detect decays from fermium @-@ 250 , supposedly the daughter of 254102 ( produced from the curium @-@ 246 ) , which had an apparent half @-@ life of ~ 3 s . Later 1963 Dubna work confirmed that 254102 could be produced in this reaction , but that its half @-@ life was actually 50 ± 10 s . In 1967 , the Berkeley team attempted to defend their work , stating that the isotope found was indeed 250Fm but the isotope that the half @-@ life measurements actually related to was californium @-@ 244 , granddaughter of 252102 , produced from the more abundant curium @-@ 244 . Energy differences were then attributed to " resolution and drift problems " , although these had not been previously reported and should also have influenced other results . 1977 experiments showed that 252102 indeed had a 2 @.@ 3 @-@ second half @-@ life . However , 1973 work also showed that the 250Fm recoil could have also easily been produced from the isomeric transition of 250mFm ( half @-@ life 1 @.@ 8 s ) which could also have been formed in the reaction at the energy used . Given this , it is probable that no nobelium was actually produced in this experiment . In 1959 the team continued their studies and claimed that they were able to produce an isotope that decayed predominantly by emission of an 8 @.@ 3 MeV alpha particle , with a half @-@ life of 3 s with an associated 30 % spontaneous fission branch . The activity was initially assigned to 254No but later changed to 252No . However , they also noted that it was not certain that nobelium had been produced due to difficult conditions . The Berkeley team decided to adopt the proposed name of the Swedish team , " nobelium " , for the element . 244 96Cm + 12 6C → 256 102No * → 252 102No + 4 1 0n Meanwhile , in Dubna , experiments were carried out in 1958 and 1960 aiming to synthesize element 102 as well . The first 1958 experiment bombarded plutonium @-@ 239 and -241 with oxygen @-@ 16 ions . Some alpha decays with energies just over 8 @.@ 5 MeV were observed , and they were assigned to 251 @,@ 252 @,@ 253102 , although the team wrote that formation of isotopes from lead or bismuth impurities ( which would not produce nobelium ) could not be ruled out . While later 1958 experiments noted that new isotopes could be produced from mercury , thallium , lead , or bismuth impurities , the scientists still stood by their conclusion that element 102 could be produced from this reaction , mentioning a half @-@ life of under 30 seconds and a decay energy of ( 8 @.@ 8 ± 0 @.@ 5 ) MeV . Later 1960 experiments proved that these were background effects . 1967 experiments also lowered the decay energy to ( 8 @.@ 6 ± 0 @.@ 4 ) MeV , but both values are too high to possibly match those of 253No or 254No . The Dubna team later stated in 1970 and again in 1987 that these results were not conclusive . In 1961 , Berkeley scientists claimed the discovery of element 103 in the reaction of californium with boron and carbon ions . They claimed the production of the isotope 257103 , and also claimed to have synthesized an alpha decaying isotope of element 102 that had a half @-@ life of 15 s and alpha decay energy 8 @.@ 2 MeV . They assigned this to 255102 without giving a reason for the assignment . The values do not agree with those now known for 255No , although they do agree with those now known for 257No , and while this isotope probably played a part in this experiment its discovery was inconclusive . Work on element 102 also continued in Dubna , and in 1964 , experiments were carried out there to detect alpha @-@ decay daughters of element 102 isotopes by synthesizing element 102 from the reaction of a uranium @-@ 238 target with neon ions . The products were carried along a silver catcher foil and purified chemically , and the isotopes 250Fm and 252Fm were detected . The yield of 252Fm was interpreted as evidence that its parent 256102 was also synthesized : as it was noted that 252Fm could also be produced directly in this reaction by the simultaneous emission of an alpha particle with the excess neutrons , steps were taken to ensure that 252Fm could not go directly to the catcher foil . The half @-@ life detected for 256102 was 8 s , which is much higher than the more modern 1967 value of ( 3 @.@ 2 ± 0 @.@ 2 ) s . Further experiments were conducted in 1966 for 254102 , using the reactions 243Am ( 15N , 4n ) 254102 and 238U ( 22Ne , 6n ) 254102 , finding a half @-@ life of ( 50 ± 10 ) s : at that time the discrepancy between this value and the earlier Berkeley value was not understood , although later work proved that the formation of the isomer 250mFm was less likely in the Dubna experiments than at the Berkeley ones . In hindsight , the Dubna results on 254102 were probably correct and can be now considered a conclusive detection of element 102 . One more very convincing experiment from Dubna came in 1966 , again using the same two reactions , which concluded that 2541	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
in the Victorio Campaign . He and his scouts were placed under the command of Major Albert P. Morrow of the Ninth Cavalry at Fort Bayard , New Mexico . Gatewood 's scouts skirmished with Victorio 's band , but ultimately failed to capture him . In May 1881 he returned to Virginia on sick leave because he had developed rheumatism from exposure to the elements in his two years working with the Apache scouts in the harsh Southwest . He married Georgia McCulloh , the daughter of Thomas G. McCulloh and niece of Richard Sears McCulloh on June 23 , 1881 in Cumberland , Maryland . His sick leave expired in July and having not returned to his post , he was declared Absent without leave ( AWOL ) . Gatewood returned to the Southwest on September 17 , 1881 under the command of Colonel Eugene Asa Carr in his campaign against the Cibecue and White Mountain Apaches . = = = Geronimo 's War = = = In 1882 , the US Army sent Brigadier General George Crook to take command of Indian operations in Arizona Territory . Crook was an experienced Indian fighter who had long since learned that regular soldiers were almost useless against the Apaches and had based his entire strategy on employing " Indians to fight other Indians " . The Apache , as a mark of respect , nicknamed Crook Nantan Lupan , which means " Grey Wolf " . Despite having subjugated all the major tribes of Apaches in the Territory ; the Apaches had once again taken up arms , this time under the leadership of Geronimo . Crook repeatedly saw Geronimo and his small band of warriors escape every time . Knowing Gatewood 's reputation as one of the army 's " Best Apache Men " , Crook made him Commandant of the White Mountain Indian Reservation at Fort Apache under Emmet Crawford . Gatewood and Crook disagreed on handling of the reservation and treatment of the Apaches . After a clash with local politicians over grazing rights on reservation land , Crook had Gatewood transferred in 1885 to command Navajo Scouts . That same year Crook resigned from the Army and Philip Sheridan had him replaced by General Nelson Miles in the Geronimo Campaign . Although Crook and Gatewood had a falling @-@ out , Gatewood was regarded by Miles as a " Crook Man " ; despite this and Gatewood 's failing health , Miles knew that Gatewood was well known to Geronimo , spoke some Apache , and was familiar with their traditions and values ; having spent nearly 10 years in the field with them and against them . Gatewood was dispatched by General Miles to seek out Geronimo for a parley . On July 21 , when he reached Carretas , Chihuahua , Gatewood encountered another Army officer , Lieutenant James Parker of the 4th Cavalry , who had orders to follow Geronimo 's trail . Parker told Gatewood , " The trail is all a myth — I haven 't seen any trail since three weeks ago when it was washed out by the rains . " Despite his rapidly deteriorating health , Gatewood refused to quit and Parker guided him to Captain Henry Lawton , who was leading a mission to find and kill Geronimo with the Fourth Cavalry . It took two weeks through 150 miles of desertmountain ranges to locate Lawton on the banks of the Aros River on August 3 , 1886 . Lawton reluctantly allowed Gatewood and his scouts to join his command . Gatewood 's health continued to deteriorate . On August 8 he asked Lawron 's Surgeon , Leonard Wood , to medically discharge him , but Wood refused . On August 23 , 1886 , Gatewood led 25 men and two Apache scouts into the Sierra Madre and found Geronimo 's camp : his band reduced to 20 men and 14 women and children . On August 24 Gatewood approached Geronimo 's camp with only 2 soldiers : George Medhurst Wratten , who was fluent in all Apache dialects and one other ; 2 interpreters : Tom Horn and Jesús María Yestes ; and two Chiricahua scouts : Kayitah , a Chokonen , and Martine , a Nedni , so as not to alarm the Apaches . Kayitah and Martine made the initial contact , being invited into the camp by the Bavispe River . Kayitah remained in the camp as a hostage while Martine left and returned with Gatewood and 15 pounds of tobacco . After Gatewood made gifts of tobacco , Geronimo teased Gatewood about his thinness and sickly look , Gatewood was then told by Geronimo , " you are always welcome in my camp , and it was always safe for you to come " . Gatewood encouraged Geronimo to abandon his fight against the US Army . When asked by Geronimo what Gatewood would do in his situation and to " think like an Apache " , Gatewood advised him to " put your trust in Miles " . Agreeing to meet with General Miles , Geronimo 's band rode with Gatewood to Lawton 's camp in Guadalupe Canyon , the entrance to the United States . Lawton received Geronimo and agreed to allow the Apaches to retain their weapons for defense against nearby Mexican troops . Lawton left for a heliograph station to send word to Miles , leaving Lieutenant Abiel Smith in command . Smith and Wood wanted to disarm the Apaches because they were prisoners @-@ of @-@ war . Smith told Gatewood that he wanted a meeting with Geronimo 's men , but Gatewood refused because he knew Smith wanted to murder Geronimo , rather than bring him to Miles . Smith persisted and Gatewood threatened to " blow the head off the first soldier in line " , who was Leonard Wood , Wood left to write a dispatch and Gatewood turned to the next man , Smith , who finally relented . The troops and the Apaches arrived at Skeleton Canyon , Arizona , in the Peloncillo Mountains without incident on September 2 , 1886 . Miles arrived on September 3 , 1886 , and Geronimo formally surrendered for the fourth and final time on September 4 . At the conclusion of the surrender , Geronimo turned to Gatewood and said to him , in Apache , " Good . You told the truth " . The following day Naiche surrendered , he had been in a nearby canyon mourning his brother , who had been killed by Mexican soldiers , bringing the Apache wars to an official end in the Southwest . Despite his success , Miles chastised Gatewood for " disobeying orders " as Gatewood made the final approach to Geronimo with only a party of 6 instead of 25 . Gatewood reasoned that a larger party would have scared the Apache and made them flee . The city of Tucson , Arizona , held a Gala event to celebrate Geronimo 's surrender and invited Gatewood to be the guest of honor , but Miles refused to let him attend . Miles appointed Gatewood as his " Aide @-@ de @-@ Camp " , to keep the lieutenant under scrutiny , Miles downplayed Gatewood 's role in Geronimo 's surrender mostly because it would have given legitimacy to Crook 's strategy . = = Ghost Dance War = = In December 1890 , Gatewood was reassigned to the Sixth Cavalry , H Troop . His regiment was ordered to South Dakota 's Pine Ridge Agency in an operation against hostile Sioux Indians but was not engaged in the final campaign that culminated in the tragedy at Wounded Knee in December . Gatewood developed rheumatism in both shoulders and was unable to move his arms , again due to the cold weather , in January and had medical orders to leave in February 1891 for Hot Springs , South Dakota . = = Johnson County War = = By September 1891 Gatewood had recovered and he rejoined the Sixth Cavalry , then stationed at Fort McKinney , Wyoming . Wyoming was undergoing a range war between ranchers and farmers that would be known as the Johnson County War and the Sixth Cavalry was dispatched at the request of Acting Governor Amos W. Barber . On May 18 , 1892 cowboys from the Red Sash Ranch set fire to the Post exchange and planted a bomb in the form of gunpowder in a barracks stove . Gatewood was responding to the fire and was injured by a bomb blast in a barracks ; his left arm was shattered , rendering him too disabled to serve in the Cavalry . Soon after , The Ninth Cavalry of " Buffalo Soldiers " was ordered to Fort McKinney to replace the Sixth Cavalry . = = Death and legacy = = On November 19 , 1892 , Gatewood received orders for Denver , Colorado to await his muster out of the Army . On June 4 , 1894 , he sought a position as the military advisor of El Paso County , Colorado , to aid in the Cripple Creek miners ' strike of 1894 in Cripple Creek , Colorado , but was denied . In 1894 he took a leave of absence from the Army and moved to Fort Myer , Virginia . In 1895 he was recommended for the Medal of Honor by General Nelson A. Miles , " for gallantry in going alone at the risk of his life into the hostile Apache camp of Geronimo in Sonora , August 24 , 1886 , " but was denied by the acting Secretary of War because Gatewood never distinguished himself in hostile action . In 1896 he suffered excruciating stomach pains and went to a Veteran 's Hospital in Fort Monroe , Virginia , for treatment . Gatewood died on May 20 , 1896 , of stomach cancer and his body was buried at Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors . On May 23 , 1896 , Colonel D. S. Gordon , commander of the 6th Cavalry , issued General Order 19 , which stated : It is with extreme sorrow and regret that the Colonel commanding the regiment announced the death of First Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood at Fort Monroe May 20 . Too much cannot be said in honor of this brave officer and it is lamentable that he should have died with only the rank of a Lieutenant , after his brilliant services to the Government . That no material advantages reverted to him is regretted by every officer of his regiment , who extend to his bereaved family their most profound , earnest and sincere sympathy . As a mark of respect to his memory , the officers of the regiment will wear the usual badge of mourning for the period of 30 days . His son , Charles B. Gatewood , Jr . ( January 4 , 1883 – November 13 , 1953 ) , joined the Army and rose to the rank of colonel . He campaigned for recognition of his father 's name and later compiled and published his father 's memoirs . The role of Gatewood was portrayed in 1954 by Brett King in the syndicated television series , Stories of the Century , starring and narrated by Jim Davis . Gatewood was later portrayed by Jason Patric in the 1993 film Geronimo : An American Legend . Robert Cummings played First Lieutenant Gatewood in the episode " The Last Bugle " ( 24 Nov. 1960 ) on Dick Powell 's Zane Grey Theater . = USS Balch ( DD @-@ 50 ) = USS Balch ( Destroyer No. 50 / DD @-@ 50 ) was an Aylwin @-@ class destroyer built for the United States Navy prior to the American entry into World War I. The ship was the first U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of George Beale Balch , a US Navy officer who served in the Mexican @-@ American War and the American Civil War , and as Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy . Balch was laid down by William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia in May 1912 and launched in December . The ship was a little more than 305 ft ( 93 m ) in length , just over 31 ft ( 9 @.@ 4 m ) abeam , and had a standard displacement of 1 @,@ 036 long tons ( 1 @,@ 053 t ) . She was armed with four 4 in ( 100 mm ) guns and had eight 18 in ( 460 mm ) torpedo tubes . Balch was powered by a pair of steam turbines that propelled her at up to 29 @.@ 5 kn ( 33 @.@ 9 mph ; 54 @.@ 6 km / h ) . After her March 1914 commissioning , she participated in a Presidential Fleet Review at New York City in May . After a period in reserve , Balch served on Neutrality Patrol duty . As a part of that duty in October 1916 , she was one of several US destroyers sent to rescue survivors from five victims of German submarine U @-@ 53 off the Lightship Nantucket . She picked up passengers and crew from a British ocean liner before the U @-@ boat sank it . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Balch was sent overseas to patrol the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland . Balch made several unsuccessful attacks on U @-@ boats . In October 1918 , US destroyer Paulding collided with Balch , sending her into Queenstown for two weeks of repairs . Upon returning to the United States after the war in January 1919 , Balch was placed in reduced commission . After alternating periods of activity and time in reserve , Balch was decommissioned at Philadelphia in June 1922 . In November 1933 she dropped her name , becoming known only as DD @-@ 50 . She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in March 1935 and ordered scrapped in April . = = Design and construction = = Balch was authorized in March 1911 as the last of four ships of the Aylwin class , which was almost identical to the Cassin @-@ class destroyers authorized at the same time . Construction of the vessel — like her three sister ships — was awarded to William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia which laid down her keel on 7 May 1912 . On 21 December , Balch was launched by sponsor Miss Grace Balch , daughter of the ship 's namesake , George Beale Balch . The ship was the first U.S. Navy ship named for Balch , a US Navy officer who served in the Mexican @-@ American War and the American Civil War and , as a rear admiral , served as Superintendent of United States Naval Academy from 1879 – 81 . As built , the destroyer was 305 ft 3 in ( 93 @.@ 04 m ) in length , 31 feet 2 inches ( 9 @.@ 50 m ) abeam , and drew 10 ft 6 in ( 3 @.@ 20 m ) . The ship had a standard displacement of 1 @,@ 036 long tons ( 1 @,@ 053 t ) and displaced 1 @,@ 235 long tons ( 1 @,@ 255 t ) when fully loaded . Balch had two steam turbines that drove her two screw propellers , and an additional pair triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each connected to one of the propeller shafts , for cruising purposes . Four oil @-@ burning boilers powered the engines , which could generate 16 @,@ 000 shp ( 12 @,@ 000 kW ) , moving the ship at up to 29 @.@ 5 knots ( 54 @.@ 6 km / h ) . Balch 's main battery consisted of four 4 in ( 100 mm ) / 50 caliber Mark 9 guns , with each gun weighing in excess of 6 @,@ 100 lb ( 2 @,@ 800 kg ) . The guns fired 33 lb ( 15 kg ) armor @-@ piercing projectiles at 2 @,@ 900 ft / s ( 880 m / s ) . At an elevation of 20 ° , the guns had a range of 15 @,@ 920 yd ( 14 @,@ 560 m ) . Balch was also equipped with four twin 18 @-@ inch ( 457 mm ) torpedo tubes . = = Pre @-@ World War I = = Balch was commissioned into the United States Navy on 26 March 1914 under the command of Lieutenant Commander David C. Hanrahan . Balch served briefly with the Torpedo Flotilla , Atlantic Fleet , carrying out torpedo firing practice off the Virginia Capes before participating in a Presidential Fleet Review for President Woodrow Wilson at New York City on 7 May . Following fleet maneuvers with the Submarine Flotilla out of New London , Connecticut , the Torpedo Flotilla joined the battleship squadrons in Narragansett Bay for maneuvers organized by the Naval War College . Returning to the New York Navy Yard that summer , Balch was placed in reserve commission on 24 July 1914 . The destroyer was placed in full commission again on 17 December 1914 and rejoined the Atlantic Fleet . In June 1915 , one of Balch 's 21 ft ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) , 1 @,@ 350 lb ( 610 kg ) torpedoes was unloaded at the Brooklyn Navy Yard , loaded on a horse @-@ drawn truck , and hauled across the Brooklyn Bridge to the Astor Hotel in Manhattan . There , the weapon was on display — along with a shell from a 14 in ( 360 mm ) naval gun — for two days at the " Peace and Preparation " conference of the National Security League . A year later , Balch served as the US Navy 's observation platform during the inter @-@ club cruise after the Seawanhaka @-@ Corinthian Yacht Club 's annual June regatta . Balch was sent to examine which of the powerboats entered into the cruise — reported by The New York Times as about half of the 200 entries — might be suitable for use as naval auxiliaries . Prior to the entrance of the United States into World War I , she served on Neutrality Patrol duty , trying to protect American and neutral @-@ flagged merchant ships from interference by British or German warships and U @-@ boats . In the course of performing those duties , Balch was at Newport , Rhode Island , in early October 1916 . At 0530 on 8 October , wireless reports came in of a German submarine stopping ships near the Lightship Nantucket , off the eastern end of Long Island . After an SOS from the British steamer West Point was received at about 1230 , Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves ordered Balch and other destroyers at Newport to attend to survivors . The American destroyers arrived on the scene about 1700 when the U @-@ boat , U @-@ 53 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Hans Rose , was in the process of stopping the Holland @-@ America Line cargo ship Blommersdijk . Shortly after , U @-@ 53 stopped the British passenger ship Stephano . As Rose had done with three other ships U @-@ 53 had sunk earlier in the day , he gave passengers and crew aboard Blommersdijk and Stephano adequate time to abandon the ships before sinking the pair . At one point , Rose signaled Balch requesting that she move out of the way to allow Stephano to be torpedoed , much to the later chagrin of Lord Beresford , who denounced Balch 's compliance as " aiding and abetting " the Germans in a speech in the House of Lords . In total , 226 survivors from U @-@ 53 's five victims were rescued by the destroyer flotilla . Balch picked up the crew of Stephano and a number of passengers , later transferring them to destroyer Jenkins for return to Newport . = = World War I = = When the United States entered World War I on 6 April 1917 , Balch fitted out — installing depth charge racks and other wartime gear — in preparation for foreign service . Sailing for European waters on 25 October , Balch arrived at Queenstown , Ireland on 17 November and reported for duty with the Queenstown Force Commander . The destroyer began convoy escort duties on 24 November , which generally meant shepherding merchant ships through the " submarine danger zone " in the western approaches to the United Kingdom and France . While this duty was relatively uneventful , Balch did twice encounter German submarines . On 29 January 1918 , while steaming off Liverpool , she dropped two depth charges over a diving U @-@ boat , without effect . Then , on 12 May , the destroyer joined other escorts in depth @-@ charging a U @-@ boat spotted near convoy HS 60 , with Balch dropping 12 depth charges that helped drive off the submarine . There were other perils at sea , however , most notably on 20 October 1918 when Paulding collided with Balch during convoy escort operations . The collision knocked Balch 's port depth charge overboard , but Boatswain 's Mate Second Class Albert Cerveny , Coxswain Frank Sekowski , and Gunner 's Mate Second Class Frank H. Sumner — all of whom received letters of commendation from the US Navy — recognized that a collision was imminent and set the depth charges to " safe " . Balch did suffer steering gear damage which required two weeks of repair at Queenstown . Then , on 5 November , while escorting a convoy in the English Channel , the Balch helped American destroyer Sterett rescue 29 survivors of the foundering merchant ship Dipton , returning the survivors to Queenstown . = = Inter @-@ war period = = Following the signing of the Armistice on 11 November which ended all fighting , Balch received orders to sail for home and she departed Ireland on 16 November . She arrived at Norfolk , Virginia , via Ponta Delgada , Azores , on 1 January 1919 and was placed in ordinary . Returned to commission in early April , the destroyer sailed to the West Indies for three weeks of maneuvers out of Guantanamo Bay , Cuba . Balch then returned to Norfolk on 28 April for an overhaul . In July 1920 , she was assigned the hull code of DD @-@ 50 under the US Navy 's alphanumeric classification system . Postwar funding shortages kept the destroyer in port until late 1921 , when Balch briefly cruised with the Torpedo Flotilla , Atlantic Fleet , before financial considerations led to her inactivation . Balch was decommissioned at Philadelphia on 20 June 1922 . On 1 November 1933 , she dropped the name Balch to free it for a new destroyer of the same name , becoming known only as DD @-@ 50 . The ship was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 8 March 1935 , and , on 23 April , was ordered scrapped at the Philadelphia Navy Yard . = The Power of Four = " The Power of Four " is a joint anthem composed for the British and Irish Lions rugby union team . It was written by Neil Myers in 2005 . It was commissioned by the Lions head coach , Sir Clive Woodward for the 2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand as the official song . It was intended to be a universal anthem for the British and Irish Lions to be sung before every game . However it was criticised as being uninspiring as members of the Lions squad did not engage with it and it was also noted that the fans did not like it . It was dropped as the Lions anthem after the 2005 tour and led to changes in the way music would be chosen in future Lions tours . = = Background = = Historically , the British and Irish Lions were intended as a representative team of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland however , when the Irish Free State broke away from the United Kingdom it was deemed inappropriate for the British and Irish Lions to use the British national anthem , God Save the Queen . As a result of this , the British and Irish Lions did not have an anthem to represent them before any of their matches until 2005 . = = 2005 Lions Tour = = The Power of Four was commissioned by Sir Clive Woodward for the 2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand and was written by Neil Myers . It was recorded by the Melody Music Lions Choir . The song is a classical composition played in a high key . It was first performed live by Welsh opera singer Katherine Jenkins before the British and Irish Lions rugby union match against Argentina at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , Wales in 2005 @.@ it was performed despite suggestions of either God Save the Queen , the Welsh national anthem Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau or a combination of the anthems of the Home Nations of England , Wales , Scotland and Ireland being played instead of The Power of Four . It is always sung in English . Before the British and Irish Lions squad was selected , Woodward sent out bracelets with " The Power of Four " printed on them to potential British and Irish Lions players to try and create a sense of unity and to make them think about the upcoming tour to New Zealand . This was criticised as being " crazy " . The Power of Four was also used as a motivational slogan in some of the Lions ' team building activities . The lyrics of The Power of Four were circulated to all of the members of the British and Irish Lions tour squad and the song was pre @-@ added to the playlists on their tour iPods . The song was not released as a single however it was permitted to be broadcast by radio stations and it was made available to download on the Internet . The British and Irish Lions players were shown the words of The Power of Four on the Saturday before their first game and it was expected that they would know the words by the time they had arrived in New Zealand . However it was mentioned by a British and Irish Lions spokesman that the players were under no obligation to sing it . = = = Reception = = = The BBC opined during the British and Irish Lions ' warm @-@ up game against Otago that it was not inspiring for the Lions supporters to sing . Austin Healey observed that the players did not appear to like The Power of Four when it was performed . Before the first Test match , it was noticed that despite British and Irish Lions fans being filmed singing The Power of Four , none of the players did sing it when it was played as the Lions anthem before God Defend New Zealand . It was also noted that Lions fans felt that The Power of Four was not catching on and some even suggested that Axel F would be better than The Power of Four . It was also suggested that due to a perceived selection bias towards English members of the Lions , that Land of Hope and Glory should be used instead of The Power of Four . The acting British and Irish Lions captain Martin Corry said that he did not attempt to sing The Power of Four because he felt that he would not be able to reach the correct notes . In 2009 , British and Irish Lions player Alun Wyn Jones said that " I 'd rather sing The Power of Love " when asked if he would want to sing The Power of Four . The song experienced a mixed response in the media . In July 2005 , following the Lions tour , a journalist on the BBC Sport website , James Standley , commented that The Power of Four is " hollow and disliked by fans . " However , Lions coach Sir Clive Woodward said he hoped it would " stir the passions " . It was also described in The Independent as an " excruciating mix of politburo and classical pop " . However Danny Stevens in The New Zealand Herald said that " The Power of Four was not a bad song but unfortunately nobody actually knew the tune or the words . " The words of The Power of Four were also compared to be similar to the New Zealand Māori rugby union team 's " Timatanga " haka in The Telegraph . The anthem did not return for the 2009 British and Irish Lions tour to South Africa , which received a positive reaction from Sky Sports reporters . = = Legacy = = The negative reception of The Power of Four was listed as one of the issues used to criticise Woodward for the failures of the tour . It was also pointed out that Woodward and team manager , Bill Beaumont used The Power of Four whenever they entered into a press conference which led to the press conferences being referred to as possibly being " mistaken for a revivalist meeting " . The Power of Four was so negatively received , that it was announced that future British and Irish Lions tours would have songs and themes chosen by a musical committee set up in the wake of the 2005 tour instead of by the team coach . After 2005 , The Power of Four became largely forgotten . During the 2013 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia , ESPN jokingly suggested that The Power of Four would be remixed into a hip hop song for the third test by Pharrell Williams and would be performed by Snoop Dogg . = Give It 2 Me ( Madonna song ) = " Give It 2 Me " is a song by American singer and songwriter Madonna , featured on her 11th studio album Hard Candy . It was released on June 24 , 2008 by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the album . The song was written by Madonna as an anthemic , self @-@ manifesto song which , although it appears to be about dance and sex , is a reference to Madonna 's career spanning three decades in the music industry . Musically , " Give It 2 Me " is an upbeat dance @-@ pop song , featuring instrumentation from West African percussion and cowbells . Backing vocals are provided by Pharrell Williams . " Give It 2 Me " received positive reviews from contemporary critics . The song became Madonna 's 39th number @-@ one single on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart . It charted on the Billboard Hot 100 for one week , and reached a peak of 57 only , due to limited radio play . The song topped the music charts in Hungary , the Netherlands and Spain , while it peaked within the top ten of the charts in many other nations , including Canada , Denmark and the United Kingdom . The music video featured Madonna recreating her look from the Elle magazine May covergirl photo shoot , and was directed by photographer Tom Munro . Williams had a guest appearance in the video . It received positive response for her retro @-@ inspired look . Madonna performed " Give It 2 Me " on both the promotional tour for Hard Candy , and the 2008 – 09 Sticky & Sweet Tour . The song was additionally performed at a special concert for The MDNA Tour at Madison Square Garden in 2012 . " Give It 2 Me " received a Grammy nomination in 2009 in the Best Dance Recording category . = = Writing and inspiration = = " Give It 2 Me " was written by Madonna and Pharrell Williams as a self @-@ empowerment song . Ingrid Sischy from Interview magazine asked Madonna whether the song had the ability to become a party anthem in Ibiza . Madonna responded that she liked the idea of everybody dancing to " Give It 2 Me " , treating it as a party anthem . When asked about the inspiration behind the song , Madonna said , " It 's [ ' Give It 2 Me ' ] very anthemic . I basically wrote it so I could have a great time doing it in a stadium . The words are very autobiographical . ' Got no boundaries , got no limits . [ ... ] Don 't stop me now . [ ... ] If it 's against the law , arrest me . ' [ ... ] Yes , that 's me . It 's the provocative me . The boring , predictable me . " In an interview with MTV Australia , Madonna explained that a prominent theme of the Hard Candy album was about incorporating the image of a boxer , an idea which has been repeated within the song . According to her , " [ ' Give It 2 Me ' ] is basically [ opposite in meaning ] . I 'm not [ ... ] , ' give me all you got ' [ kind of person ] , so it 's quite a sort of tough stance . " Initially , Madonna had decided that the title of the song was to be used for her then @-@ unnamed album . This was changed following the release of a similarly named song by Timbaland . = = Composition = = " Give It 2 Me " is an upbeat dance @-@ pop song , which , according to newspaper The Sun , features a " bouncy beat " and Williams ' characteristic funky sound . Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone said that the song has a club @-@ like synth arrangement with a hip hop " feel to it " . Chris Williams of Entertainment Weekly felt that the hip hop feel is brought about by the use of snare drums . According to the sheet music published by Alfred Publishing , the song is set in common time , with a medium dance tempo of 132 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of G ♯ minor , with Madonna 's vocal range spanning from G3 to C5 . The song has a basic sequence of D ♯ m – G ♯ m – E – F ♯ – A ♯ m – D ♯ m as its chord progression . " Give It 2 Me " starts with an offbeat rhythm and is accompanied by the sound of West African percussion . The song builds into a crescendo as Madonna sings the line , " If it 's against the law , arrest me , if you can handle it , undress me " . This is followed by synthesized musical arrangement , as Madonna starts singing the line , " When the lights go down and there 's no one left , I can go on and on and on . " An interlude , where Madonna continuously chants the words " Get Stupid " , is also present . According to Miles Marshall Lewis of The Village Voice , the song contains elements of the work of Nile Rodgers . " Give It 2 Me " is written as a self @-@ manifesto song . Lyrically , though the song appears to be about dancing and sex , in reality Madonna uses sarcasm to emphasize the longevity of her career . The lyrics explain that she does not want to retire from her career at that moment and possesses the ability to continue , as noted in the lines " Don 't stop me now , no need to catch my breath , I can go on and on and on . " = = Critical reception = = " Give It 2 Me " received critical acclaim from music critics . Elysa Gardner from USA Today called the song " thumping " and " breathless " , naming it one of the standout tracks of the album . Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone described " Give It 2 Me " as a " thumpy self @-@ empowerment anthem " . Mark Beech from Bloomberg Television complimented the track 's " insidious beats " . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called it " a little careerism on the dance floor " , for the line " Give me a record and I 'll break it " . However , she criticised the " Get stupid " interlude , calling it " plain stupid " . Jon Pareles from The New York Times , and Alexis Petridis of The Guardian , compared the song with Rick James ' " Super Freak " ( 1981 ) . Mark Savage from BBC described the song as " one of the [ Hard Candy ] record 's few out @-@ and @-@ out pop moments , featuring a cute , bouncy beat , and a sense of humour that has been missing from Madonna 's music since her Dick Tracy days . " Tom Ewing of Pitchfork named the song as one of Hard Candy 's better tracks , possessing the album 's " most urgent tune " , stating that Madonna sings the lyrics " Show me a record and I 'll break it / I can go on and on " over " hard @-@ pushing electro @-@ ska whose keyboards break up trying to keep pace . " While reviewing Hard Candy , Chris Williams from Entertainment Weekly complemented the song , saying that with " tunes like ' Give It 2 Me ' [ Madonna 's ] unabashedly reviving the celebrative spirit of early singles like ' Lucky Star ' and ' Holiday ' filtering it through hip @-@ hop 's sonic boom . " He also called it the most exciting club banger . Joan Anderman of The Boston Globe said that the song " thumps relentlessly , euphorically , to the rhythm of a clanking virtual cowbell and freaky bass . " Joey Guerra from the Houston Chronicle complimented the " furious house grooves and thundering beats " of the song . " Give It 2 Me " was compared by Miles Marshall Lewis of The Village Voice , to the earlier Madonna song " Material Girl " , and the music of producer Nile Rodgers . Pete Paphides of The Times noted how different Madonna sounded in songs like " Give It 2 Me " , " Dance 2Night " and " She 's Not Me " from the Hard Candy album . The song received negative feedback from Thomas Hauner of PopMatters , who said that " [ the ] West @-@ African inspired percussion bridge — airdropped onto the album and randomly landing at this point — completely disrupts the song ’ s full potential . " = = Chart performance = = In the United States , before its official release as a single , " Give It 2 Me " became the highest debut of the week on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 57 , but dropped off the chart the following week . The song charted based solely on digital sales , and it debuted on the Hot Digital Songs chart at number 21 , and at 41 on the Pop 100 chart . The track failed to gain airplay upon its release to radio . It topped the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay as well as the Hot Dance Club Play charts ; it became Madonna 's 39th number @-@ one single on the latter chart . As of April 2010 , the song has sold 316 @,@ 000 digital units . Before it was officially released in Canada , the single debuted and peaked at number eight on the Canadian Hot 100 chart , becoming the week 's highest debut . The single fluctuated on the chart for the next few weeks , but did not top its debut peak of eight . It was present for a total of 20 weeks on the chart . " Give It 2 Me " entered the UK Singles Chart at number 73 the chart week of May 4 , 2008 , but fell off the chart the following week . It re @-@ entered at number 25 the chart week of July 5 , 2008 , ultimately peaking at number seven . The song remained on the chart for a total of 19 weeks . According to the Official Charts Company , " Give It 2 Me " has sold 170 @,@ 000 copies there . On the 2008 UK year @-@ end singles chart , the song came in at number 73 . In Australia , the song debuted at number 23 , before descending off the chart . In the Netherlands , the single debuted on the Dutch Top 40 chart at number 19 . In its fourth week , the song rose to number one , and spent six weeks at the top . " Give It 2 Me " debuted at number one on Spanish Singles Chart and spent four weeks atop the chart . It also peaked within the top ten of the official charts of Austria , Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy , Slovakia and Switzerland . " Give It 2 Me " received a platinum certification in Brazil and a gold certification in Denmark , by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos ( ABPD ) and IFPI Denmark , for shipment of 100 @,@ 000 and 7 @,@ 500 copies respectively . = = Music video = = The music video was filmed on April 3 , 2008 , at the Sunbeam Studios in London , co @-@ directed by fashion photographer Tom Munro and Nathan Rissman . The video was shot during Madonna 's photo shoot with Elle magazine , for its May cover girl issue . Madonna 's retro @-@ chic look in the video was inspired by the photoshoot . The video featured a guest appearance from rapper Pharrell Williams ; he was portrayed alongside Madonna , singing to the camera in front of various backdrops . Madonna wore thigh @-@ high PVC boots , visible underwear and sheer tops in the video . The dresses were designed by several fashion brands , including Chanel and Roberto Cavalli . The video begins with Madonna stretching in front of a wall @-@ mirror , while traffic noise is heard . During the first verse , Madonna is shown in a chic Chanel black dress with retro makeup . As the bridge of the song builds up , she is shown dancing in front of a white screen , wearing a French cap , and standing on a sofa . When the chorus of the song plays , she dances while holding an archlight , and fondles with long black fur . The second verse shows Madonna and Williams trading shots , with Williams wearing sunglasses in some scenes . At the " Get stupid " interlude , Williams is shown dragging a bag along the floor behind Madonna . The video concludes with an exhausted Madonna , falling asleep on the studio floor . The Daily Mail called the video " kinky " and wrote that " [ Madonna ] has no plans to tone down her racy image . " MTV said that the essence of the video was Madonna 's 1990 compilation album The Immaculate Collection , whose inline pictures featured her in bejewelled costumes . The black @-@ and @-@ white footage and the mod @-@ burlesque feel was compared to " Vogue " ( 1990 ) . According to MTV , elements from Madonna 's 2006 Confessions Tour were included in the dance choreography . They added that " she ’ s thrown in some new [ choreography ] , an extended cameo by Pharrell and enough jewelry to give Mr. T an inferiority complex . " Bill Lamb of About.com complimented Madonna 's " stunning " body in the video , although she had turned 50 in the summer of 2008 . He added that the video emphasized Madonna 's " amazing staying power as one of the world 's top pop stars for 25 years . " = = Live performances = = The song was performed during the promotional tour for the Hard Candy album , and the 2008 – 09 Sticky & Sweet Tour ; both performances were similar . In the promotional tour , " Give It 2 Me " was performed as the fifth song of the setlist . Madonna wore a shiny black dress with black tails , Adidas track pants and high @-@ heeled , lace @-@ up boots . Every time the chorus played , Madonna and her back @-@ up dancers jumped up and down , while waving their hands up in the air . The performance was backed by laser lights in the background and two movable screens , which displayed Williams , performing his lines . In the Sticky & Sweet Tour , " Give It 2 Me " was performed as the closing song of the " Futuristic rave with Japanese influence " section . During the last segment of the show , Madonna wore a futuristic robotic dress with plates on her shoulder and a wig with long curled hair . She opened the breastplate from the previous performance , and started singing " Give It 2 Me " . Parts of the lyrics of the song flashed on the screens in the style of a shooter video game , featuring 1980s games like Space Invaders and Asteroids . Gradually , more and more dancers joined Madonna , and together they started jumping on stage . Williams appeared on the screens to sing his lines . He made a special guest appearance , for the performances of " Give It 2 Me " , at the Madison Square Garden stop of the tour . Near the end of the performance , Madonna asked the crowd to sing along with her while she shouted , " No one is ever going to stop me " . The performance ended with video backdrops showing Madonna 's sweaty , unsmiling , exhausted face , as she disappeared behind the reformed cubicle @-@ shaped screens , which showed the words , ' Game Over ' , and " Holiday " started playing in the background . Elements of the song were used in the opening number , " Girl Gone Wild " , during The MDNA Tour in 2012 . On November 13 , 2012 , during The MDNA Tour 's second performance at Madison Square Garden in New York City , Madonna was joined onstage by Korean entertainer Psy . Together they performed a mashup of the song and " Gangnam Style " . When introducing Psy , Madonna told the crowd that he " flew in all the way from Frankfurt , Germany this morning just to cheer your asses up ! " During the performance Madonna and Psy ( who was wearing a bright red suit and his signature sunglasses ) executed " Gangnam Style " ' s characteristic horse dance , and at one point Madonna pretended to be galloping along Psy 's back . Joyce Chen of New York Daily News described the performance as a " spectacle , " stating that the crowd " went wild . " = = Track listings and formats = = = = Credits and personnel = = Madonna – writer , co @-@ producer , vocals Pharrell Williams – writer , additional vocals The Neptunes – producer Mark " Spike " Stent – audio mixing Andrew Coleman – mixing consoles = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = Christina Milian = Christine Flores ( born September 26 , 1981 ) , better known as Christina Milian ( / mɪliˈɑːn / ) , is an American singer , songwriter and actress . At the age of 19 , Milian signed a contract with Def Jam . In 2001 , Milian released her self @-@ titled debut album , which featured the singles " AM to PM " and " When You Look at Me " ; " AM to PM " charted within the Top 40 of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and both peaked in the top three on the UK Singles Chart . In 2004 , Milian released her second studio album It 's About Time , which provided her first major U.S. hit , " Dip It Low " , which reached number five on the U.S. Billboard chart . " Whatever U Want " was released as the album 's second single . Both singles charted within the Top 10 of the UK chart . In 2006 , Milian released her third studio album So Amazin ' . The album produced one single , " Say I " , which peaked in the Top 30 of the US Billboard chart . A month after the release of So Amazin ' , Milian 's representative confirmed that she had left Island Records due to creative differences . Milian signed with Interscope Records in 2009 . A single , ballad " Us Against the World " , was released in October 2008 . In 2012 , Milian signed to Young Money Entertainment , which will release her fourth studio album . Although Milian is best known for her singing career , she originally wanted to be an actress . Her first lead role was in the 2003 film Love Don 't Cost a Thing , and she subsequently had main roles in Be Cool and the 2006 horror film Pulse . Milian had a minor role in Ghosts of Girlfriends Past , and starred as the lead role in the straight @-@ to @-@ DVD film Bring It On : Fight to the Finish , training with former Cleveland Cavaliers dancer Kelly Wilson . Milian has since been cast in the 2010 ABC Family Original Movie Christmas Cupid , alongside Ashley Benson and Chad Michael Murray . On September 4 , 2009 , Milian and R & B singer / songwriter The @-@ Dream eloped in Las Vegas , and she gave birth to their daughter , Violet , on February 26 , 2010 . Milian and The @-@ Dream announced their separation on July 12 , 2010 . = = Early life = = Milian was born in Jersey City , New Jersey , and is Cuban American . She was born to parents Don Flores and Carmen Milian , and raised in Waldorf , Maryland . , Flores changed her name and adopted her mother 's maiden name ( Milian ) in the hopes of landing a wider range of acting roles . The oldest of three sisters , including Danielle and Elizabeth , she moved with her family to Waldorf , Maryland , soon after her birth . Milian was four years old when she showed an interest in show business , and when her family realized that she was a talented actress , she became determined to pursue an entertainment career . As a child , Milian was " very imaginative and very creative " , and watching television and listening to the radio became her life . They inspired her to have fun , and she convinced her parents that she " did not want to be inside the TV " , although it took some time to convince them . By the time she was nine years old , Milian had begun auditioning with local talent agencies , shot commercials for Wendy 's and Honeycomb , and played the lead role in the musical Annie . Milian 's mother noticed her daughter 's potential and left her husband and moved to Los Angeles with her three daughters when Milian was 13 years old . Her father had to stay in Maryland and divorced her mother soon after the move . When Milian moved to Los Angeles , her only desire was to be an actress . She always wanted to be in the record business , but did not know how to obtain a recording contract . During this time , she was also a host for the Disney Channel . After living in Los Angeles for six months , Milian moved into the same apartment complex as songwriter and producer Rodney " Darkchild " Jerkins . Jerkins heard about Milian from a boy band he was working with and once he heard her sing , they began working together . For a year and a half , Milian went into a studio every day and worked with Jerkins , which is where she started meeting people in the record business . She began writing songs at the age of 17 because she needed a demo to help her obtain a recording contract . According to Milian , every time she recorded a song , the producer would refuse to give her the demo , or would write lyrics that she did not agree with . She felt that she had to write a song , record a demo , and send it out on her own . = = Career = = = = = 2001 – 02 : Christina Milian , record deal and minor acting = = = Milian made her first professional musical appearance on rapper Ja Rule 's second studio album Rule 3 : 36 ( 2000 ) , performing vocals on the song " Between Me and You " . The song was released as the album 's lead single in 2000 , peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and in the top 30 of the UK Singles Chart . Milian co @-@ wrote and performed backing vocals for the track " Play " for Jennifer Lopez 's album J. Lo ( 2001 ) , and co @-@ wrote " Same Ol ' Same Ol ' " , the second single from girl group PYT 's debut album PYT ( Down with Me ) ( 2001 ) . Milian 's collaboration with Ja Rule led to a record deal with Def Soul Records , prompted by his affiliation with Murder Inc . Records , an imprint of The . Inc Records that was distributed through Def Jam , the parent label of Def Soul Records . She travelled to Sweden and recorded her self @-@ titled debut album . The album was released on October 9 , 2001 in the UK , peaking at number 23 and selling a total of 101 @,@ 986 copies . Internationally , the album peaked at number 36 in the Netherlands , and number 98 in Sweden . The album 's domestic release was postponed because of the September 11 attacks , which occurred just two weeks before its release date . Her label opted to release it later that year , in the fourth quarter , but as Milian explained , new artists generally do not release their albums during that time . As a result , the album was again delayed until the first quarter of 2002 ; however , Milian eventually opted not to release it . Two singles were taken from the album , " AM to PM " and " When You Look at Me " , both of which charted worldwide . A music video for the track " Get Away " was filmed in Paris , although it was not officially released as a single . The critical response to the album was mixed to generally positive . Imran Ahmed of the New Musical Express predicted that based on the record , " genius can 't be more than a few albums away " . Contrastingly , entertainment.ie writer Andrew Lynch suggested that Milian needed original ideas . Milian believed that the public expected " a certain thing " from her when she first appeared with Ja Rule , however she wanted to record the type of music she was signed to do . She said that " AM to PM " was a " cool record , " but it was not what the public expected . Milian approached the executives at her record company , Island Def Jam , and " cussed them all out " , telling them that they were not listening to her . She felt that she had gained their respect by explaining that she was serious about her musical career . In the following years , she was featured on the track " It 's All Gravy " , a duet with British rapper Romeo , which was a UK top ten hit ; provided the theme song for the hit Disney Channel animated series Kim Possible , " Call Me , Beep Me ! " ; and collaborated with Hilary Duff on Duff 's Christmas album Santa Claus Lane ( 2002 ) , on the song " I Heard Santa on the Radio " . Although Milian is best known for her singing career , she originally wanted to be an actress . When asked whether she prefers singing or acting , Milian said that " they 're both my passion . But , honestly , if I had to choose , it would probably be my music . I love writing . I love listening . I love the challenge of it . " Milian has also stated that she loves " performing live on the stage ... above all else . It 's my favorite . " Milian 's first major acting role was offered by the Disney Channel to join The Mickey Mouse Club ; however , she did not accept and opted to star as a reporter on Movie Surfers . During this time , she had minor roles in film and television , including Sister , Sister , Smart Guy , The Steve Harvey Show , Get Real , The Wood and American Pie . In 2002 , Milian was appointed the host of the live competitive music series Becoming Presents : Wannabe on MTV , where she met director Joseph Kahn . Kahn suggested she audition for a lead role in the film Torque . Her audition was successful and she played a minor role in the film . She was subsequently cast in her first lead role in Love Don 't Cost a Thing . Milian has been described as a role model to young girls ; she has said that there are a lot of people who young girls look up to , but " at the end of the day you have to be your own person and love yourself . " Milian worked with the Children Uniting Nations charity , in which she was a big sister to foster children , and says her favorite charity is the Penny Lane Foundation . Milian was awarded with a humanitarian award at The Reign fundraiser from the Elton John AIDS Foundation for being a role model for young children . Milian said , " I 've never been rewarded that way and never been acknowledged like that . That was really nice of them , and I was happy I was able to show up for the kids . " = = = 2003 – 04 : It 's About Time and acting debut = = = Milian felt that Island Def Jam was confused as to how they wanted her image to be portrayed ; one second she was young and singing " AM to PM " , and next she was a grown woman singing " Get Away " . She realized that the change confused the audience , and that " nobody was buying it " . In 2003 , Milian 's label Def Soul was shut down and absorbed by its parent Def Jam , although Milian was instead moved over to Island Records . After the international release of her debut album , Milian went back into the recording studio . The singer felt that music trends had changed into rock music , hardcore hip hop and tribute songs , and her music did not fall into those categories . Milian decided to stop recording and toured overseas for a year and a half . When she returned to the US , she decided not to release her previous album domestically , and started working on a new album . Milian traveled the world , working with the popular producers Bloodshy & Avant , " Darkchild " , Cory Rooney , Warryn Campbell , Bryan @-@ Michael Cox and Polli Paul . Milian 's second studio album , It 's About Time , was released in the US on July 13 , 2004 . The critical response to the album was mixed ; the club tracks , most notably lead single " Dip It Low " , were praised while the ballads were said to be disappointing . The style and sound of the album was compared to that of Beyoncé and Jennifer Lopez by several critics . Milian later admitted that her new sexy image for " Dip It Low " and the whole album was mainly for shock value . She had to make her way back into the US market , and by choosing a sexier image , she made a name for herself . " Dip It Low " was also meant to show that she was not the same 18 @-@ year @-@ old girl in the " AM to PM " video . To create her new image , Milian also decided to change her appearance and lightened her hair . Taking inspiration from Janet Jackson who constantly changed her image , Milian thought to herself , " ' When did I like Janet Jackson the most ? ' It was when she had her lightened hair . " Milian believed that the album was more R & B when compared to her " bubble @-@ gum " pop debut album . The change was reflected in the album 's lead single , " Dip It Low " , which was more of a club and R & B track than her previous pop release " AM to PM " . Milian performed as an opening act on the Usher and Kanye West tour to promote her album . The album debuted and peaked at number 14 on the Billboard 200 album chart and number 21 in the UK , selling a total of 382 @,@ 000 and 63 @,@ 708 copies respectively , and received a Grammy Award nomination for " Best Contemporary R & B Album " in 2005 . The album 's first single , " Dip It Low " , became Milian 's biggest hit to date , reaching number two in the UK and number five in the US . The single was certified Gold by the RIAA for digital sales , and earned a Grammy Award nomination for " Best Rap / Sung Collaboration " . The album 's second and final single , " Whatever U Want " , featuring Joe Budden , failed to reprise the success of the lead single but reached the top ten in the UK . Milian starred in Be Cool , the sequel to Get Shorty , with John Travolta and Uma Thurman , and recorded two songs for its soundtrack . She was then cast in a lead role in the horror film Pulse , starring alongside Kristen Bell and Ian Somerhalder . The film was a remake of the Japanese film Kairo ( 2001 ) , and was adapted by Wes Craven and Ray Wright . Filming took place in Romania , a traumatic time for Milian , where she endured racial abuse and discovered that boyfriend Nick Cannon was cheating on her . Milian has also appeared in two video games : Def Jam Vendetta ( 2003 ) , where she plays Angel , a mob boss ' girlfriend , and as one of the female leads , Carmen Mendez , in the video game Need for Speed : Undercover ( 2008 ) . = = = 2005 – 06 : So Amazin ' and record departure = = = Whereas Milian 's previous albums had pop and R & B stylings , she was encouraged by Island Def Jam to target a new audience and release an urban record . Explaining the change , Milian said that one of her main problems was that previous releases would often find mainstream success , but would be relatively unsuccessful on urban radio . As an R & B artist , she wanted to build her core audience – a true fan base that would support her through time – to increase her career 's longevity . The main purpose of her genre change was to go back to the streets and add to her core audience . To create a more urban record , Milian had a list of producers that she wanted to work with . L.A. Reid suggested to Milian that she should work with Cool & Dre , with whom she ended up working with as the first people to start off the album . Although Milian was originally supposed to work with several different music producers , she felt that the chemistry they had in the first week was so " instant and real " that she felt she could not get a better " vibe " with anybody else other than them . Milian ended up working with Cool & Dre on the majority of the production of the album , producing ten of the album 's eleven tracks together . The album completed within a three @-@ month period , whereas Milian 's previous albums would take six months to a year . Milian 's third studio album , So Amazin ' , was released on May 16 , 2006 . The album 's lead single , " Say I " , featured rapper Young Jeezy . The single saw peak positions of number four in the UK , and number twenty @-@ one in the US . So Amazin ' debuted and peaked at number eleven on the Billboard 200 albums chart , selling 54 @,@ 000 copies in its first week and 163 @,@ 000 copies in total . Internationally , the album peaked at number 55 on the Swiss Albums Chart , 67 on the UK Albums Chart , and 139 on the France Albums Chart . Reviews of So Amazin ' were mixed ; critics felt that while Milian claimed that she was displaying the various sides of her personality , the album could " only [ scratch ] the surface of who she really is . " " Say I " was praised by several critics , and was described as " instantly rousing " and " intoxicating " . In June 2006 , Milian 's representative confirmed that she had been dropped by Island Def Jam . In an interview with Rap @-@ Up , Milian revealed she was dropped a week after her album was released . The singer believed it was a " budget cut " , and that Island Def Jam Music Group wanted to spend more money on label mate Rihanna . She said , " it was embarrassing . It was a week after my album got put out . I would be in my room a lot of the time crying by myself . " After leaving Def Jam , Milian released her first compilation album , The Best of Christina Milian ( 2006 ) . After the production of So Amazin ' in 2006 , Milian began dating Andre Lyon from the production group Cool & Dre . The pair dated until February 2009 , when they decided to go on a break . Milian said that they were still really close , and decided to break up because it was " hard to grow together when you live on two different coasts " . The singer wanted to take more opportunities and learn more about herself , which she often let go when in a relationship , but felt that she was in a now @-@ or @-@ never situation . Milian described Lyon as an amazing guy , and said that although there was a chance for the couple in the future , she needed to focus on herself . = = = 2007 – 10 : Elope and hiatus = = = Following her departure from Island Def Jam Music Group , Milian signed with MySpace Records in 2008 . She began writing songs and recording in the studio with numerous different producers , including Cool & Dre , J. R. Rotem , The Runners , Danja , Madd Scientist , T @-@ Pain , Jim Jonsin and Toby Gad . Milian was featured on the cover of Rap @-@ Up 's 2008 Winter issue , in which she announced that the album 's title was Dream in Color ( later retitled as Elope ) . A single was released in October 2008 , ballad " Us Against the World " . It was written by Milian and produced by Madd Scientist . The single , described by Milian as a " cinematic power ballad " , premiered via MySpace on October 6 , 2008 , and was made available by digital download the next day . Milian felt that Madd Scientist " brought the best out of me " while producing " Us Against the World " , and " was really able to do some amazing things with my vocals " . After recording songs with the aforementioned producers , Milian took a break from music and started filming Bring It On : Fight to the Finish . When Milian returned to music , she concentrated on promoting her single " Us Against the World " , and shot its music video . Since then , Milian said that she became " a little bit more meticulous with what I feel deserved to be on the album " , and resumed recording . Songs recorded for the album included the 1990s Madonna @-@ styled ballad " Stay " , Euro @-@ club record " Tug of War " and the feel @-@ good song " Diamonds " , which featured Kanye West . Other features included Rick Ross on the Cool & Dre produced track " Blissful " , and Pitbull . In early 2009 , Milian began working with The @-@ Dream , Tricky Stewart , and L.O.S. Da Maestro , which led to her signing a deal with Radio Killa Records . Milian revealed that aside from " Us Against the World " , The @-@ Dream and Tricky Stewart would be producing all the songs on her album . In March 2009 , Milian changed the album 's title to Elope . Regarding the album 's title change , Milian explained , " the definition of elope is to run away secretly with one 's beloved . This next album is about taking responsibility for yourself and making your own decisions . " In June 2009 , The @-@ Dream said that the album was finished . Upon completion of the album , Milian said it represented " independence , not having to answer to any type of ' authority ' , being a woman at her best and feeling very confident " . She said that fans could expect an " edgy sound with lots of strong powerful anthems . Big up tempos , R & B and Pop at it 's [ sic ] best and two big ballads " . In August 2009 , Milian confirmed that she had signed a deal to release Elope through Interscope Records , with a 2010 release date . Originally scheduled to be released in 2009 , Tricky Stewart explained the delay , saying " we just got our label deals done , so the reason why some of these projects got delayed had to do with technicalities and things of that nature " . The album has been furthered delayed because of Milian 's marriage to The @-@ Dream and her pregnancy . In January 2010 , Milian said that she was going back into the studio in the summer to record more material . Although the album had already been finished when Milian took a break for her pregnancy , she wanted to " go back and re @-@ do some of the music and make some new songs and find my new inspiration " . In October 2009 , Tricky Stewart said that another single had yet to be chosen , and that it would be the first single off Elope . Reported choices for the first single include " Zipper " , " I 'm a Cheat " , and " Supersonic " . Milian starred as the main character in the Christmas television movie for the ABC Family channel entitled Snowglobe , alongside Lorraine Bracco . She was to be a leading character in The CW 's new show Eight Days a Week as Olivia , alongside Mario Lopez , but The CW decided not to pick up the series due to the Writers Guild of America strike . Milian had a minor role in Ghosts of Girlfriends Past alongside Matthew McConaughey , and starred as the lead role in the straight @-@ to @-@ DVD film Bring It On : Fight to the Finish. and as one of the female leads , Carmen Mendez , in the video game Need for Speed : Undercover ( 2008 ) . = = = 2010 – 2014 : Return to music , The Voice and Dancing with the Stars = = = Milian was scheduled to resume recording in July 2010 to complete the album ; however , Milian opted to focus on her acting career . Despite the separation , Milian and The @-@ Dream continued to " work together and write together " . At the 2010 Los Angeles Fashion Week , Milian performed " Zipper " and " Dip It Low " . Milian has worked on a fourth studio album since 2008 , but its release has frequently been delayed . At the 2010 American Music Awards , she said it would be ready in 2011 . In June 2011 , her collaboration with The Jackie Boyz titled Memory was released in Japan . It is set to appear on their album Songs In My Blackberry . NBC announced on October 27 that Milian would serve as the official Social Media Correspondent for The Voice . The role , previously held by Alison Haislip , saw Milian make regular appearances during the live broadcasts . She will also interact with fans through Facebook , Twitter , NBC.com and NBC Live . She has since left the show . On February 12 , 2012 , Lil ' Wayne said that Christina Milian had joined Young Money , and will release her fourth album through Young Money Entertainment . The next day , a song titled " Mr. Valentine " leaked onto the internet . Milian told Carson Daly on 97 @.@ 1 AMP Radio . " Yeah , I 've signed with Young Money . It was pretty awesome . This weekend we had a big party , a big YMCMB party , and Drake was performing and we were all up on the stage and Wayne got up there and he announced it himself . And so I was kind of surprised and I was like , ' Oh my gosh , this is awesome ! ' " Milian is currently recording her fourth album . " We 're just getting started on it , " she said . " I 've already halfway gotten there and when my mom and I went to Wayne and we played him some of the music , off the second song , he was like , ' I love it . Let 's do this deal . ' I have some music that 's already going to be on it and the second half I 'm working with them now . [ ... ] When they did a little background check , they saw even the songwriting , all that kind of stuff adds on top of , alright , she 's an actress , she 's a pretty face , she can actually sing , but not to mention she 's a songwriter . I thought that was cool that they even saw that . [ ... ] They all get on each other 's records , so all I have to do is be home with everybody and we 'll just do lots of features . " In October 2012 during an interview , Milian spoke of her Young Money debut : " Wayne just gets his artists , which is great , I have a very one @-@ on @-@ one business relationship with everybody from Mack Maine to Wayne . They 're just very involved in the project as far as bringing the music , playing songs , just giving their input . [ ... ] I really want to pick the perfect single though . It 's been a second since I 've been out musically , so I do not want to fail and I don 't believe in failure , so I just try new things and figure out the pieces . That 's one thing that 's great about Wayne . He 's like , ' Work with different producers , take your time , but at the same time , try new things . Don 't be stuck on one thing . ' " In July 2013 , it was discovered that her contract with The Voice would be ended . In the summer , she collaborated with the Stafford Brothers and Lil ' Wayne on the single " Hello " which reached the Top15 on the Billboard Dance charts . In September 2013 , Milian became a contestant on Dancing with the Stars ( season 17 ) . She was partnered with professional dancer Mark Ballas . She was eliminated in week five despite receiving the highest score of the night . This was because the elimination was based on the previous week 's score ( 24 ) and viewer votes . In July 2014 , she announced she 'd started work on a mixtape titled # TinaTurnUp . In November 2014 , she collaborated with Lil ' Wayne on his single " Start a Fire " which they performed on the American Music Awards . = = = 2015 @-@ present : " # TinaTurnUp , new ventures , and a music refocus = = = On January 18 , 2015 , Milian debuted her reality show Christina Milian Turned Up . The series follows the day @-@ to @-@ day lives of Christina , her mother Carmen and her two sisters , Danielle and Liz Milian . It was renewed for a second season in April , which premiered in November 2015 . In March , she released a pair of singles ( which were previewed in her reality series ) , with " Rebel " and " We Ain 't Worried " , of which the latter was used to promote her " We Are Pop Culture " clothing line . In July , she announced she was going to release a 5 @-@ track EP and video set , and was working with director Mike Ho . Also that month , she performed the National Anthem at the 2015 Americafest and premiered a new single " Like Me " featuring Snoop Dogg . A few months later , she released another single " Do It " with Lil ' Wayne and changed the EP 's title to Like Me . Her EP " 4U " was released on December 4 , 2015 which includes four tracks and music videos packaged in one . = = Personal life = = Milian met actor Nick Cannon on the set of their film , Love Don 't Cost a Thing , in 2003 , and they began dating . After being together for two and a half years , Milian ended her relationship with Cannon in 2005 because of his cheating . Cannon revealed that he refused to stay faithful to Milian because their relationship was becoming too much like a " Christian romance " . When Cannon married Mariah Carey on April 30 , 2008 , Milian said , " regardless of what I felt in the past at the time , I actually forgive him and I 'm very much over that . " In February 2009 , reports emerged that Milian was dating musician The @-@ Dream . Music producer Dre of Cool & Dre said that he supported Milian 's relationship with The @-@ Dream , " I think it 's gonna be a good fit for her " . He stated that he had " nothing but love for her and her family " , and that he " wish [ ed ] her the best and we 're definitely looking forward to what she 's got going on " . In late May 2009 , it was reported that Milian and The @-@ Dream were getting married , and the couple celebrated their engagement party in Las Vegas in June . On September 4 , 2009 , Milian and The @-@ Dream eloped at the Little White Chapel in Las Vegas , Nevada . MTV reported that Milian and The @-@ Dream would get married again in Rome , Italy , and then renew their vows in the US in front of family and friends . On September 11 , 2009 , it was announced that Milian and The @-@ Dream were expecting their first child together . The Daily Mail reported that " the pregnancy was a surprise , but they were getting married regardless " . On February 26 , 2010 , Milian gave birth to their daughter Violet Madison Nash , who had " a full head of hair . " Violet was Milian 's first child , and the fourth for The @-@ Dream , who had three children with ex @-@ wife Nivea . In July 2010 , The @-@ Dream announced that he and Milian had separated in late 2009 , only three months after their wedding in September of that year . Their divorce was finalized on October 23 , 2011 . In September 2010 , Christina began dating Jas Prince , son of Rap @-@ A @-@ lot Records CEO , James Prince . On September 2 , 2013 , It was confirmed that Christina and Jas have been engaged since before April . Christina moved out of the couple 's home on June 19 , 2014 , and the couple announced the following day that their engagement had been called off . = = Artistry = = Milian is a light @-@ lyric soprano who has not displayed her voice all the way in terms of upper register . She has only showcased a full voice vocal range from Eb3 to F5 . The tessitura and tone of her voice are naturally light in their quality but she has shown in her belts that she can create strong tones . Her vocal style has been compared to Paula Abdul . David Peisner of Maxim commented on her talent and described her voice as being " silky and sassy . " Earlier in her career , Milian was mainly an urban pop and teen pop singer but as she matured and grew her sound later grew to branch out into a more hip @-@ hop soul and straight forward R & B sound on her later two releases It 's About Time and So Amazin ' . Milian described the sound of the album as " hip hop under @-@ toned with nice , pop melodies " , and later said the genre of the album was " bubble @-@ gum pop " . She described lead single " AM to PM " as a " very pop " and " fun , party / club song " . The genre of the album was described by one critic as " light @-@ hearted , energetic R & B pop tunes " . Critics compared Milian to Aaliyah . Sonically , the album was said to stick " rigidly to the sherbert @-@ snorting pop formula of Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera " . One reviewer compared Milian to other singers of her generation , and found that " while Spears has gone raunchy with ' I Love Rock ' n ' Roll ' , Christina Aguilera down and dirty on Stripped , and even clean @-@ cut Mandy Moore has brashly cut her hair Felicity @-@ style , Milian still seems young and real . " The critic also compared Milian to Beyoncé , " while Beyonce is shaking her bootylicious body like crazy on ' Crazy In Love ' , Milian is simply enjoying becoming a young star . " " It 's About Time " Compared to her " bubble @-@ gum pop " debut album , Milian described the genre of It 's About Time as more R & B. Discussing the change of genre between her lead singles , Milian said that the " first single off my last album , ' AM to PM ' , was more of a kiddie kind of thing , very pop . [ Dip It Low ] is more R & B , kind of a club / party kind of vibe . " An issue Milian had with the album was that it did not flow . The various pop and urban influences in that album , she found , confused the audience . For her next studio album , Milian said that she wanted a more consistent feel . = = Other ventures = = In February 2010 , it was announced that Milian had signed an Australian music duo , Kasey Osborne and Kelsey @-@ Maree Eckstein , as their manager . Milian said , " the girls have everything it takes to be the biggest international pop duo out there . The world is definitely ready for these beautiful girls to hit the stage and kill it on screen . " She said that the duo were the " most exciting project " she had worked on , and were writing and recording an album to be released in 2010 . In September 2010 , Osborne stated that she was working on a solo album with Milian , was scheduled to release in 2011 , but never did . The album project was pushed back to an unknown release date . Eckstein remained acting and working on her solo music , which was released late 2011 . In early 2012 , Eckstein released her Official Music Video to " The Revolution " , which was written by The Movement and Jesse McCartney and produced by The Movement . In September 2012 , Eckstein signed with Brillstein Entertainment Partners as her acting management . = = Discography = = Studio albums Christina Milian ( 2001 ) It 's About Time ( 2004 ) So Amazin ' ( 2006 ) EPs 4U ( 2015 ) = = Filmography = = = = Awards and nominations = = = Russulaceae = The Russulaceae are a diverse family of fungi in the order Russulales , with roughly 1 @,@ 900 known species and a worldwide distribution . They comprise the brittlegills and the milk @-@ caps , well @-@ known mushroom @-@ forming fungi that include some edible species . These gilled mushrooms are characterised by the brittle flesh of their fruitbodies . In addition to these typical agaricoid forms , the family contains species with fruitbodies that are laterally stiped ( pleurotoid ) , closed ( secotioid or gasteroid ) , or crust @-@ like ( corticioid ) . Molecular phylogenetics has demonstrated close affinities between species with very different fruitbody types and has discovered new , distinct lineages . An important group of root @-@ symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi in forests and shrublands around the world includes Lactifluus , Multifurca , Russula , and Lactarius . The crust @-@ forming genera Boidinia , Gloeopeniophorella , and Pseudoxenasma , all wood @-@ decay fungi , have basal positions in the family . = = Systematics and taxonomy = = The family Russulaceae was first validly named in 1907 by Dutch botanist Johannes Paulus Lotsy , who included three genera : Russula , Lactarius , and Russulina ( now considered a synonym of Russula ) . He emphasised features such as the granular flesh , thick gills , spiny spores , and milky hyphae and rounded cells ( sphaerocytes ) . A prior usage of " Russulariées " by French mycologist Ernst Roze in 1876 is not considered a valid publication , since the proper Latin termination for the family rank specified in article 18 @.@ 4 of the nomenclature code was not used . Synonyms of Russulaceae include : Ernst Albert Gäumann 's Lactariaceae ( 1926 ) , Fernand Moreau 's Asterosporaceae ( 1953 ) , and David Pegler and Thomas Young 's Elasmomycetaceae ( 1979 ) . The latter family was proposed to contain species with statismosporic ( non @-@ forcibly discharged ) and symmetric spores , including the gasteroid genera Elasmomyces , Gymnomyces , Martellia , and Zelleromyces . Calonge and Martín reduced the Elasmomycetaceae to synonymy with the Russulaceae when molecular analysis confirmed the close genetic relationship between the gasteroid and agaricoid genera . = = = Placement of the family = = = Historically , the gilled mushrooms of the family Russulaceae were classified with other gilled species in the order Agaricales , but microscopical studies of spore and fruitbody flesh features raised the possibility that they were more closely related with certain " lower fungi " presenting nongilled , crust @-@ like fruitbodies . The use of molecular phylogenetics confirmed that these morphologically diverse fungi form a distinct lineage , first termed the " russuloid clade " and today classified as order Russulales in the class Agaricomycetes . The family 's sister group within the order appears to be the crust @-@ like Gloeocystidiellaceae . = = = Internal systematics = = = A 2008 molecular phylogenetic study clarified the relationships among the mushroom @-@ forming species of the family . The authors demonstrated the existence of four distinct lineages of gilled mushrooms , which led to the description of Multifurca as a new genus separated from Russula and the segregation of Lactifluus from Lactarius . Genera with closed fruitbodies within the family are form taxa instead of natural groups : Arcangeliella , Gastrolactarius , and Zelleromyces are phylogenetically part of Lactarius , while Cystangium , Elasmomyces , Gymnomyces , Macowanites , and Martellia belong to Russula . Nevertheless , some of these genus names are still in use , as many of the concerned species have not yet formally been synonymised with Lactarius or Russula . The crust @-@ like genera Boidinia , Gloeopeniophorella , and Pseudoxenasma , formerly placed in the Corticiaceae or Gloeocystidiellaceae , are now classified in the Russulaceae and basal to the clade of mushroom @-@ forming species described above . Studies have so far failed to clearly circumscribe and place these genera within the family . Boidinia in its current extent is polyphyletic , with some species not falling into the Russulaceae . = = = Species diversity = = = Altogether , the Russulaceae comprise around 1 @,@ 900 accepted species . Russula is by far the largest genus with ca . 1100 species , Lactarius has ca . 550 , Lactifluus ca . 120 , Boidinia 13 , Multifurca 6 , Gloeopeniophorella 6 , and Pseudoxenasma 1 species . Closed @-@ fruitbody species not yet synonymised with Lactarius or Russula ( see above ) account for some 150 species . New species in the Russulaceae continue to be described from various regions , such as the US , Guyana , Brazil , Patagonia , Togo , Sri Lanka , or Thailand . It has been estimated that the real number of Russula species in North America alone ( currently around 400 described ) might be as high as 2000 . Cryptic species may increase true diversity : some morphologically well @-@ defined species , especially in Lactifluus , have been shown to actually encompass several phylogenetic species . = = Description = = = = = Macroscopic characteristics = = = Three major types of fruitbodies occur in the Russulaceae : agaricoid and pleurotoid forms with a cap , gills , and a stipe ; forms with closed ( gasteroid ) or partially closed ( secotioid ) fruitbodies , and corticioid , crust @-@ like forms . The agaricoid species in Lactarius , Lactifluus , Multifurca , and Russula are readily distinguished from other gilled mushrooms by the consistency of their flesh , which is granular , brittle and breaks easily , somewhat like a piece of chalk . Russulaceae never have a volva , but a partial veil can be found in some tropical species . Gills are adnate to decurrent , and the colour of the spore print ranges from white to ochre or orange ( with the brown @-@ spored Lactarius chromospermus as an exception ) . Caps can be dull to very colourful , the latter especially in Russula ; their size ranges from 17 mm diameter or less in Russula campinensis to 30 cm ( 12 in ) in Lactifluus vellereus . Concentrically ringed ( zonate ) caps occur in all Multifurca and several Lactarius species . Laterally stiped ( pleurotoid ) fruitbodies exist in some , mainly tropical Lactifluus and Russula species . Taste is a distinguishing characteristic in many species , from mild to very acrid . A conspicuous feature of the " milk @-@ caps " in Lactarius , Lactifluus , and Multifurca furcata is the latex or " milk " their fruitbodies exude when bruised . The secotioid and gasteroid species in Lactarius and Russula are derived from agaricoid forms . Secotioid species still have a stipe but the cap does not open fully , while in gasteroid species , fruitbodies are completely closed and the stipe is reduced ; in both cases , the spore @-@ bearing structure is made up of convoluted gills that are more or less crowded and anastomosed . These closed @-@ fruitbody species represent a continuum of secotioid to gasteroid , above @-@ ground to below @-@ ground fruitbodies , with spores forcibly discharged or not . Secotioid or gasteroid Lactarius exude latex just like their agaricoid relatives . The corticioid species of Boidinia , Gloeopeniophorella , and Pseudoxenasma develop crust @-@ like fruitbodies with a smooth , porous , or flaky surface and grow on tree logs or dead branches . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = All Russulaceae , including the corticioid species , are characterised by spherical to elliptic basidiospores with a faint to very distinct ( e.g. warty , spiny , or crested ) ornamentation that stains bluish @-@ black with Melzer 's reagent ( an amyloid stain reaction ) . Basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are usually club @-@ shaped and four @-@ spored . Russulaceae species do not have clamp connections . Characteristic cells with an oily content ( gloeocystidia ) are found in the hymenium . In Russulaceae , these show a positive colour reaction when treated with sulfoaldehydes ( sulfovanillin is mostly used ) . They are also present in the hyphal sheath of ectomycorrhizal roots colonised by Russulaceae . The feature responsible for the brittle fruitbody structure in the mushroom @-@ forming species are globular cells , called sphaerocytes or sphaerocysts , that compose the flesh ( trama ) alongside the usual hyphae . Sometimes , these cells are clustered , and the position and arrangement of these clusters differs among genera . Another particular trama cell type are lactiferous hyphae ( also lactifers ) . These are hyphae carrying the " milk " or " latex " exuded by the milk @-@ caps ; they react positively with sulfoaldehydes , form an abundantly branched system in the trama and end as pseudocystidia in the hymenium . In general , only Lactarius , Lactifluus and Multifurca furcata possess lactifers . In Russula , similar hyphae can sometimes be observed in the trama , but these are not as abundantly branched as real lactifers and do not extend into the hymenium as pseudocystidia . This traditional distinction line between the " milk @-@ caps " and Russula is however less evident in some tropical species presenting intermediate states . = = = Genera distinction = = = Some characteristics of the mushroom @-@ forming genera ( marked with * below ) can be less obvious or absent in tropical species . Distinguishing between Lactarius and Lactifluus based on morphology alone is quite difficult , as clear synapomorphies for both genera have yet to be identified . Most field guides treat the two genera together , often because Lactifluus is not yet recognised as a separate genus . Boidinia : corticioid ; loose texture ; surface smooth , with pores , or flaky ; spores spherical with spiny to warty ornamentation . Note that the genus is polyphyletic and needs to be redefined . Gloeopeniophorella : corticioid ; surface almost smooth ; hyphae without clamp connections ; thick @-@ walled cystidia ( metuloids ) and gloeocystidia present ; spores with wrinkled ( rugose ) ornamentation . Lactarius : agaricoid or gasteroid ; exuding latex * ; caps sometimes zonate , viscose or glutinate , but never annulate ; rarely thick @-@ walled cells in cuticles of the cap ( pileipellis ) and the stipe ( stipitipellis ) and sphaerocytes in the gills . Lactifluus : agaricoid or pleurotoid ; exuding latex * ; caps never zonate , viscose or glutinate , but sometimes annulate ; thick @-@ walled cells in cap and stipe cuticles ; often sphaerocytes in the gill trama . Multifurca : agaricoid ; caps zonate ( also visible in cut through trama ) ; gills regularly forked ; only M. furcata exuding latex ; spore print orange ; spores very small ; microscopical trama and hymenium features very variable . Pseudoxenasma : corticioid ; wax @-@ like texture ; gloeocystidia with spherical apical appendices ; basidia developing laterally on hyphae ( pleurobasidia ) ; spores broadly ellipsoid to roughly spherical , with warty ornamentation . Russula : agaricoid , gasteroid or pleurotoid ; never exuding latex ; caps often brightly coloured with stipe and gills much paler ; caps not zonate * ; spore print white , cream , ochre , or orange ; no true lactiferous hyphae * ; sphaerocytes abundant in gill , cap , and stipe trama . = = Distribution = = The Russulaceae as a whole have a worldwide distribution , but patterns differ among genera . Russula is the most widespread , found in North , Central and South America , Europe , temperate and tropical Asia , Africa , and Australasia . It is the only Russulaceae genus that occurs in the Nothofagus zone of temperate South America . Lactarius is mainly known from the north temperate zone , but some species also occur in tropical Asia and Africa . Lactifluus has a more tropical distribution than Lactarius , with most species known from tropical Africa , Asia , South America , and Australasia , but some also occurring in the north temperate zone . Multifurca is the rarest among the four mushroom genera , known only from some punctual records in North and Central America , Asia , and Australasia . Species of Lactarius , Lactifluus , and Russula have repeatedly been introduced with trees outside their native range : An overview article lists introductions in Chile , Argentina , Uruguay , Brazil , the USA , Great Britain , the Faroe Islands , South Africa , China , Thailand , and New Zealand . Among the corticioid genera , Pseudoxenasma is only known from Europe . In contrast , Boidinia species have been found in Europe , Taiwan , and Japan , and Gloeopeniophorella species in North America , South America , Europe , West Africa , Taiwan , Australia , and New Zealand . = = Ecology = = = = = Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis = = = The genera Lactarius , Lactifluus , Multifurca and Russula form a mutualistic ectomycorrhizal root symbiosis with trees and shrubs , exchanging mineral nutrients for photosynthetic sugar . They are one of several fungal lineages that have evolved such a lifestyle and are sometimes referred to as the " / russula @-@ lactarius " clade in the scientific literature . Worldwide , they are one of the most frequently encountered lineages on ectomycorrhizal roots . While some tropical species were initially believed to be parasitic , the observation that species fruiting on tree trunks do form ectomycorrhiza in tropical Guyana supports the view of an exclusively symbiotic lineage . Associations are known with several plant families . In the Northern Hemisphere , these are essentially the well @-@ known ectomycorrhizal trees and shrubs in the Betulaceae , Fagaceae , Pinaceae and Salicaceae , but in arctic and alpine habitats , Russulaceae also associate with Bistorta vivipara ( Polygonaceae ) , Kobresia ( Cyperaceae ) , and Dryas octopetala ( Rosaceae ) , ectomycorrhizal plants untypic in their respective families . In the tropics , known plant partners include Dipterocarpaceae , Fabaceae , Nyctaginaceae , Phyllanthaceae , Polygonaceae ( Coccoloba ) , Sarcolaenaceae , and the gymnosperm Gnetum gnemon , and in the Southern Hemisphere , Nothofagaceae , Myrtaceae ( Eucalyptus and Leptospermum ) , and Rhamnaceae ( Pomaderris ) . Some Russulaceae are quite specialised in their ectomycorrhizal symbiosis , such as Lactarius and Russula species that only grow with Cistus shrubs in the Mediterranean basin . The different plant partners are reflected in the wide variety of habitats worldwide . Ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae have been observed in arctic and alpine tundra , boreal and alpine forest , north temperate forest , mires , mediterranean forests and scrub ( maquis ) , miombo woodland , tropical lowland rainforest , tropical cloud forest , tropical dry forest , Australian eucalypt woodlands , and south temperate forests . Where they are introduced , they typically grow in plantations of their native host species , e.g. with pine in South Africa , Eucalyptus in Thailand , or birch in New Zealand . = = = Other types of mycorrhiza = = = Some of the ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae are also involved in other types of root symbioses with plants . A mutualistic association similar to ectomycorrhiza but with some hyphae penetrating into the plant root cells , termed arbutoid mycorrhiza , is formed by Russulaceae with shrubs of the genera Arbutus and Arctostaphylos , both in subfamily Arbutoideae of the Ericaceae . Some Russulaceae are associated with myco @-@ heterotrophic plants of the Ericaceae subfamily Monotropoideae , forming monotropoid mycorrhiza . This is an epiparasitic relationship , where the heterotrophic plant ultimately derives its carbon from the primary , ectomycorrhizal plant partner of the fungus . The association is often very specific , with the heterotrophic plants only associating with selected fungus partners , including Russulaceae . Russulaceae are also an important group of orchid mycorrhizal fungi . This symbiosis is mutualistic in the case of green orchids , but a partly or fully epiparasitic relationship in the case of myco @-@ heterotrophic and mixotrophic orchids , respectively . In some cases , the association with Russulaceae is , as in monotropoid mycorrhiza , very specific : the Mediterranean orchid Limodorum abortivum predominantly associates with Russula delica and closely related species ; in Corallorhiza maculata , different genotypes of the same species have distinct Russula partners . = = = Wood decay species = = = The corticioid species in Boidinia , Gloeopeniophorella , and Pseudoxenasma are saprotrophic , wood @-@ degrading fungi that develop on dead wood . Their early @-@ branching positions in the phylogeny suggests this has been the ancestral trophic mode of the Russulaceae , and that the mycorrhizal lifestyle ( see above ) evolved later . The saprotrophic nature of these species has been questioned , based on the observation that other inconspicuous , crust @-@ forming fungi are ectomycorrhizal ; a subsequent author reaffirms nevertheless that " [ n ] one of the corticioid species in the family shows any sign of mycorrhizal activity . " = = = Hypogeous fruiting = = = Hypogeous fruitbodies , or fruitbodies developing below ground , occur in Lactarius and Russula and have previously been considered as distinct genera ( see Systematics and taxonomy : Internal systematics ) . As such species are especially diverse in some warm and dry regions , e.g. in Spain , California , or Australia , below @-@ ground fruiting has been interpreted as an adaptation to drought . However , hypogeous Russulaceae are also known from cold temperate regions and tropical rainforest . The fact that hypogeous species in the Russulaceae do not form their own lineages but are scattered in Russula or Lactarius shows that this type of fruiting evolved several times . It is believed that these changes are evolutionarily quite recent . = = = Parasites = = = Russulaceae fruitbodies are subject to parasitisation by other fungi . The genus Asterophora develops on old fruitbodies of the mushroom species in the family , as does Dendrocollybia racemosa on at least Russula crassotunicata . Fruitbodies of Lactifluus or Russula species otherwise hot @-@ tasting and unpalatable are regarded as choice edibles in North America when infected by the " lobster mushroom " Hypomyces lactifluorum . Heterotrophic plants , including orchids or monotropoids , also parasitise ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae and their plant partners – see above , Other types of mycorrhiza . = = = Threats and conservation = = = As with most fungi , little information is available on the threat of extinction for Russulaceae species , and they have not been assessed in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature 's Red List . However , national lists contain some species of Lactarius , Lactifluus and Russula , indicating that they have small populations and are endangered , e.g. in Great Britain , Switzerland , the Czech Republic , and New Zealand . Although data on Russulaceae themselves are scarce , more is known about the habitats they occur in , especially for the ectomycorrhizal species which depend on their host plants : Several of these habitats are affected by loss or degradation , such as peatlands , Mediterranean forests and scrub or tropical African dry woodland . Similarly , dead wood , the habitat of the corticioid Russulaceae , is rare in many exploited forests and needs special management . Recent studies have found some traditional Russulaceae species to comprise several cryptic species ( see Systematics and taxonomy : Species diversity ) . This may imply that distribution range and population size for each of such distinct species are smaller than previously thought . = = Edibility = = Several species of Lactarius , Lactifluus and Russula are valued as excellent edible mushrooms . This is the case for example for the north temperate species Lactarius deliciosus , Lactifluus volemus , or Russula vesca , and other species are popular in other parts of the world , e.g. Lactarius indigo in Mexico , or Lactifluus edulis in tropical Africa . Some species , like Russula vesca , can even be eaten raw . The brittle texture of Russula fruitbodies makes them different from other mushrooms and is not appreciated by some . Several species have a hot to very acrid taste and can cause gastrointestinal symptoms . Despite this , such species are eaten in some regions , e.g. Lactarius torminosus in Finland or Russia . Often , they are parboiled or pickled to make them palatable , and sometimes , they are used as spice , for example Russula emetica in Eastern Europe . Some species are however truly poisonous : the East Asian and North American Russula subnigricans causes rhabdomyolysis and is potentially lethal , and Lactarius turpis from Eurasia contains a mutagenic substance . Cultivation of edible Russulaceae , as in other ectomycorrhizal fungi , is challenging , since the presence of host trees is required . In spite of this difficulty , the European Lactarius deliciosus has been successfully grown in " mushroom orchards " in New Zealand . = = Chemistry = = Fruitbodies of Russulaceae have been the subject of natural product research , and different classes of organic compounds have been isolated from them . Aroma compounds are responsible for the particular odour or taste in some species , e.g. sotolon in the fenugreek @-@ smelling Lactarius helvus , or the similar quabalactone III in Lactarius rubidus which causes a maple syrup @-@ like odour in dried specimens . Pigments have been isolated from brightly coloured species , e.g. ( 7 @-@ isopropenyl @-@ 4 @-@ methylazulen @-@ 1 @-@ yl ) methyl stearate from the blue Lactarius indigo or russulaflavidin and a derivative from the yellow Russula flavida . Some Russula species contain pigmented pteridine derivatives called russupteridines that are not found in the milk @-@ caps . Sesquiterpenes are characteristic secondary metabolites of many Russulaceae , especially milk @-@ caps which have been quite intensively studied . They are thought to be responsible for the hot taste in many species and may have deterrent , antifeeding functions in nature . Other metabolites isolated from different species include dibenzonaphtyridinone alkaloids , prenylated phenols , benzofurans , chromenes , natural rubber ( polyisoprene ) , sterols , and the sugar alcohol volemitol . Among toxic substances , Lactarius turpis contains the mutagenic alkaloid necatorin , and the small compound cycloprop @-@ 2 @-@ ene carboxylic acid has been identified as the toxic agent in Russula subnigricans . Some secondary metabolites showed antibiotic properties in laboratory tests . An ethanolic extract of Russula delica was antibacterial , and a lectin from Russula rosea showed antitumor activity . = Michel Aflaq = Michel Aflaq ( Arabic : ميشيل عفلق , 1910 – 23 June 1989 ) was a Syrian philosopher , sociologist and Arab nationalist . His ideas played a significant role in the development of Ba 'athism and its political movement ; he is considered by several Ba 'athists to be the principal founder of Ba 'athist thought . He published various books during his lifetime , the most notable being The Battle for One Destiny ( 1958 ) and The Struggle Against Distorting the Movement of Arab Revolution ( 1975 ) . Born into a middle @-@ class family in Damascus , Syria , Aflaq studied at the Sorbonne , where he met his future political companion Salah al @-@ Din al @-@ Bitar . He returned to Syria in 1932 , and began his political career in communist politics . Aflaq became a communist activist , but broke his ties with the communist movement when the Syrian – Lebanese Communist Party supported France 's colonial policies . Later in 1940 Aflaq and al @-@ Bitar established the Arab Ihya Movement ( later renaming itself the Arab Ba 'ath Movement , taking the name from Zaki al @-@ Arsuzi 's group by the same name ) . The movement proved successful , and in 1947 the Arab Ba 'ath Movement merged with al @-@ Arsuzi 's Arab Ba 'ath organisation to establish the Arab Ba 'ath Party . Aflaq was elected to the party 's executive committee and was elected " ' Amid " ( meaning the party 's leader ) . The Arab Ba 'ath Party merged with Akram al @-@ Hawrani 's Arab Socialist Party to establish the Arab Socialist Ba 'ath Party in 1952 ; Aflaq was elected the party 's leader in 1954 . During the mid @-@ to @-@ late 1950s the party began developing relations with Gamal Abdel Nasser , the President of Egypt , which eventually led to the establishment of the United Arab Republic ( UAR ) . Nasser forced Aflaq to dissolve the party , which he did , but without consulting with party members . Shortly after the UAR 's dissolution , Aflaq was reelected as Secretary General of the National Command of the Ba 'ath Party . Following the 8th of March Revolution , Aflaq 's position within the party was weakened to such an extent that he was forced to resign as the party 's leader in 1965 . Aflaq was ousted during the 1966 Syrian coup d 'état , which led to a schism within the Ba 'ath Party . He escaped to Lebanon , but later went to Iraq . In 1968 Aflaq was elected Secretary General of the Iraqi @-@ led Ba 'ath Party ; during his tenure he held no de facto power . He held the post until his death on 23 June 1989 . Aflaq 's theories about society , economics and politics , which are collectively known as Ba 'athism , hold that the Arab world needs to be unified into one Arab Nation in order to achieve an advanced state of development . He was critical of both capitalism and communism , and critical of Karl Marx 's view of dialectical materialism as the only truth . Ba 'athist thought placed much emphasis on liberty and Arab socialism – a socialism with Arab characteristics , which was not part of the international socialist movement as defined by the West . Aflaq believed in the separation of state and religion , and was a strong believer in secularisation , but was against atheism . Although a Christian , he believed Islam to be proof of " Arab genius " . In the aftermath of the 1966 Ba 'ath Party split , the Syrian @-@ led Ba 'ath Party accused Aflaq of stealing al @-@ Arsuzi 's ideas , and called him a " thief " . The Iraqi @-@ led Ba 'ath Party rejects this , and does not believe that al @-@ Arsuzi contributed to Ba 'athist thought . = = Early life : 1910 – 1939 = = Born in Damascus to a middle class Greek Orthodox Christian family , his father , Joseph , working as a grain merchant . Aflaq was first educated in the westernized schools of the French Mandate of Syria . In 1929 , he left Syria to study philosophy abroad at the Sorbonne in Paris . During his stay Aflaq was influenced by the works of Henri Bergson , and met his longtime collaborator Salah al @-@ Din al @-@ Bitar , a fellow Syrian nationalist . Aflaq founded an Arab Student Union at the Sorbonne , and discovered the writings of Karl Marx . He returned to Syria in 1932 , and became active in communist politics , but left the movement when the government of Léon Blum , supported by the French Communist Party ( FCP ) , continued France 's old politics towards its colonies . Aflaq , and others , had believed that the FCP followed pro @-@ independence policies towards the French colonies . It had not helped that the Syrian – Lebanese Communist Party ( SLCP ) supported the FCP 's decision . From then on Aflaq saw the communist movement as a tool of the Soviet Union . He was impressed by the organisation and ideology of Antun Saadeh 's Syrian Social Nationalist Party . = = = Arab Ba 'ath Movement : 1940 – 1947 = = = Upon their return to Syria , Aflaq and al @-@ Bitar became teachers at Tajhiz all ' -Ula , " the most prestigious secondary school in Syria " . Aflaq taught history , while al @-@ Bitar taught maths and physics . By 1940 , Aflaq and al @-@ Bitar had managed to set up a student circle , which usually met on Fridays . That year , the Arab Ihya Movement , a political party , was established by Aflaq and al @-@ Bitar . They used most of their spare time in 1941 to agitate for the party . It was in 1942 that Aflaq showed his skills as " a compelling speaker " who was able to utilize the " theatrical pause " to great effect . The party changed its name to Arab Ba 'ath Movement to signify the radical changes which were sweeping the Middle East ; Rashid Ali al @-@ Gaylani , the Prime Minister of Iraq , had challenged Britain 's domination over Iraq . The replacement of the word " Revival " with " Ba 'ath " ( Arabic : بعث , literally means resurrection / rebirth ) signified that Arab revival had been replaced ideologically by the need for an Arab rebirth . The change of name led to Zaki al @-@ Arsuzi , leader of the Arab Ba 'ath Party , to accuse Aflaq and al @-@ Bitar of stealing his party 's name from him . Though both men were promoting a party platform based on an Arab nationalist stance , Aflaq and al @-@ Arsuzi became bitter rivals . On 24 October 1942 , both Aflaq and al @-@ Bitar resigned from their teaching positions , now determined to devote themselves fully to the political struggle . In 1941 the Syrian Committee to Help Iraq was established to support the Iraqi Government led by Rashid Ali al @-@ Gaylani against the British invasion during the Anglo – Iraqi War . Al @-@ Arsuzi , the leader of the other Arab Ba 'ath movement , was skeptical of the new committee , and opposed helping the Iraqis on the ground that they would lose anyway . In 1941 the movement began publishing documents under the name the " Arab Ihya Movement " . Later , in 1945 , Aflaq and al @-@ Bitar asked the French Mandate authorities to grant the movement a party license . The Arab Ba 'ath movement did not become an official party until 1947 , when it merged with al @-@ Arsuzi 's Arab Ba 'ath Movement to found the Arab Ba 'ath Party . The Arab Ba 'ath Movement , led by Aflaq and al @-@ Bitar , drew supporters from al @-@ Arsuzi 's Ba 'ath Movement ; during the 1940s , al @-@ Arsuzi started to seclude himself from the public eye , he developed a deep distrust of others and became , according to some of his associates , paranoid . When the two Ba 'ath movements merged and established the Arab Ba 'ath Party in 1947 , the only subject discussed was how much socialism to include ; Wahib al @-@ Ghanim and Jalal al @-@ Sayyid from the al @-@ Arsuzi led Ba 'ath movement wanted Aflaq and al @-@ Bitar to adopt more radical socialist policies . = = Early political career and the UAR : 1947 – 1963 = = = = = Founding and early years = = = The Arab Ba 'ath Party 's first congress was held in Damascus in 1947 . Aflaq took the pre @-@ eminent position of Amid , sometimes translated as ' doyen ' or as ' leader ' ; and was elected to a four @-@ member executive committee . Under the constitution adopted at the congress , this made him effective leader of the party , with sweeping powers within the organisation ; al @-@ Bitar was elected Secretary General of the National Command . Zaki al @-@ Arsuzi , the leader of the Arab Ba 'ath , was not given any position , or membership in the party . Aflaq as Amid was responsible for ideological affairs and became the party 's mentor , while al @-@ Bitar controlled the party 's day @-@ to @-@ day management . The merger would prove problematic , several members of the al @-@ Arsuzi @-@ led Ba 'ath Party were more left @-@ leaning , and would become , later in Aflaq 's tenure as leader , highly critical of his leadership . In the late 1940s , Aflaq and al @-@ Bitar gave free lessons on Ba 'athist thought , and in 1948 they established the newspaper al @-@ Ba 'ath ( English : rebirth / resurrection ) . Aflaq tested the Ba 'ath Party 's strength during the 1948 Arab – Israeli War after early Syrian defeats – he led several demonstrations against the government led by President Shukri al @-@ Quwatli . He personally led demonstrations , and claimed that al @-@ Quwatli , a landowner , was a corrupt and capitalistic politician , who was to blame for the Syrians army 's defeat . Aflaq called for al @-@ Quwatli 's resignation , and wrote several al @-@ Ba 'ath articles criticising his presidency and his prime minister , Jamil Mardam Bey . Aflaq was later arrested on the orders of al @-@ Quwatli 's prime minister Bey . Al @-@ Quwali 's government was brought down in a coup d 'état led by military officer Husni al @-@ Za 'im . Al @-@ Za 'im banned all parties , claiming that Syria was not ready to establish a liberal democracy yet . Aflaq , who had been set free , was rearrested during al @-@ Zai 'm's presidency and sent to the notorious Mezzeh Prison . Al @-@ Za 'im 's rule did not last for long , and in August 1949 , he was toppled , and Hashim al @-@ Atassi , who was democratically @-@ elected , took his place . Al @-@ Atassi established a national unity government , and Aflaq was appointed to the post of Minister of Education , the only government post he would ever hold ; he held it from August to December 1949 . Al @-@ Attasi 's presidency did not last for very long either , and in 1951 Adib Shishakli took power in a military coup . Aflaq at first extended his support to the new government , believing that he and the Ba 'ath Party could collaborate with Shishakli because they shared the same Arab nationalist sentiments . His analysis of Shishakli proved to be wrong , and one of Shishakli 's first decisions as ruler was to ban all political parties , including the Ba 'ath Party . The Ba 'ath Party leadership , and several leading members , escaped to Lebanon in the wake of increased government repression . In Lebanon Aflaq and al @-@ Bitar agreed to a merger of the Arab Ba 'ath Party and the Arab Socialist Party ( ASP ) , led by Akram al @-@ Hawrani , to establish the Arab Socialist Ba 'ath Party in 1952 . The newly formed party worked as a base of operation against Shishali 's rule – Aflaq and the rest cooperated with non @-@ Ba 'athist opposition forces too . Shishakli was toppled in February 1954 . = = = Power politics : 1954 – 1963 = = = Following the overthrow of al @-@ Shishakli , Syria held its first democratic elections in five years . The Ba 'ath Party , led by Aflaq , al @-@ Bitar and al @-@ Hawrani , had 22 members elected to parliament . This increase in influence can largely be attributed to al @-@ Hawrani – several old ASP strongholds voted for the Ba 'ath Party because of al @-@ Hawrani 's presence . By this time Aflaq was losing much of his power to al @-@ Hawrani and his supporters , who were in a majority in the party . A proof of this was the decision of the Ba 'ath Party to collaborate openly with the Syrian Communist Party ( SCP ) , a move Aflaq opposed . Aflaq was elected the party 's Secretary General of the newly established National Command , a title equivalent to ' party leader ' , by the party 's Second National Congress . When , under the United Arab Republic ( UAR ) , Aflaq was forced by Nasser to dissolve the party , he disbanded the party by himself , instead of convening a congress on the matter . The UAR proved to be disastrous for the Ba 'ath Party – the party was sidelined to a great extent by Nasser 's government . The Ba 'ath movement , which was on the verge in 1958 of becoming the dominant Arab nationalist movement , found itself in disarray after three years of Nasserist rule . Only a handful of Ba 'athists were given public office in the UAR 's government , al @-@ Hawrani became Vice President and al @-@ Bitar became Minister of Culture and Guidance . Several members , mostly young , blamed Aflaq for this situation ; it was he who dissolved the party in 1958 without consulting the National Congress . Hafez al @-@ Assad and Salah Jadid amongst others , eventually established the Military Committee to save the Syrian Ba 'ath movement from annihilation . The party 's Third National Congress in 1959 supported Aflaq 's decision to dissolve the party , but a 1960 National Congress , in which Jadid was a delegate representing the then @-@ unknown Military Committee , reversed the decision and called for the Ba 'ath Party 's reestablishment . The Congress also decided to improve relations with Nasser by democratising the UAR from within . A faction within the party , led by al @-@ Hawrani , called for Syria 's secession . When the UAR broke up in 1961 , some members applauded the dissolution , among them was al @-@ Bitar . The Ba 'ath Party captured 20 seats , down from 22 , in the 1961 election . In 1962 , after four years , Aflaq convened the Fifth Congress in Homs . Al @-@ Hawrani was not invited ; cells that had stayed active and defied Aflaq 's orders , and Ba 'athists who become Nasserists during the period of the UAR , were not invited to the congress . Aflaq was reelected the National Command 's Secretary General , and ordered the reestablishment of the Syrian @-@ regional Ba 'ath organisation . During the congress , Aflaq and the Military Committee , through Muhammad Umran , made contact for the first time ; the committee asked for permission to initiate a coup d 'état ; Aflaq supported the conspiracy . Following the success of the February 1963 Iraqi coup d 'état , led by the Ba 'ath Party 's Iraqi Regional Branch , the Military Committee hastily convened to hatch a coup against Nazim al @-@ Kudsi 's presidency . The 8th of March Revolution , a military coup launched in 1963 , proved successful , and a Ba 'athist government in Syria was established . The plotters first order was to establish the National Council of the Revolutionary Command ( NCRC ) , consisting entirely of Ba 'athists and Nasserists , and controlled by military personnel rather than civilians from the very beginning . = = The struggle : 1963 – 1968 = = = = = The beginning : 1963 – 1964 = = = The relationship between the Ba 'athists and the Nasserists were at best , uncomfortable . The Ba 'ath Party 's rise to power in Iraq and Syria put Nasser , as he put it , " between the hammer and the anvil " . The establishment of a union between Iraq and Syria would weaken his credentials as a pan @-@ Arab leader . Nasser started launching bitter propaganda attacks against the party ; Aflaq was dismissed as an ineffectual theorist who was mocked as a puppet " Roman emperor " and accused of being a " Cypriot Christian " . In several Ba 'ath Party meetings Aflaq responded with pure anger , and became an anti @-@ Nasserist . Because of the position he took , Aflaq had a falling out with al @-@ Bitar who still believed there was a chance to reestablish good ties with Nasser . The break with Nasser weakened the original leaders of the Ba 'ath Party , which in turn gave the Military Committee room to expand . After taking power , the Military Committee looked for theoretical guidance , but instead of going to Aflaq to solve problems ( which was usual before ) , they contacted the party 's Marxist faction led by Hammud al @-@ Shufi . At the Syrian Ba 'athist Regional Congress , the Military Committee " proved " that it was rebelling equally against Aflaq and the traditional leadership , as against their moderate social and economic policies . The Military Committee was bent on removing Aflaq from a position of power , believing that he had become old and frail . At the Sixth National Congress held in October 1963 , Aflaq was barely able to hold on to his post as Secretary General – the Marxist factions led by al @-@ Shufi and Ali Salih al @-@ Sadi , in Syria and Iraq respectively , were the majority group . Another problem facing Aflaq was that several of his colleagues were not elected to party office , for instance al @-@ Bitar was not reelected to a seat in the National Command . Instead of the traditional civilian leadership , a new leadership consisting of military officers was gradually growing ; Jadid and Amin al @-@ Hafiz from Syria and Ahmed Hassan al @-@ Bakr and Salih Mahdi Ammash from Iraq were elected to the National Command . While the Military Committee was in fact taking control over the Ba 'ath Party from the civilian leadership , they were sensitive to such criticism , and stated , in an ideological pamphlet , that civilian @-@ military symbiosis was of major importance , if socialist reconstruction was to be achieved . To the outside world Aflaq seemed to be in charge . As the Tunisian newspaper L 'Action tunisienne put it ; " The philosopher who made two coups [ Iraqi and Syrian coups ] in a month " . The Ba 'ath movement was not running as smoothly as the rest of the world believed ; the Iraqi Regional Branch was already starting to lose membership . The Iraqi military and the party 's militant arm , the National Guard , detested each other . Al @-@ Sadi , the Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Branch , was eventually exiled to Madrid , Spain on 11 November by several military officers and moderate Ba 'athists . An anxious Aflaq hastily traveled from Syria and dissolved the Regional Command of the Iraqi Regional Branch , exclaiming that the National Command would rule Iraq in its place until a new Regional Command was elected . This was not greeted warmly by the majority of Iraqi military officers and Ba 'athists – the idea that a Christian was to rule over a Muslim country was considered " insensitive " . The situation in Iraq did not improve , Abdul Salam Arif , the President of Iraq and a Nasserist , plotted a coup against the Ba 'ath Party on 18 November , which succeeded . The dream of cornering Nasser 's pan @-@ Arab project was over ; instead , it was Nasser and the Nasserists who were cornering the Ba 'ath movement . On hearing the news , Aflaq and several Ba 'athists fled Iraq for Syria . = = = The schism : 1964 – 1965 = = = After a falling out with the Military Committee , of which he was a member , Muhammad Umran told Aflaq about the Committee 's secret plans to oust the civilian leadership , led by Aflaq , and take over the Ba 'ath Party . Shortly after , Umran was sent into exile as Ambassador to Spain for supporting the Aflaq faction . Aflaq responded to the threat posed to his leadership by invoking his office as Secretary General , and calling for the National Command to dissolve the Regional Command . He was forced to withdraw his request , when the majority of Ba 'ath Party members proved to oppose such a move . A contest for power , between Aflaq and the Military Committee , ensued in the open ; but it was a struggle Aflaq was losing . It was plain from the very beginning that the initiative lay with the anti @-@ Aflaq forces . To counter the military threat , Aflaq invoked party rules and regulations against them . To counter this , the Military Committee befriended a staunchly anti @-@ Aflaq civilian faction calling themselves the " Regionalists " – this group had not dissolved their party organisations as ordered by Aflaq in the 1950s . The Regional Congress of the Syrian Regional Branch , in March 1965 , devolved power from the center , the National Command , to the Regional Command . From then on , the Regional Secretary of the Regional Command was considered Syria 's ex officio 's head of state . The Regional Secretary had the power to appoint the Prime Minister , the cabinet , the chief of staff and top military commanders . Aflaq was unsettled by the way things were moving , and in May he convened the Eighth National Congress to get a showdown between his followers and those of the Military Committee . However , this never came to fruition . Several civilian members of the National Command , such as the Lebanese Jibran Majdalani and the Saudi Ali Ghannam , advised caution , believing that if he pressed the Military Committee too hard the military would take over the Syrian Regional Branch , and then the Ba 'ath Party — as had happened in Iraq following the ousting of the Iraqi Regional Branch . Because of their concerns , Aflaq kept quiet . But to his astonishment , keeping quiet caused him to lose his post as Secretary General – Aflaq was succeeded as Secretary General of the National Command by Munif al @-@ Razzaz , a Jordanian of Syrian origin . However , the power between the two camps was unexpectedly reshuffled when Amin al @-@ Hafiz defected to Aflaq 's camp . In contrast to other military officers al @-@ Hafiz had very little influence within or outside the party . Al @-@ Hafiz 's defection led to a resurgence of activity within Aflaq 's faction , al @-@ Bitar and Umran were brought back from Spain to form a new government . = = = Downfall : 1966 – 1968 = = = Al @-@ Razzaz , Aflaq 's successor as Secretary General , came from the pro @-@ Aflaq faction . With the defection of al @-@ Hafez , he ordered that the National Command was the de jure ruling body of the Ba 'ath Party . He appointed al @-@ Bitar Prime Minister , Umran defence minister , Mansur al @-@ Atrash as Chairman of the National Council of the Revolutionary Command and al @-@ Hafiz retained his post as President of Syria . Salah Jadid , the Military Committee 's strongman , responded by arresting several Umran supporters . Umran responded by dismissing a handful of pro @-@ Jadid officials . The most important of these dismissals was the removal of Ahmad Suwaydani from the post of head of the country 's military intelligence to head of the Officer Administration . On 23 February a coup d 'état led by Jadid and Hafez al @-@ Assad overthrew the Syrian Government and the Ba 'ath Party leadership . Aflaq was exiled from Syria , and ordered never to return his homeland . Members of the party 's other factions fled ; Aflaq was captured and detained , along with other pro @-@ Aflaq supporters , in a government guest house . When the new rulers launched a purge in August that year , Aflaq managed to make his escape , with the help of Nasim Al Safarjalani and Malek Bashour , both closely trusted friends and colleagues , and hence was able to flee to Beirut , Lebanon , and later to Brazil . Aflaq 's downfall caused a split within the Ba 'ath Party ; the party was de facto dissolved and two Ba 'ath Parties were established , one Iraqi @-@ led Ba 'ath Party and one Syrian @-@ led Ba 'ath Party . The Syrian @-@ led party was led by Jadid and his supporters and hailed Zaki al @-@ Arsuzi , the founder of the Arab Ba 'ath in 1940 , as the father of Ba 'athist thought , while the Iraqi @-@ led party led by Ahmed Hassan al @-@ Bakr and Saddam Hussein , still proclaimed Aflaq to be the founder of Ba 'athist thought . In February 1966 at the Ninth National Congress , held after the coup which ousted the pro @-@ Aflaq faction , the Iraqi delegation split with the Syrian Ba 'athists . The Iraqi 's held the true Ninth National Congress in February 1968 in Beirut , and elected Aflaq as Secretary General of the National Command . Aflaq 's election to the Secretary Generalship also proved to be his final break with al @-@ Bitar ; before the congress convened al @-@ Bitar announced that he had left the Ba 'ath Party and given up on the Ba 'athist movement as a whole . = = Iraqi @-@ led Ba 'ath Party : 1968 – 1989 = = Aflaq moved to Baghdad following his reelection to the Secretary Generalship in February 1968 . He stayed there until 1970 , when the Jordan – Palestine War broke out , he criticised the Ba 'ath leadership of doing too little to help Palestine during the conflict . During the conflict , Aflaq lobbied extensively for Yasser Arafat and the Palestine Liberation Organisation . Aflaq wanted Iraqi intervention ; al @-@ Bakr , however , refused to get Iraq involved in such a conflict . Because of this , Aflaq returned to Lebanon in self @-@ imposed exile . The government of Hafez al @-@ Assad , the President of Syria , condemned Aflaq to death in absentia in 1971 . = = = Until his death = = = After four years of self @-@ imposed exile Aflaq returned to Iraq In 1974 , a year before the Lebanese Civil War broke out . He refrained from taking part in Iraqi politics . He published several works during this period , the most notable being The Struggle Against Distorting the Movement of Arab Revolution in 1975 . Aflaq regained some of his influence when he befriended Saddam Hussein , President of Iraq from 1979 until 2003 . During the Iran – Iraq War the Iranian leadership accused Hussein of being under the control of a Christian , and Aflaq himself was labelled " a Christian infidel " . Effectively , throughout his tenure as Secretary General in Iraq , Aflaq was given all due honour as the founder of the Ba 'ath movement , but on policy @-@ making , he was ignored . Aflaq died on 23 June 1989 in Paris , after undergoing heart surgery there . = = = Disputed conversion to Islam = = = Saddam Hussein claimed that Aflaq had converted to Islam prior to his death – according to nameless Western diplomats . This claim was later disputed by nameless members of Aflaq 's own family - although Aflaq 's son Iyad confirmed that his father thought about conversion already in 1980 . Upon his disputed conversion he had taken the first name of Ahmad . According to the German orientalists Martin Robbe and Gerhard Höpp the conversion happened before 1988 . Even so , Aflaq was given an Islamic funeral . For the Berkley Center , Aflaq 's disputed conversion is considered by anonymous members of his family as a tool used by Saddam Hussein to disassociate Ba 'athism from Christianity . The tomb constructed on the orders of Hussein was later used by American soldiers after the 2003 American invasion of Iraq as a military barracks for troops stationed within the Green Zone . According to Aflaq 's family , the tomb was badly damaged during the invasion . = = Memory and Legacy = = Upon his death in 1989 he was given a state funeral . A large tomb and mausoleum were erected to form a shrine for him . The tomb , widely regarded as a work of great artistic merit , designed by Iraqi architect Chadagee , was located on the western grounds of the Ba 'ath Party Pan @-@ Arab Headquarters , at the intersection of Al @-@ Kindi street and the Qādisiyyah Expressway overpass . Currently it is a part of a US Army base . Although there were rumors and accusations that his tomb was destroyed during the 2003 Iraq War , the burial chamber and building above it were left untouched . Its blue @-@ tiled dome can be seen above the concrete T @-@ walls surrounding the Camp 's perimeter . = = Thought = = = = = " Unity , liberty , socialism " = = = The Arab Socialist Ba 'ath Party slogan " Unity , liberty , socialism " is the key tenet of Aflaq 's and Ba 'athist thought . Unity meant the unification of the Arab people into one nation , the Arab Nation . The creation of an Arab Nation would have direct implications on Arab development . The establishment of this new	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
etables and other promotional materials . = = Alignment = = = = = Eastern Suburbs Line = = = The Suburbs Line runs between Bondi Junction in Sydney 's east and Eveleigh , just south of the Sydney central business district . It is mostly underground , and consists of 7 kilometres of bored tunnels and 1 @.@ 5 kilometres of cut and cover tunnels , with only 2 kilometres above ground . In the Eastern Suburbs , three tunnels proceed in a westerly direction from Bondi Junction via Edgecliff and Kings Cross ; in each of these tunnels there are stations . Between Bondi Junction and Edgecliff there is a short open @-@ air cutting in Woollahra , and between Edgecliff and Kings Cross there is a short viaduct over Rushcutters Bay . From Kings Cross , the line proceeds west towards the Sydney Central Business District on a viaduct that passes over the suburb of Woolloomooloo and the Eastern Distributor . The line then passes into a tunnel underneath the Art Gallery of New South Wales to a station underneath Martin Place . Turning south , the line proceeds through Town Hall , Central and Redfern stations , before emerging behind the Eveleigh Railway Workshops . The line is double track throughout , with turnback sidings at Martin Place and Bondi Junction for citybound trains , and at Central for trains from Bondi Junction . = = = Illawarra & Cronulla Lines = = = The Illawarra Line commences at Illawarra Junction at Redfern and travel on the ' Illawarra ' ( eastern pair ) tracks . A dive tunnel allows Intercity services from the South Coast Line to cross underneath the main suburban lines to access Central station . The Illawarra lines are also connected at this point to the Illawarra Relief Lines which emerge from underground and lead to the Eastern Suburbs Line . From Illawarra Junction , four tracks head south through Erskineville and St Peters to Sydenham station . The ' main ' pair of tracks are used by Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line and South Coast Line trains and the ' local ' pair by Bankstown Line and peak hour Airport , Inner West & South Line trains . At Sydenham , the Bankstown railway line branches off , but trains from the Airport , Inner West & South Line continue along the Illawarra line until Wolli Creek , where a junction to the East Hills line exists . South of Wolli Creek station , a crossover allows trains from the ' main ' pair of tracks to switch to the ' local ' pair . This is used by peak hour all @-@ stations Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line trains . The four track section ends at Hurstville . The line then continues as two tracks south towards Sutherland , crossing the Georges River via the Como railway bridge between Oatley and Como . At Sutherland the Cronulla line branches in an easterly direction . The main line then heads in a southerly direction , parallel to the Princes Highway to the west and bordering the Royal National Park on its eastern side until Waterfall , the last suburb in the Sydney metropolitan area . The track continues south from here as the South Coast Line through the Royal National Park towards the Illawarra region . = = History = = = = = Main line construction = = = The Illawarra line route was approved by the New South Wales Government in 1880 . This route originated near the inner @-@ city locality of Macdonaldtown and ran to Kiama via the locality of " Bottle Forest " , a distance of 109 kilometres ( 68 mi ) . The route selected comprises the present @-@ day route of the Macdonaldtown to Waterfall section of the Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line . On 6 April 1881 , Governor Augustus Loftus assented to Act 44 Vic . No. 28 , which provided £ 1 @,@ 020 @,@ 000 for the construction of this railway , and proposed that the first section of 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) , constituting approximately the present suburban route , be completed by 30 September 1884 . Almost immediately , concerns were raised about the new route 's viability , most specifically over the cost of tunnelling between Waterfall and Otford to reach Wollongong . Work was suspended past the 24 kilometre point at Como , and Government surveyors were instructed to re @-@ survey a route via the Port Hacking River that had originally been surveyed in 1873 . Their work allayed concerns about the new route : although the new route had more tunnelling , excavation and sharp curves , the total cost of the " Bottle Forest " route was estimated at £ 130 @,@ 175 less than the original Port Hacking route . The Minister for Works eventually agreed on this new route , although construction was again briefly halted when the contractors refused to recommence work on the disputed section . With new contractors hired , the line was complete to Hurstville by 15 October 1884 , Waterfall by 9 March 1886 , and the whole line to Kiama was opened officially in Wollongong on 22 June 1887 . According to the official papers on the line 's construction , when the line first opened for trains between Sydney and Sutherland construction was not quite complete , so excursion services initially ran on weekends only until the entire line was handed over . The first official train ran within the modern @-@ day suburban area on 9 December 1885 , although the line was closed once again between December 1885 and January 1886 to permit testing on the new bridge over the Georges River . = = = Amplification and electrification = = = The line was originally constructed as double track between Illawarra Junction and Hurstville with single track thereafter ; however , its rising use meant that the line required duplication soon afterwards . The line was duplicated between Hurstville and Loftus Station ( with the exception of the Como bridge over the Georges River ) in April 1890 , then southward to Waterfall by 12 December 1890 . The section of track between Illawarra Junction and Hurstville was quadruplicated between 1913 and 1925 . After duplication in 1890 , the original lattice @-@ girder Como Bridge across the Georges River was laid as gauntlet track . This arrangement remained in place for many decades , causing a notorious bottleneck on the line , until the New South Wales Government commissioned John Holland & Co to build a new bridge in 1969 . Construction of the new bridge , made of prestressed concrete box girders , commenced in 1969 and was first used by the 18 : 17 service from Como on 19 November 1972 . The old bridge , as well as a former alignment of the line between Mortdale and Oatley replaced in 1905 , is now used as a rail trail for pedestrians and cyclists . The Illawarra Line was the first railway electrified in New South Wales , and was built in conjunction with the construction of the City Railway between Central and St James , opening on 1 March 1926 , a few months before the line was connected to the new underground railway . By November 1926 the electric overhead had passed Sutherland and continued to the branch line constructed to the Royal National Park . The line between Loftus and Waterfall remained unelectrified until 1980 and was serviced by steam and then diesel railcars . = = = Cronulla branch line = = = A single track tramway line , with four stations and a goods siding , was opened on 12 June 1911 at a cost of £ 37 @,@ 505 . The route commenced at the southern end of Sutherland station , proceeded north @-@ east to the Princes Highway , east along the Kingsway , then south past the site of the present rail terminus to Shelly Park in the centre of Cronulla . By 1932 the Cronulla tramway had closed . Competing bus services had begun to run with unrestricted competition , and the tram line by this time was so full with services that trams often ran late due to holdups at the crossing loops and passengers missed their connections at Sutherland . The line suffered large losses in its later years , and the effect of the Great Depression at the time forced it to cease its services , the last passenger service operating on 3 August 1931 . The goods service continued until 12 January of the next year . Although the closure of the tramway allowed planning to go ahead for a railway , the planning for the replacement railway line suffered various delays in the 1930s due to funding issues : the line 's construction competed with a proposal to electrify the Illawarra Line to Waterfall , and there were disputes over the point at which the line would connect to the main line . Two early proposals to join the line at Como and north of Sutherland Station were rejected . Despite the delays , Parliament finally gave approval to the line on 2 March 1936 , and a route with five new stations was surveyed that would connect with the main line at the southern side of Sutherland station . The new line was opened on 16 December 1939 . Although a crossing loop was installed at Caringbah Station and Gymea Station when the line was opened , the single track line prevented the expansion of services to the Cronulla peninsula , and so in the 1980s it was decided to duplicate a 3 @.@ 5 kilometre section of the line between Gymea and Caringbah , with Gymea . Miranda and Caringbah all receiving island platforms . The new section was opened on 15 July 1985 . In the 2000s , the remaining single track sections were duplicated . These opened on 19 April 2010 . = = = Eastern Suburbs Railway = = = In 1916 , a plan for the city railways , and an Eastern Suburbs extension was drawn up by the Chief Engineer of the Melbourne Railway Construction , John Bradfield . It was given subsequent approval by Parliament . Bradfield 's plan entailed building a City Circle loop , with an extension through to the Eastern Suburbs by means of a viaduct over Woolloomooloo . The line was to extend to Rosebery and Waterloo , with ten stations , linking with the Illawarra Line near Erskineville station . Upon the passing of the City and Suburban Electric Railways ( Amendment ) Act in 1947 , construction finally commenced on a variation of the Bradfield 's proposal . Two lines would be built : one proceeding on a viaduct out to Kings Cross , then eventually to Bondi Beach . Another line would head from St James via Taylor Square and the Sydney Cricket Ground , extending to Kingsford , with a proposal to extend from Taylor Square to Coogee . Construction commenced on sites around Central station but ceased in 1952 due to a recession . Work remained abandoned for over a decade . In 1967 construction again commenced on yet another variation on Bradfield 's design . This involved the earlier route used towards Bondi Junction through Woolloomooloo , then an extension towards Kingsford with five extra stations at Charing Cross , Frenchmans Road , Randwick , University and Kingsford . The New South Wales Government awarded the contract for the civil and structural design to the successful Snowy Mountains Hydro @-@ Electric Authority . An official Legislative Assembly inquiry in 1976 , however , recommended that costs on the project be cut , and the extension to Kingsford , a proposed station at Woollahra , and the expansion of concourse areas at Bondi Junction and Martin Place stations did not proceed . Nonetheless , it was resolved to fully integrate the railway with the Illawarra line . The Eastern Suburbs Railway opened between Central station and Bondi Junction on 23 June 1979 . Initially trains ran as shuttle services between Central and Bondi Junction ; it was not until a year later that work was finished to integrate the lines . A double @-@ track junction with the Illawarra Line at Erskineville south of Illawarra Junction , twin single track tunnels connecting to the Eastern Suburbs Railway platforms at Central , a set of underground platforms at Redfern and a turnback tunnel at Martin Place opened to complete the project on 20 July 1980 . Bondi Junction had originally been intended only as an intermediate turnback station before the extension to Kingsford was abandoned . As part of the Rail Clearways Program , the $ 77 million Bondi Junction Turnback project saw a new rail crossover was built between the single @-@ track tunnels , enabling 20 trains an hour , up from 14 , to use the station . The work was completed in time for the introduction of a new timetable on 28 May 2006 . = = Operation = = = = = Trains = = = In addition to Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line trains , the Illawarra railway line carries interurban and freight traffic . The Cronulla branch line and the Eastern Suburbs Railway are exclusively used by passenger trains . Historically , passenger services were provided to the Sydney Central by steam locomotives . The first services to Hurstville were run by steam locomotives of the Q.158 and R.285 classes . When the City Underground opened to St James in 1926 , a new electric service was provided to run there . From the time when the line to the Royal National Park was electrified , passengers received a steam train service at first , then when this became expensive , it was replaced by a rail motor service . This arrangement continued until the line was electrified to Waterfall , and the Eastern Suburbs Line was opened . In 1979 the Eastern Suburbs Line being the first line to only use S set double @-@ decker rolling stock . The current running operations for passenger services have remained generally unchanged since 1981 with the integration of the Illawarra line and the Eastern Suburbs Railway . Suburban services utilise Erskineville Junction and proceed to Central and Bondi Junction . The last S sets were withdrawn from Mortdale Maintenance Depot in March 2013 with all services now provided by Tangara and OSCAR sets . Trains typically operate with 12 services per hour in peak , six services per hour in off @-@ peak , and four to six services per hour on weekends and public holidays . = = = Stations = = = The line currently has 33 operating stations . Only three stations or platforms have closed , the two stations on the Royal National Park Branch ( the main station , which closed in 1991 , and the platform for the Scout 's Camp , which closed in 1947 ) , and the station on the Woronora Cemetery branch , which also closed in 1947 . = = = Stopping patterns = = = The stopping patterns on the Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line have generally been determined by several different termini . The steam era saw these termini change quite frequently as more terminating facilities were constructed : the first trains on the line after the Waterfall extension in 1887 either ran to Hurstville ( 16 per day ) , Sutherland ( two per day ) and Waterfall ( two per day ) , with all trains stopping at every intermediate station . By 1907 , however , Como and Oatley had been added to the list of termini , with nine and seven trains per day respectively . Seven trains per day at this time also ran to Sutherland , and one to Waterfall . Most trains terminated at Hurstville . Since electrification , the terminus stations for suburban trains have remained consistent . From 1926 trains terminated at either Hurstville , Sutherland and The National Park . With the opening of the Cronulla branch in 1939 , Cronulla become the fourth major terminus . In 1980 Waterfall was electrified and replaced The Royal National Park as a terminus , having been served by a diesel @-@ operated shuttle service until then . Today , the Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra line generally operates with five termini , at Hurstville , Mortdale , Sutherland , Cronulla and Waterfall . The vast majority of trains operate to Bondi Junction , mostly using the following patterns : Stopping Patterns ( as of October 2013 ) Weekdays ( Off @-@ Peak ) Bondi Junction , all stations to Central , Redfern , Sydenham , Tempe , all stations to Mortdale , Sutherland and then all stations to Waterfall ( every 30 minutes ) Bondi Junction , all stations to Central , Redfern , Sydenham , Wolli Creek , Rockdale , Kogarah , Hurstville , Oatley , Jannali , Sutherland and then all stations to Cronulla ( every 30 minutes ) Bondi Junction , all stations to Central , Redfern , Sydenham , Wolli Creek , Rockdale and then all stations to Cronulla ( every 30 minutes ) Weekday Peak Bondi Junction , all stations to Central , Redfern , Sydenham , Tempe and then all stations to Hurstville ( every 10 minutes ) Bondi Junction , all stations to Central , Redfern , Wolli Creek , Hurstville , Oatley and then all stations to Waterfall ( every 20 minutes ) Bondi Junction , all stations to Central , Redfern , Wolli Creek , Hurstville , Penshurst , Mortdale , Jannali , Sutherland and then all stations to Cronulla ( every 20 minutes ) Bondi Junction , all stations to Central , Redfern , Wolli Creek , Hurstville , Penshurst , Mortdale , Oatley , Jannali , Sutherland and then all stations to Cronulla ( every 20 minutes ) Weekends Bondi Junction , all stations to Central , Redfern , Sydenham , Tempe , all stations to Mortdale , Jannali , Sutherland and then all stations to Waterfall ( every 30 minutes ) Bondi Junction , all stations to Central , Redfern , Sydenham , Wolli Creek , Rockdale , Kogarah , Hurstville and then all stations to Cronulla ( every 30 minutes ) Bondi Junction , all stations to Central , Redfern , Sydenham , Wolli Creek , Rockdale , Kogarah , Hurstville , Mortdale , Sutherland and then all stations to Cronulla ( every 30 minutes ) Since the opening of the Bondi Junction Turnback project in 2006 , all trains have stopped at all stations on the Eastern Suburbs Line . In the event that trackwork shuts down the Eastern Suburbs section of the line ( i.e. from Central to Bondi Junction ) , trains from the Illawarra line will either divert through to the City Circle or towards North Sydney on the North Shore Line . = = Performance = = In 2009 – 2010 , 97 @.@ 65 % of all Eastern suburbs and Illawarra services ran on @-@ time , ranking it the most reliable line on the CityRail network . Planning experts recognised a need to expand capacity on the Eastern Suburbs Line . In 2002 , former CityRail chairman Ron Christie released a report , the " Long @-@ term strategic plan for rail " , which outlined the critical infrastructure that would need to be built between then and 2050 to ensure the long @-@ term survival and operation of the CityRail network . The report highlighted the problems facing the network at that time and noted that capacity on Illawarra Line trains was often at 120 % , and that 180 % was not unexpected . Christie said that by 2011 there would be no capacity on the Eastern Suburbs Line for trains coming from the Illawarra Line . To address this , the NSW Government constructed the Bondi Junction Turnback , which enables an additional six trains per hour to terminate at the station . To take advantage of the new infrastructure , a new timetable was introduced in May 2006 which reduced the overcrowding . A second project , the full duplication of the Cronulla branch line , was completed in 2010 . This increases the capacity of the branch line from four to eight trains per hour . The line between Oatley , Sutherland and Cronulla also received signalling upgrades to allow more services to run at shorter intervals . A new timetable with extra services was introduced on 10 October 2010 . It is proposed in the 2007 NSW State Plan that by 2017 , the line capacity between Hurstville and Sutherland will be amplified to allow extra services to and from Cronulla , as well as for services accessing the Mortdale Maintenance Centre . The 2010 Metropolitan Transport Plan made no mention of the project . = = Metro proposal = = Ron Christie 's " Long @-@ term strategic plan for rail " report from 2001 suggested that several " metro " lines be built to service new areas and to relieve capacity on existing lines . These included a metro line to supplement the Illawarra Line . The route would go from Cronulla to Miranda along the existing tracks , then along a reserved corridor for the F6 Southern Freeway up to Sydney Airport . The line would then extend to the Sydney CBD then to Sydney 's Northern Beaches via Chatswood . Christie suggested that even if the entire line were not to be built , the first stage between Cronulla , the Airport and the City would provide " essential capacity relief " for the Illawarra line which would be " severely capacity @-@ constrained " within two decades . Both heavy rail and light rail were mooted as transport suggestions . Christie was not the only person to suggest the F6 Corridor as an alternative . In 2002 , former Minister for Transport Carl Scully officially abandoned the corridor , reserved since 1951 for the extension of the Southern Freeway north to St Peters , and suggested that light rail , bus @-@ only roads or high @-@ frequency train services could run on the corridor . He wished to encourage innovative public transport solutions in the area , while maintaining the green space available near Botany Bay . The plan received support from environmental groups , with environmental transport group EcoTransit proposing their own 25 @.@ 5 km ( 15 @.@ 8 mi ) light rail line to supplement the Illawarra Line on the reservation , called the " Bay Light Express " . Since 2005 , however , the future of an alternative corridor has been in doubt , with State Treasurer Michael Costa announcing that the corridor would again be reserved for a motorway ; however metro lines in Sydney became a reality when the North West Rail Link ( now known as simply Sydney Metro Northwest ) was approved in 2013 and a rapid transit line supplementing the Illawarra Line may be possible in the future . = 2006 Oklahoma Sooners football team = The 2006 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season , the 112th season of Sooner football . The team was led by two @-@ time Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award winner , Bob Stoops , in his eighth season as head coach . They played their homes games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman , Oklahoma . They were a charter member of the Big 12 Conference . The season began on a bad note when starting quarterback Rhett Bomar and offensive lineman J.D. Quinn were kicked off the team for violating NCAA rules when they received payment for work they did not do the day before fall practice started . Paul Thompson , who had not practiced in the quarterback role for nearly a year , was asked to move back to quarterback , which he did . Conference play began with a loss to the Texas Longhorns in the annual Red River Rivalry on October 7 , and ended with a win over the Nebraska Cornhuskers in the Big 12 Championship Game on December 2 . The Sooners finished the regular season with an 11 – 2 record ( 7 – 1 in Big 12 ) while winning their fourth Big 12 title and their 40th conference title overall . They received an automatic berth to the Fiesta Bowl , where they were upset by the Boise State Broncos , 42 @-@ 43 , in what many consider to be one of the greatest bowl games of all time . Following the season , Adrian Peterson was selected seventh overall in the 2007 NFL Draft , Rufus Alexander was chosen in the 6th round , and C. J. Ah You was drafted in the 7th . = = Preseason = = After the previous year 's 8 – 4 season , the Sooners looked to return to past success in 2006 . Standout running back Adrian Peterson came into the season healthy and was also on the Maxwell Award watch list . Star linebacker Rufus Alexander ( a Bednarik Award hopeful ) returned for his senior campaign as did defensive ends C.J. Ah You , Larry Birdine , and Calvin Thibodeaux ( Ah You and Birdine were Ted Hendricks Award hopefuls ) . Reggie Smith was also named to the Jim Thorpe Award watch list . Nearly all major sports publications had the Sooners in the preseason Top 10 . Some had the Sooners as the preseason No. 1 pick including Athlon , Phil Steele and Gold Sheet . The team had a lot of young talent this year . The high school scouting website Rivals.com ranked Oklahoma 's 2005 recruiting class number one in the nation and the 2006 recruiting class number nine . Most of the 2006 signees redshirted and did not play in 2006 . When combined with statements from the Oklahoma coaching staff , the Sooners expected to be back in contention for the national title this year . On July 24 , 2006 , the Sooners were a 5 – 1 favorite to win the National Championship . The Sooners adopted a different jersey design in 2006 , which included the removal of the players ' last names from the back of the jersey due to the design of the uniform 's shoulders and back , and a darker crimson color for the jersey and helmet . On August 2 , 2006 , quarterback Rhett Bomar and offensive lineman J.D. Quinn , both sophomores , were dismissed from the team . It was reported that they violated NCAA regulations regarding receiving extra compensation . It was later determined Bomar received $ 7 @,@ 406 @.@ 88 and Quinn $ 8 @,@ 137 @.@ 17 . The loss of these two key players affected the team 's placement in many publications ' preseason polls as well as their chances of winning a national championship . The team turned to starting quarterback Paul Thompson ( a converted wide receiver in 2005 ) and backup Joey Halzle to lead the team . After investigating the Bomar scandal , on July 11 , 2007 , the NCAA announced a finding of " failure to monitor " the employment of student athletes and handed out penalties . These included a verdict that all wins from the 2005 Oklahoma season were vacated , changing the team 's record from 8 – 4 to 0 – 4 for that year . The University of Oklahoma appealed the finding , and the wins were later restored . = = Schedule = = = = Roster = = In 2006 , the Sooners competed with a relatively young team . Oklahoma listed 72 players on the roster and only nine of them were scholarship seniors . Following the dismissal of quarterback Rhett Bomar , fifth @-@ year senior Paul Thompson reconverted back to his former role of quarterback after spending 2005 as a wide receiver . Junior college transfer Joey Halzle was slotted as his backup . Thompson had several wide receivers to look to in 2006 , including Malcolm Kelly , Manuel Johnson , and Juaquin Iglesias . Not to mention junior Adrian Peterson , the team 's main running back . Most of the Sooners ' experience was on the other side of the ball . The Sooner linebackers were the most experienced players on the team . The squad was anchored by Rufus Alexander and Zach Latimer . Alexander was ranked as the third best linebacker in the country at the beginning of the season by College Football News . Behind them were other key players such as Demarrio Pleasant and Lewis Baker . Sophomore Ryan Reynolds , a notable player coming out of high school , was injured in the preseason and therefore was unable to contribute in 2006 . In addition to a veteran linebacker squad , Oklahoma had a number of big @-@ name defensive ends . During the preseason , College Football News ranked Larry Birdine , Calvin Thibodeaux and C.J. Ah You in the top 25 best defensive ends for the 2006 season ( ranked 14th , 20th , and 22nd , respectively ) . Oklahoma was the only team with three players in the top 25 . = = Coaching staff = = Bob Stoops returned for his eighth season as Oklahoma 's head coach . During the off @-@ season , he was once again mentioned as a candidate for positions outside of Oklahoma . While Stoops decided to stay in Norman , the rest of the Oklahoma coaching staff did see some changes . The biggest change came at the offensive coordinator position . Former offensive coordinator Chuck Long left Oklahoma to take the head coaching job at San Diego State University . Stoops chose somebody already on the staff to fill Long 's spot . Kevin Wilson was named the new offensive coordinator after previously serving as the co @-@ offensive coordinator along with Long as well as the offensive line coach . Rejoining the staff was former Sooner quarterback Josh Heupel , who led Oklahoma to the 2000 National Championship . Heupel had served two years as a graduate assistant before taking a position with Mike Stoops , Bob Stoops 's brother , at the University of Arizona in 2005 . Heupel took over Long 's old position of quarterback coach . Leaving the staff was Darrell Wyatt , who spent four years as the wide receivers coach . He took a position with the NFL 's Minnesota Vikings . This move launched another reshuffle of duties on Stoops 's staff . Coach Kevin Sumlin took over Wyatt 's duties with the wide receivers and was also named co @-@ offensive coordinator with Wilson . Coach James Patton was hired on from Northwestern to take over Wilson 's duties with the offensive line . = = Game notes = = = = = UAB = = = The Sooners began their season on September 2 against the UAB Blazers coached by Watson Brown . The Sooners ' offense performed well with quarterback Paul Thompson completing 58 % of his passes for 227 yards . Heisman hopeful Adrian Peterson performed well also , rushing for 139 yards , plus an additional 69 @-@ yard reception and two touchdowns . However , the Oklahoma defense did not perform as well as expected , giving up over 300 yards of offense . Bob Stoops himself said that " they weren 't nearly as good as they were billed to be . " Nevertheless , Oklahoma avoided another opening game upset and won 24 – 17 . = = = Washington = = = On September 9 , the Sooners took on the Huskies of Washington coached by Tyrone Willingham . Washington began with the ball and on the opening offensive play , Kenny James squeezed through Oklahoma 's line and dodged Keenan Clayton 's tackle to race 54 yards for a touchdown . Before the end of the 1st quarter , Paul Thompson hit wide receiver Malcolm Kelly in the back of the endzone to tie the game 7 – 7 . Washington answered with a field goal early in the 2nd quarter and Oklahoma and Washington continued to trade field goals to end the 1st half tied 13 – 13 . Oklahoma , however , came out strong in the second half and took the game away from the Huskies . Oklahoma scored 24 consecutive points before Washington scored a late @-@ game touchdown to bring the final score in favor of Oklahoma , 37 – 20 . Adrian Peterson continued his march up the Oklahoma record books with 165 rushing yards . Peterson was named the Big 12 's Offensive Player of the Week for his performance . Quarterback Paul Thompson improved over his season debut , going 21 @-@ for @-@ 33 including 9 @-@ for @-@ 11 in the second half . Some began to see the emergence of a " dynamic trio " in Thompson , Peterson , and Kelly . = = = Oregon = = = Heading into the game against Mike Bellotti 's Oregon Ducks , Oklahoma defensive coordinator Brent Venables made some major changes to the defensive depth chart after giving up four long running plays through the heart of the defensive line against Washington . The starters at defensive tackle , cornerback , and strong safety were all demoted , opening opportunities for some freshmen to step up . D.J. Wolfe was replaced by Marcus Walker at cornerback while senior Jason Carter started in place of Keenan Clayton at strong safety . Carter replaced Clayton in the game against Washington after a missed tackle by the freshman led to a Husky touchdown on their first offensive play . Even though all four players at defensive tackle had almost the same number of plays , Steven Coleman was moved off the top of the depth chart as well . After a controversial ending , the Oregon Ducks defeated the Oklahoma Sooners 34 – 33 giving Oklahoma their first loss of the season and making their record 2 – 1 . Oklahoma led Oregon by 13 points late in the game , but Oregon scored a touchdown with 72 seconds remaining , bringing the score to 27 – 33 in favor of Oklahoma . Oregon then tried for an onside kick and was awarded the ball by the officiating crew despite an Oklahoma player ending up with the ball and over the protests of the Oklahoma sideline who claimed that the ball did not travel the required 10 yards before being touched by Oregon . The instant replay officials took several minutes to review the call while the on @-@ air commentators came to the conclusion that the ball should go to Oklahoma , effectively giving Oklahoma the win as well . The officials , however , awarded the ball to Oregon . ESPN called the decision an " obvious mistake " . The network also questioned the Pac @-@ 10 policy of using conference officiating crews for inter @-@ conference games . Other conferences typically use neutral officials or ones from the visiting team 's conference , although Big 12 officials were used for Oklahoma 's non conference games against UAB and the University of Washington . The Oregon offense then drove down the field and scored the go ahead touchdown to win the game , 34 – 33 . Oklahoma President David Boren wrote a letter to Big 12 commissioner Kevin Weiberg asking for the loss to be erased from Oklahoma 's record , something that Weiberg did not support . Weiberg did say that he would raise concerns about the Pac @-@ 10 policy of using their own officials for inter @-@ conference games in Pac @-@ 10 stadiums . Bob Stoops said that he may cancel the 2008 game scheduled at Washington if the Pac @-@ 10 officiating policy is not changed . The Pac @-@ 10 conference suspended the entire officiating crew , including both on @-@ field and instant @-@ reply officials , for one game . The replay official , Gordon Riese , requested and was granted a leave of absence for the remainder of the season . Reise was quoted as saying , " I feel so bad I missed that call , it 's driving me crazy , " and that he was " struggling " with his mistake . On @-@ field official David Cutaia had his suspension delayed so that he could officiate the September 23rd game between the University of Southern California and the University of Arizona due to a shortage of Pac @-@ 10 conference officials . Mike Stoops , the Arizona head coach and brother to Oklahoma head coach Bob Stoops , said he felt it " was ridiculous that they couldn 't get all of the angles . It was pretty obvious , and not to see that Oklahoma had recovered those were just errors that are the fundamentals of refereeing , " He said he favored changing the Pac @-@ 10 rules so that out @-@ of @-@ conference officials will be brought in for non @-@ conference games . Those calling for the move from conference @-@ paid officials to officials working in a national pool included Texas Longhorns coach Mack Brown . His defending national championship team was called for a record number of penalties in a game against Rice . Brown said " You find when you go outside your league sometimes , people call things differently than our league ... Believe it or not , there are still a lot of different interpretations that make it uncomfortable some during a ballgame . " Less supportive of Oklahoma was Bob Knight , head basketball coach of the Texas Tech Red Raiders . Knight had called for Oklahoma to forfeit its basketball game against Tech in 2003 , when the Sooners won 69 – 64 because of two bad timekeeping decisions . The controversial Knight stated " ... [ H ] ad Oklahoma forfeited that game against us like I suggested , they would have gotten far more positive publicity out of that than if they had gone to the Final Four that year . Now I guess the ' duck ' is swimming in the other pond . " = = = Middle Tennessee = = = The Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders ( 2 – 1 ) were relatively new to Division I @-@ FBS having joined the Sun Belt Conference in 2000 after one year as an independent . Oklahoma and the Blue Raiders had not played against each other before . The Blue Raiders ' star players ( linebacker J.K. Sabb , a Butkus Award hopeful at the beginning of the season , and quarterback Clint Marks , who was on the list for the Davey O 'Brien Award ) had mixed results against their counterparts from Oklahoma . Marks ended the day 3 @-@ for @-@ 9 with 40 yards and an interception , but Sabb was able to make a game @-@ high 6 solo tackles with four tackles for loss . Other than linebacker coach Art Kaufman , all of the Middle Tennessee coaches were in their first year at the school ( including head coach Rick Stockstill ) . Malcolm Kelly broke a school record for receiving yards in a quarter that had stood since 1962 when he pulled down 134 yards in the first . He ended the day with 164 yards on 5 receptions and one touchdown . Adrian Peterson gained 128 yards on 27 carries and did not play after Oklahoma 's first possession of the second half . Coach Stoops forced him to sit out because of the chance that " something freakish could happen " and he would be unavailable for the game against Texas . Paul Thompson had a good day as well , throwing 13 @-@ for @-@ 18 for 257 yards and three touchdowns . On defense , linebacker Zach Latimer and cornerback Nic Harris each had an interception ; Latimer returned his 22 yards for a touchdown while Harris was pushed out at the one @-@ yard line . Oklahoma had 462 total yards of offense ( 272 through the air , 190 on the ground ) while limiting MTSU to only 95 total yards . The 59 point loss was the largest for the Blue Raiders since 1933 . = = = Texas ( Red River Rivalry ) = = = The Longhorns and the Sooners met at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas for their annual rivalry game known as the Red River Rivalry ( previously called the Red River Shootout ) . This marked the 101st meeting between the schools . Texas came into the game leading the series 56 – 39 – 5 overall and 44 – 35 – 4 at the Cotton Bowl . In 2005 , the Longhorns broke a five @-@ year losing streak on their way to win the national championship in the Rose Bowl against USC . The teams alternate home and away each year , and this year the Sooners played host . They occupied the bench under the press box and wore their red home jerseys while Texas wore their all @-@ white road uniform . The stadium , as usual , was split down the 50 @-@ yard line with Sooner fans sitting on the south side of mid @-@ field . The division is visually striking and the difference in crowd noise levels from one end of the stadium to the other almost always has a direct impact on the game . As intense as the rivalry between the schools is , there were many factors that tied the programs together in 2006 . Texas head coach Mack Brown was the offensive coordinator for the Sooners in 1984 ( the Red River Shootout ended in a 15 – 15 tie that year ) . He is also the brother of UAB head coach Watson Brown , who lost to Oklahoma at the beginning of the 2006 season . Oklahoma co @-@ defensive coordinator and defensive backs coach Bobby Jack Wright was an assistant coach at Texas from 1986 to ' 97 . Oklahoma also had two Austin natives on their roster , QB Hays McEachern and WR Fred Strong . McEachern 's father was the Texas quarterback in 1977 and 1978 and his mother was a Longhorn cheerleader . There were few bright points for the Sooners after half @-@ time in this installment of the Red River Rivalry . Though they held the Longhorns to only a single offensive yard in the second quarter , the defense gave up two big pass plays on Texas ' first series of the third , including a 33 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Limas Sweed that broke the defense 's will . The offense seemed equally under @-@ motivated in the second half , going three @-@ and @-@ out on their opening drive . Oklahoma also committed numerous turnovers in the second half , including a bad lateral pass that turned into a Texas touchdown , and two interceptions of quarterback Paul Thompson . Texas quarterback Colt McCoy had solid , albeit mediocre , numbers , but was central to the drive that put the Longhorns ahead for good . Bob Stoops said after the game that McCoy " managed the game for [ Texas ] in a really good way . " Texas ' defense was also able to shut down Adrian Peterson and limit him to only 109 yards and one long run ( a 29 @-@ yard touchdown run up the middle in the second quarter ) . Oklahoma 's star wide receiver Malcolm Kelly was limited to only two catches for 31 yards . = = = Iowa State = = = Both teams came into this game after losses the previous week . Iowa State dropped to 3 – 3 ( 0 – 2 Big 12 ) with a 28 – 14 loss to Nebraska in Ames . There were three Cyclone touchdowns negated by the officials in that game ( one called caught out of bounds , two on offensive penalties ) . Oklahoma lost to Texas for the second straight year in the Red River Rivalry in Dallas and was unable to mount a successful offensive drive for the entire second half . The Sooners also committed 11 penalties ( a full third of their season total at the time ) and five turnovers in that game . After equally disappointing weeks , both teams were looking to rebound . Oklahoma held a significant advantage in contests between the schools with the series record at 65 – 5 – 2 . Iowa State had not won in Norman since 1990 and had dropped nine straight games to the Sooners . The Cyclones ' head coach Dan McCarney was 0 – 5 against Oklahoma while Bob Stoops was 3 – 0 against Iowa State and 22 – 3 against teams from the North Division of the Big 12 . Iowa State took some outstanding players to Norman , but in the end it was not enough to win . Quarterback Brent Meyer was the all @-@ time leader in passing yards and total offense at ISU . He finished the season with the Cyclone record for career touchdowns as well . Meyer was complemented by wide receiver Todd Blythe who led the nation in career yards per catch ( 19 @.@ 0 ) and was fifth on the career touchdown receptions list ( 25 ) before the game . ISU linebacker Alvin Bowen also led the nation in tackles per game this season and had 17 against Nebraska . The special teams of the Cyclones was led by Ryan Baum who was averaging 18 @.@ 0 yards per punt return and had scored one touchdown . A win by Oklahoma where they never trailed was marred by an injury to Adrian Peterson . At the end of a 53 yard run in the fourth quarter , Peterson dove into the end zone and , as Stoops put it , " when he landed , he landed wrong . " The result was a broken collarbone that put him on the sideline for the remainder of the regular season . During the post @-@ game press conference Stoops said , " the earliest [ Peterson ] would be ready to play would be a bowl game . " This put an end to Peterson 's chase of the Oklahoma all @-@ time rushing record ; he was 150 yards from breaking Billy Sims ' mark set in 1979 at the time . Other Sooners also had big days against Iowa State . Paul Thompson went 16 of 27 for 195 yards and two touchdowns , both to Malcolm Kelly . Kelly had a total of four receptions for 50 yards on the day while sophomore Manuel Johnson had four grabs for 48 yards . Linebacker Rufus Alexander pulled down his first interception of the season in the third quarter . Iowa State 's only offensive points came on a 31 @-@ yard touchdown pass late in the first quarter from Meyer to standout receiver Todd Blythe . = = = Colorado = = = This week was homecoming for the Sooners , and there were some special celebrations planned . All season , Oklahoma had been remembering and recognizing the career of the late Prentice Gautt , the first African @-@ American football player at the university . Gautt 's jersey number ( 38 ) was not issued this season to any players and for the game against Colorado the 38 yard @-@ line on both halves of the field was highlighted with crimson . This year also marked the 50th anniversary of the 1956 National Championship won by the Sooners . At least 34 members of that team were expected to attend the game , including former All @-@ Americans Bill Krisher , Tommy McDonald , and Clendon Thomas . Going into the game , the series between Oklahoma and Colorado stood at 38 – 16 – 2 with the Sooners taking the advantage . Stoops was 4 – 1 against Colorado with a four @-@ game winning streak . Before the first of those wins ( in Norman on November 2 , 2002 ) , the Sooners dropped nine straight games to the Buffs , the most consecutive losses to a single opponent in the history of the program . Two of Stoops 's wins over Colorado came in Big 12 Championship games ( 2002 and 2004 ) . Colorado coach Dan Hawkins was in his first year at the school and had not coached against Oklahoma before . From the beginning , this game went heavily in the Sooner 's favor . Both defenses played well , but Oklahoma 's squad was able to limit Colorado to only 113 total yards , 51 of which came on the Buff 's only scoring drive late in the fourth quarter . Oklahoma 's offense was also held down , totaling only 271 yards mostly on runs and short underneath passes . Allen Patrick , filling in for the injured Adrian Peterson , was the player of the game and was the first person all season to run for over 100 yards against Colorado . He managed 110 yards on 35 carries with one touchdown run early in the fourth . For 218 consecutive games across 18 years , the Buffaloes had not been shut out ; kicker Mason Crosby saved the streak with a 39 – yard field goal into the wind late in the game . = = = Missouri = = = Gary Pinkel 's Missouri team was the surprise of the conference in 2006 , having already matched their win total from the previous year . They shared the lead for the Big 12 North division with Nebraska ( who they lost to November 4 in Lincoln ) . The Tigers won their homecoming game against Kansas State 41 – 21 . The Sooners also won their homecoming game against Colorado by a score of 24 – 3 . This was the beginning of a long road stretch for Oklahoma ; they played four of their last five games on the road . This was the 91st meeting between the schools with the Sooners holding the advantage 63 – 23 – 5 . In the words of Coach Bob Stoops , the Sooners played " opportunistic " football against Missouri ; converting four take @-@ aways into 19 points ( and adding a touchdown on a drive that saw new life after a " roughing the kicker " penalty ) to beat the Tigers in Columbia . It was the first home loss of the season for Missouri and broke an eight @-@ game home winning streak that stretched back into the 2005 season . Missouri quarterback Chase Daniel was 23 for 44 with 248 yards and no touchdowns , but he did throw three interceptions . Daniel rushed 20 times for 75 yards and a TD while the rest of the Tiger 's offense was only able to add one rushing yard on seven carries . The Sooners ' QB Paul Thompson went 11 for 19 with two touchdowns and no interceptions . He also ran for 28 yards and a score while Allen Patrick added 162 yards on 36 carries . Meanwhile Malcolm Kelly became the fastest player in Oklahoma history to reach 1 @,@ 000 career receiving yards , after only his 19th game . = = = Texas A & M = = = This game was Bob Stoops 's 100th as head coach at Oklahoma ; it was also the 25th meeting between the programs . The Sooners held a narrow 14 – 10 lead in the series going into the game , though A & M had won five of the eight played in College Station . Both the Sooners and the Aggies were coming off a four @-@ game winning streak . The two programs were very similar in their offensive philosophies . Texas A & M came in averaging a very balanced 213 @.@ 7 yards per game rushing and 209 @.@ 1 passing while the Sooners averaged 178 @.@ 4 yards on the ground and 204 @.@ 8 through the air . Oklahoma was surrendering an average of 36 fewer yards per game on defense . The game started well for the Sooners . Allen Patrick had 101 yards on 14 carries and Oklahoma scored two touchdowns in the first quarter to A & M 's one field goal . After Oklahoma failed to recover an early surprise onside kick , however , the Aggies closed the gap to 4 points with a scoring drive capped by a one yard rumble from running back Jorvorskie Lane . The defenses stiffened in the second half and both teams had to settle for field goals in the third and fourth quarters . In his second risky call of the game , Stoops had the Sooners attempt to convert a fourth @-@ and @-@ inches with 1 : 29 left to play and the ball almost to the offense 's 30 yard line . The run by Thompson was successful but unnecessary as A & M was penalized for having too many men on the field and Oklahoma was able to run out the clock . Paul Thompson had a disappointing day as he completed only three of his twelve passing attempts for a total of 39 yards . A & M 's Stephen McGee was slightly better completing 8 of 18 for 63 yards , though he was picked off by Marcus Walker in the third quarter ; Garrett Hartley kicked a field goal after the Sooners offense could not advance the ball after the turnover . The Aggies forced two fumbles of their own ( one from Patrick and one from Thompson ) , but they were forced to punt after their own offense was also stymied . The player of the game was Allen Patrick , who finished the day with a career @-@ high 173 yards on 32 carries and one touchdown . However , he suffered a sprained ankle during the last minutes of the game . Coach Wilson questioned whether he would be 100 % for the next game . Texas A & M coach Dennis Franchione dropped to 0 – 4 against the Sooners . = = = Texas Tech = = = Oklahoma played its last home game of the season against Texas Tech ( coached by former Oklahoma assistant Mike Leach ) , and bid farewell to the smallest class of seniors in Stoops 's tenure as head coach . The previous smallest class was 12 in 2001 ; this year there were eleven ( nine on scholarship ) . During the pre @-@ game ceremony , all the seniors and their families were introduced and the Don Key Award was presented to quarterback Paul Thompson . Going into the game , the series between the two schools was 10 – 3 in favor of Oklahoma , and the Red Raiders had not won in Norman in 10 years . With Adrian Peterson still recovering from breaking his collar bone against Iowa State and Allen Patrick on the sidelines in an ankle brace after suffering a late @-@ game sprain the week before , many aspects of the offense were in doubt coming into this game . Paul Thompson responded by putting up a career @-@ high 309 yards passing , completing 24 of 31 attempts . True @-@ freshman running back Chris Brown also stepped up to the challenge and ran for 84 yards and two touchdowns , both in the fourth quarter ; this was the first time in 16 games that a Sooner back did not run for over 100 yards . The only serious injury of the game came when wide receiver Manuel Johnson was knocked unconscious after hitting helmets with Texas Tech defensive back Chris Parker . Johnson was unresponsive on the sidelines for about 35 seconds before he opened his eyes . He was taken to the hospital by ambulance , treated for " a real bad concussion , " and kept overnight . According to Coach Stoops , Johnson would not play against Baylor , but he returned for the regular season finale . Tech played well also , especially on defense where they were able to create four turnovers including Thompson 's first interception in 99 pass attempts . Defensive back Antonio Huffman returned the pick 54 yards for a touchdown and put the Red Raiders up 24 – 10 late in the second quarter . Texas Tech was able to capitalize on the other take @-@ aways as well , turning them into 14 more points and held the lead until the fourth quarter . Two missed field goals and a fired @-@ up Sooner defense held the Red Raiders off , however , and the Sooners were able to put the game away with a two @-@ yard touchdown run by Brown . = = = Baylor = = = The Baylor game marked the beginning of a two @-@ game stretch of road games to finish the season for Oklahoma . The Sooners traveled to Baylor in Waco for the 16th meeting between the schools and the seventh at Floyd Casey Stadium . Oklahoma had never lost to the Bears , though the game in 2005 in Norman went into double @-@ overtime . This was the last game of the season for Baylor ; even with a win they would not be bowl @-@ eligible . Baylor 's passing offense had been strong all year . This was the first time they had been held below 21 points in their last seven conference games and they had two wide receivers with over 50 catches each . Unfortunately for the Bears , their starting quarterback Shawn Bell suffered a season @-@ ending injury against Texas A & M on October 28 . Paul Thompson had a career @-@ high 309 passing yards against Texas Tech , including a string of 14 straight completions after throwing his sixth interception of the year . At the time , he was also sixth on the Oklahoma single @-@ season touchdown passes list with 17 and eighth on the season passing yards list with 2 @,@ 092 . The Sooner defense played extremely well in Waco , limiting Baylor to 148 total yards and -48 yards of rushing . That was the fewest yards Baylor had produced all season and their worst performance on the ground in the program 's history ; it was also the second @-@ best performance by an Oklahoma defense ever . Defensive back Reggie Smith also pulled down two interceptions , returning the first one 42 yards for a touchdown . Oklahoma was also unable to avoid turning the ball over , however , losing four fumbles and throwing one pick . Baylor set up a field goal on the first fumble by Smith after he failed to catch a punt return and Baylor 's Braelon Davis returned a fumble by Chris Brown for a touchdown late in the game . Another fumble by Smith on a second return and one by Malcolm Kelly put premature ends to other Sooner drives . = = = Oklahoma State ( Bedlam Series ) = = = The Bedlam Series between Oklahoma and Oklahoma State has been played all but two years since 1904 and is the most lopsided series between schools in the same state in the nation . Going into the game , Oklahoma led the series , 77 – 16 – 7 . This was the last game of the regular season and held major bowl implications for both programs . Head coach Mike Gundy had managed to bring Oklahoma State to bowl @-@ eligibility with six wins , but they were still not guaranteed a bowl berth . The Big 12 had eight contract bowl spots this year and nine bowl – eligible teams . Since only teams with six wins can be selected for a bowl game after all available teams with seven or more have been selected , OSU needed Kansas to lose to Missouri to have any hope of a bowl game . After Missouri beat the Jayhawks 42 – 17 , both Kansas and OSU had 6 – 6 records and the bowl selection committees would choose which team would be invited . Aside from the rivalry and bowl implications , this game also decided who would represent the South Division at the Big 12 Championship Game in Kansas City . At the beginning of the week , Texas and Oklahoma were tied for the lead with Texas holding the tie @-@ breaker due to their win in the Red River Rivalry earlier in the year . However , since Texas lost to Texas A & M on November 24 , a Sooner victory at State would win them the division outright and let them play Nebraska for the Big 12 title and a spot in the Fiesta Bowl ( awarded contractually to the Big 12 winner if they are not selected to play in the national championship game ) . As with the previous five games , the absence of Adrian Peterson did not keep the Sooners from running the ball on the ground . Allen Patrick returned from missing the last two games with a sore ankle and put up 163 yards on 23 carries , including a 65 @-@ yard touchdown scamper to start the second half . Chris Brown had an additional 19 carries for 74 yards and two touchdowns as Patrick 's backup . At the end of the day , Paul Thompson only threw 11 passes , 7 completions for 77 yards with one touchdown and no interceptions , and Oklahoma had 238 yards of rushing . Oklahoma State 's passing attack was more active , with both Zac Robinson and Bobby Reid completing 8 passes ( on 17 attempts for 149 yards for Robinson , 12 and 82 for Reid ) . However , they were still only able to connect for one touchdown ( Reid to D 'Jaun Woods in the fourth quarter ) and Robinson missed high on a last @-@ second " Hail Mary " that would have tied the game ( the PAT would have put the Cowboys up by one with only a few seconds left in the game ) . The Cowboys were also able to produce 119 yards and two touchdowns on the ground . = = = Nebraska ( Big 12 Championship Game ) = = = Called " The Battle of the Big Reds " , the rivalry between the University of Oklahoma and the University of Nebraska was one of the most heated contests of the old Big Eight Conference . Played every Thanksgiving weekend for 71 years ( from 1927 to 1998 ) , this contest produced many memorable games – including the Game of the Century in 1971 . The rivalry cooled somewhat since the creation of the Big 12 as Bill Callahan 's Nebraska Cornhuskers and Stoops 's Oklahoma Sooners were split a home @-@ and @-@ home two of every four years . This was only the fourth time that the teams had met at a neutral site . The last time was the 1979 Orange Bowl where the Sooners won 31 – 24 . Oklahoma held the lead in the all @-@ time series with 42 wins , 37 losses and 3 ties and had never lost to Nebraska on neutral turf ( one 7 – 7 tie in 1919 in Omaha ) . Bob Stoops was 3 – 1 against Nebraska and had a two @-@ game winning streak ; Callahan had never beaten Oklahoma . This was the first time the two teams had met in the Big 12 Championship Game to determine the Big 12 Conference champion . Nebraska played in the championship game three of the first four years , winning in 1997 and 1999 , but had not made it back since . Oklahoma missed the first four games but represented the South Division four of the next six years , topping the conference in 2000 , 2002 , and 2004 . Oklahoma had the most appearances in the championship game ( 5 ) and conference titles ( 4 ) of any team in the Big 12 . Nebraska received the ball to start the game but Maurice Purify fumbled on the first play from scrimmage . Oklahoma recovered the ball at the Nebraska 2 @-@ yard @-@ line and scored a touchdown to take the lead 7 – 0 with 48 seconds expired off the clock . It was the fastest score in Big 12 Championship Game history . With 5 : 35 left in the first quarter , Oklahoma 's quarterback completed a touchdown pass to Malcolm Kelly to go up 14 – 0 . With 4 : 37 left in the first half , Nebraska 's Zach Taylor threw a touchdown pass and the extra point shaved Oklahoma 's lead to 14 – 7 , which was still the score as the game went to half @-@ time . At the start of the half , Oklahoma started with the ball but was unable to advance , as Nebraska recorded their first quarterback sack of the game and caused Oklahoma to punt after going three @-@ and @-@ out . Later in the third quarter , Oklahoma used eleven plays , three minutes and 21 seconds , to go 99 yards and score a touchdown with 1 : 25 left in the third quarter . It was the longest scoring drive in Big 12 Championship history . With 8 : 53 left in the game , Nebraska threw what was almost a touchdown pass , but Nic Harris made a diving catch to intercept the ball in the end @-@ zone for a touchback . Neither team scored in the fourth quarter , so Oklahoma won the game 21 – 7 . It was their fourth Big 12 Conference football championship , which was the most for any team in the conference ( Nebraska and Texas each had two ) . = = = Boise State ( Fiesta Bowl ) = = = Since Oklahoma won the Big 12 Championship game , they represented the Big 12 Conference in the Fiesta Bowl in Glendale , Arizona . Contractually , the Fiesta Bowl hosts the Big 12 Champion and then picks , from among the BCS eligible teams , the opponent . For 2007 , the Fiesta Bowl picked Boise State as Oklahoma 's opponent . The game took place on New Year 's Day in the then @-@ new University of Phoenix Stadium , home of the Arizona Cardinals . The Broncos led the Sooners the majority of the game , but the Sooners made up an 18 point deficit late in the game and led by a touchdown with a minute left in regulation . With 18 seconds left , the Sooners had the Broncos in a fourth @-@ and @-@ 18 situation from midfield , but were stunned when the Broncos executed a hook and lateral for the tying score . This would be only the first of three Boise State trick plays that helped elevate this game to epic status . The Sooners had the ball first in overtime , with Adrian Peterson scoring on their first play . Boise State then drove the ball toward the goal line , but faced fourth – and – goal from the 2 . They then sent quarterback Jared Zabransky into motion and snapped to backup wide receiver Vinny Peretta , who ran an option pass and found Derek Schouman in the end zone . The Broncos chose to go for the two @-@ point conversion and the win instead of kicking for the tie . They then ran a Statue of Liberty play , with Zabransky faking a pass to the right side and handing the ball behind his back to Ian Johnson , who ran left and entered the end zone untouched , giving the Broncos a stunning 43 – 42 win . = = Rankings = = = = Statistics = = The Sooners led the conference in many defense statistics , including pass efficiency defense , scoring defense , total defense , and sacks allowed . They finished second in rushing defense . They also ranked in the top 20 nationally in all the above categories . The Sooners ' weakness came on offense where they finished in the middle of the pack in the conference . The Sooners ' rushing offense ranked third in the conference but passing offense ranked tenth , total offense eighth and passing efficiency sixth . = = = Team = = = = = = Scores by quarter = = = Statistics from : " Oklahoma Sooners – Cumulative Season Statistics " . University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . = = Postseason = = As the 2006 college football season neared the end , many organizations began to announce finalists and winners of various post @-@ season awards . Sooner players and coaches appeared on many of these lists . Head coach Bob Stoops was unanimously named Coach of the Year on the AT & T All @-@ Big 12 Coaches Team . This was the third time he 'd won the award , more than any other coach in the conference . Stoops was also named a finalist for the Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year award , a national award handed out by the Football Writer 's Association of America . Oklahoma defensive coordinator / linebacker coach / associate head coach Brent Venables was named one of five finalists for the Broyles Award which goes to the nation 's best assistant coach . Several players for the Sooners were also honored . Oklahoma junior kicker Garrett Hartley was named a finalist for the Lou Groza Award . Oklahoma senior linebacker Rufus Alexander was named the AT & T All @-@ Big 12 Defensive Player of the Year . He was the third Oklahoma player to earn this honor , following Teddy Lehman in 2003 and Roy Williams in 2001 . He was also Oklahoma 's lone All @-@ American this year was linebacker , and was given first team All @-@ American status by the American Football Coaches Association . The following Oklahoma players were also named to the All – Big 12 First , Second , and Honorable Mention Team : Adrian Peterson finished his last season at Oklahoma with 1 @,@ 012 yards . This brought his career total to 4 @,@ 045 which placed him third all @-@ time at Oklahoma . He would remain 26 yards behind Joe Washington and 73 yards behind Billy Sims . = = = 2007 NFL Draft = = = The 2007 NFL Draft was held on April 28 – 29 , 2007 at Radio City Music Hall in New York City . The following Oklahoma players were either selected or signed as undrafted free agents following the draft . Adrian Peterson was the highest Sooner drafted since Cedric Jones was drafted as the fifth pick in 1996 . = Sing for Me ( Christina Aguilera song ) = " Sing for Me " is a song recorded by American recording artist Christina Aguilera for her seventh studio album , Lotus ( 2012 ) . It was written by Ginny Blackmore , Aguilera and producer Aeon " Step " Manahan . Described by Aguilera as being one of the more emotional tracks on Lotus , the song was inspired by the music of Whitney Houston , Mariah Carey , and Etta James , to which she had frequently listened while growing up . " Sing for Me " received positive reviews from music critics , many of whom praised Aguilera 's vocal performance . One critic described the song as a new version of " Beautiful " ( 2002 ) , while many felt that the song was produced in response to the commercial failure of her sixth studio album , Bionic ( 2010 ) . Upon the release of Lotus , the song debuted on the South Korea international singles chart at number 125 with digital download sales of 2 @,@ 306 . = = Background = = Following her sixth studio album , Bionic ( 2010 ) , Aguilera filed for divorce from her husband Jordan Bratman , starred in her first feature film called Burlesque and recorded its accompanying soundtrack . Aguilera became a coach on NBC 's singing competition show The Voice and was featured on Maroon 5 's single " Moves Like Jagger " ( 2011 ) , which was on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for four consecutive weeks . After these events , Aguilera revealed that she had begun to work on her seventh studio album , saying that she wanted to find high quality and " personal " songs for to record . Regarding the creative direction , she revealed that the album would be a " culmination of everything I 've experienced up until this point ... I 've been through a lot since the release of my last album , being on ( ' The Voice ' ) , having had a divorce ... This is all sort of a free rebirth for me . " She further said " I 'm embracing many different things , but it 's all feel @-@ good , super @-@ expressive [ and ] super @-@ vulnerable . " Aguilera continued to say that the album would be about " self – expression and freedom " because of the personal struggles she had overcome during the last couple of years . Speaking about her new material during an interview on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in 2012 , Aguilera said that the recording process for Lotus was taking a while because " I don 't like to just get songs from producers . I like them to come from a personal place ... I 'm very excited . It 's fun , exciting , introspective , it 's going to be great " . " Sing for Me " was initially written by Blackmore about her experience with the music industry ; upon hearing the song Aguilera had trouble identifying with some of its lyrics , so she and Blackmore met up and rewrote parts of the song . = = Production and inspiration = = " Sing for Me " was co @-@ written by Aguilera with Aeon " Step " Manahan and Ginny Blackmore , and was produced by Step . Her vocals were recorded by Oscar Ramirez at The Red Lips Room in Beverly Hills , California and all instrumentation and programming was carried out by Step . For Lotus , Aguilera wrote and recorded a lot of songs that would " hopefully inspire the next generation of vocalists . " She revealed that her experience as a coach on The Voice has prompted her to " dig deeper " and find some new inspiration , due to how she feels as though she needs to " uphold a certain vocal standard " . In an interview with Billboard , Aguilera further commented on how being a coach encouraged her to record " Sing for Me " and why it is special for her : Seeing all the singers , you really come face to face with a lot of people that are predominantly younger . That 's inspiring , because they come up to you and they 're such big fans and they share with you what song touched them the most and how they had to learn every single ad lib and dissect it . As a vocalist it brought me back to , ' Yeah , that 's what I used to do to my Whitney Houston record and my Mariah Carey record and my Etta James record . ' It brings you back to a place where it becomes your personal responsibility to infuse the next generation with more information about learning every intricate note . That 's why a song called ' Sing for Me ' is a special song . It 's one of those singer 's songs where if you 're not a vocalist you can 't mess with that song . = = Composition and lyrical interpretation = = " Sing for Me " is a power ballad , with a duration of four minutes ( 4 : 00 ) . Its instrumentation consists of " soft " strings , a " delicate " piano melody and " 80s power ballad @-@ type drums " at its close . The key in which the structure was composed is changed during the course of the song . Aguilera 's vocal performance garnered a comparison to Gabby Douglas and the vocal gymnastics that she projects from Mike Wass for Idolator . He also noted that although Carey would consider the vocals runs as " over @-@ the @-@ top " , they fit with the nature of the song . The song features a " thunderous " ironic chorus which consists of the lyrics " ' Cause when I open my mouth , my whole heart comes out . " According to Chris Younie for 4Music , Aguilera belts the song out " as if her life depends on it . " The " reflective ballad " may be what was created as a result of Aguilera singing " Beautiful " alone in her bedroom after the weak commercial response of Bionic . It represents a " fine line " between the " her hurt over the Bionic backlash and the woe @-@ is @-@ me territory she occasionally veers into on some of the album ’ s worst tracks . " Aguilera tries to " shake her insecurities " during the lines " I don 't care what the world thinks or how I sound . " According to Annie Zaleski for The A.V. Club , Aguilera " discusses working through regret and reclaiming her sense of self . " = = Reception = = " Sing for Me " garnered positive reception from music critics . Chris Younie of 4Music expressed admiration for " Sing for Me " , writing that Aguilera proves her worth as a singer and that she does not need " hot pants and skintight outfits " to make an impression . Idolator 's Mike Wass declared the song as a " standout " on Lotus . Mesfin Fekadu of The Huffington Post described " Sing for Me " as a personal anthem for Aguilera . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that " Sing for Me " was reminiscent of the " old Christina " and that her " voice veers volcanic . " Billboard 's Andrew Hampp wrote that if " Army of Me " is Lotus ' answer to her 2003 song " Fighter " then " Sing for Me " has " aims of being " a new version of her 2002 song " Beautiful " . He also noted that the song is a gift to " diehard " Aguilera fans . Jim Farber of the New York Daily News thought that the singer appeared to be snarling as she sings about " nothing can take away the glory and power she derives from her voice " . Melinda Newman of HitFix thought that starts to sound " defensive " as the song progresses , but is " otherwise glorious " . The song generated disappointment for Sal Cinquemani for Slant Magazine , writing that although Aguilera 's vocals runs are " pretty " , they are " enough to save the otherwise too @-@ bombastic and rote power ballad . " When listing the five most underrated songs by her ( this song being at number 5 ) , Billboard commented favorably that " Aguilera 's love for the music is front and center . " Upon the release of Lotus , " Sing for Me " appeared on the South Korean singles chart at number 125 during the week of November 11 to 17 , 2012 , due to digital download sales of 2 @,@ 306 . = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Vocals recorded at The Red Lips Room , Beverly Hills , CA . Personnel Songwriting – Ginny Blackmore , Christina Aguilera , Aeon " Step " Manhan . Production – Aeon " Step " Manhan Vocal recording – Oscar Ramirez All programming and instruments – Step Credits adapted from the liner notes of Lotus , RCA Records . = = Ginny Blackmore version = = " Sing For Me " co @-@ writer Ginny Blackmore recorded her own version , titled " SFM " , and released it as a B @-@ side to her single " Bones " . " SFM " peaked at No.21 on the New Zealand Singles Chart in November 2013 . A music video was made , directed by Claire Littler and Ralph Matthews . = Slotted line = Slotted lines are used for microwave measurements and consist of a movable probe inserted into a slot in a transmission line . They are used in conjunction with a microwave power source and usually , in keeping with their low @-@ cost application , a low cost Schottky diode detector and VSWR meter rather than an expensive microwave power meter . Slotted lines can measure standing waves , wavelength , and , with some calculation or plotting on Smith charts , a number of other parameters including reflection coefficient and electrical impedance . A precision variable attenuator is often incorporated in the test setup to improve accuracy . This is used to make level measurements , while the detector and VSWR meter are retained only to mark a reference point for the attenuator to be set to , thus eliminating entirely the detector and meter measurement errors . The parameter most commonly measured by a slotted line is SWR . This serves as a measure of the accuracy of the impedance match to the item under test . This is especially important for transmitting antennas and their feed lines ; high standing wave ratio on a radio or TV antenna can distort the signal , increase transmission line loss and potentially damage components in the transmission path , possibly even the transmitter . Slotted lines are no longer widely used , but can still be found in budget applications . Their main drawback is that they are labour @-@ intensive to use and require calculation , tables , or plotting to make use of the results . They need to be made with mechanical precision and the probe and its detector need to be adjusted with care , but they can give very accurate results . = = Description = = The slotted line is one of the basic instruments used in radio frequency test and measurement at microwave frequencies . It consists of a precision transmission line ,	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
some distance away : to the east of Bond Street , in Hanover Square near Oxford Circus ; to the west of Tottenham Court Road , in Dean Street . = = Traffic = = Oxford Street has been ranked as the most important retail location in Britain and the busiest shopping street in Europe . The street is often congested both on the pavements , due to the large number of shoppers and tourists , many of whom arrive at one of the tube stations , and on the roadway as a result of the many buses routed along the street . There is heavy competition between foot and bus traffic on Oxford Street , which is the main east @-@ west bus corridor through Central London . Around 175 @,@ 000 people get on or off a bus on Oxford Street every day , along with 43 @,@ 000 further through passengers . Taxis are popular , particularly along the stretch between Oxford Circus and Selfridges . Between 2009 and 2012 , there were 71 accidents involving traffic and pedestrians . In 2016 , a report suggested buses generally did not travel faster than 4 @.@ 6 miles per hour ( 7 @.@ 4 km / h ) , compared to a typical pedestrian speed of 3 @.@ 1 miles per hour ( 5 @.@ 0 km / h ) . There have been several proposals to reduce congestion on Oxford Street . Horse @-@ drawn vehicles were banned in 1931 , and traffic signals were installed in the same year . To alleviate congestion and help traffic flow of buses , most of Oxford Street is designated a bus lane during peak daytime hours , when private vehicles are banned . It is only open to buses , taxis and two @-@ wheeled vehicles between 7 : 00am and 7 : 00pm on all days except Sundays . The ban was introduced experimentally in June 1972 . It was considered a success , with an estimated increase of £ 250 @,@ 000 in retail sales . In 2009 , a new diagonal crossing opened at Oxford Circus , allowing pedestrians to cross from one corner of Oxford Street to the opposite corner without having to cross the road twice or use the pedestrian underpass . This doubles the pedestrian capacity at the junction . = = = Pedestrianisation = = = From 2005 to 2012 , Oxford Street was completely traffic @-@ free on a Saturday before Christmas , which became known as VIP Day ( for " Very Important Pedestrians " ) . The scheme was popular and boosted sales by over £ 17m in 2012 . In 2013 , the New West End Company announced that the scheme would not go ahead that year as it wanted to do " something new " . In 2014 Liberal Democrat members of the London Assembly proposed that Oxford Street should be pedestrianised by 2020 . In 2006 , the New West End Company and the then Mayor of London , Ken Livingstone , put forward proposals to pedestrianise Oxford Street with a tram service running end to end . However the next Mayor , Boris Johnson , elected in 2008 , announced that the scheme would not go ahead as it was not cost effective and too disruptive . In response to a request from Johnson , Transport for London undertook to reduce the bus flow in Oxford Street by 10 % in both 2009 and 2010 . Subsequently , the New West End Company called for a 33 % reduction in bus movements in Oxford Street . In 2014 , Transport for London suggested that pedestrianisation may not be a suitable long @-@ term measure due to Crossrail reducing the demand for bus services along Oxford Street , and proposed to ban all traffic except buses and cycles during peak shopping times . Optimisation of existing traffic signals along the street , including Pedestrian Countdown signals , have also been proposed . Transport for London is concerned that in the long term traffic problems may affect trade on Oxford Street , which is now competing with shopping centres such as Westfield London , Westfield Stratford City and the Brent Cross shopping centre . In 2015 , while campaigning for election as London Mayor , Labour 's Sadiq Khan favoured the full pedestrianisation of Oxford Street , which was supported by other parties . After election , he pledged the street would be completely pedestrianised by 2020 , including a complete ban on buses and taxis . = = Pollution = = In 2014 , a report by a King 's College , London scientist showed that Oxford Street had the world 's highest concentration of nitrogen dioxide pollution , at 135 micrograms per cubic metre of air ( μg / m3 ) . However , this figure was an average that included night @-@ time , when traffic was much lower . At peak times during the day , levels up to 463 μg / m3 were recorded – over 11 times the permitted EU maximum of 40 μg / m3 . Because of the diesel @-@ powered traffic in the street ( buses and taxis ) , annual average NO2 concentrations on Oxford Street are around 180 μg / m3 . This is 4 @.@ 5 times the EU target of 40 μg / m3 ( Council Directive 1999 / 30 / EC ) . = = Christmas lights = = Every Christmas , Oxford Street is decorated with festive lights . The tradition of Christmas lights began in 1959 , five years after the neighbouring Regent Street . There were no light displays in 1976 or 1977 due to economic recession , but the lights returned in 1978 when Oxford Street organised a laser display , and they have been there every year since . Current practice involves a celebrity turning the lights on in mid- to late @-@ November , and they remain lit until 6 January ( Twelfth Night ) . The festivities were postponed in 1963 due to the assassination of John F. Kennedy and in 1989 to fit Kylie Minogue 's touring commitments . In 2015 , the lights were switched on earlier , on Sunday 1 November , resulting in an unusual closure of the street to all traffic . The following celebrities have turned on the lights since 1981 : = = Listed buildings = = Oxford Street has several Grade II listed buildings . In addition , the facades to Oxford Circus tube station are also listed . = = Cultural references = = Oxford Street is mentioned in several works by Charles Dickens . In A Tale of Two Cities , the street ( as Oxford Road ) is described as having " very few buildings " , though in fact it was heavily built up by the late 18th century . It is also referred to in Sketches by Boz and Bleak House . The street is a square on the British Monopoly game board , forming part of the green set ( together with Regent Street and Bond Street ) . The three streets were grouped together as they are all primarily retail areas . In 1991 , music manager and entrepreneur Malcolm McLaren produced The Ghosts of Oxford Street , a musical documentary about life and history in the local area . = 40th Infantry Division Slavonska = The 40th Infantry Division Slavonska was an infantry formation of the Royal Yugoslav Army that formed part of the Yugoslav 4th Army during the German @-@ led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 . It was raised from the Slavonska military district , and was a very large and unwieldy formation which was almost entirely reliant on animal transport for mobility . Largely manned by Croat troops , many of whom saw the Germans as potential liberators from Serbian oppression during the interwar period , the division also lacked modern arms and sufficient ammunition . The preliminary attacks launched across the Drava by the Germans on 6 April were enough to spark revolts within the units of the division . One of its three infantry regiments rebelled the following day , and by 8 April the rebels had taken over Bjelovar . The division continued to disintegrate over the following days , then crumbled in the face of the combined arms assault of the 8th Panzer Division when it broke out of its bridgehead at Barcs on 10 April . A few mainly Serb remnants of the division continued to withdraw into Bosnia over the next week until a ceasefire was negotiated on 15 April . The Yugoslav Army surrendered on 18 April . = = Background = = The Royal Yugoslav Army ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije , VKJ ) was formed after World War I as the Army of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( Kingdom of SCS ) , when that country was created on 1 December 1918 . To defend the new kingdom , an army was formed around the nucleus of the victorious Royal Serbian Army combined with armed formations raised in the former parts of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire that joined with the Kingdom of Serbia to form the new state . Many former Austro @-@ Hungarian officers and soldiers became members of the new army . From its beginning , the army , like other aspects of public life in the new kingdom , was dominated by ethnic Serbs , who saw the army as a means by which to secure Serb hegemony in the new state . The development of the army was hampered by the poor economy of the kingdom , and this continued through the 1920s . In 1929 , King Alexander changed the name of the country to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , at which time the army became the VKJ . The army budget remained tight , and as tensions rose across Europe during the 1930s , it became hard to secure weapons and munitions from other countries . Consequently , at the time World War II broke out in September 1939 , the VKJ had several serious weaknesses , which included reliance on draught animals for transport , and the large size of its formations . For example , Yugoslav infantry divisions had twice the number of men of contemporary British infantry divisions . These characteristics resulted in slow , unwieldy formations , and the inadequate supply of arms and munitions meant that even the very large Yugoslav formations had low firepower . Older generals better suited to the trench warfare of World War I , were combined with an army that was not equipped or trained to resist the fast @-@ moving combined arms approach used by the Germans in Poland and France . The weaknesses of the VKJ in strategy , structure , equipment , mobility and supply were exacerbated to a significant degree by the lack of unity across Yugoslavia which had resulted from two decades of Serb hegemony , and the attendant lack of political legitimacy achieved by the central government . Attempts to address the lack of unity came too late to ensure that the VKJ was a cohesive force . Fifth column activity was also a serious concern , not only from the Croatian nationalist Ustaše , but from the Slovene and ethnic German minorities in the country . = = Structure = = = = = Peacetime organisation = = = According to regulations issued by the Royal Yugoslav Army in 1935 , the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska was to be raised from the Slavonska military district , which was headquartered in Bjelovar . The Slavonska military district was under the command of the 4th Army district headquartered in Zagreb . It was named after the Slavonia region . In September 1939 , after the German invasion of Poland , the division underwent a trial mobilisation which included a large proportion of its units . The divisional district included the regimental districts of the 42nd , 43rd and 108th Infantry Regiments . = = = Wartime organisation = = = The wartime organisation of the Royal Yugoslav Army was laid down by regulations issued in 1936 – 37 , and the strength of an infantry division was 26 @,@ 000 – 27 @,@ 000 men . A total of 11 @,@ 200 horses and other pack and draught animals were required to provide mobility for each infantry division . The theoretical wartime organisation of a fully mobilised Yugoslav infantry division was : headquarters divisional infantry headquarters , with three or four infantry regiments divisional artillery headquarters , with one or two artillery regiments a cavalry battalion with two squadrons , a bicycle squadron and a machine gun platoon a pioneer battalion of three companies an anti @-@ tank company , equipped with twelve 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) or 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) anti @-@ tank guns a machine gun company an anti @-@ aircraft machine gun company a signals company logistics units Each infantry regiment was to consist of three infantry battalions , a machine gun company , and the divisional artillery regiments were animal @-@ drawn and largely equipped with World War I @-@ vintage pieces . An artillery regiment consisted of four battalions , one of 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) light howitzers , one of 65 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) or 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) mountain guns , and two of 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) or 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) field guns . = = Planned deployment = = The 40th Infantry Division Slavonska was a component of the 4th Army as part of the 1st Army Group , which was responsible for the defence of northwestern Yugoslavia . The 4th Army was to deploy in a cordon along the western sector of the Hungarian border , with the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska opposite the Hungarian town of Barcs , between Kloštar Podravski and Čađavica , with the main line of defence along the northern slopes of the Bilogora mountain range , and divisional headquarters at Pivnica Slavonska . On the left flank of the division was the 27th Infantry Division Savska opposite the Hungarian village of Gyékényes , and on the right flank was the 17th Infantry Division Vrbaska of the 2nd Army , which formed part of the 2nd Army Group , with the boundary running from just east of Slatina through Požega towards Banja Luka . Border guard units in the division 's area of responsibility consisted of the 2nd Battalion of the 393rd Reserve Regiment . = = Operations = = = = = Mobilisation = = = As the Axis invasion began , the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska was partially mobilised , with some elements of the division still mobilising , some in concentration areas , and only a small proportion actually deployed in their planned positions : the divisional commander Brigadni đeneral Ratko Raketić and his headquarters staff were mobilising in Bjelovar the 42nd Infantry Regiment with two battalions was marching towards their positions near Daruvar , while the rest of the regiment was mobilising in Bjelovar and could not move due to lack of draught animals the 43rd Infantry Regiment , with about 75 – 80 percent of its troops and 30 percent of its animals , was marching from its mobilisation centre in Požega towards Našice , but had only reached Jakšić , 9 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) northeast of Požega the 108th Infantry Regiment was marching from Bjelovar but had only reached Severin the 40th Artillery Regiment was still mobilising with the headquarters and one battalion in Osijek and two battalions in Varaždin the divisional cavalry battalion and machine gun battalion were unable to deploy from Virovitica due to lack of animals , although on 5 April , Nedeljković had requisitioned private cars for the machine gun battalion and ordered it to concentrate at Lukač northeast of Virovitica the remainder of the divisional units were at their mobilisation centres in and around Bjelovar The 43rd Infantry Regiment was ordered to march east to join the 17th Infantry Division Vrbaska , which was part of the 2nd Army Group 's 2nd Army . The 89th Infantry Regiment , originally allocated to the 17th Infantry Division Vrbaska , was ordered to march from its mobilisation location in Sisak and join the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska to replace the 43rd Infantry Regiment . The divisional cavalry battalion did not receive sufficient horses , and had to deploy on foot as infantry . The division was without artillery support throughout the fighting because the 40th Artillery Regiment did not complete mobilisation . = = = 6 April = = = German Army headquarters wanted to capture the bridges over the Drava intact , and from 1 April had issued orders to the 2nd Army to conduct preliminary operations aimed at seizing the bridge at Barcs and the railway bridge northeast of Koprivnica by coup de main . As a result , limited objective attacks were launched along the line of the Drava by the XLVI Motorised Corps , despite the fact that they were not expected to launch offensive operations until 10 April . During the day , the German Luftwaffe bombed and strafed Yugoslav positions and troops on the march , and by the evening it had become clear to the Germans that the Yugoslavs would not be resisting stubbornly at the border . XLVI Motorised Corps was then ordered to begin seizing bridges over the Drava , including at Barcs . The local attacks were sufficient to inflame dissent among the Croat troops of the 4th Army , who refused to resist Germans they considered their liberators from Serbian oppression during the interwar period . The continuing mobilisation and concentration of the 4th Army was hampered by escalating fifth column activities and propaganda fomented by the Ustaše . Some units stopped mobilising , or began returning to their mobilisation centres from their concentration areas . The Yugoslav radio network linking the division with the 4th Army and flanking divisions was sabotaged by the Ustaše on 6 April , and radio communications within the 4th Army remained poor throughout the fighting . = = = 7 April = = = About 19 : 00 on 7 April , German units in regimental strength with a few tanks began to cross the Drava near Barcs in the divisional sector . They quickly overcame the resistance of the 2nd Battalion of the 393rd Reserve Regiment , which was influenced by Ustaše propaganda . The border guards abandoned their positions and weapons and retreated to Virovitica . The 108th Infantry Regiment of the division had mobilised in Bjelovar and on 7 April was marching towards Virovitica to take up positions . That night , Croat members of the regiment revolted , arresting the Serb officers , non @-@ commissioned officers and soldiers . The regiment then marched back to Bjelovar , where it joined up with other rebellious units about noon on 8 April . As the 108th Infantry Regiment was responsible for the right sector of the divisional defence , this meant that the 42nd Infantry Regiment , which was originally responsible only for the left sector , had to extend across the entire divisional frontage . During the night , the commander of the divisional cavalry battalion sent patrols towards the German bridgehead , but local Ustaše sympathisers misled them into believing the Germans were already across the Drava at Barcs in strength . The Germans were subsequently able to consolidate their bridgehead at Barcs overnight . = = = 8 April = = = On 8 April , the German XLVI Motorised Corps continued with its limited objective attacks to expand their bridgehead at Barcs . A German regiment broke through the border troops and approached Virovitica . At this point , the entire divisional sector was defended by a single unit , the divisional cavalry battalion , which had been transported there in requisitioned cars due to the lack of horses . Two understrength and wavering battalions of the 42nd Infantry Regiment arrived at Pčelić , 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) southwest of Virovitica . By noon , the rebels of the 108th Infantry Regiment were approaching Bjelovar , and were joined by elements of the 42nd Infantry Regiment and other units of the division . The leader of the rebels in Bjelovar was Kapetan Ivan Mrak , a reserve aviator . When 4th Army commander Armijski đeneral Petar Nedeljković became aware of the rebels ' approach , he ordered the local gendarmerie commander to maintain order , but was advised this would not be possible , as local gendarmerie conscripts would not report for duty . His headquarters reported the presence of the rebels to the headquarters of the 1st Army Group , suggesting that the Royal Yugoslav Air Force could bomb the rebel units . The 8th Bomber Regiment at Rovine was even warned to receive orders to use its Bristol Blenheim Mk I light bombers to bomb the 108th Infantry Regiment , but the idea was subsequently abandoned . Instead , it was decided to request that the leader of the Croatian Peasant Party , Vladko Maček intervene with the rebels . Josip Broz Tito and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia , then located in Zagreb , along with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia , sent a delegation to 4th Army headquarters in Bjelovar urging them to issue arms to workers to help defend Zagreb . Pavle Gregorić , who was a member of both Central Committees , went to the headquarters twice , and was able to speak briefly with Nedeljković , but could not convince him to do so . On the same day , Maček , who had returned to Zagreb after briefly joining the post @-@ Yugoslav coup d 'état government of Dušan Simović , agreed to send an emissary to the 108th Infantry Regiment urging them to obey their officers , but they did not respond to his appeal . Later in the day , two trucks of rebels arrived at 4th Army headquarters with the intention of killing the staff . The headquarters guard force prevented this , but the operations staff immediately withdrew from Bjelovar to Popovača . After the rebels issued several unanswered ultimatums , around 8 @,@ 000 rebels attacked Bjelovar , assisted by fifth @-@ columnists within the city . The city then surrendered , and many Yugoslav officers and soldiers were captured by the rebels . When Nedeljković heard of the fall of the city , he called the Mayor of Bjelovar , Julije Makanec and threatened to bomb the city if the prisoners were not immediately released . Detained officers from 4th Army headquarters and the 108th Infantry Regiment were then sent to Zagreb . About 16 : 00 , Nedeljković informed the Ban of Croatia , Ivan Šubašić of the revolt , but Šubašić was powerless to influence events . About 18 : 00 , Makanec proclaimed that Bjelovar was part of an independent Croatian state . = = = 9 April = = = On the morning of 9 April , the German bridgehead at Barcs had expanded to Lukač , 7 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) north of Virovitica . Following up the withdrawal of the divisional cavalry battalion , the Germans seized Suho Polje , west of Virovitica , cutting the main road to Slatina , and the rebel Croat troops at Bjelovar made contact with them . By 11 : 00 , the divisional front line consisted of the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 42nd Infantry Regiment and a company of the divisional cavalry battalion on the right , and the 4th Battalion of the 42nd Infantry Regiment and a company of the divisional cavalry battalion on the left . The 3rd Battalion of the 42nd Infantry Regiment was held in depth . The left flank was screened by the rest of the divisional cavalry battalion deployed around Pitomača . The 89th Infantry Regiment , marching from its concentration area in Sisak , arrived at divisional headquarters at Pivnica Slavonska , to replace the 43rd Infantry Regiment , which had been transferred to the 17th Infantry Division Vrbaska . Other reinforcements included elements of the 4th Army anti @-@ aircraft units sent from Lipik , but the divisional artillery regiment had not completed mobilisation . The rebels in Bjelovar issued false orders to the 1st Battalion of the 42nd Infantry Regiment , directing it to fall back to Bjelovar . At 11 : 15 , Nedeljković arrived at divisional headquarters and shortly afterwards ordered Raketić to launch a counterattack on the German bridgehead at Barcs at dawn the following day . Nedeljković also visited Divizijski đeneral Dragoslav Milosavljević , the commander of the 17th Infantry Division Vrbaska on the right flank of the 4th Army , to arrange support from that division during the pending attack . However , because the majority of that division 's troops had yet to arrive from Bosnia , all it was able to do was advance its left flank , stationing battalions in Čačinci and Crnac west of Slatina . The 40th Infantry Division Slavonska spent the remainder of the day preparing for the counterattack , but were hindered by German artillery and air attacks . In an indication of the state of his division , during a visit to the front line , Raketić and his chief of staff were fired at by troops of the 42nd Infantry Regiment . Elements of the 4th Army began to withdraw southwards on 9 April . On the night of 9 / 10 April , those Croats that had remained with their units also began to desert or turn on their commanders , and in the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska , almost all the remaining troops were Serbs . Due to the increasing momentum of the revolt , the commander of the 1st Army Group , Armijski đeneral Milorad Petrović concluded that the 4th Army was no longer an effective formation and could not resist the Germans . Maček issued a further ineffectual plea to calm the rebellion . On the evening of 9 April , Generaloberst Maximilian von Weichs , commander of the German 2nd Army , was ready to launch major offensive operations from the bridgeheads on the following day . His plan involved two main thrusts . The first would be spearheaded by the 14th Panzer Division breaking out of the Gyékényes bridgehead and drive towards Zagreb , and the second would see the 8th Panzer Division break out of the Barcs bridgehead and turn east between the Drava and Sava rivers to attack towards Belgrade . = = = 10 April = = = The 40th Infantry Division Slavonska was battered by German artillery fire during the night 9 / 10 April . Seriously depleted by desertion and weakened by revolt , it was unable to mount the ordered counterattack against the Barcs bridgehead on the morning of 10 April . The 42nd Infantry Regiment could only muster 600 men , and the 89th Infantry Regiment only slightly more . The divisional cavalry battalion was also heavily reduced in strength , and divisional artillery amounted to one anti @-@ aircraft battery . The border units , responsible for demolition tasks on the line from Bjelovar south to Čazma , refused to follow orders . Having abandoned the counterattack , Raketić decided to establish a defensive line at Pćelić to hinder German movement east towards Slatina . Soon after dawn , the main thrust of the XLVI Motorised Corps , consisting of Generalmajor Walter Neumann @-@ Silkow 's 8th Panzer Division leading the 16th Motorised Infantry Division , crossed the Drava at Barcs . Anti @-@ tank fire destroyed a few of the lead tanks , but after the Germans reinforced their vanguard , the resistance of the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska had been broken by noon . The remaining troops of the 42nd Infantry Regiment were either captured or fled into the hills to the south . Units of the 89th Infantry Regiment , which had been providing depth to the defensive position , began retreating south towards Slavonska Požega . Ustaše sympathisers and Yugoslav Volksdeutsche ( ethnic German ) troops either ran away or surrendered . By 13 : 30 , the hard @-@ pressed divisional cavalry battalion began to withdraw south towards Daruvar , attacking rebelling troops along their route . Raketić himself fled to Nova Gradiška via Voćin and Slavonska Požega , during which his car was again fired on by rebel troops . The 8th Panzer Division continued southeast between the Drava and Sava rivers , and meeting almost no further resistance , had reached Slatina by evening . Right flank elements of the 8th Panzer Division penetrated south into the Bilogora range , reaching Daruvar and Voćin by evening . Late in the day , as the situation was becoming increasingly desperate throughout the country , Simović , who was both the Prime Minister and Yugoslav Chief of the General Staff , broadcast the following message : All troops must engage the enemy wherever encountered and with every means at their disposal . Don 't wait for direct orders from above , but act on your own and be guided by your judgement , initiative , and conscience . The XLVI Motorised Corps encountered little resistance from the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska , and by the evening of 10 April the whole 4th Army was disintegrating . About 23 : 00 , German 2nd Army headquarters directed the 8th Panzer and 16th Motorised Infantry Division to drive to the north of Belgrade to link up with the First Panzer Group which was thrusting to towards Belgrade from the east . At midnight , 2nd Army headquarters declared that the Yugoslav northern front had been decisively defeated , and tasked corps engineer units to consolidate bridging across major rivers . The main body units of the XLVI Motorised Corps moved forward to Virovitica and Slatina . At midnight , the corps commander , General der Panzertruppe Heinrich von Vietinghoff issued orders for the 8th Panzer Division to continue towards Belgrade via Osijek , but directed the 16th Motorised Infantry Division to thrust west as far as Sremska Mitrovica then turn south to drive towards Sarajevo via Zvornik . = = = 11 April = = = On 11 April , the rear area staff of 4th Army headquarters were captured by Ustaše at Topusko , and were soon handed over to the Germans by their captors . Nedeljković and his operations staff escaped , and made their way to Prijedor . Other units were retreating into Bosnia , including two battalions and 2 – 3 artillery batteries from the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska . Nedeljković attempted to deploy rear area units of the 17th Infantry Division Vrbaska into a defensive line along the Una at Bosanska Dubica , Bosanska Kostajnica , Bosanski Novi , Bosanska Krupa and Bihać , and called Yugoslav Supreme Command in Sarajevo to request reinforcements . With his remaining troops , Raketić attempted to establish a defensive line along the Sava between Jasenovac and the mouth of the Vrbas . These efforts were significantly hampered by Ustaše propaganda . The German orders for the following day were to pursue the remnants of the Yugoslav Army through Bosnia towards Sarajevo , where they would be met by the First Panzer Group attacking from the south and east . The 8th Panzer Division and 16th Motorised Infantry Division faced almost no resistance as they drove east towards Belgrade , capturing Našice , Osijek , Vinkovci and Vukovar during the day . On the night of 11 / 12 April , they captured Sremska Mitrovica , Ruma and secured a crossing over the Danube via an undamaged bridge near Bogojevo . = = = Fate = = = The following day , the northern column of the 14th Panzer Division drove via Glina and crossed the Una at both Bosanska Kostajnica and Bosanski Novi before continuing its push east . Elements of the LI Corps also pushed east , establishing bridgeheads over the Kupa . A fragment of the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska , numbering around 300 troops , which had been holding a position on the Sava at Bosanska Gradiška , retreated to Jajce via Banja Luka . When they arrived at Jajce , Nedeljković ordered them to take up blocking positions in the narrow Vrbas valley at Krupa on the road between Banja Luka and Mrkonjić Grad . The rear area units of the 17th Infantry Division Vrbaska were ordered to block the road from Kotor Varoš to Doboj . In response to Nedeljković 's request for reinforcements , Simović had sent a number of units by rail via Tuzla . These included a cadet battalion and a company of the 27th Infantry Regiment , detached from the 1st Infantry Division Cerska . By the time the reinforcements arrived , Banja Luka had been evacuated in the face of German tanks and an Ustaše @-@ led revolt . The cadet battalion was redirected to Ključ to block the road Ključ – Mrkonjić Grad – Jajce . Nedeljković did not have the option of withdrawing via Bugojno or Prozor as those towns had been taken over by the Ustaše . On 14 April , under pressure from the 14th Panzer Division , remnants of the 4th Army continued to withdraw towards Sarajevo via Jajce and Travnik . The cadet battalion at Ključ managed to briefly delay the German advance through Mrkonjić Grad , but were overcome by tanks and air attacks . The bridge at Jajce was demolished at 23 : 15 , and Nedeljković withdrew his headquarters to Travnik . The remaining units of the 4th Army continued to disintegrate . The vanguard of the northern column of 14th Panzer Division surged forward to Teslić , with the central column only reaching Jajce . Early on 15 April , the northern column of the 14th Panzer Division closed on Doboj , and after overcoming resistance around that town , arrived in Sarajevo at 20 : 45 . Before noon , Nedeljković received orders that a ceasefire had been agreed , and that all 4th Army troops were to remain in place and not fire on German personnel . After a delay in locating appropriate signatories for the surrender document , the Yugoslav Supreme Command unconditionally surrendered in Belgrade effective at 12 : 00 on 18 April . = = = Books = = = = = = Journals and papers = = = = = = Websites = = = = Scribblenauts = Scribblenauts is an emergent puzzle action video game developed by 5th Cell and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for the Nintendo DS . The game was released on September 15 , 2009 in North America , September 30 , 2009 in Australia , October 9 , 2009 in Europe and on January 27 , 2011 in Japan as Flash Puzzle : Maxwell 's Mysterious Notebook ( ヒラメキパズルマックスウェルの不思議なノート , Hirameki Pazuru : Makkusuweru no Fushigi na Nōto ) by Konami . It is the third Nintendo DS video game made by 5th Cell , the first two being Drawn to Life and Lock 's Quest . The objective of Scribblenauts , as implied by its catchphrase " Write Anything , Solve Everything " , is to complete puzzles to collect " Starites " , helped by the player 's ability to summon any object ( from a database of tens of thousands ) by writing its name on the touchscreen . The game is considered by its developers to help promote emergent gameplay by challenging the player to solve its puzzles within certain limitations or through multiple solutions . Jeremiah Slaczka , creator and director of Scribblenauts , envisioned the game as a combination of solving life situation puzzles alongside Mad Libs . His vision was brought to realization through the " Objectnaut " engine created by 5th Cell 's technical director , Marius Fahlbusch . Objectnaut allowed for a data driven approach , and a significant portion of the development time was spent researching nouns and their properties , and categorizing them into the Objectnaut database . This , along with the simple art designs of 5th Cell 's Edison Yan , allowed for the team to easily add new words to the database without expending much effort to program new behavior . Scribblenauts was first shown in a playable form at the 2009 Electronic Entertainment Expo , and became a sleeper hit , winning several " Best of Show " awards , being the first portable console game to win such praise . Reviewers believed that 5th Cell delivered on their promise to allow nearly any possible object to be created for use in Scribblenauts , but also lamented that the choice of controls in the game hampered their full enjoyment of the title . The success of the title has led to a number of sequels including Super Scribblenauts , Scribblenauts Remix , and Scribblenauts Unlimited . The series has sold over 13 million copies . = = Gameplay = = Scribblenauts is an exclusively side @-@ scrolling game controlled almost entirely with the Nintendo DS stylus , with the D @-@ pad and face buttons controlling the camera and the left and right shoulder buttons rotating objects . The player controls a character named Maxwell , who must collect objects called " Starites " to complete each level . Maxwell is guided by tapping the touchscreen , or if the player taps an object , Maxwell will pick it up or be given other options for interacting with that object , such as riding a horse or bicycle or shooting at an object if he holds a weapon . A fundamental element of Scribblenauts is the ability of the player to summon myriad objects into the game . This is achieved by writing the name of an object on the touchscreen . For example , the player can write " ladder " , summoning a ladder , which the player may use to climb to an out @-@ of @-@ reach Starite . The player may turn the ladder on its side and set it on fire . The player may also chain objects together , such as chaining a piece of meat to a pole and holding it while riding on a raptor . Summoned objects range among animals , weapons , forces of nature , famous people ( both fictional and real ) , vehicles , household objects , easter eggs of the development team , and even internet memes . However , the game does not include trademarked terms , nor potential profanity ( summoning " ass " will spawn a donkey ; summoning " cock " will spawn a rooster ) . The game includes a homonym system to offer the player possible choices between similar @-@ sounding objects , such as distinguishing between a toy balloon and a hot @-@ air balloon ; there is also a spellchecker to provide close matches for misspelled words . The North American release includes support for other languages including Brazilian Portuguese , French , and Spanish , with French @-@ Canadian and Latin American variants available for words in the French and Spanish language sets , respectively . The UK version also accounts for difference between American and British English , such as the differing meanings of the word " football " . 5th Cell has stated that the limit to what objects may be summoned is up to the player 's imagination . Players , using special software , claimed to have discovered that the full list of words is greater than 22 @,@ 800 unique entries , but , in response , Slaczka said there were many more than this number . The game is segmented into 220 levels over 10 themed areas , and each given a 4 star ranking based on its difficulty , with later areas featuring more high ranked levels . Puzzles are given a par for the number of objects they can summon , typically being between two and four , though the player is free to summon more , so long as there is space in the meter at the top screen ( summoning the same number of objects as the par or less earns more points ) . There are two types of levels — puzzle and action levels . Puzzle levels are real @-@ life situations ( such as having to open a piñata ) where the Starite is awarded once the puzzle is solved , while action levels will appeal to gamers that prefer side @-@ scrolling platformers , featuring switches , spike traps , and other similar elements . Players are awarded " merits " for completing levels while meeting certain requirements , such as not summoning any weapon @-@ like object . Once the player completes a level , a silver star appears on the level selection button and a " Free play " mode is unlocked . At that point , the player is given the option to play through the level three consecutive times without reusing objects . Successfully completing the challenge grants the player a gold star for that level . Scribblenauts presents a simplistic storyline , as the developers wished to focus on engaging gameplay . The game always rewards the player with " Ollars " , its in @-@ game money , to allow them to purchase new areas , different avatars and other visual changes to the game . The game includes a level editor , allowing users to share these levels over the Nintendo Wi @-@ Fi system . The player can start with any level that they have already beaten from the main game , and add new objects with new game properties . These new properties can vary significantly from the normal behavior , such as having a bear able to eat a plane . = = Development = = Scribblenauts was first conceived in the second quarter of 2007 , near the same time that they had envisioned Lock 's Quest . Creative Director for 5th Cell , Jeremiah Slaczka , stated that they were seeking counterparts of Nintendogs and Brain Age , games that had attracted a much wider demographic than most other niche games , that 5th Cell could develop . The concept of Scribblenauts came from a combination of a previous idea he had for the DS that was similar to Mad Libs and a dream of his . An example given for the Mad Libs was that players could write a Mad Lib of a " dog walking through a forest " , and a dog would appear in a forest and walk through it . However , he realized the game would be tedious and that players would only be interested in using keywords . The dream was of being inside an Aztec temple and having to solve puzzles ; one in particular involved three paintings , with the objective being straightening them and then moving on to the next room through a portal . While he thought it was a good idea for a game , he also felt that it lacked both a hook and replayability . He debated whether this would work best on the Wii or the DS , but later decided to combine the writing element with a puzzle element to fix the lack of replayability . Slaczka realized that the concept of the game might be considered impossible by other programmers , but found that 5th Cell 's Technical Director Marius Fahlbusch felt confident they could create the required elements . The developers considered that the nature of the flexible and sometimes unforeseen solutions made the game strongly promote emergent gameplay . During development , Slaczka and the team tried to figure out what they could do with the DS hardware , trying to make Scribblenauts appeal to everyone . As Lock 's Quest was thought of first , they focused on releasing that game first while beginning the development of Scribblenauts . The game entered beta around May 2009 , and had numerous play @-@ testers exploring the game . About half of 5th Cell 's staff worked on the game . It was developed alongside the DS version of Drawn to Life : The Next Chapter . Scribblenauts was originally developed without having a publisher for the game . Slaczka noted that unlike other games where the developers could complete and polish a single level to garner interest while work on the rest of the game continued , Scribblenauts needed to show support for its large dictionary from the start , making it difficult to promote the game . The company was in negotiations with a publisher in the early part of 2009 , letting that publisher decide when it would be best to announce the game . Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment officially announced itself as the publisher for Scribblenauts in May 2009 . Slaczka noted that of the other publishers they talked to , they felt Warner Bros. was the best one , particularly due to their proximity to 5th Cell and their interest in the title . Scribblenauts was originally titled " Wordplay " , but the team felt that this was " generic " . The title Scribblenauts began as a temporary name that would be effective for pitching the game , but as development proceeded , the team couldn 't think of a better one , so the name stuck and became the final title of the product . Konami published the game in Japan on January 27 , 2011 ; this localized version features Konami characters such as Old Snake , Manaka Takane and the Vic Viper . = = = Engine = = = The core engine of Scribblenauts is a data @-@ driven engine called " Objectnaut " created by Fahlbusch . Within Objectnaut , each object is given a set of properties , including physical characteristics , artificial intelligence behavior , and how the player ( through Maxwell ) can interact with it . Five people from the team spent six months researching dictionaries and encyclopedias to create a large database of objects within the Objectnaut 's framework , and then mapped out a hierarchy of data from this information . For example , every mammal @-@ based object in the game is given the property of having " organic flesh " , allowing it to be eaten or turned into meat , without having to specify these functions for each type of mammal they used . The Objectnaut approach allowed the team to create two distinct objects for words that may have similar meanings simply by adjusting each word 's properties in the database : " lion " , " tiger " and " leopard " while similar will behave differently and have different art assets , while the only difference in the game between " croissant " and " danish " is that the danish may be able to roll like a wheel . The team made sure to balance the abilities of the various objects that could be summoned to avoid creating an " uber character " that would act as a skeleton key for solving all of the levels , and give players more courage to try different elements . Slaczka noted that he would be frequently asked if certain difficult words were in the game when interviewed by the press , most of the time being able to respond affirmatively to these questions . In an example given by Slaczka , a " hardcore " journalist wanted twenty minutes with the game to try to stump it during the 2009 E3 convention , but , according to Slaczka , " he had a real hard time stumping it and shook my hand " after that period . Designing each item required the developers to go word @-@ by @-@ word . Slaczka stated that certain kinds of words , such as cheeses , require little to no differences , besides items such as Limburger which would scare people away from it . He stated that the developers used discretion when deciding what to make look different , providing a cyborg , robot , and android , which he felt were different enough to require their own individual designs . He later stated that there was no way to test out each item and each way they interact with another item , as it was virtually impossible for them to accomplish this , using an example of an airplane being frozen , brought back in time , placing an old man on top of it , bringing it back to present time , and setting it on fire . Slaczka stated that while many games create a first level with enemies and platforms , polishing the level and moving on , the players can write any item available in level one that they can write in a later level . He commented that if players wrote " anvil " and it was missing its " heavy " property , they may be turned off of the game . They spent roughly 80 % of the development fine @-@ tuning the various items , and as such , they could not provide a preview to demonstrate the game . Each of the words programmed into the game has associated art with it led by 5th Cell artist Edison Yan . The task of creating the art was simplified through the " minimal " design style of 5th Cell 's previous games . Each object is rendered as in 3D with objects acting as doll on a 2D plane . This was chosen to avoiding having to create a large number of animations for 2D . The development team had to design each AI @-@ controlled object by hand , according to Slaczka , describing how the objects moves , and what it likes and dislikes , how much health it has , and other possible characteristics . Level design focused on providing a large variety of situations , including splitting levels between Puzzle and Action types , to avoid having the player develop a limited toolbox of common words and not exploring other possible solutions . Much of the initial level development was done on paper and to explore situations not commonly found in video games , due to their vocabulary system . They ended up selecting more than a hundred levels out of over seven hundred they had generated internally for the game . Both Merits and Ollars were added to reward the player for completion , with Slaczka comparing these to Xbox Live Achievements . The game primarily uses the touchscreen to control Maxwell and other objects ; the developers considered using the directional pad of the DS but realized that they would still need to rely on the touchscreen for certain actions and thus focused most of the game 's controls through that interface . The game includes 5th Cell 's own handwriting recognition system for writing down objects which Slaczka considered to be better than Nintendo 's own system for Brain Age . The team included a virtual keyboard in addition to this system knowing that even " the human brain can 't understand chicken scratch " . = = = Promotion = = = Players who pre @-@ ordered the game at GameStop and EB Games in the United States , Canada , and Australia received a replica of Maxwell 's " rooster hat " , a term coined by Destructoid according to Slaczka . The game was launched by a special event at the Nintendo World Store in New York City on September 13 , 2009 , with Slaczka and other 5th Cell developers on hand for the event . = = Reception = = = = = Pre @-@ release = = = The game was well received at the 2009 E3 Convention and was considered the " sleeper hit " of the show . Scribblenauts is the first portable video game in history to win " Best of Show " awards for E3 from any major gaming media outlet . The game was named " Best Original Game " and " Best Handheld Game " by the Game Critics Awards . Scribblenauts was named the overall " Best of Show " by Gamespot , Gamespy , and IGN , in addition to other awards . 1UP.com named Scribblenauts their E3 's " Most Innovative " title . X @-@ Play gave the game its E3 " Best Original Game " and " Best Handheld Game " awards . Ars Technica considered the game as the show 's " Most Pleasant Surprise " . Joystiq performed a ten @-@ word test of the game , and found only one word , " plumbob " , was not yet present in the game , but were promised it would be in the final version . Part of the success at E3 was considered partially due to the inclusion of then @-@ recent Keyboard Cat Internet meme , which led to a grassroots @-@ type excitement about the game at the convention . Adam Sessler of G4 TV believed that Scribblenauts 's E3 success was from being a small but successful game from a small company in contrast to numerous other premier titles from other major developers and publishers that have become standard for the convention , such that the uniqueness of everything about the game made it the standout title of the show . Scribblenauts was given a much more predominate display in Warner Bros. Interactive 's booth at the next major convention , the 2009 Comic @-@ Con International . IGN listed Scribblenauts in a preview of Nintendo DS games in 2009 , labeling it as one of their top picks for the year . They described it as " quite possibly one of the system 's most ambitious designs yet . " One example of the possibilities of Scribblenauts that led to further attention to the game are given in the ESRB 's attempt to describe the " cartoon violence " and " comic mischief " within the game as to grant it an " E10 + " rating . The ESRB 's description includes possible examples of the game 's level of violence as " a club can be used to hit an animal ; steak can be attached to a baby to attract lions ; rockets can be lobbed at a man " . In a post at NeoGAF within a thread dedicated to the game , user " Feep " relayed the experience of discovering during E3 that he was able to go back in time with a time machine to collect a dinosaur in order to defeat an army of robot zombies that could not be defeated with regular weapons . The story , as memorialized as " Post 217 " , has led to 5th Cell artist Edison Yan creating a desktop wallpaper image of the story , in appreciation of the positive fan response to the game , and the terms " Post Two One Seven " , " Feep " , and " Neogaf " have been included as summonable objects in the game . Slaczka credits the word @-@ of @-@ mouth popularity of " Post 217 " for part of the game 's success at E3 , and noted that he had contacted Feep to gain his permission to include " Feep " ( appearing as a robot zombie ) within the game . The NeoGAF forums proceeded to expand on their praise for the game by creating a series of avatars of video game and other related characters ( which will not otherwise appear in the game due to trademark issues ) for their forums inspired by Yan 's art design , and even some of the members that created the avatars were contacted to work in the second game , Super Scribblenauts . Yan himself has drawn several more avatars in the same style for other games such as Street Fighter II and Final Fantasy VII . = = = Release = = = Scribblenauts was found by reviewers to live up to the premise that the game was built on the ability to bring about nearly any object imagined into the game . John Walker of Eurogamer considered the game " an incredible achievement " , with its word database " so utterly complete in its collection of everything ever in the universe " and its specificness on these terms . Craig Harris of IGN asserted that " the developers fully deliver on [ the ] promise " of allowing player to summon nearly any imagined object , and , based on the core game alone , is an " incredibly versatile Nintendo DS experience " . Ben Kuchera of Ars Technica praises the game as " undeniably new and impressive " and urged players to support games that take risks with their innovation . Ray Barnholt of 1UP.com noted that while the game " isn 't exactly the be @-@ all end @-@ all videogame " that it received prior to release , the game remains " unmissable " due to its sheer novelty value . The game 's feature of forcing the player to consider different solutions when replaying levels was seen by Anthony Gallegos of Gamespy as a " really clever way to encourage replayability while subtly upping the challenge " . However , reviewers complained about the game 's poor controls , to the point that the implementation " almost kills a fantastic game " , according to IGN 's Harris . Reviews specifically commented how the touch screen is used both to manipulate the objects placed in the game and to move Maxwell ; this would result in inadvertently having Maxwell walk to his death or to disrupt a delicately prepared arrangement of objects prior to being ready to move him . Craig Harris of IGN notes that while one can direct Maxwell indirectly , the character would often fail to avoid or overcome simple obstacles , similar to troop movements in real @-@ time strategy games , such that overcoming these issues requires a significant amount of precise controls by the player . It was suggested that while it was understood why 5th Cell opted to use the touchscreen in this manner to avoid too much flipping between the stylus and face @-@ button controls , they would have appreciated the option for customizing the controls . The decision to use the touch screen controls was described by Walker as " possibly the most wildly stupid design decision of all time " , and that if the movement controls were mapped to the face buttons , the game would have been a " beautiful thing " . Walker also questioned the choice to have the game 's camera snap back to Maxwell as soon as the controls for it were released by the player , as it made it both difficult to set up objects that were off @-@ screen from Maxwell , and to watch the results of certain interactions , such as fights between computer @-@ controlled characters , that occurred off @-@ screen . When it is possible to connect objects to other objects , reviewers found that finding the connection points to be difficult , and would often trigger Maxwell to move . Barnholt described the entire game as feeling like a prototype with its odd physics , and not as polished as 5th Cell 's previous games , though acknowledged the overall game is still an impressive feat for the small development team . IGN 's Ryan Geddes criticized the game 's poor controls and physics , demanding patience to overcome , and raised concerns that the title was rushed to market after its overwhelming positive response from the E3 convention . In a postmortem , 5TH Cell 's co @-@ founder Joseph Tringali stated that they were aware that the controls would take " a big hit " from game reviewers , and attempted to work in a face @-@ button control scheme , but would have not been able to complete it within the deadline set by their self @-@ funded schedule . Tringali further noted that they did not spend as much time on the stylus controls earlier in development , and would have considered sacrificing another feature , like the Nintendo Wi @-@ Fi , to improve them . Reviewers also identified some unexpected behavior from some objects or combinations of them , such as attempting to direct a non @-@ player character in picking up an object , leading to an inconsistency in the difficulty of the various puzzles . Ben Kuchera of Ars Technica , in calling Scribblenauts " a frustrating , often maddening game " , described that he often encounters puzzles that , after trying several solutions that should have worked by common sense , he eventually happened upon a less logical solution that worked . Walker considered the puzzles range " between uninspired and simple and frustratingly obscure and fiddly " . Many critics experienced that after getting stumped on a puzzle , they would often resort to playing around in the free play mode . Edge magazine identified that the free play mode was more enjoyable as it masked the problems with controls , physics , and the general structure of the puzzle game that followed it , and considered what improvements in these modes could be made to create an experience closer to that of LittleBigPlanet . In particular for the action levels , reviewers found that they would be less likely to explore alternate solutions and fall into the pattern of using the same set of objects , making these levels repetitive towards the end . On the other hand , the puzzle levels were well @-@ received ; Andrew Reiner of Game Informer stated the time spent while solving the puzzle levels was when his " creative juices were joyously sapped " . The presence of the " Ollars " currency system allows players to skip levels they found difficult . Kurchera also noted that with some puzzles , the game is often better played with others , including young children , as the combination of imaginative ideas will likely eventually stumble upon a solution . Simon Parkin of Game Set Watch agreed , believing the game is best enjoyed when one thinks like a child as " free of the dry , efficient logic of adulthood , a child ’ s imagination also opens the game up in ways beyond most adults ’ reach " . Seth Schiesel of the New York Times considers the ultimate experience of the game a let @-@ down after the E3 hype due to the controls and obfuscation of the puzzles , and though it was not a " great game " , he considers the concept a " great idea " that can be built upon for a possible sequel . According to the NPD Group , Scribblenauts sold 194 @,@ 000 units in the United States during September 2009 , following Mario & Luigi : Bowser 's Inside Story and Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days in top Nintendo DS sales . The game also showed strong sales during December 2009 , becoming the 16th best selling game of that month in North America . By February 2010 , the game had sold more than one million units worldwide . It was the 5th best @-@ selling Nintendo DS game for 2009 in North America and the 1st best selling 3rd party game on DS . Time named Scribblenauts the 7th best video game of 2009 . Scribblenauts won the " Outstanding Innovation in Gaming " , " Portable Game of the Year " , and " Outstanding Achievement in Portable Game Design " awards , and was nominated for the " Casual Game of the Year " award for the 13th Annual Interactive Achievement Award from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . The game won " Innovation " and " Best Handheld Game " at the 10th annual Game Developers Choice Awards . = = = Lawsuit = = = In May 2013 , Charles Schmidt and Christopher Orlando Torres , the creators of the Keyboard Cat and Nyan Cat characters respectively , jointly sued 5th Cell and Warner Bros. for copyright infringement and trademark infringement for the appearances of these characters without permission across Scribblenauts and its sequels . Schmidt and Torres have both registered copyrights on their characters and have pending trademark applications on the names . The case was settled out of court , with Warner Bros. officially licensing the two cat characters for use in the game . = = Sequels = = = = = Super Scribblenauts = = = A Nintendo DS sequel to Scribblenauts titled Super Scribblenauts was released on October 12 , 2010 . In addition to addressing issues with the control scheme , Super Scribblenauts includes a larger vocabulary including the use of adjectives to modify nouns , influencing the objects ' behavior . = = = Scribblenauts Remix = = = Scribblenauts Remix , a version of Scribblenauts for the iOS platform , was released by Warner Bros. Interactive on October 12 , 2011 . Ported to the platform by developers Iron Galaxy , the iOS version provides forty levels from both Scribblenauts and its sequel , along with ten new levels for the iOS . The mechanics of the game are based on Super Scribblenauts , allowing for the use of adjectives in addition to nouns . The game uses built @-@ in features of iOS , such as the touch keyboard , and was released simultaneously with iOS version 5 , incorporating new features such as cloud storage to play the game across multiple devices . An Android version was released on June 26 , 2013 . = = = Scribblenauts Unlimited = = = A fourth title , Scribblenauts Unlimited , was released for Wii U , PC and Nintendo 3DS on November 13 , 2012 . The game features multiple worlds which Maxwell must find out how to help various non @-@ player characters to gain Starites , using the extended vocabulary abilities of Super Scribblenauts to solve puzzles . An Android version was released on December 15 , 2015 . = = = Scribblenauts Unmasked : A DC Comics Adventure = = = A fifth game in the franchise , Scribblenauts Unmasked : A DC Comics Adventure , was announced in development for Wii U , PC and Nintendo 3DS , featuring over 2000 characters from the DC Comics universe . The game was released on September 24 , 2013 . = = = Scribblenauts : Fighting Words = = = A sixth game in the series , titled Scribblenauts : Fighting Words , was in development for iOS since 2014 , but was cancelled in 2016 after 5th Cell laid off 45 employees , including lead animator Tim Borrelli . = Cockiness ( Love It ) = " Cockiness ( Love It ) " is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna , from her sixth studio album Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) . The song was written by Rihanna , Candice Pillay , D. Abernathy and Shondrae Crawford , with production helmed by Mr. Bangladesh . Conceptualized by Mr. Bangladesh , the producer revealed in an interview with MTV that the song had undergone many different versions before the final cut was included on the album . He stated that while he was writing and developing the song , Rihanna was the principal artist whom he wanted to record it . " Cockiness ( Love It ) " is a dubstep and dancehall track . Instrumentation is provided by vocal whoops , drums and horns . The lyrics of the song revolve around declaring the singer 's desire for sex . " Cockiness ( Love It ) " received mixed reviews from music critics . Whilst some praised the song 's memorability and compositional structure , others criticized its overtly sexual lyrical content . Upon the release of Talk That Talk , the song charted in lower regions on the singles charts in South Korea , the United Kingdom , and the United States . = = Background and conception = = " Cockiness ( Love It ) " was written by Candice Pillay , D. Abernathy , Shondrae Crawford and Robyn Fenty , with production helmed by Crawford under his stage name Mr. Bangladesh . In an interview with MTV , Mr. Bangladesh revealed that Rihanna was the principal artist who he wanted to record " Cockiness ( Love It ) " . The producer continued to say that the song had undergone " many different guises " before the final version including on Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) , saying " ' Cockiness ' , it 's layers of things I had sampled for a long time , never really messed with it too much . " Mr. Bangladesh continued to describe " Cockiness ( Love It ) " ' s development and song @-@ writing process , saying : I was in LA , and I had just pulled it out , chopped it up , made it a beat . My artist Candice Pillay , my other writers , Dem Jointz , they wrote the song . It wasn 't ' Cockiness ' at first , it was something else . They had the ' I love it ' part . ... [ They ] came up with that part first , and that wasn 't even on that track . It was just an idea . I was going to make a whole new beat out of it , what they wrote to it that day , it wasn 't really all the way done . A couple days later , they revisited it and came up with the ' Cockiness ' . After revealing that the song was finished , Mr. Bangladesh stated that he wanted to wait until the right artist came along to record the song . He later decided that it would be Rihanna , saying , " I was like , ' That 's dope . That 's Rihanna all day ' . They sent the song back , and I finished producing it . I put the ' I love it ' on it that they had already had ... She loved it , and that 's what it was . " = = Composition and lyrics = = As a dubstep and dancehall song , " Cockiness ( Love It ) " features dancehall stylised vocals and a rap bridge by Rihanna . Claire Suddath of Time Entertainment noted that the speed in which Rihanna delivers her vocal is so fast that it blends in with the composition , which she wrote " becomes the basis for the beat . " The instrumentation of " Cockiness ( Love It ) " consists of vocal whoops , cracking drums and bawling horns . Throughout the song , Rihanna sings in a taunting nature , taking pleasure in being able to tease the listener . T 'Cha Dunlevy of The Montreal Gazette compared Rihanna 's " [ taunting ] " vocals in the lyrics “ Suck my cockiness / Lick my persuasion " to the style in which Britney Spears sings on her 2009 single " If U Seek Amy " ( Circus , 2008 ) . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine noted that Rihanna 's vocals in the lyrics " I love it , I love it , I love it when you eat it " offer " coos " about wanting sex , whilst sarcastically writing that " we 're pretty sure she 's not talking about the chicken pot pie she left for dinner . " James Montgomery of MTV noted that the lyrics " Suck my cockiness / Lick my persuasion " , are , in his opinion , the best " come @-@ on " line of 2011 alongside Lady Gaga 's " Heavy Metal Lover " ( Born This Way , 2011 ) lyrics " I want your whiskey mouth / All over my blond south " . = = Critical reception = = The song received mixed reviews from music critics . Andy Kellman of Allmusic praised the song and its memorability , writing " ' Cockiness ( Love It ) , ' [ is ] one of the most hypnotic and wicked beats of the last decade " . Priya Elan of NME described the lyrics " Suck my cockiness , [ lick ] my persuasion " as " cringey " , but complimented the song 's compositional structure , writing that it provides a " genuine elastic thrill , twisting into all sorts of jaw @-@ dropping musical shapes " . Randell Roberts of the Los Angeles Times described " Cockiness ( Love It ) " and another track from the album , " Birthday Cake " , as the " breast and booty " of Talk That Talk but noted that they failed to capture the raunchiness that they set out to achieve . Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly also wrote that " Cockiness ( Love It ) " and " Birthday Cake " were the most provocative songs on the album , describing them as " I @-@ like @-@ it @-@ rough tracks " , but criticized them for being album fillers designed to get the listener out of the bedroom and on to the dance floor . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Rihanna appeared to be channelling Swedish singer @-@ songwriter and rapper Neneh Cherry on " Cockiness ( Love It ) " in a " pseudo @-@ melodic " impersonation . Caramanica continued to praise the song and called it a " triumph " , writing that the singer " [ eases ] out come @-@ ons as if she were lapping up milk " . Despite raising concerns for younger audiences with regard to the song 's overt sexual lyrics , a reviewer for Flavour magazine praised Mr. Bangladesh 's production on " Cockiness ( Love It ) . Pip Ellwood of Entertainment @-@ Focus noted that " Cockiness ( Love It ) " , along with " Birthday Cake " , " leave you under no misunderstanding that Rihanna is as sexual as she ’ s ever been throughout her career . " Arwa Haider of Metro wrote that the song is " predictably filthy " . Nathan S. of DJ Booth noted that " Cockiness ( Love It ) " is " by far the album ’ s most explicit offering , " and listed the song , along with " Watch n ' Learn " as his top two songs from Talk That Talk . Lindsay Zoladz of Pitchfork Media was critical of the song , writing " Rihanna 's always been singing about sex – she 's just never shown such an unfortunate proclivity for cheesy lyrics and dessert metaphors . ' Suck my cockiness / Lick my persuasion , ' [ Rihanna ] commands on the embarrassingly literal ' Cockiness ( Love It ) ' , hoping the boldness of the delivery will distract you from thinking about what a clunky line it is ( it won 't , though Bangladesh 's beats might ) . " Tuyet Nguyen of The A.V. Club commented that although Rihanna evokes a " raunchy " appeal during the verses , he criticized the singer for providing " stony , deadpanned [ vocals ] . " Simon Price of The Independent shared the same opinion as Nguyen with regard to Rihanna 's vocal performance , writing , " It 's a shame that [ Cockiness ( Love It ) ] , like every Rihanna vocal , is delivered in a voice which sounds as bored as a sex @-@ line worker filing her nails . " Adrian Thrills of the Daily Mail labelled the song as " hardly subtle " as Rihanna asks the listener to be her " sex slave " . Mike Diver for the BBC was critical of the song 's inclusion on the album , writing " A forgettable vocal from Jay @-@ Z on the title @-@ track foreshadows an awful exercise in quasi @-@ erotic wordplay on Cockiness ( Love It ) . " = = Chart performance = = Upon the release of Talk That Talk , " Cockiness ( Love It ) " debuted on multiple world charts . The song debuted on the South Korea Gaon International Chart at number 62 on November 26 , 2011 , with sales of 6 @,@ 918 digital downloads . In the United Kingdom , " Cockiness ( Love It ) " debuted at number 33 on the UK R & B Chart on November 27 , 2011 . It also debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 121 in the chart issue December 3 , 2011 . In the United States , the song debuted on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 17 in the chart issue December 10 , 2011 . The song failed to enter the Billboard 's Hot 100 . = = Live performance = = Rihanna performed " Cockiness ( Love It ) " for the first time at Radio 1 's Hackney Weekend on May 24 , 2012 , as the fourth song on the set list . She also performed the song at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards which placed on September 6 when she opened the award show alongside ASAP Rocky and closed her performance with " We Found Love " . The song was later included as part of the setlist on her Diamonds World Tour during the first act . = = Track listing = = Album version " Cockiness ( Love It ) " – 2 : 58 Digital remix single " Cockiness ( Love It ) [ Remix ] " ( featuring ASAP Rocky ) – 3 : 39 = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Sofitel Paris Le Faubourg , Room 538 . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Talk That Talk , Def Jam Recordings , SRP Records . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Remix = = " Cockiness ( Love It ) " was officially remixed featuring a guest appearance from American rapper and music video director ASAP Rocky , rapping the first verse . The song was digitally released on September 7 , 2012 , as the sixth and final single from Talk That Talk . On September 4 , 2012 , via her Twitter account Rihanna streamed the official remix of " Cockiness ( Love It ) " through her MTV page . On September 6 , 2012 , Rihanna and ASAP Rocky performed the remix at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards in a medley with " We Found Love " . = = = Chart performance = = = The single failed to attain chart success . It peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . The remix has sold 54 @,@ 000 digital copies in the US . = = = Charts = = = = Leigh Woods National Nature Reserve = Leigh Woods is a 2 @-@ square @-@ kilometre ( 0 @.@ 77 sq mi ) area of woodland on the south @-@ west side of the Avon Gorge , close to the Clifton Suspension Bridge , within North Somerset opposite the English city of Bristol and north of the Ashton Court estate , of which it formed a part . Stokeleigh Camp , a hillfort thought to have been occupied from the third century BC to the first century AD and possibly also in the Middle Ages , lies within the reserve on the edge of the Nightingale Valley . On the bank of the Avon , within the reserve , are quarries for limestone and celestine which were worked in the 18th and 19th centuries are now derelict . In 1909 part of the woodland was donated to the National Trust by George Alfred Wills , to prevent development of the city beside the gorge following the building of the Leigh Woods suburb . Areas not owned by the National Trust have since been taken over by the Forestry Commission . Rare trees include multiple species of Sorbus with at least nine native and four imported species . Bristol rockcress ( Arabis scabra ) which is unique to the Avon Gorge can be seen flowering in April ; various species of orchids and western spiked speedwell ( Veronica spicata ) are common in June and July . It is a national nature reserve and is included in the Avon Gorge Site of Special Scientific Interest , = = Topography = = The woods , which cover an area of 2 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 77 sq mi ) , are on a ridge which mainly consists of limestone , with some sandstone which runs from Clifton to Clevedon , 10 miles ( 16 km ) away on the Bristol Channel coast . At the southern end of the woods is Nightingale Valley ( one of several thus named in the area ) , a dry valley which is cut into the side of the gorge . Its area slopes from the highest point nearly opposite the north gate of Ashton Court to the River Avon beside the western buttress of the Clifton Suspension Bridge . The woods are on the Monarch 's Way long @-@ distance footpath . = = History = = Within Leigh Woods is Stokeleigh Camp , a hill fort thought to have been occupied from the third century BC to the first century AD and also in the Middle Ages . It is situated on a promontory , bounding the north flank of the Nightingale Valley and occupying around 7 @.@ 5 acres ( 3 @.@ 0 ha ) . Stokeleigh Camp is thought to have been occupied from the late pre @-@ Roman Iron Age , when it was in the area controlled by the Dobunni . Archaeological investigations suggest during the 1st century Belgae tribes may have been present with some of the pottery showing the influence of the Durotriges . There may have been a break in occupation before reuse in the middle to late 2nd century . In addition to the pottery recovered a possible coin of Gallienus dating from his reign between 253 and 268 has been recovered . An iron @-@ involuted brooch of the La Tène II type has also been found . It is unclear whether the occupation of Stokeleigh Camp in the 3rd century was for a formal garrison or whether it was just used by " squatters " or as a place of refuge in times of crisis . Stokeleigh might have been connected with the Wansdyke , a series of defensive linear earthworks , consisting of a ditch and an embankment running at least from Maes Knoll in Somerset , to the Savernake Forest near Marlborough in Wiltshire , however there is little evidence for this . It is also possible that the site was occupied in the Middle Ages . North of Stokeleigh Camp are a series of limestone and mineral quarries , overlooking the River Avon , which are now disused . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries this had an important celestine quarry and a tramway which linked it to a dock on the Avon ; both are now derelict . The area has in recent years been restored as an arboretum . At the northern end of the woods is Paradise Bottom . This is included in the Leigh Court Estate and was part of the ground laid out by Humphry Repton for Philip John Miles . Some of the first plantings of the giant redwood ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ) and the Weymouth pine ( Pinus strobus ) , among other " exotics " imported to the UK , were made here by Sir William Miles in the 1860s . To the south of the woods is an affluent suburb of Bristol also known as Leigh Woods . It is situated at the western end of the Clifton Suspension Bridge , which opened in 1864 , making the development of Leigh Woods as an upmarket residential area practicable . Houses in varying styles were built from the mid @-@ 1860s until the First World War . In 1857 the mutilated body of a murdered woman was found in Nightingale Valley ; the following year , John Beale was hanged at Taunton for the crime in January 1858 . Another violent death occurred in 1948 when George Henry Chinnock , who had been living in the woods , was found with head injuries . In 1909 part of the woodland was donated to the National Trust by the tobacco company owner George Alfred Wills . He did this to prevent housing development on the western side of the gorge as Bristol grew in size and population . Areas not owned by the National Trust have since been taken over by the Forestry Commission . The Portishead Railway runs close to the river at the bottom of the woods . It was opened on 18 April 1867 , but closed on 3 April 1981 . The Great Western Railway built a small station with the aim of attracting tourists to the area ; Nightingale Valley Halt was not very successful and was only in use for less than five years , from 9 July 1928 until 12 September 1932 . The line was reopened for freight traffic as far as Royal Portbury Dock on 21 December 2001 and local councils are proposing to reintroduce a passenger service to Portishead as part of their MetroWest plans , although this would not happen before 2019 . In 1957 a Filton @-@ based RAF Vampire jet from 501 Squadron crashed into Leigh Woods . The pilot , Flying officer John Greenwood , was killed after he flew under the deck of the suspension bridge while performing a victory roll . Small mountain biking circuits are present in the woods and the area is a popular walking area for Bristolians . = = Flora and fauna = = Because of the rare flora and fauna , the woods have been included in the Avon Gorge Site of Special Scientific Interest , which received the designation in 1952 , and 140 hectares ( 350 acres ) has been designated as a national nature reserve . The south part of the woods is an area of former pasture woodland with old pollards , mainly oak and some small @-@ leaved lime . To the north , the area comprises ancient woodland of old coppice with standards and contains a rich variety of trees . Rare trees include Bristol whitebeam ( Sorbus bristoliensis ) and wild service tree ( Sorbus torminalis ) . There are multiple species of Sorbus within the woods with at least nine native and four imported species , making it one of the most important sites in Britain for this tree . Birds which live in the woods include the raven ( Corvus ) and peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus ) . Many butterflies and moths can be seen in summer including the white @-@ letter hairstreak ( Satyrium w @-@ album ) . On the steep grassy slopes above the River Avon , Bristol rockcress ( Arabis scabra ) which is unique to the Avon Gorge can be seen flowering in April ; orchids and western spiked speedwell ( Veronica spicata ) are common in June and July . In autumn the woodland hosts over 300 species of fungi . Bilberry , a scarce plant in the Bristol area , is found in Leigh Woods , as is the parasitic plant yellow bird 's @-@ nest ( Monotropa hypopitys ) . Lady orchid ( Orchis purpurea ) was discovered here in 1990 , in Nightingale Valley ; there is doubt as to whether this was a wild plant or an introduction . Green @-@ flowered Helleborine ( Epipactis phyllanthes ) is found on the western side of the gorge , in a wooded area next to the towpath below Leigh Woods . = SMS Roon = SMS Roon was the lead ship of her class of armored cruisers of the Imperial German Navy . The ship was authorized under the second Naval Law in 1902 , and built at the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel at the cost of 15 @.@ 3 million marks . The ship was named after Albrecht von Roon , a Prussian general and politician . She displaced up to 9 @,@ 875 tonnes ( 9 @,@ 719 long tons ; 10 @,@ 885 short tons ) and was armed with a main battery of four 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) guns . Her top speed was 20 @.@ 4 knots ( 37 @.@ 8 km / h ; 23 @.@ 5 mph ) . The ship participated in several actions during the First World War , including the raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby , where she acted as a scout for the High Seas Fleet . Roon also saw duty in the Baltic Sea , including a battle in July 1915 against Russian cruisers and shore bombardment missions . After 1916 , Roon was used as a training and barracks ship in Kiel until the end of the war . It was intended to convert the ship into a seaplane tender , but the plan was eventually abandoned . The ship was struck from the naval register in 1920 and scrapped thereafter . = = Construction = = Roon was ordered under the provisional name Ersatz Kaiser and built at the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel under construction number 28 . Her keel was laid in 1902 and she was launched on 27 June 1903 . Fitting @-@ out work was lengthy , but was completed by 5 April 1906 , being commissioned into the Imperial German Navy the same day . She had cost the Imperial German Government 15 @,@ 345 @,@ 000 Goldmarks . Roon displaced 9 @,@ 087 t ( 8 @,@ 943 long tons ; 10 @,@ 017 short tons ) as built and 9 @,@ 875 t ( 9 @,@ 719 long tons ; 10 @,@ 885 short tons ) fully loaded , with a length of 126 @.@ 50 m ( 415 ft ) , a beam of 19 @.@ 60 m ( 64 ft 4 in ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 43 m ( 24 ft 5 in ) forward . She was powered by three vertical triple expansion engines , which developed a total of 17 @,@ 272 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 880 kW ) and yielded a maximum speed of 20 @.@ 4 knots ( 37 @.@ 8 km / h ; 23 @.@ 5 mph ) on trials . She carried up to 1 @,@ 630 t ( 1 @,@ 600 long tons ; 1 @,@ 800 short tons ) of coal , which enabled a maximum range of up to 5 @,@ 080 nautical miles ( 9 @,@ 410 km ; 5 @,@ 850 mi ) at a cruising speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . She was armed with four 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) guns arranged in two twin gun turrets , one on either end of the superstructure . Her secondary armament consisted of ten 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns , fourteen 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) guns and four 45 cm ( 18 in ) underwater torpedo tubes , one in the bow , one in the stern , and one on both beams . = = Service history = = Roon was laid down in August 1902 at the Kiel dockyard , and launched in June 1903 , during which the inspector general Alfred von Waldersee was made patron of the ship . The ship was completed in April 1906 , at a cost of 15 @,@ 345 @,@ 000 Marks . In April 1907 , Roon and the light cruiser Bremen sailed to the United States to participate in the Jamestown Exposition commemorating the anniversary of the arrival of colonists in Chesapeake Bay on 26 April . In addition to the German delegation , the international fleet consisted of warships from Great Britain , Japan , Austria @-@ Hungary , France , Italy , and several other nations . In 1908 , Roon was serving as the flagship for Rear Admiral Jacobsen , in the Second Group of the Scouting Division of the High Seas Fleet , along with her sister ship Yorck . After being replaced as the flagship of the Scouting Group on 30 September by the new battlecruiser Moltke , Roon was decommissioned in 1911 ; however , she was recommissioned three years later at the outbreak of World War I. At the start of hostilities , Roon was serving as the flagship of the III Scouting Group . On 3 November 1914 , she participated in the operation to bombard Yarmouth . = = = Bombardment of Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby = = = A month later , on 15 – 16 December , she participated in the bombardment of Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby . Along with the armored cruiser Prinz Heinrich , Roon was assigned to the van of the High Seas Fleet , which was providing distant cover to Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper 's battlecruisers while they were conducting the bombardment . During the operation , Roon and her attached destroyers encountered the British screening forces ; at 06 : 16 , Roon came in contact with HMS Lynx and Unity , but no gunfire was exchanged and the ships turned away . Following reports of British destroyers from Roon as well as from Hamburg , Admiral von Ingenohl ordered the High Seas Fleet to turn to port and head for Germany . At this point , Roon and her destroyers became the rearguard for the High Seas Fleet . At 06 : 59 , Roon , by this time joined by the light cruisers Stuttgart and Hamburg , encountered Commander Jones ' destroyers . Jones shadowed Roon until 07 : 40 , at which point Stuttgart and Hamburg were detached to sink their pursuers . At 08 : 02 , Roon signaled the two light cruisers and ordered them to abandon the pursuit and retreat along with the rest of the High Seas Fleet . At 07 : 55 , Beatty received word of Roon 's location , and in an attempt to intercept the German cruisers , detached HMS New Zealand to hunt the German ships down , while his other three battlecruisers followed from a distance . By 09 : 00 , Beatty had become aware that the German battlecruisers were shelling Hartlepool , so he decided to break off the pursuit of Roon and turn towards the German battlecruisers . = = = Operations in the Baltic = = = Admiral Reinhard Scheer decided that because Roon and the other armored cruisers of the III Scouting Group were slow and lacked thick enough armor , they were unsuitable for service in the North Sea . Therefore , after April 1915 , she operated in the Baltic Sea , participating in several bombardment missions . On 11 May , the British submarine E9 spotted Roon and several other ships en route to Libau , which had been recently captured by the German army . E9 fired five torpedoes at the German flotilla ; two passed closely astern of Roon while the other three missed their targets as well . On 2 July 1915 , Roon participated in a battle with Russian cruisers off the shores of Gotland , Sweden . The light cruiser Augsburg and three destroyers were escorting the minelaying cruiser SMS Albatross when they were attacked by four Russian cruisers — the armored cruisers Bayan , Admiral Makarov , and light cruisers Bogatyr and Oleg . Augsburg escaped while the destroyers covered the retreat of the Albatross , which was severely damaged and forced to seek refuge in neutral Swedish waters . Roon and the light cruiser Lübeck sortied to relieve the beleaguered German destroyers . Upon arriving at the scene , Roon engaged Bayan , and Lübeck opened fire on Oleg . Shortly thereafter , the Russian cruiser Rurik , along with a destroyer , arrived to reinforce the Russian flotilla . In the following artillery duel , Roon was hit several times , and the German ships were forced to retreat . On 10 August , Roon and Prinz Heinrich shelled Russian positions at Zerel on the Sworbe Peninsula . There were several Russian destroyers anchored off Zerel ; the German cruisers caught them by surprise and damaged one of them . = = = Later service = = = The fog of war led to several instances where the Royal Navy misidentified several vessels as Roon in 1916 . On 16 February 1916 , Roon was mistakenly reported as having been captured by a British cruiser in the North Atlantic . The ship was also mistakenly reported to have taken part in the Battle of Jutland as the flagship of the screening force for the main body of the High Seas Fleet . This mistake appeared in historical works published shortly after the First World War , but later works have corrected it . In November 1916 , Roon was disarmed and converted into a training and accommodation ship . Stationed at Kiel , she served in this capacity until 1918 . The German Navy had previously experimented with seaplane carriers , including the conversion of the old light cruiser Stuttgart early in 1918 for service with the fleet . Stuttgart could carry only two aircraft , however , which was deemed insufficient for fleet support . As a result , plans were drawn up to convert Roon into a seaplane carrier , with a capacity for four aircraft . The ship 's main battery would have been removed and replaced with only six 15 cm guns and six 8 @.@ 8 cm anti @-@ aircraft guns ; the large hangar for the seaplanes was to have been installed aft of the main superstructure The plan did not come to fruition , primarily because the German Navy relied on zeppelins for aerial reconnaissance , not seaplanes . Roon was struck from the naval register on 25 November 1920 and scrapped the following year , in Kiel @-@ Nordmole . = Typhoon Ken ( 1982 ) = Typhoon Ken , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Tering , was the fourth typhoon to strike Japan during the 1982 Pacific typhoon season . Forming along the western end of the monsoon trough in the Philippine Sea , the system had organized into a tropical depression on September 16 , and by that night a tropical storm . As a compact system , rapid intensification continued , with Ken becoming a typhoon on the evening of September 17 and a major typhoon on September 18 . The cyclone up to this point had a history of progressing slowly west @-@ northwest , but Ken eventually stalled on September 20 and became a larger cyclone . As a mid @-@ latitude trough to its north deepened , Ken took off to the northeast towards Okinawa . Ken made landfall upon Shikoku early on September 25 , and moved onward into the Sea of Japan where it evolved into an extratropical cyclone . Five people were killed while 18 others were hurt . A total of 114 mudslides were reported , resulted in over 2 @,@ 000 homes flooded . Additionally , 12 homes were damaged or destroyed . Seventy @-@ four flights were cancelled as well . = = Meteorological history = = During mid @-@ September , a monsoon trough was present in the Philippine Sea . On September 14 , a persistent area disturbance weather was first visible on satellite imagery . On September 15 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) started to monitor the system . The next day , a Hurricane Hunter aircraft reported a closed atmospheric circulation . Based on this , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) upgraded the storm into a tropical depression , without issuing a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) . Six hours later , the storm was upgraded into a tropical storm . Around this time , the JMA followed suit and upgraded the system into a tropical storm . Initially , Ken was expected by the JTWC to move west and pass near Luzon , but this did not occur . At 0600 UTC on September 17 , Ken was upgraded into a severe tropical storm by the JTWC and the JMA . That evening , Ken was upgraded to typhoon status by both the JTWC and the JMA when the hunters recorded a pressure of 976 mbar ( 28 @.@ 8 inHg ) . Ken continued to gain strength ; at 1800 UTC on September 18 , the Hurricane Hunter aircraft reported winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . This wind speed is equivalent to a low @-@ end Category 3 typhoon on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale ( SSHWS ) . Several hours later , the JTWC reported that Ken attained peak intensity of 200 km / h ( 125 mph ) while centered about 800 km ( 495 mi ) east @-@ southeast of Taiwan . The typhoon moved west @-@ northwest at a slower rate than expected , but on September 19 , Typhoon Ken , a subtropical ridge moved west @-@ southwest , moving into south China and the South China Sea . As such , many tropical cyclone forecast models showed Ken turning north @-@ northeast , but Ken began to stall on September 20 instead . Around this time , the JMA estimated peak wind speeds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) and a peak pressure of 940 mbar ( 28 inHg ) . Initially , Ken was small , but around this time the storm began to grow in size . The cause of the structural change is unknown , but it is possible that some dry air got induced into the storm 's circulation , which also caused the eye to collapse and the storm to weaken . By September 21 , Ken began to move erratically due to a deepening trough that was centered north of Typhoon Ken before taking off in the general direction of Japan . Weakening ensued thereafter due to increased wind shear . By September 23 , the JWC reported that winds had diminished below Category 2 @-@ equaivlent strength on the SSHWS while the JMA reported winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) . At this time , Ken was located around 650 km ( 405 mi ) south of Tokyo . By the next day , however , this weakening trend had leveled off ; data from the JMA suggests that the storm did not weaken further until September 25 . After according to the JTWC , maintain winds of 135 km / h ( 85 mph ) during September 24 , the typhoon weakened slightly . Ken made landfall near Shikoku early on September 25 with winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) , and after weakening a little according to the JTWC , Ken passed over Honshu . That day , the system moved into the Sea of Japan , where it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while producing winds just below typhoon @-@ force . Despite this , the JMA kept an eye on the system for two more days . = = Impact and aftermath = = Because Ken posed a threat to shipping lanes , a tropical cyclone warning was issued for shipping lanes for a span of 66 hours , lasting from 0900 UTC September 19 until 0300 UTC September 22 . Upon making landfall in Japan , Ken became the fourth storm to strike the nation during the season . Ken was responsible strong winds , including a 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) wind speed on Honshu . Additionally , wind gusts of 221 km / h ( 137 mph ) were measured on Shikoku . Torrential rains were also recorded ; a peak rainfall total was measured at 500 mm ( 20 in ) in Funato , which also sustained the highest hourly rainfall total of 79 @.@ 0 mm ( 3 @.@ 11 in ) . In Uwajima on the island Shikoku ( the smallest of the four main Japanese islands ) , a peak six @-@ hour total of 220 mm ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) was recorded . Additionally , a daily rainfall peak of 280 mm ( 11 in ) was measured at Kadena . Somewhere in Shikoku , 470 mm ( 19 in ) of rain was recorded in a two @-@ day time span . Heavy rains resulted in 114 mudslides , which destroyed eight homes . According to nation 's police service , a total of 2 @,@ 440 dwellings were flooded including over 450 in Uwajimi . Four homes were also damaged in Shikoku . Two minor bridges were washed away due to flooding rivers . Airlines cancelled 74 flights and the Japan National Railways halted 17 trains on the southernmost main island of Kyushu . A total of five people were killed by the storm , including three oh Shikoku . An elderly couple was killed in their bed while a 30 @-@ year @-@ old man drowned in his car . In addition to these fatalities , 18 persons were hurt ; five of these injuries occurred on Shikoku . Overall , the storm directly affected 21 districts of Japan . = John Mitchell ( American football coach ) = John Mitchell , Jr . ( born October 14 , 1951 ) is an American football coach and former collegiate player . Over the course of his career , Mitchell has broken several racial barriers and has had the opportunity to work with many icons of the sport . Currently , he is the defensive line coach and assistant head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers in the National Football League ( NFL ) . As a player , Mitchell was the first African @-@ American to play football for the storied Alabama Crimson Tide . In his second year with the program he became the first African @-@ American co @-@ captain at the school . The next year he became the team 's first black assistant coach and also the youngest coach to have ever been hired at Alabama . Later he would break another barrier by becoming the first black defensive coordinator in the Southeastern Conference . His coaching career has spanned nearly 40 years during which time he has worked with several icons of the football coaching pantheon , including college coaching greats Bear Bryant and Lou Holtz as well as Bill Belichick and Bill Cowher in the pros . Teams he has coached have won championships at both the college and professional levels . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Mitchell was born in Mobile , Alabama on October 14 , 1951 ; the third of five children of Helen and John Mitchell , Sr. His father worked as a civil engineer for the United States Coast Guard . At Williamson High School in Mobile , which was an all @-@ black school , Mitchell played football and basketball . As a senior he played on the offensive line . Though standing 6 feet 3 inches ( 191 cm ) , he weighed just 195 pounds ( 88 kg ) , which major colleges considered too light for the position . His lack of size explains why he was not offered a football scholarship out of high school by any major colleges in his home state . He did , however , field football scholarship offers from historically black powerhouses like Grambling State University and Tennessee State University . Sports were not everything for Mitchell ; he finished third in the nation in a science fair with a group of classmates . All five members of the science fair team were offered academic scholarships by the University of Alabama and Auburn University . Although these were the two schools Mitchell had dreamed of playing football for , neither was recruiting black football players at the time , and Mitchell very much wanted to play " big @-@ time college football " . Mitchell determined that his best chance of eventually playing Division I football was by going the junior college route . He accepted a football scholarship from Eastern Arizona Junior College in Thatcher , Arizona . = = = Playing career = = = Mitchell played on both the offensive and defensive lines at Eastern Arizona . He was named a Junior College All @-@ American in each of his two years in the program . More significantly , he added 35 pounds ( 16 kg ) of muscle to his frame in the school 's weight training program , which was an amenity his high school lacked . Even with the added bulk , he showed no appreciable loss of speed . He also earned an associate 's degree in social work from Eastern Arizona . Based on his junior college performance and increased bulk , Mitchell was recruited by several major college programs , but he originally committed to John McKay at the University of Southern California . While on the golf course with University of Alabama coach Paul " Bear " Bryant , McKay casually mentioned that he had received a commitment from an Alabama native . McKay assumed that Bryant wouldn 't be interested in Mitchell because he was black and Alabama had no black players on their roster . Bryant swooped in and recruited Mitchell aggressively . Although Mitchell originally was a bit nervous about the reception he would receive at Alabama , as well as the amount of playing time he could garner , his family encouraged him to return home and accept Bryant 's scholarship offer . Besides his family 's encouragement and Bryant 's assurances that his race would not be a problem , Mitchell 's opinion that Alabama 's School of Social Work was one of the country 's best was a big factor in his decision . In 1971 Mitchell , along with Wilbur Jackson , became the first African @-@ American to play football for the Crimson Tide . He started all 24 games in his two seasons at Alabama , during which time the team compiled a 21 – 3 record and won two Southeastern Conference championships . In 1972 , Mitchell became the first African @-@ American to be named a co @-@ captain at Alabama . The same year he was named an All @-@ American by the American Football Coaches Association . He was selected to the All @-@ SEC team in each of his two seasons at Alabama . Mitchell earned a B.S. in social welfare , completing his degree requirements a semester early . The San Francisco 49ers selected Mitchell in the seventh round of the 1973 NFL Draft . Although he played primarily defensive end in college , he was once again considered undersized to fill that role in the pro game ; the 49ers wanted to make him a linebacker . He signed a contract with the 49ers and attended training camp , but after being slowed in camp by an illness he was cut by the team prior to the season . Upon being cut by the 49ers , Mitchell chose to close the book on this playing career even though he may have been able to pursue an opportunity in the fledgling World Football League , saying , " I had a chance , whatever happened , good or bad , and I figured a guy 's got to work someday . " = = = Coaching career = = = = = = = Alabama = = = = Mitchell decided to return to Alabama to attend law school in the fall of 1973 . When he asked coach Bryant for help in finding a campus job to make ends meet while he worked on his graduate degree , Bryant instead offered him a full @-@ time coaching position . In giving up his law school plans to accept the offer to coach defensive ends , Mitchell became the first African @-@ American assistant coach for the Crimson Tide . He was also the youngest coach to have been hired by the school . In addition to coaching , he was instrumental in the recruiting of top African @-@ American players to play football at Alabama . One player whom Mitchell helped recruit was Ozzie Newsome , who went on to have a Hall of Fame career . In Mitchell 's first year of coaching at Alabama , the team compiled an 11 – 1 record and won the national championship in addition to the SEC championship . Over each of the next two seasons , they matched that 11 – 1 record , added two more SEC titles and finished inside the top @-@ five in the polls . In 1976 , which would be Mitchell 's last with the team , they fell off a bit with a 9 – 3 record , but they still remained in the top @-@ fifteen nationwide . Mitchell helped develop Leroy Cook who was a two @-@ time All @-@ America selection drafted in the 10th round of the 1976 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys and selected as one of two defensive ends on the All @-@ time Alabama team named by Sports Illustrated in 2006 . = = = = Arkansas = = = = In early 1977 , Mitchell accepted a position coaching defensive ends at the University of Arkansas under Lou Holtz , after deciding the move was " at least horizontal " . Following his first season with the Razorbacks in which the team went 11 – 1 and beat second @-@ ranked Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl , Holtz gushed , In the course of the six years Mitchell would spend at Arkansas , the team compiled a record of 54 – 16 – 2 , won a Southwest Conference championship , played in a bowl game each year and failed to finish in the top @-@ 20 in the polls only once . Among the defensive linemen who came through the Arkansas program during Mitchell 's tenure were future Pro Football Hall of Fame member Dan Hampton and Ron Faurot an All @-@ American who was drafted in the second round and played two seasons in the NFL . During his time in Arkansas , Mitchell regularly participated in pick @-@ up basketball games with Bill Clinton , who was at the time a law professor at the school . = = = = USFL = = = = Mitchell left Arkansas in 1983 to pursue an opportunity to coach at the professional level in his home state with the Birmingham Stallions of the newly created United States Football League ( USFL ) . He coached linebackers for the Stallions for the team 's ( and league 's ) entire three @-@ year existence . In 1985 , outside linebacker Herb Spencer made the All @-@ League team . When the team quit paying its coaches on New Year 's Day in 1986 , Mitchell returned to the college ranks , taking at a job at Temple University . = = = = Temple = = = = At Temple Mitchell coached defensive tackles and defensive ends under head coach Bruce Arians , with whom he would later work on the Steelers coaching staff . Arians called Mitchell " a super football coach and a great person " , adding " I think we had more quarterback sacks this year in our third game than we had all last year . " At Temple , Mitchell coached Ralph Jarvis whom the Chicago Bears chose in the third round of the 1988 NFL Draft . = = = = Louisiana State = = = = After a single season at Temple , Mitchell returned to the SEC in 1987 at Louisiana State University ( LSU ) where he served as outside linebackers coach under Mike Archer . After two seasons coaching linebackers Mitchell was promoted to defensive coordinator in early 1990 succeeding Pete Jenkins and becoming the first African @-@ American to serve in that capacity in the SEC . Mitchell resigned his position at LSU in March 1990 due to improper accounting of some hotel expenses over the previous two years . He was reinstated two months later following an investigation and repayment of the disputed funds . With Mitchell leading the defense , the Tigers finished a disappointing 5 – 6 in 1990 ( including 2 – 5 in the SEC ) leading to the firing of head coach Archer following the season . Mitchell was offered a chance to return to his post coaching outside linebackers by Archer 's replacement , Curley Hallman , with whom Mitchell had coached at Alabama . However , Mitchell chose to leave LSU a couple of months later to return to the professional ranks . = = = = NFL = = = = = = = = = Cleveland Browns = = = = = After leaving LSU , Mitchell was hired as defensive line coach of the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League ( NFL ) in 1991 . He coached for the Browns under head coach Bill Belichick for three seasons , helping to develop Michael Dean Perry ( who twice made the Pro Bowl in Mitchell 's three seasons with the team ) and Rob Burnett ( who made his only Pro Bowl in Mitchell 's final year with the club ) . = = = = = Pittsburgh Steelers = = = = = In 1994 he moved on to become the defensive line coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers under Bill Cowher , replacing Steve Furness . He 's been with the Steelers ever since , making him the club 's longest tenured coach , and one of the longest serving coaches with his current team in the NFL . With the arrival of Mike Tomlin in 2007 , Mitchell replaced Russ Grimm as the team 's assistant head coach while retaining his responsibilities in coaching the defensive line . The Steelers led the league in stopping the run four times in the first fifteen years of Mitchell 's tenure ( through 2008 ) . Steelers defensive linemen have participated in the Pro Bowl eight times since Mitchell 's arrival : Casey Hampton ( five Pro Bowls ) , Aaron Smith ( once ) , Brett Keisel ( once ) and Joel Steed ( once ) . The team as a whole has also had tremendous success during Mitchell 's tenure , making the playoff eleven times and reaching the AFC Championship Game eight times in his first 18 years . They 've also made it to four Super Bowls , winning the championship in 2005 and again in 2008 . In Super Bowl XL in February 2006 , the Steelers faced a tough test in slowing Seattle Seahawks All @-@ Pro running back Shaun Alexander who ran for 1 @,@ 880 yards and scored an NFL record 28 touchdowns in the regular season behind an offensive line that featured All @-@ Pro linemen Walter Jones and Steve Hutchinson on the left side . The defensive line would need to slow down the Seahawks running attack to keep the Steelers in the game , a challenge which Mitchell took personally . The players came through holding Alexander under the 100 @-@ yard plateau and most importantly preventing him from scoring , which was crucial to a Steelers win . After the game , Mitchell said of the strategy , " Our thing was ' keep him out of the end zone . ' We didn 't care if he got 300 yards ; don 't let him in the end zone . " In Super Bowl XLIII in 2009 , they again faced a formidable offense in the Arizona Cardinals . The defensive line once again came through with a great performance , holding the Cardinals to just 33 yards on the ground . Mitchell coaches in a quiet and cerebral style which he picked up from the first head coach under who he worked , saying with typical understatement , " Coach Bryant wasn 't a screamer , and I noticed he had some success . " He has further described his approach to coaching thusly : This style and the results it has brought have earned Mitchell the respect of his peers in the NFL . Clarence Brooks coaches defensive linemen for the Steeler division rival the Baltimore Ravens and thus meets the Steelers at least twice a year . Brooks assessed his counterpart saying , Mitchell is held in extremely high regard by his fellow Steelers coaches as well . Steelers defensive coordinator Dick LeBeau has said he 's " always had great confidence in him " . Head coach Mike Tomlin has called Mitchell a " trailblazer " and described him as " a very respected coach in this league and well respected in this organization " . = = = Personal = = = Mitchell lives with his wife , Joyce , in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ; the couple have no children . Mitchell had expressed interest in becoming the head football coach at Alabama when that position had been open in the past . However , despite this interest and his connection with the program he has never been pursued for the position . Away from football , Mitchell 's avocations include collecting art , fine wine and vintage jazz as well as studying history . He has stated that he plans to retire around 2012 to 2013 , at which time he will return to Birmingham , Alabama . He was elected to the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame with the class of 2009 . Mitchell said of his selection : " I 'm from the state of Alabama , and this is big . The state of Alabama is putting me , John Mitchell , a black kid from Mobile , in their sports hall of fame . There 's nothing bigger in my life . " = = Coaching tree = = = Union Films = Union Films was a film production company located in Batavia , Dutch East Indies ( now Jakarta , Indonesia ) . Established by ethnic Chinese businessmen Ang Hock Liem and Tjoa Ma Tjoen in 1940 , it produced seven black @-@ and @-@ white films before it was dissolved in 1942 ; all are thought to be lost . The company 's films were directed by four men , mostly ethnic Chinese , and launched the careers of actors such as Rendra Karno and Djoewariah . Established during the revival of the Indies film industry , Union released its first film , Kedok Ketawa , in July 1940 . This was followed by a series of films penned by Saeroen which were increasingly oriented towards the Indies ' growing intelligentsia and attempted to distance themselves from the theatrical conventions which were common in the contemporary film industry . This continued after Saeroen left for Star Film in 1941 , with Union 's final two productions emphasising realism . Following the Japanese occupation of the Indies in March 1942 , Union was dissolved , though its films continued to be screened into the mid 1940s . = = History = = Following the commercial successes of Terang Boelan ( Full Moon ; 1937 ) , Fatima ( 1938 ) , and Alang @-@ Alang ( Grass ; 1939 ) , the film industry of the Dutch East Indies – which had been severely weakened by the Great Depression – was revived . Film production increased and , in 1940 , four new production houses were opened , including Union Films . The company was funded by ethnic Chinese businessman Ang Hock Liem , who is credited as producer for the majority of the company 's releases ; daily operations , however , were handled by Tjoa Ma Tjoen . Union was headquartered in Prinsenlaan , Batavia ( now Mangga Besar , Jakarta ) , and , according to a press release , established to " improve the quality of Indonesian art " . The fledgling Union 's first film , Kedok Ketawa , was released in July 1940 . Following a young couple who face off against criminals with the help of a masked bandit , this film was directed by Jo An Djan and starred Oedjang , Fatimah , and Basoeki Resobowo . It received positive reviews ; the journalist Saeroen wrote in Pemandangan that the film 's quality was comparable to imported Hollywood productions , and a review in Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad praised the cinematography . Following these positive reviews , Union hired Saeroen – who had previously written Terang Boelan and several works for Tan 's Film – as a screenwriter . He made his debut for the company with Harta Berdarah , directed by new hires R Hu and Rd Ariffien , following Jo An Djan 's departure for Populair 's Film . The film , in which a young man convinces a miserly hajji to be more charitable , was released in October 1940 and starred the singer Soelastri and martial artist Zonder . Union released their third production , Bajar dengan Djiwa , by February 1941 . Directed by R Hu , this film – a drama in which a young woman is sold to a loan shark in order to pay her father 's debt – marked the film debut of Djoewariah ; she later became Union 's leading lady . Ariffien , meanwhile , was tasked with directing Asmara Moerni , based on a script by Saeroen . Attempting to reach the educated audiences by casting a young doctor , Adnan Kapau Gani , opposite Djoewariah , this romance told of a young man who is ultimately able to marry his former maid after she receives an education . Released in April , the film received mixed reviews : one , in the Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad , found the film " fascinating " , while another for the same paper considered the film dependent on the stage traditions which its advertisements had denounced . In July 1941 Union released Wanita dan Satria , a Djoewariah vehicle which follows a well @-@ born womaniser who abuses his social status to gain women 's trust before ultimately getting his comeuppance . In advertising Wanita dan Satria , the company again emphasised the non @-@ theatrical background of the film 's cast , which also included Moesa , Djoewita and Hidajat . The film received positive reviews ; one , from the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad , wrote that Wanita dan Satria " gives a clear picture of the precarious position of Indonesian women and motivates the desire for a firmer outline of her rights in the Moslem society . " This was the company 's last film to be directed by Ariffien or written by Saeroen ; both men migrated to rival company Star Film soon afterwards . Hu remained with Union and directed the company 's next production , Soeara Berbisa , with peranakan sound technician Boen Kin Nam serving as assistant director . Written by Djojopranoto , the work followed two young men who compete for the love of a woman before learning that they are long @-@ lost brothers . Djoewita had left the company at this point , and the studio hired Raden Soekarno for the leading role of this late 1941 release . The company 's final completed production , Mega Mendoeng , was directed by Boen and announced soon after shooting for Soeara Berbisa had begun . This film , a romance starring Soekarno and new find Sofiati , was released in early 1942 . In producing both films , Union emphasised realism and targeted educated audiences . By the end of 1941 , the government of the Dutch East Indies were concerned that Empire of Japan could invade the colony . This fear reached the general populace , and the February 1942 edition of the film magazine Pertjatoeran Doenia dan Film reported that several studios would move away from the colonial capital of Batavia or go on a production hiatus . Union , though already beginning production of a film set in the Majapahit era titled Damar Woelan , was forced to stop filming . When the Japanese occupied the Indies in March 1942 , Union was closed , never to reopen . Aside from Ariffien , who continued directing into the 1960s , none of Union 's directors or producers returned to the film industry after the conclusion of the Japanese occupation in 1945 . Several actors , however , continued their careers . Djoewariah , for instance , made her first film after leaving Union , Sehidup Semati ( One Life , One Death ) , in 1949 , and continued acting until the mid @-@ 1950s . The career of Soekarno , meanwhile , lasted through the 1970s ; he was mostly credited as Rendra Karno after changing his name in the 1950s . Others had careers behind the screen ; Kedok Ketawa star Basoeki Resobowo , for instance , became art director on films such as Darah dan Doa ( The Long March ; 1950 ) . = = Filmography = = In a period of two years , Union released seven films ; all were feature length , made in black @-@ and @-@ white , and received wide releases in the Dutch East Indies . Several were screened in nearby Singapore , including Bajar dengan Djiwa and Asmara Moerni . Though its films were screened at least into the 1940s , the company 's output is likely lost . Kedok Ketawa ( Laughing Mask ; 1940 ) Harta Berdarah ( Bloody Treasure ; 1940 ) Bajar dengan Djiwa ( Pay with [ One 's ] Soul ; 1941 ) Asmara Moerni ( True Love ; 1941 ) Wanita dan Satria ( The Woman and the Hero ; 1941 ) Soeara Berbisa ( Venomous Voice ; 1941 ) Mega Mendoeng ( 1942 ) = = Explanatory notes = = = Evil Queen ( Disney ) = The Evil Queen , also known as the Wicked Queen or just the Queen , and sometimes instead identified by her given name as Queen Grimhilde , is the primary antagonist in Disney 's 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and a villain character in the extended Disney 's Snow white franchise . She is based on the Evil Queen character from the European fairy tale " Snow White " . In the film , similar to the Brothers Grimm story , the Evil Queen is cold , cruel , and extremely vain , and obsessively desires to remain the " fairest in the land " . She becomes madly envious over the beauty of her stepdaughter , Princess Snow White , as well as the attentions of the Prince from another land ; such love triangle element is one of Disney 's changes to the story . This leads her to plot the death of Snow White and ultimately on the path to her own demise , which in the film is indirectly caused by the Seven Dwarfs . The film 's version of the Queen character uses her dark magic powers to actually transform herself into an old woman instead of just taking a disguise like in the Grimms ' story ; this appearance of hers is commonly referred to as the Wicked Witch or alternatively as the Old Hag or just the Witch . The Queen dies in the film , but lives on in a variety of noncanonical Disney works . The film 's version of the Queen was created by Walt Disney and Joe Grant , and originally animated by Art Babbit and voiced by Lucille La Verne . Inspiration for her design came from several sources , including the characters of Queen Hash @-@ a @-@ Motep from She and Princess Kriemhild from Die Nibelungen , as well as actors such as Joan Crawford and Gale Sondergaard . The Queen has since been voiced by Eleanor Audley , June Foray , Janet Waldo , Eda Reiss Merin , Louise Chamis and Susanne Blakeslee , and was portrayed live by Anne Francine ( musical ) , Jane Curtin ( 50th anniversary TV special ) , and Olivia Wilde ( Disney Dream Portraits ) , Kathy Najimy ( Descendants ) , and in an alternative version , by Lana Parrilla ( Once Upon a Time ) . This interpretation of the classic fairy tale character has been very well received by film critics and general public , often being considered one of Disney 's most iconic and menacing villains . Besides in the film , the Evil Queen has made numerous appearances in Disney attractions and productions , including not only these directly related to the tale of Snow White , such as Fantasmic ! , The Kingdom Keepers and Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , sometimes appearing in them alongside Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty . The film 's version of the Queen has also become a popular archetype that influenced a number of artists and non @-@ Disney works . = = In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs = = = = = Storyline = = = In " another land , far away , " " many , many years ago , " about the time of fairy tales of castles , knights , fair maidens , romance , magic and witches , " a mysterious and icily beautiful woman with magical powers ( a 1938 promotional brochure suggests she is able to work her witchcraft having sold " herself body and soul to the bad spirits " of the Harz mountains ) has gained her royal position by marrying the widowed King , giving her rule over his kingdom before he died . " From that time on the cruel Queen ruled all alone , her every word was law , and all trembled in mortal fear of her anger . " The vain Queen owned a magical mirror with which she could look upon whatever she wished . The Magic Mirror shows a haunted , smoky face of her familiar demon which replies to the Queen 's requests . She regularly asks the mirror who is the fairest in the realm ( " Magic mirror on the wall , who is the fairest one of all ? " which is often misquoted as " Mirror mirror on the wall , who is the fairest of them all " ) , and the mirror would always reply that she is . One day , however , the mirror tells her that there is a new fairest woman in the land , her 14 @-@ year @-@ old stepdaughter , Princess Snow White . She became obsessively jealous of the princess ' emerging beauty , therefore turning her into a scullery maid in her own home . After observing the handsome Prince from another kingdom singing a love song to Snow White , the proud Queen , in a jealous rage , commands her faithful Huntsman , Humbert , to take the princess deep into the forest and kill her . He is ordered to bring back her heart in a box to prove that he had done so . Humbert cannot bear to kill the young princess , so he tells Snow White	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
writing from the body " as a subversive exercise . The work of Julia Kristeva , a feminist psychoanalyst and philosopher , and Bracha Ettinger , artist and psychoanalyst , has influenced feminist theory in general and feminist literary criticism in particular . However , as the scholar Elizabeth Wright points out , " none of these French feminists align themselves with the feminist movement as it appeared in the Anglophone world " . More recent feminist theory , such as that of Lisa Lucile Owens , has concentrated on characterizing feminism as a universal emancipatory movement . = = Movements and ideologies = = Many overlapping feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years . = = = Political movements = = = Some branches of feminism closely track the political leanings of the larger society , such as liberalism and conservatism , or focus on the environment . Liberal feminism seeks individualistic equality of men and women through political and legal reform without altering the structure of society . Catherine Rottenberg has argued that the neoliberal shirt in Liberal feminism has led to that form of feminism being individualized rather than collectivized and becoming detached from social inequality . Due to this she argues that Liberal Feminism cannot offer any sustained analysis of the structures of male dominance , power , or privilege . Radical feminism considers the male @-@ controlled capitalist hierarchy as the defining feature of women 's oppression and the total uprooting and reconstruction of society as necessary . Conservative feminism is conservative relative to the society in which it resides . Libertarian feminism conceives of people as self @-@ owners and therefore as entitled to freedom from coercive interference . Separatist feminism does not support heterosexual relationships . Lesbian feminism is thus closely related . Other feminists criticize separatist feminism as sexist . Ecofeminists see men 's control of land as responsible for the oppression of women and destruction of the natural environment ; ecofeminism has been criticised for focusing too much on a mystical connection between women and nature . = = = Materialist ideologies = = = Rosemary Hennessy and Chrys Ingraham say that materialist forms of feminism grew out of Western Marxist thought and have inspired a number of different ( but overlapping ) movements , all of which are involved in a critique of capitalism and are focussed on ideology 's relationship to women . Marxist feminism argues that capitalism is the root cause of women 's oppression , and that discrimination against women in domestic life and employment is an effect of capitalist ideologies . Socialist feminism distinguishes itself from Marxist feminism by arguing that women 's liberation can only be achieved by working to end both the economic and cultural sources of women 's oppression . Anarcha @-@ feminists believe that class struggle and anarchy against the state require struggling against patriarchy , which comes from involuntary hierarchy . = = = Black and postcolonial ideologies = = = Sara Ahmed argues that Black and Postcolonial feminisms pose a challenge " to some of the organizing premises of Western feminist thought . " During much of its history , feminist movements and theoretical developments were led predominantly by middle @-@ class white women from Western Europe and North America . However women of other races have proposed alternative feminisms . This trend accelerated in the 1960s with the civil rights movement in the United States and the collapse of European colonialism in Africa , the Caribbean , parts of Latin America , and Southeast Asia . Since that time , women in developing nations and former colonies and who are of colour or various ethnicities or living in poverty have proposed additional feminisms . Womanism emerged after early feminist movements were largely white and middle @-@ class . Postcolonial feminists argue that colonial oppression and Western feminism marginalized postcolonial women but did not turn them passive or voiceless . Third @-@ world feminism and Indigenous feminism are closely related to postcolonial feminism . These ideas also correspond with ideas in African feminism , motherism , Stiwanism , negofeminism , femalism , transnational feminism , and Africana womanism . = = = Social constructionist ideologies = = = In the late twentieth century various feminists began to argue that gender roles are socially constructed , and that it is impossible to generalize women 's experiences across cultures and histories . Post @-@ structural feminism draws on the philosophies of post @-@ structuralism and deconstruction in order to argue that the concept of gender is created socially and culturally through discourse . Postmodern feminists also emphasize the social construction of gender and the discursive nature of reality ; however , as Pamela Abbott et al. note , a postmodern approach to feminism highlights " the existence of multiple truths ( rather than simply men and women 's standpoints ) " . = = = Cultural movements = = = Riot grrls took an anti @-@ corporate stance of self @-@ sufficiency and self @-@ reliance . Riot grrrl 's emphasis on universal female identity and separatism often appears more closely allied with second @-@ wave feminism than with the third wave . The movement encouraged and made " adolescent girls ' standpoints central " , allowing them to express themselves fully . Lipstick feminism is a cultural feminist movement that attempts to respond to the backlash of second @-@ wave radical feminism of the 1960s and 1970s by reclaiming symbols of " feminine " identity such as make @-@ up , suggestive clothing and having a sexual allure as valid and empowering personal choices . = = Sexuality = = Feminist views on sexuality vary , and have differed by historical period and by cultural context . Feminist attitudes to female sexuality have taken a few different directions . Matters such as the sex industry , sexual representation in the media , and issues regarding consent to sex under conditions of male dominance have been particularly controversial among feminists . This debate has culminated in the late 1970s and the 1980s , in what came to be known as the feminist sex wars , which pitted anti @-@ pornography feminism against sex @-@ positive feminism , and parts of the feminist movement were deeply divided by these debates . Feminists have taken a variety of positions on different aspects of the sexual revolution from the 1960s and 70s . Over the course of the 1970s , a large number of influential women accepted lesbian and bisexual women as part of feminism . = = = Sex industry = = = Opinions on the sex industry are diverse . Feminists critical of the sex industry generally see it as the exploitative result of patriarchal social structures which reinforce sexual and cultural attitudes complicit in rape and sexual harassment . Alternately , feminists who support at least part of the sex industry argue that it can be a medium of feminist expression and a means for women to take control of their sexuality . Feminist views of pornography range from condemnation of pornography as a form of violence against women , to an embracing of some forms of pornography as a medium of feminist expression . Feminists ' views on prostitution vary , but many of these perspectives can be loosely arranged into an overarching standpoint that is generally either critical or supportive of prostitution and sex work . = = = Affirming female sexual autonomy = = = For feminists , a woman 's right to control her own sexuality is a key issue . Feminists such as Catharine MacKinnon argue that women have very little control over their own bodies , with female sexuality being largely controlled and defined by men in patriarchal societies . Feminists argue that sexual violence committed by men is often rooted in ideologies of male sexual entitlement , and that these systems grant women very few legitimate options to refuse sexual advances . In many cultures , men do not believe that a woman has the right to reject a man 's sexual advances or to make an autonomous decision about participating in sex . Feminists argue that all cultures are , in one way or another , dominated by ideologies that largely deny women the right to decide how to express their sexuality , because men under patriarchy feel entitled to define sex on their own terms . This entitlement can take different forms , depending on the culture . In many parts of the world , especially in conservative and religious cultures , marriage is regarded as an institution which requires a wife to be sexually available at all times , virtually without limit ; thus , forcing or coercing sex on a wife is not considered a crime or even an abusive behavior . In more liberal cultures , this entitlement takes the form of a general sexualization of the whole culture . This is played out in the sexual objectification of women , with pornography and other forms of sexual entertainment creating the fantasy that all women exist solely for men 's sexual pleasure , and that women are readily available and desiring to engage in sex at any time , with any man , on a man 's terms . = = Science = = Sandra Harding says that the " moral and political insights of the women 's movement have inspired social scientists and biologists to raise critical questions about the ways traditional researchers have explained gender , sex and relations within and between the social and natural worlds . " Some feminists , such as Ruth Hubbard and Evelyn Fox Keller , criticize traditional scientific discourse as being historically biased towards a male perspective . A part of the feminist research agenda is the examination of the ways in which power inequities are created or reinforced in scientific and academic institutions . Physicist Lisa Randall , appointed to a task force at Harvard by then @-@ president Lawrence Summers after his controversial discussion of why women may be underrepresented in science and engineering , said , " I just want to see a whole bunch more women enter the field so these issues don 't have to come up anymore . " Lynn Hankinson Nelson notes that feminist empiricists find fundamental differences between the experiences of men and women . Thus , they seek to obtain knowledge through the examination of the experiences of women , and to " uncover the consequences of omitting , misdescribing , or devaluing them " to account for a range of human experience . Another part of the feminist research agenda is the uncovering of ways in which power inequities are created or reinforced in society and in scientific and academic institutions . Furthermore , despite calls for greater attention to be paid to structures of gender inequity in the academic literature , structural analyses of gender bias rarely appear in highly cited psychological journals , especially in the commonly studied areas of psychology and personality . One criticism of feminist epistemology is that it allows social and political values to influence its findings . Susan Haack also points out that feminist epistemology reinforces traditional stereotypes about women 's thinking ( as intuitive and emotional , etc . ) , Meera Nanda further cautions that this may in fact trap women within " traditional gender roles and help justify patriarchy " . = = = Biology and gender = = = Modern feminism challenges the biological essentialist view of gender . For example , Anne Fausto @-@ Sterling 's book , Myths of Gender , explores the assumptions embodied in scientific research that support a biologically essentialist view of gender . In Delusions of Gender , Cordelia Fine disputes scientific evidence that suggests that there is an innate biological difference between men 's and women 's minds , asserting instead that cultural and societal beliefs are the reason for differences between individuals that are commonly perceived as sex differences . = = = Feminist psychology = = = Feminism in psychology emerged as a critique of the dominant male outlook on psychological research where only male perspectives were studied with all male subjects . As women earned doctorates in psychology , females and their issues were introduced as legitimate topics of study . Feminist psychology emphasizes social context , lived experience , and qualitative analysis . Projects such as Psychology 's Feminist Voices have emerged to catalogue the influence of feminist psychologists on the discipline . = = Culture = = = = = Architecture = = = Gender @-@ based inquiries into and conceptualization of architecture have also come about , leading to feminism in modern architecture . Piyush Mathur coined the term " archigenderic " . Claiming that " architectural planning has an inextricable link with the defining and regulation of gender roles , responsibilities , rights , and limitations " , Mathur came up with that term " to explore ... the meaning of ' architecture ' in terms of gender " and " to explore the meaning of ' gender ' in terms of architecture " . = = = Visual arts = = = Corresponding with general developments within feminism , and often including such self @-@ organizing tactics as the consciousness @-@ raising group , the movement began in the 1960s and flourished throughout the 1970s . Jeremy Strick , director of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles , described the feminist art movement as " the most influential international movement of any during the postwar period " , and Peggy Phelan says that it " brought about the most far @-@ reaching transformations in both artmaking and art writing over the past four decades " . Feminist artist Judy Chicago , who created The Dinner Party , a set of vulva @-@ themed ceramic plates in the 1970s , said in 2009 to ARTnews , " There is still an institutional lag and an insistence on a male Eurocentric narrative . We are trying to change the future : to get girls and boys to realize that women 's art is not an exception — it 's a normal part of art history . " A feminist approach to the visual arts has most recently developed through Cyberfeminism and the posthuman turn , giving voice to the ways " contemporary female artists are dealing with gender , social media and the notion of embodiment " . = = = Literature = = = The feminist movement produced both feminist fiction and non @-@ fiction , and created new interest in women 's writing . It also prompted a general reevaluation of women 's historical and academic contributions in response to the belief that women 's lives and contributions have been underrepresented as areas of scholarly interest . Much of the early period of feminist literary scholarship was given over to the rediscovery and reclamation of texts written by women . Studies like Dale Spender 's Mothers of the Novel ( 1986 ) and Jane Spencer 's The Rise of the Woman Novelist ( 1986 ) were ground @-@ breaking in their insistence that women have always been writing . Commensurate with this growth in scholarly interest , various presses began the task of reissuing long @-@ out @-@ of @-@ print texts . Virago Press began to publish its large list of 19th and early @-@ 20th @-@ century novels in 1975 and became one of the first commercial presses to join in the project of reclamation . In the 1980s Pandora Press , responsible for publishing Spender 's study , issued a companion line of 18th @-@ century novels written by women . More recently , Broadview Press continues to issue 18th- and 19th @-@ century novels , many hitherto out of print , and the University of Kentucky has a series of republications of early women 's novels . A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) by Mary Wollstonecraft , is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy . A Room of One 's Own ( 1929 ) by Virginia Woolf , is noted in its argument for both a literal and figural space for women writers within a literary tradition dominated by patriarchy . The widespread interest in women 's writing is related to a general reassessment and expansion of the literary canon . Interest in post @-@ colonial literatures , gay and lesbian literature , writing by people of colour , working people 's writing , and the cultural productions of other historically marginalized groups has resulted in a whole scale expansion of what is considered " literature " , and genres hitherto not regarded as " literary " , such as children 's writing , journals , letters , travel writing , and many others are now the subjects of scholarly interest . Most genres and subgenres have undergone a similar analysis , so that one now sees work on the " female gothic " or women 's science fiction . According to Elyce Rae Helford , " Science fiction and fantasy serve as important vehicles for feminist thought , particularly as bridges between theory and practice . " Feminist science fiction is sometimes taught at the university level to explore the role of social constructs in understanding gender . Notable texts of this kind are Ursula K. Le Guin 's The Left Hand of Darkness ( 1969 ) , Joanna Russ ' The Female Man ( 1970 ) , Octavia Butler 's Kindred ( 1979 ) and Margaret Atwood 's Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) . = = = Music = = = Women 's music ( or womyn 's music or wimmin 's music ) is the music by women , for women , and about women . The genre emerged as a musical expression of the second @-@ wave feminist movement as well as the labor , civil rights , and peace movements . The movement was started by lesbians such as Cris Williamson , Meg Christian , and Margie Adam , African @-@ American women activists such as Bernice Johnson Reagon and her group Sweet Honey in the Rock , and peace activist Holly Near . Women 's music also refers to the wider industry of women 's music that goes beyond the performing artists to include studio musicians , producers , sound engineers , technicians , cover artists , distributors , promoters , and festival organizers who are also women . Riot grrrl is an underground feminist hardcore punk movement described in the cultural movements section of this article . Feminism became a principal concern of musicologists in the 1980s as part of the New Musicology . Prior to this , in the 1970s , musicologists were beginning to discover women composers and performers , and had begun to review concepts of canon , genius , genre and periodization from a feminist perspective . In other words , the question of how women musicians fit into traditional music history was now being asked . Through the 1980s and 1990s , this trend continued as musicologists like Susan McClary , Marcia Citron and Ruth Solie began to consider the cultural reasons for the marginalizing of women from the received body of work . Concepts such as music as gendered discourse ; professionalism ; reception of women 's music ; examination of the sites of music production ; relative wealth and education of women ; popular music studies in relation to women 's identity ; patriarchal ideas in music analysis ; and notions of gender and difference are among the themes examined during this time . While the music industry has long been open to having women in performance or entertainment roles , women are much less likely to have positions of authority , such as being the leader of an orchestra . In popular music , while there are many women singers recording songs , there are very few women behind the audio console acting as music producers , the individuals who direct and manage the recording process . = = = Cinema = = = Feminist cinema , advocating or illustrating feminist perspectives , arose largely with the development of feminist film theory in the late ' 60s and early ' 70s . Women who were radicalized during the 1960s by political debate and sexual liberation ; but the failure of radicalism to produce substantive change for women galvanized them to form consciousness @-@ raising groups and set about analysing , from different perspectives , dominant cinema 's construction of women . Differences were particularly marked between feminists on either side of the Atlantic . 1972 saw the first feminist film festivals in the U.S. and U.K. as well as the first feminist film journal , Women and Film . Trailblazers from this period included Claire Johnston and Laura Mulvey , who also organised the Women 's Event at the Edinburgh Film Festival . Other theorists making a powerful impact on feminist film include Teresa de Lauretis , Anneke Smelik and Kaja Silverman . Approaches in philosophy and psychoanalysis fuelled Feminist Film Criticism , Feminist Independent Film and Feminist Distribution . It has been argued that there are two distinct approaches to independent , theoretically inspired feminist filmmaking . ' Deconstruction ' concerns itself with analysing and breaking down codes of mainstream cinema , aiming to create a different relationship between the spectator and dominant cinema . The second approach , a feminist counterculture , embodies feminine writing to investigate a specifically feminine cinematic language . Some recent criticism of ' feminist film ' approaches has centered around a Swedish rating system called the Bechdel test . During the 1930s @-@ 1950s heyday of the big Hollywood studios , the status of women in the industry was abysmal and , while much has improved , many would argue that there is still much to be done . From art films by Sally Potter , Catherine Breillat , Claire Denis and Jane Campion to action movies by Kathryn Bigelow , women now have a stronger voice , but are only too aware of the still lingering gender gap . = = Politics = = Feminism had complex interactions with the major political movements of the twentieth century . = = = Socialism = = = Since the late nineteenth century some feminists have allied with socialism , whereas others have criticized socialist ideology for being insufficiently concerned about women 's rights . August Bebel , an early activist of the German Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) , published his work Die Frau und der Sozialismus , juxtaposing the struggle for equal rights between sexes with social equality in general . In 1907 there was an International Conference of Socialist Women in Stuttgart where suffrage was described as a tool of class struggle . Clara Zetkin of the SPD called for women 's suffrage to build a " socialist order , the only one that allows for a radical solution to the women 's question " . In Britain , the women 's movement was allied with the Labour party . In the U.S. , Betty Friedan emerged from a radical background to take leadership . Radical Women is the oldest socialist feminist organization in the U.S. and is still active . During the Spanish Civil War , Dolores Ibárruri ( La Pasionaria ) led the Communist Party of Spain . Although she supported equal rights for women , she opposed women fighting on the front and clashed with the anarcha @-@ feminist Mujeres Libres . = = = Fascism = = = Fascism has been prescribed dubious stances on feminism by its practitioners and by women 's groups . Amongst other demands concerning social reform presented in the Fascist manifesto in 1919 was expanding the suffrage to all Italian citizens of age 18 and above , including women ( accomplished only in 1946 , after the defeat of fascism ) and eligibility for all to stand for office from age 25 . This demand was particularly championed by special Fascist women 's auxiliary groups such as the fasci femminilli and only partly realized in 1925 , under pressure from Prime Minister Benito Mussolini 's more conservative coalition partners . Cyprian Blamires states that although feminists were among those who opposed the rise of Adolf Hitler , feminism has a complicated relationship with the Nazi movement as well . While Nazis glorified traditional notions of patriarchal society and its role for women , they claimed to recognize women 's equality in employment . However , Hitler and Mussolini declared themselves as opposed to feminism , and after the rise of Nazism in Germany in 1933 , there was a rapid dissolution of the political rights and economic opportunities that feminists had fought for during the pre @-@ war period and to some extent during the 1920s . Georges Duby et al. note that in practice fascist society was hierarchical and emphasized male virility , with women maintaining a largely subordinate position . Blamires also notes that Neofascism has since the 1960s been hostile towards feminism and advocates that women accept " their traditional roles " . = = = Civil rights movement and anti @-@ racism = = = The civil rights movement has influenced and informed the feminist movement and vice versa . Many Western feminists adapted the language and theories of black equality activism and drew parallels between women 's rights and the rights of non @-@ white people . Despite the connections between the women 's and civil rights movements , some tension arose during the late 1960s and early 1970s as non @-@ white women argued that feminism was predominantly white and middle class , and did not understand and was not concerned with race issues . Similarly , some women argued that the civil rights movement had sexist elements and did not adequately address minority women 's concerns . These criticisms created new feminist social theories about the intersections of racism , classism , and sexism , and new feminisms , such as black feminism and Chicana feminism . = = = Neoliberalism = = = Neo @-@ liberalism has been criticized by feminist theory for having a negative effect on the female workforce population across the globe -especially in the global south . Masculinist assumptions and objectives continue to dominate economic and geopolitical thinking . Women 's experiences in non @-@ industrialized countries reveal often deleterious effects of modernization policies and undercut orthodox claims that development benefits everyone . Proponents of neoliberalism have theorized that by increasing women 's participation in the workforce , there will be heightened economic progress , but feminist critics have noted that this participation alone does not further equality in gender relations.Neoliberalism has failed to address significant problems such as the devaluation of feminized labour , the structural privileging of men and masculinity , and the politicization of women 's subordination in the family and the workplace . The ' feminization of employment ' refers to a conceptual characterization of deteriorated and devalorized labour conditions that are less desirable , meaningful , safe and secure . Employers in the global south have perceptions about feminine labour and seek workers who are perceived to be undemanding , docile and willing to accept low wages . Social constructs about feminized labour have played a big part in this , for instance , employers often perpetuate ideas about women as ' secondary income earners to justify their lower rates of pay and not deserving of training or promotion . = = Societal impact = = The feminist movement has effected change in Western society , including women 's suffrage ; greater access to education ; more nearly equitable pay with men ; the right to initiate divorce proceedings ; the right of women to make individual decisions regarding pregnancy ( including access to contraceptives and abortion ) ; and the right to own property . = = = Civil rights = = = From the 1960s on , the campaign for women 's rights was met with mixed results in the U.S. and the U.K. Other countries of the EEC agreed to ensure that discriminatory laws would be phased out across the European Community . Some feminist campaigning also helped reform attitudes to child sexual abuse . The view that young girls cause men to have sexual intercourse with them was replaced by that of men 's responsibility for their own conduct , the men being adults . In the U.S. , the National Organization for Women ( NOW ) began in 1966 to seek women 's equality , including through the Equal Rights Amendment ( ERA ) , which did not pass , although some states enacted their own . Reproductive rights in the U.S. centered on the court decision in Roe v. Wade enunciating a woman 's right to choose whether to carry a pregnancy to term . Western women gained more reliable birth control , allowing family planning and careers . The movement started in the 1910s in the U.S. under Margaret Sanger and elsewhere under Marie Stopes . In the final three decades of the 20th century , Western women knew a new freedom through birth control , which enabled women to plan their adult lives , often making way for both career and family . The division of labor within households was affected by the increased entry of women into workplaces in the 20th century . Sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild found that , in two @-@ career couples , men and women , on average , spend about equal amounts of time working , but women still spend more time on housework , although Cathy Young responded by arguing that women may prevent equal participation by men in housework and parenting . Judith K. Brown writes , " Women are most likely to make a substantial contribution when subsistence activities have the following characteristics : the participant is not obliged to be far from home ; the tasks are relatively monotonous and do not require rapt concentration ; and the work is not dangerous , can be performed in spite of interruptions , and is easily resumed once interrupted . " In international law , the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ( CEDAW ) is an international convention adopted by the United Nations General Assembly and described as an international bill of rights for women . It came into force in those nations ratifying it . = = = Jurisprudence = = = Feminist jurisprudence is a branch of jurisprudence that examines the relationship between women and law . It addresses questions about the history of legal and social biases against women and about the enhancement of their legal rights . Feminist jurisprudence signifies a reaction to the philosophical approach of modern legal scholars , who typically see law as a process for interpreting and perpetuating a society 's universal , gender @-@ neutral ideals . Feminist legal scholars claim that this fails to acknowledge women 's values or legal interests or the harms that they may anticipate or experience . = = = Language = = = Proponents of gender @-@ neutral language argue that the use of gender @-@ specific language often implies male superiority or reflects an unequal state of society . According to The Handbook of English Linguistics , generic masculine pronouns and gender @-@ specific job titles are instances " where English linguistic convention has historically treated men as prototypical of the human species . " = = = Theology = = = Feminist theology is a movement that reconsiders the traditions , practices , scriptures , and theologies of religions from a feminist perspective . Some of the goals of feminist theology include increasing the role of women among the clergy and religious authorities , reinterpreting male @-@ dominated imagery and language about God , determining women 's place in relation to career and motherhood , and studying images of women in the religion 's sacred texts . Christian feminism is a branch of feminist theology which seeks to interpret and understand Christianity in light of the equality of women and men , and that this interpretation is necessary for a complete understanding of Christianity . While there is no standard set of beliefs among Christian feminists , most agree that God does not discriminate on the basis of sex , and are involved in issues such as the ordination of women , male dominance and the balance of parenting in Christian marriage , claims of moral deficiency and inferiority of women compared to men , and the overall treatment of women in the church . The Christian Bible refers to women in positions of authority in Judges 4 : 4 and Kings 22 : 14 . Islamic feminists advocate women 's rights , gender equality , and social justice grounded within an Islamic framework . Advocates seek to highlight the deeply rooted teachings of equality in the Quran and encourage a questioning of the patriarchal interpretation of Islamic teaching through the Quran , hadith ( sayings of Muhammad ) , and sharia ( law ) towards the creation of a more equal and just society . Although rooted in Islam , the movement 's pioneers have also utilized secular and Western feminist discourses and recognize the role of Islamic feminism as part of an integrated global feminist movement . Buddhist feminism is a movement that seeks to improve the religious , legal , and social status of women within Buddhism . It is an aspect of feminist theology which seeks to advance and understand the equality of men and women morally , socially , spiritually , and in leadership from a Buddhist perspective . The Buddhist feminist Rita Gross describes Buddhist feminism as " the radical practice of the co @-@ humanity of women and men . " Jewish feminism is a movement that seeks to improve the religious , legal , and social status of women within Judaism and to open up new opportunities for religious experience and leadership for Jewish women . The main issues for early Jewish feminists in these movements were the exclusion from the all @-@ male prayer group or minyan , the exemption from positive time @-@ bound mitzvot , and women 's inability to function as witnesses and to initiate divorce . Many Jewish women have become leaders of feminist movements throughout their history . Dianic Wicca is a feminist @-@ centered thealogy . Secular or atheist feminists have engaged in feminist criticism of religion , arguing that many religions have oppressive rules towards women and misogynistic themes and elements in religious texts . = = = Patriarchy = = = Patriarchy is a social system in which society is organized around male authority figures . In this system fathers have authority over women , children , and property . It implies the institutions of male rule and privilege , and is dependent on female subordination . Most forms of feminism characterize patriarchy as an unjust social system that is oppressive to women . Carole Pateman argues that the patriarchal distinction " between masculinity and femininity is the political difference between freedom and subjection . " In feminist theory the concept of patriarchy often includes all the social mechanisms that reproduce and exert male dominance over women . Feminist theory typically characterizes patriarchy as a social construction , which can be overcome by revealing and critically analyzing its manifestations . Some radical feminists have proposed that because patriarchy is too deeply rooted in society , separatism is the only viable solution . Other feminists have criticized these views as being anti @-@ men . = = = Men and masculinity = = = Feminist theory has explored the social construction of masculinity and its implications for the goal of gender equality . The social construct of masculinity is seen by feminism as problematic because it associates males with aggression and competition , and reinforces patriarchal and unequal gender relations . Patriarchal cultures are criticized for " limiting forms of masculinity " available to men and thus narrowing their life choices . Some feminists are engaged with men 's issues activism , such as bringing attention to male rape and spousal battery and addressing negative social expectations for men . Male participation in feminism is encouraged by feminists and is seen as an important strategy for achieving full societal commitment to gender equality . Many male feminists and pro @-@ feminists are active in both women 's rights activism , feminist theory , and masculinity studies . However , some argue that while male engagement with feminism is necessary , it is problematic because of the ingrained social influences of patriarchy in gender relations . The consensus today in feminist and masculinity theories is that both genders can and should cooperate to achieve the larger goals of feminism . It has been proposed that , in large part , this can be achieved through considerations of women 's agency . = = Reactions = = Different groups of people have responded to feminism , and both men and women have been among its supporters and critics . Among American university students , for both men and women , support for feminist ideas is more common than self @-@ identification as a feminist . The US media tends to portray feminism negatively and feminists " are less often associated with day @-@ to @-@ day work / leisure activities of regular women . " However , as recent research has demonstrated , as people are exposed to self @-@ identified feminists and to discussions relating to various forms of feminism , their own self @-@ identification with feminism increases . Roy Baumeister has criticized feminists who " look only at the top of society and draw conclusions about society as a whole . Yes , there are mostly men at the top . But if you look at the bottom , really at the bottom , you 'll find mostly men there , too . " = = = Pro @-@ feminism = = = Pro @-@ feminism is the support of feminism without implying that the supporter is a member of the feminist movement . The term is most often used in reference to men who are actively supportive of feminism . The activities of pro @-@ feminist men 's groups include anti @-@ violence work with boys and young men in schools , offering sexual harassment workshops in workplaces , running community education campaigns , and counseling male perpetrators of violence . Pro @-@ feminist men also may be involved in men 's health , activism against pornography including anti @-@ pornography legislation , men 's studies , and the development of gender equity curricula in schools . This work is sometimes in collaboration with feminists and women 's services , such as domestic violence and rape crisis centers . = = = Anti @-@ feminism and criticism of feminism = = = Anti @-@ feminism is opposition to feminism in some or all of its forms . In the nineteenth century , anti @-@ feminism was mainly focused on opposition to women 's suffrage . Later , opponents of women 's entry into institutions of higher learning argued that education was too great a physical burden on women . Other anti @-@ feminists opposed women 's entry into the labor force , or their right to join unions , to sit on juries , or to obtain birth control and control of their sexuality . Some people have opposed feminism on the grounds that they believe it is contrary to traditional values or religious beliefs . These anti @-@ feminists argue , for example , that social acceptance of divorce and non @-@ married women is wrong and harmful , and that men and women are fundamentally different and thus their different traditional roles in society should be maintained . Other anti @-@ feminists oppose women 's entry into the workforce , political office , and the voting process , as well as the lessening of male authority in families . Writers such as Camille Paglia , Christina Hoff Sommers , Jean Bethke Elshtain , Elizabeth Fox @-@ Genovese , Lisa Lucile Owens and Daphne Patai oppose some forms of feminism , though they identify as feminists . They argue , for example , that feminism often promotes misandry and the elevation of women 's interests above men 's , and criticize radical feminist positions as harmful to both men and women . Daphne Patai and Noretta Koertge argue that the term " anti @-@ feminist " is used to silence academic debate about feminism . Lisa Lucile Owens argues that certain rights extended exclusively to women are patriarchal because they relieve women from exercising a crucial aspect of their moral agency . = = = Articles = = = " Feminism " . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . " Feminism " . Encyclopedia Americana . 1920 . = = = Listings = = = Feminist.com directory Psychology 's Feminist Voices Topics in Feminism , at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy = = = Tools = = = Feminist Perspectives Scale from Henley , Meng , O 'Brien , McCarthy , and Sockloskie ( 1998 ) . = = = Multimedia and documents = = = Feminism on In Our Time at the BBC . ( listen now ) Early Video on the Emancipation of Women , documentary filmed ca . 1930 , which includes footage from the 1890s Documents from the Women 's Liberation Movement , Special Collections Library , Duke University = Andrew Sledd = Andrew Warren Sledd ( November 7 , 1870 – March 16 , 1939 ) was an American theologian , university professor and university president . A native of Virginia , he was the son of a prominent Methodist minister , and was himself ordained as a minister after earning his bachelor 's degree and master 's degree . He later earned a second master 's degree and his doctorate . After teaching for several years , Sledd was chosen to be the last president of the University of Florida at Lake City , from 1904 to 1905 , and the first president of the modern University of Florida ( first known as the " University of the State of Florida " ) , from 1905 to 1909 . He was also president of Southern University from 1910 to 1914 , and later became a professor and an influential biblical scholar at Emory University 's Candler School of Theology from 1914 to 1939 . Sledd first gained national recognition after he wrote a 1902 magazine article advocating better legal and social treatment of African @-@ Americans . He is also prominently remembered for his role in founding the modern University of Florida , his scholarly analysis of biblical texts as literature , his call for an end to racial violence , and his influence on a generation of Methodist seminary students , scholars and ministers . = = Early life and education = = Sledd was born November 7 , 1870 , in Lynchburg , Virginia , the son of a Methodist Episcopal minister , Robert Newton Sledd , and his wife , Frances Carey Greene Sledd . The elder Sledd was an influential minister within the Virginia Methodist Conference , and at various times while Andrew was growing up , his father held prominent pastorates of large Methodist congregations in four different Virginia cities — Danville , Norfolk , Petersburg and Richmond . Andrew received his early education in the Petersburg school of W. Gordon McCabe , a former Confederate captain and veteran of the U.S. Civil War . In 1888 , Sledd entered Methodist @-@ affiliated Randolph – Macon College in Ashland , Virginia . While at Randolph – Macon , he was a member of Phi Delta Theta Fraternity ( Virginia Gamma chapter ) ; he was also the college 's outstanding student @-@ athlete and was particularly known as the college baseball team 's first baseman and star hitter . Sledd left the college without finishing his undergraduate degree requirements , first accepting a position as a teacher in Durant , Mississippi , and then as the principal of a high school in Arkadelphia , Arkansas . After teaching in Arkansas for two years , he returned to Randolph – Macon and completed his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees in 1894 . Sledd graduated in mathematics , was recognized for completing the best work in the mathematics and Greek departments during his senior year , and was honored as a member of Phi Beta Kappa . Sledd taught at the Randolph @-@ Macon Academy in Front Royal , Virginia , from 1894 to 1895 , before returning to graduate school . He earned a second master of arts degree in Greek from Harvard University in Cambridge , Massachusetts , in 1896 , and completed one year 's additional graduate work toward a doctoral degree . While he was at Harvard , he played for the Harvard Crimson baseball team , and he is remembered as one of Harvard 's greatest athletes of the era ; he was offered a professional baseball contract but turned it down . Several years later , during a break in his teaching career , Sledd completed his doctorate . = = Scholar and educator = = = = = Emory College and the " Sledd Affair " = = = After completing his graduate studies at Harvard , Sledd briefly served as a Latin instructor at Vanderbilt University in Nashville , Tennessee . He was ordained as a Methodist minister and licensed to preach in 1898 . At the suggestion of his father , he contacted Methodist minister Warren Akin Candler , who was the president of Emory College in Oxford , Georgia , a prominent leader of the Georgia Methodist Conference , and a few months from being elevated as a Methodist bishop . Candler was impressed with the character and academic credentials of the young scholar , and assisted him in becoming a professor of Latin language and literature at Emory College , a position Sledd held from 1898 to 1902 . While living in the Candler family home , Sledd fell in love with the bishop 's only daughter , Annie Florence Candler , and he married her on March 22 , 1899 ; his father conducted the wedding ceremony . Later in 1899 , while traveling by train between Atlanta and Covington , Georgia , Sledd witnessed the aftermath of the lynching of an African @-@ American man named Sam Hose . The idealistic young minister was outraged . In reaction , he wrote an essay entitled " The Negro : Another View , " which was published as an article in the July 1902 issue of The Atlantic Monthly . In the article , Sledd denounced the lynchings of black men in the South in graphic terms : " lynching is not ' justice , ' however rude ; it is a wild and diabolic carnival of blood . " While he flatly asserted that the " negro race " was not the equal of the " white race , " he nevertheless demanded equal justice for blacks and whites alike , writing " There is nothing in a white skin or a black to nullify the essential rights of man as man . " Even though Sledd 's essay condoned the continued racial segregation of white and black Southerners as a necessary social expedient , a public firestorm ensued in Georgia over Sledd 's criticism of the South 's treatment of its black citizens , with the controversy stoked by the vitriolic letters and editorial attacks of agrarian populist Rebecca Felton in the Atlanta Constitution newspaper . As the controversy grew , the Atlanta Journal and Atlanta News quickly joined the anti @-@ Sledd chorus . When a majority of the members of Emory 's board of trustees threatened to withdraw their support of the college because of the negative publicity , the newly installed college president , James E. Dickey , demanded Sledd 's resignation from the faculty , and Sledd resigned on August 9 , 1902 . The Sledd Affair subsequently attracted attention throughout the United States as a matter of academic freedom and freedom of speech . After resigning from the Emory College faculty , Sledd entered the graduate school of Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut , where he began work in the advanced classics doctoral program , specializing in Latin . Sledd received $ 1 @,@ 000 in severance pay from Emory pursuant to an agreement with Dickey and unanimously approved by the Emory faculty , and his father @-@ in @-@ law contributed $ 900 to help cover his tuition and living expenses while he attended Yale . He received a scholarship from the university , and earned his doctor of philosophy degree in Latin from Yale in 1903 , after only nine months . Stanford University and Syracuse University offered him professorships in Latin ; Antioch College offered him its presidency . Sledd declined all offers from Northern and Western institutions , and was determined to return to his native South . = = = University of Florida at Lake City = = = After completing his doctorate , Sledd obtained an appointment as a professor of Greek at Methodist @-@ affiliated Southern University ( now known as Birmingham – Southern College ) in Greensboro , Alabama . Several months later , on July 6 , 1904 , he was unanimously selected to be the president of the University of Florida at Lake City by its board of trustees . At the time of his appointment , the University of Florida at Lake City was experiencing a controversy of its own : its administration and faculty were hopelessly fractured by personality conflicts and its unpopular president 's failed attempts at improving the small school 's instruction and academic standing . The university 's board of trustees had removed the ineffectual president , and dismissed seven members of its small faculty . The university , such as it was , had been known as " Florida Agricultural College " until 1903 . When Sledd arrived in Lake City , it was a school with a new name , a faculty fractured by contentious personalities , an unknown number of returning students and an uncertain future . Sledd required all previous faculty members to re @-@ apply if they desired to keep their jobs , hired replacement instructors , most of whom had earned doctoral degrees in their respective fields ( in contrast to the previous faculty ) , and set about devising rigorous academic standards for the school 's new students . Although the university was a designated land @-@ grant college under the federal government 's Morrill Act , it received insufficient annual financial assistance from the state government , and its finances remained tenuous . = = = University of the State of Florida = = = Sledd and members of the faculty were actively involved in urging Florida 's state government to combine the state 's several small institutions of higher education . The university consolidation movement gained the political backing of newly elected Florida Governor Napoleon B. Broward , and , in 1905 , the Florida Legislature passed the Buckman Act , which abolished the hodge @-@ podge of state @-@ supported colleges and consolidated their assets and programs into a new comprehensive university and land @-@ grant college for white men , and a liberal arts college and normal school for white women . The Act mandated the merger of four separate institutions , including the existing University of Florida at Lake City , into the consolidated men 's university — the new University of the State of Florida . By a vote of six to four , the new Board of Control charged with the governance of the consolidated institutions , selected Gainesville as the location for the new men 's state university . Sledd had not anticipated that the Lake City campus would be abandoned , and had assumed that it would be selected as the location of the newly consolidated men 's university , placing him in a strong position to become the first president of the new institution . The selection of Gainesville for the campus of the new men 's university put Sledd 's future as its first president in question . The University of Florida in Lake City was just one of the four existing institutions that were to be merged to form the new university , and there were other possible candidates for the presidency . Albert A. Murphree , president of Florida State College in Tallahassee , was the favorite of several prominent members of the legislature . But Sledd had Governor Broward 's backing , and the Board of Control ultimately selected him to be the first president on June 7 , 1905 ; Sledd 's appointment was for a single year , but renewable on an annual basis , as was typical in the university 's early years when the Board of Control appointed or re @-@ appointed the presidents of the state 's public colleges for each academic year . Murphree remained the president of the newly consolidated women 's college in Tallahassee until 1909 . Sledd nominated all of the original faculty members , a majority of whom he had previously selected to be professors at the University of Florida at Lake City . The new University of the State of Florida operated in Lake City during the first academic year of its existence ( 1905 – 06 ) , while the buildings of the new Gainesville campus were being erected . Sledd managed the move of the school 's assets from Lake City to Gainesville during the late summer of 1906 , and participated in the official dedication of the campus on September 27 , 1906 . When registration for classes was held in Gainesville on September 24 , 1906 , there were 102 students and fewer than a dozen faculty members . Sledd received a $ 2 @,@ 250 annual salary in his first year as the head of the new state university , and , together with his wife and their young children , moved into the still incomplete Buckman Hall dormitory on the Gainesville campus . Sledd played a key role in the formation and ultimate success of the new university , but his time as its president was a relatively short four years . His political backing ended with the retirement of Governor Broward , and the inauguration of the new governor , Albert Gilchrist , in January 1909 . The Florida Board of Education , which then consisted of the governor and the state 's elected cabinet members , oversaw the Board of Control and made no secret of its desire to remove Sledd , in part because members of the Board of Education believed Sledd 's admissions standards were too high and that the university was not growing quickly enough . Nevertheless , the Board of Control continued to back Sledd , and its members threatened to resign in protest . Seeking to avoid an unwinnable political controversy , Sledd resigned , and the Board of Control replaced him with Albert Murphree , the political favorite of several legislative leaders and the Board of Education . = = = Methodist ministry and Southern University = = = Following Sledd 's resignation , he and his family returned to Atlanta and stayed in the home of his wife 's parents . Within a few weeks , he was appointed minister of the First Methodist Church in Jacksonville , Florida , a position he held for the remainder of 1909 and the first half of 1910 . Sledd was subsequently invited to return to Southern University as its president , serving from 1910 to 1914 . While president of Southern University , he implemented a new pre @-@ college preparatory school and a four @-@ year course of Bible study , and focused his personal efforts on restoring the school 's finances and improving the quality of its instruction . = = = Candler School of Theology = = = In the fall of 1914 , Sledd resigned the presidency of Southern University and returned to Emory College , by then renamed Emory University and relocated to its new main campus in northeast Atlanta , as the first Professor of Greek and New Testament Literature at the Candler School of Theology , the newly established seminary of the Methodist Episcopal Church , South . Sledd became well known as a professor of Greek , Latin and New Testament studies at Candler , and was the author of several scholarly books on New Testament subjects , including Saint Mark 's Life of Jesus ( 1927 ) , The Bibles of the Churches ( 1930 ) and His Witnesses : A Study of the Book of Acts ( 1935 ) . He was selected to be a member of the American Standard Bible Committee , which was preparing a new American Standard Version of the Bible . He continued to advocate internal Methodist reform and an end to racial violence , and his teaching inspired a generation of his Candler theology students to act as change agents within the Methodist Episcopal Church , South . Many of his former students became Methodist ministers who returned to their congregations and annual conferences to work for better treatment of African @-@ Americans , helping the Southern Methodist church to evolve from a mainstay of theological and racial intransigence to an agent for social change and doctrinal reform . Sledd 's interest in education was not limited to the higher education of colleges and universities . While holding his Candler professorship , he served as a member of the Board of Public Instruction of DeKalb County , Georgia , and volunteered to serve as the board 's treasurer . Sledd and his wife Annie also suffered a personal tragedy during his time as a Candler professor , when their first @-@ born son and his namesake , Andrew Sledd , Jr . , died after an extended illness in 1919 . Andrew , Jr . , was 16 years old , and had graduated from Decatur High School only weeks earlier . = = Death and legacy = = Sledd became a recognized New Testament scholar and a significant voice of educational , social and ecclesiastical reform within the Methodist Episcopal Church , South . For nearly twenty @-@ five years , he remained a professor at Emory University 's Candler School of Theology , until his death from a heart attack on March 16 , 1939 . Following Sledd 's funeral , his body was buried in the Decatur Cemetery . In his 1960 History of Methodism in Alabama and West Florida , Marion Elias Lazenby remembered Sledd as " one of the [ Methodist ] Church 's most scholarly and reverent teachers . " Immediately after his death , Sledd was widely eulogized in Methodist churches across the country , and numerous obituaries appeared in regional and national newspapers across the country . The Atlanta Constitution , whose editorials had vilified Sledd in 1902 , paid tribute to him in its obituary as a " nationally known Bible authority " ; no mention was made of the " Sledd Affair . " Sledd 's advocacy of social change and an evolving understanding of biblical texts came at a high personal price . Given his chosen career of minister and professor , he never accumulated much personal wealth . Sledd died deep in debt , having lost the family home to foreclosure after the salaries of Candler professors were cut when financial support of the school fell during the 1930s . His creditors obtained a deficiency judgment for the unpaid portion of his debt after the foreclosure , and , following his death , forced the sale of some of his furniture and parts of his personal library in partial satisfaction of his remaining debts . The faculty of the University of Florida awarded Sledd the university 's first honorary degree , a doctor of divinity , at the spring 1909 commencement ceremonies . In 1933 , John J. Tigert , the university 's third president , invited Professor Sledd to be the university 's baccalaureate speaker . After his death , the university honored him again , renaming one of its early residence halls , Sledd Hall , in 1939 . The small state university , which Sledd had been instrumental in creating and organizing , is now one of the ten largest single @-@ campus universities in the United States , with a total enrollment of nearly 50 @,@ 000 undergraduate , graduate and professional students . Sledd and his wife Annie had nine children . Eight of their children graduated from Emory , seven with Phi Beta Kappa honors , a fact newsworthy enough to be picked up by the Associated Press wire service when youngest daughter Antoinette graduated from Emory the year following Sledd 's death . Two of their sons followed in their father 's footsteps , earned doctorates and became university professors : James H. Sledd became a Rhodes Scholar and noted professor of English literature at the University of Chicago and the University of Texas ; Marvin B. Sledd was a professor of mathematics at Georgia Tech . In 2002 , after almost a century of ignoring its role in the " Sledd Affair , " Emory University sponsored a presentation entitled " Professing Justice : A Symposium on the Civil Rights Legacy of Professor Andrew Sledd . " In holding the inter @-@ disciplinary symposium , Emory University acted to " right a wrong committed a century ago by revisiting the ' Sledd affair ' and reflecting on its meaning for Emory today . " = The Boat Race 2011 = The 157th Boat Race took place on 26 March 2011 . Held annually , the event is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The race was won by Oxford . Of the eighteen competitors in the race , thirteen were British . The race was sponsored for the second time by Xchanging . Oxford won the Women 's Boat Race by four lengths while Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis in the reserve race . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge . First held in 1829 , the competition is a 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) race along The Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 2010 race by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ third lengths , and led overall with 80 victories to Oxford 's 75 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . The race was sponsored by Xchanging for the seventh consecutive year , and it was the second time that the title had been given over to sponsorship ; as such it was referred to as the " Xchanging Boat Race " . The BBC broadcast the event in the United Kingdom , in high @-@ definition for the first time . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . = = Crews = = The Cambridge crew was " slightly heavier " than their opponents , weighing in at a ceremony at City Hall overseen by Boris Johnson at 3 @.@ 5 pounds ( 1 @.@ 6 kg ) more per rower than Oxford . Thirteen of the eighteen competitors were British , the highest proportion for a decade . Of the two crews , Cambridge featured three returning Blues to Oxford 's one . Oxford University Boat Club 's president Ben Myers suggested " we 're home @-@ grown guys , we know about the Boat Race and we 're keen " . Oxford were coached once again by Sean Bowden , who set their boat up as " tandem rigged " ( where two consecutive crew row on the same side of the boat ) , the first time such a configuration had been used in the Boat Race since 1975 . Steve Trapmore was making his debut as Cambridge 's coach . Oxford 's stroke , Simon Hislop , had recovered from testicular cancer in time to participate in the race . = = Races = = Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . Despite falling slightly behind early on in the race , Cambridge rowed their way back into contention and umpire Rob Clegg was forced to warn both crews as the coxes steered towards one another . Following a brief clash of oars , Oxford started to pull away again at Harrods Furniture Depository . At Hammersmith Bridge , the Oxford cox called for push , shouting " 2003 " to invoke memories of the narrowest margin of victory in the history of the event in the 2003 race . Passing St Paul 's School , Oxford took the lead and steered across and in front of the Cambridge boat . Despite attempts to keep in touch with Oxford , Cambridge fell farther and farther behind , and Oxford passed the finishing post four lengths clear in a time of 17 minutes and 37 seconds . Oxford won the 66th Women 's Boat Race by four lengths , their third consecutive victory . Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis in the reserve race by two lengths , their first win for three years . ( No , they did not . Isis won in 2011 after being defeated in 2010 , having won 2008 and 2009 ) = = Reaction = = Cambridge number four Henry Cubasch remarked " They had the strength , character and went for it ; we just let them slip . " Oxford 's Constantine Louloudis said " We held Cambridge in high regard . But I certainly didn 't predict a margin like that . " Cambridge president Rasumussen called it a " stinging defeat " . = Last Clear Chance = Last Clear Chance is a 1959 American short film produced and directed by Robert Carlisle . Sponsored by Union Pacific Railroad , Last Clear Chance is a safety film intended to warn young drivers to be careful at railroad crossings . The film 's cast consists of William Boyett , Harold Agee , Mrs. Harold Agee , Tim Bosworth , William Agee , Christine Lynch , and Lou Spraker . Written by Leland Baxter , the film was shot in parts of Idaho . Wondsel , Carlisle & Dunphy Inc , based in New York City , served as the film 's production company . The film centers on the Dixon family , in particular Alan Dixon , who has recently received his driver 's license and is eager to begin driving a car . When local police officer Hal Jackson visits the Dixons and learns that Alan 's license has arrived , he sits down and tells Alan ways to drive safely and avoid getting into accidents . Although the film is fictional , a real family served as the inspiration for the film 's scenario . During production , assistance was provided by staff of the National Safety Council , along with the Idaho State Police and the Colorado State Patrol . Last Clear Chance was distributed by Union Pacific in 1959 , and was circulated widely in the years that followed . Met with warm reception from safety workers , the film was featured in an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 that originally aired in 1993 , and clips from the film were used in the 2004 film Panorama Ephemera . The film 's copyright was never registered , and it is in the public domain . A copy of the film is preserved in the Prelinger Archives , where it is able to be downloaded or streamed online free of charge . = = Plot = = Idaho police officer Hal Jackson ( William Boyett ) arrives at the funeral for young Frank Dixon , Jr . ( Bill Agee ) , who has died in a car accident . Hal , a friend of the Dixon family , does not go inside , feeling it would be too difficult to take . Hal finds it hard to believe that , only a few days ago , the Dixons were a relatively regular family . In flashback , he recounts what led to Frank Jr . ' s death . Frank Jr. has returned home for the summer to aid his father , Frank Sr. ( Harold Agee ) , on the family farm . He also visits his girlfriend Betty Hutchins ( Christine Lynch ) . When Frank Sr. ' s new tractor arrives at the local train station , Frank Jr . ' s brother Alan ( Tim Bosworth ) wishes to drive it , having recently taken a driver 's test . His father disallows it , so Frank Jr. drives it home . The next day , Alan discovers that his license has arrived in the mail . Ecstatic , he wishes to drive immediately , asking his family members if they need help with any errands . Later , Hal shows up at the Dixon home . Knowing that Alan 's license had been scheduled to arrive , he begins to talk to Alan , telling him about things he should know in order to be able to drive safely . As he finishes giving the advice , Frank Jr. and Betty return home . Alan asks his father if he can drive the car into town . His father lets him , and Frank Jr. and Betty agree to go with him to make sure he arrives safely . Alan begins driving the car down the road , and sees Frank Jr. and Betty in front of him . They look behind to wave to Alan , and he waves back . However , the pair keep driving while looking backwards . Observing that a railroad with an oncoming train is near , Alan desperately tries to signal to them to stop waving and look ahead . When they do not pay attention to him and continue waving , Alan shields his eyes as the two drive right into the path of the train and are killed . Back in the present , at the funeral , Hal enters his police car , and decides to go back on the road in order to prevent more traffic accidents from occurring . = = Production = = Last Clear Chance was produced and directed by Robert Carlisle . The production was supervised by Francis B. Lewis , who was the Union Pacific Railroad 's Director of Safety and Courtesy . Assistance on research for the film was provided by staff of the National Safety Council . A note at the end of the film gives thanks to the Idaho State Police , the Colorado State Patrol , and their respective staffs for " their unstinted cooperation and assistance in making this film . " The film features William Boyett as police officer Hal Jackson . Frank Dixon , Sr. is played by Harold Agee , while the role of Mrs. Dixon is credited to " Mrs. Harold Agee . " Future corporate executive William Agee plays Frank Dixon , Jr. with Christine Lynch appearing as his girlfriend , Betty Hutchins . Tim Bosworth was cast as Alan Dixon , and Lou Spraker plays the grandfather . The film , written by Leland Baxter , features a scenario that was inspired by a real @-@ life family . Bert Spielvogel served as the cinematographer for Last Clear Chance , with Peter Norman working as assistant cameraman . Shot in Kodachrome . Filming locations include : ≈ 0 : 40 - 1 : 57 and 23 : 25 - 23 : 47 Kohlerlawn Cemetery 300 6th St. N Nampa , Idaho ( 43 ° 35 ' 30 @.@ 29 " N 116 ° 33 ' 48 @.@ 16 " W ) ≈ 2 : 29 - 3 : 12 ex @-@ Union Pacific depot , Meridian , Idaho ; [ demolished ] ( 43 ° 36 ' 31 @.@ 67 " N 116 ° 23 ' 26 @.@ 10 " W ) ≈ 3 : 13 - 3 : 33 Crossing at Main ( First ) St and Boise Valley RR MP 457 @.@ 53 Meridian , ID ( 43 ° 36 ' 30 @.@ 95 " N 116 ° 23 ' 29 @.@ 44 " W ) ≈ 19 : 18 - 19 : 31 Bridge ( Avalon ) St Kuna , ID at UP crossing MP 447 @.@ 23 ( 43 ° 29 ' 20 @.@ 82 " N 116 ° 25 ' 15 @.@ 11 " W ) Main character Hal wears an Idaho State Police uniform . Mort Fallick was the film 's editor . Made five years after The Days of Our Years , another Union Pacific Railroad @-@ sponsored safety film , Last Clear Chance was produced by Wondsel , Carlisle and Dunphy , Inc. in order to inform young drivers how to make sure to avoid accidents . Archivist , author , and filmmaker Rick Prelinger notes that the film also includes other themes , such as " a teen ’ s feeling of invulnerability , the police officer as authority figure , and the train ’ s dual role as economic partner and potential killer . " Prelinger believes that " longer films aspire to higher goals , and one way to achieve these goals is to pack them with hints of meaning in many directions . " = = Release and legacy = = Last Clear Chance was distributed only in western states that were served by its sponsor . It was released in 16 mm film , and by 1960 was described as being " shown widely in all sections of the country . " A copyright on the film was not registered , and it is in the public domain under Public Domain Mark 1 @.@ 0 . A copy of the film is in the Prelinger Archives , and as such it is available to be freely downloaded or streamed from the Internet Archive . The film was received positively by many people who worked in the safety industry , with it being reported that many of them considered it to be " the most moving and hard @-@ hitting educational film on highway grade crossing accident prevention and traffic safety in recent years . " It received an award at a national safety film contest . Rick Prelinger described the film as being " engaging " and opined that it was a " skillful drama . " Bill Gibron of DVD Verdict branded the film as " hyper somber " and wrote that " we learn , finally , why reckless driving , trains , and painful automotive accidents don 't mix . The question everyone keeps asking is ' Why don 't they look ? ' The answer is simple . They 're dopes ! " Last Clear Chance was featured in an episode of the comedy television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 . Last Clear Chance appeared in the twentieth episode of the fifth season , which was originally broadcast on December 18 , 1993 . Last Clear Chance became a " huge hit " thanks to its appearance on the show , and it has been described as one of the " Mystery Science Theater 3000 favorites . " Actor and writer Kevin Murphy , who plays Tom Servo on the show , opined that Last Clear Chance " is right up there with my all @-@ time favorite shorts . " Rhino Entertainment has released the segment featuring Last Clear Chance on VHS , as part of Mystery Science Theater 3000 - Shorts Volume 2 . Shorts Volume 2 was later re @-@ released on DVD in 2003 , as part of Mystery Science Theater 3000 Collection , Volume 3 . Clips from Last Clear Chance are featured in 2004 's Panorama Ephemera , a film created by Rick Prelinger which compiles clips from 64 short films in order to form a cohesive narrative . The clip used from Last Clear Chance is the scene where Frank Jr. and Betty drive into the path of an oncoming train . Panorama Ephemera can be downloaded or streamed for free at the Internet Archive . = Brothers and Sisters ( album ) = Brothers and Sisters is the fourth studio album by American rock band the Allman Brothers Band . Produced by Johnny Sandlin and the band themselves , the album was released in August 1973 in the United States by Capricorn Records . Following the death of group leader Duane Allman in 1971 , the Allman Brothers Band released Eat a Peach ( 1972 ) , a hybrid studio / live album that became their biggest yet . Afterwards , the group purchased a farm in Juliette , Georgia to become a " group hangout . " However , bassist Berry Oakley was visibly suffering from the death of Duane : he excessively drank and consumed drugs . After nearly a year of severe depression , Oakley was killed in a motorcycle accident not dissimilar from his friend 's in November 1972 . The band carried on , adding new members Chuck Leavell on piano and Lamar Williams on bass . Brothers and Sisters was largely recorded over a period of three months at Capricorn Sound Studios in Macon , Georgia . Lead guitarist Dickey Betts assumed the role of band leader , and many of his compositions reflected a more country @-@ inspired sound . Session musicians Les Dudek and Tommy Talton sat in to play guitar on several songs . The album was being produced at the same time as vocalist / organist Gregg Allman 's solo debut , Laid Back , and features many of the same musicians and engineers . The front album cover features a photograph of Vaylor Trucks , the son of drummer Butch Trucks and his wife Linda . The back cover features a photograph of Oakley 's daughter Brittany and his wife Linda . The album represented the Allmans ' commercial peak : it has sold over seven million copies worldwide , landing it at the time atop of the Top 200 Pop Albums for five weeks . " Ramblin ' Man " became the band 's first and only hit single , peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1973 . The album was followed by a tour of arenas and stadiums , but marred by drug problems , strained friendships and miscommunication between the group members . = = Background = = Shortly following their leader Duane Allman 's death in 1971 , the Allman Brothers Band released Eat a Peach , a hybrid studio / live album that became their biggest release yet ; it peaked at number four on the Billboard charts . The band performed nearly 90 shows in the following year , touring as a five @-@ piece . The band also purchased 432 acres of land in Juliette , Georgia for $ 160 @,@ 000 and nicknamed it " the Farm " ; it soon became a " group hangout " and fulfilled bassist Berry Oakley 's communal dreams . Oakley , however , was visibly suffering from the death of Duane : he excessively drank and consumed drugs , and was losing weight quickly . According to friends and family , he appeared to have lost " all hope , his heart , his drive , his ambition , [ and ] his direction " following Duane 's death . " Everything Berry had envisioned for everybody — including the crew , the women and children — was shattered on the day Duane died , and he didn 't care after that , " said roadie Kim Payne . During recording sessions for their upcoming album , vocalist Gregg Allman was also working on his solo album , Laid Back , and the sessions occasionally overlapped . Chuck Leavell was asked to play piano for Allman 's solo album , and gradually found himself contributing to the Allman Brothers as well . Allman and Betts took turns caring for Oakley , taking him outdoors to places like the zoo to keep him from drinking as much . " Time and time again , I have sat and wondered , ' God , what in the hell could I have done , what could have anybody have done , to help him ? ' " said Allman . Upon Leavell 's entry into the group , Oakley went out of his way to make the new member comfortable . On November 11 , 1972 , overjoyed at the prospect of leading a jam session later that night , Oakley crashed his motorcycle into the side of a bus , just three blocks from where Duane had been killed in a bike accident . He declined hospital treatment and went home , but gradually grew delirious . He was taken to the hospital shortly thereafter and died of cerebral swelling caused by a fractured skull . Oakley was buried directly beside Duane at Rose Hill Cemetery in Macon , Georgia . The band unanimously decided to carry on and arrange auditions for new bassists , with a renewed fervor and determination . Several bassists auditioned , but the band picked Lamar Williams , an old friend of drummer Jai Johanny Johanson 's from Gulfport , Mississippi . The band immediately recognized that Williams represented the best of both Oakley 's style and his own style , and they were pleased with his easygoing demeanor . The addition of Leavell and Williams to the band brought about renewed passion and uplifted spirits within the group . = = Recording and production = = The band began recording Brothers and Sisters in the autumn of 1972 at Capricorn Studios in Macon , Georgia , prior to Oakley 's death . The band had previously started rehearsals for the album in the summer . Allman brought a song he had worked on for a year , titled " Queen of Hearts " , but he was drunk and none of the members of the band would listen to him . This was the catalyst that led to Allman beginning work on Laid Back , his debut solo album . After Williams helped record the album 's third track , " Come and Go Blues " , the rest of the recording process was smooth . Betts became the group 's de facto leader during the recording process . " It 's not like Dickey came in and said , ' I 'm taking over . I 'm the boss . Do this and that . ' It wasn 't overt ; it was still supposedly a democracy but Dickey started doing more and more of the songwriting , " said road manager Willie Perkins . The band first recorded " Wasted Words " and " Ramblin ' Man , " the latter showcasing a more country @-@ infused sound . The entire group were initially reluctant to record " Ramblin ' Man " — " We knew it was a good song but it didn 't sound like us , " said drummer Butch Trucks — but the band gradually headed in a more country direction , as that was Betts ' background . Betts was very serious about his songwriting , sitting down each afternoon to write . The band were adamant about not replacing Duane 's position in the band . Les Dudek , the guitarist who would eventually record " Jessica " and " Ramblin ' Man , " had entered the sessions when he was asked to jam with Betts through mutual friends . The band enjoyed how Dudek played and Phil Walden , the band 's manager , seemed set on Dudek being in the band . Word of mouth , propagated by Dudek himself , was that he " got the gig " and had become the Allman Brothers ' new co @-@ lead guitarist . " We went looking for this dude to kick his ass . Nobody was going to replace Duane and the very thought of it was infuriating to us , " said Trucks . After recording completed , Dudek went on the road with Boz Scaggs and the Steve Miller Band . He wanted to end his contract with Phil Walden at Capricorn , and part of his release granted him no part of the publishing deal for Brothers and Sisters , including a songwriting credit for " Jessica " , as he had no written contract . = = Composition = = " Ramblin ' Man " pre @-@ dates the album considerably , and was first created during songwriting sessions for Eat a Peach . An embryonic version , referring to a " ramblin ' country man , " can be heard on the bootleg The Gatlinburg Tapes , featuring the band jamming on an off @-@ day in April 1971 in Gatlinburg , Tennessee . " Jessica " was co @-@ written by Betts and Dudek , although only Betts receives credit . Betts first created the song as an experiment , to test whether or not he could write a song that could be played with just two fingers , in honor of Gypsy jazz guitar virtuoso Django Reinhardt , who played with two left fingers due to severe burns . When his baby daughter Jessica entered the room and began bouncing around to the melody , Betts attempted to capture her mood with the song . Dudek created the song 's bridge when Betts became frustrated with the piece . Dudek was disappointed when he was told he would only be recording the acoustic guitar opening , as Betts felt Dudek performing the harmonies to both " Ramblin ' Man " and " Jessica " would lead critics to assume he was a member of the band . Leavell also contributed heavily to " Jessica " , mostly on the arrangement . " Jelly Jelly " was the final song recorded for Brothers and Sisters , credited to Gregg Allman . The song actually contained lyrics from Bobby Bland 's song of the same name , albeit with a very different melody and arrangement . Brothers and Sisters concludes with another country @-@ inspired track , " Pony Boy , " which showcases Betts ' acoustic slide playing . The song was heavily inspired by Robert Johnson in its building rhythm , and Blind Willie McTell influenced its humor . The song was based on a true story involving his uncle , who would take his horse out to avoid driving under the influence ( DUI ) charges , as the horse knew the direction home . Williams played upright bass on the track to keep it an all @-@ acoustic affair , and Trucks played percussion by banging a piece of plywood on the floor . = = Artwork = = The album 's artwork was taken at " the Farm " in Juliette , Georgia . The cover art features Trucks ' son Vaylor , while the back cover featured Oakley 's daughter Brittany . The gatefold spread reveals a photo of the band and their extended families . " " I have an almost dreamlike memory of the way things were — parties , people giving the horses beer , various people in and out , " said Brittany Oakley in 1996 . She noted that despite the good memories , " it was painful " following her father 's death , which is when the photo was taken . Vaylor Trucks later went on to study at Florida State University , where he formed a band . To promote a concert , they printed covers of the Brothers and Sisters album cover with the caption " Have you seen me lately ? " , which led to a sold @-@ out crowd . A description from " Red Dog ” Campbell ~ ABB “ Roadie -- " Somebody asked me to name the people on the inside of Brothers and Sisters . I will give it a go . Everybody knows I cannot spell good so you will have to do the best you can in picking up on the names , plus there are a couple that I cannot remember . I should but thirty years is a long time . Standing left to right ( back row ) : First is a friend of Jaimoe ’ s , you will have to get him to tell you the name . I know he is a friend of Ella May Avery who is standing next to him ( Ella is the wife of Jackie Avery , a song writer and very good friend of Jaimoe ’ s ) . Next to her is Brother Lamar Williams , then Mike Arts ( Butch ’ s brother @-@ in @-@ law at that time ) , Joan Calahan with Rachel , Mike Calahan , Mike ’ s dog , Jaimoe and Charles Binyoun ( not sure of the spelling ) . Next row : Brother Butch with Valor , Scott Boyer , Linda Trucks with Melody , I can 't remember the next lady ’ s name , but Butch can tell you . Brother Chuck Leavel , My god child Brittany Oakley , standing between Chuck and Linda Oakley , Linda is sitting next to Chuck , between her and brother Twiggs is Judy Petty , she was going with brother Twiggs at that time . Candy Oakley , Brother Kim Payne , in front of Kim is Kay Phillips holding Tuffys daughter , sitting next to Brother Tuffy Phillips , behind Tuffy and next to Kim is Buffalo Evans lady at that time ( I should remember her name but it just will not come to me ) . Next to her is The Buffalo , sitting next to Tuffy is Brother Gregg , then my wife Bunkie , Brother Willy Perkins is next to Buffalo , I am next with Sandra Perkins between me and Brother Dickie , then Brother Joe Dan Petty . In front of Gregg is Janis Allman with her daughter . Sitting dead center is Deering Howe . Deering is a good friend of Gregg ’ s . Dickies dog is in front of Dareing . Hope this helps . " “ Red Dog ” Campbell ~ ABB “ Roadie ” = = Release = = = = = Commercial performance = = = Brothers and Sisters was an enormous success with near @-@ immediacy ; the record went gold in retail sales within 48 hours after shipping began . Capricorn estimated that these early sales were due to hardcore fans of the group . The album sold 760 @,@ 000 copies in its first three weeks , making it one of the fastest @-@ starting albums in Warner / Elektra / Atlantic Records ' history . Billboard called it the " success story of the summer , " noting that there was no " sustained merchandising promotion effort needed " on the LP . Record stores credited the album with bringing business back to their stores in a lagging season . Brothers and Sisters was the band 's best @-@ performing album on the charts : it logged five weeks as the number one album in the country on the Billboard Top LP 's & Tape chart . Capricorn executives were split between issuing " Wasted Words " or " Ramblin ' Man " as the lead single . National promotion director Dick Wooley sent advance tapes of " Ramblin ' Man " to Atlanta and Boston radio stations and " listener phone @-@ in reaction was near @-@ phenomenal . " " Ramblin ' Man " became a rare rock hit on AM stations nationwide , and it rose to number two on the Billboard Hot 100 . Although " Jessica " rose no higher than number 65 on the Hot 100 , it later became a staple of classic rock radio . It was later employed as the theme song to the television program Top Gear in the UK . Brothers and Sisters has since sold over seven million copies worldwide . = = = Critical reception = = = Reviews of Brothers and Sisters in 1973 were mostly positive . Bud Scoppa of Rolling Stone deemed the album " no masterpiece , but the new band has shown that it can carry on the work of the old , and add the appropriate new twists when necessary . They 've finally discovered a form that feels as natural in the studio as it does in front of their people . It 's heartening to see a group of this commercial and critical stature still working so hard at getting even better . " Janis Schacht of Circus was very positive , writing , " Never , even in the face of adversity , do the Allman Brothers quit making strong , hard @-@ driving rock / blues albums . ... This is another in the continuing line of quality products from The Allman Brothers Band . " Billboard called it " A fine blues / rock set from this fine band , featuring top lead vocals from Gregg Allman and Dickey Betts , and the excellent instrumental fusion for which they are particularly well known . " Subsequent reviews have remained positive . Bruce Eder of Allmusic called Brothers and Sisters " not quite a classic album , especially in the wake of the four that had appeared previously , but it served as a template for some killer stage performances , and it proved that the band could survive the deaths of two key members . " Andrew Mueller of Uncut deemed it their " indisputable commercial peak and arguable creative apogee . " Robert Christgau , in Christgau 's Record Guide , wrote that " Gregg Allman is a predictable singer who never has an unpredictable lyric to work with anyway , and the jams do roll on , but at their best — " Ramblin ' Man , " a miraculous revitalization of rock 's earliest conceit — they just may be the best , and on this album Dickey Betts 's melodious spirituality provides unity and renewal . " A 2013 four @-@ disc reissue of the album received very positive reviews as well . David Fricke of Rolling Stone gave it four stars , writing , " The road to that symmetry is caught in this four @-@ CD set by a disc of rehearsals and outtakes that sounds like the work of a more brawny , Southern Grateful Dead . " Walter Tunis of the Lexington Herald @-@ Leader wrote that " The larger set is costlier , about $ 65 , but the edition 's two live discs chronicle the Chuck Leavell / Lamar Williams @-@ era Allmans as exquisitely as Fillmore East did the groundbreaking Duane Allman / Berry Oakley lineup . " = = Touring = = After completing Brothers and Sisters , the Allman Brothers Band returned to touring , playing larger venues , receiving more profit and dealing with less friendship , miscommunication and spiraling drug problems . This culminated in a backstage brawl when the band played with the Grateful Dead at Washington 's RFK Stadium in June 1973 . The roadies of the Dead dosed the food and drinks of as many people as possible with LSD , holding no compunction about the practice as they felt " evangelical " about the substance . The stage was very crowded with the Dead 's entourage , and roadie Kim Payne instructed driver Tuffy Phillips to let no one onstage . When Capricorn promotional chief Dick Wooley attempted to get onstage , Phillips punched Wooley in the nose . Wooley competed in martial arts and began punching back . When all three roadies engaged in the fight , the Dead 's security ( the Hell 's Angels ) assumed Wooley a " bad guy " and they joined . Soon , the Grateful Dead 's roadies realized the situation at hand and they pulled Wooley from the pile . Walden demanded that whoever was responsible be terminated ; as a result , Kim Payne , Mike Callahan , and Tuffy Phillips all were fired . " That was a culmination of everything falling apart . ... They were a symptom of the problem — not the problem itself , " said Perkins . The band again joined the Grateful Dead and the Band in July at Watkins Glen Speedway in New York 's Finger Lakes region , for what was then deemed the largest rock concert ever . 150 @,@ 000 tickets were sold , but the crowd expanded to nearly 600 @,@ 000 , causing it to be declared a disaster area . People abandoned their cars and walked up to ten miles to attend the concert . The jam between the three bands was later called " garbage " by Trucks , as all involved were under the influence of various substances , including alcohol , cocaine , and LSD . To promote the release of the album , Don Kirshner 's Rock Concert program staged an episode set in Macon , taping performances from the Allman Brothers Band and the Marshall Tucker Band . Betts walked offstage midway through the performance , with Walden chasing him down the street and urging him to return . " Walking off the stage was a first for me . It was like , ' Dude , what are you doing ? We 're all brothers here . If there 's a problem , let 's talk about it , ' " said Leavell . The band concentrated on playing arenas and stadiums as their drug use escalated . In 1974 , the band were regularly making $ 100 @,@ 000 per show , and were renting the Starship , a customized Boeing 720B used by Led Zeppelin and the Rolling Stones . = = Track listing = = Side one " Wasted Words " ( Gregg Allman ) - 4 : 20 Gregg Allman - lead vocals , rhythm guitar Dickie Betts - slide guitar Chuck Leavell - piano Berry Oakley - bass Butch Trucks - drums Jaimoe - drums " Ramblin ' Man " ( Dickey Betts ) - 4 : 48 Dickie Betts - lead guitar , lead vocals Les Dudek - lead guitar Gregg Allman - organ , backing vocals Chuck Leavell - piano , backing vocals Berry Oakley - bass Butch Trucks - drums , percussion Jaimoe - drums , congas " Come and Go Blues " ( Allman ) - 4 : 54 Dickie Betts - lead guitar Gregg Allman - organ , lead vocals Chuck Leavell - electric and acoustic pianos Lamar Williams - bass Butch Trucks - drums , congas , percussion Jaimoe - drums " Jelly Jelly " ( Billy Eckstine , Earl Hines ) - 5 : 46 Dickie Betts - lead guitar Gregg Allman - organ , lead vocals Chuck Leavell - piano Lamar Williams - bass Butch Trucks - drums , congas , percussion Jaimoe - drums Side two " Southbound " ( Betts ) - 5 : 11 Dickie Betts - lead guitar Gregg Allman - organ , lead vocals Chuck Leavell - piano Lamar Williams - bass Butch Trucks - drums , percussion Jaimoe - drums " Jessica " ( Betts ) - 7 : 31 Dickie Betts - lead guitar Les Dudek - acoustic guitar Gregg Allman - organ Chuck Leavell - electric and acoustic pianos Lamar Williams - bass Butch Trucks - drums , timpani , percussion Jaimoe - drums , congas " Pony Boy " ( Betts ) - 5 : 51 Dickie Betts - Dobro , lead vocals Tommy Talton - acoustic guitar Chuck Leavell - piano Lamar Williams - acoustic bass Butch Trucks - drums = = Personnel = = All credits adapted from liner notes . = = Charts = = = Beaumont @-@ Hamel Newfoundland Memorial = The Beaumont @-@ Hamel Newfoundland Memorial is a memorial site in France dedicated to the commemoration of Dominion of Newfoundland forces members who were killed during World War I. The 74 @-@ acre ( 300 @,@ 000 m2 ) preserved battlefield park encompasses the grounds over which the Newfoundland Regiment made their unsuccessful attack on 1 July 1916 during the first day of the Battle of the Somme . The Battle of the Somme was the regiment 's first major engagement , and during an assault that lasted approximately 30 minutes the regiment was all but wiped out . Purchased in 1921 by the people of Newfoundland , the memorial site is the largest battalion memorial on the Western Front , and the largest area of the Somme battlefield that has been preserved . Along with preserved trench lines , there are a number of memorials and cemeteries contained within the site . Officially opened by British Field Marshal Earl Haig in 1925 , the memorial site is one of only two National Historic Sites of Canada located outside of Canada . ( The other is the Canadian National Vimy Memorial ) . The memorial site and experience of the Newfoundland Regiment at Beaumont @-@ Hamel has come to represent the Newfoundland First World War experience . As a result , it has become a Newfoundland symbol of sacrifice and a source of identity . = = Background = = During the First World War , Newfoundland was a largely rural Dominion of the British Empire with a population of 240 @,@ 000 , and not yet part of Canada . The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 led the Government of Newfoundland to recruit a force for service with the British Army . Even though the island had not possessed any formal military organization since 1870 , enough men soon volunteered that an entire battalion was formed , and later maintained throughout the war . The regiment trained at various locations in the United Kingdom and increased from an initial contingent of 500 men to full battalion strength of 1 @,@ 000 men , before being deployed . After a period of acclimatization in Egypt , the regiment was deployed at Suvla Bay on the Gallipoli peninsula with the 29th British Division in support of the Gallipoli Campaign . With the close of the Gallipoli Campaign the regiment spent a short period recuperating before being transferred to the Western Front in March 1916 . = = = Battle of the Somme = = = In France , the regiment regained battalion strength in preparation for the Battle of the Somme . The regiment , still with the 29th British Division , went into the line in April 1916 at Beaumont @-@ Hamel . Beaumont @-@ Hamel was situated near the northern end of the 45 @-@ kilometre front being assaulted by the joint French and British force . The attack , originally scheduled for 29 June 1916 was postponed by two days to July 1 , 1916 , partly on account of inclement weather , partly to allow more time for the artillery preparation . The 29th British Division , with its three infantry brigades faced defences manned by experienced troops of the 119th ( Reserve ) Infantry Regiment of the 26th ( Wurttemberg ) Reserve Division . The 119th ( Reserve ) Infantry Regiment had been involved in the invasion of France in August 1914 and had been manning the Beaumont @-@ Hamel section of the line for nearly 20 months prior to the battle . The German troops were spending a great deal of their time not only training but fortifying their position , including the construction of numerous deep dugouts and at least two tunnels . The infantry assault by the 29th British Division on 1 July 1916 was to be preceded ten minutes earlier by a mine explosion under the heavily fortified Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt . The explosion of the 18 @,@ 000 kilogram ( 40 @,@ 000 lb ) Hawthorn Mine underneath the German lines successfully destroyed a major enemy strong point but also served to alert the German forces to the imminent attack . Following the explosion , troops of the 119th ( Reserve ) Infantry Regiment immediately deployed from their dugouts into the firing line , even preventing the British from taking control of the resulting crater as they had planned . When the assault finally began , the troops from the 86th and 87th Brigade of the 29th British Division were quickly stopped . With the exception of the 1st Battalion of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers on the right flank , the initial assault foundered in No Man 's Land at , or short of , the German barbed wire . At divisional headquarters , Major @-@ General Beauvoir De Lisle and his staff were trying to unravel the numerous and confusing messages coming back from observation posts , contact aircraft and the two leading brigades . There were indications that some troops had broken into and gone beyond the German first line . In an effort to exploit the perceived break in the German line he ordered the 88th Brigade , which was in reserve , to send forward two battalions to support attack . At 8 : 45 a.m. the Newfoundland Regiment and 1st Battalion of the Essex Regiment received orders to move forward . The Newfoundland Regiment was situated at St. John 's Road , a support trench 250 yards ( 230 m ) behind the British forward line and out of sight of the enemy . Movement forward through the communication trenches was not possible because they were congested with dead and wounded men and under shell fire . Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Lovell Hadow , the battalion commander , decided to move immediately into attack formation and advance across the surface , which involved first navigating through the British barbed wire defences . As they breasted the skyline behind the British first line , they were effectively the only troops moving on the battlefield and clearly visible to the German defenders . Subjected to the full force of the 119th ( Reserve ) Infantry Regiment , most of the Newfoundland Regiment who had started forward were dead , dying or wounded within 15 to 20 minutes of leaving St. John 's Road trench . Most reached no further than the Danger Tree , a skeleton of a tree that lay in No Man 's Land that was being utilized as a landmark . So far as can be ascertained , 22 officers and 758 other ranks were directly involved in the advance . Of these , all the officers and slightly under 658 other ranks became casualties . Of the 780 men who went forward only about 110 survived unscathed , of whom only 68 were available for roll call the following day . For all intents and purposes the Newfoundland Regiment had been wiped out , the unit as a whole having suffered a casualty rate of approximately 80 % . The only unit to suffer greater casualties during the attack was the 10th Battalion of the West Yorkshire Regiment , attacking west of Fricourt village . = = = The rest of the war = = = After July 1916 , the Beaumont @-@ Hamel front remained relatively quiet while the Battle of the Somme continued to the south . In the final act in the Somme Offensive , Beaumont @-@ Hamel was assaulted by the 51st ( Highland ) Division on 13 November 1916 on the opening of the Battle of the Ancre . Within two days , all the 29th Division objectives of 1 July had been taken along with a great many German prisoners . The area of the memorial site then became a rear area with troops lodged in the former German dugouts and a camp was established in the vicinity of the present Y Ravine Cemetery . With the German withdrawal in March 1917 to the Hindenburg Line , about 30 kilometres from Beaumont @-@ Hamel , the battlefield salvage parties moved in , many dugouts were closed off and initial efforts were probably made to restore some of the land to agriculture . However , in March 1918 , the German Spring Offensive was here checked on exactly the same battle lines as before . Until the Battle of Amiens and the German withdrawal in late August 1918 , the protagonists confronted each other over the same ground , although the only actions were those of routine front line trench raids , patrols and artillery harassment . = = History = = In 1921 , Newfoundland purchased the ground over which the Newfoundland Regiment made its unsuccessful attack during the first day of the Battle of the Somme . Much of the credit for the establishment of the 74 @-@ acre ( 300 @,@ 000 m2 ) memorial site is given to Lieutenant Colonel Tom Nangle , the former Roman Catholic Priest of the regiment . As Director of Graves Registration and Enquiry and Newfoundland 's representative on the Imperial War Graves Commission he negotiated with some 250 French landowners for the purchase of the site . He also played a leading role in selecting and developing the sites where the Newfoundland memorials currently stand , as well as supervising the construction of each memorial . The memorials , including that at the Beaumont @-@ Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site , were constructed for the Government of Newfoundland between 1924 and 1925 . The Beaumont @-@ Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site was officially opened , and the memorial unveiled , by Field Marshal Earl Haig on 7 June 1925 . Since Newfoundland 's confederation with Canada in 1949 , the Canadian Government , through the Department of Veterans Affairs , has been responsible for the site 's maintenance and care . The site had fallen into some disrepair during the German occupation of France in the Second World War and following confederation the replacement of the original site cabin with a modern building as well as some trench restoration work was undertaken in time for the 45th anniversary of the battle . The memorial site was established as one of only two National Historic Sites of Canada located outside of Canada by the then Minister of Canadian Heritage Sheila Copps on 10 April 1997 . = = The Site = = The Beaumont @-@ Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site is situated 9 kilometres north of Albert , France near the village of Beaumont @-@ Hamel in an area containing numerous cemeteries and memorials related to the Battle of the Somme . The site is one of the few places on the former Western Front where a visitor can see the trench lines of the First World War and the related terrain in a preserved natural state . It is the largest site dedicated to the memory of the Newfoundland Regiment , the largest battalion memorial on the Western Front , and the largest area of the Somme battlefield that has been preserved . Although the site was founded to honour the memory of the Newfoundland Regiment , it also contains a number of memorials as well as four cemeteries maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ; that of Y Ravine Cemetery , Hawthorn Ridge Cemeteries No. 1 and No. 2 and the unusual mass burial site of Hunter 's Cemetery . Beyond being a popular location for battlefield tours the site is also an important location in the burgeoning field of First World War battlefield archaeology , because of its preserved and largely undisturbed state . The ever increasing number of visitors to the Memorial has resulted in the authorities taking measures to control access by fencing off certain areas of the former battlefield . = = = 29th Division Memorial = = = Near the entrance to site is situated a memorial to the 29th British Division , the division of which the Newfoundland Regiment was a part . Lieutenant @-@ General Beauvoir De Lisle , wartime commander of the 29th British Division , unveiled the monument the morning of the official opening of the site on 7 June 1925 . Each wartime unit of the 29th British Division sent a representative to form a guard of honour for the occasion . Afterwards , this detachment , joined by French infantry from Arras formed the honour guard for the unveiling of the Beaumont @-@ Hamel Newfoundland Memorial . = = = Newfoundland Regiment Memorial = = = The memorial is one of six memorials erected by the Government of Newfoundland following the First World War . Five were erected in France and Belgium and the sixth at Bowring Park in St. John 's , Newfoundland , Canada . The memorial is a bronze caribou , the emblem of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment , standing atop a cairn of Newfoundland granite facing the former foe with head thrown high in defiance . At the Beaumont @-@ Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site the mound rises approximately 50 feet ( 15 m ) from ground level . The mounds are also surrounded by native Newfoundland plants . At the base of the Beaumont @-@ Hamel Newfoundland Memorial mound , three bronze tablets carry the names of 820 members of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment , the Newfoundland Royal Naval Reserve , and the Mercantile Marines who gave their lives in the First World War and have no known grave . The memorial is situated close to the headquarters dugout of the 88th Brigade , the brigade of which the Newfoundland Regiment was a part . Sixteen memorial designs were submitted to Nangle for review . He recommended that the government accept British sculptor Basil Gotto ’ s plan to erect five identical caribou statues in memory of the regiment . Gotto was already well known in Newfoundland as he had been previously commissioned to execute the statue of the Fighting Newfoundlander located in Bowring Park . The landscape architect who designed the sites and supervised their construction , was Rudolph Cochius , a native of the Netherlands living in St. John 's . It was decided to plant many of Newfoundland ’ s native tree species , such as spruce , dogberry and juniper , along the boundaries of the site . In total , over 5 @,@ 000 trees were transplanted before the project was completed in 1925 . The memorial was unveiled at the official opening of the site by Field Marshal Earl Haig on 7 June 1925 . Those that participated or were present included Chief of the French General Staff , Marshal of France Marie Émile Fayolle , Newfoundland Colonial Secretary John Bennett , Lieutenant Generals Aylmer Hunter @-@ Weston and Beauvoir De Lisle , Major @-@ General D. E. Cayley and former regimental commanding officers Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Arthur Lovell and Adolph Ernest Bernard . = = = 51st Division Monument = = = Overlooking Y Ravine is the memorial to 51st ( Highland ) Division . The ground originally donated by the commune of Beaumont @-@ Hamel to the Veterans of the 51st Division was found to be unstable because of the many dugouts beneath it . Lieutenant Colonel Nangle offered a location overlooking Y Ravine within the Beaumont @-@ Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site . The Y ravine had been the scene of fierce fighting for the division on 13 November 1916 . The selected sculptor for the 51st Division Monument was George Henry Paulin . The base of the monument consists of rough blocks of Rubislaw granite which were produced by Garden & Co. in Aberdeen , Scotland , and are assembled in a pyramid form . Company Sergeant Major Bob Rowan of the Glasgow Highlanders was used as the model for the kilted figure atop the memorial . The figure faces east towards the village of Beaumont @-@ Hamel . On the front is a plaque inscribed in Gaelic : La a 'Blair s 'math n Cairdean which in English translates as " Friends are good on the day of battle " . The 51st Division Monument was unveiled on 28 September 1924 by Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch , the former Allied Supreme Commander . The memorial was rededicated on 13 July 1958 , the front panel now referring to not only those who died during the First World War but the Second as well . A wooden Celtic cross directly across the track from the memorial was originally sited at High Wood and subsequently moved to the Newfoundland site . The cross commemorates the men of the 51st Highland Division who fell at High Wood in July 1916 . = = = Danger Tree = = = The Danger Tree had been part of a clump of trees located about halfway into No Man 's Land and had originally been used as a landmark by a Newfoundland Regiment trench raiding party in the days before the Battle of the Somme . British and German artillery bombardments eventually stripped the tree of leaves and left nothing more than a shattered tree trunk . During the Newfoundland Regiment 's infantry assault , the tree was once again used as a landmark , where the troops were ordered to gather . The tree was however a highly visible landmark for the German artillery and the site proved to be a location where the German shrapnel was particularly deadly . As a result , the regiment suffered a large concentration of casualties around the tree . A replica representation of the twisted tree now stands at the spot . = = = Visitors Centre = = = There is a Visitors ' Centre which exhibits the historical and social circumstances of Newfoundland at the beginning of the 20th century and traces the history of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment and some of its personalities . A Memorial room within the Centre houses a copy of the Newfoundland Book of Remembrance , along with a bronze plaque listing the Battle Honours won by the Royal Newfoundland Regiment . The centre also incorporates the administrative offices and site archive . Canadian student guides based at the site are available to provide guided tours or explain particular facets of the battlefield and the Newfoundland involvement . = = Influence on Newfoundland = = The significance of the events at Beaumont @-@ Hamel on the first day of the Battle of the Somme was perhaps most strongly felt by the Dominion of Newfoundland , as it was the first great conflict experienced by that dominion . Newfoundland was left with a sense of loss that marked an entire generation . The effects on the post @-@ war generation were compounded by chronic financial problems caused both by Newfoundland 's large debt from the war , and a prolonged post @-@ war economic recession due to a decline in the fisheries . Lasting impressions of the war experience are ever @-@ prevalent on the island . In Canada , 1 July is celebrated as Canada Day , in recognition of Canadian confederation . In the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador the date is Memorial Day , in remembrance of the Newfoundland Regiment 's losses at Beaumont @-@ Hamel . Memorial University College , now Memorial University of Newfoundland , was originally established as a memorial to Newfoundlanders who had lost their lives in active service during the First World War . Lastly , the six caribou memorials and the National War Memorial erected following the First World War , and the establishment of the preserved battlefield park at Beaumont @-@ Hamel which is visited by thousands of tourists a year . The Beaumont @-@ Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site also serves an informal ambassadorial function , educating visitors not only about the experience of the Newfoundland Regiment but also regarding the history of the island . = David I of Scotland = David I or Dauíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern : Daibhidh I mac [ Mhaoil ] Chaluim ; 1083 x 1085 – 24 May 1153 ) was a 12th @-@ century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians ( 1113 – 1124 ) and later King of the Scots ( 1124 – 1153 ) . The youngest son of Máel Coluim III ( Malcolm III ) and Margaret of Wessex , David spent most of his childhood in Scotland , but was exiled to England temporarily in 1093 . Perhaps after 1100 , he became a dependent at the court of King Henry I. There he was influenced by the Norman and Anglo @-@ French culture of the court . When David 's brother Alexander I of Scotland died in 1124 , David chose , with the backing of Henry I , to take the Kingdom of Scotland ( Alba ) for himself . He was forced to engage in warfare against his rival and nephew , Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair . Subduing the latter seems to have taken David ten years , a struggle that involved the destruction of Óengus , Mormaer of Moray . David 's victory allowed expansion of control over more distant regions theoretically part of his Kingdom . After the death of his former patron Henry I , David supported the claims of Henry 's daughter and his own niece , the former Empress @-@ consort , Matilda , to the throne of England . In the process , he came into conflict with King Stephen and was able to expand his power in northern England , despite his defeat at the Battle of the Standard in 1138 . The term " Davidian Revolution " is used by many scholars to summarise the changes which took place in Scotland during his reign . These included his foundation of burghs and regional markets , implementation of the ideals of Gregorian Reform , foundation of monasteries , Normanisation of the Scottish government , and the introduction of feudalism through immigrant French and Anglo @-@ French knights . = = Early years = = The early years of David I are the most obscure of his life . Because there is little documented evidence , historians can only guess at most of David 's activities in this period . = = = Childhood and flight to England = = = David was born on a date unknown in 1084 in Scotland . He was probably the eighth son of King Máel Coluim mac Donnchada , and certainly the sixth and youngest produced by Máel Coluim 's second marriage to Queen Margaret . He was the grandson of the ill fated King Duncan I. In 1093 King Máel Coluim and David 's brother Edward were killed at the River Aln during an invasion of Northumberland . David and his two brothers Alexander and Edgar , both future kings of Scotland , were probably present when their mother died shortly afterwards . According to later medieval tradition , the three brothers were in Edinburgh when they were besieged by their uncle , Domnall Bán . Domnall became King of Scotland . It is not certain what happened next , but an insertion in the Chronicle of Melrose states that Domnall forced his three nephews into exile , although he was allied with another of his nephews , Edmund . John of Fordun wrote , centuries later , that an escort into England was arranged for them by their maternal uncle Edgar Ætheling . = = = Intervention of William Rufus and English exile = = = William Rufus , King of England , opposed Domnall 's accession to the northerly kingdom . He sent the eldest son of Máel Coluim , David 's half @-@ brother Donnchad , into Scotland with an army . Donnchad was killed within the year , and so in 1097 William sent Donnchad 's half @-@ brother Edgar into Scotland . The latter was more successful , and was crowned King by the end of 1097 . During the power struggle of 1093 – 97 , David was in England . In 1093 , he may have been about nine years old . From 1093 until 1103 David 's presence cannot be accounted for in detail , but he appears to have been in Scotland for the remainder of the 1090s . When William Rufus was killed , his brother Henry Beauclerc seized power and married David 's sister , Matilda . The marriage made David the brother @-@ in @-@ law of the ruler of England . From that point onwards , David was probably an important figure at the English court . Despite his Gaelic background , by the end of his stay in England , David had become a full @-@ fledged Normanised prince . William of Malmesbury wrote that it was in this period that David " rubbed off all tarnish of Scottish barbarity through being polished by intercourse and friendship with us " . = = Prince of the Cumbrians , 1113 – 1124 = = David 's time as Prince of the Cumbrians and Earl marks the beginning of his life as a great territorial lord . His earldom probably began in 1113 , when Henry I arranged David 's marriage to Maud , 2nd Countess of Huntingdon , who was the heiress to the Huntingdon – Northampton lordship . As her husband , David used the title of Earl , and there was the prospect that David 's children by her would inherit all the honours borne by Matilda 's father Waltheof . 1113 is the year when David , for the first time , can be found in possession of territory in what is now Scotland . = = = Obtaining the inheritance = = = David 's brother , King Edgar , had visited William Rufus in May 1099 and bequeathed to David extensive territory to the south of the river Forth . On 8 January 1107 , Edgar died . His younger brother Alexander I of Scotland took the throne . It has been assumed that David took control of his inheritance – the southern lands bequeathed by Edgar – soon after the latter 's death . However , it cannot be shown that he possessed his inheritance until his foundation of Selkirk Abbey late in 1113 . According to Richard Oram , it was only in 1113 , when Henry returned to England from Normandy , that David was at last in a position to claim his inheritance in southern " Scotland " . King Henry 's backing seems to have been enough to force King Alexander to recognise his younger brother 's claims . This probably occurred without bloodshed , but through threat of force nonetheless . David 's aggression seems to have inspired resentment amongst some native Scots . A Gaelic quatrain from this period complains that : If " divided from " is anything to go by , this quatrain may have been written in David 's new territories in southern Scotland . The lands in question consisted of the pre @-@ 1975 counties of Roxburghshire , Selkirkshire , Berwickshire , Peeblesshire and Lanarkshire . David , moreover , gained the title princeps Cumbrensis , " Prince of the Cumbrians " , as attested in David 's charters from this era . Although this was a large slice of Scotland south of the river Forth , the region of Galloway @-@ proper was entirely outside David 's control . David may perhaps have had varying degrees of overlordship in parts of Dumfriesshire , Ayrshire , Dunbartonshire and Renfrewshire . In the lands between Galloway and the Principality of Cumbria , David eventually set up large @-@ scale marcher lordships , such as Annandale for Robert de Brus , Cunningham for Hugh de Morville , and possibly Strathgryfe for Walter Fitzalan . = = = In England = = = In the later part of 1113 , King Henry gave David the hand of Matilda of Huntingdon , daughter and heiress of Waltheof , Earl of Northumberland . The marriage brought with it the " Honour of Huntingdon " , a lordship scattered through the shires of Northampton , Huntingdon , and Bedford ; within a few years , Matilda bore a son , whom David named Henry after his patron . The new territories which David controlled were a valuable supplement to his income and manpower , increasing his status as one of the most powerful magnates in the Kingdom of the English . Moreover , Matilda 's father Waltheof had been Earl of Northumberland , a defunct lordship which had covered the far north of England and included Cumberland and Westmorland , Northumberland @-@ proper , as well as overlordship of the bishopric of Durham . After King Henry 's death , David would revive the claim to this earldom for his son Henry . David 's activities and whereabouts after 1114 are not always easy to trace . He spent much of his time outside his principality , in England and in Normandy . Despite the death of his sister on 1 May 1118 , David still possessed the favour of King Henry when his brother Alexander died in 1124 , leaving Scotland without a king . = = Political and military events in Scotland during David 's kingship = = Michael Lynch and Richard Oram portray David as having little initial connection with the culture and society of the Scots ; but both likewise argue that David became increasingly re @-@ Gaelicised in the later stages of his reign . Whatever the case , David 's claim to be heir to the Scottish kingdom was doubtful . David was the youngest of eight sons of the fifth from last king . Two more recent kings had produced sons . William fitz Duncan , son of King Donnchad II , and Máel Coluim , son of the last king Alexander , both preceded David in terms of the slowly emerging principles of primogeniture . However , unlike David , neither William nor Máel Coluim had the support of Henry . So when Alexander died in 1124 , the aristocracy of Scotland could either accept David as King , or face war with both David and Henry I. = = = Coronation and struggle for the kingdom = = = Alexander 's son Máel Coluim chose war . Orderic Vitalis reported that Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair " affected to snatch the kingdom from [ David ] , and fought against him two sufficiently fierce battles ; but David , who was loftier in understanding and in power and wealth , conquered him and his followers " . Máel Coluim escaped unharmed into areas of Scotland not yet under David 's control , and in those areas gained shelter and aid . In either April or May of the same year , David was crowned King of Scotland ( Gaelic : rí ( gh ) Alban ; Latin : rex Scottorum ) at Scone . If later Scottish and Irish evidence can be taken as evidence , the ceremony of coronation was a series of elaborate traditional rituals , of the kind infamous in the Anglo @-@ French world of the 12th century for their " unchristian " elements . Ailred of Rievaulx , friend and one @-@ time member of David 's court , reported that David " so abhorred those acts of homage which are offered by the Scottish nation in the manner of their fathers upon the recent promotion of their kings , that he was with difficulty compelled by the bishops to receive them " . Outside his Cumbrian principality and the southern fringe of Scotland @-@ proper , David exercised little power in the 1120s , and in the words of Richard Oram , was " king of Scots in little more than name " . He was probably in that part of Scotland he did rule for most of the time between late 1127 and 1130 . However , he was at the court of Henry in 1126 and in early 1127 , and returned to Henry 's court in 1130 , serving as a judge at Woodstock for the treason trial of Geoffrey de Clinton . It was in this year that David 's wife , Matilda of Huntingdon , died . Possibly as a result of this , and while David was still in southern England , Scotland @-@ proper rose up in arms against him . The instigator was , again , his nephew Máel Coluim , who now had the support of Óengus of Moray . King Óengus was David 's most powerful vassal , a man who , as grandson of King Lulach of Scotland , even had his own claim to the kingdom . The rebel Scots had advanced into Angus , where they were met by David 's Mercian constable , Edward ; a battle took place at Stracathro near Brechin . According to the Annals of Ulster , 1000 of Edward 's army , and 4000 of Óengus ' army – including Óengus himself – died . According to Orderic Vitalis , Edward followed up the killing of Óengus by marching north into Moray itself , which , in Orderic 's words , " lacked a defender and lord " ; and so Edward , " with God 's help obtained the entire duchy of that extensive district " . However , this was far from the end of it . Máel Coluim escaped , and four years of continuing civil war followed ; for David this period was quite simply a " struggle for survival " . It appears that David asked for and obtained extensive military aid from King Henry . Ailred of Rievaulx related that at this point a large fleet and a large army of Norman knights , including Walter l 'Espec , were sent by Henry to Carlisle in order to assist David 's attempt to root out his Scottish enemies . The fleet seems to have been used in the Irish Sea , the Firth of Clyde and the entire Argyll coast , where Máel Coluim was probably at large among supporters . In 1134 Máel Coluim was captured and imprisoned in Roxburgh Castle . Since modern historians no longer confuse him with " Malcolm MacHeth " , it is clear that nothing more is ever heard of Máel Coluim mac Alaxadair , except perhaps that his sons were later allied with Somerled . = = = Pacification of the west and north = = = Richard Oram puts forward the suggestion that it was during this period that David granted Walter fitz Alan the kadrez of Strathgryfe , with northern Kyle and the area around Renfrew , forming what would become the " Stewart " lordship of Strathgryfe ; he also suggests that Hugh de Morville may have gained the kadrez of Cunningham and the settlement of " Strathyrewen " ( i.e. Irvine ) . This would indicate that the 1130 – 34 campaign had resulted in the acquisition of these territories . How long it took to pacify Moray is not known , but in this period David appointed his nephew William fitz Duncan to succeed Óengus , perhaps in compensation for the exclusion from the succession to the Scottish throne caused by the coming of age of David 's son Henry . William may have been given the daughter of Óengus in marriage , cementing his authority in the region . The burghs of Elgin and Forres may have been founded at this point , consolidating royal authority in Moray . David also founded Urquhart Priory , possibly as a " victory monastery " , and assigned to it a percentage of his cain ( tribute ) from Argyll . During this period too , a marriage was arranged between the son of Matad , Mormaer of Atholl , and the daughter of Haakon Paulsson , Earl of Orkney . The marriage temporarily secured the northern frontier of the Kingdom , and held out the prospect that a son of one of David 's Mormaers could gain Orkney and Caithness for the Kingdom of Scotland . Thus , by the time Henry I died on 1 December 1135 , David had more of Scotland under his control than ever before . = = = Dominating the north = = = While fighting King Stephen and attempting to dominate northern England in the years following 1136 , David was continuing his drive for control of the far north of Scotland . In 1139 , his cousin , the five @-@ year @-@ old Harald Maddadsson , was given the title of " Earl " and half the lands of the earldom of Orkney , in addition to Scottish Caithness . Throughout the 1140s Caithness and Sutherland were brought back under the Scottish zone of control . Sometime before 1146 David appointed a native Scot called Aindréas to be the first Bishop of Caithness , a bishopric which was based at Halkirk , near Thurso , in an area which was ethnically Scandinavian . In 1150 , it looked like Caithness and the whole earldom of Orkney were going to come under permanent Scottish control . However , David 's plans for the north soon began to encounter problems . In 1151 , King Eystein II of Norway put a spanner in the works by sailing through the waterways of Orkney with a large fleet and catching the young Harald unaware in his residence at Thurso . Eystein forced Harald to pay fealty as a condition of his release . Later in the year David hastily responded by supporting the claims to the Orkney earldom of Harald 's rival Erlend Haraldsson , granting him half of Caithness in opposition to Harald . King Eystein responded in turn by making a similar grant to this same Erlend , cancelling the effect of David 's grant . David 's weakness in Orkney was that the Norwegian kings were not prepared to stand back and let him reduce their power . = = England = = David 's relationship with England and the English crown in these years is usually interpreted in two ways . Firstly , his actions are understood in relation to his connections with the King of England . No historian is likely to deny that David 's early career was largely manufactured by King Henry I of England . David was the latter 's " greatest protégé " , one of Henry 's " new men " . His hostility to Stephen can be interpreted as an effort to uphold the intended inheritance of Henry I , the succession of his daughter , Matilda , the former Empress of the Holy Roman Empire . David carried out his wars in her name , joined her when she arrived in England , and later knighted her son , the future Henry II . However , David 's policy towards England can be interpreted in an additional way . David was the independence @-@ loving king trying to build a " Scoto @-@ Northumbrian " realm by seizing the most northerly parts of the English kingdom . In this perspective , David 's support for Matilda is used as a pretext for land @-@ grabbing . David 's maternal descent from the House of Wessex and his son Henry 's maternal descent from the English Earls of Northumberland is thought to have further encouraged such a project , a project which came to an end only after Henry II ordered David 's child successor Máel Coluim IV to hand over the most important of David 's gains . It is clear that neither one of these interpretations can be taken without some weight being given to the other . = = = Usurpation of Stephen and First Treaty of Durham = = = Henry I had arranged his inheritance to pass to his daughter Empress Matilda . Instead , Stephen , younger brother of Theobald II , Count of Blois , seized the throne . David had been the first lay person to take the oath to uphold the succession of Matilda in 1127 , and when Stephen was crowned on 22 December 1135 , David decided to make war . Before December was over , David marched into northern England , and by the end of January he had occupied the castles of Carlisle , Wark , Alnwick , Norham and Newcastle . By February David was at Durham , but an army led by King Stephen met him there . Rather than fight a pitched battle , a treaty was agreed whereby David would retain Carlisle , while David 's son Henry was re @-@ granted the title and half the lands of the earldom of Huntingdon , territory which had been confiscated during David 's revolt . On Stephen 's side he received back the other castles ; and while David would do no homage , Stephen was to receive the homage of Henry for both Carlisle and the other English territories . Stephen also gave the rather worthless but for David face @-@ saving promise that if he ever chose to resurrect the defunct earldom of Northumberland , Henry would be given first consideration . Importantly , the issue of Matilda was not mentioned . However , the first Durham treaty quickly broke down after David took insult at the treatment of his son Henry at Stephen 's court . = = = Renewal of war and Clitheroe = = = When the winter of 1136 – 37 was over , David prepared again to invade England . The King of the Scots massed an army on the Northumberland 's border , to which the English responded by gathering an army at Newcastle . Once more pitched battle was avoided , and instead a truce was agreed until December . When December fell , David demanded that Stephen hand over the whole of the old earldom of Northumberland . Stephen 's refusal led to David 's third invasion , this time in January 1138 . The army which invaded England in January and February 1138 shocked the English chroniclers . Richard of Hexham called it " an execrable army , savager than any race of heathen yielding honour to neither God nor man " and that it " harried the whole province and slaughtered everywhere folk of either sex , of every age and condition , destroying , pillaging and burning the vills , churches and houses " . Several doubtful stories of cannibalism were recorded by chroniclers , and these same chroniclers paint a picture of routine enslavings , as well as killings of churchmen , women and infants . By February King Stephen marched north to deal with David . The two armies avoided each other , and Stephen was soon on the road south . In the summer David split his army into two forces , sending William fitz Duncan to march into Lancashire , where he harried Furness and Craven . On 10 June , William fitz Duncan met a force of knights and men @-@ at @-@ arms . A pitched battle took place , the battle of Clitheroe , and the English army was routed . = = = Battle of the Standard and Second Treaty of Durham = = = By later July , 1138 , the two Scottish armies had reunited in " St Cuthbert 's land " , that is , in the lands controlled by the Bishop of Durham , on the far side of the river Tyne . Another English army had mustered to meet the Scots , this time led by William , Earl of Aumale . The victory at Clitheroe was probably what inspired David to risk battle . David 's force , apparently 26 @,@ 000 strong and several times larger than the English army , met the English on 22 August at Cowdon Moor near Northallerton , North Yorkshire . The Battle of the Standard , as the encounter came to be called , was a defeat for the Scots . Afterwards , David and his surviving notables retired to Carlisle . Although the result was a defeat , it was not by any means decisive . David retained the bulk of his army and thus the power to go on the offensive again . The siege of Wark , for instance , which had been going on since January , continued until it was captured in November . David continued to occupy Cumberland as well as much of Northumberland . On 26 September Cardinal Alberic , Bishop of Ostia , arrived at Carlisle where David had called together his kingdom 's nobles , abbots and bishops . Alberic was there to investigate the controversy over the issue of the Bishop of Glasgow 's allegiance or non @-@ allegiance to the Archbishop of York . Alberic played the role of peace @-@ broker , and David agreed to a six @-@ week truce which excluded the siege of Wark . On 9 April David and Stephen 's wife Matilda of Boulogne met each other at Durham and agreed a settlement . David 's son Henry was given the earldom of Northumberland and was restored to the earldom of Huntingdon and lordship of Doncaster ; David himself was allowed to keep Carlisle and Cumberland . King Stephen was to retain possession of the strategically vital castles of Bamburgh and Newcastle . This effectively fulfilled all of David 's war aims . = = = Arrival of Matilda and the renewal of conflict = = = The settlement with Stephen was not set to last long . The arrival in England of the Empress Matilda gave David an opportunity to renew the conflict with Stephen . In either May or June , David travelled to the south of England and entered Matilda 's company ; he was present for her expected coronation at Westminster Abbey , though this never took place . David was there until September , when the Empress found herself surrounded at Winchester . This civil war , or " the Anarchy " as it was later called , enabled David to strengthen his own position in northern England . While David consolidated his hold on his own and his son 's newly acquired lands , he also sought to expand his influence . The castles at Newcastle and Bamburgh were again brought under his control , and he attained dominion over all of England north @-@ west of the river Ribble and Pennines , while holding the north @-@ east as far south as the river Tyne , on the borders of the core territory of the bishopric of Durham . While his son brought all the senior barons of Northumberland into his entourage , David rebuilt the fortress of Carlisle . Carlisle quickly replaced Roxburgh as his favoured residence . David 's acquisition of the mines at Alston on the South Tyne enabled him to begin minting the Kingdom of Scotland 's first silver coinage . David , meanwhile , issued charters to Shrewsbury Abbey in respect to their lands in Lancashire . = = = Bishopric of Durham and the Archbishopric of York = = = However , David 's successes were in many ways balanced by his failures . David 's greatest disappointment during this time was his inability to ensure control of the bishopric of Durham and the archbishopric of York . David had attempted to appoint his chancellor , William Comyn , to the bishopric of Durham , which had been vacant since the death of Bishop Geoffrey Rufus in 1140 . Between 1141 and 1143 , Comyn was the de facto bishop , and had control of the bishop 's castle ; but he was resented by the chapter . Despite controlling the town of Durham , David 's only hope of ensuring his election and consecration was gaining the support of the Papal legate , Henry of Blois , Bishop of Winchester and brother of King Stephen . Despite obtaining the support of the Empress Matilda , David was unsuccessful and	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
at times particularly brutal when Loyalists met Patriots , as in some cases they came from the same communities . The prisoners , who were first kept in Bennington , were eventually marched to Boston . Burgoyne 's army was readying to cross the Hudson at Fort Edward on August 17 when the first word of the battle arrived . Believing that reinforcements might be necessary , Burgoyne marched the army toward Bennington until further word arrived that Breymann and the remnants of his force were returning . Stragglers continued to arrive throughout the day and night , while word of the disaster spread within the camp . The effect on Burgoyne 's campaign was significant . Not only had he lost nearly 1 @,@ 000 men , of which half were regulars , but he also lost the crucial Indian support . In a council following the battle , many of the Indians ( who had traveled with him from Quebec ) decided to go home . This loss severely hampered Burgoyne 's reconnaissance efforts in the days to come . The failure to bring in nearby supplies meant that he had to rely on supply lines that were already dangerously long , and that he eventually broke in September . The shortage of supplies was a significant factor in his decision to surrender at Saratoga , following which France entered the war . American Patriots reacted to news of the battle with optimism . Especially after Burgoyne 's Indian screen left him , small groups of local Patriots began to emerge to harass the fringes of British positions . Interestingly , a significant portion of Stark 's force returned home and did not again become influential in the campaign until appearing at Saratoga on October 13 to complete the encirclement of Burgoyne 's army . John Stark 's reward from the New Hampshire General Assembly for " the Memorable Battle of Bennington " was " a compleat suit of Clothes becoming his Rank " . A reward that Stark likely valued the highest was a message of thanks from John Hancock , president of the Continental Congress , which included a commission as " brigadier in the army of the United States " . = = Order of battle = = The battle forces are generally described as in Morrissey . His numbers are generally consistent with other sources on the British units , although there is disagreement across a wide array of sources on the number of troops under Breymann , which are generally listed at either approximately 550 or 650 . Morrissey is also incorrect in identifying some of the American units . He identifies William Gregg as having a separate command ; Gregg apparently led several companies in Nichols ' regiment . Morrissey also failed to include the Massachusetts militia , and misidentified Langdon 's company , erroneously believing they may have been from Worcester , Massachusetts . ( Militia companies from the Worcester area marched on Bennington , with some companies arriving the day after the battle . ) Langdon originally raised his company in 1776 , but it did not become a cavalry unit until 1778 . = = Commemorations = = August 16 is a legal holiday in Vermont , known as Bennington Battle Day . The battlefield , now a New York state historic site , was designated a National Historic Landmark on January 20 , 1961 , and added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . In the 1870s , the local historic society in Bennington commissioned the design and construction of the Bennington Battle Monument , which was complete in 1889 and dedicated in 1891 with ceremonies attended by President Benjamin Harrison . The Monument , an obelisk 306 feet ( 93 m ) high , is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Although the monument was not ready in time to mark the centennial of the battle , the 100th anniversary of the battle was marked by speeches attended by President Rutherford B. Hayes . = The Oceanides = The Oceanides ( Finnish title : Aallottaret , translated to English as Nymphs of the Waves or Spirits of the Waves ; original working title Rondeau der Wellen ; in English , Rondo of the Waves ) , Op. 73 , is a single @-@ movement tone poem for orchestra written in 1913 – 14 by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius . The piece , which refers to the nymphs in Greek mythology who inhabited the Mediterranean Sea , premiered on 4 June 1914 at the Norfolk Music Festival in Connecticut with Sibelius conducting . Praised upon its premiere as " the finest evocation of the sea ... ever ... produced in music " , the tone poem , in D major , consists of two subjects , said to represent the playful activity of the nymphs and the majesty of the ocean , respectively . Sibelius gradually develops this material over three informal stages : first , a placid ocean ; second , a gathering storm ; and third , a thunderous wave @-@ crash climax . As the tempest subsides , a final chord sounds , symbolizing the mighty power and limitless expanse of the sea . Stylistically , many commentators have described The Oceanides as either an outright example of Impressionism or somehow derivative of that art movement . Others have countered that Sibelius 's active development of the two subjects , his sparing use of scales favored by Impressionists , and his prioritization of action and structure over ephemeral , atmospheric background distinguish the piece from quintessential examples , such as Debussy 's La mer . Aside from the definitive D major tone poem , two intermediate versions of The Oceanides survive : the first , a three @-@ movement orchestral suite that dates to 1913 ( movement No. 1 lost ) ; and the second , the initial single @-@ movement " Yale " version of the tone poem , in D ♭ major , which Sibelius dispatched to America in advance of his journey but revised prior to the music festival . The Oceanides thus stands alongside En saga , the Lemminkäinen Suite , the Violin Concerto , and the Fifth Symphony as one of Sibelius 's most overhauled works . The suite and Yale version , never performed in the composer 's lifetime , received their world premieres by Osmo Vänskä and the Lahti Symphony Orchestra on 10 September and 24 October 2002 , respectively . A typical performance of the final version lasts about 10 minutes , some 3 minutes longer than its Yale predecessor . = = History = = = = = Composition = = = In August 1913 , Sibelius received a message from the American composer and Yale University professor Horatio Parker : a New England patron of the arts , Carl Stoeckel ( 1858 – 1925 ) , and his wife , Ellen Stoeckel née Battell ( 1851 – 1939 ) , had authorized $ 1 @,@ 000 for the commission of a new symphonic poem from Sibelius , per Parker 's recommendation . The piece , not to exceed fifteen minutes in length , was to be played at the 1914 Norfolk Music Festival in Connecticut , which the Stoeckels annually hosted ( and financed ) at their estate in a wooden performance hall dubbed " The Music Shed " . Despite his ongoing struggles with another commission , incidental music to Poul Knudsen 's tragic pantomime Scaramouche , Sibelius accepted the Stoeckel offer , writing in his diary , " A symphonic poem , ready by April " . = = = = Initial and intermediate versions = = = = In early September , another letter from Parker arrived saying that Stoeckel wished to provide the copyist 's fee for writing out the orchestral parts in Finland . As 1913 drew to a close , Sibelius had not made much progress on the American commission , having spent the entire autumn on other pieces and revisions . A trip to Berlin in January 1914 followed , and Sibelius 's diary and correspondence indicate the Stoeckel commission was at the forefront of his mind ; an initial plan to set Rydberg 's poem Fantasos and Sulamit subsequently was discarded . His stay in Berlin was not productive , and in mid @-@ February he returned to Helsinki ( " Uneasy because of the America thing [ Norfolk commission ] . Presumably have to go home to my cell in order to be able to concentrate " . ) Today , three versions of the work survive . Initially in 1913 , Sibelius conceived of the commission as a three movement suite for orchestra in E ♭ major , of which only No. 2 ( Tempo moderato ) and No. 3 ( Allegro ) are extant . At some point in 1913 – 14 , Sibelius decided to rework the thematic material of the Allegro , very much a " work in progress " , into a single @-@ movement symphonic poem ; the musical content of the Tempo moderato would find its way into the piano piece Till trånaden ( To Longing ) , JS 202 . In making the transition from suite to tone poem , Sibelius transposed the material from E ♭ to D ♭ major ; in addition , he also introduced new musical ideas , such as the rocking wave @-@ like motif in the strings and woodwinds , and expanded the orchestration . = = = = Final version = = = = In April 1914 , Sibelius mailed the score and parts to the United States , calling the piece Rondeau der Wellen ( this intermediate version of the tone poem is commonly referred to as the " Yale " version ) . On 12 and 20 April 1914 , Parker wrote on behalf of Stoeckel , expanding upon the initial agreement : Sibelius 's American patron now wished him to travel to and conduct a program of his music at the Norfolk festival ; as compensation , Sibelius would receive $ 1 @,@ 200 , as well as an honorary doctorate of music from Yale University . Although he already had sent the manuscript to Norfolk , Sibelius was not satisfied with the score and immediately began to revise the piece , eventually opting for a complete overhaul ( " Isn 't it just like me to rework the tone poem — at the moment I am ablaze with it . " ) . Although Sibelius was prone to revising his compositions , such effort was usually undertaken when preparing a piece for publication or after having heard it first performed in concert . With respect to the Yale version , it is possible the invitation to attend the music festival in person prompted Sibelius to " reassess " the tone poem with a more critical eye . The differences between the first and final versions of the tone poem are substantial ; not only did Sibelius again transpose the piece , into D major , but he also added the wave @-@ crash climax . Despite these changes , the orchestration is more or less the same , with the addition of one trumpet . As the trip to America approached , Sibelius raced to complete the revisions in time . Aino Sibelius , the composer 's wife , recounts the scenes at Ainola : The trip to America is approaching . Rondeau der Wellen is not yet complete . Terrible haste ... the score is only half @-@ ready . The copyist , Mr. Kauppi , is staying with us and writing night and day ... It is only because of Janne 's [ Sibelius ] energy that we are making progress ... We lit a lamp in the dining room , a chandelier in the living room , it was a festive moment . I didn 't dare say a word . I just checked that the environment was in order . Then I went to bed and Janne stayed up . All night long I could hear his footsteps , alternating with music played quietly . Sibelius continued to make changes to the final version of the tone poem as he sailed across the Atlantic Ocean aboard the Kaiser Wilhelm II and even during rehearsals in Norfolk , but these last @-@ minute changes , Andrew Barnett argues , must have been relatively " minor " , as the orchestral parts had been copied before his departure from Finland . Sibelius was delighted with the new piece , writing to Aino , " It 's as though I have found myself , and more besides . The Fourth Symphony was the start . But in this piece there is so much more . There are passages in it that drive me crazy . Such poetry " . Neither the suite nor the Yale version of the tone poem was performed in Sibelius 's lifetime , receiving their world premieres by Osmo Vänskä and the Lahti Symphony Orchestra on 19 September and 24 October 2002 , respectively . = = = = Naming the piece = = = = Sibelius appears to have vacillated over a name for the new tone poem . By 3 April 1914 he had dropped Rondeau der Wellen in favor of Aallottaret . On 29 April he wrote to Parker in favor of the original title ( " Herr Doctor , now you must forgive me for performing the new tone poem in its final version with the original title Rondeau der Wellen . The version Aallottaret that I sent to you can stay with Mr. Stoeckel " . ) . This position , too , proved fleeting . By the end of May , Sibelius had settled on Aallottaret , and the tone poem appeared under this title , albeit misspelled , on the 4 June Norfolk Festival program : " Aalottaret [ sic ] — Tone Poem ( Nymphs of the Ocean ) " . In preparation for the publication of the tone poem by Breitkopf & Härtel in June 1915 , Sibelius included alongside the Finnish title , Aallottaret , an " explanatory " German translation , Die Okeaniden ( in English : The Oceanides ) . The piece was published as Op. 73 and dedicated to Mr. and Mrs. Carl Stoeckel . = = = Performances = = = = = = = American premiere = = = = The tone poem premiered on 4 June 1914 at " The Shed " concert hall of the Norfolk Music Festival , Sibelius himself conducting at a podium decorated in the American and Finnish national colors . The orchestra , which Sibelius praised as " wonderful ... surpasses anything we have in Europe " , comprised musicians drawn from three of America 's best music societies : the New York Philharmonic , the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra , and the Boston Symphony Orchestra . The Oceanides was unlike anything the musicians had previously encountered . " I think they did not understand it all at first from what they said " , Stoeckel recalled . " The next morning , after having run it through three times , they were thoroughly delighted with it and remarked that the beauty of the music grew with each rehearsal " . The festival public sounded a similarly positive note about the new piece , which concluded a concert of Sibelius 's music that included Pohjola 's Daughter , the King Christian II Suite , The Swan of Tuonela , Finlandia , and Valse triste . Stoeckel recounts the events of 4 June : Everyone who was fortunate enough to be in the audience agreed that it was the musical event of their lives , and after the performance of the last number there was an ovation to the composer which I have never seen equalled anywhere , the entire audience rose to their feet and shouted with enthusiasm , and probably the calmest man in the whole hall was the composer himself ; he bowed repeatedly with that distinction of manner which was so typical of him ... As calm as Sibelius had appeared on the stage , after his part was over he came up stairs and sank into a chair in one of the dressing rooms and was very much overcome . Some people declared that he wept . Personally I do not think that he did , but there were tears in his eyes as he shook our hands and thanked us for what he was pleased to call the " honor we had done him " . Upon conclusion of the second half of the program ( which featured Dvořák 's Ninth Symphony , Coleridge @-@ Taylor 's rhapsody From the Prairie , and the overture to Wagner 's opera Die Feen ) , the orchestra performed the Finnish national anthem , Vårt Land . = = = = European premiere = = = = With the outbreak of World War I on 28 July 1914 , The Oceanides languished . Wartime politics being what they were , Sibelius 's music was seldom played outside the Nordic countries and the United States : in Germany , there was little demand for the music of an " enemy national " , while in Russia , Finns were viewed as being " less than loyal subjects of the Tsar " . In any case , many of Sibelius 's works had been printed by German publishing houses , a detail that harmed Sibelius 's reputation not only in Russia , but also Britain and the United States . According to Tawaststjerna , the war plunged Sibelius into a state of melancholy and creative struggle ( the Fifth and Sixth symphonies were in the process of simultaneous gestation at this time ) . His response was to retreat into near solitude : he abstained from attending and giving concerts and neglected his circle of friends , and he imagined himself " forgotten and ignored , a lonely beacon of light in a deepening winter darkness " . Sibelius was not easily stirred from his exile ; friend and fellow composer Wilhelm Stenhammar , then Artistic Director and chief conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra , wrote to Sibelius repeatedly to persuade him to conduct a concert of his works in Gothenburg . Believing himself duty @-@ bound to premiere a " major work " in Sweden , such as a symphony , Sibelius — to Stenhammar 's chagrin — delayed each scheduled trip . He withdrew from planned concerts for March 1914 , writing to Stenhammar , " My conscience forces me to this . But when I have some new works ready next year , as I hope , it would give me great joy to perform them in Gothenburg " . New arrangements were made for February 1915 , but these , too , Sibelius canceled in December 1914 . In the end , the indefatigable Stenhammar prevailed and new concerts were set for March 1915 ( " I see yet again your great sympathy for my music . I shall come " . ) . Stenhammar 's efforts were rewarded with the European premiere of The Oceanides . For Sibelius , it was an opportunity to once again be an " artist on tour " , feeding off the energy and " rapturous ovations " of an audience ( it had been nine months since the Norfolk concerts , which now seemed a distant memory ) . The first concert , on March 22 , featured the Second Symphony , Scènes historiques II , and two movements from Swanwhite before concluding with The Oceanides . According to Sibelius 's diary , the performance was a " great success " , with Stenhammar " captivated " particularly by the final number . The 24 March program retained The Oceanides , but paired it with Scènes historiques I , the Nocturne from the King Christian II Suite , a movement from Rakastava , Lemminkäinen 's Return , and the Fourth Symphony . Sibelius was very pleased with the orchestra 's handling of The Oceanides , calling its performance " wonderful " . He goes on to note in his diary that , " After the final number [ The Oceanides ] there was a deafening torrent of applause , stamps , cries of bravo , a standing ovation and fanfares from the orchestra " . = = = = Other notable performances = = = = The Finnish premiere of The Oceanides occurred on the occasion of Sibelius 's fiftieth birthday celebration on 8 December 1915 at the Great Hall of the University of Helsinki , with Sibelius conducting the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra . The program , which The Oceanides opened , also included the two Serenades for violin and orchestra ( Richard Burgin was the soloist ) and , most importantly , the world premiere of the Fifth Symphony , at that time still in four movements . The birthday program was well received , and Sibelius twice repeated it , once at the Finnish National Theatre on 12 December and then again at the University of Helsinki on 18 December . The celebrations continued into the new year , with Sibelius conducting The Oceanides at a concert in Finland 's Folketshus on 9 January 1916 . The tone poem was also taken up in the spring by Sibelius 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Armas Järnefelt , who led the Stockholm Opera Orchestra . Robert Kajanus later followed with a performance of The Oceanides in February 1917 . = = Orchestration = = Woodwind : piccolo , 2 flutes , 2 oboes , cor anglais , 2 clarinets ( in B ♭ ) , bass clarinet ( in B ♭ ) , 2 bassoons , contrabassoon Brass : 4 horns ( in F ) , 3 trumpets ( in B ♭ ) , 3 trombones Percussion : 2 timpani , triangle , glockenspiel ( " stahlstäbe " ) Strings : violins , violas , cellos , double basses , 2 harps = = Structure = = The Oceanides is a single @-@ movement tone poem that consists of two main subjects , A and B. The " lively " A section ( in duple meter ) , first introduced by the flutes at the beginning of the piece , can be said to represent the playful activity of the nymphs . Shortly after , solo oboe and clarinet — supported by harp glissandi and strings — introduce the " majestic " B section ( in triple meter ) , which brings to mind the ocean 's depth and expansiveness and perhaps , at least according to Tawaststjerna , " the God of the Sea himself " . Sibelius gradually expands and deepens the two subjects , building up to an enormous ( almost onomatopoeic ) wave @-@ crash climax that Daniel Grimley has characterized as a " point of textural , dynamic and chromatic saturation " . Formally stated by Tawaststjerna , the tone poem structurally proceeds as follows : A ( D major ) B ( modulating , ending in the area of D minor @-@ F major ) A1 ( F major ; A returns , but " the winds begin to gather force " ) B1 ( ending in E ♭ major @-@ G ♭ major ; B returns and " brings the storm nearer " ) C ( modulating and ending on the pedal A , which becomes the dominant of D major ; serves as development by utilizing material from both A and B ; " the oceanides are swamped " by the storm and the swell of the sea 's waves ) A2 ( intermediate D major ; the storm ends and the theme of the oceanides returns ) Coda ( final chord demonstrates " the immutability and vastness of the ocean waters into which the oceanides themselves do not venture " ) Grimley interprets the piece as progressing through " a series of three generative , wave @-@ like cycles " , perhaps best described as placid ocean ( A @-@ B ) , gathering storm ( A1 @-@ B1 ) , and wave @-@ crash climax ( C @-@ A ) . David Hurwitz views the structure of the piece similarly to Tawaststjerna , albeit as A @-@ B @-@ A @-@ B @-@ Coda ( B @-@ A ) , which he terms " sonata form without development " , while Robert Layton considers The Oceanides " something ... of a free rondo " , due to the continued reappearance of the opening flute theme ( A ) . = = Reception = = Critical opinion as to the merit of The Oceanides has been overwhelmingly positive , and today the piece is counted among Sibelius 's masterpieces . Following the 1914 premiere , Olin Downes , the American music critic and Sibelius devotee , described the new work as " the finest evocation of the sea which has ever been produced in music " , praising the composer for his " extraordinarily developed feeling for form , proportion and continuity " . Downes furthermore assessed Sibelius 's Norfolk concert as just the third time since 1900 that he had " felt himself in the presence of a genius of world class " ( the other two being Richard Strauss in 1904 and Arturo Toscanini in 1910 ) . An unsigned review in the New York Tribune ( almost certainly penned by critic Henry Krehbiel ) found the new work " fresh and vital , full of imagination and strong in climax " . He continues : Extremists will probably deplore the fact that the composer is still a respecter of form , still a devotee of beauty , still a believer in the potency of melody ; but this is rather a matter for congratulation than regret ... Mr. Sibelius is a fine musical constructionist , an eloquent harmonist and a fine colorist despite his fondness for dark tints . The influential Swedish critic Wilhelm Peterson @-@ Berger , always a thorn in Sibelius 's side and whom the composer had once mocked as " his lordship " , required some three encounters with The Oceanides before warming to the new symphonic poem : after hearing the Stockholm Concert Society under Sibelius in 1923 , Peterson @-@ Berger at last embraced the piece . " The Oceanides was totally and completely different from three years ago under Schnéevoigt " , he wrote . " In this beautiful poem one really heard something of the sound of the Aegean Sea and of Homer " . The composer ( and former Sibelius pupil ) Leevi Madetoja further praised the score upon review , writing in Uusi Suometar in July 1914 that Sibelius , rather than " repeat [ ing ] endlessly " the style of his previous works , had yet again shown his penchant for " renewing himself musically ... always forward , striving for new aims " . The Finnish critic Karl Wasenius ( aka BIS ) , writing in Hufvudstadsbladet after the birthday celebration performances of 1915 , wrote approvingly of Sibelius 's " refined mastery " of technique . " Not a single note is wasted on brash effects " , Wasenius continued . " Yet mighty things are still achieved . Sibelius gives us the expanse and magnitude of the ocean , its powerful wave @-@ song but without boastful gestures . He is too noble for that " . In Tidning för musik , Otto Anderssen interpreted Sibelius 's latest compositions ( among them The Oceanides ) as yet another indicator that he was among the most forward @-@ looking modernists : " Sibelius is , I believe , a man of the future ... constantly ahead of his time . Now he stands at the heights where the horizon stretches out over fields which the rest of us cannot yet see " . Cecil Gray , moreover , calls the piece " daring " and applauds the score 's " exceptional complexity and refinement " , challenging critics who see Sibelius as a " primitive artist " . Later commentators also found much to praise in The Oceanides . Guy Rickards describes the tone poem as an " extraordinary score " , magnificent yet subtle in its depiction of the sea 's various moods , but nonetheless " music suffused by light " , while Robert Layton sees the piece as " far more ambitious and highly organized in design " than its immediate predecessor , The Bard . Tawaststjerna notes Sibelius 's success at characterizing the sea : the " playful flutes " that bring the oceanides to life but which feel " alien " in the landscape 's vastness ; the " powerful swell " of wind and water conveyed by oboe and clarinet over undulating strings and harp glissandi ; the sustained wind chord symbolizing the " limitless expanse of the sea " ; and , the " mighty climax " of the storm , the final wave crash which " always exceeds one 's expectations " . The Finnish composer Kalevi Aho has argued in favor of the D ♭ major Yale version , feeling as though the piece loses " something essential " in terms of orchestral color in D major : " The orchestral tone in D ♭ major is veiled , somehow mysterious and impressionistic . Compared with it D major sounds clearer , but also more matter @-@ of @-@ fact " . The conductor Osmo Vänskä also has noted the difference between the two keys , comparing the D ♭ major version to a " large lake " and the D major to a " mighty ocean " . = = Analysis = = = = = Relation to Impressionism = = = Stylistically , many commentators have described The Oceanides as broadly impressionistic , in particular drawing comparisons with Debussy 's La mer . Harold Johnson , for example , writes that the themes and orchestration of the piece , with muted string tremolos and harp glissandi , " bear more than a superficial resemblance " to Debussy 's style ( he further suggests that Sibelius may have feared his original title , Rondeau der Wellen , was " too close to Debussy " ) . Gray , who calls the orchestral technique in The Oceanides " strikingly different " from anything else in Sibelius 's oeuvre , stresses that the work is far from " derivative " . Rather , he argues that Sibelius builds upon and revolutionizes the French impressionist technique , making it " entirely his own , and not merely a reflection or distortion of Debussy " . Gray continues : The French masters of the method and their imitators in other countries confined their attention for the most part to an exploitation of the possibilities afforded by the upper reaches of the orchestral register , and to the attainment , principally , of effects of brilliance and luminosity . Debussy 's writing for the lower instruments , and for the double @-@ bases in particular , is as a general rule timid and conventional in comparison with his treatment of the higher instruments , as a result , doubtless , of his exaggerated fear of thickness of texture . In The Oceanides Sibelius has explored the lower depths of the orchestra more thoroughly than any one had previously done , and applied the impressionist method of scoring to the bass instruments , thereby achieving effects of sonority hitherto unknown . While conceding the impressionistic feel of The Oceanides , Nils @-@ Eric Ringbom warns that the comparison with Debussy should not be taken too far . Whereas in Debussy 's works " there is seldom anything that grows thematically or undergoes development " ( instead , Debussy marvels the listener with " his mastery in rendering dreamy , passive moods and fleeting , restrained emotions " ) , Sibelius places " too much weight on the logical development of his musical ideas to let ... them flicker out in the empty nothingness of thematic instability " ; in other words , he insists that " atmospheric background swallow neither action nor structure " . Sibelius 's impressionism is thus " far more ... active " than Debussy 's . Other commentators have cautioned against the conclusion that The Oceanides is either an example of impressionism or somehow stylistically indebted to Debussy . Tawaststjerna , for example , believes that the piece 's " anchorage in the major @-@ minor harmony and the relatively sparing use of modal and whole @-@ tone formulae " indicates that the tone poem " belongs to the world of late romanticism " , the impressionistic character of its texture , harmonic vocabulary , and rhythmic patterns notwithstanding . Hurwitz has likewise criticized the " roaring cataract of nonsense in the Sibelius literature " about the influence of the French impressionists on the composer . " Similar musical problems often produce similar solutions " , Hurwitz notes . " In this case , any symphonic portrait of the ocean is bound to rely more on texture and color than on vocal melody , for the simple reason that the ocean is not a person and does not sing ... nor does it lend itself to ... [ an ] anthropomorphic approach ... " . Layton detects the presence of " normal Sibelian procedures and techniques " in The Oceanides , dismissing any serious debt to Debussy . " Its growth from the opening bars onward is profoundly organic " , Layton writes . " And its apparent independence from the rest of Sibelius 's work is manifest only at a superficial level " . = = = Relation to The Bard = = = The Oceanides traces back to sketches for a three @-@ movement suite for orchestra in E ♭ major that Sibelius likely had begun in 1913 ; today , only No. 2 ( Tempo moderato ) and No. 3 ( Allegro ) survive . Andrew Barnett has speculated as to the whereabouts of the lost first movement from the pre @-@ Oceanides suite . Although it is likely the opening number was either misplaced or destroyed by the composer , Barnett argues that four pieces of " circumstantial evidence " indicate the movement has survived — albeit in different form — as the tone poem The Bard , written in 1913 and revised the following year : The first 26 ( numbered ) pages of the manuscript paper for the pre @-@ Oceanides suite are missing ; assuming the first page would have been reserved for the title , this means that the missing first movement likely consisted of 25 pages . Importantly , the fair copy of the final version of The Bard is about the same length ( 26 pages ) . The orchestration of The Bard and the suite 's surviving second and third movements are " virtually identical " to each other , employing a small orchestra " noticeably less extravagant " than either the D ♭ major or D major versions of The Oceanides . Sibelius 's publishers , Breitkopf & Härtel , thought The Bard sounded like the first movement of a suite rather than a stand @-@ alone concert piece . Sibelius vacillated back and forth , at first agreeing to recast the piece as a " fantasy in two parts , or an Intrada and Allegro " , and then as a triptych in June 1913 , before deciding sometime around July or August that The Bard should remain as an independent composition . The thematic material of the suite 's second movement ( which is not found in the final version of The Oceanides ) is closely related to a piece for solo piano called Till trånaden ( To Longing , JS 202 ) . Assuming The Bard was inspired by Finnish poet J. L. Runeberg 's poem of the same name ( toward the end of his life , Sibelius denied any Runeberg connection ) , in the first volume of the poet 's " Collected Works " the title Till trånaden appears a page or two after The Bard , supporting the idea of a link between The Bard and the suite . = = Discography = = Despite its " haunting beauty " , The Oceanides has received fewer recordings than more famous Sibelius tone poems such as En saga , The Swan of Tuonela , and Tapiola . The first recording of The Oceanides was made in 1936 with Sir Adrian Boult conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra , a performance that is noticeably quicker than average . To date , the only recordings of the Yale version ( 7 : 25 ) and the pre @-@ Oceanides suite ( No. 2 Tempo moderato , 2 : 42 ; No. 3 Allegro , 4 : 35 ) are by Osmo Vänskä and the Lahti Symphony Orchestra under the BIS label ( BIS @-@ CD @-@ 1445 , Rondo of the Waves ) ; both were recorded in January 2003 . The album premiered to considerable acclaim . The Guardian 's Andrew Clements labeled the record the best of 2003 , noting that the early versions of The Oceanides permitted the listener to see " the mechanics of musical genius laid bare " . = = = = Books = = = = Barnett , Andrew ( 2007 ) . Sibelius . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300111590 . Gray , Cecil ( 1931 ) . Sibelius . London : Oxford University Press . Griffiths , Paul ( 2005 ) . The Penguin Companion to Classical Music . Penguin Books . ISBN 9780140515596 . Grimley , Daniel ( 2004 ) . " The Tone Poems : Genre , Landscape and Structural Perspective " . In Grimley , Daniel . The Cambridge Companion to Sibelius . Cambridge Companions to Music . London : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521894609 . Hurwitz , David ( 2007 ) . Sibelius : The Orchestral Works , an Owner 's Manual . Pompton Plains , New Jersey : Amadeus Press . ISBN 9781574671490 . Johnson , Harold ( 1959 ) . Jean Sibelius . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . OCLC 603128 . Kilpeläinen , Kari ( 2012 ) . " Introduction " ( pdf ) . In Sibelius , Jean . Aallottaret : eine Tondichtung für großes Orchester ( Early version ) [ op . 73 ] ; Die Okeaniden - Aallottaret : eine Tondichtung für großes Orchester op . 73 ; Tapiola : Tondichtung für großes Orchester op . 112 . ISMN 9790004803226 . OCLC 833823092 . Complete Works ( JSW ) edited by the National Library of Finland and the Sibelius Society of Finland Series I ( Orchestral works ) Vol . 16 : The Oceanides Op. 73 / Tapiola Op. 112 edited by Kari Kilpeläinen . Layton , Robert ( 1965 ) . Sibelius : The Masters Musicians Series . New York : Schirmer Books . ASIN B0000CMRUD . Rickards , Guy ( 1997 ) . Jean Sibelius . London : Phaidon . ISBN 9780714835815 . Ringbom , Nils @-@ Eric ( 1954 ) . Jean Sibelius : A Master and His Work . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 9780806103075 . Tawaststjerna , Erik ( 1986 ) . Sibelius : Volume 2 , 1904 – 1914 . ( Robert Layton , English translation ) . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 9780571247738 . Tawaststjerna , Erik ( 1997 ) . Sibelius : Volume 3 , 1914 – 1957 . ( Robert Layton , English translation ) . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 9780571247745 . = = = = Journal articles = = = = Santos Rutschman , Kirsten ( 2014 ) . " Jean Sibelius , Lemminkäinen , Op. 22 ( early versions ) , edited by Tuija Wickland . Jean Sibelius Works I / 12s ( Wiesbaden , Leipzig , Paris : Breitkopf & Härtel , 2013 ) , xxii + 313pp . € 199 @,@ 50 " . Nineteenth @-@ Century Music Review ( Cambridge University Press ) 11 ( 2 ) : 389 – 393 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Stoeckel , Carl ( 1971 ) . " Some Recollections of the Visit of Sibelius to America in 1914 " . Scandinavian Studies ( University of Illinois Press ) 43 ( 1 ) : 53 – 88 . JSTOR 40917124 . ( subscription required ) = = = = Websites = = = = Clements , Andrew ( 2003 ) . " Anyone Need a Tune @-@ up ? " . theguardian.com. Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Crawford , John Martin ( 1888 ) . " The Kalevala " . sacred @-@ texts.com. Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Hepokoski , James ; Dahlström , Fabian . " Sibelius , Jean " . Grove Music Online . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Sirén , Vesa ( 2005 ) . " The Oceanides " . Sibelius.fi. Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Telin , Mike ( 2015 ) . " Conductor Susanna Mälkki to Make Her Cleveland Orchestra Debut " . clevelandclassical.com. Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . = USS North Dakota ( BB @-@ 29 ) = USS North Dakota ( BB @-@ 29 ) was a dreadnought battleship of the United States Navy , the second member of the Delaware class , her only sister ship being Delaware . North Dakota was laid down at the Fore River Shipyard in December 1907 , was launched in November 1908 , and commissioned into the US Navy in April 1910 . She was armed with a main battery of ten 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns and was capable of a top speed of 21 kn ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) . North Dakota was the first vessel of the US Navy to be named after the 39th state . North Dakota had a peaceful career ; she was present during the United States occupation of Veracruz in 1914 , but did not see action . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , North Dakota remained in the US , training crewmen for the rapidly expanding wartime Navy , and therefore did not see combat . She remained on active duty through the early 1920s , until she was decommissioned under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty in November 1923 , and subsequently converted into a radio @-@ controlled target ship . She served in that capacity until 1930 , when she was replaced in that role by Utah . In 1931 , she was sold for scrapping and thereafter dismantled . = = Design = = North Dakota was 518 ft 9 in ( 158 m ) long overall and had a beam of 85 ft 3 in ( 26 m ) and a draft of 27 ft 3 in ( 8 m ) . She displaced 20 @,@ 380 long tons ( 20 @,@ 707 t ) as designed and up to 22 @,@ 400 long tons ( 22 @,@ 759 t ) at full combat load . The ship was powered by two @-@ shaft Curtis steam turbines and fourteen coal @-@ fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers , generating a top speed of 21 knots . The ship had a cruising range of 6 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 12 @,@ 000 km ; 7 @,@ 500 mi ) at a speed of 12 kn ( 14 mph ; 22 km / h ) . She had a crew of 933 officers and men . Her bow had an early example of bulbous forefoot . The ship was armed with a main battery of ten 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) / 45 Mark 5 guns in five twin Mark 7 gun turrets on the centerline , two of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward . The other three turrets were placed aft of the superstructure . The secondary battery consisted of twenty @-@ one 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 50 Mark 6 guns mounted on Mark 9 and Mark 12 pedestal mounts in casemates along the side of the hull . As was standard for capital ships of the period , she carried a pair of 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes , submerged in her hull on the broadside . The main armored belt was 11 in ( 279 mm ) thick , while the armored deck was 2 in ( 51 mm ) thick . The gun turrets had 12 in ( 305 mm ) thick faces and the conning tower had 11 @.@ 5 in ( 292 mm ) thick sides . = = Service history = = North Dakota was laid down at the Fore River Shipyard in Quincy , Massachusetts on 16 December 1907 . She was launched on 10 November 1908 , and completed on 11 April 1910 . On 8 September 1910 , the ship suffered an oil @-@ tank explosion and fire while at sea . Six men — Chief Watertenders August Holtz and Patrick Reid , Chief Machinist 's Mates Thomas Stanton and Karl Westa , Machinist 's Mate First Class Charles C. Roberts , and Watertender Harry Lipscomb — each received the Medal of Honor " for extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession " during the fire . After her commissioning , North Dakota was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet ; she participated in the normal peacetime routine of training cruises , fleet maneuvers , and gunnery drills in the Atlantic and in the Caribbean Sea . On 2 November 1910 , she crossed the Atlantic for the first time , on a good @-@ will visit to Britain and France . Fleet maneuvers followed in the Caribbean the next spring . Midshipmen training cruises for cadets from the Naval Academy occupied North Dakota 's time in the summers of 1912 and 1913 . On 1 January 1913 , she joined the honor escort for the British armored cruiser HMS Natal , which was carrying the remains of Whitelaw Reid , the United States Ambassador to Great Britain . The United States remained neutral when war in Europe broke out in August 1914 ; in the Americas , political disturbances in Mexico during that country 's revolution kept the US Navy occupied that year . North Dakota steamed off Veracruz , where she arrived on 26 April 1914 , five days after American sailors had occupied the city . She cruised the coast of Mexico to protect Americans in the country until October , when she returned to Norfolk , Virginia , arriving on 16 October . As war loomed , the Atlantic Fleet began intensive training to prepare for a possible American entrance into the conflict . North Dakota was conducting gunnery training in Chesapeake Bay when the United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 . Unlike her sister Delaware , North Dakota remained in American waters for the duration of the war , and did not see action . She was based out of York River , Virginia and New York City , and was tasked with training gunners and engine room personnel for the rapidly expanding wartime fleet . Admiral Hugh Rodman requested that North Dakota remain behind because he did not trust the reliability of her engines . In 1917 , her engines were replaced with new geared turbines , and new fire control equipment was installed . On 13 November 1919 , North Dakota left Norfolk , carrying the remains of the Italian Ambassador to the United States , Vincenzo Macchi di Cellere , who had died 20 October in Washington , DC . The ship stopped in Athens , Constantinople , Valencia , and Gibraltar while cruising the Mediterranean Sea . She thereafter returned to the United States , and participated in fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean in the spring of 1920 . In July 1921 , she was present during the joint Army @-@ Navy bombing tests , where the ex @-@ German battleship SMS Ostfriesland and cruiser SMS Frankfurt were sunk in an air @-@ power demonstration . North Dakota returned to the normal peacetime routine of training exercises , including two midshipmen cruises in the summers of 1922 and 1923 ; the latter cruise went to European waters , where she visited Spain , Scotland , and Scandinavia . In the years immediately following the end of the war , the United States , Britain , and Japan all launched huge naval construction programs . All three countries decided that a new naval arms race would be ill @-@ advised , and so convened the Washington Naval Conference to discuss arms limitations , which produced the Washington Naval Treaty , signed in February 1922 . Under the terms of Article II of the treaty , North Dakota and her sister Delaware were to be scrapped as soon as the new battleships Colorado and West Virginia , then under construction , were ready to join the fleet . North Dakota was decommissioned on 22 November 1923 in Norfolk in accordance with the terms of the treaty . She was disarmed and reclassified as an " unclassified " ship on 29 May 1924 , and thereafter converted into a radio @-@ controlled gunnery target ship . Her turbines were removed for later use aboard the battleship Nevada when she was modernized in the 1930s . She served in that capacity until 1930 , when she was replaced by the battleship Utah . She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 7 January 1931 and subsequently sold to the Union Shipbuilding Co of Baltimore on 16 March 1931 for dismantling . = Whatever It Takes ( Lifehouse song ) = " Whatever It Takes " is a song by American alternative band Lifehouse . It is the second single released from their fourth studio album , Who We Are ( 2007 ) . The song was written by Lifehouse lead singer Jason Wade and American record producer Jude Cole . When discussing the song , Wade felt that the message of the song dealt with how difficult it could be to be in a relationship . It was first released with the band 's fourth studio album Who We Are on June 18 , 2007 and was then solicited to mainstream radio on November 13 , 2007 . It is a moderately slow pop @-@ rock ballad that has influences of adult alternative . " Whatever It Takes " received positive reviews from critics who commended the song 's chorus . It was a commercial success in the United States and charted in the top 40 on several charts in the country . The song 's music video premiered on Yahoo ! Music on November 15 , 2007 and solely features Lifehouse lead singer Jason Wade and has the use of pyrotechnics throughout the video . = = Background and release = = The song was written by Lifehouse lead singer Jason Wade and American record producer Jude Cole and was produced by Lifehouse and Jude Cole at Ironworks Studio in Los Angeles . In an interview with The San Bernardino Sun , Wade talked about making songs on the album and said , " This time around it was not about having any preconceived notions . It was about letting the tape machine roll and getting the music down spontaneously . " When asked about the message of the song , Wade said , " I think the main message of this song , at least for me personally when I was writing the lyrics , is just how difficult it can be to be in a relationship . Sometimes , you do things to disappoint the other person . Letting someone down and trying to repair a relationship that you feel is kind of slipping through your hands a bit . " " Whatever It Takes " was originally released with the band 's fourth studio album , Who We Are , on June 18 , 2007 and was officially solicited as a single to mainstream radio on November 13 , 2007 . = = Composition and critical reception = = According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing , the song is set in common time with a " moderately slow " tempo of 76 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C major with Wade 's vocal range spanning from the low @-@ note of D4 to the high @-@ note of G5 . The song has a basic chord progression of C / F – C / G – C / F – C / G. " Whatever It Takes " was described as an adult alternative / pop rock song . It was described as a " power ballad " by John DiBiase of Jesus Freak Hideout , who also noted that there was " growth in songwriting and artistry to keep Lifehouse a band well worth following " . Alex Lai of Contactmusic.com described the song as " brooding [ song ] " that features " a huge chorus " and noted how the ballads on the album , including " Whatever It Takes " , were " amongst the best the band has produced " . Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today felt that the song was " commendable for showing the need to remain committed and open to sustain a relationship " . Paul Schultz of The Trades described the song as having " some dandy harmony vocals " and noted how the lyrics of " She said like it or not it 's the way it 's gotta be / You gotta love yourself if you can ever love me " talked about how people try to work out relationships . = = Chart performance = = " Whatever It Takes " debuted at number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week of February 2 , 2008 . It moved up the chart for several weeks , until peaking at number 33 . The song debuted at number 63 on the Billboard Digital Songs chart and eventually peaked at number 28 after being on the chart for 19 non @-@ consecutive weeks . On the Billboard Pop Songs chart , the song debuted at number 40 for the week of January 26 , 2008 . After moving up the chart for 20 consecutive weeks , the song eventually peaked at number 17 . The song debuted at number 74 on the Billboard Radio Songs chart for the week of March 8 , 2008 and moved around the chart for several weeks until peaking at number 36 . On the Adult Contemporary chart , the song debuted at number 30 for the week of April 26 , 2008 . After being on the chart for 33 consecutive weeks , the song peaked at number 10 for three weeks in a row . " Whatever It Takes " also debuted on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs at number 22 and eventually peaked at number three . = = Music video = = The music video , directed by Frank Borin , premiered on Yahoo ! Music on November 15 , 2007 . Later that day , it was also released to iTunes for digital download . According to the behind @-@ the @-@ scenes video , the song features the use of pyrotechnics all throughout the video . When asked about the idea behind the video , Wade said , " The whole concept of this video and just stuff exploding and breaking with my performance to the camera ; it 's almost like my performance is trying to salvage a relationship together . The imagery of stuff breaking and falling apart ; its almost like the whole world shattering around you , but you 're trying to keep it alive . " The video focuses solely on lead singer , Jason Wade , as the rest of the band members do not appear in the video . The video begins by showing Wade sitting alone on a bed , with pictures of him and his girlfriend on the wall . He proceeds to walk around the house , while various things in the room he 's in begin to explode around him , such as the bed and pictures in the bedroom , and various food and drink items in the kitchen . Near the end things begin going in reverse , and everything that had exploded is put back together . The video ends with Wade sitting back on the bed with his girlfriend now lying next to him . = = Live performances = = On October 15 , 2007 , Lifehouse performed an acoustic version of " Whatever It Takes " on VH1 . In January 2008 , the band performed the song as part of a set list on the PBS show Soundstage . To help promote Who We Are , Lifehouse also performed " Whatever It Takes " on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on February 15 , 2008 , on Mas Vale Tarde on February 21 , 2008 , and on Live with Regis and Kelly on April 1 , 2008 . = = Credits and personnel = = Songwriting – Jason Wade , Jude Cole Production – Lifehouse , Jude Cole Mixing – Thom Panunzio , Jack Joseph Puig , Florian Ammon , Keith Armstrong , Dean Nelson , Jeff Rothschild Engineering – Florian Ammon , Scott Faircloff , Ross Hogarth , Will Sandalls Source : Allmusic = = Charts = = = Zubir Said = Zubir Said B.B.M. ( 22 July 1907 – 16 November 1987 ) was a Singaporean composer originally from the Minangkabau highlands of Indonesia who composed the national anthem of Singapore , " Majulah Singapura " ( " Onward Singapore " ) . A self @-@ taught musician , Zubir also worked as a score arranger and songwriter for Cathay @-@ Keris Film Productions for 12 years , composing numerous songs for the company 's Malay films . He is believed to have written about 1 @,@ 500 songs , with less than 10 % of them ever recorded . It has been said that Zubir was viewed by many as a composer with a " true Malay soul " , as his songs were interwoven with historical messages and Malay truisms , and that he and his Minangkabau contemporaries awoke a wave of national consciousness in the 1950s . = = Early years = = The eldest child in a family of three boys and five girls , Zubir Said was born on 22 July 1907 in Bukittinggi ( formerly known as Fort De Kock ) in the Minangkabau highlands of West Sumatra , Indonesia . His mother died when he was seven years old . He attended a Dutch school but had no interest in academic studies . His involvement with music started when he was introduced to the Solfa music system by a teacher . A primary @-@ school classmate subsequently taught him how to make and play a flute , and in middle school , he learned to play the guitar and drums from fellow students and the keroncong group he was involved in . = = Move to Singapore = = In 1928 at the age of 21 , Zubir went to Singapore to make a living as a musician , taking up the suggestion of a sailor friend who had described the island as a place of " glittering lights , kopi susu [ coffee with milk ] and butter " . This was done in the face of objections from his village chieftain father , Mohamad Said bin Sanang , who believed music to be against religion . Zubir 's first job was as a musician with City Opera , a bangsawan or Malay opera troupe . He became the troupe 's bandleader . Thereafter , in 1936 , he joined the recording company His Master 's Voice . Zubir went to Java to marry Tarminah Kario Wikromo , a keroncong singer , in 1938 ; they returned to Zubir 's home town of Bukittinggi in 1941 just before the outbreak of World War II . Coming back to Singapore in 1947 , Zubir worked as a part @-@ time photographer with the Utusan Melayu newspaper while composing and performing music and songs . In 1949 he took up the post of orchestra conductor at Shaw Brothers ' Malay Film Production , and in 1952 he joined Cathay @-@ Keris Film Productions as a score arranger and songwriter for the company 's Malay films , including Sumpah Pontianak ( Blood of Pontianak , 1958 ) and Chuchu Datuk Merah ( Grandchildren of Datuk Merah , 1963 ) . In 1957 , he received his first public recognition when his songs were performed at the Victoria Theatre . = = " Majulah Singapura " = = Singapore , then a British colony , had been conferred city status by a royal charter from King George VI in 1951 . In 1958 , the City Council of Singapore approached Zubir to compose a song for the city to be titled " Majulah Singapura " , which was a motto to be displayed in the Victoria Theatre after its renovation . Zubir 's song , " Majulah Singapura " ( " Onward Singapore " ) , was first performed by the Singapore Chamber Ensemble during the grand finale of a concert staged in the Victoria Theatre on 6 September 1958 to celebrate its official reopening . When Singapore attained self @-@ government in 1959 , the Government felt that a national anthem was needed to unite the different races in Singapore . It decided that the City Council 's song , which was already popular , would serve this purpose . After some revisions were made to the song , it was adopted by the Legislative Assembly on 11 November 1959 , and on 30 November the Singapore State Arms and Flag and National Anthem Ordinance 1959 was passed . This statute regulated the use and display of the State Arms and State Flag and the performance of the National Anthem . " Majulah Singapura " was presented to the nation on 3 December at the launch of " Loyalty Week " , replacing the colonial anthem " God Save the Queen " . After Singapore 's full independence from Malaysia on 9 August 1965 , " Majulah Singapura " was formally adopted as the Republic 's national anthem . In a 1984 oral history interview , to sum up his philosophy when composing the anthem , Zubir cited the Malay proverb " Di mana bumi dipijak , di situ langit dijunjung " ( " You should hold up the sky of the land where you live " ) . = = Later years = = In 1962 , Zubir 's songs for the movie Dang Anom won an award at the Ninth Asian Film Festival in Seoul , South Korea . He continued working for Cathay @-@ Keris Film Productions until he retired in 1964 , composing numerous songs for Malay films . He also gave music lessons , and often had other music artists visiting him to talk about music and asking for advice . His third and youngest daughter Puan Sri Dr. Rohana Zubir , a retired lecturer with the University of Malaya , recalled how the family home in Singapore was always filled with music . He was the heart of the conversation , very enthused and willing to share pearls of wisdom so that others could benefit from his work . This generosity extended to other areas of his life . He helped his own family in Sumatra and families in Singapore he had " adopted " , sending them medicine and other items with what little he could afford , even though his own family was not well off at the time . Zubir said he was never driven by money . He believed that money was essential for his survival and to look after the family , and that the money he earned from giving music lessons and his compositions for the film world sufficed . He valued honesty and sincerity in his work and placed importance on purity and originality , whether in his music , lyrics or style of singing . He stopped composing songs for the film company when he was upset about the management 's decision to cut production costs by borrowing existing music to be used for dubbing on to the background music of some films . Zubir died at the age of 80 on 16 November 1987 at Joo Chiat Place in Singapore , survived by four daughters and a son . Despite his legacy , Zubir left only S $ 20 @,@ 000 to his name and the family had no home to call its own . In 1990 Zubir 's life and passion as a musician were documented in a book titled Zubir Said : His Songs , and in 2004 a S $ 20 @,@ 000 bronze bust of a bespectacled Zubir was installed in Gallery 6 of the Malay Heritage Centre which pays tribute to icons in Malay arts and culture . = = Awards and honours = = In recognition of his contributions to the State , Zubir was conferred the Sijil Kemuliaan ( Certificate of Honour ) on 16 March 1963 and the Bintang Bakti Masyarakat ( Public Service Star ) in the same year . In 1971 , he received the Jasawan Seni ( cultural medallion ) award from eight Malay cultural organisations , and the Asean Cultural and Communications Award in 1987 . He also received a Certificate of Commendation from the Amalgamated Union of Public Employees ( AUPE ) for composing the AUPE song . In 1995 , Zubir was posthumously given a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Composers and Authors Society of Singapore ( COMPASS ) . On 8 May 2009 the Acting Minister for Information , Communications and the Arts , Rear Admiral ( NS ) Lui Tuck Yew , announced that the address of the permanent campus for the School of the Arts ( Sota ) near The Cathay will be 1 Zubir Said Drive , in honour of the late composer . = = Music = = Zubir is primarily remembered for composing Singapore 's national anthem , " Majulah Singapura " ( " Onward Singapore " ) . The Malay lyrics exhort Singaporeans to " progress towards happiness together " ( " Sama @-@ sama menuju bahagia " ) so that their " noble aspiration [ s ] bring Singapore success " ( " Cita @-@ cita kita yang mulia / Berjaya Singapura " ) , and to " unite in a new spirit " ( " Marilah kita bersatu / Dengan semangat yang baru " ) . In 1956 , he also submitted three song compositions to the Malayan – later Malaysian – Government for consideration for their national anthem . However , a different song , " Negaraku " , was selected in the end . Zubir is also remembered for his composition " Semoga Bahagia " ( " May You Achieve Happiness " ) which was aimed at primary @-@ school students , advising them to work hard for their future . It has become a Children 's Day song for Singaporean children , and is thus often sung in schools on 1 October . It is also performed during the Singapore Youth Festival . Zubir is estimated to have written about 1 @,@ 500 songs , including those written for Cathay @-@ Keris Film Productions ' Malay films in the 1950s and 1960s . Less than 10 % of these songs were recorded . On 22 August 2007 , Zubir 's family signed an agreement with Universal Music in Malaysia for the latter to manage his works . The copyright in the songs remains with his family . The idea to do so came after his daughter Dr. Rohana met Sandy Monteiro , senior vice @-@ president ( Asean ) of the Universal Music Publishing Group in 2005 through Monteiro 's wife , who was a good friend of hers . Dr. Rohana was reported as saying : " It is time to hand over the songs in order to revive them two decades after my father 's passing . I hope to ensure that his songs continue to live in the hearts of young artists in Malaysia . " It is said that Zubir was viewed by many as a composer with a " true Malay soul " , as his songs , traditional but yet modern and patriotic , were interwoven with historical messages and Malay truisms . Journalist A. Samad Ismail commented that Zubir and his Minangkabau contemporaries awoke a wave of national consciousness in the 1950s . = = Works = = Zubir Said ( 1965 ) , Membacha Musik [ Reading Music Scores ] , Singapore : Zubir Said ( in Malay ) . = = = News reports = = = " The quiet man who makes lasting music " , The Straits Times ( Bilingual ) , p. iv , 18 October 1983 . Lim , K.K. ( 17 November 1987 ) , " Composer of our National Anthem dies " , The Straits Times , p . 1 . " Mr Marikita : Shy , humble and well @-@ loved " , The Straits Times , p . 1 , 17 November 1987 . S. Rajaratnam ( 9 March 1990 ) , " Majulah Singapura has been sung patriotically for 32 years " , The Straits Times ( republished on Headlines , Lifelines ) . " Audience turns misty @-@ eyed at tribute to Zubir " , The Straits Times , p . 24 , 10 March 1990 . Tan , Hsueh Yun ( 26 July 1991 ) , " Few understand lyrics of National Anthem " , The Straits Times ( republished on Headlines , Lifelines ) . Kor , Kian Beng ; Ching , Leong ( 4 December 2006 ) , " HIS @-@ STORY : SM Goh suggests naming streets and buildings after pioneers , philanthropists , and social leaders of modern Singapore " , The New Paper . Narayanan , Sheela ( 22 August 2007 ) , " Universal Music to publish Zubir Said 's works : ' Majulah ' with his unrecorded music " , The New Paper . " Imagine singing Pertame instead of Negaraku " , New Straits Times , 22 August 2007 , archived from the original on 24 August 2007 . " 環球代理 Zubir Said 所有版權 " [ Universal acts as agent for all of Zubir Said 's copyrights ] , Sin Chew Jit Poh ( in Chinese ) , 22 August 2007 = = = Books = = = Sulaiman Jeem ; Abdul Ghani Hamid ( 1988 ) , Mengenang Pak Zubir [ Remembering " Father " Zubir ] , Singapore : Pustaka Melayu , ISBN 981 @-@ 00 @-@ 0636 @-@ 5 ( in Malay ) . = Free Free = " Free Free " is a song recorded by Japanese recording artist Ami Suzuki for her sixth studio album , Dolce ( 2008 ) . Featuring Japanese record producer and Capsule member Yasutaka Nakata , the track was released through Avex Trax as a double a @-@ side single with her fellow recording , " Super Music Maker " , on 22 August 2007 . " Free Free " and " Super Music Maker " were both written and produced by Nakata . Backed by synthesizers and keyboards , " Free Free " incorporates a new genre called " Eropop " which Nakata created when producing the song by combining 1980s pop music , house music , disco and electronic dance music within its sound . The lyrical interpretation of the track was based on themes of erotica and freedom . " Free Free " was received well by music critics , with some of them praising the song 's instrumentation and highlighting it as a stand @-@ out track of Suzuki 's career . Charting together with " Super Music Maker " , the physical single reached number 32 on the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart , where it has spent two weeks . " Free Free " sold over 10 @,@ 000 units in Japan ; this marks her highest @-@ selling recording since 2006 and her last single to date to reach this limit . An accompanying music video for " Free Free " was shot by Takashiro Akihisa and features Suzuki lying on the floor of an empty room full of LED lamps and flickering television . To promote " Free Free " , Suzuki hosted a release party event at Tower Records in Shibuya . She also performed the single on her 2007 A @-@ Nation concert . Furthermore , Suzuki went on singing other songs from her discography at various other venues and gigs . Both the audio and the music video of " Free Free " have been included on Suzuki 's greatest hits compilation , Ami Selection ( 2011 ) , and on her greatest hits extended play , Ami Suzuki Best Selection ( 2014 ) . = = Background and composition = = After the release of her album , Connetta ( 2007 ) , Suzuki performed in various Japanese night clubs and her staff that were present at the time of her performances noticed her engagement to club music and tried to find a producer who had a background in electronic dance music and eventually contacted Nakata . He accepted an offer to produce two tracks for Dolce . Concerning the production , Suzuki commented that " [ she ] [ wants ] to put out a whole new view of the world " . " Free Free " was written , produced , composed and arranged by Japanese musician and Capsule member Yasutaka Nakata . It is his first single in collaboration with Suzuki under the alias " Ami Suzuki joins Yasutaka Nakata " ; " Free Free " is Suzuki 's first single to be handled by Nataka . The track was recorded in early 2007 at Avex Studio in Tokyo , Japan , and was co @-@ distributed by Nakata 's label , Contemode , owned by Avex and Yamaha . For the song , Suzuki 's vocals have been processed with autotune and vocoder . " Free Free " is influenced by 1980s pop music , house music , disco and electronic dance music . While producing the track , Nakata created a new genre called " Eropop " . " Free Free " features lyrics written in both English and Japanese , making the track Suzuki 's first English @-@ language release . The lyrical interpretation of the song was based on themes of erotica and freedom , where Suzuki commented that " the theme [ of the track ] is to sound erotic " = = Release and artwork = = " Free Free " was released as a double a @-@ side single with " Super Music Maker " for digital download and physical release on 22 August 2007 by Avex as the lead single for Suzuki 's sixth studio album , Dolce ( 2008 ) . It was released in three different formats : stand @-@ alone CD single , CD / DVD bundle and digital download . The CD and digital release features an extended edit of " Free Free " and the radio edit of " Super Music Maker " . The DVD release is registered under NTSC Region 2 and contains the official music video for the single . An exclusive vinyl was made available for purchase in Japan through Rhythm Republic on 29 August 2007 ; it features an extended version of " Free Free " and the original mix of " Super Music Maker " . Both songs were co @-@ copyrighted and published through the Japanese Society for Rights of Authors , Composers and Publishers . The cover sleeve for " Free Free " was photographed by Takashiro Akihisa , who also directed the accompanying music video for the song . The DVD and CD releases of " Free Free " feature two separate cover artworks ; the first portrays Suzuki bending over and the latter one Suzuki kneeling down . Both artworks were shot in an empty room full of LED lamps . An editor for the website Sanspo has compared the cover sleeve for " Free Free " to the artworks of Japanese recording artist Koda Kumi . He additionally described the shoot for the cover art of " Free Free " as " sexy " . = = Reception = = " Free Free " was met with positive reviews from selected music critics and reviewers . CD Journal was positive towards the track , labelling its sound as " 80s nostalgic " , " ultra @-@ pop super cool " and erotic . On Suzuki 's artist page at the Japanese HMV website , both " Free Free " and " Super Music Maker " were listed as " masterpiece " formats from Suzuki 's musical discography . An editorial review on the website labelled Nakata 's collaboartion with Suzuki as " charmy " . They went on to praise the cover sleeve for Suzuki 's " great sense of fashion " . Japanese online retail store Technique gave the song a positive review , labelling it catchy and dreamy . Charting together as one single , " Free Free " and " Super Music Maker " entered and peaked at number 32 on the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart on 3 September 2007 with over 5 @,@ 900 units sold , this being Suzuki 's highest entry since her single , " Like a Love ? " ( 2006 ) . Falling outside the top fifty in its second week , " Free Free / Super Music Maker " stayed in the top 100 for four weeks , this marking her longest charting single since " Like a Love ? " which only lasted for five weeks . Her following singles , " One " and " Can 't Stop the Disco " , later tied with " Free Free / Super Music Maker " for the lasted weeks on the chart . " Free Free / Super Music Maker " was Suzuki 's first top forty hit inside the 2007 era and sold over 10 @,@ 000 units , her highest @-@ selling single since " Like a Love ? " which sold 16 @,@ 000 units . To date , it is Suzuki 's final recording to reach the 10 @,@ 000 sale limit . The double @-@ single " Free Free / Super Music Maker " is ranked at number 21 on Suzuki 's sales profile on Oricon . = = Music video = = The accompanying music video for " Free Free " took one day to shoot from the morning until 3am the following day . Particularly , Suzuki felt that the video was cute and sexy . The making of the video has been included on the DVD edition of Dolce . The clip premiered on Japan 's Yahoo ! Music , while a short edit of the music video was uploaded on 2 September 2010 onto Avex 's YouTube channel . For further promotion , a DVD featuring the music video for " Free Free " has been made available for purchase in Japan . The music video opens with Suzuki 's , Nakata 's and the song 's name being zoomed out onto Suzuki . The next scene shows her sitting down on a multi @-@ coloured chair , being surrounded by LED lights and flickering television ; some cut scenes feature Nakata . Subsequently , Suzuki starts singing the song while lying on top of a neon surface . Next , the chorus start with all the LED lights changing colors . Throughout the video , there are several mirrored shots of Suzuki lying down , for which green screening has been used to clone her five times and dance to the song . During the shoot , Suzuki commented that the music video portrayed a more sexy and erotic image in comparation with Nakata 's previous works ; she felt that the image suited the song and its composition . = = Live performances and other usage = = Suzuki performed " Free Free " alongside her fellow single , " Delightful " ( 2005 ) , at her 2007 A @-@ Nation Concert and went on to sing at the 2009 A @-@ Nation Concert , for which she included " Free Free " , " Kiss Kiss Kiss " , " Be Together " and " Delightful " . Suzuki has performed " Free Free " on several other occasions and events ; she sung it at the Countdown Birthday Live in 2008 , at a launch party at Tower Records , at Shinjuku on 26 August 2007 , at a launch for " One " at Club Asia on 15 July 2008 , at the 2007 Kyoto Summer Festivaland at the Passage Summer Festival 2007 . The music video for " Free Free " and its official audio were featured on Suzuki 's greatest hits compilation album , Ami Selection ( 2011 ) . The song was also used for Suzuki 's greatest hits extended play , Ami Suzuki Best Selection ( 2014 ) . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of the promotional CD single . Management Recorded by Nakata at Avex Studio , Tokyo , Japan . Mixed by Nakata at Avex Studio , Tokyo , Japan . Avex Trax management for Suzuki ; Contemode management for Nakata . Personnel Ami Suzuki – vocals , background vocals Yasutaka Nakata – songwriting , composition , production , arrangement , management Takashiro Akihisa – music video director = = Charts and sales = = = = Release history = = = Capesthorne Hall = Capesthorne Hall is a country house near the village of Siddington , Cheshire , England . The house and its private chapel were built in the early 18th century , replacing an earlier hall and chapel nearby . They were built to Neoclassical designs by William Smith and ( probably ) his son Francis . Later in the 18th century , the house was extended by the addition of an orangery and a drawing room . In the 1830s the house was remodelled by Edward Blore ; the work included the addition of an extension and a frontage in Jacobean style , and joining the central block to the service wings . In about 1837 the orangery was replaced by a large conservatory designed by Joseph Paxton . In 1861 the main part of the house was virtually destroyed by fire . It was rebuilt by Anthony Salvin , who generally followed Blore 's designs but made modifications to the front , rebuilt the back of the house in Jacobean style , and altered the interior . There were further alterations later in the 19th century , including remodelling of the Saloon . During the Second World War the hall was used by the Red Cross , but subsequent deterioration prompted a restoration . The hall is built in brick with ashlar dressings and slate roofs , and is a Grade II * listed building . It has a long entrance front consisting of a three @-@ storey central block with lateral wings , each of which has two four @-@ storey turrets . Outside this on each side are two @-@ storey service blocks that project forward , forming a three @-@ sided entrance forecourt . The ground @-@ floor public rooms include a drawing room , a dining room , and a sculpture gallery . The bedrooms , dressing rooms and another gallery are on the first floor . The hall stands in grounds containing gardens and parkland that includes a lake . A particularly notable listed structure in the grounds is the Grade II * listed private chapel , also designed by William Smith , that is contemporaneous with the hall , together with its elaborate Grade II listed gates and gate piers . The bridge over the lake , an icehouse and a lodge are also listed . The earthworks of the previous hall and chapel and a deserted medieval village in the grounds are together designated as a scheduled ancient monument . Today the hall , chapel and grounds are privately owned by the Bromley @-@ Davenport family . They are open to the public at advertised times , and are used for special events . They are also available to be hired for purposes such as weddings and corporate events . = = History = = The manor of Capesthorne was held by the Capesthorne family until 1386 , when it passed to the Ward family . The house previously on the site was 290 metres ( 317 yd ) to the west , with a chapel 25 metres ( 27 yd ) to its north , its site being marked by a brick column in the grounds . In 1719 John Ward engaged William Smith to design a new house and chapel on a different site . The first parts of the new house to be built were two lateral detached wings , one for domestic offices , and the other for stables and a coach house . The main block of the house followed later . William Smith died in 1724 and it is thought that the main block was designed by his younger brother , Francis Smith . The house was in Neoclassical style , with a front of seven bays , the middle three bays breaking forward under a pediment , and was built in brick with stone dressings . The house was two rooms deep , with a central entrance hall , and a corridor leading from each side . John Ward died in 1748 and as he had no male heir the manor passed to the Davenport family by the marriage of his daughter Penelope to Davies Davenport . Davies Davenport 's grandson ( also called Davies Davenport ) improved and extended the house , with the addition of a single @-@ storey orangery to the southwest , and a drawing room to the northwest . When he died , his son , Edward Davies Davenport commissioned Edward Blore to remodel the house . Between 1837 and 1839 Blore joined the lateral wings to the main part of the house by adding new rooms at the sides . He also widened the wings , and built new stables and service courts to the north and south , creating a symmetrical structure . The main part of the house was recessed and , together with the wings , a large forecourt was created . The front of the house itself was refronted in Jacobean style . Mullioned windows replaced sash windows , and a ground floor loggia , and turrets with ogee caps and shaped gables were added . In the centre of the house was a raised attic with a clock and a bellcote . The rest of the building retained its Neoclassical features . The orangery was replaced with a large conservatory designed by Joseph Paxton , and this led directly to the family pew in the chapel . Blore also designed entrance lodges . In 1861 , when the house was owned by Edward 's son Arthur Henry Davenport , most of the central part of the house was destroyed by fire , leaving only the wings , the loggia , and part of the front wall . Blore had by then retired and Anthony Salvin was commissioned to rebuild the house . He kept generally to Blore 's plans , but gave the entrance front three shaped gables rather than the central attic . At the rear of the house the garden front was rebuilt in Jacobean rather than Neoclassical style . Internally , Salvin changed the proportions of the storeys , making the ground floor ceilings higher . Arthur Henry Davenport died in 1867 before the rebuilding had been completed , and the house passed to William Bromley @-@ Davenport . During his ownership the saloon was remodelled in 1879 as was the chapel in 1884 . In the Second World War the house was used by the Red Cross . By this time the fabric of the house had deteriorated , but it has since been restored . The house continues to be owned by the Bromley @-@ Davenport family . = = Architecture = = = = = Exterior = = = Capesthorne Hall is constructed in red brick with ashlar dressings and has a slate roof . Its plan is symmetrical and consists of a central block in three storeys with cellars , and two @-@ storey lateral blocks protruding forward to form three sides of a forecourt . The middle part of the central block is in seven bays , with a colonnade consisting of segmental arches . These are carried on Tuscan columns with circular panels in the spandrels , and keystones decorated with diamond rustication . Behind this are seven mullioned and transomed windows , and there are similar windows in the middle storey . Above these is a cornice and three shaped gables containing mullioned windows . The gables have stone copings and finials , and contain heraldic panels . Flanking the middle part of the central block are three @-@ storey slightly projecting wings . They have one central bay and lateral four @-@ storey turrets . The central bays contain two @-@ storey canted bay windows , above which are pierced stone parapets , three @-@ light mullioned windows , and shaped gables with pierced ogee finials . The turrets have bands between the stages , single @-@ light windows and ogee caps with finials . Projecting forward on each side of the central block are two @-@ storey service blocks . The façades facing the forecourt are similar , with semicircular arches in front of them , that on the left side being blocked , and the arch on the right side forming a porte @-@ cochère . Behind the arches are seven @-@ bay fronts , the central bay projecting slightly and containing a door with a fanlight . Above this is an oriel window on consoles over which is a shaped gable . The other windows in both storeys are sashes . The outward facing fronts are similar to the forecourt fronts , except that the end and centre bays protrude and are gabled . Between the gables are balustraded parapets . = = = Interior = = = In rebuilding the interior of the house after the fire of 1861 , Salvin followed Blore 's design in some of the rooms , and in others he used his own designs . The Entrance Hall very much follows Blore 's design . It has a panelled ceiling with pendants , and the windows contain 19th @-@ century stained glass arranged by Willement , featuring the arms of the Davenport and Ward families . The chimney piece was added by Salvin , and contains the figures of a caryatid and an Atlas that were formerly part of the reading desk of the two @-@ decker pulpit in the chapel . The Sculpture Gallery , also by Blore , also has a panelled ceiling , and consists of a corridor along the sides of which are arched niches . Most of the sculptures in the gallery were collected by Edward Davies Davenport , and consist of ancient copies of famous Greek sculptures . There is also the face of Charles James Fox by Joseph Nollekens , and a pair of Dancing Girls by Antonio Canova . The Saloon is by Salvin , and again has a panelled ceiling . The room features a large fireplace with an overmantel in the early Renaissance style , numerous family portraits , and vases collected on the overseas trips . The Drawing Room , designed by Salvin , is on the garden front , and features a panelled ceiling with pendants , and a floral frieze . In the room are twin fireplaces made from Coade stone , dated to 1789 , which originally belonged to the family 's house in Belgravia , London . Both are carved , one depicting Faith , Hope and Charity , and the other the Aldobrandini Marriage . The State Dining Room is very much as Blore designed it , and has a panelled ceiling with pendants , and wooden panelling up to the line of the dado . The room contains a large fireplace in early Renaissance style , made from white and variegated marble , and containing the family arms . Also in the room are sculptures by Joseph Wilton . The Staircase Hall is by Salvin , and is divided from the Sculpture Gallery by three semicircular archways . On the walls are portraits of the Bromley family . The staircase has a wrought iron balustrade decorated with acanthus and roundels with the crests of the Bromleys and the Davenports . The Davenport crest consists of a felon with a rope around his neck ; in these roundels the felon has the face of William Gladstone , a political opponent of the Davenports . There are four further ground floor rooms , all by Salvin . The Library has a panelled ceiling with diamond motifs . It contains imitation Jacobean panelling and a Jacobean fireplace from the now @-@ demolished Marton Hall . The Study also has a panelled ceiling , and in this case includes a circular central motif . The Private Dining Room contains a 19th @-@ century marble fireplace , and the Ground Floor Bedroom has a coffered ceiling and a Victorian @-@ baroque fireplace . The first floor landing has archways similar to those on the ground floor . Leading from this is the Upper Gallery , which contains documents relating to the genealogy of the Bromley @-@ Davenports . Beyond this is the Dorothy Davenport Room and its dressing room . The room gets its name from Dorothy Davenport ( 1562 – 1639 ) . She spent 26 years in creating the needlework that is mounted on the Jacobean bed in the room . The work includes the dates of its progress , and depicts , among other subjects , the Garden of Eden and Man 's Fall from Paradise . The other rooms on the first floor include the State Bedroom , which contains valuable items of furniture , such as a commode by Boulle , and a pair of encoignures , the State Dressing Room , the American Room , which is decorated with items from Philadelphia , and the Yellow Room , which was the bedroom of Sir William Bromley @-@ Davenport who died in 1949 . In the passage outside the American Room is a portrait of the philosopher Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau by Allan Ramsay . = = Grounds = = The hall is surrounded by a landscaped park that includes woodland , parkland , lawns , lakes with a boat house , and an arboretum containing 18th @-@ century maple trees . In the grounds are a number of structures of notability and interest . = = = Chapel and chapel gates = = = The chapel was designed by William Smith , and was remodelled in 1887 . It is dedicated to the Holy Trinity . The chapel is built in brick on a stone plinth with stone dressings and a slate roof , and consists of a three @-@ bay nave and an apsidal chancel , with a bell turret . The doorway and the windows are round @-@ headed , and around the top of the chapel is a cornice and a balustrade with square piers capped by swagged ball finials . Inside the chapel the original box pews were replaced by facing pews in college style . At the west end is a raised family pew . On the walls are terracotta panels by George Tinworth . The reredos is in mosaic with an alabaster surround , it was made by Salviati and is loosely based on Giotto 's Dormition . To the southwest of the chapel are gates and gate piers . The gate piers date from the 20th century , and the gates from about 1750 . The piers are in brick on stone plinths and have stepped stone caps with ball finials . The gates are in wrought iron and were made in Milan . They are wide with arched centres and contain Rococo panels depicting Saint Andrew with his cross . = = = Other structures = = = The bridge crossing the lake dates from about 1843 , and is constructed in brick with stone dressings . It consists of five segmental arches , with abutments running down to the banks . The arches have rusticated voussoirs and keystones , and above the voussoirs are hood moulds . Between the arches are brick pilasters . Along the top of the bridge is a stone balustrade with square piers . Also in the grounds is an icehouse dating from the 18th or early 19th century . It is built in brick and consists of a circular domed chamber . From the arched entrance a barrel vaulted passage leads through a rectangular opening into the chamber . Also in the grounds is a summer house that was formerly the bell turret of the chapel . It carries a gold flag with the date 1722 . The lodge at the north entrance to the grounds was designed by Blore and dates from about 1843 . It is built in brick with ashlar dressings and has a felt roof . The lodge consists of a three @-@ storey square tower containing two @-@ light mullioned windows . At the top of the tower is an entablature with a panelled parapet and pierced ogee finials on the corners . The roof is ogee @-@ shaped with a ball finial and a flagpole . = = = Earthworks = = = Although the earlier hall and chapel have long been demolished , earthworks remaining from them are still present , as are those of a nearby deserted medieval village . The platform for the chapel , which measures about 20 metres ( 65 @.@ 6 ft ) by 6 metres ( 19 @.@ 7 ft ) , is still present . There are extensive earthworks on the site of the hall . To the east of these are the platforms and enclosures of about seven medieval houses , and associated with these is evidence of a medieval field system . All these earthworks are designated together as a scheduled ancient monument . = = Appraisal = = The hall , together with the wall surrounding the entrance court , and the chapel are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated Grade II * listed buildings . Grade II * is the middle of the three grades of listed buildings and is applied to " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " . The gate and gate piers associated with the chapel are listed at Grade II , as are the bridge crossing the lake , the ice house , and the north lodge . Grade II is applied to " buildings of national importance and special interest " . De Figueiredo and Treuherz note that when Salvin restored the two wings that each contain two turrets on the front of the hall , he left their tops open on two sides , so that they appear solid from the front but not from the back . Hartwell et al in the Buildings of England series , commenting on the appearance of the hall , say " but it is all front " . They note " the thinness of the end parts and the hollowness of the sham towers " and state that the " back is without drama " , and conclude that " it is a grand concept executed lamely " . = = Present day = = Capesthorne Hall is a member of the Historic Houses Association , and the hall , chapel and gardens are open to the general public on advertised times between March and October , for which there is an admission charge , and refreshments are available for visitors . The hall and gardens are available to hire for weddings and for corporate events . A programme of events is organised in the hall and in the grounds , where there is a caravan park . = Golding Bird = Golding Bird ( 9 December 1814 – 27 October 1854 ) was a British medical doctor and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians . He became a great authority on kidney diseases and published a comprehensive paper on urinary deposits in 1844 . He was also notable for his work in related sciences , especially the medical uses of electricity and electrochemistry . From 1836 , he lectured at Guy 's Hospital , a well @-@ known teaching hospital in London and now part of King 's College London , and published a popular textbook on science for medical students called : Elements of Natural Philosophy . Having developed an interest in chemistry while still a child , largely through self @-@ study , Bird was far enough advanced to deliver lectures to his fellow pupils at school . He later applied this knowledge to medicine and did much research on the chemistry of urine and of kidney stones . In 1842 , he was the first to describe oxaluria , a condition which leads to the formation of a particular kind of stone . Bird was innovative in the field of the medical use of electricity , designing much of his own equipment . In his time , electrical treatment had acquired a bad name in the medical profession through its widespread use by quack practitioners . Bird made efforts to oppose this quackery , and was instrumental in bringing medical electrotherapy into the mainstream . He was quick to adopt new instruments of all kinds ; he invented a new variant of the Daniell cell in 1837 and made important discoveries in electrometallurgy with it . He was not only innovative in the electrical field , but he also designed a flexible stethoscope , and in 1840 published the first description of such an instrument . A devout Christian , Bird believed Bible study and prayer were just as important to medical students as their academic studies . He endeavoured to promote Christianity among medical students and encouraged other professionals to do likewise . To this end , Bird was responsible for the founding of the Christian Medical Association , although it did not become active until after his death . Bird had lifelong poor health and died at the age of 39 . = = Life and career = = Bird was born in Downham , Norfolk , England , on 9 December 1814 . His father ( also named Golding Bird ) had been an officer in the Inland Revenue in Ireland , and his mother , Marrianne , was Irish . He was precocious and ambitious , but childhood rheumatic fever and endocarditis left him with poor posture and lifelong frail health . He received a classical education when he was sent with his brother Frederic to stay with a clergyman in Wallingford , where he developed a lifelong habit of self @-@ study . From the age of 12 , he was educated in London , at a private school that did not promote science and provided only a classical education . Bird , who seems to have been far ahead of his teachers in science , gave lectures in chemistry and botany to his fellow pupils . He had four younger siblings , of whom his brother Frederic also became a physician and published on botany . In 1829 , when he was 14 , Bird left school to serve an apprenticeship with the apothecary William Pretty in Burton Crescent , London . He completed it in 1833 and was licensed to practise by the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries at Apothecaries ' Hall in 1836 . He received this licence without examination because of the reputation he had gained as a student at Guy 's , the London teaching hospital where he had become a medical student in 1832 while still working at his apprenticeship . At Guy 's he was influenced by Thomas Addison , who recognised his talents early on . Bird was an ambitious and very capable student . Early in his career he became a Fellow of the Senior Physical Society , for which a thesis was required . He received prizes for medicine , obstetrics , and ophthalmic surgery at Guy 's and the silver medal for botany at Apothecaries ' Hall . Around 1839 to 1840 , he worked on breast disease at Guy 's as an assistant to Sir Astley Cooper . Bird graduated from the University of St Andrews with an MD in 1838 and an MA in 1840 while continuing to work in London . St Andrews required no residence or examination for the MD . Bird obtained his degree by submitting testimonials from qualified colleagues , which was common practice at the time . Once qualified in 1838 , at the age of 23 , he entered general practice with a surgery at 44 Seymour Street , Euston Square , London , but was unsuccessful at first because of his youth . In the same year , however , he became physician to the Finsbury Dispensary , a post he held for five years . By 1842 , he had an income of £ 1000 a year from his private practice . Adjusted for inflation , this amounts to a spending power of about £ 85 @,@ 000 now . At the end of his career , his income was just under £ 6000 . He became a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1840 , and a fellow in 1845 . Bird lectured on natural philosophy , medical botany and urinary pathology from 1836 to 1853 at Guy 's . He lectured on materia medica at Guy 's from 1843 to 1853 and at the Royal College of Physicians from 1847 to 1849 . He also lectured at the Aldersgate School of Medicine . Throughout his career , he published extensively , not only on medical matters , but also on electrical science and chemistry . Bird became the first head of the electricity and galvanism department at Guy 's in 1836 , under the supervision of Addison , since Bird did not graduate until 1838 . In 1843 , he was appointed assistant physician at Guy 's , a position for which he had lobbied hard , and in October that year he was put in charge of the children 's outpatients ward . Like his electrotherapy patients , the children were largely poor relief cases who could not afford to pay for medical treatment and were much used for the training of medical students . It was generally accepted at this time that poor relief cases could be used for experimental treatment , and their permission was not required . Bird published in the hospital journal a series of reports on childhood diseases , based on case studies from this work . Marrying Mary Ann Brett in 1842 , Bird moved from his family home at Wilmington Square , Clerkenwell , to 19 Myddleton Square . They had two daughters and three sons , the second of whom , Cuthbert Hilton Golding @-@ Bird ( 1848 – 1939 ) , became a notable surgeon . Bird was a Fellow of the Linnaean Society ( elected 1836 ) , the Geological Society ( elected 1836 ) and the Royal Society ( elected 1846 ) . He joined the Pathological Society of London ( which eventually merged into the Royal Society of Medicine ) when it was formed in 1846 . He also belonged to the London Electrical Society founded by William Sturgeon and others . This body was very unlike the elite scholarly institutions ; it was more like a craft guild with a penchant for spectacular demonstrations . Nevertheless , it had some notable members , and new machines and apparatus were regularly discussed and demonstrated . Bird was also a Freemason from 1841 and was the Worshipful Master of the St Paul 's lodge in 1850 . He left the Freemasons in 1853 . Bird was vain , with a tendency to self @-@ promotion , and his driving ambition occasionally led him into conflict with others . He was involved in a number of very public disputes in contemporary medical journals , including the dispute with the Pulvermacher Company and a dispute over the development of the stethoscope . However , he was said to give his patients his undivided attention and a complete commitment to their welfare . He was a fine speaker , a good lecturer and an eloquent debater . Diagnosed with heart disease by his brother in 1848 or 1849 , Bird was forced to stop work . By 1850 , however , he was again working as hard as ever and had extended his practice so much that he needed to move to a larger house in Russell Square . But in 1851 , acute rheumatism led Bird to take an extended holiday with his wife in Tenby , where he pursued investigations in botany , marine fauna and cave life as pastimes . These long summer breaks were repeated in 1852 and 1853 at Torquay and Tenby . Even on holiday , his fame caused him to receive many requests for consultations . In 1853 , he purchased an estate , St Cuthbert , for his retirement in Tunbridge Wells , but it needed some work , and he could not leave London until June 1854 . Meanwhile , he continued to see patients , but only in his house , despite seriously deteriorating health . He died on 27 October 1854 at St Cuthbert from a urinary tract infection and suffering from kidney stones . His early death at 39 may have been due to a combination of lifelong frail health and overwork , which Bird himself knew to be destroying him . He is buried in Woodbury Park Cemetery , Tunbridge Wells . After his death , Mary instituted the Golding Bird Gold Medal and Scholarship for sanitary science , later named the Golding Bird Gold Medal and Scholarship for bacteriology , which was awarded annually at Guy 's teaching hospital . The prize was instituted in 1887 and was still being awarded in 1983 , although it is no longer a current prize . From 1934 onwards , a Golding Bird Gold Medal and Scholarship was also awarded for obstetrics and gynaecology . Among the notable recipients of the medal were Nathaniel Ham ( 1896 ) , Alfred Salter ( 1897 ) , Russell Brock ( 1926 ) , John Beale ( 1945 ) , and D. Bernard Amos ( circa 1947 – 1951 ) . = = Collateral sciences = = The collateral sciences are those sciences that have an important role in medicine but do not form part of medicine themselves , especially physics , chemistry , and botany ( because botany is a rich source of drugs and poisons ) . Until the end of the first half of the 19th century , chemical analysis was rarely used in medical diagnosis – there was even hostility to the idea in some quarters . Most of the work in this area at that time was carried out by researchers associated with Guy 's . By the time Golding Bird was a medical student at Guy 's , the hospital already had a tradition of studying physics and chemistry as they related to medicine . Bird followed this tradition and was particularly influenced by the work of William Prout , an expert in chemical physiology . Bird became well known for his knowledge of chemistry . An early example dates from 1832 , when he commented on a paper on the copper sulphate test for arsenic poisoning , delivered by his future brother @-@ in @-@ law R. H. Brett to the Pupils ' Physical Society . Bird criticised the test 's positive result when a green precipitate is formed , claiming the test was inconclusive because precipitates other than copper arsenite can produce the same green colour . Bird did not limit himself to challenging his future brother @-@ in @-@ law . In 1834 , Bird and Brett published a paper on the analysis of blood serum and urine , in which they argued against some work by Prout . Prout had said ( in 1819 ) that the pink sediment in urine was due to the presence of ammonium purpurate , but Bird 's tests failed to verify this . Though Bird was still only a student and Prout held great authority , Prout felt it necessary to reply to the challenge . In 1843 , Bird tried to identify the pink compound ; he failed , but was convinced it was a new chemical and gave it the name purpurine . This name did not stick , however , and the compound became known as uroerythrin from the work of Franz Simon . Its structure was finally identified only in 1975 . Around 1839 , recognising Bird 's abilities in chemistry , Astley Cooper asked him to contribute to his book on breast disease . Bird wrote a piece on the chemistry of milk , and the book was published in 1840 . Although the book is primarily about human anatomy , it includes a chapter on comparative anatomy covering several species , for which Bird carried out an analysis of dog and porpoise milk . Also in 1839 , Bird published his own Elements of Natural Philosophy , a textbook on physics for medical students . Taking the view that existing texts were too mathematical for medical students , Bird avoided such material in favour of clear explanations . The book proved popular and remained in print for 30 years , although some of its mathematical shortcomings were made good in the fourth edition by Charles Brooke . = = = Electricity = = = In 1836 , Bird was put in charge of the newly formed department of electricity and galvanism under the supervision of Addison . While this was not the first hospital to employ electrotherapy , it was still considered very experimental . Previous hospital uses had either been short @-@ lived or based on the whim of a single surgeon , such as John Birch at St Thomas ' Hospital . At Guy 's , the treatment was part of the hospital system and became well @-@ known to the public , so much so that Guy 's was parodied for its use of electricity in the New Frankenstein satirical magazine . In his electrotherapy , Bird used both electrochemical and electrostatic machines ( and later also electromagnetic induction machines ) to treat a very wide range of conditions , such as some forms of chorea . Treatments included peripheral nerve stimulation , electrical muscle stimulation and electric shock therapy . Bird also used his invention , the electric moxa , to heal skin ulcers . = = = = Electrical equipment = = = = It was already clear from the work of Michael Faraday that electricity and galvanism were essentially the same . Bird realised this , but continued to divide his apparatus into electrical machines , which ( according to him ) delivered a high voltage at low current , and galvanic apparatus , which delivered a high current at low voltage . The galvanic equipment available to Bird included electrochemical cells such as the voltaic pile and the Daniell cell , a variant of which Bird devised himself . Also part of the standard equipment were induction coils which , together with an interrupter circuit , were used with one of the electrochemical cells to deliver an electric shock . The electrical ( as opposed to galvanic ) machines then available were friction @-@ operated electrostatic generators consisting of a rotating glass disc or cylinder on which silk flaps were allowed to drag as the glass rotated . These machines had to be hand @-@ turned during treatment , but it was possible to store small amounts of static electricity in Leyden jars for later use . By 1849 , generators based on Faraday 's law of induction had become advanced enough to replace both types of machines , and Bird was recommending them in his lectures . Galvanic cells suffered from the inconvenience of having to deal with the electrolyte acids in the surgery and the possibility of spillages ; electrostatic generators required a great deal of skill and attention to keep them working successfully . Electromagnetic machines , on the other hand , have neither of these drawbacks ; the only criticism levelled by Bird was that the cheaper machines could only deliver an alternating current . For medical use , particularly when treating a problem with nerves , a unidirectional current of a particular polarity was often needed , requiring the machine to have split rings or similar mechanisms . However , Bird considered alternating current machines suitable for cases of amenorrhœa . The required direction of current depended on the direction in which electric current was thought to flow in nerves in the human or animal body . For motor functions , for instance , the flow was taken to be from the centre towards the muscles at the extremities , so artificial electrical stimulation needed to be in the same direction . For sensory nerves , the opposite applied : flow was from the extremity to the centre , and the positive electrode would be applied to the extremity . This principle was demonstrated by Bird in an experiment with a living frog . A supply of frogs was usually on hand , as they were used in the frog galvanoscope . The electromagnetic galvanometer was available at the time , but frogs ' legs were still used by Bird because of their much greater sensitivity to small currents . In the experiment , the frog 's leg was almost completely severed from its body , leaving only the sciatic nerve connected , and electric current was then applied from the body to the leg . Convulsions of the leg were seen when the muscle was stimulated . Reversing the current , however , produced no movement of the muscle , merely croaks of pain from the frog . In his lectures , Bird describes many experiments with a similar aim on human sensory organs . In one experiment by Grapengiesser , for instance , electric current is passed through the subject 's head from ear to ear , causing a sound to be hallucinated . The ear connected to the positive terminal hears a louder sound than that connected to the negative . Bird designed his own interrupter circuit for delivering shocks to patients from a voltaic cell through an induction coil . Previously , the interrupter had been a mechanical device requiring the physician to turn a cog wheel or employ an assistant to do so . Bird wished to free his hands to apply the electricity more exactly to the required part of the patient . His interrupter worked automatically by magnetic induction at a reasonably fast rate . The faster the interrupter switches , the more frequently an electric shock is delivered to the patient ; the aim is to make the frequency as high as possible . Bird 's interrupter had the medically disadvantageous feature that current was supplied in opposite directions during the make and break operations . Treatment often required the current to be supplied in one specified direction only . Bird produced a unidirectional interrupter using a mechanism now called split rings . This design suffered from the disadvantage that automatic operation was lost and the interrupter had once again to be hand @-@ cranked . Nevertheless , this arrangement remained a cheaper option than electromagnetic generators for some time . = = = = Treatments = = = = Three classes of electrotherapy were in use . One was the electric bath , which consisted of sitting the patient on an insulated stool with glass legs and connecting the patient to one electrode , usually the positive one , of an electrostatic machine . The patient 's skin became charged as if he or she were in a " bath of electricity " . The second class of treatment could be performed while the patient was in the electric bath . This consisted of bringing a negative electrode close to the patient , usually near the spine , causing sparks to be produced between the electrode and the patient . Electrodes of various shapes were available for different medical purposes and places of application on the body . Treatment was applied in several sessions of around five minutes , often blistering the skin . The third class of treatment was electric shock therapy , in which an electric shock was delivered from a galvanic battery ( later electromagnetic generators ) via an induction coil to greatly increase the voltage . It was also possible to deliver electric shocks from the charge stored in a Leyden jar , but this was a much weaker shock . Electric stimulation treatment was used to treat nervous disorders where the nervous system was unable to stimulate a required glandular secretion or muscle activity . It had previously been successfully used to treat some forms of asthma . Bird used his apparatus to treat Sydenham 's chorea ( St Vitus 's dance ) and other forms of spasm , some forms of paralysis ( although the treatment was of no use where nerves had been physically damaged ) , opiate overdose ( since it kept the patient awake ) , bringing on menstruation where this had failed ( amenorrhoea ) , and hysteria , a supposed disease of women . Paralysed bladder function in young girls was attributed to the now archaic condition of hysteria . It was treated with the application of a strong electric current between the sacrum and the pubis . Although the treatment worked , in that it caused the bladder to empty , Bird suspected in many cases it did so more through fear and pain than any therapeutic property of electricity . Electric shock treatment had become fashionable among the public , but often was not favoured by physicians except as a last resort . Its popularity led to many inappropriate treatments , and fraudulent practitioners were widespread . Quack practitioners claimed the treatment as a cure for almost anything , regardless of its effectiveness , and made large sums of money from it . Bird , however , continued to stand by the treatment when properly administered . He convinced an initially sceptical Addison of its merits , and the first publication ( in 1837 ) describing the work of the electrifying unit was authored by Addison , not Bird , although Bird is clearly , and rightly , credited by Addison . Having the paper authored by Addison did a great deal to gain acceptability in a still suspicious medical fraternity . Addison held great authority , whereas Bird at this stage was unknown . Bird 's 1841 paper in Guy 's Hospital Reports contained an impressively long list of successful case studies . In 1847 he brought the subject fully into the realm of materia medica when he delivered the annual lecture to the Royal College of Physicians on this subject . He spoke out tirelessly against the numerous quack practitioners , in one case exposing railway telegraph operators who were claiming to be medical electricians , although they had no medical training at all . In this way , Bird was largely responsible for the rehabilitation of electrical treatment among medical practitioners . His work , with Addison 's support , together with the increasing ease of using the machines as the technology progressed , brought the treatment into wider use in the medical profession . = = = = Electric moxa = = = = Bird invented the electric moxa in 1843 . The name is a reference to the acupuncture technique of moxibustion and was probably influenced by the introduction of electroacupuncture , in which the needles are augmented by an electric current , two decades earlier in France . The electric moxa , however , was not intended for acupuncture . It was used to produce a suppurating sore on the skin of the patient to treat some conditions of inflammation and congestion by the technique of counter @-@ irritation . The sore had previously been created by much more painful means , such as cautery or even burning charcoal . Bird 's design was based on a modification of an existing instrument for the local electrical treatment of hemiplegia , and consisted of a silver electrode and a zinc electrode connected by copper wire . Two small blisters were produced on the skin , to which the two electrodes were then connected and held in place for a few days . Electricity was generated by electrolytic action with body fluids . The blister under the silver electrode healed , but the one under the zinc electrode produced the required suppurating sore . The healing of the blister under the silver electrode was of no importance for a counter @-@ irritation procedure , but it suggested to Bird that the electric moxa might be used for treating obstinate leg ulcers . This was a common complaint among the working classes in Bird 's time , and hospitals could not admit the majority of cases for treatment . The moxa improved the situation by enabling sufferers to be treated as outpatients . The silver electrode of the moxa was applied to the ulcer to be healed , while the zinc electrode was applied a few inches away to a place where the upper layer of skin had been cut away . The whole apparatus was then bandaged in place as before . The technique was successfully applied by others on Bird 's recommendation . Thomas Wells later discovered that it was unnecessary to damage the skin under the zinc plate . He merely moistened the skin with vinegar before applying the zinc electrode . = = = = Pulvermacher controversy = = = = There was some controversy over Bird 's endorsement of a machine invented by one I. L. Pulvermacher that became known as Pulvermacher 's chain . The main market for this device was the very quack practitioners that Bird so detested , but it did actually work as a generator . Bird was given a sample of this machine in 1851 and was impressed enough to give Pulvermacher a testimonial stating that the machine was a useful source of electricity . Bird thought that it could be used by physicians as a portable device . Electrically , the machine worked like a voltaic pile , but was constructed differently . It consisted of a number of wooden dowels , each with a bifilar winding of copper and zinc coils . Each winding was connected to the next dowel by means of metal hooks and eyes , which also provided the electrical connection . The electrolyte was provided by soaking the dowels in vinegar . Naively , Bird appears to have expected Pulvermacher not to use this testimonial in his advertising . When Pulvermacher 's company did so , Bird suffered some criticism for unprofessional behaviour , although it was never suggested that Bird benefited financially , and Bird stated in his defence that the testimonial was only ever intended as a letter of introduction to physicians in Edinburgh . Bird was particularly upset that Pulvermacher 's company had used quotations from Bird 's publications about the benefits of electrical treatment and misrepresented them as describing benefits of Pulvermacher 's product . Bird also criticised Pulvermacher 's claim that the chain could be wrapped around an affected limb for medical treatment . Although the flexible nature of its design lent itself to wrapping , Bird said that it would be next to useless in this configuration . According to Bird , the patient 's body would provide a conductive path across each cell , thus preventing the device from building up a medically useful voltage at its terminals . = = = Electrochemistry = = = Bird used his position as head of the department of electricity and galvanism to further his research efforts and to aid him in teaching his students . He was interested in electrolysis and repeated the experiments of Antoine César Becquerel , Edmund Davy and others to extract metals in this way . He was particularly interested in the possibility of detecting low levels of heavy metal poisons with this technique , pioneered by Davy . Bird also studied the properties of albumen under electrolysis , finding that the albumen coagulated at the anode because hydrochloric acid was produced there . He corrected an earlier erroneous conclusion by W. T. Brande that high electric current caused coagulation at the cathode also , showing that this was entirely due to fluid flows caused by the strong electric field . The formation of copper plates on the cathode was noticed in the Daniell cell shortly after its invention in 1836 . Bird began a thorough investigation of this phenomenon in the following year . Using solutions of sodium chloride , potassium chloride and ammonium chloride , He succeeded in coating a mercury cathode with sodium , potassium and ammonium respectively , producing amalgams of each of these . Not only chlorides were used ; beryllium , aluminium and silicon were obtained from the salts and oxides of these elements . In 1837 , Bird constructed his own version of the Daniell cell . The novel feature of Bird 's cell was that the two solutions of copper sulphate and zinc sulphate were in the same vessel , but kept separate by a barrier of Plaster of Paris , a common material used in hospitals for setting bone fractures . Being porous , Plaster of Paris allows ions to cross the barrier , while preventing the solutions from mixing . This arrangement is an example of a single @-@ cell Daniell cell , and Bird 's invention was the first of this kind . Bird 's cell was the basis for the later development of the porous pot cell , invented in 1839 by John Dancer . Bird 's experiments with his cell were important for the new discipline of electrometallurgy . An unforeseen result was the deposition of copper on and within the plaster , without any contact with the metal electrodes . On breaking apart the plaster it was found that veins of copper were formed running right through it . So surprising was this result that it was at first disbelieved by electrochemical researchers , including Faraday . Deposition of copper and other metals had previously been noted , but only on metal electrodes . Bird 's experiments sometimes get him credit for being the founder of the industrial field of electrometallurgy . In particular , Bird 's discovery is the principle behind electrotyping . However , Bird himself never made practical use of this discovery , nor did he carry out any work in metallurgy as such . Some of Bird 's contemporaries with interests in electrometallurgy wished to bestow the credit on Bird in order to discredit the commercial claims of their rivals . Bird thought there was a connection between the functioning of the nervous system and the processes seen in electrolysis at very low , steady currents . He knew that the currents in both were of the same order . To Bird , if such a connection existed , it made electrochemistry an important subject to study for biological reasons . = = = Chemistry = = = = = = = Arsenic poisoning = = = = In 1837 Bird took part in an investigation of the dangers posed by the arsenic content of cheap candles . These were stearin candles with white arsenic added , which made them burn more brightly than ordinary candles . The combination of cheapness and brightness made them popular . The investigation was conducted by the Westminster Medical Society , a student society of Westminster Hospital , and was led by John Snow , later to become famous for his public health investigations . Snow had previously investigated arsenic poisoning when he and several fellow students were taken badly ill after he introduced a new process for preserving cadavers at the suggestion of lecturer Hunter Lane . The new process involved injecting arsenic into the blood vessels of the corpse . Snow found that the arsenic became airborne as a result of chemical reactions with the decomposing corpse , and this was how it was ingested . Bird 's part in the candle investigation was to analyse the arsenic content of the candles , which he found to have recently been greatly increased by the manufacturers . Bird also confirmed by experiment that the arsenic became airborne when the candles were burnt . The investigators exposed various species of animal and bird to the candles in controlled conditions . The animals all survived , but the birds died . Bird investigated the bird deaths and analysed the bodies , finding small amounts of arsenic . No arsenic was found on the feathers , however , indicating that poisoning was not caused by breathing airborne arsenic , since arsenic in the air would be expected to adhere to the feathers . However , Bird found that large amounts of arsenic were in the birds ' drinking water , indicating that this was the route taken by the poison . = = = = Carbon monoxide poisoning = = = = Although it had been known how to prepare carbon monoxide since 1776 , it was not at first recognised that carbon monoxide poisoning was the mechanism of death and injury from stoves burning carbonaceous fuels . A coroner 's inquest into the death in 1838 of James Trickey , a nightwatchman who had spent all night by a new type of charcoal burning stove in St Michael , Cornhill , concluded that the poison involved was carbonic acid ( that is , carbon dioxide ) rather than carbon monoxide . Both Bird and Snow gave evidence to the inquest supporting poisoning by carbonic acid . Bird himself started to suffer ill effects while collecting air samples from the floor near the stove . However , the makers of the stove , Harper and Joyce , produced a string of their own expert witnesses , who convinced the jury to decide that death was caused by apoplexy , and that " impure air " was only a contributing factor . Among the unscientific claims made at the inquest by Harper and Joyce were that carbonic gas would rise to the ceiling ( in fact it is heavier than air and , according to Bird , would lie in a layer close to the floor , just where the sleeping Trickey 's head would rest ) and that " deleterious vapour " from the coffins in the vaults had risen into the church . After the inquest Joyce threatened to sue a journal which continued to criticise the stove for its lack of ventilation . In a subsequent clarification , Bird made it clear that any stove burning carbonaceous fuel was dangerous if it did not have a chimney or other means of ventilation . In fact , Trickey had only been placed in the church in the first place at the suggestion of Harper , who was expecting him to give favourable reports of the new stove 's performance . Bird read a paper to the Senior Physical Society in 1839 , reporting on tests he conducted of the effects on sparrows of poisoning by carbonaceous fumes . This paper was of some importance and resulted in Bird giving his views to the British Association in the same year . ( He acted as a secretary to the chemical section of the British Association in Birmingham . ) Bird also presented the paper at the Westminster Medical School , where Snow took a special interest in it . Until then , Snow and many others had believed that carbonic acid acted merely by excluding oxygen . The experiments of Bird and others convinced him that it was harmful in its own right , but he still did not subscribe to Bird 's view that it was an active poison . Also in 1839 , Bird published a comprehensive paper in Guy 's Hospital Reports , complete with many case histories , in which he documents the state of knowledge . He realised that at least some cases of poisoning from stoves were due not to carbonic acid , but to some other agent , although he still had not identified it as carbon monoxide . = = = = Urology = = = = Bird did a great deal of research in urology , including the chemistry of both urine and kidney stones , and soon became a recognised expert . This work occupied a large proportion of his effort , and his writings on urinary sediments and kidney stones were the most advanced at the time . His work followed on from , and was much influenced by , that of Alexander Marcet and William Prout . Marcet was also a physician at Guy 's ; Prout held no position at Guy 's , but was connected with the hospital and well known there . For instance , when Marcet discovered a new constituent of kidney stones , xanthic oxide , he sent it to Prout for analysis . Prout discovered a new substance himself in 1822 , a constituent of urine which he named melanic acid , because it turned black on contact with air . Bird studied and categorised the collection of stones at Guy 's , concentrating particularly on the crystal structures of the nuclei , since stone formation followed once there was a nucleus on which to form . He considered the chemistry of the nuclei to be the most important aspect of stone formation . Bird identified many species of stone , classified by the chemistry of the nucleus , but determined that they all fell within two overall groups : organic stones caused by a misfunctioning bodily process , and excessive inorganic salts causing sediment on which the stone could nucleate . In 1842 , Bird became the first to describe oxaluria , sometimes called Bird 's disease , which is caused by an excess of oxalate of lime in the urine . This is the second most common cause of kidney stones , the first being uric acid and its ammonium salt . There are several others , such as ammonium oxalate . In his great work Urinary Deposits , Bird devotes much space to the identification of chemicals in urine by microscopic examination of the appearance of crystals in it . He shows how the appearance of crystals of the same chemical can vary greatly under differing conditions , and especially how the appearance changes with disease . Urinary Deposits became a standard text on the subject ; there were five editions between 1844 and 1857 . In the fourth edition Bird added a recommendation to wash out the bladder in cases of alkaline urine , after an experiment by Snow showed that stale urine became alkaline when fresh urine was slowly dripped into it . Bird knew that alkaline urine encouraged phosphate precipitation and the consequent encrustation and stone formation . The last edition of Urinary Deposits was updated after Bird 's death by Edmund Lloyd Birkett . Bird was the first to recognise that urinary casts are an indication of Bright 's disease . Casts were first discovered by Henry Bence Jones . They are microscopic cylinders of Tamm @-@ Horsfall protein that have been precipitated in the kidneys and then released into the urine . = = = = Vitalism = = = = A prevalent idea in the 18th and early 19th centuries was that illness was a result of the condition of the whole body . The environment and the activity of the patient thus played a large part in any treatment . The epitome of this kind of thinking was the concept of the vital force , which was supposed to govern the chemical processes within the body . This theory held that organic compounds could only be formed within living organisms , where the vital force could come into play . This belief had been known to be false ever since Friedrich Wöhler succeeded in synthesising urea from inorganic precursors in 1828 . Nevertheless , the vital force continued to be invoked to explain organic chemistry in Bird 's time . Sometime in the middle of the 19th century , a new way of thinking started to take shape , especially among younger physicians , fuelled by rapid advances in the understanding of chemistry . For the first time , it became possible to identify specific chemical reactions with specific organs of the body , and to trace their effects through the various functional relations of the organs and the exchanges between them . Among these younger radicals were Bird and Snow ; among the old school was William Addison ( a different person from Bird 's superior at Guy 's ) . Addison disliked the modern reliance on laboratory and theoretical results favoured by the new generation , and challenged Richard Bright ( who gave his name to Bright 's disease ) when Bright suggested that the source of the problem in oedema was the kidneys . Addison preferred to believe that the condition was caused by intemperance or some other external factor , and that since the whole body had been disrupted , it could not be localised to a specific organ . Addison further challenged Bright 's student , Snow , when in 1839 Snow suggested from case studies and laboratory analysis that oedema was associated with an increase in albumin in the blood . Addison dismissed this as a mere epiphenomenon . Bird disagreed with Snow 's proposed treatment , but his arguments clearly show him to be on the radical side of the debate , and he completely avoided whole @-@ body arguments . Snow had found that the proportion of urea in the urine of his patients was low and concluded from this that urea was accumulating in the blood , and therefore proposed bloodletting to counter this . Bird disputed that increased urea in the blood was the cause of kidney disease and doubted the effectiveness of this treatment , citing the results of François Magendie , who had injected urea into the blood , apparently with no ill effects . It is not clear whether Bird accepted Snow 's reasoning that urea must be accumulating , or whether he merely adopted it for the sake of argument ; while a student in 1833 , he had disputed this very point with another of Bright 's students , George Rees . Justus von Liebig is another important figure in the development of the new thinking , although his position is ambiguous . He explained chemical processes in the body in terms of addition and subtraction of simple molecules from a larger organic molecule , a concept that Bird followed in his own work . But even the materialistic Liebig continued to invoke the vital force for processes inside living animal bodies . This seems to have been based on a belief that the entire living animal is required for these chemical processes to take place . Bird helped to dispel this kind of thinking by showing that specific chemistry is related to specific organs in the body rather than to the whole animal . He challenged some of Liebig 's conclusions concerning animal chemistry . For example , Liebig had predicted that the ratio of uric acid to urea would depend on the level of activity of a species or individual ; Bird showed this to be false . Bird also felt that it was not enough simply to count atoms as Liebig did , but that an explanation was also required as to why the atoms recombined in one particular way rather than any other . He made some attempts to provide this explanation by invoking the electric force , rather than the vital force , based on his own experiments in electrolysis . = = Flexible stethoscope = = Bird designed and used a flexible tube stethoscope in June 1840 , and in the same year he published the first description of such an instrument . In his paper he mentions an instrument already in use by other physicians ( Drs. Clendinning and Stroud ) , which he describes as the " snake ear trumpet " . He thought this instrument had some severe technical faults ; in particular , its great length led to poor performance . The form of Bird 's invention is similar to the modern stethoscope , except that it has only one earpiece . An ill @-@ tempered exchange of letters occurred in the London Medical Gazette between another physician , John Burne , and Bird . Burne claimed that he also used the same instrument as Clendinning and Stroud and was offended that	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
of the Iapetus Ocean floor . Much of Shetland 's economy depends on the oil @-@ bearing sediments in the surrounding seas . Geological evidence shows that in around 6100 BC a tsunami caused by the Storegga Slides hit Shetland , as well as the rest of the east coast of Scotland , and may have created a wave of up to 25 metres ( 82 ft ) high in the voes where modern populations are highest . The highest point of Shetland is Ronas Hill , which reaches only 450 metres ( 1 @,@ 480 ft ) . The Pleistocene glaciations entirely covered the islands . During this period , the Stanes of Stofast , a 2000 @-@ tonne glacial erratic , came to rest on a prominent hilltop in Lunnasting . Shetland is a National Scenic Area which , unusually , is made up of a number of discrete locations : Fair Isle , Foula , South West Mainland ( including the Scalloway Islands ) , Muckle Roe , Esha Ness , Fethaland and Herma Ness . = = Climate = = Shetland has an oceanic , temperate maritime climate bordering on the subpolar variety , with long but cool winters and short mild summers . The climate all year round is moderate due to the influence of the surrounding seas , with average peak temperatures of 7 ° C ( 45 ° F ) in March and 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) in July and August . Temperatures over 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) are very rare . The highest temperature on record was 28 @.@ 4 ° C ( 83 @.@ 1 ° F ) in July 1991 and the coldest − 8 @.@ 9 ° C ( 16 @.@ 0 ° F ) in the Januaries of 1952 and 1959 . The frost @-@ free period may be as little as three months . In contrast , inland areas of nearby Scandinavia on similar latitudes experience significantly larger temperature differences between summer and winter , with the average highs of regular July days comparable to Lerwick 's all @-@ time record heat that is around 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) , further demonstrating the moderating effect of the Atlantic Ocean . In contrast , winters are considerably milder than those expected in nearby continental areas , even comparable to winter temperatures of many parts of England and Wales much further south . The general character of the climate is windy and cloudy with at least 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 08 in ) of rain falling on more than 250 days a year . Average yearly precipitation is 1 @,@ 003 mm ( 39 @.@ 5 in ) , with November and December the wettest months . Snowfall is usually confined to the period November to February , and snow seldom lies on the ground for more than a day . Less rain falls from April to August although no month receives less than 50 mm ( 2 in ) . Fog is common during summer due to the cooling effect of the sea on mild southerly airflows . Due to the islands ' latitude , on clear winter nights the " northern lights " can sometimes be seen in the sky , while in summer there is almost perpetual daylight , a state of affairs known locally as the " simmer dim " . Annual bright sunshine averages 1110 hours , rending overcast days common . = = Prehistory = = Due to the practice , dating to at least the early Neolithic , of building in stone on virtually treeless islands , Shetland is extremely rich in physical remains of the prehistoric eras and there are over 5 @,@ 000 archaeological sites all told . A midden site at West Voe on the south coast of Mainland , dated to 4320 – 4030 BC , has provided the first evidence of Mesolithic human activity on Shetland . The same site provides dates for early Neolithic activity and finds at Scord of Brouster in Walls have been dated to 3400 BC . " Shetland knives " are stone tools that date from this period made from felsite from Northmavine . Pottery shards found at the important site of Jarlshof also indicate that there was Neolithic activity there although the main settlement dates from the Bronze Age . This includes a smithy , a cluster of wheelhouses and a later broch . The site has provided evidence of habitation during various phases right up until Viking times . Heel @-@ shaped cairns , are a style of chambered cairn unique to Shetland , with a particularly large example on Vementry . Numerous brochs were erected during the Iron Age . In addition to Mousa there are significant ruins at Clickimin , Culswick , Old Scatness and West Burrafirth , although their origin and purpose is a matter of some controversy . The later Iron Age inhabitants of the Northern Isles were probably Pictish , although the historical record is sparse . Hunter ( 2000 ) states in relation to King Bridei I of the Picts in the sixth century AD : " As for Shetland , Orkney , Skye and the Western Isles , their inhabitants , most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time , are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant presence . ” In 2011 , the collective site , " The Crucible of Iron Age Shetland " , including Broch of Mousa , Old Scatness and Jarlshof , joined the UKs " Tentative List " of World Heritage Sites . = = History = = = = = Scandinavian colonisation = = = The expanding population of Scandinavia led to a shortage of available resources and arable land there and led to a period of Viking expansion , the Norse gradually shifting their attention from plundering to invasion . Shetland was colonised during the late 8th and 9th centuries , the fate of the existing indigenous population being uncertain . Modern Shetlanders have almost identical proportions of Scandinavian matrilineal and patrilineal genetic ancestry , suggesting that the islands were settled by both men and women in equal measure . Vikings then made the islands the headquarters of pirate expeditions carried out against Norway and the coasts of mainland Scotland . In response , Norwegian king Harald Hårfagre ( " Harald Fair Hair " ) annexed the Northern Isles ( comprising Orkney and Shetland ) in 875 . Rognvald Eysteinsson received Orkney and Shetland from Harald as an earldom as reparation for the death of his son in battle in Scotland , and then passed the earldom on to his brother Sigurd the Mighty . The islands were Christianised in the late 10th century . King Olav Tryggvasson summoned the jarl Sigurd the Stout during a visit to Orkney and said , " I order you and all your subjects to be baptised . If you refuse , I 'll have you killed on the spot and I swear I will ravage every island with fire and steel . " Unsurprisingly , Sigurd agreed and the islands became Christian at a stroke . Unusually , from c . 1100 onwards the Norse jarls owed allegiance both to Norway and to the Scottish crown through their holdings as Earls of Caithness . In 1194 , when Harald Maddadsson was Earl of Orkney and Shetland , a rebellion broke out against King Sverre Sigurdsson of Norway . The Øyskjeggs ( " Island Beardies " ) sailed for Norway but were beaten in the Battle of Florvåg near Bergen . After his victory King Sverre placed Shetland under direct Norwegian rule , a state of affairs that continued for nearly two centuries . = = = Increased Scottish interest = = = From the mid @-@ 13th century onwards Scottish monarchs increasingly sought to take control of the islands surrounding the mainland . The process was begun in earnest by Alexander II and was continued by his successor Alexander III . This strategy eventually led to an invasion by Haakon Haakonsson , King of Norway . His fleet assembled in Bressay Sound before sailing for Scotland . After the stalemate of the Battle of Largs , Haakon retreated to Orkney , where he died in December 1263 , entertained on his death bed by recitations of the sagas . His death halted any further Norwegian expansion in Scotland and following this ill @-@ fated expedition , the Hebrides and Mann were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland as a result of the 1266 Treaty of Perth , although the Scots recognised continuing Norwegian sovereignty over Orkney and Shetland . = = = Pawned to Scotland = = = In the 14th century , Orkney and Shetland remained a Norwegian province , but Scottish influence was growing . Jon Haraldsson , who was murdered in Thurso in 1231 , was the last of an unbroken line of Norse jarls , and thereafter the earls were Scots noblemen of the houses of Angus and St. Clair . On the death of Haakon VI in 1380 , Norway formed a political union with Denmark after which the interest of the royal house in the islands declined . In 1469 , Shetland was pledged by Christian I , in his capacity as King of Norway , as security against the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret , betrothed to James III of Scotland . As the money was never paid , the connection with the crown of Scotland has become perpetual . In 1470 , William Sinclair , 1st Earl of Caithness ceded his title to James III and the following year the Northern Isles were directly annexed to the Crown of Scotland , a process confirmed by Parliament in 1472 . Nonetheless , Shetland 's connection with Norway has proven to be enduring . From the early 15th century on the Shetlanders sold their goods through the Hanseatic League of German merchantmen . The Hansa would buy shiploads of salted fish , wool and butter and import salt , cloth , beer and other goods . The late 16th century and early 17th century was dominated by the influence of the despotic Robert Stewart , Earl of Orkney , who was granted the islands by his half @-@ sister Mary Queen of Scots , and his son Patrick . The latter commenced the building of Scalloway Castle , but after his imprisonment in 1609 the Crown annexed Orkney and Shetland again until 1643 when Charles I granted them to William Douglas , 7th Earl of Morton . These rights were held on and off by the Mortons until 1766 , when they were sold by James Douglas , 14th Earl of Morton to Laurence Dundas . = = = Early British rule = = = The trade with the North German towns lasted until the 1707 Act of Union when high salt duties prohibited the German merchants from trading with Shetland . Shetland then went into an economic depression as the Scottish and local traders were not as skilled in trading with salted fish . However , some local merchant @-@ lairds took up where the German merchants had left off , and fitted out their own ships to export fish from Shetland to the Continent . For the independent farmers of Shetland this had negative consequences , as they now had to fish for these merchant @-@ lairds . Smallpox afflicted the islands in the 17th and 18th centuries , but as vaccines became common after 1760 the population increased to a maximum of 31 @,@ 670 in 1861 . However , British rule came at price for many ordinary people as well as traders . The Shetlanders ' nautical skills were sought by the Royal Navy . Some 3 @,@ 000 served during the Napoleonic wars from 1800 to 1815 and press gangs were rife . During this period 120 men were taken from Fetlar alone and only 20 of them returned home . By the late 19th century 90 % of all Shetland was owned by just 32 people , and between 1861 and 1881 more than 8 @,@ 000 Shetlanders emigrated . With the passing of the Crofters ' Act in 1886 the Liberal prime minister William Gladstone emancipated crofters from the rule of the landlords . The Act enabled those who had effectively been landowners ' serfs to become owner @-@ occupiers of their own small farms . By this time fishermen from Holland , who had traditionally gathered each year off the coast of Shetland to fish for herring , triggered an industry in the islands that boomed from around 1880 until the 1920s when stocks of the fish began to dwindle . The production peaked in 1905 at more than a million barrels , of which seven hundred and eight thousand were exported . = = = 20th century = = = During World War I many Shetlanders served in the Gordon Highlanders , a further 3 @,@ 000 served in the Merchant Navy and more than 1500 in a special local naval reserve . The 10th Cruiser Squadron was stationed at Swarbacks Minn and during a single year from March 1917 more than 4 @,@ 500 ships sailed from Lerwick as part of an escorted convoy system . In total , Shetland lost more than 500 men , a higher proportion than any other part of Britain , and there were further waves of emigration in the 1920s and 1930s . During World War II a Norwegian naval unit nicknamed the " Shetland Bus " was established by the Special Operations Executive in the autumn of 1940 with a base first at Lunna and later in Scalloway to conduct operations around the coast of Norway . About 30 fishing vessels used by Norwegian refugees were gathered and the Shetland Bus conducted covert operations , carrying intelligence agents , refugees , instructors for the resistance , and military supplies . It made over 200 trips across the sea with Leif Larsen , the most highly decorated allied naval officer of the war , making 52 of them . Several RAF bases were also established at Sullom Voe and several lighthouses suffered enemy air attacks . Oil reserves discovered in the later 20th century in the seas both east and west of Shetland have provided a much needed alternative source of income for the islands . The East Shetland Basin is one of Europe 's largest oil fields and as a result of the oil revenue and the cultural links with Norway , a small independence movement developed briefly to recast the constitutional position of Shetland . It saw as its model the Isle of Man , as well as Shetland 's closest neighbour , the Faroe Islands , an autonomous dependency of Denmark . = = Economy = = Today , the main revenue producers in Shetland are agriculture , aquaculture , fishing , renewable energy , the petroleum industry ( crude oil and natural gas production ) , the creative industries and tourism . Fishing remains central to the islands ' economy today , with the total catch being 75 @,@ 767 tonnes ( 74 @,@ 570 long tons ; 83 @,@ 519 short tons ) in 2009 , valued at over £ 73 @.@ 2 million . Mackerel makes up more than half of the catch in Shetland by weight and value , and there are significant landings of haddock , cod , herring , whiting , monkfish and shellfish . Farming is mostly concerned with the raising of Shetland sheep , known for their unusually fine wool . Crops raised include oats and barley ; however , the cold , windswept islands make for a harsh environment for most plants . Crofting , the farming of small plots of land on a legally restricted tenancy basis , is still practised and is viewed as a key Shetland tradition as well as an important source of income . Oil and gas were first landed in 1978 at Sullom Voe , which has subsequently become one of the largest terminals in Europe . Taxes from the oil have increased public sector spending on social welfare , art , sport , environmental measures and financial development . Three quarters of the islands ' workforce is employed in the service sector , and the Shetland Islands Council alone accounted for 27 @.@ 9 % of output in 2003 . Shetland 's access to oil revenues has funded the Shetland Charitable Trust , which in turn funds a wide variety of local programmes . The balance of the fund in 2011 was £ 217 million , i.e. , about £ 9 @,@ 500 per head . In January 2007 , the Shetland Islands Council signed a partnership agreement with Scottish and Southern Energy for the Viking Wind Farm , a 200 @-@ turbine wind farm and subsea cable . This renewable energy project would produce about 600 megawatts and contribute about £ 20 million to the Shetland economy per year . The plan is meeting significant opposition within the islands , primarily resulting from the anticipated visual impact of the development . The PURE project on Unst is a research centre which uses a combination of wind power and fuel cells to create a wind hydrogen system . The project is run by the Unst Partnership , the local community 's development trust . Knitwear is important both to the economy and culture of Shetland , and the Fair Isle design is well known . However , the industry faces challenges due to plagiarism of the word " Shetland " by manufacturers operating elsewhere , and a certification trademark , " The Shetland Lady " , has been registered . Shetland is served by a weekly local newspaper , The Shetland Times and the online Shetland News http : / / www.shetnews.co.uk / with radio service being provided by BBC Radio Shetland and the commercial radio station SIBC . Shetland is a popular destination for cruise ships , and in 2010 the Lonely Planet guide named Shetland as the sixth best region in the world for tourists seeking unspoilt destinations . The islands were described as " beautiful and rewarding " and the Shetlanders as " a fiercely independent and self @-@ reliant bunch " . Overall visitor expenditure was worth £ 16 @.@ 4 million in 2006 , in which year just under 26 @,@ 000 cruise liner passengers arrived at Lerwick Harbour . In 2009 , the most popular visitor attractions were the Shetland Museum , the RSPB reserve at Sumburgh Head , Bonhoga Gallery at Weisdale Mill and Jarlshof . = = = Quarries = = = Brindister : 60 @.@ 114475 ° N 1 @.@ 215874 ° W / 60 @.@ 114475 ; -1.215874 Scord : 60 @.@ 142287 ° N 1 @.@ 261629 ° W / 60 @.@ 142287 ; -1.261629 [ 1 ] Sullom : 60 @.@ 439953 ° N 1 @.@ 382306 ° W / 60 @.@ 439953 ; -1.382306 Vatster : 60 @.@ 212887 ° N 1 @.@ 220861 ° W / 60 @.@ 212887 ; -1.220861 = = = Transport = = = Transport between islands is primarily by ferry , and Shetland Islands Council operates various inter @-@ island services . Shetland is also served by a domestic connection from Lerwick to Aberdeen on mainland Scotland . This service , which takes about 12 hours , is operated by NorthLink Ferries . Some services also call at Kirkwall , Orkney , which increases the journey time between Aberdeen and Lerwick by 2 hours . There are plans of road tunnels to some of the islands , escecially Bressay and Whalsay , however it is hard to convince the mainland government to finance them . Sumburgh Airport , the main airport on Shetland , is located close to Sumburgh Head , 40 km ( 25 mi ) south of Lerwick . Loganair operates flights for FlyBe to other parts of Scotland up to ten times a day , the destinations being Kirkwall , Aberdeen , Inverness , Glasgow and Edinburgh . Lerwick / Tingwall Airport is located 11 km ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) west of Lerwick . Operated by Directflight Ltd. in partnership with Shetland Islands Council , it is devoted to inter @-@ island flights from the Shetland Mainland to most of the inhabited islands . Scatsta Airport near Sullom Voe allows frequent charter flights from Aberdeen to transport oilfield workers and this small terminal has the fifth largest number of international passengers in Scotland . Public bus services are operated on Mainland , Whalsay , Burra , Unst and Yell . The archipelago is exposed to wind and tide , and there are numerous sites of wrecked ships . Lighthouses are sited as an aid to navigation at various locations . = = Public services = = The Shetland Islands Council is the Local Government authority for all the islands , based in Lerwick Town Hall . Shetland is sub @-@ divided into 18 community council areas and into 12 civil parishes that are used for statistical purposes . = = Education = = In Shetland there are two High Schools — Anderson and Brae — five Junior High Schools , and 24 primary schools . Shetland is also home to the North Atlantic Fisheries College , the Centre for Nordic Studies and Shetland College , which are all associated with the University of the Highlands and Islands . = = Sport = = The islands are represented by the Shetland football team who regularly compete in the Island Games . The islands ' senior football league is the G & S Flooring Premier League . = = Churches and religion = = The Reformation reached the archipelago in 1560 . This was an apparently peaceful transition and there is little evidence of religious intolerance in Shetland 's recorded history . A variety of religious denominations are represented in the islands . The Methodist Church has a relatively high membership in Shetland , which is a District of the Methodist Church ( with the rest of Scotland comprising a separate District ) . The Church of Scotland has a Presbytery of Shetland that includes St. Columba 's Church in Lerwick . The Catholic population is served by the church of St. Margaret and the Sacred Heart in Lerwick . The Parish is part of the Diocese of Aberdeen . The Scottish Episcopal Church ( part of the Anglican Communion ) has regular worship at St Magnus ' Church , Lerwick , St Colman 's Church , Burravoe , and the Chapel of Christ the Encompasser , Fetlar , the last of which is maintained by the Society of Our Lady of the Isles , the most northerly and remote Anglican religious order of nuns . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints has a congregation in Lerwick . The former print works and offices of the local newspaper , The Shetland Times , has been converted into a chapel . = = Politics = = Shetland is represented in the House of Commons as part of the Orkney and Shetland constituency , which elects one Member of Parliament , the current incumbent being Alistair Carmichael . This seat has been held by the Liberal Democrats or their predecessors the Liberal Party since 1950 , longer than any other they represent in the UK . In the Scottish Parliament the Shetland constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) by the first past the post system . The current MSP is Tavish Scott of the Scottish Liberal Democrats . Shetland is within the Highlands and Islands electoral region . The political composition of the Council is 22 Independents . Thus it is one of only three Councils in Scotland with a majority of elected members not representing a political party . Roy Grönneberg , who founded the local chapter of the Scottish National Party in 1966 , designed the flag of Shetland in cooperation with Bill Adams to mark the 500th anniversary of the transfer of the islands from Norway to Scotland . The colours are identical to those of the flag of Scotland , but are shaped in the Nordic cross . After several unsuccessful attempts , including a plebiscite in 1985 , the Lord Lyon King of Arms approved it as the official flag of Shetland in 2005 . = = Local culture and the arts = = After the islands were transferred to Scotland , thousands of Scots families emigrated to Shetland in the 16th and 17th centuries but studies of the genetic makeup of the islands ' population indicate that Shetlanders are just under half Scandinavian in origin . A sizeable component of Scandinavian patrilineal ancestry has been reported in Orkney ( 55 % ) and Shetland ( 68 % ) . This combination is reflected in many aspects of local life . For example , almost every place name in use can be traced back to the Vikings . The Norn language was a form of Old Norse , which continued to be spoken until the 18th century when it was replaced by an insular dialect of Scots known as Shetlandic , which is in turn being replaced by Scottish English . Although Norn was spoken for hundreds of years it is now extinct and few written sources remain . Shetlandic is used both in local radio and dialect writing , and kept alive by the Shetland Folk Society . The Lerwick Up Helly Aa is one of a variety of fire festivals held in Shetland annually in the middle of winter , it is always started on the last Tuesday of January . The festival is just over 100 years old in its present , highly organised form . Originally , a festival held to break up the long nights of winter and mark the end of Yule , the festival has become one celebrating the isles ' heritage and includes a procession of men dressed as Vikings and the burning of a replica longship . The cuisine of Shetland is based on locally produced lamb , beef and seafood , much of it organic . Inevitably , the real ale @-@ producing Valhalla Brewery is the most northerly in Britain . The Shetland Black is a variety of blue potato with a dark skin and indigo coloured flesh markings . Shetland competes in the biennial International Island Games , which it hosted in 2005 . = = = Music = = = Shetland 's culture and landscapes have inspired a variety of musicians , writers and film @-@ makers . The Forty Fiddlers was formed in the 1950s to promote the traditional fiddle style , which is a vibrant part of local culture today . Notable exponents of Shetland folk music include Aly Bain , Fiddlers ' Bid , and the late Tom Anderson and Peerie Willie Johnson . Thomas Fraser was a country musician who never released a commercial recording during his life , but whose work has become popular more than 20 years after his untimely death in 1978 . = = = Writers = = = Walter Scott 's 1822 novel The Pirate is set in " a remote part of Shetland " , and was inspired by his 1814 visit to the islands . The name Jarlshof meaning " Earl 's Mansion " is a coinage of his . Robert Cowie , a doctor born in Lerwick published the 1874 work Shetland : Descriptive and Historical ; Being a Graduation Thesis on the Inhabitants of the Shetland Islands ; and a Topographical Description of the Country . Hugh MacDiarmid , the Scots poet and writer lived in Whalsay from the mid @-@ 1930s through 1942 , and wrote many poems there , including a number that directly address or reflect the Shetland environment such as " On A Raised Beach " , which was inspired by a visit to West Linga . The 1975 novel North Star by Hammond Innes is largely set in Shetland and Raman Mundair 's 2007 book of poetry A Choreographer 's Cartography offers a British Asian perspective on the landscape . The Shetland Quartet by Ann Cleeves , who previously lived in Fair Isle , is a series of crime novels set around the islands . In 2013 her novel Red Bones became the basis of BBC crime drama television series Shetland . Vagaland , who grew up in Walls , was arguably Shetland 's finest poet of the 20th century . Haldane Burgess was a Shetland historian , poet , novelist , violinist , linguist and socialist and Rhoda Bulter ( 1929 – 94 ) is one of the best @-@ known Shetland poets of recent times . Other 20th and 21st century poets and novelists include Christine De Luca , Robert Alan Jamieson who grew up in Sandness , the late Lollie Graham of Veensgarth , Stella Sutherland of Bressay , the late William J Tait from Yell and Laureen Johnson . There are two monthly magazines in production : Shetland Life and i 'i ' Shetland . The quarterly The New Shetlander , founded in 1947 , is said to be Scotland 's longest @-@ running literary magazine . For much of the later 20th century it was the major vehicle for the work of local writers — and others , including early work by George Mackay Brown . = = = Films = = = Michael Powell made The Edge of the World in 1937 , a dramatisation based on the true story of the evacuation of the last 36 inhabitants of the remote island of St Kilda on 29 August 1930 . St Kilda lies in the Atlantic Ocean , 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) west of the Outer Hebrides but Powell was unable to get permission to film there . Undaunted , he made the film over four months during the summer of 1936 on Foula and the film transposes these events to Shetland . Forty years later , the documentary Return to the Edge of the World was filmed , capturing a reunion of cast and crew of the film as they revisited the island in 1978 . A number of other films have been made on or about Shetland including A Crofter 's Life in Shetland ( 1932 ) A Shetland Lyric ( 1934 ) , Devil 's Gate ( 2003 ) and It 's Nice Up North ( 2006 ) , a comedy documentary by Graham Fellows . An annual film festival takes place in the newly built Mareel , a cinema , music and education venue . = = Wildlife = = Shetland has three national nature reserves , at the seabird colonies of Hermaness and Noss , and at Keen of Hamar to preserve the serpentine flora . There are a further 81 SSSIs , which cover 66 % or more of the land surfaces of Fair Isle , Papa Stour , Fetlar , Noss and Foula . Mainland has 45 separate sites . = = = Flora = = = The landscape in Shetland is marked by the grazing of sheep and the harsh conditions have limited the total number of plant species to about 400 . Native trees such as rowan and crab apple are only found in a few isolated places such as cliffs and loch islands . The flora is dominated by Arctic @-@ alpine plants , wild flowers , moss and lichen . Spring squill , buck 's @-@ horn plantain , Scots lovage , roseroot and sea campion are abundant , especially in sheltered places . Shetland mouse @-@ ear ( Cerastium nigrescens ) is an endemic flowering plant found only in Shetland . It was first recorded in 1837 by botanist Thomas Edmondston . Although reported from two other sites in the nineteenth century , it currently grows only on two serpentine hills on the island of Unst . The nationally scarce oysterplant is found on several islands and the British Red Listed bryophyte Thamnobryum alopecurum has also been recorded . = = = Fauna = = = Shetland has numerous seabird colonies . Birds found on the islands include Atlantic puffin , storm @-@ petrel , red @-@ throated diver , northern gannet and great skua ( locally called the " bonxie " ) . Numerous rarities have also been recorded including black @-@ browed albatross and snow goose , and a single pair of snowy owls bred on Fetlar from 1967 to 1975 . The Shetland wren , Fair Isle wren and Shetland starling are subspecies endemic to Shetland . There are also populations of various moorland birds such as curlew , snipe and golden plover . The geographical isolation and recent glacial history of Shetland have resulted in a depleted mammalian fauna and the brown rat and house mouse are two of only three species of rodent present on the islands . The Shetland field mouse is the third and the archipelago 's fourth endemic subspecies , of which there are three varieties on Yell , Foula and Fair Isle . They are variants of Apodemus sylvaticus and archaeological evidence suggests that this species was present during the Middle Iron Age ( around 200 BC to AD 400 ) . It is possible that Apodemus was introduced from Orkney where a population has existed since at the least the Bronze Age . = = = Domesticated animals = = = There is a variety of indigenous breeds , of which the diminutive Shetland pony is probably the best known , as well as being an important part of the Shetland farming tradition . The first written record of the pony was in 1603 in the Court Books of Shetland and , for its size , it is the strongest of all the horse breeds . Others are the Shetland Sheepdog or " Sheltie " , the endangered Shetland cattle and Shetland Goose and the Shetland sheep which is believed to have originated prior to 1000 AD . The Grice was a breed of semi @-@ domesticated pig that had a habit of attacking lambs , and that became extinct in 1930 . = = = Lists = = = List of counties of the United Kingdom List of islands = = = About Shetland = = = Mavis Grind Udal law = = = Other = = = Hjeltefjorden Battle of Florvåg Rögnvald Kali Kolsson Timeline of prehistoric Scotland Prehistoric Scotland Constitutional status of Orkney , Shetland and the Western Isles = 1995 Sugar Bowl ( December ) = The 1995 Sugar Bowl was the 62nd edition of the post @-@ season American college football Sugar Bowl bowl game . It featured the Virginia Tech Hokies and the Texas Longhorns and was held at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana on December 31 , 1995 . The game was the final contest of the 1995 NCAA Division I @-@ A football season for both teams , and ended in a 28 – 10 victory for Virginia Tech . In 1995 , the Sugar Bowl was held under the rules of the Bowl Alliance . The Alliance , predecessor to the modern Bowl Championship Series , was intended to match the champions of the Southeastern Conference , Big East Conference , Atlantic Coast Conference , Big 12 , Southwest Conference , and one at @-@ large team against each other in the Sugar Bowl , Orange Bowl , and Fiesta Bowl . Each year , the two highest @-@ ranked teams would play in a National Championship Game held in place of one of the bowl games . The site of the national championship game rotated among the three bowl games , as did the date of each game . Following the 1995 college football season , the Sugar Bowl was designated for December 31 , marking the first time two Sugar Bowls would be held in the same calendar year . Virginia Tech was selected to play in the 1995 Sugar Bowl by virtue of winning the Big East football championship . The Hokies , who finished 9 – 2 during the regular season , actually were co @-@ Big East champions . The University of Miami , which tied the Hokies , was ineligible for post @-@ season play due to sanctions imposed as a result of recruiting rules violations . The Hokies played the University of Texas , which finished 10 – 1 – 1 during the regular season en route to becoming Southwest Conference champions . The Southwest Conference was scheduled to disband after the football season , but its champion was guaranteed one of the at @-@ large spots in the Bowl Alliance . The game was marred by the revelation that a Texas player had been competing under an assumed name . Other off @-@ the @-@ field incidents also took place prior to the game . Because the game was Virginia Tech 's first trip to a major bowl game , ticket sales were brisk . Texas took an early lead in the competition and led 10 – 7 at halftime , but Virginia Tech 's defense shut out Texas ' offense in the second half and Tech scored 21 unanswered points . In recognition of his achievements in the game , Virginia Tech wide receiver Bryan Still was named the game 's most valuable player . = = Team selection = = In the 1995 college football season , teams were selected for the Sugar Bowl under the new Bowl Alliance system . The Bowl Alliance matched up the conference champions of the Big East , Southeastern Conference , Big 12 Conference , Atlantic Coast Conference , and two at @-@ large teams in games to determine an official national champion . Prior to the introduction of the Bowl Alliance and its predecessor , the Bowl Coalition , national champions were determined by various college football polls that sometimes named different teams as champion . Under the Alliance system , the two highest @-@ ranked members of Alliance conferences were matched up in a national championship game . The lower @-@ ranked conference champions and two @-@ at large teams would play each other in other bowl games . In 1995 , one of these at @-@ large spots was reserved for the champion of the Southwest Conference , which had been a member of the Bowl Coalition but was scheduled to dissolve after the 1995 season . Its members joined different conferences in an attempt to increase their revenue . The Fiesta Bowl hosted the national championship game for the 1995 season , and thus had the first and second pick of eligible Bowl Alliance teams . The Orange Bowl had the third and fifth selections , while the Sugar Bowl had the fourth and sixth picks . The three Bowl Alliance games each were assigned a different date : December 31 , January 1 , or January 2 . The dates rotated among the three games , along with which game would host the national championship . The Sugar Bowl was assigned the December 31 date , marking the first time it had been held on that date instead of its traditional January 1 date since December 31 , 1975 . From December 31 , 1972 to December 31 , 1975 , the game was held on New Year 's Eve . Thus , there were two games held during the calendar year 1972 and none in calendar year 1976 . There were also two games in calendar year 1995 , but since then the game has been held on or after January 1 following the regular season . = = = Texas = = = The University of Texas Longhorns began the 1995 college football season after winning eight games and losing four in 1994 , a year that culminated with the Longhorns in a five @-@ way tie for the Southwest Conference championship and with a 35 – 31 victory over the North Carolina Tar Heels in the 1994 Sun Bowl . Heading into the 1995 season , Texas was ranked 18th in both the coaches ' and Associated Press preseason polls . In the Southwest Conference , which was scheduled to dissolve after the season , Texas was picked to finish second in the annual preseason poll of media covering the Southwest Conference . Texas A & M was predicted to win the conference . Overall , most commentators predicted Texas to improve on its 8 – 4 performance in 1994 and have an outside chance to compete in the top ranks , nationally . The Longhorns got the 1995 season off to a successful start with a 38 – 17 win against the Hawaii Rainbows in Honolulu . After a bye week , No. 15 Texas repeated that success in its home opener with a 38 – 27 win over the Pittsburgh Panthers . The consecutive wins raised Texas to No. 13 in the country , but the Longhorns fumbled away their third game of the season , a 55 – 27 defeat at the hands of Notre Dame that involved five turnovers by the Longhorns . After the loss , the Longhorns fell to No. 21 in the country . They quickly recovered however , reeling off two wins in subsequent weeks : a 35 – 10 victory over Southern Methodist University and a 37 – 13 win against Rice . After the two wins , the Longhorns were 4 – 1 and No. 18 in the country heading into their traditional rivalry game against Oklahoma , the Red River Shootout . The 1995 edition of that competition ended in frustration , however , as the two teams battled to a 24 – 24 tie after Texas failed to convert a fourth down deep in Oklahoma territory late in the game . It was just the fifth tie in the 89 @-@ game history of the rivalry that started in 1900 . Following the tie against Oklahoma , No. 16 Texas struggled against No. 14 Virginia in Austin . Not until the game 's final play did the Longhorns secure their 17 – 16 win over the favored Cavaliers . The game was the 700th victory in Texas football history and marked the only time in Texas ' first 103 years of football that a game ended with Texas kicking a winning field goal . Following the victory over Virginia , Texas began a winning streak that continued through the remainder of the regular season . Heading into the final game of the regular season , it appeared that the winner of the Texas / Texas A & M game would clinch the Southwest Conference championship and a bid to a Bowl Alliance game . In Texas ' final Southwestern Conference game , it secured the conference championship with a 16 – 6 win that guaranteed it a spot in a Bowl Alliance game . On the next day , the Sugar Bowl 's pick of Texas was made official . = = = Virginia Tech = = = The Virginia Tech Hokies entered the 1995 season after having finished with an 8 – 4 overall record in 1994 . That season culminated with a 45 – 23 loss to Tennessee in the 1994 Gator Bowl . Heading into the 1995 season , fans and coaches expected Tech to improve on its previous performance . Most commentators , however , expected a season comparable to 1994 's : a second @-@ place finish in the Big East and a trip to the Gator Bowl . This was borne out by the preseason college football polls . The AP Poll put Tech 24th , while the coaches ' poll had Tech 26th . Those who tempered their expectations of the Hokies appeared to be vindicated in Tech 's first game of the season , which took place on September 7 , a week later than most teams started regular @-@ season play . Tech rose to No. 20 in the country on the basis of other teams losing their season openers . A similar fate befell the Hokies , who lost to Boston College , 20 – 14 . The opening @-@ game loss was a " discouraging note " to begin the season in the eyes of at least one commentator . Because Tech 's opening game was on a Thursday night , the Hokies had an extra two days to prepare for their next opponent , Cincinnati . The extra time did not help , however , and the Hokies were shut out , 16 – 0 by underdog Cincinnati . The shutout was the first scoreless effort by the Hokies since 1981 and caused sportswriters to call the Hokies " the most overrated team in the country . " Following the Cincinnati loss , the Hokies had one week to prepare for a matchup against No. 17 Miami , the team predicted to win the Big East in preseason polls . The Hokies had not beaten Miami in 12 previous matchups , but they managed an upset 13 – 7 victory on September 23 . At the time , the one @-@ week turnaround from embarrassing defeat to unexpected triumph caused some commentators to declare the win the biggest in Virginia Tech football history . Following the Miami win , Virginia Tech started a winning streak that continued for the remainder of the regular season . In total , Tech won its final nine regular @-@ season games , including two wins over ranked opponents : No. 20 Syracuse and at No. 13 Virginia . The 36 – 29 defeat of Virginia was Tech 's closest victory during the span and elevated Tech to No. 13 in the nation . The Miami Hurricanes kept pace with the Hokies throughout the regular season , winning every conference game after their loss to Tech . After Miami won its final game of the season and tied the Hokies for the Big East football championship ( the Big East had no tiebreaker at the time ) , it appeared that Virginia Tech would be passed over for a Bowl Alliance game in favor of the Hurricanes . Miami traditionally had a stronger football team and a wider following on television , making it more attractive to bowl @-@ game officials . But Miami 's bowl hopes evaporated after the NCAA announced Miami would be put under sanctions for recruiting rules violations . One of the sanctions included a ban from bowl games , which Miami elected to take after the 1995 season instead of delaying until 1996 . After the sanctions were announced , the only question for the Hokies was whether they would be bound for the Orange Bowl in Miami or the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans . That question was resolved on December 3 , 1995 , when Bowl Alliance officials announced their selection of Virginia Tech and Texas for the Sugar Bowl . = = Pregame buildup = = The game between the Hokies and the Longhorns was the first meeting of the two teams . The competition marked Virginia Tech 's first trip to the annual Sugar Bowl game , but it was the Hokies ' third consecutive bowl appearance . It was Texas ' third Sugar Bowl appearance and its first since 1958 . In exchange for playing in the game , each team received $ 8 @.@ 3 million . Thanks to revenue @-@ sharing agreements with Big East conference members , Virginia Tech received $ 3 @.@ 5 million , minus expenses , for playing in the Sugar Bowl . Pregame media coverage of the event focused on Virginia Tech making its first appearance in a major bowl game and Texas ' resurgence as a major college football power . On the field , attention was focused on Virginia Tech 's strong defense and Texas ' successful offense . After the matchup was announced and betting on the game began , oddsmakers favored Texas to win the game , with spread bettors predicting Texas to win by one point . By December 21 , Texas ' margin had increased to 1 @.@ 5 points . By December 31 , the date of the game , oddsmakers predicted the Longhorns would win by two points . = = = Ticket sales = = = = = = = Virginia Tech = = = = Because the 1995 Sugar Bowl was Virginia Tech 's first major bowl game in school history , tickets and travel packages were in high demand . Prior to the first day of ticket sales , the price of travel packages skyrocketed due to demand . In Virginia , travel agencies hired temporary workers to meet demand , and in New Orleans , the demand for hotel rooms was so great that many hotels instituted a three @-@ night minimum stay . Tickets officially went on sale December 4 , and three days later , Virginia Tech had sold out its entire initial allotment of 15 @,@ 000 tickets . A second allotment of 2 @,@ 400 tickets was sold out in a few hours , leaving ticketless fans disgruntled . Many fans who were turned away at the Virginia Tech ticket office bought tickets from the secondary market or traveled to New Orleans in hopes of buying tickets at the game . So many Virginia Tech fans traveled to the game that the Montgomery County school district extended its winter break one day to avoid a shortage of teachers and students . The crowds also caused problems at Roanoke Regional Airport , the nearest airport to Virginia Tech . Forty @-@ three aircraft chartered by Virginia Tech fans arrived in New Orleans on a single day . = = = = Texas = = = = At the University of Texas , ticket sales likewise were rapid . On the first day of sales , Texas ' ticket office received 10 @,@ 500 orders . The demand was so great that some students camped overnight in front of the ticket office to ensure they would receive a ticket . Despite that initial surge in orders , as late as December 27 , four days before the game , tickets were still readily available . In terms of chartered flights and the number of fans spending money at New Orleans businesses , Texas also trailed Virginia Tech . = = = Off @-@ field problems = = = Three Virginia Tech players were charged with crimes before the Sugar Bowl . Linebacker Tony Morrison and receiver James Crawford were suspended indefinitely from the team and did not travel to the game . Morrison was arrested for public intoxication , petty larceny and destruction of property , while Crawford was charged with defrauding a garage keeper and felony hit and run . On December 12 , cornerback Antonio Banks was charged with misdemeanor assault and battery but was not suspended from the team and played in the Sugar Bowl . On Virginia Tech 's first night in New Orleans , redshirt center Keith Short missed the team 's 2 a.m. curfew . In response , Tech head coach Frank Beamer ushered Short to the local Greyhound bus depot and put the player on a bus to his home in Richmond . The move was part of Beamer 's attempt to keep his players focused on the upcoming game and not be distracted by the attractions of New Orleans . Beamer himself was the object of some off @-@ field controversy when Georgia considered offering him its head football coaching job during the days prior to the Sugar Bowl . Beamer denied any interest in the position , and the controversy abated when Georgia hired Glen Mason as its head coach on December 18 . Mason later changed his mind , and Georgia hired Jim Donnan instead . The biggest off @-@ the @-@ field incident was revealed on the final weekend before the Sugar Bowl . Texas reserve defensive back Ron McKelvey was revealed to be using an assumed name . In reality , he was a 30 @-@ year @-@ old man named Ron Weaver who had played for a junior @-@ college team and a small @-@ college team under other assumed names . Weaver disappeared prior to the Sugar Bowl , but stated that he had used the assumed name in order to gather information for a book about the inner workings of Texas football . Weaver later pleaded guilty to a felony charge of misusing Social Security numbers , but he avoided jail and paid no fine . Texas was not sanctioned by the NCAA , but Longhorns players later said the event was a severe distraction from pre @-@ game preparations . = = = Offensive matchups = = = = = = = Texas offense = = = = In 1995 , the Texas Longhorns boasted a high @-@ powered offense that accumulated 5 @,@ 199 yards of total offense during the regular season . Texas ' offense was No. 17 in the country and averaged 31 @.@ 7 points per game and 6 @.@ 1 yards per play . The Longhorns were led on offense by quarterback James Brown , who completed 163 of 322 passes ( 50 @.@ 6 % ) for 2 @,@ 447 yards , 19 touchdowns , and 12 interceptions . These figures were enough for him to set the Texas single @-@ season records for passing yards and passing touchdowns . Brown finished the season with a passer rating of 177 , No. 1 in the NCAA in 1995 . He was limited in practices prior to the Sugar Bowl because of a sprained ankle suffered in Texas ' final regular @-@ season game . Brown 's favorite receiver was Mike Adams , who led the Southwest Conference by catching 53 passes for 876 yards and three touchdowns during the regular season . Adams was assisted by Justin McLemore , a sixth @-@ year senior who caught 30 passes for 488 yards , including a 161 @-@ yard game against Houston . McLemore 's 30 receptions were tied by tight end Pat Fitzgerald , who had eight touchdowns , No. 2 in the country for tight ends . On the ground , Texas ' rushing offense was led by two running backs : Ricky Williams and Shon Mitchell . Together , they averaged 207 yards per game , good enough for No. 22 nationally . Mitchell started at running back and gained 1 @,@ 099 rushing yards . Williams accumulated 990 rushing yards during the regular season . That figure was a record for Texas freshmen . Protecting Williams , Mitchell , and Brown was a successful offensive line led by All @-@ America guard Dan Neil . = = = = Virginia Tech offense = = = = The Virginia Tech offense progressed during the course of the regular season . In the Hokies ' first six games , they averaged just 13 @.@ 4 points . In their final six games , they averaged 42 @.@ 3 points per game . Averaged across the season , Tech scored 29 @.@ 2 points per game , good enough for No. 28 nationally . The Hokies also finished with 4 @,@ 233 net yards and 321 points ; both figures were in the top five for Virginia Tech season offenses to that point . The Hokies were led on offense by quarterback Jim Druckenmiller , who completed 151 of his 294 pass attempts ( 51 @.@ 4 % ) for 2 @,@ 103 yards , 14 touchdowns , and 11 interceptions . Druckenmiller 's favorite receiver was Bryan Still , who caught 32 passes for 628 yards and three touchdowns despite missing 2 ½ games due to an injured shoulder . Two of Still 's receptions were for more than 80 yards apiece , making him the first Virginia Tech wide receiver to catch two passes of more than 80 yards in the same season . On the ground , the Tech offense was led by two running backs : Ken Oxendine and Dwayne Thomas . Thomas was a fifth @-@ year senior who accumulated 673 rushing yards and seven touchdowns despite missing three games due to injury . Opening the field for the Tech rushing attack was the offensive line led by center Bill Conaty , who played in the Sugar Bowl despite a leg fracture suffered in Tech 's final regular @-@ season game . Conaty underwent surgery and played despite not being fully healed . One weakness in Virginia Tech 's offense was in the kicking game , controlled by placekicker Atle Larsen . During the regular season , Larsen was successful on just 12 of 20 field goal attempts , and his longest successful kick was from just 44 yards away . = = = Defensive matchups = = = = = = = Virginia Tech defense = = = = Virginia Tech 's defense came into the 1995 Sugar Bowl ranked 10th in the country in total defense . This was due in large part to the Hokies ' success in rushing defense . Tech boasted the No. 1 rushing defense in the country , allowing an average of only 77 @.@ 4 yards per game on the ground . Tech also had the No. 5 scoring defense in the country , allowing just 14 points per game on average . Tech 's defense was No. 11 in total , allowing just 285 @.@ 9 yards per game . The Hokies also sacked opposing quarterbacks 44 times during the regular season and were ranked No. 23 in pass defense . The Hokie defense was led by Cornell Brown , a first @-@ team All @-@ America selection who also won the Dudley Award , which is given to the top Division I college football player in Virginia . Brown finished the regular season with 103 tackles and 14 sacks during the regular season . Free safety William Yarborough led the Hokies ' pass defense . He was named to the first @-@ team All @-@ Big East team and finished the 1995 regular season with five interceptions and 11 pass breakups , the most on the team in each category . The Hokies also had excellent special teams defense . During the regular season , the Hokies blocked eight kicks , including four punts . In total , Tech scored six defensive touchdowns , a school record . = = = = Texas defense = = = = On defense , the Longhorns were ranked No. 55 nationally in total defense and No. 5 in the Southwest Conference . This was despite a marked improvement as the regular season progressed . Through their first six games , the Longhorns allowed 146 points and sacked opposing quarterbacks nine times . In their final six games , Texas allowed 81 points and accumulated 17 sacks . Their 16 – 6 win over Texas A & M marked the first time that school had been held without a touchdown in a Southwest Conference game in more than a decade . Texas ' defense was led by All @-@ American Tony Brackens , who led the Longhorns in sacks ( 7 ) and tackles for loss ( 16 ) despite not playing three games due to a broken tibia . Brackens also had a blocked kick , five forced fumbles , and five fumble recoveries . Defensive back Chris Carter led Texas in interceptions with six , which he returned a total of 146 yards . He also had the most pass break @-@ ups on the team with nine . In total tackles , the Longhorns were led by linebacker Tyson King , who had 137 — an average of 11 @.@ 4 tackles per game . = = Game summary = = The 1995 Sugar Bowl kicked off at 7 : 30 p.m. EST on December 31 , 1995 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . The game 's officials were from the Atlantic Coast Conference . Michael Dover was the referee , William Wampler was the umpire , and Sam Stephenson was the linesman . A capacity crowd of 70 @,@ 283 people attended the game , which was televised by the American Broadcasting Company . The crowd was the smallest to attend a Sugar Bowl in the Superdome to that point . Mark Jones was the play @-@ by @-@ play announcer for the broadcast , Todd Blackledge was the analyst , and Dean Blevins was the sideline reporter . Approximately 6 @,@ 041 @,@ 700 American households watched the broadcast , giving it a television rating of 6 @.@ 3 . = = = First quarter = = = Virginia Tech kicked off to Texas to begin the game , and the Longhorns returned the kick to the 35 @-@ yard line . On the first play of the game , Brown attempted to pass downfield , but Tech defended the Texas receivers and Brown scrambled for a four @-@ yard loss . Texas regained the yardage after Tech committed a five @-@ yard offsides penalty , then Longhorns running back Ricky Williams gained six yards on a run up the middle . A third @-@ down pass fell incomplete , and the Longhorns went three and out on the first possession of the game . Texas punted , and the Hokies returned the kick to their 26 @-@ yard line . On Tech 's first offensive play of the game , a pass by Tech quarterback Jim Druckenmiller was dropped . During the next play , Tech picked up four yards on a running play . On third down , Druckenmiller completed a pass to wide receiver Bryan Still , but the play fell one foot short of a first down . Tech punted after three plays , just as Texas had done . Texas returned the kick to its 22 @-@ yard line , and with 11 : 49 remaining in the quarter , the Longhorns began their second possession of the game . The first play of the possession resulted in a five @-@ yard penalty against Tech . The second play resulted in the initial first down of the game as Brown completed a 19 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Mike Adams . After the first down , Williams picked up two yards on a running play , but Texas lost that short gain when Brown fumbled the ball during the next play . Brown lost seven yards , but recovered the ball . On third down , Brown attempted to scramble for the first down , but was stopped short of the line of scrimmage . Texas ' punt was fair caught at the 29 @-@ yard line , and Virginia Tech began its second possession . Tech running back Dwayne Thomas gained nine yards on the first Tech play , then the Hokies earned their initial first down on an option run that gained three yards . After the first down , Druckenmiller threw an incomplete pass , then Thomas ran for a six @-@ yard gain . On third down , a long pass downfield was knocked down by a Texas defender , and the Hokies punted back to Texas . The kick was fair caught at the 13 @-@ yard line , but Tech was penalized 15 yards for interfering with the catch . Texas began its third possession with 7 : 58 remaining in the quarter . From the 28 @-@ yard line , running back Shon Mitchell gained 14 yards and a first down at the 42 @-@ yard line . Brown then completed a 26 @-@ yard pass to Adams , who earned a first down at the Tech 32 @-@ yard line . Now in Tech territory , Mitchell gained eight yards on a run to the left side of the field . On second down , Williams ran straight ahead for a first down at the Tech 17 @-@ yard line . Mitchell then advanced to the 12 @-@ yard line on a running play , but Brown threw an incomplete pass on second down . Facing a third down and needing five yards , Texas was stopped for a short gain , but Tech was called for an offsides penalty . The five yards negated the third @-@ down stop and gave Texas a first down at the six @-@ yard line of Virginia Tech . Two plays later , Brown completed a pass to tight end Pat Fitzgerald , who ran into the end zone for a touchdown . The subsequent extra point kick was good , and Texas took a 7 – 0 lead with 4 : 32 remaining in the first quarter . Virginia Tech downed Texas ' subsequent kickoff in its end zone for a touchback , and the Hokies attempted to answer the Texas score starting at the Tech 20 @-@ yard line . During the first play after the kickoff , Texas and Tech both committed penalties . After the penalties , Tech had a first down at its 27 @-@ yard line . After the penalties , running back Ken Oxendine attempted to run up the middle of the field , but had the ball knocked loose by defender Tony Brackens . Texas recovered the fumble and the Longhorns ' offense returned to the field at the Tech 32 @-@ yard line . After the turnover , Texas attempted a trick play , but the pass by a wide receiver was knocked down by the Virginia Tech defense . After an eight @-@ yard gain on a running play , Texas was penalized 10 yards for holding . The Longhorns were unable to regain the yardage lost to the penalty and punted to the Hokies . With 2 : 15 remaining in the opening quarter , Tech fair caught the punt at its 19 @-@ yard line . After a short gain on first down , Druckenmiller completed a 13 @-@ yard pass to fullback Brian Edmonds . The play resulted in a first down at the Tech 34 @-@ yard line . Two short plays resulted in six yards , setting up a third down and four yards . Rather than attempt a conversion prior to the end of the quarter , the Hokies let the clock roll down with the Longhorns in the lead , 7 – 0 . = = = Second quarter = = = The second quarter began with Virginia Tech in possession of the ball at its 40 @-@ yard line and facing a third @-@ and @-@ four situation . On the first play of the quarter , Druckenmiller completed a pass to Holmes for 13 yards and a first down at the Texas 47 @-@ yard line . Once there , however , Druckenmiller threw a pass that bounced off a Tech receiver and was caught by Texas defender Jason Reeves , who returned it to the Tech 33 @-@ yard line . On the first play after the turnover , the Texas offense lost four yards on a rushing play that went out of bounds . Brown then completed a two @-@ yard pass to Fitzgerald , setting up a long third @-@ down play . The Longhorns were unable to earn a first down and sent in kicker Phil Dawson to attempt a 52 @-@ yard field goal . The kick attempt equaled his career long and grazed one of the uprights of the goal post , but the kick was successful and gave Texas a 10 – 0 lead with 13 : 19 remaining in the first half . Texas ' post @-@ score kickoff was returned to the Tech four @-@ yard line . A two @-@ yard run was followed by an 11 @-@ yard carry by Ken Oxendine who earned a first down at the Tech 17 @-@ yard line . After the first down , Oxendine earned another six yards . Druckenmiller then completed a 13 @-@ yard pass to tight end Bryan Jennings for a first down at the Tech 35 @-@ yard line . Texas committed a five @-@ yard offsides penalty , then a long pass downfield fell incomplete . Two more plays failed to gain a first down , and the Hokies punted . The Tech kick was returned to the 16 @-@ yard line of Texas , and with 9 : 15 remaining in the first half , the Longhorns began their first full possession of the quarter . On the first play of the possession , Brown completed a 15 @-@ yard pass to Adams . From the 31 @-@ yard line , Texas gained six yards on two plays , then the Longhorns were called for having an illegal player downfield during third down . Texas ' punt was returned to the 20 @-@ yard line , and Tech 's offense returned to the field . Running back Dwayne Thomas gained six yards on the first play , then earned a first down at the 30 @-@ yard line on an option play . After an incomplete pass , Druckenmiller completed a nine @-@ yard throw to Still . Tech committed a false @-@ start penalty on third down , but the Hokies made up the penalty and earned a first down when Druckenmiller completed a pass to Jennings at the Texas 45 @-@ yard line . On the first play after the completion , Druckenmiller was sacked for a one @-@ yard loss . A second @-@ down pass was dropped , a third @-@ down pass was incomplete , and the Hokies punted again . Texas fair caught the punt at their 14 @-@ yard line . On the first play after the kick , a run up the middle was stopped for the loss of a yard . Williams then gained two yards , and Brown threw an incomplete pass . Texas went three @-@ and @-@ out for the first time in the second quarter and prepared to punt . Bryan Still fielded the kick at the Tech 40 @-@ yard line and returned it 60 yards to the end zone for Virginia Tech 's first points of the game . The subsequent extra point was good , and with 2 : 34 remaining in the first half , Tech cut Texas ' lead to 10 – 7 . Adams returned Tech 's kickoff to the Texas 21 @-@ yard line , and the Longhorns ' offense took the field . On the first play , Brown completed a 13 @-@ yard pass to Adams , who earned a first down at the 34 @-@ yard line . Mitchell gained four yards on a running play , then Texas was penalized for having an ineligible player downfield . On the play after the penalty , Texas was penalized for an illegal formation , negating a completed pass for a first down . The Longhorns then faced a third down and 11 , but Brown 's third @-@ down pass was knocked down and the Longhorns punted to end their final possession of the first half . The ball bounced off a Virginia Tech player , causing a scramble for the loose ball . Virginia Tech recovered it at their 19 @-@ yard line , and Druckenmiller started a hurry @-@ up offensive drive for the Hokies , who had 56 seconds to move into scoring possession . On the first play , Druckenmiller completed an 18 @-@ yard play to move the ball to the Tech 38 @-@ yard line . Druckenmiller then completed a 16 @-@ yard pass to Holmes for a first down at the Texas 46 @-@ yard line . From there , however , Druckenmiller threw three incomplete passes and Tech punted with 15 seconds remaining in the first half . Texas ran out the remaining seconds on the clock and went into halftime with a 10 – 7 lead . = = = Third quarter = = = The game 's halftime show featured both school marching bands and a musical ensemble featuring music by The Beatles . Various high school marching bands also participated in the show , which was produced by Bowl Games of America . Following halftime , Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the second half . Texas ' kickoff was fielded by Antonio Banks , who returned it to the Tech 41 @-@ yard line . On the first play of the half , Thomas was tackled for a loss of two yards on a running play up the middle . After an incomplete pass , Druckenmiller completed a pass to Jennings , who fell down short of the first down marker . The Hokies punted , but Texas was called for a five @-@ yard running into the kicker penalty and Tech opted to re @-@ kick . After the second kick , Texas ' offense started at its 17 @-@ yard line . Texas ' first possession of the second half began with a two @-@ yard run to the right . After that , Brown completed a first @-@ down pass to Adams at the Texas 28 @-@ yard line . Following an incomplete pass , Williams ran for a short gain and Texas was stopped short of the needed yardage on third down . After the punt , Tech 's offense started at their 11 @-@ yard line . Thomas gained six yards on a rushing play , then Druckenmiller completed a two @-@ yard pass to Edmonds . On third down , Texas ' Brackens moved offsides and Tech was given a first down at their 24 @-@ yard line . Thomas then broke free on a running play for an 11 @-@ yard gain and a first down at the Tech 35 @-@ yard line . After the first down , Druckenmiller scrambled for no gain , then Edmonds gained six yards on a running play . On third down , a Druckenmiller pass was knocked down at the line of scrimmage by a Texas defender and the Hokies had to punt . Texas returned the kick to its 32 @-@ yard line , and on the first play from scrimmage , Tech sacked Brown for a loss of nine yards . Williams regained five of the lost yards , but on third down Brown threw an incomplete pass . Texas ' punt bounced out of bounds at the 33 @-@ yard line , and Virginia Tech 's offense returned to the field with 5 : 30 remaining in the quarter . The Hokies began their drive with a seven @-@ yard pass from Druckenmiller to Marcus Parker . Oxendine then ran ahead and gained a first down at the 46 @-@ yard line . From there , Druckenmiller completed a 28 @-@ yard pass to Jennings at the Texas 26 @-@ yard line . Oxendine was tackled after a gain of two yards , then Tech was penalized five yards for an illegal shift . After being pushed back to the 30 @-@ yard line , Druckenmiller completed a 28 @-@ yard pass to Still , who picked up a first down at the Texas two @-@ yard line . On the next play , Parker rushed through the Texas defense for the Hokies ' first offensive touchdown of the game . The extra point kick was good , and with 2 : 32 remaining in the third quarter , Virginia Tech took its first lead of the game . Virginia Tech 's kickoff was downed in the end zone for a touchback . Texas ' offense thus began its drive at its 20 @-@ yard line . The first play of the drive was an end @-@ around that gained 10 yards and a first down for Texas . After an incomplete pass , Mitchell gained five yards on a counter run . On third down , Williams caught a six @-@ yard pass for a first down at the Texas 41 @-@ yard line . Mitchell ran six yards on first down , but was stopped after a gain of just one yard on second down . The second @-@ down play caused the final seconds to tick off the clock in the third quarter , which ended with Virginia Tech leading , 14 – 10 . = = = Fourth quarter = = = The fourth quarter began with Texas in possession of the ball and facing a third down @-@ and @-@ three situation at its 47 @-@ yard line . On the first play of the quarter , Brown completed a first @-@ down pass to wide receiver Matt Davis at the Tech 47 @-@ yard line . After a Texas pass was batted down , Mitchell ran to the left for a gain of two yards . On third down , Brown was pressured by the Virginia Tech defense and threw an interception to Virginia Tech 's William Yarborough , who caught the ball at the Tech 31 @-@ yard line . After the turnover , Druckenmiller got Virginia Tech 's drive started with a first @-@ down pass to the Tech 42 @-@ yard line . After a short run by Edmonds , Druckenmiller threw an incomplete pass , setting up a third @-@ and @-@ seven for Virginia Tech 's offense . During the third @-@ down play , wide receiver Bryan Still broke free of the Texas defense and caught a 55 @-@ yard pass from Druckenmiller for Tech 's second offensive touchdown of the game . The extra point kick was successful , and Tech took a 21 – 10 lead with 12 : 28 remaining in the game . After Tech 's kickoff was downed in the end zone , the Longhorns ' offense began a new drive from their 20 @-@ yard line . Brown threw an incomplete pass , then completed a first @-@ down pass to Adams at the 32 @-@ yard line . From there , Brown threw an incomplete pass , then tossed a 15 @-@ yard screen pass to Fitzgerald , who gained a first down at the Texas 42 @-@ yard line . Williams crossed into Virginia Tech territory on the next play as he ran straight ahead for a 13 @-@ yard gain . A one @-@ yard run was followed by an incomplete pass , and on third down Brown threw an interception directly to Virginia Tech defender Torrian Gray , who returned the pass to the Tech 33 @-@ yard line . On the first play after the turnover , Druckenmiller completed a 16 @-@ yard pass to Cornelius White , who picked up a first down at the Tech 49 @-@ yard line . Texas then committed a five @-@ yard offsides penalty before Oxendine ran forward for four yards . On the next play , Oxendine fumbled the ball after being hit by a Texas defender . The loose ball was picked up by a Texas defender , who returned it to the 50 @-@ yard line . Brown threw two incomplete passes , then Tech committed a five @-@ yard penalty . On third down , Brown completed a 21 @-@ yard pass to Davis , who gained a first down at the Tech 24 @-@ yard line . After the long gain , Brown threw two more incomplete passes . On third down , Brown threw another interception to Gray , who returned the ball to the Tech 31 @-@ yard line and allowed the Hokies ' offense to return to the field with 7 : 33 remaining in the game . Tech 's Thomas gained six yards on a run up the middle , then Druckenmiller ran ahead for a one @-@ yard gain . On third down , Tech committed a 10 @-@ yard penalty , negating what would have been a first @-@ down run . A long pass on third down fell incomplete , and Tech punted for the first time in the quarter . The Longhorns fair caught the ball at their 30 @-@ yard line with 5 : 25 remaining in the game . Trailing by 11 , and with time running down , Texas needed to score quickly . Brown threw an incomplete pass , then was sacked by the Virginia Tech defense . During the sack , Brown fumbled , and the ball was picked up by a Virginia Tech defender who returned it into the end zone for a Virginia Tech defensive touchdown . The extra point was good , and Tech expanded its lead to 28 – 10 with 5 : 06 remaining in the game . After the score , Tech was penalized 15 yards for excessive celebration , allowing Texas a better chance to return the post @-@ score kickoff . Texas ' kick returner fumbled the return , however and the ball rolled out of bounds at the Texas 10 @-@ yard line . On the first play after the kickoff , Brown was sacked at the Texas two @-@ yard line . Williams regained some of the lost yardage with a five @-@ yard run , but on third down he was stopped after another five @-@ yard gain . Rather than attempt to convert the fourth down , Texas punted with 2 : 33 remaining in the game . Virginia Tech returned the kick to their 43 @-@ yard line , and the Hokies proceeded to run out the clock by executing running plays — which do not stop the clock at their conclusion . Tempers ran high among Texas players , and Texas defender Stoney Clark was ejected from the game after throwing the football at a Virginia Tech player following the conclusion of a play . Texas was assessed two personal @-@ foul penalties , which advanced the ball to the Texas 31 @-@ yard line and gave Virginia Tech a first down . Tech continued to run down the clock with rushing plays , and the Hokies brought in freshman backup quarterback Al Clark to supervise the game 's final plays . The clock rolled to zero , and Virginia Tech secured a 28 – 10 victory . = = Statistical summary = = In recognition of his performance during the game , Virginia Tech wide receiver Bryan Still was named the game 's most valuable player . He caught six passes for 119 yards and one touchdown . He also returned a punt for 60 yards and a touchdown , and his 27 @-@ yard reception in the third quarter set up Tech 's third touchdown two plays later . Still 's punt return was the longest in Virginia Tech bowl @-@ game history to that point and was surpassed in the 2008 Orange Bowl when Justin Harper returned a punt 84 yards for a touchdown . Tech tight end Bryan Jennings was the Hokies ' second @-@ leading receiver ; he finished the game with six catches for 77 yards . Four other players had two or fewer receptions . On the opposite side of the ball , Texas ' receiving corps was led by Mike Adams , who had six grabs for 92 yards . Tight end Pat Fitzgerald had the Longhorns ' only receiving touchdown , and he finished the game with three catches for 21 yards . Three other players had two or fewer receptions . Both teams ' quarterbacks benefited from the profusion of passing . Virginia Tech quarterback Jim Druckenmiller finished the game having completed 18 of his 34 pass attempts for 266 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . He also ran three times for a total gain of one yard . Texas quarterback James Brown completed 14 of his 36 pass attempts for 148 yards , three interceptions , and a touchdown . He rushed six times for -43 yards because sacks are counted as runs for negative yardage . Texas also was hurt by penalty yardage . The Longhorns ' nine penalties for 91 yards are both Texas bowl @-@ game records . On the ground , both teams ' running back tandems gained appreciable yardage . Texas ' Ricky Williams ran the ball 12 times for 62 yards , while Shon Mitchell had 15 carries for 59 yards . Virginia Tech 's Dwayne Thomas carried the ball 15 times for 62 yards , and Ken Oxendine had eight carries for 31 yards . Four other Hokies ( including Druckenmiller ) had at least one carry . Defensively , both teams found success at times . In the first half , Texas ' defense held the Hokies to just one touchdown , and that was not recorded until the second quarter . Virginia Tech 's offense was extremely successful in shutting down the Longhorns ' offense in the second half of the game . The Hokies shut out the Longhorns in that half , setting a bowl @-@ game record for fewest points allowed in a half . Texas ' 10 points , 78 yards rushing and 226 yards total offense were all season lows . In total , Tech 's defense had nine tackles for loss , including five sacks of Brown . Linebacker Brandon Semones was Tech 's leading tackler , and he had nine tackles , a sack , and a pass breakup . In pass defense , Torrian Gray had two interceptions , and William Yarborough had one . Gray 's interceptions tied a Virginia Tech bowl @-@ game record . Defensive tackle Jim Barron 's fumble return for a touchdown was the first such score in the Sugar Bowl since a rule change in 1990 . = = Postgame effects = = Virginia Tech 's win lifted it to a final record of 10 – 2 , while Texas ' loss dropped it to a record of 10 – 2 – 1 . Tech improved to 3 – 6 in bowl games , while Texas fell to 17 – 17 – 2 . As a result of the win , Tech jumped to No. 10 in the final AP Poll of the year and No. 9 in the final coaches ' poll of the year . Texas fell to No. 14 in both final polls . A large portion of Virginia Tech 's bowl @-@ game proceeds were devoted toward improving athletic facilities at the school , and more money was generated by a boom in merchandise sales that followed the game . Texas saw a similar but smaller boom in merchandise sales . = = = Coaching changes = = = Several coaches from each team were fired or moved on to other jobs in the offseason following the 1995 Sugar Bowl . Virginia Tech co @-@ defensive coordinator Rod Sharpless resigned to become the defensive coordinator at Rutgers University . Tech defensive line coach Todd Grantham was replaced by Charley Wiles after Grantham resigned to take the same job at Michigan State . To prevent Virginia Tech head coach Frank Beamer from likewise seeking a different position , the school signed him to a new five @-@ year contract at a salary of more than $ 148 @,@ 000 per year . Texas head coach John Mackovic likewise received a contract extension through 2000 . The new contract included an annual salary of $ 600 @,@ 000 , plus various other financial incentives . = = = 1996 NFL Draft = = = As the final game of the 1995 college football season for Texas and Virginia Tech , the 1995 Sugar Bowl provided a final opportunity for players to demonstrate their skills on the field prior to the next NFL Draft . Several players from both teams announced their intention to enter the draft and attempt to play in the National Football League . Star Virginia Tech defender Cornell Brown was not one of these players . Prior to the draft , he announced his intention to remain at Tech for his senior year . The 1996 NFL Draft took place on April 20 – 21 , 1996 . Virginia Tech had two players selected : wide receiver Bryan Still ( 41st overall ) and J.C. Price ( 88th ) . Texas also had two players taken in the draft . Defensive end Tony Brackens was selected 33rd overall , and guard John Elmore was picked 139th . = Siege of Boston = The Siege of Boston ( April 19 , 1775 – March 17 , 1776 ) was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War . New England militiamen prevented the movement by land of the British Army garrisoned in what was then the peninsular city of Boston , Massachusetts . Both sides had to deal with resource supply and personnel issues over the course of the siege . British resupply and reinforcement activities were limited to sea access . After eleven months of the siege , the British abandoned Boston by sailing to Nova Scotia . The siege began on April 19 after the Battles of Lexington and Concord , when the militia from surrounding Massachusetts communities blocked land access to Boston . The Continental Congress formed the Continental Army from the militia , with George Washington as its Commander in Chief . In June 1775 , the British seized Bunker and Breed 's Hills , but their casualties were heavy and their gains were insufficient to break the Continental Army 's hold on land access to Boston . Military actions during the remainder of the siege were limited to occasional raids , minor skirmishes , and sniper fire . In November 1775 , Washington sent the 25 @-@ year @-@ old bookseller @-@ turned @-@ soldier Henry Knox to bring to Boston the heavy artillery that had been captured at Fort Ticonderoga . In a technically complex and demanding operation , Knox brought many cannons to the Boston area by January 1776 . In March 1776 , these artillery fortified Dorchester Heights ( which overlooked Boston and its harbor ) , thereby threatening the British supply lifeline . The British commander William Howe saw the British position as indefensible and withdrew the British forces in Boston to the British stronghold at Halifax , Nova Scotia , on March 17 ( celebrated today as Evacuation Day ) . = = Background = = Prior to 1775 , the British had imposed taxes and import duties on the American colonies , to which the inhabitants objected since they lacked British Parliamentary representation . In response to the Boston Tea Party and other acts of protest , 4 @,@ 000 British troops under the command of General Thomas Gage were sent to occupy Boston and to pacify the restive Province of Massachusetts Bay . Parliament authorized Gage , among other actions , to disband the local provincial government ( led by John Hancock and Samuel Adams ) . It was reformed into the Provincial Congress , and continued to meet . The Provincial Congress called for the organization of local militias and coordinated the accumulation of weapons and other military supplies . Under the terms of the Boston Port Act , Gage closed the Boston port , which caused much unemployment and discontent . When British forces were sent to seize military supplies from the town of Concord on April 19 , 1775 , militia companies from surrounding towns opposed them in the Battles of Lexington and Concord . At Concord , some of the British forces were routed in a confrontation at the North Bridge . The British troops , on their march back to Boston , were then engaged in a running battle , suffering heavy casualties . All of the New England colonies ( and later colonies further south ) raised militias in response to this alarm , and sent them to Boston . = = Siege = = = = = Digging in = = = Immediately after the battles of April 19 , the Massachusetts militia , under the loose leadership of William Heath , who was superseded by General Artemas Ward late on the 20th , formed a siege line extending from Chelsea , around the peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown , to Roxbury , effectively surrounding Boston on three sides . They particularly blocked the Charlestown Neck ( the only land access to Charlestown ) , and the Boston Neck ( the only land access to Boston , which was then a peninsula ) , leaving only the harbor and sea access under British control . In the days immediately following the creation of the siege line , the size of the colonial forces grew , as militias from New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Connecticut arrived on the scene . General Gage wrote of his surprise of the number of rebels surrounding the city : " The rebels are not the despicable rabble too many have supposed them to be .... In all their wars against the French they never showed such conduct , attention , and perseverance as they do now . " General Gage turned his attention to fortifying easily defensible positions . In the south , at Roxbury , Gage ordered lines of defenses with 10 twenty @-@ four pound guns . In Boston proper , four hills were quickly fortified . They were to be the main defense of the city . Over time , each of these hills were strengthened . Gage also decided to abandon Charlestown , removing the beleaguered forces ( that had retreated from Concord ) to Boston . The town of Charlestown itself was entirely vacant , and the high lands of Charlestown ( Bunker Hill and Breed 's Hill ) were left undefended , as were the heights of Dorchester , which had a commanding view of the harbor and the city . The British at first greatly restricted movement in and out of the city , fearing infiltration of weapons . Besieged and besiegers eventually reached an informal agreement allowing traffic on the Boston Neck , provided no firearms were carried . Residents of Boston turned in almost 2 @,@ 000 muskets , and most of the Patriot residents left the city . Many Loyalists who lived outside the city of Boston left their homes and fled into the city . Most of them felt that it was not safe to live outside of the city , because the Patriots were now in control of the countryside . Some of the men , after arriving in Boston , joined Loyalist regiments attached to the British army . Because the siege did not blockade the harbor , the city remained open for the Royal Navy , under Vice Admiral Samuel Graves , to sail in supplies from Nova Scotia and other places . Colonial forces could do little to stop these shipments due to the naval supremacy of	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
were allowed to depart unmolested . Washington was given the letter , but formally rejected it , as it was not addressed to him by either name or title . However , the letter had the intended effect : when the evacuation began , there was no American fire to hinder the British departure . On March 9 , after seeing movement on Nook 's Hill on Dorchester , the British opened a massive fire barrage that lasted all night . It killed four men with one cannonball , but that was all the damage that was done . The next day , the colonists went out and collected the 700 cannonballs that had been fired at them . = = = Evacuation = = = On March 10 , General Howe issued a proclamation ordering the inhabitants to give up all linen and woolen goods that could be used by the colonists to continue the war . A Loyalist , Crean Brush , was authorized to receive these goods , in return for which he gave certificates that were effectively worthless . Over the next week , the British fleet sat in Boston harbor waiting for favorable winds , while Loyalists and British soldiers were loaded onto the ships . During this time , American naval activities outside the harbor successfully captured and diverted to ports under colonial control several British supply ships . On March 15 , the wind became favorable , but before they could leave , it turned against them . On March 17 the wind once again turned favorable . The troops , who were authorized to burn the town if there were any disturbances while they were marching to their ships , began to move out at 4 : 00 a.m. By 9 : 00 a.m. , all ships were underway . The fleet departing from Boston included 120 ships , with more than 11 @,@ 000 people aboard . Of those , 9 @,@ 906 were British troops , 667 were women , and 553 were children . = = Aftermath = = = = = Americans clean up = = = Once the British fleet sailed away , the Americans moved to reclaim Boston and Charlestown . At first , they thought that the British were still on Bunker Hill , but it turned out that the British had left dummies in place . Due to the risk of smallpox , at first only men picked for their prior exposure to the disease entered Boston under the command of Artemas Ward . More of the colonial army entered on March 20 , once the risk of disease was judged low . While Washington had essentially acceded to the British threat to burn Boston , and had not hindered their departure from the city , he did not make their escape from the outer harbor entirely easy . He directed Captain Manley to harass the departing British fleet , in which he had some success , capturing among other prizes the ship carrying Crean Brush and his plunder . General Howe , when his fleet finally left the outer harbor , left in his wake a small contingent of vessels whose primary purpose was to intercept any arriving British vessels . While they successfully redirected to Halifax numerous ships carrying British troops originally destined for Boston , some unsuspecting British troop ships landed in Boston , only to fall into American hands . The British departure ended major military activities in the New England colonies . Washington , fearing that the British were going to attack New York City , departed on April 4 with his army for Manhattan , beginning the New York and New Jersey campaign . There are six units of the Army National Guard ( 101st Eng Bn , 125th MP Co , 181st Inf , 182nd Inf , 197th FA , and 201st FA ) derived from American units that participated in the Siege of Boston . There are thirty currently existing units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial era . = = = Fate of the British generals = = = General Howe would be severely criticized in the British press and Parliament for his failures in the Boston campaign . General Gage was never given another command . General Burgoyne would see action in the Saratoga Campaign , a disaster that saw his capture , as well as that of 7 @,@ 500 troops under his command . General Clinton would command the British forces in America for four years ( 1778 – 1782 ) . = = = Fate of the Loyalists = = = Many Massachusetts Loyalists left with the British when they evacuated Boston . Some went to England to rebuild lives there , and some returned to America after the war . Many stayed in Nova Scotia , settling in places like Saint John , and many became active in the future development of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick . = = = Fate of Boston = = = Following the siege , Boston effectively ceased to be a military target , but continued to be a focal point for revolutionary activities , with its port acting as an important point for fitting ships of war and privateers . Its leading citizens would have important roles in the development of the future United States . Boston and other area communities mark the March 17 end of the siege as Evacuation Day . = Hyderabad = Hyderabad ( / ˈhaɪdərəˌbæd / HY @-@ dər @-@ ə @-@ bad ; often / ˈhaɪdrəˌbæd / ) is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh . Occupying 650 square kilometres ( 250 sq mi ) along the banks of the Musi River , it has a population of about 6 @.@ 7 million and a metropolitan population of about 7 @.@ 75 million , making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India . At an average altitude of 542 metres ( 1 @,@ 778 ft ) , much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes , including Hussain Sagar — predating the city 's founding — north of the city centre . Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah , Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region . In 1724 , Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty , known as the Nizams of Hyderabad . The Nizam 's dominions became a princely state during the British Raj , and remained so for 150 years , with the city serving as its capital . The city continued as the capital of Hyderabad State after it was brought into the Indian Union in 1948 , and became the capital of Andhra Pradesh after the States Reorganisation Act , 1956 . Since 1956 , Rashtrapati Nilayam in the city has been the winter office of the President of India . In 2014 , the newly formed state of Telangana split from Andhra Pradesh and the city became joint capital of the two states , a transitional arrangement scheduled to end by 2025 . Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule remain visible today , with the Charminar — commissioned by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah — coming to symbolise Hyderabad . Golconda fort is another major landmark . The influence of Mughlai culture is also evident in the city 's distinctive cuisine , which includes Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem . The Qutb Shahis and Nizams established Hyderabad as a cultural hub , attracting men of letters from different parts of the world . Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the mid @-@ 19th century , with artists migrating to the city from the rest of the Indian subcontinent . While Hyderabad is losing its cultural pre @-@ eminence , it is today , due to the Telugu film industry , the country 's second @-@ largest producer of motion pictures . Hyderabad was historically known as a pearl and diamond trading centre , and it continues to be known as the City of Pearls . Many of the city 's traditional bazaars , including Laad Bazaar , Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar , have remained open for centuries . However , industrialisation throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian manufacturing , research and financial institutions , including Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited , the National Geophysical Research Institute and the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology . Special economic zones dedicated to information technology have encouraged companies from across India and around the world to set up operations and the emergence of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries in the 1990s led to the area 's naming as India 's " Genome Valley " . With an output of US $ 74 billion , Hyderabad is the fifth @-@ largest contributor to India 's overall gross domestic product . = = History = = = = = Toponymy = = = According to John Everett @-@ Heath , the author of Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names , Hyderabad means " Haydar 's city " or " lion city " , from haydar ( lion ) and ābād ( city ) . It was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib , who was also known as Haydar because of his lion @-@ like valour in battles . Andrew Petersen , a scholar of Islamic architecture , says the city was originally called Baghnagar ( city of gardens ) . One popular theory suggests that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah , the founder of the city , named it " Bhagyanagar " or " Bhāgnagar " after Bhagmati , a local nautch ( dancing ) girl with whom he had fallen in love . She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal . The city was renamed Hyderabad in her honour . According to another source , the city was named after Haidar , the son of Quli Qutb Shah . = = = Early and medieval history = = = Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE . The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was known as Golkonda ( Golla Konda- " shepherd 's hill " ) , and was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE . Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century , Golkonda came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158 , whose seat of power was at Warangal , 148 km ( 92 mi ) northeast of modern Hyderabad . The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khilji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khilji of the Delhi Sultanate . This lasted until 1321 , when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Malik Kafur , Allaudin Khilji 's general . During this period , Alauddin Khilji took the Koh @-@ i @-@ Noor diamond , which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golkonda , to Delhi . Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325 , bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347 when Ala @-@ ud @-@ Din Bahman Shah , a governor under bin Tughluq , rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau , with Gulbarga , 200 km ( 124 mi ) west of Hyderabad , as its capital . The Hyderabad area was under the control of the Musunuri Nayaks at this time , who , however , were forced to cede it to the Bahmani Sultanate in 1364 . The Bahmani kings ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan . Sultan Quli , a governor of Golkonda , revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518 ; he rebuilt the mud @-@ fort of Golconda and named the city " Muhammad nagar " . The fifth sultan , Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah , established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591 , to avoid the water shortages experienced at Golkonda . During his rule , he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city . On 21 September 1687 , the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year @-@ long siege of the Golkonda fort . The annexed area was renamed Deccan Suba ( Deccan province ) and the capital was moved from Golkonda to Aurangabad , about 550 km ( 342 mi ) northwest of Hyderabad . = = = Modern history = = = In 1714 Farrukhsiyar , the Mughal emperor , appointed Asif Jah I to be Viceroy of the Deccan , with the title Nizam @-@ ul @-@ Mulk ( Administrator of the Realm ) . In 1724 , Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba , named the region Hyderabad Deccan , and started what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty . Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul @-@ Mulk and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams , or Nizams of Hyderabad . The death of Asif Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons , backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces , contended for the throne . The accession of Asif Jah II , who reigned from 1762 to 1803 , ended the instability . In 1768 he signed the treaty of Masulipatnam , surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent . In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams . In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali ( Dalwai of Mysore ) , Baji Rao I ( Peshwa of the Maratha Empire ) , and Basalath Jung ( Asif Jah II 's elder brother , who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy @-@ Castelnau ) , the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798 , allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum ( modern Secunderabad ) to protect the state 's capital , for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British . Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad . With the introduction of railways in the 1880s , four factories were built to the south and east of Hussain Sagar lake , and during the early 20th century , Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of transport services , underground drainage , running water , electricity , telecommunications , universities , industries , and Begumpet Airport . The Nizams ruled their princely state from Hyderabad during the British Raj . After India gained independence , the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union . The Hyderabad State Congress , with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India , began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948 . On 17 September that year , the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo . With the defeat of his forces , Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession , which made him the Rajpramukh ( Princely Governor ) of the state until 31 October 1956 . Between 1946 and 1951 , the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region . The Constitution of India , which became effective on 26 January 1950 , made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India , with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital . In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States , B. R. Ambedkar , then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution , proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location . Since 1956 , the Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad has been the second official residence and business office of the President of India ; the President stays once a year in winter and conducts official business particularly relating to Southern India . On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language . Hyderabad state was split into three parts , which were merged with neighbouring states to form the modern states of Maharashtra , Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh . The nine Telugu- and Urdu @-@ speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu @-@ speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh , with Hyderabad as its capital . Several protests , known collectively as the Telangana movement , attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state . Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972 , and a third began in 2010 . The city suffered several explosions : one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives ; terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots ; and two bombs exploded in February 2013 . On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state , and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana , while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years . On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal , and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill . With the final assent of the President of India in June 2014 , Telangana state was formed . = = Geography = = = = = Topography = = = Situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India , Hyderabad is 1 @,@ 566 kilometres ( 973 mi ) south of Delhi , 699 kilometres ( 434 mi ) southeast of Mumbai , and 570 kilometres ( 350 mi ) north of Bangalore by road . It lies on the banks of the Musi River , in the northern part of the Deccan Plateau . Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km2 ( 250 sq mi ) , making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India . With an average altitude of 542 metres ( 1 @,@ 778 ft ) , Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite , dotted with small hills , the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 metres ( 2 @,@ 205 ft ) . The city has numerous lakes referred to as sagar , meaning " sea " . Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi , such as Hussain Sagar ( built in 1562 near the city centre ) , Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar . As of 1996 , the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks ( ponds ) . = = = Climate = = = Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen Aw ) bordering on a hot semi @-@ arid climate ( Köppen BSh ) . The annual mean temperature is 26 @.@ 6 ° C ( 79 @.@ 9 ° F ) ; monthly mean temperatures are 21 – 33 ° C ( 70 – 91 ° F ) . Summers ( March – June ) are hot and humid , with average highs in the mid @-@ to @-@ high 30s Celsius ; maximum temperatures often exceed 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) between April and June . The coolest temperatures occur in December and January , when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . May is the hottest month , when daily temperatures range from 26 to 39 ° C ( 79 – 102 ° F ) ; December , the coldest , has temperatures varying from 14 @.@ 5 to 28 ° C ( 57 – 82 ° F ) . Heavy rain from the south @-@ west summer monsoon falls between June and September , supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall . Since records began in November 1891 , the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24 @-@ hour period was 241 @.@ 5 mm ( 10 in ) on 24 August 2000 . The highest temperature ever recorded was 45 @.@ 5 ° C ( 114 ° F ) on 2 June 1966 , and the lowest was 6 @.@ 1 ° C ( 43 ° F ) on 8 January 1946 . The city receives 2 @,@ 731 hours of sunshine per year ; maximum daily sunlight exposure occurs in February . = = = Conservation = = = Hyderabad 's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low @-@ lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna . The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance , which are preserved in the form of national parks , zoos , mini @-@ zoos and a wildlife sanctuary . Nehru Zoological Park , the city 's one large zoo , is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park . Hyderabad has three national parks ( Mrugavani National Park , Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park ) , and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km ( 31 mi ) from the city . Hyderabad 's other environmental reserves are : Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens , Shamirpet Lake , Hussain Sagar , Fox Sagar Lake , Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake , which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world . Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Telangana Forest Department , Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education , the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi @-@ Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) , the Animal Welfare Board of India , the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and the University of Hyderabad . = = Administration = = = = = Common capital status = = = According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 part 2 Section 5 : " ( 1 ) On and from the appointed day , Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh , shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years . ( 2 ) After expiry of the period referred to in sub @-@ section ( 1 ) , Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh . " The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act , 1955 . As stipulated in sections 3 and 18 ( 1 ) of the Reorganisation Act , city MLAs are members of Telangana state assembly . = = = Local government = = = The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation ( GHMC ) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city 's 18 " circles " , which together encompass 150 municipal wards . Each ward is represented by a corporator , elected by popular vote . The corporators elect the Mayor , who is the titular head of GHMC ; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner , appointed by the state government . The GHMC carries out the city 's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains , town planning including construction regulation , maintenance of municipal markets and parks , solid waste management , the issuing of birth and death certificates , the issuing of trade licences , collection of property tax , and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare , and pre @-@ school and non @-@ formal education . The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad ( MCH ) with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad , Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 650 km2 ( 250 sq mi ) . In the 2016 municipal election , the Telangana Rashtra Samithi formed the majority and the present Mayor is Bonthu Ram Mohan . The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40 @.@ 1 km2 ( 15 @.@ 5 sq mi ) , where there are several military camps . The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority . Law and order in Hyderabad city is supervised by the governor of Telangana . The jurisdiction is divided into two police commissionerates : Hyderabad and Cyberabad , which are again divided into four and five police zones respectively . Each zone is headed by a deputy commissioner . The jurisdictions of the city 's administrative agencies are , in ascending order of size : the Hyderabad Police area , Hyderabad district , the GHMC area ( " Hyderabad city " ) and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority ( HMDA ) . The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs , extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city . It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board ( HMWSSB ) . As the seat of the government of Telangana , Hyderabad is home to the state 's legislature , secretariat and high court , as well as various local government agencies . The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court . The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies , which form five constituencies of the Lok Sabha ( the lower house of the Parliament of India ) . = = = Utility services = = = The HMWSSB regulates rainwater harvesting , sewerage services and water supply , which is sourced from several dams located in the suburbs . In 2005 , the HMWSSB started operating a 116 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 72 mi ) water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand . The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited manages electricity supply . As of October 2014 , there were 15 fire stations in the city , operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department . The government @-@ owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub @-@ post offices in Hyderabad , which are complemented by private courier services . = = = Pollution control = = = Hyderabad produces around 4 @,@ 500 tonnes of solid waste daily , which is transported from collection units in Imlibun , Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar . Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010 . Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has also led to increased industrial waste , air , noise and water pollution , which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution Control Board ( TPCB ) . The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was : 20 – 50 % from vehicles , 40 – 70 % from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust , 10 – 30 % from industrial discharges and 3 – 10 % from the burning of household rubbish . Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1 @,@ 700 – 3 @,@ 000 each year . Ground water around Hyderabad , which has a hardness of up to 1000 ppm , around three times higher than is desirable , is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels . This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated effluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city . = = = Healthcare = = = The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning , implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services . As of 2010 – 11 , the city had 50 government hospitals , 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12 @,@ 000 hospital beds , fewer than half the required 25 @,@ 000 . For every 10 @,@ 000 people in the city , there are 17 @.@ 6 hospital beds , 9 specialist doctors , 14 nurses and 6 physicians . The city also has about 4 @,@ 000 individual clinics and 500 medical diagnostic centres . Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to , poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities , despite the high proportion of the city 's residents being covered by government health insurance : 24 % according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005 . As of 2012 , many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built . Hyderabad also has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani , homoeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments . In the 2005 National Family Health Survey , it was reported that the city 's total fertility rate is 1 @.@ 8 , which is below the replacement rate . Only 61 % of children had been provided with all basic vaccines ( BCG , measles and full courses of polio and DPT ) , fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut . The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1 @,@ 000 live births , and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1 @,@ 000 live births . The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese , 49 % of children below 5 years are anaemic , and up to 20 % of children are underweight , while more than 2 % of women and 3 % of men suffer from diabetes . = = Demographics = = When the GHMC was created in 2007 , the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175 km2 ( 68 sq mi ) to 650 km2 ( 250 sq mi ) . Consequently , the population increased by 87 % , from 3 @,@ 637 @,@ 483 in the 2001 census to 6 @,@ 809 @,@ 970 in the 2011 census , 24 % of which are migrants from elsewhere in India , making Hyderabad the nation 's fourth most populous city . As of 2011 , the population density is 18 @,@ 480 / km2 ( 47 @,@ 900 / sq mi ) . At the same 2011 census , the Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration had a population of 7 @,@ 749 @,@ 334 , making it the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country . The population of the Hyderabad urban agglomeration has since been estimated by electoral officials to be 9 @.@ 1 million as of early 2013 but is expected to exceed 10 million by the end of the year . There are 3 @,@ 500 @,@ 802 male and 3 @,@ 309 @,@ 168 female citizens — a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males , higher than the national average of 926 per 1000 . Among children aged 0 – 6 years , 373 @,@ 794 are boys and 352 @,@ 022 are girls — a ratio of 942 per 1000 . Literacy stands at 82 @.@ 96 % ( male 85 @.@ 96 % ; female 79 @.@ 79 % ) , higher than the national average of 74 @.@ 04 % . The socio @-@ economic strata consist of 20 % upper class , 50 % middle class and 30 % working class . = = = Ethnic groups , language and religion = = = Referred to as " Hyderabadi " , the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people , with minority Bengali , Gujarati ( including Memon ) , Kannada ( including Nawayathi ) , Malayalam , Marathi , Marwari , Odia , Punjabi , Tamil and Uttar Pradeshi communities . Hyderabad is home to a unique dialect of Urdu called Hyderabadi Urdu , which is a type of Dakhini , and is the mother tongue of most Hyderabadi Muslims , a unique community who owe much of their history , language , cuisine , and culture to Hyderabad , and the various dynasties who previously ruled . Hadhrami Arabs , African Arabs , Armenians , Abyssinians , Iranians , Pathans and Turkish people are also present ; these communities , of which the Hadhrami are the largest , declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union , as they lost the patronage of the Nizams . Telugu and Urdu are both official languages of the city , and most Hyderabadis are bilingual . The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called Telangana Mandalika , and the Urdu spoken is called Dakhini . English is also used . A significant minority speak other languages , including Hindi ( which can conflate with colloquial Urdu , see Hindi – Urdu controversy ) , Marathi , Odia , Tamil , Bengali and Kannada . Hindus are in the majority . Muslims form a very large minority , and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around the Old City . There are also Christian , Sikh , Jain , Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic temples , mosques and churches can be seen . According to the 2011 census , Hyderabad district 's religious make @-@ up was : Hindus ( 51 @.@ 89 % ) , Muslims ( 43 @.@ 45 % ) , Christians ( 2 @.@ 22 % ) , Jains ( 0 @.@ 5 % ) , Sikhs ( 0 @.@ 29 % ) and Buddhists ( 0 @.@ 03 % ) ; 1 @.@ 58 % did not state any religion . In Greater Hyderabad ( the extended city area governed by GHMC ) , religious make @-@ up was : Hindus ( 64 @.@ 93 % ) , Muslims ( 30 @.@ 13 % ) , Christians ( 2 @.@ 75 % ) , Jains ( 0 @.@ 29 % ) , Sikhs ( 0 @.@ 25 % ) and Buddhists ( 0 @.@ 04 % ) ; 1 @.@ 56 % did not state any religion . = = = Slums = = = In the greater metropolitan area , 13 % of the population live below the poverty line . According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank , Hyderabad has 1 @,@ 476 slums with a total population of 1 @.@ 7 million , of whom 66 % live in 985 slums in the " core " of the city ( the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion ) and the remaining 34 % live in 491 suburban tenements . About 22 % of the slum @-@ dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century , and 63 % claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years . Overall literacy in the slums is 60 – 80 % and female literacy is 52 – 73 % . A third of the slums have basic service connections , and the remainder depend on general public services provided by the government . There are 405 government schools , 267 government aided schools , 175 private schools and 528 community halls in the slum areas . According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance , 87 @.@ 6 % of the slum @-@ dwelling households are nuclear families , 18 % are very poor , with an income up to ₹ 20 @,@ 000 ( US $ 300 ) per annum , 73 % live below the poverty line ( a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is ₹ 24 @,@ 000 ( US $ 360 ) per annum ) , 27 % of the chief wage earners ( CWE ) are casual labour and 38 % of the CWE are illiterate . About 3 @.@ 72 % of the slum children aged 5 – 14 do not go to school and 3 @.@ 17 % work as child labour , of whom 64 % are boys and 36 % are girls . The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites . Among the working children , 35 % are engaged in hazardous jobs . = = Cityscape = = = = = Neighbourhoods = = = The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the " Old City " , while the " New City " encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks . The two are connected by many bridges across the river , the oldest of which is Purana Pul ( " old bridge " ) . Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad , to which it is connected by Hussain Sagar . Many historic and tourist sites lie in south central Hyderabad , such as the Charminar , the Mecca Masjid , the Salar Jung Museum , the Nizam 's Museum , the Falaknuma Palace , and the traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market , Laad Bazaar and Madina Circle . North of the river are hospitals , colleges , major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar , Koti , Abids , Sultan Bazaar and Moazzam Jahi Market , along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the Reserve Bank of India , the Telangana Secretariat , the Hyderabad Mint , the Telangana Legislature , the Public Gardens , the Nizam Club , the Ravindra Bharathi , the State Museum , the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium . North of central Hyderabad lie Hussain Sagar , Tank Bund Road , Rani Gunj and the Secunderabad Railway Station . Most of the city 's parks and recreational centres , such as Sanjeevaiah Park , Indira Park , Lumbini Park , NTR Gardens , the Buddha statue and Tankbund Park are located here . In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as Banjara Hills , Jubilee Hills , Begumpet , Khairatabad and Miyapur . The northern end contains industrial areas such as Sanathnagar , Moosapet , Balanagar , Patancheru and Chanda Nagar . The northeast end is dotted with residential areas . In the eastern part of the city lie many defence research centres and Ramoji Film City . The " Cyberabad " area in the southwest and west of the city has grown rapidly since the 1990s . It is home to information technology and bio @-@ pharmaceutical companies and to landmarks such as Hyderabad Airport , Osman Sagar , Himayath Sagar and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park . = = = Landmarks = = = Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo @-@ Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval , Mughal and European styles . After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River , the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed , particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan ( the VIIth Nizam ) , whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad . In 2012 , the government of India declared Hyderabad the first " Best heritage city of India " . Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches . The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of Golconda fort built in the 16th century . Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north of Charminar towards the fort . The Charminar has become an icon of the city ; located in the centre of old Hyderabad , it is a square structure with sides 20 m ( 66 ft ) long and four grand arches each facing a road . At each corner stands a 56 m ( 184 ft ) -high minaret . The Charminar , Golconda fort and the Qutb Shahi tombs are considered to be monuments of national importance in India ; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status . Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace , which was the seat of royal power . It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles , from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court . The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace ( inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio ) , Purani Haveli , King Kothi and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century . During Mir Osman Ali Khan 's rule , European styles , along with Indo @-@ Islamic , became prominent . These styles are reflected in the Falaknuma Palace and many civic monuments such as the Hyderabad High Court , Osmania Hospital , Osmania University , the State Central Library , City College , the Telangana Legislature , the State Archaeology Museum , Jubilee Hall , and Hyderabad and Kachiguda railway stations . Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace , Asman Garh Palace , Basheer Bagh Palace , Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque , all constructed by the Paigah family . = = Economy = = Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product ( GDP ) , tax and other revenues , of Telangana , and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide , as ranked by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) in June 2012 . Its US $ 74 billion GDP made it the fifth @-@ largest contributor city to India 's overall GDP in 2011 – 12 . Its per capita annual income in 2011 was ₹ 44 @,@ 300 ( US $ 660 ) . As of 2006 , the largest employers in the city were the governments of Andhra Pradesh ( 113 @,@ 098 employees ) and India ( 85 @,@ 155 ) . According to a 2005 survey , 77 % of males and 19 % of females in the city were employed . The service industry remains dominant in the city , and 90 % of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector . Hyderabad 's role in the pearl trade has given it the name " City of Pearls " and up until the 18th century , the city was also the only global trading centre for large diamonds . Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century , helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports . From the 1950s to the 1970s , Indian enterprises , such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited ( BHEL ) , Nuclear Fuel Complex ( NFC ) , National Mineral Development Corporation ( NMDC ) , Bharat Electronics ( BEL ) , Electronics Corporation of India Limited ( ECIL ) , Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) , Hindustan Aeronautics Limited ( HAL ) , Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology ( CCMB ) , Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics ( CDFD ) , State Bank of Hyderabad ( SBH ) and Andhra Bank ( AB ) were established in the city . The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange ( HSE ) , and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India ( SEBI ) . In 2013 , the Bombay Stock Exchange ( BSE ) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE @-@ Mumbai by the end of 2014 . The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre . Since the 1990s , the growth of information technology ( IT ) , IT @-@ enabled services ( ITES ) , insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector , and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce , transport , storage , communication , real estate and retail . Hyderabad 's commercial markets are divided into four sectors : central business districts , sub @-@ central business centres , neighbourhood business centres and local business centres . Many traditional and historic bazaars are located throughout the city , Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares , along with gems and pearls . The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited ( IDPL ) , a public sector undertaking , in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city . As of 2010 , the city manufactured one third of India 's bulk drugs and 16 % of biotechnology products , contributing to its reputation as " India 's pharmaceutical capital " and the " Genome Valley of India " . Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology , for which it is known as Cyberabad ( Cyber City ) . As of 2013 , it contributed 15 % of India 's and 98 % of Andhra Pradesh 's exports in IT and ITES sectors and 22 % of NASSCOM 's total membership is from the city . The development of HITEC City , a township with extensive technological infrastructure , prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad . The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms , including global conglomerates such as Microsoft , Apple , Amazon , Google , IBM , Yahoo ! , Oracle Corporation , Dell , Facebook , and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra , Infosys , Tata Consultancy Services ( TCS ) , Polaris and Wipro . In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business . The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city . Like the rest of India , Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30 % of the labour force . According to a survey published in 2007 , it had 40 – 50 @,@ 000 street vendors , and their numbers were increasing . Among the street vendors , 84 % are male and 16 % female , and four fifths are " stationary vendors " operating from a fixed pitch , often with their own stall . Most are financed through personal savings ; only 8 % borrow from moneylenders . Vendor earnings vary from ₹ 50 ( 74 ¢ US ) to ₹ 800 ( US $ 12 ) per day . Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy , poultry farming , brick manufacturing , casual labour and domestic help . Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor . = = Culture = = Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire . After the fall of Delhi in 1857 , the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the Indian sub continent , under the patronage of the Nizam , enriched the cultural milieu . This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages , cultures and religions , which has since led to a co @-@ existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions , for which the city has become noted . A further consequence of this north – south mix is that both Telugu and Urdu are official languages of Telangana . The mixing of religions has also resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh Chaturthi , Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul @-@ Fitr and Eid al @-@ Adha by Muslims . Traditional Hyderabadi garb also reveals a mix of Muslim and South Asian influences with men wearing sherwani and kurta – paijama and women wearing khara dupatta and salwar kameez . Most Muslim women wear burqa and hijab outdoors . In addition to the traditional Indian and Muslim garments , increasing exposure to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of western style clothing among youths . = = = Literature = = = In the past , Qutb Shahi rulers and Nizams attracted artists , architects and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage . The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas ( poetic symposia ) . The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani Urdu literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry , which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu . Lazzat Un Nisa , a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts , contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts . The reign of the Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court , administration and education . In 1824 , a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry , named Gulzar @-@ e @-@ Mahlaqa , authored by Mah Laqa Bai — the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan — was published in Hyderabad . Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival , held since 2010 , showcasing the city 's literary and cultural creativity . Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi , the Urdu Academy , the Telugu Academy , the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language , the Comparative Literature Association of India , and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad . Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library , the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891 , and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam , the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram . = = = Music and films = = = South Indian music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam styles are popular in the Deccan region . As a result of their culture policies , North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams , and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with tawaif ( courtesans ) . These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture , and were appointed to teach singing , poetry and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy . This gave rise to certain styles of court music , dance and poetry . Besides western and Indian popular music genres such as filmi music , the residents of Hyderabad play city @-@ based marfa music , dholak ke geet ( household songs based on local Folklore ) , and qawwali , especially at weddings , festivals and other celebratory events . The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival , the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music . Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama , the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals in such venues as the Ravindra Bharati , Shilpakala Vedika and Lalithakala Thoranam . Although not a purely music oriented event , Numaish , a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products , does feature some musical performances . The city is home to the Telugu film industry , popularly known as Tollywood and as of 2012 , produces the second largest number of films in India behind Bollywood . Films in the local Hyderabadi dialect are also produced and have been gaining popularity since 2005 . The city has also hosted international film festivals such as the International Children 's Film Festival and the Hyderabad International Film Festival . In 2005 , Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the world 's largest film studio . = = = Art and handicrafts = = = The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccani painting . Developed during the 16th century , the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore . A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style . The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams . Highly influenced by Mughal painting , this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape , culture , costumes and jewellery . Although not a centre for handicrafts itself , the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad . Such crafts include : Bidriware , a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka , which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication ( GI ) tag under the auspices of the WTO act ; and Zari and Zardozi , embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold , silver and other metal threads . Another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is Kalamkari , a hand @-@ painted or block @-@ printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh . This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style , known as Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand , and an Islamic style , known as Machilipatnam that uses both hand and block techniques . Examples of Hyderabad 's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum ( housing " one of the largest one @-@ man @-@ collections in the world " ) , the AP State Archaeology Museum , the Nizam Museum , the City Museum and the Birla Science Museum . = = = Cuisine = = = Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice , wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices . Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem , with their blend of Mughlai and Arab cuisines , have become iconic dishes of India . Hyderabadi cuisine is highly influenced by Mughlai and to some extent by French , Arabic , Turkish , Iranian and native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines . Other popular native dishes include nihari , chakna , baghara baingan and the desserts qubani ka meetha , double ka meetha and kaddu ki kheer ( a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd ) . = = Media = = One of Hyderabad 's earliest newspapers , The Deccan Times , was established in the 1780s . In modern times , the major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are Eenadu , Andhra Jyothy , Sakshi and Namaste Telangana , while the major English papers are The Times of India , The Hindu and The Deccan Chronicle . The major Urdu papers include The Siasat Daily , The Munsif Daily and Etemaad . Many coffee table magazines , professional magazines and research journals are also regularly published . The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919 . Deccan Radio was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935 , with FM broadcasting beginning in 2000 . The available channels in Hyderabad include All India Radio , Radio Mirchi , Radio City , Red FM , Big FM and Fever FM . Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of Doordarshan , the Government of India 's public service broadcaster , which transmits two free @-@ to @-@ air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel . Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of Star TV . Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription , direct @-@ broadcast satellite services or internet @-@ based television . Hyderabad 's first dial @-@ up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies . The first public internet access service began in 1995 , with the first private sector internet service provider ( ISP ) starting operations in 1998 . In 2015 , high @-@ speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city . = = Education = = Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education and follow a " 10 + 2 + 3 " plan . About two @-@ thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions . Languages of instruction include English , Hindi , Telugu and Urdu . Depending on the institution , students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education . After completing secondary education , students enroll in schools or junior colleges with a higher secondary facility . Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad , many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad ( JNTUH ) or Osmania University ( OU ) , is through the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test ( EAM @-@ CET ) . There are 13 universities in Hyderabad : two private universities , two deemed universities , six state universities and three central universities . The central universities are the University of Hyderabad , Maulana Azad National Urdu University and the English and Foreign Languages University . Osmania University , established in 1918 , was the first university in Hyderabad and as of 2012 is India 's second most popular institution for international students . The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University , established in 1982 , is the first distance learning open university in India . Hyderabad is also home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences , biotechnology and pharmaceuticals , such as the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research ( NIPER ) and National Institute of Nutrition ( NIN ) . Hyderabad has five major medical schools — Osmania Medical College , Gandhi Medical College , Nizam 's Institute of Medical Sciences , Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences — and many affiliated teaching hospitals . The Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of Unani medicine . Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association , a non @-@ profit foundation for cardiovascular education . Institutes in Hyderabad include the National Institute of Rural Development , the Indian School of Business , the Institute of Public Enterprise , the Administrative Staff College of India and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy . Technical and engineering schools include the International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad ( IIITH ) , Birla Institute of Technology and Science , Pilani – Hyderabad ( BITS Hyderabad ) and Indian Institute of Technology , Hyderabad ( IIT @-@ H ) as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi @-@ Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University . Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International , NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College . The National Institute of Design , Hyderabad ( NID @-@ H ) , will offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses from 2015 . = = Sports = = The most popular sports played in Hyderabad are cricket and association football . At the professional level , the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India , the 2003 Afro @-@ Asian Games , the 2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open women 's tennis tournament , the 2007 Military World Games , the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship . The city hosts a number of venues suitable for professional competition such as the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for field hockey , the G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium in Gachibowli for athletics and football , and for cricket , the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket Association . Hyderabad has hosted many international cricket matches , including matches in the 1987 and the 1996 ICC Cricket World Cups . The Hyderabad cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy — a first @-@ class cricket tournament among India 's states and cities . Hyderabad is also home to the Indian Premier League franchise Sunrisers Hyderabad . A previous franchise was the Deccan Chargers , which won the 2009 Indian Premier League held in South Africa . During British rule , Secunderabad became a well @-@ known sporting centre and many race courses , parade grounds and polo fields were built . Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club , the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club , which is known for its horse racing especially the annual Deccan derby , still exist . In more recent times , motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan ¼ Mile Drag , TSD Rallies and 4x4 off @-@ road rallying . International @-@ level sportspeople from Hyderabad include : cricketers Ghulam Ahmed , M. L. Jaisimha , Mohammed Azharuddin , V. V. S. Laxman , Venkatapathy Raju , Shivlal Yadav , Arshad Ayub , Syed Abid Ali and Noel David ; football players Syed Abdul Rahim , Syed Nayeemuddin and Shabbir Ali ; tennis player Sania Mirza ; badminton players S. M. Arif , Pullela Gopichand , Saina Nehwal , P. V. Sindhu , Jwala Gutta and Chetan Anand ; hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi and Mukesh Kumar ; rifle shooters Gagan Narang and Asher Noria and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan . = = Transport = = The most commonly used forms of medium distance transport in Hyderabad include government owned services such as light railways and buses , as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws . Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre and carry over 130 million passengers daily across the entire network . Hyderabad 's light rail transportation system , the Multi @-@ Modal Transport System ( MMTS ) , is a three line suburban rail service used by over 160 @,@ 000 passengers daily . Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by Setwin ( Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities ) . Intercity rail services also operate from Hyderabad ; the main , and largest , station is Secunderabad Railway Station , which serves as Indian Railways ' South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad . Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are Hyderabad Deccan Station , Kachiguda Railway Station , Begumpet Railway Station , Malkajgiri Railway Station and Lingampally Railway Station . The Hyderabad Metro , a new rapid transit system , is to be added to the existing public transport infrastructure and is scheduled to operate three lines by 2015 . As of 2012 , there are over 3 @.@ 5 million vehicles operating in the city , of which 74 % are two @-@ wheelers , 15 % cars and 3 % three @-@ wheelers . The remaining 8 % include buses , goods vehicles and taxis . The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage — roads occupy only 9 @.@ 5 % of the total city area — has led to widespread traffic congestion especially since 80 % of passengers and 60 % of freight are transported by road . The Inner Ring Road , the Outer Ring Road , the Hyderabad Elevated Expressway , the longest flyover in India , and various interchanges , overpasses and underpasses were built to ease the congestion . Maximum speed limits within the city are 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) for two @-@ wheelers and cars , 35 km / h ( 22 mph ) for auto rickshaws and 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) for light commercial vehicles and buses . Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states : NH @-@ 7 runs 2 @,@ 369 km ( 1 @,@ 472 mi ) from Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh , in the north to Kanyakumari , Tamil Nadu , in the south ; NH @-@ 9 , runs 841 km ( 523 mi ) east @-@ west between Machilipatnam , Andhra Pradesh , and Pune , Maharashtra ; and the 280 km ( 174 mi ) NH @-@ 163 links Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam , Chhattisgarh NH @-@ 765 links Hyderabad to Srisailam . Five state highways , SH @-@ 1 , SH @-@ 2 , SH @-@ 4 , SH @-@ 5 and SH @-@ 6 , either start from , or pass through , Hyderabad . Air traffic was previously handled via Begumpet Airport , but this was replaced by Rajiv Gandhi International Airport ( RGIA ) ( IATA : HYD , ICAO : VOHS ) in 2008 , with the capacity of handling 12 million passengers and 100 @,@ 000 tonnes of cargo per annum . In 2011 , Airports Council International , an autonomous body representing the world 's airports , judged RGIA the world 's best airport in the 5 – 15 million passenger category and the world 's fifth best airport for service quality . To reduce traffic and its emissions , the government has undertaken a metro rail project , Hyderabad metro rail which is under construction in different phases . = Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church = Brown Memorial Park Avenue Presbyterian Church of Baltimore , Maryland , U.S. , is a large , Gothic Revival @-@ style church built in 1870 and located at Park and Lafayette Avenues in the city 's Bolton Hill section . Named in memory of a 19th @-@ century Baltimore financier , the ornate church is noted for its exquisite stained glass windows by renowned artist Louis Comfort Tiffany , soaring vaulted ceiling , and the prominent persons associated with its history . Maltbie Babcock , who was the church 's pastor 1887 – 1900 , wrote the familiar hymn , This is My Father 's World . Storied virtuoso concert performer Virgil Fox was organist at Brown Memorial early in his career ( 1936 – 1946 ) . Called " one of the most significant buildings in this city , a treasure of art and architecture " by Baltimore Magazine , the church underwent a $ 1 @.@ 8 million restoration between 2001 – 2003 . It is part of the Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) denomination . = = History = = The Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church building was dedicated on December 4 , 1870 , in memory of George Brown , chairman of the Baltimore @-@ based investment firm , Alex . Brown & Sons , and one of the founders of the pioneering Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1827 . Construction was funded by a gift of $ 150 @,@ 000 from his widow , Isabella McLanahan Brown , an amount equivalent to more than $ 4 million in 2009 . George Brown was described by a Baltimore historian as a successful businessman and civic leader who " regarded religion as preeminent above all other things and loved his church with all the ardor of his noble nature " . John Sparhawk Jones was the church 's first pastor , serving from 1870 to 1884 . Several of his collected sermons were later published in such books as Seeing Darkly , The Invisible Things , and Saved by Hope . The church 's pastor between 1887 – 1900 was Maltbie Babcock , who was formally installed on September 28 , 1887 . His biography in a 1910 encyclopedia described him as " a fluent speaker , with a marvelous personal magnetism which appealed to all classes of people , and the influence of which became in a sense national . His theology was broad and deep ... he reached people in countless ways and exerted everywhere a remarkable personal magnetism ... [ having ] an unusually brilliant intellect and stirring oratorical powers that commanded admiration " . While at Brown , he led fund @-@ raising efforts to assist Jewish refugees from Russia who were victims of an anti @-@ Jewish pogrom . He was also a popular speaker with students at Johns Hopkins University . Under Babcock , the church acquired additional property at North and Madison Avenues for a chapel and Sunday School complex . When Babcock was called to New York City 's Brick Presbyterian Church in 1900 , many prominent Baltimoreans , including the faculty of Johns Hopkins University , unsuccessfully implored Babcock to remain at Brown instead of accepting the call to Brick Church . Babcock resigned on January 17 , 1900 , to pastor the Manhattan church but died suddenly the following year at age 42 . At his New York funeral , the presiding clergyman eulogized him , " We do not need a candle to show a sunbeam ... The work our brother has done – the life he lived speaks for him . " A memorial service for the esteemed former pastor was held at Brown Memorial on May 22 , described as " impressive " by the New York Times . So inspired was former U.S. Postmaster General James Albert Gary , a member of Brown Memorial , that he chaired a committee to raise $ 50 @,@ 000 ( the equivalent of $ 1 @.@ 4 million in 2009 ) for construction of a new church in memory of the beloved former pastor . More than half of that amount was raised the first day from the wealthy congregation , the New York Times reported , and the new Babcock Memorial Presbyterian Church was soon constructed on Brown Memorial Church 's North Avenue property . Babcock 's successor as minister of Brown Memorial , John Timothy Stone , also presided over a large memorial gathering in Baltimore on June 2 , 1901 , choosing as the text for his address to the throng : " For where your treasure is , there will your heart be also " ( Matthew 6 : 21 ) . Babcock was eulogized at the Baltimore service by various prominent educators , including Daniel C. Gilman , the first president of Johns Hopkins University , John F. Goucher , the founder of Goucher College , and Francis L. Patton , president of Princeton University . A poem by Babcock was published posthumously the following year by his wife as the familiar hymn , This is My Father 's World . The sanctuary was enlarged in 1905 with the addition of a transept and several Tiffany windows while Stone was minister . Further significant development occurred in 1931 under T. Guthrie Speers , with the addition of the current chancel designed by notable architect Ralph Adams Cram and the installation of the present 4 @-@ manual pipe organ by Ernest M. Skinner . Speers had a popular ministry at Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church from 1928 to 1957 . He began an outreach program to Baltimore 's Jewish community , occasionally exchanging pulpits with local rabbis . After Speers ' retirement in 1957 , John Middaugh was minister from 1958 to 1968 . Middaugh was a regular panelist for ten years on the weekly television program To Promote Goodwill , an interfaith discussion of social and religious issues produced by WBAL @-@ TV and broadcast worldwide on the Voice of America . He was also in the forefront of the civil rights movement in the early 1960s . Along with William Sloan Coffin and dozens of other clergymen and civil rights activists , Middaugh was arrested in a clash with police at Baltimore 's Gwynn Oak Amusement Park in July 1963 over efforts to desegregate the popular attraction . Membership peaked at 1 @,@ 336 in 1952 but subsequently declined in the late 1950s as much of the city 's population migrated to the suburbs . In response , a portion of the congregation decided in 1956 to build a church in the suburban Woodbrook area north of Baltimore . Other members wished to remain at the Bolton Hill location , prompting a decision to operate one church at two locations , with a shared ministerial staff . In the early 1970s , the church began a tutoring program for neighborhood children and a " Meals on Wheels " service under then @-@ ministers Iain Wilson , pastor , and Clinton C. Glenn Jr . , assistant minister . In 1980 , the congregations of the two churches voted for separation . The original Bolton Hill church was subsequently constituted as " Brown Memorial Park Avenue " , to distinguish it from " Brown Memorial Woodbrook " , when the separation was completed in October , 1980 . The immediate past minister of the church is Roger J. Gench , pastor from 1990 to 2002 , who is now pastor of historic New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington , D.C. The full list of senior ministers from 1870 to present is : = = Current ministry = = The current pastor of Brown Memorial Park Avenue Church since 2004 is Andrew Foster Connors . A native of Raleigh , North Carolina , he earned a Bachelor of Arts from Duke University and a Master of Divinity degree from Columbia Theological Seminary in 2001 . He is a recipient of the prestigious David H. C. Read Preaching Award , named for Presbyterian clergyman and author David H. C. Read of New York City 's Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church . His wife , Kate Foster Connors , whom he met while both were student interns for U.S. Representative David Price , is also an ordained minister and serves as youth director at Brown Memorial . The Connors have two children . Under the pastorate of Andrew Foster Connors , the church ’ s historic leadership continues in social justice issues including national peace efforts , a statewide campaign for marriage equality , local efforts to rebuild blighted neighborhoods , and advocacy of after @-@ school programs to invest in the youth of Baltimore . His views on current affairs are frequently reported in the Baltimore Sun daily newspaper . Connors has also taken an active role in dialogues between the Jewish and Christian faith communities . = = = Music ministry = = = The current minister of music and organist at Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church since June , 2012 , is Michael Britt , who studied music at the Peabody Conservatory and the Conservatoire de Paris . He succeeded Dr. John Walker , an internationally renowned concert organist and CD recording artist , who was minister of music between 2004 and December , 2011 . Formerly director of music and organist at Riverside Church in New York City ( 1983 – 1992 ) and Shadyside Presbyterian Church in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 1992 – 2005 ) , Walker has a Doctor of Musical Arts degree from Stanford University and is National Vice President of the American Guild of Organists . He was named Minister of Music Emeritus by Brown Memorial in 2012 and continues to perform there occasionally . Other previous organists include the celebrated virtuoso Virgil Fox , who gained considerable fame as a concert performer and recording artist while at Brown Memorial early in his career , from 1936 to 1946 . Later , Richard Ross was also a significant music figure in the life of the congregation , succeeding Fox as choirmaster and organist , while also composing music . Francis Eugene Belt then served as organist for more than 50 years , spanning the 1950s to the late 1990s . The 4 @-@ manual Ernest M. Skinner pipe organ has 2 @,@ 939 pipes and remains essentially the same today as when it was installed in 1931 and tonally finished by G. Donald Harrison , as Skinner 's opus 839 . The organ underwent a complete restoration between 2002 – 2005 , with all original 45 ranks of the instrument fully preserved . A 99 @-@ memory level Capture System was added to the organ in 2005 . The choir sings a wide range of choral music at Sunday services , from works of classical composers , such as Mozart 's Ave verum corpus and choruses by Handel and Johannes Brahms , to spirituals and anthems by 20th @-@ century composers , such as Jane Marshall 's My Eternal King . Major choral works are also performed during the year , such as the oratorio Elijah by Felix Mendelssohn , conducted by Walker and accompanied by guest organist Frederick Swann , and Johann Sebastian Bach 's cantata , God 's time is always the very best time ( " Actus Tragicus " , BWV106 ) , in the 2008 – 2009 season . The choir 's May , 2009 , performance of Elijah has since been released on CD . = = = Programs and activities = = = Along with regular worship services on Sundays and holy days , Brown Memorial Park Avenue Church offers various programs of enrichment and outreach , such as concerts , lectures , and study forums . The " Tiffany Series " presents high quality classical concerts as well as distinguished speakers at the church . Speakers have included Harry Belafonte and Marian Wright Edelman , founder of the Children 's Defense Fund , who spoke on Children in Peril : What Does Our Faith Require of Us ? on March 16 , 2008 . The series " Wednesday Nights at Brown " offers dinner speakers for adults , such as John Walker 's " Christian Hymnody and the Theology Behind It , " and arts or music activities for children . The church is active in numerous missions , both locally and on the national and world scenes . Its Urban Mission committee sponsors the Tutoring Program , the oldest volunteer school tutoring program in the nation , and partners with a local elementary school in a story @-@ reading program and yearly donation of books to all pupils . High school and college age youth participate in " Share , " an annual summer missions trip to El Salvador . The church also has a longstanding outreach program with the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota , where Brown Memorial youth and adults conduct summer learning camps for Lakota children . = = Stained glass windows = = Among the considerable number of stained glass windows , those crafted by Louis Comfort Tiffany in 1905 are especially prized for their vibrancy and exceptional depth . Baltimore City Paper called the church and its collection of a dozen Tiffany windows , " the most magnificent interior space in Baltimore City " . During the restoration survey in 2000 , various stained glass experts praised the extent and craftsmanship of the windows . As part of the church 's $ 1 @.@ 8 million restoration project between 2001 – 2003 , all of the stained glass windows were releaded and restored to their original lustre . They are : The Annunciation to the Shepherds – the birth of the infant Christ is announced by angels to shepherds tending their flocks . Tiffany employed a confetti glass technique for the flames of the shepherds ' bonfire as the star of Bethlehem gleams with etched glass . The Baptism of Christ – portrays Jesus with John the Baptist at the River Jordan . Mottled glass is used for the area around the water , with a layer of wavy glass over Christ 's left foot to create the illusion of looking through water . Christ Blessing the Children – the Lord holds a child in his lap , whose face is that of the boy for whom this window was donated as a memorial by his grieving parents . I am the Way – Jesus walks on tempestuous seas surrounded by storm clouds . Opalescent glass is used to create a glow of light around the figure of Jesus . Christ in Gethsemane – portraying Christ praying in the Garden of Gethsemane , surrounded by trees made of stippled glass . The young David – the future Israelite king is pictured . If I Be Lifted Up – Christ is portrayed in the clouds , with light radiating from behind His head as the penetrating eyes seem to follow the viewer around the nave . An extra layer of mottled glass behind the clouds was used by Tiffany . Lead , Kindly Light – the cross at its center is made of etched glass and glows brightly in the rays of the afternoon sun . The Holy City – St. John 's vision on the isle of Patmos of the " New Jerusalem " , as described in Revelation 21 : 2 . Brilliant red , orange , and yellow glass is etched for the sunrise , with textured glass used to create the effect of moving water . Said to be one of the two largest windows ( along with The Annunciation	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
Liège . Liège were runners @-@ up in the Belgian Cup to Anderlecht , but as Anderlecht had won the league this entitled them to compete in the European Cup and Liège took their place in the Cup Winners ' Cup . Liverpool won the first leg in England 3 – 1 and a 2 – 1 victory at Liège 's home ground Stade Maurice Dufrasne ensured a 5 – 2 aggregate victory . In the quarter @-@ finals Liverpool were drawn against Hungarian Cup winners Honvéd . The first leg at Honvéd 's home ground the Bozsik Stadion ended in a 0 – 0 draw . A 2 – 0 victory in the second leg in England ensured Liverpool won the tie 2 – 0 on aggregate to progress to the semi @-@ finals . Liverpool 's opponents in the semi @-@ finals were Scottish Cup winners Celtic . Celtic won the first leg 1 – 0 at their home ground Celtic Park , thanks to a goal from Bobby Lennox . Liverpool needed to win the second leg at Anfield to progress to the final . Two goals from Tommy Smith and Geoff Strong secured a 2 – 0 victory . Liverpool won the tie 2 – 1 on aggregate to secure their place in their first European final . = = Match = = = = = Background = = = Both Liverpool and Borussia Dortmund were appearing in their first European final . It was Liverpool 's second season in European competition , the previous season they had been eliminated in the semi @-@ finals of the 1964 – 65 European Cup by Internazionale . Dortmund first competed in European competition in the 1956 – 57 European Cup , when they were eliminated in the second round . Their best performance in Europe to date was in the 1963 – 64 European Cup . Like Liverpool they were eliminated in the semi @-@ finals by Internazionale . Liverpool had won the 1965 – 66 Football League , a victory over Chelsea F.C. ensured they became English champions . Their league success meant that whatever the result they would be competing in the European Cup the following season . Borussia Dortmund had finished as runners @-@ up in the 1965 – 66 Fußball @-@ Bundesliga , three points behind champions 1860 Munich . As Bayern Munich had won the 1965 – 66 DFB @-@ Pokal , Dortmund 's only chance of participating in European football the following season was to win the Cup Winners ' Cup . = = = Summary = = = The weather in Glasgow was stormy , with torrential rain nearly flooding Hampden Park . As a result , the stadium didn 't reach its normal capacity of 100 @,@ 000 , only 41 @,@ 657 spectators attended the match . The first half was mostly uneventful , both teams negated the threat of the other . Despite this both sides had opportunities to take the lead . At the start of the match , Liverpool striker Ian St. John had a shot cleared off the goal line and midway through the second half Dortmund defender Theodor Redder almost scored an own goal . Towards the end of the half , Dortmund began to have more of an attacking threat . They were only denied by a number of saves from Liverpool goalkeeper Tommy Lawrence , ensuring it remained 0 – 0 at half @-@ time . Liverpool had the majority of the possession up to this point , with Dortmund content to counter @-@ attack . The tactic worked as Dortmund took lead in the 61st minute . Sigfried Held passed to Lothar Emmerich on the left hand side of the pitch , Emmerich played a lofted pass to Held , who volleyed the ball into the goal to give Dortmund a 1 – 0 lead . Seven minutes later Liverpool were level . Peter Thompson ran down the left hand side of the pitch and passed to Roger Hunt who scored to level the match at 1 – 1 . The linesman on the left hand side of the pitch signalled to the referee that the ball had gone out of play , yet the referee ignored him and allowed the goal to stand . There were few chances for either side until the end of the half when Liverpool had a chance to win the match , but Hunt 's shot missed . With the scores still level at 1 – 1 , the match went into extra @-@ time . The winning goal came in the 107th minute . A clearance by Liverpool goalkeeper Lawrence found Dortmund midfielder Reinhard Libuda . Libuda shot 35 yards from goal on the right hand side of the pitch . The shot went over Lawrence and Liverpool defender Ron Yeats hit the post and rebounded off Yeats into the Liverpool goal to give Dortmund a 2 – 1 lead . The score remained the same throughout the remainder of extra @-@ time and Dortmund became the first German team to win the Cup Winners ' Cup . = = = Details = = = = Obsessed ( 2009 film ) = Obsessed is a 2009 American thriller film directed by Steve Shill . The Rainforest Films production stars Idris Elba , Beyoncé , and Ali Larter . Obsessed tells the story of Lisa , an office temp played by Larter , who develops romantic feelings for her boss , Derek Charles ( Elba ) , and repeatedly attempts to seduce him . Derek 's wife , Sharon ( Beyoncé ) , learns of Lisa 's obsessive behavior , and suspects an affair . Screen Gems president Clint Culpepper conceived the basic idea of Obsessed , which was then developed by writer David Loughery , allocated a production budget of $ 20 million , and filmed in the summer of 2008 . Obsessed was inspired by the work of directors Roman Polanski and Alfred Hitchcock , and its score was written by James Dooley . Lisa and Sharon were dressed in contrasting styles to reinforce their conflicting characters . Obsessed opened in US theaters on April 24 , 2009 , and UK theaters on May 29 , 2009 , and was distributed by Screen Gems . Obsessed received generally negative reviews from critics , many of whom were disappointed in the absence of an explanation for Lisa 's obsession with Derek . Others noted that the potential theme of interracial conflict between the Charles family , who were black , and Lisa , who was white , was unexplored . The storyline of Obsessed has been compared with that of Fatal Attraction ( 1987 ) , although film critics disliked the fact that Derek did not yield to Lisa 's seduction . The fight scene finale between Sharon and Lisa , however , was commended by reviewers , and won the MTV Movie Award for Best Fight . Obsessed spent its first week atop the US box office , and grossed $ 73 @.@ 8 million from theaters , internationally . Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the film for home viewing on August 4 , 2009 , in the US and has sold 1 @.@ 3 million DVDs , worth $ 21 million of consumer spending . = = Plot = = Derek Charles ( Idris Elba ) works for a finance company and is married to Sharon ( Beyoncé Knowles ) . While Derek is at work , he greets temporary worker Lisa Sheridan ( Ali Larter ) , who , believing Derek was flirting with her , attempts to seduce him throughout the film . Derek repeatedly rejects her , but Lisa continues to pursue him , making sexual advances on him at the Christmas party and flashing him in his car . Derek intends to report Lisa to his firm 's human resource management , but learns that she has quit her job . Thinking that Lisa has given up , Derek is annoyed when he receives flirtatious emails from her . Derek and his workmates visit a resort for a conference , where he spots and confronts Lisa , who spikes his drink . Incapacitated , Derek is helpless when Lisa follows him into his hotel room and rapes him . He confronts Lisa again the following day , and hours later discovers her lying naked in his bed after attempting suicide by drug overdose , and calls for medical help . After repeated attempts to reach Derek on his phone , Sharon finds Derek at the hospital and suspects that he and Lisa had an affair , as Lisa claims . LAPD Detective Monica Reese ( Christine Lahti ) at first questions Derek 's fidelity to Sharon as well , but soon becomes skeptical of Lisa 's claims , due to inconsistencies in her side of the story , and informs Derek of her belief in him . Sharon , refusing to believe Derek , kicks him out of their house , and he moves into a separate apartment . Months later , Derek and Sharon meet up for dinner and finally reconcile . Meanwhile , Lisa tricks the babysitter Samantha ( Scout Taylor @-@ Compton ) into letting her in under the pretense of being one of Sharon 's friends . When Derek and Sharon return home after dinner , they discover that Lisa had been in the house and seemingly abducted Derek and Sharon 's infant son , Kyle ( Nathan and Nicolas Myers ) . Derek goes to his car with the intent to pursue Lisa , only to find the baby is safely sitting in the back seat . He and Sharon immediately take Kyle to the hospital for a check @-@ up . When Derek and Sharon return home from the hospital , they find Lisa has trashed their bedroom and removed Sharon 's face from their family portrait . Sharon leaves a threatening voice message on Lisa 's phone , and she and Derek set up a home alarm system . Lisa learns that Derek and Sharon will be going away from town for a few days , with Sharon leaving one afternoon and Derek the next day . While Sharon is on her way to pick up Kyle , she realizes she forgot to set the alarm system and returns home . Meanwhile , Lisa breaks into Derek and Sharon 's house again and decorates the master bed with rose petals . While setting the alarm , Sharon hears Lisa in the bedroom . She confronts Lisa , who tries to convince her that Derek was seeing Lisa . However , Sharon sees through her lie and attempts to call the police , but Lisa tackles her to the floor , and the two engage in a fistfight . Derek calls the home phone and Lisa answers ; he calls Detective Reese and they both head toward the house . Lisa runs to the attic and Sharon pursues her . Sharon leads her to a weak spot in the attic floor , where Lisa falls through . Seeing that Lisa is in mortal danger , Sharon reaches out in an attempt to grab Lisa and lift her up , but Lisa refuses and tries to pull Sharon down with her . Seeing that the floor is beginning to buckle , Sharon pries Lisa off of her arm . Lisa falls and smashes onto the glass table below . A chandelier falls from the ceiling onto Lisa , eventually killing her . Detective Reese arrive as Sharon comes out of the house . As soon as Detective Reese goes inside the house to investigate Lisa 's actions , Derek soon arrives ; he and Sharon then tearfully embrace one another . = = Cast = = Idris Elba as Derek Charles Beyoncé Knowles as Sharon Charles Ali Larter as Lisa Sheridan Nathan and Nicolas Myers as Kyle Charles Christine Lahti as Detective Monica Reese Scout Taylor @-@ Compton as Samantha Jerry O 'Connell as Ben Bruce McGill as Joe Gage Matthew Humphreys as Patrick Richard Ruccolo as Hank = = Production = = = = = Background = = = The concept of Obsessed was thought up by Clint Culpepper , president of Screen Gems , and was shared with David Loughery , who wrote the screenplay . Producer William Packer read the script and signed on ; executive producers for the film were Glenn S. Gainor , Jeff Graup , Earvin " Magic " Johnson , Beyoncé , Mathew Knowles , Damon Lee and Loughery , while Nicholas Stern and George Flynn served as co @-@ producer and associate producer , respectively . Director Steve Shill signed on after reading the script and hearing that Beyoncé was on board . Part of the reason Elba joined in was that the black – white theme was ignored ; " It 's not mentioned in the film , it 's never an issue , and I think that 's phenomenal ... To me , that was very refreshing that the studio execs didn 't want to make an issue of it . " Obsessed was allocated a production budget of $ 20 million . Shill stated that the intended effect of the film was to have the audience discuss the characters ' motivations . Writer David Loughery designed Lisa as " not a villain in a traditional sense ; she 's not setting out to wreck a marriage or ruin somebody 's life . She really believes that [ Derek ] is in love with her . " Lisa 's past was deliberately omitted from the film , explaining , " It 's scarier if we never really know how she 's developed this personality that can go from very loving to ultimately deadly . " = = = Casting and filming = = = The casting directors for Obsessed were Ron Digman and Valorie Massalas . According to Packer , Elba and Larter were the favorite actors for their respective lead roles ; he stated that " they both brought the right amount of depth and sex appeal " to the film . He emphasized the need for actors " who were relatable and who can handle that type of human interplay that we have in the film . " Packer showed the film script to Beyoncé 's talent agent , who suggested that Beyoncé play the role of Sharon . The producers " immediately ... fell in love with that idea ; once she suggested Beyoncé , nobody else could play the role . " Packer said that Beyoncé became interested in working on Obsessed because the film was not focused on the music industry , and that it was the first time she played a non @-@ singer . Packer also reported that " she was looking for that challenge and welcomed this opportunity " . Beyoncé stated that she found it challenging to concentrate purely on " the emotion and the psychology of the relationship " . Beyoncé had never taken part in a fight scene , but she was able to learn how to perform the scenes quickly because they were similar to dance choreography , with which she was familiar . Larter was inspired by Rita Hayworth , Barbara Stanwyck and Faye Dunaway , all of whom had previously portrayed femme fatales . Obsessed was filmed over the summer of 2008 , and the final fight scene between Sharon and Lisa was shot over one week . = = = Set and costumes = = = Shill and cinematographer Ken Seng were inspired by Roman Polanski and Alfred Hitchcock when constructing the set , and attempted to make it look both frightening and suburban . Shill stated , " It didn 't look like typical Hollywood ; it didn 't look cosmetic . " The Charles ' family home was set in a 1923 Altadena , California house , however the action scenes were shot on a separate purpose @-@ built set . The set was customized from a house built for The Stepfather ( 2009 ) , which in turn was adapted from a block of apartments for Quarantine ( 2008 ) . The Charles ' living room had a ceiling 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) high , and a custom @-@ built chandelier for the climactic ending of the film . According to Gainor , the house is symbolic of the family 's aspirations , and is intentionally too large for the three occupants ; he said , " It 's a little awkward and a little bit eerie . " The fight scene was filmed on a sound stage set , rather than in the house , for safety and practicability reasons . Costume designer Maya Lieberman attempted to contrast the costumes of Sharon and Lisa to reinforce the conflict between the two characters . She said , " With Ali , our discussion started with wanting really clean , classic and sharp lines , whereas Beyoncé 's character [ wore ] more soft , more textural cashmeres and knits . " Sharon wore clothes designed by Zac Posen , Yves Saint Laurent , Jimmy Choo , Diane von Fürstenberg , Valentino , Stella McCartney and Missoni , while Lisa wore Gucci , Dolce & Gabbana and Burberry outfits . Derek was dressed in Dolce & Gabbana and Versace suits with Thomas Pink shirts to create a " prestigious yet contemporary " look . = = = Music = = = The film score for Obsessed was written by James Dooley . The beginning of Obsessed , where the Charles are seen in their home , plays adult contemporary music in the background . The remainder of the film 's first act is supported by light piano instrumentation , and occasional " low @-@ register whoosh @-@ thump noises , of the kind you might hear in a stalker movie " , according to Sady Doyle of The Guardian . Studio recorded songs on the soundtrack of Obsessed are " Any Other Day " ( Wyclef Jean and Norah Jones ) , " Black and Gold " ( Sam Sparro ) , " Soul Food " ( Martina Topley @-@ Bird ) , " American Boy " ( Estelle ) , " Jolly Holly ( Deck the Halls ) " ( Mike Strickland ) , " I 'm Gonna Getcha " ( Crudo ) , " The Christmas Song " ( Marcus Miller ) , " Play That Funky Music " ( Wild Cherry ) , " Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas " ( Ruben Studdard and Tamyra Gray ) , " Wild Thing " ( Tone Lōc ) , " Oye Al Desierto " ( With the Quickness ) , " Destiny " ( Zero 7 ) , " Meet the Brilliant " ( Draque Bozung ) , " Golden " ( Jill Scott ) , " Bambool Wall " ( Patch ) , and " Smash into You " ( Beyoncé ) . = = Release and reception = = Obsessed premiered at the School of Visual Arts , New York City on April 23 , 2009 , and opened at US cinemas the following day . The film began showing in the United Kingdom on May 29 , 2009 . = = = Critical response = = = Obsessed received generally negative reviews from critics . Based on 85 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a " Rotten " rating from critics , with 19 % positive reviews and an average rating of 3 @.@ 7 out of 10 . The site 's consensus reads " The inevitable Fatal Attraction comparisons aside , Obsessed is a generic , toothless thriller both instantly predictable and instantly forgettable . " Another review aggreatator , Metacritic , gave the film a weighted mean score of 25 out of 100 , based on ten reviews from mainstream critics . A common complaint about the film was that , unlike most " deranged stalker " -themed films , Obsessed did not explain why Lisa was so determined to seduce Derek , who showed no interest in her at all . Variety 's John Anderson and The Hollywood Reporter 's Kirk Honeycutt criticized Lisa 's lack of motive and backstory . Stella Papamichael of Digital Spy called the film predictable and blamed the well @-@ defined morality of the characters . She wrote , " Unlike the bunny @-@ boiling ' 80s classic Fatal Attraction , the characters are drawn in 2D . They are either good or bad , and there is absolutely no attempt to understand what drives them either way . " Liz Braun from Jam ! lambasted the lack of character development in Obsessed and called it " a chemistry @-@ free movie " . Jason McKiernan of Filmcritic.com described the film as " so steeped in the formula of the psycho @-@ sexual suspense flick that it works as both a thriller and a comedy " and " very good trash " . Reviewers also noted that the potential for interracial conflict remained unexplored ; Entertainment Weekly 's Owen Gleiberman wrote , " The movie wants to tease us with intimations of a steamy biracial liaison ; it just doesn 't want to actually go there . " Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe was disappointed that " Obsessed basically plays it safe . The obvious racial buttons are never pushed " . Greg Quill from the Toronto Star agreed , and wrote that Shill and Loughery " stripped the drama of its potentially gripping – and obvious – racial overtones " . However , Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer pointed out that having the two female roles of differing races " creates racial tension " , and noted similarities to " the racially charged " Lakeview Terrace ( 2008 ) , which Loughery also wrote . Braun was of the impression that a well @-@ written script was replaced by the film 's " racial politics " . When Derek confronts Lisa at the business conference , she threatens him with a sexual harassment complaint ; Sady Doyle from The Guardian wrote that this alludes to " the history of black men being lynched for their perceived threat to white women " . Doyle pointed out that historically white women are more revered for their beauty than black women , which is a side theme of the fight between Sharon and Lisa . Melissa Anderson of LA Weekly suggested that awkwardness of the interracial relationship of Derek and Lisa as a reason why the filmmakers did not have the two characters partake in any sexual activity . Critics drew close comparisons between Obsessed and Adrian Lyne 's 1987 stalker thriller Fatal Attraction . However , two distinctions noted were that Obsessed contains no bunny boiling @-@ like incidents , and that Derek and Lisa did not actually have sexual intercourse . John Anderson of Variety wrote , " If Derek had actually slept with Lisa , a la Michael Douglas in Fatal Attraction , Obsessed would at least have had the spurned @-@ woman gambit to play , however hoary . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film zero out of four stars , and wrote that Derek 's lack of interest in Lisa allowed for no conflict in the film . Travers concluded , " Everything you need to know is in the trailer . " The Daily Telegraph 's Tim Robey thought that Obsessed would have been more entertaining had Lisa 's character been fiercer like Alex Forrest in Fatal Attraction . Rickey opined that while the lack of infidelity made the film less thrilling , it " is about the sanctity of marriage rather than the shame of adultery . " The final fight scene between Sharon and Lisa was commended by critics . Marjorie Baumgarten from The Austin Chronicle stated that , despite the predictability of its plot , Obsessed caters to " the American moviegoers ' appetite for a juicy catfight . " E ! Online 's Natasha Vargas @-@ Cooper lauded the choreography and noted the scene as the highlight of the film . McKiernan called it the " best knock @-@ down , drag @-@ out girlfight " of 2009 . However , Alex Navarro from Screened called the fight " boring " because of the poor filming and editing of the scene . = = = Awards and nominations = = = At the 2009 Teen Choice Awards , Obsessed was nominated in the category of Choice Movie : Drama , while Beyoncé was a nominee for the Choice Movie Actress : Drama award . The fight scene between Sharon and Lisa garnered Beyoncé and Larter a nomination in the Teen Choice Awards ' Choice Movie Rumble category , but lost to Twilight . Beyoncé and Larter were nominated in the categories of Worst Actress and Worst Supporting Actress , but lost to Sandra Bullock and Sienna Miller respectively , at the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards ( " Razzies " ) . Idris Elba was a nominee for the award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture at the 41st NAACP Image Awards , but lost to Morgan Freeman 's portrayal of Nelson Mandela in Invictus ( 2009 ) . Obsessed won the award for Best Fight at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards , for the fight between Sharon and Lisa . The stunt work was recognized at the 2010 Taurus World Stunt Awards with nominations for Best Fight and Best High Work , and the award for Best Overall Stunt by a Woman . = = = Box office = = = Obsessed was screened at 2 @,@ 514 theaters and grossed $ 11 @,@ 209 @,@ 297 on its opening day of April 24 , 2009 ; it ended its opening weekend at the top of the box office , with gross revenue of $ 28 @,@ 612 @,@ 730 in those three days , and became the second @-@ biggest opening weekend for a Screen Gems film ever . The film spent its entire first week of release at number one and grossed $ 34 @,@ 802 @,@ 334 , however it slipped to number three the following week due to the release of X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine and Ghosts of Girlfriends Past . Obsessed closed in US cinemas on June 14 , 2009 , having grossed $ 68 @,@ 261 @,@ 644 domestically in its eight weeks of availability , which made up 92 @.@ 5 % of its gross worldwide takings . Outside the US , the film grossed an additional $ 5 @,@ 568 @,@ 696 , bringing its total gross box office revenue to $ 73 @,@ 830 @,@ 340 . The top performing international territory was Spain , with an opening weekend of $ 646 @,@ 760 and a final total of 1 @,@ 914 @,@ 828 , followed by the United Kingdom with a total of $ 854 @,@ 917 , Germany with $ 529 @,@ 794 , and the region of Southern Africa with $ 343 @,@ 932 . = = = Home media = = = Obsessed was released for home viewing via DVD , Blu @-@ ray and digital distribution by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on August 4 , 2009 in the US . In its first week of release , Obsessed sold 540 @,@ 925 DVD copies in the US , worth $ 8 @,@ 806 @,@ 259 of sales . To date the film has sold 1 @,@ 263 @,@ 325 DVDs in the US , worth $ 22 @,@ 875 @,@ 547 of consumer expenditure . = Baclayon Church = La Purisima Concepcion de la Virgen Maria Parish Church ( also The Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary Parish Church ) , commonly known as Baclayon Church , is a Roman Catholic Church in the municipality of Baclayon , Bohol , Philippines within the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tagbilaran . Baclayon was founded by the Jesuit priest Juan de Torres and Gabriel Sánchez in 1596 , and became the oldest Christian settlement in Bohol . It was elevated as a parish in 1717 and the present coral stone church was completed in 1727 . The Augustinian Recollects succeeded the Jesuits in 1768 and heavily renovated the church since then . The church was declared a National Cultural Treasure by the National Museum of the Philippines and a National Historical Landmark by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines . Together with the churches of Maragondon , Loboc and Guiuan , the Baclayon Church was formerly included for the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List of the Philippines since 1993 under the collective group of Jesuit Churches of the Philippines . When a 7 @.@ 2 magnitude earthquake struck Bohol and other parts of Central Visayas in 2013 , the church building sustained major damage . = = History = = The Jesuits , the first evangelizers of the Baclayon , planted the first seed of Christianity in Bohol upon the request of Doña Catalina de Bolaños , mother of the encomendero of Bohol island , Pedro de Gamboa to Father Antonio Sedeno , mission superior of Leyte and Samar . In November 17 , 1596 , the first Jesuits , Father Juan de Torres , SJ and Father Gabriel Sánchez , SJ , came to Baclayon . At that time , a Catholic chapel is already existing inside the encomienda . In 1717 , Baclayon was elevated as a parish . The present stone church constructed under the Jesuits was finished in 1727 . When the Jesuits were expelled in the country in 1768 , the Augustinian Recollects immediately succeeded them in the late part of the same year in administering the spiritual needs of the people of Baclayon . Renovations on the church was done during the administration of Father Pedro de la Encarnación , OAR ( 1839 – 1854 ) , Father Antonio Úbeda , OAR ( 1856 – 1859 , 1861 – 1868 ) and Father José María Cabañas , OAR ( 1870 – 1898 ) . The church was saved from destruction that might be brought by American soldiers in exchange for food and water in 1901 . During the Second World War , the church suffered damages but was later restored . From being part of Baclayon , Balilihan , Alburquerque , Corella and Sikatuna became independent parishes in 1829 , 1869 , 1884 and 1914 respectively . Although it survived damages and was eventually restored , the church of Baclayon was heavily damaged when an earthquake struck Bohol on October 15 , 2013 . = = = Historical and cultural declarations = = = Baclayon Church was declared a National Cultural Treasure by the National Museum of the Philippines in 2010 . The National Historical Institute , now National Historical Commission of the Philippines , also declared Baclayon Church a National Historical Landmark on July 27 , 1994 . It is also being considered for addition to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of the Philippines under the collective group of the Jesuit Churches of the Philippines with the churches of Maragondon in Cavite , Loboc in Bohol and Guiuan in Eastern Samar . However , due to its total destruction , it was removed as a nominated site . = = Features = = The church , built out of coral stones , is a cross shaped ( cruciform ) church with its juncture or crossing surmounted by a pyramidal wall . The original tiled roof was replaced by galvanized iron in 1893 . The church complex is strategically located facing the sea . It originally has defensive stone walls around but was removed in the 1870s . It also has a school building built out of coral stones in the middle of the 19th century . A wood and stone market was built in 1881 . = = = Facade = = = The original facade , oriented southwest and located behind the portico , was built together with the stone church built by the Jesuits in 1727 . The facade is simply designed with its upper half hidden by an extended choir loft which houses an 1824 pipe organ . A way of glazed blue tiles connects the facade and the portico . The portico was added as an extension to the facade in 1875 by the Augustinian Recollects . An inscription on the portico 's pediment based on the year of construction of the facade ( 1875 ) was invisible due to church renovations . Two religious images , both dated 1885 , is found on the portico 's niches : St. Joseph and the child Jesus on the uppermost niche and the Immaculate Conception , patroness , on the central niche . Just like the facade , the walls of the church were simply decorated with icons of an angels ' head and wings . = = = Interiors = = = The church entrance is flanked by an arcade leading to the narthex . The entrance to the choir loft and the carosa for the images of saints is found on the right and left side of the narthex respectively . Since the floor inside is lower than the ground outside , a new floor made of wood ( particularly molave ) was installed in 1852 which was later replaced by brick tiles from 1874 to 1875 . Reddish paintings on wooden panels commissioned by Father Antonio Ubeda from 1856 to 1859 can be found inside the church . These are the Ascension of Our Lord and Pentecost on the doorway ; and two portraits of the Doctors of the Church . A third portrait belonging to the set of Doctors of the Church is on the church museum while the fourth portrait is lost . The paintings Agony in the Garden and Crowning of Thorns , also commissioned by Father Úbeda , is currently housed at the San Agustin Museum in Intramuros , Manila . The works of art are done by Liberato Gachalian . Murals , mostly replaced by monochromatic tin sheets , were also present on the church 's ceilings . Though most ceiling paintings were unpreserved , an original work of Max Aya @-@ ay in 1957 can still be seen on portions of the crossing . The walls were originally adorned with wooden images of Stations of the Cross commissioned by Father Ubeda in 1859 which were later replaced by European @-@ made images . A Baroque and Neoclassical pulpit made in the 1870s is located on the right side ( epistle ) of the church , facing the altar . Connected to the convent is the tribuna , a private area for guests and visiting priests on the epistle side . A silver sanctuary lamp , dated 1835 and additional details such as sconce added in 1874 , is hanged on the crossing . = = = Altar or retablo = = = The church has three retablos , one retablo mayor ( central or major retablo ) and two other side altars . The retablo mayor has inscription of the Jesuit motto , Ad maiorem Dei gloriam which gave the idea that the Jesuits left Baclayon with this church altar . On the altar 's center , a medallion with the anagram of the Blessed Virgin Mary can be seen which maybe originally the Jesuit logo . It contains 18th and 19th century images of St. Joseph on the uppermost level ; Holy Trinity ( center ) , Saint Michael and Saint Gabriel on the middle level ; and the Immaculate Conception ( center ) , Saint Anne and Saint Joachim on the lowest level . In 1810 , a silver tabernacle was added to the altar . Above the altar is a ceiling painting depicting the Last Supper and a Spanish inscription dedicated to the Virgin Mary . = = = = Gospel retablo = = = = The side altar located on the left hand side facing the altar is consecrated to the Santo Niño . Joining the statue of the Holy Child are 19th century images of Saint Anthony of Padua and Saint Blaise ; and Saint Lucy on the topmost level . Another smaller neoclassical retablo housing a 19th @-@ century image of Saint Mary Magdalene is located on the left side of the gospel retablo . = = = = Epistle retablo = = = = The opposite side altar on the right side houses another early 19th century image of the Nuestra Señora de la Consolación ( Our Lady of Consolation ) in the central niche . Joining the Marian image are Augustinian Saints : Saint Augustine , Saint Monica and Saint Nicolas de Tolentino . Another smaller neoclassical retablo built in 1875 on the right side houses the image of Saint Joseph in the main niche and Saint Isidore . = = = Baptistry = = = An octagonal baptistry connected to the near the altar of Saint Mary Magdalene in the gospel transept was constructed in 1853 . Inside the baptistry is an earlier image of San Juan Bautista , a baptismal font and an unusual retablo built in 1852 housing the Santo Entierro in a glass coffin and the Nuestra Señora de los Dolores in the central niche . = = = Sacristy = = = Located near the retablo is a large room called the ante @-@ sacristy , a storage room for church utensils and decorations . This room is connected to either the convent or the main sacristy which stores the church 's liturgical vestments . Several wooden chests inside the sacristy carries the flaming heart , a symbol of the Augustinian order and okir motifs . The doors leading to both the ante @-@ sacristy and sacristy is similar to the doors of another Jesuit church , the Maragondon Church . The sacristy was also built at that same time with the baptistry in 1852 . = = = Convento = = = The Jesuits left an extension of the epistle transept used as living quarters . In 1872 , it was expanded to become a proper convento under Father Cabañas . The convento is a typical bahay @-@ na @-@ bato with its first floor made out of coral stones and egg white mixed with plaster as binder and the second floor made out of light materials like bamboo . The convent which serves as the priest 's house , it is much used as the church 's ecclesiastical museum . Other structures around the convent are the Jesuit @-@ built bastion , remnants of an old fortification and a bakery behind the convent which processes egg yolk ( unused from using egg as binder in construction of building ) into broas ( ladyfingers / sponge @-@ fingers ) . = = = Watchtower = = = The quandrangular watchtower , which was also the church 's bell tower , was left unfinished by the Jesuits when they were expelled out of the country . The Augustinian Recollects , who succeeded the Jesuits , completed the watchtower . It is used to be a detached structure from the church and was connected after the addition of the portico . Made of coral stones , it also has a bas relief of Saint Andrew with an inscription of the date the tower was finished during Father San Andrés de la Santísima Trinidad 's administration , May 20 , 1777 . It still has the original six out of the nine bells from 1880 to 1894 during Father Cabañas ' terms . The seventh bell ( 1886 ) is in the church museum while the eight bell ( 1872 ) is given to the newly founded parish of Corella . = = = Mortuary chapel = = = Near the baptistery is a separate rectangular mortuary chapel ( ermita de difuntos ) built in 1859 . A road from the mortuary chapel leads to the cemetery with stone fences . At the middle of the cemetery is a stone chapel and an ossuary at its back . = = 2013 Bohol earthquake = = One of the largest earthquakes to hit Bohol struck the island at 8 : 12 AM on October 15 , 2013 . The center of the M7.2 earthquake was near Sagbayan , Bohol . Centuries @-@ old churches in Bohol , including seven churches on Baclayon , Dauis , Dimiao , Loay , Loboc , Loon and Maribojoc , declared as National Cultural Treasures , were damaged . The church of Baclayon sustained major damage with its collapsed portico and bell tower . The Diocese of Tagbilaran plans to restore the Church of Baclayon and all other churches destroyed by the earthquake . Together with government agencies , pre @-@ restoration works are currently on @-@ going . = I Can Hear the Heart Beating as One = I Can Hear the Heart Beating as One is the eighth studio album by the American indie rock band Yo La Tengo , released on April 22 , 1997 , by Matador Records . It was produced by Roger Moutenot and recorded at House of David in Nashville , Tennessee . The album expands the guitar @-@ based pop of its predecessor Electr @-@ O @-@ Pura to encompass a variety of other music genres , including bossa nova , krautrock , and electronic music . Most of the songs on the album deal with melancholy emotions and range from short and fragile ballads to long and open @-@ ended dissonance . Upon release , Beating as One reached number 19 on the Billboard 's Heatseekers Albums chart , becoming the first Yo La Tengo album to enter the charts . Three songs from the album , " Autumn Sweater " , " Sugarcube " , and the cover " Little Honda " , were released as singles . The album received considerable acclaim from music critics , who praised the band 's ability to successfully expand the boundaries of nearly any pop style . The album is widely regarded as the band 's best work and is frequently included on several publications ' best album lists . In 2010 , Rolling Stone placed it at number 86 on its list of 100 Best Albums of the Nineties . = = Background and recording = = I Can Hear the Heart Beating as One is the follow @-@ up to Yo La Tengo 's highly acclaimed 1995 album Electr @-@ O @-@ Pura , which was ranked at number 9 in The Village Voice 's 1995 Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . Electr @-@ O @-@ Pura marked a new creative direction for the band . According to singer and guitarist Ira Kaplan , " I think after Electr @-@ O @-@ Pura we 've had a direction of trying not to worry too hard about what the next album is going to sound like [ ... ] we just write a bunch of songs , and then go one baby step at the time and just do what seems right . " At the time , Kaplan also explained that the lyrics used to come last : " What will really happen is somebody will start playing and we 'll all fall in and play for a long time . We 'll finish playing an hour later and kinda say , ' Oh , do you remember what you did ? ' Then we 'll write something down — or maybe we won 't . " Beating as One was recorded at House of David in Nashville , Tennessee and produced by Roger Moutenot , who also produced the band 's previous two albums . Kaplan described the recording sessions of the album as follows : " We hole up in a room and work for a really long time . Then we come out and blink our eyes because it 's sunny out " . Initially , the band did not intend to write a long album , but eventually felt that having a long album was the only way to accommodate the instrumental track " Spec Bebop " , which the band felt it needed to be included in the album " by hook or by crook " . Beating as One is the only Yo La Tengo album that was recorded on an ADAT magnetic tape format , even though it was mixed to analog later . Audio mixing took place at Big House and Magic Shop in New York City . = = Music and lyrics = = Beating as One expands Electr @-@ O @-@ Pura 's guitar @-@ based pop to encompass a variety of other music genres , ranging from the bossa nova soundscapes of " Center of Gravity " to the electronic grooves of " Autumn Sweater " , the krautrock jams of " Spec Bebop " , the " jazzy goof " of " Moby Octopad " , the trip hop sound of " Damage " , and the psychedelic folk instrumentation of " We 're an American Band " , among others . The album also contains two cover songs : " Little Honda " , a Beach Boys tune written by Brian Wilson and Mike Love , and " My Little Corner of the World " , recorded by musician and anti @-@ gay activist Anita Bryant , although the band initially did not know she had ever recorded it . The former , which is a song that Kaplan learned for a solo guitar show , was originally used to make sure the recording equipment was set up right . However , it was ultimately included in the album because , according to bassist James McNew , " it just sort of turned out pretty good . " Most of the lyrics on Beating as One deal with melancholy emotions . The track " Stockholm Syndrome " , which is the first Yo La Tengo song sung by McNew , is about captives eventually expressing empathy toward their captors and vice versa . It was described by prominent music critic Robert Christgau as a " simulated Neil Young ballad " . The song " Autumn Sweater " , which is layered with complex rhythms and textures , explores themes of love and lack of communication , while " Center of Gravity " has been described as " a simple lo @-@ fi devotional love song " . Beating as One also marks the debut of Kaplan 's falsetto singing , which was said to blur the line between his voice and that of drummer Georgia Hubley . The album 's title is taken from a line in an unknown film . According to Kaplan , " I think it 's a nice , evocative title — it seems to mean a lot but it doesn 't really mean anything . It comes from a movie , but I 'm not telling what movie . You 'll have to see it one day and say , ' Eureka ! ' " = = Release = = Beating as One was released on April 22 , 1997 , by the independent record label Matador Records and reached number 19 on the Billboard 's Heatseekers Albums chart , becoming the first Yo La Tengo album to enter the charts . Three songs from the album , " Autumn Sweater " , " Sugarcube " , and " Little Honda " , were released as singles or EPs in 1997 . A music video featuring Mr. Show with Bob and David 's comedians David Cross and Bob Odenkirk was made for " Sugarcube " . The song " Moby Octopad " , which was not released as a single , peaked at number 4 on the KEXP Top 90 @.@ 3 Album Chart in 1997 . As of March 2000 , Beating as One has sold 73 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S. according to Nielsen SoundScan , becoming Yo La Tengo 's most commercially successful album at the time . = = Critical reception = = Upon release , Beating as One received considerable acclaim from music critics . Matt Diehl of Rolling Stone felt that the album " proves that Yo La Tengo can master nearly any pop style [ ... ] the music 's ominousness is undercut by Yo La Tengo 's infectious joy at simply making noise . It 's just this joy that makes Yo La Tengo stand out amid their indie @-@ rock peers " . Similarly , The A.V. Club reviewer John Krewson described Beating as One as " an example of a band having great fun exploring the possibilities of pop music . " Robert Christgau , in his review for Spin , said that the album gave the band " the grace to professionalize toward the pop melodicism the 've always loved . " He also felt that the first nine songs were perfect and considered " Autumn Sweater " as the " very peak " of the album . Writing for Chicago Tribune , Greg Kot highlighted the album 's diverse influences , stating that the band " fashions sprawling albums out of minimal instrumental strokes and soft voices . " David Browne of Entertainment Weekly said that , while the band has always been " adept at striking a balance between hurricane @-@ force dissonance and fragile serenity " , Yo La Tengo " crack open their sound even wider here . Their muted , after @-@ hours guitar drone is in full effect [ ... ] As adults who still need to make a racket , they remain addicted to noise , but now the trio integrates the feedback into the arrangements , like squalls rumbling in the distance . " Dele Fadele of NME also praised the open @-@ ended nature of the album , but criticized the instrumental " Spec Bebop " for being " constructed around some hurtful feedback , to end up as an endurance test . " In a very positive review , Jason Josephes of Pitchfork Media praised the album for exploring new directions , commenting that the band takes its " sonic inventions to new levels . " Beating as One was ranked number 5 in The Village Voice 's 1997 Pazz & Jop critics ' poll , the band 's highest position to date . In the poll 's accompanying essay , Christgau referred to the album as one of his " favorite albums of the year , easy " , alongside those by Pavement , Sleater @-@ Kinney , and Arto Lindsay . Similarly , editors of NME magazine placed the album at number 19 in their albums of the year list for 1997 , while Spin journalists placed the album at number 8 in their list of Top 20 Albums of the Year . Retrospectively , Beating as One is widely regarded as the band 's best work . AllMusic reviewer Fred Thomas described it as " a definitive master statement . The subtly shifting moods and wide , curious palette of stylistic exploration resulted in a lasting indie rock classic , essential listening and also something of a blueprint for much of what followed from like @-@ minded bands for years to come . " In his review of the band 's 2003 album Summer Sun , Christgau praised Beating as One as Yo La Tengo 's " career album " , commenting that " It 's no challenge or insult to state categorically that they 'll never top it . " The album is frequently included on several publications ' best album lists . In 1999 , it was ranked number 78 on Spin 's list of The 90 Greatest Albums of the ' 90s . In 2003 , Pitchfork ranked it number 25 on its list of the Top 100 albums of the 1990s . Similarly , Rolling Stone placed the record at number 86 on its 2010 compilation of 100 Best Albums of the Nineties . In 2012 , the album appeared at number 22 in Paste 's list of The 90 Best Albums of the 1990s . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Yo La Tengo unless otherwise noted . = = Personnel = = Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes . Yo La Tengo – performers , writers of tracks 1 to 8 and 10 to 15 Roger Moutenot – production Greg Calbi – mastering Jad Fair – artwork Steve Thornton – photography = U.S. Route 131 = US Highway 131 ( US 131 ) is a north – south United States Highway , of which all but 0 @.@ 67 of its 269 @.@ 98 miles ( 1 @.@ 08 of 434 @.@ 49 km ) are within the state of Michigan . The highway starts in rural Indiana south of the state line as a state road connection to the Indiana Toll Road . As the road crosses into Michigan it becomes a state trunkline highway that connects to the metropolitan areas of Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids before continuing north to its terminus at Petoskey . US 131 runs as a freeway from south of Portage through to Manton in the north . Part of this freeway runs concurrently with Interstate 296 ( I @-@ 296 ) as an unsigned designation through Grand Rapids . US 131 forms an important corridor along the western side of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan , running through rural farm and forest lands as well as urban cityscapes . Various names have been applied to the roadway over the years . The oldest , the Mackinaw Trail , originated from an Indian trail in the area while other names honored politicians . An attempt to dedicate the highway to poet James Whitcomb Riley failed to gain official support in Michigan . The first state highways along the US 131 corridor were designated as early as 1919 . When the US Highway System was formed on November 11 , 1926 , US 131 was created along the route of M @-@ 13 in Michigan . Originally ending at Fife Lake on the north end , the highway was extended to Petoskey in the late 1930s . Further changes were made , starting in the 1950s , to convert segments of the road to a full freeway . The state started this conversion simultaneously at two locations : heading north from Three Rivers , and heading both north and south from a point in southern Kent County . A third segment was built south of Cadillac and over subsequent years Michigan filled the gaps in the freeway . Cadillac and Manton were bypassed in the early part of the 21st century , resulting in the current freeway configuration . Another large @-@ scale construction project in 2000 rebuilt an unusual section of the freeway through Grand Rapids known as the S @-@ Curve . Two bridges formerly used by US 131 have been labeled by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) as historic structures ; one of them has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NHRP ) . Plans to further extend the freeway have either been canceled or placed back under study . Upgrades on the north end through Kalkaska ceased to be considered in 2000 . South of Three Rivers , MDOT is studying possible upgrades to US 131 . One option for these upgrades is a full freeway , an option that was initially rejected . The preferred alternative in 2008 was a two @-@ lane bypass of Constantine that opened in October 2013 . = = Route description = = Running 269 @.@ 98 miles ( 434 @.@ 49 km ) in Indiana and Michigan , US 131 in its entirety is listed as a part of the National Highway System , a system of roads crucial to the nation 's economy , defense and mobility . As a state highway in both states , the roadway is maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation ( INDOT ) and MDOT . The Michigan section includes approximately 172 miles ( 277 km ) of freeway between Kalamazoo and Wexford counties . = = = Indiana = = = US 131 extends 0 @.@ 67 miles ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) through Elkhart County , Indiana , between the entrance to the Indiana Toll Road , a few hundred feet north of the Toll Road overpass , and the state line to the north . State Road 13 ( SR 13 ) runs concurrently with US 131 in this section but is not signposted . INDOT surveys the roads under its control on a regular basis to measure the amount of traffic using the state 's highways . These traffic counts are expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , a calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . The 2007 survey reported average daily traffic of 7 @,@ 949 cars and 2 @,@ 068 trucks . = = = Southwest Michigan = = = As a state trunkline highway , US 131 runs approximately 266 miles ( 428 km ) in Michigan , from the Indiana state line north to Petoskey . The highway is an important link between Grand Rapids and the tourist areas of Northern Michigan . The trunkline enters Michigan about three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) south of White Pigeon , crossing a branch of the Michigan Southern Railroad before meeting US 12 on the west side of the village . The highway passes through rural farmland north to just south of Constantine , where US 131 turns northeastward to bypass the downtown business district , crosses the St. Joseph River and continues north to Three Rivers . The stretch of highway between Constantine and the start of the divided highway south of Three Rivers averaged 7 @,@ 579 cars and 1 @,@ 045 trucks daily in 2009 according to MDOT , one of the lowest AADT counts for the highway in Michigan . US 131 runs through a business corridor along the west side of Three Rivers . M @-@ 60 runs concurrently along this part of US 131 until the two highways meet the south end of the business loop through town . The main road curves to the northeast as it leaves town , and M @-@ 60 turns east to follow Business US 131 ( Bus . US 131 ) into downtown . The trunkline runs parallel to a branch of the Grand Elk Railroad . North of the other end of the business loop , US 131 follows a four @-@ lane surface highway through rural farmland in northern St. Joseph County . The highway has at @-@ grade junctions with cross roads , but otherwise has limited access from adjoining property . This arrangement ends on the south side of Schoolcraft , where the highway transitions to follow Grand Street through town . North of town US 131 returns to an expressway as the highway continues through southern Kalamazoo County farmland . After an intersection with Shaver Road , US 131 widens into a full freeway which passes the Gourdneck State Game Area as it enters the Kalamazoo metropolitan area . US 131 meets I @-@ 94 southwest of Kalamazoo and picks up the Business Loop I @-@ 94 ( BL I @-@ 94 ) designation for a couple of miles . This secondary designation leaves the freeway at exit 36 and follows US 131 's business loop along Stadium Drive into downtown Kalamazoo near the main campus of Western Michigan University . As the freeway passes the west side of Kalamazoo the environs change to a more forested and semi @-@ residential area . US 131 passes the northern end of Bus . US 131 , a freeway spur accessible from the southbound lanes of US 131 . North of this partial interchange the freeway crosses into eastern Allegan County . = = = West Michigan = = = As US 131 passes through the outskirts of Plainwell , it curves to the northeast through a commercial area centered around the interchange with M @-@ 89 . North of this area US 131 crosses the Kalamazoo River and runs past the US 131 Raceway Park , a dragstrip close to the M @-@ 222 interchange near Martin . The freeway continues north through mixed farm and forest land to the residential areas that abut it in Wayland . Further north the highway crosses into Kent County and the southern end of the Grand Rapids metropolitan area . As the freeway continues farther north , and closer to Grand Rapids , it is lined with more commercial and light industrial properties . The unincorporated suburb of Cutlerville lies to the east as US 131 approaches M @-@ 6 , the South Beltline Freeway , and meets in the largest freeway interchange in West Michigan . Gaining a third lane in each direction , the interchange stretches over a half mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) in width and over a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) in length and encompasses 27 bridges and 18 retaining walls . US 131 continues north through the city of Wyoming to the more suburban residential areas near the southern city limits of Grand Rapids north of M @-@ 11 ( 28th Street ) . The freeway continues through the southern end of Grand Rapids , alongside residential areas until Burton Street . A large rail yard abuts the trunkline on the east , and the freeway turns northeasterly on its approach to downtown . At Wealthy Street , the freeway takes a sharp turn to the west to cross the Grand River and immediately turns back north on a bridge structure known as the S @-@ Curve . The highest traffic volumes along US 131 are located north of this river crossing . In 2009 , MDOT measured an AADT of 107 @,@ 200 cars and 5 @,@ 992 trucks through the stretch between Market Avenue and Pearl Street . The trunkline continues past the Gerald R. Ford Museum and the Public Museum of Grand Rapids before the northbound carriageway crosses over , then back under , the southbound lanes , forcing traffic through this stretch to briefly drive on the left . North of I @-@ 196 , US 131 picks up a second , hidden designation on highway inventory logs called I @-@ 296 , although the number is not signposted along the road . I @-@ 296 / US 131 continues along the banks of the Grand River into Walker where the hidden I @-@ 296 designation turns to the northwest along a series of ramps to I @-@ 96 while US 131 curves to the northeast along a bend in the river . As it continues along the river the freeway passes through the unincorporated community of Comstock Park and near to Fifth Third Ballpark , home of the West Michigan Whitecaps local minor league baseball team . The trunkline turns north , away from the river , as it nears the stadium and passes through the remainder of the northern suburb , changing to a more rural character as the freeway passes through the northern end of Kent County . M @-@ 46 joins US 131 from the west at Cedar Springs and the two highways pass into northwestern Montcalm County near Sand Lake . North of Pierson the landscape is dominated by forests . M @-@ 46 turns east and leaves the freeway near Howard City while US 131 continues into Mecosta County near the Little Muskegon River . The freeway forms the eastern boundary of the Manistee National Forest near the river and north to Big Rapids . Further north M @-@ 20 joins the US 131 freeway near Stanwood and the two highways cross the Muskegon River on the way to Big Rapids . The city is served by its own business loop and M @-@ 20 turns east off the freeway along Bus . US 131 toward the main campus of Ferris State University . North of Big Rapids US 131 runs through rural Osceola County to a junction with US 10 at Reed City . = = = Northern Michigan = = = Passing through rural Osceola County and providing access to rural communities such as Le Roy and Tustin , US 131 approaches the south side of Cadillac in Wexford County . At exit 176 , M @-@ 55 leaves a concurrency with M @-@ 115 and joins the US 131 freeway around the east side of Cadillac . This bypass was built in the early 21st century and the old routing is now a business loop through downtown . M @-@ 55 follows the freeway to exit 180 while US 131 continues around the east side of Cadillac and north around the east side of Manton . The lowest freeway traffic counts along US 131 , 7 @,@ 455 cars and 709 trucks in 2009 , are on the northeast side of Manton , as the trunkline transitions back to a two @-@ lane undivided highway before meeting the north end of Manton 's business loop . The two @-@ lane highway runs through the Pere Marquette State Forest and over the Manistee River , crossing the southeast corner of Grand Traverse County . It meets the southern end of M @-@ 113 in Walton , where it runs parallel to the Great Lakes Central Railroad . Passing through Fife Lake , US 131 crosses into Kalkaska County and to South Boardman . The area around South Boardman is marked by farmland as the trunkline crosses the Boardman River in the small unincorporated community . The road once again runs parallel to the railroad as it meets M @-@ 66 / M @-@ 72 south of Kalkaska . The three highways join and run concurrently through downtown . North of town M @-@ 72 turns west toward Traverse City and US 131 / M @-@ 66 continues north through farmland into Antrim County . About 3 – 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 – 5 @.@ 6 km ) north of town , standing on the west side of the road , is the Shoe Tree . A local icon since shortly after the turn of the 21st century , the origins of the landmark are unknown . The trunkline follows the railroad into Antrim and Mancelona . North of downtown Mancelona M @-@ 66 turns north toward Charlevoix and US 131 continues along the Mackinaw Trail , through Alba . M @-@ 32 follows US 131 for a half mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) near the community of Elmira . As it continues farther north US 131 enters the Mackinaw State Forest . Here , MDOT has calculated the lowest average daily traffic counts of all on US 131 : 5 @,@ 114 cars and 448 trucks in 2009 . The highway passes through rural Charlevoix County where the terrain has many rolling hills and begins to descend to Lake Michigan . As the highway enters the southern section of the city of Petoskey it runs along Spring Street passing retail establishments and the Odawa Casino , owned by the Little Traverse Bay Indian Reservation of the Odawa Indians . At the northern terminus of US 131 , US 31 turns off Charlevoix Avenue and follows Spring Street to the north . = = = Services = = = MDOT operates 67 rest areas and 14 welcome centers in the state , all named in honor of retired department employees . Eight of these are along US 131 , providing bathroom facilities , dog runs , picnic areas and usually vending machines . The rest areas near Kalamazoo , Rockford , Big Rapids and Tustin serve southbound traffic while those near Morley and Cadillac serve the northbound side of the freeway . The two near Manton and Fife Lake are accessible from both directions . A ninth rest area used to exist near Cutlerville on the northbound side of US 131 , but this location was demolished on January 22 , 2001 , to make way for the interchange with M @-@ 6 . The department wanted to build a replacement near Dorr , in northern Allegan County , but the plans were canceled in late 2001 . MDOT removed the honoree 's name from the Tustin rest area in early 2011 . The former employee , Larry Brown , was a district engineer that retired from the department in 1997 after 30 years of service . He pleaded no contest on a sexual assault charge , which prompted MDOT to remove his name from the rest area when notified of his conviction . A new honoree will be chosen by the department 's Rest Area Committee . MDOT has also built carpool lots for motorists along the freeway . There are 21 lots , all but one adjacent to a freeway interchange . The department touts these lots as a way to save money and benefit the environment , and has partnered with a network of local agencies offering Local Rideshare Offices . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = Before Michigan became a state , the first land transportation corridors were the Indian trails . The original Mackinaw Trail ran roughly parallel to the route of the modern US 131 from east of Kalkaska to Petoskey . In the 19th century , the Michigan Legislature chartered private companies to build and operate plank roads or turnpikes in the state . These roads were originally made of oak planks , but later legislation permitted gravel as well . Two thoroughfares in the Grand Rapids area , Division and Plainfield avenues , were originally plank roads . The companies were funded through the collection of tolls . The infrastructure was expensive to maintain , and often the turnpikes fell into disrepair as the wood warped and rotted away . Mark Twain once commented that " the road could not have been bad if some unconscionable scoundrel had not now and then dropped a plank across it , " after a trip on the Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids Plank Road . By the first decade of the 20th century , only 23 of the 202 chartered turnpikes were still in operation ; many companies that received a charter never built their specified roadways . The remaining plank roads were turned over to the state or purchased by railway companies in the early part of the century . The first state @-@ maintained highway along the path of US 131 was M @-@ 13 , a designation applied to the road by July 1 , 1919 . US 131 debuted along with the rest of the initial U.S. Highway System on November 11 , 1926 , although at the time it was shown on maps from the Michigan – Indiana state line north to the small Northern Michigan community of Acme in Grand Traverse County . The northernmost section of the highway between Fife Lake and Acme was not signposted in the field and the designation ended instead at Fife Lake , about 213 miles ( 343 km ) north of the state line . At the same time , the Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) redesignated the remainder of M @-@ 13 , between Fife Lake and Petoskey , as M @-@ 131 . Public Act 131 of 1931 allowed the MSHD to take control over the city streets that carried state highways through cities in the state . Until this point , the City of Grand Rapids arbitrarily moved the route of state highways through the city on a regular basis . The department took control of a series of streets and fixed the routing of US 131 through the city after the passage of the act . The highway was shifted between Three Rivers and Constantine to the west side of the St. Joseph River in 1936 . In late 1938 or early 1939 , the MSHD extended US 131 northward over the southern section of M @-@ 131 . After the changes US 131 turned eastward into Fife Lake and north to Kalkaska and Mancelona before ending in Petoskey . This extension connected US 131 directly to its parent highway , US 31 , for the first time . By the end of the 1930s , the MSHD under the leadership of future governor Murray Van Wagoner had shifted emphasis to a program of road improvements designed to make the state 's roads " safer and smoother for burgeoning traffic volumes . " In 1940 , a new roadway was opened , completing the third side of a triangle between the junction with M @-@ 113 , Walton Corners and Fife Lake . US 131 was shifted to the new highway and the former routing along the other two sides of the triangle became part of M @-@ 113 and M @-@ 186 . A second realignment opened the following year between Fife Lake and Kalkaska . US 131 no longer turned east along Boardman Road between South Boardman and Lodi . Instead the MSHD rerouted the highway directly to the northeast , from the end of the previous new routing north of Fife Lake to Kalaska . By 1945 , a Bypass US 131 was created around the south and east sides of Grand Rapids , following 28th Street and East Beltline Avenue , while the main highway continued to run through downtown unchanged . A decade later , mainline US 131 was rerouted around Grand Rapids over the former bypass route , and Business US 131 ( Bus . US 131 ) was created for the former route through downtown . A second business loop was created in Three Rivers , Michigan , after an expressway bypass of the city 's downtown was opened in early 1954 . Another expressway section was opened between Mancelona and the M @-@ 32 junction west of Elmira in late 1956 . = = = Freeway conversion = = = By the end of 1957 , US 131 had been realigned as an expressway from the Three Rivers bypass to Moorepark . The section of freeway in the Grand Rapids area opened near the southern county line north to 28th Street . This latter freeway segment was extended further south to Wayland by the middle of 1958 . By the middle of 1960 , the freeway was extended to M @-@ 118 in Martin , where traffic used M @-@ 118 to connect back to the old routing . The southern end of US 131 was moved to another location on the state line . Instead of running concurrently with US 112 between White Pigeon and Mottville , US 131 ran directly south of White Pigeon to the state line . In the process , the M @-@ 103 designation was swapped with US 131 . The MSHD had proposed that the section of US 131 south of Kalamazoo be built as an electronic highway under a bid through General Motors the same year ; the testing for such a roadway was ultimately done at Ohio State University instead . Another project , through the end of 1961 , extended the freeway south to Plainwell and north into downtown Grand Rapids . This extension was designated as part of Bus . US 131 and opened in December 1961 . The opening ceremony for the bridge across the Grand River included the state highway commission and the then @-@ Miss Michigan , pulled by a team of sled dogs , to lead the first traffic over the river . Until the early 1960s , US 131 never left the state of Michigan ; the southernmost point was always at the Indiana state line . In 1961 , the highway designation was extended to its current southern terminus in rural Elkhart County , Indiana at a connection with the Indiana Toll Road at the request of the state of Michigan . The MSHD asked the Indiana State Highway Department ( ISHD ) to extend US 131 farther to reconnect with US 31 in Indiana near Indianapolis . Michigan State Highway Commissioner John C. Mackie said that officials with the IHSD were " receptive to the idea " of a further addition to Indianapolis which would provide a " great benefit to Michigan 's tourist industry " . On December 17 , 1962 , the freeway through downtown Grand Rapids was completed , including the section marked as I @-@ 296 . The business loop was removed from the freeway when US 131 took its place . East Beltline Avenue was renumbered as an extension of M @-@ 44 , while 28th Street retains the M @-@ 11 / M @-@ 21 designations it had in addition to US 131 . I @-@ 296 / US 131 runs alongside the Grand River between I @-@ 96 downtown and I @-@ 196 north of town . At the end of I @-@ 296 , US 131 followed I @-@ 196 east to the northern portion of the business loop at Plainfield Avenue and followed Plainfield Avenue back to the remainder of its routing north of Grand Rapids . The other end of the freeway was extended south to M @-@ 43 on the west side of Kalamazoo . Traffic there is directed along M @-@ 43 into downtown to connect with the remainder of the highway . Freeway construction continued through the 1960s . By the end of 1963 , the southern section of freeway was extended to Schoolcraft . The following year , a business loop in Kalamazoo was created . The new loop used a freeway stub on the north and M @-@ 43 on the south to connect the main highway to the former routing of US 131 along Westnedge and Park avenues downtown . A discontinuous segment of freeway , south of Cadillac into Osceola County , opened in September 1966 . The freeway was extended north from the Grand Rapids area through the Comstock Park area in 1966 . That year , the former Grand Rapids Speedrome , a local race car track was closed . Located on North Park Street between the North Park Bridge and West River Drive , the track was in operation from 1950 until it was closed for the freeway construction in 1966 . The freeway was extended further to M @-@ 57 ( 14 Mile Road ) near Cedar Springs in 1969 . In 1968 , the section of expressway near Mancelona was downgraded to a two @-@ lane highway . The original roadway had been left in place when a new parallel carriageway was built in 1956 . During the winter months , the original lanes built in the 1920s were closed because the grade of the roadway accumulated additional snow and made it difficult to plow . The MSHD had considered reconstructing the older road to retain the expressway setup , but that would have cost $ 1 @.@ 5 million while removing it and permanently reconfiguring the 1956 roadway cost only $ 170 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 17 @.@ 8 million and $ 2 @.@ 02 million in 2015 ) . The 1970s saw the US 131 freeway expand to north of Grand Rapids . The section between the two M @-@ 57 junctions near Rockford and in Cedar Springs opened on September 21 , 1973 , at a dedication ceremony featuring then @-@ Congressman Gerald R. Ford . By the end of the year , the freeway would be open as far north as Howard City . At the same time , M @-@ 46 was realigned to extend south down the freeway to Cedar Springs and west to replace M @-@ 57 west of Rockford . Construction to complete these sections north of Grand Rapids had been delayed in 1967 . Before the delays , the MSHD planned to have the gap in the freeway between Grand Rapids and Cadillac completed by 1974 . The state even proposed adding the freeway north of Grand Rapids to Petoskey , with a further continuation to Mackinaw City as part of the Interstate Highway System in an effort to receive additional funding in 1968 . In September 1972 , the US 131 Area Development Association lobbied Congress to " expedite funding and priority for the reconstruction of US 131 in Michigan . " The 12 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 19 @.@ 6 km ) section of US 131 freeway south of the Wexford – Osceola county line was opened on November 9 , 1976 , at a cost of $ 7 @.@ 4 million ( equivalent to $ 47 @.@ 9 million in 2015 ) . By 1977 , the state postponed any plans to complete the freeway north of Cadillac . The department cited rising construction material costs and opposition to the freeway in Petoskey . By the end of the decade , I @-@ 296 signs were removed from the section of freeway in Grand Rapids . However , the freeway remains listed as a part of the Interstate Highway System . The next section of freeway opened between Howard City and Stanwood in 1980 . Another segment was opened farther north , bypassing Big Rapids by 1984 . The former route through town and a section of M @-@ 20 were designated as a business loop simultaneously . US 131 followed 19 Mile Road between the end of the freeway and the former routing north of town . The gap was filled in when the freeway segment between Big Rapids and Osceola County was opened in 1986 . The section of highway along 19 Mile Road was transferred to the Big Rapids business loop to connect it back to the new freeway . When the expansions ended , in the mid @-@ 1980s , it was expected that the US 131 freeway would end at the south side of Cadillac , " perhaps forever " . MDOT had ended all consideration of additional freeway mileage in 1981 , citing decreased gas tax revenues , decreased traffic and higher construction costs . A 1979 report said that while traffic forecasts showed continued growth , upgrades to existing roads would be sufficient to handle traffic needs . = = = S @-@ Curve replacement = = = One of the more unusual sections of the US 131 freeway in the Grand Rapids area is the S @-@ Curve . This section of freeway carries US 131 over the Grand River with two sharp turns in the road , resembling the letter S. The design for this structure was completed in 1952 and placed the freeway on the least expensive land in the area , despite the knowledge that it would someday create issues . As noted by the The Grand Rapids Press in 1981 , " the speed limit on the S @-@ Curve must be reduced as low as 25 mph [ 40 km / h ] on some bad @-@ weather days because of the sharpness of the turns and [ the ] numerous accidents [ that ] have occurred there . " On December 27 , 1999 , the state awarded a $ 85 @.@ 7 million contract ( equivalent to $ 138 million in 2015 ) for the replacement of the S @-@ Curve on US 131 . Deposits of gypsum under the roadway were dissolving and causing it to settle . A deteriorating bridge also forced the reconstruction of the freeway through the area . Construction began on January 15 , 2000 , diverting the roughly 115 @,@ 000 vehicles per day that used the stretch of road to detours through the downtown area . As part of the project , a $ 1 @.@ 2 million ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 84 million in 2015 ) de @-@ icing system was installed . The system is designed to spray a de @-@ icing fluid on the roadway that would be carried by car tires up to a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) along the road surface . This fluid is expected to melt ice at temperatures below the − 20 ° F ( − 29 ° C ) at which salt stops working . Unlike salt , the non @-@ corrosive de @-@ icer does not harm the bridge , but it is more costly . The system is designed to be activated manually , or automatically via sensors along the road . However , plowing would still be required on the roadway . The idea behind the de @-@ icing system is to keep the pavement wet and prevent the formation of ice . Construction delays were caused by river flooding during spring rains . A design mistake meant that one of the bridges in the structure was built a foot ( 30 cm ) too low , and Grandville Avenue was lowered to compensate for the error . Before the opening , MDOT held a ribbon @-@ cutting ceremony on the freeway to allow local residents to walk along the structure on August 12 . The first northbound lanes were opened to traffic in mid @-@ August , three weeks ahead of schedule . Lead contractor Kiewit Western , a company whose " employees have been known to work 13 @-@ hour days and 100 @-@ hour weeks " , accelerated their work schedule over the course of the project to compensate for the delays and still finish the venture early . The remaining lanes opened to traffic on October 26 , also ahead of schedule . Additional work started after the main roadway opened by closing various ramps for reconstruction . This work also focused on restoring parking lots located under or adjacent to the freeway and testing the de @-@ icing system ; the final ramps were opened in early December 2000 and early January 2001 . The end result of the construction produced a freeway design that increased the rated traffic speed from 45 to 50 mph ( 72 to 80 km / h ) . = = = Recent freeway extensions = = = MDOT approved a $ 3 @.@ 5 billion 10 @-@ year transportation plan ( equivalent to $ 10 @.@ 2 billion in 2015 ) in 1986 that included an extension of the US 131 freeway north to Manton . Construction started on the Cadillac bypass in 1999 , and the first section was opened to traffic in November 2000 . This 3 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) southern segment ran from US 131 south of town to M @-@ 55 east of downtown . US 131 remained routed through downtown , but M @-@ 55 was rerouted to the bypass . Local residents were allowed to use the northern section of the bypass for recreational activities until it was opened to traffic . The full 9 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 14 @.@ 8 km ) bypass around Cadillac was dedicated to Sidney Ouwinga in a ceremony on October 27 , 2001 , and the road was opened to traffic on October 30 , 2001 . The former routing through town was redesignated Bus . US 131 at the same time . Ouwinga was a state lawmaker who died in 1991 while serving in the Michigan House of Representatives . He was also a member of the US 131 Area Development Association which promoted further northern extensions of the freeway . The 10 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 16 @.@ 9 km ) freeway expansion north around the city of Manton was opened in 2003 . The former routing was redesignated as a business loop at the time . The two bypasses cost $ 146 million ( equivalent to $ 219 million in 2015 ) to complete . = = = Constantine Bypass = = = Design plans for the new bridge over the St. Joseph River were announced in January 2011 . The expected groundbreaking on the venture was scheduled for February 4 , 2013 , with planned completion in 2014 . Residents in the community were divided over the proposed five @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) highway . Business owners look to the 3 @,@ 000 cars and trucks that pass through downtown Constantine each day for customers , traffic that would be diverted around the village by the new roadway . On the other hand , residents that work outside of the small community were looking forward to decreased commute times to their workplaces . The bypass opened on October 30 , 2013 . = = Future = = Originally , MDOT and its predecessor agencies had planned to convert US 131 into a freeway all the way to Petoskey . They suggested adding the highway to the Interstate Highway System in the late 1960s , when the federal government took proposals for additions to the network of highways . While further northward extension of the freeway from Manton to Kalkaska and beyond was postponed by the department in the 1970s , and canceled " perhaps forever " in the early 1980s , MDOT made an attempt to revive the extension to Kalkaska in 2000 . The proposal was ultimately abandoned when the year 's transportation plan was finalized . A bridge replacement project over the Manistee River in 2009 – 10 ensured the end of further consideration by MDOT of the proposal . According to the local project director , " currently , the department has no plans [ to expand the freeway ] . Someday it may happen , but not in the foreseeable future . " A southerly extension of the freeway to or near the Indiana state line is still under study . Improvements to the US 131 corridor from Portage to the Indiana Toll Road have been underway for several years and although a late @-@ 2005 decision by MDOT to not pursue a new controlled @-@ access route through St. Joseph County seemed to terminate the discussion , public outcry and backlash from local legislators forced the department to re @-@ evaluate its decision . State House Speaker Craig DeRoche was critical of the original decision , citing the economic development benefit such a road would bring to the area in defense of the proposed freeway . The previous " no @-@ build decision " was rescinded in April 2006 . MDOT has begun a project to upgrade a 16 @.@ 4 @-@ mile ( 26 @.@ 4 km ) segment of US 131 in St. Joseph County , home of one of the most dangerous roadway sections in Southwest Michigan for auto crashes . The final environmental impact statement for the project was published in mid @-@ 2008 and the preferred alternative consists of a two @-@ lane road bypassing the village of Constantine . The new highway would maintain access to local roads via at @-@ grade intersections , and the department would maintain jurisdiction of the old route through town . MDOT has stated that present traffic demands do not warrant the cost of a full freeway facility on a new alignment from the Indiana Toll Road to north of Three Rivers , stating that such a project would cost over $ 300 million ( equivalent to $ 361 million in 2015 ) to build . Construction plans were placed on hold after an announcement in June 2009 as various proposals around the state , including the Constantine bypass , were shelved until funding issues could be resolved . In total , 137 road and bridge projects totaling $ 740 million were delayed to 2012 because the state could not match available federal funding to pay for the work . = = Memorial designations = = US 131 and its predecessors bears several memorial designations in addition to the Sidney Ouwinga Memorial Bypass near Cadillac . One of the oldest is the Mackinaw Trail , named after a former Indian trail that ran from Saginaw to Mackinaw City and Sault Ste . Marie . By 1915 , the name was transferred to the roadway that was later numbered US 131 . The Mackinaw Trail Association was formed that year to promote an all @-@ weather highway between Grand Rapids and Mackinaw City , using a logo incorporating a trout for the road . The name was to be officially applied to the highway in 1929 , but the State Senate did not agree to the proposal . The official endorsement of the name came in 1959 , after the opening of the Mackinac Bridge revitalized the idea . During World War I , households would display a service flag if a family member was serving in the war . A blue star denoted a service member in action , and a gold star symbolized someone who died in the military . In St. Joseph County , the chapters of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the American Legion wanted to honor the local fallen soldiers . Using the flags as inspiration , they planted 100 black walnut and four Norway spruce trees along the road south of Three Rivers . Dedicated on May 4 , 1924 , this tribute was named the Gold Star Memorial Highway and ran for 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) along what is now US 131 south of Three Rivers . In 1921 , the section of highway south of Kalamazoo was named part of the Colgrove Highway . This designation included several other roads in the Lower Peninsula , all named in honor of Philip Colgrove , the first president of the Michigan Good Roads Association . Colgrove was also the Barry County prosecutor and a state senator in the late 19th century . No maps documents the name , although the original law remains in records . The Michigan Legislature proposed a bill in 2000 that would have repealed the 1921 statute naming the Colgrove Highway , but the bill ultimately faded , sparing the name . In the age of the auto trails , it was common for highways to be named rather than numbered . An attempt to create a trail such as the Lincoln Highway failed in Michigan . School children in 1926 from Anderson , Indiana , wanted to honor James Whitcomb Riley , the poet from the Hoosier State , with a highway that connected the country 's summer and winter resort areas . The Michigan segment of the road running through the state was to follow what would later be US 131 . The James Whitcomb Riley Association promoted the highway by painting white bands on telephone poles with the name of the road in orange letters during that August and September . However , the road in question was already named the Mackinaw Trail , and the association did not secure permission of the state highway commissioner , as was required by a 1919 Michigan law . The law made it illegal for any " association to delineate or mark any other routes or trails through the State of Michigan ... unless the same shall be approved in writing by the State Highway Commissioner . " As a result , government officials refused to endorse the association 's proposal , and Michigan was excluded from the highway . The efforts of the national association were stunted by the halted progress , and the highway was disbanded by December 1926 . The Michigan Trail , another auto trail from the 1920s , " followed just about every major trunk line at that time in the Lower Peninsula and covered over a thousand miles [ 1 @,@ 600 km ] of state highways . " The Michigan Trail started in Toledo , Ohio , and ran to Detroit ; its branches extended to New Buffalo , Grand Rapids , and Port Huron . Other segments included US 131 between Kalamazoo and Petoskey , US 31 between New Buffalo and the Straits of Mackinac and a route between Port Huron and Big Rapids . The highway failed as a concept because it lacked focus , and many of the segments of roadway had already assigned names . The most recent name applied to US 131 is related to the first . Enacted in 2004 , Public Act 138 added an additional name to the Mackinaw Trail from the M @-@ 66 junction near Kalkaska to Petoskey , the " Green Arrow Route @-@ Mackinaw Trail " . Residents of the state have questioned the wisdom of having a " compound road name whose signboards [ would ] be nearly as long as the highway itself . " = = Historic bridges = = MDOT maintains a listing of historic bridges that includes two which formerly carried US 131 . In 1913 , the State Trunk Line Act required the highway department to build and maintain bridges at the state 's expense if they were included in the nascent highway system . Among the first of these state @-@ built structures is the Division Avenue – Plaster Creek Bridge in Grand Rapids . The crossing is listed on the NHRP for its architectural and engineering significance . Built as Trunk Line Bridge No. 3 over Plaster Creek in 1914 by the MSHD , the span cost just over $ 6 @,@ 000 . Division Avenue carried US 131 until the construction of the freeway through Grand Rapids in the 1960s . The bridge , a filled spandrel arch design , is 50 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 15 m ) , and was modified in 1935 to widen its deck from 28 feet ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) to the current 43 feet ( 13 m ) . The structure was added to the NRHP on December 17 , 1999 . The second bridge listed by MDOT is the crossing of the Little Muskegon River for 190th Avenue in southern Mecosta County . Like the Plaster Creek bridge , this structure was also built by the MSHD under the Trunk Line Act of 1913 . Built in 1916 – 17 the 45 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 14 m ) , 18 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) , concrete through @-@ girder bridge cost around $ 10 @,@ 000 to build . It was initially named Trunk Line Bridge No. 61 . The span is the oldest concrete girder bridge designed by the MSHD . US 131 followed 190th Avenue over the river until a realignment shifted the highway to another route in 1927 . = = Exit list = = = 410 Tactical Fighter Operational Training Squadron = 410 Tactical Fighter Operational Training Squadron ( French : 410e Escadron d 'entraînement opérationnel à l 'appui tactique ) , nicknamed the " Cougars " , is a Royal Canadian Air Force aircraft squadron currently located at Canada 's primary training base for the CF @-@ 18 ( Canadian Forces version of the McDonnell Douglas F / A @-@ 18 Hornet ) , at Cold Lake , Alberta . The squadron was formed during the Second World War as an RCAF squadron under the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) , at RAF Ayr , near Prestwick , in Scotland . The first official sortie of No. 410 Squadron was from RAF Drem , East Lothian , Scotland , on the night of 4 June 1942 , when twelve Beaufighter crews took off , and it went on to become the top @-@ scoring night fighter squadron in the RAF Second Tactical Air Force during the period between D @-@ Day and VE @-@ Day . No. 410 Squadron supported the Allied forces during the Normandy Landings and the Battle of the Bulge , flew nightly patrols during this time and many of its pilots gained ace status . Two members of No. 410 Squadron , Flight Lieutenant ( F / L ) Currie and Flying Officer ( F / O ) Rose , were the first members of the RCAF to see the German V @-@ 2 rocket in flight . The squadron was disbanded in 1964 but reformed again in 1968 . As No. 410 Tactical Fighter Operational Training Squadron , the squadron usually trains between 20 and 22 pilots a year on the CF @-@ 18 , more than any other RCAF squadron . The Canadian documentary television series Jetstream was filmed with the squadron in 2007 and showed what trainees must endure to become fighter pilots . = = Badge = = No. 410 Squadron 's badge depicts a cougar 's face with a background decrescent ( waning ) moon . The cougar , a North American mountain cat , was chosen because of the speed and power of its attacks . The waning moon refers to the squadron 's night operations . These two major devices are in reference to the squadron 's Second World War night fighter activities , when the unit was renowned for its skill and number of victories . The squadron 's motto is Noctivaga , which means " wandering by night " . = = History = = No. 410 Squadron was formed at RAF Ayr , near Prestwick , Scotland in June 1941 , as a Royal Canadian Air Force " Article XV squadron " , under Royal Air Force operational control . = = = Second World War = = = No. 410 Squadron was the third RCAF night fighter squadron to be formed and was equipped with the Boulton Paul Defiant . In May 1942 these were replaced by the Bristol Beaufighter , and in October of the same year these were in turn replaced with De Havilland Mosquito Mk IIs , with which the first victory for the squadron was claimed . No. 410 Squadron was acknowledged as the top @-@ scoring night fighter unit in RAF Second Tactical Air Force in the period between D @-@ Day and VE Day , although No. 409 Squadron RCAF can now make a similar claim , on the basis that there were many victories quickly counted up during 1944 and 1945 . = = = = Bases = = = = From RAF Ayr , No. 410 Squadron was moved to RAF Drem in East Lothian , but returned to RAF Ayr 10 months later . On 1 September 1942 the squadron was moved to RAF Scorton in North Yorkshire , England , but just under two months after that it was relocated to RAF Acklington in Northumberland . In 1943 the squadron was placed at RAF Coleby Grange in Lincolnshire , then moved for the sixth time to RAF West Malling in the southeast of England , and then to RAF Hunsdon , just north of London . Later it was moved to RAF Castle Camps , and then back to RAF Hunsdon . On 18 June 1944 , the squadron was placed at RAF Zeals in Wiltshire , only to be moved again to RAF Colerne in Wiltshire . On 9 September 1944 , No. 410 Squadron RCAF was again moved to RAF Hunsdon . Thirteen days later , the squadron was relocated back to their sixth base , RAF Coleby Grange . On 3 November 1944 the Squadron moved to RAF Amiens @-@ Glisy in northern France . Two months later , the squadron was relocated to RAF Lille @-@ Vendeville in northern France , the first movement of the squadron in 1945 . From 5 April 1945 the Cougars were back at RAF Amiens @-@ Glisy , and the final move of the war occurred on 9 June 1945 , when the squadron relocated to RAF Gilze @-@ Rijen in the Netherlands . = = = = Operations = = = = The first official sortie occurred on the night of 4 June 1942 , when twelve crews from No. 410 Squadron took off in Beaufighters , but the two scrambles that occurred were uneventful . The first German contact occurred on the night of 6 / 7 September 1942 , when a Beaufighter II from RAF Scorton flown by P / O R.R. Ferguson and P / O D. Creed ( navigator ) , intercepted a Luftwaffe Ju 88 . The Beaufighter was guided to the Ju 88 approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of Whitby on the Yorkshire coast . The attack damaged the Ju 88 , but did not destroy it . Since the aircraft was not destroyed , this did not count as the squadron 's first outright victory . That came on 22 January 1943 , when Flight Sergeant B.M. Haight and Sergeant T. Kipling ( RAF , observer ) , flying a Mosquito II from RAF Acklington , were credited with a Dornier Do 217 , which was destroyed near Hartlepool . This was made possible because of " night readiness " , the ability to fly at a moment 's notice at night . By the end of the war , 75 3 ⁄ 4 victories had been claimed . The squadron flew 2 @,@ 972 sorties and accumulated 28 @,@ 150 hours of flight time . The squadron 's victories included 75 3 ⁄ 4 destroyed , 2 probably destroyed , and 9 damaged . The squadron had the following operational casualties : 17 aircraft and 32 aircrew , of whom 10 were killed , 20 presumed dead , and two were made prisoners of war . Non @-@ operational casualties were : 14 aircraft and 30 personnel , of whom 29 were killed , 1 injured . = = = = = D @-@ Day and the invasion of Europe = = = = = Between November 1943 and May 1944 , the squadron was engaged in the night defence of Britain . On 5 June 1944 , No. 410 Squadron 's Commanding Officer ( CO ) , Wing Commander G.A. Hiltz , flew a four @-@ aircraft detachment to Colerne where they provided fighter cover for the initial airborne landings . Among the pilots who flew that operation was Flight Lieutenant Charles Emanuel " Pop " Edinger , who later became an ace . On the night prior to the Normandy Landings , all of the RAF Second Tactical Air Force 's night fighter squadrons were working hard to ensure safety for the landing force . During June 1944 , 18 of the squadron 's 22 fighters were available , the other four were out for periodic maintenance . At 01 : 00 , the first of four patrols took off , but the patrol was uneventful , with the pilots reporting clouds at 10 @,@ 000 feet . A further five patrols were flown to help cover the 4 @,@ 000 ships that were part of Operation Neptune . On 7 June two of the aircraft were fired upon by friendly Lancaster bombers , who assumed they were hostile . However , No. 410 Squadron claimed its first kill when Flying Officers A. Mcleod and Bob Snowdon destroyed a Junkers Ju 188 . On 12 June the squadron claimed multiple bomber kills . The Cougars shot down 14 raiders with five more probably destroyed or damaged . But the success was overshadowed by the allied invasion of Europe . From June to August 1944 , the squadron was mostly occupied with nightly patrols over the beachheads to guard the Allied troops and shipping against German bombers . No. 410 Squadron 's Mosquitoes brought down thirty @-@ one German aircraft and damaged or destroyed three more , in less than 31 sorties . Then the squadron moved to France and in the next eight months added 25 " kills " and a " damaged " to its score . = = = = = Immediately after D @-@ Day = = = = = For several days following D @-@ Day , the squadron flew patrols and received credits for many kills . In one instance , Warrant Officer ( W / O ) W.F. Price and P / O J.G. Costello shot down two Do.217 aircraft in the space of twenty minutes. and the Cougars destroyed twelve German bombers in all . Following this success , however , it was five days before the squadron scored another kill . In the interval , the crews , still maintaining their schedule of nine sorties per night , had little to report . One night an engine in W / C Hiltz ’ s Mosquito failed on the take @-@ off run and the aircraft , swerving off the runway , crashed into " A " Flight dispersal . The crews escaped injury , but many buildings went up in flames . During an operation that resulted in the thirteenth kill of the period , one aircraft crashed and its crew was unable to bail out . For the next week the weather was poor , which restricted night operations . Most of the crews that did go out had to be diverted to other bases on their return . German activity had also diminished by then and the beachhead was much quieter than it had been in mid @-@ June . On the first two nights in July there were no sorties at all . Then the weather improved and the nightly round of nine patrols was resumed . F / L Currie and F / O Rose saw a V @-@ 2 rocket in flight on the night of 10 / 11 September , the first Canadian pilots to do so . While on patrol from Brussels to Antwerp and Rotterdam they saw a bright orange light directly ahead and seemingly at their own altitude , 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) . At first glance , Currie paid no attention to it , taking it for a bright star . Suddenly , Currie said : " It began to climb – hell it climbed ! " The light appeared to go straight up so rapidly that within a few seconds it had passed out of sight . On return to base , the crew reported the sighting as a V @-@ 1 flying bomb , but their account of the spectacular rate of climb and other details aroused great interest amongst senior officers . That night , a few moments after Currie and Rose had made their sighting , a V @-@ 2 rocket crashed onto the English coast . Two nights later , F / Os Fullerton and Gallagher saw a similar ball of yellow flame streak vertically into the night sky , and in the weeks that followed there were many other reports . = = = = = Battle of the Bulge and the end of the war = = = = = In the middle of December , under bad weather conditions , the Nazis launched an offensive in the Ardennes . The Luftwaffe caught many squadrons off guard . No. 410 Squadron enjoyed a number of successes during this period , some of them even on Christmas Day . During the Battle of the Bulge , the entire RAF Second Tactical Air Force , including No. 410 Squadron , was on 48 @-@ hour alert . Although the war was entering its final stages , the squadron still had to watch for anti @-@ aircraft artillery . The fighter squadrons continued to make advances until February , while waiting for the Canadian push through the Reichwald . Although there was some aerial fighting , the major conflict with the Luftwaffe occurred when the Canadians started to cross the Rhine on 24 March 1945 . On the evening of 18 December 1944 , during the Battle of the Bulge , Edinger made contact with a Ju 87 , which he then fired upon . His navigator , C.C. Vaessen , confirmed the kill , stating that the aircraft had been hit in the starboard engine and had caught fire . The Ju 87 crashed into trees and was engulfed in flames . Flight Lieutenant Rayne Schultz had claimed his fifth kill of the war , a Ju 188 , on 13 / 14 February 1944 . After having returned from working at the Training Command , he claimed another Ju 188 on 10 / 11 April 1945 . He claimed his final kills on 21 / 22 April 1945 by downing two Ju 88s near Ferrbellen . A few days after the Squadron had moved to Lille / Vendeville , it was called upon to provide a special patrol of four aircraft as air cover for the Armistice Day ceremonies being held in Paris ; no German intruders attempted to intervene . Later in the month , there was an accident at base that took the lives of two pilots who had recently joined the Cougars . F / Os H. Connelly and J. Hunt had gone up together to practice circuits and landings . As they made a circuit , preparatory to landing , the Mosquito stalled and crashed from 500 feet ( 150 m ) . A few days before Christmas 1944 , there was another accident , the heaviest suffered by the squadron in terms of lives lost . For several days the airfield had been fogbound and when the sky cleared somewhat in the afternoon of 21 December , S / L Fulton , " B ” Flight commander , took off for England in the squadron 's Airspeed Oxford aircraft . With him were three officers and two airmen , all going on leave . Near Wrotham , Kent , the aircraft crashed and only one of its occupants survived . Killed with S / L Fulton were his navigator F / O A.R. Ayton ( RAF ) , who had accompanied him on posting to the Cougars in October , F / L F.G. Thomson , DFC ( RAF ) , who had arrived late in November to begin a second tour , and LACs E. Wahlers and R. Seefried . F / O W. Rumbold , another RAF navigator , was seriously injured ; he had been with the Squadron for two months . The squadron was disbanded at the end of the war on 9 June 1945 . = = = = Wartime commanders = = = = The first officer to command No. 410 Squadron was Squadron Leader P.Y. Davoud , who was in charge between 30 June 1941 and 4 September 1941 . Wing Commander ( W / C ) M. Lipton took over command between 5 September 1941 and 30 July 1942 and the position was then given to W / C F.W. Hillock , between 19 August 1942 and 19 May 1943 , and then to W / C G.H. Elms , who commanded No. 410 Squadron between 20 May 1943 and 18 February 1944 . In the latter part of the war , W / C G.A. Hiltz was given command between 19 February 1944 and 1 April 1945 . The last commander of the war was W / C E.P. Heybroek , who was in charge between 2 April 1945 until the squadron disbanded in June of that year . = = = = Decorations = = = = = = = = = Unit awards = = = = = During the Second World War , No. 410 Squadron RCAF was awarded multiple battle honours . These honours are certified by the Canadian Air Force . = = = = = Individual awards = = = = = At least 12 members of the squadron were decorated during the war , with the award of 11 Distinguished Flying Crosses ( DFC ) and one bar to the DFC , as well as a Distinguished Flying Medal ( DFM ) . The first DFCs went to Acting Flight Lieutenant Martin Anthony Cybulski and Flying Officer Harold Herbert Ladbrook on 9 November 1943 The citation does not mention that they had to return to base on a single engine , and with other damage to the aircraft . This was quickly followed by Flying Officers Rayne Dennis Schultz and Vernon Albert Williams on 14 January 1944 . Again , the citation does not mention the severe damage to their aircraft . At the close of an action with their third Do 217 , which the combat report describes as : " a long duel with the enemy pilot showing a high degree of airmanship , " they were hit by return fire , including a cannon shell that destroyed much of the instrument panel and which narrowly missed the pilot . The starboard engine almost died , then recovered , but then the port engine caught fire . They managed to return to RAF Bradwell with only the starboard engine working , landing at 19 : 45 on 10 December 1943 . Sergeant James Norman was awarded the DFM on 26 September 1944 . Squadron Leader James Dean Somerville and F / O George Douglas Robinson were awarded the DFC on 20 October 1944 . F / L Charles Emanuel Edinger was awarded the DFC on 5 December of the same year , for destroying four Junkers Ju 88s and one unidentified German aircraft between June and October . He subsequently claimed one further Ju 88 and one Junkers Ju 87 in December . Flight Lieutenants Ben Erwin Plumer and William Warren Hargrove received the DFC on 15 December 1944 for shooting down a Messerschmitt Bf 110 on 6 October : F / O Dennis George Tongue was awarded the DFC on 29 December 1944 , and a bar to his DFC on 2 March 1945 . F / O Tongue was a member of the RAF , had been commissioned from sergeant and promoted to flying officer . On the night he won the bar to his DFC , on 25 November 1944 , his pilot was A. A. Harrington of the United States Army Air Forces . They destroyed three Junkers Ju 88s , their own Mosquito having been hit by debris from the second Ju 88 , and during the fight that led to the downing of the third , Tongue was also having to keep track of a further Ju 88 which was endeavouring to attack their aircraft . F / O Donald Murdo Mackenzie was awarded the DFC on 27 February 1945 , having destroyed a Ju 88 on 30 July 1944 , and then two more in a single sortie on 24 December . = = = 1946 – 1964 = = = No. 410 Squadron was reactivated on 1 December 1946 as an Air Defence squadron flying de Havilland Vampire F.3 aircraft , and was re @-@ formed from a defence role into that of a fighter role at St Hubert ( Montreal ) , Quebec on 1 December 1948 . From May 1949 to August 1951 , the Blue Devils aerobatics team formed , to demonstrate the abilities of the new Vampire aircraft at formation flying . The squadron later converted to Canadair Sabres and was deployed to Europe , flying from RCAF Station North Luffenham in the UK , and then at RCAF Station Marville ( No. 1 ( Fighter ) Wing ) in France . The squadron had been the first regular force fighter unit to fly the Vampire aircraft and was the first to fly the Sabre and the first to join No. 1 ( Fighter ) Wing of No. 1 Air Division Europe . When No. 445 All Weather ( Fighter ) [ AW ( F ) ] Squadron arrived from Canada , however , No. 410 Squadron was deactivated at Marville on 1 October 1956 and reactivated as an all @-@ weather fighter squadron at Uplands ( Ottawa ) , Ontario on 1 November of that year , flying Avro Canada CF @-@ 100s . When CF @-@ 100s were removed from service in 1961 , the CF @-@ 101 Voodoo interceptor was introduced for North American air defence . No. 410 Squadron converted to these aircraft and the squadron continued to fly Voodoos until defence cuts led to the squadron being deactivated on 31 March 1964 . = = = 1968 to the present @-@ day = = = In 1968 , No. 3 OTU ( Operating Training Unit ) at CFB Bagotville , tasked with training pilots and navigators for the three operational RCAF Voodoo squadrons , was later renamed No. 410 Squadron . No. 410 Squadron moved to Cold Lake , Alberta in 1982 , changing aircraft to become the training unit for Canada 's new CF @-@ 18 Hornet aircraft . = = Aircraft = = = = = Second World War = = = No. 410 Squadron began flying the North American Harvard training aircraft and then flew the Boulton Paul Defiant from July 1941 to May 1942 . The Boulton Paul Defiant was a " turret fighter " that was used as a night fighter . A problem with this aircraft was that it had no forward armament , and so it was exchanged for the Bristol Beaufighter II , long @-@ range heavy fighter . The Beaufighter was used from April 1942 until January 1943 . The Mk II used the Rolls Royce Merlin engine which provided greater power than the original Beaufighter had had . No. 410 Squadron transitioned to the de Havilland Mosquito Mk II in November 1942 , and the Squadron then used the Mosquito exclusively until the end of the war . It used the variants VI ( July 1943 – September 1943 ) , XIII ( December 1943 – August 1944 ) , and XXX ( August 1944 – June 1945 ) . All of these fighters had the same basic design — that of a low- to medium @-@ altitude daytime tactical bomber , high altitude night bomber , pathfinder , day or night fighter , fighter @-@ bomber , intruder , maritime strike and photo reconnaissance aircraft . = = = 1946 – 1964 = = = The squadron became a fighter unit in 1948 , flying the de Havilland Vampire , having already flown the aircraft for two years in an Air Defence role . No. 410 Squadron then re @-@ equipped with the Canadair Sabre in 1951 and then with the Avro Canada CF @-@ 100 Canuck in 1956 . On 20 December 1961 , No. 410 Squadron became Canada 's first operational CF @-@ 101 Voodoo squadron . The Voodoo was an all @-@ weather interceptor aircraft ; its primary armament was the nuclear @-@ tipped AIR @-@ 2A Genie unguided air @-@ to @-@ air rockets , and was used as Canada 's primary means of air defence . = = = 1968 to the present @-@ day = = = As a training unit , No. 410 Squadron used the Canadair CT @-@ 133 Silver Star . No. 410 Squadron RCAF is currently equipped ( 2011 ) with the CF @-@ 18 Hornet . The first two CF @-@ 18s were formally handed over to 410 ( Operational Training Unit ) Squadron at CFB Cold Lake , Alberta on 25 October 1982 . = = Operational training = = No. 410 Squadron is now ( 2010 ) a Royal Canadian Air Force aircraft squadron located at Canada 's primary CF @-@ 18 training base at Cold Lake , Alberta . In 1982 , the squadron was renamed 410 Tactical Fighter ( Operational Training ) Squadron . It runs one fighter pilot course every year , training approximately 20 pilots . The training program consists of nine months of ground school , simulator flights , and operational flying . Students are taken from among the graduates of a Fighter Lead @-@ In Training Course and are provided with the knowledge of basic skills in both air @-@ to @-@ air and air @-@ to @-@ ground combat . Areas covered in depth include aircraft handling , instrument flight , formation flying , night flying , navigation , air @-@ to @-@ air refuelling , and weapons delivery and tactics . There is also an annual Fighter Weapons Instructor Course ( FWIC ) run by No. 410 Squadron , and a Fighter Electronic Warfare and Advanced Radar ( FEWAR ) Course . The intense and highly challenging FWIC lasts for three months . Each operational CF @-@ 18 squadron and tactical radar squadron sends candidates ( eight students per course ) who graduate with the leadership qualities and expertise required to return to their squadrons and design tactical training programs themselves . The Advanced Radar Course is conducted in two phases : ground school at 4 Wing , Cold Lake , and a flying phase at an electronic warfare range . This three @-@ week course is designed to allow ten pilots annually to graduate and return to their squadrons as electronic warfare experts and instructors . Since No. 410 Squadron has always had some of the most experienced CF @-@ 18 pilots in the fighter community , it is often charged with carrying out special fighter projects . The squadron conducted the operational testing and evaluation of the CF 's precision guided munitions , and in 2010 was anticipating testing the use of night vision devices in the Hornet . = = Re @-@ certification and curriculum = = For the first seven years following 1988 , when the CF @-@ 18 was being delivered , the squadron ran six @-@ month full @-@ squadron courses from which the graduating pilots formed new CF @-@ 18 squadrons . Following this initial cadre of courses , No. 410 Squadron trained CF @-@ 18 pilots at a rate of approximately 50 per year . In 1992 , with the closure of three squadrons in Germany , this was reduced to 25 . With the recent reduction in size of the remaining operational squadrons , No. 410 Squadron now trains approximately 20 fighter pilots annually . At the same time as the current work mandate , No. 410 Squadron is also responsible for training and re @-@ certifying about five former CF @-@ 18 Hornet pilots annually . These pilots are returning to the CF @-@ 18 after a ground or exchange tour . No. 410 Squadron also trains newly arrived foreign exchange officers who will be joining one of Canada 's two operational fighter squadrons . As backgrounds can differ significantly , each course is tailored to the individual , based on their experience and demonstrated competencies . Areas covered in depth in the Fighter Pilot Course ( FPC ) include basic and advanced aircraft handling , instrument flight , formation flying , night flying , all @-@ weather interception , air @-@ to @-@ air refuelling , Basic Fighter Manoeuvres ( BFM – " dogfighting skills " ) and air combat . The latter half of each FPC comprises academic air @-@ to @-@ ground weapons delivery and Close Air Support ( CAS ) , as well as advanced Air Interdiction ( AI ) tactics , the former usually completed during a squadron deployment to the south @-@ western United States in the late spring and early fall , due to the significantly better weather and the sheer number of bombing ranges available . = = Fighter Operational Test and Evaluation Flight = = A sub @-@ unit of No. 410 Squadron is the Fighter Operational Test and Evaluation Flight ( FOTEF ) , which is responsible for operational testing and evaluation . In 2010 , its efforts were seen as integral to the operational effectiveness of all aspects of core and CF @-@ 18 capabilities . Some of the new systems being evaluated were Night Vision Imaging Systems ( NVIS ) , Multi @-@ function Information Distribution Systems ( MIDS ) , the Advanced Multi @-@ role Infra @-@ Red Sensor , and the evaluation of new mission planning software and the Advanced Distributed Combat Training System . Working closely with a variety of key units across the Air Force , including the " Aerospace Engineering & Test Establishment " ( AETE ) , FOTEF enabled the integration of newly modernized CF @-@ 18 ECP @-@ 583 R2 aircraft into the Fighter Force . = = Jetstream and air displays = = The Canadian documentary television series Jetstream was filmed in 2007 , showing life on the base at Cold Lake and what a trainee must endure to become a fighter pilot . The television documentary followed No. 410 Squadron 's training course for the full nine months , and in that time some candidates did not graduate . The television show was given full access to the trainees ' lives from ground school to graduation and was allowed access almost everywhere . The series followed six members of the Canadian Air Force 's " Class of 2006 " who had been selected to learn with No. 410 Squadron . The television show called the air base " fighter town " , but Cold Lake has two squadrons that use fighter / interceptor aircraft , the other being home to No. 409 Squadron , nicknamed " The Nighthawks " . In 2016 , No. 410 Squadron provided the aircraft and pilot for the CF @-@ 18 Demonstration Team . Captain Ryan " Roid " Kean , was selected as the demonstration pilot along with four members from 4 Wing Cold Lake as the western maintenance crew . The theme and paint scheme the 2016 demonstration Hornet was developed in honour of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan . = St. Elmo ( 1914 film ) = St. Elmo is a 1914 American silent drama film produced by the Balboa Amusement Producing Company and distributed by William Fox 's Box Office Attractions Company . It was the first feature @-@ length film adaptation of Augusta Jane Evans 's 1866 eponymous novel . The story follows the life of the title character ( played by William Jossey ) , who kills his cousin ( Francis McDonald ) over the love of Agnes ( Madeline Pardee ) , falls from grace , and eventually finds redemption and love with Edna ( Gypsy Abbott ) . It is disputed who directed the film ; many sources credit Bertram Bracken , while others list St. Elmo as J. Gordon Edwards 's directorial debut . Some reviewers praised the scenery and overall production quality , considering the film an improvement over stage adaptations of the novel . Others found the scenery irrelevant and the story confusing . Despite mixed reviews , the film was financially successful , reportedly setting box office records . The following year , a film adaptation of an unrelated Evans novel , Beulah , was marketed as a sequel . As with most Balboa films , St. Elmo is now believed lost . = = Plot = = St. Elmo and Murray Hammond , his cousin and best friend , are both in love with a young woman named Agnes Hunt . Although Agnes loves Murray , she rejects him for being too poor . Instead , she accepts the wealthy St. Elmo 's marriage proposal . St. Elmo 's mother holds a ball to celebrate the engagement . After the betrothal is publicly announced , Murray and Agnes meet covertly in the gardens . St. Elmo discovers their affair , challenges Murray to a duel , and kills his cousin with the first shot . The Devil possesses St. Elmo , and he becomes a cruel wanderer , spreading misery and misfortune where he travels . Twenty years later , the ingenue Edna Earle is traveling by train , hoping to find employment in a cotton mill after the death of her father , the village blacksmith . The train derails , and St. Elmo saves her from the burning wreckage . This act sets St. Elmo on the path to salvation as he and Edna slowly fall in love . Initially planning to depart for distant lands , a vision of Christ leads him to aid the impoverished . Freed from the Devil , he becomes a minister and marries Edna . = = Cast = = William Jossey as St. Elmo Murray Mollie McConnell as Mrs. Murray Madeline Pardee as Agnes Hunt Francis McDonald as Murray Hammond Gypsy Abbott as Edna Earle Henry Stanley as Parson Hammond Richard Johnson ( credited as Dick Johnson ) as Mr. Grady Gus Leonard ( credited as Pop Leonard ) as Gabe Eulalie Jensen ( credited as Miss Jensen ) as Hagar Fred Whitman as Dent Frank Erlanger as Clinton = = Production = = Augusta Jane Evans 's 1866 domestic novel St. Elmo was one of the best @-@ selling novels of the 19th century , surpassed at the time only by Uncle Tom 's Cabin , and later by Ben @-@ Hur : A Tale of the Christ . With the novel 's success came broad cultural impact . Various consumer products , hotels , steamboats , railway carriages , and even several towns were named after the book , and many families named children after its characters . Although there was considerable interest in a theatrical adaptation , Evans was concerned about how the novel 's themes would be portrayed on the stage and did not approve the first script for a St. Elmo play until 1909 . Other stage versions , many of which were financially successful , were quickly developed after her death later that year . The first film versions of the story followed shortly . In 1910 , the Thanhouser Company chose St. Elmo for its second production , and Vitagraph Studios produced its own adaptation the same year . Both were one @-@ reel short films . In 1914 , while working for the Balboa Amusement Producing Company , William Jossey wrote the screenplay for the first feature @-@ length film adaptation . Filming took place in Long Beach , California , where the Balboa studios were located . Footage of an actual church under construction across the street from the studio was used for a scene in which one was built by St. Elmo . Contemporary writers credited Bertram Bracken as director , as do some modern sources , including the American Film Institute . Others consider the film the directorial debut of J. Gordon Edwards . Both men subsequently had long careers directing for Fox Film . Balboa highlighted the film 's production value and artistry in its marketing ; its film poster advertises " 194 gorgeous scenes " . However , Balboa was not a film distributor , so in May 1914 they contracted with William Fox 's Box Office Attractions Company to have Fox handle the distribution of all Balboa films , beginning with St. Elmo . Copies of these films were then shown at Fox 's theaters or rented out to other theater franchise owners , in what was known as the states ' rights distribution system . On 1 February 1915 , William Fox incorporated Fox Film , which inherited Box Office 's assets . The new company continued to distribute some Box Office films , including St. Elmo , which played in some areas into 1916 . = = Reception and legacy = = Contemporary reviews were mixed . Writing for Motion Picture News , A. Danson Michell found the film superior to stage adaptations of the novel , and especially praised the photography . Moving Picture World 's Hanford Judson also gave a generally positive review , believing that its production qualities and popular appeal more than compensated for the " artificiality " of a few scenes . Not all critics praised the film . Vanderheyden Fyles of Movie Pictorial felt the Long Beach scenery lauded elsewhere was irrelevant to the plot and the adapted story was a " baffling mix @-@ up " . A particularly negative review appeared in Variety , suggesting the film was so bad that its makers " might have got a little profit out of the raw [ film ] by not ruining it through putting St. Elmo on it . " The Chicago Board of Censorship found some scenes objectionable and required that Chicago showings of the film be edited to remove depictions of dueling and Murray 's dead body . St. Elmo was a financial success , reported by The Photoplayers ' Weekly as breaking box office records . The following year , Bertram Bracken directed a film adaptation of another Augusta Jane Evans novel , Beulah ( 1859 ) , for Balboa . Though not directly related to St. Elmo , the 1915 Beulah film was marketed as a sequel . In 1923 , Fox Film produced another adaptation of the novel , also titled St. Elmo , which was also a success . Around 90 % of Balboa 's films have been lost , probably including the 1914 St. Elmo . The Library of Congress is not aware of any extant copies . = Shambhala : Expedición al Himalaya = Shambhala : Expedición al Himalaya ( simply known as Shambhala ) is a steel Hyper Coaster roller coaster located at the PortAventura amusement park in Salou , Catalonia , Spain . Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard , it is the tallest ( 78 metres ( 256 ft ) ) and fastest hypercoaster ( 134 kilometres per hour ( 83 mph ) ) in Europe . It also has the longest drop of any roller coaster in the continent ( 78 metres ( 256 ft ) ) . Shambhala is named and themed after the inaccessible land in the Himalayas ; Shambhala . It was announced to the public on October 24 , 2011 , and opened to the public on May 12 , 2012 . = = History = = Rumors that PortAventura would be investing in a new Bolliger & Mabillard Flying Coaster or Dive Coaster roller coaster emerged in late 2010 . In May 2011 , speculation that the park was planning to build a hypercoaster that would pass over Dragon Khan arose . Land clearing also began in the summer of 2011 . Shambhala was announced to the public on October 24 , 2011 ; the layout of the roller coaster was leaked 2 days earlier . The last piece of track was installed in mid @-@ April 2012 following a signing event and the placement of the several country flags on the track . Testing of the ride began in the same month . Following the completion of testing , a ribbon cutting ceremony was held on May 12 , 2012 before opening to the public the same day . Over 300 workers from countries such as Germany , France , Hungary , Poland , Switzerland , and United States of America took part in the construction of Shambhala . The roller coaster currently holds three records ; tallest , longest drop , and fastest hypercoaster in Europe . All three records were held by Silver Star at Europa @-@ Park prior to Shambhala 's opening . = = Ride experience = = After departing from the station , the train makes a 90 degree turn to the right , then begins to climb the 76 @-@ metre ( 249 ft ) tall chain lift hill . Once the train reaches the top of the lift , the train drops back down to the ground on an 77 @.@	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
The great auk ( Pinguinus impennis ) was a flightless bird of the alcid family that became extinct in the mid @-@ 19th century . It was the only modern species in the genus Pinguinus ( unrelated to penguins , although it was the first bird to be called penguin ) . It bred on rocky , isolated islands with easy access to the ocean and a plentiful food supply , a rarity in nature that provided only a few breeding sites for the auks . When not breeding , the auks spent their time foraging in the waters of the North Atlantic , ranging as far south as northern Spain and also around the coast of Canada , Greenland , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , Norway , Ireland , and Great Britain . The great auk was 75 to 85 centimetres ( 30 to 33 in ) tall and weighed around 5 kilograms ( 11 lb ) , making it the second largest member of the alcid family ( Miomancalla was larger ) . It had a black back and a white belly . The black beak was heavy and hooked , with grooves on its surface . During summer , the great auk 's plumage showed a white patch over each eye . During winter , the auk lost these patches , instead developing a white band stretching between the eyes . The wings were only 15 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) long , rendering the bird flightless . Instead , the auk was a powerful swimmer , a trait that it used in hunting . Its favourite prey were fish , including Atlantic menhaden and capelin , and crustaceans . Although agile in the water , it was clumsy on land . Great auk pairs mated for life . They nested in extremely dense and social colonies , laying one egg on bare rock . The egg was white with variable brown marbling . Both parents incubated the egg for about six weeks before the young hatched . The young auk left the nest site after two or three weeks although the parents continued to care for it . The great auk was an important part of many Native American cultures , both as a food source and as a symbolic item . Many Maritime Archaic people were buried with great auk bones , and one was buried covered in over 200 auk beaks , which are assumed to have been part of a cloak made of their skins . Early European explorers to the Americas used the auk as a convenient food source or as fishing bait , reducing its numbers . The bird 's down was in high demand in Europe , a factor which largely eliminated the European populations by the mid @-@ 16th century . Scientists soon began to realize that the great auk was disappearing and it became the beneficiary of many early environmental laws , but this proved not to be enough . Its growing rarity increased interest from European museums and private collectors in obtaining skins and eggs of the bird . On 3 July 1844 , the last two confirmed specimens were killed on Eldey , off the coast of Iceland , which also eliminated the last known breeding attempt . There are unconfirmed later reports of roaming individuals being seen or caught . A record of a bird in 1852 is considered by some to be the last sighting of the species . The great auk is mentioned in several novels and the scientific journal of the American Ornithologists ' Union is named The Auk in honour of this bird . = = Taxonomy and evolution = = Analysis of mtDNA sequences has confirmed morphological and biogeographical studies suggesting that the razorbill is the great auk 's closest living relative . The great auk was also closely related to the little auk ( dovekie ) , which underwent a radically different evolution compared to Pinguinus . Due to its outward similarity to the razorbill ( apart from flightlessness and size ) , the great auk was often placed in the genus Alca , following Linnaeus . The fossil record ( especially the sister species Pinguinus alfrednewtoni ) and molecular evidence show that the three closely related genera diverged soon after their common ancestor , a bird probably similar to a stout Xantus 's murrelet , had spread to the coasts of the Atlantic . By that time the murres , or Atlantic guillemots , had apparently already split from the other Atlantic alcids . Razorbill @-@ like birds were common in the Atlantic during the Pliocene , but the evolution of the little auk is sparsely documented . The molecular data are compatible with either view , but the weight of evidence suggests placing the great auk in a distinct genus . Some ornithologists still feel it is more appropriate to retain the species in the genus Alca . It is the only British bird made extinct in historic times . The following cladogram shows the placement of the great auk among its closest relatives , based on a 2004 genetic study : Pinguinus alfrednewtoni was a larger and also flightless member of the genus Pinguinus that lived during the Early Pliocene . Known from bones found in the Yorktown Formation of the Lee Creek Mine in North Carolina , it is believed to have split along with the great auk from a common ancestor . Pinguinus alfrednewtoni lived in the western Atlantic while the great auk lived in the eastern Atlantic , but after the former died out after the Pliocene , the great auk replaced it . The great auk was not closely related to the other extinct genera of flightless alcids , Mancalla , Praemancalla , and Alcodes . = = = Etymology = = = The great auk was one of the 4400 animal species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th @-@ century work , Systema Naturae , in which it was named Alca impennis . The name Alca is a Latin derivative of the Scandinavian word for razorbills and their relatives . The species was not placed in its own genus , Pinguinus , until 1791 . The generic name is derived from the Spanish and Portuguese name for the species , and the specific name impennis is from Latin and refers to the lack of flight feathers or pennae . The Irish name for the great auk is ' falcóg mhór ' , meaning ' big seabird / auk ' . The Basque name is arponaz , meaning " spearbill " . Its early French name was apponatz . The Norse called the great auk geirfugl , which means " spearbird " . This has led to an alternative English common name for the bird , " garefowl " or " gairfowl " . The Inuit name for the great auk was isarukitsok , which meant " little wing " . The word " penguin " first appears in the 16th century as a synonym for " great auk . " It may be derived from the Welsh pen gwyn " white head " , although the etymology is debated . When European explorers discovered what are today known as penguins in the Southern Hemisphere , they noticed their similar appearance to the great auk and named them after this bird , although they are not closely related . = = Description = = Standing about 75 to 85 centimetres ( 30 to 33 in ) tall and weighing around 5 kilograms ( 11 lb ) as adult birds , the flightless great auk was the second largest member of both its family and the order Charadriiformes , surpassed only by the mancalline Miomancalla . The auks that lived further north averaged larger in size than the more southerly members of the species . Males and females were similar in plumage , although there is evidence for differences in size , particularly in the bill and femur length . The back was primarily a glossy black , and the stomach was white . The neck and legs were short , and the head and wings small . The auk appeared chubby due to a thick layer of fat necessary for warmth . During summer , the great auk developed a wide white eye patch over the eye , which had a hazel or chestnut iris . During winter the auk moulted and lost this eye patch , which was replaced with a wide white band and a gray line of feathers which stretched from the eye to the ear . During the summer , the auk 's chin and throat were blackish @-@ brown , and the inside of the mouth was yellow . In winter , the throat became white . Some individuals had grey plumage on their flanks , but the purpose of this is unknown . The bill was large at 11 centimetres ( 4 @.@ 3 in ) long and curved downwards at the top ; the bill also had deep white grooves in both the upper and lower mandibles , up to seven on the upper mandible and twelve on the lower mandible in summer , though there were fewer in winter . The wings were only 15 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) in length and the longest wing feathers were only 10 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) long . Its feet and short claws were black while the webbed skin between the toes was brownish black . The legs were far back on the bird 's body , which gave it powerful swimming and diving abilities . Hatchlings were grey and downy , but their exact appearance is unknown , since no skins exist today . Juvenile birds had less prominent grooves in their beaks and had mottled white and black necks , while the eye spot found in adults was not present ; instead , a grey line ran through the eyes ( which still had the white eye ring ) to just below the ears . The auk 's calls included low croaking and a hoarse scream . A captive auk was observed making a gurgling noise when anxious . It is not known what its other vocalizations were like , but it is believed that they were similar to those of the razorbill , only louder and deeper . = = Distribution and habitat = = The great auk was found in the cold North Atlantic coastal waters along the coasts of Canada , the northeastern United States , Norway , Greenland , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , France , and northern Spain . The great auk left the North Atlantic waters for land only to breed , even roosting at sea when not breeding . The rookeries of the great auk were found from Baffin Bay to the Gulf of St. Lawrence , across the far northern Atlantic , including Iceland , and in Norway and the British Isles in Europe . For their nesting colonies the great auks required rocky islands with sloping shorelines that provided access to the seashore . These were very limiting requirements and it is believed that the great auk never had more than 20 breeding colonies . The nesting sites also needed to be close to rich feeding areas and be far enough from the mainland to discourage visitation by humans and polar bears . The localities of only six former breeding colonies are known : Papa Westray in the Orkney Islands , St Kilda off Scotland , Grimsey Island and Eldey Island near Iceland , Funk Island near Newfoundland , and the Bird Rocks ( Rochers @-@ aux @-@ Oiseaux ) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence . Records suggest that this species may have bred on Cape Cod , Massachusetts . By the late 18th and early 19th centuries , the breeding range of the great auk was restricted to Funk Island , Grimsey Island , Eldey Island , the Gulf of St. Lawrence , and St Kilda Island . Funk Island was the largest known breeding colony . The great auk migrated north and south away from the breeding colonies after the chicks fledged and tended to go southward during late autumn and winter . It was common on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . Its bones have been found as far south as Florida , where it may have occurred during four periods : around 1000 BC , 1000 AD , the 15th century , and the 17th century . ( It has been suggested that some of the bones discovered in Florida may be the result of aboriginal trading . ) The great auk typically did not go further south than Massachusetts Bay in the winter . = = Ecology and behaviour = = The great auk was never observed and described by modern scientists during its existence , and is only known from the accounts of laymen , such as sailors , so its behaviour is not well known and hard to reconstruct . Much can be inferred from its close , living relative , the razorbill , as well as from remaining soft tissue . Great auks walked slowly and sometimes used their wings to help them traverse rough terrain . When they did run , it was awkwardly and with short steps in a straight line . They had few natural predators , mainly large marine mammals , such as the orca , and white @-@ tailed eagles . Polar bears preyed on nesting colonies of the auk . This species had no innate fear of human beings , and their flightlessness and awkwardness on land compounded their vulnerability . They were hunted for food , for feathers , and as specimens for museums and private collections . Great auks reacted to noises , but were rarely scared by the sight of something . The auks used their bills aggressively both in the dense nesting sites and when threatened or captured by humans . These birds are believed to have had a life span of about 20 to 25 years . During the winter , the great auk migrated south either in pairs or in small groups , and never with the entire nesting colony . The great auk was generally an excellent swimmer , using its wings to propel itself underwater . While swimming , the head was held up but the neck was drawn in . This species was capable of banking , veering , and turning underwater . The great auk was known to dive to depths of 76 metres ( 249 ft ) and it has been claimed that the species was able to dive to depths of 1 kilometre ( 3 @,@ 300 ft ) . To conserve energy , most dives were shallower . It could also hold its breath for 15 minutes , longer than a seal . Its ability to dive this deeply reduced competition with other alcid species . The great auk was capable of accelerating under water , then shooting out of the water to land on a rocky ledge above the ocean 's surface . = = = Diet = = = This alcid typically fed in shoaling waters which were shallower than those frequented by other alcids , although after the breeding season they had been sighted up to 500 kilometres ( 310 mi ) from land . They are believed to have fed cooperatively in flocks . Their main food was fish , usually 12 to 20 centimetres ( 4 @.@ 7 to 7 @.@ 9 in ) in length and weighing 40 to 50 grams ( 1 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 8 oz ) , but occasionally their prey was up to half the bird 's own length . Based on remains associated with great auk bones found on Funk Island and on ecological and morphological considerations , it seems that Atlantic menhaden and capelin were their favoured prey . Other fish suggested as potential prey include lumpsuckers , shorthorn sculpins , cod , crustaceans , and sand lance . The young of the great auk are believed to have eaten plankton and , possibly , fish and crustaceans regurgitated by adult auks . = = = Reproduction = = = Historical descriptions of the great auk 's breeding behaviour are somewhat unreliable . Great auks began pairing in early and mid @-@ May . They are believed to have mated for life , although some theorize that auks could have mated outside their pair , a trait seen in the razorbill . Once paired , they nested at the base of cliffs in colonies , where they likely copulated . Mated pairs had a social display in which they bobbed their heads , showing off their white eye patch , bill markings , and yellow mouth . These colonies were extremely crowded and dense , with some estimates stating that there was a nesting auk for every 1 square metre ( 11 sq ft ) of land . These colonies were very social . When the colonies included other species of alcid , the great auks were dominant due to their size . Female great auks would lay only one egg each year , between late May and early June , although they could lay a replacement egg if the first one was lost . In years when there was a shortage of food , the auk did not breed . A single egg was laid on bare ground up to 100 metres ( 330 ft ) from shore . The egg was ovate and elongate in shape , and averaged 12 @.@ 4 centimetres ( 4 @.@ 9 in ) in length and 7 @.@ 6 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) across at the widest point . The egg was yellowish white to light ochre with a varying pattern of black , brown or greyish spots and lines which often congregated on the large end . It is believed that the variation in the egg 's streaks enabled the parents to recognize their egg in the colony . The pair took turns incubating the egg in an upright position for the 39 to 44 days before the egg hatched , typically in June , although eggs could be present at the colonies as late as August . The parents also took turns feeding their chick . According to one account , the chick was covered with grey down . The young bird took only two or three weeks to mature enough to abandon the nest and land for the water , typically around the middle of July . The parents cared for their young after they fledged , and adults would be seen swimming with their young perched on their backs . Great auks sexually matured when they were four to seven years old . = = Relationship with humans = = The great auk was a food source for Neanderthals more than 100 @,@ 000 years ago , as evidenced by well @-@ cleaned bones found by their campfires . Images believed to depict the great auk were also carved into the walls of the El Pendo Cave , Santander in Spain over 35 @,@ 000 years ago , and cave paintings 20 @,@ 000 years old have been found in France 's Grotte Cosquer . Native Americans valued the great auk as a food source during the winter and as an important symbol . Images of the great auk have been found in bone necklaces . A person buried at the Maritime Archaic site at Port au Choix , Newfoundland , dating to about 2000 BC , was found surrounded by more than 200 great auk beaks , which are believed to have been part of a suit made from their skins , with the heads left attached as decoration . Nearly half of the bird bones found in graves at this site were of the great auk , suggesting that it had cultural significance for the Maritime Archaic people . The extinct Beothuks of Newfoundland made pudding out of the auk 's eggs . The Dorset Eskimos also hunted it ; the Saqqaq in Greenland overhunted the species , causing a local reduction in range . Later , European sailors used the auks as a navigational beacon , as the presence of these birds signalled that the Grand Banks of Newfoundland were near . This species is estimated to have had a maximum population in the millions . The great auk was hunted on a significant scale for food , eggs , and its down feathers from at least the 8th century . Prior to that , hunting by local natives can be documented from Late Stone Age Scandinavia and eastern North America , as well as from early 5th century Labrador , where the bird seems to have occurred only as a straggler . Early explorers , including Jacques Cartier and numerous ships attempting to find gold on Baffin Island , were not provisioned with food for the journey home , and therefore used this species as both a convenient food source and bait for fishing . Some of the later vessels anchored next to a colony and ran out planks to the land . The sailors then herded hundreds of these auks onto the ships , where they were slaughtered . Some authors have questioned whether this hunting method actually occurred successfully . Great auk eggs were also a valued food source , as the eggs were three times the size of a murre 's and had a large yolk . These sailors also introduced rats onto the islands . = = = Extinction = = = The Little Ice Age may have reduced the population of the great auk by exposing more of their breeding islands to predation by polar bears , but massive exploitation for their down drastically reduced the population . By the mid @-@ 16th century , the nesting colonies along the European side of the Atlantic were nearly all eliminated by humans killing this bird for its down , which was used to make pillows . In 1553 , the auk received its first official protection , and in 1794 Great Britain banned the killing of this species for its feathers . In St. John 's , those violating a 1775 law banning hunting the great auk for its feathers or eggs were publicly flogged , though hunting for use as fishing bait was still permitted . On the North American side , eider down was initially preferred , but once the eiders were nearly driven to extinction in the 1770s , down collectors switched to the auk at the same time that hunting for food , fishing bait , and oil decreased . The great auk had disappeared from Funk Island by 1800 , and an account by Aaron Thomas of HMS Boston from 1794 described how the bird had been systematically slaughtered until then : If you come for their Feathers you do not give yourself the trouble of killing them , but lay hold of one and pluck the best of the Feathers . You then turn the poor Penguin adrift , with his skin half naked and torn off , to perish at his leasure . This is not a very humane method but it is the common practize . While you abide on this island you are in the constant practize of horrid cruelties for you not only skin them Alive , but you burn them Alive also to cook their Bodies with . You take a kettle with you into which you put a Penguin or two , you kindle a fire under it , and this fire is absolutely made of the unfortunate Penguins themselves . Their bodys being oily soon produce a Flame ; there is no wood on the island . With its increasing rarity , specimens of the great auk and its eggs became collectible and highly prized by rich Europeans , and the loss of a large number of its eggs to collection contributed to the demise of the species . Eggers , individuals who visited the nesting sites of the great auk to collect their eggs , quickly realized that the birds did not all lay their eggs on the same day , so they could make return visits to the same breeding colony . Eggers only collected eggs without embryos growing inside them and typically discarded the eggs with embryos . On the islet of Stac an Armin , St Kilda , Scotland , in July 1844 , the last great auk seen in the British Isles was caught and killed . Three men from St Kilda caught a single " garefowl " , noticing its little wings and the large white spot on its head . They tied it up and kept it alive for three days , until a large storm arose . Believing that the auk was a witch and the cause of the storm , they then killed it by beating it with a stick . The last colony of great auks lived on Geirfuglasker ( the " Great Auk Rock " ) off Iceland . This islet was a volcanic rock surrounded by cliffs which made it inaccessible to humans , but in 1830 the islet submerged after a volcanic eruption , and the birds moved to the nearby island of Eldey , which was accessible from a single side . When the colony was initially discovered in 1835 , nearly fifty birds were present . Museums , desiring the skins of the auk for preservation and display , quickly began collecting birds from the colony . The last pair , found incubating an egg , was killed there on 3 July 1844 , on request from a merchant who wanted specimens , with Jón Brandsson and Sigurður Ísleifsson strangling the adults and Ketill Ketilsson smashing the egg with his boot . Great auk specialist John Wolley interviewed the two men who killed the last birds , and Ísleifsson described the act as follows : The rocks were covered with blackbirds [ referring to Guillemots ] and there were the Geirfugles ... They walked slowly . Jón Brandsson crept up with his arms open . The bird that Jón got went into a corner but [ mine ] was going to the edge of the cliff . It walked like a man ... but moved its feet quickly . [ I ] caught it close to the edge – a precipice many fathoms deep . Its wings lay close to the sides - not hanging out . I took him by the neck and he flapped his wings . He made no cry . I strangled him . A later claim of a live individual sighted in 1852 on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland has been accepted by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) . = = = Preserved specimens = = = Today , 78 skins of the great auk remain mostly in museum collections , along with around 75 eggs and 24 complete skeletons . All but four of the surviving skins are in summer plumage , and only two of these are immature . No hatchling specimens exist . Each egg and skin has been assigned a number by specialists . Though thousands of isolated bones were collected from 19th century Funk Island to Neolithic middens , only a few complete skeletons exist . Natural mummies are also known from Funk Island , and the eyes and internal organs of the last two birds from 1844 are stored in the Zoological Museum , Copenhagen . It is uncertain where their skins are located today , but according to Errol Fuller , three are suspected due to their connection to a specific dealer in Copenhagen ; the specimens in Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History , in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences , and the one in Übersee @-@ Museum Bremen . Following the bird 's extinction , remains of the great auk increased dramatically in value , and auctions of specimens created intense interest in Victorian Britain , where 15 specimens are now located , the largest number of any country . A specimen was bought in 1971 by the Icelandic Museum of National History for £ 9000 , which placed it in the Guinness Book of Records as the most expensive stuffed bird ever sold . The price of its eggs sometimes reached up to 11 times the amount earned by a skilled worker in a year . The present whereabouts of six of the eggs are unknown , and several other eggs have been accidentally destroyed . Two mounted skins were destroyed in the 20th century , one in the Mainz Museum during the Second World War , and one in the Museu Bocage , Lisbon , was destroyed by a fire in 1978 . = = = Cultural depictions = = = The great auk is one of the more frequently referenced extinct birds in literature , much like the famous Dodo . It appears in many works of children 's literature . Charles Kingsley 's The Water @-@ Babies , A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby depicts a great auk telling the tale of its species ' extinction . ( In this image , Kingsley 's artist played with or misunderstood the words " large pair of white spectacles " , intended to mean the natural white patches on the bird 's face . ) Enid Blyton 's The Island of Adventure features the bird 's extinction , sending the protagonist on a failed search for what he believes is a lost colony of the species . The great auk is also present in a wide variety of other works of fiction . In the short story The Harbor @-@ Master , by Robert W. Chambers , the discovery and attempted recovery of the last known pair of great auks is central to the plot ( which also involves a proto @-@ H.P. Lovecraftian element of suspense ) . The story first appeared in Ainslee 's Magazine ( Aug 1889 ) and was slightly revised to become the first five chapters of Chambers 'episodic novel In Search of the Unknown , ( Harper and Brothers Publishers , New York , 1904 ) . In his novel Ulysses , James Joyce mentions the bird while the novel 's main character is drifting into sleep . He associates the great auk with the mythical roc as a method of formally returning the main character to a sleepy land of fantasy and memory . Penguin Island , a 1908 French satirical novel by the Nobel Prize winning author Anatole France , narrates the fictional history of a great auk population that is mistakenly baptized by a nearsighted missionary . A great auk is collected by fictional naturalist Stephen Maturin in the Patrick O 'Brian historical novel The Surgeon 's Mate . This work also details the harvesting of a colony of auks . The great auk is the subject of a novel , The Last Great Auk by Allen Eckert , which tells of the events leading to the extinction of the great auk as seen from the perspective of the last one alive . The bird also appears in Farley Mowat 's Sea of Slaughter . This bird is also featured in a variety of other media . It is the subject of a ballet , Still Life at the Penguin Café , and a song , " A Dream Too Far " , in the ecological musical Rockford 's Rock Opera . A great auk appears as a prized possession of Baba the Turk in Igor Stravinsky 's opera The Rake 's Progress ( libretto by W. H. Auden and Chester Kallman ) . The great auk is the mascot of the Archmere Academy in Claymont , Delaware , Sir Sandford Fleming College in Ontario , and the Adelaide University Choral Society ( AUCS ) in Australia . It is also the mascot of the Knowledge Masters educational competition . The scientific journal of the American Ornithologists ' Union is named The Auk in honour of this bird . According to Homer Hickam 's memoir , Rocket Boys , and its film production , October Sky , the early rockets he and his friends built were ironically named " Auk " . A cigarette company , the British Great Auk Cigarettes , was named after this bird . Walton Ford , the American painter , has featured great auks in two paintings : " The Witch of St. Kilda " and " Funk Island " . The English painter and writer Errol Fuller produced " Last Stand " for his monograph on the species . The great auk also appeared on one stamp in a set of five depicting extinct birds issued by Cuba in 1974 . Ogden Nash warns that humans could suffer the same fate as the great auk in his short poem " A Caution to Everybody . " = Talking Heads ( Body of Proof ) = " Talking Heads " is the fourth episode of the first season of the American medical drama Body of Proof . It was originally broadcast in the United States on ABC on April 12 , 2011 . The episode was directed by Christine Moore and written by Diane Ademu @-@ John . In this episode , Megan ( Dana Delany ) and her team investigate the murder of Callum O 'Donnell , but have much difficulty in finding his body , as it was dismembered . After finding the victim 's daughter , Jenny ( Abigail Hawk ) and her husband Dean ( Tom Pelphrey ) with the victim 's money , this leads them to suspect many of Callum 's acquantices . Meanwhile , Megan 's daughter , Lacey ( Mary Mouser ) , goes to Megan 's work , for a school project . The episode received positive reviews , and was watched by 11 @.@ 06 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings , on the Tuesday night it aired in the United States . Critics praised guest star Kathy Searle , who appeared as Irina Tomislava , who dismembered the victim , however did not murder him , calling it " impressive " and that it had a sense of " eerie coldness " , naming it " disturbing " . = = Plot = = Dr. Megan Hunt ( Dana Delany ) receives a call as a hand and a foot was found . Megan and Peter Dunlop ( Nicholas Bishop ) notice that the hand and foot are severed , leading them to search for the other body parts . Megan concludes that it is a single male and has rheumatoid arthritis . After finding a stamp on the victim , it leads them to a casino , they find out his name is Cal , and see him on the security footage . Megan , Peter , and Ethan Gross ( Geoffrey Arend ) find a knee and a thigh , and the team find out that the man had knee replacement surgery . Peter tracks the serial number for the knee replacement ; finding out the victim is Callum O 'Donnell . His daughter Jenny ( Abigail Hawk ) identifies the body parts of Callum , based on his scars and injuries . They find the rest of Callum 's body parts in his freezer , apart from the head . Megan and Detective Samantha Baker ( Sonja Sohn ) speak to Callum 's neighbours , Mira ( Li Jun Li ) and Frank Ling ( Pun Bandhu ) and the Ling 's nanny , Irina ( Kathy Searle ) . The money that Callum won from the casino is missing , and Samantha finds it with Jenny and her husband Dean ( Tom Pelphrey ) , after they stole it . Jenny and Dean are brought into questioning ; however Jenny tells Megan that Callum was giving it to her , to go on an art course . Samantha talks to Frank again , but when they question him about Irina but he does not know her . They find out that Irina was Callum 's nurse , for his arthritis and that Callum was going to help Irina get her son from Belgrade to the US . Irina confesses that she did cut up Callum , but did not kill him . Irina found Callum dead , so cut him up so that she could forge the last immigration document to get her son to her as Callum had not finished it . Irina tells Megan where the head is , and they find a fracture on his head . Megan and Samantha go back to Callum ’ s apartment , and Megan demonstrates why Irina couldn ’ t have killed Callum due to the mark on the wall being too high to be Irina . Megan traces metal to Callum 's landlord , Mike Walsh ( Kelly AuCoin ) . Samantha infers that because Cal was under rent control , Mike killed him so a paying client could stay in the apartment . Meanwhile , Lacey Fleming ( Mary Mouser ) asks if she can go to Megan 's work , for a school project . Lacey arrives , and speaks with Dr. Kate Murphy ( Jeri Ryan ) , discussing her work . Lacey tries to get Kate to allow her to see the body , however she refuses . Lacey speaks to Ethan , Curtis Brumfield ( Windell Middlebrooks ) and later Megan , who shows her pictures of bodies , telling her about her job . = = Production = = " Talking Heads " was written by Diane Ademu @-@ John and directed by Christine Moore . Moore is best known for directing episode 's of The Wire , which starred Sonja Sohn who currently plays Detective Samantha Baker in Body of Proof . Daniel Licht who has worked on the series since its inception , returned to compose the music for the episode . Actor Kelly AuCoin ( best known for his role in Gossip Girl and The Good Wife ) guest starred in the episode as Mike Walsh . Mary Mouser ( best known for her role in Life Is Wild ) made another re @-@ appearance as Lacey Fleming , Megan 's daughter . Regular cast member John Carroll Lynch who plays Detective Bud Morris , did not appear in this episode , although was credited . " Talking Heads , along with the eight episode 's from Body of Proof 's first season , were released on a two @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on September 20 , 2011 . The sets included brief audio commentaries from various crew and cast members for several episode 's , a preview of season 2 and a 10 @-@ minute " featurette " on the making of the show , with commentaries from the medical consultants who helped with the script , as well as a " Contaminated Evidence " blooper reel . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original American broadcast on April 12 , 2011 , " Talking Heads " was seen by 11 @.@ 06 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings . Among viewers between ages 18 and 49 , it received a 2 @.@ 5 rating / 9 share ; a share represents the percentage of households using a television at the time the program is airing . This episode achieved both a minimal lower amount of viewers than the previous episode , " Helping Hand " , and in the subsequent episode " Dead Man Walking " . Body of Proof came fourth in the ratings on Tuesday night , it was outperformed by the ABC 's Dancing with the Stars and two episode 's of CBS 's NCIS . " Talking Heads " was watched by 1 @.@ 75 million viewers upon its airing on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom . = = = Critical response = = = " Talking Heads " received positive reviews . Of Kathy Searle 's appearance as " steely " Irina , CelebrityNetWorth said , " Searle impressively took on a Russian accent with flying colors in the series Body Of Proof " . Orlando expressed her disappointment at John Carroll Lynch 's character Bud Morris not appearing in this episode saying , " The show lacked his sarcastic wit and his banter with Megan . We 're just a few episode 's into this show and I 've already been enjoying their chemistry " . She also praised Searle 's performance saying , " When Irina described cutting up Callum 's body it was with an eerie coldness . She liked the man and he cared for her . Yet , once dead he was no longer an asset to her but a problem that needed to be disposed of , literally . I could only imagine the parts of yourself you 'd have to shut down to be able to take a hacksaw to someone you were fond of " . Also praising Kelly AuCoin 's performance , she said that she wasn 't " sure who was more disturbing , Irina or the landlord who swung a hammer at the man 's head and then went on with his day as though nothing had occurred " . Finally , she praised the scenes between Megan and Lacey ( Mary Mouser ) . TV Overmind 's Carissa Pavlica commented on Tom Pelphrey guest role saying " I adored Guiding Light and considering the roles Tom Pelphrey ( my beloved Jonathan from GL ) gets after his run as the bad @-@ boy , I immediately suspected he would be the killer . Turned out I was wrong , but he was still a class A jerk " . Of the episode she said , " The suspects pile up so fast and furious , that it 's difficult to figure out the perpetrator until they are ready to tell you . She added that she had " much respect for that method of storytelling " . She continued , " There is nothing I enjoy less than watching the crime being committed in the first minutes of a show and then watching the respective squad of police and detectives miss clues we already know . Body of Proof isn 't afraid to allow the audience to use their intellect " . Pavlica also enjoyed the relationship between Megan and Lacey , calling it " heart wrenching " saying that she had a tear in eye due to the scenes . " I 'm enjoying how the writers are piecing together the strained relationship they had , in a realistic , no holds barred way " . However , Pavica was afraid to " jinx " the show , as she had " no idea of Body of Proof 's place in the ratings " , adding that she was " nervous " as it is up against shows such as The Good Wife and Parenthood . = Battle of Britain Day = The Battle of Britain Day is the name given to the large @-@ scale aerial battle that took place on 15 September 1940 , during the Battle of Britain ( German : Luftschlacht um England or Luftschlacht um Großbritannien ) . In June 1940 , Nazi Germany had conquered most of Western Europe and Scandinavia . At that time , the only major power standing in the way of a German @-@ dominated Europe was the British Empire and the Commonwealth . After having several peace offers rejected by the British , Adolf Hitler ordered the Luftwaffe to destroy the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in order to gain air superiority or air supremacy as a prelude to launching Operation Sea Lion , an amphibious assault by the Wehrmacht ( German armed forces ) onto the British mainland . In July 1940 , the Luftwaffe started by closing the English Channel to merchant shipping . In August , Operation Adlerangriff ( Eagle Attack ) was launched against RAF airfields in southern England . By the first week of September , the Luftwaffe had not gained the results desired by Hitler . Frustrated , the Germans turned towards the strategic bombing of cities , an offensive which was aimed at British military and civil industries , but also civilian morale . The attacks began on 7 September 1940 , but were to reach their daylight climax on 15 September . On Sunday , 15 September 1940 , the Luftwaffe launched its largest and most concentrated attack against London in the hope of drawing out the RAF into a battle of annihilation . Around 1 @,@ 500 aircraft took part in the air battles which lasted until dusk . The action was the climax of the Battle of Britain . RAF Fighter Command defeated the German raids . The Luftwaffe formations were dispersed by a large cloud base and failed to inflict severe damage on the city of London . In the aftermath of the raid , Hitler postponed Operation Sea Lion . Having been defeated in daylight , the Luftwaffe turned its attention to The Blitz night campaign which lasted until May 1941 . The 15th of September , also known as Battle of Britain Day , is now an annual commemoration of the battle in the United Kingdom . In Canada , the commemoration takes place on the third Sunday of September . = = Background = = The Battle of Britain began on 10 July 1940 , when the first Luftwaffe bomber fleets began attacking convoys and Royal Navy forces in English ports and Channel . The results were positive and the Germans succeeded in forcing the British to abandon the channel convoy route and to redirect shipping to ports in north @-@ eastern Britain . With this achieved the Luftwaffe began the second phase of its air offensive , attacking RAF airfields and supporting structures on the British mainland . The codename of the offensive was Unternehmen Adlerangriff ( " Operation Eagle Attack " ) . On 12 August , it flew its first missions in this regard . On 13 August , the Luftwaffe carried out its largest attack to date on the mainland . Christened Adlertag ( " Eagle Day " ) , the attack was a failure . Nevertheless , the raids continued , at great cost to both sides . The impact of the German offensive on RAF airfields and Fighter Command is disputed . Some historians believe that the attacks were not having much effect and that the Germans were losing the attrition battle , while others believe the RAF was faltering . Either way , Hitler was dissatisfied with the progress being made . Prompted by an RAF raid on Berlin in late August 1940 , he ordered the Luftwaffe to concentrate its attacks upon London . It was thought the move would draw RAF Fighter Command up into a large , decisive battle . Initially , the change in strategy caught the British off @-@ guard . The first daylight attack of this type occurred on 7 September and caused extensive damage and civilian casualties . Some 107 @,@ 400 long tons ( 109 @,@ 100 t ) of shipping was damaged in the Thames Estuary and 1 @,@ 600 civilians were killed or injured . Still , Hitler was critical of the Luftwaffe and its failure to destroy Fighter Command quickly . He dismissed over @-@ optimistic reports from the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe ( OKL or High Command of the Air Force ) , particularly the Chief of the Luftwaffe general staff Hans Jeschonnek , who asserted the RAF was on its last legs . Confident the RAF was nearly defeated , Jeschonnek requested terror bombing to be enacted as a final blow . Hitler refused , and only allowed attacks on industry , communications and public utility targets . Over the next few days , bad weather prevented more large attacks . On 9 and 11 September , only smaller raids were carried out . It gave Hugh Dowding AOC ( Air Officer Commanding ) Fighter Command , the chance to prepare and reinforce his forces . The British , possibly through the use of Ultra intelligence , recognised the German change in strategy and duly prepared for further attacks on the capital . ULTRA 's contribution to the preparations for 15 September is also disputed . The intelligence from ULTRA at this stage in the war tended to be fragmented . With the Germans launching attacks whenever there was clear weather , it would not have been difficult for RAF Fighter Command to have predicted an attack on 15 September , which was to be a clear day . = = German strategy = = On the afternoon of 14 September , Hitler and his command held a conference at the Reich Chancellery in Berlin to discuss the future direction of the war . Göring was not present . Instead , he was inspecting Luftwaffe units in Belgium . Erhard Milch replaced him . Hitler praised the attacks which had caused heavy damage to the RAF and London . He blamed the failure to achieve more decisive results on the weather . Nevertheless , it was clear to Hitler that victory had still not been attained by the Luftwaffe . Under those circumstances , Operation Sea Lion could not take place . Großadmiral Erich Raeder , commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Kriegsmarine , agreed . He argued that Sea Lion should only be carried out as a last resort regardless of gaining air superiority . Hitler wanted to maintain the threat of invasion by continuing air attacks on military targets in the British capital . Hans Jeschonnek still pushed for attacks on civilian morale . He argued that military and civilian industries were located too far apart to achieve a collapse of morale by attacking the former . Instead , he pressed for attacks against residential areas . Hitler refused . He ordered that only military targets in London were to be attacked . The Luftwaffe intimated that a period of good weather was now due over France , Belgium and southern Britain . They prepared for an attack along the lines set by Hitler . Staff officers of Luftflotte 2 based in Brussels began planning for a two @-@ pronged offensive on 15 September . The targets were purely military . The first target selected was the Battersea railway station ( WLER ) West London Extension Railway in Battersea district . The tracks were 12 abreast in some places and linked London to the heavy industries of the West Midlands and other industrial cities on the north and south @-@ east of Britain . The conglomeration of lines included rail @-@ over @-@ rail bridges which were vulnerable to air attack . This was what air planners referred to as " choke points " , which if cut could erode enemy communication efficiency . The second target , for the larger second attack during the afternoon would be the dock areas of the Thames Estuary including the warehouse of the East End of London , Surrey Commercial Docks , south of the river , and Royal Docks ( Royal Victoria Dock , West India Docks , Royal Albert Dock and King George V Dock ) . = = = Intelligence = = = The strategy could only be valid if intelligence assessments were correct . To German intelligence , it seemed as if the RAF might be on the verge of collapse . The attacks on London , thus far , seemed to confirm the assumption . None of the Luftwaffe bomber formations had encountered the well organised , effective and ferocious defence that had characterised the battles in August 1940 . If the German intelligence was correct , then by striking against vital choke points in London that the RAF would be forced to defend , the Luftwaffe had the opportunity to destroy the remaining RAF fighter forces . Not only would the attacks allow for the attainment of air superiority , they would eliminate a vital rail network , destroy shipping and supplies brought in from North America , and affect civilian morale by demonstrating London ’ s vulnerability to air power . The policy of attacking London after the successful 7 September raid quickly became counter @-@ productive , and in this matter the Luftwaffe suffered from serious misjudgement resulting from their intelligence service . The crews had been told the RAF was down to its last reserves and that one more assault would clinch victory . This was incorrect which meant bomber crews would be in for a shock on 15 September . The RAF had been given much needed rest after intense operations by the shift in German strategy . British radar , having been virtually untouched , was still able to follow the slow German build ups over France long before the first German aircraft reached British airspace . It would give the rested Fighter Command units plenty of warning . Moreover , by choosing to attack London , it exposed the bombers to greater danger by forcing them to fly greater distances in hostile air space . German crews would be forced to fight all the way to London and back . As it happened , all the German bomber units were at least intercepted on 15 September , and were then scattered as they withdrew . Hitler was satisfied . The reasoning of the Luftwaffe seemed sound . Should the bombing achieve its aim , it offered considerable strategic value . The strike against London meant that most of the fighting on 15 September would take place between Luftflotte 2 under Albert Kesselring and Keith Park ’ s No. 11 Group RAF . = = British strategy = = There was a debate which raged within Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain . It centred around what strategy to pursue against the Luftwaffe . AOC Hugh Dowding and AOC 11 Group Keith Park favoured a strategy of non @-@ attrition . From their perspective , the RAF had to remain intact to win the battle , rather than decimate the Luftwaffe . Both felt that trying to fight a battle of attrition would give the numerically superior enemy the chance to destroy large parts of the Command in one go , thus playing into Göring 's hands . Therefore , Park and Dowding advocated the tactic of sending small numbers of fighters to intercept every raid ; providing opposition to every raid offered the chance of inflicting continued attrition on German formations while avoiding decisive damage to Fighter Command . Park 's equivalent and another of Dowding 's commanders , AOC 12 Group Trafford Leigh @-@ Mallory , held the opposite view . For him , large forces would win the battle by destroying large numbers of the enemy . This attrition strategy would use the concept of the Big Wing as its basis . = = = The Big Wing = = = Air Vice @-@ Marshal Trafford Leigh @-@ Mallory and Squadron Leader Douglas Bader came to play significant roles in the September fighting . Bader commanded 242 Squadron flying Hurricanes in Leigh @-@ Mallory 's 12 Group , which defended the vital industrial targets in the West Midlands . A source of frustration to Leigh @-@ Mallory was the way in which his squadrons were used . During Luftwaffe attacks on south @-@ east England 12 Group units were tasked with protecting 11 Group sector stations north of the Thames Estuary , while Leigh @-@ Mallory believed his units should be in action south of the Thames . Mallory also criticised the way Park and Dowding were conducting the battle . The popular image of outnumbered Spitfires and Hurricanes meeting an enemy with huge numerical strength preyed upon his mind . He favoured a reverse of the image . Bader was bored and frustrated at being left out of the major actions in the south . To Bader , it did not make sense for 12 Group to apparently sit idle while 11 Group suffered heavy losses and fought at a numerical disadvantage . Bader advocated scrambling 12 Group fighters as soon as German aircraft were detected forming up over France or Belgium . He asserted 12 Group was quick enough to reach 20 @,@ 000 ft ( 6 @,@ 100 m ) over the Thames Estuary before the enemy reached the area . He planned to use large forces , three to five squadrons to engage the enemy . Should this succeed , 11 Group , following up attacks , might have found broken enemy formations whose crews had lost the determination to press on to their targets . Bader implied that this may reduce the losses of fighter pilots in 11 Group . After the war , Bader insisted that both he and Leigh @-@ Mallory wanted the Big Wing tactic enacted in 12 Group only . They both believed , according to Bader , that it was impractical to use in 11 Group as the command was located too close to the enemy and would not have enough time to assemble . Dowding saw 12 Group as the protector of the Midlands and a reserve for 11 Group . Mallory and Bader wanted to ignore both the defence of the Midlands and keeping a reserve in order to commit 12 Group to battle . In essence , they proposed the opposite of Dowding and resolved to commit the reserves before the front @-@ line units . While this method may have spared 11 Group , it had its problems . Although Mallory and Bader wanted to stop the enemy before it hit RAF airfields , the amount of time it took to position large formations for interception meant that the Big Wing often failed to achieve this . Instead , they engaged the enemy as he withdrew . Prompted by a supporting comment from Leigh @-@ Mallory , to the effect that it did not matter when an intertception was made , as long as it accounted for a large number of enemy aircraft , Bader announced that he would rather destroy 50 German bombers after hitting their targets than 10 before . The argument was strong ; crippling losses would act as a deterrent , so that damage sustained on an occasion when the Germans did get through would have to be offset against later occasions when they did not even care to try . The counter @-@ arguments were much stronger . The assumption that the Germans would be put off by losses was wrong ; it would have taken severe losses for the OKL to change its mind on target selection . The targets were also vital . The airfields themselves supported the squadrons in the field , while the loss of the vital sector @-@ stations could well have crippled the defence system . Thus the possibility of allowing the bulk of the German bombers to reach their target unscathed was unacceptable . The idea that the Big Wing could inflict heavier losses than had been achieved up until then was based on an overestimate of the numbers of aircraft shot down by the Big Wing . Leigh @-@ Mallory , Sholto Douglas and Bader had based their opinions on claims made by RAF units in battle . However , particularly when a large number of aircraft were engaged , it was possible for the same aircraft to be claimed by more than one pilot . As a result , the RAF claimed 100 or more German aircraft shot down in one day on five occasions , while analysis of Luftwaffe losses has shown that there were only four occasions on which the Luftwaffe lost more than 50 aircraft , and never did they lose 100 or more in a day . Nevertheless , while it is not known whether Mallory and Bader were aware that the claims of the RAF and Big Wings were exaggerated , they certainly tried to use them as a potent tool with which to remove Park and Dowding from command and pursue the Big Wing tactic . = = = Non @-@ attrition = = = Keith Park , with endorsement from Dowding , opted for the opposite strategy . Park maintained that it was unimportant to inflict large losses on the Germans in comparison to safeguarding his own forces . Park believed the Germans would give up if they could not achieve their aim of air superiority . This , simply put , meant avoiding the destruction and or depletion of Fighter Command was the primary factor in air defence . This would be achieved by sending small numbers of fighters to intercept , minimising losses in the air . By remaining to offer undiminished and constant air opposition , the RAF ensured the Luftwaffe could not win . As long as some sort of cost was imposed before the enemy dropped his bombs and impaired the defence system , the RAF could remain intact to meet the threat again the next day . To this end , Park favoured the 10 bomber kills before the attack , rather than the 50 shot down after it . The strategy suggested an enemy would give up if he felt he was getting nowhere . For even while his losses remained moderate , it would be senseless to suffer those casualties for no return . Park and Dowding 's strategy , under the circumstances , was the wiser choice . = = Forces involved = = = = = Luftwaffe forces = = = The Luftwaffe had suffered heavy attrition since the opening of the Battle of Britain . Just over a month earlier , it possessed 2 @,@ 226 operational aircraft on 17 August . By 7 September , it had 1 @,@ 895 aircraft , a drop of 15 percent . Still , most of the losses were being made good by production . During the battle , the Luftwaffe had undergone a major reorganisation . Luftflotte 5 in Norway had sent most of its Messerschmitt Bf 110 and medium bomber units ( Kampfgeschwader or Bomber Wings ) to Luftflotte 2 and 3 . Luftflotte 3 then passed most of its Messerschmitt Bf 109 units to Luftflotte 2 which was based in the Netherlands , Belgium and France . According to the Luftwaffe order of battle dated 7 September , the nearest date covered by the list , the three Air Fleets contained 1 @,@ 895 aircraft . Luftflotte 2 had 1 @,@ 311 machines including ; 533 Bf 109s , 107 Bf 110s , 51 reconnaissance and 484 medium bomber aircraft . A further 120 Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers were on the order of battle , but were not used . Luftwaffe readiness was less than ideal . In August , 211 pilots had been killed , including 105 fighter pilots and 91 bomber pilots . Missing pilots amounted to 132 fighter and 94 bomber pilots alone , with a further respective loss of 47 and 28 wounded . The effect on operational ready crews was significant . Messerschmitt Bf 110 units had 60 % of crews against authorised strength . For bomber units , it was 65 % , while Bf 109 units had 81 % of crews ready , a 5 % increase from the 76 % level in the first week of September . However , by 14 September , Bf 109 units possessed only 67 % of crews against authorised aircraft . In Bf 110 units , it fell to just 46 % , and in bomber units it dropped to 59 % . One week later , the figures were 64 , 52 and 52 % respectively . = = = RAF forces = = = In the six weeks of intensive combat , RAF strength had been maintained to extent far greater than the Luftwaffe intelligence had believed possible . On the evening of 14 September , Fighter Command could muster 269 Supermarine Spitfire and 533 Hawker Hurricane fighters . The two vital groups could put up just over 500 fighters . No. 11 Group RAF had 310 fighters , including 92 Spitfires and 218 Hurricanes . No. 12 Group RAF could field 85 Spitfires and 109 Hurricanes . Should No. 10 Group RAF come into the battle , a further 48 Spitfires and 78 Hurricanes could be committed . Compared with 17 August , there were just 22 fewer Spitfires and Hurricanes . During the battle , the RAF had suffered a serious loss of experienced pilots . In mid @-@ September , Fighter Command could call upon 1 @,@ 492 operational pilots against an establishment of 1 @,@ 662 — a deficiency of 10 % . Many of the pilots were ineffective unless led into battle by experienced men . Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding 's policy was to move in fresh squadrons from quieter areas to replace losses in the units in the south @-@ east as they became exhausted . By early September , the system was breaking down as squadrons were becoming depleted before fresh units could be formed and take their place . Reluctantly , Dowding defined three categories , A , B and C. Category A units were to bear the brunt of the fighting , and were to be kept at full strength in aircraft and pilots . Only if the A units suffered exceptionally high losses would they be replaced . B units were relief units , to be maintained at operational strength and only used if absolutely necessary . C units were generally stripped down to just five or six pilots . These units were devoted to training new pilots . Although not fit for fighter @-@ fighter action , they could defend quieter areas . The system potentially could have had fatal results for Fighter Command , with C units becoming less and less effective . But the system had not been running long enough by 14 September for it to have a serious impact on Fighter Command 's strength . The replacement units were sufficient in number and effectiveness to continue to replace exhausted units . By 15 September , the C units could still give a good account of themselves in battle . = = Preliminary engagements = = The Luftwaffe began its eighth consecutive night of bombing London on 15 September . Soon after midnight , 13 unidentified Dornier Do 17 light bombers attacked the capital . At 00 : 15 two Junkers Ju 88s followed from Kampfgeschwader 51 ( KG 51 , or 51st Bomber Wing ) . A further 11 Heinkel He 111s from an unidentified unit bombed the city again at 00 : 50 . At 02 : 00 , five He 111s from Kampfgeschwader 4 ( KG 4 ) bombed the city . A full strike by the Geschwader had been planned , but bad weather had forced a cancellation after five He 111s had taken off . Most of the damage was done to residential areas in Fulham , Chelsea and Westminster . Around 19 people were killed and 31 injured . The heaviest casualties were caused when a bomb fell on a Church in Chelsea killing 14 and injuring 26 . Small raiding forces bombed Cardiff , Bootle ( in Liverpool ) , Leicester and Ipswich . At Bootle , only slight damage was done to rail tracks and facilities at West Alexandra Dock . At sea , a Heinkel He 115 floatplane attacked and sank the 5 @,@ 548 long tons ( 5 @,@ 637 t ) freighter Mailsea River off Montrose with a torpedo . Soon after , the freighter Halland was sunk by the same method in the area . At 03 : 30 , He 115s flew up the Thames Estuary and dropped magnetic anti @-@ shipping mines . Further mines were dropped in the Bristol Channel , Liverpool Bay and Milford Haven and off Hartlepool , Berwick @-@ upon @-@ Tweed and Aberdeen . RAF night fighter defences were still in their infancy . Most fighters lacked radar and in any case , radar was short @-@ range and unreliable . Instead , they flew outside the anti @-@ aircraft guns ' fields of fire on likely approach routes using the pilots ' vision to locate enemy aircraft . In later years , the night fighter defences would be highly sophisticated . But in 1940 , they were not effective . Just 28 sorties were flown against the nocturnal raids . There was also air activity over German @-@ held territory . RAF Bomber Command flew 92 sorties against German invasion targets at Boulogne , Calais , Ostend , Dunkirk , and Antwerp . The remaining sorties were directed at Brussels marshalling yards , Hamm and Krefeld . One Armstrong Whitworth Whitley failed to return . It was lost to ground fire over the Netherlands . A total of 157 sorties were flown overall . By the September 1940 , some 10 – 13 % of invasion barges had been sunk . The first combat in daylight began just after 08 : 00 . A He 111 from Aufklärungsgruppe 51 ( Long @-@ range Reconnaissance Group 51 ) , based near Paris , was intercepted and shot down over the Channel by Hurricanes from No. 87 Squadron RAF . A Heinkel He 59 air @-@ sea rescue aircraft was dispatched , but found no trace of the Heinkel or its five crew . Further flights were made by high altitude Ju 88s . One photographed RAF Sealand , RAF Pembrey and RAF Woodward . It also managed to reach Manchester , Liverpool and Birkenhead without interception . Another managed to photograph the Thames Haven , RAF Netheravon , RAF Benson and the Royal Navy base at Chatham Dockyard . Interception of these high altitude aircraft was difficult , and none were lost on 15 September 1940 . = = Noon attack : 10 : 10 to 13 : 00 = = The offensive got underway at 10 : 10 in the morning . Major Alois Lindmayr Gruppenkommandeur ( Group Commander ) of I. / KG 76 led the entire formation . Lindmayr was an experienced combat veteran having won the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross for his effective low @-@ level attacks in France . III . / Kampfgeschwader 76 ( KG 76 ) took off with 19 Do 17s from their base at Cormeilles @-@ en @-@ Vexin . At the same time , 20 mi ( 32 km ) to the north , I. / KG 76 took off . Usually a Gruppe ( Group ) could field 27 bombers . After weeks of attrition , I. / KG 76 could put up only eight Do 17s . The Geschwader had to field two Gruppen to do the work of one . Most of the Dorniers were in bad shape , and were worn down by intensive operations . The two groups rendezvoused at Amiens then proceeded to Cap Gris Nez to pick up their Bf 109 fighter escort . As the attacks on Britain had caused heavy losses to the Luftwaffe , German crews and Geschwader experimented with innovative ways to defend themselves . One pilot , Feldwebel Rolf Heitsch , had his Dornier fitted with an infantry flame thrower in its tail . If it failed to down a fighter that got too close , it might drive the enemy off : if it worked , it could be fitted to other bombers . After take @-@ off the formation broke up in cloud and was delayed for 10 minutes to allow reforming . Two bombers failed to do and returned to base . = = = British reaction = = = Initially , the operations room at RAF Uxbridge was disturbed by a visit from Prime Minister Winston Churchill . Most of the plotting tables were bare , save for a few plots indicating German reconnaissance machines . Most of the Women 's Auxiliary Air Force ( WAAF ) were relaxing , in spite of Churchill ’ s presence ( he had ordered that they not behave any differently ) . However , at 10 : 30 the first German aircraft triggered the alarm at Chain Home radar station at Dover . The filter room at Stanmore recognised the formation as hostile . The WAAF detailed group and sector commands throughout the south that 40 @-@ plus enemy aircraft were entering Kentish airspace . By 11 : 04 , Lindmayr 's Dorniers had reached Calais . Wing Commander Lord Willoughby de Broke , Park ’ s senior fighter controller , watched with the Prime Minister and Park as the Germans moved closer . De Broke had a problem of his own . He had no way of knowing which plots represented bombers and fighters . Bombers had to be intercepted , fighters could be ignored . The trick was to strike a balance and time the interception as well as possible . On one hand he must scramble early and allow enough time to get into a favourable attack position ; but on the other hand he had to avoid scrambling them too early lest the fighters run short of fuel before they met the enemy . Park joined de Broke . After a brief discussion he decided to commit several squadrons from RAF Biggin Hill . Park realised the raid could be a trap . Though the target seemed to be London , the aircraft , comprising 120 – 150 in number , may be an advanced guard of Bf 109s sent to clear the skies or disrupt fighter defences . Still , he gambled and sent nine squadrons into action at 11 : 15 . No. 92 Squadron RAF and No. 72 Squadron RAF scrambled Spitfires from Biggin Hill . Their orders were to cover the air space over Canterbury at 25 @,@ 000 ft ( 7 @,@ 600 m ) . De Broke sensed by this time that nothing else was coming in . If this was the main attack , he decided it must be met with force . He ordered squadrons from RAF Northolt , RAF Kenley and RAF Debden to stand by . At 11 : 20 , he ordered RAF Hornchurch and RAF North Weald and No. 10 Group ’ s RAF Middle Wallop into the air . Park now had two squadrons over Canterbury , four over Biggin Hill and Maidstone with further back up of two squadrons over Chelmsford at 15 @,@ 000 ft ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) . The plan was for Nos. 72 and 92 to engage the high escort . No. 603 Squadron RAF would arrive on the scene just afterward and get at the close escort ( JG 3 ) . The pair from North Weald would go to Maidstone , so if the bombers got through , they would run into them over London . Despite Park ’ s reservations about Leigh @-@ Mallory ’ s Big Wing , he ordered that it was time for it to be tested . If the Germans attempted to use the Thames Estuary as a navigation aid , as so often before , fighters from 12 Group ’ s RAF Duxford could meet them over Hornchurch at 20 @,@ 000 ft ( 6 @,@ 100 m ) . They would have a 5 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) height advantage to the west of the bombers and attack out of the Sun , if Leigh @-@ Mallory could get them there in time . The order was sent to Stanmore at 11 : 20 and Duxford scrambled No. 19 , 310 , 302 and No. 611 Squadron RAF . No. 242 Squadron RAF ’ s leader , Wing Commander Douglas Bader led the assault with the 56 fighters . They were airborne at 11 : 22 . = = = Close to contact = = = The Dorniers were supported by a German fighter aircraft that had been sent out in advance of the main strike . Jagdgeschwader 27 ( JG 27 ) and I. / Jagdgeschwader 52 ( JG 52 ) Bf 109s flew in toward London at 16 @,@ 000 ft ( 4 @,@ 900 m ) , while Jagdgeschwader 53 ( JG 53 ) flew top cover over the bombers . Some 30 Jagdgeschwader 3 ( JG 3 ) flew close escort . The bombers were travelling slowly , forcing the fighters to lower their flaps to stay with the bombers , which made them sitting ducks . They crossed the coast at Folkestone at 11 : 36 . Fighters from II.Lehrgeschwader 2 ( Demonstration Wing 2 ) were also to form part of the escort . They flew in advance of the main force to drop 550 lb ( 250 kg ) bombs and then resume their role as fighters . The strong head wind slowed the Dorniers , which meant that the Germans took even longer to reach the target while burning up the Bf 109s ' limited fuel supplies . It also speeded up the RAF fighters coming in from the north . LG 2 took off as the bombers crossed the English coast . Even with bombs , the Bf 109s were expected to overhaul the bombers and attack London a few minutes before the main raids began . Park interpreted the LG 2 raid as a major thrust and was determined to meet the " second wave " as he saw it . He scrambled six more squadrons but kept four reserve squadrons at Hornchurch and RAF Tangmere . As the forces closed , around 120 Bf 109s and 25 Do 17s were facing 245 Spitfires and Hurricanes . = = = Combat = = = Park 's plan worked . The Biggin Hill squadrons , 72 and 92 Squadrons made contact with the enemy over Canterbury . Arriving at 25 @,@ 000 ft ( 7 @,@ 600 m ) , they found themselves 3 @,@ 000 ft ( 910 m ) above the top covering German fighters ( JG 53 ) . Beyond Canterbury , they could also see KG 76 and JG 3 over Ashford . At 11 : 50 , they attacked out of the sun . Taken by surprise , four or five of I. / JG 53s Bf 109s were hit by the Spitfires . Spitfires of 92 Squadron tried to charge through the fighter screen to get at the Dorniers but were blocked . Soon afterwards , No. 603 Squadron joined the fight . Park had broken up the top level escort . Some 23 Hurricanes of Nos. 253 and 501 Squadrons arrived at the same height as the bombers and delivered a head @-@ on attack . Lindmayr 's crews were experienced and the formation held its nerve and remained intact . JG 3 in turn attacked the Hurricanes dispatching two from 501 Squadron . Northolt 's No. 229 and No. 303 Squadron RAF were also arriving and engaged JG 52 . One of 239 Squadrons Hurricanes and a JG 52 Bf 109 collided . The bombers ploughed on and reached Lewisham . However , the formation was now isolated . The escorts were embroiled in dogfights all over Kent and half the RAF fighters were yet to engage . JG 53 were further engaged by several squadrons ; Nos. 1 , No. 46 , No. 249 and No. 605 Squadron RAF . No. 605 , led by Archie McKellar broke away and delivered a 12 @-@ fighter attack scoring some hits on the bombers . JG 27 meanwhile suffered two casualties , one possibly against No. 19 Squadron . It claimed only one British fighter that day . JG 3 claimed two fighters for one loss . Up until now , the Bf 109s had successfully blocked attacks on the bombers . However , Park 's tactics of attacking the Germans all along the route forced their fighters to use up fuel more quickly in dogfights . When the outskirts of London came into view , they began to depart at 12 : 07 north of Lewisham . The North Weald pair , No. 504 and 257 Squadrons engaged the Dorniers with 20 Hurricanes . One German pilot , Feldwebel Robert Zehbe developed engine trouble and lagged half a mile behind the main bomber stream . He was set upon and shot down . As he bailed out he set the aircraft on autopilot . He landed near The Oval and was severely wounded by a civilian mob . He was rescued by the British Army but died of his wounds . His Dornier meanwhile flew on empty and attracted a swarm of fighters . Eventually Ray Holmes of 504 Squadron , out of bullets , rammed the bomber . The tail came off and air pressure snapped off the outer wings short of the engines . The bomber crashed onto the forecourt of London Victoria station . During its spinning dive , the gravitational force on the Dornier caused its bombs to be released , which hit or landed near to Buckingham Palace nearby , damaging the building . Holmes survived . Directly over the target , Bader 's Duxford Wing arrived and attacked while the Germans were on the bomb @-@ run . Thirty seconds after the release of the bombs , they hit the target area , the Battersea rail lines next to Battersea Park on the Thames south bank . Each Dornier 's payload of twenty 110 lb ( 50 kg ) bombs carved a run 500 yd ( 460 m ) long and 25 yd ( 23 m ) wide . Some fell on the high @-@ density civilian housing . The bombs missed Clapham Junction but fell across the rail network tracks that connected it to Victoria Station north of the Thames and the main line heading north east on the south side of the river . The damage done had cut the tracks in Battersea in several places and a viaduct had collapsed over some rails . Rail traffic was halted . Four unexploded bombs delayed repairs . The rail lines were only out of action for three days . But within minutes , the Do 17 formation had been reduced to 15 aircraft and most of them were damaged . Six had been shot down and four were attempting to make a run for home . The remainder dropped their bombs and were met by a covering force of Bf 109s and landed back in France without further combat . LG 2 meanwhile had been and gone . They saw one rail station and released their bombs and returned home . They saw only one British fighter , No. 46 Squadron ’ s Pilot Officer Gunning who reported the make up of the formation . Park had decided to ignore their raid . Overall the attackers lost six bombers and 12 Bf 109s , some 12 @.@ 5 % of its strength . However , the British claimed 81 aircraft , 26 by the Duxford Wing . Zehbe 's Dornier alone was claimed nine times . Among the German casualties that day was Rolf Heitsch and his flame throwing Dornier ; the device had not been tested at high altitude and when used , squirted black oil over Holmes ' windshield and attracted the attention of British fighters . Park would not have been pleased that despite being stripped of protection the small force of bombers lost only a quarter of its strength while surrounded by 100 fighters . Still , the operation had been a victory . Fighter Command lost 13 fighters , eight were claimed by JG 52 . = = Interlude : 13 : 00 to 13 : 45 = = At 13 : 00 , the German formations were plotted making their way back to France . Churchill was delighted with the results . The WAAF had been due to change shift , but the scheduled relief time could not take place during an operation . By 13 : 05 the fighters were back on the ground . Rearming and refueling began immediately to return the machines back to battle ready status as soon as possible , while the pilots wrote their combat reports which including filing claims and details of their battle to the best of their recollections . Bader 's Big Wing landed . Owing to battle damage , 49 of Duxford 's 56 fighters were operational by the afternoon . By this time , the German bombers were touching down in the Pas de Calais . Two were so badly damaged that they were written off in crash landings , bringing the total losses to eight Do 17s . Almost all bore the scars of battle . One machine had sustained 70 hits , another 200 . In the afternoon , RAF Bomber Command abandoned more attacks on invasion ports because of insufficient cloud cover . Six Bristol Blenheims undertook an armed reconnaissance over the North Sea . RAF Coastal Command flew 95 sorties for anti @-@ invasion , anti @-@ submarine , mine laying and reconnaissance missions . Spitfires photographed every port from Antwerp to Cherbourg . They returned with evidence of a gradually increasing buildup of amphibious forces . All the Command 's aircraft returned . = = Mid @-@ afternoon attack : 13 : 45 to 15 : 45 = = Even before the Do 17s of KG 76 had touched down , the next wave was already just getting airborne . II and III . / Kampfgeschwader 2 ( KG 2 ) , ( from Boissy @-@ Saint @-@ Léger and Cambrai ) II . / Kampfgeschwader 3 ( KG 3 ) ( from Antwerp ) , I and II . / Kampfgeschwader 53 ( KG 53 ) ( from Lille ) and I and II . / Kampfgeschwader 26 ( from Wevelghem and Gilze en Rijen ) took off to target the West India Docks and Royal Victoria Dock north of the Thames as well as the warehouses of the Surrey Commercial Docks in the south . JG 53 and Adolf Galland 's Jagdgeschwader 26 ( JG 26 ) were to escort the bombers . The fighters met them as the bombers formed up over Calais . The phalanx of the German bombers headed for Dungeness . At the head were 43 Do 17s from KG 2 ; next , a couple of miles behind , came 24 He 111s of KG 53 ; finally , a couple of miles further behind , came 19 Do 17s from KG 3 ; followed by 28 He 111s of KG 26 . The headwind was present again , and the 114 bombers battled against it . The German fighter pilots kept close escort . They detested the tactic . It handed the initiative to the British regarding how and when to attack . Moreover , if they were bounced by Spitfires , the Bf 109s would take too long to accelerate to full throttle in order to escape . The German fighter escort consisted of five Gruppen from JG 3 , JG 53 and Jagdgeschwader 77 ( JG 77 ) . LG 2 Bf 109s flew top cover while Adolf Galland 's JG 26 and Jagdgeschwader 51 ( JG 51 ) conducted fighter sweeps in advance of the main bomber stream . For the sake of appearances ( the morale of the bomber crews ) , Zerstörergeschwader 26 ( Destroyer Wing 26 or ZG 26 ) flying the Messerschmitt Bf 110 flew close escort to KG 26 . It was twice as small as the formation that hit London on 7 September , but instead of having two fighters for every bomber , there were four . Nor could the German pilots complain about being tied to the bombers . Sufficient numbers of fighters were allowed to roam on free @-@ ranging patrols . At 13 : 45 , Chain Home radar picked up the German raids . No. 11 Group scrambled one Spitfire from RAF Hawkinge on the channel coast . Flown by No. 92 Squadron Pilot Officer Alan Wright , his job was to climb as quickly as possible over the sea and act as a spotter . He was to report on the direction , height , composition and strength of the German formation . The radar operators assessed the strengths of the three largest formations at 30 , 50 , and 60 plus . Five smaller formations added up to 85 plus . In fact , the British estimate of 225 aircraft proved too small . The German force was 475 aircraft strong . Shortly before 14 : 00 , the German formation left the French coast . Park ordered his forces to repeat the earlier interception tactic . Four pairs of squadrons were ordered to patrol Sheerness , Chelmsford , Hornchurch and RAF Kenley . = = = RAF scramble = = = At 14 : 00 , No. 11 Group released 68 fighters . Hornchurch 's No. 603 and No. 222 Squadron RAF committed 20 Spitfires to Sheerness at 20 @,@ 000 ft ( 6 @,@ 100 m ) . The squadrons would fail to find each other and went into action singly . At Debden , No. 17 Squadron RAF , No. 257 Squadron RAF sent 20 Hurricanes to Chelmsford at 15 @,@ 000 ft ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) . Kenley dispatched No. 501 and 605 Squadrons with 17 Hurricanes to Kenley at just 5 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) . North Weald ordered No. 249 and 504 Squadrons to cover Hornchurch at 15 @,@ 000 ft ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) . Just five minutes later , the German bombers began splitting into three groups heading for the coast between Dungeness and Dover . Park decided to scramble four more squadrons . When it became apparent that five concentrations of Bf 109s were taking the direct route to London on free @-@ hunting patrols , Park scrambled eight more squadrons . No. 11 Group dispatched Biggin Hill 's No. 41 Squadron RAF followed by 92 Squadron . The force could put up 20 Spitfires . They were directed to Hornchurch at 20 @,@ 000 ft ( 6 @,@ 100 m ) . At 12 : 10 , Northolt No. 1 ( Canadian ) and 229 Squadrons sent 21 Hurricanes to Northolt . North Weald sent nine Hurricanes of No. 46 Squadrons to the London Docks . Biggin Hill sent another wave , No. 72 and No. 66 Squadron RAF , with 20 Spitfires to Biggin Hill at 20 @,@ 000 ft ( 6 @,@ 100 m ) . Debden was called into action again and ordered No. 73 Squadron RAF to Maidstone at 15 @,@ 000 ft ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) . Beginning at 12 : 15 , Kenley dispatched No. 253 Squadron RAF with nine Hurricanes to guard the airfield . RAF Tangmere was in action for the first time , sending Nos. 213 and No. 607 Squadron RAF 's 23 Hurricanes to defend Kenley and Biggin Hill . The largest contingent came from No. 12 Group . Duxford , or the " Big Wing " , No. 19 , 242 , 302 , 310 and 311 Squadrons with 20 Spitfires and 27 Hurricanes were ordered to Hornchurch at 25 @,@ 000 ft ( 7 @,@ 600 m ) . Middle Wallop committed No. 238 Squadron and 12 Hurricanes to the Kenley area . By the time Park decided to launch his third wave , the first engagements were taking place . At 14 : 20 , he ordered No. 11 Group 's No. 303 ( Polish ) Squadron and its nine Hurricanes to Northold at 20 @,@ 000 ft ( 6 @,@ 100 m ) . Tangmere scrambled No. 602 Squadron RAF and 12 Spitfires to hover over Kenley , Biggin Hill and Gravesend . Meanwhile , No. 10 Group RAF were ordered into action . A request was made for No. 609 Squadron and 13 Spitfires to climb to 15 @,@ 000 ft ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) over Kenley . This squadron left Middle Wallop at 14 : 28 . The RAF now had 276 Spitfires and Hurricanes in the air . The Germans outnumbered the British in this raid by two to one . More seriously , for every two RAF fighters , there were three Bf 109s . = = = Initial clashes = = = Over Romney Marsh Nos. 41 , 92 and 222 Squadrons engaged JG 26 , losing one of their number to the Bf 109s . The second wave of RAF fighters arrived on the scene , comprising 607 and 213 Squadrons with 23 Hurricanes . They initiated a head @-@ on attack against the Do 17s of KG 3 . A Hurricane and a Dornier collided , both going down . The Bf 109s did their best to break up attacks and the bombers held a tight formation , putting up withering cross @-@ fire . The Bf 109s were not permitted to leave the bombers and chase enemy fighters . Time and again , they were forced to break off and return to the bomber stream , allowing the RAF fighters to return and repeat the process . Soon after , No. 605 and No. 501 Squadron arrived with 14 Hurricanes . One fighter was hit by return fire , but the pilot aimed his aircraft at a Dornier and bailed out . The fighter collided and destroyed the bomber . The German bomber crews had no way of knowing that the crashes were not premeditated . It seemed as if the British were desperate . Nevertheless , they thought the ' tactic ' was devastatingly effective . Chastened by losses , the Dorniers closed ranks to snuff out the gaps and continued to their target . At 14 : 31 , they reached the Thames and British AAA defences opened up . The bombers were forced to evade their fire . One Dornier was damaged . KG 53 lost a He 111 following up KG 3 over the area . At 14 : 35 , Park and Churchill watched the battle unfold in Uxbridge 's operations room . The Prime Minister saw that every squadron was being used and asked what reserves were available . Park said there were none . He was referring only to 11 Group , as there were more aircraft in nearby sectors , but at this point Park was stretched . At Park 's request , he had sent all the Squadrons from No. 10 and 12 Group that were adjacent to 11 Group to the capital . If the Luftwaffe launched a follow up attack , there were only three Squadrons available , in 12 and 10 Group ( based in Norfolk and Dorset ) and none in the Kent region . All other day squadrons were based too far away to get involved . Nevertheless , Park knew that a low cloud base over RAF Croydon ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ( 610 m ) ) , Hornchurch ( 3 @,@ 000 ft ( 910 m ) ) , Northolt ( 3 @,@ 500 ft ( 1 @,@ 100 m ) ) , RAF Hendon ( 2 @,@ 100 ft ( 640 m ) ) and Biggin Hill ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ( 610 m ) ) would make a low @-@ level accurate strike the Germans ' only option . High @-@ altitude attacks were improbable . Possibly to create a reserve , Park ordered 41 , 213 and 605 Squadrons to return early though they had only been airborne for 45 minutes and had plenty of fuel left , even if ammunition was short . The vast bulk of the remaining squadrons were heading to London . A total of 185 fighters in 19 Squadrons were ready to engage . The battle would involve over 600 aircraft . = = = Main battle = = = In the vicinity of Gravesend , the right @-@ hand German formation comprising KG 3 and its trailing He 111s of KG 26 would bear the brunt of the next attack from 63 fighters from Nos 17 , 46 , 249 , 257 , 504 and 603 Squadrons . Nos. 249 and 504 Hurricanes went into action first . The first pass saw three Do 17s go down , including Ernst Peuttmann leading 5th Staffel ( Squadron ) . The Bf 109s escorting KG 26 could only watch , forbidden to leave their Heinkel charges . As the first attack finished , No. 257 Squadron led by Squadron Leader Robert Stanford Tuck attacked the Heinkels with nine Hurricanes . The escorts had their work cut out and were scattered . No. 257 targeted the badly protected bombers . As 257 engaged KG 26 , KG 53 came under attack from No. 1 ( Canadian ) , 66 , 72 , 229 Squadrons . No. 66 attacked first followed by 72 and 229 . Some Spitfires climbed over the bombers to seek cover from the Bf 109s . The British were surprised to see an unidentified formation of Bf 109s continue on without interfering . Two He 111s were forced back to France and another was shot down . I. / JG 3 had nine Bf 109s providing close escort which eventually turned to protect the bombers . They claimed one Canadian Hurricane and one Spitfire from No. 66 Squadron . KG 2 in the left @-@ hand column came under attack from 23 Hurricanes from Nos. 73 , 253 and 303 Squadrons . JG 53 were alert to the danger and shot down one 303 Hurricane and damaged five more . No. 73 Squadron made a head @-@ on attack damaging one bomber . Meanwhile , Park was hoping for Bader 's Wing to turn up and deliver its promised results . As soon as the Duxford Wing did arrive it was intercepted . Arriving between Kenley and Maidstone at varying altitude ( 15 @,@ 000 – 16 @,@ 000 ft ( 4 @,@ 600 – 4 @,@ 900 m ) ) , it emerged from cloud in the vicinity of KG 2 's stream . Galland 's JG 26 was directly above it . In a reversal of their roles , the Hurricanes engaged the Bf 109s while the Spitfires went for the bombers . While they failed to deliver their anti @-@ bomber attacks , they drew in the Bf 109 escorts and free @-@ hunting German fighters making it easier for other RAF fighters to reach the bombers . No. 310 Squadron lost two Hurricanes to JG 26 , one to Adolf Galland , as the battle became a confusing mess of combats . By 14 : 40 , the bombers reached London . KG 3 had lost three Do 17s destroyed and two damaged while KG 26 had suffered only one damaged bomber . KG 53 in the central column had lost one and three more forced to turn back owing to battle damage , while only one KG 2 machine had been forced to do the same . Despite the British presence , 100 bombers with 120 tons of bombs prepared to drop their bombs . One of the reasons the bombers had sustained so little damage was the cloud base . Its density had made it difficult for RAF fighter controllers to direct their squadrons with accuracy . The same cloud that helped shield the bombers was to obscure the target area . Its base started at 2 @,@ 000 ft ( 610 m ) and its top reached 12 @,@ 000 ft ( 3 @,@ 700 m ) . The bombers reached the Victoria Docks , but it and the other targets were covered . The skies were clear over West Ham and the bombers concentrated on the borough , in particular the Bromley @-@ by @-@ Bow gas works . KG 3 , 26 and 53 dropped their bombs at 14 : 45 . Most of the targeted area was three square miles in extent , bounded on the north by the over ground railway of the District line , on the west by the River Lea , on the east by the Plaistow Marshes and on the south by the Royal Victoria Dock . The gas works were targeted by KG 26 . Heavy high explosive bombs severely damaged the plant . Upton Park tube station was also hit and an electric sub @-@ station was hit causing a black out . Residential areas were badly damaged . KG 2 was unable to find the Surrey Commercial Docks . It turned away and dropped its bombs over a wide area . According to West Ham borough records , 17 people were killed , or died of wounds sustained in the attack . Another 92 were seriously injured , while 40 were slightly injured . As the Germans retreated back out over the channel , some bomber groups scattered while others formed uneven formations and were pursued by RAF fighters . With fuel dwindling , the Bf 109s headed back to France , unable to help the hard @-@ pressed bombers . The German bombers that had been forced out of formation attempted to make it to France using the cloud as cover . However virtually all were destroyed . Four Do 17s and six He 111s were shot down by fighters that were now swarming over Kentish air space . The main formations withdrew as more RAF squadrons closed in . The escort plan held up , and 50 Bf 109s met the withdrawing units . Still , there were gaps in the formation . Nos. 238 , 602 and 609 Squadrons exploited them . No. 238 Hurricanes engaged KG 53 while the others shot down two Do 17s from KG 2 . Bader 's squadron also took part shooting down one Dornier . Two RAF fighters were lost to the escorts . Another source indicated the German fighters sent to cover the retreat made little impact and were hardly noticed by RAF fighters . It appears I. / Lehrgeschwader 1 ( LG 1 ) formed part of the withdrawal force . It lost three Bf 110s to No. 303 ( Polish ) Squadron RAF at 15 : 50 . No. 303 Squadron claimed three Dorniers and two Bf 110s while No. 602 claimed seven bombers and two fighters . Still , the RAF grossly over claimed German losses . They claimed 77 bombers and 29 fighters . German losses on that raid had been heavy . KG 2 had lost eight Do 17s and seven damaged . Personnel losses of the unit amounted to 19 crew killed , nine captured and 10 wounded . KG 3 had fared little better , losing six destroyed and four damaged . Personnel losses in II . / KG 3 , 15 were killed , 10 were captured and four were wounded . The He 111s were to suffer lightly . One He 111 was lost , its crew was captured . Three more were damaged and two crewmen were wounded . KG 53 lost six Heinkels with another two damaged . It lost 12 aircrew killed , 18 captured and four wounded including Major Max Gruber , II . / KG 53 's Gruppenkommandeur ( Group Commander ) . The German fighter screen suffered as well . In the battle , JG 51 lost two Bf 109s , JG 52 a single Bf 109 , JG 53 lost seven Bf 109s and one damaged , JG 77 lost one and one damaged , while LG 2 lost two Bf 109s . Having lost two Bf 109s in the first raid , two more were lost owing to the pilots running out of fuel or being shot down in combat . In total , the Luftwaffe had lost 21 bombers destroyed , and scores damaged . It also lost at least 12 fighters . The RAF had lost 15 fighters destroyed while 21 were damaged . Another source puts German fighter losses at 23 . From 15 : 00 , III . / Kampfgeschwader 55 ( KG 55 ) took off from Villacoublay led by Major Schlemell . It headed towards Southampton before diverting to bomb Royal Navy targets at Portland . British radar reported them as six intruders . There were actually more than 20 He 111s without fighter escort . They were intercepted by six Spitfires from No. 152 Squadron from RAF Warmwell . The bombers dropped their ordnance but only five fell among naval installations causing minor damage . The RAF fighters claimed one destroyed and another damaged . KG 55 9 Staffel lost one He 111P @-@ 2 ( one survivor ) and 8 Staffel suffered one bomber damaged and one of the crew killed . = = Evening and night actions = = There was one more noteworthy operation before the Germans ceased their attacks for the day . At 17 : 40 , 20 aircraft from Erprobungsgruppe 210 took off . It was picked up just off the Cherbourg peninsula as it made its way across the central Channel to the Isle of Wight . By 17 : 50 , it had reached St. Catherine 's Point . Nos. 213 and 602 Squadrons were patrolling nearby at Tangmere , where they were kept for the duration of the raid . No. 607 Squadron , also from Tangmere , was flying to the airfield over Southampton at 15 @,@ 000 ft ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) and No. 609 Squadron was on its way from Middle Wallop to patrol Portsmouth . At 18 : 00 , by which time the German operation was virtually over , the British dispositions were completed when No. 238 Squadron took off from Middle Wallop to patrol the airfield . The German target was the Spitfire factory at Woolston . They arrived near it at 17 : 55 . The Southampton guns engaged them for the entire time over the target . When the Germans retired , RAF fighters appeared . Fortunately for the British , the Germans missed the factory . They did manage to rupture a number of gas and water mains while damaging nearby residential areas . There was slight damage done to the shipbuilding yard in Southampton Harbour . According to German records , 10 – 11 t ( 11 – 12 short tons ) of bombs were dropped . Had they succeeded in hitting the Spitfire factory , they could have seriously impacted British fighter production . As it was , nine civilians were killed , 10 seriously injured , and 23 slightly injured in the attack . The make up of the formation is unclear . An eye @-@ witness , air enthusiast Alexander McKee , 22 , was drinking tea at a cafe in Stoneham when the attack began : .... I went outside on hearing enemy planes . I counted them aloud . Ten . They dived straight on Southampton , without any preliminaries , through a barrage of gunfire , one after the other . Alfred saw a bomb released , then handed the glasses ( Binoculars ) to me . The aircraft had twin @-@ rudders , and might have been Dorniers or Jaguars [ a bomber version of the Bf 110 thought to be in use at the time ] . The dives were fast but shallow , and they pulled out of them at about 2 @,@ 000 feet . It was not a dive @-@ bombing attack proper . Soldiers passing made inane remarks about ' nothing could live in that barrage ' , although the Germans were living in it , too . The barrage was quite good , but none of the Huns were brought down .... Very quickly and efficiently the Germans re @-@ formed and disappeared into the cloud . I have never seen a better bit of flying than those Nazi pilots [ sic – German ] put up – they got into formation like a well @-@ drilled team , in the teeth of guns . Nos. 607 and 609 Squadrons engaged the Germans south @-@ west of The Needles . The British reported 30 – 40 Bf 110s with 15 Do 17s in support . The tonnage of bombs dropped suggested there were fewer bombers than claimed . The RAF fighters claimed four Do 17s . The fact remains that the Germans penetrated the airspace without interception and came very close to inflicting critical damage to the Spitfire factory . The radar had done its job and alerted No. 11 and 10 Group 20 minutes before the bombs started to fall . The fault lay either with the No. 10 or 11 Group controllers who were late in ordering their Squadrons to scramble . More interceptions took place in the evening . The interception of two separate He 111s near London at 19 : 00 signalled the last engagement of daylight . It is likely they were on reconnaissance missions to assess the damage done in the attacks . The interception was made by No. 66 Squadron RAF . One of the He 111s was chased out to sea and was last seen flying on one engine . It was likely to have belonged to I. / Kampfgeschwader 1 ( KG 1 ) , which reported one He 111 destroyed upon crash landing back in France after combat . Small groups of German bombers attempted to attack London in the afternoon , causing little damage . II . / Kampfgeschwader 4 ( KG 4 ) had one He 111 crash land near Eindhoven after combat with the crew unhurt . The bomber was 30 percent damaged . 6 Staffel Kampfgeschwader 30 ( KG 30 ) lost one Junkers Ju 88 to fighters when it crashed in France and another force landed after combat . I. and II . / Kampfgeschwader 51 ( KG 51 ) lost one Ju 88 each and another damaged . In the lost Ju 88s , all crews were reported missing . Kampfgeschwader 27 ( KG 27 ) bombed Liverpool during the night at 10 : 48 . Widespread damage was caused in the city and neighbouring Birkenhead , but only nine casualties were inflicted . Elsewhere damage was reported at Eastbourne , Worthing , Bournemouth , Cardiff , Avonmouth , Manchester , Warrington , Bootle and Preston . RAF night fighters flew 64 sorties and intercepted two bombers . Neither the fighters or ground defences claimed any successes . = = Aftermath = = = = = Overclaiming and propaganda = = = Over claiming in aerial warfare is not uncommon . During the Second World War , pilots often claimed more aircraft shot down than was actually the case . The Air Ministry released a press statement on 15 September that 175 – 185 German aircraft had been shot down . The actual number of aircraft destroyed was ⅔ lower and significantly less than the number of German losses on 15 and 18 August ( The Hardest Day ) , in which the Luftwaffe lost 75 and 69 respectively . At 20 : 00 , Churchill , who had returned to 10 Downing Street , was awoken . He received bad news from the navy . In the Atlantic sinking of shipping had been bad , but his Secretary informed him that all had been redeemed in the day 's air battle . He was told the RAF had downed 183 enemy aircraft for under 40 losses . On 16 September , a British flying boat arrived in New York delivering news of a " record bag " of 185 enemy aircraft . The German Embassy tried in vain to correct the total . The Germans were ignored and the New York Times ran several excited stories calling for a military alliance with Britain and her Commonwealth . The Germans were slower in putting their story together . On 17 September , the Nazi Party newspaper Völkischer Beobachter announced that attacks had caused considerable damage to London . It claimed the Luftwaffe destroyed 79 RAF aircraft for 43 losses . This was also a severe over claim . RAF losses amounted to 29 fighters . AOC 11 Group Keith Park was livid with the claim returns . As far as he was concerned , claiming 200 on one day was nonsense . He placed particular blame on Leigh @-@ Mallory 's Big Wing which had claimed one third , around 60 , of the 185 ' victories ' ( total claims were 81 in the morning and 104 in the afternoon ) . More damage should have been done to German bombers inbound to the target rather than destroying stragglers that were no military threat as they made their way to the coast . He complained that there were too many inexperienced leaders and interceptions were being missed . Things needed " tightening up " , that was Park 's lesson for 15 September . Park was aware the ratio of losses was 2 : 1 in the British favour . It had been a decent performance , but not Fighter Command 's best . = = = Evaluation of the day 's events = = = In the two main engagements , the fighter losses had been about equal . The big difference was the bombers losses . Fighter Command had had greater success against the afternoon attack rather than the morning assault , which it out numbered 2 : 1 . The ratio of German fighters to bombers had been 3 : 1 in the morning but 5 : 1 in the afternoon , so there were more targets . The more bombers Kesselring sent , the more were lost . Kesselring was back where he started . Park 's handling of the actions was a masterpiece of aggressive defence , yet he was not under the same pressure as he had been in the battles during August when air battles were so confusing they were hard to control . A big set @-@ piece offensive played into his hands . Leigh @-@ Mallory claimed the Big Wings had destroyed entire formations of enemy aircraft upon seeing them . He even claimed the RAF outnumbered their opponents in several engagements . In the afternoon battle , he claimed that the Wing could not get into position to break up the bombers in time and was intercepted by German fighters . Still , while that was true he also claimed his units had shot down 105 enemy aircraft and probably destroyed a further 40 . He claimed another 18 damaged for the loss of 14 and six pilots . The claims were a massive exaggeration . But while the Big Wing had proven physically ineffective for the most part , its biggest contribution to the day had been its use as a psychological weapon . The German bomber units that had seen the Big Wing form up were quite shocked , and those crews in the badly hit units , including KG 2 and KG 3 , that had witnessed head @-@ on collisions with German aircraft were badly shaken . A German victory on the Battle of Britain Day was unlikely . It could only have been possible if Park had made crass errors and had been caught on the ground . Stephen Bungay postulates that had the loss rates been reversed , Dowding could have replaced those with reinforcements from his C units and carried on . Moreover , during both major engagements Fighter Command had used less than ½ of its strength . It would have been able to meet the Luftwaffe again on the morrow . Hermann Göring met his staff at Karinhall the following day for a conference . Their assessments of the air battle verged on pure fantasy . They concluded the RAF had withdrawn all available fighter units from all over the country to concentrate of London . The fact that the Western afternoon raids against ports were uncontested led them to believe the enemy was breaking . Another four or five days , they thought , would be sure to break them . The OKL believed that the British were down to their last 300 fighters , with only 250 being produced . To stop fighter production , factories in Bristol were to be attacked . London was also to be subjected to round the clock bombing . Theo Osterkamp pointed to the massed formations used by the British ( Big Wing ) , and put their use down to the ineffectiveness of the 15 September raids . Göring was delighted with the news that the British were committing mass formations to battle . The Big Wing 's use would allow the German fighters to engage and destroy RAF fighters in large numbers . However , the Germans had not realised this stratagem was by no means the uniform strategy in Fighter Command . Nevertheless , the OKL were still confident of victory . It blamed the bad weather and RAF 's last @-@ minute change of strategy for prolonging summer operations . Still , the Luftwaffe bomber crews were ordered to prepare winter quarters . The campaign turned to London for the duration of 1940 . It would witness some large @-@ scale daylight air battles , but it gradually turned to a campaign by night . It would become known as The Blitz . = = = Hitler 's reaction and Strategic overview = = = Hitler did not seem overly bothered with the outcome of the air battle . For him , Sea Lion had also been a huge risk , even with air superiority , and he had been convinced since the end of August the Luftwaffe would not achieve it anyway . The war with Britain would have to go on . He would maintain the threat of invasion until 1941 through the use of strategic bombing . Then , he would turn against the Soviet Union and eliminate Britain 's last possible ally in Europe . With the Soviets defeated , he believed the British would negotiate . On 17 September , he sent out a directive to the three armed services informing them of Sea Lion 's delay . On this date , the date for S @-@ Day had been 21 September . It was now postponed until further notice . It is likely that Hitler did not want to gamble his new @-@ found military prestige by launching a hazardous venture across the Channel unless the Luftwaffe had crushed all opposition . At the beginning of December 1940 , Hitler told the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW ) that they could forget Sea Lion , although he did not formally cancel the operation until 3 March 1942 . Göring had never believed in Sea Lion , while Hitler had never believed Adler could achieve victory without Sea Lion . Both went their own ways . Hitler needed someone to keep up the pressure on Britain , and Göring was willing to do it . On 19 September , Hitler ordered that no further barges were to be added to Sea Lion ports , but those under assembly were to continue . But the damage being done by RAF Bomber Command now meant sustaining the army in readiness was becoming a strain . The invasion forces were broken up and moved East on the understanding it could be reassembled with only three weeks notice . There was no clear solution to combating Britain from the air . Göring had not given up hope of winning a victory by airborne assault . He discussed the possibility of invading Ireland ( Fall Grün , or Operation Green ) with Kurt Student in January 1941 , in order to surround Britain by land , sea and air . The operation was shelved . Instead , the Luftwaffe , with varying degrees of success , carried out the strategic bombardment of British industrial cities . The lack of RAF night defences in this stage of the war enabled the German bombers to inflict extensive damage without suffering the heavy losses of the daylight campaign . It is estimated that the Luftwaffe lost around 500 aircrews during the Blitz in comparison to the Battle of Britain in which it lost around 2 @,@ 800 killed , 340 wounded , 750 captured . Overall losses were cut by one @-@ third of daylight operations . Still , perennial problems with spares meant serviceability rates remained at about 50 % . The Luftwaffe 's bomber crews had never been trained for bad weather or night operations . To support them , navigation aids in the form of Knickebein ( Crooked Leg ) were made available . They allowed German crews to navigate effectively to their targets . For the most part , crews were confident in using them , with the exception of poorer quality replacement crews . These systems were responsible for a few very successful attacks , such as the Coventry operation on 14 November . Operations against Liverpool were also successful . Some 75 % of the port 's capacity was reduced at one point , and it lost 39 @,@ 126 long tons ( 39 @,@ 754 t ) of shipping to air attacks , with another 111 @,@ 601 long tons ( 113 @,@ 392 t ) damaged . Minister of Home Security Herbert Morrison was also worried that morale was breaking , noting the defeatism expressed by civilians . Operations against London up until May 1941 could also have a severe impact on morale . The campaign 's ultimate limitation was the poor formulation of military strategy . The types of targets selected from one operation to the next differed radically and no sustained pressure was put on any one type of British target . The Luftwaffe 's strategy became increasingly aimless . Disputes among the OKL staff revolved more around tactics than strategy . This method condemned the offensive over Britain to failure before it had begun . The end result of the air campaign against Britain in 1940 and 1941 was a decisive failure to end the war . As Hitler committed Germany to ever increasing military adventures , the Wehrmacht became increasingly overstretched and was unable to cope with a multi @-@ front war . By 1944 , the Allies were ready to launch Operation Overlord , the invasion of Western Europe . The Battle of Britain ensured that the Western Allies had a base from which to launch the campaign and that there would be a Western Allied presence on the battlefield to meet the Soviet Red Army in central Europe at the end of the war in May 1945 . = William Lax = William Lax FRS ( 1761 – 29 October 1836 ) was an English astronomer and mathematician who served as Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry at the University of Cambridge for 41 years . Lax was born in Ravensworth in the North Riding of Yorkshire . He attended Trinity College , Cambridge and graduated Bachelor of Arts as the Senior Wrangler and first Smith 's Prizeman of his year . He was elected a fellow of Trinity College , ordained as a minister , and received his Master of Arts . Lax was granted the livings of vicar of Marsworth , Buckinghamshire and of St Ippolyts near Hitchin , Hertfordshire , where he erected an observatory . Lax was best known for his Remarks on a Supposed Error in the Elements of Euclid ( 1807 ) and his work regarding the Nautical Almanac , which was an important reference for navigation in the period . An obituary claimed that " To whatever Professor Lax applied , he made himself completely master of it " . His daughter married Andrew Amos and through that line Lax is the grandfather of Sheldon Amos and the great grandfather of Maurice Amos , a notable legal dynasty . = = Early life = = Lax was born in the village of Ravensworth , near Richmond in the North Riding of Yorkshire , England , the son of William ( 1731 – 19 August 1812 ) also born in Ravensworth , and Hannah Lax ( 1738 – 10 June 1811 ) . He was educated at the Kirby Ravensworth Free Grammar School , where he learned Latin ( in which he became fluent ) and Greek as well as English language , arithmetic and mathematics . Although the school was subsidised by a charitable trust , " Free " in the context of the school 's name meant free from all authority save for the Crown . Lax was admitted as a sizar to Trinity College , Cambridge University on 22 November 1780 at the age of 19 . Trinity was at the time the richest college at Cambridge . Sizars were students who were not of the gentlemanly class , who were charged lower fees and obtained free food and / or lodging and other assistance during their period of study in exchange for performing work at their colleges . By the eighteenth century , sizars were fully integrated members of the community , who were as likely to be employed by Fellow commoners as companions rather than servants . They were expected to wait at table ( as were pensioners and scholars ) , but by the eighteenth century they had their own gyps ( servants ) and bedmakers . Lax matriculated in the Michaelmas term of 1781 and became a private tutor to John Pond , later Astronomer Royal . Lax was elected a scholar ( i.e. one on a scholarship ) of Trinity in 1784 ; John Cranke and Henry Therond were his tutors , a role which would have seen them not only teaching Lax , but also acting in the role of in loco parentis . Lax was conferred a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) in 1785 and graduated as the Senior Wrangler and was awarded the first Smith 's Prize of his year . Until 1790 , all examinations at Trinity were written in Latin . = = Career = = = = = Early career = = = In 1785 Lax was appointed curate of Tideswell in the Peak District of Derbyshire with an annual stipend of £ 35 . In 1786 , as was essentially the due of Senior Wranglers , he was elected a fellow of Trinity College . According to Peter Linehan , fellows at this time , " were becoming richer , living and behaving more like gentlemen " . He was ordained as a minister in 1787 at Peterborough and received his Master of Arts ( M.A. ) in 1788 . He was a moderator from 1789 to 1791 which entailed him presiding over oral examinations which were then necessary for the B.A. to be awarded . As a moderator Lax was responsible for the introduction of " very high flown compliments , and at the same time extending the disputations to double the usual length , which was around one hour and ten minutes " which " sent a ripple through tradition " according to Greg Dening . Dening argues that this was , " Lax 's way of getting into the act and making Acts flourish " . In 1791 he was appointed as a taxor by the University . Lax was an assistant tutor from 1797 until 1801 , but resigned when he married Margaret Cradock , as College fellows were not permitted to marry . = = = Lowndean Chair = = = In 1795 Lax was appointed Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry in succession to John Smith . The position was a sinecure with an annual salary initially of around £ 300 , later rising to around £ 500 per annum by 1821 . Cambridge had two astronomical chairs , and the Lowndean was seen as the more theoretical and less experimental of the two . During Lax 's tenure a mathematical chair was seen as " a prize or a means of securing leisure , and at best , merely as offering a position where a man could pursue his own researches undisturbed by other duties " . In 1816 Lax was described as holding the professorship with " great reputation " . The sole duty of Lax 's professorship was that he was required to examine students annually for the Smith 's Prize , including John Herschel , Adam Sedgwick , George Biddell Airy and William Cavendish , 7th Duke of Devonshire . During Lax 's time at Cambridge : " the mathematicians were in the saddle , and it would be difficult to dispute the judgement that they controlled Cambridge studies almost as completely as the logicians had done in the Middle Ages . " In early nineteenth century Cambridge " the discipline of mathematics was at the very heart " . Newtonian mathematics teaching as exemplified by " Cambridge traditionalists " such as Lax and his generation began to wane as the Georgian era drew to a close . In 1817 George Peacock successfully introduced the new French mathematics ( such as Pierre @-@ Simon Laplace and Joseph Louis Lagrange ) into the Senate House Examinations . Peacock reported to Herschel , " The introduction of d 's into the papers excited much remark . Wood , Vince , Lax & Milner were very angry & threatened to protest against [ the infiltration of ] French mathematics . " For the traditionalists the struggle was more than one of intellectual difference as for them , " Newton 's rational mechanics , fluxions , and experimental philosophy were an excellent antidote against materialism and atheism . " However , from 1816 to 1824 Lax continued to sit on the Peacock @-@ led board that established Cambridge Observatory . Lax did encounter some criticism during his tenure . Whilst at the university he " never , as far as is known , delivered a single lecture " , despite his chair 's bequest that the holder deliver forty lectures each year , although his predecessor had not given any lectures either . The excuse was made that there was already an astronomical chair at Cambridge established before the Lowndean that already gave lectures . By the 1820s it was no longer acceptable to consider chairs as sinecures , and Lax received criticism from a living descendent of the original benefactor , Thomas Lowndes , for being remiss in his duties . His successor to the Lowndean chair George Peacock promised " to do his duty in a less lax manner than his predecessor " , and although he struggled to get anyone to attend his lectures on pure mathematics , his lectures on practical astronomy were well attended . However , Peacock 's translation as Dean of Ely three years later meant that he was largely absent from his chair , which he was severely criticised for retaining . = = = Fellow of the Royal Society = = = Lax was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society on 5 April 1796 . He was nominated by the Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne , Anthony Shepherd , Richard Farmer and William Wales . However , due to an enmity of the President Joseph Banks , friends of Charles Hutton and Maskelyne , such as Lax , Samuel Vince and Thomas Mudge , frequently saw their submissions for publications overlooked . If any of them submitted papers to the Society : they had the honour of having them carefully lodged in the archives of the Society , where the world in general , or even the members of the Society , would derive no more benefit from them than if they were deposited at the centre of the earth . Lax delivered two papers to the Royal Society which were published in Philosophical Transactions . In 1799 he delivered A Method of finding the Latitude of a place , by Means of two Altitudes of the Sun and the Time elapsed betwixt the Observations , described as containing " several valuable remarks " , but criticised as " a subject of no great importance " by the Philosophical Magazine . In his 1809 work On A Method of Examining the Divisions of Astronomical Instruments Lax wrote that no instrument was to be trusted without " previous examination " . This argument had an influence on scientists such as Henry Cavendish and was described as an " ingenious ... examination " in the Edinburgh Encyclopedia . However the method described by Lax " though very ingenious , requires great labour and time , and is inferior in accuracy and efficiency to that which was adopted by Mr. Troughton for tabulating the errors of the primary divisions of circular instruments . " It was also criticised for " greatly resembl [ ing ] " a method first explicated by the Duke of Chaulnes . In 1807 Lax delivered Remarks on a Supposed Error in the Elements of Euclid to the Royal Society , however it was not published in Philosophical Transactions , but was eventually published independently . In it Lax defended the Greek mathematician against a charge levied at him by Georges @-@ Louis Le Sage in 1756 . Lax 's defence was applauded by the British Critic as ' perfectly sound ' . Lax also espoused the worth of Euclid 's Elements in the work , which he considered to reflect " the highest honour upon the human intellect " . = = = Board of Longitude = = = Lax was elected to the Board of Longitude after he was nominated to the Lowndean chair in 1795 , and remained on the board until it was dissolved in 1828 . The Board was a governmental body charged with administering a scheme of prizes intended to encourage innovators to solve the problem of finding longitude at sea , which was vital for accurate navigation . Lax published a set of tables for use with the Nautical Almanac for finding latitude and longitude ; these were published by the Board of Longitude in 1821 , and whilst they were not considered to be of much practical use for seamen , they were described by The Nautical Magazine as a " very meritorious attempt to solve the problems of nautical astronomy by one uniform system . " In 1821 , the Board awarded Lax £ 1050 for his tables , which were intended to replace Nevil Maskelyne 's Requisite Tables . However , the extraordinarily accurate chronometers of John Harrison were generally available from the 1820s onwards , rendering the lunar distance method , which Lax had used to create the tables , immaterial . Meanwhile , Edward Sabine criticised errors in Lax 's work . As a scientific member of the Board , Lax was one of eighteen men who were , according to Edmund Dews , " ultimately responsible for the form and contents of the Nautical Almanac . It would have been difficult in these years to select another group equally eminent in their field . " Lax was notable for his strong attendance record at the quarterly meetings , not missing a single meeting between 1822 – 25 , a record equalled by only three other members , although non @-@ attendance of meetings would have resulted in his not being paid his annual salary of £ 100 . In 1828 Lax appended An easy method of correcting the lunar distance , on account of the spheroidal figure of the earth to the Nautical Almanac . After the Board was dissolved in 1828 Lax unsuccessfully attempted to convince George Biddell Airy to aid in a campaign for its restoration . In 1834 a new edition of his nautical tables was published posthumously . Eva Germaine Rimington Taylor later concluded that all of Lax 's works were " of value to the art of navigation " . = = Personal life = = On 28 February 1801 Lax was granted the livings as vicar of Marsworth , Buckinghamshire and squarson of Great Wymondley with St Ippolyts near Hitchin , Hertfordshire " after some years of teaching work " . He lived at St Ippolyts where he erected a private observatory which he had transported from Cambridge and had originally belonged to Isaac Newton . The Monthly Magazine included it in its list of the 21 most notable private observatories in England in 1813 . Lax spent the last thirty years of his life occupied with " studies and pursuits connected with the advancement of astronomy . " When he arrived at St Ippolyts Lax had trees planted in the vicarage grounds in the form of his initials " W L " . That same year he created a park opposite to the vicarage similar to The Backs of Cambridge , built a replica of Trinity College Bridge , dammed the stream and opened springs to form a lake which was used for ice skating in the winter . In September 1801 he married Margaret Cradock ( 11 June 1776 – 20 January 1854 ) at the church in Gilling West in the North Riding of Yorkshire . Margaret was the eldest daughter of Sheldon Cradock of Hartforth who was the lord of the manor of Lax 's home village of Ravensworth . Lax was a proposer of Robert Woodhouse , Henry Coddington , Herbert Marsh and John Bell for Royal Society fellowship , the latter being one of Lax 's closest friends , and he was a keen supporter of George Biddell Airy throughout Airy 's career . Lax was a chief supporter of the Whig John Romilly , 1st Baron Romilly 's parliamentary bid . In 1824 Lax purchased a coat of arms for himself . His brother Thomas Lax ( 1770 – 1 Apr 1851 ) lived in Ravensworth . He was a gentleman farmer who became a record holding breeder of shorthorn cattle and at one point was credited with the best shorthorn herd in the country . He was " unquestionably a great breeder " . He also acted as Chief Constable of the wapentake of Gilling West . The Kirkby Ravensworth parish church has a memorial dedicated to Thomas Lax , as well as a memorial dedicated to the mother of the two brothers . = = Death = = On 1 December 1834 , Lax reported that he had been " of late in a very weak state of health " . He died " suddenly " on 28 October 1836 at his home in St Ippolyts . His obituary in The Gentleman 's Magazine reported that " his constitution was broken in early life [ which ] made his last years a period of weakness and suffering , so that his physical strength was unequal to the workings of his active mind . To whatever Professor Lax applied , he made himself completely master of it ... [ a ] most excellent and amiable man . " He left behind a widow and two daughters , the eldest Margaret and the younger Marian or Marianne ( died 21 June 1873 ) . In 1826 Margaret was married to Andrew Amos at St Ippolyts Church , and via that line Lax is the grandfather of Sheldon Amos and the great grandfather of Maurice Amos . = Lad , A Dog = Lad : A Dog is a 1919 American novel written by Albert Payson Terhune and published by E. P. Dutton . Composed of twelve short stories first published in magazines , the novel is based on the life of Terhune 's real @-@ life rough collie , Lad . Born in 1902 , the real @-@ life Lad was an unregistered collie of unknown lineage originally owned by Terhune 's father . Lad 's death in 1918 , was mourned by many of the story 's fans , particularly children . Through the stories of Lad 's adventures , Terhune expresses his views on parenting , obtaining perfect obedience without force , and the nature and rights of the " well @-@ bred " . Terhune began writing the stories in 1915 at the suggestion of his Red Book Magazine editor . They gained in popularity and , as Terhune was under contractual obligation to submit something to Doubleday @-@ Page , he collected them into novel form . After Doubleday rejected the novel , he solicited other publishers until it was picked up by Dutton . After a slow start , the novel became a best seller in the adult fiction and children 's fiction markets , having been repositioned as a young adult novel by Grosset and Dunlap in the 1960s and 1970s . Selling over one million copies , it is Terhune 's best @-@ selling work and the one that propelled him to fame . It has been reprinted over 70 times by Dutton , and republished by a variety of publishers since its original release , including at least six international translations . Contemporaneous critics praised Terhune 's writing style and the overall story appeal , while dog breeders criticized his unrealistic canine characters . In retrospective reviews , critics considered that the novel had aged badly , and that Terhune displayed little actual writing skill , but noted that the novel was able to hold long @-@ lasting appeal as it triggered the reader 's desire to have such an ideal dog . Terhune himself considered the novel " hack writing " and did not understand why it was so popular . Because of its reception , he went on to publish two additional novels featuring Lad and one featuring Lad 's son , Wolf , as well as many other fictional stories featuring dogs . Warner Brothers released a film adaptation in June 1962 . A series of four children 's picture books based on three of the stories from the novel were published by Margo Lundell between 1997 and 1998 . = = Plot = = " His Mate " A rough collie named Lad lives at the Place with his Master , Mistress , and his mate , Lady . When Knave , a younger collie , is boarded at the Place , Lady begins ignoring Lad in favor of the newcomer . During a romp in the forest with Knave , Lady is caught in a leghold trap . Knave leaves her there and returns home but Lad finds her . Several days later , the still limping Lady accidentally gets locked in the library and is subsequently blamed for the destruction of the Master 's beloved mounted bald eagle . The Master starts to whip her , but Lad intervenes and takes the whipping himself , knowing Knave was the culprit . Later , he attacks Knave for getting Lady in trouble , sending him fleeing from the Place . As the Master apologizes to Lad , Lady lovingly licks his wounds from the fight . " Quiet " On a cold October day , the Mistress falls into the lake and develops pneumonia . As the house must be kept quiet during her recovery , the dogs are sent to a boarding kennel , except Lad who is ordered to keep quiet . One night a thief breaks into the house , hoping to take advantage of the absence of the dogs . After he climbs through a window , Lad silently attacks him . During the ensuing fight Lad is cut with a knife before sending the man crashing back through the window . The noise wakes the humans of the house and the thief is arrested . After Lad 's wound is treated , he enjoys praise from the Mistress then travels some distance from home to enjoy a lengthy session of barking . " A Miracle or Two " One spring , a relative of the Mistress brings her invalid toddler , Baby , to the Place in the hope that the weather will help her grow stronger . Lad immediately befriends the girl and becomes her constant companion . By summer , Baby is growing healthier , though she is still unable to walk . One afternoon , the mother sits the child near the lake , then leaves her to go meet the Master and Mistress , who are returning from town . Lad saves the baby from a copperhead snake , but the distraught mother only sees Lad throw her backwards and begins	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
beating him . To protect her friend , Baby manages to shakily walk to her mother and explain what happened . While the humans fuss over the occurrence Lad sneaks off and spends four days buried in marsh mud to draw out the snake 's poison . " His Little Son " Lady gives birth to three puppies , but after two die of unexplained causes , Lady lavishes all her attention on the surviving pup , Wolf . She later develops distemper and is taken away by the veterinarian , so Lad takes over the raising of his son , solemnly teaching him the Law of the Place . Wolf comes to love and respect his father and soon forgets his mother , though Lad continues to search for her daily . A month later , Wolf falls through the ice of the semi @-@ frozen lake , and Lad nearly drowns while saving him . When Lad staggers to shore , he is ecstatically greeted by the recovered Lady . " For a Bit of Ribbon " The Master and Mistress enter Lad in the Westminster Dog Show in New York , much to Lad 's abject misery as he dislikes the preparatory bathing and brushing . Dismayed to learn that Lad will have to stay chained to a small bench for all four days of the event , his owners begin to regret bringing him . To their joy , Lad wins the blue ribbon in both the Novice and Winner classes , and they decide not to subject him to the four @-@ day stay . When they let Lad know he is going home , he joyfully perks up . " Lost ! " Due to city regulations , the Master and Mistress are forced to muzzle Lad when they take him from the show . During the drive out of the city , Lad falls out of the car and is left behind . After he realizes he is lost , Lad starts towards home . Along the way he is chased by the police and a crowd of people , who presume he is rabid , but he escapes them by swimming across the Hudson River . Later he is attacked by a mongrel guard dog , but he refuses to run from the battle . He initially struggles to defend himself while muzzled , but then the other dog inadvertently bites through the strap holding the muzzle on , allowing Lad to quickly defeat him . When the Master and Mistress return from searching for Lad , they find him waiting on the porch . " The Throwback " Glure , a wealthy neighbor who considers himself gentry , stops at the Place for a night while on the way to a livestock show with a flock of expensive sheep . During the night , Glure 's " Prussian sheep dog " , Melisande , worries the sheep and they break free from the pen . Though Lad has never seen sheep , he instinctively herds them together while keeping Melisande under control . When the humans arrive to take the sheep home , Glure 's herdsman apologizes for having earlier insulted Lad and Glure offers to trade Melisande for Lad . " The Golden Hat " Tired of his high @-@ priced imported livestock losing in local shows , Glure concocts a dog show with a special gold cup event that is limited to collies that are both American Kennel Club blue ribbon winners and capable of completing the tasks of a British working sheep dog trial . Initially , it seems like the only dog who meets the requirements is Glure 's recently purchased blue @-@ merle champion , Lochinvar III ; however , the Mistress is able to command Lad through the motions of the trial . Lochinvar works primarily by hand signal , so when Glure accidentally burns his fingers on his cigar while going through the trial , the dog stops working and waits for Glure 's hand @-@ shaking to be explained . The dog is disqualified and Lad is declared the winner . The Master and Mistress donate the gold cup to the Red Cross in his name . " Speaking of Utility " Glure tries to encourage the Master to support the " war effort " by killing his non @-@ utilitarian animals , including his dogs . The Master quickly points out that Glure himself did not " sacrifice " his dogs but lost them to distemper . Pointing out that Lad had just chased off a trespasser from the Place , he fiercely argues that his dogs are his home 's best protection . A few days later during a livestock show , Lad attacks Glure 's new groom , recognizing him as the trespasser he chased away earlier . Lad 's attack frees a vicious bull , which goes into homicidal rage . Lad abandons his attack of the groom to protect him from the bull . The bull chases Lad over the river and consequently gets stuck in the mud . The Master quickly determines why Lad attacked the man and Glure grudgingly thanks them . " The Killer " Lad is accused of killing eight sheep owned by a neighbor . When the Master refuses to believe the accusations , they are taken to court where the neighbor 's farmhand testifies that he saw Lad kill two of the sheep . The Master successfully shows the improbability of a single dog carrying off six sheep in two nights and that the two dead sheep left behind were clearly cut with a knife , not teeth . After Lad is given a 24 @-@ hour parole , the Master asks the judge to accompany him to the neighbor 's house that night , where they discover that the farmhand was actually stealing the sheep , then killing one from each batch to put the blame on Lad . " Wolf " Wolf , the companion and friend of the Boy , is highly intelligent and an excellent guard dog . The Boy is upset that he is not allowed to enter the dog shows , though he understands that Wolf does not meet the breed standards . While the family is at a dog show with Bruce and Lad , Wolf is poisoned by an intruder . Having only eaten part of the tainted meat , Wolf is still alive when the thief returns to the house that night and is shot twice while protecting the Place . The thief escapes , but is later apprehended by the police while being treated for his bites . Wolf recovers and is given a " Hero Cup " trophy , to the Boy 's delight . " In the Day of Battle " On a cold , snowy day , thirteen @-@ year @-@ old Lad feels snubbed when the three @-@ year @-@ old Wolf does not invite him to join him and Rex , a five @-@ year @-@ old collie and bull terrier mix , for a run in the woods . Later , Lad goes for a walk , following their path . When he meets them on the trail , rather than letting Lad pass , Rex viciously attacks him . With his teeth dulled by old age , Lad is unable to really fight back . Refusing to just run , he defends himself as best he can while moving backwards towards home , half a mile away . Though Wolf betrays him and joins Rex in the life @-@ or @-@ death fight , Lad manages to get close enough to the house for Bruce to hear the battle and alert the Master and Mistress . The Master is forced to kill Rex after the crazed dog turns on him . After four weeks recovering from his wounds , Lad is able to go outside again and Wolf steps aside for him , acknowledging he is still the leader of the Place 's dogs . = = Themes = = The Lad stories tended to follow a persistent formula that Terhune used throughout most of his fiction . The main character was a " noble , almost saintly character " that could engage in battle , exact vengeance as needed , and displayed supernatural intelligence , loyalty , and understanding of the needs of his owners . Lad generally did battle with some villain , human or another dog , in defense of a helpless human or animal . Within each story , Terhune would speak in a positive , authoritative tone while dispensing various tidbits of information about canine behavior and thought processes . Injecting himself and his wife , Anice , into the novel , Terhune positioned the character " Master " as a " just , strict , well @-@ intentioned but often rather bumbling man " who could be overly sentimental and was balanced by the " wise , calm , and patient " " Mistress " . One core theme of Lad : A Dog is the obtaining of perfect obedience without the use of force . Through the story characters ' attempts at explaining Lad 's inexplicable actions using " mythologies of atavism " , Terhune reflects his own views of an ideal relationship between a parent and child , namely an " ideology of noble instinct tempered by inflexible training " . An unknown third @-@ person narrator also reflects Terhune 's perspective and values regarding violence , which is both repelled and embraced . Reflecting patriarchy and the idea of a living creature that obeys unquestioningly and unhesitatingly , the novel indicates that " perfect obedience and submission to a master 's will " can be obtained without needing violence or force . Indeed , Terhune regularly decries the use of physical punishment to gain obedience . For example , in the story " His Little Son " , Lad takes over the raising of his son , using an even tempered , rational training system that reflects " discipline and firm kindliness " . In the end , Lad is stated to have a stronger , love @-@ based relationship with his son versus that of the pup with his mother , the temperamental Lady . Lady raised their son using physical force to impose her will , and thus after she leaves for a period , she is forgotten by him as he holds no love for her . Within the novel , the Law forbids violence between the inhabitants of the Place . Despite its seemingly unyielding nature , it is in fact broken several times , though always with " good reason " . In the story " His Mate " , Lad meets and later must win the heart of his mate , Lady . Lad is clearly " enthralled " by the adult Lady 's sexual appeal . As Terhune seems reluctant to note the facts of canine mating , Lady is never stated to actually go into heat . Instead the relationship is framed within the context of a " human courtly love triangle " when the " showy " Knave comes to the Place and Lady forgets Lad and fawns on the new arrival . When Lady is believed to have destroyed a beloved mounted bald eagle , the master breaks the rules against violence and intends to beat her . Lad , in turn , breaks the rules of perfect obedience and growls , becoming the object of punishment and taking the beating in her stead . At the end of the story , when the master realizes he was mistaken , he apologizes to Lad for beating the wrong dog . Despite the novel 's overall theme of nonviolence , the master 's " unreasonable attachment to the bird " becomes the motivation for his " cruelty toward the helpless dogs " , yet Lad perceives the Master 's actions as " reasonable and functional " . Though the numerous tenets of the Law forbid violence in various forms , if the dogs harm something of sentimental value it is deemed justifiable to treat them with " any amount of violence . " This change is seen as reflecting a lack of maturity in the Master , and his having a " childish fixation on having his own way " , showing a desire to have control and order over that which can never be perfectly ordered : everyday life . Throughout many of the stories , a consistent theme is the Master 's imposition of will , behind which is the " blind rage of a child who cannot get exactly what he wants . " The dogs of the Place are trained and commanded to control any violent outbursts against the Place 's occupants or guests , yet Lad 's engaging acceptable targets is written to " glamorize " the use of violence . Throughout the novel , Lad is victorious in battles against two thieves , a runaway bull , an " invading Negro " , and four other dogs , including a battle against two dogs at once . Each of the battles is referred to as a death match , with intricate detail on the tactics and strengths of a fighting collie . Terhune paints him as a " noble savage " who is " human @-@ like , but better than human " and who worships , and is worshiped by , his humans . Another theme frequently reflected is that of " breeding " , in several senses : " pedigree , an inborn sense of manners and behavior , and , elliptically , sex . " Showcasing contemporary views of " entitlement and noblesse oblige , the novel reflects Terhune 's place as a member of the aristocracy and attempts to " justify the natural rights of the well @-@ bred . " The Place is owned by a rich family , that needs to be guarded against threats by foreigners , thieves of all varieties , Negroes , poachers , and the homeless . Within the novel , Terhune notes the provisions of the " Guest Law " , which reflect a fear of " the flotsam of the American polity " . In the character Hamilcar Q. Glure , shows his dislike for the nouveaux riches , those with " new money " , over those born and bred into wealth . The novel also focuses on competition in the venues of the dog shows and combat . Within the novel , despite disliking shows and being an " old style " collie , Lad 's " sheer noble nature " enables him to win despite the going preferences for " more superficial qualities " . Lad obeys the Law in part because of his heredity as a purebred , and the Master considers himself a thoroughbred due to his having certain " race characteristics that are ingrained in his blood . " Frequently , Terhune references atavism , attributing Lad 's calling upon hereditary instincts to the presence of " a strain of wolf " in the brains of all collies . This idea also reflects the power of humans over nature . = = History = = Albert Payson Terhune was an established newspaperman and author of several books in various genres — including histories and thrillers — when he penned his first canine short story , His Mate . Ray Long , then editor for Red Book Magazine , had jokingly suggested he write a story about Lad one afternoon , when the reticent dog put his head on Long 's knee after having snubbed the familiar visitor for the last year . Having already tried to market the idea of his writing dog stories to magazines for several years , Terhune readily agreed . The first story featured three rough collies , Lad , Lady , and Knave , and used a similar formula to his previous works : an average male ( Lad ) protects a beautiful female ( Lady ) from a larger villain ( Knave ) . Long purchased the work for Red Book for $ 200 and it was published in the January 1916 issue . Four magazines requested similar stories , and Terhune complied , finding them easy to write and sell . Additional stories , all featuring Lad and titled Lad Stories , were published in the Saturday Evening Post , Ladies ' Home Journal , Hartford Courant , and the Atlantic Monthly , though Red Book remained his most consistent publisher . By 1918 , the stories had grown in popularity and Terhune was paid an average of $ 1000 each for the tales , with some selling for as much as $ 2 @,@ 500 , . Though marketed as fiction , even people who were acquainted with the Terhunes and Lad reportedly believed that the stories were real . In 1918 , Long began urging Terhune to publish a book of his dog stories , though Terhune himself was not convinced at first . He considered them to be nothing more than " hack writing " and inferior to his other works . Even after Long convinced him of the public 's love of the works , Terhune initially did nothing towards the goal . Later that year , Doubleday @-@ Page , which had published Terhune 's last novel Fortune , wrote asking to see his next book while reminding him that their contract gave them first refusal rights to it . Wanting to escape from that publisher due to the dismal performance of Fortune , Terhune decided to follow Long 's suggestion so he could use the book of dog stories to fulfill his contractual obligation . After he collected together the twenty Lad stories he 'd written so far , he reorganized them into chapters and submitted the book . He was unsurprised that it was rejected , but in the rejection letter the company referred to Alfred Ollivant 's 1898 novel Owd Bob and Jack London 's 1903 novel Call of the Wild as " superior pieces of work " . As Terhune himself considered both authors to be unimpressive writers , he became determined that Lad : A Dog would be published . E. P. Dutton 's John Macrae , who was a known dog lover , found the stories " simple but charming " and felt the public would like them greatly . Lad : A Dog was published by Dutton in April 1919 , a year after the real @-@ life Lad 's death . Terhune continued receiving royalties for the novel up through his own death . His wife , Anice Terhune , ceased receiving the royalties after she surrendered the rights to them , along with those of Bruce and His Dog in exchange for E.P. Dutton agreeing to publish and perpetually print her work Across the Line , a supposed set of conversations she had with her late husband . With this agreement , Dutton became sole owners of the copyright to Lad : A Dog . Macrae later decided that the agreement was not completely fair to Anice and modified it to provide her a payment of $ 100 a month for the rest of her life , likely exceeding the profits they earned on the novels as the years passed . = = = Real @-@ life Lad = = = Available evidence indicates that the real Lad was born in December 1902 and passed through the hands of at least two owners before coming to Sunnybank . An article in a Terhune family scrapbook indicates that he was likely a mature dog by the time he arrived , possibly not until after Albert Payson Terhune had purchased the Pompton Lakes , New Jersey property from his mother in 1909 . Unlike the fictional Lad , he was not registered with the American Kennel Club and was not a show dog . His pedigree was reportedly lost by one of his previous owners , though there was no doubt he was a purebred collie . At one point , Terhune 's wife Anice claimed Lad had twenty champion collies in his pedigree , but this has never been confirmed . On July 4 , 1917 , Lad was entered into a dog show despite having no papers on his pedigree . It was the only show he ever attended and he won the Veteran Cup . As in the novel , Lad was extremely , even " hostile [ ly ] reserved " with strangers , wanting little to do with anyone outside of the family . Terhune donated some of the earnings from the magazine stories to the Red Cross and Blue Cross in Lad 's name , earning the collie the Honorary Crosses of both groups . When Lad was fifteen , he lost his hearing , after which the other dogs in residence began ignoring him and vice versa . Lad died on September 3 , 1918 , having had a tumor in his heart for five years before his death . Lad 's obituary was carried on a multi @-@ page spread of the September 14 , 1918 issue of Field and Fancy magazine . He was buried near the driveway of Sunnybank , with the Honorary Crosses he was awarded . He was mourned by thousands of fans who had read Terhune 's stories , with dozens of readers , primarily children , visiting Sunnybank to see Lad 's grave . In one season , over 1 @,@ 700 visitors came to see Lad 's grave , prompting Terhune to close the place to visitors for the day . After the Terhunes died , Sunnybank slowly deteriorated , with the house and much of the grounds destroyed . Large chunks of the property were sold by the Albert Payson Terhune , Inc , an organization set up in the wills of Bert and Anice Terhune to provide funds for a charitable organization , the Terhune Foundation . The last ten acres of the property were eventually sold to a housing developer , which included the house , graves of the Terhune collies , and the dogs ' old kennels . In 1967 , this remaining chunk of Sunnybank was condemned by the Wayne Township . The next year , the township made the remaining acres a historical park , Terhune Memorial Park . The Van Riper @-@ Hopper Historic House Museum , located several miles away , displays Terhune 's writings , the awards won by the Sunnybank collies , and other memorabilia . The graves of Lad , Wolf , Lady , and the other Sunnybank dogs are preserved there and available for viewing by visitors . Clippings of Lad 's coat are stored at the Library of Congress , having been donated by Anice . Annual gatherings to Sunnybank are organized by the Collie Health Foundation on the third weekend in August , during which speakers familiar with Terhune and his dogs speak , seminars and tours are conducted , and various collie @-@ focused events and competitions are conducted . In 2005 , Marilyn R. Horowitz published a Sunnybank calendar , the proceeds of which were used by the Terhune Sunnybank Memorial to restore Lad 's grave , which had fallen into disrepair , and to aid in maintaining the grounds of Sunnybank . = = Reception = = The original Lad stories were well received by readers of their respective magazines . After the appearance of His Mate in Red Book , the readers began demanding further stories . Editor Ray Long , who initially purchased His Mate , considered the story In the Day of Battle to be one of the top twenty to appear in Red Book during his time as its editor . The success of the stories propelled Terhune to fame , enabling him to purchase Sunnybank from his mother and quit a loathed job working for a newspaper to become a full @-@ time freelance writer . Although the novel was initially ignored by critics , within weeks it had become a hit . According to Terhune biographer Kurk Unkelbach , it received praise from most of the important critics of the time . The American Kennel Club Gazette reported that Terhune earned over $ 32 @,@ 000 from the publication of the Lad stories . Originally aimed towards adults , the novel was a best @-@ seller and gained critical acclaim in the adult fiction market . By the end of the year , the book had gone through 18 printings , and by 1935 , over 250 @,@ 000 copies had been sold . In 1939 an anniversary edition was released , marking its 71st printing . In the 1960s and 70s , the novel was repositioned into the young adult market , by dint of its animal subject matter . Grosset and Dunlap reprinted the novel in new editions that were prominently featured on their children 's book lists . By 1970 , these new editions had sold over 650 @,@ 000 copies , and overall Lad : A Dog has sold over 1 million copies and remains Terhune 's highest seller . Considered the novel that " propelled Terhune to fame " , it has been translated into and published in at least six different languages . Recorded Books released an unabridged audiobook edition in 1997 on cassette tape . In 2006 , Alcazar AudioWorks released a CD version . Veteran dog breeders of the times were the primary critics of the novel , chastising Terhune 's depiction of an unrealistically perfect collie that would mislead the public into believing such a dog could exist . The anniversary and subsequent editions , featuring a sable @-@ and @-@ white collie , also drew criticism from loyal readers as it did not resemble Lad . New York Times Book Review reviewer Alden Welch felt the full novel would " surely appeal not only to all lovers and masters of dogs , but to many who have never owned any and who have no general and indiscriminate liking for them . " He found the stories " interesting " and a " most welcome addition to dog @-@ literature " , praising the novel as the most " delightfully written " of Terhune 's works to date . In 1968 , Sports Illustrated 's Robert H. Boyle stated that Terhune 's stories were responsible for many of the active collie breeders at the time getting involved in the sport . Calling the author a " godlike figure " and the hero of " goggle @-@ eyed youngsters of the 1920s , ' 30s and even into the ' 40s . " In comparing the work to popular collie character Lassie , Boyle noted that rather than having Lassie 's seeming immortality , Terhune 's dogs " led epic lives and they had epic deaths " . In the Fall 1996 issue of Raritan Quarterly Review , Stephen D. Cox , freely admitting to never having read the book , nonetheless called Terhune a " hack writer " who lacked " storytelling skill " and denounced Lad : A Dog as non @-@ literature with " sentences [ that ] are insufferably stilted and hammy " and " have a tendency to wander off on long romps with his personal obsessions . " Terming it a " socially interesting " work , he concedes that the novel has maintained " intense and long @-@ lasting " interest from readers due to its successfully playing on their emotions and " desire to have a collie dog . " He quotes Irving Litvag , author of Terhune 's biography The Master of Sunnybank , stating that Lad " became the dog we always wanted to have and never did . Maybe even more than that — maybe he became the friend we always waited to find , or even the brother , or the father . " In You 're Only Young Twice : Children 's Literature and Film , Timothy Morris felt the novel had " dated badly " due to changes in American society , and while he stated that he enjoyed the work , in comparing it to Anna Sewell 's Black Beauty he faults Lad : A Dog for lacking an " autobiographical frame " and for leaving readers guessing as to what is happening . = = Sequels and adaptations = = Building on the success of Lad : A Dog , Terhune went on to pen thirty additional canine novels , including two featuring Lad . Further Adventures of Lad , which includes the stories of his arrival at the Place and his death , was published in George H. Doran in 1922 . Like the first , it went on to become a best seller , praised by both new readers and existing fans . Critics , however , gave it more mixed reviews . Though some praised the stories and Lad , others felt Lad was unbelievable and harshly denounced Terhune 's writing style . Lad of Sunnybank was released in 1929 by HarperCollins , and included another selection of stories about Lad 's life . Two of the collies that appear in Lad : A Dog , Lad 's son Wolf and another collie named Bruce , both received their own novels . Bruce was published by E. P. Dutton in 1920 and Wolf was published by Doran in 1925 . Published by Scholastic as part of its Hello reader ! series , Margo Lundell adapted three stories from the novels into a series of 48 page picture books with illustration by Don Bolognese . The first book , Lad , a Dog : Lad to the Rescue , was released in August 1997 and adapts the story of Lad saving the baby from a snake . The next two , Lad , a Dog : Best Dog in the World ( December 1997 ) and Lad , a Dog : Lad is Lost ( February 1998 ) focus on Lad 's first dog show and subsequently becoming lost . The final book , Lad , a Dog : The Bad Puppy , released in May 1998 , details Lad 's raising of Wolf . = = = Film adaptation = = = In the 1960s , Warner Brothers purchased the film rights for the novel from Max J. Rosenberg , of Vanguard Productions , who had purchased them from E. P. Dutton . They later negotiated with Anice Terhune for the rights to the two follow up novels , hoping to produce a sequel and television series if the first film proved successful . Starring Peter Breck , Peggy McCay , Carroll O 'Connor , and Angela Cartwright , the film blended several of the novel 's stories with some modifications to make a flowing narrative . Aram Avakian was initially selected to be the film 's director , but his refusal to create a sentimental dog story resulted in his firing ; he was replaced by Leslie H. Martinson . The film was released on June 6 , 1962 . Although it was praised by fans and modern reviewers , contemporary critiques felt Terhune 's work did not translate well to film , and it was considered a low budget B @-@ movie . = Gun politics in the Czech Republic = Gun politics in the Czech Republic incorporates the political and regulatory aspects of firearms usage in the country . Policy in the Czech Republic is in many respects less restrictive than elsewhere in Europe ( see Gun politics in the European Union ) . A gun in the Czech Republic is available to anybody subject to acquiring a shall issue firearms license first . Gun licenses may be obtained in a way very similar to a driving license - by passing a gun proficiency exam , medical examination and having a clean criminal record . Unlike in most other European countries , the Czech gun legislation also permits a citizen to carry a concealed weapon for self @-@ defense . Most Czech gun owners possess their firearms for self @-@ defense , with hunting and sport shooting being less common . The permissive politics have a very long tradition , with the term pistol originating in 15th @-@ century Czech language . The Czech lands have been the manufacturing center ( including weapons industry ) of Central Europe for over two centuries . Firearms possession was severely restricted during German occupation and subsequent communist dictatorship , with ownership rates gradually rising ever since 1989 Velvet Revolution . Today the Czech Republic is home to arms manufacturers that include Česká zbrojovka Uherský Brod and Sellier & Bellot . = = History = = The Czech Crown lands witnessed one of the earliest mass uses of firearms , in the early 1420s and 1430s by the Hussites who are even today revered as national heroes . Žižka 's use of guns , which had previously been used only during sieges of towns , as a field artillery in the Battle of Kutná Hora was first such recorded utilization . Use of firearms , together with the wagon fort , was one of the key features of Hussite war strategy , which defeated five crusades , launched against the reformation revolt . The word used for one of the guns used by the Hussites , Czech : píšťala , later found its way through German and French into English as the term pistol . Another gun used by the Hussites , the Czech : houfnice , gave rise to the English term , " howitzer " . After the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918 , the country adopted the existing Austrian gun law of 1852 . The law was liberal , allowing citizens to own the guns without any formalities , with restrictions applying only regarding their number . However , carrying the gun was allowed only to the holders of a firearms license . Only a " harmless person " ( trusted person with no criminal record ) could get a firearms license . There was also a list of restricted firearms , such as terzerols , air guns and other weapons considered as " insidious " . Distinctly more restrictive gun law was prepared in 1938 , when the state was endangered by Nazi Germany and its fifth column ( Nazis among German minority ) but never came to use due to occupation of the country . Gun ownership was seriously restricted during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia : at first , all weapons were seized , including the duty @-@ guns of police . Later the Nazis allowed limited armament of the police and governmental troops but forbade private gun ownership ( except for hunting ) and imposed very harsh punishments including the death penalty . Following the defeat of Germany in May 1945 , the more liberal gun law was officially reintroduced . But in reality the government sought to reduce the amount of weapons which were among people as the result of the war . For Germans and suspected collaborators , gun ownership was forbidden . The situation changed again after the communist coup d 'état of 1948 . Although the law allowed for some restricted gun ownership , in reality the authorities were instructed about which groups of people would be allowed to own guns . In 1962 a secret directive was adopted , listing the names of persons deemed loyal enough to be allowed to own guns . Another more liberal law was introduced in 1983 , but gun ownership remained relatively restricted . Access to guns for sporting purposes was easier ( sport shooting was encouraged and supported by the state via Svazarm ) and the rules for hunting shotgun ownership were relatively permissive . The new enactment of 1995 , after the Velvet Revolution , meant a return to the more liberal times of the First Czechoslovak Republic . Accession to EU required a new law compliant with the European Firearms Regulation , which was passed in 2002 . The law remained very liberal despite introducing more regulation . = = Current law = = There is no constitutional right to possess firearms in the Czech Republic . According to a 1999 decision of the Czech Constitutional court , the right to possess firearm is not a basic human right and it may not be derived from the right to own property guaranteed by the Art. 11 ( 1 ) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms . The right to have a gun license issued is provided for in the Act No. 119 / 2002 Coll . Subject to fulfillment of the act 's conditions , anyone is entitled to have the license issued and may then obtain a firearm . Holders of D ( exercise of profession ) and E ( self @-@ defense ) licenses , which are also shall @-@ issue , may also freely carry a concealed firearm . = = = Categories of licenses = = = There are six categories of gun license ; however , these should not be mistaken with the categories for guns . A - Firearm collection B - Sport shooting C - Hunting D - Exercise of a profession E - Self @-@ defense F - Pyrotechnical survey = = = Obtaining a license = = = An applicant applies for a gun license at the police . If the conditions of age , qualification , health clearance , criminal integrity and personal reliability are met and a fee of 700 CZK per category is paid , the license shall be issued in 30 days . The license must be renewed every ten years ( no need to undergo qualification exam if the application is filed at least 2 months before termination of the previous license ; health clearance still necessary ) . = = = = Age = = = = To obtain a B or C category license , the applicant must be at least 18 years old . Under special circumstances , the applicant need only be 15 if a member of a sporting club , or 16 if taught hunting in schools with such a curriculum . To obtain an A , D or E category license , the applicant must be 21 . = = = = Qualification = = = = Obtaining the license requires passing a theoretical and practical exam . Theoretical exam : The theoretical exam consists of a written test of 30 multiple choice questions ( selected randomly from a total of 488 questions ) with a maximum of 79 points possible . To pass the written exam , 67 points are needed for category A , 71 for category B or C , and 74 for category D or E. The test deals with the following issues : knowledge of firearms legislation , knowledge of legislation related to legitimate use of firearm ( e.g. self @-@ defense ) , general knowledge of firearms and ammunition , and first aid . Practical exam Safe handling : this comprises : inspecting , whether the firearms is loaded ( safely unloading ) , field stripping as needed for clean @-@ up , preparation of firearm and ammunition for shooting , shooting , procedure of handling the firearm in case of malfunction , conclusion of shooting . Touching the trigger , pointing in different than appointed safe direction or trying to field strip loaded gun ( dummy round is used ) results in exam 's fail . Depending on the categories of licenses sought , the applicants may be asked to show their ability of safe manipulation on multiple firearms ( typically CZ 75 and / or CZ 82 pistol , bolt @-@ action CZ 452 rifle and a double @-@ barreled shotgun ) . Shooting test , which requires specific scores dependent on the category of license applied for : For the B and C category license it is 25m on rifle target ( A4 sheet sized ) with 4 out of 5 rounds hitting the target sheet shooting from a rifle ( 2 out of five for A category ) . .22 Long Rifle chambered rifle is used . For the C category license , the applicant must also successfully hit the rifle target from the distance of 25m shooting from a shotgun , 3 out of 4 rounds must hit the target ( at least partially ) . For the E category license , the applicant must successfully hit the international pistol target 50 / 20 ( 50 cm x 50 cm ) from a distance of 10m ( 15m for D category license ) shooting from a pistol , 4 out of 5 rounds must hit the sheet ( 2 out of 5 for A category ) . In each of the cases above , the actual score is irrelevant , only the projectiles have to hit the target sheet within the circles . Also in each case , the applicant is allowed 3 test shots to familiarize with the particular firearm used for the test . The shotgun is an exception to this , where only one round is allowed as a test shot . A person can obtain more or all of the categories at once . But the set of categories needs to be known before the exam and highest score needs to be met . Typically , people obtain E and B category because these two categories provides the best versatility ( almost any firearm can be owned and carried concealed ) . The D category is required by the law for the members of the municipal police ( members of the state police do not need license for on duty firearms ) and does not itself permit private gun ownership ( unless the person obtains also other license category ) . = = = = Health clearance = = = = Applicant ( license holder ) must be cleared by his general practitioner as being fit to possess , carry and use a firearm . The health check includes probes into the applicant 's anamnesis and a complete physical screening ( including eyesight , hearing , balance ) . The doctor may request examination by a specialist in case he deems it necessary to exclude illnesses or handicaps stated in the respective governmental regulation . Specialist medical examination is obligatory in case of illnesses and handicaps that restrict the ability to drive a car . Governmental Regulation No. 493 / 2002 Coll. divides the listed illnesses and handicaps into four groups , covering various issues from psychological and psychiatrical to eyesight and hearing ( for example , the applicant must be able to hear casual speech over distance of 6 meters to be cleared for the E category ) . Generally , the regulation is more permissive when it comes to the license categories A and B , and more strict with view to the other categories , listing which illnesses and handicaps may curtail or outright prevent positive clearance by the general practitioner . The outcome of the medical examination may be either full clearance , denial , or conditional clearance that lists obligatory health accessories ( glasses , hearing aid , etc . ) or sets obligatory escort when armed ( e.g. B - sport shooters with minor psychological issues , or with addiction habits cured more than three years prior to the health check ) . = = = = Criminal integrity = = = = The enactment specifies the amount of time which must elapse after a person is released from prison for serving time for particular groups of crimes . Ex @-@ convicts punished for committing selected crimes , such as public endangerment , or participation in organized crime group or murder , if sentenced to more than 12 years imprisonment , may never fulfill this condition . There is a central registry of criminal offenses in the Czech Republic . The criminal integrity is reviewed notwithstanding any possible expungement of the records for other purposes . Police may order temporary seizure of firearm license and firearms in case that the holder is charged with any intentional crime , or a negligent crime connected with breach of duties relating to possession , carrying or use of firearms or ammunition . = = = = Personal reliability = = = = A person who verifiably excessively drinks alcohol or uses illegal drugs , as well who was repeatedly found guilty of specified misdemeanors ( e.g. related to firearms , DUI , public order , etc . ) in the preceding three years , is considered unreliable for the purposes of issuing a gun license . The police has the right to inquire information regarding these issues also from municipal authorities ( misdemeanors are dealt with by municipal authorities and there is no central registry related to them ) . Police may order temporary seizure of firearm license and firearms in case that administrative proceedings against the holder are initiated for committing selected misdemeanors ( e.g. carrying while intoxicated , refusing to undergo intoxication test while armed , shooting outside licensed range unless in self @-@ defense ) . = = = = Obtaining of a license by a foreigner = = = = The law distinguishes foreigners according to their country of origin . For selected foreigners , a license is shall @-@ issue as same as for Czech citizens , while for others it is a may @-@ issue . Foreign born residents are treated equally in the eye of Czech law ( see above ) , but proof of a lack of criminal record in their country of origin must be provided ; persons having residence also in another EU country must provide documentation showing that they are allowed to own a firearm therein . All the documents must be translated into Czech language by a sworn translator . Foreigners with registered place of residence in the Czech Republic may purchase firearms after obtaining corresponding licenses and permits ; persons having residence also in another EU country must provide documentation showing that they are allowed to own such a firearm therein in order to be granted a permit to purchase a B category gun . The written test as well as the practical exam has to be taken in the Czech language . Until 31 December 2011 , test @-@ takers were allowed to use a sworn interpreter / translator , but this has since been forbidden . = = = Categories of guns = = = Under the current gun law , guns , ammunition and some accessories are divided into four categories ( these should not be mistaken with categories of licenses ) : A - Restricted firearms and accessories Includes full automatic firearms , military firearms and ammunition not inspected and marked for civilian use , some types of ammunition such as armor @-@ piercing and incendiary ammunition , night vision scopes , suppressors and gun mounted laser pointers . The use of hollow point ammunition in pistols is also restricted , however , hollow points are legal to purchase for rifles and pistol carbines . B - Guns requiring permit Includes semi automatic and single or multiple shot handguns , revolvers , semi automatic rifles and shotguns with magazine capacity over 3 rounds or with a detachable magazine , semi automatic " military " style rifles , rim @-@ fire firearms under 280 mm of length and all shotguns under 600 mm of length , flare guns with caliber larger than 16mm . C - Guns requiring registration Includes single shot or bolt action rifles longer than 280 mm , shotguns , semi @-@ automatic rifles not included in B , air rifles with muzzle energy over 16 J and black powder repeaters . D - Guns available to adults above 18 Includes air guns ( muzzle energy up to 16 J ) , mechanical guns ( with kinetic energy from 150 N ) , replicas ( black powder up to two shots - e.g. not black powder revolvers ) , airsoft guns , vintage firearms ( manufactured prior to 1890 ) , expansion guns and .22 CB cap ( muzzle energy up to 7 @.@ 5 J ) . A person must obtain the Gun License ( Zbrojní průkaz ) to be allowed to own gun of categories A , B and C. To own a gun in the D category only the age of 18 is required . A , B and C category weapon has to be registered within 10 working day with the police after it is bought . = = = Obtaining firearms = = = Each of the A , B , C and E categories of gun license allows the person to buy a B or C category of gun . Holders of an A category license may , after being granted may @-@ issue exemption by the police , also purchase an A category firearm ; holders of D category may possess and carry any category of firearm ( which remains the property of the employer ) . In case of B license the person is allowed to use their guns at shooting ranges . The C license is required by other laws for hunting . The E license allows the person to own a gun for self @-@ defense purpose and carry the concealed weapon . All guns need to be registered with the police in 10 working days after buying except for the D category . To obtain a gun from the A category ( typically a full @-@ automatic or select @-@ fire firearm ) , the person must ask for a may @-@ issue " exemption " from the police and demonstrate a specific reason why they want such a weapon . For private physical persons , the only acceptable reason is collecting ; for physical or legal persons having an armament license ( this is a completely different certificate than the gun license ) for professional purposes the acceptable reasons include providing security for dangerous or valuable shipments or VIP objects , manufacturing or testing of firearms , providing training in use of A category firearms , or filming in case that the firearm is adjusted for use of dummy rounds . The B category of guns ( typically any semi @-@ automatic firearm ) requires permission from the police . Before buying the gun the person must visit the police and fill in the " permit to buy , own and carry " form for the particular weapon ( depending on the police department , usually caliber and type of weapon is required ) . As a formality , a person must state a justifiable reason for purchasing a B category firearm , which include collecting , sporting , hunting or cultural activity , conducting business with firearms and ammunition , providing security , exercise of profession and self @-@ defense . The police will issue the permit in up to 30 days ( usually immediately ) and the permit is shall @-@ issue if the applicant has a valid gun license ( and fulfills all of its requirements , e.g. clean criminal record ) ; the purchase permit is valid for 12 months . The C category of guns can be bought at a gun shop after presenting the gun license . However , the gun needs to be registered later at the police . There is no limit in the law on number of owned guns . The law specifies safe storage requirements for those owning more than two weapons or more than 500 rounds of ammunition . The safe storage requirements are further exacerbated for those owning more than 10 and more than 20 firearms . Possession of a firearm without a gun license ( as well as sale , manufacturing , procurment , etc . ) is a criminal offense which carries a penalty of up to two years imprisonment ( up to eight years in defined cases ) . = = = Shooting ranges = = = Firearm owners are allowed to practice only at licensed shooting ranges and may otherwise use the firearm only in case of self @-@ defense , or when permitted by other laws ( e.g. hunting ) . As of 2014 , there are almost two hundred places opened for the public . Any adult can visit such a range and shoot from available weapons , without restrictions or permits . A person without a gun license has to be supervised ( if younger than 18 , then by a person at least 21 years old who has been a holder of a gun license for at least 3 years ) . = = = Carrying a firearm = = = Holders of different categories of firearms licenses have different possibility of carrying their firearms . In general , it is prohibited to carry firearms to court buildings ( they may be left for safe keeping with the judicial guard upon entry before passing through metal detector ) , at demonstrations or mass meetings . It is also generally considered irresponsible to take guns to clubs or bars even though it is not explicitly prohibited by law . Carrying a gun while intoxicated is , however , illegal and can lead to heavy fines and losing the gun license , with police frequently conducting intoxication tests of open @-@ carrying hunters . Carrying guns in schools and campuses is not prohibited by law and there are no so called " gun @-@ free zones " . The Czech Republic is a relatively safe country : Prague , with the highest crime rate in the country , still ranks as one of the safest capitals in the European Union . Considering the number of E category licenses issued , there are about 200 @,@ 000 people who could potentially carry a firearm ; however , it is not clear how many regularly do so . = = = = License types = = = = No carry : Holders of A license ( collection purposes ) may only obtain and possess firearms ( also those falling into the A - restricted guns category , subject to being granted a may @-@ issue permit ) and are not allowed to carry them . Transport only : Holders of B ( sport shooting ) license may only transport their firearms to and from the areas designated for sport shooting . The firearms must be transported in a closed container and in a manner that excludes their immediate use . Meanwhile , holders of C ( hunting ) license may too transport their firearms only to and from the areas designated for hunting in a manner that excludes their immediate use . In case that they use public transportation , the firearm must also be transported in a closed container , otherwise it may be transported ( carried unloaded ) openly . Concealed carry : Holders of category D ( exercise of profession ) and E ( self @-@ defense ) license may carry up to two firearms ready for immediate use ( bullet @-@ in @-@ chamber ) . The firearms must be carried in concealed manner . The requirement of concealed carry applies also for D holders of restricted firearms ( e.g. private security with fully automatic firearms ) . Open carry : Only the members of Municipal Police and of the Czech National Bank 's security , as holders of D ( exercise of profession ) license , may carry their firearms openly while on duty . Members of state police , prison service and other governmental security agencies do not need any gun license and are permitted / required by other laws to open or concealed carry while on duty . Open carry may be allowed by police for special occasions , such as gun shows , war reenactments or liberation day celebrations ; these are however technically referred to as " public display of firearm " rather than " carrying " . Each person that wishes to " display " firearm must submit a request detailing the given occasion , firearm ( s ) , their protection against theft , etc . Also , during these occasion the police often conducts inspections of gun holders regarding the respective paperwork and intoxication testing . = = = Ammunition restrictions = = = All of the high @-@ penetrating ( armor @-@ piercing ) and hollow @-@ point ammunition is classified as category A ( see above ) . The alternative to a hollow point ammunition was Federal EFMJ , which has been classified into the arms group A in mid 2009 , effectively outlawing it . Therefore , only full metal jacket or soft @-@ nosed semi @-@ jacketed rounds and or just unjacketed bullets ( lead only ) are allowed . Generally , no ammunition with higher wounding potential is allowed . There is currently no restriction on caliber size and no restriction on magazine capacity . However , special safe storage requirements apply for those having more than 500 , 10 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 bullets . = = Self defense with firearms = = There are no specific legal provisions covering self @-@ defense by a civilian using a firearm . The general provision regarding criminal aspects of self @-@ defense are contained in the Section 29 ( Necessary self defense ) of the Criminal Code . General provisions regarding civil liability in respect of self @-@ defense are contained in the Section 14 of the Civil Code . In general , Czech penal theory recognizes certain classes of circumstances where criminal & civil liability will be excluded in respect of actions which would normally attract a criminal penalty . These include " utmost necessity " , " necessary self defense " and other cases involving " eligible use of a gun " . = = = Utmost necessity = = = Utmost necessity may be invoked where an interest protected by the Criminal Code ( such as right to property or right to life ) is endangered . An example of necessity would be a defense against a raging dog ( unless the dog was directly sent by the owner , which would be case of necessary defense ) . The necessity may be invoked only in case of imminent danger and only if there is no other way of avoiding it ( subsidiarity ) , such as locking oneself behind a fence or calling the police . Also , the consequence of the necessity must be less serious than the consequence of the endangering act ( proportionality ) . Necessity is excluded in cases where : the consequence of necessity is equal to or greater than that of endangerment the necessity continues after the endangerment has ceased the endangerment could have been deflected in other ways , i.e. with less serious consequences there is a duty to withstand the endangerment ( a special situation which does not cover civilians ) = = = Necessary self defense = = = The basis of necessary self @-@ defense is deflection of an imminent or ongoing attack against an interest covered by the Criminal Code ( such as right to property or right to life ) by performing an action which would otherwise be punishable ( such as use of a firearm against the other person ) . The imminent part means that a party is evidently and immediately threatened , it is not necessary to wait for the attacker to start the attack , especially if he is known for his aggressiveness . ( That , however , is not the case if the attack is being prepared , but not imminent ) . The necessary self @-@ defense may also be enacted when defending someone else 's interest ( i.e. defending their person or their property ) as long as the same requirements are met . However , defending against a provoked attack is not considered " necessary self defense " . There is no requirement of subsidiarity : in this respect " necessary self defense " differs from " utmost necessity " . The main limitation is that the defense may not be manifestly disproportionate to the manner of the attack . The manner of the attack is not the same as its intensity , which is only a part of it . For example , " intensity " covers whether the attack is committed by a single attacker or a group , with or without a gun , and the relative strength of the attacker and the party attacked , etc . But the manner also includes future imminent dangers , such as the possibility that single attacker might imminently be joined by others . As regards proportionality , the law states that a self @-@ defense may not be manifestly disproportionate . It is evident , that for a self @-@ defense to be successful , it has to be performed on a level exceeding the attack . Unlike in case of necessity , the consequence of necessary self @-@ defense may be more serious than consequence of the attack . The defense may not be restricted to a passive one , it can also be active . It is not the outcome of the incident but the sequence of actions at its beginning which determines who is to be deemed the attacker , and who is the party attacked . There are two main excesses , which are not recognized as necessary self @-@ defense : defense , which continues after the attack is over , i.e. when a robber is running away without any loot ( excess in time ) defense , which is manifestly disproportionate , such as shooting children who steal apples from a tree , or shooting a perpetrator who has passed over a fence , without giving indication of further malevolent or criminal intentions ( excess in intensity ) = = = Eligible use of a gun = = = Eligible use of a gun is addressed in special enactments dealing with police , secret security service , prison guards etc . Thus for example a policeman may , under specified conditions , shoot on an escaping suspect , a privilege which an armed civilian does not have . = = = General tendencies = = = It is acceptable to defend from a violent attack anywhere on the street especially when a person is attacked with a knife or another deadly weapon . Shooting an unarmed attacker also occurs and becomes sometimes a subject of controversy . In general , each case is investigated in great detail before being eventually dismissed as a legitimate self @-@ defense . The defense is judged according to the subjective and objective perception of the defender during the time of the imminent or ongoing attack , and not according to the view of persons who are judging it ex post . The American style Castle Doctrine is also not applied however it is usually considered acceptable to defend from a violent home invasion with a firearm . In 2014 , an amendment of laws concerning self @-@ defense was proposed with the aim of giving greater leeway to defenders , especially in cases when they would not normally meet the bar for legitimate self @-@ defense under the current legislation , but face extraordinary circumstances , such as confusion as a consequence of the attack , or when facing home invasion . Although there is no stand @-@ your @-@ ground law , the fact that necessary defense ( unlike utmost necessity ) is not subject to subsidiarity means that there is also no duty to retreat . The mere fact that a defender uses a weapon against unarmed attacker does not mean that the defense is disproportionate ( and thus not legitimate ) to the manner of the attack and the proportionality of defense does not depend on the relative effectiveness of the defender 's weapon compared to the intensity of the attack , but on the manner in which the weapon is used ( aiming at leg , i.e. intended non @-@ deadly defense , may be proportionate where aiming at chest may be manifestly disproportionate , notwithstanding if the slug hits a leg artery and the attacker bleeds to death ) . The fact that a person prepares a weapon in order to defend themselves against expected attack does not preclude the defense from being legitimate and , according to courts , it may not be expected from a defender to wait and rely on chance that a damage which is , both objectively and in the defender 's subjective understanding , threatened to happen , will not take place . The defender may use proportionate accessible means in order to prevent an imminent attack and disarm the attacker . A number of successful defensive uses of firearms or other weapon is being cleared as legitimate self @-@ defense by authorities every year without raising wider public concern , including for example a 2014 shooting of an attacker by a bartender in Hořovice , or a 2014 shooting of an aggressive burglar in a garage by homeowner in Čimice . However , some cases become rather notable , such as : In 1991 a group of white supremacy skinheads attacked a couple on a street in Prague after a man called on them to cease nazi salutes . The commotion was witnessed by Pavel Opočenský , a former anti @-@ communist dissident , émigré and famous sculptor , who immediately rushed to help the victims . During the fight , Opočenský used his hunting knife and killed a 17 @-@ year @-@ old metal @-@ bar @-@ wielding skinhead . Opočenský was first charged with murder and spent 2 months in a remand prison . He was released from remand prison after the charges were diminished to intentional infliction of bodily harm resulting in death ( i.e. manslaughter ) . He was first convicted by the Municipal Court in Prague and conditionally sentenced to 2 years imprisonment with 4 years probation period . After a lengthy legal proceedings in which higher court repeatedly overturned the Municipal Court 's convictions and ordered retrial , Opočenský 's actions were finally cleared as legitimate self @-@ defense by the High Court in Prague 's decision four and half years later . The trial attracted attention of WP skinheads who conducted various protests . A neo @-@ nazi band Agrese 95 released a song titled " We shall go together and kill Opočenský . " In 2003 , Slavoj Hašek was awaken by commotion from outside of his house . Hašek left his house with a shotgun and pursued a thief . After the thief got to his own car and drove it in the Hašek 's direction , he shot and killed him . Hašek was sentenced to five years imprisonment with the High Court in Olomouc arguing that defense could not be legitimate , since the shot went through a side window rather than through the front windshield . Hašek was pardoned by the President Klaus shortly thereafter . In 2004 , a Ukrainian immigrant attempted to rape a university student from Russia in Prague . While the rapist was forcing himself on her , she managed to grab a knife from her purse and stabbed him directly in the heart , instantly killing him . The police closed the case as a legitimate self @-@ defense 3 months later with no charges being brought . In 2006 a private security guard with a pistol pursued on foot two men whom he believed tried to steal scrap metal . The men climbed on a railway embankment and started throwing rocks down at the guard who thereafter shot ten rounds in their direction , mortally wounding one of them in the head . The guard was first convicted of murder by the Municipal Court in Prague and given a sentence of 7 years imprisonment . The decision was changed by the High Court in Prague to conviction of intentional infliction of bodily harm resulting in death ( i.e. manslaughter ) and a sentence of five years imprisonment . The guard was finally exonerated by the Supreme Court in Brno which considered his action legitimate self @-@ defense , noting that defense must be clearly more intensive than attack in order to be successful , and that the stones and bricks being thrown presented grave danger to the man 's life . In 2009 , a security system at a scrap metal yard , which had been repeatedly burglarized , went off . The yard 's owner was at the time on a hunt close to the yard and drove directly to it . A group of burglars jumped into their car and attempted to drive away . The owner used his shotgun and attempted to shoot the car 's tires , hitting and wounding two of its occupants . He was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment for intentional infliction of bodily harm , a sentence that was confirmed also on appeal . The owner received full presidential pardon . In 2010 , a student from Azerbaijan was verbally attacked by a group of other foreigners in a bar in Prague . The student left the bar and proceeded to his friend 's car , being followed by the group who continued to verbally attack him and his family and stating that " the issue needs to be solved immediately " . The student recovered a knife from the car and took a stand . Thereafter one of the foreigners started punching him . The student stabbed one of the four attackers and then engaged in fight with another , whom he stabbed in the leg and who bled to death . The Municipal Court in Prague convicted the Azerbaijanian student of intentional infliction of bodily harm with excusable motive and sentenced him to two year in prison . The decision was overturned by the High Court in Prague who considered the death an outcome of legitimate self @-@ defense . The Supreme State Attorney mounted an extraordinary appeal to the Supreme Court , which however confirmed the acquittal , noting that the verbal abuse continued even after the victim got into the car and he could thus legitimately perceive it as an ongoing attack . The Supreme Court also refused the Municipal Court 's previous line of argumentation that the victim could have easily left the place once in the car ( as there is no duty to retreat under Czech law ) as well as its reasoning that the threat did not reach such an intensity as to justify a lethal defense . In 2012 , two brothers in their early 20s , one of them armed with a knife , attacked a 63 @-@ year @-@ old man in a town in the Northern Bohemian borderland . He shot both attackers with his legally owned pistol , killing one of them . The police closed the case as legitimate self @-@ defense six months later and brought charges against the surviving attacker . = = Popularity of guns = = Despite the relatively liberal gun laws , guns are not especially popular in the Czech Republic with only 3 % of population having gun licenses . Nevertheless , sport shooting is the third most popular sport after football and hockey and with 2 @,@ 3 % of population having self @-@ defense licenses , the country had higher ratio of people with concealed carry permits than USA up to 2008 . In 2015 , there were 292 @,@ 022 licenses and 806 @,@ 895 registered firearms ( for the 10 @,@ 5 million population ) . In the long term number of licenses slightly decreases while number of registered guns keeps growing . Unprecedented rise in gun sales took place in 2015 . While the average annual rise in the number of registered firearms amounted to 14 @,@ 500 guns between 2006 and 2014 , there were 54 @,@ 508 new registered firearms in 2015 alone . Following the culmination of European migrant crisis , November 2015 Paris attacks and an EU proposal to ban selected firearms , there was also huge rise in number of qualification exam applications which by November tripled compared to the monthly average of Q1 2015 . The Czech Republic is home to many firearms manufacturers including Česká Zbrojovka . Famous models of handguns such as CZ 75 are very popular among Czechs . Czechs also favour various types of Glocks and 1911 clones . Semi @-@ automatic rifles made by Czech manufacturers , especially vz . 58 and AR 15 , are also very popular especially among Czech competition shooters or hunters . There are relatively fewer revolvers , mostly from US manufacturers such as Smith & Wesson and Colt , or Czech producers ALFA and Kora . = = Incidents and gun crimes = = In 2005 , there were 5 @,@ 317 misdemeanors and 924 criminal offenses committed with firearms compared to 5428 misdemeanors and 836 criminal acts in 2007 . It is generally not common for licensed gun owners to commit violent crimes with their guns , and most of the gun crimes are committed with illegal weapons that are beyond the control of the law . The number of murders committed with legally owned guns reached its peak in 2000 , when 20 people were murdered . There were 16 murders committed with legally owned guns in 2003 , 17 in 2007 and 2 in 2010 . The majority of them are committed during family quarrels , with only a minimum being premeditated . Occasionally , crimes with legally owned guns do happen . The most notable examples include : 2001 shooting of three policemen who were called by a woman claiming she was being attacked by her husband , František Jůza . On the scene , the policemen were negotiating with the husband who was threatening to commit suicide with his legally owned .38 revolver . When the situation seemed about to be peacefully solved , the hysteric wife ran into the room . Jůza thereafter shot three policemen ( two mortally ) and committed suicide . Viktor Kalivoda , a.k.a. " Forest Killer " , who was planning to go on a killing spree in Prague Metro in 2005 . As part of his preparation , the former policeman randomly murdered two hikers in a forest and another person four days later in another forest about 200 km from the first killing with his legally owned Glock . Police captured Kalivoda a week later , thus preventing further murders . Kalivoda was sentenced to life imprisonment . While in prison , he committed suicide in 2010 . As a former policeman , Kalivoda had passed a difficult psychological evaluation as part of the police selection procedure . 2008 shooting at former PM 's birthday party , which occurred at a party of a Czech politician and former Prime Minister Jiří Paroubek , where his acquaintance Bohumír Ďuričko shot Václav Kočka junior , the son of a Prague businessman , with his legally carried gun after a short quarrel . Ďuričko later claimed he was acting in self @-@ defense after Kočka attacked his pregnant girlfriend . According to the eyewitness testimony , it seemed highly unlikely . In April 2009 , Bohumír Ďuričko was found guilty of murder and sentenced to 12 @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years in prison . 2013 Raškovice shooting , where a 31 @-@ year @-@ old schoolteacher invaded the house of one of his students , aged 17 , with whom he had allegedly been previously intimately involved , and shot the student and her grandparents , using various legally owned firearms ( with caliber .22 , .38 and .45 ) . The perpetrator had further 10 firearms at home and over 10 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition ; he had passed psychological evaluation ordered by his general practitioner before getting gun license . The perpetrator was sentenced to 27 years imprisonment . 2015 Uherský Brod shooting , the largest mass shooting in the country 's peacetime history , in which a deranged individual murdered 8 people . He was a holder of a gun license and legally owned both of the guns he used in the shooting . Previously , he and his wife committed misdemeanors against public order , which would 've allowed police to revoke his license . = = General attitudes to guns and efforts to tighten the law = = The gun law in the Czech Republic is quite liberal . It is mostly caused by the fact that after the fall of communist regime people wanted to regain their rights to keep and bear arms and these needs resulted in passing quite a liberal legislation in 1996 , which surpassed the previous restrictive communist enactment . The law became widely accepted and led to quite massive civilian arming . Especially many businessmen felt the actual need to obtain a firearm because the times shortly after the Velvet Revolution are known for the rise in organized crime often related to the economic transformation in the early 1990s . Due to falling crime rates fewer people felt the need to carry a firearm for protection after 2000s . This trend however changed in 2015 following the European migrant crisis and November 2015 Paris attacks . Gun advocacy groups argue that there is no point in banning guns because criminals will get guns no matter how tight the law is . At the same time , however , the rules are deemed to be restrictive enough to prevent criminals from easily obtaining firearms , while allowing upstanding citizens to own them for personal protection . For example , in 2010 , a Norwegian terrorist , incited by reports of British newspapers describing Prague as " being the most important transit site point for illicit weapons in Europe " , found himself unable to obtain any in the country when preparing for the 2011 Norway attacks . Similarly , a Polish terrorist obtained guns illegally in 1200 km distant Belgium , despite living mere 70 km from the Czech border . Also the fact that Czech Republic has a strong tradition in firearms manufacturing and competition shooting contributes to generally moderate attitude to gun control . A sharp increase in regional gun ownership took place in 2011 after a number of attacks of Romani perpetrators against victims from the majority population , some of which were racially motivated . This arming was taking place especially in regions such as Šluknov Hook , where high crime rates are often attributed to people from Roma minority , and where majority population distrust police and authorities . This local trend however didn 't significantly influence long term statistics . Efforts to tighten the law usually arise after deadly incidents like those described above . Obligatory psychological testing for gun owners is a common subject of discussion , but it has always been rejected . Gun advocates point out that the nature of the tests and the parties responsible for them are not clear . It is also pointed out that it is unlikely that any psychological testing would reveal a potentially dangerous individual , because some famous killers in the past were members of the military or the law enforcement and passed very difficult psychological testing successfully . The law was last tightened in 2008 introducing for example stricter sanctions for carrying gun while intoxicated . Proposals to introduce mandatory psychological testing were not passed . The efforts to tighten gun legislation are also unlikely to pass as about a fifth of members of the Czech Parliament are holders of gun license ; some of them are believed to carry firearms also within the parliament grounds ( parliamentarians are not required to pass gun check on entry unlike other staff or visitors ) . = = = 2014 European parliamentary elections = = = Generally , firearms possession is not a politicized issue that would be debated during Czech elections . The 2014 European Parliament election became an exception in connection with the Swedish European Commissioner Cecilia Malmström 's initiative to introduce new common EU rules that would significantly restrict the possibilities of legally owning firearms . In connection with that , a Czech gun owners association asked the parties running in the elections in the Czech Republic whether they agree ( 1 ) that the citizens should have the right to own and carry firearms , ( 2 ) that the competence on deciding firearms issues should lay in the hands of the nation states and not be decided on the EU level , and ( 3 ) whether they support Malström 's activity leading to the curbing of the right of upstanding citizens to own and carry firearms . Out of 39 parties running , 22 answered . The answers were almost unanimously positive to the first two questions and negative to the third one . Exception were only two fringe parties , the Greens - which , while supporting the right for gun ownership in its current form , also support further unification of rules on the European level and labeled the opposing reaction to Malström 's proposal as premature , and the Pirates which support unification of the rules leading to less restrictions elsewhere , commenting that one may not cross the borders out of the Czech Republic legally even with a pepper spray . Other fringe parties at the same time voiced their intent to introduce American style castle doctrine or to arm the general population following the example of the Swiss militia . = = Other types of weapons = = There is currently no regulation on other type of weapons such as knives , pepper sprays , batons or electrical paralyzers . These weapons can be freely bought and carried in concealed manner by anybody above 18 . Similarly as in the case of firearms , it is prohibited to carry these weapons to court buildings , demonstrations and mass meetings . The Ministry of the Interior officially recommends carrying non @-@ lethal weapons such as pepper sprays , paralyzers , or gas pistols as means of self @-@ defense = Carly Foulkes = Carly Foulkes ( born August 4 , 1988 ) , also known colloquially as The T @-@ Mobile Girl , is a Canadian model and actress who became known for appearing in a series of T @-@ Mobile myTouch 4G television commercials , in which she often wore pink / magenta @-@ and @-@ white summer dresses . She continued as spokeswoman in other T @-@ Mobile ads in which she was depicted as a pink @-@ and @-@ black leather @-@ clad biker girl . She served as the T @-@ Mobile spokesman primarily from fall 2010 until spring 2013 , with occasional appearances since then . = = Career = = = = = Modeling = = = Foulkes began modeling in the Toronto area at age 13 . After high school , she moved to New York City to model for agents . Subsequently , she found modeling work in Singapore and Europe . After returning to New York to model , she began to pursue acting . She appeared on the April 2009 cover of Mexican Elle magazine and in advertisements for Rugby Ralph Lauren , Abercrombie & Fitch , Macy 's , and Tommy Hilfiger . She is represented by Modelwerk and Sutherland Models . A Los Angeles Times writer described her look as Anne Hathaway meets Kim Basinger and noted that , as of early 2011 , she was still often confused with fellow Canadian Jessica Paré . = = = T @-@ Mobile television ads = = = After struggling for several years as an aspiring model / actress , Foulkes became the T @-@ Mobile 4G spokesperson in fall 2010 despite not using the American English pronunciation of " mobile " in her summer 2009 audition , but rather pronouncing the word as rhyming with " smile " , an accepted Canadian English pronunciation . Her advertising campaign was at first noted for similarities to the 2006 – 2010 Justin Long / John Hodgman " Get a Mac " ads . Foulkes derides the iPhone 4 and its exclusive provider at the time , AT & T , the same way the Apple Inc. derided Windows @-@ based personal computers . As a T @-@ Mobile spokesperson , her most immediate predecessor was Catherine Zeta @-@ Jones . Her T @-@ Mobile USA ads ran on major United States networks and multiple websites . Although she was originally only expected to perform in two or three commercials , as of December 2011 she has produced a dozen commercials with more anticipated . Foulkes has been described as a " picture @-@ perfect brunette " . Since becoming the T @-@ Mobile girl she is known for the pink summer dresses that she wears in most of the ads . She has been styled by Debra LeClair , a stylist at T @-@ Mobile . In August 2011 , Sprint Nextel 's Virgin Mobile prepaid service referred to T @-@ Mobile and Foulkes with caricature ads featuring a brunette in a pink dress . Two months earlier , Cricket Wireless used negative attack marketing against T @-@ Mobile without referring to Foulkes . Although dresses in the earlier commercials were frequently described as pink , more recent commercials are noted for the use of magenta dresses . T @-@ mobile has a color trademark for the color magenta and markets itself using its corporate colors . One of her more notable commercials was a 2011 holiday season production . On November 30 , 2011 , T @-@ mobile announced a surprise event at the Woodfield Mall . On December 1 , 2011 veteran Glee director Alfonso Gomez @-@ Rejon directed about six surprise singing and dancing mall performances of " Home for the Holidays " by Foulkes and 100 Chicago @-@ area women in magenta dresses . The performances were later edited into a music video with the hope that it would go viral . The full video that has been posted on YouTube has a run time of 3 : 48 and it was presented in a 60 @-@ second national television commercial starting on December 12 . The video was produced by Ridley and Tony Scott 's RSA Films . The musical director was Paul Mirkovich . On April 17 , 2012 , T @-@ Mobile launched a rebranded ad campaign that included broadcast and cable TV , Hulu , YouTube and mobile as well as print . In the refreshed ad campaign Foulkes starred in a commercial , entitled " Alter Ego " , in which she discards her usual pink dresses and high heels for a black @-@ and @-@ pink biker outfit and boots before embarking on a motorcycle ride . The commercials are perceived as a departure from previous female @-@ friendly Foulkes ads . The commercial is planned to run until the Fall when the complete relaunch of the T @-@ Mobile ad campaign is scheduled . In announcing the ad to the media , T @-@ Mobile said : She has also been a popular sex symbol since the ads started . After months of email support , Foulkes was included in the SI.com feature " Hot Clicks " on May 18 , 2011 . During a rash of servicemen 's online request of celebrities as escorts to military balls , Airman Adam Stelmack asked Foulkes to the Air Force Ball on Guam , and she declined by posting a video . In March 2013 , she was described as " one of the most recognizable brand spokespeople " by Business Insider journalist Laura Stampler even after converting from a pink dress wardrobe to a bad girl / biker chick image . Later that spring , when T @-@ Mobile prepared for its April rollout of the iPhone 5 , it selected an advertising campaign without Foulkes , ending her two and a half year tenure as spokesperson . Foulkes ' last new commercial was posted to YouTube on February 25 , 2013 . The new ad campaign featured Cowboys . T @-@ Mobile debuted its new ad campaign on March 26 , 2013 without Foulkes . The company has said that the ' T @-@ Mobile Girl ' character has been sidelined for now , but this is believed to be a permanent advertising change . An official T @-@ Mobile statement said " This campaign represents a new direction for the brand -- offering consumers a simple choice . As such , the current campaign will not feature the character of the T @-@ Mobile Girl , however she is still a part of the company ’ s brand family . " In early July 2013 Foulkes returned to participate in T @-@ Mobile press events . At the same time , she tweeted a six @-@ second Vine video hinting that she would be returning to the ad campaign . In September , Foulkes appeared in a T @-@ Mobile public service announcement regarding texting and driving . On October 10 , 2013 , T @-@ Mobile announced that they had signed a multi @-@ year contract with Shakira as a corporate spokesperson . Foulkes would not be part of the campaign , but remained under contract with T @-@ Mobile and vaguely remained in the future plans . = = Personal life = = Foulkes ' parents are British , although she was raised in Toronto and attended Loretto Abbey . She has two sisters , Kimmy and Angie . She spent summers in England while growing up . Foulkes claims to be a video game junkie who plays on a PlayStation 3 . She also describes herself as adept at skateboarding . Despite the association with pink dresses due to the T @-@ Mobile ad campaign , she claims not to wear pink in her personal wardrobe , and in fact used to wear a lot of black and leather cuffs in high school . As of February 2011 , she had been in a two and a half year relationship with an actor named Tyler . When asked about her status as an internet sex symbol , she says she does not classify herself as such : " I 'm flattered , " says Foulkes , " but it 's funny . " = Family Trade = Family Trade is an American reality television series broadcast by Game Show Network . The show premiered on March 12 , 2013 , and continued to air new episodes until April 16 , 2013 . Filmed in Middlebury , Vermont , the series chronicles the daily activities of G. Stone Motors , a GMC and Ford car dealership that employs the barter system in selling its automobiles . The dealership is operated by its founder , Gardner Stone , his son and daughter , Todd and Darcy , and General Manager Travis Romano . The series features the shop 's daily interaction with its customers , who bring in a variety of items that can be resold in order to receive a down payment on the vehicle they are leasing or purchasing . Commentary and narration are also often provided by the Stones during the episodes . = = Format = = The series features customers , usually two to three per episode , bringing in anything they believe is resalable within reason to the dealership to help cover the cost of a new or used vehicle ( including pigs , maple syrup , and collectable dolls ) , rather than paying for it with cash . The customers then negotiate the value of their items , usually with Gardner , but occasionally also with other members of the shop 's staff . The trade usually is not enough to cover the full value of the car or truck ; because of this , the value of the trade provides the customers with a down payment on the vehicle . Once the trade is completed , Todd , Darcy , and Travis take the items the dealership has acquired , and attempt to resell them for a profit . = = Production = = Production for Family Trade began with the dealership receiving a phone call from Eli Frankel and Lionsgate proposing the idea of filming a reality show . The Stones eventually agreed to have Lionsgate film a fifteen @-@ minute clip of various trades performed at the dealership . Lionsgate pitched the idea to a few networks , such as History , but GSN eventually picked the series up after ordering a pilot show . In the network 's 2012 upfronts , GSN announced plans to launch a new category of programming entitled " Real @-@ Life Games " , stating that series under that category , " take place in real @-@ world settings and feature real @-@ life risk and reward , winners and losers , joy and disappointment " . Family Trade first appeared in the network 's upfronts on March 21 , 2012 under that same section . Despite this , the Stones insisted that there were little to no " game " aspects to the series , rather that everything seen in the show was related to business . GSN then proceeded to order eight episodes of the series on August 9 , 2012 . The series was originally expected to premiere on March 5 , 2013 ; however , GSN later pushed the premiere date back a week to March 12 . Although the network never made an official cancelation announcement , the show has not aired on GSN since the end of the first season . Combined with the show 's absence in the network 's most recent annual upfront presentation , it is presumed to be canceled . = = Cast = = Gardner Stone – President and founder of G. Stone Motors . Born and raised in Middlebury , Stone started the company in 1974 before moving it to its current location in 1983 . Stone is an avid fan and supporter of American cars and has stated this on the dealership 's website and on Family Trade . Todd Stone – Gardner 's son and the dealership 's Vice President . Stone began working at G. Stone Motors in 1985 by washing cars while he was still in school . Stone often has the task of reselling the items the shop takes in trade . He and Gardner often disagree on what makes a good trade , which can lead to minor conflicts between the two and the shop 's other employees . Darcy Stone – Gardner 's daughter and the General Manager of G. Stone Commercial Group , who also works as a service coordinator . Stone occasionally is involved in helping Gardner take in items customers have to trade ; however , she is usually seen helping reselling those items . Travis Romano – The dealership 's General Manager who began working at the shop in 2002 as a sales consultant . Romano oversees many daily operations by working with both the sales and finance departments of the shop , and also sometimes works with Todd by reselling many of the shop 's acquired items . = = Reception = = Family Trade was considered by many to be a risk for GSN due to the network 's history of exclusively airing game shows . Greg Braxton of the Los Angeles Times called the show a " game @-@ changer " , and a " key part in [ GSN 's ] strategy to broaden its programming and brand " . The day after the series premiere , Michael Tyminski of Manhattan Digest gave a negative review of the show , calling it " incredibly bland " , and stating that it appeared to lack much of the family drama that had previously been advertised . = = = Ratings = = = Family Trade started off with decent ratings by GSN 's standards , averaging 403 @,@ 000 viewers for the two episodes shown on the night of the show 's premiere , slightly above the network 's primetime viewership average . However , the show quickly fell in the ratings , with all new episodes airing in March ( including the premiere night 's episodes ) averaging 296 @,@ 000 viewers , and only 40 @,@ 000 viewers ( with a 0 @.@ 0 rating ) among adults 18 – 49 . In April , the series dropped even lower in terms of total viewers , with an average of 274 @,@ 000 , and only improved insignificantly among adults 18 – 49 , with 46 @,@ 000 viewers ( again with a 0 @.@ 0 rating ) . = John Van Antwerp MacMurray = John Van Antwerp MacMurray ( 1881 – 1960 ) was an American attorney , author and diplomat best known as one of the leading China experts in the U.S. government . He served as Assistant Secretary of State from November 1924 to May 1925 , and was subsequently appointed Minister to China in 1925 . Although MacMurray had coveted the China post , he soon fell into disagreement with the State Department over U.S. policy towards the ruling Kuomintang government . He resigned the position in 1929 and briefly left the foreign service . Following several years in academia , MacMurray returned to the State Department to become Minister to Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania from 1933 to 1936 . He later served as ambassador to Turkey from 1936 to 1941 , and then was made a special assistant to the Secretary of State until his retirement in 1944 . In 1935 , MacMurray was commissioned to write a memorandum on the conflict between China and Japan . In it , he suggested that the United States , China , and Great Britain were partly to blame for Japan 's aggression , and anticipated that unless the United States recognized Japan 's grievances , a war between the two powers was likely . His warnings proved prescient , and the Pacific war broke out when Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor in December 1941 . = = Early life = = MacMurray was born in Schenectady , New York to Junius Wilson MacMurray and Henrietta MacMurray ( née Van Antwerp ) . His father was a career soldier , serving as a captain in the Union Army during the American Civil War , and later joining the regular army . MacMurray 's father also taught military tactics at the University of Missouri and Cornell University , and was the author of several books . His mother , Henrietta Wiswall Van Antwerp , was the daughter of a bank president . In 1892 , at the age of eleven , MacMurray attended Captain Wilson ’ s boarding school near Princeton , New Jersey . Later , while he was attending the nearby Lawrenceville School , his father 's death dealt a “ deep emotional blow ” , according to historian Arthur Waldron . After graduating in 1898 , MacMurray enrolled at Princeton University . The school ’ s president , Woodrow Wilson , encouraged him to pursue a career in academia , noting his aptitude for language and literature . MacMurray was also said to display an independent nature , declining to participate in eating clubs or attend chapel . In 1903 , MacMurray was admitted to the Columbia University Law School , and gained admission to the New York State Bar Association in 1906 . He concurrently pursued a master of arts degree in Elizabethan drama at Princeton University , which he received in 1907 . = = Career = = Following his admission to the New York Bar , MacMurray sought a career in government . A letter of commendation from Woodrow Wilson helped MacMurray secure an opportunity to take the foreign service examination . In 1907 , he was appointed as Consul @-@ General and Secretary of Legation in Bangkok , Siam , and then became second secretary at the U.S. embassy in St. Petersburg . There he worked under ambassador William Woodville Rockhill , who was credited with helping to shape the United States ’ open door policy towards China . Upon returning to Washington in 1911 , MacMurray was made chief of the Division of Near Eastern Affairs , a position he held until 1913 . He then had several appointments in East Asia : from 1913 to 1917 , he was secretary of Legation in Peking , China , and from 1917 to 1919 , he was counselor of the embassy in Tokyo . He had been offered a post as Minister to Siam in 1913 , but declined in order to pursue the position in Peking . He again returned to the State Department in 1919 to serve as Chief of Division for Far Eastern Affairs from 1919 to 1924 . During that time , MacMurray was involved as an observer to negotiations between China and Japan concerning the status of the Shandong Peninsula , and authored a book titled Treaties and Agreements with and Concerning China . The book was a compilation of all treaties and agreements with China from 1894 to 1919 , and was published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . MacMurray briefly served as Assistant Secretary of State from 1924 to 1925 . In 1925 , he was appointed Minister to China under President Calvin Coolidge , who described him as " our top China expert " . He assumed the post in July 1925 . MacMurray was well regarded within the diplomatic community in Peking ; Sir Ronald Macleay with the British delegation described him as friendly and agreeable , and relatively unburdened by the preconceived ideas and sentimentality towards China that afflicted several of his predecessors . Macleay noted that MacMurray could express himself well and forcefully in diplomatic meetings , but that he was " rather academic " , and may have lacked confidence in himself . " I imagine that he allows himself very little freedom of action and refers to Washington on every possible occasion , " wrote Macleay . Another British diplomat , Sir Miles W. Lampson , recorded MacMurray 's complaints that Washington allowed him little initiative , and seldom adopted his proposals . Soon after arriving in China , MacMurray fell into disagreement with Washington over U.S. policy towards the ruling Kuomintang ( Nationalist ) government , which had been demanding immediate revisions to or a cessation of the treaty system in place between the two countries . Whereas Washington wished to make concessions to the Nationalist government , MacMurray favored the enforcement of existing treaties . These differences of opinion led him to resign in November 1929 , whereupon he became a professor of International Relations at Johns Hopkins University . In 1933 , MacMurray returned to the foreign service . On September 9 of that year , he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania — a position he held until 1936 . From 1936 to 1941 , MacMurray served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Turkey . He returned to Washington in 1942 and worked as a special assistant to the Secretary of State until his retirement in 1944 . = = = 1935 Memorandum = = = In 1935 , as tensions in East Asia were mounting , the Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian Affairs , Stanley Hornbeck , commissioned MacMurray to write a memorandum on the situation . The memorandum , " Developments Affecting American Policy in the Far East " , challenged many of the underlying assumptions of U.S. policy towards Japan . The conventional wisdom held that Japan was the unprovoked aggressor in the brewing conflict with China . However , MacMurray posited that Chinese and American policies were partly to blame for Japan ’ s actions ; whereas Japan had closely adhered to the treaties and agreements brokered during the Washington Disarmament Conference , the United States , Great Britain and China frequently undermined them . Up until the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 , the " Japanese Government ... was endeavoring in unimpeachable good faith to live up to its undertakings " , wrote MacMurray . " The issue of success or failure for the policies evolved at the Washington Conference was actually in the hands of China herself , of Great Britain , and of the United States . " According to Arthur Waldron , MacMurray found that China in particular " systematically flouted the legal framework that alone guaranteed her international position , and by so doing invited Japan ’ s wrath . " MacMurray believed that the United States should have valued Japan ’ s efforts to comply with the treaty agreements , and suggested that the United States should acknowledge Japanese grievances , rather than aligning ever more closely with China . Barring that , he wrote , an American war with Japan was likely : To oppose the Japanese domination of China and actively take all available means and occasions to frustrate it ... would , if pursued consistently and determinedly , almost inevitably mean war with Japan ... Such a war would be a major misfortune for us , even assuming our victory ... It would be a hideously long and costly process ... Even the elimination of Japan , if it were possible , would be no blessing to the Far East or to the world . It would merely create a new set of stresses , and substitute for Japan the USSR as the successor of Imperial Russia as a contestant ( and at least an equally unscrupulous and dangerous one ) for mastery of the East . Nobody except perhaps Russia would gain from our victory in such a war . MacMurray 's classified memorandum was immediately shelved by the State Department , and his warnings went unheeded . Following the Second World War , it was available only in select archives . In 1992 , the memorandum was published for first time with an introduction by University of Pennsylvania historian Arthur Waldron . Although it had been suppressed and largely disregarded at the time it was written , MacMurray 's analysis was considered prescient by later generations of scholars and diplomats . George F. Kennan wrote of the 1935 memorandum : " I know of no document on record in our government with respect to foreign policy which is more penetrating and thoughtful and prescient than this one . " = = Films and photography = = Throughout his diplomatic tours in China , MacMurray captured thousands of photographs and recorded hours of footage of everyday life . A collection consisting of more than 1 @,@ 600 of MacMurray 's photographs taken in rural China between 1913 and 1917 is held by the Princeton University library . In 1925 , just two years after the advent of the Cine @-@ Kodak motion picture camera , MacMurray began making amateur films of life and travels in China , such as his trips to the Great Wall of China and a journey down the Yangtze River . One film depicted the procession of Sun Yat @-@ sen 's body from its original burial place in Peking to a new mausoleum in Nanking . Another film recorded in April 1928 captured scenes of daily life in Kalgan , north of Peking . MacMurray , along with his wife and sister , had traveled to Kalgan and Changpeh with Roy Chapman Andrews , an American explorer and naturalist who made multiple expeditions to the Gobi desert . During the civil war in 1928 , however , rogue brigands and soldiers had made travel difficult in the region . To secure passage between Kalgan and Changpeh , MacMurray enlisted the aid of local warlord Chang Tso @-@ lin , who provided an escort of 50 cavalry , 8 cars , and 150 camels . = = Family = = In 1916 , MacMurray married Lois R. Goodnow , the daughter of Frank Johnson Goodnow — a legal scholar , president of Johns Hopkins University , and a former advisor to the government of the Republic of China . Goodnow had been one of MacMurray 's professors at Columbia University . The couple had three children : Joan Goodnow MacMurray , Frank Goodnow MacMurray , and Lois Van Antwerp MacMurray . = = Works = = Treaties and Agreements with and Concerning China , 1894 @-@ 1919 : Manchu period ( 1894 @-@ 1911 ) = Ecclesiastical heraldry = Ecclesiastical heraldry refers to the use of heraldry within the Christian Church for dioceses and Christian clergy . Initially used to mark documents , ecclesiastical heraldry evolved as a system for identifying people and dioceses . It is most formalized within the Catholic Church , where most bishops , including the Pope , have a personal coat of arms . Clergy in Anglican , Lutheran , Eastern Catholic , and Orthodox churches follow similar customs , as do institutions such as schools and dioceses . Ecclesiastical heraldry differs notably from other heraldry in the use of special insignia around the shield to indicate rank in a church or denomination . The most prominent of these insignia is the low crowned , wide brimmed ecclesiastical hat , commonly the Roman galero . The color and ornamentation of this hat indicate rank . Cardinals are famous for the " red hat " , but other offices and other churches have distinctive hat colors , such as black for ordinary clergy and green for bishops , customarily with a number of tassels increasing with rank . Other insignia include the processional cross , the mitre and the crosier . Eastern traditions favor the use of their own style of head gear and crosier , and the use of the mantle or cloak rather than the ecclesiastical hat . The motto and certain shapes of shields are more common in ecclesiastical heraldry , while supporters and crests are less common . The papal coats of arms have their own heraldic customs , primarily the Papal Tiara ( or mitre ) , the keys of Saint Peter , and the ombrellino ( umbrella ) . Pope Benedict XVI replaced the use of the Papal Tiara in his coat of arms with a mitre . He was the first pope to do so , despite the fact that Pope Paul VI was the last pope to be crowned with the tiara . The arms of institutions have slightly different traditions , using the mitre and crozier more often than is found in personal arms , though there is a wide variation in uses by different churches . The arms used by organizations are called impersonal or corporate arms . = = History = = Heraldry developed in medieval Europe from the late 11th century , originally as a system of personal badges of the warrior classes , which served , among other purposes , as identification on the battlefield . The same insignia were used on seals to identify documents . The earliest seals bore a likeness of the owner of the seal , with the shield and heraldic insignia included . Over time , the seals were reduced to just the shield . The Church likewise identified the origin and ownership of documents and buildings with seals , which were typically a pointed oval called a vesica to distinguish from round seals in non @-@ religious use . Edward I of England decreed in 1307 that all legal documents required a seal . These seals initially depicted a person , but as secular seals began to depict only a shield , clergy likewise used seals with heraldic insignia . Personal seals of bishops and abbots continued to be used after their deaths , gradually becoming an impersonal seal . Clergy tended to replace military devices with clerical devices . The shield was retained , but ecclesiastical hats often replaced helmets and coronets . In some religious arms a skull replaces the helmet . The structure of Church heraldry developed significantly in the 17th century when a system for ecclesiastical hats attributed to Pierre Palliot came into use . The full system of emblems around the shield was regulated in the Catholic Church by the letter of Pope Pius X Inter multiplices curas of February 21 , 1905 , while the composition of the shield itself was regulated through the Heraldry Commission of the Roman Curia until this office was abolished by Pope John XXIII in 1960 . The Annuario Pontificio ceased publishing the arms of Cardinals and previous Popes after 1969 . International custom and national law govern limited aspects of Church heraldry , but shield composition is now largely guided by expert advice . Archbishop Bruno Heim , a noted ecclesiastical armorist ( designer of arms ) , said Ecclesiastical heraldry is not determined by heraldic considerations alone , but also by doctrinal , liturgical and canonical factors . It not only produces arms denoting members of the ecclesiastical state but shows the rank of the bearer .... In the eyes of the Church it is sufficient to determine who has a right to bear an ecclesiastical coat of arms and under what conditions the different insignia are acquired or lost ... The design of prelatial arms is often a disastrous defiance of the rules of heraldry , if only as a breach of good taste . A similar system for the Church of England was approved in 1976 . The traditions of Eastern Christian heraldry have less developed regulation . Eastern secular coats of arms often display a shield before a mantle topped with a crown . Eastern clergy often display coats of arms according to this style , replacing the crown with an appropriate hat drawn from liturgical use . Marking documents is the most common use of arms in the Church today . A Roman Catholic bishop 's coat of arms was formerly painted on miniature wine barrels and presented during the ordination ceremony . Cardinals may place their coat of arms outside the church of their title in Rome . Impersonal arms are often used as the banner of a school or religious community . = = Shield = = The shield is the normal device for displaying a coat of arms . Clergy have used less @-@ military shapes such as the oval cartouche , but the shield has always been a clerical option . Clergy in Italy often use a shield shaped like a horse 's face @-@ armor . Clergy in South Africa sometimes follow the national style using a Nguni shield . Women traditionally display their coats of arms on a diamond @-@ shaped lozenge ; abbesses follow this tradition or use the cartouche . = = = Personal design = = = In the Roman Catholic Church , unless a new bishop has a family coat of arms , he typically adopts within his shield symbols that indicate his interests or past service . Devotion to a particular saint is represented by symbols established in iconography and heraldic tradition . In the Church of England , new bishops typically choose a coat that looks entirely non @-@ clerical , not least because their descendants may seek reassignment of the arms , and few of them are likely to be clerics . The first rule of heraldry is the rule of tincture : " Colour must not appear upon colour , nor metal upon metal . " The heraldic metals are gold and silver , usually represented as yellow and white , while red , green , blue , purple and black normally comprise the colors . Heraldic bearings are intended for recognition at a distance ( in battle ) , and a contrast of light metal against dark color is desirable . The same principle can be seen in the choice of colors for most license plates . This rule of tincture is often broken in clerical arms : the flag and arms of Vatican City notably have yellow ( gold ) and white ( silver ) placed together . In Byzantine tradition , colors have a mystical interpretation . Because gold and silver express sublimity and solemnity , combinations of the two are often used regardless of the rule of tincture . = = = Marshalling = = = If a bishop is a diocesan bishop , it is customary for him to combine his arms with the arms of the diocese following normal heraldic rules . This combining is termed marshalling , and is normally accomplished by impalement , placing the arms of the diocese to the viewer 's left ( dexter in heraldry ) and the personal arms to the viewer 's right . The arms of Thomas Arundel are found impaled with those of the See of Canterbury in a document from 1411 . In Germany and Switzerland , quartering is the norm rather than impalement . Guy Selvester , an American ecclesiastical heraldist , says if arms are not designed with care , marshalling can lead to " busy " , crowded shields . Crowding can be reduced by placing a smaller shield overlapping the larger shield , known as an inescutcheon or an escutcheon surtout . In the arms of Heinrich Mussinghoff , Bishop of Aachen , the personal arms are placed in front of the diocesan arms , but the opposite arrangement is found in front on the arms of Paul Gregory Bootkoski , Bishop of Metuchen . Cardinals sometimes combine their personal arms with the arms of the Pope who named them a cardinal . As Prefect of the Pontifical Household , Jacques Martin impaled his personal arms with those of three successive pontiffs . A married Church of England bishop combines his arms with those of his wife and the diocese on two separate shields placed accollé , or side @-@ by @-@ side . Roman Catholic bishops in England historically used only their personal arms , as dioceses established by the See of Rome are not part of the official state Church of England and cannot be recognized in law , though in Scotland the legal situation has been different and many Roman Catholic dioceses have arms . If a suffragan or auxiliary bishop has a personal coat of arms , he does not combine it with the arms of the diocese he serves . = = Around the shield = = The shield is the core of heraldry , but other elements are placed above , below , and around the shield , and are usually collectively called external ornaments . The entire composition is called the achievement of arms or the armorial bearings . Some of these accessories are unique to Church armory or differ notably from those which normally accompany a shield . = = = Ecclesiastical hat = = = The ecclesiastical hat is a distinctive part of the achievement of arms of a Roman Catholic cleric . This hat , called a galero ( or gallero ) , was originally a pilgrim 's hat like a sombrero . It was granted in red to cardinals by Pope Innocent IV at the First Council of Lyon in the 13th century , and was adopted by heraldry almost immediately . The galero in various colors and forms was used in heraldic achievements starting with its adoption in the arms of bishops in the 16th century . In the 19th century the galero was viewed heraldically as specifically " Catholic " , but the Public Register of Arms in Scotland show Roman Catholic , presbyterian Church of Scotland and Anglican Episcopalian clergy all using the wide brimmed , low crowned hat . The galero is ornamented with tassels ( also called houppes or fiocchi ) indicating the cleric 's current place in the hierarchy ; the number became significant beginning in the 16th century , and the meaning was fixed , for Catholic clergy , in 1832 . A bishop 's galero is green with six tassels on each side ; the color originated in Spain where formerly a green hat was actually worn by bishops . A territorial abbot was equivalent to a bishop and used a green galero . An archbishop 's galero is green but has ten tassels . Bishops in Switzerland formerly used ten tassels like an archbishop because they were under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See and not part of an archiepiscopal province . Both patriarchs and cardinals have hats with fifteen tassels . A cardinal 's hat is red or scarlet while a patriarch who is not also a cardinal uses a green hat ; the patriarch 's tassels are interwoven with gold . Primates may use the same external ornaments as patriarchs . The depiction of the galero in arms can vary greatly depending on the artist 's style . The top of the hat may be shown flat or round . Sometimes the brim is shown much narrower ; with a domed top it can look like a cappello romano with tassels , but in heraldry it is still called a galero . The tassels may be represented as knotted cords . An exception is made for Chinese bishops , who often avoid using green hat in their arms since " wearing a green hat " is the Chinese idiom for cuckold . Rather than green , these bishops use a variety of colors from violet and black to blue , or scarlet if a cardinal . A cross behind the shield denotes a bishop . Lesser Roman Catholic prelates use a variety of colors . Violet hats were once actually worn by certain monsignors , and so in heraldry they have used a violet hat with red or violet tassels in varying numbers , currently fixed at six on each side . The lowest grade of monsignor , a Chaplain of His Holiness , uses a black hat with violet tassels . The superior general of an order displays a black galero with six tassels on each side , while provincial superiors and abbots use a black galero with six or three tassels on each side , although Norbertines ( White Canons ) use a white galero . Although a priest would rarely assume arms unless he had an ancestral right to arms independent of his clerical state , a priest would use a simple black ecclesiastical hat with a single tassel on each side . Priests who hold an office such as rector would have two tassels on each side . Clergy of the Church of England who were not bishops historically bore arms identical to a layman , with a shield , helm and crest , and no ecclesiastical hat . In England in 1976 a system for deans , archdeacons and canons was authorized by the College of Arms , allowing a black ecclesiastical hat , black or violet cords , and three violet or red tassels on each side . A priest uses a black and white cord with a single tassel on each side , and a deacon a hat without tassels . A Doctor of Divinity may have cords interwoven with red and a hat appropriate to the degree , and members of the Ecclesiastical Household add a Tudor rose on the front of the hat . According to Boutell 's Heraldry , this system represents the practice of the Church in England in the 16th century . Within Presbyterian Church heraldry , a minister 's hat is represented as black with a single tassel on each side , sometimes blue , though a doctoral bonnet or Geneva cap may replace the brimmed hat . Clergy of the Chapel Royal display red tassels . The office of moderator does not have corporate arms , but for official occasions , a moderator may add tassels to his personal arms to indicate parity with offices of other churches : three for a moderator of a presbytery , and six for a moderator of a regional synod . The moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland now uses a differenced version of the General Assembly 's arms , with a hat having a blue cord and ten tassels on each side , and may also show the moderator 's staff , a gold Celtic crosier , behind the shield as can be seen in vol 41 , p 152 of the Scots Public Register . = = = Cross = = = In the Catholic Church , display of a cross behind the shield is restricted to bishops as a mark of their dignity . The cross of an ordinary bishop has a single horizontal bar or traverse , also known as a Latin cross . A patriarch uses the patriarchal cross with two traverses , also called the cross of Lorraine . The papal cross has three traverses , but this is never displayed behind the papal arms . Beginning in the 15th century , the cross with a double traverse is seen on the arms of archbishops , and relates to their processional cross and the jurisdiction it symbolizes . Except for cardinals of the Roman Curia , most cardinals head an archdiocese and use an archiepiscopal cross on their arms . Other cardinals use a simple Latin cross , as is found in the arms of Cardinal Joseph Zen , bishop emeritus of Hong Kong , because Hong Kong is not an archdiocese . Today all cardinals are required to be bishops , but priests named cardinal at an advanced age often petition the Pope for an exception to this rule . Bruno Heim says that since the cross is one heraldic emblem that only bishops have the right to bear , cardinals who are not bishops do not use it . Notable examples are Cardinals Albert Vanhoye and Avery Dulles ; the latter 's arms do display a cross . = = = Mitre and pallium = = = In the western churches , the mitre was placed above the shield of all persons who were entitled to wear the mitre , including abbots . It substituted for the helmet of military arms , but also appeared as a crest placed atop a helmet , as was common in German heraldry . In the Anglican Churches , the mitre is still placed above the arms of bishops and not an ecclesiastical hat . In the Roman Catholic Church , the use of the mitre above the shield on the personal arms of clergy was suppressed in 1969 , and is now found only on some corporate arms , like those of dioceses . Previously , the mitre was often included under the hat , and even in the arms of a cardinal , the mitre was not entirely displaced . The mitre may be shown in all sorts of colours . It may be represented either gold or jewelled , the former more common in English heraldry . A form of mitre with coronet is proper to the Bishop of Durham because of his role as Prince @-@ Bishop of the palatinate of Durham . For similar reasons the Bishop of Durham and some other bishops display a sword behind the shield , pointed downward to signify a former civil jurisdiction . The pallium is a distinctive vestment of metropolitan archbishops , and may be found in their bearings as well as the corporate arms of archdioceses , displayed either above or below the shield . The pallium is sometimes seen within the shield itself . With the exception of York , the archiepiscopal dioceses in England and Ireland include the pallium within the shield . = = = Crosier = = = The crosier was displayed as a symbol of pastoral jurisdiction by bishops , abbots , abbesses , and cardinals even if they were not bishops . The crosier of a bishop is turned outward or to the right . Frequently the crosier of an abbot or abbess is turned inward , either toward the mitre or to the left , but this distinction is disputed and is not an absolute rule . Pope Alexander VII decreed in 1659 that the crosiers of abbots include a sudarium or veil , but this is not customary in English heraldry . The veil may have arisen because abbots , unlike bishops , did not wear gloves when carrying an actual crosier . Because the cross has similar symbolism , the crosier was suppressed for cardinals and bishops by the Catholic Church in 1969 , and is now used only on some corporate arms , and the personal arms of abbots and some abbesses . In English custom and in the Anglican Churches , two crosiers are often found crossed in saltire behind the shield . In the Lutheran Church of Sweden , the crosier is displayed in the arms of bishops in office but is removed when a bishop retires . A bourdon or knobbed staff is shown behind the arms of some priors and prioresses as a symbol of office analogous to the crosier . Arms of priors from the 15th century had a banner surrounding the shield , but today this is often a rosary . = = = Mantle = = = Mantling was originally a piece of material attached to a helmet and covering the shoulders , possibly to protect from the sun . In secular heraldry the mantling was depicted shredded , as if from battle . In the 17th and 18th centuries , another form of mantling called a " robe of estate " became prominent . This form is used especially in the Orthodox Churches , where bishops display a mantle tied with cords and tassels above the shield . The heraldic mantle is similar to the mantiya , and represents the bishop 's authority . It can also be found in the arms of the Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta . The outside of the mantle may be any color , typically red , while the inside is white or sometimes yellow to distinguish it from a secular mantle . David Johnson suggested that the mantle of all bishops should be white inside , excepting only patriarchs who use ermine , to indicate that all bishops are equally bishops . Above the mantle is a mitre ( of the Eastern style ) between a processional cross and a crosier . The earliest examples of the arms of Orthodox hierarchs have the cross to the dexter of the mitre and the bishop 's staff to sinister , but opposite examples exist . An abbot ( archimandrite or hegumen ) should display a veiled abbot 's staff to distinguish it from the bishop 's staff . Archpriests and priests would use a less ornate mantle in their arms , and an ecclesiastical hat of the style they wear liturgically . Although an Orthodox monk ( not an abbot ) displaying personal arms is rare , a hieromonk ( monk who has been ordained a priest ) would appropriately display a monastic hat ( klobuk ) and a black cloak or veil suggestive of his attire , and a hierodeacon ( monastic deacon ) would display an orarion behind the shield . A shield in front of a mantle or cloak may be found among bishops of the Eastern Catholic Churches . However , some Eastern ecclesiastical variations omit the mantle but retain the mitre , cross and staff . Maronite bishops traditionally display a pastoral staff behind the shield , topped with a globe and cross or a cross within a globe . Eastern Catholic bishops may follow the Roman style with a low crowned , wide brimmed ecclesiastical hat , although the shield itself is often rendered in a Byzantine artistic style , and a mitre if present would be in the appropriate liturgical style . = = = Motto = = = A motto is a short phrase usually appearing below the shield as a statement of belief . Catholic bishops and Presbyterian churches use a motto in their arms , though it is rare among Anglican bishops . A notable exception is the motto on the coat of arms of Rowan Williams , former Archbishop of Canterbury . Gustavo Testa , created cardinal in December 1959 , quickly selected as his arms a shield with the words sola gratia tua and the motto et patria et cor in order to meet a publishing deadline . Literally these phrases mean " only by your favor " and " both fatherland and heart " . Testa explained to Pope John XXIII that the shield meant " I am a cardinal because of you alone " , and the motto meant " because I am from Bergamo and a friend " . = = Papal insignia = = Saint Peter was represented holding keys as early as the fifth century . As the Roman Catholic Church considers him the first pope and bishop of Rome , the keys were adopted as a papal emblem ; they first appear with papal arms in the 13th century . Two keys perpendicular were often used on coins , but beginning in the 15th century were used to represent St. Peter 's Basilica . Perpendicular keys last appeared in the shield of the papacy in 1555 , after which the crossed keys are used exclusively . The keys are gold and silver , with the gold key placed to dexter ( viewer 's left ) on the personal arms of the Pope , although two silver keys or two gold keys were used late into the 16th century . The keys as a symbol of Saint Peter may be found within many coats of arms ; the coat of arms of the Prince @-@ Archbishopric of Bremen displayed two argent ( silver ) crossed keys as Saint Peter is the patron saint of the Bremian archiepiscopal cathedral . The Papal Tiara or triregnum is the three @-@ tiered crown used by the Pope as a sovereign power . It is first found as an independent emblem in the 13th century , though at that time with only one coronet . In the 15th century , the tiara was combined with the keys above the papal shield . The tiara and keys together within a shield form the arms of Vatican City . In heraldry , the white tiara is depicted with a bulbous shape and with two attached red strips called lappets or infulae . The coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI sparked controversy by displaying a mitre and pallium instead of the customary tiara . Besides the Holy See , another Catholic see has the right to bear the triple tiara in its coat of arms : the Patriarchate of Lisbon . The title of Patriarch of Lisbon was created in 1716 and is held by the archbishop of Lisbon since 1740 . While the coat of arms of the Holy See combines the tiara with the crossed keys of St. Peter , that of the Lisbon Patriarchate combines it with a processional cross and a pastoral staff . The red and gold striped ombrellino or pavilion was originally a processional canopy or sunshade and can be found so depicted as early as the 12th century . The earliest use of the ombrellino in heraldry is in the 1420s when it was placed above the shield of Pope Martin V. It is more commonly used together with the keys , a combination first found under Pope Alexander VI . This combined badge represents the temporal power of Vatican City between Papal reigns , when the acting head of state is the cardinal Camerlengo . The badge first appeared with a cardinal 's personal arms on coins minted by order of the Camerlengo , Cardinal Armellini , during the inter @-@ regnum of 1521 . During the 17th and 18th centuries , it appeared on coins minted sede vacante by papal legates , and on coins minted in 1746 and 1771 while a pope reigned . The ombrellino appears in the arms of basilicas since the 16th century , with ornamentation for major basilicas . If found in a family 's coat of arms , it indicates that a relative had been pope . The papal coats of arms are often depicted with angels as supporters . Other Catholic or Anglican clergy do not use supporters unless they were awarded as a personal honor , or were inherited with family arms . Some cathedral arms use a single chair ( cathedra ) as a supporter . = = Chivalric insignia = = Roman Catholic clergy may not display insignia of knighthood in their arms , except awards received in the Order of the Holy Sepulchre or the Sovereign Military Order of Malta . If entitled , Roman Catholic clergy may display the red Jerusalem Cross for the former or the Maltese cross for the latter behind the shield , or may display the ribbon of their rank in the order . This restriction does not apply to laymen who have been knighted in any royal or Papal order , who may display the insignia of their rank , either a ribbon at the base of the shield or a chain surrounding the shield . Church of England clergy may display chivalric insignia . The Dean of Westminster is also the Dean of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath , and displays the civil badge of that order . = Marwari horse = The Marwari or Malani is a rare breed of horse from the Marwar ( or Jodhpur ) region of India . Known for its inward @-@ turning ear tips , it comes in all equine colours , although pinto patterns tend to be the most popular with buyers and breeders . It is known for its hardiness , and is quite similar to the Kathiawari , another Indian breed from the Kathiawar region southwest of Marwar . Many breed members exhibit a natural ambling gait . The Marwari are descended from native Indian ponies crossed with Arabian horses , possibly with some Mongolian influence . The Rathores , traditional rulers of the Marwar region of western India , were the first to breed the Marwari . Beginning in the 12th century , they espoused strict breeding that promoted purity and hardiness . Used throughout history as a cavalry horse by the people of the Marwar region , the Marwari was noted for its loyalty and bravery in battle . The breed deteriorated in the 1930s , when poor management practices resulted in a reduction of the breeding stock , but today has regained some of its popularity . The Marwari is used for light draught and agricultural work , as well as riding and packing . In 1995 , a breed society was formed for the Marwari in India . The exportation of Marwaris was banned for decades , but between 2000 and 2006 , a small number of exports were allowed . Since 2008 , visas allowing temporary travel of Marwaris outside India have been available in small numbers . = = Characteristics = = The Marwari averages between 15 and 16 hands ( 60 and 64 inches , 152 and 163 cm ) high . Horses originating in different parts of India tend to be of different heights , with the breed having an outside range of 14 to 17 hands ( 56 to 68 inches , 142 to 173 cm ) high . They can be bay , grey , chestnut , palomino , piebald , or skewbald . Although white horses are bred specifically for religious use in India , they are generally not accepted into Marwari stud books . Gray horses are considered auspicious , and tend to be the most valuable , with piebald and skewbald horses the second @-@ most favoured . Black horses are considered unlucky , as the colour is a symbol of death and darkness . Horses that have the white markings of a blaze and four white socks are considered lucky . The facial profile is straight , and the ears are pointed with inward turning tips . The neck is slender , running into pronounced withers , a deep chest , and fairly straight shoulders . Marwaris generally have a long back and sloping croup . The legs tend to be slender and the hooves small but well @-@ formed . Members of the breed are hardy and easy keepers , but they can also be of tenacious and unpredictable temperaments . They are quite similar to the Kathiawari horse , another breed from India , having much of the same history and physical features . The main difference between the Marwari and the Kathiawari is their original geographic origin – Marwaris are mainly from the Marwar region while Kathiawaris are from the Kathiawar peninsula . Kathiawaris tend to have slight facial differences from the Marwari , and are slightly taller in general . The Marwari often exhibits a natural ambling gait , close to a pace , called the revaal , aphcal , or rehwal . Hair whorls and their placement are important to breeders of Marwaris . Horses with long whorls down the neck are called devman and considered lucky , while horses with whorls below their eyes are called anusudhal and are unpopular with buyers . Whorls on the fetlocks are thought to bring victory . The horses are expected to have correct proportions , based on the width of a finger , said to be the equal of five grains of barley . For example , the length of the face should be between 28 and 40 fingers , and the length from the poll to the dock should be four times the length of the face . = = History = = The Marwari is descended from native Indian ponies crossed with Arabian horses . The ponies were small and hardy , but with poor conformation ; the influence of the Arabian blood improved the appearance without compromising the hardiness . The Arabians possibly came ashore from a cargo ship wrecked off India 's west coast . Legend in India states that the Arabian ship , containing seven Arabian horses of good breeding , was shipwrecked off the shore of the Kachchh District . These horses were then taken to the Marwar district and used as foundation bloodstock for the Marwari . There is also the possibility of some Mongolian influence from the north . The breed probably originated in northwest India on the Afghanistan border , as well as in Uzbekistan , Kazakhstan , and Turkmenistan , and takes its name from the Marwar region ( also called the Jodhpur region ) of India . The Rathores , rulers of Marwar and successful Rajput cavalry , were the traditional breeders of the Marwari . The Rathores were forced from their Kingdom of Kanauj in 1193 , and withdrew into the Great Indian and Thar Deserts . The Marwari was vital to their survival , and during the 12th century they followed strict selective breeding processes , keeping the finest stallions for the use of their subjects . During this time , the horses were considered divine beings , and at times they were only allowed to be ridden by members of the Rajput families and the Kshatriyas warrior caste . When the Moguls captured northern India in the early 16th century they brought Turkoman horses that were probably used to supplement the breeding of the Marwari . Marwaris were renowned during this period for their bravery and courage in battle , as well as their loyalty to their riders . During the late 16th century , the Rajputs of Marwar , under the leadership of Moghul emperor Akbar , formed a cavalry force over 50 @,@ 000 strong . The Rathores believed that the Marwari horse could only leave a battlefield under one of three conditions – victory , death , or carrying a wounded master to safety . The horses were trained to be extremely responsive in battlefield conditions , and were practised in complex riding maneuvers . Over 300 years later , during the First World War , Marwar lancers under Sir Pratap Singh assisted the British . = = = 1900s to today = = = The period of the British Raj hastened the Marwari 's downfall , as did the eventual independence of India . The British occupiers preferred other breeds , and tried to eliminate the Marwari , along with the Kathiawari . The British instead preferred Thoroughbreds and polo ponies , and reduced the reputation of the Marwari to the point where even the inward @-@ turning ears of the breed were mocked as the " mark of a native horse " . During the 1930s the Marwari deteriorated , with breeding stock diminishing and becoming of poorer quality due to poor breeding practices . Indian independence , along with the obsolescence of warriors on horseback , led to a decreased need for the Marwari and many animals were subsequently killed . In the 1950s many Indian noblemen lost their land and hence much of their ability to take care of animals , resulting in many Marwari horses being sold as pack horses , castrated , or killed . The breed was on the verge of extinction until the intervention of Maharaja Umaid Singhji in the first half of the 20th century saved the Marwari . His work was carried on by his grandson , Maharaja Gaj Singh II . A British horsewoman named Francesca Kelly founded a group called Marwari Bloodlines in 1995 , with the goal of promoting and preserving the Marwari horse around the world . In 1999 , Kelly and Raghuvendra Singh Dundlod , a descendant of Indian nobility , led a group that founded the Indigenous Horse Society of India ( of which the Marwari Horse Society is part ) , a group that works with the government , breeders , and the public to promote and conserve the breed . Kelly and Dunlod also entered and won endurance races at the Indian national equestrian games , convincing the Equestrian Federation of India to sanction a national show for indigenous horses – the first in the country . The pair worked with other experts from the Indigenous Horse Society to develop the first breed standards . The government of India had originally banned the export of indigenous horse breeds , although not polo ponies or Thoroughbreds , in 1952 . This ban was partially lifted in 1999 , when a small number of indigenous horses could be exported after receiving a special license . Kelly imported the first Marwari horse into the United States in 2000 . Over the next seven years , 21 horses were exported , until , in 2006 , licenses stopped being granted over concerns that native breeding populations were being threatened . One of the last Marwaris to be exported was the first to be imported to Europe , in 2006 , when a stallion was given to the French Living Museum of the Horse . In 2008 , the Indian government began granting licenses for " temporary exports " of up to one year , to allow horses to be exhibited in other countries . This was in response to breeders and the breed society , who felt they were not being allowed a fair chance to exhibit their animals . In late 2007 plans were announced to create a stud book for the breed , a collaborative venture between the Marwari Horse Society of India and the Indian government . A registration process was initiated in 2009 , when it was announced that the Marwari Horse Society had become a government body , the only government @-@ authorized registration society for Marwari horses . The registration process includes an evaluation of the horse against the breed standards , during which unique identification marks and physical dimensions are recorded . After the evaluation , the horse is cold branded with its registration number and photographed . In late 2009 the Indian government announced that the Marwari horse , along with other Indian horse breeds , would be commemorated on a set of stamps issued by that country . = = Genetic studies = = As a direct result of indiscriminate breeding practices , as of 2001 only a few thousand purebred Marwaris existed . Research studies have been conducted to examine the genetics of the Marwari and its relationship to other Indian and non @-@ Indian horse breeds . Six different breeds have been identified in India : the Marwari , Kathiawari , Spiti pony , Bhutia pony , Manipuri Pony , and Zanskari . These six are distinct from each other in terms of unique performance traits and different agroclimactic conditions in the various areas of India where they originated . A 2005 study was conducted to identify past genetic bottlenecks in the Marwari . The study found that , in the DNA of the horses tested , there was no evidence of a genetic bottleneck in the breed 's history . However , since the population has decreased rapidly in past decades , bottlenecks may have occurred that were not identified in the study . In 2007 , a study was conducted to assess genetic variation among all Indian horse breeds except the Kathiawari . Based on analysis of microsatellite DNA , the Marwari was found to be the most genetically distinct breed of the five studied , and was most distant from the Manipuri ; none of the breeds were found to have close genetic ties to the Thoroughbred . The Marwari was distinguishable from the other breeds in terms of both physical characteristics ( mainly height ) and environmental adaptability . The physical differences were attributed to differing ancestries : the Marwari are closely associated with the Arabian horse , while the four other breeds are supposedly descended from the Tibetan pony . = = Uses = = The Marwari is used for riding , packing and light draught , and agricultural work . Marwaris are often crossed with Thoroughbreds to produce a larger horse with more versatility . Despite the fact that the breed is indigenous to the country , cavalry units of the Indian military make little use of the horses , although they are popular in the Jodhpur and Jaipur areas of Rajasthan , India . They are particularly suited to dressage , in part due to a natural tendency to perform . Marwaris are also used to play polo , sometimes playing against Thoroughbreds . Within the Marwari breed was a strain known as the Natchni , believed by local people to be " born to dance " . Decorated in silver , jewels , and bells , these horses were trained to perform complex prancing and leaping movements at many ceremonies , including weddings . Although the Natchni strain is extinct today , horses trained in those skills are still in demand in rural India . = Hanford Site = The Hanford Site is a mostly decommissioned nuclear production complex operated by the United States federal government on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington . The site has been known by many names , including : Hanford Project , Hanford Works , Hanford Engineer Works and Hanford Nuclear Reservation . Established in 1943 as part of the Manhattan Project in Hanford , south @-@ central Washington , the site was home to the B Reactor , the first full @-@ scale plutonium production reactor in the world . Plutonium manufactured at the site was used in the first nuclear bomb , tested at the Trinity site , and in Fat Man , the bomb detonated over Nagasaki , Japan . During the Cold War , the project expanded to include nine nuclear reactors and five large plutonium processing complexes , which produced plutonium for most of the more than 60 @,@ 000 weapons in the U.S. nuclear arsenal . Nuclear technology developed rapidly during this period , and Hanford scientists produced major technological achievements . Many early safety procedures and waste disposal practices were inadequate , and government documents have confirmed that Hanford 's operations released significant amounts of radioactive materials into the air and the Columbia River . The weapons production reactors were decommissioned at the end of the Cold War , and decades of manufacturing left behind 53 million US gallons ( 200 @,@ 000 m3 ) of high @-@ level radioactive waste stored within 177 storage tanks , an additional 25 million cubic feet ( 710 @,@ 000 m3 ) of solid radioactive waste , and 200 square miles ( 520 km2 ) of contaminated groundwater beneath the site . In 2011 , DOE emptied 149 single @-@ shell tanks by pumping nearly all of the liquid waste out into 28 newer double @-@ shell tanks . DOE later found water intruding into at least 14 single @-@ shell tanks and that one of them had been leaking about 640 US gallons ( 2 @,@ 400 l ; 530 imp gal ) per year into the ground since about 2010 . In 2012 , DOE discovered a leak also from a double @-@ shell tank caused by construction flaws and corrosion in the bottom , and that 12 double @-@ shell tanks have similar construction flaws . Since then , DOE changed to monitoring single @-@ shell tanks monthly and double @-@ shell tanks every 3 years , and also changed monitoring methods . In March 2014 , DOE announced further delays in the construction of the Waste Treatment Plant , which will affect the schedule for removing waste from the tanks . Intermittent discoveries of undocumented contamination have slowed the pace and raised the cost of cleanup . In 2007 , the Hanford site represented two @-@ thirds of the nation 's high @-@ level radioactive waste by volume . Hanford is currently the most contaminated nuclear site in the United States and is the focus of the nation 's largest environmental cleanup . Besides the cleanup project , Hanford also hosts a commercial nuclear power plant , the Columbia Generating Station , and various centers for scientific research and development , such as the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the LIGO Hanford Observatory . On November 10 , 2015 , it was designated as part of the Manhattan Project National Historical Park alongside other sites in Oak Ridge and Los Alamos . = = Geography = = The Hanford Site occupies 586 square miles ( 1 @,@ 518 km2 ) — roughly equivalent to half of the total area of Rhode Island — within Benton County , Washington . This land is closed to the general public . It is a desert environment receiving under 10 inches of annual precipitation , covered mostly by shrub @-@ steppe vegetation . The Columbia River flows along the site for approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) , forming its northern and eastern boundary . The original site was 670 square miles ( 1 @,@ 740 km2 ) and included buffer areas across the river in Grant and Franklin counties . Some of this land has been returned to private use and is now covered with orchards and irrigated fields . In 2000 , large portions of the site were turned over to the Hanford Reach National Monument . The site is divided by function into three main areas . The nuclear reactors were located along the river in an area designated as the 100 Area ; the chemical separations complexes were located inland in the Central Plateau , designated as the 200 Area ; and various support facilities were located in the southeast corner of the site , designated as the 300 Area . The site is bordered on the southeast by the Tri @-@ Cities , a metropolitan area composed of Richland , Kennewick , Pasco , and smaller communities , and home to over 230 @,@ 000 residents . Hanford is a primary economic base for these cities . = = Climate = = = = Early history = = The confluence of the Yakima , Snake , and Columbia rivers has been a meeting place for native peoples for centuries . The archaeological record of Native American habitation of this area stretches back over ten thousand years . Tribes and nations including the Yakama , Nez Perce , and Umatilla used the area for hunting , fishing , and gathering plant foods . Hanford archaeologists have identified numerous Native American sites , including " pit house villages , open campsites , fishing sites , hunting / kill sites , game drive complexes , quarries , and spirit quest sites " , and two archaeological sites were	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
the mass @-@ produced visual presentations of their work . Visual elements have become an important part of the poet 's toolbox , and many poets have sought to use visual presentation for a wide range of purposes . Some Modernist poets have made the placement of individual lines or groups of lines on the page an integral part of the poem 's composition . At times , this complements the poem 's rhythm through visual caesuras of various lengths , or creates juxtapositions so as to accentuate meaning , ambiguity or irony , or simply to create an aesthetically pleasing form . In its most extreme form , this can lead to concrete poetry or asemic writing . = = = Diction = = = Poetic diction treats the manner in which language is used , and refers not only to the sound but also to the underlying meaning and its interaction with sound and form . Many languages and poetic forms have very specific poetic dictions , to the point where distinct grammars and dialects are used specifically for poetry . Registers in poetry can range from strict employment of ordinary speech patterns , as favoured in much late @-@ 20th @-@ century prosody , through to highly ornate uses of language , as in medieval and Renaissance poetry . Poetic diction can include rhetorical devices such as simile and metaphor , as well as tones of voice , such as irony . Aristotle wrote in the Poetics that " the greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor . " Since the rise of Modernism , some poets have opted for a poetic diction that de @-@ emphasizes rhetorical devices , attempting instead the direct presentation of things and experiences and the exploration of tone . On the other hand , Surrealists have pushed rhetorical devices to their limits , making frequent use of catachresis . Allegorical stories are central to the poetic diction of many cultures , and were prominent in the West during classical times , the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Aesop 's Fables , repeatedly rendered in both verse and prose since first being recorded about 500 B.C. , are perhaps the richest single source of allegorical poetry through the ages . Other notables examples include the Roman de la Rose , a 13th @-@ century French poem , William Langland 's Piers Ploughman in the 14th century , and Jean de la Fontaine 's Fables ( influenced by Aesop 's ) in the 17th century . Rather than being fully allegorical , however , a poem may contain symbols or allusions that deepen the meaning or effect of its words without constructing a full allegory . Another element of poetic diction can be the use of vivid imagery for effect . The juxtaposition of unexpected or impossible images is , for example , a particularly strong element in surrealist poetry and haiku . Vivid images are often endowed with symbolism or metaphor . Many poetic dictions use repetitive phrases for effect , either a short phrase ( such as Homer 's " rosy @-@ fingered dawn " or " the wine @-@ dark sea " ) or a longer refrain . Such repetition can add a sombre tone to a poem , or can be laced with irony as the context of the words changes . = = Forms = = Specific poetic forms have been developed by many cultures . In more developed , closed or " received " poetic forms , the rhyming scheme , meter and other elements of a poem are based on sets of rules , ranging from the relatively loose rules that govern the construction of an elegy to the highly formalized structure of the ghazal or villanelle . Described below are some common forms of poetry widely used across a number of languages . Additional forms of poetry may be found in the discussions of poetry of particular cultures or periods and in the glossary . = = = Sonnet = = = Among the most common forms of poetry , popular from the Late Middle Ages on , is the sonnet , which by the 13th century had become standardized as fourteen lines following a set rhyme scheme and logical structure . By the 14th century and the Italian Renaissance , the form had further crystallized under the pen of Petrarch , whose sonnets were translated in the 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt , who is credited with introducing the sonnet form into English literature . A traditional Italian or Petrarchan sonnet follows the rhyme scheme abba , abba , cdecde , though some variation , especially within the final six lines ( or sestet ) , is common . The English ( or Shakespearean ) sonnet follows the rhyme scheme abab , cdcd , efef , gg , introducing a third quatrain ( grouping of four lines ) , a final couplet , and a greater amount of variety with regard to rhyme than is usually found in its Italian predecessors . By convention , sonnets in English typically use iambic pentameter , while in the Romance languages , the hendecasyllable and Alexandrine are the most widely used meters . Sonnets of all types often make use of a volta , or " turn , " a point in the poem at which an idea is turned on its head , a question is answered ( or introduced ) , or the subject matter is further complicated . This volta can often take the form of a " but " statement contradicting or complicating the content of the earlier lines . In the Petrarchan sonnet , the turn tends to fall around the division between the first two quatrains and the sestet , while English sonnets usually place it at or near the beginning of the closing couplet . Sonnets are particularly associated with high poetic diction , vivid imagery , and romantic love , largely due to the influence of Petrarch as well as of early English practitioners such as Edmund Spenser ( who gave his name to the Spenserian sonnet ) , Michael Drayton , and Shakespeare , whose sonnets are among the most famous in English poetry , with twenty being included in the Oxford Book of English Verse . However , the twists and turns associated with the volta allow for a logical flexibility applicable to many subjects . Poets from the earliest centuries of the sonnet to the present have utilized the form to address topics related to politics ( John Milton , Percy Bysshe Shelley , Claude McKay ) , theology ( John Donne , Gerard Manley Hopkins ) , war ( Wilfred Owen , e. e. cummings ) , and gender and sexuality ( Carol Ann Duffy ) . Further , postmodern authors such as Ted Berrigan and John Berryman have challenged the traditional definitions of the sonnet form , rendering entire sequences of " sonnets " that often lack rhyme , a clear logical progression , or even a consistent count of fourteen lines . = = = Shi = = = Shi ( simplified Chinese : 诗 ; traditional Chinese : 詩 ; pinyin : shī ; Wade – Giles : shih ) Is the main type of Classical Chinese poetry . Within this form of poetry the most important variations are " folk song " styled verse ( yuefu ) , " old style " verse ( gushi ) , " modern style " verse ( jintishi ) . In all cases , rhyming is obligatory . The Yuefu is a folk ballad or a poem written in the folk ballad style , and the number of lines and the length of the lines could be irregular . For the other variations of shi poetry , generally either a four line ( quatrain , or jueju ) or else an eight line poem is normal ; either way with the even numbered lines rhyming . The line length is scanned by according number of characters ( according to the convention that one character equals one syllable ) , and are predominantly either five or seven characters long , with a caesura before the final three syllables . The lines are generally end @-@ stopped , considered as a series of couplets , and exhibit verbal parallelism as a key poetic device . The " old style " verse ( gushi ) is less formally strict than the jintishi , or regulated verse , which , despite the name " new style " verse actually had its theoretical basis laid as far back to Shen Yue , in the 5th or 6th century , although not considered to have reached its full development until the time of Chen Zi 'ang ( 661 – 702 ) A good example of a poet known for his gushi poems is Li Bai . Among its other rules , the jintishi rules regulate the tonal variations within a poem , including the use of set patterns of the four tones of Middle Chinese The basic form of jintishi ( lushi ) has eight lines in four couplets , with parallelism between the lines in the second and third couplets . The couplets with parallel lines contain contrasting content but an identical grammatical relationship between words . Jintishi often have a rich poetic diction , full of allusion , and can have a wide range of subject , including history and politics . One of the masters of the form was Du Fu , who wrote during the Tang Dynasty ( 8th century ) . = = = Villanelle = = = The villanelle is a nineteen @-@ line poem made up of five triplets with a closing quatrain ; the poem is characterized by having two refrains , initially used in the first and third lines of the first stanza , and then alternately used at the close of each subsequent stanza until the final quatrain , which is concluded by the two refrains . The remaining lines of the poem have an a @-@ b alternating rhyme . The villanelle has been used regularly in the English language since the late 19th century by such poets as Dylan Thomas , W. H. Auden , and Elizabeth Bishop . = = = Tanka = = = Tanka is a form of unrhymed Japanese poetry , with five sections totalling 31 onji ( phonological units identical to morae ) , structured in a 5 @-@ 7 @-@ 5 @-@ 7 @-@ 7 pattern . There is generally a shift in tone and subject matter between the upper 5 @-@ 7 @-@ 5 phrase and the lower 7 @-@ 7 phrase . Tanka were written as early as the Asuka period by such poets as Kakinomoto no Hitomaro , at a time when Japan was emerging from a period where much of its poetry followed Chinese form . Tanka was originally the shorter form of Japanese formal poetry ( which was generally referred to as " waka " ) , and was used more heavily to explore personal rather than public themes . By the tenth century , tanka had become the dominant form of Japanese poetry , to the point where the originally general term waka ( " Japanese poetry " ) came to be used exclusively for tanka . Tanka are still widely written today . = = = Haiku = = = Haiku is a popular form of unrhymed Japanese poetry , which evolved in the 17th century from the hokku , or opening verse of a renku . Generally written in a single vertical line , the haiku contains three sections totalling 17 onji , structured in a 5 @-@ 7 @-@ 5 pattern . Traditionally , haiku contain a kireji , or cutting word , usually placed at the end of one of the poem 's three sections , and a kigo , or season @-@ word . The most famous exponent of the haiku was Matsuo Bashō ( 1644 – 1694 ) . An example of his writing : 富士の風や扇にのせて江戸土産 fuji no kaze ya oogi ni nosete Edo miyage the wind of Mt . Fuji I 've brought on my fan ! a gift from Edo = = = Ode = = = Odes were first developed by poets writing in ancient Greek , such as Pindar , and Latin , such as Horace . Forms of odes appear in many of the cultures that were influenced by the Greeks and Latins . The ode generally has three parts : a strophe , an antistrophe , and an epode . The antistrophes of the ode possess similar metrical structures and , depending on the tradition , similar rhyme structures . In contrast , the epode is written with a different scheme and structure . Odes have a formal poetic diction , and generally deal with a serious subject . The strophe and antistrophe look at the subject from different , often conflicting , perspectives , with the epode moving to a higher level to either view or resolve the underlying issues . Odes are often intended to be recited or sung by two choruses ( or individuals ) , with the first reciting the strophe , the second the antistrophe , and both together the epode . Over time , differing forms for odes have developed with considerable variations in form and structure , but generally showing the original influence of the Pindaric or Horatian ode . One non @-@ Western form which resembles the ode is the qasida in Persian poetry . = = = Ghazal = = = The ghazal ( also ghazel , gazel , gazal , or gozol ) is a form of poetry common in Arabic , Persian , Turkish , Azerbaijani , Urdu and Bengali poetry . In classic form , the ghazal has from five to fifteen rhyming couplets that share a refrain at the end of the second line . This refrain may be of one or several syllables , and is preceded by a rhyme . Each line has an identical meter . The ghazal often reflects on a theme of unattainable love or divinity . As with other forms with a long history in many languages , many variations have been developed , including forms with a quasi @-@ musical poetic diction in Urdu . Ghazals have a classical affinity with Sufism , and a number of major Sufi religious works are written in ghazal form . The relatively steady meter and the use of the refrain produce an incantatory effect , which complements Sufi mystical themes well . Among the masters of the form is Rumi , a 13th @-@ century Persian poet . One of the most famous poet in this type of poetry is Hafez . Themes of his Ghazal is exposing hypocrisy . His life and poems have been the subject of much analysis , commentary and interpretation , influencing post @-@ fourteenth century Persian writing more than any other author . West @-@ östlicher Diwan of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that is a collection of lyrical poems , has been inspired by the Persian poet Hafez . = = Genres = = In addition to specific forms of poems , poetry is often thought of in terms of different genres and subgenres . A poetic genre is generally a tradition or classification of poetry based on the subject matter , style , or other broader literary characteristics . Some commentators view genres as natural forms of literature . Others view the study of genres as the study of how different works relate and refer to other works . = = = Narrative poetry = = = Narrative poetry is a genre of poetry that tells a story . Broadly it subsumes epic poetry , but the term " narrative poetry " is often reserved for smaller works , generally with more appeal to human interest . Narrative poetry may be the oldest type of poetry . Many scholars of Homer have concluded that his Iliad and Odyssey were composed from compilations of shorter narrative poems that related individual episodes . Much narrative poetry — such as Scottish and English ballads , and Baltic and Slavic heroic poems — is performance poetry with roots in a preliterate oral tradition . It has been speculated that some features that distinguish poetry from prose , such as meter , alliteration and kennings , once served as memory aids for bards who recited traditional tales . Notable narrative poets have included Ovid , Dante , Juan Ruiz , Chaucer , William Langland , Luís de Camões , Shakespeare , Alexander Pope , Robert Burns , Fernando de Rojas , Adam Mickiewicz , Alexander Pushkin , Edgar Allan Poe and Alfred Tennyson . = = = Epic poetry = = = Epic poetry is a genre of poetry , and a major form of narrative literature . This genre is often defined as lengthy poems concerning events of a heroic or important nature to the culture of the time . It recounts , in a continuous narrative , the life and works of a heroic or mythological person or group of persons . Examples of epic poems are Homer 's Iliad and Odyssey , Virgil 's Aeneid , the Nibelungenlied , Luís de Camões ' Os Lusíadas , the Cantar de Mio Cid , the Epic of Gilgamesh , the Mahabharata , Valmiki 's Ramayana , Ferdowsi 's Shahnama , Nizami ( or Nezami ) ' s Khamse ( Five Books ) , and the Epic of King Gesar . While the composition of epic poetry , and of long poems generally , became less common in the west after the early 20th century , some notable epics have continued to be written . Derek Walcott won a Nobel prize to a great extent on the basis of his epic , Omeros . = = = Dramatic poetry = = = Dramatic poetry is drama written in verse to be spoken or sung , and appears in varying , sometimes related forms in many cultures . Greek tragedy in verse dates to the 6th century B.C. , and may have been an influence on the development of Sanskrit drama , just as Indian drama in turn appears to have influenced the development of the bianwen verse dramas in China , forerunners of Chinese Opera . East Asian verse dramas also include Japanese Noh . Examples of dramatic poetry in Persian literature include Nizami 's two famous dramatic works , Layla and Majnun and Khosrow and Shirin , Ferdowsi 's tragedies such as Rostam and Sohrab , Rumi 's Masnavi , Gorgani 's tragedy of Vis and Ramin , and Vahshi 's tragedy of Farhad . = = = Satirical poetry = = = Poetry can be a powerful vehicle for satire . The Romans had a strong tradition of satirical poetry , often written for political purposes . A notable example is the Roman poet Juvenal 's satires . The same is true of the English satirical tradition . John Dryden ( a Tory ) , the first Poet Laureate , produced in 1682 Mac Flecknoe , subtitled " A Satire on the True Blue Protestant Poet , T.S. " ( a reference to Thomas Shadwell ) . Another master of 17th @-@ century English satirical poetry was John Wilmot , 2nd Earl of Rochester . Satirical poets outside England include Poland 's Ignacy Krasicki , Azerbaijan 's Sabir and Portugal 's Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage . = = = Light poetry = = = Light poetry , or light verse , is poetry that attempts to be humorous . Poems considered " light " are usually brief , and can be on a frivolous or serious subject , and often feature word play , including puns , adventurous rhyme and heavy alliteration . Although a few free verse poets have excelled at light verse outside the formal verse tradition , light verse in English is usually formal . Common forms include the limerick , the clerihew , and the double dactyl . While light poetry is sometimes condemned as doggerel , or thought of as poetry composed casually , humor often makes a serious point in a subtle or subversive way . Many of the most renowned " serious " poets have also excelled at light verse . Notable writers of light poetry include Lewis Carroll , Ogden Nash , X. J. Kennedy , Willard R. Espy , and Wendy Cope . = = = Lyric poetry = = = Lyric poetry is a genre that , unlike epic and dramatic poetry , does not attempt to tell a story but instead is of a more personal nature . Poems in this genre tend to be shorter , melodic , and contemplative . Rather than depicting characters and actions , it portrays the poet 's own feelings , states of mind , and perceptions . Notable poets in this genre include John Donne , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Antonio Machado . = = = Elegy = = = An elegy is a mournful , melancholy or plaintive poem , especially a lament for the dead or a funeral song . The term " elegy , " which originally denoted a type of poetic meter ( elegiac meter ) , commonly describes a poem of mourning . An elegy may also reflect something that seems to the author to be strange or mysterious . The elegy , as a reflection on a death , on a sorrow more generally , or on something mysterious , may be classified as a form of lyric poetry . Notable practitioners of elegiac poetry have included Propertius , Jorge Manrique , Jan Kochanowski , Chidiock Tichborne , Edmund Spenser , Ben Jonson , John Milton , Thomas Gray , Charlotte Turner Smith , William Cullen Bryant , Percy Bysshe Shelley , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Evgeny Baratynsky , Alfred Tennyson , Walt Whitman , Louis Gallet , Antonio Machado , Juan Ramón Jiménez , Giannina Braschi , William Butler Yeats , Rainer Maria Rilke , and Virginia Woolf . = = = Verse fable = = = The fable is an ancient literary genre , often ( though not invariably ) set in verse . It is a succinct story that features anthropomorphized animals , plants , inanimate objects , or forces of nature that illustrate a moral lesson ( a " moral " ) . Verse fables have used a variety of meter and rhyme patterns . Notable verse fabulists have included Aesop , Vishnu Sarma , Phaedrus , Marie de France , Robert Henryson , Biernat of Lublin , Jean de La Fontaine , Ignacy Krasicki , Félix María de Samaniego , Tomás de Iriarte , Ivan Krylov and Ambrose Bierce . = = = Prose poetry = = = Prose poetry is a hybrid genre that shows attributes of both prose and poetry . It may be indistinguishable from the micro @-@ story ( a.k.a. the " short short story " , " flash fiction " ) . While some examples of earlier prose strike modern readers as poetic , prose poetry is commonly regarded as having originated in 19th @-@ century France , where its practitioners included Aloysius Bertrand , Charles Baudelaire , Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé . Since the late 1980s especially , prose poetry has gained increasing popularity , with entire journals , such as The Prose Poem : An International Journal , Contemporary Haibun Online , and Haibun Today devoted to that genre and its hybrids . Latin American poets of the 20th century who wrote prose poems include Octavio Paz and Giannina Braschi = = = Speculative poetry = = = Speculative poetry , also known as fantastic poetry , ( of which weird or macabre poetry is a major subclassification ) , is a poetic genre which deals thematically with subjects which are ' beyond reality ' , whether via extrapolation as in science fiction or via weird and horrific themes as in horror fiction . Such poetry appears regularly in modern science fiction and horror fiction magazines . Edgar Allan Poe is sometimes seen as the " father of speculative poetry " . = = = Anthologies = = = Ferguson , Margaret ; Salter , Mary Jo ; Stallworthy , Jon , eds . ( 1996 ) . The Norton Anthology of Poetry ( 4th ed . ) . W. W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 @-@ 393 @-@ 96820 @-@ 0 . Gardner , Helen , ed . ( 1972 ) . New Oxford Book of English Verse 1250 – 1950 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 812136 @-@ 9 . Larkin , Philip , ed . ( 1973 ) . The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse . Oxford University Press . Yeats , WB , ed . ( 1936 ) . Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892 – 1935 . Oxford University Press . = Dalek ( Doctor Who episode ) = " Dalek " is the sixth episode of the revived first series of British science fiction television programme Doctor Who , which was first broadcast on 30 April 2005 . This episode is the first appearance of the Daleks in the 21st century revival of Doctor Who ; it also marks the first appearance of Bruno Langley as companion Adam Mitchell . The episode is set in Utah in the year 2012 , in the underground bunker owned by Henry van Statten , a rich collector of alien artifacts . The Doctor encounters his one living exhibit : a creature called " the Metaltron " , which the Doctor is horrified to discover is a surviving Dalek . When the Dalek escapes , the Doctor races against time to stop it from getting to the surface and wreaking havoc on humanity . = = Plot = = The Doctor and Rose land the TARDIS in a massive underground bunker near Salt Lake City , Utah in the year 2012 . They were drawn there by a distress signal being transmitted from the bunker . They look around at various alien artifacts that have been set up on display in glass cases . After touching one case , they are surrounded by soldiers who take them to see Henry van Statten , the owner of the collection . The Doctor talks to van Statten , while Rose tours the facility with a technician named Adam Mitchell . Van Statten wants the Doctor 's opinion on the pride of his collection , which he calls the " Metaltron " . Van Statten orders the Doctor locked into the vault with the Metaltron . The Doctor is first shocked and then horrified to find that the Metaltron is actually a Dalek , all of whom he thought had been destroyed in the Time War . The Doctor finds out that the Dalek is weakened and chained down , unable to fight back . The Doctor attempts to destroy it , but is stopped by van Statten 's guards and escorted back to his offices . Meanwhile , Adam takes Rose to the vault to see the Dalek . She takes pity on the Dalek , touching its casing . The Dalek absorbs her DNA and the time energy she has been exposed to from travelling in the TARDIS . The Dalek becomes re @-@ energised , plugging itself into the electrical grid and drawing power from all over the western United States to recharge itself . It rebuilds its casing and breaks the chains that were holding it . In another part of the complex , van Statten reveals to the Doctor that not only does he collect aliens , but he also tortures them ; he proceeds to invasively and violently scrutinize the Doctor 's body so that he can learn more about his physiology . Upon hearing the alarms sound , van Statten releases the Doctor who tries to stop the Dalek . The Dalek breaks out of the cage it was sealed in and plugs itself into the Internet , learning that it is ( apparently ) the last Dalek . Without other Daleks coming , it reverts to its original mission - the destruction of all non @-@ Dalek life . The Dalek chases Adam and Rose , killing the guards in the way . It kills a large group of soldiers in a warehouse before declaring it will speak only to the Doctor . The Doctor then suggests the Dalek kill itself to remove the presence of its race from the universe , but the Dalek decides to proceed with exterminating everyone . Adam tries to help Rose escape , but she is trapped inside the vault when it is sealed by the Doctor . The video feeds are disrupted moments before the Dalek encounters Rose . The Dalek finds that it cannot exterminate Rose , and is conflicted by the human DNA it absorbed from her . The Dalek forces the Doctor to let it out of the vault in exchange for Rose 's life , and it makes its way to van Statten 's office to kill him . Rose convinces the Dalek to spare van Statten and accompanies it to the highest part of the vault , where it blasts a hole in the ceiling . The Dalek opens its casing and basks in the sunlight as the Doctor arrives with an alien weapon . Rose pleads for the Dalek 's life , arguing that it has changed because it couldn 't kill her or van Statten . The Dalek is disturbed by the new emotions and ideas that it has developed from absorbing Rose 's DNA and is now repulsed by its own existence . It asks Rose to order it to self @-@ destruct . She reluctantly agrees , and the Dalek engages its self @-@ destruct mechanism and implodes . Van Statten 's assistant takes over , ordering van Statten 's mind wiped and having him dropped off on the side of the road somewhere beginning with S. The Doctor and Rose head back to the TARDIS with Adam following them . He tries to convince them to leave immediately because the vault is about to be filled with cement , but instead Rose invites him to travel with them . = = = Continuity = = = The Dalek ability to fly or hover dates back to The Chase , where a Dalek was implied to have taken flight , while in Revelation of the Daleks , a Dalek hovered to exterminate two victims . The first part of the 1988 serial Remembrance of the Daleks shows a Dalek who was clearly seen to hover up a flight of stairs to the Doctor 's horror . Rose and Adam allude to a long @-@ held fan joke about the Daleks ' inability to climb stairs , and are horrified when it does so . This episode marks the first on @-@ screen appearance of the Daleks as a primary adversary , without their creator Davros , since the 1974 Third Doctor story Death to the Daleks . Since his introduction in 1975 's Genesis of the Daleks , Davros had appeared in every subsequent Dalek story in the original series run . He is not named in this episode , but the Doctor describes him as " a genius ... a man who was king of his own little world " . Davros would later be re @-@ introduced in the 2008 two @-@ part story The Stolen Earth / Journey 's End . The museum 's display items feature the arm of a Slitheen ( Raxacoricofallapatorian ) from " Aliens of London " , which Rose recognises , and something that the Doctor refers to as " An old friend , well , enemy ... " – a Cyberman head ( from Revenge of the Cybermen , but the label on its display case references The Invasion ) . A reference book , Doctor Who : The Visual Dictionary , describes the exhibit behind the Doctor 's and Rose 's heads when they are looking at the Cyberman 's helmet as the decayed head of a Sea Devil from the Jon Pertwee serial The Sea Devils . As well as a dead Mechanoid from the serial " The Chase " seen from a few long shots in the darkened side of the Vault after they first materialize , and before they depart . The callsign for van Statten 's personal helicopter is " Bad Wolf One " , a recurrent phrase throughout the first series . An excerpt from this episode is used in " Bad Wolf " , when Rose recalls where she had encountered the phrase before . = = Production = = = = = Conception = = = Rob Shearman , the writer of the episode , had his first encounter with the revived series of Doctor Who in 2003 after he created the Sixth Doctor audio Jubilee . Executive producer Russell T Davies drew heavily on Jubilee to create " Return of the Daleks " for his pitch to the BBC , a story which Davies hoped to recreate the menace shown by the Daleks in their 1963 debut The Daleks . The adventure changed the setting from the alternate Earth in Jubilee to 2012 Utah , with the lone Dalek featured being held captive by businessman Henry Van Statten , a caricature of Microsoft 's chairman Bill Gates . The script went through several changes . The story itself was initially called " Creature of Lies " , and Van Statten was originally called Hiram Duchesne . For a short period of time , Adam was the villains son , but Shearman decided against it . The most notable change to the script happened when the Nation estate , holders of the rights for the Daleks , blocked the use of the Daleks due to the BBC licensing them out too much . The changed story contained an alien akin to a child who kills for pleasure , which eventually evolved into the Toclafane from " The Sound of Drums " and " Last of the Time Lords " . Finally , the BBC were able to secure the rights from the Nation estate , and at the same time gave the episode its final name , " Dalek " . = = = Filming = = = The episode was placed in the third production block , along with " Father 's Day " and " The Long Game " , the latter taken out due to delays in special effects creation . The episode 's placement in the series was intentional so as to stave off an anticipated mid @-@ series drop in viewership , although the BBC suggested that the episode be the premiere . Filming of the episode began on 25 October 2004 at the National Museum Cardiff , before moving to the Millennium Stadium the following day , where most of the episode was filmed . Most of the filming finished on 3 November 2004 , with pick @-@ up shots completed at the show 's studio space in Newport throughout the remainder of the month . = = Critical reception and awards = = Before the broadcast , media watchdog organisation Mediawatch @-@ uk complained about certain elements of the episode , characterising Van Statten 's chaining and invasive scan of the Doctor as a " sado @-@ masochistic " torture scene . Mediawatch also objected to Van Statten 's invitation to Adam and Rose to " canoodle or spoon , or whatever you British do " as inappropriate sexual language . When it was released on DVD , British Board of Film Classification ( BBFC ) gave the episode a 12 rating , because of the scenes where the Doctor is seen to torture the Dalek . The BBFC stated : " We are concerned about role models for children using the sort of tactics that Doctor Who used against the Dalek . If that was transferred into the playground it would be something we would want to tackle . " Reception to the episode was positive . The episode 's overnight ratings was 7 @.@ 73 million viewers , 46 % of the audience share , a figure that was finalised to 8 @.@ 64 million viewers . The Times stated that the episode was an " unqualified triumph " . The Guardian commented that " Shearman 's script bamboozles expectations " , and the episode " should hopefully show 2005 's kids what was always so wonderful about the iconic tin @-@ rotters . " . The London Evening Standard found the lack of surprise ( namely , calling the episode " Dalek " ) the only disappointment , and Daily Mirror simply stated that " for 30 pant @-@ shittingly wonderful minutes , BBC1 's new Doctor Who was the best thing on telly . Ever . " In 2010 Den of Geek placed the episode as number 2 in their list of the Top 10 Dalek stories . The episode was nominated for the 2006 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form along with other Doctor Who episodes " Father 's Day " and " The Empty Child " / " The Doctor Dances " . The stories came third , fifth , and first , respectively . = Typhoon Longwang = Typhoon Longwang ( 颱風龍王 ) , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Maring , was the deadliest tropical cyclone to impact China during the 2005 Pacific typhoon season . Longwang was first identified as a tropical depression on September 25 north of the Mariana Islands . Moving along a general westward track , the system quickly intensified and reached typhoon status on September 27 . After reaching Category 4 @-@ equivalent intensity on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane scale , adverse atmospheric conditions along with internal structural changes resulted in temporary weakening . The structural change culminated in Longwang becoming an annular typhoon and prompted re @-@ intensification . The storm attained peak strength with winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) and a pressure of 930 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 46 inHg ) on October 1 as it approached Taiwan . Interaction with the mountainous terrain of the island and further structural changes caused some weakening before the typhoon made landfall near Hualien City early on October 2 . Crossing the island in six hours , Longwang emerged over the Taiwan Strait before moving onshore again later that day , this time in Fujian Province , China as a minimal typhoon . Once over mainland China , the storm quickly weakened and ultimately dissipated late on October 3 . Prior to the storm 's arrival , officials in Taiwan activated all emergency operations centers and urged residents to take serious precautions . The storm brought record @-@ breaking winds , peaking at 234 km / h ( 145 mph ) in Hualien City , and torrential rains . Despite the intensity of the storm , damage was relatively limited there . Two people lost their lives , 73 were injured , and damage reached NT $ 570 million ( US $ 17 @.@ 7 million ) . Large @-@ scale evacuations took place in mainland China , with 684 @,@ 860 people relocating . Losses were extensive in Fujian Province where 1 @-@ in @-@ 100 year rains caused disastrous flooding in Fuzhou , killing 62 people . In Minhou County , 85 paramilitary police perished when a landslide destroyed their barracks . Throughout China , 147 people were killed and damage amounted to 7 @.@ 81 billion RMB ( US $ 944 @.@ 6 million ) . Due to the severe damage , the name Longwang was later retired . = = Meteorological history = = On September 24 , 2005 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) began monitoring a tropical disturbance a tropical disturbance north of the Mariana Islands . Convective banding features soon consolidated around a low pressure area associated with the system , prompting the issuance of a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert the following day . Later on September 25 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) declared the system a tropical depression . Situated in a region characterized by low wind shear and favorable upper @-@ level divergence , steady intensification ensued . Early on September 26 , the JTWC also classified the system as a tropical depression , designating it as 19W . Hours later , both agencies assessed sustained winds to have reached 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , indicating tropical storm intensity . As such , the JMA named the storm Longwang . Situated to the southwest of a ridge , the storm tracked slowly west @-@ northwest , while strengthening at an increasing rate . A temporary turn northwest occurred on September 26 as Longwang approached a weakness in the ridge which had previously steered it west @-@ northwestward . In the 24 hours following the storm 's naming , Longwang quickly intensified into a typhoon . Once at typhoon status , the storm resumed a more westerly track as a second ridge extending from eastern Asia became the dominant steering factor . On a westerly course toward Taiwan and eastern China , Longwang underwent a period of rapid intensification from September 27 – 28 . At the end of this phase , the JMA assessed peak winds at 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) while the JTWC rated it as a Category 4 @-@ equivalent typhoon on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane scale . On September 29 , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assigned the typhoon the local name Maring as it entered their area of responsibility . The following day , Longwang underwent a structural change , transitioning from asymmetrical banding to symmetrical , making it an annular tropical cyclone . During the transition , upper @-@ level divergence and outflow significantly decreased , resulting in temporary weakening of the typhoon . Additionally , an increase in westerly wind shear caused the interior structure to become asymmetric , with a southwest to northeast tilt noted by dropsondes released by the Dropwinsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance project . Once the transition into an annular cyclone completed , Longwang re @-@ intensified and attained its peak intensity on October 1 while situated 400 km ( 250 mi ) south of Okinawa . The JMA assessed winds at 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) along with a barometric pressure of 930 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 46 inHg ) . The JTWC estimated Longwang to have been slightly stronger , with one @-@ minute sustained winds of 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) . At the time of peak intensity , an unmanned weather reconnaissance vehicle , known as Aerosonde , was flown into the typhoon and recorded peak winds of 211 km / h ( 131 mph ) at an altitude of 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) . As the storm approached Taiwan late on October 1 , an eyewall replacement cycle began , with a large secondary eyewall forming around the inner one . At 1848 UTC , Doppler weather radar velocity estimates indicated winds of 240 km / h ( 145 mph ) at an altitude of 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) . An interpolated surface pressure of 924 @.@ 5 mb ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 30 inHg ) was obtained based on data from the Aerosonde . After flying in the storm for ten hours , the unmanned vehicle encountered severe turbulence and crashed about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of Taitung City . Interaction with the mountainous terrain of Taiwan caused Longwang to weaken somewhat . The system ultimately made landfall near Hualien City at 0500 UTC on October 2 . Just six hours after moving inland , Longwang emerged over the Taiwan Strait with its circulation mostly intact ; however , weakening continued as it approached eastern China . Remaining over water for less than 12 hours , the typhoon made its second and ultimate landfall in Fujian Province late on October 2 . The storm quickly degraded over the following day , with winds decreasing below gale @-@ force within 12 hours . The former typhoon slowed and turned northward over western Fujian before dissipating late on October 3 . = = Preparations = = The first indications of Longwang impacting Taiwan were on September 27 when the Central Weather Bureau ( CWB ) stated that the storm was on a westerly course to the island . On September 30 , the CWB issued a sea warning for areas surrounding Taiwan . Shortly thereafter , the island 's Central Emergency Operations Center was activated . Early on October 1 , the whole of Taiwan was placed under a storm warning , prompting the Emergency Center to go to its maximum level of alert . Daily meetings held by the Emergency Center provided officials with information on the storm and its expected impacts . Details disseminating from the meetings prompted the activation of all emergency operation centers in Taiwan . Nine counties were placed under debris flow advisories by the end of October 1 . On October 2 , then @-@ President Chen Shui @-@ bian urged all residents to take serious precautions . A total of 2 @,@ 280 people were mountain climbing at the time and were advised to leave , the majority of whom complied . The Taiwan Railway Administration suspended operations on four rail lines . Rapid transit lines in Taipei maintained operations , though ran on slower schedules . For southern Taiwan , the main risk was fresh water flooding . Fifteen rivers were placed under high alert while 340 more were under moderate alert . By the time Longwang made landfall , 37 shelters opened across the island , accommodating nearly 1 @,@ 000 people . Additionally , 5 @,@ 464 Chinese fishermen temporarily sheltered at Taiwanese ports . All airports were closed on October 2 and sea travel was suspended . With international airports shut down , President Chen , who was returning from a visit to the United Arab Emirates , was forced to land in Indonesia . The landing in Indonesia was seen as a political breakthrough for Taiwan as Indonesia does not recognize them as a separate nation from China . By October 1 , officials in Mainland China issued warnings for Fujian Province and urged residents to evacuate . An estimated 537 @,@ 000 people heeded these warnings in Fujian and a further 86 @,@ 000 and 61 @,@ 860 evacuated in Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces , respectively . The majority of evacuees were from the cities of Ningde , Fuzhou , Putian , Quanzhou , Xiamen , and Zhangzhou , with 376 @,@ 000 evacuating from Xiamen alone . Along the coast , roughly 38 @,@ 000 seagoing vessels returned to port . Thousands of officials in the province oversaw flood preparations . Public transportation across Fujian Province was temporarily suspended as well . The local airport in Xiamen shut down late on October 2 as rain bands from the storm began impacting the area . Throughout Fujian , more than 120 flights were canceled . = = Impact = = On October 1 , Typhoon Longwang brushed the southern Ryukyu Islands of Japan . Wind gusts in excess of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) battered the islands of Ishigaki , Iriomote , and Yonaguni ; a peak gust of 159 km / h ( 99 mph ) was measured on Ishigaki . These winds caused travel disruptions , minor damage , and scattered power outages . Four people sustained minor injuries in Ishigaki City after being knocked down by the winds . Heavy rains accompanied the winds and accumulations peaked at 84 mm ( 3 @.@ 3 in ) in the Yaeyama District . Significant agricultural damage took place as well , with losses in the sector reaching ¥ 1 billion ( US $ 8 @.@ 7 million ) . Further south , the Batanes Islands of the Philippines experienced winds of 30 to 60 km / h ( 19 to 37 mph ) in relation to the typhoon . Due to the substantial loss of life and damage , the name Longwang was retired and replaced with Haikui ( Chinese : 海葵 ) in 2006 . = = = Taiwan = = = Striking Taiwan as a powerful storm early on October 2 , Longwang brought destructive winds to many areas along the island 's east coast . Hualien City experienced the brunt of the impact with sustained winds reaching 163 km / h ( 101 mph ) and gusts up to 234 km / h ( 145 mph ) . These gusts were the highest ever recorded in the city , surpassing the previous record set during Typhoon Louise in 1959 . On the west coast of Taiwan , gusts reached 153 km / h ( 95 mph ) in Wugi . Torrential rains impacted many areas , with a peak 24 hour accumulations in Hualien County reaching 764 @.@ 5 mm ( 30 @.@ 10 in ) . A one @-@ day total of 576 mm ( 22 @.@ 7 in ) was also measured in Yilan County . At the height of the storm , 749 @,@ 621 households lost power while 24 @,@ 817 lost telephone service . In Hualien County , a man was killed after being struck in the head by an iron bar that crashed into his home ; 33 others were injured in the county . At least one home collapsed and six others were damaged in the county . High waves broke a 200 m ( 660 ft ) stretch of a levee near ChiAnn , a coastal community in Hualien , and flooded nearby homes . Part of the entrance to the Hualien Martyrs Shrine collapsed amid strong winds . Numerous billboards and trees fell across Hualien City , littering the streets with debris . Elsewhere on the island , 13 others sustained injuries and one person was reported missing . In Chiayi City , a bus and truck collided , injuring 16 and on Provincial Highway 16 , 11 people were injured when their coach bus crashed into a telephone pole . It is unknown how much , if any , of a role the typhoon was in these accidents . In Kaohsiung , a concrete slab was torn off a building and wedged into a high rise apartment . One woman died after being swept away by flash flooding in the central town of Hoping . Within the Alishan National Scenic Area 106 landslides occurred , covering an area of 1 @.@ 29 km2 ( 0 @.@ 8 mi2 ) . Along the coast , a 7 @,@ 000 ton cargo vessel broke loose from its mooring and drifted for 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) before running aground and breaking apart . Overall , 2 people lost their lives and 73 more were injured across Taiwan . Infrastructural damage was less than feared with losses amounting to NT $ 70 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 2 million ) . Then @-@ Premier Frank Hsieh stated that the relative lack of damage " was some good fortune in the midst of this misfortune . " Substantial agricultural took place , with rice , bananas , Chufeng grapes , and leafy vegetables being the hardest hit . Losses in the sector exceeded NT $ 500 million ( US $ 15 million ) . Though unrelated to the typhoon , a magnitude 5 @.@ 4 earthquake struck Taiwan late on October 1 , sending residents in Hualien panicking into streets despite the ongoing typhoon . = = = East China = = = Typhoon Longwang , weakened from its passage of Taiwan , struck mainland China late on October 2 as a low @-@ end typhoon . Off the coast of Lianjiang County , gusts reached 164 km / h ( 102 mph ) on Xiayu Island . Gusts onshore peaked at 137 km / h ( 85 mph ) in Changle within Fuzhou City . Though the storm brought typhoon @-@ force winds , they were mostly confined to coastal areas and its greatest impacts resulted from torrential rains . Much of Fuzhou City experienced over 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) of rain , with a maxima of 332 mm ( 13 @.@ 1 in ) in Changle . Of that total , 316 mm ( 12 @.@ 4 in ) fell in a 12 ‑ hour span . Furthermore , one hour accumulations peaked at 152 mm ( 6 @.@ 0 in ) . These rains were described as a 1 @-@ in @-@ 100 year event . Zhejiang and Jiangxi Provinces also experienced heavy rains ; 292 mm ( 11 @.@ 5 in ) fell in Taizhou , Zhejiang while 128 mm ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) was recorded in Nanfeng County , Jiangxi . The greatest damage from Longwang took place in Fujian Province , especially within the city of Fuzhou where torrential rains overwhelmed the Jinan River and its tributaries . The ensuing flood inundated a 13 @.@ 69 km2 ( 8 @.@ 5 mi2 ) of the city and resulted in 62 fatalities and left 24 people missing . Direct losses from the flood in Fuzhou alone reached 2 @.@ 2 billion RMB ( US $ 264 million ) . Some areas were submerged by flood waters 2 m ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) deep and many landslides caused significant damage . A large auto plant owned by the Fujian Motor Industry Corporation , covering 83 hectares , was completely flooded . Many auto parts sustained heavy damage and losses at the plant reached 330 million RMB ( US $ 39 @.@ 9 million ) . In Minhou County , Fuzhou , a landslide destroyed a barracks of the Chinese paramilitary police where 142 officers were staying . Roughly 7 @,@ 000 soldiers were deployed to the area for search and rescue . Ultimately , 47 people were rescued ( 39 of whom were hospitalized ) and 85 bodies were recovered . Striking during the week @-@ long holiday following Chinese National Day , tourism suffered greatly in the region . Across China , 4 @.@ 7 million people were directly affected by the typhoon , 4 million of whom were in Fujian Province . Preliminary assessments indicated that 9 @,@ 400 homes were destroyed , leaving 129 @,@ 400 people homeless . Fifty schools were damaged or destroyed as well . A total of 160 @,@ 000 hectares ( 3 @.@ 9 million acres ) of farmland was damaged and 40 @,@ 900 heads of livestock were lost . Collectively , 417 km ( 259 mi ) of roadways washed away or sustained damage and 103 km ( 64 mi ) of river embankments were lost . Total losses reached 7 @.@ 81 billion RMB ( US $ 944 @.@ 6 million ) , nearly half of which took place in the industrial sector . Typhoon Longwang was the deadliest storm to strike China in 2005 with 147 lives lost . Reconstruction and restoration within Fujian Province began shortly after the storm 's passage . By October 6 , power had been restored to most areas and roads were cleared . On November 13 , five officers stationed at the barracks that was destroyed were punished as accountable for the deaths of the 85 cadets . Following an investigation by the Central Military Commission and State Council , all five were dismissed from their posts while Hou Yongjun , the director of the brigade , was to be prosecuted . = Justice League ( Smallville ) = The Justice League is a fictional group of superheroes on the television series , Smallville , who were adapted for television by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar . The Justice League originally included Oliver Queen , Bart Allen , Victor Stone , and Arthur Curry ; Clark Kent did not accept a role until three seasons later . As the team continued to appear in the series , new characters were introduced and subsequently joined the team . The original Justice League first appeared in the DC comic book The Brave and the Bold # 28 ( 1960 ) , and consisted of members Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Flash , Green Lantern , Aquaman , and the Martian Manhunter . In Smallville , the team did not make its first official appearance until the season six episode " Justice " , although each member had been previously introduced individually on various episodes since season four . In the series , the team never formalized a name for themselves , although the cast and crew officially recognized the team as the " Justice League " . Series ' writers wanted to make sure the characters had similar characteristics to their comic book counterparts , but at the same time , could become a means for Clark Kent to learn about himself . The creative team attempted to stay true to the spirit of the comic in costume design for certain characters , while costumes for other characters were changed dramatically . All of the characters possess superpowers , with the exception of Green Arrow / Oliver Queen , so Entity FX was brought in to digitally create each character 's powers using 3 @-@ D and 2 @-@ D technologies . In addition to the live @-@ action television series , the Justice League has also been featured in a promotional tie @-@ in with Toyota , through an interactive , online comic book . On an individual level , Oliver Queen received his own tie @-@ in that provided Sprint users with animated episodes depicting Oliver 's backstory on their mobile phones . Overall , the reception for the characters has been mixed . Critics have viewed Ritchson 's acting ability and the shortened introductory storylines for the team negatively , while the characters of Green Arrow and Black Canary were viewed more positively . = = Roles in Smallville = = = = = Individual storylines = = = Although the Justice League first appeared in season six 's " Justice " , each member had their own introduction and recurring storylines in the series prior to the formation of the team . The first member to appear on Smallville , other than Clark Kent ( Tom Welling ) , was Bart Allen ( Kyle Gallner ) , who was introduced in the season four episode " Run " . In the episode , Bart is the first person Clark discovers to have a superhuman ability — being able to run at supersonic speeds — that was not created from exposure to kryptonite . When Clark and Bart first meet , Bart is a pickpocket who saves Jonathan Kent ( John Schneider ) from being hit by a truck . Eventually , Clark convinces Bart to give up his life of crime . Arthur Curry ( Alan Ritchson ) , who has the ability to swim at superhuman speeds and create energy blasts through the water , is next to appear in the season five episode " Aqua " . Arthur arrives in Smallville to stop an underwater weapon developed by Lex Luthor ( Michael Rosenbaum ) , which is killing the surrounding ocean life . Arthur and Clark initially clash on Arthur 's tactics ; Arthur tries to blow up Lex 's lab , while Clark insists that they should simply talk to Lex face @-@ to @-@ face and ask him to stop . Eventually , Arthur and Clark locate and destroy the weapon outright . Season five also introduced Victor Stone ( Lee Thompson Young ) in the episode " Cyborg " . Here , it is revealed that Victor was mortally wounded in a car accident that also took the lives of his family , but Lex 's company , LuthorCorp , took Victor 's body to a research lab where they experimented on him — ultimately replacing his bone skeleton with a metal one . Clark attempts to provide Victor with a safe haven after Victor escapes from Lex 's facility . Clark manages to convince Lex to stop hunting Victor , who eventually leaves Smallville with his girlfriend . Oliver Queen ( Justin Hartley ) , a billionaire who left Star City to live in Metropolis , arrives in the season six episode " Sneeze " to investigate Lex Luthor . In the episode " Arrow " , Oliver begins masquerading around Metropolis as a costumed vigilante , named " Green Arrow " by Lois Lane ( Erica Durance ) , who robs from the rich — only taking objects he knows were already stolen by those wealthy individuals — and gives to the poor . Oliver also begins a romantic relationship with Lois . Eventually , Oliver 's vigilante life takes priority , and he and Lois break up when Oliver is forced to leave town to investigate more of Lex 's machinations . In season eight 's premiere , Oliver moves back to Metropolis , and begins searching for Lex , who has been missing since the season seven finale . Oliver believes he has tracked Lex 's whereabouts in the episode " Bride " , but he does not find Lex when he arrives ; instead , Oliver reveals that he plans to kill Lex when he does find him because of the threat he perceives Lex poses to both Clark and the rest of the world . In the episode " Requiem " , Oliver takes controlling interest in LuthorCorp after Tess Mercer ( Cassidy Freeman ) , Lex 's handpicked successor for LuthorCorp , sells him the company . As a result , Lex attempts to kill him . Oliver tracks Lex down and blows @-@ up the medical caravan that Lex was supposedly traveling in . John Jones ( Phil Morris ) is also introduced in season six , where he appears in " Labyrinth " , guiding Clark out of a fictitious reality that was created by Dr. Hudson , a Phantom Zone criminal attempting to take over Clark 's body . It is revealed in the season 's finale that he has been working with Lionel Luthor ( John Glover ) , and was once an emissary of Clark 's biological father , Jor @-@ El . John explains that he has been watching over Clark since his arrival on Earth , instructed by Jor @-@ El only to interfere if Clark 's life was in true danger . In the season seven premiere , John lends assistance to Clark in defeating the last of the Phantom Zone criminals , which turned itself into Clark 's doppelganger . In the season eight premiere , John sacrifices his own abilities to save Clark 's life . In season eight 's " Prey " , John informs Clark that he has taken a job as a Metropolis police detective so that he can be around if Clark needs assistance . In season nine 's " Absolute Justice " , John has his Martian powers restored by Dr. Fate ( Brent Stait ) and then helps Clark and other members of the Justice Society of America defeat a mutual enemy . = = = Justice League storylines = = = The Justice League made its first official team appearance in the season six episode " Justice " . Here , Clark discovers that Oliver has also met Bart , Arthur , and Victor , and that he has organized them into a team of superheroes focused on stopping those who believe that they are above the law . Oliver reveals that Lex has been conducting experiments on people who developed special abilities thanks to exposure to kryptonite . Clark and Chloe Sullivan ( Allison Mack ) work alongside the team to dismantle Lex 's local experimental facility , known as Level 33 @.@ 1 , and after destroying the building , Oliver and his team leave Smallville to seek out Lex 's other facilities around the world . Oliver asks Clark to become a full fledged member of the team , but Clark turns Oliver down explaining that he is not ready to do that . In the season seven episode " Siren " , Lex puts a bounty on Oliver and his team , convincing the vigilante Dinah Lance ( Alaina Huffman ) , who goes by the name " Black Canary " and has the ability to emit an ultrasonic sound wave with a single scream , that these individuals are terrorists . In the end , Clark proves to Dinah that Lex lied to her , so she decides to join Oliver 's team . In the season eight premiere , the Justice League set out to find Clark , who has disappeared following the destruction of his Fortress of Solitude in the previous season 's finale . Clark is eventually found , but the true identities of the League 's members are compromised , so the team decides to disband until it is safe again for them to work together . In the season eight episode " Hex " , Oliver reforms his team and gives Chloe the role of " Watchtower " . In that season 's finale , it is revealed that the League has been tracking the genetically engineered Kryptonian known as Doomsday . Oliver tries to convince Clark to kill the creature , but Clark refuses and instead informs Dinah and Bart that Oliver murdered Lex , while simultaneously kicking Oliver off of the team . Using subterfuge , Dinah and Bart betray Clark , revealing that they were in agreement with Oliver 's plan all along , and capture Doomsday to force Clark into a fight . Their plan backfires , and Doomsday injures all of them during his escape . In the end , Clark defeats the creature by burying him a mile underground , and Oliver and his team apologize for not following Clark 's plan from the start . The League leaves Metropolis afterward , feeling responsible for the death of Jimmy Olsen ( Aaron Ashmore ) , who was killed after Doomsday escaped . In response , Chloe turns a Metropolis clock tower , which is also the tallest building in the city , into the Watchtower base with the hope that the team will one day return home . The team eventually reforms off screen , and assists Clark in hunting down other Kryptonians who are attempting to take over the Earth . Starting with the ninth episode of the final season , " Patriot " , the Justice League are alerted to the arrival of Darkseid , and for the rest of the season they attempt to stop him before he destroys Earth . Subsequent episodes " Dominion " and " Prophecy " also imply that Michael Carter ( Booster Gold ) and Kara have joined the team . = = Portrayals = = The producers wanted to use either Wally West or Barry Allen as the Flash alter ego for the show , but DC Comics would only approve the use of Bart Allen . In DC Comics , Bart typically goes by the codename of " Impulse " , but did have a short series in 2006 where he took over the role of Flash . Kyle Gallner learned through his agent about a superhero role being called for on Smallville , and when he learned that it was going to be Impulse , he convinced himself that he was going to win the role . Gallner went in for two auditions , but was so disappointed with his performance during the second audition that he believed he had failed to get the role . His fear was unfounded when the producers offered him the part . After being cast as Arthur Curry , a character who had previously never been officially portrayed in any live @-@ action form , Alan Ritchson did some research on his character when he discovered that Aquaman had a " serious ... fan base " . Ritchson wanted to live up to the expectations he felt fans of the character would have . Like Gallner , Ritchson did not expect to be a part of the show again . After season five , there was an attempt to launch an Aquaman television series , which ultimately was never picked up . Ritchson relished the opportunity to return when he was called in to appear in the episode that would feature the first official appearance of the Justice League . Until season five 's " Cyborg " , the DC Comics superheroes who had paid Clark a visit on the show were all members of the Justice League of America , but Gough and Miller felt that Victor Stone shared a " relatable dilemma " with Clark — the fact that both Victor and Clark 's abilities get in the way of their romantic relationships with the women they love — and was someone the developers felt was just an interesting character . Victor normally goes by the alias " Cyborg " and is a member of the Teen Titans in the comics . Casting Lee Thompson Young was something the producers had always wanted to do , even before they had decided to bring in Cyborg . The actor revealed that his first contact with the Cyborg character came not from the comics , but from the Teen Titans animated television series . According to Young , he was fortunate that this version of Victor Stone was Smallville 's spin on the character , and as such , the majority of the character 's background was in the script . While preparing , Young expressed his pleasure in the fact that the producers decided to keep Victor 's robotic parts internal , as opposed to the comic version , where half of Cyborg 's visible body is covered in metal . According to Gough , Justin Hartley was the producers ' first choice to play the role of Oliver Queen , and his alter ego Green Arrow . Oliver was designed to provide an alternative view for what it means to be a hero . At the same time , the producers wanted a character that could impact the lives of both Clark and Lois . The actor is also the first to portray Oliver Queen / Green Arrow in any live @-@ action media . Hartley believed that it was the season six episode " Reunion " that really helped him to understand his character . In the episode , it is revealed that Oliver was " a jerk to Lex " when the two were at school together , and after another kid falls into a coma because of Oliver and Lex 's actions , Oliver decides to start a new path for himself . According to Hartley , this allowed the actor to " justify why someone would put their life in danger every night and have such strong feelings about going out and being this social advocate " . Hartley was a recurring guest in the sixth and seventh seasons , but became a series regular in season eight . Alaina Huffman auditioned for Smallville without being aware of which role was being cast , and was offered the part of Dinah Lance / Black Canary . When the producers informed her of how major this character is to the DC mythology , Huffman used various comic books and online sources to learn more about her character . Approached by the producers , Phil Morris auditioned twice for the role of John Jones / Martian Manhunter , and then waited three weeks before receiving confirmation of the role . Morris relished the new design of the character , stepping away from the cape and tights , and going with a more contemporary look . He classified John Jones as Jor @-@ El 's " tool , security force , his guardian , and his protector " . The actor has stated that he would like his character to lead the future Justice League on the show , as he sees John Jones as a natural leader . = = Character development = = = = = Characteristics = = = When Steven S. DeKnight was writing the episode " Run " for the first official appearance of Bart Allen , he knew he had to give the character certain characteristics that embodied his comic book counterpart . DeKnight knew Bart had faster than Clark , because in the comic , that is one advantage Flash has over Superman . DeKnight also featured Bart as a " smart @-@ ass " , after being inspired by the sarcastic Flash that appears in the animated television series , Justice League . DeKnight 's belief is that Bart enjoys his powers , and would not exhibit the more " somber or serious " characteristics of other character . As Gallner pointed out , Bart accepts who he is , and what he can do , and he even abuses his gifts somewhat . The difference between him and Clark is that Bart is not afraid to show the world what he can do . Gallner also suggested that in his character 's initial appearance , Bart is living in a " confused " state , because he has developed these extraordinary powers , his parents do not accept him , and he ends up turning to thievery just to take care of himself . Ritchson described Arthur Curry as someone who will " do anything to save what he loves " . The actor goes on to say that Arthur is " passionate about nature , about the earth , and about the seas " , and is not afraid to use his abilities to save those things that are dear to him . When comparing his character to Clark , Ritchson stated that Arthur is more confident in his abilities , and already knows what he can do and what his path is in life . Another big difference the actor pointed out is that unlike Clark , Arthur is willing to sacrifice people and things if it means preserving the greater good . When he first appears , one of Victor Stone 's key characteristics is that both he and Clark can relate to the fact that they feel their abilities inhibit them from having a true relationship with the women they love . The writers tried to create parallels between the characters to emphasize this more , like Victor 's fear of telling his girlfriend the truth about what LuthorCorp did to his body , and Clark 's fear of Lana Lang discovering he is an alien . Writer Tracy Bellomo characterized Oliver as a guy that does not take himself very seriously , and enjoys making fun of people that try to take him that way . Bellomo believed that this is one of the reasons that Oliver is attracted to Lois , with the other being that Lois provides a challenge for him . Oliver 's relationship with Clark is designed to " broaden Clark 's rather limited horizons " , and to teach Clark that a world exists beyond Smallville . = = = Costumes = = = In the episode " Wither " , Oliver and Lois attend a costumed ball , where Oliver dresses up as Robin Hood . The designers decided to model Oliver 's costume after the comic book character Green Arrow . Costume designer Caroline Cranstoun designed Oliver 's official Green Arrow costume in conjunction with illustrator Andy Poon . To hide his face , Green Arrow typically wears a mask over his eyes , but Cranstoun and Keith Christensen , of Ocean Drive Leather , opted to use a hood and a pair of dark sunglasses to hide Oliver 's face . Cranstoun revealed that Miles Millar was the one who came up with the hood idea . The costume is also made entirely out of leather , as the creative team wanted to keep away from using tights . Hartley was very impressed with the costume , but confessed that it was uncomfortable to wear because it had layers of leather , and he had to wear boots with four inch lifts . After creating Oliver 's Green Arrow costume , Cranstoun had the task of crafting updated costume looks for Bart , Arthur , and Victor for the " Justice " episode . Cranstoun explained that even though Victor does not have any metal on his physical body like his comic book counterpart , she wanted to include a metallic look to his costume . The designer tried to give Victor a more " futuristic " feel , along with " a bit of Transformer @-@ y " essence , by including angular pieces on his vest and coloring them silver , black , and purple . For Bart , the costume designers tried to take what was used in his season four appearance and move that to the next level . In season four , Bart wore a red hoodie with yellow cargo pants , which were used to reflect his teenage identity . With his Justice League appearance , they tried to give the character an appearance that seemed faster . His yellow cargo pants were replaced with red jeans , and his red hoodie was updated to incorporate more of a lightning bolt logo throughout the piece . Arthur 's costume was the easiest to create , as the color scheme mirrored his comic book counterpart , and was constructed to give a " wetsuit look " . The costume was also designed to be more form @-@ fitting , to complement Ritchson 's physique . Victor and Arthur 's tops were also hoodie variations . When designing Dinah Lance 's Black Canary costume , certain aspects of the comic book character were kept , while others changed entirely . For instance , the character retains her classic fishnet stockings , but the external , black mask the character wears is swapped for a painted mask . Cranstoun researched the various versions of Black Canary 's costume , looking through the 1940s and 50s , to try to come up with the right version for the show . Cranstoun explained that she primarily came across two versions . One version reminded the designer of a Playboy Bunny , with a " curvy , corseted , strapless thing that was not at all action @-@ friendly " . The other was more reminiscent of Lara Croft and Tank Girl , which is the route Cranstoun took . What Cranstoun created was a " zipped , sleeveless body suit with a boot that was really flat and practical " . The designer also kept the yellow accents the comic version had , as well as the long gloves . The filming crew did test shots with various masks for the character , including a leather mask reminiscent of the comic book character 's look , before going with the painted variation . Hartley is quick to point out that before " Justice " , the series did not focus on " the costumes and the capes , the flying and the superhero stuff " , because they have their " no flights , no tights " rule in effect . That changed with " Justice " , and Hartley suggested that the actors really had to commit themselves to their roles while wearing the costumes , " otherwise you look like a standup comedian who doesn 't like his jokes very much " . Young stated that he was one of the luckiest out of the group , because he only had to wear a silver vest and regular pants , unlike Ritchson , who had to put on a " onesie Speedo " . Ritchson felt you could get distracted by what you were wearing , but it was best to try to take your mind off of the subject . Hartley , Ritchson , and Young stated that they felt sorry for Gallner for having to wear a costume that they believed " sucked " . The group described Gallner 's costume as something his mom might have made with " some cotton fabric and a Magic Marker " . = = = Creating superpowers = = = In order to illustrate the special abilities of the Justice League members , special effects company Entity FX had to come in and digitally create the powers for each character . Senior Producer at Entity FX , Trent Smith , explained that they wanted to give Bart 's super speed a " more current " look , so they employed 3D techniques in conjunction with the 2D graphics from season four to create a " hybrid " image for the screen . Smith explained that the 3D technology allowed the team to " [ choose ] a path for [ Bart ] that he may not be able to achieve in the 2D composite world " . Entity FX used Autodesk Maya and Adobe After Effects to create the 3D stream that follows Bart when he is running at super speed . For Victor , Entity FX tried to create digital imagery of the character 's inner workings to give the audience the chance to see how his robotic side operates . For instance , Entity FX visually walked the audience through the process of how Victor 's CPU downloads the schematics and diagrams to Lex 's Level 33 @.@ 1 facility , as well as disarming the security . Creating abilities for Arthur posed their own challenges , as there were not a lot of opportunities to put the character in the water when he was in the Mid @-@ West . Using the technology they had when Arthur first came to Smallville , as well as the effects used in the unaired pilot for Aquaman , Entity FX was able to digitally create both Arthur and the water he swims in for the character 's arrival shot at Level 33 @.@ 1 . When creating Arthur 's super swimming speed , the team attempted to give the imagery a look similar to that of a torpedo gliding through the water . The team battled back and forth on how to illustrate Arthur 's movements , deciding between having the character leave a trail of bubbles like a torpedo , or " maneuvering around the water and ... actually traveling with the bubbles " . = = Reception = = When judging individual appearances , DVD Verdict 's Jennifer Malkowski felt that Alan Ritchson 's performance as Arthur Curry in " Aqua " was rather " wooden " , while Filip Vuckevic , of IGN , felt that the introductions for Victor Stone and Arthur Curry were simply wasted , as the characters are not " given anything to do " in the episodes . Commenting on the introduction of Oliver Queen 's Green Arrow persona in the season six episode " Arrow " , IGN 's Chris Carabott felt that the series took its time developing a character that fit the style of the show . Carabott acknowledged that Green Arrow 's costume , though not exactly like in the comics , respects the spirit of the character in its design ; the gadgets he uses make it feel like the producers are taking a page out of the Justice League Unlimited book , which makes for " quality entertainment " . Carabott felt that Phil Morris did well as John Jones / Martian Manhunter but lacked a proper introduction , stating : " Phil Morris does a respectable job of portraying John Jones in the few scenes we see him in . He lacks the screen presence of someone like Carl Lumbly , who voiced the character on Justice League , but Morris holds his own and delivers the lines in that strong , straight forward tone that is signature Manhunter . " Alan Blair , editor of Airlock Alpha , felt that Smallville 's approach to Black Canary succeeded where the television series Birds of Prey failed . First , Smallville dropped the idea of " meta @-@ humans " , which Blair believed is what doomed Birds of Prey , managed to make Black Canary look more like her comic book counterpart , and also give her Canary Cry " some level of credibility " . Carabott acknowledged that Smallville created a " fairly good depiction " of Black Canary , but disagreed with certain aesthetical choices . First , Carabott did not appreciate the removal of Black Canary 's long , blonde hair , or the addition of make @-@ up around the eyes that gave the character the look of " Pris from Blade Runner " . Carabott stated that Huffman 's acting came off as " a little over @-@ the @-@ top at times " , but overall he felt that she was the right choice for Smallville . Carabott also had his own feelings about the first official " Justice League " appearance in season six 's " Justice " . The writer suggested that the first live @-@ action appearance of the League since the failed pilot back in the 1990s deserved more than just a single episode . Carabott stated that at least two or three episodes would have been needed to properly tell the narrative of their introduction . Instead , he felt like the character introductions were rushed , even though they had all appeared on the series prior to season six . " Justice " would go on to earn the highest ratings of any episode in season six , with 5 @.@ 26 million viewers . = = Merchandise = = Following the end of the sixth season , DC Direct announced at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con that they would be releasing new action figures , this time modeled after Smallville 's Justice League as they appeared in the season six episode " Justice " . The toys featured detailed likenesses of Welling , Hartley , Ritchson , Gallner , and Young . = = Other media appearances = = = = = Spin @-@ offs = = = At various points throughout the series , the studio discussed developing individual shows for Bart , Oliver , Arthur , and the entire Justice League . The topic of a television series based on the Flash came underway a year before the character made his first appearance on Smallville . According to writer Steven S. DeKnight , there was creative differences over how a Flash television series should be handled , given the previous attempt at translating the character to the small screen in 1990 . DeKnight explained that the studio wanted to create a Flash who was a " time @-@ traveling college student from Gotham City " . As a result , the series never materialized , and the character was ultimately brought to Smallville . Following the appearance of Arthur Curry , which became one of the highest rated episodes of that season , Smallville developers Al Gough and Miles Millar began work on an Aquaman pilot for The WB Television Network , with Justin Hartley as Arthur Curry . As work progressed on season five 's " Aqua " , the character was recognized to have potential for his own series . The season five episode was never meant to be a backdoor pilot for an Aquaman television spin @-@ off , so Alan Ritchson was never considered for the role . Gough stated in a November 2005 interview that the series would have put a different spin on the Aquaman mythology . Although Gough did not look at the new series as a true spin @-@ off , he did suggest an interest in doing a crossover with Smallville . Aquaman is currently the only series to go into production , though it was ultimately not picked up by The CW network , which had formed from a merger between The WB and UPN during the production of the pilot . During the sixth season , there was talk about creating a new series based on the Green Arrow / Oliver Queen character . Hartley refused to talk about the possibility of a spin @-@ off during the filming of the sixth season out of respect for his role on Smallville . The actor felt he should respect what Smallville had accomplished in five seasons , and not " steal the spotlight " by thinking he was better than he was just because there was " talk " of a spin @-@ off after only two appearances on the show . According to Hartley , " talking " was as far as the spin @-@ off ever got . According to Gough , the Green Arrow spin @-@ off would have introduced the idea of Oliver acting in more of a " Professor X " role , where he takes in people with superpowers who have no place to go and trains them . The series would have used characters that would be more easily cleared by the film division at Warner Bros. As DeKnight clarified , the series would have featured the introduction of new characters — some from the Teen Titans and others from the DC Comics Universe — as well as going into more depth for the background story of its primary characters , like Bart , Victor , and Arthur . As with the other potential series , this one never came to fruition . = = = Mobile phone / online tie @-@ ins = = = Although the team 's prominent appearances are on the television series , there have been additional media appearances based around marketing tie @-@ ins . In early 2007 , Oliver Queen received a personal treatment with a promotional tie @-@ in with Sprint , titled Smallville Legends : The Oliver Queen Chronicles . The series looked at the origins of Oliver 's alternate identity . On April 19 , 2007 , a tie @-@ in with Toyota promoting their new Yaris featured an online comic strip as interstitial programs during new episodes of Smallville — titled Smallville Legends : Justice & Doom . The interactive comic was based on the episode " Justice " , and picks up after the events of that episode , following Oliver , Bart , Victor and Arthur , as they seek to destroy all of LuthorCorp 's secret experimental labs . The team eventually uncovers a prototype soldier LuthorCorp is working on , that combines the superpowers of various kryptonite enhanced individuals and places them into a single soldier . The online comic then directly ties @-@ into the television series when Oliver and his team , off @-@ screen , contact Clark in the episode Prototype , and tell him how to defeat one of these soldiers . The online series allowed viewers to investigate alongside the fictional team in an effort to win prizes . Stephan Nilson wrote all five episodes , while working with a team of artists for the illustrations . The plot for each comic episode would be given to Nilson at the same time the production crew for Smallville was filming their current television episode . Artist Steve Scott would draw comic book panels , which would be sent to a group called Motherland . That group would review the drawings and tell Scott which images to draw on a separate overlay . This allowed for multiple objects to be moved in and out of the same frame . Before and after the first appearance of the League on Smallville , there were talks among studio heads about spinning off individual characters , or the entire team , into their own television shows , but nothing came to fruition . Smallville is the first series — television or film — to feature live @-@ action portrayals of Aquaman , Green Arrow , and Cyborg . = = = Comic books = = = In 2012 , the Smallville series was continued through the comic book medium with Smallville : Season 11 . Written by Bryan Q. Miller , who also wrote for the television series , the first issues features Chloe Sullivan referencing that each team member has established an info hub on their own territory , with communication systems linked to the Watchtower . In the second issue , Lex Luthor discovers that Queen Industries is building a facility on the far side of Earth 's moon as a base for the Justice League , and its construction is under John Jones ' supervision . Despite having died after her encounter with Lex Luthor , the League 's liaison is Tess Mercer , whose consciousness is revealed to be bonded to her half @-@ brother 's mind . Luthor sees this as an opportunity to learn the heroes ' secrets before removing Tess from his mind , and creates measures to prevent them from finding out his situations with Tess . Despite his efforts , Tess still manage to send her message to the League of her predicaments with Lex , and they extract her consciousness from him and uploaded it to the Watchtower computer system as a temporary home for her mind . In issue five , the Justice League begins to investigate the warning given by a parallel universe version of Chloe Sullivan about a " Crisis " . It is also implied that Oliver Queen has known Bruce Wayne , who is secretly the vigilante Batman of Gotham City , since childhood , due to Wayne 's father Thomas Wayne was invited to join the secret society , Veritas , by Lionel Luthor . Batman , along with his partner , Nightwing ( Barbara Gordon ) , arrive to Metropolis in search of his parents ' killer Joe Chill , who works as a contact for Intergang . Bart Allen returns in the ninth issue , donning a new costume and explores the source of his powers : the Speed Force , as well as encountering the Black Flash from it while battling a bunch of super @-@ intelligent gorillas in Paris . Bart once again challenges Clark to a race , this time with the latter in flight . In the eleventh issue , it reveals that Bart got his powers after the JSA member Jay Garrick refuses to run , forcing the Speed Force 's sentience to create a new speedster to take his place . In a story arc chronologically parallel to Clark and Bart 's , while Batman and Nightwing chase members of the criminal gang in Gotham , the Mutants , the latter is attacked by a White Martian and left injured . John Jones appears and offers his assistance to Bruce on investigating the attack . Jones also adapts the superhero identity " Martian Manhunter " . In addition , the new Watchtower outpost on the Moon is shown being built , and that S.T.A.R. Labs is helping Queen Industries in its construction , as well as using Emil Hamilton 's Hazardous Environmental Drones as crew . It also reveals that Batman has joined the Justice League . = Franz Kafka = Franz Kafka ( 3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924 ) was a German @-@ language writer of novels and short stories who is widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th @-@ century literature . His work , which fuses elements of realism and the fantastic , typically features isolated protagonists faced by bizarre or surrealistic predicaments and incomprehensible social @-@ bureaucratic powers , and has been interpreted as exploring themes of alienation , existential anxiety , guilt , and absurdity . His best known works include " Die Verwandlung " ( " The Metamorphosis " ) , Der Process ( The Trial ) , and Das Schloss ( The Castle ) . The term Kafkaesque has entered the English language to describe situations like those in his writing . Kafka was born into a middle @-@ class , German @-@ speaking Jewish family in Prague , the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia , then part of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire . He trained as a lawyer , and after completing his legal education he was employed with an insurance company , forcing him to relegate writing to his spare time . Over the course of his life , Kafka wrote hundreds of letters to family and close friends , including his father , with whom he had a strained and formal relationship . He died in 1924 at the age of 40 from tuberculosis . Few of Kafka 's works were published during his lifetime : the story collections Betrachtung ( Contemplation ) and Ein Landarzt ( A Country Doctor ) , and individual stories ( such as " Die Verwandlung " ) were published in literary magazines but received little public attention . Kafka 's unfinished works , including his novels Der Process , Das Schloss and Amerika ( also known as Der Verschollene , The Man Who Disappeared ) , were ordered by Kafka to be destroyed by his friend Max Brod , who nonetheless ignored his friend 's direction and published them after Kafka 's death . = = Life = = = = = Family = = = Kafka was born near the Old Town Square in Prague , then part of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire . His family were middle @-@ class Ashkenazi Jews . His father , Hermann Kafka ( 1852 – 1931 ) , was the fourth child of Jakob Kafka , a shochet or ritual slaughterer in Osek , a Czech village with a large Jewish population located near Strakonice in southern Bohemia . Hermann brought the Kafka family to Prague . After working as a travelling sales representative , he eventually became a fancy goods and clothing retailer who employed up to 15 people and used the image of a jackdaw ( kavka in Czech , pronounced and colloquially written as kafka ) as his business logo . Kafka 's mother , Julie ( 1856 – 1934 ) , was the daughter of Jakob Löwy , a prosperous retail merchant in Poděbrady , and was better educated than her husband . Kafka 's parents probably spoke a German influenced by Yiddish that was sometimes pejoratively called Mauscheldeutsch , but , as the German language was considered the vehicle of social mobility , they probably encouraged their children to speak High German . Hermann and Julie had six children , of whom Franz was the eldest . Franz 's two brothers , Georg and Heinrich , died in infancy before Franz was seven ; his three sisters were Gabriele ( " Ellie " ) ( 1889 – 1944 ) , Valerie ( " Valli " ) ( 1890 – 1942 ) and Ottilie ( " Ottla " ) ( 1892 – 1943 ) . They all died during the Holocaust of World War II . Valli was deported to the Łódź Ghetto in Poland in 1942 , but that is the last documentation of her . Hermann is described by the biographer Stanley Corngold as a " huge , selfish , overbearing businessman " and by Franz Kafka as " a true Kafka in strength , health , appetite , loudness of voice , eloquence , self @-@ satisfaction , worldly dominance , endurance , presence of mind , [ and ] knowledge of human nature " . On business days , both parents were absent from the home , with Julie Kafka working as many as 12 hours each day helping to manage the family business . Consequently , Kafka 's childhood was somewhat lonely , and the children were reared largely by a series of governesses and servants . Kafka 's troubled relationship with his father is evident in his Brief an den Vater ( Letter to His Father ) of more than 100 pages , in which he complains of being profoundly affected by his father 's authoritarian and demanding character ; his mother , in contrast , was quiet and shy . The dominating figure of Kafka 's father had a significant influence on Kafka 's writing . The Kafka family had a servant girl living with them in a cramped apartment . Franz 's room was often cold . In November 1913 the family moved into a bigger apartment , although Ellie and Valli had married and moved out of the first apartment . In early August 1914 , just after World War I began , the sisters did not know where their husbands were in the military and moved back in with the family in this larger apartment . Both Ellie and Valli also had children . Franz at age 31 moved into Valli 's former apartment , quiet by contrast , and lived by himself for the first time . = = = Education = = = From 1889 to 1893 , Kafka attended the Deutsche Knabenschule German boys ' elementary school at the Masný trh / Fleischmarkt ( meat market ) , now known as Masná Street . His Jewish education ended with his Bar Mitzvah celebration at the age of 13 . Kafka never enjoyed attending the synagogue and went with his father only on four high holidays a year . After leaving elementary school in 1893 , Kafka was admitted to the rigorous classics @-@ oriented state gymnasium , Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium , an academic secondary school at Old Town Square , within the Kinský Palace . German was the language of instruction , but Kafka also spoke and wrote in Czech . He studied the latter at the gymnasium for eight years , achieving good grades . Although Kafka received compliments for his Czech , he never considered himself fluent in Czech , though he spoke German with a Czech accent . He completed his Matura exams in 1901 . Admitted to the Deutsche Karl @-@ Ferdinands @-@ Universität of Prague in 1901 , Kafka began studying chemistry , but switched to law after two weeks . Although this field did not excite him , it offered a range of career possibilities which pleased his father . In addition , law required a longer course of study , giving Kafka time to take classes in German studies and art history . He also joined a student club , Lese @-@ und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten ( Reading and Lecture Hall of the German students ) , which organized literary events , readings and other activities . Among Kafka 's friends were the journalist Felix Weltsch , who studied philosophy , the actor Yitzchak Lowy who came from an orthodox Hasidic Warsaw family , and the writers Oskar Baum and Franz Werfel . At the end of his first year of studies , Kafka met Max Brod , a fellow law student who became a close friend for life . Brod soon noticed that , although Kafka was shy and seldom spoke , what he said was usually profound . Kafka was an avid reader throughout his life ; together he and Brod read Plato 's Protagoras in the original Greek , on Brod 's initiative , and Flaubert 's L 'éducation sentimentale and La Tentation de St. Antoine ( The Temptation of Saint Anthony ) in French , at his own suggestion . Kafka considered Fyodor Dostoyevsky , Flaubert , Nikolai Gogol , Franz Grillparzer , and Heinrich von Kleist to be his " true blood brothers " . Besides these , he took an interest in Czech literature and was also very fond of the works of Goethe . Kafka was awarded the degree of Doctor of Law on 18 July 1906 and performed an obligatory year of unpaid service as law clerk for the civil and criminal courts . = = = Employment = = = On 1 November 1907 , Kafka was hired at the Assicurazioni Generali , an Italian insurance company , where he worked for nearly a year . His correspondence during that period indicates that he was unhappy with a working time schedule — from 08 : 00 until 18 : 00 — making it extremely difficult to concentrate on writing , which was assuming increasing importance to him . On 15 July 1908 , he resigned . Two weeks later he found employment more amenable to writing when he joined the Worker 's Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia . The job involved investigating and assessing compensation for personal injury to industrial workers ; accidents such as lost fingers or limbs were commonplace at this time . The management professor Peter Drucker credits Kafka with developing the first civilian hard hat while employed at the Worker 's Accident Insurance Institute , but this is not supported by any document from his employer . His father often referred to his son 's job as an insurance officer as a Brotberuf , literally " bread job " , a job done only to pay the bills ; Kafka often claimed to despise it . Kafka was rapidly promoted and his duties included processing and investigating compensation claims , writing reports , and handling appeals from businessmen who thought their firms had been placed in too high a risk category , which cost them more in insurance premiums . He would compile and compose the annual report on the insurance institute for the several years he worked there . The reports were received well by his superiors . Kafka usually got off work at 2 p.m. , so that he had time to spend on his literary work , to which he was committed . Kafka 's father also expected him to help out at and take over the family fancy goods store . In his later years , Kafka 's illness often prevented him from working at the insurance bureau and at his writing . Years later , Brod coined the term Der enge Prager Kreis ( " The Close Prague Circle " ) to describe the group of writers , which included Kafka , Felix Weltsch and him . In late 1911 , Elli 's husband Karl Hermann and Kafka became partners in the first asbestos factory in Prague , known as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co . , having used dowry money from Hermann Kafka . Kafka showed a positive attitude at first , dedicating much of his free time to the business , but he later resented the encroachment of this work on his writing time . During that period , he also found interest and entertainment in the performances of Yiddish theatre . After seeing a Yiddish theater troupe perform in October 1911 , for the next six months Kafka " immersed himself in Yiddish language and in Yiddish literature " . This interest also served as a starting point for his growing exploration of Judaism . It was at about this time that Kafka became a vegetarian . Around 1915 Kafka received his draft notice for military service in World War I , but his employers at the insurance institute arranged for a deferment because his work was considered essential government service . Later he attempted to join the military but was prevented from doing so by medical problems associated with tuberculosis , with which he was diagnosed in 1917 . In 1918 the Worker 's Accident Insurance Institute put Kafka on a pension due to his illness , for which there was no cure at the time , and he spent most of the rest of his life in sanatoriums . = = = Private life = = = Kafka was never married . According to Brod , Kafka was " tortured " by sexual desire and Kafka 's biographer Reiner Stach states that his life was full of " incessant womanising " and that he was filled with a fear of " sexual failure " . He visited brothels for most of his adult life and was interested in pornography . In addition , he had close relationships with several women during his life . On 13 August 1912 , Kafka met Felice Bauer , a relative of Brod , who worked in Berlin as a representative of a dictaphone company . A week after the meeting at Brod 's home , Kafka wrote in his diary : Miss FB . When I arrived at Brod 's on 13 August , she was sitting at the table . I was not at all curious about who she was , but rather took her for granted at once . Bony , empty face that wore its emptiness openly . Bare throat . A blouse thrown on . Looked very domestic in her dress although , as it turned out , she by no means was . ( I alienate myself from her a little by inspecting her so closely ... ) Almost broken nose . Blonde , somewhat straight , unattractive hair , strong chin . As I was taking my seat I looked at her closely for the first time , by the time I was seated I already had an unshakeable opinion . Shortly after this , Kafka wrote the story " Das Urteil " ( " The Judgment " ) in only one night and worked in a productive period on Der Verschollene ( The Man Who Disappeared ) and " Die Verwandlung " ( " The Metamorphosis " ) . Kafka and Felice Bauer communicated mostly through letters over the next five years , met occasionally , and were engaged twice . Kafka 's extant letters to her were published as Briefe an Felice ( Letters to Felice ) ; her letters do not survive . According to biographers Stach and James Hawes , around 1920 Kafka was engaged a third time , to Julie Wohryzek , a poor and uneducated hotel chambermaid . Although the two rented a flat and set a wedding date , the marriage never took place . During this time Kafka began a draft of the Letter to His Father , who objected to Julie because of her Zionist beliefs . Before the date of the intended marriage , he took up with yet another woman . While he needed women and sex in his life , he had low self @-@ confidence , felt sex was dirty , and was shy — especially about his body . Stach and Brod state that during the time that Kafka knew Felice Bauer , he had an affair with a friend of hers , Margarethe " Grete " Bloch , a Jewish woman from Berlin . Brod says that Bloch gave birth to Kafka 's son , although Kafka never knew about the child . The boy , whose name is not known , was born in 1914 or 1915 and died in Munich in 1921 . However , Kafka 's biographer Peter @-@ André Alt claims that , while Bloch had a son , Kafka was not the father as the pair were never intimate . Stach states that Bloch had a son , but there is not solid proof but contradictory evidence that Kafka was the father . Kafka was diagnosed with tuberculosis in August 1917 and moved for a few months to the Bohemian village of Zürau ( Siřem in the Czech language ) , where his sister Ottla worked on the farm of her brother @-@ in @-@ law Hermann . He felt comfortable there and later described this time as perhaps the best time in his life , probably because he had no responsibilities . He kept diaries and Oktavhefte ( octavo ) . From the notes in these books , Kafka extracted 109 numbered pieces of text on Zettel , single pieces of paper in no given order . They were later published as Die Zürauer Aphorismen oder Betrachtungen über Sünde , Hoffnung , Leid und den wahren Weg ( The Zürau Aphorisms or Reflections on Sin , Hope , Suffering , and the True Way ) . In 1920 Kafka began an intense relationship with Milena Jesenská , a Czech journalist and writer . His letters to her were later published as Letters to Milena . During a vacation in July 1923 to Graal @-@ Müritz on the Baltic Sea , Kafka met Dora Diamant , a 25 @-@ year @-@ old kindergarten teacher from an orthodox Jewish family . Kafka , hoping to escape the influence of his family to concentrate on his writing , moved briefly to Berlin and lived with Diamant . She became his lover and caused him to become interested in the Talmud . He worked on four stories , which he prepared to be published as Ein Hungerkünstler ( A Hunger Artist ) . = = = Personality = = = Kafka feared that people would find him mentally and physically repulsive . However , those who met him found him to possess a quiet and cool demeanor , obvious intelligence , and a dry sense of humour ; they also found him boyishly handsome , although of austere appearance . Brod compared Kafka to Heinrich von Kleist , noting that both writers had the ability to describe a situation realistically with precise details . Brod thought Kafka was one of the most entertaining people he had met ; Kafka enjoyed sharing humour with his friends , but also helped them in difficult situations with good advice . According to Brod , he was a passionate reciter , who was able to phrase his speaking as if it were music . Brod felt that two of Kafka 's most distinguishing traits were " absolute truthfulness " ( absolute Wahrhaftigkeit ) and " precise conscientiousness " ( präzise Gewissenhaftigkeit ) . He explored details , the inconspicuous , in depth and with such love and precision that things surfaced that were unforeseen , seemingly strange , but absolutely true ( nichts als wahr ) . Although Kafka showed little interest in exercise as a child , he later showed interest in games and physical activity , as a good rider , swimmer , and rower . On weekends he and his friends embarked on long hikes , often planned by Kafka himself . His other interests included alternative medicine , modern education systems such as Montessori , and technical novelties such as airplanes and film . Writing was important to Kafka ; he considered it a " form of prayer " . He was highly sensitive to noise and preferred quiet when writing . Pérez @-@ Álvarez has claimed that Kafka may have possessed a schizoid personality disorder . His style , it is claimed , not only in " Die Verwandlung " ( " The Metamorphosis " ) , but in various other writings , appears to show low to medium @-@ level schizoid traits , which explain much of his work . His anguish can be seen in this diary entry from 21 June 1913 : The tremendous world I have in my head . But how to free myself and free them without ripping apart . And a thousand times rather tear in me they hold back or buried . For this I 'm here , that 's quite clear to me . and in Zürau Aphorism number 50 : Man cannot live without a permanent trust in something indestructible within himself , though both that indestructible something and his own trust in it may remain permanently concealed from him . Though Kafka never married , he held marriage and children in high esteem . He had several girlfriends . He may have suffered from an eating disorder . Doctor Manfred M. Fichter of the Psychiatric Clinic , University of Munich , presented " evidence for the hypothesis that the writer Franz Kafka had suffered from an atypical anorexia nervosa " , and that Kafka was not just lonely and depressed but also " occasionally suicidal " . In his 1995 book Franz Kafka , the Jewish Patient , Sander Gilman investigated " why a Jew might have been considered ' hypochondriac ' or ' homosexual ' and how Kafka incorporates aspects of these ways of understanding the Jewish male into his own self @-@ image and writing " . Kafka considered committing suicide at least once , in late 1912 . = = = Political views = = = Prior to World War I , Kafka attended several meetings of the Klub Mladých , a Czech anarchist , anti @-@ militarist , and anti @-@ clerical organization . Hugo Bergmann , who attended the same elementary and high schools as Kafka , fell out with Kafka during their last academic year ( 1900 – 1901 ) because " [ Kafka 's ] socialism and my Zionism were much too strident " . " Franz became a socialist , I became a Zionist in 1898 . The synthesis of Zionism and socialism did not yet exist " . Bergmann claims that Kafka wore a red carnation to school to show his support for socialism . In one diary entry , Kafka made reference to the influential anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin : " Don 't forget Kropotkin ! " During the communist era , the legacy of Kafka 's work for Eastern bloc socialism was hotly debated . Opinions ranged from the notion that he satirised the bureaucratic bungling of a crumbling Austria @-@ Hungarian Empire , to the belief that he embodied the rise of socialism . A further key point was Marx 's theory of alienation . While the orthodox position was that Kafka 's depictions of alienation were no longer relevant for a society that had supposedly eliminated alienation , a 1963 conference held in Liblice , Czechoslovakia , on the eightieth anniversary of his birth , reassessed the importance of Kafka 's portrayal of bureaucracy . Whether or not Kafka was a political writer is still an issue of debate . = = = Judaism and Zionism = = = Kafka grew up in Prague as a German @-@ speaking Jew . He was deeply fascinated by the Jews of Eastern Europe , who he thought possessed an intensity of spiritual life that was absent from Jews in the West . His diary is full of references to Yiddish writers . Yet he was at times alienated from Judaism and Jewish life : " What have I in common with Jews ? I have hardly anything in common with myself and should stand very quietly in a corner , content that I can breathe " . In his adolescent years , Kafka had declared himself an atheist . Hawes suggests that Kafka , though very aware of his own Jewishness , did not incorporate it into his work , which , according to Hawes , lacks Jewish characters , scenes or themes . In the opinion of literary critic Harold Bloom , although Kafka was uneasy with his Jewish heritage , he was the quintessential Jewish writer . Lothar Kahn is likewise unequivocal : " The presence of Jewishness in Kafka 's oeuvre is no longer subject to doubt " . Pavel Eisner , one of Kafka 's first translators , interprets Der Process ( The Trial ) as the embodiment of the " triple dimension of Jewish existence in Prague ... his protagonist Josef K. is ( symbolically ) arrested by a German ( Rabensteiner ) , a Czech ( Kullich ) , and a Jew ( Kaminer ) . He stands for the ' guiltless guilt ' that imbues the Jew in the modern world , although there is no evidence that he himself is a Jew " . In his essay Sadness in Palestine ? ! , Dan Miron explores Kafka 's connection to Zionism : " It seems that those who claim that there was such a connection and that Zionism played a central role in his life and literary work , and those who deny the connection altogether or dismiss its importance , are both wrong . The truth lies in some very elusive place between these two simplistic poles " . Kafka considered moving to Palestine with Felice Bauer , and later with Dora Diamant . He studied Hebrew while living in Berlin , hiring a friend of Brod 's from Palestine , Pua Bat @-@ Tovim , to tutor him and attending Rabbi Julius Grünthal 's and Rabbi Julius Guttmann 's classes in the Berlin Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums ( College for the Study of Judaism ) . Livia Rothkirchen calls Kafka the " symbolic figure of his era " . His contemporaries included numerous Jewish , Czech , and German writers who were sensitive to Jewish , Czech , and German culture . According to Rothkirchen , " This situation lent their writings a broad cosmopolitan outlook and a quality of exaltation bordering on transcendental metaphysical contemplation . An illustrious example is Franz Kafka " . Towards the end of his life Kafka sent a postcard to his friend Hugo Bergman in Tel Aviv , announcing his intention to emigrate to Palestine . Bergman refused to host Kafka because he had young children and was afraid that Kafka would infect them with tuberculosis . = = = Death = = = Kafka 's laryngeal tuberculosis worsened and in March 1924 he returned from Berlin to Prague , where members of his family , principally his sister Ottla , took care of him . He went to Dr. Hoffmann 's sanatorium in Kierling near Vienna for treatment on 10 April , and died there on 3 June 1924 . The cause of death seemed to be starvation : the condition of Kafka 's throat made eating too painful for him , and since parenteral nutrition had not yet been developed , there was no way to feed him . Kafka was editing " A Hunger Artist " on his deathbed , a story whose composition he had begun before his throat closed to the point that he could not take any nourishment . His body was brought back to Prague where he was buried on 11 June 1924 , in the New Jewish Cemetery in Prague @-@ Žižkov . Kafka was unknown during his own lifetime , but he did not consider fame important . He became famous soon after his death . The Kafka tombstone was designed by architect Leopold Ehrmann . = = Works = = All of Kafka 's published works , except some letters he wrote in Czech to Milena Jesenská , were written in German . What little was published during his lifetime attracted scant public attention . Kafka finished none of his full @-@ length novels and burned around 90 percent of his work , much of it during the period he lived in Berlin with Diamant , who helped him burn the drafts . In his early years as a writer , he was influenced by von Kleist , whose work he described in a letter to Bauer as frightening , and whom he considered closer than his own family . = = = Stories = = = Kafka 's earliest published works were eight stories which appeared in 1908 in the first issue of the literary journal Hyperion under the title Betrachtung ( Contemplation ) . He wrote the story " Beschreibung eines Kampfes " ( " Description of a Struggle " ) in 1904 ; he showed it to Brod in 1905 who advised him to continue writing and convinced him to submit it to Hyperion . Kafka published a fragment in 1908 and two sections in the spring of 1909 , all in Munich . In a creative outburst on the night of 22 September 1912 , Kafka wrote the story " Das Urteil " ( " The Judgment " , literally : " The Verdict " ) and dedicated it to Felice Bauer . Brod noted the similarity in names of the main character and his fictional fiancée , Georg Bendemann and Frieda Brandenfeld , to Franz Kafka and Felice Bauer . The story is often considered Kafka 's breakthrough work . It deals with the troubled relationship of a son and his dominant father , facing a new situation after the son 's engagement . Kafka later described writing it as " a complete opening of body and soul " , a story that " evolved as a true birth , covered with filth and slime " . The story was first published in Leipzig in 1912 and dedicated " to Miss Felice Bauer " , and in subsequent editions " for F. " In 1912 , Kafka wrote " Die Verwandlung " ( " The Metamorphosis " , or " The Transformation " ) , published in 1915 in Leipzig . The story begins with a travelling salesman waking to find himself transformed into a ungeheuren Ungeziefer , a monstrous vermin , Ungeziefer being a general term for unwanted and unclean animals . Critics regard the work as one of the seminal works of fiction of the 20th century . The story " In der Strafkolonie " ( " In the Penal Colony " ) , dealing with an elaborate torture and execution device , was written in October 1914 , revised in 1918 , and published in Leipzig during October 1919 . The story " Ein Hungerkünstler " ( " A Hunger Artist " ) , published in the periodical Die neue Rundschau in 1924 , describes a victimized protagonist who experiences a decline in the appreciation of his strange craft of starving himself for extended periods . His last story , " Josefine , die Sängerin oder Das Volk der Mäuse " ( " Josephine the Singer , or the Mouse Folk " ) , also deals with the relationship between an artist and his audience . = = = Novels = = = He began his first novel in 1912 ; its first chapter is the story " Der Heizer " ( " The Stoker " ) . Kafka called the work , which remained unfinished , Der Verschollene ( The Man Who Disappeared or The Missing Man ) , but when Brod published it after Kafka 's death he named it Amerika . The inspiration for the novel was the time spent in the audience of Yiddish theatre the previous year , bringing him to a new awareness of his heritage , which led to the thought that an innate appreciation for one 's heritage lives deep within each person . More explicitly humorous and slightly more realistic than most of Kafka 's works , the novel shares the motif of an oppressive and intangible system putting the protagonist repeatedly in bizarre situations . It uses many details of experiences of his relatives who had emigrated to America and is the only work for which Kafka considered an optimistic ending . During 1914 , Kafka began the novel Der Process ( The Trial ) , the story of a man arrested and prosecuted by a remote , inaccessible authority , with the nature of his crime revealed neither to him nor to the reader . Kafka did not complete the novel , although he finished the final chapter . According to Nobel Prize winner and Kafka scholar Elias Canetti , Felice is central to the plot of Der Process and Kafka said it was " her story " . Canetti titled his book on Kafka 's letters to Felice Kafka 's Other Trial , in recognition of the relationship between the letters and the novel . Michiko Kakutani notes in a review for The New York Times that Kafka 's letters have the " earmarks of his fiction : the same nervous attention to minute particulars ; the same paranoid awareness of shifting balances of power ; the same atmosphere of emotional suffocation — combined , surprisingly enough , with moments of boyish ardor and delight . " According to his diary , Kafka was already planning his novel Das Schloss ( The Castle ) , by 11 June 1914 ; however , he did not begin writing it until 27 January 1922 . The protagonist is the Landvermesser ( land surveyor ) named K. , who struggles for unknown reasons to gain access to the mysterious authorities of a castle who govern the village . Kafka 's intent was that the castle 's authorities notify K. on his deathbed that his " legal claim to live in the village was not valid , yet , taking certain auxiliary circumstances into account , he was to be permitted to live and work there " . Dark and at times surreal , the novel is focused on alienation , bureaucracy , the seemingly endless frustrations of man 's attempts to stand against the system , and the futile and hopeless pursuit of an unobtainable goal . Hartmut M. Rastalsky noted in his thesis : " Like dreams , his texts combine precise " realistic " detail with absurdity , careful observation and reasoning on the part of the protagonists with inexplicable obliviousness and carelessness . " = = = Publishing history = = = Kafka 's stories were initially published in literary periodicals . His first eight were printed in 1908 in the first issue of the bi @-@ monthly Hyperion . Franz Blei published two dialogues in 1909 which became part of " Beschreibung eines Kampfes " ( " Description of a Struggle " ) . A fragment of the story " Die Aeroplane in Brescia " ( " The Aeroplanes at Brescia " ) , written on a trip to Italy with Brod , appeared in the daily Bohemia on 28 September 1909 . On 27 March 1910 , several stories that later became part of the book Betrachtung were published in the Easter edition of Bohemia . In Leipzig during 1913 , Brod and publisher Kurt Wolff included " Das Urteil . Eine Geschichte von Franz Kafka . " ( " The Judgment . A Story by Franz Kafka . " ) in their literary yearbook for the art poetry Arkadia . The story " Vor dem Gesetz " ( " Before the Law " ) was published in the 1915 New Year 's edition of the independent Jewish weekly Selbstwehr ; it was reprinted in 1919 as part of the story collection Ein Landarzt ( A Country Doctor ) and became part of the novel Der Process . Other stories were published in various publications , including Martin Buber 's Der Jude , the paper Prager Tagblatt , and the periodicals Die neue Rundschau , Genius , and Prager Presse . Kafka 's first published book , Betrachtung ( Contemplation , or Meditation ) , was a collection of 18 stories written between 1904 and 1912 . On a summer trip to Weimar , Brod initiated a meeting between Kafka and Kurt Wolff ; Wolff published Betrachtung in the Rowohlt Verlag at the end of 1912 ( with the year given as 1913 ) . Kafka dedicated it to Brod , " Für M.B. " , and added in the personal copy given to his friend " So wie es hier schon gedruckt ist , für meinen liebsten Max ‍ — ‌ Franz K. " ( " As it is already printed here , for my dearest Max " ) . Kafka 's story " Die Verwandlung " ( " The Metamorphosis " ) was first printed in the October 1915 issue of Die Weißen Blätter , a monthly edition of expressionist literature , edited by René Schickele . Another story collection , Ein Landarzt ( A Country Doctor ) , was published by Kurt Wolff in 1919 , dedicated to Kafka 's father . Kafka prepared a final collection of four stories for print , Ein Hungerkünstler ( A Hunger Artist ) , which appeared in 1924 after his death , in Verlag Die Schmiede . On 20 April 1924 , the Berliner Börsen @-@ Courier published Kafka 's essay on Adalbert Stifter . = = = = Max Brod = = = = Kafka left his work , both published and unpublished , to his friend and literary executor Max Brod with explicit instructions that it should be destroyed on Kafka 's death ; Kafka wrote : " Dearest Max , my last request : Everything I leave behind me ... in the way of diaries , manuscripts , letters ( my own and others ' ) , sketches , and so on , [ is ] to be burned unread " . Brod ignored this request and published the novels and collected works between 1925 and 1935 . He took many papers , which remain unpublished , with him in suitcases to Palestine when he fled there in 1939 . Kafka 's last lover , Dora Diamant ( later , Dymant @-@ Lask ) , also ignored his wishes , secretly keeping 20 notebooks and 35 letters . These were confiscated by the Gestapo in 1933 , but scholars continue to search for them . As Brod published the bulk of the writings in his possession , Kafka 's work began to attract wider attention and critical acclaim . Brod found it difficult to arrange Kafka 's notebooks in chronological order . One problem was that Kafka often began writing in different parts of the book ; sometimes in the middle , sometimes working backwards from the end . Brod finished many of Kafka 's incomplete works for publication . For example , Kafka left Der Process with unnumbered and incomplete chapters and Das Schloss with incomplete sentences and ambiguous content ; Brod rearranged chapters , copy edited the text , and changed the punctuation . Der Process appeared in 1925 in Verlag Die Schmiede . Kurt Wolff published two other novels , Das Schloss in 1926 and Amerika in 1927 . In 1931 , Brod edited a collection of prose and unpublished stories as Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer ( The Great Wall of China ) , including the story of the same name . The book appeared in the Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag . Brod 's sets are usually called the " Definitive Editions " . = = = = Modern editions = = = = In 1961 , Malcolm Pasley acquired most of Kafka 's original handwritten work for the Oxford Bodleian Library . The text for Der Process was later purchased through auction and is stored at the German Literary Archives in Marbach am Neckar , Germany . Subsequently , Pasley headed a team ( including Gerhard Neumann , Jost Schillemeit and Jürgen Born ) which reconstructed the German novels ; S. Fischer Verlag republished them . Pasley was the editor for Das Schloss , published in 1982 , and Der Process ( The Trial ) , published in 1990 . Jost Schillemeit was the editor of Der Verschollene ( Amerika ) published in 1983 . These are called the " Critical Editions " or the " Fischer Editions " . = = = = Unpublished papers = = = = When Brod died in 1968 , he left Kafka 's unpublished papers , which are believed to number in the thousands , to his secretary Esther Hoffe . She released or sold some , but left most to her daughters , Eva and Ruth , who also refused to release the papers . A court battle began in 2008 between the sisters and the National Library of Israel , which claimed these works became the property of the nation of Israel when Brod emigrated to British Palestine in 1939 . Esther Hoffe sold the original manuscript of Der Process for US $ 2 million in 1988 to the German Literary Archive Museum of Modern Literature in Marbach am Neckar . Only Eva was still alive as of 2012 . A ruling by a Tel Aviv family court in 2010 held that the papers must be released and a few were , including a previously unknown story , but the legal battle continued . The Hoffes claim the papers are their personal property , while the National Library argues they are " cultural assets belonging to the Jewish people " . The National Library also suggests that Brod bequeathed the papers to them in his will . The Tel Aviv Family Court ruled in October 2012 that the papers were the property of the National Library . = = = Critical interpretations = = = The poet W. H. Auden called Kafka " the Dante of the twentieth century " ; the novelist Vladimir Nabokov placed him among the greatest writers of the 20th century . Gabriel García Márquez noted the reading of Kafka 's " The Metamorphosis " showed him " that it was possible to write in a different way " . A prominent theme of Kafka 's work , first established in the short story " Das Urteil " , is father – son conflict : the guilt induced in the son is resolved through suffering and atonement . Other prominent themes and archetypes include alienation , physical and psychological brutality , characters on a terrifying quest , and mystical transformation . Kafka 's style has been compared to that of Kleist as early as 1916 , in a review of " Die Verwandlung " and " Der Heizer " by Oscar Walzel in Berliner Beiträge . The nature of Kafka 's prose allows for varied interpretations and critics have placed his writing into a variety of literary schools . Marxists , for example , have sharply disagreed over how to interpret Kafka 's works . Some accused him of distorting reality whereas others claimed he was critiquing capitalism . The hopelessness and absurdity common to his works are seen as emblematic of existentialism . Some of Kafka 's books are influenced by the expressionist movement , though the majority of his literary output was associated with the experimental modernist genre . Kafka also touches on the theme of human conflict with bureaucracy . William Burroughs claims that such work is centred on the concepts of struggle , pain , solitude , and the need for relationships . Others , such as Thomas Mann , see Kafka 's work as allegorical : a quest , metaphysical in nature , for God . According to Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari , the themes of alienation and persecution , although present in Kafka 's work , have been over @-@ emphasised by critics . They argue Kafka 's work is more deliberate and subversive — and more joyful — than may first appear . They point out that reading his work while focusing on the futility of his characters ' struggles reveals Kafka 's play of humour ; he is not necessarily commenting on his own problems , but rather pointing out how people tend to invent problems . In his work , Kafka often created malevolent , absurd worlds . Kafka read drafts of his works to his friends , typically concentrating on his humorous prose . The writer Milan Kundera suggests that Kafka 's surrealist humour may have been an inversion of Dostoyevsky 's presentation of characters who are punished for a crime . In Kafka 's work a character is punished although a crime has not been committed . Kundera believes that Kafka 's inspirations for his characteristic situations came both from growing up in a patriarchal family and living in a totalitarian state . Attempts have been made to identify the influence of Kafka 's legal background and the role of law in his fiction . Most interpretations identify aspects of law and legality as important in his work , in which the legal system is often oppressive . The law in Kafka 's works , rather than being representative of any particular legal or political entity , is usually interpreted to represent a collection of anonymous , incomprehensible forces . These are hidden from the individual but control the lives of the people , who are innocent victims of systems beyond their control . Critics who support this absurdist interpretation cite instances where Kafka describes himself in conflict with an absurd universe , such as the following entry from his diary : Enclosed in my own four walls , I found myself as an immigrant imprisoned in a foreign country ; ... I saw my family as strange aliens whose foreign customs , rites , and very language defied comprehension ; ... though I did not want it , they forced me to participate in their bizarre rituals ; ... I could not resist . However , James Hawes argues many of Kafka 's descriptions of the legal proceedings in Der Process — metaphysical , absurd , bewildering and nightmarish as they might appear — are based on accurate and informed descriptions of German and Austrian criminal proceedings of the time , which were inquisitorial rather than adversarial . Although he worked in insurance , as a trained lawyer Kafka was " keenly aware of the legal debates of his day " . In an early 21st @-@ century publication that uses Kafka 's office writings as its point of departure , Pothik Ghosh states that with Kafka , law " has no meaning outside its fact of being a pure force of domination and determination " . = = = Translations = = = The earliest English translations of Kafka 's works were by Edwin and Willa Muir , who in 1930 translated the first German edition of Das Schloss . This was published as The Castle by Secker & Warburg in England and Alfred A. Knopf in the United States . A 1941 edition , including a homage by Thomas Mann , spurred a surge in Kafka 's popularity in the United States the late 1940s . The Muirs translated all shorter works that Kafka had seen fit to print ; they were published by Schocken Books in 1948 as The Penal Colony : Stories and Short Pieces , including additionally The First Long Train Journey , written by Kafka and Brod , Kafka 's " A Novel about Youth " , a review of Felix Sternheim 's Die Geschichte des jungen Oswald , his essay on Kleist 's " Anecdotes " , his review of the literary magazine Hyperion , and an epilogue by Brod . Later editions , notably those of 1954 ( Dearest Father . Stories and Other Writings ) , included text , translated by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser , which had been deleted by earlier publishers . Known as " Definitive Editions " , they include translations of The Trial , Definitive , The Castle , Definitive , and other writings . These translations are generally accepted to have a number of biases and are considered to be dated in interpretation . Published in 1961 by Schocken Books , Parables and Paradoxes presented in a bilingual edition by Nahum N. Glatzer selected writings , drawn from notebooks , diaries , letters , short fictional works and the novel Der Process . New translations were completed and published based on the recompiled German text of Pasley and Schillemeit ‍ — ‌ The Castle , Critical by Mark Harman ( Schocken Books , 1998 ) , The Trial , Critical by Breon Mitchell ( Schocken Books , 1998 ) , and Amerika : The Man Who Disappeared by Michael Hofmann ( New Directions Publishing , 2004 ) . = = = Translation problems to English = = = Kafka often made extensive use of a characteristic particular to the German language which permits long sentences that sometimes can span an entire page . Kafka 's sentences then deliver an unexpected impact just before the full stop — this being the finalizing meaning and focus . This is due to the construction of subordinate clauses in German which require that the verb be positioned at the end of the sentence . Such constructions are difficult to duplicate in English , so it is up to the translator to provide the reader with the same ( or at least equivalent ) effect found in the original text . German 's more flexible word order and syntactical differences provide for multiple ways in which the same German writing can be translated into English . An example is the first sentence of Kafka 's " The Metamorphosis " , which is crucial to the setting and understanding of the entire story : Als Gregor Samsa eines Morgens aus unruhigen Träumen erwachte , fand er sich in seinem Bett zu einem ungeheuren Ungeziefer verwandelt . ( original ) As Gregor Samsa one morning from restless dreams awoke , found he himself in his bed into an enormous vermin transformed . ( literal word @-@ for @-@ word translation ) Another virtually insurmountable problem facing translators is how to deal with the author 's intentional use of ambiguous idioms and words that have several meanings which result in phrasing difficult to precisely translate . One such instance is found in the first sentence of " The Metamorphosis " . English translators often render the word Ungeziefer as " insect " ; in Middle German , however , Ungeziefer literally means " an animal unclean for sacrifice " ; in today 's German it means vermin . It is sometimes used colloquially to mean " bug " — a very general term , unlike the scientific " insect " . Kafka had no intention of labeling Gregor , the protagonist of the story , as any specific thing , but instead wanted to convey Gregor 's disgust at his transformation . Another example is Kafka 's use of the German noun Verkehr in the final sentence of " Das Urteil " . Literally , Verkehr means intercourse and , as in English , can have either a sexual or non @-@ sexual meaning ; in addition , it is used to mean transport or traffic . The sentence can be translated as : " At that moment an unending stream of traffic crossed over the bridge " . The double meaning of Verkehr is given added weight by Kafka 's confession to Brod that when he wrote that final line , he was thinking of " a violent ejaculation " . = = Legacy = = = = = Literary and cultural influence = = = Unlike many famous writers , Kafka is rarely quoted by others . Instead , he is noted more for his visions and perspective . Shimon Sandbank , a professor , literary critic , and writer , identifies Kafka as having influenced Jorge Luis Borges , Albert Camus , Eugène Ionesco , J. M. Coetzee and Jean @-@ Paul Sartre . A Financial Times literary critic credits Kafka with influencing José Saramago , and Al Silverman , a writer and editor , states that J. D. Salinger loved to read Kafka 's works . In 1999 a committee of 99 authors , scholars , and literary critics ranked Der Process and Das Schloss the second and ninth most significant German @-@ language novels of the 20th century . Sandbank argues that despite Kafka 's pervasiveness , his enigmatic style has yet to be emulated . Neil Christian Pages , a professor of German Studies and Comparative Literature at Binghamton University who specialises in Kafka 's works , says Kafka 's influence transcends literature and literary scholarship ; it impacts visual arts , music , and popular culture . Harry Steinhauer , a professor of German and Jewish literature , says that Kafka " has made a more powerful impact on literate society than any other writer of the twentieth century " . Brod said that the 20th century will one day be known as the " century of Kafka " . Michel @-@ André Bossy writes that Kafka created a rigidly inflexible and sterile bureaucratic universe . Kafka wrote in an aloof manner full of legal and scientific terms . Yet his serious universe also had insightful humour , all highlighting the " irrationality at the roots of a supposedly rational world " . His characters are trapped , confused , full of guilt , frustrated , and lacking understanding of their surreal world . Much of the post @-@ Kafka fiction , especially science fiction , follow the themes and precepts of Kafka 's universe . This can be seen in the works of authors such as George Orwell and Ray Bradbury . The following are examples of works across a range of literary	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
, and decided it was best to fast track production for a June 1997 target release date , which is a break from the usual 3 @-@ year gap between films . Schumacher wanted to homage both the broad camp style of the 1960s television series and the work of Dick Sprang . The storyline of Batman & Robin was conceived by Schumacher and Goldsman during pre @-@ production on A Time to Kill . Portions of Mr. Freeze 's back @-@ story were based on the Batman : The Animated Series episode " Heart of Ice " , written by Paul Dini . While Chris O 'Donnell reprises the role of Robin , Val Kilmer decided not to reprise the role of Batman from Batman Forever . Schumacher admitted he had difficulty working with Kilmer on Forever . " He sort of quit , " Schumacher said , " and we sort of fired him . " Kilmer said he was not aware of the fast track production and was already committed to The Saint ( 1997 ) . Schumacher originally had a strong interest in casting William Baldwin in Kilmer 's place , but George Clooney was cast instead . Schumacher believed Clooney could provide a lighter interpretation of the character than Michael Keaton ( in Batman and Batman Returns ) and Kilmer . The shooting schedule allowed Clooney to simultaneously work on ER without any scheduling conflicts . Patrick Stewart was considered for the role of Mr. Freeze , before the script was rewritten to accommodate Arnold Schwarzenegger 's casting . Schumacher decided that Mr. Freeze must be " big and strong like he was chiseled out of a glacier " . Schwarzenegger was paid a $ 25 million salary for the role . His prosthetic makeup and wardrobe took six hours to apply each day . Thurman took the role of Poison Ivy because she liked the femme fatale characterization of the character . Alicia Silverstone was the only choice for the role of Batgirl . Leonardo DiCaprio stated that he had a meeting with Schumacher about appearing in the film , but was ultimately not cast . = = = Filming = = = The original start date was August 1996 , but principal photography did not begin until September 12 , 1996 . Batman & Robin finished filming in late January 1997 , two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule . The film was mostly shot at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California . When comparing work on Batman Forever , Chris O 'Donnell , who portrayed Robin , explained , " It just felt like everything got a little soft the second time . On Batman Forever , I felt like I was making a movie . The second time , I felt like I was making a kid 's toy commercial . " He also complained of the Robin costume , saying it was more involved and uncomfortable than the one he wore in Batman Forever , with a glued @-@ on mask which caused sweat to pool on his face . According to John Glover , who played Dr. Jason Woodrue , " Joel [ Schumacher ] would sit on a crane with a megaphone and yell before each take , ' Remember , everyone , this is a cartoon ' . It was hard to act because that kind of set the tone for the film . " Production designer Barbara Ling admitted her influences for the Gotham City design came from " neon @-@ ridden Tokyo and the Machine Age . Gotham is like a World 's Fair on ecstasy . " Rhythm and Hues and Pacific Data Images created the visual effects sequences , with John Dykstra and Andrew Adamson credited as the visual effects supervisors . According to Shadows of the Bat : The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6 : Batman Unbound , Chris O 'Donnell revealed that despite hanging out with Arnold Schwarzenegger a lot off set and during promotion for the film , they never worked a single day together . This was achieved with stand ins when one of the actors wasn 't available . Stunt coordinator Alex Field taught Alicia Silverstone to ride a motorcycle so that she could play Batgirl . = = = Music = = = Like Batman Forever , the original score for the film was written by Elliot Goldenthal . The soundtrack featured a variety of genres by various bands and performers , showcasing alternative rock on the lead single " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " by The Smashing Pumpkins , on the Goo Goo Dolls ' contribution , " Lazy Eye " and with R.E.M. ' s song " Revolution " . R & B singer R. Kelly also wrote " Gotham City " for the soundtrack , which became the other song featured in the end credits , as well as one of the singles , reaching the top 10 in the United States and in the UK . Eric Benét and Meshell Ndegeocello also contributed R & B songs . Also included was the top 5 second single , " Look into My Eyes " by the hip hop group Bone Thugs @-@ n @-@ Harmony . Other songs featured included electronic dance elements , including those by Moloko and Arkana . The soundtrack was released on May 27 , 1997 , a month before the film . = = Marketing = = The Batman & Robin film trailer debuted on the February 19 , 1997 episode of Entertainment Tonight . Warner Bros. spent $ 15 million to market and promote the film , in addition to its $ 125 million production budget . The studio also brought in toy companies to be involved with pre @-@ production , including the design of concept art and character illustrations . Director Joel Schumacher criticized Warner Bros. ' s strategy for Batman & Robin as being overtly toyetic . Various Six Flags parks ( Six Flags Great Adventure , Six Flags Over Texas , and Six Flags St. Louis ) all debuted coasters themed to the film ( all of which have since been closed or re @-@ themed to Batman : The Animated Series ) . Taco Bell featured a promotional campaign including collectible cups and a contest with a replica of the film 's Batmobile as a grand prize . A junior novelization of the screenplay , written by Alan Grant , was published along with the release of the film in 1997 . = = Reception = = = = = Box office = = = Batman & Robin was released on June 20 , 1997 in North America , earning $ 42 @,@ 872 @,@ 605 in its opening weekend , making it the third @-@ highest opening weekend of 1997 . The film declined by 63 % in its second week . Batman & Robin faced early competition with Face / Off and Hercules . Schumacher blamed it on yellow journalism started by Harry Knowles of Ain 't It Cool News and other film websites such as Dark Horizons . The film went on to gross $ 107 @.@ 3 million in North America and $ 130 @.@ 9 million internationally , coming to a worldwide total of $ 238 @.@ 2 million . Warner Bros. acknowledged Batman & Robin 's shortcomings in the domestic market but pointed out success overseas . = = = Critical reaction = = = The film received generally unfavorable reviews on Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic , two of the most popular review aggregator websites . While some critics praised the production and costume designs of the film , criticism was mainly directed towards the film 's script , campiness and acting . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 11 % approval rating with an average rating of 3 @.@ 7 / 10 based on 85 reviews . The website 's consensus reads : " Joel Schumacher 's tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek attitude hits an unbearable limit in Batman & Robin , resulting in a frantic and mindless movie that 's too jokey to care much for . " On Metacritic , the film achieved an average score of 28 out of 100 based on 21 reviews , signifying " generally unfavorable reviews " . Schumacher and producer Peter MacGregor @-@ Scott blamed the negative reception of Batman & Robin on Warner Bros. ' decision to fast track production . " There was a lot of pressure from Warner Bros. to make Batman & Robin more family @-@ friendly , " Schumacher explained . " We decided to do a less depressing Batman movie and less torture and more heroic . I know I have been criticized a lot for this , but I didn 't see the harm in that approach at all . " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times criticized the toyetic approach and Mr. Freeze 's one @-@ liner jokes in his two @-@ star review of the film . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times believed the film " killed " the Batman film series , and felt Batman & Robin depended too much on visual effects . Desson Thomson of The Washington Post largely disapproved of Schumacher 's direction and Akiva Goldsman 's script . Mick LaSalle , writing in the San Francisco Chronicle , said , " George Clooney is the big zero of the film , and should go down in history as the George Lazenby of the series . " However , Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave a positive review . She praised Uma Thurman 's acting , as well as the production and costume design . Batman & Robin was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film , as well as Best Make @-@ up and Best Costume , but won none . Alicia Silverstone won the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress . Other nominations at the Razzie Awards included Schumacher ( Worst Director ) , George Clooney and Chris O 'Donnell ( Worst Screen Couple ) , Akiva Goldsman ( Worst Screenplay ) , both Chris O 'Donnell and Arnold Schwarzenegger ( Worst Supporting Actor ) , Uma Thurman ( Worst Supporting Actress ) , as well as Billy Corgan ( Worst Song for " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " ) . Batman & Robin also received nominations for Worst Picture , Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Reckless Disregard for Human Life and Public Property . Ultimately , out of 11 nominations , Batman & Robin garnered only one Razzie Award . Many observers thought Schumacher , a gay man , added possible homoerotic innuendo in the storyline . James Berardinelli questioned the " random amount [ sic ] of rubber nipples and camera angle close @-@ ups of the Dynamic Duo 's butts and Bat @-@ crotches . " Similar to Batman Forever , this primarily included the decision to add nipples and enlarged codpieces to Batman and Robin suits . Schumacher stated , " I had no idea that putting nipples on the Batsuit and Robin suit were going to spark international headlines . The bodies of the suits come from ancient Greek statues , which display perfect bodies . They are anatomically correct . " Chris O 'Donnell , who portrayed Robin , felt " it wasn 't so much the nipples that bothered me . It was the codpiece . The press obviously played it up and made it a big deal , especially with Joel directing . I didn 't think twice about the controversy , but going back and looking and seeing some of the pictures , it was very unusual . " George Clooney joked , " Joel Schumacher told me we never made another Batman film because Batman was gay " . Clooney himself has spoken critically of the film , saying , " I think we might have killed the franchise " , and called it " a waste of money " . = = Canceled sequel and later plans = = During the filming of Batman & Robin , Warner Bros. was impressed with the dailies , prompting them to immediately hire Joel Schumacher to return as director for a sequel . However , writer Akiva Goldsman turned down an offer to write the script . In late 1996 , Warner Bros. and Schumacher hired Mark Protosevich to write the script for a fifth Batman film . A projected mid @-@ 1999 release date was announced . Titled Batman Unchained , Protosevich 's script had the Scarecrow as the main villain . Through the use of his fear toxin , he resurrects the Joker as a hallucination in Batman 's mind . Harley Quinn appeared as a supporting character , written as the Joker 's daughter . George Clooney , Chris O 'Donnell , and Alicia Silverstone were set to reprise the roles of Batman , Robin , and Batgirl . However , following the poor critical reception of Batman & Robin , Clooney vowed never to reprise his role . Warner Bros. decided to consider a live @-@ action Batman Beyond film and an adaptation of Frank Miller 's Batman : Year One . Warner would then produce whichever idea suited them the most . Schumacher felt he " owe [ d ] the Batman culture a real Batman movie . I would go back to the basics and make a dark portrayal of the Dark Knight . " He approached Warner Bros. about doing Batman : Year One in mid @-@ 1998 , but they were more interested in hiring Darren Aronofsky . Aronofsky and Frank Miller developed a Year One script with Aronofsky to direct , but it was ultimately canceled . Christopher Nolan was eventually hired to helm the next Batman film in January 2003 , resulting in the rebooted Batman Begins ( 2005 ) . In " Legends of the Dark Knight " , an episode of The New Batman Adventures , three teenagers discuss their ideas about what Batman is really like . They briefly meet a youth called Joel whose idea of Batman reflects characterizations and costumes portrayed within Schumacher 's Batman and Robin . The teens treat Joel 's ideas with utter disdain . In Watchmen , director Zack Snyder and comic book artist Dave Gibbons chose to parody the molded muscle and nipple Batsuit design from Batman & Robin for the Ozymandias costume . The film is referenced in the Batman : The Brave and the Bold episode " Legends of the Dark Mite ! " , when Bat @-@ Mite briefly uses his powers to transform Batman 's costume into the same suit shown in the Joel Schumacher Batman films , before declaring it " Too icky " . The Batman from Batman & Robin later appeared as part of an army of Batmen gathered from across the Multiverse in " Night of the Batmen ! " , complete with the blue rubber Batsuit . Additionally , there were worries within Warner Bros. surrounding the negative critical reaction to Batman & Robin and how that may come to harm the success of the subsequent direct @-@ to @-@ video animated film Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero , which was originally planned for release at around the same time as Batman & Robin but was subsequently delayed . However , SubZero received a far stronger positive response from critics than Batman & Robin , with Mr. Freeze 's role within it being seen in a much more positive light , returning his popularity as a Batman villain to a level comparable to that reached by him within the two Emmy @-@ winning episodes the character featured in of Batman : The Animated Series . = WSJ . = WSJ. or WSJ . Magazine , which was originally intended to be a monthly magazine named Pursuits , is a luxury glossy news and lifestyle monthly magazine by the publishers of The Wall Street Journal . It features luxury consumer products advertisements and is distributed to subscribers in large United States markets as well as throughout Europe and Asia . Its coverage spans art , fashion , entertainment , design , food , architecture , travel and more . Kristina O ’ Neill is Editor in Chief and Anthony Cenname is Publisher . Launched as a quarterly in 2008 , the magazine grew to 12 issues a year for 2014 . The magazine is distributed within the U.S. Weekend Edition of The Wall Street Journal newspaper ( paid print circulation for the Weekend edition is + 2 @.@ 2 million * ) , the European and Asian editions , and is available on WSJ.com. Each issue is also available throughout the month in The Wall Street Journal ’ s iPad app . With its tagline " The Luxury of Choice " , the magazine began operations with an advertising business model that allowed for free delivery to select readers . It followed a trend of contemporaneous new luxury magazines many of which were also delivered as part of free subscriptions that supplemented other subscriptions or memberships . Since it is leveraging a high @-@ end subset of The Wall Street Journal with favorable demographics , many expected the magazine to be successful . = = Initial release = = The magazine was originally sent as an insert with September 6 , 2008 weekend home delivery in the seventeen largest United States The Wall Street Journal subscription markets as well as the September 5 editions of the Wall Street Journal Europe and Wall Street Journal Asia . By selecting these markets , it began with a readership of 960 @,@ 000 ( 800 @,@ 000 domestic ) . The magazine is also available with newsstand purchases of the newspaper in the selected domestic markets , and its content is available for free online at www.wsj.com. In addition , this readership has greater wealth ( average household assets of US $ 2 @.@ 9 million ) , higher income ( $ 265 @,@ 000 per @-@ household income ) , and takes more than twice as many international leisure trips than the readership of the newspaper . This is notable because the readership of the newspaper spent more on women 's apparel than the readers of Vogue and more on leisure travel than the readers of Travel & Leisure . The launch press release was sent in English , French , German , Italian , Japanese , Simplified Chinese , and Traditional Chinese . The September 6 debut had been announced nearly a year earlier . The magazine was officially unveiled at the Pierpont Morgan Library on September 3 , 2008 . The unveiling was led by Ellen Asmodeo @-@ Giglio , its publisher ; Michael Rooney , Dow Jones chief revenue officer ; Tina Gaudoin , WSJ. editor in chief ( and former launch editor of The Times of London ’ s Luxx ) ; and Robert J. Thomson , managing editor of The Wall Street Journal . It has been compared to How To Spend It , the weekend magazine of the Financial Times , T magazine , a New York Times offshoot , Style & Design , a spinoff of Time , and Departures , a magazine distributed for free to American Express platinum and black cardholders . Gaudoin had also previously worked for Tatler , Harper 's Bazaar and Vogue and helped to launch the women 's magazine Frank . = = Strategy = = In 2008 , luxury magazines had become the new wave of print media . These aforementioned similar magazines have generally succeeded at both giving free luxury magazine subscriptions to a selected elite audience and hoping that they would read them so that the magazine could sell advertising . This magazine is considered to be a similar bet on the viability for the luxury advertising revenues market . Nearly half of the advertiser bought globally in the United States , Europe and Asia and many advertisers committed to advertising deals for all of next year . Some advertisers committed for two years . The Wall Street Journal launched its weekend newspaper edition , which its publisher , Dow Jones & Company , described as the first and only Saturday morning national weekend newspaper , on September 17 , 2005 . When the weekend newspaper was launched , it had the highest circulation of any national newspaper published on Saturday . Prior to the launch of the weekend edition , The Wall Street Journal had commonly only been delivered to business addresses . With the home delivery aspect of the weekend edition , the possibility of supplemental weekend luxury magazine arose . The original name Pursuits had been widely publicized as a section of the newly launched weekend edition of the magazine . = = Expanded launch = = In December 2009 , WSJ. announced plans to expand domestic circulation beyond the 17 largest domestic markets to the entire domestic subscription base , which nearly doubled its domestic circulation from 800 @,@ 000 to 1 @.@ 5 million . In addition the frequency of distribution was expanded from 4 to 6 times per year . In order to increase the frequency a May and an October edition were added to the March , June , September and December 2010 distribution schedule . At the time of the expansion , the magazine claimed its first fifteen months of its first six issues had been a success during which the magazine attracted 64 new subscribers to the Journal 's franchise . Deborah Needleman replaced Tina Gaudoin in 2010 . After Needleman left for T in 2012 , she was replaced by Kristina O ’ Neill . In 2012 , 2013 and 2014 , the magazine increased its publication frequency to 10 , 11 and 12 times per year , respectively . When Pursuits initially was marketed , the plan was for it to be a monthly magazine . = = Design and layout = = The magazine is oversized to be as large as would fit within the fold of The Wall Street Journal . Its specs are 9 @.@ 875 by 11 @.@ 5 inches ( 25 @.@ 1 by 29 @.@ 2 cm ) trim size and a 50 @-@ 50 ad @-@ to @-@ edit ratio on a 60 @-@ pound ( 27 kg ) paper stock . The premiere issue of WSJ. had 104 pages in the U.S. and 80 pages in the Europe and Asia editions . It included 51 advertisers of which 19 are new to The Wall Street Journal franchise . The initial cover featured Diana Dondoe in a dress fabricated from The Wall Street Journal newsprint design , which the New York Observer feels is a tip of the hat to a controversy noted in the New York Times about a poverty chic photo spread in the India edition of the August 2008 Vogue . = = Critical review = = Some media experts consider that pursuit of luxury retail advertising an effective strategy , but whether the magazine becomes a success is an open issue . Immediate speculation commented on the likelihood for success given the demographics of the initial subscription base . Others ascribed their great expectations to the brand . Some skeptics claim that since Journal readers are financial information seekers giving them a free magazine of luxury ads may be a waste of time . Others note the magazine 's launch despite a market with declining advertising and a world economy suffering from the Financial crisis of 2007 – 2008 . Some advertisers expressed appreciation for an opportunity to present to The Wall Street Journal 's readers in a different format . The content is slightly less focussed on consumption than How To Spend It . Gaudoin stated her intention was to make a publication that was less about how to spend it and more about " how to live it . " She also intends to differentiate her magazine via wit and irreverence in order to make WSJ. less urban and less gritty " than T. The magazine claims to have planned to feature Sarah Palin in its inaugural issue even before she became John McCain 's running mate in the 2008 United States presidential election . In 2013 , Adweek named WSJ . " Hottest Lifestyle Magazine of the Year " for its annual Hot List . The November 2013 cover featuring Gisele Bundchen and Daft Punk won the Clio Award for Top Magazine cover of the year . = = Website & Media Kit = = Official Website Media Kit = SMS Tegetthoff ( 1878 ) = SMS Tegetthoff was an ironclad warship of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . She was built by the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino shipyard in Trieste , between April 1876 and October 1881 . She was armed with a main battery of six 28 cm ( 11 in ) guns mounted in a central @-@ battery . The ship had a limited career , and did not see action . In 1897 , she was reduced to a guard ship in Pola , and in 1912 she was renamed Mars . She served as a training ship after 1917 , and after the end of World War I , she was surrendered as a war prize to Italy , which sold her for scrapping in 1920 . = = Design = = Tegetthoff was a central battery ship designed by Chief Engineer Joseph von Romako . The ship 's namesake , Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff , victor of the Battle of Lissa , had proposed building four new ironclads . These were to be completed by 1878 , but poor economic conditions in the early 1870s forced the Austro @-@ Hungarian government to cut back the naval budget . Admiral Friedrich von Pöck , who succeeded Tegetthoff as the head of naval administration , had attempted to secure funding for two new ships , to be named Tegetthoff and Erzherzog Karl from 1871 . Pöck finally succeeded in convincing parliament to allocate funds for the first ship in 1875 . He continued to try to convince the parliament to build a sister ship for Tegetthoff until 1880 , without success . Austro @-@ Hungarian industry was incapable of supporting the construction of the ship , and significant components had to be ordered from foreign manufacturers , including guns from Germany and armor plating from Britain . = = = General characteristics = = = Tegetthoff was 89 @.@ 39 meters ( 293 @.@ 3 ft ) long at the waterline and 92 @.@ 46 m ( 303 @.@ 3 ft ) long overall . She had a beam of 21 @.@ 78 m ( 71 @.@ 5 ft ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 57 m ( 24 @.@ 8 ft ) and she displaced 7 @,@ 431 t ( 7 @,@ 314 long tons ; 8 @,@ 191 short tons ) . Tegetthoff was the first ship in the Austrian Navy to be built with an all @-@ steel hull , which allowed for a considerable savings in weight . The ship 's crew numbered 525 officers and men , though after her reconstruction in the mid @-@ 1890s , this number was increased to between 568 and 575 . The main armored belt and the casemate for the main battery guns were protected with 356 mm ( 14 @.@ 0 in ) thick armor plate , and the end bulkheads of the armored citadel were 254 to 305 mm ( 10 @.@ 0 to 12 @.@ 0 in ) thick . The conning tower had sides that were 127 to 178 mm ( 5 @.@ 0 to 7 @.@ 0 in ) thick . As built , the ship was powered by a single 2 @-@ cylinder , vertical compound steam engine that was rated at 6 @,@ 706 indicated horsepower ( 5 @,@ 001 kW ) . This gave Tegetthoff a top speed of 13 @.@ 97 knots ( 25 @.@ 87 km / h ; 16 @.@ 08 mph ) on trials . After her reconstruction in the early 1890s , her propulsion system was replaced with a pair of 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines built by the German firm Schichau @-@ Werke . These were rated at 8 @,@ 160 ihp ( 6 @,@ 080 kW ) , for a top speed of 15 @.@ 32 kn ( 28 @.@ 37 km / h ; 17 @.@ 63 mph ) on trials . After the refit , she was equipped with eight Scotch marine boilers . She was initially fitted with a sailing rig , though this was removed during the modernization , and two heavy fighting masts were installed in its place . = = = Armament = = = Tegetthoff was initially equipped with a main battery of six 28 @-@ centimeter ( 11 in ) L / 18 breech @-@ loading guns manufactured by Krupp . These guns were mounted in a central battery amidships , and were intended to be used during pursuit and ramming attempts . The ammunition magazine was located directly below the main battery . The ship also carried six 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) L / 24 breech @-@ loaders , two 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) L / 15 breech @-@ loaders , and four 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns . After her modernization , the main battery was replaced with 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) L / 35 C / 86 guns from Krupp . The secondary guns now consisted of five 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) L / 35 QF guns , two 7 cm L / 15 guns , nine 47 mm L / 44 QF guns , six 47 mm L / 33 machine guns , and a pair of 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) machine guns . Tegetthoff was also equipped with two 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tubes , one in the bow and one in the stern . = = Service history = = Tegetthoff was laid down in 1876 at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino shipyard in Trieste . The ship was launched in 1878 , and completed in 1881 . She conducted her sea trials in October of that year , and was finally ready for commissioning in September 1882 ; Kaiser Franz Joseph attended the commissioning of the ship in Pola . Financial difficulties had again delayed the ship 's completion ; the parliament finally voted to allocate funds to finish the ship in November 1881 . At the time , she was the largest and most powerful ship in the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet , and she would keep that distinction until after the turn of the century . She was , nevertheless , a political compromise , and was much smaller than foreign casemate ships , particularly British and French vessels . Tegetthoff 's career was rather limited , in large part due to significant problems with her engines . For the first decade of her career , she was assigned to the Active Squadron , and her crew could only keep her engines fully operational in the years 1883 , 1887 , and 1888 . Tegetthoff and an Austro @-@ Hungarian squadron that included the ironclads Custoza , Kaiser Max , Don Juan d 'Austria , and Prinz Eugen and the torpedo cruisers Panther and Leopard travelled to Barcelona , Spain , to take part in the opening ceremonies for the Barcelona Universal Exposition . This was the largest squadron of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy that had operated outside the Adriatic . In 1893 – 1894 , she was modernized and had her propulsion system updated and her armament was replaced with newer guns . Her engines were replaced with more reliable models manufactured by the German firm Schichau @-@ Werke . By this time , she was the only remotely modern ironclad in the Austrian fleet , apart from the two newly built barbette ships Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf and Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie . Admiral Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck had replaced Pöck , and unable to secure funding for capital ships , instead tried to modernize the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet by embracing the Jeune École doctrine . After 1897 she was used as a guard ship in Pola . During the summer maneuvers of June 1901 , she served in the reserve squadron . The other major ships in the squadron included the new armored cruiser Kaiser Karl VI and the protected cruiser SMS Kaiser Franz Joseph I. In 1912 Tegetthoff was renamed Mars , so that her original name could be used on a new battleship launched that year . She remained in service as a guard ship after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 . In 1917 , she was used as a school ship for midshipmen , and the following year she was reduced to a hulk . Following the end of World War I , the ship was surrendered to Italy , where she was broken up by 1920 . = 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix = The 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix ( formally known as the Formula 1 Grande Prêmio Petrobras do Brasil 2012 ) was a Formula One motor race that took place at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace in São Paulo , Brazil on 25 November 2012 . The race was the twentieth and final round of the 2012 Formula One World Championship , and marked the forty @-@ first running of the Brazilian Grand Prix . The race was won by Jenson Button driving for McLaren . It was at this race that Sebastian Vettel won the 2012 World Drivers ' Championship , his third title in a row . Fernando Alonso finished second in both the race and the championship , and had the provisional championship lead at a late stage of the race , before Vettel moved up the order to have a three @-@ point cushion . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = The 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix marked Michael Schumacher 's final race before his second retirement and was also the last race for Bruno Senna and the HRT Formula 1 Team . HRT in their history did not score a point , and withdrew because of financial issues . Tyre supplier Pirelli provided teams with early prototypes of their 2013 compounds during Friday practice for testing and review . Pirelli brought its silver @-@ banded hard compound tyre as the harder " prime " tyre and the white @-@ banded medium compound tyre as the softer " option " tyre , as opposed to the previous year when they brought the medium and soft compound dry tyres . In order to become world champion for the third time , Sebastian Vettel needed to defend a 13 @-@ point advantage over Fernando Alonso meaning the Spaniard needed at least third place even if the German failed to score . Conversely , a fourth place was sufficient for Vettel even if Alonso won . = = = Free Practice = = = During free practice on Friday and Saturday , it was Lewis Hamilton and McLaren who set the pace , closely followed by championship contender Vettel and his Red Bull teammate Mark Webber . While Hamilton topped the time sheets in both Friday sessions , Jenson Button was quickest during the third session on Saturday morning . Fernando Alonso had a difficult first free practice , trailing Vettel by 0 @.@ 465 seconds , twice as much as in previous races . However , he was able to lap faster than the German on the harder compound tyres in the second session . Ferrari looked stronger during the long run trials with Felipe Massa putting in the most consistently fast lap times , 0 @.@ 1 seconds ahead of Hamilton . With high temperatures , tyre degradation was a concern for the teams in the paddock with Hamilton commenting that " it felt almost as though I was sliding around the track with the tyres melting " . = = = Qualifying = = = After the very warm practice sessions , qualifying on Saturday was run under difficult weather conditions . Qualifying one ( Q1 ) started on a damp track and therefore on intermediate tyres , while by Q2 the track was almost dry and slick tyres were used . In Q1 Romain Grosjean collided with the slower running HRT of Pedro de la Rosa and lost his front wing . While he succeeded in nursing the car back into the pit lane , he was unable to change his tyres and was therefore left in a disappointing 18th position on the grid . Michael Schumacher 's last ever qualifying did not go well either . He took 14th position , almost half a second down on his teammate , admitting he had perhaps compromised his setup too much for an expected wet race . The McLarens were fastest all weekend and easily took the front row , with Lewis Hamilton securing his last pole position with the team . Title contenders Vettel and Alonso both struggled , taking 4th and 8th position on the grid respectively . Pastor Maldonado was handed a 10 @-@ place grid penalty for missing the weighbridge in the second part of qualifying . He dropped from sixth to 16th , moving Alonso one place up to seventh . = = = Race = = = = = = = Pre @-@ race = = = = Title contender Alonso and Ferrari were hoping for damp conditions during the race , stating : " Wet races are a bit more unpredictable so we need some kind of damp race with many things happening , because we know that in normal conditions , fighting for the championship will be very difficult " . Felipe Massa discounted rumours he might try to help Alonso win the title by forcing Vettel into retirement , stating " I 've always been an honest person and an honest driver . And that will continue to be the case . My limit is the limit of the regulations , and I will stay true to this limit " . = = = = Race report = = = = With only light rain just 10 minutes before the start , all teams opted to start on slick tyres . Vettel got away poorly , dropping to seventh position , while his rival Alonso moved up into fifth . Vettel and Bruno Senna collided at turn 4 in a racing incident , which saw Vettel spin while Senna ended up hitting the rear of Pérez . Vettel suffered damage to his left sidepod but was able to carry on , in 22nd position . However , the reigning world champion began to move up the order , as there was close racing for position at the front of the field as well . Massa helped his teammate overtake Mark Webber on lap two going into the Senna @-@ S , giving the Spaniard the crucial third position he would need to win the title . But Alonso lost the position again to the fast running Force India of Nico Hülkenberg after running wide on lap four . Maldonado crashed out on lap two , when he lost control of his car on the kerb through the inside of turn 3 , and crashed into the tyre barrier on the exit of the corner . Rain began to fall during the next few laps and the first cars made pit stops for intermediate tyres , including the two title contenders , while Button and Hülkenberg stayed out . This proved to be the right decision since the rain decreased shortly afterwards and cars on intermediates were forced to pit for slick tyres once again . Hülkenberg continued his strong performance by overtaking Button for the lead on lap 19 . With the two cars in front leading the field by almost a minute , debris on the track brought out the safety car on lap 23 . At this point Alonso and Vettel were running in fourth and fifth place . At the restart on lap 29 , Kamui Kobayashi took fifth position from Vettel . The damage on the Red Bull car slowed Vettel down considerably more in dry conditions , and Massa helped his teammate by overtaking the German shortly after . Meanwhile , at the front , Hamilton took second from his teammate and was able to pass Hülkenberg when the German half @-@ spun . Hülkenberg pursued the McLaren but slid into him on lap 54 , leaving Hamilton out of the race with damage to the left front suspension and himself with a drive @-@ through penalty , handing Button the lead . When the rain started again , Vettel was one of the first to pit for intermediates , but since his radio had failed the team was not ready for him , causing a long delay . Ferrari timed Massa 's pit stop well , letting Alonso take second position from him . Vettel took sixth position from Michael Schumacher which proved sufficient to retain the title even with Alonso finishing second . The race ended after Paul di Resta crashed on the start / finish straight shortly before the end , bringing out the safety car once again until the conclusion of the race . Caterham 's Vitaly Petrov took 11th position which meant his team overtook Marussia in the constructors ' championship . Former world champion Kimi Räikkönen had an eventful race as well , almost crashing into Vettel after the start and later trying to use an escape road only to find it to be a dead end . He later stated the way had been open 11 years prior , having made the same manoeuver at the 2001 race . He also had a close contest with the retiring Michael Schumacher , who finished seventh after recovering from an early puncture , but gave up sixth to Vettel in order to help him extend his small point advantage over Fernando Alonso in the championship . = = = Post @-@ race = = = International reception of the race was positive , with The Guardian calling it a " rollercoaster " . Three @-@ time world champions Niki Lauda and Nelson Piquet stated that they had never seen a race like it . German magazine Der Spiegel deemed the race " spectacular " and " historic " due to the record @-@ breaking 147 successful overtaking manoeuvres carried out during the race . Sebastian Vettel himself called it his " toughest race ever " . At age 25 , Vettel became the youngest triple world champion of the sport , six years younger than Ayrton Senna had been in 1991 . On drawing level with Senna , Vettel commented : " To win that third title here , where one of my greatest idols , Ayrton Senna , was from , it is very difficult to imagine I join him and other great names by winning three successive titles " . Red Bull 's team principal Christian Horner praised his driver , saying " Sebastian has driven better than ever this season and has fought his way back into this championship , he 's never given up and you saw that in today 's race " . The Daily Mirror lauded Red Bull designer Adrian Newey for making the decision to change the engine mapping on Vettel 's car after reviewing photos of the damage sustained in the first lap accident . Newey was quoted saying : " So we photographed it going past , saw huge crease in exhaust , which usually means it will soon crack and the bodywork catch fire . [ ... ] So we changed the engine mapping to keep the exhaust as cool as we could , even though it meant lost performance " . Championship runner @-@ up Fernando Alonso expressed pride for his team , going so far as to call the 2012 season " the best season of my career " . During the podium interview with Nelson Piquet , he asserted : " Obviously we lost the championship now , but I don 't think , as you said , that we lost here in Brazil , we lost in some races where we were a little bit unlucky . But this is a sport , but when you do something with your heart , when you do something with 100 per cent , you have to be proud of your team , happy for them , and we will try next year . " The press later pointed out Alonso 's " grace after the race " , contrasting him to Vettel who had criticized the competition 's " dirty tricks " during his post @-@ race press conference . Speaking about his victory , Jenson Button congratulated his team , saying : " This is the perfect way to end the season . We have had ups and downs and to end on a high bodes well for 2013 . " Upon his second retirement from the sport , Michael Schumacher commented on the three years at Mercedes GP : " I have tried that mission to end successful . It didn 't work this time but I 'm quite happy to finish from here and go for a different life again . " Commenting on the outcome of the season , former team owner Eddie Jordan said he believed Alonso would have deserved the title more , considering the " less competitive machine " . BBC columnist and former Formula One driver Jaime Alguersuari took a different viewpoint , saying the German deserved the title , having gone into the last race with " the most difficult position [ ... ] – he had everything to lose " . = = = = Controversies = = = = Three days after the race , Ferrari announced they were contemplating filing an appeal with the FIA due to video footage allegedly showing Sebastian Vettel overtaking Jean @-@ Éric Vergne under yellow flags . Should the allegations have proven valid , the FIA could have added 20 seconds to Vettel 's finishing time , demoting him to 8th in the race result , handing the driver 's title to Alonso . Just two days later however , Ferrari opted not to appeal the result after receiving additional information from the FIA . Formula One CEO Bernie Ecclestone had previously stated that he considered Ferrari 's allegations " a shame " and " a joke " . After losing 10th place in the constructor 's championship to Caterham , Marussia 's director of engineering Nikolai Fomenko accused driver Charles Pic of deliberately letting Vitaly Petrov pass him due to Pic having already signed a contract with Caterham for next season . However , no actions were taken following these accusations . = = Classification = = = = = Qualifying = = = Notes ^ 1 – Pastor Maldonado received a ten @-@ place grid penalty after receiving his 3rd reprimand of the season , for missing a call in to the weighbridge from the FIA . = = = Race = = = = = Championship standings after the race = = Bold text indicates the World Champions . Notes : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings . = New York State Route 149 = New York State Route 149 ( NY 149 ) is an east – west state highway that runs for 32 @.@ 20 miles ( 51 @.@ 82 km ) through the Capital District of New York in the United States . It begins at exit 20 on the Adirondack Northway ( Interstate 87 or I @-@ 87 ) in the Warren County town of Queensbury and intersects U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) , US 4 , and NY 22 , among other routes , as it progresses eastward to its eastern end at the Vermont state line in the Washington County village of Granville . Here , the highway becomes Vermont Route 149 ( VT 149 ) and continues for an additional 1 @.@ 302 miles ( 2 @.@ 095 km ) to an intersection with VT 30 in Rutland County . Both NY 149 and VT 149 traverse mostly rural areas . NY 149 was assigned in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York and initially extended from NY 9L in Queensbury to NY 22 south of Granville by way of an east – west highway built during the first two decades of the 20th century . It was cut back to US 4 c . 1939 , but extended westward back to NY 9L in the mid @-@ 1950s . It was extended further west to US 9 in the late 1950s and to I @-@ 87 exit 20 c . 1962 . In the mid @-@ 1960s , NY 22 was rerouted to bypass Granville to the west . NY 149 was then extended to Vermont by way of NY 22 's former routing into the village and East Main Street . The short continuation of Granville 's East Main Street in Vermont , designated as Vermont Route 30B since 1935 , was renumbered to VT 149 at this time to match the New York number . = = Route description = = = = = Queensbury and Fort Ann = = = NY 149 officially begins at exit 20 on the northbound Adirondack Northway ( I @-@ 87 ) in the town of Queensbury , from where it follows a ramp eastward to US 9 . As signed , however , NY 149 begins at the southbound portion of I @-@ 87 exit 20 and follows County Route 23 ( CR 23 , named Gurney Lane ) east to US 9 , where it turns to follow US 9 northward . The signed and official routings join at the exit 's northbound ramps . While concurrent with US 9 , NY 149 passes the Adirondack / Lake George Factory Outlet Mall and several other businesses located on both sides of the highway . At the end of the factory outlets in the hamlet of French Mountain , NY 149 turns off US 9 and proceeds in a generally eastward direction toward the village of Fort Ann . After passing under a bike path overpass and a recreational vehicle park , the route runs through an area of rural residential dwellings and wooded areas situated north of Glen Lake . At the northern tip of the lake , NY 149 intersects Oxbow Hill Road , a connector to CR 63 ( Moon Hill Road ) that is maintained by Warren County county despite not being a numbered Warren County route . East of this junction , the highway turns to the northeast and crosses the Blue Line into Adirondack Park ahead of an intersection with CR 7 ( Bay Road ) . NY 149 continues on , curving back to the east as it passes the Queensbury Country Club and meets NY 9L . The route enters Washington County and the town of Fort Ann roughly 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) later . The first several miles of NY 149 in Washington County pass through isolated , rural areas as it curves to the north and south while following a generally east – west alignment . In West Fort Ann , the only community along the route between the county line and the village of Fort Ann , NY 149 intersects with Old State Route 149 , a loop route of NY 149 that was created when the highway was realigned . The route continues east from the community , exiting Adirondack Park and crossing over Halfway Creek on its way into the village of Fort Ann , where it becomes Ann Street . Within the village , NY 149 passes the Fort Ann Cemetery and two blocks of homes before intersecting with US 4 at George Street . NY 149 turns to the south , joining US 4 along George Street through downtown Fort Ann . After passing the town park , US 4 and NY 149 leave the village and become nameless as they head south into the town of Kingsbury . = = = East of Fort Ann = = = In Kingsbury , US 4 and NY 149 head through an open area dotted with farms and ponds . The routes proceed southward to a junction known as Baldwin Corner , where US 4 and NY 149 split . While US 4 heads to the southeast , NY 149 continues due south , paralleling the Champlain Canal to an area known as Smith 's Basin . Here , NY 149 turns east and crosses both a railroad line and the canal — which NY 149 had been following since joining US 4 in downtown Fort Ann — to enter the town of Hartford . Here , the route winds its way eastward through a rural , mostly undeveloped area of Washington County as it intersects several county roads on its way to the hamlet of Hartford . In Hartford , NY 149 intersects both Christian Hill Road and CR 23 ( the main street of the community ) ahead of a junction with NY 40 south of the community . The two routes converge here as NY 149 follows NY 40 northward around the small community to a junction east of the hamlet 's center , where NY 149 turns off to the east and begins to pass through more rural areas of the town of Hartford and the adjacent town of Granville . Upon crossing into Granville , the open areas along the route give way to dense forests . NY 149 continues generally northeastward through the town , passing through the isolated hamlet of Hillsdale before curving to the southeast toward South Granville . At the center of the community , NY 149 turns to the northeast at an intersection with CR 27 and CR 28 . The route leaves South Granville , passing patches of trees and a smattering of homes as it heads toward the border village of Granville . Just south of the village limits , NY 149 intersects with NY 22 . NY 22 and NY 149 briefly overlap before NY 22 forks off to bypass Granville to the west . NY 149 continues into Granville , becoming Quaker Street upon entering the village limits . The route proceeds through the village to its center , where NY 149 forks northeastward onto West Main Street and crosses over the Mettawee River . At an intersection with Church Street ( CR 26 ) , NY 149 becomes East Main Street and turns to the southeast on its way to the Vermont state line , where the roadway becomes VT 149 . VT 149 heads southeastward away from the built up village of Granville into a more rural region of the Rutland County town of Pawlet , paralleling the Mettawee River as it progresses onward . It heads past homes and through a dense forest as it intersects with Bull Frog Hollow Road just after the border . After Bull Frog Hollow Road , the route proceeds eastward through an area dominated by quarries . VT 149 continues on , entering a more open area and passing only a few homes before ending at an intersection with VT 30 in Blossom Corners , a small , largely unpopulated community within the town of Pawlet . = = History = = = = = State takeover and improvements = = = Several portions of NY 149 were constructed during the early 20th century when the state of New York assumed ownership over thousands of highways across the state . The earliest known constructed portion of modern NY 149 is the segment between the southern end of the NY 22 overlap and the southern village limits of Granville . The state let a $ 10 @,@ 850 ( equivalent to $ 296 @,@ 748 in 2016 ) contract to improve the highway , legislatively designated as part of State Highway 104 ( SH 104 ) , on May 12 , 1902 . The highway was added to the state highway system on October 6 , 1902 , following the completion of the project . The portion of NY 149 that overlaps US 9 in Queensbury , designated as part of SH 417 , was improved under the terms of a $ 82 @,@ 700 ( equivalent to $ 2 @.@ 1 million in 2016 ) contract awarded on July 10 , 1906 . It was added to the state highway system on January 10 , 1907 . Other portions of modern NY 149 were constructed over the course of the next decade . In 1911 , work began on the section of current NY 149 between Smith 's Basin and the northern junction with NY 40 in Hartford . The contract for the portion in the town of Fort Ann ( SH 942 ) was let on June 15 while the contract for the section in Hartford ( SH 802 ) was awarded three months earlier on March 30 . The two projects were carried out simultaneously over the next two years . SH 802 was added to the state highway system on February 9 , 1914 , while SH 942 was included in the system on May 5 , 1914 . In all , the improvement of the two state highways cost $ 69 @,@ 577 @.@ 20 ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 64 million in 2016 ) . In 1913 , construction began on the portion of what is now NY 149 in Granville south of North Street , internally designated as SH 5404 . The $ 77 @,@ 684 @.@ 89 ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 84 million in 2016 ) contract was awarded on September 5 , 1913 . The necessary improvements were made over the course of the next year and the highway was incorporated into the state highway system on October 29 , 1914 . The last portion of NY 149 with a known construction date is the section concurrent to US 4 in Fort Ann ( part of SH 1224 ) . A contract for its improvement was let on January 8 , 1915 at a cost of $ 43 @,@ 778 @.@ 92 ( equivalent to $ 952 thousand in 2016 ) . The improvements were made over the next year and the roadway was added to the state highway system on January 10 , 1916 . When the first set of New York state routes were assigned in 1924 , SH 417 became part of NY 6 while SH 104 and SH 5404 were included in NY 24 and SH 1224 was designated as part of NY 30 . NY 6 was replaced by US 9 while NY 30 was co @-@ designated as US 4 between Glens Falls and Whitehall in 1927 following the creation of the U.S. Highway System in late 1926 . The remainder of modern NY 149 was unnumbered prior to 1930 . = = = Assignment and alignment changes = = = In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the NY 30 designation was reassigned elsewhere , leaving just US 4 on the portion of highway that US 4 now shares with NY 149 . At the same time , all of NY 24 south of Middle Granville became part of NY 22 while NY 149 was assigned to the portion of its modern alignment between NY 9L in Queensbury and NY 22 south of the village of Granville . In July 1935 , several floods devastated many highways in the state of New York . One highway affected was NY 149 , as a bridge carrying the highway in the hamlet of South Granville was washed out . With the bridge out , drivers were detoured onto a town highway ( now maintained by Washington County as CR 27 ) to access NY 22 and Granville from South Granville and to access NY 40 from Granville . NY 22 was also affected by the flood as a bridge in the town of Cambridge was washed out as well . NY 149 was truncated eastward c . 1939 to the southern terminus of its overlap with US 4 south of Fort Ann . The change lasted for roughly 15 years before the highway was reextended westward to NY 9L in the mid @-@ 1950s . It was extended again in the late 1950s to follow a pre @-@ existing , unnumbered roadway west to US 9 in the Queensbury hamlet of French Mountain . NY 149 was altered once more c . 1962 to meet the new I @-@ 87 at exit 20 , resulting in a short overlap with US 9 . In Granville , NY 22 was originally routed on Quaker , Main , and North streets . It was rerouted in the mid @-@ 1960s to bypass Granville on a new highway west of the village . NY 149 was then extended northward along NY 22 's former routing to the junction of Main and North streets in Granville . From there , it continued eastward on Main Street to reach the Vermont state line , where it connected to VT 30B , a spur route of VT 30 that had been in place since 1935 . Vermont renumbered VT 30B to VT 149 at this time to match the highway it now connected to in New York . = = = Other developments = = = On July 2 , 2005 , the Hadlock Pond Dam north of West Fort Ann failed , washing out four sections of NY 149 near that community . As a result , the portion of the route between NY 9L in Queensbury and US 4 in Fort Ann was closed to all traffic . After one week , the highway was reopened , but only for local traffic and construction crews . It was reopened to all traffic on July 24 . The impromptu repair project cost the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) $ 1 @.@ 5 million ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 82 million in 2016 ) . In 2007 , the Times Union of Albany received letters from readers requesting that all of NY 149 be widened from two to four lanes . The letters were forwarded to NYSDOT , who responded that although the route was an important recreational route between New York and Vermont , the amount of traffic that the route carries was not high enough to warrant a four @-@ lane divided highway . Additionally , the state would also have to take a significant number of properties along the roadway in order to widen it , which would affect the character of the area . On July 10 , 2008 , a tanker truck full of water crashed into a tree along a portion of NY 149 between Bay Road ( CR 7 ) and Ridge Road ( NY 9L ) that features a sharp curve . After the first accident occurred at 3 : 10 a.m. , a second tractor @-@ trailer , who had stopped because of the tanker , rolled in reverse , jackknifing across the road and hitting a car . The road was shut down for the accident , where the driver of the tanker was taken to Glens Falls Hospital . The drivers of the car and the tractor @-@ trailer that jackknifed were not hurt . The route was reopened by 11 : 40 a.m. This accident was one of many tractor @-@ trailer accidents that has occurred on this stretch of NY 149 . NY 149 between Martindale Road in the town of Queensbury and the Washington County line was upgraded by New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) in the late 2000s . Construction began on February 9 , 2009 to upgrade the 2 @.@ 75 miles ( 4 @.@ 43 km ) long segment . The project consisted of repaving the roadway in areas , but also included widening the shoulder to 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) wide , reconstructing and straightening NY 149 near Martindale Road along with a spot near the Queensbury Country Club . Culverts would be replaced , drainage systems would be upgraded and they would create a new wetland mitigation area aside of NY 149 . Finally , left turn lanes would be constructed at NY 9L and CR 7 ( Bay Road ) . Announced alongside of a project to reconstruct NY 372 , the project would cost $ 8 million ( 2009 USD ) and given to Kubricky Construction Corporation , based in Queensbury , with a slated completion date of June 2010 . However , by July 2010 , construction had not been completed , as they just had shut down NY 149 between NY 9L and CR 7 . On December 19 , 2012 , NYSDOT announced a project to reconstruct NY 149 and its junction with US 4 in Fort Ann . The project would upgrade the intersection by doing an overall expansion , requiring the condemnation of one property . This new widening would help make turns from US 4 south to NY 149 west . The intersection would be repaved and drainage basins on US 4 and NY 149 , which would tie into the system on Clay Hill Road . NYSDOT 's website notes that announced that bids of the new project were announced in Fall 2013 with construction beginning soon after . The slated date of completion for the $ 1 @.@ 3 million project would be in Fall 2014 . = = Major intersections = = = Owls ( Millennium ) = " Owls " is the fifteenth episode of the second season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It originally aired on the Fox network on March 6 , 1998 . The episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by Thomas J. Wright . " Owls " featured guest appearances by Kristen Cloke , R. G. Armstrong and Kimberly Patton . Millennium Group offender profilers Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) and Peter Watts ( Terry O 'Quinn ) become embroiled in a growing schism within the Group , prompted by the discovery of the True Cross . " Owls " is a two @-@ part episode , with the story continued in " Roosters " . " Owls " was inspired by the earlier second season episode " The Hand of St. Sebastian " , with Morgan wishing to introduce secular beliefs within the Millennium Group . The episode has received positive responses from critics , and was viewed by approximately 5 @.@ 5 percent of the available audience in its initial broadcast . = = Plot = = In Damascus , Syria , a team of men excavate a piece of petrified wood — the True Cross . They are interrupted by the arrival of two armed assailants ; one of the excavators , Le Fur , clutches the wood as a shield , and the attackers ' guns jam when they attempt to fire on him . However , when Le Fur attempts to smuggle the wood out of the country , he is killed by a bomb at the airport and the cross is taken by a man named Helmut Gunsche . Gunsche later calls his employer , Rudolf Axmann , to inform him of the theft ; Axmann 's cufflinks bear a Germanic rune . In Seattle , Washington , Catherine Black ( Megan Gallagher ) meets Clear Knight ( Kimberly Patton ) , an executive at Aerotech International . Knight offers Black a position as a counselor for the fledgling company , which she accepts . Millennium Group member Peter Watts ( Terry O 'Quinn ) meets several other Group members to discuss the competing factions within the Group — the Roosters believe that the coming millennium will trigger a theological apocalypse , while the Owls believe the end of the world will be a secular , material disaster . The discovery and theft of the True Cross threatens to tip the internecine conflict in the favor of the Owls , leaving them in control of the Group ; the assembled members are Roosters and wish to stop this . Meanwhile , Lara Means ( Kristen Cloke ) , another Group member , sees a vision of an angel . She begins researching her visions , and is scouted by a Mr. Johnston , who asks her to work with the Owl faction . Meanwhile , Catherine 's husband Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) returns home to find Watts in the house . Watts explains that Black 's modem has been bugged ; the two argue heatedly and Black declares he is done with the Group . Watts and Means discuss the theft of the Cross ; Watts explains that it is fabled to grant its possessor invulnerability , and that the Nazis had attempted to find it to turn the tide of the Second World War . Means believes that the Owls would not have stolen it , as they would not wish to risk sparking a civil war within the Group . Elsewhere , Catherine leaves work at Aerotech one evening , and finds that her car will not start . She is met by Knight , who invites the Black family to her home ; it is seen that she wears the same Germanic rune cufflinks as Axmann . Johnston is driving along a quiet road , when his car is overtaken by Gunsche . Gunsche forces Johnston off the road , strangles him to death , and places a piece of wood — meant to resemble the Cross — inside Johnston 's car , before setting him and the car ablaze . The remains are later examined by Watts and Means ; they cannot determine if the wood is the Cross or not . However , Watts finds Johnston 's partially burnt diary , and reads an entry about his contacting Means . Suspecting betrayal , he expels Means from the Group immediately . Meanwhile , Black realizes that a painting he has seen in Knight 's office was a watercolor by Adolf Hitler . He then notices two men watching his house from a car . He approaches and holds them at gunpoint , and they identify themselves as Group members ; however , one of them discreetly draws his own pistol . = = Production = = " Owls " was written by frequent collaborators Glen Morgan and James Wong . It was the twelfth episode to have been written by the pair , who had penned several across the first and second seasons of the series . The pair had also taken the roles of co @-@ executive producers for the season . " Owls " was directed by Thomas J. Wright ; Wright had directed eleven episodes previously and would helm a further fourteen over the series ' run . Wright would also go on to direct " Millennium " , the series ' crossover episode with its sister show The X @-@ Files . Morgan has noted that the plot for " Owls " , and the concluding two @-@ part episode " Roosters " , grew out of the internecine conflict seen within the Millennium Group in " The Hand of St. Sebastian " , an earlier second season episode he had penned with Wong . Morgan had wanted to introduce secular elements to the series ' focus on eschatology , after the theological focus of the earlier episode ; he began focussing on ideas such as biological warfare as a possible way of depicting the end of the world — an idea which would later play out in the two @-@ part episodes concluding the second season , " The Time Is Now " and " The Fourth Horseman " . Guest star Kimberly Patton had worked with Morgan and Wong on several occasions prior to this episode , appearing in " Blood " , an episode of The X @-@ Files they had written , as well as acting in Space : Above and Beyond , the pair 's short @-@ lived science fiction series . = = Broadcast and reception = = " Owls " was first broadcast on the Fox network on March 6 , 1998 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 5 @.@ 5 during its original broadcast , meaning that 5 @.@ 5 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented approximately 5 @.@ 39 million households , and left the episode the seventy @-@ ninth most @-@ viewed broadcast that week . The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff rated the episode an " A " , finding it " exhilarating " despite its seemingly nonsensical plot . However , VanDerWerff felt that the episode moved at a constant and entertaining pace , and that it and " Roosters " never felt stretched out longer than they should have been . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated the episode 5 out of 5 , writing that it " poses amazing questions while precisely and purposefully offering up the answers " . Gibron felt that the episode was a perfect summation of the themes which had been hinted at in the earlier episode " Beware of the Dog " , and would set the tone for the season . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated " Owls " three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . Shearman felt the episode was entertaining and fun , but that its plot was confusing and cluttered . However , he felt that the episode served as a better version of " The Hand of St. Sebastian " , with the slower pace of a two @-@ part episode allowing for greater " gravitas " to be given to the storyline . = Thulium = Thulium is a chemical element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69 . It is the thirteenth and antepenultimate ( third @-@ last ) element in the lanthanide series . Like the other lanthanides , the most common oxidation state is + 3 , seen in its oxide , halides and other compounds . In aqueous solution , like compounds of other late lanthanides , soluble thulium compounds form complexes with nine water molecules . In 1879 , Swedish chemist Per Theodor Cleve separated in the rare earth erbia another two previously unknown components , which he called holmia and thulia : these were the oxides of holmium and thulium respectively . A relatively pure sample of thulium metal was first obtained in 1911 . Thulium is the second least abundant of the lanthanides after promethium , which is only found in trace quantities on Earth . It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery @-@ gray luster . It is fairly soft and slowly tarnishes in air . Despite its high price and rarity , thulium is used as the radiation source in portable X @-@ ray devices and in solid @-@ state lasers . It has no significant biological role and is not particularly toxic . = = Properties = = = = = Physical properties = = = Pure thulium metal has a bright , silvery luster , which tarnishes on exposure to air . The metal can be cut with a knife , as it has a Mohs hardness of 2 to 3 ; it is malleable and ductile . Thulium is ferromagnetic below 32 K , antiferromagnetic between 32 and 56 K , and paramagnetic above 56 K. Thulium has two major allotropes : the tetragonal α @-@ Tm and the more stable hexagonal β @-@ Tm . = = = Chemical properties = = = Thulium tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily at 150 ° C to form thulium ( III ) oxide : 4 Tm + 3 O2 → 2 Tm2O3 Thulium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form thulium hydroxide : 2 Tm ( s ) + 6 H2O ( l ) → 2 Tm ( OH ) 3 ( aq ) + 3 H2 ( g ) Thulium reacts with all the halogens . Reactions are slow at room temperature , but are vigorous above 200 ° C : 2 Tm ( s ) + 3 F2 ( g ) → 2 TmF3 ( s ) ( white ) 2 Tm ( s ) + 3 Cl2 ( g ) → 2 TmCl3 ( s ) ( yellow ) 2 Tm ( s ) + 3 Br2 ( g ) → 2 TmBr3 ( s ) ( white ) 2 Tm ( s ) + 3 I2 ( g ) → 2 TmI3 ( s ) ( yellow ) Thulium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the pale green Tm ( III ) ions , which exist as [ Tm ( OH2 ) 9 ] 3 + complexes : 2 Tm ( s ) + 3 H2SO4 ( aq ) → 2 Tm3 + ( aq ) + 3 SO2 − 4 ( aq ) + 3 H2 ( g ) Thulium reacts with various metallic and non @-@ metallic elements forming a range of binary compounds , including TmN , TmS , TmC2 , Tm2C3 , TmH2 , TmH3 , TmSi2 , TmGe3 , TmB4 , TmB6 and TmB12 . In those compounds , thulium exhibits valence states + 2 and + 3 , however , the + 3 state is most common and only this state has been observed in thulium solutions . Thulium exists as a Tm3 + ion in solution . In this state , the thulium ion is surrounded by nine molecules of water . Tm3 + ions exhibit a bright blue luminescence . Thulium 's only known oxide is Tm2O3 . This oxide is sometimes called " thulia " . Reddish @-@ purple thulium ( II ) compounds can be made by the reduction of thulium ( III ) compounds . Examples of thulium ( II ) compounds include the halides ( except the fluoride ) . Some hydrated thulium compounds , such as TmCl3 · 7H2O and Tm2 ( C2O4 ) 3 · 6H2O are green or greenish @-@ white . Thulium dichloride reacts very vigorously with water . This reaction results in hydrogen gas and Tm ( OH ) 3 exhibiting a fading reddish color . Combination of thulium and chalcogens results in thulium chalcogenides . Thulium reacts with hydrogen chloride to produce hydrogen gas and thulium chloride . With nitric acid it yields thulium nitrate , or Tm ( NO3 ) 3 . = = = Isotopes = = = The isotopes of thulium range from 145Tm to 179Tm . The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope , 169Tm , is electron capture , and the primary mode after is beta emission . The primary decay products before 169Tm are element 68 ( erbium ) isotopes , and the primary products after are element 70 ( ytterbium ) isotopes . Thulium @-@ 169 is thulium 's longest @-@ lived and most abundant isotope . It is the only isotope of thulium that is thought to be stable , although it is predicted to undergo alpha decay to holmium @-@ 165 with a very long half @-@ life . After thulium @-@ 169 , the next @-@ longest @-@ lived isotopes are thulium @-@ 171 , which has a half @-@ life of 1 @.@ 92 years , and thulium @-@ 170 , which has a half @-@ life of 128 @.@ 6 days . Most other isotopes have half @-@ lives of a few minutes or less . Thirty @-@ five isotopes and 26 nuclear isomers of thulium have been detected . Most isotopes of thulium lighter than 169 atomic mass units decay via electron capture or beta @-@ plus decay , although some exhibit significant alpha decay or proton emission . Heavier isotopes undergo beta @-@ minus decay . = = History = = Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements ( this was the same method Carl Gustaf Mosander earlier used to discover some other rare earth elements ) . Cleve started by removing all of the known contaminants of erbia ( Er2O3 ) . Upon additional processing , he obtained two new substances ; one brown and one green . The brown substance was the oxide of the element holmium and was named holmia by Cleve , and the green substance was the oxide of an unknown element . Cleve named the oxide thulia and its element thulium after Thule , an Ancient Greek place name associated with Scandinavia or Iceland . Thulium 's atomic symbol was once Tu , but this was changed to Tm . Thulium was so rare that none of the early workers had enough of it to purify sufficiently to actually see the green color ; they had to be content with spectroscopically observing the strengthening of the two characteristic absorption bands , as erbium was progressively removed . The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James , a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham . In 1911 he reported his results , having used his discovered method of bromate fractional crystallization to do the purification . He famously needed 15 @,@ 000 purification operations to establish that the material was homogeneous . High @-@ purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s , as a result of the adoption of ion @-@ exchange separation technology . Lindsay Chemical Division of American Potash & Chemical Corporation offered it in grades of 99 % and 99 @.@ 9 % purity . The price per kilogram has oscillated between US $ 4 @,@ 600 and $ 13 @,@ 300 in the period from 1959 to 1998 for 99 @.@ 9 % purity , and it was second highest for lanthanides behind lutetium . = = Occurrence = = The element is never found in nature in pure form , but it is found in small quantities in minerals with other rare earths . Thulium is often found with minerals containing yttrium and gadolinium . In particular , thulium occurs in the mineral gadolinite . However , thulium also occurs in the minerals monazite , xenotime , and euxenite . Its abundance in the Earth crust is 0 @.@ 5 mg / kg by weight and 50 parts per billion by moles . Thulium makes up approximately 0 @.@ 5 parts per million of soil , although this value can range from 0 @.@ 4 to 0 @.@ 8 parts per million . Thulium makes up 250 parts per quadrillion of seawater . In the solar system , thulium exists in concentrations of 200 parts per trillion by weight and 1 part per trillion by moles . Thulium ore occurs most commonly in China . However , Australia , Brazil , Greenland , India , Tanzania , and the United States also have large reserves of thulium . Total reserves of thulium are approximately 100 @,@ 000 tonnes . Thulium is the least abundant lanthanide on earth except for promethium . = = Production = = Thulium is principally extracted from monazite ores ( ~ 0 @.@ 007 % thulium ) found in river sands , through ion @-@ exchange . Newer ion @-@ exchange and solvent @-@ extraction techniques have led to easier separation of the rare earths , which has yielded much lower costs for thulium production . The principal sources today are the ion adsorption clays of southern China . In these , where about two @-@ thirds of the total rare @-@ earth content is yttrium , thulium is about 0 @.@ 5 % ( or about tied with lutetium for rarity ) . The metal can be isolated through reduction of its oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction in a closed container . None of thulium 's natural compounds are commercially important . Approximately 50 tonnes per year of thulium oxide are produced . In 1996 , thulium oxide cost US $ 20 per gram , and in 2005 , 99 % -pure thulium metal powder cost US $ 70 per gram . = = Applications = = Despite being rare and expensive , thulium has a few applications . = = = Laser = = = Holmium @-@ chromium @-@ thulium triple @-@ doped Yttrium aluminum garnet ( Ho : Cr : Tm : YAG , or Ho , Cr , Tm : YAG ) is an active laser medium material with high efficiency . It lases at 2097 nm and is widely used in military applications , medicine , and meteorology . Single @-@ element thulium @-@ doped YAG ( Tm : YAG ) lasers operate between 1930 and 2040 nm . The wavelength of thulium @-@ based lasers is very efficient for superficial ablation of tissue , with minimal coagulation depth in air or in water . This makes thulium lasers attractive for laser @-@ based surgery . = = = X @-@ ray source = = = Despite its high cost , portable X @-@ ray devices use thulium that has been bombarded in a nuclear reactor as a radiation source . These sources have a useful life of about one year , as tools in medical and dental diagnosis , as well as to detect defects in inaccessible mechanical and electronic components . Such sources do not need extensive radiation protection – only a small cup of lead . Thulium @-@ 170 is gaining popularity as an X @-@ ray source for cancer treatment via brachytherapy . This isotope has a half @-@ life of 128 @.@ 6 days and five major emission lines of comparable intensity ( at 7 @.@ 4 , 51 @.@ 354 , 52 @.@ 389 , 59 @.@ 4 and 84 @.@ 253 keV ) . Thulium @-@ 170 is one of the four most popular radioisotopes for use in industrial radiography . = = = Others = = = Thulium has been used in high @-@ temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium . Thulium potentially has use in ferrites , ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment . Thulium is also similar to scandium in that it is used in arc lighting for its unusual spectrum , in this case , its green emission lines , which are not covered by other elements . Because thulium fluoresces with a blue color when exposed to ultraviolet light , thulium is put into euro banknotes as a measure against counterfeiting . The blue fluorescence of Tm @-@ doped calcium sulfate has been used in personal dosimeters for visual monitoring of radiation . = = Biological role and precautions = = There is only a very small amount of thulium in the human body , but the exact amount is unknown . Thulium has not been observed to have a biological role , but small amounts of soluble thulium salts stimulate metabolism . Soluble thulium salts are mildly toxic , but insoluble thulium salts are completely nontoxic . When injected , thulium can cause degeneration of the liver and spleen and can also cause hemoglobin concentration to fluctuate . Liver damage from thulium is more prevalent in male mice than female mice . Despite this , thulium has a low level of toxicity . In humans , thulium occurs in the highest amounts in the liver , kidneys and bones . Humans typically consume several micrograms of thulium per year . The roots of plants do not take up thulium , and the dry weight of vegetables usually contains one part per billion of thulium . Thulium dust and powder are toxic upon inhalation or ingestion and can cause explosions . Radioactive thulium isotopes can cause radiation poisoning . = Pitru Paksha = Pitru Paksha ( Sanskrit : पितृ पक ् ष ) , also spelt as Pitru paksha or Pitri paksha , ( literally " fortnight of the ancestors " ) is a 16 – lunar day period in Hindu calendar when Hindus pay homage to their ancestor ( Pitrs ) , especially through food offerings . The period is also known as Pitru Pakshya , Pitri Pokkho , Sola Shraddha ( " sixteen shraddhas " ) , Kanagat , Jitiya , Mahalaya Paksha and Apara paksha . Pitru Paksha is considered by Hindus to be inauspicious , given the death rite performed during the ceremony , known as Shraddha or tarpan . In southern and western India , it falls in the 2nd paksha ( forthnight ) Hindu lunar month of Bhadrapada ( September ) and follows the forthnight immediately after the Ganesh festival . It begins on the Padyami ( first day of the forthnight ) ending with the new moon day known as Sarvapitri amavasya , Pitru Amavasya , Peddala Amavasya , Mahalaya amavasya or simply Mahalaya . Most years , the autumnal equinox falls within this period , i.e. the Sun transitions from the northern to the southern hemisphere during this period . In North India and Nepal , and cultures following the purnimanta calendar or the solar calendar , this period may correspond to the waning fortnight of the luni @-@ solar month Ashvin , instead of Bhadrapada . = = Legend = = According to Hinduism , the souls of three preceding generations of one 's ancestor reside in Pitru – loka , a realm between heaven and earth . This realm is governed by Yama , the god of death , who takes the soul of a dying man from earth to Pitru – loka . When a person of the next generation dies , the first generation shifts to heaven and unites with God , so Shraddha offerings are not given . Thus , only the three generations in Pitru – loka are given Shraddha rites , in which Yama plays a significant role . According to the sacred Hindu epics ( Itihasa ) , at the beginning of Pitru Paksha , the sun enters the zodiac sign of Libra ( Thula ) . Coinciding with this moment , it is believed that the spirits leave Pitru – loka and reside in their descendants ' homes for a month until the sun enters the next zodiac — Scorpio ( Vrichchhika ) — and there is a full moon . Hindus are expected to propitiate the ancestors in the first half , during the dark fortnight . When Karna , the brave warrior whose acts of giving are legendary even today , died in the epic Mahabharata war , his soul transcended to heaven , where he was offered gold and jewels as food . However , Karna needed real food to eat and asked Indra , the lord of heaven , the reason for serving gold as food . Indra told Karna that he had donated gold all his life , but had never donated food to his ancestors in Shraddha . Karna said that since he was unaware of his ancestors , he never donated anything in their memory . To make amends , Karna was permitted to return to earth for a 15 – day period , so that he could perform Shraddha and donate food and water in their memory . This period is now known as Pitru Paksha . In some legends , Yama replaces Indra . = = Significance = = The performance of Shraddha by a son during Pitru Paksha is regarded as compulsory by Hindus , to ensure that the soul of the ancestor goes to heaven . In this context , the scripture Garuda Purana says , " there is no salvation for a man without a son " . The scriptures preach that a householder should propitiate ancestors ( Pitris ) , along with the gods ( devas ) , ghosts ( bhutas ) and guests . The scripture Markandeya Purana says that if the ancestors are content with the shraddhas , they will bestow health , wealth , knowledge and longevity , and ultimately heaven and salvation ( moksha ) upon the performer . The performance of Sarvapitri amavasya rites can also compensate a forgotten or neglected annual Shraddha ceremony , which should ideally coincide with the death anniversary of the deceased . According to Sharma , the ceremony is central to the concept of lineages . Shraddha involves oblations to three preceding generations — by reciting their names — as well as to the mythical lineage ancestor ( gotra ) . A person thus gets to know the names of six generations ( three preceding generation , his own and two succeeding generations — his sons and grandsons ) in his life , reaffirming lineage ties . Anthropologist Usha Menon of Drexel University presents a similar idea — that Pitru Paksha emphasises the fact that the ancestors and the current generation and their next unborn generation are connected by blood ties . The current generation repays their debt to the ancestors in the Pitru Paksha . This debt is considered of utmost importance along with a person 's debt to his gurus and his parents . = = Rules of Shraddha = = = = = When and where = = = The shraddha is performed on the specific lunar day during the Pitru Paksha , when the ancestor — usually a parent or paternal grandparent — died . There are exceptions to the lunar day rule ; special days are allotted for people who died in a particular manner or had a certain status in life . Chautha Bharani and Bharani Panchami , the fourth and fifth lunar day respectively , are allocated for people deceased in the past year . Avidhava navami ( " Unwidowed ninth " ) , the ninth lunar day , is for married women who died before their husband . Widowers invite Brahmin women as guests for their wife 's shraddha . The twelfth lunar day is for children and ascetics who had renounced the worldly pleasures . The fourteenth day is known as Ghata chaturdashi or Ghayala chaturdashi , and is reserved for those people killed by arms , in war or suffered a violent death . Sarvapitri amavasya ( all ancestors ' new moon day ) is intended for all ancestors , irrespective of the lunar day they died . It is the most important day of the Pitru Paksha . Those who have forgotten to perform shraddha can do so on this day . A shraddha ritual performed on this day is considered as fruitful as one conducted in the holy city of Gaya , which is seen as a special place to perform the rite , and hosts a fair during the Pitru Paksha period . In Bengal , Mahalaya ( Bengali : মহালয ় া ) marks the beginning of Durga Puja festivities . Mahalaya is the day when the goddess Durga is believed to have descended to Earth . Bengali people traditionally wake up early in the morning at around 4 am on Mahalaya to listens to the enchanting voice of the late Birendra Krishna Bhadra and the late Pankaj Kumar Mullick on All India Radio as they recite hymns from the scriptures from the Devi Mahatmyam ( Chandi Path ) . This program has almost become synonymous with Mahalaya for almost nearly six decades now . Offerings to the ancestors are made in homes and at puja mandaps ( temporary shrines ) . Matamaha ( " Mother 's father " ) or Dauhitra ( " Daughter 's son " ) also marks the first day of the month of Ashvin and beginning of the bright fortnight . It is assigned for the grandson of the deceased maternal grandfather . The ritual is also held on the death anniversary of the ancestor . The shraddha is performed only at noon , usually on the bank of a river or lake or at one 's own house . Families may also make a pilgrimage to places like Varanasi and Gaya to perform Shraddha . An annual Pitri Paksha Mela at Gaya on the banks of River Falgu . Pilgrims from all corners of the country visit Gaya for offering Pinda to their Ancestors . According to Bihar Tourism Department estimates , some 5 @,@ 00 @,@ 000 to 75 @,@ 00 @,@ 000 pilgrims arrive in the Gaya city during the Pitri Paksha Mela every year . = = = Who and for whom = = = It is essential that Shraddha be performed by the son — usually the eldest — or male relative of the paternal branch of the family , limited to the preceding three generations . However , on Sarvapitri amavasya or matamaha , the daughter 's son can offer Shraddha for the maternal side of his family if a male heir is absent in his mother 's family . Some castes only perform the shraddha for one generation . Prior to performing the rite , the male should have experienced a sacred thread ceremony . Since the ceremony is considered inauspicious due to its association with death , the royal family of Kutch , the king or heirs of the throne are prohibited from conducting Shraddha . = = = Food = = = The food offerings made to the ancestors are usually cooked in silver or copper vessels and typically placed on a banana leaf or cups made of dried leaves . The food must include Kheer ( a type of sweet rice and milk ) , lapsi ( a sweet porridge made of wheat grains ) , rice , dal ( lentils ) , the vegetable of spring bean ( guar ) and a yellow gourd ( pumpkin ) . = = = Rites of Shraddha = = = The male who performs the shraddha should take a purifying bath beforehand and is expected to wear a dhoti . He wears a ring of kush grass . Then the ancestors are invoked to reside in the ring . The shraddha is usually performed bare @-@ chested , as the position of the sacred thread worn by him needs to be changed multiple times during the ceremony . The shraddha involves pinda @-@ daan , which is an offering to the ancestors of pindas ( cooked rice and barley flour balls mixed with ghee and black sesame seeds ) , accompanying the release of water from the hand . It is followed by the worship of Vishnu in form of the darbha grass , a gold image or Shaligram stone and Yama . The food offering is then made , cooked especially for the ceremony on the roof . The offering is considered to be accepted if a crow arrives and devours the food ; the bird is believed to be a messenger from Yama or the spirit of the ancestors . A cow and a dog are also fed , and Brahmin priests are also offered food . Once the ancestors ( crow ) and Brahmins have eaten , the family members can begin lunch . = = Other practices = = Some families also conduct ritual recitals of scriptures such the Bhagavata Purana and the Bhagavad Gita . Others may be charitable and present gifts to the priests or pay them to recite prayers for the ancestor 's well @-@ being . = Medieval cuisine = Medieval cuisine includes the foods , eating habits , and cooking methods of various European cultures during the Middle Ages , a period roughly dating from the 5th to the 15th century . During this period , diets and cooking changed less across Europe than they did in the far briefer early modern period that followed , when those changes helped lay the foundations for modern European cuisine . Cereals remained the most important staple during the early Middle Ages as rice was a late introduction to Europe , and the potato was only introduced in 1536 , with a much later date for widespread consumption . Barley , oat and rye among the poor , and wheat for the governing classes , were eaten as bread , porridge , gruel and pasta by all of society 's members . Fava beans and vegetables were important supplements to the cereal @-@ based diet of the lower orders . ( Phaseolus beans , today the " common bean , " were of New World origin and were introduced after the Columbian Exchange in the 16th century . ) Meat was more expensive and therefore more prestigious . Game , a form of meat acquired from hunting , was common only on the nobility 's tables . The most prevalent butcher 's meats were pork , chicken and other domestic fowl ; beef , which required greater investment in land , was less common . Cod and herring were mainstays among the northern populations ; dried , smoked or salted they made their way far inland , but a wide variety of other saltwater and freshwater fish was also eaten . Slow transportation and food preservation techniques ( based on drying , salting , smoking and pickling ) made long @-@ distance trade of many foods very expensive . Because of this , the food of the nobility was more prone to foreign influence than the cuisine of the poor ; it was dependent on exotic spices and expensive imports . As each level of society imitated the one above it , innovations from international trade and foreign wars from the 12th century onwards gradually disseminated through the upper middle class of medieval cities . Aside from economic unavailability of luxuries such as spices , decrees outlawed consumption of certain foods among certain social classes and sumptuary laws limited conspicuous consumption among the nouveaux riches . Social norms also dictated that the food of the working class be less refined , since it was believed there was a natural resemblance between one 's labour and one 's food ; manual labour required coarser , cheaper food . A type of refined cooking developed in the late Middle Ages that set the standard among the nobility all over Europe . Common seasonings in the highly spiced sweet @-@ sour repertory typical of upper @-@ class medieval food included verjuice , wine and vinegar in combination with spices such as black pepper , saffron and ginger . These , along with the widespread use of sugar or honey , gave many dishes a sweet @-@ sour flavour . Almonds were very popular as a thickener in soups , stews , and sauces , particularly as almond milk . = = Dietary norms = = The cuisines of the cultures of the Mediterranean Basin had since antiquity been based on cereals , particularly various types of wheat . Porridge , gruel and later , bread , became the basic food staple that made up the majority of calorie intake for most of the population . From the 8th to the 11th centuries , the proportion of various cereals in the diet rose from about 1 ⁄ 3 to 3 ⁄ 4 . Dependence on wheat remained significant throughout the medieval era , and spread northwards with the rise of Christianity . In colder climates , however , it was usually unaffordable for the majority population , and was associated with the higher classes . The centrality of bread in religious rituals such as the Eucharist meant that it enjoyed an especially high prestige among foodstuffs . Only ( olive ) oil and wine had a comparable value , but both remained quite exclusive outside the warmer grape- and olive @-@ growing regions . The symbolic role of bread as both sustenance and substance is illustrated in a sermon given by Saint Augustine : This bread retells your history … You were brought to the threshing floor of the Lord and were threshed … While awaiting catechism , you were like grain kept in the granary … At the baptismal font you were kneaded into a single dough . In the oven of the Holy Ghost you were baked into God 's true bread . = = = The Church = = = The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches and their calendars had great influence on eating habits ; consumption of meat was forbidden for a full third of the year for most Christians , and all animal products , including eggs and dairy products ( but not fish ) , were generally prohibited during Lent and fast . Additionally , it was customary for all citizens to fast prior to taking the Eucharist , and these fasts were occasionally for a full day and required total abstinence . Both the Eastern and the Western churches ordained that feast should alternate with fast . In most of Europe , Fridays were fast days , and fasting was observed on various other days and periods , including Lent and Advent . Meat , and animal products such as milk , cheese , butter and eggs , were not allowed , only fish . The fast was intended to mortify the body and invigorate the soul , and also to remind the faster of Christ 's sacrifice for humanity . The intention was not to portray certain foods as unclean , but rather to teach a spiritual lesson in self @-@ restraint through abstention . During particularly severe fast days , the number of daily meals was also reduced to one . Even if most people respected these restrictions and usually made penance when they violated them , there were also numerous ways of circumventing them , a conflict of ideals and practice summarized by writer Bridget Ann Henisch : It is the nature of man to build the most complicated cage of rules and regulations in which to trap himself , and then , with equal ingenuity and zest , to bend his brain to the problem of wriggling triumphantly out again . Lent was a challenge ; the game was to ferret out the loopholes . While animal products were to be avoided during times of penance , pragmatic compromises often prevailed . The definition of " fish " was often extended to marine and semi @-@ aquatic animals such as whales , barnacle geese , puffins and even beavers . The choice of ingredients may have been limited , but that did not mean that meals were smaller . Neither were there any restrictions against ( moderate ) drinking or eating sweets . Banquets held on fish days could be splendid , and were popular occasions for serving illusion food that imitated meat , cheese and eggs in various ingenious ways ; fish could be moulded to look like venison and fake eggs could be made by stuffing empty egg shells with fish roe and almond milk and cooking them in coals . While Byzantine church officials took a hard @-@ line approach , and discouraged any culinary refinement for the clergy , their Western counterparts were far more lenient . There was also no lack of grumbling about the rigours of fasting among the laity . During Lent , kings and schoolboys , commoners and nobility , all complained about being deprived of meat for the long , hard weeks of solemn contemplation of their sins . At Lent , owners of livestock were even warned to keep an eye out for hungry dogs frustrated by a " hard siege by Lent and fish bones " . The trend from the 13th century onward was toward a more legalistic interpretation of fasting . Nobles were careful not to eat meat on fast days , but still dined in style ; fish replaced meat , often as imitation hams and bacon ; almond milk replaced animal milk as an expensive non @-@ dairy alternative ; faux eggs made from almond milk were cooked in blown @-@ out eggshells , flavoured and coloured with exclusive spices . In some cases the lavishness of noble tables was outdone by Benedictine monasteries , which served as many as sixteen courses during certain feast days . Exceptions from fasting were frequently made for very broadly defined groups . Thomas Aquinas ( c . 1225 – 1274 ) believed dispensation should be provided for children , the old , pilgrims , workers and beggars , but not the poor as long as they had some sort of shelter . There are many accounts of members of monastic orders who flouted fasting restrictions through clever interpretations of the Bible . Since the sick were exempt from fasting , there often evolved the notion that fasting restrictions only applied to the main dining area , and many Benedictine friars would simply eat their fast day meals in what was called the misericord ( at those times ) rather than the refectory . Newly assigned Catholic monastery officials sought to amend the problem of fast evasion not merely with moral condemnations , but by making sure that well @-@ prepared non @-@ meat dishes were available on fast days . = = = Class constraints = = = Medieval society was highly stratified . In a time when famine was commonplace and social hierarchies were often brutally enforced , food was an important marker of social status in a way that has no equivalent today in most developed countries . According to the ideological norm , society consisted of the three estates of the realm : commoners , that is , the working classes — by far the largest group ; the clergy , and the nobility . The relationship between the classes was strictly hierarchical , with the nobility and clergy claiming worldly and spiritual overlordship over commoners . Within the nobility and clergy there were also a number of ranks ranging from kings and popes to dukes , bishops and their subordinates , such as priests . One was expected to remain in one 's social class and to respect the authority of the ruling classes . Political power was displayed not just by rule , but also by displaying wealth . Nobles dined on fresh game seasoned with exotic spices , and displayed refined table manners ; rough laborers could make do with coarse barley bread , salt pork and beans and were not expected to display etiquette . Even dietary recommendations were different : the diet of the upper classes was considered to be as much a requirement of their refined physical constitution as a sign of economic reality . The digestive system of a lord was held to be more discriminating than that of his rustic subordinates and demanded finer foods . In the late Middle Ages , the increasing wealth of middle class merchants and traders meant that commoners began emulating the aristocracy , and threatened to break down some of the symbolic barriers between the nobility and the lower classes . The response came in two forms : didactic literature warning of the dangers of adapting a diet inappropriate for one 's class , and sumptuary laws that put a cap on the lavishness of commoners ' banquets . = = = Dietetics = = = Medical science of the Middle Ages had a considerable influence on what was considered healthy and nutritious among the upper classes . One 's lifestyle — including diet , exercise , appropriate social behavior , and approved medical remedies — was the way to good health , and all types of food were assigned certain properties that affected a person 's health . All foodstuffs were also classified on scales ranging from hot to cold and moist to dry , according to the four bodily humours theory proposed by Galen that dominated Western medical science from late Antiquity until the 17th century . Medieval scholars considered human digestion to be a process similar to cooking . The processing of food in the stomach was seen as a continuation of the preparation initiated by the cook . In order for the food to be properly " cooked " and for the nutrients to be properly absorbed , it was important that the stomach be filled in an appropriate manner . Easily digestible foods would be consumed first , followed by gradually heavier dishes . If this regimen were not respected it was believed that heavy foods would sink to the bottom of the stomach , thus blocking the digestion duct , so that food would digest very slowly and cause putrefaction of the body and draw bad humours into the stomach . It was also of vital importance that food of differing properties not be mixed . Before a meal , the stomach would preferably be " opened " with an apéritif ( from Latin aperire , " to open " ) that was preferably of a hot and dry nature : confections made from sugar- or honey @-@ coated spices like ginger , caraway and seeds of anise , fennel or cumin , wine and sweetened fortified milk drinks . As the stomach had been opened , it should then be " closed " at the end of the meal with the help of a digestive , most commonly a dragée , which during the Middle Ages consisted of lumps of spiced sugar , or hypocras , a wine flavoured with fragrant spices , along with aged cheese . A meal would ideally begin with easily digestible fruit , such as apples . It would then be followed by vegetables such as lettuce , cabbage , purslane , herbs , moist fruits , light meats , such as chicken or goat kid , with potages and broths . After that came the " heavy " meats , such as pork and beef , as well as vegetables and nuts , including pears and chestnuts , both considered difficult to digest . It was popular , and recommended by medical expertise , to finish the meal with aged cheese and various digestives . The most ideal food was that which most closely matched the humour of human beings , i.e. moderately warm and moist . Food should preferably also be finely chopped , ground , pounded and strained to achieve a true mixture of all the ingredients . White wine was believed to be cooler than red and the same distinction was applied to red and white vinegar . Milk was moderately warm and moist , but the milk of different animals was often believed to differ . Egg yolks were considered to be warm and moist while the whites were cold and moist . Skilled cooks were expected to conform to the regimen of humoral medicine . Even if this limited the combinations of food they could prepare , there was still ample room for artistic variation by the chef . = = = Caloric structure = = = The caloric content and structure of medieval diet varied over time , from region to region , and between classes . However , for most people , the diet tended to be high @-@ carbohydrate , with most of the budget spent on , and the majority of calories provided by , cereals and alcohol ( such as beer ) . Even though meat was highly valued by all , lower classes often could not afford , nor were they allowed by the church to consume it every day . In England in the 13th century , meat contributed a negligible portion of calories to a typical harvest worker 's diet ; however , its share increased after the Black Death and , by the 15th century , it provided about 20 % of the total . Even among the lay nobility of medieval England , grain provided 65 – 70 % of calories in the early 14th century , though a generous provision of meat and fish was included , and their consumption of meat increased in the aftermath of the Black Death as well . In one early 15th @-@ century English aristocratic household for which detailed records are available ( that of the Earl of Warwick ) , gentle members of the household received a staggering 3 @.@ 8 pounds ( 1 @.@ 7 kg ) of assorted meats in a typical meat meal in the autumn and 2 @.@ 4 pounds ( 1 @.@ 1 kg ) in the winter , in addition to 0 @.@ 9 pounds ( 0 @.@ 41 kg ) of bread and 1 ⁄ 4 imperial gallon ( 1 @.@ 1 L ; 0 @.@ 30 US gal ) of beer or possibly wine ( and there would have been two meat meals per day , five days a week , except during Lent ) . In the household of Henry Stafford in 1469 , gentle members received 2 @.@ 1 pounds ( 0 @.@ 95 kg ) of meat per meal , and all others received 1 @.@ 04 pounds ( 0 @.@ 47 kg ) , and everyone was given 0 @.@ 4 pounds ( 0 @.@ 18 kg ) of bread and 1 ⁄ 4 imperial gallon ( 1 @.@ 1 L ; 0 @.@ 30 US gal ) of alcohol . On top of these quantities , some members of these households ( usually , a minority ) ate breakfast , which would not include any meat , but would probably include another 1 ⁄ 4 imperial gallon ( 1 @.@ 1 L ; 0 @.@ 30 US gal ) of beer ; and uncertain quantities of bread and ale could have been consumed in between meals . The diet of the lord of the household differed somewhat from this structure , including less red meat , more high @-@ quality wild game , fresh fish , fruit , and wine . In monasteries , the basic structure of the diet was laid down by the Rule of Saint Benedict in the 7th century and tightened by Pope Benedict XII in 1336 , but ( as mentioned above ) monks were adept at " working around " these rules . Wine was restricted to about 10 imperial fluid ounces ( 280 mL ; 9 @.@ 6 US fl oz ) per day , but there was no corresponding limit on beer , and , at Westminster Abbey , each monk was given an allowance of 1 imperial gallon ( 4 @.@ 5 L ; 1 @.@ 2 US gal ) of beer per day . Meat of " four @-@ footed animals " was prohibited altogether , year @-@ round , for everyone but the very weak and the sick . This was circumvented in part by declaring that offal , and various processed foods such as bacon , were not meat . Secondly , Benedictine monasteries contained a room called the misericord , where the Rule of Saint Benedict did not apply , and where a large number of monks ate . Each monk would be regularly sent either to the misericord or to the refectory . When Pope Benedict XII ruled that at least half of all monks should be required to eat in the refectory on any given day , monks responded by excluding the sick and those invited to the abbot 's table from the reckoning . Overall , a monk at Westminster Abbey in the late 15th century would have been allowed 2 @.@ 25 pounds ( 1 @.@ 02 kg ) of bread per day ; 5 eggs per day , except on Fridays and in Lent ; 2 pounds ( 0 @.@ 91 kg ) of meat per day , 4 days / week ( excluding Wednesday , Friday , and Saturday ) , except in Advent and Lent ; and 2 pounds ( 0 @.@ 91 kg ) of fish per day , 3 days / week and every day during Advent and Lent . This caloric structure partly reflected the high @-@ class status of late Medieval monasteries in England , and partly that of Westminster Abbey , which was one of the richest monasteries in the country ; diets of monks in other monasteries may have been more modest . The overall caloric intake is subject to some debate . One typical estimate is that an adult peasant male needed 2 @,@ 900 calories ( 12 @,@ 000 kJ ) per day , and an adult female needed 2 @,@ 150 calories ( 9 @,@ 000 kJ ) . Both lower and higher estimates have been proposed . Those engaged in particularly heavy physical labor , as well as sailors and soldiers , may have consumed 3 @,@ 500 calories ( 15 @,@ 000 kJ ) or more per day . Intakes of aristocrats may have reached 4 @,@ 000 to 5 @,@ 000 calories ( 17 @,@ 000 to 21 @,@ 000 kJ ) per day . Monks consumed 6 @,@ 000 calories ( 25 @,@ 000 kJ ) per day on " normal " days , and 4 @,@ 500 calories ( 19 @,@ 000 kJ ) per day when fasting . As a consequence of these excesses , obesity was common among upper classes . Monks especially frequently suffered from obesity @-@ related ( in some cases ) conditions such as arthritis . = = Regional variation = = The regional specialties that are a feature of early modern and contemporary cuisine were not in evidence in the sparser documentation that survives . Instead , medieval cuisine can be differentiated by the cereals and the oils that shaped dietary norms and crossed ethnic and , later , national boundaries . Geographical variation in eating was primarily the result of differences in climate , political administration , and local customs that varied across the continent . Though sweeping generalizations should be avoided , more or less distinct areas where certain foodstuffs dominated can be discerned . In the British Isles , northern France , the Low Countries , the northern German @-@ speaking areas , Scandinavia and the Baltic , the climate was generally too harsh for the cultivation of grapes and olives . In the south , wine was the common drink for both rich and poor alike ( though the commoner usually had to settle for cheap second pressing wine ) while beer was the commoner 's drink in the north and wine an expensive import . Citrus fruits ( though not the kinds most common today ) and pomegranates were common around in the Mediterranean . Dried figs and dates were available in the north , but were used rather sparingly in cooking . Olive oil was a ubiquitous ingredient in Mediterranean cultures , but remained an expensive import in the north where oils of poppy , walnut , hazel and filbert were the most affordable alternatives . Butter and lard , especially after the terrible mortality during the Black Death made them less scarce , were used in considerable quantities in the northern and northwestern regions , especially in the Low Countries . Almost universal in middle and upper class cooking all over Europe was the almond , which was in the ubiquitous and highly versatile almond milk , which was used as a substitute in dishes that otherwise required eggs or milk , though the bitter variety of almonds came along much later . = = Meals = = In Europe there were typically two meals a day : dinner at mid @-@ day and a lighter supper in the evening . The two @-@ meal system remained consistent throughout the late Middle Ages . Smaller intermediate meals were common , but became a matter of social status , as those who did not have to perform manual labor could go without them . Moralists frowned on breaking the overnight fast too early , and members of the church and cultivated gentry avoided it . For practical reasons , breakfast was still eaten by working men , and was tolerated for young children , women , the elderly and the sick . Because the church preached against gluttony and other weaknesses of the flesh , men tended to be ashamed of the weak practicality of breakfast . Lavish dinner banquets and late @-@ night reresopers ( from Occitan rèire @-@ sopar , " late supper " ) with considerable amounts of alcoholic beverage were considered immoral . The latter were especially associated with gambling , crude language , drunkenness , and lewd behavior . Minor meals and snacks were common ( although also disliked by the church ) , and working men commonly received an allowance from their employers in order to buy nuncheons , small morsels to be eaten during breaks . = = = Etiquette = = = As with almost every part of life at the time , a medieval meal was generally a communal affair . The entire household , including servants , would ideally dine together . To sneak off to enjoy private company was considered a haughty and inefficient egotism in a world where people depended very much on each other . In the 13th century , English bishop Robert Grosseteste advised the Countess of Lincoln : " forbid dinners and suppers out of hall , in secret and in private rooms , for from this arises waste and no honour to the lord and lady . " He also recommended watching that the servants not make off with leftovers to make merry at rere @-@ suppers , rather than giving it as alms . Towards the end of the Middle Ages , the wealthy increasingly sought to escape this regime of stern collectivism . When possible , rich hosts retired with their consorts to private chambers where the meal could be enjoyed in greater exclusivity and privacy . Being invited to a lord 's chambers was a great privilege and could be used as a way to reward friends and allies and to awe subordinates . It allowed lords to distance themselves further from the household and to enjoy more luxurious treats while serving inferior food to the rest of the household that still dined in the great hall . At major occasions and banquets , however , the host and hostess generally dined in the great hall with the other diners . Although there are descriptions of dining etiquette on special occasions , less is known about the details of day @-@ to @-@ day meals of the elite or about the table manners of the common people and the destitute . However , it can be assumed there were no such extravagant luxuries as multiple courses , luxurious spices or hand @-@ washing in scented water in everyday meals . Things were different for the wealthy . Before the meal and between courses , shallow basins and linen towels were offered to guests so they could wash their hands , as cleanliness was emphasized . Social codes made it difficult for women to uphold the ideal of immaculate neatness and delicacy while enjoying a meal , so the wife of the host often dined in private with her entourage or ate very little at such feasts . She could then join dinner only after the potentially messy business of eating was done . Overall , fine dining was a predominantly male affair , and it was uncommon for anyone but the most honored of guests to bring his wife or her ladies @-@ in @-@ waiting . The hierarchical nature of society was reinforced by etiquette where the lower ranked were expected to help the higher , the younger to assist the elder , and men to spare women the risk of sullying dress and reputation by having to handle food in an unwomanly fashion . Shared drinking cups were common even at lavish banquets for all but those who sat at the high table , as was the standard etiquette of breaking bread and carving meat for one 's fellow diners . Food was mostly served on plates or in stew pots , and diners would take their share from the dishes and place it on trenchers of stale bread , wood or pewter with the help of spoons or bare hands . In lower @-@ class households it was common to eat food straight off the table . Knives were used at the table , but most people were expected to bring their own , and only highly favored guests would be given a personal knife . A knife was usually shared with at least one other dinner guest , unless one was of very high rank or well @-@ acquainted with the host . Forks for eating were not in widespread usage in Europe until the early modern period , and early on were limited to Italy . Even there it was not until the 14th century that the fork became common among Italians of all social classes . The change in attitudes can be illustrated by the reactions to the table manners of the Byzantine princess Theodora Doukaina in the late 11th century . She was the wife of Domenico Selvo , the Doge of Venice , and caused considerable dismay among upstanding Venetians . The foreign consort 's insistence on having her food cut up by her eunuch servants and then eating the pieces with a golden fork shocked and upset the diners so much that there was a claim that Peter Damian , Cardinal Bishop of Ostia , later interpreted her refined foreign manners as pride and referred to her as " ... the Venetian Doge 's wife , whose body , after her excessive delicacy , entirely rotted away . " However this is ambiguous since Peter Damian died in 1072 or 1073 , and their marriage ( Theodora and Domenico ) took place in 1075 . = = Food preparation = = All types of cooking involved the direct use of fire . Kitchen stoves did not appear until the 18th century , and cooks had to know how to cook directly over an open fire . Ovens were used , but they were expensive to construct and only existed in fairly large households and bakeries . It was common for a community to have shared ownership of an oven to ensure that the bread baking essential to everyone was made communal rather than private . There were also portable ovens designed to be filled with food and then buried in hot coals , and even larger ones on wheels that were used to sell pies in the streets of medieval towns . But for most people , almost all cooking was done in simple stewpots , since this was the most efficient use of firewood and did not waste precious cooking juices , making potages and stews the most common dishes . Overall , most evidence suggests that medieval dishes had a fairly high fat content , or at least when fat could be afforded . This was considered less of a problem in a time of back @-@ breaking toil , famine , and a greater acceptance — even desirability — of plumpness ; only the poor or sick , and devout ascetics , were thin . Fruit was readily combined with meat , fish and eggs . The recipe for Tart de brymlent , a fish pie from the recipe collection Forme of Cury , includes a mix of figs , raisins , apples and pears with fish ( salmon , codling or haddock ) and pitted damson plums under the top crust . It was considered important to make sure that the dish agreed with contemporary standards of medicine and dietetics . This meant that food had to be " tempered " according to its nature by an appropriate combination of preparation and mixing certain ingredients , condiments and spices ; fish was seen as being cold and moist , and best cooked in a way that heated and dried it , such as frying or oven baking , and seasoned with hot and dry spices ; beef was dry and hot and should therefore be boiled ; pork was hot and moist and should therefore always be roasted . In some recipe collections , alternative ingredients were assigned with more consideration to the humoral nature than what a modern cook would consider to be similarity in taste . In a recipe for quince pie , cabbage is said to work equally well , and in another turnips could be replaced by pears . The completely edible shortcrust pie did not appear in recipes until the 15th century . Before that the pastry was primarily used as a cooking container in a technique known as ' huff paste ' . Extant recipe collections show that gastronomy in the Late Middle Ages developed significantly . New techniques , like the shortcrust pie and the clarification of jelly with egg whites began to appear in recipes in the late 14th century and recipes began to include detailed instructions instead of being mere memory aids to an already skilled cook . = = = Medieval kitchens = = = In most households , cooking was done on an open hearth in the middle of the main living area , to make efficient use of the heat . This was the most common arrangement , even in wealthy households , for most of the Middle Ages , where the kitchen was combined with the dining hall . Towards the Late Middle Ages a separate kitchen area began to evolve . The first step was to move the fireplaces towards the walls of the main hall , and later to build a separate building or wing that contained a dedicated kitchen area , often separated from the main building by a covered arcade . This way , the smoke , odors and bustle of the kitchen could be kept out of sight of guests , and the fire risk lessened . Many basic variations of cooking utensils available today , such as frying pans , pots , kettles , and waffle irons , already existed , although they were often too expensive for poorer households . Other tools more specific to cooking over an open fire were spits of various sizes , and material for skewering anything from delicate quails to whole oxen . There were also cranes with adjustable hooks so that pots and cauldrons could easily be swung away from the fire to keep them from burning or boiling over . Utensils were often held directly over the fire or placed into embers on tripods . To assist the cook there were also assorted knives , stirring spoons , ladles and graters . In wealthy households one of the most common tools was the mortar and sieve cloth , since many medieval recipes called for food to be finely chopped , mashed , strained and seasoned either before or after cooking . This was based on a belief among physicians that the finer the consistency of food , the more effectively the body would absorb the nourishment . It also gave skilled cooks the opportunity to elaborately shape the results . Fine @-@ textured food was also associated with wealth ; for example , finely milled flour was expensive , while the bread of commoners was typically brown and coarse . A typical procedure was farcing ( from the Latin farcio , " to cram " ) , to skin and dress an animal , grind up the meat and mix it with spices and other ingredients and then return it into its own skin , or mold it into the shape of a completely different animal . The kitchen staff of huge noble or royal courts occasionally numbered in the hundreds : pantlers , bakers , waferers , sauciers , larderers , butchers , carvers , page boys , milkmaids , butlers and numerous scullions . While an average peasant household often made do with firewood collected from the surrounding woodlands , the major kitchens of households had to cope with the logistics of daily providing at least two meals for several hundred people . Guidelines on how to prepare for a two @-@ day banquet can be found in the cookbook Du fait de cuisine ( " On cookery " ) written in 1420 in part to compete with the court of Burgundy by Maistre Chiquart , master chef of Amadeus VIII , Duke of Savoy . Chiquart recommends that the chief cook should have at hand at least 1 @,@ 000 cartloads of " good , dry firewood " and a large barnful of coal . = = = Preservation = = = Food preservation methods were basically the same as had been used since antiquity , and did not change much until the invention of canning in the early 19th century . The most common and simplest method was to expose foodstuffs to heat or wind to remove moisture , thereby prolonging the durability if not the flavor of almost any type of food from cereals to meats ; the drying of food worked by drastically reducing the activity of various water @-@ dependent microorganisms that cause decay . In warm climates this was mostly achieved by leaving food out in the sun , and in the cooler northern climates by exposure to strong winds ( especially common for the preparation of stockfish ) , or in warm ovens , cellars , attics , and at times even in living quarters . Subjecting food to a number of chemical processes such as smoking , salting , brining , conserving or fermenting also made it keep longer . Most of these methods had the advantage of shorter preparation times and of introducing new flavors . Smoking or salting meat of livestock butchered in autumn was a common household strategy to avoid having to feed more animals than necessary during the lean winter months . Butter tended to be heavily salted ( 5 – 10 % ) in order not to spoil . Vegetables , eggs or fish were also often pickled in tightly packed jars , containing brine and acidic liquids ( lemon juice , verjuice or vinegar ) . Another method was to seal the food by cooking it in sugar or honey or fat , in which it was then stored . Microbial modification was also encouraged , however , by a number of methods ; grains , fruit and grapes were turned into alcoholic drinks thus killing any pathogens , and milk was fermented and curdled into a multitude of cheeses or buttermilk . = = = Professional cooking = = = The majority of the European population before industrialization lived in rural communities or isolated farms and households . The norm was self @-@ sufficiency with only a small percentage of production being exported or sold in markets . Large towns were exceptions and required their surrounding hinterlands to support them with food and fuel . The dense urban population could support a wide variety of food establishments that catered to various social groups . Many of the poor city dwellers had to live in cramped conditions without access to a kitchen or even a hearth , and many did not own the equipment for basic cooking . Food from vendors was in such cases the only option . Cookshops could either sell ready @-@ made hot food , an early form of fast food , or offer cooking services while the customers supplied some or all of the ingredients . Travellers , such as pilgrims en route to a holy site , made use of professional cooks to avoid having to carry their provisions with them . For the more affluent , there were many types of specialist that could supply various foods and condiments : cheesemongers , pie bakers , saucers , waferers , etc . Well @-@ off citizens who had the means to cook at home could on special occasions hire professionals when their own kitchen or staff could not handle the burden of throwing a major banquet . Urban cookshops that catered to workers or the destitute were regarded as unsavory and disreputable places by the well @-@ to @-@ do and professional cooks tended to have a bad reputation . Geoffrey Chaucer 's Hodge of Ware , the London cook from the Canterbury Tales , is described as a sleazy purveyor of unpalatable food . French cardinal Jacques de Vitry 's sermons from the early 13th century describe sellers of cooked meat as an outright health hazard . While the necessity of the cook 's services was occasionally recognized and appreciated , they were often disparaged since they catered to the baser of bodily human needs rather than spiritual betterment . The stereotypical cook in art and literature was male , hot @-@ tempered , prone to drunkenness , and often depicted guarding his stewpot from being pilfered by both humans and animals . In the early 15th century , the English monk John Lydgate articulated the beliefs of many of his contemporaries by proclaiming that " Hoot ffir [ fire ] and smoke makith many an angry cook . " = = Cereals = = The period between c . 500 and 1300 saw a major change in diet that affected most of Europe . More intense agriculture on an ever @-@ increasing acreage resulted in a shift from animal products , like meat and dairy , to various grains and vegetables as the staple of the majority population . Before the 14th century bread was not as common among the lower classes , especially in the north where wheat was more difficult to grow . A bread @-@ based diet became gradually more common during the 15th century and replaced warm intermediate meals that were porridge- or gruel @-@ based . Leavened bread was more common in wheat @-@ growing regions in the south , while unleavened flatbread of barley , rye or oats remained more common in northern and highland regions , and unleavened flatbread was also common as provisions for troops . The most common grains were rye , barley , buckwheat , millet , and oats . Rice remained a fairly expensive import for most of the Middle Ages and was grown in northern Italy only towards the end of the period . Wheat was common all over Europe and was considered to be the most nutritious of all grains , but was more prestigious and thus more expensive . The finely sifted white flour that modern Europeans are most familiar with was reserved for the bread of the upper classes . As one descended the social ladder , bread became coarser , darker , and its bran content increased . In times of grain shortages or outright famine , grains could be supplemented with cheaper and less desirable substitutes like chestnuts , dried legumes , acorns , ferns , and a wide variety of more or less nutritious vegetable matter . One of the most common constituents of a medieval meal , either as part of a banquet or as a small snack , were sops , pieces of bread with which a liquid like wine , soup , broth , or sauce could be soaked up and eaten . Another common sight at the medieval dinner table was the frumenty , a thick wheat porridge often boiled in a meat broth and seasoned with spices . Porridges were also made of every type of grain and could be served as desserts or dishes for the sick , if boiled in milk ( or almond milk ) and sweetened with sugar . Pies filled with meats , eggs , vegetables , or fruit were common throughout Europe , as were turnovers , fritters , doughnuts , and many similar pastries . By the Late Middle Ages biscuits ( cookies in the U.S. ) and especially wafers , eaten for dessert , had become high @-@ prestige foods and came in many varieties . Grain , either as bread crumbs or flour , was also the most common thickener of soups and stews , alone or in combination with almond milk . The importance of bread as a daily staple meant that bakers played a crucial role in any medieval community . Bread consumption was high in most of Western Europe by the 14th century . Estimates of bread consumption from different regions are fairly similar : around 1 to 1 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 2 @.@ 2 to 3 @.@ 3 lb ) of bread per person per day . Among the first town guilds to be organized were the bakers ' , and laws and regulations were passed to keep bread prices stable . The English Assize of Bread and Ale of 1266 listed extensive tables where the size , weight , and price of a loaf of bread were regulated in relation to grain prices . The baker 's profit margin stipulated in the tables was later increased through successful lobbying from the London Baker 's Company by adding the cost of everything from firewood and salt to the baker 's wife , house , and dog . Since bread was such a central part of the medieval diet , swindling by those who were trusted with supplying the precious commodity to the community was considered a serious offense . Bakers who were caught tampering with weights or adulterating dough with less expensive ingredients could receive severe penalties . This gave rise to the " baker 's dozen " : a baker would give 13 for the price of 12 , to be certain of not being known as a cheat . = = Fruit and vegetables = = While grains were the primary constituent of most meals , vegetables such as cabbage , chard , onions , garlic and carrots were common foodstuffs . Many of these were eaten daily by peasants and workers , but were less prestigious than meat . The cookbooks , which appeared in the late Middle Ages and were intended mostly for those who could afford such luxuries , contained only a small number of recipes using vegetables as the main ingredient . The lack of recipes for many basic vegetable dishes , such as potages , has been interpreted not to mean that they were absent from the meals of the nobility , but rather that they were considered so basic that they did not require recording . Carrots were available in many variants during the Middle Ages : among them a tastier reddish @-@ purple variety and a less prestigious green @-@ yellow type . Various legumes , like chickpeas , fava beans and field peas were also common and important sources of protein , especially among the lower classes . With the exception of peas , legumes were often viewed with some suspicion by the dietitians advising the upper class , partly because of their tendency to cause flatulence but also because they were associated with the coarse food of peasants . The importance of vegetables to the common people is illustrated by accounts from 16th @-@ century Germany stating that many peasants ate sauerkraut from three to four times a day . Fruit was popular and could be served fresh , dried , or preserved , and was a common ingredient in many cooked dishes . Since sugar and honey were both expensive , it was common to include many types of fruit in dishes that called for sweeteners of some sort . The fruits of choice in the south were lemons , citrons , bitter oranges ( the sweet type was not introduced until several hundred years later ) , pomegranates , quinces , and , of course , grapes . Farther north , apples , pears , plums , and strawberries were more common . Figs and dates were eaten all over Europe , but remained rather expensive imports in the north . Common and often basic ingredients in many modern European cuisines like potatoes , kidney beans , cacao , vanilla , tomatoes , chili peppers and maize were not available to Europeans until after 1492 , after European contact with the Americas , and even then it often took considerable time , sometimes several centuries , for the new foodstuffs to be accepted by society at large . = = Dairy products = = Milk was an important source of animal protein for those who could not afford meat . It would mostly come from cows , but milk from goats and sheep was also common . Plain fresh milk was not consumed by adults except the poor or sick , and was usually reserved for the very young or elderly . Poor adults would sometimes drink buttermilk or whey or milk that was soured or watered down . Fresh milk was overall less common than other dairy products because of the lack of technology to keep it from spoiling . On occasion it was used in upper @-@ class kitchens in stews , but it was difficult to keep fresh in bulk and almond milk was generally used in its stead . Cheese was far more important as a foodstuff , especially for common people , and it has been suggested that it was , during many periods , the chief supplier of animal protein among the lower classes . Many varieties of cheese eaten today , like Dutch Edam , Northern French Brie and Italian Parmesan , were available and well known in late medieval times . There were also whey cheeses , like ricotta , made from by @-@ products of the production of harder cheeses . Cheese was used in cooking for pies and soups , the latter being common fare in German @-@ speaking areas . Butter , another important dairy product , was in popular use in the regions of Northern Europe that specialized in cattle production in the latter half of the Middle Ages , the Low Countries and Southern Scandinavia . While most other regions used oil or lard as cooking fats , butter was the dominant cooking medium in these areas . Its production also allowed for a lucrative butter export from the 12th century onward . = = Meats = = While all forms of wild game were popular among those who could obtain it , most meat came from domestic animals . Domestic working animals that were no longer able to work were slaughtered but not particularly appetizing and therefore were less valued as meat . Beef was not as common as today because raising cattle was labor @-@ intensive , requiring pastures and feed , and oxen and cows were much more valuable as draught animals and for producing milk . Mutton and lamb were fairly common , especially in areas with a sizeable wool industry , as was veal . Far more common was pork , as domestic pigs required less attention and cheaper feed . Domestic pigs often ran freely even in towns and could be fed on just about any organic waste , and suckling pig was a sought @-@ after delicacy . Just about every part of the pig was eaten , including ears , snout , tail , tongue , and womb . Intestines , bladder and stomach could be used as casings for sausage or even illusion food such as giant eggs . Among the meats that today are rare or even considered inappropriate for human consumption are the hedgehog and porcupine , occasionally mentioned in late medieval recipe collections . Rabbits remained a rare and highly prized commodity . In England , they were deliberately introduced by the 13th century and their colonies were carefully protected . Further south , domesticated rabbits were commonly raised and bred both for their meat and fur . They were of particular value for monasteries , because newborn rabbits were allegedly declared fish ( or , at least , not @-@ meat ) by the church and therefore they could be eaten during Lent . A wide range of birds were eaten , including swans , peafowl , quail , partridge , storks , cranes , larks , linnets and other songbirds that could be trapped in nets , and just about any other wild bird that could be hunted . Swans and peafowl were domesticated to some extent , but were only eaten by the social elite , and more praised for their fine appearance as stunning entertainment dishes , entremets , than for their meat . As today , geese and ducks had been domesticated but were not as popular as the chicken , the fowl equivalent of the pig . Curiously enough the barnacle goose was believed to reproduce not by laying eggs like other birds , but by	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
@-@ class , who had similarly adopted European customs . Chilembwe 's acceptance of European culture created an unorthodox anti @-@ colonial ideology based around a form of nationalism , rather than a desire to restore the pre @-@ colonial social order . = = = Outbreak of World War I = = = World War I broke out in July 1914 . By September 1914 , the war had spread to Africa as the British and Belgians began a long military campaign against the German colonial army in German East Africa . In Nyasaland , the major effect of the war was massive recruitment of Africans to serve as porters in support of the Allied armies . Porters lived in extremely poor conditions and many died . At the same time , the recruitment of porters created a shortage of labour which increased the economic pressure on Africans in Nyasaland . Chilembwe opposed the recruitment of black people to fight what he considered to be a war totally unconnected to them . He promoted a form of Christian pacifism and argued that the lack of civil rights for Africans in the colonial system , should exempt them from the duties of military service . Millenarians at the time believed that World War I would be a form of Armageddon , which they believed would destroy the colonial powers and pave the way for the emergence of independent African states . In November 1914 , following reports of large loss of life during fighting at Karonga , Chilembwe wrote a letter to the The Nyasaland Times in Blantyre , explicitly appealing to the colonial authorities not to recruit black troops : As I hear that , [ sic ] war has broken out between you and other nations , only whitemen , I request , therefore , not to recruit more of my countrymen , my brothers who do not know the cause of your fight , who indeed , have nothing to do with it ... It is better to recruit white planters , traders , missionaries and other white settlers in the country , who are , indeed , of much value and who also know the cause of this war and have something to do with it ... = = = Preparations = = = Preparations for the uprising had begun by the end of 1914 . Chilembwe acquired a military manual and began to organise his followers and wider support . In particular , he formed close ties with Filipo Chinyama in Ncheu , 110 miles ( 180 km ) to the north @-@ west and received his assurance that he would also mobilise his followers to join the rebellion when it broke out . The colonial authorities received two warnings that a revolt was imminent . A disaffected follower of Chilembwe reported the preacher 's " worrying intentions " to Philip Mitchell , a minor colonial functionary who later served as Governor of Uganda and Kenya , in August 1914 . A Catholic mission was also informed . Neither took any action . = = Rebellion = = = = = Outbreak = = = During the night of Saturday 23 – 24 January , the rebels met at the Mission church in Mbombwe , where Chilembwe gave a speech stressing that none of them should expect to survive the reprisals that would follow the revolt but that the uprising would draw greater attention to their conditions and destabilise the colonial system . This , Chilembwe believed , was the only way change would ever occur . A contingent of rebels was sent to Blantyre and Limbe , about 15 miles ( 24 km ) to south , where most of the white colonialists lived and where the insurgents hoped to capture the African Lakes Company 's store of weapons . Another group headed towards the Alexander Livingstone Bruce Plantation 's headquarters at Magomero . Chilembwe sent a messenger to Ncheu to alert Chinyama that the rebellion was starting . Chilembwe also sought support for his uprising from the German forces in German East Africa , on Nyasaland 's far northern border , hoping that a German offensive from the north combined with a native insurrection in the south might force the British out of Nyasaland permanently . On 24 January , he sent a letter to the German Governor by courier through Portuguese East Africa . The courier was intercepted and the letter was never received . During the latter stages of the East African Campaign , after the German invasion of Portuguese East Africa , the German colonial army actually helped to suppress anti @-@ Portuguese rebellions , among the Makombe and Barue peoples , worrying that African uprisings would destabilise the colonial order . = = = Attack on the Livingstone Bruce Plantation = = = The major action of the Chilembwe uprising involved an attack on the Bruce plantation at Magomero . The plantation spanned about 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 000 ha ) and grew both cotton and tobacco . Around 5 @,@ 000 locals worked on it as part of their thangata obligations . The plantation had a reputation locally for the poor treatment of its workers and for the brutality of its managers , who closed local schools , beat their workers and paid them less than had been promised . Their burning of Chilembwe 's church in November 1913 created a personal animosity with the rebel leadership . The insurgents launched two roughly concurrent attacks — one group targeted Magomero , the plantation headquarters and home of the main manager William Jervis Livingstone and a few other white staff , while a second assaulted the plantation @-@ owned village of Mwanje , where there were two white households . The rebels moved into Magomero in the early evening , while Livingstone and his wife were entertaining some dinner guests . The estate official , Duncan MacCormick , was in another house nearby . A third building , occupied by Emily Stanton , Alyce Roach and five children , contained a small cache of weapons and ammunition belonging to the local rifle club . The insurgents quietly broke into the Livingstone 's house and injured him during hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting , prompting him to take refuge in the bedroom , where his wife attempted to treat his wounds . The rebels forced their way into the bedroom , and after capturing his wife , decapitated Livingstone . MacCormick , who had been alerted , was killed by a rebel spear . The attackers took the women and children of the village prisoner but shortly released them unhurt , having reportedly treated them well . It has been suggested that Chilembwe may have hoped to use the women and children as hostages , but this remains unclear . The attack on Magomero , and in particular the killing of Livingstone , had great symbolic significance for Chilembwe 's men . The two Mauser rifles captured from the plantation formed the basis of the rebel armoury for the rest of the uprising . Mwanje had little military value but it has been proposed that the rebels may have hoped to find weapons and ammunition there . Led by Jonathan Chigwinya , the insurgents stormed one of the houses and killed the plantation 's stock manager , Robert Ferguson , with a spear as he lay in bed reading a newspaper . Two of the colonists , John Robertson and his wife Charlotte , escaped into the cotton fields and walked 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) to a neighbouring plantation to raise the alarm . One of the Robertsons ' African servants , who remained loyal , was killed by the attackers . = = = Later actions = = = The rebels cut the Zomba @-@ Tete and Blantyre @-@ Mikalongwe telephone lines , delaying the spread of the news . The African Lakes ' Company weapons store in Blantyre was raided by a force of around 100 rebels at around 02 : 00 on 24 January , before the general alarm had been raised by news of the Magomero and Mwanje attacks . The defenders mobilised after an African watchman was shot dead by the rebels . The insurgents were repulsed , but not before they had captured five rifles and some ammunition , which was taken back to Mbombwe . A number of rebels were taken prisoner during the retreat from Magomero . After the initial attacks on the Bruce plantation , the rebels returned home . Livingstone 's head was taken back and displayed at the Providence Industrial Mission on the second day of the uprising as Chilembwe preached a sermon . During much of the rebellion , Chilembwe remained in Mbombwe praying and leadership of the rebels was taken by David Kaduya , a former soldier in the King 's African Rifles ( KAR ) . Under Kaduya 's command , the rebels ambushed a small party of government soldiers near Mbombwe on 24 January , described as the " one reverse suffered by the government " during the uprising . By the morning of 24 January the government had levied the Nyasaland Volunteer Reserve , a settler militia and redeployed the 1st Battalion , KAR from the north of the colony . The rebels did not mount any further attack any of the many other isolated plantations in the region . They also did not occupy the boma ( fort ) at Chiradzulu just 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) from Mbombwe , even though it was ungarrisoned at the time . Rumours of rebel attacks spread , but despite earlier offers of support , there were no parallel uprisings elsewhere in Nyasaland and the promised reinforcements from Ncheu did not materialise . The Mlanje or Zomba regions likewise refused to join the uprising . = = = Siege of Mbombwe and attempted escape = = = Troops of the KAR launched a tentative attack on Mbombwe on 25 January but the engagement proved inconclusive . Chilembwe 's forces held a strong defensive position along the Mbombwe river and could not be pushed back . Two African government soldiers were killed and three were wounded ; Chilembwe 's losses have been estimated as about 20 . On 26 January , a group of rebels attacked a Catholic mission at Nguludi belonging to Father Swelsen . The mission was defended by four African armed guards , one of whom was killed . Swelsen was also wounded in the fighting and the church was burnt down . The military and militia forces assaulted Mbombwe again the same day but encountered no resistance . Many rebels , including Chilembwe , had fled the village disguised as civilians . Mbombwe 's fall and the government troops ' subsequent demolition of Chilembwe 's church with dynamite ended the rebellion . Kaduya was captured and brought back to Magomero where he was publicly executed . After the defeat of the rebellion , most of the remaining insurgents attempted to escape eastwards across the Shire Highlands , towards Portuguese East Africa , from where they hoped to head north to German territory . Chilembwe was seen by a patrol of Nyasaland police and shot dead on 3 February near Mlanje . Many other rebels were captured ; 300 were imprisoned following the rebellion and 40 were executed . Around 30 evaded capture and settled in Portuguese territory near the Nyasaland border . = = Aftermath = = Worrying that the rebellion might rapidly reignite and spread , the colonial authorities instigated arbitrary reprisals against the Nyasa population , including mass hut burnings . All weapons were confiscated and fines of 4 shillings per person were levied in the districts affected by the revolt , regardless of whether the people in question had been involved . The colonial government also begun attacking the rights of missionaries in Nyasaland and banned many independent churches , including Kitawala , from Nyasaland , and placed restrictions on other African @-@ run churches . Public gatherings , especially those associated with African @-@ initiated religious groups , were banned until 1919 . Fear of similar uprisings in other colonies , notably Northern Rhodesia , also led to similar repression of independent churches and foreign missions beyond Nyasaland . Though the rebellion failed , the threat to colonial rule posed by the Chilembwe revolt compelled the local authorities to introduce some reform . The colonial government proposed to undermine the power of independent churches like Chilembwe 's , by promoting secular education but lack of funding made this impossible . The government began to promote tribal loyalties in the colony , through the system of indirect rule , which was expanded after the revolt . In particular , the Muslim Yao people , who attempted to distance themselves from Chilembwe , were given more power and autonomy . Although delayed by the war , the Nyasaland Police , which had been primarily composed of African askaris levied by local white officials , was restructured as a professional force of white colonists . Forced labour was retained , and would remain a resentment for decades afterwards . = = = Commission of Enquiry = = = In the aftermath of the revolt , the colonial administration formed a Commission of Enquiry to examine the causes and handling of the rebellion . The Commission , which presented its conclusions in early 1916 , found that the revolt was chiefly caused by mismanagement of the Bruce plantation . The Commission also blamed Livingstone himself for " treatment of natives [ that was ] often unduly harsh " and for poor management of the estate . The Commission found that the systematic discrimination , lack of freedoms and respect were key causes of resentment among the local population . It also emphasised the effect of Booth 's ideology on Chilembwe . The Commission 's reforms were not far @-@ reaching — though it criticised the thangata system , it made only minor changes aimed at ending " casual brutality " . Though the government passed laws banning plantation owners from using the services of their tenants as payment of rent in 1917 , effectively abolishing thangata , it was " uniformly ignored " . A further Commission in 1920 concluded that the thangata could not be effectively abolished , and it remained a constant source of friction into the 1950s . = = In later culture = = Despite its failure , the Chilembwe rebellion has since gained an important place in the modern Malawian cultural memory , with Chilembwe himself gaining " iconic status . " The uprising had " local notoriety " in the years immediately after it , and former rebels were kept under police observation . Over the next three decades , anti @-@ colonial activists idealised Chilembwe and began to see him as a semi @-@ mythical figure . The Nyasaland African Congress ( NAC ) of the 1940s and 1950s used him as a symbolic figurehead , partly because its president , James Chinyama , had a family connection to Filipo Chinyama , who had been believed to be an ally of Chilembwe 's . When the NAC announced that it intended to mark 15 February annually as Chilembwe Day , colonial officials were scandalised . One wrote that to " venerate the memory of the fanatic and blood thirsty Chilembwe seems to us to be nothing less than a confession of violent intention . " D. D. Phiri , a Malawian historian , characterised Chilembwe 's uprising as an early expression of Malawian nationalism , as did George Shepperson and Thomas Price in their 1958 book Independent African , an exhaustive study of Chilembwe and his rebellion that was banned during the colonial era but still widely read by the educated classes . Chilembwe became viewed as an " unproblematic " hero by many of the country 's people . The Malawi Congress Party ( MCP ) , which ultimately led the country to independence in 1964 , made a conscious effort to identify its leader Hastings Banda with Chilembwe through speeches and radio broadcasts . Bakili Muluzi , who succeeded Banda in 1994 , similarly invoked Chilembwe 's memory to win popular support , inaugurating a new annual national holiday , Chilembwe Day , on 16 January 1995 . Chilembwe 's portrait was soon added to the national currency , the kwacha , and reproduced on Malawian stamps . It has been argued that for Malawian politicians , Chilembwe has become " symbol , legitimising myth , instrument and propaganda " . = = Historical analysis = = The revolt has been the subject of much research and has been interpreted in various ways by historians . At the time , the uprising was generally considered to mark a turning point in colonial rule . The Governor of Nyasaland , George Smith , declared that the revolt marked a " new phase in the existence of Nyasaland " . According to the military historian Hew Strachan , the Chilembwe uprising tarnished British prestige in East Africa which contributed , after the appointment of the future Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law as Secretary of State for the Colonies , to renewed pressure for an Anglo @-@ Belgian offensive against German East Africa . Chilembwe 's aims have also come under scrutiny . According to Robert I. Rotberg , Chilembwe 's speech of 23 January appeared to stress the importance and inevitability of martyrdom as a principal motivation . The same speech depicted the uprising as a manifestation of desperation but because of his desire to " strike a blow and die " , he did not have any idea of what he would replace colonialism with if the revolt succeeded . Rotberg concludes that Chilembwe planned to seize power in the Shire Highlands or perhaps in all of Nyasaland . Some contemporaries of Chilembwe believed that he had planned to make himself " King of Nyasaland " . John McCracken attacks the idea that the revolt could be considered nationalist , arguing that Chilembwe 's ideology was instead fundamentally utopian and created in opposition to localised abuses of the colonial system , particularly thangata . According to McCracken , the uprising failed because Chilembwe was over @-@ reliant on a small Europeanised petite bourgeoisie and did not gain enough mass support . Rotberg 's examination the Chilembwe revolt from a psychoanalytical perspective concludes that Chilembwe 's personal situation , his psychosomatic asthma and financial debt may have been contributory factors in his decision to plot the rebellion . = French Spaniel = The French Spaniel ( Epagneul Français ) is a breed of dog of the Spaniel @-@ like setter . It was developed in France and Canada as a hunting dog , descended from dogs of the 14th century . Popular with royalty during the Middle Ages , it nearly became extinct by the turn of the 20th century but was saved by the efforts of Father Fournier , a French priest . One of the largest breeds of Spaniel , it typically has a white coat with brown markings . It is a friendly breed that has few health issues , but can be affected by a syndrome called acral mutilation and analgesia . The breed is recognised by Canadian and international kennel clubs but not by The Kennel Club ( UK ) . The American Kennel Club has included the breed in its Foundation Stock Service , the first step to full recognition . = = History = = Spaniels were first mentioned in France during the 14th century in Gaston III of Foix @-@ Béarn 's work Livre de chasse , later translated into English as The Master of Game . They were speculated to have originated during the Crusades of the 11th century . The French Spaniel was referred to as a specific type of Spaniel by 1660 and was noted as being distinctive from the King Charles Spaniel of the Holland type . The breed was popular during the Middle Ages with it used for falconry and as a settling dog for net hunting . They became a favourite of French Royalty and Kings and Princes at the royal courts of Versailles favored them over other breeds of hunting dogs . In addition , Catherine I of Russia ( 1684 – 1727 ) was known to have owned a French Spaniel named Babe . During this period , the French Spaniel was known to have split into several regional types . The Sporting Magazine wrote of the French Spaniel and the hunting of mallards in 1805 , " The rough French Spaniel has been found the best companion on these occasions : he watches the conduct of the sportsman , and , with a velocity unequalled , darts on the wounded prey , presents it with all possible speed at the feet of his master . " In the 1850s , the Brittany ( formerly known as Brittany Spaniel ) was developed from crossing French Spaniels with English Setters . James de Connick established the first breed standard for the French Spaniel in 1891 . At the turn of the 20th century , the numbers of French Spaniels dropped so low that they nearly became extinct due to competition from foreign sporting dogs , in particular as French hunters chose to hunt particularly with English breeds of hunting dogs . A French priest named Father Fournier undertook the task of gathering the remaining French Spaniels in his Saint Hillaire kennels in order to preserve the breed . There he built the lineages that are representatives of those we now have . The French Spaniel Club was founded in 1921 , with Father Fournier as the president of the association . The modern French Spaniel is one of a group of recognised French Spaniels , including the Brittany , Picardy and Blue Picardy . = = = Recognition = = = The French Spaniel was little known outside France and neighboring countries until it was introduced in the Canadian province of Quebec in the 1970s . It quickly became a popular dog for hunting woodcock and grouse . The Club de l 'Épagneul Français du Canada was formed in 1978 to ensure the French Spaniel would continue to meet breed standards and to pursue official recognition by the Canadian Kennel Club , by which the breed was recognised in 1985 . French Spaniels are also recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale , and the United Kennel Club . The Kennel Club ( UK ) and the American Kennel Club do not recognize the French Spaniel , but is recognised by the North American Versatile Hunting Dog Association , and can be registered with US dog registries in order to record their registries and compete in associated dog shows , such as the Dog Registry of America , American Canine Association , and America 's Pet Registry . To qualify for recognition by the American Kennel Club , a national breed club must first be established and a written request needs to be sent to the AKC along with a breed standard . This enables qualification for the Foundation Stock Service . The next step is to qualify to compete in the Miscellaneous Class . This requires a minimum of one hundred active members in the national breed club , along with a minimum of three to four hundred dogs in the United States with a three generation pedigree ( all dogs in those pedigrees must be of the same breed ) . In addition , they must be geographically spread across twenty states or more , and finally the clubs by @-@ laws and constitution must be reviewed as well as breed observations made by AKC staff . There is a typical stay of between one and three years in the Miscellaneous Class before full recognition is granted . During this time , the breed club must be seen to be active and hold seminars , matches as well as local and national speciality shows . The Kennel Club ( UK ) does not have a miscellaneous class or foundation stock service , instead it requires British bred dog and three generation pedigrees of them , along with details from the country of origin including the breed standard . This allows listing on the Imported Breeds Register , with full recognition granted at the discretion of the Kennel Club Review Committee . = = Description = = The French Spaniel is one of the two tallest spaniel breeds , being taller than the English Springer Spaniel . Males can range in height from 22 – 24 inches ( 56 – 61 cm ) , and females are about an inch shorter . Dogs can range in weight from 45 – 60 pounds ( 20 – 27 kg ) . A normal dog has a muscular appearance with a deep chest and strong legs . The French Spaniel has eyes of a dark amber colour , and a thick tail that tapers towards the tip . The hair is medium , dense , with long feathers on the ears , backs of the legs and tail . It has some waviness on the chest and otherwise lies flat on the body . The normal colour of a French Spaniel 's coat is white with brown markings rather in shade from a light cinnamon to dark liver . Historically , the coat was only white with black markings , but the breed was mixed with other colours of Spaniels during the 19th century . = = Temperament = = The French Spaniel has a friendly and outgoing personality and is well balanced and patient . It is not a naturally aggressive dog , is eager to please and thus can be trained easily . A dog of this breed will form a strong bond with its master , being typically a working dog . It has a high level of stamina and requires vigorous exercise . = = Health = = The breed is robustly healthy with few issues and adapts well to wet weather conditions . A dermatological condition known as acral mutilation and analgesia may affect French Spaniels . It is a newly recognised disorder , with symptoms becoming apparent between three and a half months and a year of age . It was first reported in thirteen dogs in Canada and shares symptoms with the acral mutilation syndromes of the German Shorthaired Pointer , English Pointer and English Springer Spaniels . Dogs who are affected will lick , bite and mutilate their extremities resulting in ulcers with secondary bacterial infections . Self amputation of claws , digits and footpads can happen in extreme cases . The majority of the initial dogs identified were euthanised within days to months of being diagnosed . = = = Specific = = = = = = General = = = = Lysurus mokusin = Lysurus mokusin , commonly known as the lantern stinkhorn , the small lizard 's claw , or the ribbed lizard claw , is a saprobic species of fungus in the family Phallaceae . The fruit body consists of a reddish , cylindrical fluted stipe that is capped with several " arms " . The arms can approach or even close in on each other to form a spire . The gleba — an olive @-@ green slimy spore mass — is carried on the outer surface of the arms . The fruit body , which has an odor comparable to " fresh dog feces " , " rotting flesh " , or " sewage " when mature , is edible in its immature " egg " stage . The fungus is native to Asia , and is also found in Australia , Europe and North America , where it is probably an introduced species . It has been used medicinally in China as an ulcer remedy . = = History , taxonomy , and phylogeny = = The species was first described by the Catholic Priest and missionary Pierre @-@ Martial Cibot in the publication Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae ( New memoirs of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg ) ( 1775 ) , where he reported finding it near Peking ( now Beijing ) . This finding represents the earliest published scientific record of a fungus from China . Cibot 's original name for the lantern stinkhorn , Phallus mokusin , was sanctioned by Christian Hendrik Persoon in his 1801 Synopsis Methodica Fungorum . In 1823 , Elias Magnus Fries transferred it to the genus Lysurus in his Systema Mycologicum . L. mokusin is the type species of the genus Lysurus . In 1938 , Y. Kobayasi reported the form L. mokusin f. sinensis , which he said differed from the main species in having a head that was more angular and conical at the top ; the form sinensis was also reported in Korea in 1995 . Some authors have attempted to define forms of L. mokusin as new species based on the degree of separation of the apical arms . For example , to contrast with his concept of Lysurus in which the arms were either free or slightly fused , the genus Lloydia was created by Chow in 1935 to contain species in which the tips of the arms were fused . As a result of various differing interpretations of the limits of L. mokusin , and the desire of some authors to define new species based on perceived differences , the fungus has acquired a lengthy list of synonyms over the years . L. mokusin is commonly known as the " lantern stinkhorn " , the " small lizard 's claw " , or the " ribbed lizard claw " . Lysuris mokusin has been included in a large @-@ scale phylogenetic analysis of Gomphoid and Phalloid fungi published in 2006 , and was shown to form a clade with Simblum sphaerocephalum , Lysurus borealis , and Protubera clathroidea . = = Description = = Immature fruit bodies of L. mokusin are white , gelatinous " eggs " measuring 1 – 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) in diameter , and are attached to the ground by thickened strands of mycelium called rhizomorphs . As the fungus matures , the egg ruptures as the fruit body rapidly expands , leaving volval remnants behind at the base . The stipe of the hollow , spongy mature fruiting body has dimensions of 10 – 15 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 – 5 @.@ 9 in ) by 1 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 1 @.@ 0 in ) , and ranges in color from white to pink to red , with 4 – 6 distinct deeply grooved sides divided lengthwise by ribs . The basis of distinction between L. mokusin and other species of Lysurus is the angular form of its stipe . The sides branch out into 4 – 6 arms that are fused together at the tip to form a pointed apex , resembling a spire . As the mushroom matures , the arms may spread apart . The outer surface of the arms is coated by a brownish , slimy , foul @-@ smelling spore mass called the gleba ; its fetid odor helps it attract flies and other insects to assist in spore dispersal . The odor has been compared to " fresh dog feces " , " rotting flesh " or sewage . The spores are cylindrical in shape , smooth , thin @-@ walled , and hyaline ( translucent ) , with dimensions of 4 – 6 by 2 – 2 @.@ 5 µm . Scanning electron microscopy reveals that one end of the spores has a hilar scar — an indentation in the spore wall that results during its separation from the sterigma of the basidium . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are usually eight @-@ spored , and the gleba composed of chains of roughly spherical , fusiform , ellipsoid to broadly club @-@ shaped cells that are either 6 @.@ 5 – 7 @.@ 4 by 2 @.@ 8 – 5 @.@ 6 µm or 37 @.@ 1 – 46 @.@ 3 by 18 – 28 µm and also mixed with filamentous cells 2 @.@ 3 – 4 @.@ 5 µm wide . The hyphae of L. mokusin have clamp connections . = = = Similar species = = = Lysurus cruciatus is similar is appearance to L. mokusin , but has a cylindrical stem without any flutings at the tip . Lysurus borealis is also similar , but its stipe is not fluted , and without the angles present in L. mokusin . = = Edibility and other uses = = This species is considered to be edible when still in the immature " egg " stage , and is thought to be a delicacy in China . When mature , its foul odor would deter most individuals from attempting consumption . The fungus has been used medicinally in China as a remedy for ulcers . = = Habitat and distribution = = Lysurus mokusin is saprobic , and grows solitarily or in small groups in forest litter , and wood chip mulch used in landscaping , and compost . Documented sightings of L. mokusin include Australasia , the Canary Islands , Korea , Japan , China ( Fujian Province ) , and the Bonin Islands . The species was unknown in Europe until it was reported in Italy in 1979 ; it is considered an alien species in that continent . In the United States , it has been collected from the states of California , Texas , and Washington , D.C .. = Husayn ibn Hamdan = Husayn ibn Hamdan ibn Hamdun ibn al @-@ Harith al @-@ Taghlibi was an early member of the Hamdanid family , who distinguished himself as a general for the Abbasid Caliphate and played a major role in the Hamdanids ' rise to power among the Arab tribes in the Jazira . Husayn entered caliphal service in 895 , and through his co @-@ operation with the caliphal government , he established himself and his family as the leader of the Arabs and Kurds of the Jazira , leading his troops to successful campaigns against the Qarmatians , Dulafids and Tulunids over the next few years . As one of the most distinguished generals of the Abbasid Caliphate , he rose in power and influence until 908 , when he was one of the leading conspirators in the abortive coup against Caliph al @-@ Muqtadir . Although the coup failed and Husayn was forced to flee the capital , he soon secured a pardon and served as governor in Jibal , where he again distinguished himself in military operations in south @-@ central Iran . In ca . 911 , he was appointed governor in Mosul , where he remained until rising in revolt in 914 / 5 , for reasons that are unclear . Defeated and captured in 916 , he was imprisoned in Baghdad , where he was executed in 918 . Through his influence , the family rose to high offices , beginning a long period during which Mosul and the entire Jazira were ruled by the Hamdanids . His nephews , Nasir al @-@ Dawla and Sayf al @-@ Dawla , went on to establish autonomous emirates in Mosul and Aleppo respectively . = = Biography = = = = = Origin and early career = = = Husayn was a son of the Hamdanid family 's patriarch , Hamdan ibn Hamdun . His family belonged to the Banu Taghlib tribe , established in the Jazira since before the Muslim conquests . In a pattern repeated across the Abbasid Caliphate , the Taghlibi leaders took advantage of the collapse of central caliphal authority of the during the decade @-@ long Anarchy at Samarra ( 861 – 870 ) to assert increasing control over their particular area , centred on Mosul . Hamdan established himself among the leading tribal leaders during this time , and led the resistance against caliphal attempts to restore direct control , even allying with the Kharijite rebels in the 880s . Finally , in 895 Caliph al @-@ Mu 'tadid launched a determined attack to recover the Jazira . Hamdan fled before the Caliph 's advance and was captured after a long pursuit and thrown in prison . Husayn , however , who had been entrusted with the fortress of Ardumusht on the left bank of the Tigris , chose to surrender it instead , and offered his services to the Caliph . He managed to capture the Kharijite leader Harun al @-@ Shari , thereby bringing an end to the Kharijite revolt in the Jazira . In exchange he secured not only a pardon for his father , but also the lifting of a tribute that the Taghlib had been forced to pay , and the right to form a regiment of 500 Taghlibi cavalry at government expense . This was a major success , laying the groundwork for his own and his family 's ascent to power . In the words of the Islamic scholar Hugh N. Kennedy , to the caliph he offered a group of experienced warriors under his own skilled and loyal leadership ; to the Taghlib , and other people in the Jazira , he offered the prospect of salaries and booty ; and to his own family military command and the opportunity of acquiring wealth in government services . It was in fact not as an independent tribal leader , c but rather as an intermediary between government and the Arabs and Kurds of the Jazira that al @-@ Husayn made the family fortune . = = = In Abbasid service = = = Husayn led his Taghlibi regiment with distinction over the next few years . He fought against the Dulafid Bakr ibn Abd al @-@ Aziz ibn Ahmad ibn Abi Dulaf in the Jibal in 896 . After 903 he played a decisive role in the campaigns of Muhammad ibn Sulayman al @-@ Katib against the Qarmatians of the Syrian desert , where his experienced cavalry was crucial in countering the highly mobile Qarmatians . In 903 he participated in Muhammad 's major victory over the Qarmatian leader al @-@ Husayn ibn Zikrawayh , better known by his laqab of " Sahib al @-@ Shama " , near Hama . The Qarmatian leaders fled to the desert , but were soon captured , and brought in triumph to Baghdad . Husayn then participated as commander of the vanguard in Muhammad 's 904 – 905 campaign that ended the Tulunid dynasty and restored Syria and Egypt to direct caliphal control . Muhammad ibn Sulayman reportedly offered him the governorship of Egypt , but Husayn refused , preferring to return to Baghdad with the enormous booty he had collected . On his return from Egypt , in 905 – 906 , Husayn was sent against the Banu Kalb of Syria , who had risen in revolt at the instigation of the Qarmatians . Although he drove them into the desert , the Kalbis filled up the wells as they retreated , and he was unable to follow them . As a result , the rebels were able to reach the Lower Euphrates , where they defeated another Abbasid force at al @-@ Qadisiyya and raided the hajj caravan of the Mecca pilgrims ( late 906 ) . In the end , the forces of the central government defeated the Qarmatians and drove them to flight . On their retreat back to Syria along the Euphrates , they were attacked and annihilated by Husayn in March / April 907 . Although these victories did not entirely remove the Qarmatian threat — the Qarmatians based in Bahrayn continued to remain active and raided lower Iraq — they signalled the near @-@ eradication of the sect from Syria . Husayn then subdued the remaining Kalbi rebels between the Euphrates and Aleppo , and in 907 – 908 confronted and drove back into Syria the Banu Tamim who had invaded the Jazira seeking pillage , defeating them near Khunasira . By 908 , this distinguished service had established Husayn as " one of the leading generals " ( Kennedy ) in the Caliphate , and enabled him to advance his own brothers to positions of power : they received various offices , the most important of which was the award of the governorship of Mosul to Husayn 's brother Abu 'l @-@ Hayja Abdallah in 905 . In December 908 , Husayn became involved in a palace plot to depose the new Caliph , al @-@ Muqtadir , in favour of the older Ibn al @-@ Mu 'tazz . Along with two others , on 17 December 908 he attacked and killed the vizier al @-@ Abbas ibn al @-@ Hasan al @-@ Jarjara 'i , who had endorsed al @-@ Muqtadir 's accession . The conspirators then sought to kill the young caliph as well , but the latter had barricaded himself in the Hasani Palace . Ibn al @-@ Mu 'tazz was proclaimed as caliph , and Husayn went to the palace to persuade al @-@ Muqtadir to surrender . However , the unexpected resistance of the palace servants under the chamberlains Sawsan , Mu 'nis al @-@ Fahl and Mu 'nis al @-@ Khadim , and the plotters ' indecision , doomed the coup . Al @-@ Muqtadir prevailed , and Husayn fled from Baghdad to Mosul and to Balad . He then spent some time wandering with his followers across the Jazira . The caliph sent Husayn 's own brother , Abu 'l @-@ Hayja Abdallah , to pursue him , but Husayn managed to surprise and defeat him . This success encouraged him to contact the new vizier , Ali ibn al @-@ Furat , through the mediation of his brother Ibrahim . Although he had been a leading figure in the conspiracy , and most of the other participants in the coup were executed or imprisoned , Husayn succeeded in receiving a pardon . He was not welcomed back to Baghdad , however , but appointed governor of Qumm and Kashan in the Jibal . As governor , he aided Mu 'nis al @-@ Khadim in his campaign against the Saffarid al @-@ Layth ibn Ali in Sijistan and Fars , and later against the former Saffarid general and rebel Subkara and his lieutenant al @-@ Qattal . The Abbasid forces under Mu 'nis al @-@ Khadim succeeded in suppressing the rebellion by 910 / 1 , with al @-@ Qattal being captured by Husayn in person , according to a celebratory poem by the later Hamdanid poet Abu Firas . Abu Firas further reports that Husayn was offered the governorship of Fars , but refused , and returned to Baghdad . Ibn al @-@ Furat , who probably still mistrusted his intentions , promptly dispatched him to the governorship of the Diyar Rabi 'a , the province encompassing the eastern Jazira , including Mosul . From this post , Husayn led a raiding campaign against the Byzantine Empire in 913 / 4 . Soon after , however , an open rift developed between Husayn and the vizier Ali ibn Isa al @-@ Jarrah . The reason is unclear , but revolved around the finances of Husayn 's province . In 914 / 5 he rose in open rebellion , assembling a force of 30 @,@ 000 Arabs and Kurds in the Jazira , a testament to his influence there . He managed to defeat a caliphal army sent against him , but when confronted by the redoubtable Mu 'nis al @-@ Khadim , recalled from Egypt , he was defeated and captured in February 916 while trying to flee north into Armenia . He was brought to Baghdad , where he was publicly paraded across the city in ritual humiliation , riding a camel and wearing a cap of shame . He was put into prison , and executed in October / November 918 on the caliph 's orders . The reason for Husayn 's execution is unclear . The historian of the Hamdanid dynasty , Marius Canard , suggested that it may have been due to his involvement in a Shi 'a @-@ inspired conspiracy , possibly connected to the dismissal of Ibn al @-@ Furat from his second vizierate at the same period , or with the rebellion of the autonomous governor of Adharbayjan , Yusuf ibn Abi 'l @-@ Saj , whom al @-@ Muqtadir may have suspected of ties with the imprisoned Husayn . As Canard writes , " in any case the caliph must have feared that if Husayn were released he would once again start a revolt , either through a desire for independence or as a Shi 'i . In order to avoid attempts by those ( probably numerous ) who desired his release to secure it by force , the caliph preferred to take a measure which put a stop to all intrigue " . Despite Husayn 's rebellion and execution , the Hamdanid family continued to prosper : his brothers were soon released from captivity , and Abdallah rose to prominence by aligning himself with Mu 'nis al @-@ Khadim and sharing in the ups and downs of the court politics in Baghdad . It was Abdallah 's two sons , however , al @-@ Hasan and Ali , better known by their honorific titles Nasir al @-@ Dawla and Sayf al @-@ Dawla , who established the family as the ruling dynasty in the semi @-@ independent emirates of Mosul ( until 978 ) and Aleppo ( until 1002 ) respectively . = = Character and assessment = = According to Canard , Husayn " stands out more clearly than the supreme commander Mu 'nis or any other military leaders " of the period for his ability and valour , as well as for his restive and ambitious spirit . He was also singled out in being of Arab descent , an unusual case among the Caliphate 's senior leaders of the period . Canard assesses him as unusually open @-@ minded , and attuned to the ideological turmoil and ferment in the Muslim world of his time , as indicated by his contact with the Sufi mystic al @-@ Hallaj , who dedicated a work on politics to Husayn . Indeed , according to Canard , Husayn 's espousal of Shi 'ism , and his participation in the abortive coup of 908 , can best be seen in light of a desire — typical of Shi 'a sympathisers — for a renewal of the Caliphate and the establishment of an " ideal Muslim government " , something which the corrupt and decadent Abbasids were no longer capable of . Finally , although it fell to his brother to found the actual Hamdanid dynasty , it was Husayn who first gave his family a taste of power and glory , for which he was later celebrated in the poetry of Abu Firas . = Reflector sight = A reflector sight or reflex sight is an optical device that allows the user to look through a partially reflecting glass element and see an illuminated projection of an aiming point or some other image superimposed on the field of view . These sights work on the simple optical principle that anything at the focus of a lens or curved mirror ( such as an illuminated reticle ) will look like it is sitting in front of the viewer at infinity . Reflector sights employ some sort of " reflector " to allow the viewer to see the infinity image and the field of view at the same time , either by bouncing the image created by lens off a slanted glass plate , or by using a mostly clear curved glass reflector that images the reticle while the viewer looks through the reflector . Since the reticle is at infinity it stays in alignment with the device the sight is attached to regardless of the viewer 's eye position , removing most of the parallax and other sighting errors found in simple sighting devices . Since their invention in 1900 , reflector sights have come to be used as gun sights on all kinds of weapons . They were used on fighter aircraft , in a limited capacity in World War I , widely used in World War II , and still used as the base component in many types of modern head @-@ up displays . They have been used in other types of ( usually large ) weapons as well , such as anti @-@ aircraft gun sights , anti tank gun sights , and any other role where the operator had to engage fast moving targets over a wide field of view , and the sight itself could be supplied with sufficient electrical power to function . There was some limited use of the sight on small arms after World War II but it came into widespread use after the late 1970s with the invention of the red dot sight , with a red light @-@ emitting diode ( LED ) as its reticle , making a dependable sight with durability and extremely long illumination run time . Reflector sights are also used in civilian applications such as sights on surveying equipment , optical telescope pointing aids , and camera viewfinders . = = Design = = Reflector sights work by using a lens or an image @-@ forming curved mirror with a luminous or reflective overlay image or reticle at its focus , creating an optical collimator that produces a virtual image of that reticle . The image is reflected off some form of angled beam splitter or the partially silvered collimating curved mirror itself so that the observer ( looking through the beam splitter or mirror ) will see the image at the focus of the collimating optics superimposed in the sight 's field of view in focus at ranges up to infinity . Since the optical collimator produces a reticle image made up of collimated light , light that is nearly parallel , the light making up that image is theoretically perfectly parallel with the axis of the device or gun barrel it is aligned with , i.e. with no parallax at infinity . The collimated reticle image can also be seen at any eye position in the cylindrical volume of collimated light created by the sight behind the optical window . But this also means , for targets closer than infinity , sighting towards the edge of the optical window can make the reticle move in relation to the target since the observer is sighting down a parallel light bundle at the edge . Eye movement perpendicular to the device 's optical axis will make the reticle image move in exact relationship to eye position in the cylindrical column of light created by the collimating optics . A common type ( used in applications such as aircraft gun sights ) uses a collimating lens and a beam splitter . This type tends to be bulky since it requires at least two optical components , the lens and the beam splitter / glass plate . The reticle collimation optics are situated at 90 ° to the optical path making lighting difficult , usually needing additional electric illumination , condensing lenses , etc . A more compact type replaces the lens / beam splitter configuration with a half silvered or dichroic curved collimating mirror set at an angle that performs both tasks of focusing and combining the image of an offset reticle . This type is most often seen as the red dot type used on small arms . It is also possible to place the reticle between the viewer and the curved mirror at the mirror 's focus . The reticle itself is too close to the eye to be in focus but the curved mirror presents the viewer with an image of the reticle at infinity . This type was invented by Dutch optical engineer Lieuwe Van Albada in 1932 , originally as a camera viewfinder , and was also used as a gunsight on WW2 bazookas : the US M9 and M9A1 " Bazooka " featured the D7161556 folding " Reflecting Sight Assembly " . The viewing portion of a reflector sight does not use any refractive optical elements , it is simply a projected reticle bounced off a beam splitter or curved mirror right into the users eye . This gives it the defining characteristics of not needing considerable experience and skill to use , as opposed to simple mechanical sights such as iron sights . A reflector sight also does not have the field of view and eye relief problems of sights based on optical telescopes : depending on design constraints their field of view is the user 's naked eye field of view , and their non @-@ focusing collimated nature means they don 't have the optical telescopes constraint of eye relief . Reflector sights can be combined with telescopes , usually by placing the telescope directly behind the sight so it can view the projected reticle creating a telescopic sight , but this re @-@ introduces the problems of narrow field of view and limited eye relief . The primary drawback of reflector sight is that they need some way to illuminate the reticle to function . Reticles illuminated by ambient light are hard to use in low light situations , and sights with electrical illumination stop functioning altogether if that system fails . = = History = = The idea of a reflector sight originated in 1900 with Irish optical designer and telescope maker Howard Grubb in patent No.12108. Grubb conceived of his " Gun Sight for large and small Ordnance " as a better alternative to the difficult to use iron sight while avoiding the telescopic sight 's limited field of view , greater apparent target speed , parallax errors , and the danger of keeping the eye against an eye stop . In the 1901 the Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society he described his invention as : It would be possible to conceive an arrangement by which a fine beam of light like that from a search light would be projected from a gun in the direction of its axis and so adjusted as to correspond with the line of fire so that wherever the beam of light impinged upon an object the shot would hit . This arrangement would be of course equally impracticable for obvious reasons but it is instanced to show that a beam of light has the necessary qualifications for our purposes . Now the sight which forms the subject of this Paper attains a similar result not by projecting an actual spot of light or an image on the object but by projecting what is called in optical language a virtual image upon it . It was noted soon after its invention that the sight could be a good alternative to iron sights and also had uses in surveying and measuring equipment . The reflector sight was first used on German fighter aircraft in 1918 and widely adopted on all kinds of fighter and bomber aircraft in the 1930s . By World War II the reflector sight was being used on many types of weapons besides aircraft , including anti @-@ aircraft guns , naval guns , anti tank weapons , and many other weapon where the user needed the simplicity and quick target acquisition nature of the sight . Through their development in the 1930s and into WWII the sight was also being referred to in some applications by the abbreviation " reflex sight " . = = Weapon sights = = Reflector sights were invented as an improved gun @-@ sight and since their invention they have been adapted to many types of weapons . When used with different types of guns , reflector sights are considered an improvement over simple iron sights ( sights composed of two spaced metal aiming points that have to be aligned ) . Iron sights take considerable experience and skill in the user who has to hold a proper eye position and simultaneously focus on the rear sight , the front sight , a target at different distances , and align all three planes of focus to achieve a hit . The reflector sight 's single , parallax @-@ free virtual image , in focus with the target , removes this aiming problem , helping poor , average , and expert shooters alike . Since the collimated image produced by the sight is only truly parallax free at infinity , the sight has an error circle equal to the diameter of the collimating optics for any target at a finite distance . Depending on the eye position behind the sight and the closeness of the target this induces some aiming error . For larger targets at a distance ( given the non @-@ magnifying , quick target acquisitions nature of the sight ) this aiming error is considered trivial . On small arms aimed at close targets this is compensated for by keeping the reticle in the middle of the optical window ( sighting down its optical axis ) . Some manufacturers of small arms sights also make models with the optical collimator set at a finite distance . This gives the sight parallax due to eye movement the size of the optical window at close range which diminishes to a minimal size at the set distance ( somewhere around a desired target range of 25 @-@ 50 yards ) . Compared to standard telescopic sights , a reflector sight can be held at any distance from the eye ( does not require a designed eye relief ) , and at almost any angle , without distorting the image of the target or reticle . They are often used with both eyes open ( the brain will tend to automatically superimpose the illuminated reticle image coming from the dominant eye onto the other eye 's unobstructed view ) , giving the shooter normal depth perception and full field of view . Since Reflector sights are not dependent on eye relief , they can theoretically be placed in any mechanically @-@ convenient mounting position on a weapon . = = = Aircraft = = = The earliest record of the reflector sight being used with fighter aircraft was in 1918 . The optical firm of Optische Anstalt Oigee of Berlin , working from the Grubb patents , developed 2 versions what came to be known as the Oigee Reflector Sight . Both used a 45 degree angle glass beam splitter and electrical illumination and were used to aim the plane 's machine guns . One version was used in operational trials on the Albatros D.Va fighter biplane and Fokker Dr.1 fighter triplane . There was some interest in this sight after World War I but reflector sights in general were not widely adopted for fighter and bomber aircraft until the 1930s , first by the French , then by most other major airforces . These sights were not only used for aiming fighter aircraft , they were used with aircraft defensive guns and in bombsights . Reflector sights as aircraft gun @-@ sights have many advantages . The pilot / gunner need not position their head to align the sight line precisely as they did in two @-@ point mechanical sights , head position is only limited to that determined by the optics in the collimator , mostly by the diameter of the collimator lens . The sight does not interfere with the overall view , particularly when the collimator light is turned off . Both eyes may be used simultaneously for sighting . The optical nature of the reflector sight meant it was possible to feed other information into field of view , such as modifications of the aiming point due to deflection determined by input from a gyroscope . 1939 saw the development by the British of the first of these gyro gunsights , reflector sights adjusted by gyroscope for the aircraft 's speed and rate of turn , enabling the display of a lead @-@ adjusted sighting reticle that lagged the actual " boresight " of the weapon ( s ) , allowing the boresight to lead the target in a turn by the proper amount for an effective strike As reflector sight designs advanced after World War II , giving the pilot more and more information , they eventually evolved into the head up display ( HUD ) . The illuminated reticle was eventually replaced by a video screen at the focus of the collimating optics that not only gave a sighting point and information from a lead @-@ finding computer and radar , but also various aircraft indicators ( such as an artificial horizon , compass , altitude and airspeed indicators ) , facilitating the visual tracking of targets or the transition from instrument to visual methods during landings . = = = Firearms = = = The idea of attaching a reflector sight to a firearm has been around since its invention in 1900 . Soon after World War II models appeared for rifles and shotguns including the Nydar shotgun sight ( 1945 ) , which used a curved semi @-@ reflective mirror to reflect an ambient lit reticle , and the Giese electric gunsight ( 1947 ) , which had a battery @-@ powered illuminated reticle . Later types included the Qwik @-@ Point ( 1970 ) and the Thompson Insta @-@ Sight . Both were beam @-@ splitter type reflector sights that used ambient light : illuminating a green crosshair in the Insta @-@ Sight , and a red plastic rod " light pipe " that produced a red aiming spot reticle in the Qwik @-@ Point . The mid- to late 1970s saw the introduction of what are usually referred to as red dot sights , a type that gives the user a simple bright red dot as an aiming point . The typical configuration for this sight is a compact curved mirror reflector design with a red light @-@ emitting diode ( LED ) at its focus . Using an LED as a reticle is an innovation that greatly improves the reliability and general usefulness of the sight : there is no need for other optical elements to focus light behind a reticle ; the mirror can use a dichroic coating to reflect just the red spectrum , passing through most other light ; and the LED itself is solid state and consumes very little power , allowing battery @-@ powered sights to run for hundreds and even tens of thousands of hours . Reflector sights for military firearms ( usually referred to as reflex sights ) took a long time to be adopted . The US House Committee on Armed Services noted as far back as 1975 on the suitability of the use of reflex sight for the M16 , but the US military did not widely introduce reflector sights until the early 2000s with the Aimpoint CompM2 red dot sight , designated the " M68 Close Combat Optic " . = = = = Reticle types = = = = Many reticle illumination and pattern options are available . Common light sources used in firearm reflector sights include battery powered lights , fiber optic light collectors , and even tritium capsules . Some sights are specifically designed to be visible when viewed through night vision devices . The color of a sight reticle is often red or amber for visibility against most backgrounds . Some sights use a chevron or triangular pattern instead , to aid precision aiming and range estimation , and still others provide selectable patterns . Sights that use dot reticles are almost invariably measured in minutes of angle , or " MOA " . MOA is a convenient measure for shooters using English units , since 1 MOA subtends approximately 1 inch ( 25 mm ) at a distance of 100 yards ( 91 m ) , which makes MOA a handy unit to use in ballistics . The 5 MOA ( 1 @.@ 5 mrad ) dot is small enough not to obscure most targets , and large enough to quickly acquire a proper " sight picture " . For many types of action shooting , a larger dot is preferred ; 7 ( 2 @.@ 0 mrad ) , 10 ( 2 @.@ 9 mrad ) , 15 ( 4 @.@ 4 mrad ) or even 20 MOA ( 5 @.@ 8 mrad ) dots or rings are used ; often these will be combined with horizontal and / or vertical lines to provide a level reference . Most sights have either active or passive adjustments for the reticle brightness , which help the shooter adapt to different lighting conditions . A very dim reticle will help prevent loss of night vision in low @-@ light conditions , while a brighter reticle will display more clearly in full sunlight . = = = = Configurations = = = = Modern optical reflector sights designed for firearms and other uses fall into two housing @-@ configurations : tubed and open . Tube sights look similar to standard telescopic sights , with a cylindrical tube containing the optics . Many tube sights offer the option of interchangeable filters ( such as polarizing or haze @-@ reducing filters ) , glare @-@ reducing sunshades , and conveniently protective " flip @-@ up " lens covers . Open sights ( also known as " mini reflex sights " and " mini red dots " ) take advantage of the fact that the reflector sight 's only optical element , the optical window , doesn 't need any housing at all . This configuration consists of a base with just the necessary reflective surface for collimating the reticle mounted on it . Due to their diminished profile , open sights do not usually accommodate filters and other accessory options typically supported by tube designs . = = Other uses = = Reflector sights have been used over the years in nautical navigation devices and surveying equipment . Albada type sights were used on early large format cameras , " Point and shoot " type cameras , and on simple disposable cameras . These sights are also used on astronomical telescopes as finderscopes , to help aim the telescope at the desired object . There are many commercial models , the first of which was the Telrad , invented by amateur astronomer Steve Kufeld in the late 1970s . Others are now available from companies such as Apogee , Celestron , Photon , Rigel , and Televue . Reflector sights are also used in the entertainment industry in productions such as live theater on " Follow Spot " spotlights . Sights such as Telrad 's adapted for use and the purpose built Spot Dot allow the spotlight operator to aim the light without turning it on . = = Similar types = = Collimator sights ( also called collimating or " occluded eye gunsight " ( OEG ) ) are simply the optical collimator focusing a reticle without any optical window . The viewer cannot see through them and only sees an image of the reticle . They are used either with both eyes open while one looks into the sight , with one eye open and moving the head to alternately see the sight and then at the target , or using one eye to partially see the sight and target at the same time . The reticle is illuminated by an electric , radioluminescent or passive ambient light source . The Armson OEG and the Normark Corp. Singlepoint are two examples of commercially available ambient lit collimator sights . These sights have the advantage of requiring less illumination for the reticle for the same level of usability , due to the high contrast black background behind the reticle . For this reason occluded eye gunsights were more practical for use on small arms before low power consumption illumination sources such as LEDs became commonplace . Holographic weapon sights are similar in layout to reflector sights but do not use a projected reticle system . Instead , a representative reticle is recorded in three @-@ dimensional space onto holographic film at the time of manufacture . This image is part of the optical viewing window . The recorded hologram is illuminated by a collimated laser built into the sight . The sight can be adjusted for range and windage by simply tilting or pivoting the optical window . = HMS Hermione ( 1782 ) = HMS Hermione was a 32 @-@ gun fifth @-@ rate frigate of the Royal Navy . She was notorious for having the bloodiest mutiny in British naval history , which saw her captain and most of the officers killed . The mutineers then handed the ship over to the Spanish , with whom she remained for two years before being cut out and returned to Royal Navy service under the names Retaliation and later Retribution . = = Early years = = HMS Hermione was the lead ship of a six @-@ ship class of frigates designed by Edward Hunt and termed the Hermione class . She was launched on 9 September 1782 from Teast 's of Bristol , having cost £ 11,350.14s.4d to build , with a further £ 4,570.2s.2d spent on dockyard expenses , and £ 723.16s.9d on fitting out . She was commissioned initially under Captain Thomas Lloyd , who commanded her until she was paid off in April 1783 . She recommissioned that same month under Captain John Stone , who sailed her to Nova Scotia on 17 October , after which she was paid off in 1785 . Hermione may have then been recommissioned under Captain William H. Ricketts during the Spanish Armament of 1790 , though this is uncertain . She did , however , undergo a repair between October 1790 and June 1792 , followed by a period spent refitting at Chatham Dockyard until January 1793 . She was recommissioned in December 1792 under Captain John Hills , under whom she sailed to Jamaica on 10 March 1793 . She served in the West Indies during the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars . On 4 June , Hermione , under Hills , participated in the British attack on Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , where she led a small squadron that accompanied the troop transports . Hermione had five men killed and six wounded in the attack . The British captured the town and its defences , and in taking the port they also captured a large number of merchant vessels . Hermione was among the vessels that shared in the capture on 17 July of the Lady Walterstasse . Hills died from yellow fever ( fatal " Black Vomit " ) , at Port Royal , Jamaica , in September 1794 . Captain Philip Wilkinson replaced Hills and was himself replaced in February 1797 — the year of the Spithead and Nore mutinies — by Captain Hugh Pigot . Pigot was a cruel officer who meted out severe and arbitrary punishment to his crew . During a nine @-@ month period , as captain of his previous command HMS Success he ordered at least 85 floggings , the equivalent of half the crew ; two men died from their injuries . Hermione was sent to patrol the Mona Passage between the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico . Under Pigot , she destroyed three privateers at Puerto Rico on 22 March 1797 . On 20 April Hermione was the lead ship in a squadron formed of the 32 @-@ gun frigates HMS Mermaid and HMS Quebec , the 14 @-@ gun brig HMS Drake , and the cutter HMS Penelope . The squadron cut out nine ships at the Battle of Jean @-@ Rabel without suffering any casualties . On 6 September 1797 she was in company with HMS Diligence and HMS Renommee when Diligence captured a Spanish 6 @-@ gun packet ship with troops on board . = = Mutiny = = Midshipman David Casey was an experienced junior officer who had distinguished himself to Captain Pigot during the previous months , but his disrating was one of the primary triggers to the mutiny . About a week before the mutiny , Casey was at his station on the main top , and the captain noticed that a gasket , one of the ties that held the sail securely , had not been tied by one of the sailors under his supervision . Casey was brought before the captain , and apologised for the oversight and took responsibility for it . The captain demanded that Casey apologise on his knees , a completely unacceptable and debasing demand for a gentleman . Casey refused to be humiliated in such a way . Pigot offered him one more opportunity and when Casey once more refused , the captain ordered that Casey receive 12 lashes ( more commonly a sailor 's punishment than that of a junior officer ) , and he was disrated , which would effectively end his career as a naval officer . Casey was a popular officer amongst the crew and they felt that he was punished unfairly . The topmen began to plot mutiny . Pigot had also developed the practice of frequently flogging the last sailor down from working aloft . On 20 September 1797 , Pigot ordered the topsails to be reefed after a squall struck the ship . Dissatisfied with the speed of the operation because " these would be the yard @-@ arm men , the most skilful topmen " he gave the order that the last men off the yard would be flogged . This policy was particularly unreasonable as the men would be spaced along the yard , and the two whose stations were furthest out would always be the last down . Three young sailors , in their haste to get down , fell to their deaths on the deck . One of the sailors hit and injured the master , Mr. Southcott . Pigot ordered their bodies thrown into the sea with the words " throw the lubbers overboard " ; a particularly offensive insult in the seaman 's vocabulary . He then instructed two boatswain 's mates to flog the rest of the topmen when they complained . The topmen were also flogged the next morning . The combination of the humiliation of Casey , the deaths of the topmen , and the severe punishment of the rest of the sailors appears to have driven the crew to mutiny . These factors , however , were arguably the final events in a series of harsh and brutal punishments by the captain . Dudley Pope , in his book The Black Ship , argues that it was not Pigot 's cruelty that drove the men to mutiny but the general injustice that he showed in his favouritism to some and overly harsh punishment of others . Had Pigot remained more even @-@ handed in his leadership , the mutiny might have been avoided . The evening of 21 September 1797 , a number of the crew , drunk on stolen rum , rushed Pigot 's cabin and forced their way in after overpowering the marine stationed outside . They hacked at Pigot with knives and cutlasses before throwing him overboard . The mutineers , probably led by a core group of just 18 men , went on to murder another eight of Hermione 's officers : the first lieutenant , Samuel Reed ; the second lieutenant , Archibald Douglas ; the third lieutenant , Henry Foreshaw ; the marine commander , Lieutenant McIntosh ; Boatswain William Martin ; Purser Stephen Turner Pacey ; Surgeon H.T. Sansum ; and the captain 's clerk . Two midshipmen were also killed , and all the bodies were thrown overboard . Three warrant officers survived : the gunner and carpenter were spared because they were considered useful to the ship , and Southcott the master was spared so he could navigate . Southcott lived to be a key witness , along with Casey , who was also spared , and their eyewitness accounts and testimony were key to the trials of many of the mutineers . Three petty officers joined the mutiny , one midshipman , Surgeon 's Mate Cronin , and Master 's Mate Turner . Fearing retribution for their actions , the mutineers decided to navigate the ship toward Spanish waters . One reason the master 's life was spared was that Turner could not navigate the ship properly without his help . The Hermione sailed to La Guaira , where they handed the ship over to the Spanish authorities . The mutineers claimed they had set the officers adrift in a small boat , as had happened in the mutiny on the Bounty some eight years earlier . The Spanish gave the mutineers just 25 dollars each in return , and presented them with the options of joining the Spanish army , heavy labour , or refitting their ship . The Spaniards took Hermione into service under the name Santa Cecilia ; her crew included 25 of her former crew , who remained under Spanish guard . = = Recapture and renaming = = Meanwhile , news of the fate of HMS Hermione reached Admiral Sir Hyde Parker when HMS Diligence captured a Spanish schooner . Parker wrote to the governor of La Guaira , demanding the return of the ship and the surrender of the mutineers . Meanwhile he despatched HMS Magicienne under Captain Henry Ricketts to commence negotiations . He also set up a system of informers and posted rewards that eventually led to the capture of 33 of the mutineers , some of whom were tried aboard HMS York , and at least one aboard HMS Gladiator . Of these , 24 were hanged and gibbetted , one was transported , and eight were acquitted or pardoned . To Parker 's fury , Admiral Richard Rodney Bligh had issued pardons to several mutineers . Acting against regulations Parker forced Bligh to resign his command and return to Britain in the summer of 1799 . Santa Cecilia , under the command of Captain Don Ramon de Chalas , had meanwhile sat in Puerto Cabello until Captain Edward Hamilton , aboard HMS Surprise , cut her out of the harbour on 25 October 1799 . Hamilton led a boarding party to retake Hermione and , after an exceptionally bloody action , sailed her out of danger under Spanish gunfire . The Spanish casualties included 119 dead ; the British took 231 Spaniards prisoner , while another 15 jumped or fell overboard . Hamilton had 11 men injured , four seriously , but none killed . Hamilton himself was severely wounded . For his daring exploit , Hamilton was made a knight by letters patent , a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( 2 January 1815 ) , and eventually became a baronet ( 20 October 1818 ) . The Jamaica House of Assembly awarded him a sword worth 300 guineas , and the City of London awarded him the Freedom of the City in a public dinner on 25 October 1800 . In 1847 , the Admiralty awarded Hamilton a gold medal for the recapture of Hermione , and the Naval General Service Medal with the clasp , " Surprise with Hermione " , to the seven surviving claimants from the action . = = Return to British service = = Parker renamed Santa Cecilia the Retaliation . In late 1799 or early 1800 , Retaliation captured four vessels . These were the two American brigs Gracey , sailing from Trinidad bound for Baltimore with a cargo of sugar , honey , and hides ; the Peggy , sailing from Cartagena to New York with a cargo of sugar , coffee , cotton , fustick , and hides ; and the Danish sloop Sisters , which was sailing from Jamaica to Baltimore with a cargo of sugar , and which had just left St Thomas . The Admiralty then renamed her Retribution on 31 January 1800 . She was recommissioned in September 1800 at Jamaica under Captain Samuel Forster . Apparently before that she detained an American schooner sailing from Port Republic with a cargo of coffee and logwood . In early 1801 Retribution detained the Spanish schooner La Linda , which was sailing from Campeachy to Havana , and the American schooner Sea Horse , which was sailing from Porto Cavello to New York . Retribution sent both into Jamaica . On 1 October Melampus , Juno , and Retribution were in company when they captured the Aquila . = = Fate = = Retribution arrived at Portsmouth in the third week of January 1802 . She was subsequently fitted at Woolwich in October 1803 for service for Trinity House at a cost of £ 484 , equal to £ 39 @,@ 861 @.@ 05 today . She was broken up at Deptford in June 1805 . = = In popular culture = = Captain Sawyer , commander of the ship of the line HMS Renown in the Horatio Hornblower novel Lieutenant Hornblower , is based on Captain Pigot , sharing many of the same mannerisms . Sawyer was portrayed by actor David Warner in the A & E miniseries Hornblower episodes " Mutiny " and " Retribution " . = Maryland Route 97 = Maryland Route 97 ( MD 97 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . The route runs 55 @.@ 27 mi ( 88 @.@ 95 km ) from U.S. Route 29 ( US 29 ) in Silver Spring , Montgomery County north to the Pennsylvania border in Carroll County , where the road continues into that state as Pennsylvania Route 97 ( PA 97 ) . Throughout most of Montgomery County , MD 97 is known as Georgia Avenue , which continues south from the southern terminus along US 29 into Washington , D.C. It is a suburban four- to six @-@ lane divided highway from Silver Spring north to Olney . From here , the route continues as a rural two @-@ lane road north through Brookeville and into Howard County . MD 97 continues through Carroll County where it passes through the county seat of Westminster . The route intersects many major roads , including Interstate 495 ( I @-@ 495 , Capital Beltway ) north of Silver Spring , MD 200 ( Intercounty Connector ) in Aspen Hill , MD 28 in Norbeck , I @-@ 70 and US 40 in Cooksville , MD 26 in Dorsey Crossroads , and MD 27 , MD 32 , and MD 140 in the Westminster area . With the creation of the U.S. Highway System in 1926 , present @-@ day MD 97 north of Westminster became a part of US 140 . MD 97 was first designated by 1933 from MD 27 / MD 410 ( now US 29 ) in Silver Spring to north of US 40 in Cooksville . Two portions of the route between Cooksville and Westminster became MD 570 in 1939 . In 1956 , MD 97 was extended north from Cooksville to the Pennsylvania border northwest of Emmitsburg , Frederick County . It replaced the two sections of MD 570 and replaced the MD 32 designation between Westminster and the Pennsylvania border . MD 97 was rerouted to bypass Westminster in 1960 and was moved to a new alignment between Westminster and Taneytown in 1965 ; both former alignments became MD 32 . In 1961 , the route was realigned between MD 26 and MD 32 , with the former segment becoming MD 854 . MD 97 was rerouted to its current northern terminus in 1979 , replacing that portion of US 140 , while the former route between Westminster and northwest of Emmitsburg became part of MD 140 . = = Route description = = MD 97 runs through the Washington , D.C. suburbs in Montgomery County , connecting several communities including Silver Spring , Wheaton , Glenmont , Norbeck , and Olney . It continues north from there into rural areas of Howard and Carroll counties , passing through the Carroll County seat of Westminster , before reaching the Pennsylvania border . MD 97 has two stretches along which it is a part of the National Highway System . The highway is a principal arterial from its southern terminus in Silver Spring north to Brookeville Road in Brookeville . Within that section , MD 97 is an intermodal connector from I @-@ 495 north to MD 192 in Forest Glen . The highway is also a principal arterial from MD 32 at Fenby north to MD 140 in Westminster and from MD 140 in Westminster to a point south of MD 496 north of Westminster . MD 97 is a part of the main National Highway System along its concurrency with MD 140 in Westminster . = = = Montgomery County = = = MD 97 begins at an intersection with US 29 and MD 384 ( Colesville Road ) in downtown Silver Spring in Montgomery County , heading north on Georgia Avenue , a six @-@ lane divided highway . Washington Metro 's Red Line runs below the route at this point . From the route ’ s southern terminus , Georgia Avenue continues south as part of US 29 toward Washington , D.C. MD 97 passes commercial areas of high @-@ rise buildings in Silver Spring before heading into residential neighborhoods . The route intersects the northern terminus of MD 390 ( 16th Street ) , which heads south and becomes 16th Street Northwest upon entering the District of Columbia . It continues north as a six @-@ lane undivided road with reversible lanes through commercial areas before coming to a modified cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 495 ( Capital Beltway ) . Past this interchange , the road becomes a divided highway again and intersects MD 192 ( Forest Glen Road ) . MD 97 passes more residences and continues toward Wheaton . The road heads into business areas again as it intersects MD 586 ( Veirs Mill Road ) near the Westfield Wheaton shopping mall . A short distance later , the road crosses MD 193 ( University Boulevard ) and continues back into residential areas past that intersection . The route heads into a mix of residential and commercial areas as it heads toward Glenmont , where it crosses Randolph Road . A short distance later , MD 97 intersects the southern terminus of MD 182 ( Layhill Road ) . From here , MD 97 turns northwest through residential neighborhoods and passes the Glenmont station terminus of Washington Metro 's Red Line , before reaching some businesses near the intersection with the northern terminus of MD 185 ( Connecticut Avenue ) in Aspen Hill . It turns north again past this intersection and crosses Bel Pre Road . After crossing Bel Pre Road , the route heads into wooded neighborhoods before it passes through a mix of businesses and houses , with MD 655 running to the west of the road . MD 97 crosses MD 28 ( Norbeck Road ) in Norbeck , and continues past some residences where it intersects MD 655A , a short connector that provides access to westbound MD 28 . MD 97 enters more wooded areas and narrows to four lanes , interchanging with MD 200 ( Intercounty Connector ) . The route eventually passes parkland and residential areas as it crosses Emory Lane . The road approaches Olney and passes by residential neighborhoods before heading into a business district at the intersection with MD 108 ( Olney Sandy Spring Road ) . After this intersection , the road heads into wooded residential areas as a two @-@ lane undivided road and enters Brookeville . Upon entering Brookeville , MD 97 becomes High Street and passes more residences . The route makes a left turn onto Market Street and continues through wooded residential areas . It heads out of Brookeville , with the name changing back to Georgia Avenue . The road heads into a more rural setting , with areas of farms , woods , and some residences . MD 97 reaches Sunshine , where the road crosses MD 650 ( New Hampshire Avenue / Damascus Road ) . Past Sunshine , MD 97 resumes through rural areas and enters woodland within Patuxent River State Park as it approaches the Patuxent River . = = = Howard and Carroll counties = = = MD 97 crosses the Patuxent River into Howard County , where it becomes Roxbury Mills Road , named after the Roxbury Mill built in 1753 . It continues north , passing areas of woods and farms along with suburban residential developments . The road passes through the community of Glenwood and continues through agricultural areas before intersecting MD 144 ( Frederick Road ) in Cooksville . A short distance later , the route interchanges with I @-@ 70 and US 40 . Past this interchange , MD 97 becomes Hoods Mill Road and passes rural residential areas , intersecting Old Frederick Road . From here , the road winds through a mix of woods , farm fields , and residences before crossing the South Branch of the Patapsco River . Upon crossing the river , MD 97 enters Carroll County and becomes Old Washington Road . The road crosses CSX 's Old Main Line Subdivision railroad as it passes wooded areas with some residences . It runs through a mix of woods and farms with some residences along the road . The number of residences increases as the route crosses Streaker Road in Berrett . From here , MD 97 passes more residences before intersecting MD 850 ( Old Liberty Road ) at a roundabout ; a short distance later , it intersects MD 26 ( Liberty Road ) at a folded diamond interchange in Dorsey Crossroads . Past MD 26 , MD 97 becomes New Washington Road and heads north through a mix of farmland , woodland , and residential neighborhoods , paralleled to the west by MD 854 ( Old Washington Road ) . The road passes through woodland before intersecting Nicodemus Road , where it continues past farms and woods before crossing MD 32 ( Sykesville Road ) in Fenby . Past this intersection , MD 97 passes to the east of Carroll Community College and heads into residential areas as it approaches Westminster , bypassing the center of the town to the east . The route becomes Malcolm Drive past the intersection with Main Street / Old Westminster Road and continues to an intersection with MD 140 ( Baltimore Boulevard ) . Here , MD 97 makes a left turn to form a concurrency with MD 140 on Baltimore Boulevard , a six @-@ lane divided highway . The two routes head through commercial areas on the outskirts of Westminster , passing by the TownMall of Westminster before interchanging with MD 27 ( Manchester Road ) at a folded @-@ diamond interchange . Past this interchange , the road passes over the Maryland Midland Railway and passes more businesses . At the Sullivan Road intersection , the road becomes College View Boulevard and a short distance later , MD 97 splits from MD 140 at an interchange near McDaniel College . MD 97 continues north on Littlestown Pike , a two @-@ lane undivided road . The road passes Carroll County Regional Airport before heading into a mix of farmland and residences . MD 97 intersects the southern terminus of MD 496 ( Bachmans Valley Road ) , and continues northwest through agricultural and wooded areas with intermittent residences . It passes through Union Mills , where the road intersects Old Hanover Road . MD 97 continues to the community of Silver Run , where it passes residences . Upon leaving this community , the route continues through woods and farm fields . A short distance later , MD 97 reaches the Pennsylvania border , where it becomes PA 97 and continues north into Adams County . = = History = = In 1911 , Georgia Avenue was proposed as a state highway between the Washington , D.C. border and Brookeville . This section of state highway was completed by 1915 . By 1921 , a state highway was proposed between Roxbury Mills and Cooksville , with a small piece completed to the south of Cooksville . Also , a state highway was completed between Westminster and the Pennsylvania border , connecting to a road that continued northwest to Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . By 1923 , the state road was finished between south of Cooksville and north of Roxbury Mills and to the north of Cooksville . With the creation of the U.S. Highway System on November 11 , 1926 , the portion of present @-@ day MD 97 north of Westminster was designated as part of US 140 , a U.S. Highway that ran from Baltimore to Gettysburg . In addition , the portion of Georgia Avenue between Norbeck and Olney was designated as part of MD 28 in 1927 . The state highway was completed south to Roxbury Mills in 1928 . By 1933 , the state road between Brookeville and Roxbury Mills was finished . MD 97 was designated by 1933 to run from MD 27 / MD 410 ( now US 29 ) in Silver Spring to north of US 40 in Cooksville . In 1935 , a state highway was finished south of the MD 26 west Eldersburg and heading south from MD 32 in Fenby . Both these highways were extended south about 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) in 1938 . In 1939 , the state highway running south from MD 26 west of Eldersburg and from MD 32 south of Fenby were both designated as MD 570 . By 1946 , the MD 28 concurrency between Norbeck and Olney was removed . The southern section of MD 570 was extended south 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) again in 1948 . MD 97 was widened into a divided highway between Silver Spring and Glenmont in 1950 . In 1956 , MD 97 was extended north to the Pennsylvania border northwest of Emmitsburg , Frederick County . The route ran north from Cooksville to Fenby , replacing both sections of MD 570 , before it replaced MD 32 from Fenby north to Westminster and northwest through Taneytown and Emmitsburg . In 1960 , MD 97 was moved to a new alignment that bypassed Westminster along newly constructed New Washington Road between Fenby and US 140 and the Westminster Bypass to the northwest side of the city . MD 32 was designated onto the former alignment of MD 97 that passed through Westminster on Washington Road and Main Street . In 1961 , MD 97 was shifted to a new alignment to the east between MD 26 and MD 32 ; the former alignment became MD 854 . The intersection with MD 26 was replaced with an interchange in 1962 . In 1964 , construction began on a new alignment of MD 97 slightly to the north between Westminster and Taneytown . This alignment was completed in 1965 , and the former alignment became a part of MD 32 ( now MD 832 ) . In 1966 , the divided highway portion of MD 97 was extended north from Glenmont to MD 28 in Norbeck . In 1977 , plans were made for US 140 to be decommissioned , with MD 97 to replace the section between Westminster and the Pennsylvania border , where it would connect to PA 97 . This proposal was made in order to eliminate short routes from the U.S. Highway System . The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials approved the removal of the US 140 designation on October 28 , 1977 . On January 1 , 1979 , MD 97 was rerouted at Westminster to head north to the Pennsylvania border , replacing US 140 . At the Pennsylvania border , the route connected to PA 97 , which replaced the US 140 designation in Pennsylvania . Meanwhile , the former alignment of MD 97 between Westminster and the Pennsylvania border northwest of Emmitsburg became a part of MD 140 . Dualization of MD 97 in Montgomery County was extended further north from MD 28 to MD 108 by 1989 . There are plans to build an interchange at the route ’ s intersection with Randolph Road in order to improve movements for automobiles as well as for pedestrians and bicycles accessing the nearby Glenmont Metro station . Another new interchange was built with MD 200 ( Intercounty Connector ) north of MD 28 and opened on February 23 , 2011 . = = Junction list = = = = Auxiliary route = = MD 97A runs along and old section of MD 97 that parallels the route to the west , running from a cul @-@ de @-@ sac north to an intersection with MD 97 at Emory Church Road in Olney , Montgomery County . The route is 0 @.@ 32 mi ( 0 @.@ 51 km ) long . = Abraham Lincoln ( Flannery ) = Abraham Lincoln is a marble sculpture of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln by Irish artist Lot Flannery , located in front of the old District of Columbia City Hall in Washington , D.C. , United States . It was installed several blocks from Ford 's Theatre , where Lincoln was assassinated . Dedicated in 1868 on the third anniversary of Lincoln 's death , dignitaries at the unveiling ceremony included President Andrew Johnson and Generals Ulysses S. Grant , William Tecumseh Sherman and Winfield Scott Hancock . The statue has been removed and rededicated twice . The first rededication was in 1923 following an outpouring of support from citizens and a veterans group that the statue be restored . The second rededication took place in 2009 after a three @-@ year remodeling of the old City Hall . The statue is the nation 's oldest extant memorial to the president . It previously stood on a column , but now rests on top of an octagonal base . = = History = = = = = Background = = = Most of the residents of Washington , D.C. were shocked and horrified by the assassination of Republican President Abraham Lincoln on April 14 , 1865 . Because of its geographical location , the city was sometimes suspected of being sympathetic to the Confederacy during the Civil War . Since Lincoln was killed in Washington , some of the residents worried Republican congressional leaders would seek revenge on the city . Thirteen days after Lincoln died , in an attempt to show loyalty , city and business leaders decided to erect a memorial honoring the slain president . It was the first Lincoln monument commissioned after his death , but not the first one built . In 1866 , a plaster statue ( later replaced by a metal one ) of Lincoln was erected in San Francisco . It was destroyed during the firestorm that followed the 1906 earthquake . The total cost of the memorial was $ 25 @,@ 000 . Washingtonians were responsible for most of the donations with the remaining funds raised by the Lincoln Monument Association . The largest donation came from John T. Ford , the manager of Ford 's Theatre at the time of Lincoln 's assassination . He held a benefit performance at his theater in Baltimore , raising $ 1 @,@ 800 . Although several designs were submitted , the monument 's planning committee unanimously chose the model by Lot Flannery ( 1836 – 1922 ) , a local Irish @-@ American artist , calling it the " most spirited " and " an excellent likeness . " Flannery had known Lincoln and was at Ford 's Theatre the night of the assassination . His statue is the only statue of Lincoln created by someone who knew him . In addition to the Lincoln sculpture , Flannery 's notable works include the Arsenal Monument at Congressional Cemetery and a sculpture of President Chester Arthur on display at the Smithsonian American Art Museum . Frank G. Pierson was chosen to be the monument 's architect . = = = Dedication = = = On the evening of April 14 , 1868 , the Lincoln statue was moved from Flannery 's studio to City Hall . The covered statue was guarded by police so no one could see it before the dedication ceremony the following day . On April 15 , all of the city 's offices were closed at noon and all flags were flown at half @-@ staff . An estimated 20 @,@ 000 people , around 20 % of Washington 's population , attended the dedication . Dignitaries at the dedication included President Andrew Johnson , General Ulysses S. Grant , General William Tecumseh Sherman , and General Winfield Scott Hancock . Supreme Court Justices and members of Congress were not in attendance because Johnson 's impeachment trial was taking place . A Masonic ceremony , along with music and prayers , took place at the dedication before the main speech by Major General Benjamin Brown French . Following the speech , Washington mayor Richard Wallach introduced Johnson , who uncovered the statue . The crowd cheered , followed by more music and finally a benediction . = = = Removal and rededications = = = In 1919 , the memorial was dismantled and placed in storage during the renovations of City Hall . Some of the city 's residents and officials didn 't want the memorial reinstalled when renovations were complete since the much larger and grander Lincoln Memorial was already under construction . Others thought the tall pedestal was unsafe . When the public heard of the plans to leave the monument in storage , many were upset and groups such as the Grand Army of the Republic demanded the statue be reinstalled . President Warren G. Harding even lobbied Congress on behalf of angry citizens . Government officials conceded , but by that point , the statue was missing . It was later found in crates behind the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and cleaned . On June 21 , 1922 , an Act of Congress authorized the rededication , which took place April 15 , 1923 , 55 years after the initial dedication . When the statue was replaced , it was set on a new shorter base instead of the original column . An unexpected consequence of this was vandals having easy access to the statue . Lincoln 's fingers were broken off several times and his right hand had to be replaced . In 2006 , the memorial was moved when renovations once again took place on the old City Hall , now home to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals . The statue was restored and cleaned before being returned when renovations were completed in 2009 . On April 15 , 2009 , 144 years after the original dedication , the memorial was rededicated a second time . The statue is the country 's oldest extant memorial to Lincoln . It is one of six statues in public places in Washington , D.C. honoring the slain president . = = Design and location = = The marble statue is located on Indiana Avenue NW , in front of the old District of Columbia City Hall in the Judiciary Square neighborhood . It measures 7 @.@ 3 feet ( 2 @.@ 2 m ) high 2 @.@ 9 feet ( 0 @.@ 88 m ) wide while the granite base measures 6 @.@ 4 feet ( 2 @.@ 0 m ) high and 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) wide . The statue portrays Abraham Lincoln standing , wearing a long coat with a bow tie and waistcoat . His left hand rests on a fasces while his right arm is by his side . Lincoln 's partially open right hand points to the ground as he looks to his left . The right hand was replaced at some point and the new one is considered too large to scale . A sword or scroll previously hung by his right side , but is now missing . The two @-@ tiered base consists of a rectangle on top of a lower square @-@ shaped foundation . The statue originally stood on an 18 @-@ foot ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) high marble column atop a 6 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) high octagonal base . A reporter asked Lot Flannery why the statue was set on such a high pedestal . He responded : " I lived through the days and nights of gloom following the assassination . As to every one else , it was a personal lamentation . And when it fell to me to carve and erect this statue I resolved and did place it so high that no assassin 's hand could ever again strike him down . " Inscriptions on the monument include the following : Lot Flannery , Sculptor ( rear of the sculpture ) LINCOLN ( front of the base ) ABRAHAM LINCOLN / 1809 – 1865 / THIS STATVE WAS ERECTED / BY THE CITIZENS OF THE / DISTRICT OF COLVMBIA / APRIL 15 1868 / RE @-@ ERECTED APRIL 15 1923 / VNDER ACT OF CONGRESS / OF JVNE 21 1922 ( rear of the base ) Frank G. Pierson , Architect ( rear of the base , lowest section ) = Church of St John the Baptist , Asenovgrad = The Church of St John the Baptist ( Bulgarian : църква „ Свети Йоан Кръстител “ , tsarkva „ Sveti Yoan Krastitel “ ) , also known as the Church of St John the Precursor or , locally , Sveti Yani or Sveti Yan , is a small medieval Eastern Orthodox church in the town of Asenovgrad in Plovdiv Province , south central Bulgaria . The church is located on a cliff west of the town and dates to the 12th – 14th centuries . Its exterior is decorated with many blind arches , while its interior features mostly frescoes from the 18th century , with some fragments of 14th @-@ century murals . Its high position and the arrowslits on the north wall made the church suitable as a defensive outpost . = = Location and history = = The Church of St John the Baptist , known to the locals as Sveti Yani or Sveti Yan , is located on a high cliff on the western outskirts of Asenovgrad , which belong to the old town . To allow its construction , the terrain around its foundations had to be reinforced . The church lies close to several less ancient chapels , such as Saint Barbara 's , Saint George 's and Chapel of the Entry of the Most Holy Mother of God into the Temple . Nearby are also a 17th @-@ century water fountain and remains of medieval fortifications which date to the 11th – 13th century . Together , these buildings contribute to that part of Asenovgrad 's medieval atmosphere . The church has not been conclusively dated . Art historian André Grabar placed it in the 14th century , scholar Nikola Mavrodinov dated it to the 13th century , while archaeologist Krastyu Miyatev is of the opinion that both theories are equally likely . Architecture writer Stefan Stamov gives a possible range from the 12th to the 14th century . The Church of St John the Baptist belonged to the northern fortifications of medieval Asenovgrad ( then known in Greek as Stenimachos ) . It was in continuous operation until the late 18th or early 19th century , when it suffered significant damage , perhaps during Ottoman brigand raids . During the reconstruction works which were carried out soon thereafter , the roof and the upper parts of the church were modified . The interior was also repainted at the time . The church has been protected as a national antiquity since 1940 ; in 1970 , it was enlisted among Bulgaria 's monuments of culture of national importance . The church was reconstructed in the 2000s by a team under architect Stoycho Maronov . The restoration efforts restored the windows , the interior frescoes and the iconostasis , and took 42 days . = = Architecture and decoration = = The Church of St John the Baptist is relatively small , measuring 9 @.@ 20 by 5 @.@ 80 metres ( 30 @.@ 2 ft × 19 @.@ 0 ft ) or 8 by 5 @.@ 5 metres ( 26 ft × 18 ft ) , with a height of around 5 metres ( 16 ft ) . In terms of design , it follows the Byzantine cross @-@ in @-@ square style . The church lacks a narthex and features a single triangular apse with three small windows in its eastern part . The wall which carries the iconostasis clearly divides the interior into a cella and an altar . The altar includes a prothesis and a diaconicon , which are housed in bays in the east wall . The church was built out of interchanging rows of stones and brickwork , without any ceramic facing . Blind arches form an important part of the church 's exterior decoration : there are five each on the north and south walls , with an additional three on the west wall . The walls are around 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) thick . In its architecture , the church closely resembles other medieval religious buildings in its close surroundings , most notably the Church of the Holy Mother of God in Asen 's Fortress south of Asenovgrad and the ossuary of the Bachkovo Monastery . However , the Church of St John the Baptist is unique in that it is the only one of the three to feature arrowslits . Six arrowslits on the north wall enabled the church to be quickly converted into a defensive tower . Most of the surviving frescoes on the church 's interior walls date from the 18th century . These include images of the Mother of God , Jesus Christ and John the Baptist , all painted as part of the church 's first reconstruction . However , restoration works carried out in the 2000s have uncovered 14th @-@ century murals depicting the meeting of Elizabeth and Mary as well as John the Baptist . = But I 'm a Cheerleader = But I 'm a Cheerleader is a 1999 satirical romantic comedy film directed by Jamie Babbit and written by Brian Wayne Peterson . Natasha Lyonne stars as Megan Bloomfield , a high school cheerleader whose parents send her to a residential inpatient conversion therapy camp to cure her lesbianism . There Megan soon comes to embrace her sexual orientation , despite the therapy , and falls in love . The supporting cast includes Melanie Lynskey , Dante Basco , Eddie Cibrian , Clea DuVall , Cathy Moriarty , RuPaul , Richard Moll , Mink Stole , Kip Pardue , Michelle Williams and Bud Cort . But I 'm a Cheerleader was Babbit 's first feature film . It was inspired by an article about conversion therapy and her childhood familiarity with rehabilitation programs . She used the story of a young woman finding her sexual identity to explore the social construction of gender roles and heteronormativity . The costume and set design of the film highlighted these themes using artificial textures in intense blues and pinks . When it was initially rated as NC @-@ 17 by the MPAA , Babbit made cuts to allow it to be re @-@ rated as R. When interviewed in the documentary film This Film Is Not Yet Rated Babbit criticized the MPAA for discriminating against films with gay content . Many critics did not like the film , comparing it unfavorably with the films of John Waters and criticizing the colorful production design . Although the lead actors were praised for their performances , some of the characters were described as stereotypical . = = Plot = = Seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Megan ( Natasha Lyonne ) is a sunny high school senior who loves cheerleading and is dating football player Jared ( Brandt Wille ) . She does not enjoy kissing Jared , however , and prefers looking at her fellow cheerleaders . Combined with Megan 's interest in vegetarianism and Melissa Etheridge , her family and friends suspect that Megan is in fact a lesbian . With the help of ex @-@ gay Mike ( RuPaul ) , they surprise her with an intervention . Following this confrontation , Megan is sent to True Directions , a reparative therapy camp which uses a five @-@ step program ( similar to Alcoholics Anonymous ' twelve @-@ step program ) to convert its campers to heterosexuality . At True Directions , Megan meets the founder , strict disciplinarian Mary Brown ( Cathy Moriarty ) , Mary 's supposedly heterosexual son Rock ( Eddie Cibrian ) , and a group of young people trying to " cure " themselves of their homosexuality . With the prompting of Mary and the other campers , Megan reluctantly agrees that she is a lesbian ( step 1 of the five @-@ step program ) . This fact , at odds with her traditional , religious upbringing , distresses her and she puts every effort into becoming heterosexual . Early on in her stay at True Directions , Megan discovers two of the boys , Dolph and Clayton ( Dante Basco and Kip Pardue ) , making out . She panics and screams , leading to their discovery by Mike . Dolph is made to leave and Clayton is punished by being forced into isolation . The True Directions program involves the campers admitting their homosexuality ( step 1 ) , rediscovering their gender identity by performing stereotypically gender @-@ associated tasks ( step 2 ) , finding the root of their homosexuality through family therapy ( step 3 ) , demystifying the other sex ( step 4 ) , and simulating heterosexual intercourse ( step 5 ) . Over the course of the program , Megan becomes friends with another girl at the camp , a college student named Graham ( Clea DuVall ) who , though more comfortable being gay than Megan , was forced to the camp at the risk of otherwise being disowned by her family . The True Directions kids are encouraged to rebel against Mary by two of her former students , ex @-@ ex @-@ gays Larry and Lloyd ( Richard Moll and Wesley Mann ) , who take the campers to a local gay bar where Graham and Megan 's relationship develops into a romance . When Mary discovers the trip , she makes them all picket Larry and Lloyd 's house , carrying placards and shouting homophobic abuse . Megan and Graham sneak away one night to have sex and begin to fall in love . When Mary finds out , Megan , now at ease with her sexual identity , is unrepentant . She is made to leave True Directions and , now homeless , goes to stay with Larry and Lloyd . Graham , afraid to defy her father , remains at the camp . Megan and Dolph , who are also living with Larry and Lloyd , plan to win back Graham and Clayton . Megan and Dolph infiltrate the True Directions graduation ceremony where Dolph easily coaxes Clayton away . Megan entreats Graham to join them as well , but Graham nervously declines . Megan then performs a cheer for Graham and tells her that she loves her , finally winning Graham over . They drive off with Dolph and Clayton . The final scene of the film shows Megan 's parents ( Mink Stole and Bud Cort ) attending a PFLAG meeting to come to terms with their daughter 's homosexuality . = = Background and production = = But I 'm a Cheerleader was Babbit 's first feature film . She had previously directed two short films , Frog Crossing ( 1996 ) and Sleeping Beauties ( 1999 ) , both of which were shown at the Sundance Film Festival . She went on to direct the 2005 thriller The Quiet and the 2007 comedy Itty Bitty Titty Committee . Babbit and Sperling ( as producer ) secured financing from Michael Burns , then the vice president of Prudential Insurance ( now Vice Chairman of Lions Gate Entertainment ) after showing him the script at Sundance . According to Babbit , their one @-@ sentence pitch was " Two high @-@ school girls fall in love at a reparative therapy camp . " Burns gave them an initial budget of US $ 500 @,@ 000 which was increased to US $ 1 million when the film went into production . = = = Conception = = = Babbit , whose mother runs a halfway house called New Directions for young people with drug and alcohol problems , had wanted to make a comedy about rehabilitation and the 12 @-@ step program . After reading an article about a man who had returned from a reparative therapy camp hating himself , she decided to combine the two ideas . With girlfriend Andrea Sperling , she came up with the idea for a feature film about a cheerleader who attends a reparative therapy camp . They wanted the main character to be a cheerleader because it is " ... the pinnacle of the American dream , and the American dream of femininity . " Babbit wanted the film to represent the lesbian experience from the femme perspective to contrast with several films of the time that represented the butch perspective ( for example , Go Fish and The Watermelon Woman ) . She also wanted to satirize both the religious right and the gay community . Not feeling qualified to write the script herself , Babbit brought in screenwriter and recent graduate of USC School of Cinematic Arts Brian Wayne Peterson . Peterson had experience with reparative therapy while working at a prison clinic for sex offenders . He has said that he wanted to make a film that would not only entertain people , but also make people get angry and talk about the issues it raised . = = = Set and costume design = = = Babbit says that her influences for the look and feel of the film included John Waters , David LaChapelle , Edward Scissorhands and Barbie . She wanted the production and costume design to reflect the themes of the story . There is a progression from the organic world of Megan 's hometown , where the dominant colors are orange and brown , to the fake world of True Directions , dominated by intense blues and pinks ( which are intended to show the artificiality of gender construction ) . According to Babbit , the germaphobic character of Mary Brown represents AIDS paranoia and her clean , ordered world is filled with plastic flowers , fake sky and PVC outfits . The external shots of the colorful house complete with a bright pink picket fence were filmed in Palmdale , California . = = = Casting = = = Babbit recruited Clea DuVall , who had starred in her short film Sleeping Beauties , to play the role of Graham Eaton . Babbit says that she was able to get a lot of the cast through DuVall , including Natasha Lyonne and Melanie Lynskey . Lyonne first saw the script in the back of DuVall 's car and subsequently contacted her agent about it . She had seen and enjoyed Babbit 's short Sleeping Beauties and was eager to work with the director . She was not the first choice for the role of Megan . An unnamed actress wanted to play the part but eventually turned it down because of religious beliefs ; she did not want her family to see her face on the poster . Babbit briefly considered Rosario Dawson as Megan but her executive producer persuaded her that Dawson , who is Hispanic , would not be right for the All @-@ American character . Babbit made a conscious effort to cast people of color for minor roles , in an effort to combat what she describes as " racism at every level of making movies . " From the beginning she intended the characters of Mike ( played by RuPaul ) , Dolph ( Dante Basco ) and Andre ( Douglas Spain ) to be African American , Asian and Hispanic , respectively . She initially considered Arsenio Hall for the character of Mike but says that Hall was uncomfortable about playing a gay @-@ themed role . As Mike , RuPaul makes a rare film appearance out of drag . = = Themes = = But I 'm a Cheerleader is not only about sexuality , but also gender and the social construction of gender roles . One of the ways in which Babbit highlighted what she called the artificiality of gender construction was by using intense blues and pinks in her production and costume design . Chris Holmlund in Contemporary American Independent Film notes this feature of the film and calls the costumes " gender @-@ tuned . " Ted Gideonse in Out magazine wrote that the costumes and colors of the film show how false the goals of True Directions are . Gender roles are further reinforced by the tasks the campers have to perform in " Step 2 : Rediscovering Your Gender Identity . " Nikki Sullivan in A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory says that this rediscovery is shown to be difficult and unsuccessful rather than the natural discovery of their latent heterosexuality . Sullivan says that the film not only highlights the ways in which gender and sexuality are constructed but also takes the norms and truths about heteronormative society and renders them strange or " queer . " Holmlund says that Babbit makes the straight characters less normal and less likable than the gay ones . Sullivan says that this challenge of heteronormativity makes But I 'm a Cheerleader an exemplification of queer theory . = = Rating and distribution = = When originally submitted to the Motion Picture Association of America rating board , But I 'm a Cheerleader received an NC @-@ 17 rating . In order to get a commercially viable R rating , Babbit removed a two @-@ second shot of Graham 's hand sweeping Megan 's clothed body , a camera pan up Megan 's body when she is masturbating , and a comment that Megan " ate Graham out " ( slang for cunnilingus ) . Babbit was interviewed by Kirby Dick for his 2006 documentary film This Film Is Not Yet Rated . A critique of the MPAA 's rating system , it suggests that films with homosexual content are treated more stringently than those with only heterosexual content , and that scenes of female sexuality draw harsher criticism from the board than those of male sexuality . American Pie ( also released in 1999 ) , which features a teenage boy masturbating , was given an R rating . Babbit says that she felt discriminated against for making a gay film . The film was rated as M ( for mature audiences ) in Australia and in New Zealand , 14A in Canada , 12 in Germany and 15 in the United Kingdom . The film premiered on September 12 , 1999 at the Toronto International Film Festival and was shown in January 2000 at the Sundance Film Festival . It went on to play at several international film festivals including the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras festival and the London Lesbian and Gay Film	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
08 USD ) . British helicopters helped rescue stranded people following the storm , and Mexico provided a helicopter to help carry supplies to areas affected by the flooding . Prime Minister Dean Barrow declared a disaster area in southern Belize 's Stann Creek Valley . Additionally , the government rushed food , water and clothing to about 13 @,@ 000 people . When Arthur later moved over Mexico , it dropped heavy rainfall , with a maximum 24 @-@ hour total of 8 @.@ 34 in ( 212 mm ) in Pijijiapan , Chiapas . There were no reports of damage or deaths in the country . Arthur was the first tropical storm to form in May in the Atlantic since Tropical Storm Arlene in 1981 , and the last until Tropical Storm Alberto in May 2012 . = Mission : Earth , Voyage to the Home Planet = Mission : Earth , Voyage to the Home Planet is a children 's literature book by science writer June A. English and astronaut Thomas David Jones that was published in 1996 by Scholastic . Jones was among the crew members of the Space Shuttle Endeavour during an eleven @-@ day mission in space , which was launched in April 1994 to study the ecological well @-@ being of Earth using specialized radar technology . The book , which is illustrated with radar images and picturesque photographs , chronicles the mission and Jones ' experiences of it . Mission : Earth , Voyage to the Home Planet received a generally favorable reception in media coverage and book reviewers . The Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette said , " The authors convey the awe and wonderment of seeing Earth from space and the intricate delicacy of the Earth 's ecology " . The Dallas Morning News said , " The astronaut 's descriptions are vivid " . A review in Booklist was more critical ; it said , " The authors try to cover too much in so few pages , and the narrative , with several focal points , becomes simplified at times " . School Library Journal wrote , " It provides a unique look at a new method of research and an opportunity for youngsters to read one scientist 's account of what it 's like to engage in this exciting field of endeavor " . The book was selected for inclusion in books Best Books for Children , and Adventuring With Books , or educating youths about history by using children 's literature works . = = Background = = June A. English is an author who specializes in science writing . She has published works within the genre of children 's literature . Thomas David Jones was a member of the United States Air Force prior to working for NASA . As Jones was a United States federal employee at the time of the book 's publication , he did not receive profits from sales of the work . English and Jones later produced another collaborative work , Scholastic Encyclopedia of the United States at War , which was published in 1998 . Jones wrote another book about his experiences in space , Sky Walking : An Astronaut 's Memoir , which was published in 2006 . = = Contents = = In Mission : Earth , Voyage to the Home Planet , astronaut Thomas David Jones recounts his experiences studying the Earth during his first mission with the United States space agency NASA . Jones ' space mission lasted eleven days . Jones was a member of the crew of the Space Shuttle Endeavour , which left Earth in April 1994 . The mission was intended to provide the Space Radar Lab with a view of the planet . By using three separate radar echoes , scientists were able to analyze a full image of the planet . The radar technology could penetrate obstructions , including clouds and thick outgrowth of trees . Another purpose of the mission was to analyze the ecological state of the planet and to take measurements of pollution caused by carbon monoxide . The book is based upon journal entries written by Jones during the mission . He presents a typical NASA mission member 's day @-@ to @-@ day experiences while living on the space shuttle . Jones illustrates his account with photographs from his mission and pictures from the radar capture . He describes his observations while looking at the Earth from space , for example he says , " Maybe more than any other sight from space , lightning gives the decided impression that the Earth is alive , a living organism " . He described aurora phenomena as , " shimmering fingers of green light reaching up from the dark ocean , an arc of light around the South Magnetic Pole " . June English provides contextual information about Jones ' mission . = = Reception = = Mission : Earth , Voyage to the Home Planet received a positive review from journalist Rebecca O 'Connell , who wrote in the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette , " The authors convey the awe and wonderment of seeing Earth from space and the intricate delicacy of the Earth 's ecology " . She said of the descriptive nature of the text , " Their descriptions of scientific phenomena read like revelations of mystic wonders . But this is not to say it is ponderous , not at all . " O 'Connell 's review concluded , " The text is packed with fascinating information and humorous touches . Even children who are not ordinarily interested in space or ecology will be interested in this book , and aficionados will go ga @-@ ga . " Leigh Fenly of The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune recommended the book , and said , " Science writer June English tracked the launch and adds perspective on how the mission will help scientists understand Earth , including its atmosphere , geology , ecology — and future " . Nita Thurman wrote for The Dallas Morning News , " Mission : Earth , A Journey to the Home Planet has dozens of color photos taken inside the shuttle and through its windows . The astronaut 's descriptions are vivid . " Publishers Weekly wrote favorably of the book , saying , " Astronaut Jones 's enthusiasm for his work is contagious ; it shines through the text , making for a roundly enjoyable and informative read " . Publishers Weekly recommended the book and said it is , " [ w ] ell @-@ conceived and thoughtfully executed , this book deserves a wide audience . " A review of the book by Ilana Steinhorn in Booklist was more critical . Steinhorn said , " The authors try to cover too much in so few pages , and the narrative , with several focal points , becomes simplified at times ... Still , the account is interesting , and the many high @-@ quality , often breathtaking color photographs and radar images complement the text nicely " . Elaine Fort Weischedel reviewed the book for School Library Journal , and recommended it for teaching specific subject matter . She wrote , " Pollution patterns , shifting ocean currents , destruction of rain forests , and other environmental changes were the heart of Jones 's project , and this book might be used more successfully to supplement the curriculum in those areas than in units on space flight per se " . Weischedel said the book " provides a unique look at a new method of research and an opportunity for youngsters to read one scientist 's account of what it 's like to engage in this exciting field of endeavor " . Horn Book Review called the book " a uniquely personal account " , and said it " features a crowded design , but the many color photographs throughout the text are fascinating " . Mission : Earth , Voyage to the Home Planet is listed in the book Teaching U.S. history through children 's literature : post @-@ World War II by Wanda J. Miller as a resource for educating youth about history by using children 's literature works . It is used in other such books , including Strategies That Work : Teaching Comprehension for Understanding and Engagement by Stephanie Harvey and Anne Goudvis , Reading Comprehension : Books and Strategies for the Elementary Curriculum by Kathryn K. Matthew and Kimberly Kimbell @-@ Lopez , and An Integrated Language Perspective in the Elementary School : An Action Approach by Christine Pappas , Barbara Zulandt Kiefer , and Linda S. Levstik . It was selected for inclusion in Best Books for Children by John Thomas Gillespie , and Adventuring With Books by Kathryn Mitchell Pierce . = No. 30 Transport Unit RAAF = No. 30 Transport Unit was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) unit that operated during the Korean War . It was formed in November 1950 as No. 30 Communications Unit and based at Iwakuni , Japan , as part of No. 91 ( Composite ) Wing . The unit was initially equipped with four Douglas C – 47 Dakotas and two Austers , one of the Dakotas being the personal transport of Lieutenant General Sir Horace Robertson , commander of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) . Another four Dakotas were sent to Japan due to operational demands . The unit 's role in Korea was to support No. 77 ( Fighter ) Squadron by transporting supplies and equipment . It also delivered materials and stores to Australian and Commonwealth ground forces , and transported VIPs of the United Nations Command . Return journeys to Japan were often used to evacuate wounded personnel from the theatre . No. 30 Communications Unit was redesignated No. 30 Transport Unit in November 1951 , and re @-@ formed as No. 36 ( Transport ) Squadron in March 1953 . The squadron remained in Korea following the armistice , and returned to Australia in June 1955 . = = History = = When the Korean War broke out on 25 June 1950 , No. 77 ( Fighter ) Squadron of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) was based at Iwakuni , Japan , having served with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) for four years . Equipped primarily with North American P @-@ 51 Mustangs , the squadron also operated a communications flight of two Douglas C @-@ 47 Dakotas and two Austers . Personnel were preparing to return to Australia when they were placed on standby for action over Korea ; the Mustangs began flying missions as part of United Nations Command ( UNC ) forces a week later . Following the landing at Inchon and the consequent advance northward of UNC troops , No. 77 Squadron relocated to Pohang , South Korea , on 12 October 1950 . It left behind its main support elements at Iwakuni . No. 91 ( Composite ) Wing was established at the base on 20 October and given administrative responsibility for all RAAF units operating during the conflict . As well as No. 77 Squadron , this included the newly formed No. 391 ( Base ) Squadron and No. 491 ( Maintenance ) Squadron , and No. 30 Communications Flight , formerly the No. 77 Squadron Communications Flight . The flight 's original complement of two Dakotas and two Austers had been augmented in September 1950 by two more Dakotas from Australia . On 1 November , the flight was designated No. 30 Communications Unit . No. 30 Communications Unit was headquartered at Iwakuni , along with the rest of No. 91 Wing 's components except No. 77 Squadron , which was based on the Korean peninsula . It was initially commanded , unofficially , by Flight Lieutenant ( later Air Commodore ) Dave Hitchens . According to Hitchens , " Having commanded the communications flight in No. 77 Squadron , I assumed control but had no formal authority to do so , but nobody told me to stop . " The transport aircraft included the personal Dakota of the BCOF commander , Lieutenant General Sir Horace Robertson , operating under his direction . During November 1950 , the unit received another four Dakotas from No. 38 Squadron ( of No. 90 ( Composite ) Wing in Malaya ) , giving it a total strength of eight Dakotas and two Austers . It supported all Australian forces in Korea . One of its key functions was medical evacuation , but it was also responsible for supply drops , search and rescue , reconnaissance , and mail delivery , as well as transporting cargo , troops , and VIPs . Unlike No. 77 Squadron , it was not tasked by the US Fifth Air Force but instead operated under Australian control , exercised through BCOF headquarters in Japan . In December 1950 the unit undertook " Operation Haggis " , the delivery of 180 pounds ( 82 kg ) of haggis to the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders based in Suwon , Korea . The same month , a United States Air Force Mustang taking off from Suwon smashed into the cockpit of one of the Dakotas ; none of the Australian crew was injured but the aircraft had to be written off and stripped for components by No. 491 Squadron . The first official commanding officer of No. 30 Communications Unit , Squadron Leader John Gerber , took over from Hitchens on 28 January 1951 . As of 31 March , the unit 's strength was eight Dakotas and two Austers , and fifty @-@ seven personnel including twelve officers . According to the RAAF Historical Section , a " typical month " ( May 1951 ) involved carrying over 1 @,@ 000 troops , 180 @,@ 000 pounds ( 82 @,@ 000 kg ) of cargo and 95 @,@ 000 pounds ( 43 @,@ 000 kg ) of mail from Iwakuni to Korea , and over 1 @,@ 000 troops , 380 medical evacuees , 16 @,@ 000 pounds ( 7 @,@ 300 kg ) of cargo and 32 @,@ 000 pounds ( 15 @,@ 000 kg ) of mail from Korea to Iwakuni . No. 30 Communications Unit was redesignated No. 30 Transport Unit on 5 November 1951 . One of its aircraft dropped a wreath over Hiroshima on 6 August 1952 , the seventh anniversary of the atomic bombing . As of 31 December 1952 , its strength was eight Dakotas and one CAC Wirraway , and fifty @-@ nine personnel including eight officers . On 10 March 1953 , No. 30 Transport Unit re @-@ formed as No. 36 ( Transport ) Squadron , which had disbanded the previous day at RAAF Base Richmond , New South Wales . Between the armistice in July and the end of August 1953 , the squadron repatriated over 900 Commonwealth prisoners of war . As of 30 November 1954 , its strength was seven Dakotas and one Wirraway , and eighty @-@ seven personnel including seven officers . Elements of No. 36 Squadron began returning to Australia in January 1955 , and by the end of the month its strength was four Dakotas and one Wirraway , and fifty @-@ eight personnel including five officers . Nominal operational control of the squadron was transferred to Fifth Air Force on 1 February 1955 , though its purpose continued to be the support of Commonwealth forces . No. 36 Squadron ceased flying on 13 March , after which its remaining elements departed Iwakuni for Australia , leaving three Dakotas and a Wirraway that formed RAAF Transport Flight ( Japan ) ; the flight operated until July 1956 and was disbanded two months later . The transportation unit suffered two fatal accidents . One of the Austers crashed on takeoff in April 1951 , killing all three occupants . A Wirraway came down in a river after striking telephone wires in June 1952 ; the pilot and passenger survived the impact but the latter subsequently died of his injuries . During the war the Dakotas carried around 100 @,@ 000 passengers and over 6 @,@ 000 long tons ( 6 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 kg ) of cargo . No. 91 Wing 's records listed 12 @,@ 762 medical evacuations from Korea to Japan . Reflecting on the nature of transport work in Korea , Hitchens stated : Most of our flying was not very exciting ; but there was a lot of it . Lots of late dark nights . Lots of crowded airfields . Lots of plain hard work . [ ... ] We all shed a lot of weight . = Javan rhinoceros = The Javan rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros sondaicus ) , also known as the Sunda rhinoceros or lesser one @-@ horned rhinoceros , is a very rare member of the family Rhinocerotidae and one of five extant rhinoceroses . It belongs to the same genus as the Indian rhinoceros , and has similar mosaicked , armour @-@ like skin , but at 3 @.@ 1 – 3 @.@ 2 m ( 10 – 10 ft ) in length and 1 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 7 m ( 4 @.@ 6 – 5 @.@ 6 ft ) in height , it is smaller ( in fact , it is closer in size to the black rhinoceros of the genus Diceros ) . Its horn is usually less than 25 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) , smaller than those of the other rhino species . Only adult males have horns ; females lack them altogether . Once the most widespread of Asian rhinoceroses , the Javan rhinoceros ranged from the islands of Java and Sumatra , throughout Southeast Asia , and into India and China . The species is critically endangered , with only one known population in the wild , and no individuals in captivity . It is possibly the rarest large mammal on earth , with a population of as few as 58 to 61 in Ujung Kulon National Park at the western tip of Java in Indonesia . A second population in Cat Tien National Park in Vietnam was confirmed as extinct in 2011 . The decline of the Javan rhinoceros is attributed to poaching , primarily for their horns , which are highly valued in traditional Chinese medicine , fetching as much as US $ 30 @,@ 000 per kg on the black market . As European presence in their range increased , trophy hunting also became a serious threat . Loss of habitat , especially as the result of wars , such as the Vietnam War , in Southeast Asia , has also contributed to the species ' decline and hindered recovery . The remaining range is within one nationally protected area , but the rhinos are still at risk from poachers , disease , and loss of genetic diversity leading to inbreeding depression . The Javan rhino can live around 30 – 45 years in the wild . It historically inhabited lowland rain forest , wet grasslands , and large floodplains . It is mostly solitary , except for courtship and offspring @-@ rearing , though groups may occasionally congregate near wallows and salt licks . Aside from humans , adults have no predators in their range . The Javan rhino usually avoids humans , but will attack when it feels threatened . Scientists and conservationists rarely study the animals directly due to their extreme rarity and the danger of interfering with such an endangered species . Researchers rely on camera traps and fecal samples to gauge health and behavior . Consequently , the Javan rhino is the least studied of all rhino species . Two adult rhinos with their calves were filmed in a motion @-@ triggered video released on February 28 , 2011 , by WWF and Indonesia 's National Park Authority , which proved it is still breeding in the wild . In April 2012 , the National Parks Authority released video showing 35 individual Javan rhinos , including mother / offspring pairs and courting adults . = = Taxonomy and naming = = The first studies of the Javan rhinoceros by naturalists from outside of its region took place in 1787 , when two animals were shot in Java . The skulls were sent to the renowned Dutch naturalist Petrus Camper , who died in 1789 before he was able to publish his discovery that the rhinos of Java were a distinct species . Another Javan rhinoceros was shot on the island of Sumatra by Alfred Duvaucel , who sent the specimen to his stepfather Georges Cuvier , the famous French scientist . Cuvier recognized the animal as a distinct species in 1822 , and in the same year it was identified by Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest as Rhinoceros sondaicus . It was the last species of rhinoceros to be identified . Desmarest initially identified the rhino as being from Sumatra , but later amended this to say his specimen was from Java . The genus name Rhinoceros , which also includes the Indian rhinoceros , is derived from the ancient Greek words ῥίς ( rhis ) , which means " nose " , and κέρας ( ceras ) , which means " horn " ; sondaicus is derived from sunda , the biogeographical region that comprises the islands of Sumatra , Java , Borneo , and surrounding smaller islands . The Javan rhino is also known as the lesser one @-@ horned rhinoceros ( in contrast with the greater one @-@ horned rhinoceros , another name for the Indian rhino ) . Of the three distinct subspecies , only one still exists : R. s. sondaicus , the nominate subspecies , known as the Indonesian Javan rhinoceros , once lived on Java and Sumatra . The population is now confined to as more than 50 animals in the wild , Ujung Kulon National Park on the western tip of the island of Java . One researcher has suggested that the Javan rhino on Sumatra belonged to a distinct subspecies , R. s. floweri , but this is not widely accepted . R. s. annamiticus , known as the Vietnamese Javan rhinoceros or Vietnamese rhinoceros , once lived across South China , Vietnam , Cambodia , Laos , Thailand , and Malaysia . The subspecific annamiticus is derived from the Annamite Mountain Range in Southeast Asia , part of this subspecies ' range . In 2006 , a single population , estimated at fewer than 12 remaining rhinos , lived in an area of lowland forest in the Cat Tien National Park in Vietnam . Genetic analysis suggested this subspecies and the Indonesian Javan rhinoceros last shared a common ancestor between 300 @,@ 000 and 2 million years ago . The last individual of this population was shot by a poacher in 2010 . R. s. inermis , known as the Indian Javan rhinoceros or Lesser Indian rhinoceros , once ranged from Bengal to Burma , but is presumed to have gone extinct before 1925 . The subspecific inermis means " unarmed " , as the most distinctive characteristic of this subspecies is the small horns in males , and evident lack of horns in females . The original specimen of this species was a hornless female . The political situation in Burma has prevented an assessment of the species in that country , but its survival is considered unlikely . = = = Evolution = = = Ancestral rhinoceroses are held to have first diverged from other perissodactyls in the Early Eocene . Mitochondrial DNA comparison suggests the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors of Equidae around 50 million years ago . The extant family , the Rhinocerotidae , first appeared in the Late Eocene in Eurasia , and the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in the Miocene . The Indian and Javan rhinoceros , the only members of the genus Rhinoceros , first appear in the fossil record in Asia around 1 @.@ 6 million – 3 @.@ 3 million years ago . Molecular estimates , however , suggest the two species diverged from each other much earlier , around 11 @.@ 7 million years ago . Although belonging to the type genus , the Indian and Javan rhinoceroses are not believed to be closely related to other rhino species . Different studies have hypothesized that they may be closely related to the extinct Gaindatherium or Punjabitherium . A detailed cladistic analysis of the Rhinocerotidae placed Rhinoceros and the extinct Punjabitherium in a clade with Dicerorhinus , the Sumatran rhino . Other studies have suggested the Sumatran rhinoceros is more closely related to the two African species . The Sumatran rhino may have diverged from the other Asian rhinos 15 million years ago , or as far back as 25 @.@ 9 million years ago based on mitochondrial data . = = Description = = The Javan rhino is smaller than the Indian rhinoceros , and is close in size to the black rhinoceros . It is the largest animal in Java and the second @-@ largest animal in Indonesia after the Asian elephant . The body length of the Javan rhino ( including its head ) can be up to 2 to 4 m ( 6 @.@ 6 to 13 @.@ 1 ft ) , and it can reach a height of 1 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 7 m ( 4 @.@ 6 – 5 @.@ 6 ft ) . Adults are variously reported to weigh between 900 and 2 @,@ 300 kg ( 2 @,@ 000 and 5 @,@ 100 lb ) , although a study to collect accurate measurements of the animals has never been conducted and is not a priority because of their extreme conservation status . No substantial size difference is seen between genders , but females may be slightly bigger . The rhinos in Vietnam appeared to be significantly smaller than those in Java , based on studies of photographic evidence and measurements of their footprints . Like the Indian rhino , the Javan rhinoceros has a single horn ( the other extant species have two horns ) . Its horn is the smallest of all extant rhinos , usually less than 20 cm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) with the longest recorded only 27 cm ( 11 in ) . Only males have horns . Female Javan rhinos are the only extant rhinos that remain hornless into adulthood , though they may develop a tiny bump of an inch or two in height . The Javan rhinoceros does not appear to often use its horn for fighting , but instead uses it to scrape mud away in wallows , to pull down plants for eating , and to open paths through thick vegetation . Similar to the other browsing species of rhino ( the black , Sumatran , and Indian ) , the Javan rhino has long , pointed , upper lips which help in grabbing food . Its lower incisors are long and sharp ; when the Javan rhino fights , it uses these teeth . Behind the incisors , two rows of six low @-@ crowned molars are used for chewing coarse plants . Like all rhinos , the Javan rhino smells and hears well , but has very poor vision . They are estimated to live for 30 to 45 years . Its hairless , splotchy gray or gray @-@ brown skin falls in folds to the shoulder , back and rump . The skin has a natural mosaic pattern , which lends the rhino an armored appearance . The neck folds of the Javan rhinoceros are smaller than those of the Indian rhinoceros , but still form a saddle shape over the shoulder . Because of the risks of interfering with such an endangered species , however , the Javan rhinoceros is primarily studied through fecal sampling and camera traps . They are rarely encountered , observed or measured directly . = = Distribution and habitat = = Even the most optimistic estimate suggests fewer than 100 Javan rhinos remain in the wild . They are considered one of the most endangered species in the world . The Javan rhinoceros is known to survive in only one place , the Ujung Kulon National Park on the western tip of Java . The animal was once widespread from Assam and Bengal ( where their range would have overlapped with both the Sumatran and Indian rhinos ) eastward to Myanmar , Thailand , Cambodia , Laos , Vietnam , and southwards to the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Sumatra , Java , and possibly Borneo . The Javan rhino primarily inhabits dense , lowland rain forests , grasslands , and reed beds with abundant rivers , large floodplains , or wet areas with many mud wallows . Although it historically preferred low @-@ lying areas , the subspecies in Vietnam was pushed onto much higher ground ( up to 2 @,@ 000 m or 6 @,@ 561 ft ) , probably because of human encroachment and poaching . The range of the Javan rhinoceros has been shrinking for at least 3 @,@ 000 years . Starting around 1000 BC , the northern range of the rhinoceros extended into China , but began moving southward at roughly 0 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 31 mi ) per year , as human settlements increased in the region . It likely became locally extinct in India in the first decade of the 20th century . The Javan rhino was hunted to extinction on the Malay Peninsula by 1932 . The last ones on Sumatra died out during World War II . They were extinct from Chittagong and the Sunderbans by the middle of the 20th century . By the end of the Vietnam War , the Vietnamese rhinoceros was believed extinct across all of mainland Asia . Local hunters and woodcutters in Cambodia claim to have seen Javan rhinos in the Cardamom Mountains , but surveys of the area have failed to find any evidence of them . In the late 1980s , a small population was found in the Cat Tien area of Vietnam . However , the last individual of that population was shot in 2010 . A population may have existed on the island of Borneo , as well , though these specimens could have been the Sumatran rhinoceros , a small population of which still lives there . = = Behavior = = The Javan rhinoceros is a solitary animal with the exception of breeding pairs and mothers with calves . They sometimes congregate in small groups at salt licks and mud wallows . Wallowing in mud is a common behavior for all rhinos ; the activity allows them to maintain cool body temperatures and helps prevent disease and parasite infestation . The Javan rhinoceros does not generally dig its own mud wallows , preferring to use other animals ' wallows or naturally occurring pits , which it will use its horn to enlarge . Salt licks are also very important because of the essential nutrients the rhino receives from the salt . Male home ranges are larger at 12 – 20 km ( 7 @.@ 5 – 12 @.@ 4 mi ) ² ) compared to the female , which are around 3 – 14 km ( 1 @.@ 9 – 8 @.@ 7 mi ) ² ) . Male territories overlap each other less than those of the female . It is not known if there are territorial fights . Males mark their territories with dung piles and by urine spraying . Scrapes made by the feet in the ground and twisted saplings also seem to be used for communication . Members of other rhino species have a peculiar habit of defecating in massive rhino dung piles and then scraping their back feet in the dung . The Sumatran and Javan rhinos , while defecating in piles , do not engage in the scraping . This adaptation in behavior is thought to be ecological ; in the wet forests of Java and Sumatra , the method may not be useful for spreading odors . The Javan rhino is much less vocal than the Sumatran ; very few Javan rhino vocalizations have ever been recorded . Adults have no known predators other than humans . The species , particularly in Vietnam , is skittish and retreats into dense forests whenever humans are near . Though a valuable trait from a survival standpoint , it has made the rhinos difficult to study . Nevertheless , when humans approach too closely , the Javan rhino becomes aggressive and will attack , stabbing with the incisors of its lower jaw while thrusting upward with its head . Its comparatively antisocial behavior may be a recent adaptation to population stresses ; historical evidence suggests they , like other rhinos , were once more gregarious . = = Diet = = The Javan rhinoceros is herbivorous , eating diverse plant species , especially their shoots , twigs , young foliage and fallen fruit . Most of the plants favored by the species grow in sunny areas in forest clearings , shrubland and other vegetation types with no large trees . The rhino knocks down saplings to reach its food and grabs it with its prehensile upper lip . It is the most adaptable feeder of all the rhino species . Currently , it is a pure browser , but probably once both browsed and grazed in its historical range . The rhino eats an estimated 50 kg ( 110 lb ) of food daily . Like the Sumatran rhino , it needs salt in its diet . The salt licks common in its historical range do not exist in Ujung Kulon , but the rhinos there have been observed drinking seawater , likely for the same nutritional need . = = Conservation = = The main factor in the continued decline of the Javan rhinoceros population has been poaching for horns , a problem that affects all rhino species . The horns have been a traded commodity for more than 2 @,@ 000 years in China , where they are believed to have healing properties . Historically , the rhinoceros ' hide was used to make armor for Chinese soldiers , and some local tribes in Vietnam believed the hide could be used to make an antidote for snake venom . Because the rhinoceros ' range encompasses many areas of poverty , it has been difficult to convince local people not to kill a seemingly ( otherwise ) useless animal which could be sold for a large sum of money . When the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora first went into effect in 1975 , the Javan rhinoceros was placed under complete Appendix 1 protection ; all international trade in the Javan rhinoceros and products derived from it is illegal . Surveys of the rhinoceros horn black market have determined that Asian rhinoceros horn fetches a price as high as $ 30 @,@ 000 per kg , three times the value of African rhinoceros horn . As with many types Asian and African megafauna , the Javan rhino was relentlessly hunted by trophy and big @-@ game hunters for decades following the arrival of Europeans in its range . The rhinos being easy targets , this was as severe a contributor to its decline as was poaching for its horns . Such was the toll of big @-@ game hunting that by the time the rhino 's plight was made known to the world , only the Javan and the ( then unknown ) Vietnamese populations remained . Loss of habitat because of agriculture has also contributed to its decline , though this is no longer as significant a factor because the rhinoceros only lives in one nationally protected park . Deteriorating habitats have hindered the recovery of rhino populations that fell victim to poaching . Even with all the conservation efforts , the prospects for their survival are grim . Because the population is restricted to one small area , they are very susceptible to disease and inbreeding depression . Conservation geneticists estimate a population of 100 rhinos would be needed to preserve the genetic diversity of this conservation @-@ reliant species . = = = Ujung Kulon = = = The Ujung Kulon peninsula of Java was devastated by the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 . The Javan rhinoceros recolonized the peninsula after the event , but humans never returned in large numbers , thus creating a haven for wildlife . In 1931 , as the Javan rhinoceros was on the brink of extinction in Sumatra , the government of the Dutch Indies declared the rhino a legally protected species , which it has remained ever since . A census of the rhinos in Ujung Kulon was first conducted in 1967 ; only 25 animals were recorded . By 1980 , that population had doubled , and has remained steady , at about 50 , ever since . Although the rhinos in Ujung Kulon have no natural predators , they have to compete for scarce resources with wild cattle , which may keep their numbers below the peninsula 's carrying capacity . Ujung Kulon is managed by the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry . Evidence of at least four baby rhinos was discovered in 2006 , the most ever documented for the species . In March 2011 , hidden @-@ camera video was published showing adults and juveniles , indicating recent matings and breeding . During the period from January to October 2011 , the cameras had captured images of 35 rhinos . As of December 2011 , a rhino breeding sanctuary in an area of 38 @,@ 000 hectares is being finalized to help reach the target of 70 to 80 Javan rhinos by 2015 . In April 2012 , the WWF and International Rhino Foundation added 120 video cameras to the existing 40 to better monitor rhino movements and judge the size of the animals ' population . A recent survey has found far fewer females than males . Only four females among 17 rhinos were recorded in the eastern half of Ujung Kulon , which is a potential setback in efforts to save the species . With Ujung Kulon as the last resort of this species , all the Javan rhinos are in one location , an advantage over the Sumatran rhino which is dispersed in different , unconnected areas . However , this may also be disadvantageous to the Javan rhino population , because any catastrophic diseases or tsunamis could wipe them all out at once . Poaching for their horns is no longer as serious a threat as in the past , due to stricter international regulations on rhino horn , active protection efforts by local authorities , the rhinos ' elusiveness and Ujung Kulon 's remoteness . However , there are still obstacles to the species recovery . In 2012 , the Asian Rhino Project was working out the best eradication programme for the arenga palm , which was blanketing the park and crowding out the rhinos ' food sources . The banteng cattle also compete with the rhinos for food , so the authorities were considering plans to fence off the western part of the park to keep the livestock out . = = = Cat Tien = = = Once widespread in Southeast Asia , the Javan rhinoceros was presumed extinct in Vietnam in the mid @-@ 1970s , at the end of the Vietnam War . The combat wrought havoc on the ecosystems of the region through use of napalm , extensive defoliation from Agent Orange , aerial bombing , use of landmines , and overhunting by local poachers . In 1988 , the assumption of the subspecies ' extinction was challenged when a hunter shot an adult female , proving the species had somehow survived the war . In 1989 , scientists surveyed Vietnam 's southern forests to search for evidence of other survivors . Fresh tracks belonging to up to 15 rhinos were found along the Dong Nai River . Largely because of the rhinoceros , the region they inhabited became part of the Cat Tien National Park in 1992 . By the early 2000s , their population was feared to have declined past the point of recovery in Vietnam , with some conservationists estimating as few as three to eight rhinos , and possibly no males , survived . Conservationists debated whether or not the Vietnamese rhinoceros had any chance of survival , with some arguing that rhinos from Indonesia should be introduced in an attempt to save the population , with others arguing that the population could recover . Genetic analysis of dung samples collected in Cat Tien National Park in a survey from October 2009 to March 2010 showed only a single individual Javan rhinoceros remained in the park . In early May 2010 , the body of a Javan rhino was found in the park . The animal had been shot and its horn removed by poachers . In October 2011 , the International Rhino Foundation confirmed the Javan rhinoceros was extinct in Vietnam , leaving only the rhinos in Ujung Kulon . = = = In captivity = = = A Javan rhinoceros has not been exhibited in a zoo for over a century . In the 19th century , at least four rhinos were exhibited in Adelaide , Calcutta , and London . At least 22 Javan rhinos have been documented as having been kept in captivity ; the true number is possibly greater , as the species was sometimes confused with the Indian rhinoceros . The Javan rhinoceros never fared well in captivity . The oldest lived to be 20 , about half the age that the rhinos can reach in the wild . No records are known of a captive rhino giving birth . The last captive Javan rhino died at the Adelaide Zoo in Australia in 1907 , where the species was so little known that it had been exhibited as an Indian rhinoceros . = Heinrich Bär = Oskar @-@ Heinz ( Heinrich ) " Pritzl " Bär ( pronounced [ ˈhaɪnʁɪç bɛːɐ ̯ ] ; 25 May 1913 – 28 April 1957 ) was a German Luftwaffe flying ace who served throughout World War II in Europe . Bär flew more than one thousand combat missions , and fought in all major German theaters of the war , including the Western , Eastern and Mediterranean fronts . On 18 occasions he survived being shot down , and he was credited with 220 or 221 aerial victories , around 16 of which were in a Messerschmitt Me @-@ 262 jet fighter . Bär , a Saxon with a strong accent , joined the Reichswehr in 1934 and transferred to the Luftwaffe in 1935 . Serving first as a mechanic , then as a pilot on transport aircraft , he was informally trained as a fighter pilot . He claimed his first aerial victory in September 1939 on the French border . By the end of the Battle of Britain , his tally of victories had increased to 17 . Transferred to the Eastern Front to participate in Operation Barbarossa , he quickly accumulated further kills , a feat that earned him the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords for 90 aerial victories in February 1942 . During the remainder of World War II , Bär was credited with 130 other aerial victories , including 16 while flying one of the first jet fighters , the Me 262 , an achievement which would normally have earned him the coveted Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds . Hermann Göring 's personal dislike of Bär , coupled with Bär 's insubordinate character and lack of military discipline , deprived him of this award . After World War II , Bär continued his career as an aviator . He was killed in a flying accident on 28 April 1957 near Braunschweig . = = Early life = = Bär was born on 25 May 1913 in Sommerfeld near Leipzig in the Kingdom of Saxony , a federated state of the German Empire . His parents were farmers , and in 1916 , his father was killed in action on the Western Front of World War I. Bär attended the Volksschule , a combined primary and lower secondary school , in Sommerfeld . Initially , he planned on taking over the family farm in Engelsdorf and following graduation attended the agriculture school in Wurzen . Aged 15 , he became a glider pilot , joining the glider club on the " Schwarzer Berg " ( Black Mountain ) at Taucha . Bär then wanted to become a forester , for everything associated with wildlife and forests interested him . His first sight of a Junkers transport aircraft changed his mind and convinced him that he should become an aviator . As a teenager , he had ambitions to become an airline pilot with Deutsche Luft Hansa . The Great Depression prevented Bär from gaining a civil pilot license . In 1934 , he joined the Reichswehr and was assigned to the 3 . Kompanie of Kraftfahrabteilung 4 ( 3rd Company of the 4th Motor Vehicle Battalion ) as a mechanic . He served in this position until the following year , when he was transferred to a combat wing of the Luftwaffe . A few months later , he was accepted for pilot training , receiving his transport aircraft pilot 's training . From 1 November 1937 to 31 March 1938 , Bär attended the flight school at Oldenburg and was then transferred to the flight school at Hildesheim . He was transferred again , attending the flight school at Ludwigslust where he attained his Luftwaffe Advanced Pilot 's Certificate ( Erweiterter Luftwaffen @-@ Flugzeugführerschein ) , also known as ' C ' -Certificate , confirming proficiency on multi @-@ engine aircraft , on 16 May 1938 . Bär then attended the blind flying school Blindflugschule 2 ( BFS 2 — 2nd blind flying school ) at Neuburg an der Donau from 7 July to 14 August 1938 . He was transferred to I. / Jagdgeschwader 135 , the core of the future Jagdgeschwader 51 ( JG 51 ) , on 1 September 1938 , usually flying the Junkers Ju 86 . The Squadron Leader ( Staffelkapitän ) Douglas Pitcairn noticed Bär 's flying talents and tried to convince Bär to become a fighter pilot . Initially Bär refused , but after he illegally conducted some aerobatics in the Ju 86 leading to an engine failure , he reluctantly accepted and became a fighter pilot . = = World War II = = Stationed on the border with France , Bär achieved his first victory — a Curtiss P @-@ 36 Hawk — on 25 September 1939 during the Phoney War air skirmishes with the Armée de l 'Air ( French air force ) , earning him the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 27 September 1939 . During the Battle of France , he was credited with two more aerial victories before adding a further 10 during the Battle of Britain . During this time , he had several emergency landings with badly damaged planes and was shot down over the English Channel on 2 September 1940 by a Spitfire . Bär was summoned to appear before Hermann Göring and report on this battle . When Göring asked him what he was thinking about while in the water , Bär immediately replied , " Your speech , Herr Reichsmarschall , in which you said that England is no longer an island ! " , alluding to an address that Göring had made before the German fighter pilots . Incidents like this are testimony to his often blatant disregard for higher authority , a trait that frequently landed him in trouble . In early 1941 , he was credited with an additional four aerial victories against the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) , bringing his total to 17 . = = = Eastern Front = = = In June 1941 , JG 51 was transferred East to take part in Operation Barbarossa . JG 51 at the time was part of the 2nd Air Corps , operating in the central sector of the Eastern Front . Bär claimed five aerial victories on 30 June 1941 , bringing his total to 22 . On this day JG 51 was credited with 113 aerial victories in total , among them their 1,000th aerial victory — the first unit to reach this figure — and Oberst Werner Mölders , with 82 aerial victories , surpassed Manfred von Richthofen in number of victories . Within two weeks of combat against the Soviet Air Force , Bär 's tally rose to 27 , which earned him the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 July , followed by his promotion to Oberleutnant on 1 August 1941 . On 14 August , he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves for 60 victories , and on 30 August he became an " ace @-@ in @-@ a @-@ day " by shooting down six Soviet aircraft . On 31 August , Bär was shot down by an Ilyushin Il @-@ 2 some 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) behind Soviet lines , near Novgorod @-@ Seversky . He suffered injuries to his back and feet while bailing out , but was able to walk back to the German lines ; his wounds necessitated a lengthy hospital treatment . Bär was promoted to Hauptmann in late 1941 and appointed Squadron Leader of 12 . / JG 51 in early 1942 . His longtime wingman at the time was Heinrich Hoffmann . He received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords on 16 February as his tally rose to 90 . This achievement was mentioned in the daily Wehrmachtbericht ( the propaganda report by the OKW ) on 12 February 1942 , his first of three references during the course of the war . On 11 May , Bär was transferred from IV . / JG 51 on the Moscow front to take command of I. Gruppe of Gordon Gollob 's Jagdgeschwader 77 ( JG 77 ) flying wing . Bär replaced Herbert Ihlefeld who had been transferred . JG 77 was tasked with supporting the hard fighting in the Crimean Campaign over the Kerch Strait on the Crimean Peninsula . Led by the flying aces ( Experten ) Gollob and Bär , JG 77 took over the air space above Kerch @-@ Taman as Gollob and Bär shot down two and three LaGG @-@ 3s respectively , raising Bär 's victory total to 93 . Mutual animosity between the two men , Gollob , a disciplinarian pro @-@ Nazi , and Bär , an anti @-@ authoritarian , ensured an intense rivalry . On 19 May 1942 , Bär claimed five further aerial victories ; his victory total now stood at 103 . He was the 9th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark . That same day , Inspector of Fighters ( General der Jagdflieger ) Adolf Galland arrived to inspect Bär 's I. / JG 77 and JG 77 surpassed 2 @,@ 000 victories . This flying achievement earned Bär a second mention in the daily Wehrmachtbericht on 20 May 1942 . = = = Mediterranean theater = = = In June 1942 , JG 77 was moved to the Mediterranean theater and took part in the air battles over Malta before relocating to Tunisia and participating in the North African Campaign . On 25 January 1943 , Bär claimed two Curtiss P @-@ 40 Warhawk fighters shot down , taking his total to 149 aerial victories . After Bär achieved his 149th aerial victory , General Hans @-@ Jürgen von Arnim submitted him for the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds . Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring ignored this request , denying Bär the " Diamonds " . The reason for this remains uncertain , but it is believed that Göring disliked Bär for his insubordinate character and strong Saxon dialect , which Göring was known to detest . On 27 January 1943 , Bär surpassed the 150 aerial victory mark after he claimed three more P @-@ 40s shot down . Bär and his I. Gruppe of JG 77 operated from Fatnassa , Tunisia , in early March 1943 . On 1 March , Bär claimed a Spitfire shot down , then in the evening met Galland , who was making a surprise visit to I. / JG 77 . Galland was greeted by Major Joachim Müncheberg , who introduced Bär to Galland . Thus began a comradeship which outlasted World War II . Over North Africa and the Mediterranean theater , Bär had increased his tally to 179 , but , fighting a losing battle against ever @-@ increasing Allied air superiority , Bär lost his fighting spirit , and suffered severe mental and physical exhaustion . After several arguments with JG 77 's new Commander Colonel Johannes Steinhoff and Hermann Göring , in mid @-@ 1943 Bär was transferred to France " for cowardice before the enemy " and demoted to Squadron Leader . He took over command of an operational training unit , Jagdgruppe Süd . = = = Defense of the Reich = = = His combat skills were hard to overlook and hence Bär was transferred to II . / Jagdgeschwader 1 ( JG 1 ) on 21 January 1944 as an ordinary pilot . He was assigned to 6 . / JG 1 . Jagdgeschwader 1 ( JG 1 ) Wing Commander ( Geschwaderkommodore ) Colonel Walter Oesau welcomed him with a reminder that he had promised Oberkommando der Luftwaffe ( OKL ) Göring that Bär would not be given any command responsibilities . Although Bär accepted this with humor , he later commented to others that in the air he was the " Kommodore of his own crate " . On 15 March 1944 , Bär , now a Major and rehabilitated from the demotion , was given command of II . / Jagdgeschwader 1 ( JG 1 ) . This was after the death of Hauptmann Hermann Segatz on 8 March 1944 . JG 1 was tasked with Reichsverteidigung ( Defense of the Reich ) and equipped with the Focke Wulf 190 A @-@ 7 fighter . Morale of the group soared following his appointment . He was considered the unofficial leader of the group and the best officer in the entire Geschwader . On 11 April 1944 , Bär achieved his 199th aerial victory over a B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress near Fallersleben . His 200th aerial victory , a B @-@ 24 Liberator , was claimed on 22 April accompanied by his regular wingman Warrant Officer ( Oberfeldwebel ) Leo Schuhmacher , who would be awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 1 March 1945 as a fighter pilot in II . / JG 1 . Bär had just landed at Störmede airfield from a II . / JG 1 intercept when a smoking United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) B @-@ 24 of the 458th Bombardment Group passed overhead . Bär and his wingman quickly got into their aircraft and intercepted the B @-@ 24 . The bomber 's gunners had already bailed out of the aircraft , making it an easy aerial victory . Bär returned to Störmede airfield to the congratulations of his men . This double century victory earned Bär his third and final reference in the Wehrmachtbericht on 24 April 1944 . After Oesau 's death on 11 May 1944 , Bär was made acting Wing Commander of JG 1 . In June , he was appointed Wing Commander of Jagdgeschwader 3 ( JG 3 ) following the death of Friedrich @-@ Karl Müller . By the end of 1944 , Bär 's score had risen to 203 . Bär 's 204th and 205th victories , against two Hawker Typhoons , were achieved on 1 January 1945 during Unternehmen Bodenplatte , a Luftwaffe mass attack against Allied airfields in the Benelux area . The operation resulted in hundreds of aircraft losses on both sides . Bär 's JG 3 contributed by raiding Eindhoven in the Netherlands , shooting down about six RAF fighters and destroying many aircraft on the ground . One of Bär 's ' aerial kills ' may not have been airborne . Historian Norman Franks states both aircraft , from No. 438 Squadron RAF , were taxiing when hit . Flight Lieutenant Pete Wilson was wounded and later died from his injuries after Bär 's strafing attack . The second Typhoon did get airborne . Its pilot , Flight Officer Ross Keller was killed . This version of events is contradicted by a witness , Pilot Officer ' Bill ' Harle , who thought both aircraft were airborne . = = = Combat in the Me 262 = = = In February , Bär was transferred to command the jet fighter training unit III . / Ergänzungs @-@ Jagdgeschwader 2 ( EJG 2 ) . In March , the unit was equipped with the Messerschmitt Me 262 fighter and sent into battle . Bär shot down 13 enemy aircraft , many of them heavy bombers like the B @-@ 17 and the B @-@ 24 , bringing his score to 217 . On 23 April , Bär transferred to the elite Jet Experten unit Jagdverband 44 ( JV 44 ) , led by Adolf Galland . On 26 April , he assumed command of the unit when Galland was wounded . Bär possibly flew his first operational sortie with JV 44 on 27 April 1945 . Flying the Me 262 A @-@ 1 / U5 , a six MK 108 cannon prototype , he was accompanied by Major Wilhelm Herget and the non @-@ commissioned officer NCO ( Unteroffizier ) Franz Köster when the trio engaged American fighters over Riem ; Bär claimed one aerial victory . While not flying operationally , Bär spent most of his time giving hasty instruction to the new pilots still being assigned to JV 44 . With JV 44 , he achieved his final four aerial victories ( 3 P @-@ 47s and 1 Mosquito ) on 28 April , bringing his total to 220 . All told , he had achieved 16 victories in the Me 262 , making him the second most successful Jet Expert of the war , which he finished as a Lieutenant Colonel ( Oberstleutnant ) . During the final days of the Second World War in Europe , Lieutenant General ( Generalleutnant ) Adolf Galland attempted to surrender JV 44 to American forces from his hospital bed . At the same time Air General ( General der Flieger ) Karl Koller had ordered JV 44 to relocate to Prague and continue fighting . Bär , as a Galland loyalist , attempted to ignore the order . Bär was further pressured to relocate JV 44 when Major General ( Generalmajor ) Dietrich Peltz , commander of IX . Fliegerkorps , and Colonel Hajo Herrmann , commander of 9 . Flieger @-@ Division ( J ) , unexpectedly emerged at the control room in Maxglan on 2 May 1945 . A heated and violent dispute erupted between Bär , Peltz and Herrmann , witnessed by Walter Krupinski . He later recalled that Bär responded with " Yes , sir , but we are under the command of Generalleutnant Galland , and I will only follow orders of Generalleutnant Galland ! " — a final act of disobedience that Krupinski believed could have led to Bär being shot for insubordination . In the early morning hours of 4 May 1945 , Bär gathered the pilots of JV 44 for a final briefing . Bär ordered the remaining Me 262 destroyed before going into captivity and interrogation by US Intelligence officers of the 1st Tactical Air Force 's Air Prisoner of War Interrogation Unit , based at Heidelberg . = = After the war = = Bär did not return to his home in Sommerfeld after World War II . He settled in Braunschweig , where he continued his career in aviation , including a lead position for motor @-@ powered flight with the Deutscher Aero Club . He also worked as a consultant and test pilot in the field of sport aviation , testing aircraft before they went on the market . On 28 April 1957 , while conducting a routine flight @-@ check in a light aircraft , a LF @-@ 1 Zaunkönig , Bär put the aircraft into a flat spin , the final manoeuvre in the test process . The aircraft spun down to 50 meters ( 160 ft ) then , unable to regain control , Bär was killed in the resulting crash at Braunschweig @-@ Waggum . = = Summary of career = = Heinrich Bär , call sign " Bussard 1 " , flew more than 1 @,@ 000 combat missions . His 220 confirmed aerial victories place him eighth on the overall list of Experten . His claim of 124 aerial victories over Western @-@ flown aircraft is second only to Hans @-@ Joachim Marseille 's total of 158 ; almost all of the latter 's victories occurred in Africa . He achieved four victories during the Battle of France , 13 during the Battle of Britain and 61 over Libya and Tunisia . On the Eastern Front he had claimed 96 aerial victories . At least 75 of his victories had been claimed against British- and American @-@ flown aircraft over Europe , 16 of these while flying the Me 262 jet fighter . Also among these 75 aerial victories are 21 US heavy bombers and one Mosquito . Bär crash @-@ landed or bailed out 18 times and was wounded three times in combat . = = = Awards = = = Wound Badge ( 1939 ) in Silverin Black ( 26 November 1941 ) German Cross in Gold on 27 May 1942 as Hauptmann in the I. / JG 77 Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold with Pennant " 1000 " in Gold ( 25 May 1942 ) Combined Pilots @-@ Observation Badge Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 8 June 1942 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur Eastern Front Medal ( 23 August 1943 ) " Africa " Cuffband Iron Cross ( 1939 ) 2nd Class ( 29 September 1939 ) 1st Class ( 6 July 1940 ) Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords Knight 's Cross on 2 July 1941 as pilot and Leutnant in the 1 . / JG 51 after 27 aerial victories 31st Oak Leaves on 14 August 1941 as Leutnant and pilot in the 1 . / JG 51 after 60 aerial victories 7th Swords on 16 February 1942 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän of the 1 . / JG 51 after 90 aerial victories Mentioned three times in the Wehrmachtbericht Three times Heinz Bär was recommended for the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds . All three commendations were denied by Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring . Bär shot down a further 130 enemy aircraft after he had received the Swords . = = = Dates of rank = = = = Fingerprints : The Best of Powderfinger , 1994 – 2000 = Fingerprints : The Best of Powderfinger , 1994 - 2000 is a greatest hits album by Australian alternative rock band Powderfinger , released on 30 October 2004 in Australia . The album contained tracks from the Powderfinger 's first four albums , as well as two previously unreleased songs , " Bless My Soul " and " Process This " . " Bless My Soul " was also released as a single . On 17 February 2009 , Fingerprints was released in the United States with an alternate track listing including more recent songs and discarding older songs to align with releases that had previously been released in the US . The album was released on the back of the band 's success on the TV show , Grey 's Anatomy , which featured two songs from the album " Dream Days at the Hotel Existence " . = = Recording and production = = Prior to the release of Fingerprints : The Best of Powderfinger , 1994 @-@ 2000 , there was some talk of the idea that a best of album would be a mistake by the band , as they were generally seen as the " end of an artist 's creative haul " . Australian Music Online , publishing a Universal Music Australia press release , said these fears were not justified , and that the album would be " a Powderfinger biography that really tells the story better than anyone can on paper " . MTV Scene writer Craig Tangsley also commented on fears about the " death " of the band , stating that he spoke to Bernard Fanning about the band 's death as " it 's inevitable to talk when someone releases a best of album " . Fanning denied that the band was finished , instead claiming that Fingerprints : The Best of Powderfinger , 1994 @-@ 2000 was spawned due to a deal with the band 's record label . He also assured readers that the band had another album planned . Ciao reviewer cocoklo agreed with Universal 's assessment , stating that " If there ever was a band , in my opinion , that needed a greatest hits album , it 's Powderfinger " . However , he noted another issue which had some influence on the production of the album - the issue of which songs to include . As the band had only released five albums , they were forced to mostly include the singles they had previously released . Throughout production stages , the album was not referred to as Fingerprints : The Best of Powderfinger , 1994 - 2000 , but rather by its alternative title ; From Heavy Metal to Centenary Medal . It is unknown when the band decided on the final title of the album . = = Album and single releases = = Fingerprints : The Best of Powderfinger , 1994 @-@ 2000 was released on 30 October 2004 in Australia , and entered the ARIA chart on 14 November that year . It spent 17 weeks , peaking at # 2 for one week . The album was certified double platinum . " Bless My Soul " , the only single released from the album , failed to chart . It did , however , appear on the Triple J Hottest 100 in 2004 , at position # 9 . " Process This " , which was not released as a single , appeared at # 68 . = = Response = = Fingerprints : The Best of Powderfinger , 1994 @-@ 2000 was received well by reviewers . Sputnikmusic contributor Nandrucu gave the album a perfect five , describing it as " perfect way to introduce you " to the band . New song " Bless My Soul " was seen in a positive light , with the comment " it has a great opening , with neat little guitar fills popping up all over the place " . However , the reviewer dislike " Process This " , stating the song had " a try @-@ hard feel about it " . Soulshine reviewer Dave Hardwick gave the album three stars , stating that " the cynic in me can 't help asking whether that is the point " ; alluding to the overbearing presence of industry politics regarding the release of a Best Of collection , and complaining of a lack of surprises in the choice of tracks . However , he agreed that the album was a good starting point for " those new to the band " . Ciao reviewer cocoklo rated the album positively . The new songs on the album were praised , with the comment " both of which are stunning " , and stating that none of the songs were disappointing . The review highly recommended the album , and again stated that it was an excellent introduction to the band . Fasterlouder.com.au commentator Elissa said the album contained an excellent selection of songs that represented " essence of the band from its signature melodies " , and said that " Bless My Soul " was set " to become a Powderfinger favourite " . = = Track listing = = Unlike many ' Greatest Hits ' projects , Powderfinger did not include notable singles Good @-@ Day Ray , The Metre , Take Me In or any single from their first album , Parables for Wooden Ears , including instead fan favorites , Thrilloilogy , Belter and Sink Low . " Bless My Soul " – 4 : 06 ( Previously unreleased ) " My Happiness " – 4 : 36 ( Odyssey Number Five ) " Waiting for the Sun " – 3 : 54 ( Odyssey Number Five ) " Pick You Up " – 4 : 19 ( Double Allergic ) " Passenger " – 4 : 20 ( Internationalist ) " Don 't Wanna Be Left Out " – 2 : 12 ( Internationalist ) " These Days " – 4 : 36 ( Two Hands version ) " The Day You Come " – 3 : 58 ( Internationalist ) " D.A.F. " – 3 : 30 ( Double Allergic ) " My Kind of Scene " – 4 : 37 ( Odyssey Number Five ) " Like a Dog " – 4 : 20 ( Odyssey Number Five ) " Already Gone " – 3 : 28 ( Internationalist ) " Process This " – 3 : 22 ( Previously unreleased ) " Belter " – 4 : 13 ( Internationalist ) " Living Type " – 3 : 25 ( Double Allergic ) " Thrilloilogy " – 6 : 10 ( Odyssey Number Five ) " Sink Low " – 2 : 12 ( Parables for Wooden Ears ) = = US track listing = = " My Happiness " – 4 : 36 ( Odyssey Number Five ) " Lost and Running " - 3 : 42 ( Dream Days at the Hotel Existence ) " Love Your Way " - 4 : 31 ( Vulture Street ) " These Days " – 4 : 36 ( Two Hands version ) " Waiting for the Sun " – 3 : 54 ( Odyssey Number Five ) " ( Baby I 've Got You ) On My Mind " - 3 : 20 ( Vulture Street ) " Sunsets " - 3 : 49 ( Vulture Street ) " My Kind of Scene " – 4 : 37 ( Odyssey Number Five ) " Stumblin ' " - 3 : 46 ( Vulture Street ) " Drifting Further Away " - 3 : 40 ( Dream Days at the Hotel Existence ) " Passenger " – 4 : 20 ( Internationalist ) " Nobody Sees " - 4 : 14 ( Dream Days at the Hotel Existence ) = Battle of Brunanburh ( poem ) = The Battle of Brunanburh is an Old English poem . It is preserved in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , a historical record of events in Anglo @-@ Saxon England which was kept from the late ninth to the mid @-@ twelfth century . The poem records the Battle of Brunanburh , a battle fought in 937 between an English army and a combined army of Scots , Vikings , and Britons . The battle resulted in an English victory , celebrated by the poem in style and language like that of traditional Old English battle poetry . The poem is notable because of those traditional elements and has been praised for its authentic tone , but it is also remarkable for its fiercely nationalistic tone , which documents the development of a unified England ruled by the House of Wessex . = = Historical background = = The Battle of Brunanburh was a culmination of the conflict between King Æthelstan and the northern kings . After Æthelstan had defeated the Vikings at York in 928 , Constantine II , the Scottish King , recognised the threat posed by the House of Wessex to his own position , and began forging alliances with neighbouring kingdoms to attempt a pre @-@ emptive strike against Æthelstan . He married his daughter to Amlaíb mac Gofraid ( also called Olaf Guthfrithsson , and Anlaf in the poem ) , the Norse @-@ Gael King of Dublin . Amlaíb had a claim to the throne of Northumbria , from which Æthelstan expelled his father in 927 . Thus , the invading army combined " Vikings , Scots , and Strathclyde Britons . " On the English side , Æthelstan was joined by his brother , the later King Edmund . In the ensuing battle , the combined forces of Wessex and Mercia won a decisive victory . = = The poem = = The poem is preserved in four of the nine surviving manuscripts of the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle . In the Parker Chronicle , its verse lines are written out as poetry , following common Anglo @-@ Saxon scribal practice . The 73 @-@ line long poem is written in " indeterminate Saxon , " that is , the regular West @-@ Saxon dialect in which most surviving Old English poetry is copied . It is referred to as a panegyric celebrating the victory of Æthelstan and Edmund I. The text begins by praising King Æthelstan and his brother Edmund I for their victory . It mentions the fall of " Scots and seafarers " in a battle that lasted an entire day , while " the battlefield flowed / with dark blood . " " Norse seafarer [ s ] " and " weary Scot [ s ] " were killed by " West Saxons [ who ] / pursued those hateful people " , killing them from behind with their swords ; neither did " the Mercians ... stint / hard handplay " . " Five young kings " are killed in battle along with " seven / of Anlaf 's earls " . Amlaíb mac Gofraid ( " Anlaf " ) flees by boat , and Constantine flees to the north , leaving " his son / savaged by weapons on that field of slaughter , / a mere boy in battle . " The poem concludes by comparing the battle to those fought in earlier stages of English history : Never , before this , were more men in this island slain by the sword 's edge--as books and aged sages confirm--since Angles and Saxons sailed here from the east , sought the Britons over the wide seas , since those warsmiths hammered the Welsh , and earls , eager for glory , overran the land . = = Style and tone = = The style of the poem has been described as " sagalike in its sparse use of language combined with ample specific detail . " According to George Anderson , since the poem comes so late in the Old English period , it gives evidence of the continuing attraction of the " warrior tradition " : it is " clear and convincing testimony to the vitality of the Old English battle @-@ epic tradition ; the authentic ring sounds out years after the Beowulf Poet , Caedmon , and Cynewulf have been laid to rest . " Donald Fry compares passages from Beowulf and Brunanburh ( concerning the boarding of ships ) and remarks on the " similar diction and imagery " . According to Malcolm Godden , the language resembles that of the Old English Genesis A. The poem is not without its detractors : an early critic , Walter J. Sedgefield , in a 1904 study of the poems in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , said " even the longest and best written of their number , the Battle of Brunanburh , is but a simulacrum , a ghost of the older epos " . That the poem should not be treated as a historical text , and that panegyric was the appropriate genre , was argued by Alistair Campbell : " The poet 's subjects are the praise of heroes and the glory of victory . When this is realised , the oft @-@ repeated criticism , that he does not greatly add to our knowledge of the battle , falls to the ground . It was not his object to do so . He was not writing an epic or a ' ballad . ' He was writing a panegyric . " Townend agrees , and notes that praise @-@ poems on contemporary men are completely missing from the Anglo @-@ Saxon period until a cluster of four panegyrics including Brunanburh in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle . Compared to The Battle of Maldon , an Old English poem that commemorates a battle between English and Vikings half a century later , Brunanburh is notable for its nationalist overtones , whereas Maldon celebrates Christian over non @-@ Christian values . Indeed , the poem is seen as celebrating a logical progression in the development of England as a unified nation ruled by the House of Wessex ; the battle reports " the dawning of a sense of nationality , .... a crisis in which a nation is involved " . In this respect , Brunanburh is closer to the Anglo @-@ Saxon poem The Taking of the Five Boroughs , also found in the Chronicle under the year 942 , celebrating King Edmund 's recapture of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw . But while the poet claims veracity , Michael Swanton notes , " it is ironic in view of his primarily historic concerns that he is in fact more successful than the Maldon @-@ poet in transmitting the traditional poetic style . " Peter Clemoes argues in Interactions of Thought and Language in Old English Poetry that Brunanburh , as opposed to Maldon , relies on " uncomplicated patriotic triumphalism " . The poem does not treat " personal responsibility " as Maldon does , but leans on an expansive view of history which sees the battle , in line with the Chronicle 's view of contemporary history as the " epitome of Anglo @-@ Saxon , especially West Saxon , history with antecedents in the history of Britain " , as " straightforwardly traditional " . According to Patrick Wormald , the poem builds on the " sense of ideological identity that the English had been given by Bede . " Accompanying the combatants are the usual " beasts of battle " found in other Old English poems — the wolf , the raven , and the eagle . The Battle of Brunanburh , however , seems to include a fourth animal , the guþhafoc , or " war @-@ hawk , " in line 64 . However , editors and scholars of the poem have suggested that graedigne guþhafoc , " greedy war @-@ hawk " , is actually a kenning for the hasu @-@ padan , / earn æftan hwit , the " dusky coated , white @-@ tailed eagle " of lines 62b @-@ 63a . = = Editions , adaptations , and translations = = The poem is included in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Poetic Records . The now @-@ accepted standard edition of the poem is the 1938 edition by Alistair Campbell . The Battle of Brunanburh : A Casebook , edited by Michael Livingston , was published by the University of Exeter Press in 2011 ; it includes two alternative translations of the poem and essays on the battle and the poem . The twelfth @-@ century Anglo @-@ Norman chronicler Geoffrey Gaimar likely used the account in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle for his treatment of Æthelstan in his L 'Estoire des Engles . English poet Alfred , Lord Tennyson translated ( or " modernized " ) the poem in 1880 , publishing it as part of his Ballads and Other Poems ( and his son Hallam Tennyson published a prose translation of the poem ) . In contrast to many other translations of poetry , Tennyson 's is still praised as " a faithful , sensitive , even eloquent recreation of its source . " The Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges wrote a short poem , " Brunanburh 937 AD , " a translation of which was published in The New Yorker . In a 1968 lecture at Harvard University , Borges praised Tennyson 's translation , stating that in some locutions Tennyson sounds " more Saxon than the original . " A translation by Burton Raffel is included in Alexandra Hennessey Olsen 's anthology Poems and prose from the Old English . = Phasmatodea = The Phasmatodea ( also known as Phasmida or Phasmatoptera ) are an order of insects , whose members are variously known as stick insects ( in Europe and Australasia ) , stick @-@ bugs or walking sticks ( in the United States and Canada ) , phasmids , ghost insects and leaf insects ( generally the family Phylliidae ) . The group 's name is derived from the Ancient Greek φάσμα phasma , meaning an apparition or phantom , referring to the resemblance of many species to sticks or leaves . Their natural camouflage makes them difficult for predators to detect , but many species have a secondary line of defence in the form of startle displays , spines or toxic secretions . The genus Phobaeticus includes the world 's longest insects . Members of the order are found all over the world except for the Antarctic and Patagonia , but they are most abundant in the tropics and subtropics . They are herbivorous with many species living unobtrusively in the tree canopy . They have a hemimetabolous life cycle with three stages : eggs , nymphs and adults . Many phasmids are parthenogenic , and do not require fertilised eggs for female offspring to be produced . In hotter climates , they may breed all year round ; in more temperate regions , the females lay eggs in the autumn before dying , and the new generation hatches out in the spring . Some species have wings and can disperse by flying , while others are more restricted . = = Description = = Phasmids can be relatively large , ranging from 1 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) to over 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) in length . Females of the genus Phobaeticus are the world 's longest insects , measuring up to 56 @.@ 7 centimetres ( 22 @.@ 3 in ) in total length in the case of Phobaeticus chani , including the outstretched legs . The heaviest species of phasmid is likely to be Heteropteryx dilatata , the females of which may weigh as much as 65 g ( 2 @.@ 3 oz ) . Some phasmids have cylindrical stick @-@ like bodies , while others have flattened , leaflike shapes . Many species are wingless , or have reduced wings . The thorax is long in the winged species , since it houses the flight muscles , and is typically much shorter in the wingless forms . Where present , the first pair of wings is narrow and cornified ( hardened ) , while the hind wings are broad , with straight veins along their length and multiple cross @-@ veins . The body is often further modified to resemble vegetation , with ridges resembling leaf veins , bark @-@ like tubercles , and other forms of camouflage . A few species , such as Carausius morosus , are even able to change their pigmentation to match their surroundings . The mouthparts project out from the head . Chewing mandibles are uniform across species . The legs are typically long and slender , and some species are capable of limb autotomy ( shedding ) . Phasmids have long , slender antennae , as long as or longer than the rest of the body in some species . All phasmids possess compound eyes , but ocelli ( light @-@ sensitive organs ) are only found in some winged males . Phasmids have an impressive visual system that allows them to perceive significant detail even in dim conditions , which suits their typically nocturnal lifestyle . They are born equipped with tiny compound eyes with a limited number of facets . As phasmids grow through successive molts , the number of facets in each eye is increased along with the number of photoreceptor cells . The sensitivity of the adult eye is at least tenfold that of the nymph in its first instar ( developmental stage ) . As the eye grows more complex , the mechanisms to adapt to dark / light changes is also enhanced : eyes in dark conditions evidence less screening pigments , which would block light , than during the daytime , and changes in the width of the retinal layer to adapt to changes in available light are significantly more pronounced in adults . However , the larger size of the adult insects ' eyes makes them more prone to radiation damage . This explains why fully grown individuals are mostly nocturnal . Lessened sensitivity to light in the newly emerged insects helps them to escape from the leaf litter wherein they are hatched and move upward into the more brightly illuminated foliage . Young stick insects are diurnal ( daytime ) feeders and move around freely , expanding their foraging range . Stick insects have two types of pad on their legs : sticky " toe pads " and non @-@ stick " heel pads " a little further up their legs . The heel pads are covered in microscopic hairs which create strong friction at low pressure , enabling them to grip without having to be peeled energetically from the surface at each step . The sticky toe pads are used to provide additional grip when climbing but are not used on a level surface . = = Distribution = = Phasmatodea can be found all over the world except for the Antarctic and Patagonia . They are most numerous in the tropics and subtropics . The greatest diversity is found in Southeast Asia and South America , followed by Australia , Central America , and the southern United States . Over 300 species are known from the island of Borneo , making it the richest place in the world for Phasmatodea . = = Antipredator adaptations = = Phasmatodea species exhibit mechanisms for defense from predators that prevent an attack from happening in the first place ( primary defense ) , and defenses that are deployed after an attack has been initiated ( secondary defense ) . The defense mechanism most readily identifiable with Phasmatodea is camouflage , in the form of plant mimicry . Most phasmids are known for effectively replicating the forms of sticks and leaves , and the bodies of some species ( such as Pseudodiacantha macklotti and Bactrododema centaurum ) are covered in mossy or lichenous outgrowths that supplement their disguise . Remaining absolutely stationary enhances their disguise . Some species have the ability to change color as their surroundings shift ( Bostra scabrinota , Timema californica ) . In a further behavioral adaptation to supplement crypsis , a number of species perform a rocking motion where the body is swayed from side to side ; this is thought to mimic the movement of leaves or twigs swaying in the breeze . Another method by which stick insects avoid predation and resemble twigs is by entering a cataleptic state , where the insect adopts a rigid , motionless posture that can be maintained for a long period . The nocturnal feeding habits of adults also help Phasmatodea to remain concealed from predators . In a seemingly opposite method of defense , many species of Phasmatodea seek to startle the encroaching predator by flashing bright colors that are normally hidden , and making a loud noise . When disturbed on a branch or foliage , some species , while dropping to the undergrowth to escape , will open their wings momentarily during free fall to display bright colors that disappear when the insect lands . Others will maintain their display for up to 20 minutes , hoping to frighten the predator and convey the appearance of a larger size . Some accompany the visual display with noise made by rubbing together parts of the wings or antennae . Some species , such as the young nymphs of Extatosoma tiaratum , have been observed to curl the abdomen upwards over the body and head to resemble ants or scorpions in an act of mimicry , another defense mechanism by which the insects avoid becoming prey . The eggs of some species such as Diapheromera femorata have fleshy projections resembling elaiosomes ( fleshy structures sometimes attached to seeds ) that attract ants . When the egg has been carried to the colony , the ant feeds the elaiosome to a larva and the phasmid egg develops in the recesses of the nest in a protected environment . When threatened , some phasmids that are equipped with femoral spines on the metathoracic legs ( Oncotophasma martini , Eurycantha calcarata , Eurycantha horrida , Diapheromera veliei , Diapheromera covilleae ) respond by curling the abdomen upward and repeatedly swinging the legs together , grasping at the threat . If the menace is caught , the spines can draw blood and inflict considerable pain . Some species are equipped with a pair of glands at the anterior ( front ) edge of the prothorax that enables the insect to release defensive secretions , including chemical compounds of varying effect : some produce distinct odors , and others cause a stinging , burning sensation in the eyes and mouth of a predator . The spray often contains pungent @-@ smelling volatile metabolites , previously thought to be concentrated in the insect from its plant food sources . However , it now seems more likely that the insect manufactures its own defensive chemicals . Additionally , the chemistry of the defense spray from at least one species , Anisomorpha buprestoides , has been shown to vary based on the insect 's life stage or the particular population it is part of . This chemical spray variation also corresponds with regionally specific color forms in populations in Florida , with the different variants having distinct behaviors . The spray from one species , Megacrania nigrosulfurea , is used as a treatment for skin infections by a tribe in Papua New Guinea because of its antibacterial constituents . Some species employ a shorter @-@ range defensive secretion , where individuals bleed reflexively through the joints of their legs and the seams of the exoskeleton when bothered , allowing the blood ( hemolymph ) , which contains distasteful additives , to discourage predators . Another ploy is to regurgitate their stomach contents when harassed , repelling potential predators . = = Life cycle = = The life cycle of the stick insect begins when the female deposits her eggs through one of these methods of oviposition : she will either flick her egg to the ground by a movement of the ovipositor or her entire abdomen , carefully place the eggs in the axils of the host plant , bury them in small pits in the soil , or stick the eggs to a substrate , usually a stem or leaf of the food plant . A single female lays from 100 to 1 @,@ 200 eggs after mating , depending on the species . Many species of phasmids are parthenogenic , meaning the females lay eggs without needing to mate with males to produce offspring . Eggs from virgin mothers are entirely female and hatch into nymphs that are exact copies of their mothers . Stick insect species that are the product of hybridisation are usually obligate parthenogens , but non @-@ hybrids are facultative parthenogens , meaning they retain the ability to mate and their sexual behavior depends on the presence and abundance of males . Phasmatodea eggs resemble seeds in shape and size , and have hard shells . They have a lid @-@ like structure called an operculum at the anterior pole , from which the nymph emerges during hatching . The eggs vary in the length of time before they hatch which varies from 13 to more than 70 days , with the average around 20 to 30 days . Some species , particularly those from temperate regions , undergo diapause , where development is delayed during the winter months . Diapause is initiated by the effect of short day lengths on the egg @-@ laying adults or can be genetically determined . Diapause is broken by exposure to the cold of winter , causing the eggs to hatch during the following spring . Among species of economic importance such as Diapheromera femorata , diapause results in the development of two @-@ year cycles of outbreaks . Many species ' eggs bear a fatty , knoblike capitulum that caps the operculum . This structure attracts ants because of its resemblance to the elaiosome of some plant seeds that are sought @-@ after food sources for ant larvae , and usually contribute to ensuring seed dispersal by ants , a form of ant @-@ plant mutualism called myrmecochory . The ants take the egg into their nest underground and can remove the capitulum to feed to their larvae without harming the phasmid embryo . There , the egg hatches and the young nymph , which initially resembles an ant ( another instance of mimicry among Phasmatodea ) , eventually emerges from the nest and climbs the nearest tree to safety in the foliage . The Phasmatodea life cycle is hemimetabolous , proceeding through a series of several nymphal instars . As is the case with hatching , if the nymph is caught in the encasing of a cast skin or egg capsule , it will likely die because it cannot free itself . Once emerged , the nymphs will eat the cast skin . Adulthood is reached for most species after several months and many molts . The lifespan of Phasmatodea varies by species , but ranges from a few months to up to three years . = = Ecology = = Phasmids are herbivorous , feeding mostly on the leaves of trees and shrubs , and a conspicuous component of many neotropical ( South American ) systems . Phasmatodea have been postulated as dominant light @-@ gap herbivores there . Their role in the forest ecosystem is considered important by many scientists , who stress the significance of light gaps in maintaining succession and resilience in climax forests . The presence of phasmids lowers the net production of early successional plants by consuming them and then enriches the soil by defecation . This enables the late succession plants to become established and encourages the recycling of the tropical forest . Phasmatodea are recognized as injurious to forest and shade trees by defoliation . Didymuria violescens , Podacanthus wilkinsoni and Ctenomorphodes tessulatus in Australia , Diapheromera femorata in North America and Graeffea crouani in coconut plantations in the South Pacific all occur in outbreaks of economic importance . Indeed , in the American South , as well as in Michigan and Wisconsin , the walking stick is a significant problem in parks and recreation sites where it consumes the foliage of oaks and other hardwoods . Severe outbreaks of the walking stick , Diapheromera femorata , have occurred in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma . The insects eat the entire leaf blade . In the event of heavy outbreaks , entire stands of trees can be completely ravaged . Continuous defoliation over several years often results in the death of the tree . Fortunately for control efforts , because the insects cannot fly , infestations are typically contained to a radius of a few hundred yards . Nevertheless , the damage incurred to parks in the region is often costly . Control efforts in the case of infestations have typically involved chemical pesticides ; ground fires are effective at killing eggs but have obvious disadvantages . In New South Wales , research has been done into the feasibility of controlling stick insects using natural enemies such as parasitic wasps ( Myrmecomimesis spp . ) . = = Taxonomy = = The classification of the Phasmatodea is complex and the relationships between its members are poorly understood . Furthermore , there is much confusion over the ordinal name . Phasmida is preferred by many authors , though it is incorrectly formed ; Phasmatodea is correctly formed , and is widely accepted . The order Phasmatodea is sometimes considered related to other orders , including the Blattodea , Mantodea , Notoptera and Dermaptera , but the affiliations are uncertain and the grouping ( sometimes referred to as " Orthopteroidea " ) may be paraphyletic ( not have a common ancestor ) and hence invalid in the traditional circumscription ( set of attributes that all members have ) . Phasmatodea , once considered a suborder of Orthoptera , is now treated as an order of its own . Anatomical features separate them as a monophyletic ( descended from a common ancestor ) group from the Orthoptera . One is the instance among all species of Phasmatodea of a pair of exocrine glands inside the prothorax used for defense . Another is the presence of a specially formed sclerite ( hardened plate ) called a vomer that allows the male to clasp the female during mating . The order is divided into two , or sometimes three , suborders . The most common division is into the suborder groups Anareolatae and Areolatae , which are distinguished according to whether the insect has sunken areola , or circular areas , on the underside of the apices of the middle and hind tibiae ( Areolate ) or not ( Anareolate ) . However the phylogenetic ( evolutionary ) relationships between the different groups is poorly resolved . The monophyly of Anareolatae has been questioned and the morphology of the eggs may be a better basis for classification . An alternative is to divide the Phasmatodea into three suborders Agathemerodea ( 1 genus and 8 species ) , Timematodea ( 1 genus and 21 species ) and Verophasmatodea for the remaining taxa . This division is , however , not fully supported by the molecular studies , which recover Agathemerodea as nested within Verophasmatodea rather than being the sister group of the latter group . Over 3 @,@ 000 species have been described , with many more yet to be described both in museum collections and in the wild . Phasmatodea fossils are rare , whether as adults or as eggs ; isolated wings are the parts most commonly found . The modern group is monophyletic . Several Mesozoic families appear to be related to the phasmids , and are generally but not universally agreed to be stem group stick insects . One species is known ( as a forewing ) from the productive Crato Formation fossil beds of Brazil , Cretophasma araripensis ( Aerophasmatidae ) . Other members of the Aerophasmatidae are known from the Jurassic of England , Germany and Kazakhstan . Phasmids are rare in amber , but Gallophasma longipalpis was found in 2010 in the Early Eocene of France . Engel , Wang and Alqarni ( 2016 ) described a member of the family Phasmatidae sensu lato from the Cretaceous ( Cenomanian ) Burmese amber , Echinosomiscus primoticus . According to the authors , the discovery of E. primoticus provides the first reliable evidence for Euphasmatodea ( the clade containing all living phasmatodeans except members of the genus Timema ) and even Neophasmatodea ( the clade containing all living members of Euphasmatodea except aschiphasmatids ) in the Cenomanian . The earliest leaf insect ( Phylliinae ) fossil is Eophyllium messelensis from the 47 @-@ million @-@ year @-@ old Eocene of Messel , Germany . In size and cryptic ( leaflike ) body form , it closely resembles extant species , suggesting that the behavior of the group has changed little since that time . = = Notable species = = One Australian species , the Lord Howe Island stick insect , is now listed as critically endangered . It was believed extinct until its rediscovery on the rock known as Ball 's Pyramid . An effort is underway in Australia to rear this species in captivity . The best known of the stick insects is the Indian or laboratory stick insect ( Carausius morosus ) . This insect grows to roughly 10 cm ( 4 in ) and reproduces parthenogenically , and although males have been recorded , they are rare . Fossils of the extinct genus and species Eoprephasma hichensi have been recovered from Ypresian age sediments in Washington state USA and British Columbia Canada . The species is one of the youngest members of the stem phasmatodean group Susumanioidea . = = Phasmids in Europe = = In Europe there are 17 species of stick insect described , belonging to the genera Bacillus , Clonopsis , Leptynia y Pijnackeria . There are also a few other species that live in Europe but are introduced , as for example with a couple of species of Acanthoxyla , which are native to Madagascar but are present in southern England . In the Iberian Peninsula there are currently described 13 species and several subspecies . Its life cycle is annual , living only during the hottest months ( especially gender Leptynia and Pijnackeria ) , which usually comprise of late spring to early autumn . = = Behavior = = Stick insects , like praying mantises , show rocking behavior in which the insect makes rhythmic , repetitive , side @-@ to @-@ side movements . The common interpretation of this behavior 's function is it enhances crypsis by mimicking vegetation moving in the wind . However , these movements may be most important in allowing the insects to discriminate objects from the background by relative motion . Rocking movements by these generally sedentary insects may replace flying or running as a source of relative motion to help them discern objects in the foreground . Mating behavior in Phasmatodea is impressive because of the extraordinarily long duration of some pairings . A record among insects , the stick insect Necroscia sparaxes , found in India , is sometimes coupled for 79 days at a time . It is not uncommon for this species to assume the mating posture for days or weeks on end , and among some species ( Diapheromera veliei and D. covilleae ) , pairing can last three to 136 hours in captivity . Overt displays of aggression between males over mates suggests that extended pairing may have evolved to guard females from sperm competition . Fighting between competing males has been observed in the species D. veiliei and D. covilleae . During these encounters , the approach of a challenger causes the existing mate to manipulate the female 's abdomen , which he has clasped by means of the clasping organ , or vomer , down upon itself to block the site of attachment . Occasionally , the consort will strike out at the competitor with the mid femora , which are equipped with an enlarged and hooked spine in both sexes that can draw the blood of the opponent when they are flexed against the body to puncture the integument . Usually , a strong hold on the female 's abdomen and blows to the intruder are enough to deter the unwanted competition , but occasionally the competitor has been observed to employ a sneaky tactic to inseminate the female . While the first mate is engaged in feeding and is forced to vacate the dorsal position , the intruder can clasp the female 's abdomen and insert his genitalia . If he is discovered , the males will enter into combat wherein they lean backward , both clasped to the female 's abdomen , and freely suspended , engage in rapid , sweeping blows with their forelegs in a manner similar to boxing . Usually , when the intruder gains attachment to the female 's abdomen , these conflicts result in the displacement of the original mate . Lengthy pairings have also been described in terms of a defensive alliance . When cleaved together , the pair is more unwieldy for predators to handle . Also , the chemical defenses ( secretions , reflex bleeding , regurgitation ) of the individual stick insect are enhanced when two are paired . Females survive attacks by predators significantly better when pairing , largely because the dorsal position of the male functions well as a shield . This could indicate that manipulation by females is taking place : if females accept ejaculate at a slow rate , for instance , the males are forced to remain in copulo for longer and the female 's chances of survival are enhanced . Also , evolution could have simply favored males that remained attached to their females longer , since females are often less abundant than males and represent a valuable prize , so for the lucky male , even the sacrifice of his own life to preserve his offspring with the female may be worthwhile . Sexual dimorphism in the species , where females are usually significantly larger than the males , may have evolved due to the fitness advantage accrued to males that can remain attached to the female , thereby blocking competitors , without severely impeding her movement . Certain Phasmatodea , such as Anisomorpha buprestoides , sometimes form aggregations . These insects have been observed to congregate during the day in a concealed location , going their separate ways at nightfall to forage , and returning to their refuge before dawn . Such behavior has been little studied , and how the insects find their way back is unknown . = = In human culture = = Stick insects are often kept in captivity : almost 300 species have been reared in laboratories or as pets . The most commonly kept is the Indian ( or laboratory ) stick insect , Carausius morosus , which eats vegetables such as lettuce . The botanical illustrator Marianne North ( 1830 – 1890 ) painted leaf and stick insects that she saw on her travels in the 1870s . Tribespeople in Sarawak eat phasmids and their eggs . Research has been conducted to analyze the stick insect method of walking and apply this to the engineering of six @-@ legged walking robots . Instead of one centralized control system , it seems each leg of a phasmid operates independently . In Australia many kinds of stick insects are kept as pets including the Strong , Goliath , Spiny and Children 's . = Titan Clydebank = Titan Clydebank is a 150 @-@ foot @-@ high ( 46 m ) cantilever crane at Clydebank , West Dunbartonshire , Scotland . It was designed to be used in the lifting of heavy equipment , such as engines and boilers , during the fitting @-@ out of battleships and ocean liners at the John Brown & Company shipyard . It was also the world 's first electrically powered cantilever crane , and the largest crane of its type at the time of its completion . Situated at the end of a U @-@ shaped fitting out basin , the crane was used to construct some of the largest ships of the 20th century , including the Queen Mary , Queen Elizabeth and Queen Elizabeth 2 . The Category A Listed historical structure was refurbished in 2007 as a tourist attraction and shipbuilding museum . = = History = = The shipyard at Clydebank was created in 1871 after the company James & George Thomson moved from the Graving Docks in Govan . John Brown & Company purchased the yard in 1899 , and in 1905 , a £ 24 @,@ 600 order for the crane was placed with Dalmarnock based engineering company Sir William Arrol & Co . Titan was completed two years later in 1907 . It was constructed by the Scottish engineer Adam Hunter , who was working as Chief Engineer for Arrol & Co . , having served his apprenticeship on the construction of the Forth Bridge . Stothert & Pitt of Bath , England , fabricated and installed most of the machinery for the Titan , including electric motors built by Lancashire Dynamo and Motor Co . The dock was used for fitting out vessels , and the crane would lift engines and boilers into ships . The lifting capacity of the Titan , and the location of the yard at the confluence of the River Clyde and River Cart , contributed to the success of the yard as it could build extremely large ships . When tested on 24 April 1907 , Titan was the largest cantilever crane ever built with a capacity of 160 tonnes ( 160 long tons ; 180 short tons ) at a radius of 85 feet ( 26 m ) . The original lift capacity was uprated to 203 long tons ( 206 t ) in 1938 , when it became apparent that the original specification would be insufficient to install the new long range gun 's turrets into ships such as the Duke of York . On the nights of the 13 and 14 of March 1941 , the Clydebank Blitz virtually destroyed the town . 528 civilians were killed , over 617 people were seriously injured , and 48 @,@ 000 civilians lost their homes . Only seven properties in Clydebank were undamaged , in one of the worst bombing raids in Britain . The raids , involving 260 Luftwaffe bombers on the first night and 200 on the second , targeted the industry of Clydeside , but the Titan crane was undamaged . In 1968 , the yard was amalgamated into Upper Clyde Shipbuilders along with four others , in an attempt to increase competitiveness . The general elections in 1970 saw a change of government , and funding for the yard was withheld , resulting in the closure of John Brown 's . It was bought from the receivers by the Houston , Texas @-@ based Marathon Manufacturing Company for oil rig construction . In 1980 Marathon sold the yard to the French company Union Industrielle et d ’ Entreprise ( UiE ) . UIE 's owners , Bouygues Offshore closed the yard in 2001 and the site was earmarked for redevelopment . Ships constructed by the crane include HMS Hood , the Queen Mary , Queen Elizabeth , Queen Elizabeth 2 , and the Royal Yacht Britannia . = = = Refurbishment = = = The crane fell into disuse in 1980s , and in the intervening period of neglect , the crane suffered vandalism to the wheelhouse and corrosion to the structure . In 1988 the crane was recognised as a Category A Listed historical structure . The urban regeneration company Clydebank Re @-@ Built started a £ 3.75m restoration project in 2005 , and the crane opened to the public in August 2007 . The structure was shot @-@ blasted to remove old paint and rust , allowing repairs to be undertaken before repainting . A lift for visitors to ascend to the jib and an emergency evacuation stair were installed , along with a wire mesh around the viewing area and floodlights to illuminate the crane at night . = = Design = = The Titan used a fixed counterweight and electrically operated hoists all mounted on a rotated beam , making it faster and more responsive than its steam powered predecessors . For lifting smaller assemblies that did not require the full lifting capacity of 150 tonnes ( 150 long tons ; 170 short tons ) , a 30 tonnes ( 30 long tons ; 33 short tons ) auxiliary hoist was used , as large loads were comparatively rare . Titan is 49 metres ( 161 ft ) high , weighs about 800 tonnes ( 790 long tons ; 880 short tons ) and sits on four concrete piles sunk to a depth of 23 metres ( 75 ft ) deep . The arms of the cantilever are 45 @.@ 7 metres ( 150 ft ) and 27 @.@ 4 metres ( 90 ft ) long . The tower is 12 metres ( 39 ft ) square , and its centre sits just 10 @.@ 7 metres ( 35 ft ) from the edge of the quay . Following the removal of the Beardmore Crane in the 1970s and the Fairfield Titan in 2007 , there are now four giant cantilever cranes on the River Clyde . The others are at Stobcross ( Finnieston Crane ) , Scotstoun ( Barclay Curle Crane ) and Greenock ( James Watt Dock Crane ) . Fewer than sixty giant cantilever cranes were built worldwide , six of them on the Clyde , and as of May 2011 , it is believed only eleven remained , four of those on the Clyde . = = Awards = = The crane was awarded the 2012 Engineering Heritage Award by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers , and described as " a magnificent example of mechanical engineering , which forms an integral part of the local landscape " . Titan was designated as an International Historic Civil and Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2013 , the fifth such award given to a Scottish structure . For the restoration of the structure , recognition was accorded by Chicago Athenaeum Award for Architecture in 2008 and by the Civic Trust in 2009 . = Borders Railway = The Borders Railway connects the city of Edinburgh with Galashiels and Tweedbank in the Scottish Borders . The railway follows most of the alignment of the northern part of the Waverley Route , a former double @-@ track line in southern Scotland and northern England that ran between Edinburgh and Carlisle . That line was controversially closed in 1969 , as part of the Beeching cuts , leaving the Borders region without any access to the National Rail network . Following the closure , a campaign to revive the Waverley Route emerged . Discussion on reopening the northern part of the line came to a head during the early 2000s . Following deliberations in the Scottish Parliament , the Waverley Railway ( Scotland ) Act 2006 received Royal Assent in June 2006 . The project was renamed the " Borders Railway " in August 2008 , and building works began in November 2012 . Passenger service on the line began on 6 September 2015 , whilst an official opening by Queen Elizabeth II took place on 9 September . The railway was rebuilt as a non @-@ electrified , largely single @-@ track line . Several surviving Waverley Route structures , including viaducts and tunnels , were rehabilitated and reused for the reopened railway . Passenger services run half @-@ hourly on weekdays until 20 : 00 , and hourly until 23 : 54 and on Sundays . The timetable also allows charter train promoters to run special excursion services , and for the weeks following the line opening scheduled steam trains were run . = = Background = = = = = Closure of the Waverley Route = = = In 1849 , the North British Railway opened a line from Edinburgh through Midlothian as far as Hawick in the Scottish Borders ; a further extension in 1862 brought the line to Carlisle in England . The line , known as the Waverley Route after the novels of the same name by Sir Walter Scott whose stories were set in the surrounding countryside , was controversially closed in January 1969 following the recommendation for its closure in the 1963 Beeching Report as an unremunerative line . According to information released by the Ministry of Transport , the potential savings to British Railways from the line 's closure were at least £ 536 @,@ 000 . In addition , an estimated grant of £ 700 @,@ 000 would have been required to maintain a full service on the line . The last passenger train over the Waverley Route was the Edinburgh @-@ St Pancras sleeper on 5 January 1969 worked by Class 45 D60 Lytham St Anne 's which arrived two hours late into Carlisle due to anti @-@ closure protesters blocking the line . = = = Campaign to revive Borders rail = = = In 1992 , Borders architect Simon Longland conducted a motorbike survey of the route which led him to set up the company Borders Transport Futures to evaluate the possibility of reopening . Having carried out feasibility work , in 1997 the company came close to lodging Parliamentary plans to reopen the Kielder @-@ Riccarton Junction @-@ Longtown section for timber traffic . Based on the company 's groundwork , the Campaign for Borders Rail , founded in 1999 , was able to advance a project to reopen a section between Galashiels and Tweedbank to passengers . The first moves came in 1999 when the Scottish Parliament supported a motion by Christine Grahame MSP which called for the reinstatement of the line as a means of reversing the economic decline of the Borders region . This was followed by a £ 400 @,@ 000 feasibility study conducted by Scott Wilson and commissioned by the Scottish Office which reported in February 2000 that there were " no insurmountable planning or environmental constraints " to reinstatement as much of the original line could be reused , although several major obstacles would need to be overcome which would entail substantial costs . > A number of blockages were identified in the 12 @-@ mile ( 19 km ) section between Edinburgh and Gorebridge . The first was the breach of the former line by the Edinburgh City Bypass which intersected the trackbed at a shallow angle resulting in more than 220 yards ( 200 m ) of the alignment being buried . Two further breaches were reported as a result of improvements to the A7 road between Eskbank and Gorebridge . A small housing estate had been built on the line in Gorebridge . Even more encroachments were found on the line south of Tweedbank which would take infrastructure costs over £ 100 million . The Scott Wilson report also indicated that patronage projections for a new line were not encouraging , with none of the route options examined producing a positive cost @-@ benefit value . The option which came closest to a neutral cost @-@ benefit assessment was a reopening only as far as Gorebridge . Nevertheless , Scott Wilson did indicate that the reopening of the line would benefit the Borders region by providing better links with Edinburgh and creating up to 900 new jobs . Wilson also suggested that part of the Border Counties Railway as far as Kielder Forest could be reinstated at a cost of £ 26 million to allow timber traffic to be carried on the southern part of the new Borders line . Furthermore , line speeds of 70 – 90 mph could be achieved on a single line , resulting in a journey time from the Borders to Edinburgh of 45 minutes compared to 55 minutes by car . Despite the recommendations in the Scott Wilson report , political pressure on the Scottish Government to reconnect the Borders region eventually resulted in it giving support to the extension of the Edinburgh commuter network by 30 miles ( 48 km ) as far as the Galashiels area . Pressure came in particular from the Campaign for Borders Rail on behalf of which Petra Biberbach in February 2000 presented a petition with 17 @,@ 261 signatures to the Public Petitions Committee of the Scottish Parliament . The petition received the unanimous support of the Parliament 's Rural Affairs Committee which submitted it to the Parliamentary Chamber for debate . The Scottish Borders Council , Midlothian Council , City of Edinburgh Council , Scottish Enterprise Borders , Borders Transport Futures , Railtrack and ScotRail bid for £ 1 @.@ 9 million from the Scottish Executive 's Public Transport Fund to allow a Parliamentary Order for reopening as far as Tweedbank to be taken forward . Once funding had been obtained , the three local authorities created the Waverley Railway Joint Committee to promote the scheme . = = = Edinburgh Crossrail = = = In July 2005 , the committee gave approval to a reopening to as far as Galashiels . During a lengthy period of consultation for the proposed line , passenger services were reintroduced on the surviving freight @-@ only section of the Waverley Route between Portobello Junction and Millerhill . Brunstane and Newcraighall stations opened on 3 June 2002 , the latter being 4 3 ⁄ 4 miles ( 7 @.@ 6 km ) from Edinburgh , providing a park @-@ and @-@ ride service to the city . The new service was termed Edinburgh Crossrail , and extended from Newcraighall through to Edinburgh Waverley , and continued either onto the North Clyde Line or the Fife Circle Line . Initially operated with diesel multiple units , the service from Newcraighall through to the North Clyde Line was electrified as a byproduct of the Airdrie @-@ Bathgate Rail Link . The service from Newcraighall to Dalmeny and through to the Fife Circle Line continued to use diesel trains . Crossrail was a success , and provided forward momentum for the Borders Railway project . = = = Business case = = = The full business case for the line was published in mid @-@ 2004 , showing a modest benefit to cost ratio of 1 @.@ 01 to 1 . The case was in some part built on projected housing developments – 700 in the Borders and 1 @,@ 100 in Midlothian – that led to an anti @-@ rail backlash in local elections with the success of the Borders Party . Representing the party , Councillor Nicholas Watson described the scheme as " a colossal waste of money " and called for the funds to be used instead on the Glasgow Airport Rail Link . The Campaign for Borders Rail indicated that the low ratio followed from the choice to build a single @-@ track line for half @-@ hourly commuter services with no capacity for freight or specials . In February 2013 , the final business case was released by the Scottish Government , which showed a benefit @-@ cost ratio of just 0 @.@ 5 : 1 . This led the journal Local Transport Today to comment that the line was " one of the worst @-@ performing major transport projects to be funded in recent times . " The Campaign for Borders Rail responded stating that the ratio was based on modelling that underestimated the route 's potential patronage , predicting only 23 @,@ 431 yearly return trips from Galashiels equivalent to only 70 passengers a day or three per train , which would be less than the number using the existing bus service . = = = Parliamentary approval = = = The Borders Railway bill was debated in September 2005 and a motion supporting it was passed with 102 in favour , none against and one abstention . On 9 May 2006 , the bill committee published its final report supporting the project with two recommendations : a station had to be provided at Stow and the line had to be completed to its full extent , i.e. as far as Tweedbank . These recommendations were accepted by the Scottish Parliament in the final debate on the bill on 14 June 2006 . The bill was carried by 114 votes to one . The Waverley Railway ( Scotland ) Act 2006 received Royal Assent on 24 June 2006 and sanctioned the construction of around 30 miles ( 48 km ) of new railway as far as Tweedbank with seven new stations . In total , the Act had taken three full Parliamentary years to be passed , with 29 committee meetings , 108 witnesses and a quantity of paper 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) in height . The line is the longest stretch of railway to be reopened in modern British history , 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) longer than the Robin Hood Line project , as well as the longest line in Scotland since the opening of the West Highland Line in 1901 . On 6 August 2008 , the Waverley Railway project was renamed the Borders Railway project and put under the control of Transport Scotland as statutory undertaker . = = = Building works = = = = = = = Tendering process = = = = In October 2009 , the launch of a call for tenders stalled following discussions between the Scottish Executive and HM Treasury over new regulations that required public – private partnerships to be recorded as public expenditure . A project timetable was announced by Finance Secretary John Swinney on 4 November 2009 , whereby he stated that construction of the line would not begin prior to the 2011 elections to the Scottish Parliament . The tendering process finally began on 16 December 2009 , when a contract notice was published in the Official Journal of the European Union . Transport Scotland announced in June 2010 that three consortiums that had submitted expressions of interest in the project were to be invited to participate in a competitive dialogue ; these were BAM UK , IMCD ( Sir Robert McAlpine , Iridium Concesiones de Infraestructuras and Carillion ) and New Borders Railway ( Fluor , Miller and Uberior Infrastructure Investments ) . In mid @-@ November 2010 , the withdrawal of Fluor resulted in the third consortium pulling out of the bidding process . The second consortium withdrew in June 2011 following the decision by Carillion not to continue . This led to the cancellation of the tender procedure by Scottish transport minister Keith Brown . Network Rail was chosen by Transport Scotland to undertake the project and , following months of negotiations , a Transfer of Responsibility was signed at a ceremony held on 6 November 2012 at the Scottish Mining Museum in Newtongrange . Network Rail agreed to build the line by mid @-@ 2015 for £ 294 million , an increase on the estimated £ 230 million that the line was expected to cost and the £ 100 million that it was originally costed at in 2000 . This figure is also substantially more than the £ 189 million which Network Rail Chief Executive Iain Coucher agreed to build the line in late 2007 or early 2008 . In December 2012 , Network Rail appointed BAM Nuttall as its main contractor . The Network Rail team which worked on the line was essentially the same as the one which delivered the Airdrie @-@ Bathgate Rail Link in 2009 . A Network Rail spokesman confirmed that lessons learned from the previous project had been applied to the Borders project , such as better coordination between the different teams by having them together in one office in Newtongrange . In June 2013 , the design contract for the line was awarded to URS which agreed to design new bridges , stations and roads , as well as the refurbishment of existing bridges and the provision of engineering support , for £ 3 @.@ 5 million . = = = = Project specifications = = = = The line comprises 40 miles ( 65 km ) of single @-@ line track over a distance of 31 miles ( 50 km ) , plus 42 new bridges , 95 refurbished bridges and two refurbished tunnels , and required 1 @.@ 5 million tonnes of earth to be moved . Stations are provided at Stow , Galashiels , Tweedbank , Newtongrange , Shawfair , Eskbank and Gorebridge . According to Network Rail , the line was not suitable for double track and , in any event , there was no business case for doubling the line from the outset . As a result , 21 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 34 @.@ 2 km ) of the line are single @-@ track with three " dynamic " passing loops providing 9 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 15 @.@ 3 km ) of double @-@ track to allow for half @-@ hourly services . The route is not electrified but provision has been made to install overhead line if required as bridges have been built to W12 gauge . Although certain sections of the line are designed for speeds of up to 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) , average speeds over the whole line are in the region of 35 – 39 miles per hour ( 56 – 63 km / h ) . Amongst the line 's 27 substantial structures , the greatest engineering challenge was posed by the point where the track met the Edinburgh City Bypass . At that point , a tunnel had to be constructed under the A720 road while it had been temporarily diverted ; in total , the project incorporated five new associated road schemes . Major challenges were also posed by abandoned mine shafts to the north of the route , some of which dated to the 16th century and had not been mapped . More than 200 bridges were involved in the scheme , as the route crosses the Gala Water and River Tweed nineteen times . One of the most vital bridges on the line carries the track over Hardengreen roundabout on the A7 , and required extensive works throughout 2013 . Other works included digging out an infilled cutting on the outskirts of Galashiels and reconstructing a nearby bridge to allow the line to pass under power lines . = = = = Works commence = = = = The first sod was turned at Galashiels on 3 March 2010 , when Scottish transport minister Stewart Stevenson attended a ceremony in the presence of campaigner Madge Elliot . This triggered a clause in the 2006 Waverley Railway Act , which committed the Scottish Government to complete the line to Tweedbank once works had been commenced . Construction began in earnest on 18 April 2013 after completion of remedial and preparatory works such as land acquisition , removal of vegetation , demolition of certain structures and remedial works on old mines in Midlothian , for which over £ 54 million was spent by Network Rail . The first task was the excavation of the track alignment through Monktonhall and the clearing of the site for Shawfair station . Construction of the line 's first bridge , Rye Haugh Bridge at Millerhall , were underway on 6 August 2013 as part of works to deviate the line out of Edinburgh from Newcraighall before it returns to the original alignment . The 23 @-@ arch Newbattle Viaduct ( or Lothianbridge Viaduct ) was used by lorries removing spoil from the construction site which eased traffic on local roads . The first track was laid in the Bowshank Tunnel on 4 April 2014 . On 30 September 2014 , the first train on the Waverley Route for 45 years – a works train – ran to Newcraighall . Tracklaying began in earnest on 6 October 2014 , although preliminary works had resulted in a section of slab track laid through Bowshank Tunnel , south of Stow , as well as ballasting along large sections of the route and pre @-@ cast switch and crossing units for the passing loops . The first part of the route to be ballasted was the section through Lothianbridge Viaduct to which structural repairs had to be carried out . By the end of October , more than 11 miles ( 18 km ) of track had been laid as far as Tynehead and the double @-@ track on the Shawfair loop had been completed plus 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) of the second track on the Borthwick loop . Work was halted in late November 2014 after a contractor working for BAM Nuttall in the Gala area was injured when a sleeper came loose when being lifted into position and landed on his leg . Work restarted on 12 January 2015 following a review by BAM of their track installation methodology . By 3 February , the track was complete through Galashiels and hundreds of spectators turned out to welcome the first train into the station since 1969 , which was hauled by GBRf Class 66761 and 66741 . = = = = Completion = = = = On 5 February 2015 , Network Rail 's tracklaying machine reached the end of the line at Tweedbank station where a large crowd had gathered . As there was not enough track for the train to complete tracklaying into the second platform , it had to return the next day . The formal completion took place on 12 February when Keith Brown clipped the final length of rail into place . During the period of construction , more than 1 @,@ 000 rails were laid across 90 @,@ 000 sleepers . With the infrastructure complete , attention was turned to the installation of signalling and communications equipment as well as finalising the stations . A GSM @-@ R system controlled from the IECC next to Edinburgh Waverley was in place by April 2015 . On 13 May 2015 , the first test train , DRS Class 37 604 with DBSO 9702 , worked the 1Q13 Tweedbank @-@ Millerhill . On 4 June 2015 , a ceremony was held at Edinburgh Waverley to mark the final stages of the completion of works during which Madge Elliot , a veteran campaigner and founder member of the Campaign for Borders Rail , had Class 66 528 renamed in her honour . Official completion and handover of the line to the ScotRail Alliance , a group formed by Network Rail and Abellio ScotRail , took place on 14 June 2015 . A 12 @-@ week period of driver training for 64 drivers and 64 guards began on 7 June 2015 , with Abellio ScotRail Class 170 170414 in livery promoting the new line undertaking a proving run to measure stepping distances from platforms to trains . The train , which carried a large number of Network Rail staff , stopped at all stations from Newcraighall to Tweedbank in the presence of large crowds of spectators . The following day Class 158 158741 was used for the first driver @-@ training runs . On 26 July 2015 , a driver @-@ training train carried Borders rail campaigner Madge Elliot . = = = = Opening = = = = Passenger services began on 6 September 2015 , and the railway was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 9 September 2015 . Her Majesty travelled with the Duke of Edinburgh and First Minister Nicola Sturgeon on LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa in the presence of its owner , John Cameron . The locomotive hauled a rake of Mark 1s provided by the SRPS as well as Pullman car No. 310 Pegasus . Due to bad weather , the Queen 's helicopter journey from Balmoral was delayed which resulted in the late departure of the train and a delay at Newcraighall while a ScotRail service cleared the single @-@ line section to the south . Her Majesty alighted at Newtongrange to unveil a plaque marking the opening of the railway ; a second plaque was unveiled at Tweedbank . The following day the LNER Class A4 commenced a six @-@ week programme of Borders steam specials promoted by ScotRail which saw services run to Tweedbank for three days each week . Around 6 @,@ 200 passengers were carried on the 17 fully booked services . During its first month of operations , 125 @,@ 971 passengers travelled on the Borders Railway . Demand was far in excess of what ScotRail had expected , with the line carrying 19 @.@ 4 % of its predicted annual patronage of 650 @,@ 000 in one month . The unexpected level of patronage resulted in overcrowding on services and passengers unable to board at intermediate stations , leading ScotRail to run four or six carriages with morning and peak trains . ScotRail also leased additional parking space near Tweedbank station as the 235 @-@ space car park provided was generally full before 9am . The National Mining Museum near Newtongrange station reported a hike in visitor numbers , while the nearby towns of Melrose and St Boswells confirmed a rise in business and tourism . = = Route details = = = = = Line characteristics = = = The line begins to the south of the existing Newcraighall terminus , veering off the former Waverley Route to a parallel alignment just to the west which crosses over the former Monktonhall Colliery , part of the Midlothian Coalfield . The line 's first section of double @-@ track starts here and continues for 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to a point beyond the Edinburgh Bypass . The new alignment passes through Shawfair under the bypass some 660 yards ( 600 m ) to the south @-@ west of the original route . A new bridge carries the bypass across the double @-@ track . The Waverley Route is rejoined at the southern end of the first double @-@ track loop at King 's Gate where it becomes single @-@ track for 5 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) through Eskbank , Newtongrange and Gorebridge . The River North Esk is crossed at King 's Gate on the Glenesk Viaduct , a single @-@ arch span built for the Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway between 1829 and 1831 and which is one of Scotland 's oldest railway bridges . To the south of Eskbank , an 87 @-@ yard ( 80 m ) concrete span bridge carries the line over the A7 road at Hardenbridge , thereby correcting the damage caused by the Dalkeith Western Bypass , soon followed by the 23 @-@ arch Newbattle Viaduct between Eskbank and Newtongrange , where the single @-@ track runs down the centre of the structure as is the case for the Ribblehead Viaduct on the Settle @-@ Carlisle Line . The second double @-@ track section begins at Fushiebridge and continues to just beyond the former Tynehead station . A 10 @-@ mile ( 16 km ) single @-@ track section then extends as far as Falahill where a 110 @-@ yard ( 100 m ) reinforced concrete box takes the line under the A7 , the original alignment having been lost to allow the road to be straightened across the trackbed . The final section of double @-@ track begins on the approach to Stow and continues southwards for 3 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 5 @.@ 2 km ) through several reverse curves and the 220 @-@ yard ( 200 m ) Bowshank Tunnel before reaching Bowland Points . The last 5 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) stretch to Galashiels and Tweedbank is entirely single @-@ track save for the approach to Tweedbank . The 110 @-@ yard ( 100 m ) Torwoodlee Tunnel is traversed just before Galashiels and four river crossings are made in under 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) which required new bridge spans . At Galashiels , due to trackbed encroachment , the line deviates eastwards between a steep bank and the side wall of a supermarket which occupies the former station site . For the final 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to Tweedbank , the line follows its original alignment over a reconstructed embankment and through an excavated cutting before crossing the River Tweed on the Category B listed Redbridge Viaduct . In terms of gradients , the line proceeds on the level until Eskbank where it climbs to the summit at Falahill ( 880 feet above sea level ) at a ruling gradient of 1 in 70 and then descends at a typical gradient of 1 in 150 into Galashiels and Tweedbank . Falahill is the tenth highest standard gauge railway summit in Britain , just 35 feet ( 11 m ) lower than Shap summit . The Fushiebridge loop is on a 1 in 70 gradient and climbs southwards up the Borthwick Bank which had posed a challenge in the past for steam locomotives pulling heavy loads . Potential for further doubling exists around Newtongrange where passive provision has been made . The line has seven sets of points , two for each of the three dynamic loops , and one at the Tweedbank terminus . = = = Places served = = = The 30 @-@ mile ( 48 km ) long route serves Tweedbank , Galashiels , Stow , Gorebridge , Newtongrange , Eskbank , Shawfair , Newcraighall , Brunstane and Edinburgh Waverley stations , with a total running time of 55 minutes for most services . Certain services are slowed due to conflicts with other operators ' services in the Edinburgh area . None of the new stations are staffed , but ticket machines and train information have been provided . All stations other than Galashiels have park and ride facilities ; at Galashiels , the local council built a £ 5 @.@ 2 million bus / rail interchange . The station at Stow was a late addition to the scheme after lobbying by the Campaign for Borders Rail . Campaigning also resulted in platforms at the line 's Tweedbank terminus being extended to 312 yards ( 285 m ) , so as to accommodate tourist charter trains of up to 10 – 12 carriages in length . Passive provision has been made for the extension of all other station platforms from 170 yards ( 160 m ) to 257 yards ( 235 m ) . Eskbank station is convenient for an Edinburgh College campus , as well as the Midlothian Community Hospital . = = = Naming of the line = = = The first recorded use of the term Borders Railway to describe the reopened line was in a paper by the Corus Rail Consultancy in January 2004 , entitled Delivering an innovative Borders Railway , which had been commissioned by the Waverley Route Trust . Previously , the Edinburgh – Tweedbank line had been variously described as the Waverley Railway and the Borders Rail Link . In mid @-@ 2014 , Transport Scotland considered launching a competition for the public to submit their ideas for a name but the Scottish Borders Council was strongly opposed on the basis that Borders Railway had developed a strong brand identity . The use of Waverley Line or Waverley Route for the line was considered historically inaccurate by the Council and the Campaign for Borders Rail since these names were only ever used for the whole of the original line as far as Carlisle . = = = Predicted station usage = = = In 2012 , it was predicted that the total passenger return journeys made for the first year of operation of the Borders Railway would be 647 @,@ 136 . In some cases these included extra journeys . This was broken down into Edinburgh Park ( 4 @,@ 071 ) , Haymarket ( 35 @,@ 329 ) , Edinburgh Waverley ( 220 @,@ 533 ) , Brunstane and Newcraighall combined ( 986 ) , Shawfair ( 61 @,@ 860 ) , Eskbank ( 130 @,@ 525 ) , Newtongrange ( 52 @,@ 918 ) , Gorebridge ( 90 @,@ 019 ) , Stow ( 5 @,@ 843 ) , Galashiels ( 23 @,@ 431 ) and Tweedbank ( 21 @,@ 621 ) . After the first month , the actual number	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
of passengers was 125 @,@ 971 , compared to the predicted annual total of around 650 @,@ 000 return journeys , i.e. 1.3m single journeys . = = Operation = = = = = Services = = = Monday to Saturday services are half @-@ hourly in each direction until 20 : 00 , with an hourly service provided after 20 : 00 and on Sundays . The first weekday service departs at 05 : 20 from Tweedbank with the last service leaving Edinburgh at 23 : 54 . Departure times from Edinburgh are usually at 24 and 54 minutes past the hour , while from Tweedbank trains depart at 28 and 58 minutes past the hour ; individual timings may vary by a minute or so . The trains starting close to on the hour do not call at Stow except in the peaks and evenings ; the Sunday service stops at Stow . Most services operate between Edinburgh and Tweedbank except for a few morning peak services that continue to Glenrothes with Thornton via the Fife Circle Line and a few evening peak services that originate at Glenrothes with Thornton . The route is operated by the new ScotRail franchisee , Abellio ScotRail , which took control in April 2015 . Class 158 DMUs are used on the line , one of which bears special livery advertising the tourist attractions of the Borders . Network Rail indicated that three @-@ car trains run initially , with the possibility of six @-@ car formations using Class 170s cascaded from the Glasgow to Edinburgh via Falkirk Line once that route has been electrified . When , in 2013 , vacancies were published for 18 trainee train driver positions at the planned Tweedbank depot , interest was substantial with 2 @,@ 229 applications made for the posts . According to the Scottish transport minister Keith Brown , the timetable allows charter train promoters to run special excursion services within the hourly evening and Sunday services . Trains with 10 : 54 , 12 : 54 and 14 : 24 departures from Edinburgh and 11 : 59 , 13 : 59 and 15 : 28 departures from Tweedbank may be affected by scheduled steam trains . = = = Fares = = = Initial plans announced in February 2014 indicated an end @-@ to @-@ end fare of less than £ 10 and stipulated an average fare across the Borders Railway working out at just £ 3 @.@ 50 . According to the fare structure published by Abellio ScotRail in June 2015 , the adult single fare between Edinburgh and Tweedbank was given as £ 10 @.@ 00 , while the adult anytime day return is £ 16 or £ 11 @.@ 20 off @-@ peak . In early 2014 , the new fares were published as follows . = = = Community rail partnership = = = With the launching of the railway , a community rail partnership was formed . = = Project benefits = = Speaking in November 2012 , Scottish transport minister Keith Brown predicted that the Borders Railway would bring inward investment into local communities as well as £ 33 million of benefits for the wider Scottish economy . The construction phase itself would support 400 jobs and would act as a catalyst to increased business development and housing as the area became within commuting distance of Edinburgh . Car journeys would be reduced by 60 @,@ 000 peak trips per year , which would reduce carbon emissions and alleviate traffic and accidents on the A7 and A68 roads . The housing prediction came to pass when , as reported in the Edinburgh Evening News on 5 August 2013 , a housing boom had been triggered along the line , with the number of new houses in Midlothian having doubled in the previous year , many of which were located in proximity to the line 's stations . It is expected that 4 @,@ 000 houses will be built in the Shawfair area in the next 25 years . On 20 August 2014 , Alex Salmond , then First Minister of Scotland , announced to a meeting with members of the Scottish Borders Council that he expected the railway to benefit the Scottish economy by millions of pounds and that a feasibility study would be conducted to identify ways in which the line could boost tourism in the Borders region . = = Criticism = = = = = Infrastructure capability = = = The line 's construction has been described as resembling a " basic railway " built to a tight budget and incorporating a number of cost @-@ saving features . This is in contrast to the reopened Airdrie @-@ Bathgate Rail Link , which was built as a double @-@ track electrified railway from the outset . The difference between the two lines has been claimed by commentators to reflect scepticism toward the Borders Railway , which has existed since proposals were first made in the 1990s , as well as a reluctance to allow the project to become too ambitious . In particular , a 2011 cost @-@ cutting exercise by Transport Scotland resulted in a new project specification which reduced the dynamic passing loops from their planned length of 16 miles ( 26 km ) , and failed to future @-@ proof the line by providing for all eight road bridges to be built to single @-@ track width only , including the five bridges on the section between Tynehead and Stow where there were otherwise no other obstacles to doubling of the line . Similarly , key underbridges on the section as far as Gorebridge were also built to single @-@ track only , notably Bridges 16a and 24a over the A7 at Hardengreen and Gore Glen . This was in contrast to the quality of local roads built over the new line , including the A720 , which is wider than required to accommodate possible extra road lanes . A press release by BAM Nuttall indicated that , in addition to the 30 miles ( 49 km ) of new line , the Borders Railway project was funding 6 1 ⁄ 5 miles ( 10 km ) of new roads . It was later revealed that these late changes to the rail infrastructure were insisted upon by Network Rail to ensure that the project remained on budget and on time . In addition , the lack of a siding anywhere on the line could make it difficult for rescue locomotives to recover a broken @-@ down train without causing widespread disruption . These fears were to prove justified as , during the line 's first month of operation , there were a number of well @-@ publicised problems ranging from overcrowding resulting in passengers standing for the whole journey to timekeeping difficulties due to excessive dwell times at stations . Furthermore , signalling problems led to disruption on the line nearly a month after opening . = = = Timetabling = = = Whilst the Campaign for Borders Rail acknowledged that the half @-@ hourly weekday stopping service would be useful for commuters , it questions whether this is the best use of a line , which could carry other types of traffic . The organisation had proposed a two @-@ tier service , whereby both a half @-@ hourly stopping train and an hourly limited express service would continue north of Gorebridge . = = = Failure to continue to Melrose = = = The Scott Wilson Report did not consider extending the line beyond Tweedbank due to the increased capital and operating costs of continuing further without a corresponding increase in passenger demand . The Campaign for Borders Rail consider nevertheless that there would have been a strong case for reaching Melrose on the basis of the town 's role in Borders tourism . = = = Overcrowding = = = Since the opening of the Borders Railway , there have been many complaints about lack of seats , provision of ticket machines and lack of parking , especially at Tweedbank . The high demand has led ScotRail to increase some services to three or four carriage trains . However this and the general opening of the line have also contributed to there being a general shortage of train carriages across the ScotRail network , leading to them hiring extra trains . = = Proposed extensions = = The Campaign for Borders Rail has called for the continuation of the line to Melrose and Hawick , and eventually to Carlisle . According to the group , Hawick suffered more than any other town in the Borders from the closure of the Waverley Route , and only the return of the railway could halt the area 's economic decline . At the time of the closure of the Waverley Route , Hawick was a 70 @-@ minute journey from Edinburgh . At Melrose , the southbound station platform and building exist alongside the Melrose Bypass . Network Rail has confirmed that there is nothing to prevent the extension of the line beyond Tweedbank , although commentators have remarked that the Bypass could pose problems . A major realignment of the road would be required , as well as the reinstatement of embankments and bridges . Support for the reconstruction of the 70 miles ( 110 km ) to Carlisle was given by Alex Salmond , then First Minister of Scotland , in April 2014 . The comment was given as part of a speech in Carlisle in the run @-@ up to the Scottish independence referendum . Reinstating the line would not only provide an opportunity to access the vast areas of forestry land around Kielder , but also provide a strategic diversionary route in the event of closure of the East Coast or West Coast Main Lines . Calls for the line 's reopening have also come from the House of Commons Scottish Affairs Select Committee . Transport Scotland has ruled out a 17 @-@ mile ( 27 km ) extension of the line from Tweedbank to Hawick in favour of connecting bus services and improved cycling and walking routes . In June 2015 , the Scottish Infrastructure Minister Keith Brown confirmed that talks were underway on the commissioning of a feasibility study for an extension to Hawick and Carlisle . Fergus Ewing , Tourism Minister , stated in July 2015 that he would not rule out a further extension , describing the line as " one of the most exciting and most effective events and transport services that there has ever been for tourism " . In May 2013 , it was reported that Heriot @-@ Watt University had been asked by Midlothian Council to carry out a feasibility study on a 10 @-@ mile ( 16 km ) rail link connecting Penicuik with the Borders Railway . At least 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) of the new line would follow the Edinburgh , Loanhead and Roslin Railway , the alignment of which is generally intact between Millerhill and Straiton . = Warriors ( novel series ) = Warriors is a series of juvenile fantasy novels published by HarperCollins ; it is written by authors Kate Cary , Cherith Baldry , Tui Sutherland , with the plot developed by editor Victoria Holmes , who collectively use the pseudonym Erin Hunter . The series follows the adventures of four Clans of wild cats — ThunderClan , ShadowClan , WindClan , and RiverClan — in their forest and lake homes . SkyClan , the long @-@ forgotten fifth Clan of the forest , is later introduced in the stand @-@ alone novel Firestar 's Quest . It receives additional focus in the novel SkyClan 's Destiny , the manga trilogy SkyClan and the Stranger , and the 2013 novella Cloudstar 's Journey . A few cats in the series are Firestar and Graystripe , though there are quite a few more , such as Bluestar , the leader of ThunderClan , and Brambleclaw . There are currently six sub @-@ series , each containing six books . The first , Warriors ( later re @-@ titled as Warriors : The Prophecies Begin ) , was published from 2003 to 2004 . Warriors : The New Prophecy , published from 2005 to 2006 , follows the first sub @-@ series , chronicling the Clans as they move to a new home . The third story arc , Warriors : Power of Three , was published from 2007 to 2009 . The fourth sub @-@ series , Warriors : Omen of the Stars , was published from 2009 to 2012 and continued where the third story arc left off . The fifth sub @-@ series is Warriors : Dawn of the Clans , and the first book , The Sun Trail , was released 5 March 2013 . The 6th and last book of the Dawn of the Clans arc called Path of Stars was released 8 October 2015 . The sub @-@ series acts as a prequel series , detailing the formation of the Clans . The sixth and most recent sub @-@ series , Warriors : A Vision of Shadows , is not yet complete and is still being written and published . The first book of the sixth series , The Apprentice 's Quest , was released on March 15 , 2016 , and the second book , Thunder and Shadow , will be released on September 6 , 2016 . Warriors : A Vision of Shadows immediately follows Warriors : Omen of the Stars , and Bramblestar 's Storm . Other books have been released in addition to the main series , including eight lengthier stand @-@ alone " Super Edition " novels entitled Firestar 's Quest , Bluestar 's Prophecy , SkyClan 's Destiny , Crookedstar 's Promise , Yellowfang 's Secret , Tallstar 's Revenge , Bramblestar 's Storm and Moth Flight 's Vision ; an unreleased super edition novel , titled Warriors Super Edition : Hawkwing 's Journey , has been announced and will be released on November 1 , 2016 . There are also a few other books that were published as e @-@ book novels : Hollyleaf 's Story , Mistystar 's Omen , Cloudstar 's Journey , Tigerclaw 's Fury , Leafpool 's Wish , Dovewing 's Silence , Mapleshade 's Vengeance and Goosefeather 's Curse . Another novel , titled Ravenpaw 's Farewell is confirmed . These e @-@ book novels have also been published in two print compilations , with three stories each : Warriors : Tales from the Clans and Warriors : The Untold Stories . Six guides and several volumes of original English @-@ language manga , produced as a collaboration between HarperCollins and TOKYOPOP , have been published as well . Manga published after TOKYOPOP 's shutdown is published by HarperCollins on its own . In addition to the books , the authors have also written several short stories and two plays . The Warriors series , with the exception of the manga , has been released in e @-@ book format for popular e @-@ readers such as the Barnes & Noble Nook and Amazon Kindle . The series has also been translated into several languages . In addition , the series has a website featuring games , promotional videos , quizzes , a message board , and news . Major themes in the series deal with adventure , forbidden love , the concept of nature vs. nurture , the reactions of different faiths meeting each other , and characters being a mix of good and bad . The authors draw inspiration from several natural locations and other authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien , J. K. Rowling , and William Shakespeare . Warriors has received mostly positive reviews , but it has also been criticized for being confusing due to its large number of characters . Critics have compared it to the Redwall series , though one reviewer commented that the series is less elegantly written . Although nominated for several awards , Warriors has yet to receive any major literary prizes . The series has reached the New York Times Bestseller List and has found popularity in many countries , including Trinidad and China . = = Setting and characters = = In the Warriors universe , there are four Clans of feral cats that live in a forest : ThunderClan , RiverClan , WindClan , and ShadowClan . A fifth Clan , SkyClan , is driven out by the other Clans when its territory is destroyed by humans building a town , and it scatters shortly after arriving at a new home in a gorge . SkyClan is later rebuilt during the events of Firestar 's Quest . Cats in each Clan live and hunt in their own territory , which they defend from other cats . Each Clan is adapted to its own types of prey and members usually possess ( or are taught ) special skills which suit the territory 's terrain . BloodClan is a group of stray city cats introduced in The Darkest Hour . However , they are not considered to be a true Clan because they do not believe in the warriors ' spiritual ancestors , StarClan , or the warrior code , a set of rules followed by all Clan cats . BloodClan is considered to be a group of rogues ( non @-@ Clan cats who do not respect the Clan cats ' rules ) and was defeated in The Darkest Hour by the four warrior Clans . StarClan is a group of the Clans ' deceased ancestors who give guidance to the Clans . After death , most Clan cats join StarClan . StarClan is said to be represented by Silverpelt ( the Milky Way ) , and each individual star represents the spirit of a single dead warrior . Upon joining StarClan , the cats ' spirits take the form in which they were most happy while living ( i.e. blindness and deafness can be cured ) . StarClan warriors keep watch over the Clans , usually watching the Clan they lived in while alive . They provide guidance to the Clans , often through dreams and other signs like omens . Often , this occurs when medicine cats go to the Moonstone , a large piece of quartz in an abandoned mine , which is used in the forest territory to communicate with the medicine cats ' ancestors every half @-@ moon . When the Clans move to live by a lake because humans destroy their forest , the medicine cats gather at the Moonpool , a pool used as the replacement for the Moonstone . In an author chat , Hunter said that StarClan can " just get glimpses of " the future , which they occasionally pass on . In addition to StarClan , there exists the Dark Forest , also known as The Place of No Stars . The spirits of cats who cause great pain and suffering to others during their lives reside there instead of in StarClan . Dark Forest cats eventually gain the ability to walk in dreams like StarClan . Both Dark Forest and StarClan cats eventually fade away as they are forgotten . In addition , both Dark Forest and StarClan cats fade away before they are forgotten if they are " killed " . Beyond the Clans ' territories lies a mountain range , inhabited by the Tribe of Rushing Water . The Tribe is shown to be similar to the Clans , yet follows a different set of ancestors : the Tribe of Endless Hunting . The Tribe has a Healer , cave @-@ guards , and prey @-@ hunters , who each serve a different function in the Tribe . The Healer leads the Tribe , heals the ill and wounded , and communicates with the Tribe of Endless Hunting ; the cave @-@ guards defend the Tribe , and the prey @-@ hunters hunt . The Tribe was formed by the Ancients when they left the lake to live in the mountains . In turn , cats from the Tribe moved to the forest of the original series and formed the Clans . The Clans ' origin is described in Secrets of the Clans . Originally , many small groups of wild cats from the Tribe of Rushing Water live in the forest . Without a code of honour to follow or ancestors to provide guidance , they fight constantly for food and territory . One night , a large battle occurs , and many cats die . The spirits of the cats killed in battle return and tell the remaining cats to " unite or die " . In this way , the Clans are formed from the previous multitude of small groups . This idea is expanded on in the fifth sub @-@ series " Warriors : Dawn of the clans " . The dead spirits become StarClan , and the code of honour that the cats follow is gradually created , as described in Code of the Clans . The main character in the first series is Firestar , a young kittypet who decides to join the Clans as a kittypet . In the second series , it wavers between the cats who journey to a young badger , Midnight , who tells them that the forest will be destroyed . = = = Clan hierarchy = = = The Clans have a hierarchical system , with different cats having different positions within the Clan . The leader receives his or her nine lives and leader name ending with the suffix -star from StarClan after he or she goes to the Moonstone / Moonpool . The leader makes all major decisions for the Clan , such as deciding when to wage a battle or promote a warrior . The leader 's word is law , according to the warrior code , and must be followed . The deputy is second in command and succeeds the leader when the leader loses his or her last life . The deputy 's job is mainly to organize patrols and other everyday tasks . In order to be appointed deputy by the leader , a cat must already be a warrior and have mentored at least one apprentice . There is also a medicine cat in each Clan , who receives messages from StarClan and is trained extensively in the uses of herbs to heal sick or injured cats . Medicine cats are not allowed to have kits or mates , as it would distract them from their duties . At each half @-@ moon , the medicine cats from each Clan meet at the Moonstone / Moonpool to talk with StarClan . In a Clan , there is never more than one medicine cat apprentice at any one time : a medicine cat apprentice helps gather herbs and learns medical knowledge , but he or she is considered an apprentice until the current medicine cat dies or retires , even if he or she has already received a full medicine cat name . There are also warrior apprentices ( usually referred to simply as apprentices ) , who train to hunt for and defend their Clan , the duties of a warrior . All apprentices ' names end with the suffix -paw . These apprentices are mentored by warriors , who pass down knowledge and skills they have learned from their own mentors . Apprenticeships usually last approximately six months . Apprentices occasionally undergo assessments to determine their progress , and they become warriors when their mentors deem them ready and the clan leader approves it . Warrior name suffixes ( e.g. -claw , -heart , -pelt , -tail , etc . ) are selected by the leader during the warrior ceremony . Another important event after the warrior ceremony is the silent vigil that the new warriors lead the night after the ceremony . They must watch over the sleeping camp in silence until sunrise , when the Clan leader tells them their vigil is over . When a cat becomes old , permanently ill , or disabled , he or she retires to become an elder . Elders share their knowledge with the Clan and are cared for by the apprentices . The only task they carry out is burying dead Clanmates . Clans also have queens , who are she @-@ cats expecting or caring for their kits . Queens return to warrior duties when no longer expecting or nursing kits . A queen is not obligated to reveal the identity of her mate . A kit 's name always ends with the suffix -kit ; kits become apprentices after they are six months old . = = = Clan terminology = = = The feline characters of the Warriors series use different words for certain concepts and objects in the natural world . These can range from terms referring to other animals , such as twoleg ( human ) , or kittypet ( house cat ) , to referring to human objects such as a monster ( car ) or horseplace ( stable ) . The animals also have specific terms for time and measurement , such as sundown or moonhigh representing different times of day according to the positions of the moon , sun , and stars overhead . The seasons are given names according to the trees and foliage in the forest , with newleaf meaning spring , greenleaf meaning summer , leaf @-@ fall meaning autumn , and leaf @-@ bare meaning winter . = = Warriors : The Prophecies Begin = = The original Warriors series , later re @-@ titled Warriors : The Prophecies Begin , was released from 2003 to 2004 and consists of six books : Into the Wild , Fire and Ice , Forest of Secrets , Rising Storm , A Dangerous Path , and The Darkest Hour . The series was subtitled The Prophecies Begin for its planned re @-@ release in paperback with new covers in 2015 . The series details the experiences of a pet cat named Rusty who ventures into the forest and is invited to join ThunderClan , one of four groups of wild cats in the forest . He accepts the invitation and receives the apprentice name Firepaw while he trains to become a warrior . Later , Firepaw receives his warrior name , Fireheart and discovers that Tigerclaw , the deputy of ThunderClan , wishes to kill ThunderClan leader Bluestar in order to succeed her and become leader himself . Ravenpaw , his apprentice , is forced to flee due to his witnessing of Tigerclaw killing Redtail , the former ThunderClan deputy . Fireheart eventually becomes deputy of the Clan after Tigerclaw tries to kill Bluestar , fails , and is banished from ThunderClan . After his banishment , Tigerclaw takes over another Clan , ShadowClan , and lures a pack of dogs into ThunderClan camp in attempt at vengeance . Bluestar dies sacrificing her last life to protect the Clan from the dogs , and Fireheart succeeds her as leader , receiving nine lives and the name Firestar from the Clans ' spiritual ancestors , StarClan . Tigerstar then attempts to take over all four Clans , telling them that the leaders will rule together . Leopardstar , leader of RiverClan , agrees , but Firestar and Tallstar , leader of WindClan , refuse . Tigerstar then enlists the aid of BloodClan , a vicious group of city cats , to take over the Clans , but BloodClan leader Scourge kills Tigerstar ( taking all nine of Tigerstar 's lives at once by slicing him from neck to tail ) and decides to take over the forest for himself . The four Clans unite to fight BloodClan , and Firestar loses the first of his nine lives in battle against Scourge , but Firestar kills Scourge after he returns to life , defeating BloodClan and saving the forest . = = Warriors : The New Prophecy = = The second series , Warriors : The New Prophecy , was released from 2005 to 2006 , and contains six books : Midnight , Moonrise , Dawn , Starlight , Twilight , and Sunset . In the series , four cats , Brambleclaw , Tawnypelt , Crowpaw , and Feathertail , are sent on a mission by StarClan to the ocean , with Feathertail 's brother Stormfur and ThunderClan apprentice Squirrelpaw accompanying them . There , a badger named Midnight tells the six cats that all four of the Clans are in danger from humans and must leave for a new home . On the way back to the forest , the traveling cats meet a group of cats called the Tribe of Rushing Water who are being terrorized by a mountain lion called Sharptooth . Feathertail sacrifices her life to kill Sharptooth and save the Tribe . The remaining cats return to their Clans and relay the message . Together , the four Clans travel to a new territory by a lake , encountering the Tribe once again on the journey . Once at the lake , ThunderClan medicine cat apprentice Leafpool and Crowfeather ( formerly Crowpaw ) fall in love with each other . However , the warrior code says that Leafpool , as a medicine cat , cannot have a mate . In addition , Clan cats may not be mates with cats from other Clans . They eventually abscond , but return when Midnight warns them that a group of badgers plans to attack ThunderClan . Upon returning , they find that a badger has killed Cinderpelt , the ThunderClan medicine cat , while she is helping Sorreltail give birth . Cinderpelt is then reborn as Cinderkit , to fulfill her destiny of being a ThunderClan warrior . The series then centers around the prophecy " before there is peace , blood will spill blood , and the lake will run red " . Hawkfrost and Brambleclaw have been meeting with the spirit of their dead father Tigerstar in dreams , in which he is teaching them how to become Clan leader by force . Hawkfrost follows Tigerstar every step of the way , but Brambleclaw is split between loyalty to his leader and his own ambition . Firestar appoints Brambleclaw as deputy after finally accepting the possibility that Graystripe might never return ( he was abducted by humans prior to the Clans ' journey to the new territory ) . The series reaches its climax when Hawkfrost traps Firestar and tells Brambleclaw to kill him . Brambleclaw decides that he does not want to become leader by force and refuses . Instead , he frees Firestar . Hawkfrost attacks Brambleclaw , intending to kill him for his knowledge of his and Tigerstar 's plans , but Brambleclaw manages to kill Hawkfrost instead . Hawkfrost 's blood runs into the lake , turning it red , explaining the " blood will spill blood " prophecy as Brambleclaw is Hawkfrost 's kin . = = Warriors : Power of Three = = The third series , titled Warriors : Power of Three , was released from 2007 to 2009 and consists of The Sight , Dark River , Outcast , Eclipse , Long Shadows , and Sunrise . The plot is centered on the prophecy , " there will be three , kin of your kin , who hold the power of the stars in their paws " , which was given to Firestar in Firestar 's Quest by Skywatcher . The series details the experiences of Hollyleaf , Jayfeather , and Lionblaze , Firestar 's grand kits , and thus kin of his kin . Jayfeather is blind , but has the unique ability to feel emotions and memories coming off of other cats and to enter their dreams , where he is then able to see . Lionblaze has the power to never get hurt in a fight . Hollyleaf found her power in being completely loyal . A loner cat called Sol warns Jayfeather and Leafpool that the sun will disappear . During a battle involving all four Clans , the sun disappears in an eclipse . Sol then persuades ShadowClan to lose faith in StarClan , using his warning as evidence that he knows more than StarClan . Jayfeather , Lionblaze , and Hollyleaf fake a sign from StarClan to convince Blackstar , leader of ShadowClan , that StarClan is real and should be followed , but StarClan cats come , making it a true sign . Sol is banished . Ashfur tries to kill Hollyleaf , Lionblaze , and Jayfeather during a fire because he is angry with Squirrelflight , whom he had wanted as a mate in Sunset , but Squirrelflight reveals that they are not her kits . Ashfur threatens to reveal this deception , but Hollyleaf kills Ashfur to keep him quiet . Jayfeather , Hollyleaf , and Lionblaze learn that their true parents are Leafpool and Crowfeather , not Squirrelflight and Brambleclaw ; this makes their birth against the warrior code and medicine cat code , codes of honour followed by Clan cats and medicine cats , respectively . During a Gathering , Hollyleaf reveals the truth about their parents to all the Clans , then runs away into a set of tunnels under the Clans ' territories because she can not stand the fact that her birth is against the warrior code , which means a lot to her . The tunnels then collapse on Hollyleaf , and she is presumed dead . Jayfeather realizes that Hollyleaf was never meant to be part of the Three and that either Dovekit or Ivykit , grandkits of Firestar 's nephew Cloudtail , is meant to be the third cat of the prophecy . = = Warriors : Omen of the Stars = = The fourth series , entitled Warriors : Omen of the Stars , was released from 2009 to 2012 and comprises The Fourth Apprentice , Fading Echoes , Night Whispers , Sign of the Moon , The Forgotten Warrior , and The Last Hope . It is a direct continuation of Warriors : Power of Three . ThunderClan apprentice Dovepaw has the special ability to hear and see extremely distant things . When Dovepaw reveals that the cause of a drought to be a beaver dam upstream , Jayfeather and Lionblaze realize that she is the third cat in the prophecy from Power of Three . After Dovepaw saves ThunderClan from a falling tree with her powers , she receives special attention from Firestar that makes her sister , Ivypaw , jealous . Hawkfrost 's spirit exploits her jealousy and befriends Ivypaw ; he begins giving her battle training in her dreams as Tigerstar did in The New Prophecy . Jayfeather , Yellowfang , and Spottedleaf discover that the Dark Forest cats are training for battle . Jayfeather finds out about Ivypaw 's Dark Forest training ; he suggests asking Ivypaw to act as a spy , and Ivypaw learns that Tigerstar is training her and training " under @-@ recognized " cats to fight against the Clans , though they do not know it . Ivypaw and Dovepaw then receive the warrior names Ivypool and Dovewing . Jayfeather then visits the Tribe of Rushing Water , where he goes back in time to the Ancients and helps Half Moon become the first Stoneteller . He is then given a new prophecy : " The end of the stars draws near ; three must become four , to battle the darkness that lasts forever " . When a fox chases two apprentices , a mysterious cat scares away the fox ; in searching for this cat , ThunderClan finds Sol . Dovewing and Ivypool spy on Sol as he plots with WindClan to attack ThunderClan and are almost discovered , but Hollyleaf , who has been living in the tunnels since the events of Sunrise , ' reveals ' herself and leads the two to safety . Returning to ThunderClan , she shows them how to fight in the tunnels in preparation for a battle with WindClan . During the battle , she traps Sol , but releases him , warning him never to return to the Clans . In " The Last Hope " , at the Moonpool , Yellowfang and Brambleberry — a former RiverClan medicine cat — tell Jayfeather that he must tell Lionblaze and Dovewing about the new prophecy he received while in the mountains , and unite all the Clans . They discover that Firestar is the fourth cat of the prophecy , and when the Dark Forest attacks the Clans , Firestar kills Tigerstar , Firestar loses his last life , and Brambleclaw becomes leader and names Squirrelflight his deputy . = = Warriors : Dawn of the Clans = = The fifth series , Warriors : Dawn of the Clans , details the formation of the Clans . The first book , The Sun Trail , has been published , as has Thunder Rising which was released on November 5 , 2013 . The First Battle was released on April 8 , 2014 . The fourth book , The Blazing Star , was released on November 4 , 2014 , and the fifth book , A Forest Divided , was released on April 7 , 2015 . The Path of the Stars , the sixth and last book in the Dawn of the Clans , was released September 1 , 2015 along with Goosefeather 's Curse . In The Sun Trail , prey is scarce in the mountain home of the Tribe of Rushing Water , so a cat named Gray Wing and his companions must leave to find more food and a better home . Once they reach their new forest home Gray Wing falls in love with a cat there named Storm . The Tribe cats start to live in the forest and take in rogue cats . When Gray Wing sees Storm again , he invites her to visit Clear Sky , another former Tribe cat and Gray Wing 's brother . Once she meets Clear Sky , however , she falls in love with him . Gray Wing discovers that Storm is pregnant by Clear Sky and that she is going to live with him for a while , breaking Gray Wing 's heart . When Turtle Tail , another one of the Tribe cats , who becomes a kittypet later in The Sun Trail tells Gray Wing that Storm is in trouble , Gray Wing does not believe her . When he finds Storm , she is dead along with two of her three kits . Storm had left Clear Sky after he banished his own brother Jagged Peak who was hardly a kit because he had fallen out of a tree and broken his leg . Clear Sky banished all cats who couldn 't look after themselves . Gray Wing , Tall Shadow , and the Tribe cats who live on the moor name the surviving kit Thunder . When Gray Wing shows Thunder his father , Clear Sky rejects Thunder . Sad and angry with his brother , Gray Wing adopts Thunder . The second book , Thunder Rising , takes place a couple of months after The Sun Trail . Turtle Tail returns to Gray Wing 's group pregnant by an aggressive kittypet named Tom , and becomes Gray Wing 's mate . A fire breaks out in the forest , forcing Clear Sky 's group to take shelter with Gray Wing . While taking shelter with Gray Wing , Clear Sky realizes that he was wrong about Thunder and invites him to join his group . Thunder quickly accepts the offer but soon realizes that his father is too power @-@ hungry and concentrated on the needs of the group over the individual and leaves . In the third book , " The First Battle " , Clear Sky declares war upon Gray Wing 's group . Gray Wing tries to make peace , but Clear Sky is ambitious and wants more territory . Tom arrives to look for Bumble ( another housecat ) and Turtle Tail . He steals Turtle Tail 's kits and brings them to live with him . Cats from Gray Wing 's group go to look for and bring them back , but they find Turtle Tail dead by a road . The cats manage to rescue the kittens from Tom , who swears revenge . At the end , Gray Wing 's cats fight Clear Sky 's . Many cats die , and the battle ends in a stalemate . The ghosts of the fallen cats return to tell the fighting cats to " unite or die " . Clear Sky is struck with guilt and grief . In the fourth book , rogues ( non @-@ Clan cats ) join the groups and a one @-@ eyed cat tries to take control of the forest . The groups meet again at the full moon , where they are greeted again by the fallen cats . This time , they bring a new message : " To tame the Claw that blights the forest , grow and spread like the Blazing Star " . No cat can understand what it means ; however , during the meeting , Thunder meets a she @-@ cat named Star Flower . After the meeting , the cats notice that a strange sickness is starting to infect the prey , giving them sores and bloated bellies . Wind Runner 's kit falls ill with the disease and eventually dies . Struck by sadness , Wind Runner , Gorse Fur , and their kits leave the hollow to live on their own . = = Warriors : A Vision of Shadows = = Warriors : A Vision of Shadows is the sixth sub @-@ series . The series was originally titled , Warriors : StarClan 's Promise . The first book , The Apprentice 's Quest , which takes place approximately eight months after Bramblestar 's Storm , was released on March 15 , 2016 . The books ' main characters are Sparkpaw and Alderpaw who are Bramblestar 's and Squirrelflight 's children . The first book , The Apprentice 's Quest , starts with each Clan 's medicine cats receiving a prophecy from StarClan together , telling them to " Embrace what you find in the shadows , for only they can clear the sky " . This is the titular prophecy of the series ( A Vision of Shadows ) . When receiving this prophecy , Jayfeather sees Alderkit ( Alderpaw 's former name ) in his dream , as well as the other medicine cats . Later him , Leafpool , and Bramblestar decide that Alderpaw should become a medicine cat apprentice . Further into the book , Alderpaw has a vision of the far @-@ off SkyClan . After deciding that Alderpaw 's vision relates to the prophecy , Bramblestar sends Alderpaw on a quest to help SkyClan along with his ex @-@ mentor , Molewhisker , Sandstorm , his sister Sparkpaw , and her mentor Cherryfall . While on the quest , they 're joined by ShadowClan apprentice Needlepaw . Sandstorm dies along the way . When they reach the gorge where Skyclan lives , they find that they have been run out of their territory by a group of rogues . They decide that they arrived too late to help SkyClan and return back to the lake . On the way back Alderpaw and Needlepaw find two female kits ( Twigkit and Violetkit ) who lost their mother . Needlepaw suggests that the kits could be " what you find in the shadows " . They then take the kits back to the lake and at a full moon Gathering , the clan leaders decide that ShadowClan should take one kit and ThunderClan should take the other . ThunderClan takes Twigkit and ShadowClan takes Violetkit . The second book , Thunder and Shadow , will be released on September 6 , 2016 . = = Other books = = = = = Super Editions = = = Super Editions are stand alone books in the Warriors series that are approximately double the length of a normal Warriors book . There are eight Super Editions as of November 2015 : Firestar 's Quest , Bluestar 's Prophecy , SkyClan 's Destiny , Crookedstar 's Promise , Yellowfang 's Secret , Tallstar 's Revenge , Bramblestar 's Storm , and Moth Flight 's Vision . Each Super Edition Novel also includes an exclusive manga except for Firestar 's Quest . = = = = Firestar 's Quest = = = = Firestar 's Quest , the first Warriors Super Edition , was released on 25 August 2007 . It is set between The Darkest Hour and Midnight and details Firestar and his mate Sandstorm 's journey to restore SkyClan , the fifth Clan of the forest that is driven out when a town is built and scattered when it is attacked by rats in its new home . Firestar and Sandstorm find rogues and house cats , some of whom are descendants of the former SkyClan and teach them how to hunt , fight , and follow the warrior code . When a house cat named Echo dreams of starry cats , Firestar realizes that the dream was sent by StarClan , indicating that Echo should be SkyClan 's medicine cat . Echo is taught all that Sandstorm was taught before leaving ThunderClan with Firestar on their quest . She is named Echosong . While SkyClan is rebuilding its ranks , rats attack as they did when SkyClan first came to the gorge . SkyClan defeats them by joining together under the direction of Firestar , Leafdapple ( later Leafstar ) , and Sharpclaw , her deputy later on . Firestar manages to kill the leader of the rats , after which the rats leave . During the rat attack , Firestar loses a life , leaving him with only seven , and a warrior called Rainfur is killed . Towards the end , Echosong dreams of dappled leaves , indicating that Leafdapple should be the new leader . She is named Leafstar and receives her nine lives , meeting Starclan . The former leaders that drove the ancient Skyclan out apologize in Starclan . Cherrypaw and Sparrowpaw are then made warriors ( Cherrytail and Sparrowpelt ) and Bouncekit , Tinykit , and Rockkit become apprentices ( Bouncepaw , Tinypaw , and Rockpaw ) . The epilogue describes the birth of Squirrelkit and Leafkit , Firestar and Sandstorm 's only kits . = = = = Bluestar 's Prophecy = = = = Bluestar 's Prophecy was released on 28 July 2009 . It covers Bluestar 's life from her birth to the beginning of Into the Wild . The novel begins on the day of Bluestar 's death as she saves Fireheart and ThunderClan from the dog pack , a scene from A Dangerous Path . The novel then returns to when Bluestar was still a kit , Bluekit . Bluekit is apprenticed to Stonepelt as Bluepaw , and proves to be an excellent hunter , catching a squirrel " almost as big as her " on her first day of hunting . The next day , Goosefeather sees a sign in the vole Snowpaw ( Bluepaw 's sister ) brings back to camp and proclaims that ThunderClan must attack WindClan . Later , he tells them that they must destroy WindClan 's medicine supply in order to keep them at bay during winter . Pinestar is reluctant but agrees to attack at dawn . Bluepaw and Snowpaw are ordered to stay out of the fight , but they help Featherwhisker , the medicine cat apprentice , tend to the wounded . During the battle , Bluepaw 's mother , Moonflower , destroys WindClan 's medicine supplies , but is killed by Hawkheart , the WindClan medicine cat . Bluepaw enters a state of grief which lasts until Sunfall , the deputy and her new mentor since Stonepelt was injured during the WindClan battle and never healed , talks her out of it , telling her that she must honor Moonflower by doing well . She attends the Gathering that night , where she meets and becomes friendly with Crookedpaw and Oakheart of RiverClan . A while later , Bluepaw receives her warrior name , Bluefur , and Snowpaw receives hers , Snowfur . Bluefur finds out that a Clanmate , Thrushpelt , is in love with her , but she dismisses it , deciding that she is too young to have a mate . However , Snowfur wants a Clanmate named Thistlepaw as a mate . A few moons later , Pinestar announces that he wants no more of the warrior life and goes off to live his last life as a housecat . Sunfall becomes Sunstar and Tawnyspots becomes the new deputy . On a patrol to RiverClan , Bluefur is pulled aside by Oakheart , who tells her to meet him that night at Fourtrees . She does , and the two warriors spend the night together , having fallen in love . About a month later , Tawnyspots falls ill with an incurable illness , so he is unable to be deputy for much longer . Thistlepaw , now Thistleclaw , wishes to become deputy in his place . Bluefur discovers that she is pregnant with Oakheart 's kits . ThunderClan believes her kits are with Thrushpelt and are overjoyed . After Goosefeather convinces her that she must become deputy , and not Thistleclaw due to his violence and ambition , Bluefur reluctantly brings her three kits ( Mosskit , Mistykit , and Stonekit ) , to RiverClan to live as RiverClan cats . Mosskit dies along the way . Bluefur then convinces ThunderClan that a fox or other creature took her kits . Once Featherwhisker deems Tawnyspots incurable and unfit for deputyship , Sunstar appoints Bluefur as the new deputy . After Sunstar dies , Bluefur becomes Bluestar and receives nine lives . Thistleclaw is outraged by this and continues to be bitter towards Bluestar until he was killed later on . Many months later , she is seen sitting with Spottedleaf , the medicine cat , and hears the " Fire will save our Clan " prophecy . The manga at the end of the novel depicts Bluestar 's decision to accept Rusty ( later Firestar ) to the Clan . = = = = SkyClan 's Destiny = = = = SkyClan 's Destiny was released on 3 August 2010 . The book follows Leafstar and her struggle to rebuild the once @-@ lost Clan . The book takes place several months after Firestar 's Quest . The Clan 's members are split over whether or not " daylight @-@ warriors " , housecats who join the Clan in the day and return to their owners at night , should be allowed to be part of the Clan . Leafstar struggles with the decision , as she wants to take Billystorm , one of the daylight @-@ warriors , as a mate , but wants what is best for the Clan . SkyClan then faces a series of challenges caused by visiting rogues . = = = = Crookedstar 's Promise = = = = Crookedstar 's Promise was released on 5 July 2011 . It takes place at the same time as Bluestar 's Prophecy and details the life of Crookedstar , initially Stormkit . As a kit , Stormkit falls into the river after he sneaks out of camp and attempts to chase ThunderClan medicine cat Goosefeather away from Sunningrocks , a part of RiverClan territory ( at the time ) . This leads him to break his jaw on a rock . Rainflower , Stormkit 's mother , rejects Stormkit due to his disfigured appearance and demands that RiverClan leader Hailstar perform a renaming ceremony to rename Stormkit to Crookedkit . Feeling rejected , Crookedkit is visited in a dream by Mapleshade , a Dark Forest cat who allows Crookedkit to believe that she is from StarClan . She tells him that she can give him anything he wants as long as he is faithful to his Clan and puts all other things aside . Crookedkit quickly accepts this promise , believing it not to be a difficult promise , as he was already loyal to his Clan , and believes that Mapleshade can help him become leader . Mapleshade then uses Crookedkit 's promise to seemingly bring about the deaths of Crookedkit 's loved ones . When Crookedjaw is chasing away a dog , the dog knocks his mother , Rainflower , into a river , and she hits her head on rocks . Mapleshade urges Crookedjaw to focus on the dog instead of bringing his mother to the medicine cat , and she dies . Crookedjaw then becomes deputy upon his father Shellheart 's retirement ; shortly after , Shellheart dies of a lump in his stomach . Not long after , Hailstar loses his last life while fighting rats in a barn : although Mapleshade urges him to not protect Hailstar so he can become leader , Crookedjaw ignores her , having discovered that she is actually from the Dark Forest . Nonetheless , Hailstar is killed . Despite his insistence that she stay away from him , Mapleshade continues to haunt Crookedstar : his mate , Willowbreeze , dies of a respiratory infection days after giving birth to his three kits , and two of the kits die as well . When Crookedstar confronts Mapleshade , she reveals that she had once been the mate of Crookedstar 's great @-@ grandfather . Mapleshade had been a ThunderClan cat , while her mate had been from RiverClan : Mapleshade is rejected by her Clan for taking a forbidden mate , then loses the kits in the river when she attempts to bring them to RiverClan . Her mate blames her for letting the kits drown in the river , and RiverClan , too , rejects Mapleshade . As a result , Mapleshade vows revenge on her mates descendants , one of whom is Crookedstar . When Crookedstar finally reveals his promise and his belief that it caused the deaths of his loved ones , to his medicine cat Brambleberry , she argues that the deaths were not in fact Mapleshade 's fault . Following the conclusion of the novel , Oakheart is killed , then in the manga feature , Silverstream , Crookedstar 's only remaining kit , dies after giving birth to Graystripe of ThunderClan 's kits . Mapleshade asserts that these deaths were her doing as well , but Crookedstar tells Mapleshade that she has failed to punish him , as his loved ones live on in StarClan , while she has no one . Finally , Crookedstar dies as well . = = = = Yellowfang 's Secret = = = = Yellowfang 's Secret was released on 9 October 2012 . It is a Super Edition about the former ThunderClan medicine cat Yellowfang and her life in ShadowClan . It follows Yellowfang as she first trains to be a warrior , then later realizes her paws are not meant for shedding blood and her decision to switch to the role of medicine cat instead . However , she breaks the code of medicine cats when she gives birth ; as a result , she and her whole Clan are punished by her disloyalty to the code . In the end , she herself is cast out of ShadowClan by her own kit Brokenstar . = = = = Tallstar 's Revenge = = = = Tallstar 's Revenge was released on 2 July 2013 . It tells the story of Tallstar , whose father dies when he is an apprentice during a tunnel collapse . As a result , he attempts to avenge his father Sandgorse 's death by killing the cat ( a rogue named Sparrow ) whom he believes did not help his father escape the tunnel and is therefore responsible . Tallstar leaves his Clan to track down Sparrow and briefly travels with a house cat named Jake , who is later revealed to be the father of Firestar ( the main protagonist of the original six books ) . When he meets up with Sparrow , Tallstar discovers that his father actually sacrificed himself to allow the other cat to escape and does not carry through with his intended vengeance , instead saving Sparrow 's life when Sparrow slides down a cliff and near a road . = = = = Bramblestar 's Storm = = = = Bramblestar 's Storm , the seventh volume in the Super Edition arc , features Bramblestar , the leader of ThunderClan . The book takes place after the Clans ' victory over the Dark Forest cats . This book was released on 26 August 2014 . All Clans are struggling due to the lake flooding ; however , ThunderClan and ShadowClan appear to be suffering most . Deaths of Clanmates leads to tension and grief between those in ThunderClan as they simultaneously also try to survive outside of their usual territory , having been displaced by the flooding . On a border patrol , Bramblestar encounters some housecats that are taken into the Clan until they can return home . Bramblestar becomes close to one of the housecats , Jessy , which upsets Bramblestar 's deputy ( and former mate ) Squirrelflight causing many quarrels between them . Ultimately , two of the housecats , Minty and Jessy , decide to leave , leaving only Frankie ( later named Stormpaw ) with ThunderClan . Jessy leaves because she feels that it would be better if Bramblestar and herself do not become mates because Bramblestar ’ s heart belongs with Squirrelflight . In the short manga chapter included at the book 's end , it is revealed that Squirrelflight is pregnant with Bramblestar 's kits . = = = = Moth Flight 's Vision = = = = Moth Flight 's Vision is the 8th Super Edition novel that was released on November 3 , 2015 . It features a cat named Moth Flight , who becomes WindClan 's first medicine cat . Moth Flight was also the one who discovered the Moonstone , and that all leaders shall be granted nine lives . It takes place a few moons after the last book in the Dawn of the Clans series . In this book , Moth Flight , an easily distractable she @-@ cat , kit of Wind Runner ( later Windstar ) , leaves her Clan , following a unexpected guide , and meets an unexpected friend , who is vital to her journey . She finds an object , and is told something important . She goes home , and reveals the secret information . Her friend stays with her , and she gives birth to four kits after his death . She lives happily for moons after , until she dies a sad , peaceful death . = = = = Hawkwing 's Journey = = = = Hawkwing 's Journey is the ninth Super Edition novel , and will be published on 1 November 2016 . = = = Field guides = = = Four field guides have also been published . They offer extra information , usually in the form of short stories , and are usually about 150 pages long . Secrets of the Clans is the first field guide in the series . It gives more details about the Clans previously unrevealed in the main series . Cats of the Clans , featuring illustrations and descriptions of the cats , was released on 24 June 2008 . Code of the Clans , which describes the origins of the cats ' code of honour , the warrior code , was released on 9 June 2009 . Battles of the Clans , released on 1 June 2010 , is about past battles and each Clan 's special battle tactics . Enter the Clans is an omnibus field guide released on 26 June 2012 . It is a collective work of the field guides Secrets of the Clans and Code of the Clans , although four pages of color artwork and the double foldout map inserts in the middle of Secrets of the Clans , as well as five pieces of color artwork in Code of the Clans , are not included in Enter the Clans . = = = = Warriors : The Ultimate Guide = = = = On 5 November 2013 , a field guide titled Warriors : The Ultimate Guide was released . HarperCollins held a contest in which ten fans would have their names appear on the dedication page . The guide contains descriptions of forty characters , including Goosefeather , Dovewing , Brairlight , Lionblaze , and Ivypool . It also has various short stories , including the leadership ceremonies of both Tigerstar and Bramblestar , as well as maps of Clan territories . The first printing of the book featured a timeline of the Warriors universe on the reverse of the cover jacket . = = = Original English @-@ language manga = = = Several series of original English @-@ language manga have been produced by HarperCollins with TOKYOPOP . With the shutdown of TOKYOPOP , subsequent manga volumes have been published under the HarperCollins name alone . Four of the manga series consist of three volumes , though The Rise of Scourge is a standalone book . = = = = Graystripe 's trilogy = = = = Graystripe 's trilogy is a three @-@ volume series following Graystripe from the time that he was taken by humans in Dawn until he returns to ThunderClan in The Sight . It was published as the first part of a partnership between TOKYOPOP and HarperCollins . These books tell how Graystripe and Millie , a housecat Graystripe meets during his captivity , find their way to ThunderClan from a faraway town . It consists of 3 books : The Lost Warrior , Warrior 's Refuge , and Warrior 's Return . The final volume was published on 22 April 2008 . = = = = The Rise of Scourge = = = = The Rise of Scourge was released on 24 June 2008 and , unlike the other manga which form trilogies , is a standalone volume . The story details the early life of BloodClan leader Scourge , one of the antagonists in The Darkest Hour , who is bullied in his youth for being small . The book chronicles his story up to the point when he kills Tigerstar , who once attacked Scourge when he ventured into the forest as a kitten . = = = = Tigerstar and Sasha = = = = Tigerstar and Sasha is a manga trilogy detailing how Tigerstar and the rogue cat Sasha meet and the events that occur after Sasha leaves Tigerstar and ShadowClan . The books are Into the Woods , Escape from the Forest , and Return to the Clans . = = = = = Into the Woods = = = = = The book begins with Sasha chasing after her owner 's car , which then speeds off , leaving her grief @-@ stricken in the street . She then is filled with memories of her human owners , Ken and Jean , who took care of her . Everything was right until Jean got sick , and despite all they could do , she died . Ken , lamenting over Jean , then went with several other humans and left the house . Sasha , having escaped from an open bathroom window , began chasing after him . Unsuccessful , she wanders into the forest after seeing her friend Shnuky for the last time . Soon after , she finds an old den made of logs and bedded with leaves , and settles down there . The next day , while hunting prey she encounters a tom named Pine , who engages in conversation with Sasha . He warns her of the Clan cats living in the forest , in the process taking off her collar for her . The next morning , a ShadowClan patrol consisting of Tigerstar , Rowanpaw , and Jaggedtooth comes along , and Sasha takes a particular interest in Tigerstar . After Rowanpaw scents traces of foxes , a frog appears , although he is unsuccessful at catching it . Before it can get away , though , Sasha drops on it and says that it slipped through their paws . The next night , Sasha realizes that she has feelings for Tigerstar , and misses a rabbit while being caught up in her thoughts . Turning around she sees that Tigerstar had caught it for her , criticizes her hunting technique , and tells her she needs someone to show her how to hunt properly . When Sasha asks who would teach her , he says that he might . After a time of not seeing Tigerstar , Sasha returns to her den one evening , only to find Tigerstar already waiting for her . Asking him where he was , he comments on how nice her den was , and then stops and asks when she will be seeing her humans again , after seeing her collar hanging around a protruding branch on the logs . Sasha asks him why he was snooping around in her den , and he tells her that he cannot see her any more if she has the collar . She refuses to destroy it , and quarrels with Tigerstar about housecats and how they are not independent . Sad , she reminisces about her perfect life with Jean and Ken . The next day , Sasha leaves a pigeon at the ShadowClan border to prove to Tigerstar that kittypets can hunt . After catching a rabbit , Sasha is attacked by two foxes . Before she can escape , though , Tigerstar comes and attacks the duo of animals , telling her to run . Scrambling up a tree , Sasha sees that the foxes have an advantage over him , and she jumps down to assist him . After defeating both foxes , Tigerstar stays in her den for the night and lets his wounds heal , and tells Sasha that he came to thank her for the pigeon , and that she is unlike any housecat he has ever known . One night Sasha brings Tigerstar to her old fence near the town . Upon sitting on it , he loses interest and Sasha takes offense , although he comments that if she wishes to be a rogue she would have to say goodbye to her old life . Tigerstar shows her around ShadowClan camp the next day , and introduces her to Blackstar , then known as Blackfoot . Sasha is offered to join a patrol , which she accepts . Along the way , she also sees Pine , who has gotten sick because winter is now coming on . Because Sasha does so well on the patrol , Tigerstar invites her to spend the night in the warriors den . Enjoying herself immensely , Sasha accepts . Racing back to the camp , she looks down on the camp from a tree , suddenly stopped by the voices of Tigerstar and his Clanmates . Soon she becomes frightened after Tigerstar discusses his plans to rule the forest with his Clanmates , including hiring BloodClan and setting a pack of dogs on ThunderClan . Extremely scared and changing her mind , Sasha flees , but before she can get far she is approached by Tigerstar who asks if she will join ShadowClan . = = = = = Escape from the Forest = = = = = The book opens to Sasha refusing Tigerstar 's offer to join ShadowClan . Their conversation turns into an argument , and Sasha insists that Tigerstar 's plans go against the warrior code . Back at her den , Sasha thinks about her heartbreak , and dreams of Ken coming , finding her , and taking her home . She makes her way out of the forest , realizing that she has no place there anymore . She bumps into Pine , and tells him that she is leaving . Sasha returns to where she used to live with Ken and Jean , and is chased away by the human that is now living there . In a secondhand clothing store , Sasha catches Ken 's scent and finds one of his coats . As she roams the town , Sasha encounters two BloodClan warriors and narrowly escapes . Sasha wanders onto a tour boat , where she curls up and goes to sleep . When Sasha wakes up , the floor is shaking . She runs outside to jump off , only to find that the boat is surrounded by water . She is spotted by the tourists , who believe her to be a ship cat , and the captain shuts her in a cupboard . Let off the boat , she notices that the captain looks lonely and sad . When she sneaks back onto the boat , she begins to attract many customers to the boat service as " Brownie the Famous Ship 's Cat , " gaining the affection of the captain . One night , she even prevents two saboteurs from burning the boat . One day when the boat is out , Sasha finds a bag with a very young cat inside it in the water . The captain takes him home and names him Patch . The spring thaw arrives , and the captain ties up the boat and prepares to go elsewhere . Sasha decides not to go with the captain and Patch because she now knows that she is going to have kits , and wants them born in the forest . Patch and the captain are sad , but they understand . = = = = = Return to the Clans = = = = = Sasha has gone back to the forest to raise her three kits , Hawk , Moth , and Tadpole . While hunting for her kits , she is caught by a ShadowClan patrol . Afraid that they will take her kits , she lies and says they died from the cold . Afterwards , she lets her kits play outside , but when they go back in , she tells them about Ken . Later , she lets them outside again , but this time , Russetfur walks in on them . Instead of forcing her to give them up to ShadowClan , she instead helps Sasha by giving her some prey , and warns her to leave as soon as possible . Later on , Sasha goes out hunting and the kits go out to find Ken because they want to make their mother happy . Meanwhile , Sasha has come back to find her kits gone . The kits go into an abandoned house . Sasha , still trying to find the three , gets confronted by BloodClan warriors , but is able to trick them into fear by telling them she is a Clan warrior out looking for revenge of Tigerstar 's death , and the BloodClan cats end up pointing out the direction they saw the kits go . In the basement , a pipe blows and water leaks rapidly from it . Sasha rescues Hawk and Moth , but Tadpole doesn 't make it out of the flooding basement . That night , a devastated Sasha dreams of Tigerstar and asks if Tadpole is with him . Tigerstar says no , but confides that he is safe . Sasha later meets with Pine , a loner she had previously met , and he takes her and the kits to a barn where another she @-@ cat lives . After Pine leaves , Sasha is attacked by the queen while Hawk and Moth are attacked by the she @-@ cat 's kits , but Sasha beats her . She leaves with the kits and decides to take them to RiverClan . In the outskirts of RiverClan territory , Sasha tells the kits who their father is and says that it is their secret . Sasha tells RiverClan that she and her kits wish to become warriors . When they get back to camp , the kits get their apprentice names , but Sasha refuses to take a warrior name . Not long into their apprenticeships , Hawkpaw and Mothpaw see other kits from the nursery pretending to be Tigerstar and kill everybody . They ask Sasha why they acted like that about him . Sasha tells them the truth about him and makes them promise again that that was their little secret . Later , Hawkpaw and Mothpaw discover the remnants of the Bonehill , a hill of bones that Tigerstar created in the events of The Darkest Hour . In the end , Sasha decides Clan life is not for her , and she also realizes that her kits are far safer and happier here than with her , so she leaves , but her kits stay . = = = = Ravenpaw 's Path = = = = Ravenpaw 's Path is another trilogy which is centred around former ThunderClan apprentice Ravenpaw and his life on the farm with the farm cat Barley after the events of The Darkest Hour . Holmes has said that the series takes place in the second half of the year between the original series and the The New Prophecy series , soon after Firestar and Sandstorm return to the Clan in Firestar 's Quest . The three books are Shattered Peace , A Clan in Need , and The Heart of a Warrior , which was released on 3 August 2010 . = = = = SkyClan and the Stranger = = = = SkyClan and the Stranger is a trilogy detailing events experienced by SkyClan after its revival in Firestar 's Quest and the events of SkyClan 's Destiny . It also details how Sol came to know about the Clans . The trilogy begins with The Rescue , which was released on 5 July 2011 . The second book is Beyond the Code and was released 22 November 2011 , and the third book is After the Flood and was released 3 April 2012 . = = = Novellas = = = Originally published only in e @-@ book format , the novellas Hollyleaf 's Story , Mistystar 's Omen , and Cloudstar 's Journey were later published in print by HarperCollins in the anthology volume Warriors : The Untold Stories , which was released on 2 July 2013 . Tigerclaw 's Fury was published on 28 January 2014 , and Leafpool 's Wish on 22 April 2014 . Dovewing 's Silencewas published on 4 November 2014 . These three e @-@ books was also published in print in Warriors : Tales of the Clans on 4 November 2014 . Mapleshade 's Vengeance was published on 24 March 2015 . Goosefeather 's Curse will be released on 1 September 2015 . Two more novellas are planned after that : one will feature Ravenpaw , while the other will feature Pinestar . = = = = Hollyleaf 's Story = = = = Hollyleaf 's Story was released on 3 March 2012 . It details Hollyleaf 's experiences beginning from when she is buried in a set of tunnels at the conclusion of Sunrise until she goes to the tunnels beneath ThunderClan territory to find Ivypool and Dovewing spying on Sol and a group of WindClan cats ( in The Forgotten Warrior ) . When she first goes into the cave , she is saved by Fallen Leaves , the spirit of an ancient cat who died in the tunnels , and lives with him for the remainder of her time in the caves . The novella describes various ways in which she continues to help ThunderClan during her absence . = = = = Mistystar 's Omen = = = = Mistystar 's Omen is a novella released on 11 September 2012 . When Leopardstar loses her ninth life , her longtime deputy , Mistyfoot , becomes leader , receiving the new name Mistystar . Mistystar discovers a secret about RiverClan and her leadership is plunged into crisis as soon as it begins . = = = = Cloudstar 's Journey = = = = Cloudstar 's Journey is a novella that was released as an e @-@ book on 29 January 2013 . It describes the original SkyClan 's experiences as humans destroy their forest home to build a town . When their camp is ruined , Cloudstar , leader of SkyClan , brings his whole Clan to a Gathering and asks the other Clan leaders to help them . = = = = Tigerclaw 's Fury = = = = Tigerclaw 's Fury is the fourth novella . It was released on 28 January 2014 . It describes Tigerclaw 's experiences while he is banished from ThunderClan and his acceptance into ShadowClan ( including how he helps ShadowClan fight off sickness and how he is appointed as its new leader ) . = = = = Leafpool 's Wish = = = = Leafpool 's Wish is the fifth novella , which was published on 22 April 2014 . It details Leafpool 's experiences before and after the birth of her kits . = = = = Dovewing 's Silence = = = = Dovewing 's Silence is the sixth novella which was released on 4 November 2014 . It takes place just after the battle in The Last Hope and is about Dovewing 's trouble after losing her powers . = = = = Mapleshade 's Vengeance = = = = Mapleshade 's Vengeance is the seventh novella . It was published on 7 April 2015 and details Mapleshade 's past.It features the story on Mapleshade a strong thunderclan warrior and a forbidden Love and vengeance . = = = = Goosefeather 's Curse = = = = Goosefeather 's Curse is the eighth novella . It was released on 1 September 2015 and details Goosefeather 's troubling gift . It takes place before Bluestar 's Prophecy and before Bluestar is born . = = = = Ravenpaw 's Farewell = = = = Ravenpaw 's Farewell is the ninth novella . It was released on 26 January 2016 . The story is after the clans left the forest . One of the main plots in this story is for Ravenpaw ( and later Barley ) to take Barley 's sister , Violet 's kits to SkyClan as they want to live the Clan life . = = Inspiration and origins = = The series first began when publisher HarperCollins asked Victoria Holmes to write a fantasy series about feral cats . Initially , Holmes was not very enthusiastic , since she " couldn 't imagine coming up with enough ideas " . She worked with the concept , however , expanding the storyline with elements of war , politics , revenge , doomed love , and religious conflict . Although the original plan was a stand @-@ alone novel , enough material was created for several books , and the publisher decided on a six @-@ volume series . The first volume , Into the Wild , was written by Kate Cary under the pseudonym " Erin Hunter " and was completed in about three months . Holmes then began to work behind the scenes , editing and supervising details . Cherith Baldry joined the team to write the third book , Forest of Secrets . Later , after she wrote the first Warriors field guide , Tui Sutherland became the fourth Erin Hunter . The authors have named several other authors as sources of inspiration when writing the novels . In an online author chat , Cherith Baldry listed the authors that inspire her as including Tolkien , Ursula K. Le Guin , and Shakespeare . In the same chat , Victoria Holmes stated that Jacqueline Wilson , Kathy Reichs , and J. K. Rowling are some of the authors that inspire her . According to the official website , other authors who have inspired the writers include Enid Blyton , Lucy Daniels , Ellis Peters , Tess Gerritsen , Kate Ellis , Lisa Gardiner , and Meg Cabot . The authors have also mentioned several other sources of inspiration . The New Forest in southern England was the base for the forest where the original series took place . Other influential locations include Loch Lomond , as well as the Scottish Highlands . Nicholas Culpeper , a physician who used materials occurring in the natural world as medicine , also had an influence on the Warriors series . His book , Culpeper 's Herbal , is used as a source by the authors for the herbal remedies that the cats use in the books . In addition , the authors suggested that they may use some fan @-@ created names in future books . Also mentioned as a source of inspiration was the film series Rambo . = = Critical reception = = The first book of the series , Into the Wild , was generally well @-@ received , with reviewers calling it a " spine @-@ tingling , " " thoroughly engrossing " and " exciting ... action @-@ packed adventure . " One reviewer praised the authors for " creating an intriguing world ... and an engaging young hero " , but another criticised the characters and imagined world as being " neither ... consistent nor compelling . " The manga has also earned praise : a reviewer for Children 's Bookwatch noted that Into the Woods " ends on a tense cliffhanger , leaving the reader in anxious anticipation for more . Suitable for readers age ten to one hundred and ten , Warriors Tigerstar & Sasha # 1 : Into the Woods is especially recommended for cat lovers everywhere " . Its sequel , Escape from the Forest , was also well reviewed : a reviewer for Publishers Weekly believed that girls would benefit from reading about Sasha leaving the powerful Tigerstar due to his " growing violence " . The art was also praised , with the reviewer writing that " Hudson 's artwork brings Sasha 's emotional journey to life , showing each moment of fear , anxiety , contentment and joy . The cat 's @-@ eye perspective of many of the panels , in addition , add [ sic ] a dramatic , energizing element to the book " . The reviewer also wrote that " a twist at the end will leave fans eager for the next installment of Sasha 's saga " , and that the book would appeal to young adults trying to find their place in the world . Lisa Goldstein for School Library Journal also gave the book a positive review , writing that the plot would attract new fans and appeal to old fans . The reviewer also wrote that " though the cover claims that this is a ' manga , ' the straightforward illustrations are drawn in a simple , realistic style " . The large number of characters involved in the series has often been seen as a negative point ; though one reviewer compared the " huge cast " to that of a Greek drama , others wrote that it was " hard to follow " and " a little confusing . " The characters have also been criticised as being " somewhat flat " and " limited essentially to each individual 's function within the clan . " As one reviewer put it , the cats in the series are " true to their feline nature , " leading some critics to jokingly comment that the books will " leave readers eyeing Puss a bit nervously " and wondering " what dreams of grandeur may haunt the family cat . " However , this realism also means that the series contains a relatively large amount of violence , with one critic stating that it is " not for the faint of heart . " Several critics have compared Warriors to Brian Jacques ' Redwall series , though one commented that it was " not as elegantly written . " The New York Times called the series a " hit with young readers " , specifically because of its " sprawling universe " , and the series was able to appear on the New York Times Bestseller List for a total of 117 weeks , as of 24 November 2013 . = = = Awards and recognitions = = = Into the Wild was nominated for the Pacific Northwest Library Association 's 2006 Young Reader 's Choice Awards but lost to Christopher Paolini 's Eragon . It was also listed on Booklist 's Top 10 fantasy books for youth in 2003 and was a Book Sense 76 Pick . The Sight was nominated for the best Middle Readers book in Amazon 's Best Books of the Year ( 2007 ) and placed sixth out of the ten nominees , with six percent of the total votes . It was also nominated for the Children 's Choice Book Awards . In 2006 , Warriors also received an honourable mention for the best book series for Publisher Weekly 's " On the Cuff " awards . = = Themes = = Themes in the series often revolve around forbidden love , such as those involving Bluestar and Oakheart , Graystripe and Silverstream , and Leafpool and Crowfeather . These relationships are not allowed for various reasons : some involve medicine cats ( such as Leafpool ) , who cannot have mates , while others develop between cats in different Clans , which is forbidden by the warrior code . Holmes said that another central theme of the series centres on " faith and spirituality " in StarClan . All books in the series feature the influence of StarClan , not just as the cats think of them , but in terms of prophecies delivered by StarClan which inevitably come true . Some scenes take place within StarClan 's realm , with no living cats present as point @-@ of @-@ view characters . Thus the existence of an afterlife and the influence of spirits who have passed on and yet retain their earthly identities is integral to all of the plot arcs in the series . Another idea explored in the novels is the reactions of different faiths when meeting each other . For example , the Tribe of Rushing Water , which believes in different spiritual ancestors than the Clans , is introduced in Moonrise . In an author chat , Holmes explained that the books never say that either of the Clans or the Tribe of Rushing Water is right about faith because both are " equally valid . " This leads to fear and suspicion between them because they are afraid of things they do not understand . Holmes said that " ignorance is a very scary thing ! " Non @-@ belief is also significant in the storylines : Mothwing and Cloudtail do not believe in StarClan . Another theme is that characters can be a mix of good and evil . Holmes has said she is fascinated by these " shades of gray " in personalities . Her example of this was when Bluestar , a noble and honourable cat , gave up her kits for her own ambitions so an evil cat would not take over . Another example she gave of this is how the antagonist Tigerstar , even with all of his faults , is still courageous and fiercely loyal . Similarly , Holmes has also connected the theme to Brambleclaw and how nobody knew whether he was good or evil . A third major theme , often referred to as nature versus nurture , explores whether a person is born the way he or she will be , or if other things shape that . For example , Brambleclaw 's father is the evil Tigerstar , but he eventually demonstrates that despite this , he is not evil himself , despite initial suspicion from Clanmates due to his father 's legacy . This theme ties into the " shades of gray " theme . A reviewer for Publishers Weekly noted that friendship and responsibility are taught to characters in the novels , while booksforyouths.com had a reviewer who pointed out the idea that , just as Clan cats shun house cats for their soft life , people should realise that it is necessary to experience hardship in life . A Storysnoops review noted that one of the themes was that " it doesn 't matter where you come from , only who you are inside " . In Dawn , the importance of cooperation is explored . The four Clans , normally hostile to each other , are forced to work together in order to find a new home . Other themes that have been pointed out deal with family , loss , honour , bravery , death , loyalty , and following rules . Holmes has said that one of the good things about writing a book about cats is that " we can tackle difficult human issues such as death , racial intolerance , and religious intolerance [ without seeming so heavy ] . " = = Editions = = All of the Warriors books except for the manga have been published as hardcovers , and the majority of them have also been published as paperbacks . Starlight , Twilight , and Sunset from The New Prophecy , as well as the first four Omen of the Stars books , are available in an audiobook format . The The New Prophecy audiobooks are spoken by Nanette Savard , whose performance has been praised by reviewers . A reviewer for AudioFile wrote : " Nanette Savard brings out the youth of the cats who are struggling to help their clan survive and to protect each other from outside danger . " The Omen of the Stars audiobooks are spoken by Kathleen McInerney , a pseudonym of Veronica Taylor . The books in the four main series have also been released in an e @-@ book format . = = = Foreign editions = = = The Warriors series was first published in the United States and United Kingdom . The editions published of the first two series — Warriors and Warriors : The New Prophecy — in the United Kingdom had slight variations in cover design from their United States counterparts . Warriors is also sold in New Zealand , Australia , and Canada . Translations from English into other languages such as Czech , Lithuanian , Finnish , Japanese , French , Spanish , Russian , Chinese , and Korean have been published more recently . The first six books have been published in Korea , Italy and Latin America , and the first five series in Germany . Fandom also exists in Trinidad and Singapore . The first two books have been published in Poland . = = Other media = = = = = Website = = = The Warriors website features Warriors screensavers , along with videos on the process of writing a manga book and a video promoting The Last Hope . There is also a " How To Draw Manga " page . In addition , there are games , including quizzes , the New Prophecy Adventure , and the Warriors Adventure Game . On the Frequently Asked Questions section of the site , Erin Hunter said that they are working on an online game that would be released in late 2010 . It finished the first round of testing in summer 2010 , but has not been released . Whether it will be a role @-@ playing game is unknown . Erin Hunter has stated on the official Warriors website that there is still no plan for an official video game , but if there was , it would probably be based on a movie version of the Warriors series , which is currently not under consideration . Many fans have also created their own forum @-@ based role @-@ playing games . = = = Movie = = = During a July 2009 author chat , Victoria Holmes stated that there are currently no planned Warriors movies , and none under consideration : " Oh , the fickle world of movie making , well , there are currently no Warriors movies in production or even under consideration . The economy is not in a state to invest in a rather dark animation about feral cats , apparently . I promise I 'll let you know if there are any changes . " In August 2010 , she stated : " Well , never say never , but there are currently no Warriors movies in production , and no immediate plans . " = = = Short stories = = = The first short story written by Erin Hunter is " Spottedleaf 's Honest Answer " . In it , the spirit of former ThunderClan medicine cat Spottedleaf discusses her love for Firestar . It gives information on what happened in the Warriors series from Into the Wild to Firestar 's Quest . On 20 January 2009 , another short story , " The Clans Decide " , was released on the Warriors Ultimate Leader Election site , starring Firestar , who won an election through an online fan vote conducted in recognition of President Obama 's Inauguration Day . In the story , the four Clans vote for a way to survive a tough winter . Every cat at the meeting votes on whether or not the Clans should work together to survive the winter . The cats vote in favour of working together . Two short stories , " After Sunset : The Right Choice ? " and " The Elders ' Concern " , are included with the Warriors mobile application . " The Elders ' Concern " has been noted to contain timeline errors . Taking place after Bluestar 's selection of Fireheart for deputy , it is about the elder Halftail , who is unhappy with the decision , and wakes the other elders to discuss it with them . In " After Sunset : The Right Choice ? " , After Brambleclaw is forced to kill Hawkfrost , he is worried about what Firestar might do , but Firestar is extremely proud of him . = = = Plays = = = Written by Victoria Holmes for a tour , a play titled After Sunset : We Need to Talk was first premiered on 28 April 2007 at the Secret Garden bookstore in Seattle , Washington . It details a meeting between Leafpool of ThunderClan and Crowfeather of WindClan after the events of Sunset . The script was released to the public on the official site for the Warriors series . During a fundraising event in Russellville , Arkansas , Brightspirit 's Mercy was performed by various high school drama students . The second of two plays by Erin Hunter , Brightspirit 's Mercy is about Jaypaw , Lionblaze , and Hollyleaf . After going to a Gathering , where it is obvious all of the Clans except for ThunderClan are starving , three cats from StarClan appear to them : Brightspirit and her parents , Shiningheart and Braveheart , characters created on Wands and Worlds , a fantasy fiction forum , in memory of a 10 @-@ year @-@ old Warriors fan , Emmy Grace Cherry , and her parents , Dana and Jimmy Cherry , who were killed in a tornado in February 2007 . They tell the three young cats that they must help feed the other Clans . Jaypaw is easily convinced , but Hollyleaf and Lionblaze are harder to win over . Eventually , they agree and hunt , then wait at the WindClan border for a patrol . Ashfoot , WindClan 's deputy , accepts the gift , but Breezepaw , too proud to have help from another Clan , refuses to eat it . Jaypaw , Lionblaze , and Hollyleaf then head towards another Clan 's territory . In the Chinese translation of the series , " 3 @-@ D trading cards " are packaged in each book . The 3 @-@ D effect is produced using stereoscopic lenticular printing . These cards feature pictures of the cats on the centre of the bookcover and their Chinese and English names , and biographical information on the back . Current cards feature Firestar , Bluestar , Tallstar , Graystripe , Tigerstar , a collage of the 5 previous cats , Brambleclaw , Feathertail , Leafpool , Onestar , Crowfeather , Hawkfrost , Hollyleaf , Jayfeather , Lionblaze , Blackstar , Squirrelflight , Breezepelt , Sandstorm , Oakheart , Leafstar , Crookedstar , Yellowfang , Dovewing , Ivypool , Flametail , Stormfur , Tigerheart , and Spottedleaf . Also produced are puzzles and cups with Warriors images . = = = Mobile application = = = On 30 June 2011 , an official iOS application was released on the iTunes App Store . It contains information about the books in the series , profiles of the Clans and major characters ( including app @-@ exclusive information such as the name of Firestar 's mother ) , an interactive timeline and maps , two application @-@ exclusive short stories , and a trivia game . = SMS Pillau = SMS Pillau was a light cruiser ordered by the Imperial Russian navy under the name Maraviev Amurskyy from the Schichau @-@ Werke shipyard in Danzig in 1913 and launched in April 1914 . Following the outbreak of World War I , the ship was confiscated in August 1914 and renamed SMS Pillau in honor of the East Prussian port of Pillau ( now Baltiysk , Russia ) . The ship was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in December 1914 . The lead ship of her class , she had one sister ship , Elbing . She was armed with a main battery of eight 15 cm SK L / 45 guns and had a top speed of 27 @.@ 5 kn ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) . Pillau spent the majority of her career in the II Scouting Group , and saw service in both the Baltic and North Seas . In August 1915 , she participated in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga against the Russian Navy , and on 31 May – 1 June 1916 , she saw significant action at the Battle of Jutland . She was hit by a large @-@ caliber shell once in the engagement , but suffered only moderate damage . She assisted the badly damaged battlecruiser SMS Seydlitz reach port on 2 June after the conclusion of the battle . She also took part in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight , though was not damaged in the engagement . Pillau was assigned to the planned , final operation of the High Seas Fleet in the closing weeks of the war , but a large scale mutiny forced it to be canceled . After the end of the war , Pillau was ceded to Italy as a war prize in 1920 . Renamed Bari , she was commissioned in the Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in January 1924 . She was modified and rebuilt several times over the next two decades . In the early years of World War II , she provided gunfire support to Italian troops in several engagements in the Mediterranean . In 1943 , she was slated to become an anti @-@ aircraft defense ship , but while awaiting conversion , she was sunk by USAAF bombers in Livorno in June 1943 . The wreck was partially scrapped by the Germans in 1944 , and ultimately raised for scrapping in January 1948 . = = Design = = Pillau was ordered by the Imperial Russian Navy as Maraviev Amurskyy from the Schichau @-@ Werke shipyard in Danzig . She was laid down in 1913 , and was launched on 11 April 1914 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was requisitioned by the German Navy on 5 August 1914 , and renamed Pillau . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 14 December 1914 . The ship was 135 @.@ 3 meters ( 444 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 13 @.@ 6 m ( 45 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 98 m ( 19 @.@ 6 ft ) forward . She displaced 5 @,@ 252 t ( 5 @,@ 169 long tons ; 5 @,@ 789 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of Marine steam turbines driving two 3 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 11 ft ) propellers . They were designed to give 30 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 22 @,@ 000 kW ) . These were powered by six coal @-@ fired Yarrow water @-@ tube boilers , and four oil @-@ fired Yarrow boilers . These gave the ship a top speed of 27 @.@ 5 knots ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) . Pillau carried 620 tonnes ( 610 long tons ) of coal , and an additional 580 tonnes ( 570 long tons ) of oil that gave her a range of approximately 4 @,@ 300 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 000 km ; 4 @,@ 900 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . Pillau had a crew of twenty @-@ one officers and 421 enlisted men . The ship was armed with eight 15 cm SK L / 45 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , four were located amidships , two on either side , and two were side by side aft . She also carried four 5 @.@ 2 cm SK L / 55 anti @-@ aircraft guns , though these were replaced with a pair of two 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns . She was also equipped with a pair of 50 cm ( 19 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes mounted on the deck . She could also carry 120 mines . The conning tower had 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) thick sides , and the deck was covered with up to 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick armor plate . = = Service history = = Following her commissioning , Pillau was assigned to the II Scouting Group . Her first major operation was the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in August 1915 . A significant detachment from the High Seas Fleet , including eight dreadnoughts and three battlecruisers , went into the Baltic to clear the Gulf of Riga of Russian naval forces . On 13 August , Russian submarines fired three torpedoes at the ship , all of which missed . Pillau participated in the second attack on 16 August , led by the dreadnoughts Nassau and Posen . The minesweepers cleared the Russian minefields by the 20th , allowing the German squadron to enter the Gulf . The Russians had by this time withdrawn to Moon Sound , and the threat of Russian submarines and mines in the Gulf prompted the Germans to retreat . The major units of the High Seas Fleet were back in the North Sea before the end of August . = = = Battle of Jutland = = = In May 1916 , Admiral Reinhard Scheer , the fleet commander , planned to lure a portion of the British fleet away from its bases and destroy it with the entire High Seas Fleet . Pillau remained in the II Scouting Group , attached to the I Scouting Group , for the operation . The squadron left the Jade roadstead at 02 : 00 on 31 May , bound for the waters of the Skagerrak . The main body of the fleet followed an hour and a half later . Shortly before 15 : 30 , the opposing cruiser screens engaged ; Elbing was the first German cruiser to encounter the British . Pillau and Frankfurt steamed to assist , and at 16 : 12 they began firing on HMS Galatea and Phaeton at a range of 16 @,@ 300 yards ( 14 @,@ 900 m ) . As the British ships turned away , the German shells fell short , and at 16 : 17 , Pillau and Frankfurt checked their fire . About fifteen minutes later , the three cruisers engaged a seaplane launched by the seaplane tender HMS Engadine . They failed to score any hits , but the aircraft was forced off after which its engine broke down and it was forced to land . The three cruisers then returned to their stations ahead of the German battlecruisers . Shortly before 17 : 00 , the British 5th Battle Squadron had arrived on the scene , and at 16 : 50 they spotted Pillau , Elbing , and Frankfurt . Eight minutes later , the powerful battleships HMS Warspite and Valiant opened fire at Pillau at a range of 17 @,@ 000 yards ( 16 @,@ 000 m ) . Several salvos fell close to the German cruisers , prompting them to lay a cloud of smoke and turn away at high speed . About an hour later , the German battlecruisers were attacked by the destroyers Onslow and Moresby , but Pillau , Frankfurt , and the battlecruisers ' secondary guns drove them off . At around 18 : 30 , Pillau and the rest of the II Scouting Group encountered the cruiser HMS Chester ; they opened fire and scored several hits on the ship . As both sides ' cruisers disengaged , Rear Admiral Horace Hood 's three battlecruisers intervened . His flagship HMS Invincible scored a hit on Wiesbaden that exploded in her engine room and disabled the ship . Pillau was also hit by a 12 in ( 300 mm ) shell from HMS Inflexible . The shell exploded below the ship 's chart house ; most of the blast went overboard , but the starboard air supply shaft vented part of the explosion into the second boiler room . All six of the ship 's coal @-@ fired boilers were temporarily disabled , though she could still make 24 kn ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) on her four oil @-@ fired boilers , allowing her to escape under cover of heavy fog . By 20 : 30 , three of the six boilers were back in operation , allowing her to steam at 26 kn ( 48 km / h ; 30 mph ) . At around 21 : 20 , the II Scouting Group again encountered the British battlecruisers . As they turned away , Pillau briefly came under fire from the battlecruisers , though to no effect . HMS Lion and Tiger both fired salvos at the ship before turning their attention to the battlecruiser SMS Derfflinger ; Pillau 's official record states that the British shooting was very inaccurate . Pillau and Frankfurt spotted the cruiser Castor and several destroyers shortly before 23 : 00 . They each fired a torpedo at the British cruiser before turning back toward the German line without using their searchlights or guns to avoid drawing the British toward the German battleships . By 04 : 00 on 1 June , the German fleet had evaded the British fleet and reached Horns Reef . At 09 : 30 , Pillau was detached from the fleet to assist the crippled battlecruiser Seydlitz , which was having trouble navigating back to port . Pillau steamed ahead of Seydlitz to guide her back to Wilhelmshaven , but shortly after 10 : 00 , the battlecruiser ran aground off Sylt . After freeing Seydlitz at 10 : 30 , the voyage back resumed , with a division of minesweepers steaming ahead testing the depth to prevent another grounding . Seydlitz continued to take on water and sink lower in the water ; she turned around and steamed in reverse in an attempt to improve the situation . Pillau also attempted to tow the battlecruiser , but was unable because the line repeatedly snapped . A pair of pumping steamers arrived in the evening , and slow progress was made through the night , with Pillau still guiding the voyage . The ships reached the outer Jade lightship at 08 : 30 and anchored twenty minutes later . In the course of the engagement , Pillau had fired 113 rounds of 15 cm ammunition and four 8 @.@ 8 cm shells . She also launched one torpedo . Her crew suffered four men killed and twenty @-@ three wounded . = = = Later service = = = In July 1917 , a series of mutinies occurred on several ships of the fleet , including Pillau . While the ship was in harbor in Wilhelmshaven on the 20th , a group of 137 men left the ship to protest a cancellation of their leave . After a couple of hours in the town , the men returned to the ship and began to complete the tasks they had been ordered to do that morning as a show of good will . Pillau 's commander did not take the event seriously , and ordered a limited punishment for the crewmen who had staged the protest . By late 1917 , Pillau had been assigned to the IV Scouting Group , along with Stralsund and Regensburg . In late October 1917 , the IV Scouting Group steamed to Pillau , arriving on the 30th . They were tasked with replacing the heavy units of the fleet that had just completed Operation Albion , the conquest of the islands in the Gulf of Riga , along with the battleships of the I Battle Squadron . The risk of mines that had come loose in a recent storm , however , prompted the naval command to cancel the mission , and Pillau and the rest of the IV Scouting Group was ordered to return to the North Sea on 31 October . Upon returning the North Sea , Pillau returned to the II Scouting Group . On 17 November , the four cruisers of the II Scouting Group , supported by the battleships Kaiser and Kaiserin , covered a minesweeping operation in the North Sea . They were attacked by British cruisers , supported by battlecruisers and battleships , in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight . Königsberg , the II Scouting Group flagship , was damaged in the engagement , but the four cruisers managed to pull away from the British , drawing them toward the German dreadnoughts . They in turn forced the British to break off the attack ; neither side had significant success in the operation . Pillau emerged from the battle unscathed . On 23 – 24 April 1918 , the ship participated in an abortive fleet operation to attack British convoys to Norway . The I Scouting Group and II Scouting Group , along with the Second Torpedo @-@ Boat Flotilla were to attack a heavily guarded British convoy to Norway , with the rest of the High Seas Fleet steaming in support . The Germans failed to locate the convoy , which had in fact sailed the day before the fleet left port . As a result , Admiral Reinhard Scheer broke off the operation and returned to port . In October 1918 , Pillau and the rest of the II Scouting Group were to lead a final attack on the British navy . Pillau , Cöln , Dresden , and Königsberg were to attack merchant shipping in the Thames estuary while Karlsruhe , Nürnberg , and Graudenz were to bombard targets in Flanders , to draw out the British Grand Fleet . Admirals Reinhard Scheer and Franz von Hipper intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , in order to secure a better bargaining position for Germany , whatever the cost to the fleet . On the morning of 29 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on Thüringen and then on several other battleships mutinied . The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation . = = = Italian service = = = Pillau briefly served in the newly reorganized Reichsmarine following the end of the war . She was stricken on 5 November 1919 and surrendered to the Allies in the French port of Cherbourg on 20 July 1920 . She was ceded to Italy as a war prize under the name " U " . She was renamed Bari and commissioned into the Regia Marina on 21 January 1924 . The 8 @.@ 8 cm anti @-@ aircraft guns were replaced with 76 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) / 40 guns . On 19 July 1929 , she was reclassified as a cruiser . In 1933 – 1934 , Bari was refitted for colonial service and converted to oil @-@ firing . The six coal @-@ fired boilers were removed to allow for additional oil bunker space , and the forward funnel was removed and the remaining two were cut down . This reduced her power to 21 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 16 @,@ 000 kW ) and a top speed of 24 @.@ 5 kn ( 45 @.@ 4 km / h ; 28 @.@ 2 mph ) . Her cruising range was increased considerably , from 2 @,@ 600 nmi ( 4 @,@ 800 km ; 3 @,@ 000 mi ) at 14 kn ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) to 4 @,@ 000 nmi ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at that speed . By the outbreak of World War II in 1939 , her armament had been increased by six 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) guns and six 13 @.@ 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 52 in ) machine guns . Her wartime career was in support of landings at Corfu in 1940 and Bastia in 1942 and anti @-@ partisan bombardments off the Montenegrin coast in 1942 . In early 1943 , she was slated for conversion to an anti @-@ aircraft ship . She was to be rearmed with six 90 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) / 50 guns , eight 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) guns , and eight new model 20 mm / 65 or / 70 machine guns . On 28 June , however , American bombers badly damaged Bari at Livorno and she sank in shallow water two days later . At the Italian armistice in September 1943 , she was further damaged to render her useless to the German occupiers . The wreck was partially scrapped by the Germans in 1944 . She was officially removed from the navy list on 27 February 1947 , and raised on 13 January 1948 for scrapping . = Rugal Bernstein = Rugal Bernstein ( ルガール・バーンシュタイン , Rugāru Bānshutain ) is a video game character created by SNK . First introduced in The King of Fighters ' 94 , he is a recurring boss in the The King of Fighters fighting game series . As the host of the tournaments from The King of Fighters ' 94 and ' 95 , Rugal plans to turn all the competitors from the tournament into stone statues as part of his collection . Despite his death in ' 95 , Rugal is still featured in following The King of Fighters titles which do not contain a storyline ( nicknamed " Dream Matches " ) . He has also been featured in the SNK Vs . Capcom as a boss character . His character has also appeared in other media related to The King of Fighters franchise , including comic adaptations and The King of Fighters live @-@ action film , and portrayed by British martial arts actor Ray Park . As the first boss character from The King of Fighters , the SNK staff created him to be one of the most difficult characters to defeat . His Omega Rugal form from ' 95 has been noted by the staff to be their favorite boss to the point they added him in the Dream Match titles . Publications for video games and other media have provided praise and criticism for Rugal 's character . = = Conception and design = = The concept for making Rugal in The King of Fighters ' 94 was to make " the mightiest ( most violent ) and most evil boss character ever " . Despite the difficulties	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
shund theory was first introduced by John Henry Walsh under the pseudonym of " Stonehenge " in the 1880s , and was denied by many breeders of that era . By the mid @-@ 1800s , the breed was known as the Dandie Dinmont Terrier , and became sought after for hunting after Scott 's writings were published . They remain the only dog breed to have been named after a fictional character . Around this time the breed had some involvement in the development of the Bedlington Terrier . The Kennel Club formed in 1873 and , at the Fleece Hotel at Selkirk , Scottish Borders on November 17 , 1875 , the Dandie Dinmont Terrier Club ( DDTC ) was formed , becoming the third oldest breed club for dogs in the world . Lord Melgund was the society 's first president , while Mr. E Bradshaw Smith was the first vice president . Noted breeders Hugh Dalziel and William Stachen were also involved in the formation of the club . The breed standard was created by Mr. William Wardlaw Reid , another founding member of the club , with it agreed a year later at another meeting of the club . A club show was held for the first time in Carlisle in 1877 . Shows after this were held in conjunction with other clubs on a yearly basis until 1928 when it moved to the Market Hall in Carlisle , where with the exception of during the Second World War , the shows continued to be held until 1982 . Shows continued to be held in the general area until 2001 when they moved south to Cheshire and Lancashire . The DDTC is not the only breed club in the UK . For a while several breed clubs were created in Scotland , but none lasted particularly long except for the Scottish Dandie Dinmont Terrier Society which merged into the DDTC in 1929 . Today , in addition to the DDTC , there are also the Southern Dandie Dinmont Terrier Society , and for Scotland , the Caledonian Dandie Dinmont Club . The breed was first registered with the American Kennel Club ( AKC ) in 1888 . The Dandie Dinmont Terrier was recognized by the United Kennel Club ( UKC ) in 1918 . During the Second World War many kennels were dispersed and the dogs destroyed , due to both the lack of food caused by rationing and that of manpower . Following the war several kennels led the way to re – establishing the breed including the Bellmead Kennels , located first in Surrey before later moving to Old Windsor . Dandies continued to be bred up at Bellmead up until the early 1990s , when it passed into the hands of Battersea Dogs and Cats Home . In 2006 , the Kennel Club recognised the Dandie Dinmont Terrier as one of the rarest dog breeds native to the British Isles , putting it on a new list of Vulnerable Native Breeds . The breeds chosen for this list were those who originated in the UK and Ireland , but had less than 300 puppy registrations per year . One particularly low period was between July and September 2003 , when only 21 puppies were registered , of which 18 were male . Overall that year , only 90 puppies were registered in the UK , compared to 9 @,@ 823 for the West Highland White Terrier . Additionally numbers had dropped to low levels in America as well , with the AKC registering only 75 puppies in the same time period . Following work since 2006 , the Dandie Dinmont registration numbers have improved slightly , with 151 puppies registered with the Kennel Club in 2010 , the highest number for any year in the last ten years . Of other breeds of native terrier , only the Skye , Sealyham , Manchester and Glen of Imaal Terriers have lower registration figures . = = Description = = The breed has short legs , with an elongated body . Unusually among Scottish terrier breeds , it has pendulous ears . The neck is muscular , having developed from the breed 's use against larger game . The typical height at the withers is 8 – 11 inches ( 20 – 28 cm ) , and they can weigh anywhere between 18 – 24 pounds ( 8 @.@ 2 – 10 @.@ 9 kg ) . While the Dandie generally is a hardy breed , it may have issue climbing stairs . They have a silky coat which forms a " topknot " on top of the dog 's head . The Dandie Dinmont Terrier has a similar body shape to the Skye Terrier , but the Skye 's coat is thicker and longer . The coat comes in two colour ranges , either " pepper " or " mustard " . Pepper ranges from a dark blueish black through to a very light silvery gray , while the mustard can vary from reddish browns to a fawn where the head appears to be almost white . Typically , the legs and feet are of a darker colour with the lighter colour on the body slowly blending into that on the legs . The depth of the coat can reach up to 2 inches ( 5 @.@ 1 cm ) . The colour of the coat is usually set by the time the dog reaches eight months of age , but the Dandie Dinmont Terrier will continue to mature physically until around two years old . = = Temperament = = The breed is tough but usually friendly , and are suitable for older children . It makes both a good companion and a guard dog , but are among the most docile of the terrier breeds and are usually quite undemanding of their owners . However they are known for their ability to dig large holes in a short space of time . They can be trained to be good with cats , but should not be trusted around smaller animals such as hamsters or rats . They are described as being " very game " , in that they are prone to challenging other animals including foxes , and in some cases other dogs . = = Health = = Due to the breed 's elongated body , there can be back issues within the breed specifically with intervertebral discs in the dog 's backs . These discs can sometimes " slip " resulting in spinal disc herniation . Any symptoms relating to this can depend entirely on what part of the dog 's back is affected , and can range to paralysis with loss of bladder and bowel control in the worst cases . Following work by the breed clubs to ensure that any reoccurring health issues are dealt with , there are no especially common conditions affecting the Dandie Dinmont Terrier . However , minor issues affecting the breed can include hypothyroidism , primary closed angle glaucoma and Cushing 's syndrome . In order to combat glaucoma in the breed , the breed clubs recommend that Dandies should have a procedure called a gonioscopy conducted on them at regular intervals throughout their lives . The Dandie is also at slightly higher risk of canine cancer than average . The average life expectancy of a Dandie Dinmont Terrier is 11 – 13 years . = Antemoro people = The Antemoro ( or Antaimoro ) are an ethnic group of Madagascar living on the southeastern coast , mostly between Manakara and Farafangana . Numbering around 500 @,@ 000 , this ethnic group traces its origins back to Arab settlers who arrived from Mecca in the 15th or 16th century . Upon settling in Madagascar , these Arabs converted the Antemoro to Islam ; the religion was soon abandoned in favor of traditional beliefs and practices associated with respect for the ancestors , although remnants of Islam remain in fady such as the prohibition against consuming pork . In the 16th century an Antemoro kingdom was established , supplanting the power of the earlier Zafiraminia , who also descended from Arab seafarers . The Antemoro soon developed a reputation as powerful sorcerers and astrologers , in large part owing to their monopoly on knowledge of writing , termed sorabe , which uses the Arabic script to transcribe the Malagasy language . Antemoro ombiasy ( astrologer sages ) migrated throughout the island , where they practiced their arts for local communities , served as advisers to kings , and even founded new principalities . This Antemoro mobility and their creation of a network of powerful spiritual advisers across the island is credited with forcing an awareness among Malagasy of communities beyond their own and sparking a sense of a common Malagasy identity . The Antemoro kingdom was disbanded in the late 19th century following an uprising of the Antemoro commoners against the noble class . Today the Antemoro remain clustered around the southeast coastal homeland , where they grow rice and coffee , produce salt , and manufacture charms . The Antemoro often leave their homeland for six to ten months out of the year or more to work as ombiasy offering charms , spells , divinations and other arcane services . Nearly every village in Madagascar has an ombiasy , and many are either Antemoro themselves or have traveled to the Antemoro homeland to receive training . The community 's historic production of Antemoro paper , a flower @-@ embedded paper traditionally used to record secret knowledge using sorabe , is another major source of income as the paper is commonly sold to tourists and exported overseas . = = Ethnic identity = = " Antemoro " , in the Malagasy language , means " people of the coast " . They live on the southeastern coast , mostly between Manakara and Farafangana . The Antemoro are descendants of Arabs who settled in Madagascar in the 14th century and intermarried with the local population . In 2013 the Antemoro population was estimated at 500 @,@ 000 . = = History = = The Antemoro figure among the more recent settlers on the island of Madagascar . They are descended from Arab Muslim seafarers who are believed to have arrived on the southeast coast around 1500 . Boats carrying Arab settlers had arrived on Madagascar 's shores in the past , but there was a marked uptick in arrivals around this time . Upon arrival they encountered several other Malagasy ethnic groups including the Zafiraminia , who also traced their origins back to Mecca by way of East Africa and who had developed a high status among Malagasy communities for the knowledge and technology they had carried with them from overseas , and who had the prerogative of practicing ritual animal sacrifice for the ancestors ( sombili ) , a highly powerful and important rite among Malagasy communities . Oral and written historical traditions of the Antemoro describe their desire to secure marriages between the two communities , but these efforts were rejected by the Zafiraminia . A conflict developed between the two groups for supremacy , which the oral histories of other Malagasy groups describe as a battle between two giants . The conflict evolved as additional Arab settlers arrived and joined with their fellow newcomers to become Antemoro themselves . Around 1550 the mounting conflict seems to have reached a turning point with the Zafikasimambo noble family rising to power in Matitana following the family leader 's marriage to a local woman . Historical texts tie the lineage of the family 's leader , Zafikazimambobe , to Anteony noble Ramarohala , who had settled there at least three generations before . Other historical sources confirm however that the genealogy described in these texts is not factual , and that the Zafikazimambo family had only newly arrived and so had no demonstrable descent from local nobles . Rather , these texts suggest that it took over three generations for the Antemoro to successfully integrate into the society through intermarriage and other means , and also reflect an awareness among the Antemoro of the importance of local caste and lineage traditions and their need to find a place within them . Upon rising to power , the Zafikasimambo clan absorbed the ritual privileges of the former Zafiraminia clan and had established themselves as the premier ombiasy ( wise men ) who practiced astrology and served as scribes ; they regularly left the Antemoro homeland to provide their services where needed . These ombiasy also often trained the spiritual leaders of other communities , further reinforcing the preeminence of the Matitana ombiasy as masters of arcane knowledge and those outside their clan who sought to learn or dispense it . The Zafikasimambo used their right to conduct sombily ( ritual sacrifice ) to shape and increasingly control political and economic activities in the area . To end the conflict with the Zafiraminia , they executed as many males of the group as possible and relegated the women and children to restricted areas . In this way they established the first strong Antemoro kingdom . They are rare among Malagasy clans as newcomers who successfully established their own kingdom within a short time after landing on the island . Under Antemoro Zafikasimambo leadership , the commoners ' freedom was significantly reduced and religion became a central feature of social and political life . The conflict between the Antemoro and Zafiraminia nobles and the resulting Zafikasimambo rule also established a tradition of emigration from this part of the island . Unlike the majority of Malagasy who generally seek to return to their ancestral land , the Antemoro initially felt no such call to remain linked to a geographic area . As a result , the ombiasy of the Antemoro traveled widely , some moving from place to place and others settling permanently at royal courts and elsewhere . Their arcane knowledge of writing , medicine , technology and other areas both established their reputation as indispensable advisers to nobles and commoners alike , and instilled the island @-@ wide feature of the community astrologer who shapes daily life . The ombiasy of Matitana were According to historian Bethwell Ogot , the network of stationary and itinerant Antemoro ombiasy were key in transforming the societies of Madagascar from an amalgam of insular clans to outward looking communities with greater awareness of others , leading to territorial expansion and larger , more complex kingdoms . In addition , oral histories suggest that sovereigns among the Merina , Tanala and Antanosy may have had ancestors who migrated away from Antemoro country . By the early 18th century , the Antemoro had established themselves as major rice and slave exporters . Throughout the 1700s , the Antemoro were embroiled in a conflict with the Ikongo @-@ Tanala that culminated in a bloody Tanala invasion of the eastern coastal plain . Shortly afterward , a major Antemoro leader named Andriamamohotra established an alliance and vassal relationship with the king then ruling Imerina , Andrianampoinimerina , to reestablish peace . = = Society = = Antemoro villages are primarily clustered in the southeastern coastal area near Vohipeno and Manakara . Society was traditionally divided into two broad categories : the mpanombily ( or tompomenakely ) , who were nobles said to be descended from Arabs from Mecca , and the menakely , composed of the working and slave classes , who were said to have descended from the local Malagasy who submitted to the Arabs ' rule , or alternately from slaves that the Arabs had brought with them . The mpanombily comprised many noble clans such as the Anakara , Onjatsy , Tsimaito , Antaiony , Antalaotra , Antaisambo , Antaimahazo and others . Particular clans within Antemoro society historically held distinct privileges and responsibilities . The butchering of certain animals for human consumption was assigned to specific clans . Antemoro kings ( andrianony ) were selected by popular decision from among the Anakara clan , originally clustered around the mouth of the Matitanana river near the town of Manakara that shares their name . Once selected , these rulers were accorded a near @-@ sacred status . The fady they established were scrupulously observed for centuries after the ruler 's death . The Anakara were responsible for safeguarding the sacred Antemoro idols and texts , spoke a secret language for communicating arcane knowledge amongst themselves , and rarely intermarried with other Antemoro clans . This clan was believed to be in communication with powerful genies ( ziny ) and other spirits and was reputed to produce the most powerful sorcerers and astrologers on the island . They knew how to manufacture charms , cast spells , and practice geomancy using local gemstones . To maintain their distinction from other members of Antemoro society , the Anakara lived in villages sealed off by spiked wooden palisades where none could enter without permission . Rulers were further distinguished by fady forbidding them to wear shirts or hats . = = = Family affiliation = = = Each Antemoro clan was endogamous and marriage outside the clan was deeply taboo . Those who transgressed were mourned as if dead and were entirely cut off from the community . = = = Religious affiliation = = = The Antemoro adhere to the traditional spiritual beliefs and practices common throughout the island , although different Antemoro clans and families incorporate aspects of Islam to varying degrees . They commonly make and wear amulets upon which verses of the Qur 'an are written using the sorabe script . Before converting to Islam in the seventh or eighth century , the Malagasy clans that later intermarried with Arabs to found the Antemoro dynasty were monotheists who believed in a creator god and numerous spirits that served as intermediaries between living beings and the creator . By the time of conversion to Islam , the creator god had been all but forgotten , with much greater focus placed on the spirits , who had been raised to the level of deities . The arrival of Arab settlers prompted large scale conversion to Islam , but the core tenets were soon lost and gave way to the honoring of ancestors and their fady . = = Culture = = Arab and Islamic influences strongly mark Antemoro culture . Traditionally , Antemoro men 's clothing included a turban or fez style hat and long , loose robes similar to those worn in many other parts of the Muslim world . Harefo reeds were woven to form mats ( tafitsihy ) that were sewn together to form jackets and tunics ( with long sleeves for older men ) ; a loincloth made of fanto ( beaten barkcloth ) was worn beneath the ensemble . Women wore sleeveless sheath dresses made from two or three reed mats sewn together and belted at the waist or drawn over one shoulder . Adolescent and adult women often also wore a mat bandeau or halter top . It was historically forbidden for women to wear lambas made of cotton or any other material than woven raffia mats , as it was believed this could render them more attractive to men outside their clan , with whom they were forbidden to marry . The Antemoro were reputed across the island for being the only ethnic group to have developed a written form of the Malagasy language , sorabe , which used Arabic script ; this form of writing was largely replaced elsewhere by the Latin alphabet under the Merina monarchy in the 19th century . The Antemoro were also widely reputed in the pre @-@ colonial period for their astrologers , who would predict the future based on lunar phases . They were known all across Madagascar and acted as advisers at the court of many Malagasy kings , including the celebrated Merina king Andrianampoinimerina , whose Antemoro astrologers advised him and taught him sorabe writing . The pan @-@ Madagascar tradition of the ombiasy is rooted in this element of Antemoro culture . The introduction of royal sampy ( idols ) into the Kingdom of Imerina is likewise attributed to an Antemoro ombiasy . = = = Fady = = = Taboos ( fady ) among the Antemoro derive from ancestral traditions as well as from aspects of Islamic and Arab culture . An Antemoro taboo against dogs as unclean , although shared by Islam , actually predates the arrival of the religion on the island . The prohibition against eating pork , however , originated with the introduction of Islam . Traditionally , members of a given Antemoro clan could only eat with others of the same clan . = = = Funeral rites = = = The death of any member of the community is mourned in the same way , regardless of social class . All community members participate in a week @-@ long period of mourning for the deceased , during which time they are forbidden to wash or change clothing . On the eighth day , the mourning period is broken and everyone bathes and dresses in fresh attire . A female widow must continue the mourning period until the parents of the deceased declare it completed . A male widower remains shut away in his home for a period of one or two weeks , during which time the parents of the deceased send a female family member to care for him and keep him company . = = Language = = The Antemoro speak a dialect of the Malagasy language , which is a branch of the Malayo @-@ Polynesian language group derived from the Barito languages , spoken in southern Borneo . The language is traditionally written using the sorabe script , and those who master this form of writing are called katibo and are considered to possess unusual power . Sorabe writings traditionally ranged from instructional texts for teaching astrology , to historical records and other forms of documentation , and materials written using the sorabe script were considered to be sacred . = = Economy = = Many Antemoro work as ombiasy and earn their livelihood selling their services as astrologers , sorcerers , or crafters of powerful amulets ; it is common for men to travel for six to ten months out of the year . Coffee production is widespread in the Antemoro homeland and generates income for many families . Those who own little or no land often emigrate to work as agricultural laborers in the north and west . The Antemoro Ampanira clan was historically a main producer and trader of sea salt . The Antemoro are well known for their handmade paper , which is often decorated using pressed fresh flowers and leaves . Antemoro paper is a major product marketed to tourists . = = Notable Antemoro = = The first formal school in the Kingdom of Imerina was established and run from 1800 to 1804 by two Antemoro ombiasy , Andriamahazonoro and Ratsilikaina , who taught the future King Radama I and four or five other children to read using sorabe , trained them to manufacture ink and paper , and educated them in the art of astrology and divination . Andriamahazonoro was among the party of three who served as the first ambassadors to Britain and Mauritius ; he died in 1838 from tangena poison administered in a trial by ordeal during the reign of Queen Ranavalona I. = 2006 CECAFA Cup = The 2006 Cecafa Senior Challenge Cup , sometimes called the Al Amoudi Senior Challenge Cup due to being sponsored by Ethiopian millionaire Mohammed Hussein Al Amoudi , was the 30th edition of the international football tournament , which involved teams from Southern and Central Africa . The matches were all played in Addis Ababa from 25 November to 10 December . It was competed between the same teams as the previous tournament , except for Eritrea , who did not enter due to their long @-@ running clash with Ethiopia regarding borders , and Kenya , the five @-@ time champions , were serving a ban which was issued on 18 October 2006 , which was then an indefinite from international football by the decree of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( ' International Federation of Association Football ' ) , or FIFA ; this after Kenya " regularly violated or ignored " " Fifa 's statutes , regulations and decisions " . Malawi and Zambia joined the tournament after being invited , and competed as guest teams as they were from the federation Council of Southern Africa Football Associations ( COSAFA ) , whereas the rest of the teams were from the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) . The reasoning behind their invitation was that it would " boost the competitiveness of this year 's tournament " . The defending champions , Ethiopia , were knocked out in the quarter @-@ finals after coming second in their group , and Sudan claimed their second title despite being beaten by Zambia , as Zambia were guests . = = Background = = The CECAFA Cup is considered Africa 's oldest football tournament , and involves teams from Central and Southern Africa . The matches in the 1973 tournament were played from 22 September 1973 until 29 September 1973 . The tournament was originally the Gossage Cup , contested by the four nations of Kenya , Uganda , Tanganyika ( modern day Tanzania ) , and Zanzibar , running from 1929 until 1965 . In 1967 , this became the East and Central African Senior Challenge Cup , often shortened to simply the Challenge Cup , which was competed for five years , until 1971 , before the CECAFA Cup was introduced in 1973 . Ethiopia were the defending champions , having won the 2005 tournament in Rwanda , after finishing second in their group , and going on to beat Zanzibar and Rwanda in the final . The 2006 champions Sudan failed , however , to emerge from the 2005 group stages . = = Participants = = 11 teams competed , four teams from the original tournament competed ( excluding Tanganyika , which changed names and is currently called Tanzania ) . = = Group stages = = The group stage began on 25 November and ended on 3 December with Group C 's final matches between Rwanda against Sudan , and Uganda against Somalia . Groups A and C contained four teams , but as there were only 11 partaking teams , group B contained only the three teams of Burundi , Zambia , and Zanzibar . At the end of the group stage , the team who finished bottom of their group was eliminated , whereas the teams who finished in positions other than last in the group progressed to the knock @-@ out rounds . = Rule of law doctrine in Singapore = In Singapore , the rule of law doctrine has been the topic of considerable disagreement and debate , largely through differing conceptions of the doctrine . These conceptions can generally be divided into two categories developed by legal academics , the " thin " , or formal , conception and the " thick " , or substantive , conception of the rule of law . The thin conception , often associated with the legal scholars Albert Venn Dicey and Joseph Raz , advocates the view that the rule of law is fulfilled by adhering to formal procedures and requirements , such as the stipulations that all laws be prospective , clear , stable and constitutionally enacted , and that the parties to legal disputes are treated equally and without bias on the part of judges . While people subscribing to the thin conception do not dismiss the importance of the content of the law , they take the view that this is a matter of substantive justice and should not be regarded as part of the concept of the rule of law . On the other hand , the thick conception of the rule of law entails the notion that in addition to the requirements of the thin rule , it is necessary for the law to conform with certain substantive standards of justice and human rights . A thin conception of the rule of law has generally been adopted by the Singapore Government and Members of Parliament from the ruling People 's Action Party , as evidenced from the views expressed during a 1999 parliamentary debate on the rule of law . However , a thicker conception was evinced by the Minister for Law in a speech made during the 2009 seasonal meeting of the New York State Bar Association 's International Section in Singapore . On the other hand , a thick conception of the rule of law that encompasses human rights has been adopted by a number of Government critics , including opposition politicians , and foreign and international organizations such as Human Rights Watch , Lawyers ' Rights Watch Canada and the World Justice Project . Some of the key principles associated with the thin conception of the rule of law include judicial independence , natural justice , the availability of judicial review , and the accessibility of justice . Judicial independence in Singapore is safeguarded by various constitutional provisions and legal rules , though some commentators have highlighted certain events as suggesting a lack of judicial independence . One incident in the 1980s involving the transfer of the Senior District Judge to the Attorney @-@ General 's Chambers following a decision he made which was favourable to an opposition politician was investigated by a commission of inquiry and found not to be due to executive interference . In Singapore , natural justice is generally regarded as a procedural rather than a substantive concept . The process of judicial review involves the review of executive actions for compliance with administrative law rules , and of executive and legislative acts for unconstitutionality in light of the doctrine of constitutional supremacy . The state of the courts and legal processes in Singapore are largely seen as making justice accessible for the citizenry . For those taking a thick conception of the rule of law , the existence of the Internal Security Act ( Cap . 143 , 1985 Rev. Ed . ) ( " ISA " ) is widely regarded as a breach of the doctrine . The Act , which provides for detention without trial for people regarded by the executive as a risk to national security , is shielded from unconstitutionality by Article 149 of the Constitution . Although the Court of Appeal held in the 1988 case Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs that the courts could review the legality of detentions under the Act , the effect of the case was reversed through amendments to the Constitution and the ISA in 1989 . The ISA amendments were determined to be effective by the High Court and Court of Appeal in Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs in 1989 and 1990 respectively . While the executive 's largely unconstrained discretion to detain under the ISA has been criticized as contrary to the rule of law , the Government has justified the statute as a crucial measure of last resort for preserving security . = = Introduction = = There have been many attempts to define the rule of law . Academics over the years have come up with various formulations and ideas of what the doctrine should mean . The range of views can roughly be divided into two categories : the " thin " , or formal , conception and the " thick " , or substantive , conception of the rule of law . = = = Thin conception of the rule of law = = = The " thin " conception rule of law advocates the view that the rule of law is fulfilled by adhering to formal procedures and requirements . People who subscribe to the thin conception are not apathetic towards the content of the law . However , as Ronald Dworkin says , " [ t ] hey say that this is a matter of substantive justice , and that substantive justice is an independent ideal , in no sense part of the ideal of the rule of law " . The thin conception of the rule of law is often associated with two academics , Albert Venn Dicey and Joseph Raz . According to Dicey , the rule of law may be regarded from three points of view : The absolute supremacy of regular law – a person is to be judged by a fixed set of rules and punished for breaching only the law , and is not to be subject to " the exercise by persons in authority of wide , arbitrary , or discretionary powers of constraint " . " Legal equality " , that is , " the universal subjection of all classes to one law administered by the ordinary Courts " . The fact that the constitution is the result of the ordinary law of the land . In other words , it is not the source but the consequence of the citizens ' rights . Raz expressed a similar view . Expanding on the concept in a 1977 article , he said that , in its broadest sense , the rule of law means that people should obey the law and be ruled by it . On the other hand , a narrower construction of the rule of law means that the government shall be ruled by and subjected to the law . The doctrine of the rule of law also requires that " the making of particular laws should be guided by open and relatively stable general rules " . If the law is to be obeyed , it " must be capable of guiding the behaviour of its subjects " , in that people can find out what the law is and act accordingly . A number of important principles spring from the basic idea of the rule of law . These may be divided into two groups : principles that ensure the law is capable of guiding its subjects ' behaviour , and principles establishing legal machinery to secure compliance with the rule of law . Principles ensuring the law is capable of guiding behaviour . Laws should be " prospective , open and clear " . The meaning of the law should not be " ambiguous , vague , obscure or imprecise " , and the law must be sufficiently publicized . Furthermore , laws should generally not be retroactive ; but if a retroactive law is to be enacted , the fact that this is going to be done must be known for certain to ensure that the retroactivity does not clash with the rule of law . Laws should be relatively stable and not changed too often , as with frequently changing laws it may be hard for people to keep themselves updated . People need to know what the law is both for short- and long @-@ term planning . The making of particular or specific laws should be " guided by open , stable , clear and general rules " that create a stable framework . There are two types of general rules : those which empower authorities to make orders , and those which provide guidelines for the proper exercise of such powers . Principles establishing legal machinery to secure compliance with the rule of law . Judicial independence is essential . It would be futile for people to approach the courts for adjudication of their disputes if the courts do not apply the law independently . Moreover , people can only be guided by the law if judges apply it correctly . Natural justice must be adhered to . For the law to be applied correctly , requirements such as an open and fair hearing and an absence of bias are essential . Courts must have the power to review primary and subsidiary legislation , and administrative action . The courts should be accessible , since if cases are delayed for long periods , legal costs are prohibitive , and so on , this may " effectively turn the most enlightened law to a dead letter and frustrate one 's ability effectively to guide oneself by the law " . Although crime @-@ preventing agencies such as the police and prosecuting authorities must have some discretion to act , they should not be allowed to " pervert the law " . For example , the police should not be allowed to decide to stop investigating , nor the prosecution be allowed to choose not to prosecute , certain crimes or certain categories of offenders . In Raz 's view , one of the virtues of the rule of law is the restraint it imposes on authorities . It aims to exclude arbitrary power as it is said that most of the exercises of arbitrary power violate the rule of law . Arbitrary power is excluded when courts hold themselves accountable only to the law and observe " fairly strict procedures " . Another virtue is the protection it accords to individual freedom , namely , " the sense of freedom in which it is identified with an effective ability to choose between as many options as possible " . Most importantly , to adhere to the rule of law is to respect human dignity by " treating humans as persons capable of planning and plotting their future " . Raz also identified some of the potential pitfalls of the rule of law . He opined that as the rule of law is designed " to minimise the harm to freedom and dignity which the law may cause in its pursuit of its goals however laudable these may be " , the strict pursuit of the rule of law may prevent one from achieving certain social goals which may be preferable to the rule of law : " Sacrificing too many social goals on the altar of the rule of law may make the law barren and empty " . = = = Thick conception of the rule of law = = = At the other extreme , the " thick " rule of law entails the notion that in addition to the requirements of the thin rule , it is necessary for the law to conform with certain substantive standards of justice and human rights . Ronald Dworkin , one of the leading scholars advocating the thick conception of the rule of law , defines what he terms the " rights conception " of the rule of law as follows : It assumes that citizens have moral rights and duties with respect to one another , and political rights against the state as a whole . It insists that these moral and political rights be recognized in positive law , so that they may be enforced upon the demand of individual citizens through courts or other judicial institutions of the familiar type , so far as this is practicable . The rule of law on this conception is the ideal of rule by an accurate public conception of individual rights . It does not distinguish , as the rule book conception does , between the rule of law and substantive justice ; on the contrary it requires , as part of the ideal of law , that the rules in the book capture and enforce moral rights . Paul Craig , in analysing Dworkin 's view , drew three conclusions . First , Dworkin rejects the need to distinguish between " legal " rules and a more complete political philosophy , since the rule of law is basically the theory of law and adjudication that he believes is correct . Secondly , the rule of law is not simply the thin or formal rule of law ; the latter forms part of Dworkin 's theory of law and adjudication . Thirdly , since taking a substantive view of the rule of law requires choosing what the best theory of justice is , it is necessary to articulate particular conceptions of what liberty , equality and other freedoms require . = = Conceptions of the rule of law taken in Singapore = = = = = Thin conception = = = On 24 November 1999 , Non @-@ constituency Member of Parliament Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam moved the following motion in Parliament : " That this House recognises the importance of the Rule of Law and urges the government to ensure the complete and full compliance of the Rule of Law by all Ministers , officials and public servants . " During the ensuing debate , the Members of Parliament ( MPs ) from the ruling People 's Action Party tended to adhere to a thinner , or more formal , conception of the rule of law . For instance , the Minister of State for Law Ho Peng Kee said : In short , the Rule of Law refers to the supremacy of law , as opposed to the arbitrary exercise of power . The other key tenet is that everyone is equal before the law . The concept also includes the notions of the transparency , openness and prospective application of our laws , observation of the principles of natural justice , independence of the Judiciary and judicial review of administrative action . Chin Tet Yung , an MP for Sembawang Group Representation Constituency , commented that the rule of law required that : ... [ a ] ll laws are prospective , stable , properly and constitutionally enacted . The application of laws , the making of legal orders by public officers should be guided by clear and general rules , that is , avoiding any personal bias or favour , treating equal cases equally , making decisions rationally and in the public interest , and in accordance with the written laws of the land . ... In this particular principle where you have laws , obviously such laws must be applied and obviously the laws are applied by public officers who make legal orders . If these legal orders are substantiated by subsidiary legislation , if this subsidiary legislation is sanctioned by parent Acts , by the primary legislation , then any order issuing from it would be legitimate and would comply with the Rule of Law . And , if anyone is unhappy with that , there is always the next aspect or principle of the Rule of Law , and that is , that the judiciary has the power and the authority to review any administrative action . So that is the third principle . The final principle ... is that the judiciary must be independent and the courts should be generally accessible to all who seek recourse to them . Chin moved an amendment to the motion introduced by Jeyaretnam so that it read : " That this House ( 1 ) values the importance of the Rule of Law ; and ( 2 ) commends the Government for upholding the Rule of Law and ensuring that it is fully observed by all . " The amendment motion was eventually voted on and agreed to by a majority of MPs in Parliament . In a speech made on 27 October 2009 at a plenary session entitled Singapore and the Rule of Law at the seasonal meeting of the New York State Bar Association 's International Section in Singapore , Minister for Law K. Shanmugam said that he would not try to define the rule of law comprehensively or analyse it from an academic viewpoint , but , practically speaking , the key aspects of a society based on the rule of law are the following : Exercise of State power should be through laws that are publicly known and enacted legitimately . There should be independent , credible Courts to apply the law and decide on disputes between individuals , as well as between individuals and the State . There must be Separation of Powers . No person should be above the law . That should apply in equal measure to the Government and officials as much as it does to everyone else . There should be credible and effective means for people to challenge the arbitrary exercise of power . However , evincing a thicker conception of the rule of law , he added that most people accepted two additional elements " as being part of how a modern civilised society should be structured " , though he felt it was " debatable whether they are part of a strict definition of Rule of Law " . These elements were that " [ t ] he people must have the sovereign right to elect their Government " , and that " laws must not offend that society 's norms of fairness and justice " . = = = Thick conception = = = A number of critics of the Government of Singapore have adopted a thick , or substantive , conception of the rule of law that encompasses the protection of human rights . In a chapter entitled " Rights and the Rule of Law " in his 1994 book Dare to Change , Singapore Democratic Party ( SDP ) member ( and later Secretary @-@ General ) Chee Soon Juan criticized , among other things , the Government 's use of the Internal Security Act ( " ISA " ) to detain persons without trial , and the lack of freedom of speech and assembly . In an open letter published on the SDP website dated 6 January 2009 which was addressed to the Chief Justice , Attorney @-@ General and Law Minister , he said : " [ T ] he rule of law is not just a system where the government passes legislation and everyone unquestioningly obeys . The concept of the rule of law necessitates the limitation of state power and the respect of human rights . Our Constitution spells out what these limitations are . It also defines the rights of the citizen . " And in a speech delivered to the International Bar Association Conference in Dubai on 4 November 2011 , he cited a free media and the rights to free expression and peaceful assembly as essential elements of the rule of law . During the 24 November 1999 Parliamentary debate on the rule of law , Jeyaretnam traced the doctrine to the Magna Carta , and said that it was to be found in the Constitution of Singapore , particularly in Article 9 and Article 12 , which respectively protect the rights to life and personal liberty , and equality rights . He also noted that in the court judgment Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor ( 1980 ) , the Privy Council had held that in phrases such as " in accordance with law " and " equality before the law " in the Constitution , the term law does not only mean Acts passed by Parliament , but also includes the fundamental rules of natural justice that have been accepted and become part and parcel of the common law . He then cited eight instances of the Government 's alleged non @-@ compliance with the rule of law , including detention without trial under , inter alia , the ISA and the Criminal Law ( Temporary Provisions ) Act ( " CLTPA " ) ; denial of the right of arrested persons to counsel and to visits from their families for a period of time ; denial of the rights to freedom of speech and assembly ; and the tendency of the executive not to provide reasons for decisions made . Opposition MP Chiam See Tong complained that the Government had not treated opposition parties fairly as regards applications for licences for events . Criticisms about the ISA and the state of freedom of speech and assembly in Singapore also appear in reports by some foreign and international organizations . A 2007 report by Lawyers ' Rights Watch Canada , Rule of Law in Singapore , alleged that defamation and bankruptcy law had been used to oppress the political opposition , and expressed concern about stringent limits on the freedom of assembly and detention under the ISA . In its Rule of Law Index 2011 , the World Justice Project defined the rule of law as " a rules @-@ based system in which the following four universal principles are upheld " : The government and its officials and agents are accountable under the law . The laws are clear , publicized , stable , and fair , and protect fundamental rights , including the security of persons and property . The process by which the laws are enacted , administered , and enforced is accessible , fair , and efficient . Access to justice is provided by competent , independent , and ethical adjudicators , attorneys or representatives , and judicial officers who are of sufficient number , have adequate resources , and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve . [ Emphasis added . ] Singapore was ranked highly on factors such as order and security ( with a ranking of 2 out of the 66 countries assessed ) , absence of corruption ( 4 / 66 ) , and effective criminal justice ( 5 / 66 ) , but less highly on open government ( 19 / 66 ) , limited government powers ( 20 / 66 ) and fundamental rights ( 39 / 66 ) . In particular , the Index noted that " [ n ] otwithstanding the country 's outstanding performance in most categories , there are substantial limitations on freedom of speech and freedom of assembly , with Singapore in 49th and 60th place , respectively , out of all 66 countries " . The Human Rights Watch Singapore : Country Summary of January 2012 commented negatively on restrictions on the rights to free speech , assembly and association , such as limitations on print , broadcast and online media , and outdoor gatherings ; contempt of court proceedings against Alan Shadrake ; and the gazetting of The Online Citizen blog as a " political association " , thus preventing it from receiving foreign funding . It also criticized the existence of the ISA and CLTPA , the use of caning as a punishment , and the continued criminalization of sexual acts between consenting men under section 377A of the Penal Code . The Ministry of Law described the report as " inaccurate " and containing " false assertions " . = = Compliance with rule of law principles in Singapore = = = = = Principles associated with the thin conception = = = = = = = Judicial independence = = = = Raz identified judicial independence as one of the essential principles of the rule of law . In this context , judicial independence refers to the judiciary 's independence from the legislative and executive branches of the government . Singapore 's judiciary enjoys a certain measure of independence provided by various constitutional safeguards such as security of tenure and remuneration . Judges are also relatively free from executive and legislative influence . A retired Supreme Court judge , L.P. Thean , has said that it is theoretically possible for the executive to make political appointments to the Bench , to reduce a judge 's remuneration by amending the Constitution , or to take away the judiciary 's vital support staff , but " [ t ] he fact remains , however , that nothing of that kind has ever been done " . Various provisions of the Constitution guarantee the independence of the Supreme Court judiciary . Since Article 93 vests judicial power exclusively in the courts , judicial power is to be solely exercised by the judiciary and not by the executive or legislature , thus reflecting the former 's independence from the other branches of government . Article 94 ensures that the office of a Supreme Court Judge will " not be abolished during his continuance in office " , while Article 98 provides for judges ' security of tenure until the age of 65 years , barring misbehaviour , inability , infirmity of body or mind , or any other cause that prevents judges from properly discharging the functions of their office . A judge may only be removed from office on these grounds by the President on the advice of a tribunal of judges of the Supreme Court or those who hold or have held equivalent offices in the Commonwealth . Article 98 also provides that the remuneration and other terms of office of Supreme Court judges may not be altered to their disadvantage following their appointment . Article 99 restricts parliamentary debate on the conduct of a Supreme Court judge unless on a substantive motion supported by at least a quarter of all MPs . However , it has been argued by some commentators that Singapore falls short where some aspects of judicial independence are concerned . For instance , Supreme Court judges above the age of 65 may be reappointed on a term basis . It has been suggested that this may result in " the unsavoury possibility of judges being ' beholden ' to the executive " . This point was also raised by Jeyaretnam in Parliament in 1986 with respect to the then Chief Justice Wee Chong Jin . However , an academic has pointed out that removing entirely the system of extensions may not serve the larger interest at the end of the day if excellent judges have to retire due to the mandatory requirement . Judges of the Subordinate Courts do not enjoy the security of tenure enjoyed by the Supreme Court judges . As officers of the Singapore Legal Service , it is said that there is a risk of executive interference because judges may be removed from their judicial positions or transferred to lower @-@ ranking positions elsewhere within the Legal Service by the Legal Service Commission ( LSC ) . In 1984 , the Senior District Judge Michael Khoo acquitted Opposition Member of Parliament J.B. Jeyaratnam of all but one minor charge in a case involving cheques for the Workers ' Party of Singapore which had allegedly been fraudulently handled . The acquittal was overturned on appeal to the High Court , and a retrial ordered . However , before the retrial took place , Khoo was transferred from his position on the Bench to the Attorney @-@ General 's Chambers to take up the post of deputy public prosecutor . This was considered to be a demotion . In 1986 , Jeyaratnam claimed in Parliament that the transfer had been made because Khoo had ruled in his favour in the 1984 case . However , a commission of inquiry formed to look into the circumstances surrounding the transfer found no evidence of this . For making the allegation , Jeyaratnam was referred to Parliament 's Committee of Privileges for abusing parliamentary privilege . While the Committee was considering the matter , Jeyaretnam wrote five newsletters about the Committee 's proceedings and sent them to residents of his constituency . On 9 October 1986 , the Leader of the House made a written complaint regarding the newsletters ' contents to the Speaker of Parliament , which the Committee also considered . On 27 January 1987 Parliament accepted the Committee 's reports on the complaints and found Jeyaretnam guilty of abusing the privileges of Parliament by alleging executive interference in the judiciary , and of contempt of the Committee and Parliament by publishing the newsletters . Fines totalling S $ 26 @,@ 000 were imposed . Another concern which has been raised is that the routine shuffling of Subordinate Courts judges between the executive and judicial branches may result in them " imbib [ ing ] the executive 's corporatist ideology , carrying that into adjudication , as a ' judiciary of amateurs ' " . On the other hand , while a potential for executive interference exists due to the LSC 's control of Subordinate Court judicial appointments , it has been commented that in a small state like Singapore it may not be practical to have a separate judicial and legal service . Also , the appointment process may not be detrimental to the independence of the lower judiciary as the Chief Justice , who is not part of the executive or legislature , is the head of the LSC and has the final say on judicial postings . It has also been noted that , as much as institutional processes play a part in judicial independence , ultimately the willingness of judiciary to stand up to executive and legislative influence is the most important factor in ensuring an independent judiciary . Another incident said to have affected judicial independence in Singapore was the move by Parliament to amend the Constitution and the ISA to reverse the effect of the Court of Appeal 's decision Chng Suan Tze v. Minister of Home Affairs ( 1988 ) ( discussed in detail below ) . It has been asked if Parliament had " taken away absolutely the judicial power of review for ISA preventive detention cases " , and whether this reflected the Legislature 's " distrust in the independence of the Judiciary and its ability to deal impartially with ISA cases that affect national security notwithstanding the limited form of judicial review laid down in Chng Suan Tze . " Another commentator has framed it as " an attack on the judiciary simply because it removes a vital aspect of judicial power " and that this " undermines judicial credibility " . = = = = Natural justice = = = = It has been noted generally that natural justice is a fundamental element of the rule of law . In administrative law , the two principles of natural justice , which constitute a framework for common law procedural rights , are the rule against bias ( nemo iudex in causa sua , or " no man a judge in his own cause " ) and the right to be heard ( audi alteram partem , or " hear the other side " ) . In the Australian case Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria v. Wood Hall Ltd . & Leonard Pipeline Contractors Ltd . ( 1978 ) , the Supreme Court of Victoria said that the ideas underlying both principles are that of " fairness and judgement only after a full and fair hearing given to all parties . " Speaking in Parliament on 24 November 1999 , MP Toh See Kiat expressed the view that the Singapore legal system does apply the rules of natural justice , which he described thus : " [ N ] atural justice requires essentially two basic principles . One is that you have the right to be heard and to explain your case , and , two , is the right to equal treatment . A right to have your case heard also means that there is a review . " As was noted previously , the word law in provisions of the Constitution such as Articles 9 and 12 includes fundamental rules of natural justice . Jack Tsen @-@ Ta Lee has suggested that these fundamental rules are both procedural and substantive in nature , and that substantive natural justice gives the courts discretion to strike down a law if its very object is unreasonable and oppressive . Under this view , to interpret Article 9 ( 1 ) as permitting Parliament to enact any provision that derogates from an individual 's personal liberty no matter how arbitrary or oppressive as long as procedural natural justice is observed , drains it of all content . Also , instead of the invalidation of legislation in this manner being seen as an encroachment by the judiciary into the legislature 's sphere , the application of substantive natural justice would simply be a full exercise of the judiciary 's proper constitutional role . Lee submits that Singapore courts should follow the Indian courts and apply a reasonableness test to determine if legislation is substantively constitutional . Ultimately , being able to review legislation by applying the substantive aspect of natural justice would " entitle courts to examine whether it is appropriate for the legislature to deprive individual of certain aspects of their personal liberty , and the manner in which such deprivation is achieved . " Conversely , Andrew Harding has argued that the idea of substantive natural justice is vague and subjective , and has taken the view that fundamental rules of natural justice are entirely procedural in nature . In his opinion , Article 12 ( 1 ) of the Constitution is designed to prevent substantively discriminatory legislation . To determine whether legislation is discriminatory , a rational nexus test is applied . It would be strange if legislation that passed this test could nonetheless be struck down due to inconsistency with natural justice . Therefore , the extension of Article 12 ( 1 ) to include natural justice shows that the Privy Council in Ong Ah Chuan could not have intended to apply natural justice in a substantive sense . Further support for this argument can be found in the Privy Council 's decision Haw Tua Tau v. Public Prosecutor ( 1981 ) which discussed fundamental rules of natural justice in a procedural context , their Lordships stating that they had to consider " whether the consequence of the alteration [ of certain statutory provisions ] is a procedure for the trial of criminal offences that is contrary to some fundamental rule of natural justice " . The substantive review of legislation by the court was also rejected in Jabar bin Kadermastan v. Public Prosecutor ( 1995 ) , the Court of Appeal holding that " any law which provides for the deprivation of a person 's life or personal liberty , is valid and binding so long as it is validly passed by Parliament . The court is not concerned with whether it is also fair , just and reasonable as well . " Subsequently , in Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney @-@ General ( 2011 ) , the Court held that fundamental rules of natural justice and the principles of natural justice in administrative law " are the same in nature and function , except that they operate at different levels of our legal order , one to invalidate legislation on the ground of unconstitutionality , and the other to invalidate administrative decisions on the ground of administrative law principles " . = = = = Judicial review = = = = Judicial review is the means by which legal rights are protected and good governance enforced . The ability of the courts to judicially review legislation and administrative action is considered an element of the rule of law . In R. v. Committee of the Lords of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council acting for the Visitor of the University of London , ex parte Vijayatunga ( 1987 ) , Judge Simon Brown said : " Judicial review is the exercise of the court 's inherent power at common law to determine whether action is lawful or not ; in a word to uphold the rule of law " . In Singapore , the vital role that the judiciary plays as a check on executive power was noted by the Court of Appeal in Chng Suan Tze , which held that all power given by law has legal limits and that " the rule of law demands that the courts should be able to examine the exercise of discretionary power " . This is further illustrated by Law Society of Singapore v. Tan Guat Neo Phyllis ( 2008 ) , in which it was stated that prosecutorial discretion is subject to judicial review and may be curtailed where exercised in bad faith or for extraneous purposes , or is in contravention of constitutional rights . In Chee Siok Chin v. Minister for Home Affairs ( 2005 ) , the High Court held that if a litigant " genuinely seek [ s ] the court 's assistance in vindicating or determining a legitimate grievance , the court has a duty to assess such a grievance and accord proper and serious consideration in determining whether relief should be granted " . Chief Justice Chan Sek Keong has also said it is the role of the courts in Singapore to give litigants their rights , whilst simultaneously playing a supporting role in the promotion of good governance through the articulation of clear rules and principles by which the executive can conform with the rule of law . He noted that 27 @.@ 8 % of judicial review cases in Singapore since 1957 have been successful . However , certain matters are regarded as impervious to judicial review owing to limitations in the courts ' institutional capacity . Courts are generally reluctant to get involved in affairs relating to national security , leaving this role to the Government . At the same time , Singaporean courts are committed to careful scrutiny of matters to decide whether they are indeed non @-@ justiciable , as affirmed in the Lee Hsien Loong v. Review Publishing Co . Ltd . ( 2007 ) . This case held that courts would exclude matters involving " high policy " from their purview , but still analyse cases carefully to determine whether or not they truly fell within areas of executive immunity . Also , limitations on the role of the court have led to the rational conclusion that certain other areas are to be excluded from judicial review . These include matters in which the court lacks expertise and those which are polycentric , as was held in Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney @-@ General . = = = = Accessibility of justice = = = = Generally , justice is costly to provide and many legal systems , especially in Asia , are fraught with issues such as weak legal institutions , corrupt and incompetent administrative officers and judges , excessive delays and limited access to justice stemming from high legal costs and the lack of legal aid . It was agreed during the World Justice Forum in 2008 that access to justice is key to advancing the rule of law . The extent to which citizens have access to justice in any given society depends on whether a thick or thin conception of rule of law is adopted . Raz , speaking about a thin conception , proposed that the rule of the law requires courts to be accessible – that is , the legal system , at a bare minimum , should comprise formal institutions and mechanisms for administering appropriate legal processes and outcomes . A legal system complying with the thin rule of law also requires that laws are fairly , equally and effectively applied . On the other hand , when a thick conception of the rule of law is taken , a greater emphasis is placed on elements of substantive justice . It is suggested that a legal system operating as such may , in addition to the basic elements of access to justice in a thin rule of law , incorporate a moral or political philosophy , may incorporate ideas of " democracy and legality " , and give precedence to human rights in the administration of justice . Access to justice operating under a thick rule of law may be achieved by , among other things , increasing the efficiency of the judicial process , and having a robust legal profession , an incorruptible and independent judiciary , and a set of supporting institutions in order to increase the quality of justice administered . In Singapore , ensuring widespread and equal access to justice for Singapore citizens is a constant goal . In this respect , the judiciary takes effort to ensure that both procedural and substantive elements of the rule of law are fulfilled – firstly , by continually increasing the efficiency of the courts and legal processes , and secondly , by regularly improving the skills , knowledge and values of and judges . In 1988 , the Singapore courts undertook the enormous task of clearing their extremely large backlogs in order to facilitate Singapore 's future development as an international business and finance centre . A multifaceted approach was adopted to dispose of cases expeditiously , including , among other things , the appointment of more judges and judicial commissioners , the use of information technology , electronic filing of documents and promoting the use of alternative dispute resolution . Such efforts significantly expedited the management of cases , both in the Supreme Court and the Subordinate Courts . In particular , specialized courts such as small claims tribunals , the Family Court and the Night Court were set up for better distribution of cases and have also helped to significantly reduce court fees . Over and above increasing the institutional capacity and efficiency of the courts , improving access to justice in Singapore has also meant a need for a corresponding increase in the quality of justice administered . Efforts to achieve this goal centre mainly on the appointment of the " best and brightest officers " and in particular , the constant upgrading of their skills and knowledge for judicial excellence . For this purpose , the Judicial Education Board was set up to provide guidance , training programmes and workshops for members of the judiciary , and is supported by a training unit within the Strategic Planning and Training Division of the Subordinate Courts . Such efforts aim to upgrade the competence of judges and equip them with the requisite knowledge for handling increasingly complex cases . Today , there are relatively few barriers to court access for litigants . The availability of legal aid and free mediation services aid litigants who may not be able to afford legal fees , and the use of video links and establishment of regional offices of small claims tribunals in various parts of Singapore assist parties who have difficulty coming to court . = = = Principles associated with the thick conception = = = = = = = Criticisms of the Internal Security Act = = = = As indicated above , a number of those who adopt a thick conception of the rule of law in Singapore criticize the existence of the Internal Security Act . The main point of contention is whether section 8 ( 1 ) of the Act should be interpreted in a subjective or objective way . This provision states that " [ i ] f the President is satisfied with respect to any person that , with a view to preventing that person from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of Singapore or any part thereof or to the maintenance of public order or essential services therein , it is necessary to do so " , the Minister for Home Affairs shall order that the person be , among other things , detained without trial for up to two years . In Lee Mau Seng v. Minister for Home Affairs ( 1971 ) , the High Court affirmed that with respect to the President 's satisfaction that a person is acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of Singapore , mala fides or bad faith was " not ... a justiciable issue in the context of the Act and the power conferred by the Act on a body such as the President who has to act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet to direct the issue of an order of detention if the President is satisfied with a view to preventing a person from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of Singapore etc " . Essentially , this means that the President 's satisfaction is subjective , and not objective . The effect of this decision is that " the Constitution left it to the executive , and not the judiciary , to decide what national security required " . Subsequently , in Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs ( 1988 ) , the Court of Appeal took a different stand , holding that the objective test should apply to the review of the exercise of discretion under sections 8 and 10 of the ISA . ( Section 10 empowers the Minister to direct that a detention order be suspended " as the Minister sees fit " , as well as to revoke such a direction . ) The Court said that " the notion of a subjective or unfettered discretion is contrary to the rule of law " because " all power has legal limits " , and therefore the exercise of discretionary power warrants examination by the court . Following this decision , the Parliament moved quickly to curb the judiciary 's change in stance . The Internal Security ( Amendment ) Act 1989 was enacted on 25 January 1989 and came into force on 30 January . In particular , section 8B ( 1 ) declared : [ T ] he law governing the judicial review of any decision made or act done in pursuance of any power conferred upon the President or the Minister by the provisions of this Act shall be the same as was applicable and declared in Singapore on the 13th day of July 1971 ; and no part of the law before , on or after that date of any other country in the Commonwealth relating to judicial review shall apply . Section 8B ( 2 ) contained an ouster clause that restricted the scope of judicial review to any question relating to compliance with any procedural requirements of the ISA governing acts or decisions by the President or the Home Affairs Minister . The amendments to the ISA were made retrospective by section 8D , which meant that they applied to judicial review proceedings that had been started before the amendment Act came into force . In addition , the Constitution was amended through the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore ( Amendment ) Act 1989 to prevent the Internal Security ( Amendment ) Act 1989 from being challenged as unconstitutional . Article 149 ( 3 ) was inserted into the Constitution , with the effect that if the issue of whether any executive decision made pursuant to the ISA came before a court ( whether before or after this constitutional amendment came into force on 27 January 1989 ) , the court had to decide this issue according to the new provisions introduced by the 1989 ISA amendments . Article 149 ( 1 ) was amended to add Articles 11 and 12 to the list of fundamental liberties that the ISA cannot be challenged against , and to extend its immunizing effect to the 1989 ISA amendments . The validity of the 1989 ISA amendments was challenged unsuccessfully before the High Court and Court of Appeal in 1989 and 1990 respectively in Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs . The High Court held that the 1989 amendments had merely reaffirmed the legal principles laid down in Lee Mau Seng and thus could not be characterized as being contrary to the rule of law or having usurped judicial power : There is no abrogation of judicial power . It is erroneous to contend that the rule of law has been abolished by legislation and that Parliament has stated its absolute and conclusive judgment in applications for judicial review or other actions . Parliament has done no more than to enact the rule of law relating to the law applicable to judicial review . The legislation does not direct the court to enter a particular judgment or dismiss a particular case . The court is left to deal with the case on the basis of the amendments . Legislation designed against subversion must necessarily include provisions to ensure the effectiveness of preventive detention . The amendments are intended to do just that . On appeal , the Court of Appeal confirmed that it had to decide the case in accordance with the legal principles laid down in Lee Mau Seng as the effect of section 8B ( 1 ) of the ISA was clear . Applying those legal principles , the Court held that the appellant had failed to prove that her detention had been made for reasons unrelated to national security . During the 1999 parliamentary debate on the rule of law , Jeyaretnam asserted that detention without trial under the ISA contravened the doctrine as " there is no way of checking the Minister 's decision , who decides to make an order detaining a subject , depriving him of his liberty , completely contrary to the rule of natural justice and the fundamental principle that all men are free " . He called for the provisions in the Act permitting such detention to be repealed , saying : " The power is only necessary in emergency times when there is a real threat and so we do not need it any more . Let us for once realise that it is a violation of the Rule of Law . Let us be honest and repeal it . " Nominated Member of Parliament Simon Tay expressed the view that " the ISA fulfills the Constitution as an exception . It does not fulfill the concept of the Rule of Law in the sense that there are only very limited grounds on which a court can review the decision of the Minister . It is in that sense a subjective discretion . " Nonetheless , he recognized that the ISA remained relevant , for instance , as a tool against people alleged to have engaged in espionage , and thus preventive detention could not be definitively declared right or wrong : " It is a case @-@ by @-@ case decision , because that is how we live our lives in a real society . " Responding to Jeyaretnam , Ho Peng Kee noted that the justifications for the ISA had been fully debated in Parliament on previous occasions , and emphasized that there are safeguards in place to tackle the apparent arbitrariness of detentions under the Act , including a review of each detention by an advisory board composed of a Supreme Court judge and two prominent members of the public , and also the President 's personal discretion to order a detainee 's release in the event that the advisory board and Home Affairs Minister disagreed over the necessity for the detention . Speaking at the 2009 seasonal meeting of the New York State Bar Association 's International Section in Singapore , Shanmugam explained that stability was one of the essential conditions for Singapore 's governance , and that the ISA contributed to the stability of the country by enabling terrorist threats to be dealt with . In response , Michael Galligan , the Chairman of the International Section , wrote that " whatever might be appropriate for times of extraordinary danger should not be assumed to be the measure for ordinary times . Circumscription of liberties that may have some arguable justification in a national defense crisis should not set the norm for more peaceful or more ' ordinary ' times in the life of a nation . " In a 16 September 2011 statement , the Ministry of Home Affairs said that the Government had used the ISA " sparingly " , and not for detaining people solely for their political beliefs . It expressed the view that " [ t ] he ISA continues to be relevant and crucial as a measure of last resort for the preservation of our national security " . = = = Cases = = = Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor [ 1980 ] UKPC 32 , [ 1981 ] A.C. 648 , [ 1979 – 1980 ] S.L.R. ( R. ) [ Singapore Law Reports ( Reissue ) ] 710 , Privy Council ( on appeal from Singapore ) . Chng Suan Tze v. Minister of Home Affairs [ 1988 ] SGCA 16 , [ 1988 ] 2 S.L.R. ( R. ) 525 , Court of Appeal ( Singapore ) , archived from the original on 24 December 2011 . Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs [ 1989 ] 1 S.L.R. ( R. ) 461 , H.C. ( Singapore ) . Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs [ 1990 ] 1 S.L.R. ( R. ) 347 , C.A. ( Singapore ) . Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney @-@ General [ 2011 ] SGCA 9 , [ 2011 ] 2 S.L.R. 1189 , C.A. ( Singapore ) ( " Yong Vui Kong v. AG " ) . = = = Other works = = = Agrast , Mark David ; Botero , Juan Carlos ; Ponce , Alejandro ( 2011 ) , The World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2011 , Washington , D.C. : World Justice Project , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 615 @-@ 51219 @-@ 8 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 March 2012 . Chan , Sek Keong ( September 2010 ) , " Judicial Review – From Angst to Empathy : A Lecture to Singapore Management University Second Year Law Students " , Singapore Academy of Law Journal 22 : 469 – 489 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 December 2011 . Dicey , A [ lbert ] V [ enn ] ( 1927 ) [ 1915 ] , " The Rule of Law : Its Nature and General Applications " , An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution ( 8th ed . ) , London : Macmillan & Co . , pp. 179 – 201 , OCLC 5755153 . Hor , Michael ( 2002 ) , " The Independence of the Criminal Justice System in Singapore " , Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 497 – 513 , SSRN 956056 . Peerenboom , Randall , ed . ( 2004 ) , Asian Discourses of Rule of Law : Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian Countries , France and the U.S. , London : RoutledgeCurzon , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 415 @-@ 32613 @-@ 1 . Peerenboom , Randall , " Varieties of Rule of Law : An Introduction and Provisional Conclusion " , Asian Discourses of Rule of Law , pp. 1 – 55 . Thio , Li @-@ ann , " Rule of Law within a Non @-@ liberal ' Communitarian ' Democracy : The Singapore Experience " , Asian Discourses of Rule of Law , pp. 183 – 224 . Phang , Andrew ( 2001 ) , The Singapore Legal System – History , Theory and Practice ( PDF ) , Singapore Management University , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 May 2008 ( " SMU paper " ) , subsequently published as Phang , Andrew ( 2000 – 2001 ) , " The Singapore Legal System – History , Theory and Practice " , Singapore Law Review 21 : 23 – 61 . Raz , Joseph ( 1977 ) , " The Rule of Law and Its Virtue " , Law Quarterly Review 93 : 195 – 211 . " Rule of Law " , Singapore Parliamentary Debates , Official Report ( 24 November 1999 ) , vol . 71 , cols . 569 – 634 . K. Shanmugam ( 27 October 2009 ) , Speech by Minister for Law K Shanmugam at the New York State Bar Association ( NYSBA ) Rule of Law Plenary Session , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 November 2009 . Tan , Kevin Y [ ew ] L [ ee ] ( 2011 ) , " Fundamental Liberties I " , An Introduction to Singapore 's Constitution ( 2nd ed . ) , Singapore : Talisman Publishing , pp. 146 – 165 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 08 @-@ 6456 @-@ 9 . = = = Articles and websites = = = Chan , Sek Keong ( December 2012 ) , " The Courts and the ' Rule of Law ' in Singapore " , Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 209 – 231 , SSRN 2242727 . Hall , Stephen ( 1995 ) , " Preventive Detention , Political Rights and the Rule of Law in Singapore and Malaysia " , Lawasia : Journal of the Law Association for Asia and the Western Pacific : 14 – 62 . Jayasuriya , Kanishka ( 1996 ) , " The Rule of Law and Capitalism in East Asia " , The Pacific Review 9 ( 3 ) : 367 – 388 , doi : 10 @.@ 1080 / 09512749608719192 . Lee , Jack Tsen @-@ Ta ( December 2012 ) , " Shall the Twain Never Meet ? Competing Narratives and Discourses of the Rule of Law in Singapore " , Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 298 – 330 , SSRN 2236053 . Peerenboom , Randall P. ( 2004 ) , Human Rights and Rule of Law : What 's the Relationship ? [ Bepress Legal Series ; paper 355 ] , Berkeley Electronic Press , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 May 2012 . Prosperity versus Individual Rights ? Human Rights , Democracy and the Rule of Law in Singapore , International Bar Association 's Human Rights Institute , July 2008 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 July 2010 . K. Shanmugam ( December 2012 ) , " The Rule of Law in Singapore " , Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 357 – 365 , SSRN 2255270 . Tamanaha , Brian [ Z. ] ( December 2012 ) , " The History and Elements of the Rule of Law " , Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 232 – 247 , SSRN 2255262 . Thio , Li @-@ ann ( December 2012 ) , " Between Apology and Apogee , Autochthony : The ' Rule of Law ' Beyond the Rules of Law in Singapore " , Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 269 – 297 , SSRN 2255266 . = = = Books = = = Chen , Xinmin ( 陈新民 ) ( 2009 ) , 反腐镜鉴的新加坡法治主义一个东方版本的法治国家 = The Anti @-@ corruption Mirror that is Singapore 's Rule of Law Doctrine : An Eastern Version of a Nation Ruled by Law , Beijing : 法律出版社 [ Law Publishing Company ] , ISBN 978 @-@ 7 @-@ 5036 @-@ 9408 @-@ 0 . Frank , Beatrice S. ; Markowitz , Joseph C. ; McKay , Robert B. ; Roth , Kenneth ( 1990 ) , The Decline in the Rule of Law in Singapore and Malaysia : A Report of the Committee on International Human Rights of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York , New York , N.Y. : Association of the Bar of the City of New York , OCLC 22975283 . Jayasuriya , Kanishka ( July 2000 ) , The Rule of Law and Regimes of Exception in East Asia [ working paper no . 96 ] , Murdoch , W.A. : Asia Research Centre , Murdoch University , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 86905 @-@ 749 @-@ 0 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 May 2012 . Rajah , Jothie ( 2012 ) , Authoritarian Rule of Law : Legislation , Discourse and Legitimacy in Singapore , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 107 @-@ 01241 @-@ 7 . European Committee for Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore ; Green Alternative European Link ( GRAEL ) , Rainbow Group , European Parliament ( 1990 ) , The Rule of Law and Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore : A Report of the Conference Held at the European Parliament , Brussels , 9 & 10 March , 1989 , Limelette , Belgium ; Selangor , Malaysia : KEHMA @-@ s ( European Committee for Human Rights in Malaysia and Singapore ) , ISBN 978 @-@ 90 @-@ 73630 @-@ 01 @-@ 7 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) . Silverstein , Gordon ( 2008 ) , " Singapore : The Exception that Proves Rules Matter " , in Ginsburg , Tom ; Moustafa , Tamir , Rule by Law : The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 73 – 101 , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 89590 @-@ 3 . Tamanaha , Brian Z. ( 2004 ) , On the Rule of Law : History , Politics , Theory , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 84362 @-@ 1 . = Amenhotep I = Amenhotep I ( / ˌæmɛnˈhoʊtɛp / ) from Ancient Egyptian " jmn @-@ ḥtp " or " yamānuḥātap " meaning " Amun is satisfied " or Amenophis I ( / əˈmɛnoʊfɪs / ) from Ancient Greek Ἀμένωφις , was the second Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt . His reign is generally dated from 1526 to 1506 BC . He was a son of Ahmose I and Ahmose @-@ Nefertari , but had at least two elder brothers , Ahmose @-@ ankh and Ahmose Sapair , and was not expected to inherit the throne . However , sometime in the eight years between Ahmose I 's 17th regnal year and his death , his heir apparent died and Amenhotep became crown prince . He then acceded to the throne and ruled for about 21 years . Although his reign is poorly documented , it is possible to piece together a basic history from available evidence . He inherited the kingdom formed by his father 's military conquests and maintained dominance over Nubia and the Nile Delta but probably did not attempt to maintain Egyptian power in Syrio @-@ Palestine . He continued the rebuilding of temples in Upper Egypt and revolutionized mortuary complex design by separating his tomb from his mortuary temple , setting a trend in royal funerary monuments which would persist throughout the New Kingdom . After his death , he was deified as a patron god of Deir el @-@ Medina . = = Family = = Amenhotep I was the son of Ahmose I and Ahmose @-@ Nefertari . His elder brothers , the crown prince Ahmose Sapair and Ahmose @-@ ankh , died before him , thus clearing the way for his ascension to the throne . Amenhotep probably came to power while he was still young himself , and his mother , Ahmose @-@ Nefertari , appears to have been regent for him for at least a short time . The evidence for this regency is that both he and his mother are credited with founding a settlement for workers in the Theban Necropolis at Deir el @-@ Medina . Amenhotep took his sister Ahmose @-@ Meritamon as his Great Royal Wife . Another wife 's name , Sitkamose , is attested on a nineteenth dynasty stele . Beyond this , the relationships between Amenhotep I and other possible family members are unclear . Ahhotep II is usually called his wife and sister , despite an alternate theory that she was his grandmother . He is thought to have had one son by Ahhotep II , Amenemhat , who died while still very young . This remains the consensus , although there are arguments against that relationship as well . With no living heirs , Amenhotep was succeeded by Thutmose I , whom he married to his " sister " , Aahmes , . Since Aahmes is never given the title " King 's Daughter " in any inscription , some scholars doubt whether she was a sibling of Amenhotep I. = = Dates and length of reign = = In Amenhotep I 's ninth regnal year , a heliacal rise of Sothis was observed on the ninth day of the third month of summer . Modern astronomers have calculated that , if the observation was made from Memphis or Heliopolis , such an observation could only have been made on that day in 1537 BC . If the observation was made in Thebes , however , it could only have taken place in 1517 . The latter choice is usually accepted as correct since Thebes was the capital during the early 18th dynasty ; hence , Amenhotep I is usually given an accession date in 1526 BC , although the possibility of 1546 BC is not entirely dismissed . Manetho 's Epitome states that Amenhotep I ruled Egypt for twenty years and seven months or twenty @-@ one years , depending on the source . While Amenhotep I 's highest attested regnal year is only his Year 10 , Manetho 's statement is confirmed by a passage in the tomb autobiography of a magician named Amenemhet . This explicitly states that he served under Amenhotep I for 21 Years . Thus , in the high chronology , Amenhotep I is given a reign from around 1546 to 1526 BC and , in the low chronology , from around 1526 to 1506 BC or 1525 to 1504 BC , though individual scholars may ascribe dates to his reign that vary from these by a few years . = = Foreign policy = = Amenhotep I 's Horus and Two Ladies names , " Bull who conquers the lands " and " He who inspires great terror , " are generally interpreted to mean that Amenhotep I intended to dominate the surrounding nations . Two tomb texts indicate that he led campaigns into Nubia . According to the tomb texts of Ahmose , son of Ebana , Amenhotep later sought to expand Egypt 's border southward into Nubia and he led an invasion force which defeated the Nubian army . The tomb biography of Ahmose Pen @-@ Nekhebet says he also fought in a campaign in Kush , however it is quite possible that it refers to the same campaign as Ahmose , son of Ebana . Amenhotep built a temple at Saï , showing that he had established Egyptian settlements almost as far as the third cataract . A single reference in the tomb of Ahmose Pen @-@ Nekhebet indicates another campaign in Iamu in the land of Kehek . Unfortunately , the location of Kehek is unknown . It was long believed that Kehek was a reference to the Libyan tribe , Qeheq , and thus it was postulated that invaders from Libya took advantage of the death of Ahmose to move into the western Nile Delta . Unfortunately for this theory , the Qeheq people only appeared in later times , and Kehek 's identity remains unknown . Nubia is a possibility , since Amenhotep did campaign there , and the western desert and the oases have also been suggested , since these seem to have fallen under Egyptian control once again . Egypt had lost the western desert and the oases during the second intermediate period , and during the revolt against the Hyksos , Kamose thought it necessary to garrison them . It is uncertain when they were fully retaken , but on one stele , the title " Prince @-@ Governor of the oases " was used , which means that Amenhotep 's reign forms the terminus ante quem for the return of Egyptian rule . There are no recorded campaigns in Syro @-@ Palestine during Amenhotep I 's reign . However , according to the Tombos Stela of his successor , Thutmose I , when Thutmose led a campaign into Asia all the way to the Euphrates , he found no one who fought against him . If Thutmose did not lead a campaign which has not been recorded into Asia before this recorded one , it would mean that the preceding pharaoh would have had to pacify Syria instead , which would indicate a possible Asiatic campaign of Amenhotep I. Two references to the Levant potentially written during his reign might be contemporary witnesses to such a campaign . One of the candidates for Amenhotep 's tomb contains a reference to Qedmi , which is somewhere in Canaan or the Transjordan , and Amenemhet 's tomb contains a hostile reference to Mitanni . However , neither of these references necessarily refer to campaigning , nor do they even necessarily date to Amenhotep 's reign . The location of Amenhotep 's tomb is not certain , and Amenemhet lived to serve under multiple kings who are known to have attacked Mitanni . Records from Amenhotep 's reign are simply altogether too scant and too vague to reach a conclusion about any Syrian campaign . = = Cultural and intellectual developments = = Large numbers of statues of Amenhotep have been found , but they are mostly from the Ramesside period and relate to his continuing funerary cult , made for his posthumous funerary cult . This makes study of the art of his reign difficult . Based upon his few authentic statues , it appears that Amenhotep continued the practice of copying Middle Kingdom styles . Art in the early 18th dynasty was particularly similar to that of the early Middle Kingdom , and the statues produced by Amenhotep I clearly copied those of Mentuhotep II and Senusret I. The two types are so similar that modern Egyptologists have had trouble telling the two apart . It was probably Amenhotep I who founded the artisans village at Deir el @-@ Medina , whose inhabitants were responsible for much of the art which filled the tombs in the Theban Necropolis for the following generations of New Kingdom rulers and nobles . The earliest name found there is that of Thutmose I , however Amenhotep was clearly an important figure to the city 's workmen since he and his mother were both its patron deities . Amenhotep 's reign saw literary developments . The Book of What is in the Underworld ( ' the Egyptian Book of the Dead ' ) , an important funerary text used in the New Kingdom , is believed to have reached its final form during Amenhotep 's reign , since it first appears in the decoration of the tomb of his successor Thutmose I. The Ebers papyrus , which is the main source for information on ancient Egyptian medicine , also seems to date to this time ( the mention of the Heliacal rise of Sothis by which the early New Kingdom chronology is usually calculated was found on the back of this document ) . It appears that during Amenhotep I 's reign the first water clock was invented . Amenhotep 's court astronomer Amenemheb took credit for creating this device in his tomb biography , although the oldest surviving mechanism dates to the reign of Amenhotep III . This invention was of great benefit for timekeeping , because the Egyptian hour was not a fixed amount of time , but was measured as 1 / 12 of the night . When the nights were shorter in the summer , these waterclocks could be adjusted to measure the shorter hours accurately . = = Building projects = = Amenhotep began or continued a number of building projects at temple sites in Upper Egypt but most of the structures he built were later dismantled or obliterated by his successors . From written sources it is known that he commissioned the architect Ineni to expand the Temple of Karnak . Ineni 's tomb biography indicates that he created a 20 cubit gate of limestone on the south side of Karnak . He constructed a sacred barque chapel of Amun out of alabaster and a copy of the White Chapel of Senusret III . Sculpted material from these structures has been recovered from the fill of Amenhotep III 's third pylon allowing some of these structures to be rebuilt at Karnak . Amenhotep also built structures at Karnak for his Sed festival , a festival by which a pharaoh 's strength and vigour was renewed after reigning 30 years , but it seems likely that he died before he could use them . A temple was constructed in Nubia at Saï , and he built temple structures in Upper Egypt at Elephantine , Kom Ombo , Abydos , and the Temple of Nekhbet . As far as is known Amenhotep did not build anything of significance in Lower Egypt , like his father . = = = Mortuary complex = = = Amenhotep I was the first king of Egypt to separate his mortuary temple from his tomb , probably in an attempt to keep his tomb safe from robbers . This temple was sited at the north end of Deir el @-@ Bahri . Deir el @-@ Bahri appears to have had some sort of funerary significance for Amenhotep , since Theban Tomb 358 , the tomb of his queen Ahmose @-@ Meritamon , was also found nearby . Amenhotep 's mortuary temple was largely demolished to make way for the lower terrace of the mortuary temple constructed approximately 50 years later by Queen Hatshepsut , and only a few bricks inscribed with Amenhotep 's name remain . The royal statues inside of the temple were moved to the nearby funerary temple of Mentuhotep II . The original location of Amenhotep 's tomb has not been securely identified . A report on the security of royal tombs in the Theban Necropolis commissioned during the troubled reign of Ramesses IX noted that it was then intact , but its location was not specified . Two sites for Amenhotep I 's tomb have been proposed , one high up in the Valley of the Kings , KV39 and the other at Dra ' Abu el @-@ Naga ' , Tomb ANB . Excavations at KV 39 suggest it was used or reused to store the Deir el @-@ Bahri Cache , which included the king 's well @-@ preserved mummy , before its final reburial . However , Tomb ANB is considered the more likely possibility , because it contains objects bearing his name and the names of some family members . = = Burial , succession , and legacy = = = = = Burial = = = Sometime during the 20th or 21st Dynasty Amenhotep 's original tomb was either robbed or deemed insecure and emptied and his body was moved for safety , probably more than once . It was found in the Deir el @-@ Bahri Cache , hidden with the mummies of numerous New Kingdom kings and nobles in or after the late 22nd dynasty above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut and is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo . His mummy had apparently not been looted by the 21st dynasty , and the priests who moved the mummy took care to keep the Cartonnage intact . Because of that exquisite face mask , Amenhotep 's is the only royal mummy which has not been unwrapped and examined by modern Egyptologists . = = = Succession = = = Amenhotep I is thought to have had only one child , a son who died in infancy ( although some sources indicate he had no children ) . Amenhotep I was succeeded by Thutmose I , apparently a senior military figure . It is unclear if there was any blood relationship between the two , although it has been suggested that Thutmose I was a son of Amenhotep 's elder brother Ahmose Sipairi . Amenhotep may have appointed Thutmose I as coregent before his own death as Thutmose I 's name appears next to Amenhotep 's on a divine barque found by archeologists in the fill of the third pylon at Karnak . However , most scholars consider that this is only evidence of Thutmose associating himself with his royal predecessor . One text has also been interpreted to mean that Amenhotep appointed his infant son as coregent , who then predeceased him . However , the scholarly consensus is that there is too little evidence for either coregency . = = = Legacy : Funerary cult = = = Amenhotep was deified upon his death and made the patron deity of the village which he opened at Deir el @-@ Medina . His mother , who lived at least one year longer than he did , was also deified upon her death and became part of his litany . As previously mentioned , the vast majority of Amenhotep 's statuary comes in the form of a funerary idol from this cult during later periods . When being worshiped , he had three deific manifestations : " Amenhotep of the Town , " " Amenhotep Beloved of Amun , " and " Amenhotep of the Forecourt , " and was known as a god who produced oracles . Some of the questions asked of him have been preserved on ostraca from Deir el @-@ Medina , and appear to have been phrased in such a way that the idol of the king could nod ( or be caused to nod ) the answer . He also had a number of feasts dedicated to him which were held throughout the year . During the first month , a festival was celebrated in honor of the appearance of Amenhotep to the necropolis workmen , which probably means his idol was taken to Deir el @-@ Medina . Another feast was held on the thirtieth of the fourth month , and then two more were held in the seventh month . The first was the " spreading of the funeral couch for king Amenhotep , " which probably commemorated the day of his death . The second , celebrated for four days at the very end of the month , was the " great festival of king Amenhotep lord of the town . " Later in Egyptian history , the seventh month was named after this festival , " Phamenoth . " Another festival was held on the 27th of the ninth month , and the last known festival was held for several days between at least the eleventh and thirteenth days of the eleventh month , which in all probability commemorated the date of Amenhotep 's accession to the throne . Further light is shed upon Amenhotep 's funerary cult by multiple documents which appear to detail the rituals dedicated to Amenhotep . Three papyri from the time of Ramesses II record the liturgy used by the priests , and reliefs at Karnak and Medinet Habu illustrate select rites and spells . The bulk of the rituals concern preparing for and conducting the daily offerings of libations for the idol , including a recitation of a ḥtp @-@ dỉ @-@ nsw formula , and purifying and sealing the shrine at the end of the day . The remainder of the rites concern how to conduct various feasts throughout the year . In these cases , Amenhotep 's idol or a priest representing him is actually officiating the worship of Amun instead of being worshipped himself , which was not a typical cultic practice in ancient Egypt . = = = Print sources = = = = Great New York City Fire of 1845 = The Great New York City Fire of 1845 broke out on July 19 , 1845 . The fire started in a whale @-@ oil and candle manufacturing establishment and quickly spread to other wooden structures in the neighborhood . It reached a warehouse on Broad Street where combustible saltpeter was stored and caused a massive explosion that spread the fire even farther . Before it was subdued , the fire destroyed 345 buildings in the southern part of what is now the Financial District in New York City and caused $ 5 million to $ 10 million in damage , as well as killing 4 firefighters and 26 civilians . The 1845 fire was the last of three great fires that affected the heart of Manhattan , including fires in 1776 and 1835 . The 1845 fire was very destructive , but it affected mostly older wood @-@ frame construction in a confined section of the city . This proved the efficacy of the fire @-@ resistant building practices that had come into play in surrounding areas of the city in previous decades . = = Fire = = The fire started at about 2 : 30 a.m. on Saturday , July 19 , 1845 , on the third story of J. L. Van Doren , Oil Merchant and Stearin Candle Manufacturer , at 34 New Street in Manhattan , known as a seller of whale oil . The fire spread quickly to adjoining buildings . The City Hall alarm bell began to ring at about 3 a.m. , summoning firefighters . Firefighters from the Fire Department of the City of New York ( FDNY ) , at that time a volunteer organization , arrived under the command of Chief Engineer Cornelius Anderson . As the fire grew , the FDNY personnel were joined by retired fire chiefs from the city and firefighting crews from Brooklyn , Newark , and Williamsburg . Firemen battling the blaze were aided by water flowing from the Croton aqueduct , which had been completed in 1842 . The fire either weakened in intensity or had been subdued by firefighters by 1 p.m. that day . During the ten and a half hours that it burned , the fire had destroyed buildings from Broad Street below Wall Street to Stone Street , up Whitehall Street to Bowling Green , and up Broadway to Exchange Place . The fire killed 4 firefighters and 26 civilians . Buildings were reported destroyed on Broadway , New Street , Broad Street , Exchange Place , Beaver Street , Marketfield Street , Whitehall Street , and South William Street . All told , the fire destroyed 345 buildings , doing property damage estimated at the time at between $ 5 million and $ 10 million . In today 's currency , damages would be between $ 127 million and $ 254 million . There were multiple reports of looting during the fire and in its aftermath , both of businesses and private residences . At least two elderly women reported being approached by young men who offered to help them move their belongings from their damaged buildings , only to have their valuables stolen . = = Warehouse explosion = = In the first two hours of the fire 's spread , it reached a large multi @-@ story warehouse occupied by Crocker & Warren on Broad Street , where a large quantity of combustible saltpeter was stored . When Engine Co . 22 arrived , it was ordered to pump water on the warehouse . The company 's firefighters entered the warehouse and dragged a hose up a staircase to direct water onto the fourth floor . When heavy black smoke began coming up the stairway , Foreman Garrett B. Lane ordered his firemen to evacuate . Fireman Francis Hart Jr . , trying to collect the hose , became trapped , fled to the roof , and escaped over neighboring rooftops . At about 3 : 30 or 4 : 00 a.m. , about five minutes after Engine Co . 22 evacuated the building , it exploded . The explosion flattened six or eight buildings , blew in the fronts of the opposite houses on Broad Street and wrenched shutters and doors from buildings at some distance from the immediate area of the explosion . It propelled bricks and other missiles through the air , threw down many people who had gone as far as Beaver Street , and spread the fire far and wide so that the whole neighborhood was set ablaze . The explosion shattered windows a mile away and was heard as far away as Sandy Hook in New Jersey . Engine Co . 22 's vehicle was blown across Broad Street ; the vehicle itself was eventually burned up . Several members of the company were injured . Hart was thrown by the explosion across a rooftop , but only received a minor ankle injury . Augustus L. Cowdrey of Engine Co . 42 and Dave Van Winkle of Engine Co . 5 were throwing water on an adjacent building , when a second explosion occurred in the warehouse . The explosion threw Van Winkle into the street . Cowdrey was killed , his body never found . His company continued to search for his body amid the rubble for two days . His name appears along with many others on a memorial in Trinity Churchyard in New York for volunteer firefighters who died in the line of duty . The cause of the explosion was debated in the days immediately following the fire . Public speculation led to the arrest of Crocker and Warren , the occupants of the warehouse . The Daily @-@ Tribune reported that the explosions could not have occurred without the presence of gunpowder in addition to the saltpeter , and thus they were suspected of possessing gunpowder , which would have led to a murder charge . However , later inquiry released Crocker and Warren of all charges as no evidence of gunpowder was discovered . There was some speculation that the explosion had been caused by the NY Gas Light Co . ' s gasometer house , but Chief Engineer Cornelius Anderson released a statement the day of the fire stating that the explosion occurred before the flames ever reached the gas house . = = Effect on New York City Fire Code and firefighting practices = = The Great New York City Fire of 1845 was the last of three particularly devastating fires that affected the heart of Manhattan , the other two occurring in 1776 and 1835 . While very destructive , the 1845 fire confirmed the value of building codes restricting wood @-@ frame construction . In 1815 , city officials had banned new construction of wood @-@ frame structures in the densest areas of the city . The 1845 fire demonstrated the efficacy of these restrictions , as the progress of the fire was checked when it spread toward areas rebuilt after the 1835 fire with such materials as stone , masonry , and iron roofs and shutters . In spite of general improvements , the 1845 fire prompted public calls for a more proactive stance in fire prevention and firefighting . To strengthen the city 's firefighting capabilities , the city established in 1845 a reserve unit called the Exempt Fireman 's Company , so called because it was made up of firemen who were exempt from militia and jury duty . The company was led by veteran fireman Zophar Mills , who had helped stop the great 1835 fire from crossing Wall Street . = 27th Infantry Division Savska = The 27th Infantry Division Savska was an infantry formation of the Royal Yugoslav Army that formed part of the Yugoslav 4th Army during the German @-@ led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 . It was raised from the Savska military district , and was a very large and unwieldy formation which was almost entirely reliant on animal transport for mobility . Largely manned by Croat troops , many of whom saw the Germans as potential liberators from Serbian oppression during the interwar period , the division also lacked modern arms and sufficient ammunition . Along with the rest of the Yugoslav Army , the 27th Infantry Division Savska began mobilising on 3 April 1941 , and was still engaged in that process three days later when the Germans began an air campaign and a series of preliminary operations against the Yugoslav frontiers . These attacks ignited rebellion within the Croat troops of the division . Even the chief of staff of the division became involved , countermanding orders for the sabotage of a bridge over the Drava river at Zákány . The division briefly established a defensive line on the Yugoslav side of the river , but German troops began crossing on 7 April , forcing the division to begin withdrawing . A planned counterattack delayed the Germans for a day , but the division began to disintegrate due to fifth column actions , rebellion and desertion . When the German 14th Panzer Division broke out of the bridgehead at Zákány on 10 April , the 27th Infantry Division Savska numbered only 2 @,@ 000 men , mostly Serbs . In a single day , the German panzers with overwhelming air support brushed aside the remnants of the division and captured Zagreb , covering nearly 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) and meeting little resistance . On that day the divisional headquarters was captured , and the division effectively ceased to exist . = = Background = = The Royal Yugoslav Army ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije , VKJ ) was formed after World War I as the army of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( Kingdom of SCS ) , when that country was created on 1 December 1918 . To defend the new kingdom , an army was formed around the nucleus of the victorious Royal Serbian Army combined with armed formations raised in the former parts of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire that joined with the Kingdom of Serbia to form the new state . Many former Austro @-@ Hungarian officers and soldiers became members of the new army . From its beginning , the army , like other aspects of public life in the new kingdom , was dominated by ethnic Serbs , who saw the army as a means by which to secure Serb hegemony in the new kingdom . The development of the army was hampered by the poor economy of the kingdom , and this continued through the 1920s . In 1929 , King Alexander changed the name of the country to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , at which time the army became the VKJ . The army budget remained tight , and as tensions rose across Europe during the 1930s , it became hard to secure weapons and munitions from other countries . Consequently , at the time World War II broke out in September 1939 , the VKJ had several serious weaknesses , which included reliance on draught animals for transport , and the large size of its formations . For example , Yugoslav infantry divisions had twice the number of men of contemporary British infantry divisions . These characteristics resulted in slow , unwieldy formations , and the inadequate supply of arms and munitions meant that even the very large Yugoslav formations had low firepower . Older generals better suited to the trench warfare of World War I were combined with an army that was not equipped or trained to resist the fast @-@ moving combined arms approach used by the Germans in Poland and France . The weaknesses of the VKJ in strategy , structure , equipment , mobility and supply were exacerbated to a significant degree by the lack of unity across Yugoslavia which had resulted from two decades of Serb hegemony , and the attendant lack of political legitimacy achieved by the central government . Attempts to address the lack of unity came too late to ensure that the VKJ was a cohesive force . Fifth column activity was also a serious concern , not only from the Croatian nationalist Ustaše , but from the Slovene and ethnic German minorities in the country . = = Structure = = = = = Peacetime organisation = = = According to regulations issued by the Royal Yugoslav Army in 1935 , the Savska divisional district was headquartered in Zagreb during peacetime , and was under the control of the 4th Army district also headquartered in Zagreb . The division was named for the Sava river , a tributary of the Danube that flows along the northern border of modern @-@ day Bosnia and Herzegovina . In peacetime , the Savska divisional district included : 35th Infantry Regiment , based in Zagreb 36th Infantry Regiment , based in Varaždin 53rd Infantry Regiment , based in Karlovac 14th Artillery Regiment , based in Varaždin 30th Artillery Regiment , based in Zagreb = = = Wartime organisation = = = The wartime organisation of the Royal Yugoslav Army was laid down by regulations issued in 1936 – 37 , and the strength of an infantry division was 26 @,@ 000 – 27 @,@ 000 men . A total of 11 @,@ 200 horses and other pack and draught animals were required to provide mobility for each infantry division . The theoretical wartime organisation of a fully mobilised Yugoslav infantry division was : headquarters divisional infantry headquarters , with three or four infantry regiments divisional artillery headquarters , with one or two artillery regiments a cavalry battalion with two squadrons , a bicycle squadron and a machine gun platoon a pioneer battalion of three companies an anti @-@ tank company , equipped with twelve 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) or 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) anti @-@ tank guns a machine gun company an anti @-@ aircraft machine gun company a signals company logistics units Each infantry regiment was to consist of three infantry battalions , a machine gun company , and the divisional artillery regiments were animal @-@ drawn and largely equipped with World War I @-@ vintage pieces . An artillery regiment consisted of four battalions , one of 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) light howitzers , one of 65 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) or 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) mountain guns , and two of 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) or 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) field guns . The 36th Infantry Regiment and the 14th and 30th Artillery Regiments , which were administered by the Savska divisional district in peacetime , were earmarked to join other formations when they were mobilised , and the division was brought up to its wartime strength by the 104th Infantry Regiment and the 27th Artillery Regiment . = = Planned deployment = = The 27th Infantry Division Savska was a component of the 4th Army as part of the 1st Army Group , which was responsible for the defence of northwestern Yugoslavia . In the event of mobilisation , the 4th Army was to deploy in a cordon along the western sector of the Hungarian border , with the 27th Infantry Division Savska positioned opposite the Hungarian village of Gyékényes , between the confluence of the Mura at Legrad and Kloštar Podravski . In this disposition , the divisional headquarters was planned to be located at Kapela , north of Bjelovar . On the left flank of the division it was planned that the 42nd Infantry Division Murska would be positioned opposite the Hungarian city of Nagykanizsa , and on the right flank the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska was to establish itself opposite the Hungarian town of Barcs . Border guard units in the division 's area of responsibility would consist of the 3rd Battalion of the 393rd Reserve Regiment and 576th Independent Battalion . = = Operations = = = = = Mobilisation = = = As the Axis invasion began , the 27th Infantry Division Savska had only commenced mobilisation , and was largely in its mobilisation centres or moving to concentration areas . On 4 April , the commander of the 4th Army , Armijski đeneral Petar Nedeljković had reported that the division could not move for another 24 hours due to lack of vehicles . Only a small proportion of the division was in its planned positions on 6 April : the divisional commander Divizijski đeneral August Marić and his headquarters staff were mobilising in Zagreb the 35th Infantry Regiment ( less its 3rd Battalion ) was marching from Zagreb to Križevci , with its 3rd Battalion still in Zagreb the 53rd Infantry Regiment , with about 50 percent of its troops and 15 percent of its animals , was moving by rail from its mobilisation centre in Karlovac via Križevci to Koprivnica , with its 1st Battalion detraining in Koprivnica the 104th Infantry Regiment was marching from its mobilisation centre in Sesvete via Dugo Selo to Bjelovar Two battalions of the 27th Artillery Regiment were in position in Novigrad Podravski and near Koprivnica , with the rest of the 27th Artillery Regiment still mobilising in Zagreb and Varaždin the divisional cavalry battalion was mobilising in Čakovec but had no horses , and the divisional machine gun battalion was mobilising in Zagreb but also had no animal transport the remainder of the divisional units were at their mobilisation centres in and around Zagreb = = = 6 April = = = Early on 6 April 1941 , the German XLVI Motorised Corps launched preliminary attacks along the Drava between Ždala and Gotalovo in the area of the 27th Infantry Division Savska with the intention of securing crossings over the river , but they were unsuccessful . By the evening , German successes along the Hungarian border made it clear to the Germans that the Yugoslavs would not be resisting stubbornly at the frontier . The XLVI Motorised Corps was then ordered to begin seizing bridges over the Drava right along the 4th Army front , including at Zákány near Gyékényes . These local attacks were sufficient to inflame dissent within the largely Croat 4th Army , who refused to resist the Germans which they considered their liberators from Serbian oppression during the interwar period . The continuing mobilisation and concentration of the division and the whole of the 4th Army was hampered by escalating fifth column activities and propaganda fomented by the Croatian nationalist Ustaše . Some units stopped mobilising , or began returning to their mobilisation centres from their concentration areas . During the day , Yugoslav sabotage units attempted to destroy the bridge over the Drava at Zákány . This attempt was only partially successful , due to the influence of Ustaše propaganda and the countermanding of the demolition orders by the chief of staff of the 27th Infantry Division Savska , Major Anton Marković . The Yugoslav radio network linking the division with the 4th Army and flanking divisions was sabotaged by the Ustaše on 6 April , and radio communications within the 4th Army remained poor throughout the fighting . = = = 7 April = = = About 05 : 00 on 7 April , two to three battalions of the XLVI Motorised Corps commenced crossing the Drava at Zákány , and attacked towards Koprivnica . In response to the German crossing , the 53rd Infantry Regiment withdrew towards Koprivnica and took up defensive positions in a series of villages including Torčec . In order to stop this German penetration and gain more time for the concentration of the division , elements of the 27th Artillery Regiment were sent to support the defensive line near Torčec , which was placed under the command of the division 's commanding officer for infantry . About 07 : 30 , the commander of the Yugoslav 1st Army Group , Armijski đeneral Milorad Petrović met with Nedeljković at Zagreb and ordered him to go to Koprivnica and prepare a counterattack against the bridgehead , to commence at 15 : 00 . The counterattack plan was unable to be carried out , as the necessary units could not reach their positions . About 10 : 30 , the Germans reached the defensive line near Torčec , and fighting began . A few Breguet 19s of the 4th Air Reconnaissance Group attached to the 1st Army Group which had survived an early morning raid on their airfield the previous day , mounted attacks on the bridge over the Drava at Zákány . After the Germans reinforced their bridgehead with two more battalions , they overcame the Yugoslav defenders , who had suffered significant losses and were running low on artillery ammunition . About 18 : 00 , the 53rd Infantry Regiment withdrew to Koprivnica along with its artillery support , and remained in the town during the night . The bridge at Zákány was destroyed later that day by sabotage units . At 23 : 00 , following orders from Petrović that he was to attack on 8 April at all costs , Nedeljković issued orders for a counterattack to be carried out early on 8 April . = = = 8 April = = = On 8 April , the German XLVI Motorised Corps continued with its limited objective attacks to expand their bridgeheads on the 4th Army front , including at Zákány . The resistance offered by both flanking divisions was very limited . The 36th Infantry Regiment of the 42nd Infantry Division Murska , which had been concentrating in the Ludbreg district northwest of Koprivnica , was transferred to the 27th Infantry Division Savska , in an attempt to bolster the left flank of the divisional sector . On the morning of 8 April , the 27th Infantry Division Savska was deployed around Koprivnica . The 104th Infantry Regiment supported by elements of the 27th Artillery Regiment was deployed northeast of the town behind the Drava between Molve and Hlebine . The 2nd Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division , which had been riding from its mobilisation centre in Virovitica to Zagreb , was allocated to the 27th Infantry Division Savska to assist with establishing its forward defences , and was deployed with two artillery batteries between the outskirts of Koprivnica and Bregi . The 53rd Infantry Regiment , and the remnants of the 2nd Battalion of the 36th Infantry Regiment and the 1st Battalion of the 35th Infantry Regiment ( totalling around 500 men ) , and the 1st Battery of the 27th Artillery Regiment were located in the town itself . The 2nd Battalion of the 36th Infantry	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
čki dom ) or the unicameral parliament since then — in 1992 , 1995 , 2000 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 and 2016 . Beginning with the 1992 elections , the number of seats in the Chamber of Deputies ( and , later , in the unicameral parliament ) was significantly changed — ranging from 127 in 1995 to 153 in 2007 and 151 in 2011 . In the Croatian parliamentary elections held since 1992 , when the number of seats in parliament was limited below 160 , only five parties have won ten seats or more in any single election : the HDZ , the Croatian Peasant Party ( HSS ) , the Croatian People 's Party – Liberal Democrats ( HNS ) , the Croatian Social Liberal Party ( HSLS ) and the SDP . Several other political parties ( besides the HDZ , HSS , HNS , HSLS and SDP ) have won parliamentary seats since the 1990 election . Those are ( in alphabetical order ) : the Alliance of Primorje @-@ Gorski Kotar ( previously known as the Rijeka Democratic Alliance ) , the Croatian Christian Democratic Union , the Croatian Citizen Party , the Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja , the Croatian Democratic Peasant Party , the Croatian Independent Democrats , the Croatian Party of Pensioners , the Croatian Party of Rights , the Croatian Party of Rights dr . Ante Starčević , Dalmatian Action , the Democratic Centre , the Istrian Democratic Assembly , the Liberal Party , the Party of Liberal Democrats , the Serb Democratic Party , the Slavonia @-@ Baranja Croatian Party and the Social Democratic Action of Croatia . The following parties have won the special seats reserved for national minority representatives ( also in alphabetical order ) : the Bosnian Democratic Party of Croatia , the Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia , the German People 's Union – National Association of Danube Swabians in Croatia , the Independent Democratic Serb Party , the Party of Democratic Action of Croatia and the Serb People 's Party . In addition , numerous independents have won seats through party lists , and Ivan Grubišić 's nonpartisan list won seats as a territorial election list . Since the parliamentary seats won belong to individuals , not parties , there have been instances where members have become independent or switched to another political party . = = = = Chamber of Counties elections = = = = Under the Constitution of Croatia adopted in 1990 , the Croatian Parliament became bicameral . The Chamber of Deputies had been elected a few months earlier , and its members enacted legislation creating a new territorial organisation of Croatia . This included 21 counties that were to be represented by the new Chamber of Counties ( Croatian : Županijski dom ) . The first election of members to the chamber was held on 7 February 1993 , with each county acting as a multi @-@ seat constituency ; three MPs were elected in each county on the basis of proportional representation . In addition , the President of Croatia appointed up to 5 more members of the Chamber of the Counties to complete its 68 @-@ strong membership . The second election for the Chamber of Counties was held on 13 April 1997 . The Chamber of Deputies was abolished by a constitutional amendment in 2001 . = = Presidential elections = = The President of Croatia ( officially the President of the Republic , Croatian : Predsjednik Republike ) is elected to a five @-@ year term by a direct vote of all citizens , with a majority vote required to win . A runoff election is held if no candidate secures a majority in the first round . The presidential elections are regulated by the constitution and dedicated legislation ; however , the latter only defines technical details , appeals and similar issues . Any citizen of Croatia , 18 or older , may be a candidate in a presidential election if the candidate is endorsed by 10 @,@ 000 voters . The endorsements are required in the form of a list containing name , address , personal identification number and voter signature . The presidential elections are regulated by an act of parliament . Election silence is in force on the day of the elections and the previous day , ending at 7 in the evening as polling stations close ; exit polls may be published after that time . Unless the presidential term is cut short by death , resignation or removal from office , resulting in an early election , the elections for President of the Republic are scheduled to take place every 5 years , with the incumbent having a possibility of re @-@ election . The president is currently term limited to two 5 @-@ year terms . = = = 2014 – 15 presidential election = = = = = = Next presidential election = = = The next presidential election in Croatia is due to be held no more than 60 and no less than 30 days before the expiry of the current president 's term , as stated in the Constitution of Croatia . If the current president serves her full term , which began on 19 February 2015 and lasts for 5 years , the election must be held on a date between 21 December 2019 and 20 January 2020 . The current , 4th president of the Republic Kolinda Grabar @-@ Kitarović , can run for reelection to a second term . Another eligible candidate is former president Ivo Josipović , who lost the 2015 election after serving one term and is therefore also eligible to run for reelection . Possible candidates : -Kolinda Grabar @-@ Kitarović - incumbent president ( 2015- ) -Ivo Josipović - 3rd president of Croatia ( 2010 @-@ 2015 ) = = = Previous presidential elections = = = Presidential elections were held in Croatia for the first time on 2 August 1992 , concurrently with the 1992 parliamentary elections . Voter turnout was 74 @.@ 9 percent . The result was a victory for Franjo Tuđman of the HDZ , who received 57 @.@ 8 percent of the vote in the first round of the election ( ahead of seven other candidates ) . Dražen Budiša , the HSLS candidate and runner @-@ up in the election , received 22 @.@ 3 percent of the vote . The second presidential election in modern Croatia was held on 15 June 1997 . The incumbent , Franjo Tuđman , ran opposed by Zdravko Tomac ( candidate of the SDP ) and Vlado Gotovac ( nominated by the HSLS ) . Tomac and Gotovac received 21 @.@ 0 and 17 @.@ 6 percent of votes , respectively , in the first round of voting and Tuđman secured another term . The third presidential elections were held on 24 January 2000 to fill the office of President , after incumbent Franjo Tuđman died on 10 December 1999 . The first round of voting saw Stjepan Mesić ( candidate of the Croatian People 's Party , or HNS ) in front with 41 @.@ 3 percent of the vote , followed by Dražen Budiša of the HSLS with 27 @.@ 8 percent and Mate Granić ( nominated by the HDZ ) receiving 22 @.@ 6 percent . The runoff election ( the first in a modern Croatian presidential election ) was held on 7 February ; Mesić won , picking up 56 @.@ 9 percent of the vote . Voter turnout was 63 @.@ 0 percent in the first round , and 60 @.@ 9 percent in the runoff . The first round of the fourth presidential election was held on 2 January 2005 . No candidate secured a first @-@ round victory ; however , incumbent Mesić enjoyed a substantial lead over the other candidates . Mesić received 48 @.@ 9 percent of the vote ; the second- and third @-@ ranked candidates ( Jadranka Kosor of the HDZ and Boris Mikšić , an independent ) managed only 20 @.@ 3 and 17 @.@ 8 percent , respectively , of voter support . Ultimately , Mesić won reelection by receiving 65 @.@ 9 percent of votes in the runoff held on 16 January . The most recent Croatian presidential election was held on 27 December 2009 with Ivo Josipović ( SDP ) picking up 32 @.@ 4 percent of the vote , followed by Milan Bandić ( independent ) , Andrija Hebrang ( HDZ ) and Nadan Vidošević ( independent ) receiving 14 @.@ 8 , 12 @.@ 0 and 11 @.@ 3 percent of the vote respectively . The second round of voting was held on 10 January 2010 , when Josipović defeated Bandić with 60 @.@ 3 percent of the vote . = = Local elections = = Croatia 's county prefects , city and town mayors are elected to four @-@ year terms by a majority of votes cast within applicable local government units , with a runoff election if no candidate achieves a majority in the first round of voting . Members of county , city and municipal councils are elected to four @-@ year terms through proportional representation , with the entire local government unit as a single constituency . The number of council members is defined by the councils themselves , based on applicable legislation . Electoral committees are tasked with determining whether the national minorities are represented in the council ( as required by the constitution ) , adding further members to the council ( who belong to the appropriate minorities ) by selecting them from unelected @-@ candidate lists . Election silence , as in all other elections in Croatia , is enforced on the day of the elections and the previous day , ending at 7 : 00 pm when the polling stations close and exit polls may be announced . Of the six nationwide local elections held in Croatia since 1990 , the most recent were the 2009 local elections to elect county prefects and councils , city and town councils and mayors . In these elections , HDZ @-@ led coalitions won a majority or plurality in 15 county @-@ council and 13 county @-@ prefect elections . SDP @-@ led coalitions won a majority or plurality in five county councils ( including the city of Zagreb council ) , and the single remaining county council election was won by an IDS @-@ SDP coalition . The SDP won four county prefect elections and the city of Zagreb mayoral election , the HSS won three county @-@ prefect elections , and the HNS and HDSSB won one county @-@ prefect election each . = = European Parliament elections = = Croatia first elected 12 members of the European Parliament ( MEPs ) in a by @-@ election held after its accession to the EU in 2013 . Thereafter , its number of members in the European Parliament was reduced to 11 and the country elected them as part of the regular election in 2014 . The elections are regulated by special legislation enacted by the Sabor . Provisions of the legislation are very similar to the parliamentary @-@ election legislation , with the main difference being that the 11 members of the European Parliament are elected in a single constituency encompassing all of Croatia , instead of multiple constituencies used in the parliamentary elections . = = Referendums = = A referendum in Croatia can be called by the Parliament or the President on any issue falling within the purview of parliament , or on any other issue the president considers important to the independence , unity and existence of the republic . Since the constitution was amended in 2001 , parliament is obligated by the constitution to call for a referendum if signatures of 10 percent of registered Croatian voters are collected . The signatures , by law , must be collected within a 15 @-@ day period . Referendums are regulated by Article 87 of the constitution of Croatia which requires that the parliament passes an act on each referendum and that the outcome is binding unless the referendum is called as an advisory referendum . There have been three referendums in modern Croatia : Croatian independence referendum , Croatian European Union membership referendum and Marriage definition referendum , and in all three majority voted in favor . There have been four other public initiatives to collect the support of 10 percent of voters for a referendum , none of which were successful : concerning Croatian cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia , concerning accession of Croatia to NATO in 2008 , concerning Arbitration Agreement on Croatian @-@ Slovenian border issues in 2009 , and concerning Labour Act in 2010 . = = Political campaigns = = Any Croatian citizen aged 18 or over may become a candidate in presidential , parliamentary or local elections . In order to become an official candidate , 10 @,@ 000 signatures from Croatian citizens aged 18 or over must be collected and submitted to the State Electoral Commission . This must be done within 12 days following the publication of the decision to hold elections in Narodne Novine , the official gazette of the Republic of Croatia . The endorsements are made in a list comprising name , address and personal identification number ( PIN ) of each of the citizens supporting a particular candidate . Each citizen may only endorse a single candidate . The election commission verifies the endorsement lists , publishes the candidate list in all daily newspapers in Croatia ( and on Croatian Radiotelevision ) and delivers it to the Croatian diplomatic missions for publication . In parliamentary elections , 14 @-@ member election lists may be submitted to the State Electoral Commission for any number of constituencies in Croatia . A 14 @-@ member list of candidates may also be submitted for the Croatian diaspora constituency , while a two @-@ member list can be submitted for the ethnic @-@ minority representatives . In each case , 500 endorsements are required for an election list to become valid . The lists may be supported by one or more political parties , or by a group of voters as an independent list . No one may be a candidate on two or more lists simultaneously . The same procedure applies to local elections , except that council @-@ election lists require 100 , 150 and 500 endorsements for town , city and county @-@ council lists respectively . The city of Zagreb council is treated as a county council under election law . The number of voter signatures on mayoral and county prefect candidate nominations ranges between 50 ( for mayoral elections in towns of up to 1 @,@ 000 residents ) , 100 ( for other town mayoral candidates ) , 500 ( for mayoral elections in cities of up to 35 @,@ 000 residents ) , 1 @,@ 000 ( in cities with populations between 35 @,@ 000 and 100 @,@ 000 ) and 2 @,@ 000 endorsements for cities of 100 @,@ 000 residents or more ( with the exception of Zagreb ) . County prefect election candidates require 2 @,@ 500 endorsements , and candidates running for mayor of Zagreb need 5 @,@ 000 voter endorsements for their nominations to become valid . Candidates running for European Parliament seats need not be Croatian citizens and may hold citizenship in any member state of the European Union , while having a permanent ( or temporary ) residence in Croatia . Their nominations are valid if endorsed by 5 @,@ 000 Croatian voters . = = = Funding = = = The funding of political parties , independent politicians and election campaigns is relatively highly regulated in comparison with developed western democracies . Applicable legislation encompasses cash receipts , provision of free services ( except the labour of volunteers ) , and products and other forms of support ( including membership fees ) . The legislation also stipulates that the government budget provides funding for political parties and non @-@ partisan political representatives in the amount of 0 @.@ 05 percent of the previous year 's budget expenditures . Additional funds are appropriated in local government budgets . The funds are distributed to elected members of parliament and councils , and the political parties with which they are affiliated receive 10 percent of the funds . Each election candidate ( or slate ) must have a dedicated bank account to handle election @-@ campaign donations , other related funding , and all campaign @-@ related expenditures . The maximum donation to a single party , candidate or slate made in a year is also regulated . In cases of individuals it is set at 30 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 4 @,@ 050 euro ) , regardless of purpose . Companies and other legal persons are limited to the same amount in local elections ; 100 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 13 @,@ 500 euro ) for parliamentary or European Parliament elections and 200 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 27 @,@ 000 euro ) for presidential elections to any one candidate , party or slate ( whichever is applicable ) . Total campaign expenditures are also limited to 8 million kuna ( c . 1 @.@ 08 million euro ) per candidate in presidential elections , 1 @.@ 5 million kuna ( c . 202 @,@ 000 euro ) per candidate ( or slate ) in European Parliament or parliamentary elections , 500 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 67 @,@ 600 euro ) per candidate in Zagreb mayoral elections and 400 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 54 @,@ 000 euro ) per candidate in county @-@ prefect or mayoral elections in cities of 35 @,@ 000 residents or larger and in county seats . Mayoral election @-@ campaign expenditures in other cities and towns is also limited , depending on the local government 's population : 250 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 33 @,@ 800 euro ) if the population exceeds 10 @,@ 000 residents , 100 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 13 @,@ 500 euro ) in population units of 3 @,@ 000 – 10 @,@ 000 and up to 50 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 6 @,@ 750 euro ) in smaller self @-@ governing units . All candidates and parties ( or slates ) are legally required to publish financial reports detailing their funding , which are audited by the State Electoral Commission and the State Audit Office . They are also legally required to turn over all receipts exceeding the legal limits in favour of the central government budget within eight days . In the 2007 parliamentary elections , the leading political parties reported campaign spending as follows : the Croatian Democratic Union spent 19 @.@ 5 million kuna ( c . 2 @.@ 6 million euro ) , the Social Democratic Party of Croatia spent 15 @.@ 8 million kuna ( c . 2 @.@ 1 million euro ) , the Croatian People 's Party – Liberal Democrats spent 9 million kuna ( c . 1 @.@ 2 million euro ) , while the Croatian Peasant Party led coalition reported spending 8 million kuna ( c . 1 @.@ 08 million euro ) and the Croatian Party of Rights spent a similar amount . All presidential election candidates receiving at least 10 percent of the vote are awarded an equal sum as election @-@ campaign reimbursement . The amount is decided by the government at least 30 days before the election . This amount was set at 250 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 33 @,@ 800 euro ) for the 2009 – 2010 presidential election , representing a 50 @-@ percent decrease from the sum determined for the previous presidential election ( when the reimbursement sum was set at half @-@ a @-@ million kuna ) . Similarly , the government also reimburses the political parties and slates for each parliamentary seat won . For the 2011 parliamentary election , each seat will be given 180 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 24 @,@ 300 euro ) . A sum of 30 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 4 @,@ 050 euro ) will be paid to parties or candidates failing to win any parliamentary seats if they receive more than five percent of votes in a constituency . In addition , national @-@ minority @-@ representative candidates running on the minority ballot failing to win parliamentary seats ( but still winning at least 15 percent of votes in their constituency ) will receive 27 @,@ 000 kuna ( c . 3 @,@ 650 euro ) if the minority comprises less than 1 @.@ 5 percent of the total population of Croatia . All European Parliament election candidates and county @-@ prefect and mayoral @-@ election candidates receiving at least 10 percent of the vote are also entitled to receive reimbursement of costs in an amount determined by the government ahead of each election . = = = Media coverage and promotion = = = Legislation requires that all presidential and parliamentary election candidates ( or slates ) are guaranteed equal opportunity to present and discuss their platforms in the media ( in addition to paid advertising ) . In 2007 the parliamentary election campaign was covered by all media , including nationwide television broadcasters . During this period the broadcasters , which included Croatian Radiotelevision ( HTV ) , RTL Televizija ( RTL ) and Nova TV , aired 27 @.@ 8 hours of news on 22 different programs with 1 @,@ 196 news reports . This total included 171 reports dealing directly with the elections . Analysis of news coverage indicated evenly @-@ matched coverage of the combined ruling party ( HDZ ) and official government statements on one side , and the main opposition party ( SDP ) on the other ; each received an average of a 37 @.@ 5 @-@ percent share of coverage and a 33 @-@ percent share of interviews aired . HTV and Nova TV gave a slight advantage to the HDZ and the government , while RTL gave more coverage to the SDP . However , the differences were small and resulted in matching ratios . Other political parties received considerably less coverage . HNS received an average of approximately 11 percent of the coverage , HSS received six percent and all other parties received less than five @-@ percent coverage . The national television broadcasters air programs where all slates and candidates may talk about their platforms and organise debates . Paid promotion largely followed this pattern , as the HDZ and the SDP were two dominant parties in that field as well . The Organization for Security and Co @-@ operation in Europe ( OSCE ) noted in its report that the largest parties reported their advertising spending below their actual value , and the largest proportion of expenditure was for television ads . Election silence is in force on the day of the elections and the previous day , ending at 7 in the evening as polling stations close and exit polls may be published after that time . = = Voting and appeals = = Polling stations are set up in public buildings throughout the country ; voters may only vote at their assigned polling station ( according to their permanent residence ) , but voters deployed abroad in the armed forces , voters on Croatian @-@ flagged ships and imprisoned voters are allowed to vote elsewhere . Other voters residing in Croatia , but traveling abroad on election day may vote at Croatian diplomatic missions . Polling stations are open from 7 : 00 am until 7 : 00 pm , but all voters present at the polling stations at closing time are allowed to vote . Polling stations may be closed early if all registered voters have voted . Presidential election ballots contain a list of candidates verified by the State Electoral Commission , in alphabetical order . This entails the name and PIN of each candidate , and the names of political parties endorsing the candidate ( or a note that the candidate is running as an independent . The names are preceded by ordinal numbers . Parliamentary election and European Parliament election ballots contain the name of the slate and the name of the person heading the list , in addition to candidates , who is not necessarily a candidate on the particular list , but may be included as a figurehead symbolizing specific political party or a coalition putting forward the list — usually head of the party of coalition at the national level . The lists are in alphabetical order and preceded by an ordinal number . Voting is done by circling the number associated with a particular candidate . Ballots marked otherwise ( but positively indicating a candidate for which a vote is cast ) are also considered valid . Blank ballots and ballots on which multiple numbers are circled ( or multiple candidates are otherwise indicated ) are invalid . Official results are announced and published by the State Electoral Commission . = = = Voter registry = = = The register of voters in Croatia is defined by law . The register lists all citizens of Croatia aged 18 and over , except those who have been stripped of their voting rights by a court decision . The register is organized according to legal residence ( prebivalište ) and maintained by government offices in counties and the city of Zagreb . Each citizen of Croatia may request a review of the register and amendments to personal information ( supported by applicable documents ) . The voter register is used to confirm the right to vote at the polling station and to verify voter endorsements of candidates and election lists submitted to the electoral commissions . Voters who expect to travel in Croatia or abroad on election day may require inclusion in a provisional list which allows them to vote at a polling station other than that assigned to them by residence . Failing that , a voter may obtain an excerpt from the registry on election day to be allowed to vote . A pattern of irregularities has been discovered concerning the updating of the list when citizens of Croatia turn 18 or die . In 2005 , it was estimated that the register contained a large number of irregularities and erroneous entries . Since then , public attention was directed to the issue by NGOs monitoring elections through roundtables and advertising campaigns ; according to GONG — a NGO specializing in election monitoring — although the register was improved , there is room for further improvement . The 2011 census also indicated a large number of voters in the registry who should not be there , leading to claims that up to a half @-@ million voters in the registry should not be included . = = = Complaints and appeals = = = Political parties , candidates and voters who have endorsed a particular candidate ( or state ) in presidential , parliamentary or European Parliament elections may file complaints with the State Electoral Commission regarding irregularities in the election process within 48 hours of a disputed activity . In the European Parliament elections , voter complaints are required to be endorsed by at least 100 voters ( or five percent of the voters ) . If the commission finds the complaint valid , it will order the part of the election process directly affected by the disputed activity to be repeated ( possibly postponing the election date if there is insufficient time left ) . The commission must provide its decision within 48 hours after the complaint is submitted . The decision may be appealed before the Constitutional Court of Croatia within 48 hours of its receipt and once petitioned , the court must return a ruling within 48 hours . In local council elections , complaints are processed by county , city or town electoral commissions ( as appropriate ) . In mayoral elections , complaints are filed with the county electoral commission . This does not apply to Zagreb mayoral elections , where complaints are submitted to the State Electoral Commission ( the case also in county prefect elections ) . The time allowances and appeals procedure are the same as for presidential and parliamentary elections . = = = Monitoring = = = Elections are governed by the State Electoral Commission and electoral boards . Members of those bodies are required to have a university degree in law , and they may not be members of any political party . The State Electoral Commission prepares and manages elections in accordance with legislation , appoints lower @-@ ranking election @-@ commission and board members , issues directives to such bodies and supervises their work . The State Electoral Commission compiles and publishes candidate lists , supervises the legality of political campaigns and compiles and publishes election results . All members of election boards ( or their legal deputies ) must be present at assigned polling stations at all times while the polling station is open . The board verifies the identity of voters against the list of registered voters and records the turnout . The turnout number is later checked against number of votes cast ; if the number of votes exceeds the turnout , the election at that polling station must be repeated . Votes are tallied by hand , and that information is forwarded ( along with all other records kept at the polling station ) to the State Electoral Commission . Further monitoring is performed by non @-@ governmental organizations specializing in election monitoring , such as GONG . There are also other monitoring organisations headquartered in Croatia and abroad ; the OSCE set up a limited monitoring mission to observe the 2009 – 2010 presidential elections . The last parliamentary election ( held in 2007 ) was monitored by 8 @,@ 540 observers fielded by a number of organisations and political parties . = Lorne ( electoral district ) = Lorne was an electoral district that existed in the District of Saskatchewan , Northwest Territories from 1880 until 1888 . The district was one of the first three created by Royal Proclamation in 1880 . Of the first three electoral districts proclaimed , it was the only one to actually have an election held in it . Under the Northwest Territories Act 1880 the district was mandated at its inception to return a single member to the Northwest Territories Legislature under the First Past the Post electoral system . The district was named in the honour of former Governor General , the Marquess of Lorne . Lorne would tour the through the Northwest Territories just after the electoral district was created in 1881 . The electoral district ceased to exist at the drop of the writ for the 1888 Northwest Territories general election . This was due to a population boom in the area caused by an influx of settlers . The electoral district was redistributed and split between the electoral districts of Batoche and the Prince Albert electoral district . During the nine years the district existed , it returned three members through three elections who served roughly three @-@ year terms . = = Overview = = The electoral district was one of three royally proclaimed by Lieutenant @-@ Governor David Laird on November 13 , 1880 The other two electoral districts were Salisbury , named after the Marquess of Salisbury and Kimberley name after the Lord of Kimberley . Kimberley 's contribution to the Northwest Territories was transferring the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to Canada on September 1 , 1880 . The electoral district was created with the provision to cover an area of 1 @,@ 000 square miles ( 2 @,@ 600 km2 ) and have a population of 1000 electors . The major population centres in the electoral district at the time of creation were Prince Albert , and Fort Carlton . The land around the district boomed due to a high rate of settlement in that period . The cause of this was due to the possibility of the Canadian Pacific transcontinental railway line being built through the area . The Northwest Territories political system used at this time was run by an early form of consensus government . Candidates stood for election independent of the political parties that exist in other provinces and territories and the federal level within Canada . The government had not yet developed to the point of being a Responsible government as the majority of members were appointed and not elected . The district was served by three representatives during its eight @-@ year history . = = Members of the Legislative Assembly ( MLAs ) = = = = Election results = = = = = 1881 election = = = The 1881 by @-@ election held on March 23 , 1881 was a pivotal milestone towards Responsible Government being attained in the Northwest Territories . The election marked the first time the provision of the North @-@ West Territories Act 1880 that allowed for an electoral district to be proclaimed if an area the size of 1 @,@ 000 square miles ( 2 @,@ 600 km2 ) had 1000 residents had been activated . The election was conducted by voice vote , a qualified elector would tell the returning officer at a polling station who he was going to vote for and the results would be tallied . Under the terms of the Act eligible electors were males who had reached the age of majority , which was 21 years of age at that time . The act specified that electors must be bona fide males who were not aliens or unenfranchised Indians . Electors must also have resided in the territory for at least 12 months to the day of the writ being dropped . The election commenced when Lieutenant @-@ Governor David Laird dropped the writ on 1881 . The election was contested by two candidates , Lawrence Clarke who was a fur trader and Chief Factor of the District of Saskatchewan for the Hudson 's Bay Company . Clarke 's opponent was Henry Stewart Moore a local French speaking businessman from Prince Albert who had been operating a flour mill since 1875 . Clarke held a big advantage in the campaign as he was supported by the Métis who had been looking for someone to locally represent them in the Legislature since the territory was formed in 1870 . Clarke had also built his popularity and name recognition as a prominent fur trader . On election day Clarke carried the district winning a solid victory . He defeated Moore winning nearly 64 % of popular vote . His resounding win would make him the first elected member to sit on the Northwest Territories council . = = = 1883 election = = = Nearing the end of his term in office Clarke decided not to run for re @-@ election in 1883 . He was losing too much support due to his ties with the Hudson 's Bay Company . The electorate suspected him of working under the influence of his office to locate important government offices on the land owned by the company . Two completely new candidates ran in the 1883 election , Captain Day Hort MacDowall and Dr. Andrew Everett Porter . Andrew Porter was famous for being the first registered private practicing medical doctor in the history of the Northwest Territories . He originally settled in Prince Albert in 1878 . MacDowall campaigned by appealing to the concerns of the Métis who comprised the largest demographic in the district . He promised them that he would go to the Federal Government with their demands for better representation . He also helped win support by donating $ 1 @,@ 100 out of pocket towards the construction of a new church for the community of Batoche . MacDowall 's campaign efforts and donation proved to be very popular . MacDowall 's appeal for representation translated into a landslide victory on election day . On June 5 , 1883 he defeated Andrew Porter capturing nearly 70 % of the popular vote . His win was the largest majority of the three elections held in the electoral district . The official results for the race showed MacDowall won big in most of the polls , winning four out of five . Porter 's support was concentrated in The Ridge where he won his only poll . MacDowall swept the south end of the district winning a shut out in the Métis communities of Duck Lake and St. Laurent de Grandin . Along with the shut out he held strong support in the rest of the riding , with his biggest single vote tally of votes coming form within the town of Prince Albert . = = = 1885 election = = = The 1885 election in this district was held on September 17 , 1885 as part of the 1885 Northwest Territories election . This was the first major election held in the Northwest Territories . The election grouped together a number of old districts that had been coming up for renewal on their three @-@ year cycle and by @-@ elections in new districts that were created by a population boom of settlers moving into the territory . Incumbent MacDowall , had played a major role in subduing the North @-@ West Rebellion at the end of his term in office . He would not run for re @-@ election instead choosing to campaign for a seat in the Canadian House of Commons . Dr. Porter attempted to win a seat by running for office a second time . Porter was challenged by Captain Owen E. Hughes , a business man from Duck Lake . Hughes had been the captain of the Prince Albert militia unit that was disbanded by the Federal Government prior to the start of the North @-@ West Resistance . Many of his former unit , including his lieutenant , Gabriel Dumont , were among the Metis who drove the loyalist forces back at the Battle of Fish Creek . On election day , despite increasing his popular share of the vote over the 1883 election even with lower turnout , Porter was defeated by Hughes . The race was very tight and hotly contested nearly ending in a tie vote . Hughes captured the electoral district by a margin of eight votes winning just over 51 % of the popular vote . = SENSOR @-@ Pesticides = Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks ( SENSOR ) -Pesticides is a U.S. state @-@ based surveillance program that monitors pesticide @-@ related illness and injury . It is administered by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) , twelve state health agencies participate . NIOSH provides technical support to all participating states . It also provides funding to some states , in conjunction with the US Environmental Protection Agency ( US EPA ) . Pesticide @-@ related illness is a significant occupational health issue , but it is believed to be underreported . Because of this , NIOSH proposed the SENSOR program to track pesticide poisonings . Because workers in many industries are at risk for pesticide exposure , and public concern exists regarding the use of and exposure to pesticides , government and regulatory authorities experience pressure to monitor health effects associated with them . SENSOR @-@ Pesticides state partners collect case data from several different sources using a standard case definition and set of variables . This information is then forwarded to the program headquarters at NIOSH where it is compiled and put into a national database . Researchers and government officials from the SENSOR @-@ Pesticides program have published research articles that highlight findings from the data and their implications for environmental and occupational pesticide issues . These issues include eradication of invasive species , pesticide poisoning in schools , birth defects , and residential use of total release foggers , or " bug bombs , " which are devices that release an insecticide mist . = = Background = = Although it is a significant occupational health issue , work @-@ related pesticide poisoning is believed to be underreported . Before the SENSOR program began , state programs that collected reports of occupational diseases did not usually conduct interventions . While over 25 states required reporting of pesticide @-@ related illness , most of them could not compile useful information on incidence or prevalence . In response to these challenges , NIOSH proposed the SENSOR program as a model to track certain occupational conditions , including pesticides . Pesticide poisoning is an important occupational health issue because pesticides are used in a large number of industries , which puts many different categories of workers at risk . From 1995 to 2001 , use in agriculture accounted for at least 70 % of conventional pesticide use in the U.S. , and the US EPA estimates that the agricultural sector has had a similar market share of pesticides since 1979 . Pesticides are particularly useful in agriculture because they increase crop yields and reduce the need for manual labor . However , this extensive use puts agricultural workers at increased risk for pesticide illnesses . Workers in other industries are at risk for exposure as well . For example , commercial availability of pesticides in stores puts retail workers at risk for exposure and illness when they handle pesticide products . The ubiquity of pesticides puts emergency responders such as fire @-@ fighters and police officers at risk , because they are often the first responders to emergency events and may be unaware of the presence of a poisoning hazard . The process of aircraft disinsection , in which pesticides are used on inbound international flights for insect and disease control , can also make flight attendants sick . The widespread use of pesticides , their release into the environment , and the potential for adverse public health effects due to exposure may raise public concern . Some feel that regulatory authorities have an ethical obligation to track the health effects of such chemicals . In the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology , Calvert et al. write " [ b ] ecause society allows pesticides to be disseminated into the environment , society also incurs the obligation to track the health effects of pesticides . " Jay Vroom , president of CropLife America , said in a press release that " ... our industry has a moral and ethical obligation ... to know how these products impact humans . " Surveillance of pesticide @-@ related injuries and illnesses is recommended by the American Medical Association , the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists ( CSTE ) , the Pew Environmental Health Commission , and the Government Accountability Office . = = History = = Beginning in 1987 , NIOSH supported the implementation of the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks ( SENSOR ) program in ten state health departments . The objectives of the program were to help state health departments develop and refine reporting systems for certain occupational disorders so that they could conduct and evaluate interventions and prevention efforts . The disorders covered by SENSOR included silicosis , occupational asthma , carpal tunnel syndrome , lead poisoning , and pesticide poisoning . While each participating state health department had previously done surveillance or interventions for some of these occupational illnesses , SENSOR helped the states to develop and refine their reporting systems and programs . The original SENSOR @-@ Pesticides model was based on physician reporting . Each state contacted a select group of sentinel health care professionals on a regular basis to collect information . However , this system was labor @-@ intensive and did not yield many cases . Because different states used different methods for collecting information , their data could not be compiled or compared to analyze for trends . In response , NIOSH , along with other federal agencies ( US EPA , National Center for Environmental Health ) , non @-@ federal agencies ( CSTE , Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics ) , and state health departments , developed a standard case definition and a set of standardized variables . As of 2013 , SENSOR @-@ Pesticides had 12 participating states contributing occupational pesticide @-@ related injury and illness data : California , Florida , Iowa , Louisiana , Michigan , New York , North Carolina , and Washington received federal funding to support surveillance activities , while Nebraska , New Mexico , Oregon , and Texas were unfunded SENSOR @-@ Pesticides program partners . = = Case definition = = A case of pesticide @-@ related illness or injury is characterized by an acute onset of symptoms that are temporally related to a pesticide exposure . Cases are classified as occupational if exposure occurs at work , unless the case was a suicide or an attempted suicide . Cases are reportable when : there is documentation of new adverse health effects temporally related to a documented pesticide exposure AND there is consistent evidence of a causal relationship between the pesticide and the health effects based on the known toxicology of the pesticide OR there is not enough information to determine whether there is a causal relationship between the exposure and the health effects . State public health officials rate each case as definite , probable , possible or suspicious . Illness severity is assigned as low , moderate , severe , or fatal . = = Data collection = = All states in the program require physicians to report pesticide @-@ related injuries and illnesses ; however , most states collect the majority of their data from workers ’ compensation claims , poison control centers , and state agencies with jurisdiction over pesticide use , such as state departments of agriculture . When they receive a report , health department officials review the information to determine whether it was pesticide related . If it was , they request medical records and try to interview the patient ( or a proxy ) and anyone else involved in the incident ( e.g. supervisors , applicators , and witnesses ) . The data is compiled each year and put into a national database . In addition to identifying , classifying , and tabulating pesticide poisoning cases , the states periodically investigate pesticide @-@ related events and develop interventions aimed at particular industries or pesticide hazards . = = Impact = = Federal and state @-@ level scientists and researchers with SENSOR @-@ Pesticides have published articles on pesticide exposure events and trends using program data . These articles include MMWR publications and articles in peer @-@ reviewed journals on exposures such as acute pesticide @-@ related illness in youth , agricultural workers , retail workers , migrant farm workers , and flight attendants . Several articles have attracted media attention and motivated legislative or other governmental action . = = = Florida Medfly Eradication Program = = = In response to a Mediterranean fruit fly ( also known as “ Medfly ” ) outbreak , officials from the Florida Department of Agriculture sprayed pesticides ( primarily malathion ) and bait over five counties during the spring and summer of 1998 . Scientists from the University of Florida ’ s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences stated that malathion was being sprayed in a manner that did not pose a significant risk to public health . During the eradication effort , the Florida Department of Health investigated 230 cases of illness that were attributed to the pesticide . Officials from the Florida Department of Health and the SENSOR @-@ Pesticides program published an article in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ( MMWR ) that described these case reports and recommended alternative methods for Medfly control , including exclusion activities at ports of entry to prevent importation , more rapid detection through increased sentinel trapping densities , and the release of sterile male flies to interrupt the reproductive cycle . The United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) incorporated these suggestions into their 2001 Environmental Impact Statement on the Fruit Fly Cooperative Control Program . These impact statements guide the USDA 's development of insect control strategies and decisions . = = = Pesticides in schools = = = Researchers from the SENSOR @-@ Pesticides program published an article in 2005 in the Journal of the American Medical Association ( JAMA ) on pesticide poisoning in schools . The article , which included data collected by SENSOR , described illnesses in students and school employees associated with pesticide exposures . The study found that rates of pesticide @-@ related illnesses in children rose significantly from 1998 to 2002 and called for a reduction in pesticide use to prevent pesticide @-@ related illness on or near school grounds . The article generated media coverage and drew attention to pesticide safety in schools and to safer alternatives to pesticides through integrated pest management ( IPM ) . " [ T ] he study does provide evidence that using pesticides at schools is not innocuous and that there are better ways to use pesticides , " said study co @-@ author Dr. Geoffrey Calvert . Officials in organizations supporting the pesticide industry , such as CropLife America and RISE ( Responsible Industry for a Sound Environment , a trade association representing pesticide manufacturers and suppliers ) , reacted strongly to the report , calling it “ alarmist ” and “ incomplete ” in its health reporting . CropLife America president Jay Vroom claimed that the report was “ written without context about the proper use of pesticides in schools and [ did ] not mention the positive public health protections they provide " and stated that pesticide use in schools is " well regulated " and can be managed so that the risk is low . RISE president Allen James faulted the article for relying on unverified reports and said that evidence suggested that such incidents were extremely rare . The increased awareness of pesticide use in schools influenced parents and other stakeholders in numerous states to call for the adoption of integrated pest management programs . According to the National Pest Management Association , three more states passed IPM rules or laws between October 2005 and October 2008 . = = = Birth defects in Florida and North Carolina = = = In February 2005 , three infants were born with birth defects to migrant farmworkers within eight weeks of each other in Collier County , Florida . Because one of the mothers had worked in North Carolina and the other two worked in Florida , neither state 's health department attributed the cluster to pesticide exposure at first . However , when they presented their findings at the annual SENSOR @-@ Pesticides workshop in 2006 , they realized that all three mothers worked for the same tomato grower during the period of organogenesis while pregnant , and that they may have been exposed to pesticides . The state health departments reported the cluster to their respective state agricultural departments . The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services inspected the grower 's farms in Florida and fined the company $ 111 @,@ 200 for violations they discovered ; the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services conducted a similar inspection of farms in North Carolina and fined the company $ 184 @,@ 500 . After the investigation , North Carolina Governor Mike Easley assembled the “ Governor ’ s Task Force on Preventing Agricultural Pesticide Exposure . ” It presented its findings in April 2008 , which caused the state legislature to pass anti @-@ retaliation and recordkeeping laws , training mandates to protect the health of agricultural workers , and funding for improved surveillance . In Florida , the state legislature added ten new pesticide inspectors to the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services . = = = Total release foggers = = = Total release foggers ( TRFs ) , or " bug bombs , " release a fog of insecticide to kill bugs in a room and coat surfaces with a chemical so the insects do not return . It is estimated that 50 million TRFs are used in the US annually . SENSOR @-@ Pesticides federal and state staff , along with officials from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation ( CDPR ) , published an article in the CDC MMWR that called attention to injuries and illnesses resulting from use of total release foggers . The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation ( DEC ) published a press release in response , stating that the state would restrict their use . DEC Commissioner Pete Granis announced that the department would move to classify foggers as a restricted @-@ use product in New York State , meaning that only certified pesticide applicators would be able to obtain them . In March 2010 , US EPA announced required label changes on indoor TRF products that reflect the label change recommendations made in the MMWR article . = Kent Ridge Park = Kent Ridge Park is a 47 @-@ hectare public park in western Singapore , between the National University of Singapore and the Singapore Science Park . Due to its undisturbed habitat and abundant plant life , it is a popular venue for bird @-@ watchers and eco @-@ tourists . During the Second World War , a hill in the park was the site of one of the last and fiercest battles fought by the Malay Regiment against the invading Japanese army , the Battle of Bukit Chandu ( also known as the Battle of Pasir Panjang ) , 12 – 14 February 1942 . The park was officially opened in 1954 , and was gazetted by the National Heritage Board as one of 11 World War II sites in Singapore in 1995 . It is one of over 300 parks managed by Singapore 's National Parks Board , NParks . = = History = = The area occupied by Kent Ridge Park and the National University of Singapore was formerly known as Pasir Panjang Ridge , and was originally a lowland evergreen rainforest . The park 's natural vegetation now consists of groves of Tembusu , Acacias and Dillenias . When the first settlers arrived in Singapore in the early 19th century , they grew crops such as rubber , pepper , gambier and pineapple on the ridge . During World War II , it was used as a fortress by the British in the defence of Singapore . Many of the plantations were destroyed or abandoned during the Japanese Occupation ( 1942 – 1945 ) , allowing the crops to grow wild . On 23 February 1954 , the Governor of Singapore , Sir John Fearns Nicoll unveiled a plaque which declared the area had been renamed Kent Ridge to commemorate the visit by the Duchess of Kent and her son , the Duke of Kent , on 3 October 1952 . The plaque was erected at the junction of what is now Kent Ridge Road and South Buona Vista Road . The park contains Bukit Chandu , alternatively known as Opium Hill ( in Malay ) , after the opium processing factory owned by the British East India Company that was at the foot of the hill until 1910 . During 12 – 14 February 1942 , it was the site of the Battle of Bukit Chandu , fought by the 159 survivors of the Malay Regiment led by Lieutenant Adnan Bin Saidi against the 13 @,@ 000 men of Lieutenant @-@ General Mutaguchi Renya 's 18th Division . The Malay Regiment 's position on the hill was overrun by the Japanese and the battle ended in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat after the last few defenders ran out of ammunition . All the officers except one , Lieutenant Abbas Abdul @-@ Manan , and most of the men , were massacred in the aftermath . = = The park today = = Formerly used to house senior British Army officers , the last remaining black and white colonial bungalow at 31K Bukit Chandu has been restored and converted into a World War II war museum called Reflections at Bukit Chandu , commemorating the war and those who fought in it . Originally there were two smaller bungalows below 31K , but they were demolished in 1987 to make way for a public parking lot . There are three life @-@ size statues and a plaque outside the museum , honoring the Malay Regiment and commemorating the lives of those who died . Kent Ridge Park , Labrador Park , and the war museum , are part of the Pasir Panjang Historic District , which focuses on WWII battlefield events in western Singapore . Together with Fort Siloso at Sentosa and The Battle Box at Fort Canning , they serve as a reminder of an important chapter in Singapore 's modern history . Near to the park 's children 's playground there is a heritage site marker , showing where the 1942 Battle of Pasir Panjang was fought . The park also has some decommissioned military artillery – two M114 155 mm howitzer guns and an AMX @-@ 13 Light Tank on permanent display , donated by the Ministry of Defence , part of its adoption of the park as an Army Green Park in support of the National Parks Board " Adopt @-@ a @-@ Park " scheme to inculcate a greater ownership among the public of local parks and greenery ( do note that they are no longer there on display as of December 2015 ) . The park 's facilities include fitness corners , look @-@ out points , a nature trail , a multi @-@ purpose court and a canopy walk . The highest point of the park is 61 metres above sea level , from where there is a panoramic view of the coast of Pasir Panjang and some of the Southern Islands , approximately 5 km off the south @-@ western coast of Singapore . Islands such as Pulau Bukom and Pulau Semakau are visible on a clear day . Kent Ridge park , Telok Blangah Hill Park , and Mount Faber Park are part of the Southern Ridges trail that links all 3 parks via connecting bridges and paths . = = Plant and animal life = = The park is managed by the National Parks Board , and is open daily to the public . Admission is free except for entrance to the war museum . The park is accessible via entrances on Vigilante Drive and Pepys Road , off Pasir Panjang Road . Most of the remaining wild part of the park comprises secondary forest with plants native to Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia such as tembusu , angsana , white leaf fig , common pulai , Singapore rhododendron , pitcher plants , cicada tree and simpoh air . The trails through the park , including one for mountain biking , run almost parallel along the ridge . There is a natural pond with fishes and turtles in the north @-@ west of the park . A 280 @-@ metre long canopy walk was completed in the eastern part of the park in October 2003 , linking Kent Ridge Park to the war museum , Reflections at Bukit Chandu , enhancing the park 's and museum 's accessibility to the public . Along the walk , there are information boards providing educational information on the flora and fauna in the park . At the half @-@ way point , there is a shelter for visitors to take a short break or to enjoy a scenic view of Normanton Park and the National Parks Board 's plant nursery . It is one of four popular birdwatching sites on mainland Singapore along with Pasir Ris Park , Fort Canning Park and Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve . Birds found in the park include : white @-@ crested laughing thrush , collared kingfisher , white @-@ bellied sea eagle , banded woodpecker , pink @-@ necked pigeon , blue @-@ tailed bee @-@ eater , white @-@ breasted waterhen , and spotted dove . Eco @-@ tours and heritage tours are regularly organised by various special interest groups such as the Nature Society Singapore and the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research , for students and the general public . = Arsenal F.C. = Arsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Holloway , London , that plays in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . The club has won 12 FA Cups , a joint @-@ record , 13 League titles , two League Cups , 14 FA Community Shields , and one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup . Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League , in 1893 . They entered the First Division in 1904 , and have since accumulated the second most points . Relegated only once , in 1913 , they continue the longest streak in the top division . In the 1930s , Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups , and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war . In 1970 – 71 , they won their first League and FA Cup Double . Between 1988 and 2005 , they won five League titles and five FA Cups , including two more Doubles . They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position . Herbert Chapman won Arsenal 's first national trophies , but died prematurely . The WM formation , floodlights , and shirt numbers have all been attributed to him . He added the white sleeves and brighter red to Arsenal 's kit . Arsène Wenger has served the longest and won the most trophies . His teams set several English records : the longest win streak ; the longest unbeaten run ; and the only 38 match season unbeaten . In 1886 , Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square . In 1913 , the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury . They became Tottenham Hotspur 's nearest club , commencing the North London derby . In 2006 , they moved to the Emirates Stadium in nearby Holloway . Arsenal earned € 435.5m in 2014 – 15 , with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football . Based on social media activity from 2014 – 15 , Arsenal 's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world . In 2016 , Forbes estimated the club was the second most valuable in England , worth $ 2 @.@ 0 billion . = = History = = = = = 1886 – 1919 : Changing names = = = On 1 December 1886 , munitions workers in Woolwich , South East London , formed Arsenal as Dial Square , with David Danskin as their first captain . Named after the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex , they took the name of the whole complex a month later . Royal Arsenal F.C. ' s first home was Plumstead Common , though they spent most of their time in South East London playing on the other side of Plumstead , at the Manor Ground . Royal Arsenal won Arsenal 's first trophies in 1890 and 1891 , and these were the only football association trophies Arsenal won during their time in South East London . Royal Arsenal renamed themselves for a second time upon becoming a limited liability company in 1893 . They registered their new name , Woolwich Arsenal , with The Football League when the club ascended later that year . Woolwich Arsenal was the first southern member of The Football League , starting out in the Second Division and winning promotion to the First Division in 1904 . Falling attendances , due to financial difficulties among the munitions workers and the arrival of more accessible football clubs elsewhere in the city , led the club close to bankruptcy by 1910 . Businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall took the club over , and sought to move them elsewhere . In 1913 , soon after relegation back to the Second Division , Woolwich Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury , North London . This saw their third change of name : the following year , they reduced Woolwich Arsenal to simply The Arsenal . In 1919 , The Football League voted to promote The Arsenal , instead of relegated local rivals Tottenham Hotspur , into the newly enlarged First Division , despite only listing the club sixth in the Second Division 's last pre @-@ war season of 1914 – 15 . Some books have speculated that the club won this election to division one by dubious means . Later that year , The Arsenal started dropping " The " in official documents , gradually shifting its name for the final time towards Arsenal , as it is generally known today . = = = 1919 – 1953 : The Bank of England Club = = = With a new home and First Division football , attendances were more than double those at the Manor Ground , and Arsenal 's budget grew rapidly . Their location and record @-@ breaking salary offer lured star Huddersfield Town manager Herbert Chapman in 1925 . Over the next five years , Chapman built a new Arsenal . He appointed enduring new trainer Tom Whittaker , implemented Charlie Buchan 's new twist on the nascent WM formation , captured young players like Cliff Bastin and Eddie Hapgood , and lavished Highbury 's income on stars like David Jack and Alex James . With record @-@ breaking spending and gate receipts , Arsenal quickly became known as the Bank of England club . Transformed , Chapman 's Arsenal claimed their first national trophy , the FA Cup , in 1930 . Two League Championships followed , in 1930 – 31 and 1932 – 33 . Chapman also presided over multiple off the pitch changes : white sleeves and shirt numbers were added to the kit ; a Tube station was named after the club ; and the first of two opulent , Art Deco stands was completed , with some of the first floodlights in English football . Suddenly , in the middle of the 1933 – 34 season , Chapman died of pneumonia . His work was left to Joe Shaw and George Allison , who saw out a hat @-@ trick with the 1933 – 34 and 1934 – 35 titles , and then won the 1936 FA Cup and 1937 – 38 title . World War II meant The Football League was suspended for seven years , but Arsenal returned to win it in the second post @-@ war season , 1947 – 48 . This was Tom Whittaker 's first season as manager , after his promotion to succeed Allison , and the club had equalled the champions of England record . They won a third FA Cup in 1950 , and then won a record @-@ breaking seventh championship in 1952 – 53 . However , the war had taken its toll on Arsenal . The club had had more players killed than any top flight club , and debt from reconstructing the North Bank Stand bled Arsenal 's resources . = = = 1953 – 1986 : The long sleep , Mee and Neill = = = Arsenal were not to win the League or the FA Cup for another 18 years . The ' 53 Champions squad was old , and the club failed to attract strong enough replacements . Although Arsenal were competitive during these years , their fortunes had waned ; the club spent most of the 1950s and 1960s in midleague mediocrity . Even former England captain Billy Wright could not bring the club any success as manager , in a stint between 1962 and 1966 . Arsenal tentatively appointed club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as acting manager in 1966 . With new assistant Don Howe and new players such as Bob McNab and George Graham , Mee led Arsenal to their first League Cup finals , in 1967 – 68 and 1968 – 69 . Next season saw a breakthrough : Arsenal 's first competitive European trophy , the 1969 – 70 Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup . And the season after , an even greater triumph : Arsenal 's first League and FA Cup double , and a new champions of England record . This marked a premature high point of the decade ; the Double @-@ winning side was soon broken up and the rest of the decade was characterised by a series of near misses , starting with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972 , and First Division runners @-@ up in 1972 – 73 . Former player Terry Neill succeeded Mee in 1976 . At the age of 34 , he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date . With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings , and a crop of talent in the side such as Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton , the club reached a trio of FA Cup finals ( 1978 , 1979 and 1980 ) , and lost the 1980 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final on penalties . The club 's only trophy during this time was a last @-@ minute 3 – 2 victory over Manchester United in the 1979 FA Cup Final , widely regarded as a classic . = = = 1986 – present : Graham to Wenger = = = One of Bertie Mee 's double winners , George Graham , returned as manager in 1986 . Arsenal won their first League Cup in 1987 , Graham 's first season in charge . By 1988 , new signings Nigel Winterburn , Lee Dixon and Steve Bould had joined the club to complete the " famous Back Four " led by existing player Tony Adams . They immediately won the 1988 – 89 Football League , snatched with a last @-@ minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool . Graham 's Arsenal won another title in 1990 – 91 , losing only one match , won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993 , and the European Cup Winners ' Cup , in 1994 . Graham 's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players , and he was dismissed in 1995 . His permanent replacement , Bruce Rioch , lasted for only one season , leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors . The club metamorphosed during the long tenure of manager Arsène Wenger , appointed in 1996 . New , attacking football , an overhaul of dietary and fitness practices , and efficiency with money have defined his reign . Accumulating key players from Wenger 's homeland , such as Patrick Vieira and Thierry Henry , Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997 – 98 and a third in 2001 – 02 . In addition , the club reached the final of the 1999 – 2000 UEFA Cup , were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups , and won the Premier League in 2003 – 04 without losing a single match , an achievement which earned the side the nickname " The Invincibles " . This latter feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004 , a national record . Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger 's first nine seasons at the club , although on no occasion were they able to retain the title . The club had never progressed beyond the quarter @-@ finals of the Champions League until 2005 – 06 ; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition 's fifty @-@ year history to reach the final , in which they were beaten 2 – 1 by Barcelona . In July 2006 , they moved into the Emirates Stadium , after 93 years at Highbury . Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups , losing 2 – 1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively . The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014 , when Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final , coming back from a 2 – 0 deficit to win the match 3 – 2 . This qualified them for the 2014 FA Community Shield where they would play Premier League champions Manchester City . They recorded a resounding 3 – 0 win in the game , winning their second trophy in three months . Nine months after their Community Shield triumph , Arsenal appeared in the FA Cup final for the second year in a row , thrashing Aston Villa 4 – 0 in the final and becoming the most successful club in the tournament 's history with 12 titles . On 2 August 2015 , Arsenal beat Chelsea 1 – 0 at Wembley Stadium to retain the Community Shield and earn their 14th Community Shield title . = = Crest = = Unveiled in 1888 , Royal Arsenal 's first crest featured three cannon viewed from above , pointing northwards , similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich ( nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich ) . These can sometimes be mistaken for chimneys , but the presence of a carved lion 's head and a cascabel on each are clear indicators that they are cannon . This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913 , only to be reinstated in 1922 , when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon , pointing eastwards , with the club 's nickname , The Gunners , inscribed alongside it ; this crest only lasted until 1925 , when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down . In 1949 , the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club 's name , set in blackletter , and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club 's newly adopted Latin motto , Victoria Concordia Crescit " victory comes from harmony " , coined by the club 's programme editor Harry Homer . For the first time , the crest was rendered in colour , which varied slightly over the crest 's lifespan , finally becoming red , gold and green . Because of the numerous revisions of the crest , Arsenal were unable to copyright it . Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark , and had fought ( and eventually won ) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold " unofficial " Arsenal merchandise , Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection . Therefore , in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style , which was copyrightable . The cannon once again faces east and the club 's name is written in a sans @-@ serif typeface above the cannon . Green was replaced by dark blue . The new crest was criticised by some supporters ; the Arsenal Independent Supporters ' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal 's history and tradition with such a radical modern design , and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue . Until the 1960s , a badge was worn on the playing shirt only for high @-@ profile matches such as FA Cup finals , usually in the form of a monogram of the club 's initials in red on a white background . The monogram theme was developed into an Art Deco @-@ style badge on which the letters A and C framed a football rather than the letter F , the whole set within a hexagonal border . This early example of a corporate logo , introduced as part of Herbert Chapman 's rebranding of the club in the 1930s , was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium , including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors . From 1967 , a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts , until replaced by the club crest , sometimes with the addition of the nickname " The Gunners " , in the 1990s . In the 2011 – 12 season , Arsenal celebrated their 125th year anniversary . The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season . The crest was all white , surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left . The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub . The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club . The laurel leaves also represent strength . To complete the crest , 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto " Forward " at the bottom of the crest . = = Colours = = For much of Arsenal 's history , their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts , though this has not always been the case . The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest , soon after Arsenal 's foundation in 1886 . Two of Dial Square 's founding members , Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates , were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work . As they put together the first team in the area , no kit could be found , so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball . The shirt was redcurrant , a dark shade of red , and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops . In 1933 , Herbert Chapman , wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed , updated the kit , adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red . Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves . One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt ; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster , with whom Chapman played golf . Regardless of which story is true , the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since , aside from two seasons . The first was 1966 – 67 , when Arsenal wore all @-@ red shirts ; this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season . The second was 2005 – 06 , the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury , when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913 , their first season in the stadium ; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season . In the 2008 – 09 season , Arsenal replaced the traditional all @-@ white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe . Arsenal 's home colours have been the inspiration for at least three other clubs . In 1909 , Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time ; in 1938 , Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip . In 1920 , Sporting Clube de Braga 's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team 's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal 's red with white sleeves and shorts , giving rise to the team 's nickname of Os Arsenalistas . These teams still wear those designs to this day . For many years Arsenal 's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts . In the 1969 – 70 season , Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts . This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history . Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United . Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their " lucky " yellow and blue strip , which remained the club 's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982 – 83 . The following season , Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme , albeit with a darker shade of blue than before . When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal 's kit provider in 1994 , Arsenal 's away colours were again changed to two @-@ tone blue shirts and shorts . Since the advent of the lucrative replica kit market , the away kits have been changed regularly , with Arsenal usually releasing both away and third choice kits . During this period the designs have been either all blue designs , or variations on the traditional yellow and blue , such as the metallic gold and navy strip used in the 2001 – 02 season , the yellow and dark grey used from 2005 to 2007 , and the yellow and maroon of 2010 to 2013 . As of 2009 , the away kit is changed every season , and the outgoing away kit becomes the third @-@ choice kit if a new home kit is being introduced in the same year . = = = Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors = = = Arsenal 's shirts have been made by manufacturers including Bukta ( from the 1930s until the early 1970s ) , Umbro ( from the 1970s until 1986 ) , Adidas ( 1986 – 1994 ) , Nike ( 1994 – 2014 ) , and Puma ( from 2014 ) . Like those of most other major football clubs , Arsenal 's shirts have featured sponsors ' logos since the 1980s ; sponsors include JVC ( 1982 – 1999 ) , Sega ( 1999 – 2002 ) , O2 ( 2002 – 2006 ) , and Emirates ( from 2006 ) . = = Stadiums = = For most of their time in south @-@ east London , Arsenal played at the Manor Ground in Plumstead , apart from a three @-@ year period at the nearby Invicta Ground between 1890 and 1893 . The Manor Ground was initially just a field , until the club installed stands and terracing for their first Football League match in September 1893 . They played their home games there for the next twenty years ( with two exceptions in the 1894 – 95 season ) , until the move to north London in 1913 . Widely referred to as Highbury , Arsenal Stadium was the club 's home from September 1913 until May 2006 . The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch , and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time , with a single covered stand and three open @-@ air banks of terracing . The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s : new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed , opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively , and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace , which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954 . Highbury could hold more than 60 @,@ 000 spectators at its peak , and had a capacity of 57 @,@ 000 until the early 1990s . The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all @-@ seater stadium in time for the 1993 – 94 season , thus reducing the capacity to 38 @,@ 419 seated spectators . This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards , so much so that for two seasons , from 1998 to 2000 , Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley , which could house more than 70 @,@ 000 spectators . Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties . These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century , putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time . After considering various options , in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60 @,@ 361 @-@ capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove , since named the Emirates Stadium , about 500 metres south @-@ west of Highbury . The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs , and construction was completed in July 2006 , in time for the start of the 2006 – 07 season . The stadium was named after its sponsors , the airline company Emirates , with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history , worth around £ 100 million . Some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove , or the Grove , as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names . The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028 , and the airline will be the club 's shirt sponsor until the end of the 2018 – 19 season . From the start of the 2010 – 11 season on , the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank , East Stand , West Stand and Clock end . Arsenal 's players train at the Shenley Training Centre in Hertfordshire , a purpose @-@ built facility which opened in 1999 . Before that the club used facilities on a nearby site owned by the University College of London Students ' Union . Until 1961 they had trained at Highbury . Arsenal 's Academy under @-@ 18 teams play their home matches at Shenley , while the reserves play their games at Meadow Park , which is also the home of Boreham Wood F.C .. = = Supporters = = Arsenal fans often refer to themselves as " Gooners " , the name derived from the team 's nickname , " The Gunners " . The fanbase is large and generally loyal , and virtually all home matches sell out ; in 2007 – 08 Arsenal had the second @-@ highest average League attendance for an English club ( 60 @,@ 070 , which was 99 @.@ 5 % of available capacity ) , and , as of 2015 , the third @-@ highest all @-@ time average attendance . Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund , FC Barcelona , Manchester United , Real Madrid , Bayern Munich , and Schalke . The club 's location , adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury , mixed areas such as Islington , Holloway , Highbury , and the adjacent London Borough of Camden , and largely working @-@ class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington , has meant that Arsenal 's supporters have come from a variety of social classes . Like all major English football clubs , Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters ' clubs , including the Arsenal Football Supporters ' Club , which works closely with the club , and the Arsenal Independent Supporters ' Association , which maintains a more independent line . The Arsenal Supporters ' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans . The club 's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner , Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse ! . In addition to the usual English football chants , supporters sing " One @-@ Nil to the Arsenal " ( to the tune of " Go West " ) . There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London , and since the advent of satellite television , a supporter 's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography . Consequently , Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world ; in 2007 , 24 UK , 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club . A 2011 report by SPORT + MARKT estimated Arsenal 's global fanbase at 113 million . The club 's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014 – 15 season . Arsenal 's longest @-@ running and deepest rivalry is with their nearest major neighbours , Tottenham Hotspur ; matches between the two are referred to as North London derbies . Other rivalries within London include those with Chelsea , Fulham and West Ham United . In addition , Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on @-@ pitch rivalry in the late 1980s , which intensified in recent years when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title – so much so that a 2003 online poll by the Football Fans Census listed Manchester United as Arsenal 's biggest rivals , followed by Tottenham and Chelsea . A 2008 poll listed the Tottenham rivalry as more important . = = Ownership and finances = = The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke . Kroenke first launched a bid for the club in April 2007 , and faced competition for shares from Red and White Securities , which acquired its first shares off David Dein in August 2007 . Red & White Securities was co @-@ owned by Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov and Iranian London @-@ based financier Farhad Moshiri , though Usmanov bought Moshiri 's stake in 2016 . Kroenke came close to the 30 % takeover threshold in November 2009 , when he increased his holding to 18 @,@ 594 shares ( 29 @.@ 9 % ) . In April 2011 , Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell @-@ Smith and Danny Fiszman , taking his shareholding to 62 @.@ 89 % . As of June 2015 , Kroenke owns 41 @,@ 698 shares ( 67 @.@ 02 % ) and Red & White Securities own 18 @,@ 695 shares ( 30 @.@ 04 % ) . Ivan Gazidis has been the club 's Chief Executive since 2009 . Arsenal 's parent company , Arsenal Holdings plc , operates as a non @-@ quoted public limited company , whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs . Only 62 @,@ 217 shares in Arsenal have been issued , and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM ; instead , they are traded relatively infrequently on the ICAP Securities and Derivatives Exchange , a specialist market . On 10 March 2016 , a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of £ 15 @,@ 670 , which sets the club 's market capitalisation value at approximately £ 975m . Most football clubs aren 't listed on an exchange , which makes direct comparisons of their values difficult . Consultants Brand Finance valued the club 's brand and intangible assets at $ 703m in 2015 , and consider Arsenal an AAA global brand . Business magazine Forbes valued Arsenal as a whole at $ 2 @.@ 0 billion ( £ 1 @.@ 4 billion ) in 2016 , ranked second in English football . Research by the Henley Business School also ranked Arsenal second in English football , modelling the club 's value at £ 1 @.@ 118 billion in 2015 . Arsenal 's financial results for the 2014 – 15 season show group revenue of £ 344.5m , with a profit before tax of £ 24.7m. The footballing core of the business showed a revenue of £ 329.3m. The Deloitte Football Money League is a publication that homogenizes and compares clubs ' annual revenue . They put Arsenal 's footballing revenue at £ 331.3m ( € 435.5m ) , ranking Arsenal seventh among world football clubs . Arsenal and Deloitte both list the match day revenue generated by the Emirates Stadium as £ 100.4m , more than any other football stadium in the world . = = In popular culture = = Arsenal have appeared in a number of media " firsts " . On 22 January 1927 , their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio . A decade later , on 16 September 1937 , an exhibition match between Arsenal 's first team and the reserves was the first football match in the world to be televised live . Arsenal also featured in the first edition of the BBC 's Match of the Day , which screened highlights of their match against Liverpool at Anfield on 22 August 1964 . BSkyB 's coverage of Arsenal 's January 2010 match against Manchester United was the first live public broadcast of a sports event on 3D television . As one of the most successful teams in the country , Arsenal have often featured when football is depicted in the arts in Britain . They formed the backdrop to one of the earliest football @-@ related films , The Arsenal Stadium Mystery ( 1939 ) . The film centres on a friendly match between Arsenal and an amateur side , one of whose players is poisoned while playing . Many Arsenal players appeared as themselves and manager George Allison was given a speaking part . More recently , the book Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby 's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular . Published in 1992 , it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s . The book was twice adapted for the cinema – the 1997 British film focuses on Arsenal 's 1988 – 89 title win , and a 2005 American version features a fan of baseball 's Boston Red Sox ; coincidentally the ending was re @-@ made to feature the 2004 – 05 season that ended in a similar fashion . Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and " boring " side , especially during the 1970s and 1980s ; many comedians , such as Eric Morecambe , made jokes about this at the team 's expense . The theme was repeated in the 1997 film The Full Monty , in a scene where the lead actors move in a line and raise their hands , deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence 's offside trap , in an attempt to co @-@ ordinate their striptease routine . Another film reference to the club 's defence comes in the film Plunkett & Macleane , in which two characters are named Dixon and Winterburn after Arsenal 's long @-@ serving full backs – the right @-@ sided Lee Dixon and the left @-@ sided Nigel Winterburn . The 1991 television comedy sketch show Harry Enfield & Chums featured a sketch from the characters Mr Cholmondly @-@ Warner and Grayson where the Arsenal team of 1933 , featuring exaggerated parodies of fictitious amateur players take on the Liverpool team of 1991 . In the 2007 movie , Goal II : Living the Dream , there is a fictional UEFA Champions League final between Real Madrid against Arsenal . The 2008 Nike ad , named " Take it to The next level " , follows an unknown teenager who is plucked from a youth team game by Arsene Wenger and ends up starring for Arsenal and Holland . The 2016 Icelandair ad , named " Go Iceland ! " , represent Albert Guðmundsson signs for Arsenal in 1946 . = = In the community = = In 1985 , Arsenal founded a community scheme , " Arsenal in the Community " , which offered sporting , social inclusion , educational and charitable projects . The club support a number of charitable causes directly and in 1992 established The Arsenal Charitable Trust , which by 2006 had raised more than £ 2 million for local causes . An ex @-@ professional and celebrity football team associated with the club also raised money by playing charity matches . In the 2009 – 10 season Arsenal announced that they had raised a record breaking £ 818 @,@ 897 for the Great Ormond Street Hospital Children 's Charity . The original target was £ 500 @,@ 000 . = = Statistics and records = = Arsenal 's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football , after Manchester United ( 20 ) and Liverpool ( 18 ) , and they were the first club to reach a seventh and an eighth League Championship . As of May 2016 , they are one of only six teams , the others being Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , Manchester City and Leicester City , to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992 . They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies , 12 . The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession , in 2002 and 2003 , and 2014 and 2015 . Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup " Doubles " ( in 1971 , 1998 and 2002 ) , a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United ( in 1994 , 1996 and 1999 ) . They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double , in 1993 . Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League , in 2006 , losing the final 2 – 1 to Barcelona . Arsenal have one of the best top @-@ flight records in history , having finished below fourteenth only seven times . The league wins and points they have accumulated are the second most in English top flight football . They have been in the top flight for the most consecutive seasons ( 90 as of 2015 – 16 ) . Arsenal also have the highest average league finishing position for the 20th century , with an average league placement of 8 @.@ 5 . Arsenal hold the record for the longest run of unbeaten League matches ( 49 between May 2003 and October 2004 ) . This included all 38 matches of their title @-@ winning 2003 – 04 season , when Arsenal became only the second club to finish a top @-@ flight campaign unbeaten , after Preston North End ( who played only 22 matches ) in 1888 – 89 . They also hold the record for the longest top flight win streak . Arsenal set a Champions League record during the 2005 – 06 season by going ten matches without conceding a goal , beating the previous best of seven set by A.C. Milan . They went a record total stretch of 995 minutes without letting an opponent score ; the streak ended in the final , when Samuel Eto 'o scored a 76th @-@ minute equaliser for Barcelona . David O 'Leary holds the record for Arsenal appearances , having played 722 first @-@ team matches between 1975 and 1993 . Fellow centre half and former captain Tony Adams comes second , having played 669 times . The record for a goalkeeper is held by David Seaman , with 564 appearances . Thierry Henry is the club 's top goalscorer with 228 goals in all competitions between 1999 and 2012 , having surpassed Ian Wright 's total of 185 in October 2005 . Wright 's record had stood since September 1997 , when he overtook the longstanding total of 178 goals set by winger Cliff Bastin in 1939 . Henry also holds the club record for goals scored in the League , with 175 , a record that had been held by Bastin until February 2006 . Arsenal 's record home attendance is 73 @,@ 707 , for a UEFA Champions League match against RC Lens on 25 November 1998 at Wembley Stadium , where the club formerly played home European matches because of the limits on Highbury 's capacity . The record attendance for an Arsenal match at Highbury is 73 @,@ 295 , for a 0 – 0 draw against Sunderland on 9 March 1935 , while that at Emirates Stadium is 60 @,@ 161 , for a 2 – 2 draw with Manchester United on 3 November 2007 . = = Players = = = = = First @-@ team squad = = = As of 22 July 2016 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = UEFA Reserve squad = = = As of 23 February 2016 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Former players = = = = = Current technical staff = = As of August 2014 . = = Managers = = There have been eighteen permanent and five caretaker managers of Arsenal since the appointment of the club 's first professional manager , Thomas Mitchell in 1897 . The club 's longest @-@ serving manager , in terms of both length of tenure and number of games overseen , is Arsène Wenger , who was appointed in 1996 . Wenger is also Arsenal 's only manager from outside the United Kingdom . Two Arsenal managers have died in the job – Herbert Chapman and Tom Whittaker . = = Honours = = As of June 2016 . Seasons in bold are Double @-@ winning seasons , when the club won the league and FA Cup or a cup double of the FA Cup and League Cup . The 2003 – 04 season was the only 38 @-@ match league season unbeaten in English football history . A special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season . = = = The Football League & Premier League = = = First Division ( until 1992 ) and Premier League Winners ( 13 ) : 1930 – 31 , 1932 – 33 , 1933 – 34 , 1934 – 35 , 1937 – 38 , 1947 – 48 , 1952 – 53 , 1970 – 71 , 1988 – 89 , 1990 – 91 , 1997 – 98 , 2001 – 02 , 2003 – 04 League Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1986 – 87 , 1992 – 93 Southern Professional Floodlit Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1958 – 59 Mercantile Credit Centenary Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 1988 – 89 = = = The Football Association = = = FA Cup Winners ( 12 ) : 1929 – 30 , 1935 – 36 , 1949 – 50 , 1970 – 71 , 1978 – 79 , 1992 – 93 , 1997 – 98 , 2001 – 02 , 2002 – 03 , 2004 – 05 , 2013 – 14 , 2014 – 15 ( shared record ) FA Community Shield ( FA Charity Shield before 2002 ) Winners ( 14 ) : 1930 , 1931 , 1933 , 1934 , 1938 , 1948 , 1953 , 1991 ( shared ) , 1998 , 1999 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 , 2015 = = = UEFA = = = UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( European Cup Winners ' Cup before 1994 ) Winners ( 1 ) : 1993 – 94 Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1969 – 70 = = = London Football Association = = = London Senior Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1890 – 91 London Challenge Cup Winners ( 11 ) : 1921 – 22 , 1923 – 24 , 1930 – 31 , 1933 – 34 , 1935 – 36 , 1953 – 54 , 1954 – 55 , 1957 – 58 , 1961 – 62 , 1962 – 63 , 1969 – 70 ( record ) London Charity Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 – 90 = = = Kent County Football Association = = = Kent Senior Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 – 90 = = = Other = = = = = Arsenal Ladies = = Arsenal Ladies are the women 's football club affiliated to Arsenal . Founded in 1987 , they turned semi @-@ professional in 2002 and are managed by Clare Wheatley . Arsenal Ladies are the most successful team in English women 's football . In the 2008 – 09 season , they won all three major English trophies – the FA Women 's Premier League , FA Women 's Cup and FA Women 's Premier League Cup , and , as of 2009 , were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women 's Cup , having done so in the 2006 – 07 season as part of a unique quadruple . The men 's and women 's clubs are formally separate entities but have quite close ties ; Arsenal Ladies are entitled to play once a season at the Emirates Stadium , though they usually play their home matches at Boreham Wood . = = = Official websites = = = Official website Arsenal at the Premier League official website Arsenal at the UEFA official website = = = News sites = = = Arsenal on BBC Sport : Club news – Recent results – Upcoming fixtures Arsenal news from Sky Sports = = = Other = = = Arsenal F.C. companies grouped at OpenCorporates = Hypogeomys australis = Hypogeomys australis is an extinct rodent from central and southeastern Madagascar . First described in 1903 , it is larger than its close relative , the living Hypogeomys antimena , which occurs further west , but otherwise similar . Average length of the femur ( upper leg bone ) is 72 @.@ 1 mm , compared to 63 @.@ 8 mm in H. antimena . One of the few extinct rodents of Madagascar , it survived to at least around 1536 BP based on radiocarbon dating . Little is known of its ecology , but it may have lived in burrows like its living relative and eaten some arid @-@ adapted plants . = = Taxonomy = = Hypogeomys australis was described in 1903 by Guillaume Grandidier from subfossil material collected in the cave of Andrahomana in southeastern Madagascar . The Hypogeomys material was similar to the living Hypogeomys antimena , but distinct enough for Grandidier to recognize it as a separate species , different in size and some morphological details . Grandidier described another subfossil Hypogeomys species in 1912 , H. boulei , but the material that species was based on was later identified as the enigmatic mammal Plesiorycteropus . In 1946 , Charles Lamberton illustrated another femur ( upper leg bone ) of H. australis ; the origin and current whereabouts of this specimen are unknown . In 1996 , Steven Goodman and Daniel Rakotondravony reviewed the distribution of Hypogeomys and confirmed that H. australis is a distinct species . H. australis and H. antimena are classified together within the exclusively Madagascan subfamily Nesomyinae of the family Nesomyidae , which includes various African rodents . = = Description = = Hypogeomys australis was generally similar to H. antimena , the largest living rodent of Madagascar , but even larger , with little if any overlap in measurements . Grandidier described the extinct species as more robust , with more prominent muscle scars on the long bones and with longer molars with more distinct crests and lobes . The length of the first lower molar is 5 @.@ 2 to 6 @.@ 4 mm , averaging 5 @.@ 7 mm , in ten H. australis and 3 @.@ 9 to 5 @.@ 5 mm , averaging 4 @.@ 8 mm , in twenty @-@ four H. antimena . The width of the femur at the proximal ( near ) end is 18 @.@ 6 to 21 @.@ 5 mm , averaging 19 @.@ 9 mm , in thirteen H. australis and 16 @.@ 8 to 18 @.@ 5 mm , averaging 17 @.@ 5 mm , in nine H. antimena . In ten H. australis , total length of the femur is 69 @.@ 9 to 75 @.@ 1 mm , averaging 72 @.@ 1 mm , compared to 59 @.@ 7 to 69 @.@ 9 mm , averaging 63 @.@ 8 mm in nine H. antimena . = = Distribution and ecology = = Remains attributed to Hypogeomys australis are known from Andrahomana in southeastern Madagascar and Antsirabe in central Madagascar , suggesting a broad former distribution . Its range is not known to overlap that of H. antimena , which has undergone a dramatic reduction during the Holocene . A bone from Andrahomana has been radiocarbon dated to about 4440 BP and another to 1536 BP . Although almost nothing is known of the ecology of H. australis , Goodman and Rakotondravony presumed that it was similar to its living relative in living in burrows in areas with loose soils . H. australis shows relatively high content of carbon @-@ 13 isotope , likely because it ate some plants which were enriched in carbon @-@ 13 through C4 carbon fixation and crassulacean acid metabolism ; both of these photosynthesis @-@ related processes occur most frequently in plants adapted to dry environments . Hypogeomys australis is one of only three extinct rodents known from Madagascar ( the others are Brachytarsomys mahajambaensis and Nesomys narindaensis from northwestern Madagascar ) . In general , few small animals became extinct on Madagascar , except for these rodents , two species of Plesiorycteropus , and the shrew tenrec Microgale macpheei ; in contrast , large animals such as subfossil lemurs , the carnivore Cryptoprocta spelea , Malagasy hippopotamuses , Dipsochelys tortoises , and Aepyornis and Mullerornis birds all became extinct around the time that humans arrived . = Eisenhower Tunnel = The Eisenhower Tunnel , officially the Eisenhower – Edwin C. Johnson Memorial Tunnel , is a dual @-@ bore , four @-@ lane vehicular tunnel approximately 60 mi ( 97 km ) west of Denver , Colorado , United States . The tunnel carries Interstate 70 under the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains . With a maximum elevation of 11 @,@ 158 ft ( 3 @,@ 401 m ) AMSL , it is one of the highest vehicular tunnels in the world . The tunnel is the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System . Completed in 1979 , it was one of the last major pieces of the Interstate Highway system to be completed . The westbound bore is named after Dwight D. Eisenhower , the U.S. President for whom the Interstate system is also named . The eastbound bore is named for Edwin C. Johnson , a governor and U.S. Senator who lobbied for an Interstate Highway to be built across Colorado . = = Description = = The Eisenhower bore ( westbound tunnel ) is 1 @.@ 693 mi ( 2 @.@ 72 km ) long while the Johnson bore ( eastbound tunnel ) is 1 @.@ 697 mi ( 2 @.@ 73 km ) long . The tunnels are sloped with a 1 @.@ 64 % grade , with an elevation of 11 @,@ 013 feet ( 3 @,@ 357 m ) at the east portal and 11 @,@ 158 ft ( 3 @,@ 401 m ) at the west portal . At the time of dedication , they were the highest vehicular tunnels in the world . While the Eisenhower Tunnel remains the highest vehicular tunnel in the United States , higher tunnels have since been constructed elsewhere , such as the Fenghuoshan Tunnel , a rail tunnel in China . The Eisenhower tunnel is noted as the longest mountain tunnel and highest point on the Interstate Highway System . The tunnel bores measure 48 feet ( 15 m ) by 40 feet ( 12 m ) ; however , the portion accessible to the public is a square shape measuring just over 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) tall . The rest of the bore is used for forced air ventilation and water drainage systems . = = = Height restriction = = = Due to additional height restrictions from variable @-@ message signs and lighting systems , the original posted clearance of the tunnels was 13 @.@ 5 feet ( 4 @.@ 1 m ) . The trucking industry lobbied the Colorado Department of Transportation ( CDOT ) to increase the vertical clearance of the tunnel . With a 2007 retrofit that used lower profile lighting and signs , it is now possible for trucks 13 @.@ 92 feet ( 4 @.@ 24 m ) to navigate the tunnel , an increase of 5 inches ( 13 cm ) over the original limit . Sensors activate audible sirens near each entrance of the tunnel if a vehicle above the posted height attempts to enter the tunnel . Traffic signals at that entrance will turn red , stopping all traffic . The entrance will remain closed until the over @-@ height vehicle is removed from the freeway , sometimes causing severe delays for all traffic . CDOT noted that prior to the retrofit , about 20 @,@ 000 vehicles per year tripped the alarm . The trucking industry argued that many of these trucks were under the height requirement but tripped the alarm due to their air suspensions ( which can be manually lowered for the duration of the journey through the tunnel ) or due to snow and ice atop the trailer . During this time , the trucking industry estimated the number of alarms would drop by as much as 80 % if the clearance could be raised even a few inches . Another feature of the retrofit monitors truck weight — a safe speed for each truck on the 7 % grades and curves just outside the tunnel is calculated and displayed for each driver . = = = Alternate route = = = To mitigate the dangers posed by a fire inside the tunnel , trucks hauling hazardous materials are also prohibited from using the tunnel . Prohibited trucks , bicycles , pedestrians and those who wish to stop and view the scenery must take the longer and steeper climb and descent of the older U.S. Highway 6 across Loveland Pass , 834 ft ( 254 m ) higher at 11 @,@ 992 ft ( 3 @,@ 655 m ) above sea level . Other than the above exceptions , the tunnel has replaced the pass for general vehicular traffic . While less formidable than the older route , the approach to the tunnel on both sides is steep , and runaway truck ramps are available for truckers who lose control . During construction or winter storms that require closing Loveland Pass , there is a procedure in place to allow hazardous material trucks to use the tunnel . Once per hour , the tunnel bores will be closed to regular traffic , and the trucks will be guided through the tunnel in a convoy with escorts . As of December 2009 , almost 276 million vehicles have passed through the tunnel . This figure includes a significant number of visitors to Colorado 's ski resorts . = = History = = The idea for a tunnel under Loveland Pass existed at least since the 1940s . Serious discussion began when the state of Colorado lobbied for the Interstate Highway System to route a transcontinental highway across Colorado . After a round of negotiations with Utah officials , it was decided the best option was to follow the U.S. Route 6 corridor . Engineers recommended to tunnel under the pass , rather than attempt to build a route across it that conformed to Interstate Highway standards . The Eisenhower – Johnson Memorial Tunnel was known as the Straight Creek Tunnel during construction , named for the waterway that runs along the western approach to the tunnel . Before the tunnel was dedicated , it was renamed to honor Dwight D. Eisenhower and Edwin C. Johnson . Construction on the first bore of the tunnel was started on March 15 , 1968 . Construction efforts suffered many setbacks and the project went well over time and budget . One of the biggest setbacks was the discovery of fault lines in the path of the tunnel that were not discovered during the pilot bores . These faults began to slip during construction and emergency measures had to be taken to protect the tunnels and workers from cave @-@ ins and collapses . Despite the best efforts of engineers , three workers were killed boring the first tube , and four in boring the second . Further complicating construction , the boring machines could not work as fast as expected at such high elevations ; the productivity was significantly less than planned . The frustration prompted one engineer to comment , " We were going by the book , but the damned mountain couldn 't read " . Though the project was supposed to take three years , the tunnel was not opened to traffic until March 8 , 1973 . Initially , the northern Eisenhower bore was used for two @-@ way traffic , with one lane for each direction . The amount of traffic through the tunnel exceeded predictions , and efforts soon began to expedite construction on the southern bore . Construction began on the eastbound Edwin C. Johnson tunnel on August 18 , 1975 and finished on December 21 , 1979 . The initial engineering cost estimate for the Eisenhower bore was $ 42 million ; the actual cost was $ 108 million ( equivalent to $ 576 million in 2016 ) . Approximately 90 % of the funds were paid by the federal government , with the state of Colorado paying the rest . At the time , this figure set a record for the most expensive federally aided project . The excavation cost for the Johnson bore was $ 102 @.@ 8 million ( equivalent to $ 335 million in 2016 ) . Not included in these figures is about $ 50 million in non @-@ boring expenses in the construction of both tunnels . The tunnel construction became unintentionally involved in the women 's rights movement when Janet Bonnema applied for work with the Colorado Department of Transportation . She was given an assignment on the Straight Creek Tunnels project , but her supervisor misread her resume and thought he was hiring " James " . When the supervisor discovered the department had hired a woman , she was instead tasked with doing support work from the office . There was opposition to a woman entering the construction site : One supervisor stated that if she entered , " Those workers would flat walk out of that there tunnel and they 'd never come back " . The workers , most of whom had a mining background , expressed a common superstition that a woman brought bad luck to a mine . One worker insisted , " It 's a jinx . I 've seen too many die after a woman was in the tunnel . " Bonnema sued the department for the right to work inside the tunnel . She countered that she was in better shape and more agile than most of the men working on the tunnel . Emboldened by the passage of an equal rights law in Colorado , she finally entered the tunnel , with an entourage of reporters , on November 9 , 1972 . Some workers did walk off the job ; at least one yelled , " Get those women out of here " . She remained determined and re @-@ entered the tunnel a few days later . The next time she dressed in coveralls , and was even assigned tasks on the roof of the tunnel overlooking the men below . Surprised that nobody apparently noticed she was a woman , she stated , " I had a good disguise " . = = = Plane crash = = = During construction in 1970 , a plane crash occurred less than two miles ( 3 km ) northeast of the east portal on Friday , October 2 . A Martin 4 @-@ 0 @-@ 4 charter aircraft , one of two carrying the college football team of Wichita State University , crashed just north of the highway ( 39 @.@ 6935 ° N 105 @.@ 8825 ° W / 39 @.@ 6935 ; -105.8825 ) . Of the 40 passengers and crew on board , only nine survived . The team was on its way to a game with Utah State University in Logan , and had recently refueled at Denver 's Stapleton International Airport . The other plane took a different route and landed safely in Logan . Workers constructing the tunnel were among the first on scene at the crash site . = = Water Diversion = = As with the Moffat Tunnel , while the Eisenhower Tunnel was primarily intended as a transportation tunnel , it also serves as a water tunnel for water diversion from the western side of the Continental Divide to the eastern side . Water from the Straight Creek watershed ( a tributary of the Blue River ) , along with all seepage entering the tunnel is discharged into Clear Creek for delivery to the Coors Brewing Company . Typically , the tunnel delivers over 300 acre @-@ feet ( 370 @,@ 000 m3 ) of water per year . = Artpop ( song ) = " Artpop " ( stylized as " ARTPOP " ) is a song by American recording artist Lady Gaga from her third studio album of the same name ( 2013 ) . The song was written and produced by Lady Gaga , Paul " DJ White Shadow " Blair , Nick Monson , and Dino Zisis . " Artpop " was the first song developed for the album and led the composers to pursue other avenues of musical production . Described as the backbone of the record , Gaga did not want to experiment with the production of " Artpop " , as she believed it to have an infinite aspect in it . A techno song , " Artpop " features instrumentation from piano and guitars and has computerized musical sounds interspersed in between . The lyrics have been interpreted in different ways , about a love relationship , Gaga 's bonding with her fans , the merging of art and pop , as well as using them to portray her brand value and generate further interest in her . " Artpop " received mixed reviews from critics who praised the low @-@ key composition of the song compared to other tracks on the album , but panned the lyrics and the dated production . " Artpop " was used in a " not safe for work " video for the album , which featured Gaga in various bizarre attires and a montage of the different promotional material leading to the release . Gaga had premiered " Artpop " during her iTunes Festival performance of tracks from the album . She subsequently performed it at her ArtRave party , on the Lady Gaga and the Muppets ' Holiday Spectacular on ABC with singer Elton John and most recently on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . = = Background and development = = Development of Lady Gaga 's third studio album , Artpop , began shortly after the release of her second one , Born This Way ( 2011 ) , and by the following year , the album 's concepts were " beginning to flourish " as Gaga collaborated with producers Fernando Garibay and DJ White Shadow . However , while on tour for the Born This Way Ball , Gaga had to undergo a hip surgery in February 2013 which forced the singer into a six month hiatus , and this rehabilitation became one of the inspirations behind the album . According to White Shadow , the title track was one of the first songs penned for the album , which created the backbone for the record . Calling it a " defining moment " of Artpop 's creation , the producer explained that the title track led them to explore other avenues in terms of musical aspirations . Written and produced by Gaga , White Shadow , Nick Monson and Dino Zisis , " Artpop " was called the swan song of the album by the singer . Talking to Sirius XM Radio , where she gave an in @-@ depth analysis of each song from the album , Gaga explained : 'Artpop ' is really an inferno and it 's the only song on the record that I didn 't really wanna go anywhere or explode or orgasm . Because then it would just be like composing something that would be just like every other sort of orgasm that I 've ever had . And because its really the center of the record , I really wanted there to be a more infinite tone , to this concept of Art + Pop , that we can put art in the front and not have the corporate world to control in art anymore . How can we the artist back our ideas and for our visions to be the most important thing . The thing that 's driving culture , driving these corporations . I didn 't wanted [ ' Artpop ' ] to grow too much , I wanted it to kind of hypnotize people and become like a mantra . = = Recording and composition = = Initial recording sessions for Artpop coincided with the Born This Way Ball . Gaga spent the majority of her recording time on " Artpop " with White Shadow but she did not want the final version to be edited further , unlike her other songs . The song was recorded at Record Plant Studios , Hollywood , California , by Dave Russell and Benjamin Lader , with Lader and Daniel Zaidenstadt also working as assistants during the final mix . Russell also did the mixing of the track for the track at Record Plant and at Heard It ! Studios with additional mixing being done by Dino " SpeeedoVee " Zisis . Instrumentation for " Artpop " included piano and guitars by Gaga and Nick Monson . Background vocals were sung by Nichole Ganther , Natalie Ganther and Lyon Gray with vocal arrangement by Gaga . Finally , Rick Pearl did the additional programming and Gene Grimaldi did the audio mastering at Oasis Mastering Studios in Burbank , California . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , " Artpop " is set in the time signature of common time , with a dance @-@ pop tempo of 117 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of D minor with Gaga 's vocals spanning the tonal nodes of F3 to A4 . The song follows a basic sequence of Dm – Gm – F – C as its chord progression . In a review for Billboard , Jason Lipshutz described " Artpop " as Gaga 's manifesto about her creativity , calling it a " lurching electro @-@ jazz beast " who 's beats became louder and complex as it reached climax . Consisting of strings , the techno song has a beat similar to Selena Gomez 's 2011 single " Love You like a Love Song " with its electronic composition , and a groove comparable to singer Kylie Minogue 's 2001 hit single " Can 't Get You Out of My Head " . Interspersed between are computerized musical sounds and the chorus , which has a coo @-@ ing accompanied with the main vocals , like Michael Jackson , and was described by Kevin Harley from The Independent as " sleek Eurodisco " . " Artpop " ' s lyrics have been deduced to be a statement about " the subjectivity of art " . It begins with the singer uttering the lines " Come to me with all your subtext of fantasy " , the line being an indicative of enigma around her , according to The Huffington Post . Gaga explained the lyrics were a metaphor about love with the chorus line " We could belong together , Artpop " . She believed that if her fans and herself could be together , that would probably mean a bonding for art and pop too . On the contrary , Jim Farber from New York Daily News believed that the love relationship was sidelined for that between art and pop with the lyrics . There are other dimensions to the lyrics , with Gaga playing off her image of self @-@ promotion and criticisms directed at her with the line " I try to sell myself , but I am really laughing because I just want the music not the bling " . In a review for Artpop , Simon Chandler from Tiny Mix Tapes gave a detailed analysis of the lyrical composition . According to him , Gaga wanted to portray her music as boundless in its meaning with " Artpop " , but it appeared to be arrogant since most of the conclusions derived about her music is from her public persona created and its media coverage . Chandler believed that the lyrics wanted to drive home a point about Gaga being the center for any discussion . With the previous lyrics , the implication is that Gaga 's impassive personality utilizes her music to sell her brand name to the general crowd , and primarily fuels the public interest in her . = = Release and reception = = A teaser for " Artpop " was previewed as part of snippets from the parent album until its final release on November 11 , 2013 . A " not safe for work " short film , An Artpop Film Starring Lady Gaga , set to the song was released as promotion for the album , on November 20 , 2013 . Shot by Dutch fashion photographer duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin , the video consisted of the material that Gaga created with them as promotion leading to Artpop . The video begins with a	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
arrest for Lucy 's murder , Abi tells Phil that Max assaulted Lucy to get Ben off . Despite being innocent , Max turns himself in and is formally charged while Ben is released . Stacey visits Max , who tells her that he thinks Abi killed Lucy . Stacey confronts Abi , who attacks Stacey , blaming her for her parents ' split and Bradley 's death , and later vents to Carol that she does not think Max cares about her . Carol visits Max in prison , where he informs her that the reason he thinks Abi killed Lucy is because she attacked and beat her on the night of the murder . After confronting Abi on this , Carol agrees that she has been out of control lately and advises her to call Tanya for moral support . During the phone call , Abi finds out that not only is Oscar ill , but Cora had apparently not stayed with Tanya at her house as she had earlier said . Abi , Carol and Jane Beale ( Laurie Brett ) find Cora living rough and bring her home . She reveals she saw Max and Abi cleaning the car lot after Lucy was killed , forcing Abi to admit that Max and Lucy had argued there and she was helping Max clean Lucy 's blood . Abi then gives a statement to the police . Max is later found guilty of the murder . Ben and Abi continue their relationship , but Ben is still secretly seeing Paul . Babe Smith ( Annette Badland ) offers Abi work in the pub kitchen , and Abi tells Babe that she is able to turn a blind eye to Ben 's homosexuality as long as he loves her . However , when Abi finds a present that Ben has got for Paul , she realises he has feelings for Paul and confides in Babe , who helps her to publicly announce that she is pregnant . Ben asks Abi to have a termination but then changes his mind , saying he wants the baby . Abi then goes to Babe , panicking because she has lied and is not really pregnant . When Ben accompanies her to a doctor 's appointment , she gets him out of the room and confesses her lie to the doctor , who encourages her to be honest , but she then tells Ben the baby is due in October . Abi plans to get pregnant by Ben , but when he admits he may have caught an STI from a stranger , she is unable to have sex with him , so Babe tells her to get pregnant by another man . Babe forces her into getting drunk , and after a drunk Lee Carter ( Danny @-@ Boy Hatchard ) compliments her , they have unprotected sex . However , Abi does not get pregnant . She decides to tell Ben the truth , but as she is about to do so , he tells her he has caught chlamydia . Abi later tests positive for chlamydia and realises that Lee may have caught it too . Abi panics to Babe that Ben will discover she is not pregnant , so during an argument between Ben and Phil , Babe pushes Abi into Ben as he is pushed by Phil , knocking her to the ground . Babe takes Abi away from the square , and on their return , Abi tells Ben she has had a miscarriage . When she later sees Ben being comforted by Paul , she feels uneasy . Abi and Babe discover that Ben 's half sister Louise Mitchell ( Tilly Keeper ) has been using Phil 's credit card , so they force her to return everything she has bought . Babe asks Abi for a favour , but Abi realises that Babe has already assumed that she would say yes , so calls Babe a user . As revenge , Babe sends Ben a letter , telling him of the fake pregnancy . Louise finds the letter and blackmails Abi , telling her to move away with Ben . Abi tries to persuade Ben into moving but he refuses , saying he needs to be there for alcoholic Phil , and Abi tells Louise that Ben will always believe his girlfriend over his sister . Abi tells Babe that she is worried that Ben will find out , so Babe suggests that Abi tells Ben the truth . However , Abi allows Louise to continue using Phil 's credit card . Later , Abi catches Ben and Louise arguing and assumes it is over the letter , and she inadvertently reveals she was never pregnant , but Ben was referring to Phil 's credit card . In The Vic , Ben gets drunk and kisses Abi in the toilets and starts to undress her , but then drags her into the pub in her underwear and reveals via the karaoke microphone that she made up her pregnancy . Abi is humilated and is taken to Dot Branning 's ( June Brown ) house by her uncle Jack Branning ( Scott Maslen ) , however , an enraged Phil takes her away in his car , but is stopped by Jay , who insists that enough people have been hurt . = = Character creation and development = = = = = Introduction and characterisation = = = Abi was introduced into the series in 2006 , by executive producer Kate Harwood . The character and her casting was announced on 25 May 2006 . She and her immediate family , father Max ( Wood ) , mother Tanya ( Joyner ) and older sister Lauren ( Duggan , recast to Jossa in 2010 ) , are an extension of the Branning family , who have appeared in EastEnders since 1993 . Fitzgerald , in her first major television role , began filming for the soap in May 2006 and made her first on @-@ screen appearance in July . Fitzgerald 's mother commented on her daughter 's casting : " Personally , I feel I want to show how proud we are of her and to thank everyone who has prayed for her and helped her in any way . At first , it is just the look they go for . Then it is more intensive and she had to read from a script . By the second audition , she was still up against 60 or 70 people . You start thinking about it when she gets to the third audition , but when the agent rang up and said she had got the part it was an overwhelming feeling . You don 't know what it means until that point " . Fitzgerald was offered the part about three months after her final audition . As Fitzgerald was only 10 years old when she got the part , she was required to balance her filming requirements with schooling in Northampton , and learning lines . In 2012 , she told Inside Soap that she thought she had messed up her audition , and did not realise how big the show was until she was older . In 2014 , she told BBC Radio 1 that when she met Wood and Joyner , her on @-@ screen parents , she realised it did not matter that she had messed up her lines in her last audition , because she looked like them both . Fitzgerald was required to cry on her first day of filming , and admitted in 2014 that this was embarrassing , and she was unable to produce tears , but was " just making noises " . Fitzgerald was chaperoned by her mother until she was 16 . Abi has been described by the official EastEnders website as the family 's " golden girl " compared to Lauren , hinting that she knows how to get her own way . She has been described as " bubbly " and " self @-@ assured " with a nose for mischief . She has also been described as having the biggest heart in Walford , bringing out the best in the people around her . Jane Simon of the Daily Mirror said that Abi is a " real soft touch " . Jon Wise from The People said that after Abi received a makeover in 2010 , she " actually turned out to be quite pretty " . In 2012 , Fitzgerald told Inside Soap 's Laura @-@ Jane Tyler that Abi has grown up in her first six years on screen , and is now sensible , " like a mother hen " and has had to mature quickly because of the dramatic situations she has been involved in . Tyler added that Abi is the most level @-@ headed and sensible member of the Branning family and " puts her [ family ] to shame with her mature approach to [ their problems ] . " = = = Early development = = = Abi 's earlier storylines consist of her parents fighting for custody of her and her siblings , being injured in a collision with Deano Wicks ' ( Di Angelo ) car and helping her friend Ben ( Jones ) with his abuse from stepmother Stella Crawford ( Thompson ) In February 2011 , Abi was involved in a car accident with Max and would suffer severe injuries after their car collides with a lorry on the way to Tanya 's wedding to her new partner Greg ( Booth ) . The crash scenes were filmed on 6 March 2011 and aired on 14 April 2011 . After these minor storylines , Joyner said that Fitzgerald should be involved in more complex storylines in 2012 . She said , " I think it 's going to be an exciting year for Lorna . She 's been a natural on the show ever since she was younger , and I think she 's one of our best actresses . What 's lovely about this year is that she 'll be doing her GCSEs , and then once that 's out of the way , she can get something that 's a bit heavier and a bit bigger . She 'll be old enough to work longer hours , so I think they 'd be mad if they didn 't give her something to sink her teeth into at some point this year " . In November 2010 , after sister Lauren was recast to Jossa , Jossa stated that she enjoys working with Fitzgerald , adding the two have a lot in common . Jossa , in 2012 , wanted Lauren and Abi to bond more . She commented : " I think realistically they would when they 're going through a family problem like this . It would bring the family a little bit closer . I think they are quite close already and they have a lot of family banter ! They may not like each other as people , but they love each other as family " . In December 2012 , Fitzgerald conducted her first magazine interview and spoke of a storyline where Abi comforts Lauren over a relationship break up , saying " It 's nice to see the little [ sister ] taking care of the bigger one . " = = = Jay Brown and Ben Mitchell = = = In March 2011 , Abi starts a relationship with Jay ( Borthwick ) . Borthwick admitted that he is enjoying filming Jay and Abi 's relationship . Speaking of Jay and Abi 's relationship , Borthwick told Inside Soap , " I think Abi and Jay are a good couple , " he said . " Jay 's a right one - he 's already had a crack at Abi 's sister Lauren and now he 's going for the younger one . He 's got an eye for the Branning women " . Fitzgerald said that Jay and Abi are " cute together " but she cringes at Abi because she is " lovey @-@ dovey " . The couple split in 2014 and Abi begins a relationship with Ben , knowing that he is gay but dismissing this and branding it a " phase " . Speaking of his role , newcomer Harry Reid stated that Ben would " manipulate " Abi in his attempts to prove that he is straight . = = Reception = = Fitzgerald was nominated for the " Best Young Actor " at the 2010 Inside Soap Awards for her portrayal of Abi though lost out to Coronation Street 's , Alex Bain , who plays Simon Barlow . Fitzgerald won the award for Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress at the 2012 British Soap Awards an award which Tony Stewart from the Daily Mirror said was " well deserved " . Fitzgerald said she did not expect to win the award . In January 2012 , Kate White of Inside Soap praised both Fitzgerald and her character , saying " In Fitzgerald , EastEnders has the brightest young star in soap . The rest of her family are getting all the juicy stuff right now , but Abi 's destined for great dramatic things . Mark our words " . Stewart said , due to Max 's past events with his family , what Abi might say when Max objects to her relationship with Jay , " It won 't be her setting a gerbil on him " , calling her a " goody @-@ two @-@ shoes " . A writer from the Western Mail said that the Branning / Mitchell Feud makes Abi and Jay feel like " Walford 's answer to Romeo and Juliet " . Two writers from the Daily Mirror mocked the storyline where Abi turns down the trip to Costa Rica . One said , " An extreme case of soap agoraphobia as brilliant Abi sensibly turns down the chance to spend eight weeks in the tropical paradise of Costa Rica . But in the tiny micro @-@ world of EastEnders , even the three @-@ mile odyssey from Walford to the West End is considered an epic journey . So Central America is simply out of the question " with another saying , " Abi was a little girl arranging tearful funerals for her pets . But now she 's a young teenager , secretly engaged to boyfriend Jay and planning to run away together . He then gives Abi an ultimatum : him or her trip to Costa Rica . Best pass her the suncream , then " . However , Abi , along with the younger members of the cast were thought to be the blame of declining ratings for the show ; " In the last two months , viewers have seen lots of Lauren , Lucy Beale ( Hetti Bywater ) , Whitney Dean ( Shona McGarty ) , Fatboy ( Ricky Norwood ) , Ben Jay , Abi and Anthony Moon ( Matt Lapinskas ) - but not nearly so much of the classic characters " . Inside Soap noted that Abi and Jay 's relationship was popular with viewers . The 2016 storyline in which Abi lies that she has suffered a miscarriage to cover up a pregnancy lie was criticised by Zoe Clark @-@ Coates , co @-@ founder and CEO of The Mariposa Trust , who said , " To regularly see TV shows using fake miscarriages as light entertainment could make people question genuine losses . " = Business routes of Interstate 75 in Michigan = There have been nine business routes for Interstate 75 in the US state of Michigan . Numbered either Business Loop Interstate 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) or Business Spur Interstate 75 ( BS I @-@ 75 ) depending if they are a full business loop or a business spur , these highways are former routings of I @-@ 75 's predecessor highways in the state . They were designated as I @-@ 75 was completed through the various areas of Michigan . The business loop in Pontiac runs through that city 's downtown along a section of Woodward Avenue and a segment of roadway formerly used by M @-@ 24 . The former Saginaw business loop was once a part of US Highway 23 ( US 23 ) , as was most of the original Bay City business loop . The roadways that make up the business loops in West Branch and Roscommon were previously part of M @-@ 76 , I @-@ 75 's predecessor through that part of the state . In Northern Michigan , the Grayling and Gaylord BL I @-@ 75s were part of US 27 , and the two business routes in St. Ignace and Sault Ste . Marie in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan were part of US 2 . Each of the business loops connects to I @-@ 75 on both ends and runs through their respective cities ' downtown areas . The two business spurs only connect to I @-@ 75 on one end and run into the appropriate downtown . = = Pontiac = = Business Loop I @-@ 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) is a business loop serving Pontiac and Auburn Hills . It uses portions of former Business M @-@ 24 ( Bus . M @-@ 24 ) through town . The highway starts as an eight @-@ lane freeway at an interchange on I @-@ 75 in Bloomfield Township . The freeway continues past an interchange with Opdyke Road to end at Square Lake Road , dropping to six lanes . BL I @-@ 75 continues to M @-@ 1 at Woodward Avenue . Square Lake Road continues to the west as Bus . US 24 , BL I @-@ 75 turns northwesterly along the eight @-@ lane divided Woodward Avenue , running concurrently with Bus . US 24 into downtown Pontiac . At the south side of downtown , Woodward drops to six lanes the two directions of Woodward Avenue split and form a four @-@ lane loop . The Woodward Avenue Loop encircles downtown Pontiac , and it is crossed by the eastbound direction of M @-@ 59 running on Huron Street . One block north , the westbound direction of M @-@ 59 runs along University Drive and turns to follow BL I @-@ 75 / Bus . US 24 ( Woodward Avenue Loop ) . The loop intersects Perry Street another block further north , and BL I @-@ 75 turns northeasterly onto the two @-@ way Perry Street . BL I @-@ 75 passes through residential areas and a minor business area along the four @-@ lane Perry Street . Outside of the downtown area , Perry Street widens to include a center turn lane . North of Walton Boulevard in Auburn Hills , the street name changes to Lapeer Road . BL I @-@ 75 intersects Opdyke Road a couple hundred feet west of I @-@ 75 before crossing the freeway . Lapeer Road continues as a six @-@ lane , divided roadway to the ramps of a double trumpet interchange , where the BL I @-@ 75 designation ends . The roadway however , continues as M @-@ 24 providing access to the Palace of Auburn Hills . On average each day in 2013 , 9 @,@ 829 vehicles use the business loop between the two M @-@ 59 junctions , and 73 @,@ 795 vehicles do so on the freeway stub east of Opdyke Road , the lowest and highest traffic counts . In 1919 when the state highway system was first numbered , the main north – south highway through Pontiac was numbered M @-@ 10 , and it was renumbered to US 10 seven years later when the United States Numbered Highway System was created . By the next year , M @-@ 24 was designated from downtown Pontiac northward to Lapeer . M @-@ 24 was moved to an eastern bypass of town in 1936 , and the former routing in town became M @-@ 24A . This was redesignated Bus M @-@ 24 in 1940 . A number of highway designation and routing changes in the Pontiac were made when US 10 was shifted out of downtown to replace M @-@ 58 along Telegraph Road west of downtown by the middle of 1961 . Before the change , US 10 followed Dixie Highway and Oakland Avenue southeast into Pontiac to Perry Street and then Perry to Woodward while M @-@ 58 was routed along Telegraph and Square Lake roads . After the change , US 10 turned south from Dixie Highway onto Telegraph and then east onto Square Lake to connect back to Woodward . The old route through downtown was assigned the Bus . US 10 moniker and M @-@ 58 was decommissioned as a highway designation . Two years later , I @-@ 75 was completed to the east of Pontiac , and the M @-@ 24 bypass of the city was turned over to local control . The former Bus . M @-@ 24 through downtown was renumbered BL I @-@ 75 along with a connection along Square Lake Road out to the freeway . The next year , the streets downtown Pontiac were reconfigured and a loop called Wide Track Drive was created to route traffic around the downtown area . The former routing of BL I @-@ 75 on Perry Street in the downtown core was replaced by routing the business loops on Wide Track Drive . Then in 1966 , an interchange was built to replace the intersection at Opdyke Road and Square Lake Road . In 1985 , the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) received permission from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials to truncate US 10 to Bay City , and when the change was made the following year , US 24 replaced US 10 on Telegraph Road north of Square Lake Road , and Bus . US 10 through downtown was redesignated Bus . US 24 , including the segment concurrent with BL I @-@ 75 . Wide Track Drive through downtown was renamed as the Woodward Avenue Loop in 2000 . The section of BL I @-@ 75 that follows Woodward Avenue has a pair of special designations attached to it . In 1999 , it was designated by MDOT as what is now called a Pure Michigan Byway . Three years later , it was named a National Scenic Byway by the Federal Highway Administration National Scenic Byways Program on June 13 , 2002 , the only urban road at the time with that classification . It was later upgraded to All @-@ American Road status on October 16 , 2009 . Major intersections The entire highway is in Oakland County . = = Saginaw = = Business Loop I @-@ 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) was a business loop in Saginaw that was previously Business US Highway 23 ( Bus . US 23 ) . It started at an interchange between I @-@ 75 / US 23 and M @-@ 46 ( Holland Road ) in Buena Vista Township . From there , it ran concurrently with M @-@ 46 westward into Saginaw . East of 17th Street , the highway split to form a one @-@ way pairing with Remington Street , which carried westbound traffic . About three blocks further west , BL I @-@ 75 split from M @-@ 46 to follow Genesee Avenue northwesterly into the downtown area . At an intersection between Genesee Avenue , Janes Street and 2nd Avenue , the northbound BL I @-@ 75 followed 2nd Avenue while southbound continued on Genesee Avenue . Northbound traffic traveled along 2nd Avenue and Johnson Street to Washington Avenue near the Saginaw River , where the two directions of traffic reunited . Washington Avenue also carried M @-@ 13 / M @-@ 81 , and the three designations ran concurrently together northward and parallel to the river . BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 13 / M @-@ 81 curved northeasterly north of downtown , and M @-@ 81 left the business loop at an intersection with Veterans Memorial Parkway ; BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 13 turned north on the parkway and M @-@ 81 continued easterly on Washington Avenue . The business loop proceeded northward running parallel to the river and ended at an interchange with I @-@ 75 / US 23 in Zilwaukee Township ; M @-@ 13 continued along Bay City Road north of the interchange . When the state highway system was signposted in 1919 , the north – south highway through Saginaw was part of the original M @-@ 10 . This highway was later redesignated as part of US 23 when the United States Numbered Highway System was created in 1926 . US 23 was initially routed on the western side of the Saginaw River through the city , but it was moved in 1929 to run along the eastern side . In 1953 , the initial eastern bypass of Saginaw was built as a two @-@ lane highway , and the former routing through downtown was redesignated Bus . US 23 . This bypass was upgraded in 1961 to a full freeway as part of I @-@ 75 / US 23 , and the business loop through downtown was redesignated BL I @-@ 75 . In 1971 , I @-@ 675 was completed , and BL I @-@ 75 was decommissioned through Saginaw . The segments of the business loop that were concurrent with M @-@ 13 , M @-@ 46 or M @-@ 81 remained part of those state highways , but the rest of BL I @-@ 75 was returned to local control . Major intersections The entire highway was in Saginaw County . = = Bay City = = Business Spur Interstate 75 ( BS I @-@ 75 ) is a business spur running through Bay City following a section of the current routing of M @-@ 25 through town . Formerly a full business loop numbered Business Loop Interstate 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) , it followed what is now M @-@ 84 back to end at I @-@ 75 / US 23 at exit 160 south of downtown . The business route also follows streets that previously were numbered Business US Highway 23 ( Bus . US 23 ) . The spur starts at exit 162 on I @-@ 75 / US 23 at the same interchange where M @-@ 25 and US 10 end . BS I @-@ 75 runs concurrently along M @-@ 25 , and for about the first 1 1 ⁄ 3 miles ( 2 @.@ 1 km ) , the spur is a four @-@ lane freeway bounded by residential subdivisions on either side . In Bangor Township , the freeway ends and BS I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 25 splits into a one @-@ way pairing of Thomas Street ( eastbound ) and Jenny Street ( westbound ) . These two three @-@ lane streets continue along a residential area on the west side of Bay City . East of intersections with Henry Street , the opposing sides of traffic merge back together near Veterans Memorial Park to cross the Saginaw River on the four @-@ lane Veterans Memorial Bridge . On the eastern side of the river , BS I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 25 splits again into the one @-@ way pairing of the three @-@ lane McKinley Street ( westbound ) and 7th Street ( eastbound ) . Just three blocks east of the river , BS I @-@ 75 ends at the intersections with M @-@ 84 ( Washington Avenue ) in downtown Bay City . On average each day in 2013 , 11 @,@ 678 vehicles use the business loop east of the M @-@ 13 junction , and 29 @,@ 391 vehicles do so west of the M @-@ 84 junction , the lowest and highest traffic counts . When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , the north – south highway through Bay City was part of the original M @-@ 10 , and the east – west highway was numbered as part of M @-@ 20 . When the United States Numbered Highway System was created in 1926 , M @-@ 10 became part of US 23 , although it was routed on the western side of the Saginaw River . The highway was rerouted to the eastern side of the river in 1929 . By early 1941 , US 23 was rerouted to cross the Saginaw River on the southern side of Bay City , and the former routing along Washington Avenue and Midland Street through downtown was renumbered Bus . US 23 . When the I @-@ 75 / US 10 / US 23 freeway bypass west of Bay City opened in late 1961 , the former routing of US 23 was replaced by M @-@ 13 and the former Bus . US 23 , including connections along the former routing of M @-@ 47 southwest and M @-@ 20 west of Bay City , were redesignated as BL I @-@ 75 . The BL I @-@ 75 designation lasted until 1971 when southern half of BL I @-@ 75 was removed , converting the business loop into a business spur ; the southern section was renumbered as part of an M @-@ 84 extension , and BS I @-@ 75 would then run along the section concurrent with M @-@ 25 only . Major Intersections The entire highway is in Bay County . = = West Branch = = Business Loop Interstate 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) is a business loop running through West Branch that was originally numbered Business M @-@ 76 ( Bus . M @-@ 76 ) . It starts at exit 212 south on I @-@ 75 south of West Branch . From that interchange , BL I @-@ 75 runs northward along Cooks Road in Horton and West Branch townships past an outlet mall . North of the mall , the roadway has two lanes , one in each direction plus an intermittent center turn lane , and it curves first to the northeast through a rural section of the townships , and then after intersecting Old 76 Road , it turns northwesterly through a commercial area . On the eastern city limits , BL I @-@ 75 turns due west and runs concurrently with M @-@ 55 on the four @-@ lane Houghton Avenue through downtown West Branch . On the western side of downtown , the business loop intersects the northern end of M @-@ 30 and narrows to two lanes . BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 55 continues out of town , running past more businesses before meeting I @-@ 75 at exit 215 . At that interchange , BL I @-@ 75 ends , and M @-@ 55 merges onto the freeway . On average each day in 2013 , 10 @,@ 682 vehicles use the business loop near the southern I @-@ 75 interchange , and 15 @,@ 399 vehicles do so between the M @-@ 55 junction and 5th Street in downtown West Branch , the lowest and highest traffic counts . When the state highway system was signposted in 1919 , the highway running northwest – southeast through West Branch was numbered M @-@ 76 and the east – west highway was M @-@ 55 . In the early 1970s , M @-@ 76 was being converted into a freeway between Standish and the Grayling area . In 1970 , the freeway was built as far as the present @-@ day exit 212 , and the connection along Cook Road was built to allow M @-@ 76 to connect between the new freeway and its former routing . The next year , this freeway was completed to bypass West Branch to the south and west . The former route of M @-@ 76 through town with the connection along Cook Road was renumbered Bus . M @-@ 76 . Two years later , I @-@ 75 was finished in the state , and the M @-@ 76 designation was decommissioned . The former Bus . M @-@ 76 was redesignated as BL I @-@ 75 at the same time . Major intersections The entire highway is in Ogemaw County . = = Roscommon = = Business Loop Interstate 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) is a business loop running through Roscommon . Starting at exit 239 along I @-@ 75 , the business loop runs concurrently with M @-@ 18 northward along the two @-@ lane Roscommon Road through rural Northern Michigan woodlands . When BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 18 enters the village of Roscommon , it follows Lake Street northeasterly into downtown . At the intersection with 5th Street , BL I @-@ 75 turns northwesterly and separates from M @-@ 18 . In the village , the business loop has three lanes , one in each direction with a center turn lane . The business loop continues past several businesses and exits the village as a two @-@ lane road . BL I @-@ 75 curves to run due west along the Roscommon – Crawford county line on Federal Highway . At exit 244 on I @-@ 75 , the business loop terminates while following the county line . On average each day in 2013 , 1 @,@ 531 vehicles use the business loop near the northern I @-@ 75 interchange , and 5 @,@ 987 vehicles do so in downtown Roscommon south of the M @-@ 18 junction , the lowest and highest traffic counts . When the state highway system was originally signposted in 1919 , the highway running northwest – southeast through Roscommon was numbered M @-@ 76 . In 1949 , M @-@ 18 was extended north into Roscommon and then west along M @-@ 76 . During the early 1970s , M @-@ 76 was being converted into a freeway to be used as part of I @-@ 75 . In 1971 , I @-@ 75 was completed southward from the Grayling area to what is now exit 239 . Two years later , I @-@ 75 was completed between Roscommon and West Branch , and M @-@ 76 between the two communities was decommissioned . At the same time , M @-@ 18 was realigned to northeasterly out of Roscommon instead of following M @-@ 76 toward Grayling . BL I @-@ 75 was commissioned at this time to overlap M @-@ 18 from the freeway north into Roscommon and to replace the former M @-@ 18 / M @-@ 76 west of the village to the new freeway . Major intersections = = Grayling = = Business Loop Interstate 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) is a business loop running through Grayling . The southern end is at a partial interchange at exit 254 on I @-@ 75 ; only northbound I @-@ 75 traffic can access northbound BL I @-@ 75 , and southbound BL I @-@ 75 traffic can only access southbound I @-@ 75 . From this interchange , the business loop runs northward as a five @-@ lane divided roadway through a commercial area and past the Grayling Golf Club . At the intersection with Huron Street ( South Down River Road ) , BL I @-@ 75 merges with M @-@ 72 . The two highways run concurrently and turn northwesterly along the five @-@ lane undivided James Street . BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 72 narrows to three lanes and crosses the Au Sable River and runs for about 3 ⁄ 4 mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) before intersecting Lake Street in downtown Grayling . There , M @-@ 72 turns southwesterly onto Lake Street , separating from the business loop . At the same intersection , M @-@ 93 turns north and merges with BL I @-@ 75 as the two run concurrently on the three @-@ lane McClellan Street . BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 93 intersects F @-@ 32 ( North Down River Road ) and then passes the Camp Grayling Airfield . North of the airfield , the highway narrows to two lanes and curves to the northwest , exiting the city . At the intersection with Old 27 and Hartwick Pines Road , BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 93 turns northeasterly onto the latter . They continue running concurrently to exit 259 on I @-@ 75 where the BL I @-@ 75 designation terminates . M @-@ 93 continues along Hartwick Pines Road north of the interchange . All of BL I @-@ 75 through Grayling is a part of the Strategic Highway Network , a component of the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . On average each day in 2013 , 1 @,@ 407 vehicles use the business loop between Old 27 and I @-@ 75 , and 18 @,@ 467 vehicles do so in downtown Grayling south of the M @-@ 72 junction , the lowest and highest traffic counts . When the state highway system was originally signposted in 1919 , the north – south highway through Grayling was part of the original M @-@ 14 . At that time , M @-@ 93 was only a spur from downtown Grayling to the future Camp Grayling . It was later redesignated as part of US Highway 27 ( US 27 ) in 1926 . By 1932 , M @-@ 93 was extended northward through Grayling to the state park . In 1940 , M @-@ 72 was extended through the Grayling area . I @-@ 75 in the Grayling area opened in 1961 and , the former routing of US 27 through Grayling northward to Hartwick Pines Road back to I @-@ 75 was redesignated BL I @-@ 75 . Major intersections The entire highway is in Crawford County . = = Gaylord = = Business Loop Interstate 75 , or BL I @-@ 75 is a business loop running through Gaylord . The loop starts at exit 279 on I @-@ 75 in Bagley Township south of Gaylord . The highway follows the five @-@ lane Otsego Avenue northward from the freeway into the city and though a commercial area . Otsego Avenue jogs eastward slightly south of 2nd Street , and then intersects M @-@ 32 ( Main Street ) in downtown Gaylord . BL I @-@ 75 turns west onto the five @-@ lane Main Street and runs concurrently with M @-@ 32 through downtown . About five blocks each of that turn , BL I @-@ 75 / M @-@ 32 meets I @-@ 75 at exit 282 ; BL I @-@ 75 ends while M @-@ 32 continues westward . On average each day in 2013 , 8 @,@ 289 vehicles use the business loop south of the M @-@ 32 junction , and 23 @,@ 436 vehicles do so in downtown Gaylord along the M @-@ 32 concurrency , the lowest and highest traffic counts . When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , the main highway running north – south through Gaylord was part of the original M @-@ 14 . This was renumbered as part of US Highway 27 ( US 27 ) in 1926 after the United States Numbered Highway System was formed . I @-@ 75 was completed and US 27 was removed through the Gaylord area in 1961 . The business loop was not created at that time , however . Instead , it was created in 1986 . Major intersections The entire highway is in Otsego County . = = St. Ignace = = Business Loop Interstate 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) is a business loop running through St. Ignace . The loop starts at exit 344 on I @-@ 75 as the continuation of US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) into downtown . The highway carries the Lake Huron Circle Tour ( LHCT ) . It runs along a four @-@ lane roadway on the north side of Straits State Park and curves northward into downtown St. Ignace along State Street . BL I @-@ 75 and three lanes and runs along the lakefront past the marina and docks for Mackinac Island ferry services . It widens back to four lanes to follow the curve of East Moran Bay and then turns inland past several hotels situated on a point jutting into the bay . North of the point , BL I @-@ 75 follows the Lake Huron shoreline past the Mackinac County Airport . North of the airport , the adjacent properties are primarily residential with a few tourist @-@ oriented businesses . The business loop intersects County Road H @-@ 63 ( Mackinac Trail ) and comes to an end near Castle Rock at exit 348 on I @-@ 75 in St. Ignace Township . On average each day in 2013 , 4 @,@ 327 vehicles use the business loop near the northern I @-@ 75 interchange , and 8 @,@ 819 vehicles do so near the southern I @-@ 75 interchange , the lowest and highest traffic counts . The first state highway through St. Ignace was an extension of US 31 that was added by the end of 1927 . In 1936 , US 2 was realigned to run into downtown St. Ignace from the west and replaced US 31 through town . The business loop was commissioned in 1960 when the I @-@ 75 / US 2 freeway opened , and the former route of US 2 through downtown was renumbered BL I @-@ 75 . Major intersections The entire highway is in Mackinac County . = = Sault Ste . Marie = = Business Spur Interstate 75 ( BS I @-@ 75 ) is a business spur running through Sault Ste . Marie . It starts at exit 392 on I @-@ 75 on the south side of the city . From that interchange , it runs eastward along the five @-@ lane @-@ wide 3 Mile Road and intersects the northern end of County Road H @-@ 63 ( Mackinac Trail ) before curving northeasterly . The spur runs through commercial areas and intersects the northern end of M @-@ 129 ( Dixie Highway ) before turning due north along Ashmun Street near the Sault Ste . Marie Municipal Airport . Ashmun Street narrows to four lanes north of 10th Avenue and regains a center turn lane at Adams Avenue . BS I @-@ 75 turns northeasterly onto the two @-@ lane Easterday Avenue and runs to the east of the campus of Lake Superior State University , crossing the Edison Sault Power Canal . At Portage Avenue south of the Soo Locks . , BS I @-@ 75 turns southeasterly to follow Portage Avenue along the St. Marys River . The spur crosses the canal just upstream from its mouth . Portage Avenue continues through residential neighborhoods on the east side of Sault Ste . Marie , following the river . BS I @-@ 75 ends at the entrance to the Sugar Island Ferry Dock across from the Sault Ste . Marie Country Club . On average each day in 2013 , 1 @,@ 433 vehicles use the business loop near the I @-@ 75 interchange , and 19 @,@ 962 vehicles do so north of the M @-@ 129 junction , the lowest and highest traffic counts . When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919 , the north – south state highway in Sault Ste . Marie was numbered M @-@ 12 in 1919 . It was renumbered as part of US Highway 2 in 1926 . In 1962 , the I @-@ 75 / US 2 freeway was completed , and the former route of US 2 through downtown along with a connection between I @-@ 75 / US 2 and the International Bridge was redesignated BS I @-@ 75 . In 1989 , the designation was extended along Portage Avenue to the Sugar Island Ferry Dock . Major intersections The entire highway is in Sault Ste . Marie , Chippewa County . = 1755 Cape Ann earthquake = The 1755 Cape Ann earthquake took place off the coast of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay ( present @-@ day Massachusetts ) on November 18 . At between 6 @.@ 0 and 6 @.@ 3 on the Richter scale , it remains the largest earthquake in the history of Massachusetts . No one was killed , but it damaged hundreds of buildings in Boston and was felt as far north as Nova Scotia and as far south as South Carolina . Sailors on a ship more than 200 miles ( 320 km ) offshore felt the quake , and mistook it at first for their ship running aground . Many residents of Boston and the surrounding areas attributed the quake to God , and it occasioned a brief increase in religious fervor in the city . Modern studies estimate that if a similar quake shook Boston today , it would result in as much as $ 5 billion in damage and hundreds of deaths . It is possible that the Cape Ann earthquake may have been remotely triggered by a larger earthquake in Lisbon , Portugal , a few weeks prior , although there is not enough evidence to prove that they are linked . = = Epicenter = = The earthquake took place on November 18 , 1755 , at approximately 4 : 30 AM . Its epicenter is believed to have been offshore , approximately 24 miles ( 39 km ) east of Cape Ann . The quake was felt as far north as Halifax , Nova Scotia , south to the Chesapeake Bay and South Carolina , and from Lake George and Lake Champlain in the northwest to a ship 200 miles ( 320 km ) off the east coast . Sailors on the ship reported that the quake was so strong , they had feared that they had run aground . The region experienced several aftershocks , the first of which was a little more than an hour after the quake . Most of these aftershocks could not be felt in Boston , affecting only the northeastern coast of the colony . Modern research has estimated that the quake was between 6 @.@ 0 and 6 @.@ 3 on the Richter scale , and the United States Geological Survey lists it as the largest earthquake in the history of Massachusetts . Scientists are unclear on the causes of this and other quakes in the northeastern United States . There are a number of old faults in the region , but none of them are known to still be active . It is possible that the Cape Ann earthquake may have been remotely triggered by a larger earthquake in Lisbon , Portugal , a few weeks prior , although there is not enough evidence to prove that they are linked . = = Damage = = Boston and Cape Ann were the most heavily damaged . In Boston , damage was concentrated in areas of infill near the harbor ; infill is less sturdy in earthquakes than solid land . From 1 @,@ 300 to 1 @,@ 600 chimneys in the city were damaged in some way , the gable ends of some houses collapsed , and a number of roofs were damaged by falling chimneys . Stone chimneys and buildings were damaged in Falmouth ( present @-@ day Portland , Maine ) , Springfield , Massachusetts , and New Haven , Connecticut , as well . Some church steeples in Boston were damaged , ending up tilted from vertical . Stone fencing in rural areas was damaged . Observers also reported that several springs dried up , new ones were created , and cracks appeared in the ground near Scituate , Lancaster , and Pembroke . In this last town , observers noted water and fine sand coming from the crack . Non @-@ structural damage was minor ; residents reported damage to china and glassware , and a distiller lost some of his product after a cistern was damaged . The Cape Ann earthquake may also have created the first recorded tsunami in U.S. history . Observers in the Leeward Islands nearly 1 @,@ 000 miles ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) south of Cape Ann , reported a receding of water followed by a large wave that lifted several boats ashore and left fish floundering on the beach . = = Legacy = = Many Massachusetts residents of the time perceived the quake as punishment from God for immoral behavior . In the days after the earthquake , special prayer services were held and civic authorities declared fast days . A number of sermons and other writings were published as a consequence , including Jeremiah Newland 's Verses Occasioned by the Earthquakes in the Month of November , 1755 and Thomas Prince 's Earthquakes the Works of God and Tokens of his Just Displeasure . Not all explanations of the event were theological ; John Winthrop , a Harvard professor , proposed an alternate explanation having to do with heat and chemical vapors inside the surface of the earth . Since the 1755 earthquake , Boston and its surrounding towns have become a major metropolitan area . Much new construction has been built on infill , especially in the Back Bay area , which may be prone to greater shaking and to compaction of the sand and gravel used as fill . Many older buildings in the Boston area are built from stone and brick , and are likely to collapse completely during a major earthquake . Given this , modern observers have expressed concern about the effects of another quake in such a major city . A 1990 study by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency estimated potential financial losses at between $ 4 billion and $ 5 billion , and potential loss of life in the hundreds . As a consequence , the state has updated building codes and zoning laws to require that new construction and additions in vulnerable areas be built to resist earthquakes . Opposition to the Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant , about 15 miles off Cape Ann on the New Hampshire shoreline , highlighted the earthquake risk of the area . The plant was built regardless . = Light Tank Mk VIII = The Tank , Light , Mk VIII ( A25 ) , also known as the Harry Hopkins , after American President Roosevelt 's chief diplomatic advisor , was a British light tank produced by Vickers @-@ Armstrong during World War II . The Mk VIII was the last in the line of light tanks the company had built for the British Army , and was intended to be the successor of the previous light tank designed by Vickers @-@ Armstrong , the Mk VII Tetrarch . A number of changes were made to the Mk VIII , most notably increasing its width , length and weight and also increasing the thickness of the armour . The design of the tank was submitted to the War Office in late 1941 , with an initial order for 1 @,@ 000 models being made by the Tank Board of the War Office in the same month , a number that increased to 2 @,@ 410 in November . Production began in June 1942 but immediately began encountering problems with the tank , and a number of modifications had to be made to the design after complaints were made by the War Office and the Fighting Vehicle Proving Establishment . These problems were so acute that only 6 tanks had been produced by mid @-@ 1943 , and only 100 when production ended in February 1945 . By mid @-@ 1941 , officials in the War Office and the British Army had taken the decision that light tanks were no longer to be used by the British Army due to their inferior weapons and armour , as well as their poor performance during the conflict . Consequently , the Mk VIII was obsolete by the time that any significant number of the tanks had been produced , and none ever saw combat . A number of plans were made by the War Office for the design in light of this decision , including equipping reconnaissance units with them , or the unsuccessful idea of attaching wings to them so that aircraft could tow them as gliders into position to support airborne forces ; eventually it was decided to hand over those tanks that had been built to the Royal Air Force for use in airfield defence . One variant on the Mk VIII was designed , the Alecto self @-@ propelled gun which was to have mounted a howitzer and used as a close @-@ support vehicle by airborne forces ; however only a few were ever produced and they were never used in combat . = = Development history = = The Mk VIII was the light tank designed by Vickers @-@ Armstrong to be the successor to the Mk VII Tetrarch for the British Army . The company intended that the Mk VIII would improve on the design of the Tetrarch in a number of areas , particularly that of armour protection . It had thicker armour than the Tetrarch , with the frontal hull and turret armour being increased to a thickness of 38 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) and the side armour to 17 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 67 in ) , and the turret and hull were given more sloping surfaces than the Tetrarch to help deflect shells . The dimensions of the Tetrarch design were also changed , with the Mk VIII being longer by 6 inches ( 0 @.@ 15 m ) , wider by 1 foot 3 inches ( 0 @.@ 38 m ) and its weight being increased ; these alterations meant that the tank could no longer be air @-@ portable , as it was too heavy to be carried by the General Aircraft Hamilcar glider . The same 12 @-@ cylinder engine as in the Tetrarch was fitted to the Mk VIII , although the increased weight meant that its maximum speed decreased to 30 miles per hour ( 48 km / h ) . The armament remained the same as the Tetrarch 's : one machine @-@ gun and a 2 pounder 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) main gun . The tank also kept the unusual steering system used in the Tetrarch design ; this steering and mechanical system accomplished turns by the lateral movement of road wheels , which bowed the tracks . When the driver turned the steering wheel all eight road wheels not only turned but also tilted in order to bend the tracks and make the tank turn ; the idea was to reduce the mechanical strain and waste of power caused by the traditional system used to turn tanks by braking one track . Unlike the Tetrarch , the steering system of the Mk VIII was power @-@ assisted . Vickers @-@ Armstrong submitted the Mk VIII design to the War Office in September 1941 , and in that same month the Tank Board of the War Office ordered 1 @,@ 000 tanks , increased in November to 2 @,@ 410 . The Board hoped that production could commence in June 1942 at a rate of approximately 100 per month , to be produced by Metro @-@ Cammell , a subsidiary of Vickers @-@ Armstrong . It was also at this time that the tank was given the specification number A25 and given the name of Harry Hopkins Production began in June 1942 as expected , but immediately began to experience problems ; these are not specified , but it appears that testing of the prototypes of the Mk VIII provided by Vickers @-@ Armstrong raised a number of issues . A minute sent to the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , in September from the Ministry of Supply stated that there would be delays in delivery of the tank due to developmental problems , and a report issued by the War Office in December stated that a number of modifications would be required before production could be continued ; the front suspension system was singled out as requiring extensive modification . Problems were still being encountered in July 1943 , with a report from the Fighting Vehicle Proving Establishment indicating that serious defects were still being found in the models being tested ; the problems became so acute that trials of the Mk VIII were abandoned earlier than scheduled . By 31 August 1943 only six Mk VIII tanks had been produced , compared to a War Office requirement of 100 by the beginning of the year . Although the War Office persisted in retaining the design and issued an official requirement in November 1943 for 750 tanks to be built , only around 100 had been built when production officially ended in February 1945 . = = Operational history = = By mid @-@ 1941 officials at the War Office and in the Army had finally decided that light tanks as a concept were a liability , and too vulnerable to be used by the British Army . This was due to the poor performance of British light tanks during the Battle of France , caused when a shortage of tanks designed to engage enemy tanks had led to light tanks being deployed against German armour ; the resulting high casualties led to the War Office rethinking the suitability of the light tank design . The pre @-@ war role of the light tank , that of reconnaissance , had also been found to be better carried out by scout cars which had smaller crews and better cross @-@ country abilities . Consequently , by the time that significant numbers of the Mk VIII were being produced by Metro @-@ Cammell , they had already become obsolete and did not see combat . There was a requirement for a limited number of light tanks within the organization of British armoured divisions , but this had already been met by the American @-@ produced M5 Stuart light tank . A policy report issued in December 1942 suggested that the tank could be issued to reconnaissance regiments or special light tank regiments raised for specialized operations . These suggestions were discussed and discarded , and instead it was decided that those tanks built should be handed over to the Royal Air Force for use in defending airfields and airbases . The Mk VIII was also discussed in terms of another plan known as the Carrier Wing ; in this plan flying surfaces , such as wings , would be fitted to the Mk VIII so that it could be towed by a transport aircraft and then glide into battle in support of airborne forces . The plan was dropped , however , after the prototype crashed after it had taken off . A single variant of the Mk VIII was designed , the Alecto self @-@ propelled gun . Originally known as the Harry Hopkins 1 CS ( for " Close Support " ) , the Alecto was eventually given the General Staff specification number A25 E2 . The Alecto mounted a 95 @-@ millimetre ( 3 @.@ 7 in ) howitzer on a lightweight version of the Mk VIII chassis which had the turret removed so that the howitzer could be placed low down in the hull , and the armour was reduced to a thickness of 10 to 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 to 0 @.@ 16 in ) to reduce its weight , resulting in a maximum speed of 31 miles per hour ( 50 km / h ) . The Alecto was designed to replace the half @-@ tracks carrying support weapons , such as howitzers , which British airborne formations used during the conflict , and was first developed in late 1942 . It could also have been used in place of 75mm gun equipped armoured cars . The War Office had ordered 2 @,@ 200 Alectos but only a small number were ever produced , none of which saw service ; many were converted into bulldozers for use by Royal Engineer units . = BLT = A BLT ( Bacon , Lettuce and Tomato ) is a type of bacon sandwich . The standard BLT is made up of four ingredients : bacon , lettuce , tomato and bread . The BLT evolved from the tea sandwiches served before 1900 at a similar time to the club sandwich , although it is unclear when the name BLT became the norm . = = Ingredients and preparation = = While there are variations on the BLT , the essential ingredients are bacon , lettuce , tomato and bread . The quantity and quality of the ingredients are matters of personal preference . The bacon can be well cooked or tender , but as it " carries " the other flavours , chefs recommend using higher quality meat ; in particular , chef Edward Lee states " Your general supermarket bacon is not going to cut the mustard " . Iceberg lettuce is a common choice because it does not add too much flavour whilst adding crunch . Food writer Ed Levine has suggested that BLT does not require lettuce at all , as it is " superfluous " , a suggestion that Jon Bonné , lifestyle editor at MSNBC , described as " shocking " . Michele Anna Jordan , author of The BLT Cookbook , believes the tomato is the key ingredient and recommends the use of the beefsteak tomato as it has more flesh and fewer seeds . The sandwich is sometimes served with dressings , like mayonnaise . The bread can be of any variety , white or wholemeal , toasted or not , depending on personal preference . = = = Variations = = = The sandwich has a high sodium and fat content , and has been specifically targeted by UK café chains in an effort to reduce salt and fat . Due to this , low @-@ fat mayonnaise is a common substitute along with low salt bread and less fatty bacon . In 2009 , seven large cafe chains in the UK made a commitment to reducing salt and fat through similar substitutions . A more visible solution is to use turkey bacon in lieu of normal bacon . One of the variations on the BLT is the club sandwich , a two @-@ layered sandwich in which one layer is a BLT . The other layer can be almost any sort of sliced meat , normally chicken or turkey . The BLT has been deconstructed into a number of forms ; for example , Edna Lewis and Scott Peacock created a BLT salad in The Gift of Southern Cooking by cutting the ingredients into 1 inch ( 25 mm ) pieces and tossing in mayonnaise . This variation was described by New York Times writer Julia Reed as " even more perfect than a BLT " . Vegans and vegetarians may replace bacon with tempeh as meat analogue instead . This recipe is called TLT ( Tempeh , Lettuce , and Tomato ) . Alternatively they can use mock bacon . = = History = = Although the ingredients of the BLT have existed for many years , there is little evidence of BLT sandwich recipes prior to 1900 . In the 1903 Good Housekeeping Everyday Cook Book , a recipe for a club sandwich included bacon , lettuce , tomato , mayonnaise and a slice of turkey sandwiched between two slices of bread . Whilst the 1929 book Seven Hundred Sandwiches does include a section on bacon sandwiches , the recipes often include pickles and none contain tomato . The BLT became popular after World War II because of the rapid expansion of supermarkets , which allowed ingredients to be available year @-@ round . The initials , representing " bacon , lettuce , tomato " , likely began in the American restaurant industry as shorthand for the sandwich , but it is unclear when this transferred to the public consciousness . For example , a 1951 edition of the Saturday Evening Post makes reference to the sandwich , although it does not use its initials , describing a scene in which : " On the tray , invariably , are a bowl of soup , a toasted sandwich of bacon , lettuce and tomato , and a chocolate milk shake . " A 1954 issue of Modern Hospital contains a meal suggestion that includes : " Bean Soup , Toasted Bacon Lettuce and Tomato Sandwich , Pickles , Jellied Banana Salad , Cream Dressing , and Pound Cake . " By 1958 , Hellmann 's Mayonnaise advertised their product as " traditional on bacon , lettuce , and tomato sandwiches , " suggesting that the combination had been around for some time . However , there are several references to a " B.L.T " in the early 1970s , including in one review of Bruce Jay Friedman 's play entitled Steambath titled : " A B.L.T. for God – hold the mayo . " . The abbreviation used in title references a line of dialogue in the play in which God yells , " Send up a bacon and lettuce and tomato sandwich , hold the mayo . You burn the toast , I 'll smite you down with my terrible swift sword . " The coexistence of the shortened version and the full name suggests this was a period of transition as the abbreviation was popularized . = = = Popularity = = = According to food historian John Mariani , it is the second most popular sandwich in the US , after the ham sandwich , and a poll by OnePoll in 2008 showed that it was the " nation 's favourite " sandwich in the UK . BLT sandwiches are popular especially in the summer , following the tomato harvest . In the USA , the BLT @-@ season is associated with an increase in the price of pork @-@ bellies , which are processed into bacon . = = BLT in culture = = In 1963 , pop art sculptor Claes Oldenburg created Giant BLT a soft sculpture representing the sandwich , now in the collection of the Whitney Museum of American Art . It measures 32 by 39 inches ( 81 cm × 99 cm ) and uses vinyl , kapok and wood , painted in acrylic . Every time it is moved , it must be restacked , which means it varies between exhibits . The artist has said that he has not set it up personally since its creation in 1963 . In 2003 , a record for the world 's largest BLT was created by Michele Anna Jordan , measuring 108 feet ( 33 m ) in length . It was prepared at a 2003 tomato festival in Sonoma County , California and had a total area of 14 @,@ 976 square inches ( 96 @,@ 620 cm2 ) . In 2008 , Marie Ganister and Glenda Castelli created a 146 feet ( 45 m ) BLT – a sandwich which was originally planned with Jordan . The record was broken again by the Iron Barley restaurant in St. Louis , Missouri , with a BLT measuring 179 feet ( 55 m ) , and is currently held by Bentley Dining Services for their 2009 attempt , measuring 209 feet 1 inch ( 63 @.@ 73 m ) . In 2004 , the New Statesman reported that the sandwich chosen by a politician as his " favourite " is loaded with political symbolism . For example , it suggested that a chicken tikka sandwich would be a " gentle nod to an imperial past and a firm statement of a multicultural present and future " . The article went on to explain that the then Leader of the Opposition William Hague had accused the then Prime Minister Tony Blair of being a hypocrite with regards to food , telling one portion of society that his favourite meal was fish and chips and another that it was a fresh fettuccine dish . The conclusion of the article was that Blair chose the BLT as his favourite sandwich , which appeals to all classes . = Juan Uribe = Juan Cespedes Uribe Tena ( born March 22 , 1979 ) is a Dominican professional baseball third baseman for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He stands 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) tall and weighs 235 pounds ( 107 kg ) . He previously played in MLB for the Colorado Rockies , Chicago White Sox , San Francisco Giants , Los Angeles Dodgers , Atlanta Braves and New York Mets . He bats and throws right @-@ handed . Uribe began his professional career in 1997 when he was signed by the Colorado Rockies . After advancing through the minors , he made his MLB debut with the Rockies in 2001 . He became their shortstop in 2001 and spent all of 2002 in that capacity . He missed part of 2003 with an injury and was traded to the Chicago White Sox following the season . After one season as a utility player , Uribe became the starting shortstop for the White Sox in 2005 ; he held that position for the next three years . While Uribe was with the White Sox , the team won the 2005 World Series against the Houston Astros . Uribe hit 21 home runs in 2006 but had a low on @-@ base percentage . He hit 20 home runs in 2007 but had a low batting average with runners in scoring position ( RISP ) . In 2008 , Uribe lost his starting shortstop role to Orlando Cabrera and shifted to the starter at second , but then lost that job to rookie Alexei Ramírez . He eventually ended the season as the team 's third baseman due to an injury to Joe Crede . In 2009 , Uribe signed with the Giants and was again used as utility player . He spent most of 2010 as the Giants ' shortstop , hit a career @-@ high 24 home runs , and had several key hits in the playoffs as the Giants won the 2010 World Series . Following that season , he signed a three @-@ year contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers . The next two years were plagued by injuries and poor hitting , but he regained his starting role at third base and made strong contributions to the team in 2013 and 2014 . Uribe was traded to the Braves in late May of the 2015 season and again to the Mets in July of the 2015 season . = = Early life = = Uribe was born in Baní , Dominican Republic . Growing up , he became interested in baseball partly due to José Uribe . José was Juan 's second cousin , although Juan calls him his " uncle " because of their age difference . When Major League Baseball ( MLB ) was not in season , José would come home to the Dominican Republic and tell Juan about his time in the majors playing shortstop for the San Francisco Giants . Juan proved to have baseball ability too . In 1997 , Colorado Rockies scout Jorge Posada , Sr. , spotted Uribe while he was scouting pitcher Enemencio Pacheco . Posada offered him a $ 5 @,@ 000 contract , but Uribe and his father tried to get a higher amount from agent Bob Michelin . Eventually , Uribe settled for $ 5 @,@ 000 . = = Professional baseball career = = = = = Minor league career = = = Uribe started his professional career playing in the Dominican Summer League ( DSL ) for the DSL Rockies . In 1998 and 1999 , he played for the rookie @-@ level Arizona Rookie League and the Single @-@ A Asheville Tourists in the South Atlantic League . While in Asheville , he batted .392 with 28 doubles , compiling a 15 @-@ game hitting streak at one point in the season . Uribe played for the Single @-@ A advanced Salem Avalanche of the Carolina League in 2000 , batting .256 with 13 home runs . Following the season , Baseball America named him the number two prospect in the Rockies ' organization . In 2001 , he was called up by the Rockies . = = = Colorado Rockies = = = = = = = 2001 : Rookie season = = = = Uribe played 72 games for the Rockies in his rookie season of 2001 . He batted .300 , had eight home runs , and had 53 runs batted in ( RBIs ) . He also had 11 triples , tying a club record held by Neifi Pérez and Juan Pierre . He made his major league debut on April 8 , pinch @-@ hitting and striking out against Jay Witasick in an 11 – 3 loss to the San Diego Padres . Three days later , he had his first major league hit against Matt Morris in a 3 – 1 loss to the St. Louis Cardinals . He was sent down to the Triple @-@ A Colorado Springs Sky Sox of the Pacific Coast League a few times during the season . However , after July 25 he took over the shortstop position for the Rockies when they traded Pérez . On August 2 , he hit his first major league home run against Dave Coggin in a 4 – 2 loss to the Philadelphia Phillies . He tied three other franchise records with two hits , two extra base hits , and six total bases in a single inning during an October 7 game against the San Diego Padres . = = = = 2002 = = = = Uribe played his first full season in the majors for the Rockies in 2002 . He started 150 games at shortstop , posting a .240 average , six home runs , 49 RBIs , and 25 doubles . He had a 17 @-@ game hitting streak during the months of April and May , a career high . However , his offensive production slumped from May through August , and he also played poor defensive , leading the team with 27 errors . Uribe saw a little improvement offensively late in the season , though , as he tied a career high for hits in a game with four on September 17 in a game against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ; he finished that game a home run short of the cycle . = = = = 2003 = = = = In 2003 , Uribe did not play until June 3 because of an injury suffered when he was rounding the bases during a spring training game on March 1 . In his first game back , he homered twice against Ricardo Rodríguez of the Cleveland Indians . He began to play in the outfield for the Rockies , starting at center field on June 15 . However , he returned to the shortstop position when José Hernández was traded . In 87 games , he batted .253 with 80 hits , 19 doubles , 10 home runs , and 33 RBIs . Uribe was traded to the Chicago White Sox on December 2 , 2003 , for Aaron Miles . = = = Chicago White Sox = = = = = = = 2004 = = = = Although Uribe did not have a starting role at the beginning of his tenure with the White Sox , he wound up appearing in 134 games for them in 2004 , playing second base , shortstop , and third base . On June 19 , he had seven RBIs ( one short of the White Sox single @-@ game record ) in a 17 – 14 loss to the Montreal Expos . He set many career highs in batting categories , including batting average with the bases loaded ( .556 ) , RISP ( .340 ) , batting average ( .283 ) , home runs ( 23 ) , RBIs ( 74 ) , hits ( 142 ) , and runs ( 82 ) . He played much better at home , batting .315 with six home runs compared to .248 with seven home runs on the road . On December 16 , he agreed to a contract extension through 2008 with the White Sox . = = = = 2005 : World Series = = = = In 2005 , Uribe spent the entire season playing shortstop after the White Sox did not re @-@ sign José Valentín . In 146 games , a number that would have been higher had it not been for minor injuries , Uribe batted .252 with 121 hits , 23 doubles , 16 home runs , and 74 RBIs . In Game 1 of the American League Division Series ( ALDS ) , Uribe hit a home run and had three RBIs as the White Sox defeated the Boston Red Sox 14 – 2 . Uribe made two memorable defensive plays for the final two outs of the 2005 World Series , first catching a ball while crashing into the third base stands and then ranging over the middle and firing an off @-@ balance throw on a slow grounder to beat Houston Astro Orlando Palmeiro to give the White Sox their first title in 88 years . = = = = 2006 = = = = On July 2 , 2006 , Uribe had five RBIs in a 15 – 11 loss to the Chicago Cubs ; two days later , he again had five RBIs in a 13 – 0 victory over the Baltimore Orioles . Uribe had one of his best power seasons in 2006 , batting .235 with 21 home runs and 71 RBIs in 132 games . However , he had the lowest on @-@ base percentage of his career , at .257 . Injuries prevented him from appearing 10 games , and he also lost some starts at shortstop to Alex Cintrón because of his low on @-@ base percentage . He led the White Sox in sacrifice hits and ranked fourth in the AL with a .977 fielding percentage . He also joined Derek Jeter , Miguel Tejada , Edgar Rentería , and Michael Young as the only shortstops to top 70 RBIs in ' 04 , ' 05 , and ' 06 . = = = = 2007 = = = = On September 29 , 2007 , Uribe had a walkoff RBI single against Fernando Rodney to give the White Sox a 3 – 2 win over the Detroit Tigers . In 150 games in 2007 , Uribe batted .234 with 120 hits , 18 doubles , 20 home runs , and 68 RBIs . He was second in the league in fielding percentage ( .976 ) , but he batted .198 with runners in scoring position . The White Sox declined Uribe 's option , but on November 7 , 2007 , they signed him to a one @-@ year , $ 4 @.@ 5 million deal . = = = = 2008 = = = = The White Sox acquired Orlando Cabrera to play shortstop in 2008 , forcing Uribe to compete with Alexei Ramírez , Danny Richar , and Pablo Ozuna for the position in spring training . Uribe won the second base job , but after an injury in May , Uribe lost his spot in the White Sox starting lineup to Ramírez . However , Uribe took over third base from Josh Fields ( who had spent a week filling in for an injured Joe Crede ) on August 1 . In 110 games ( 324 at @-@ bats ) , Uribe had 80 hits , 22 doubles , seven home runs , and 40 RBIs . On October 30 , Uribe filed for free agency . While with the White Sox , Uribe was always regarded as a talented player . He was especially adept at fielding and hitting home runs . However , Ozzie Guillén had issues with Uribe 's low on @-@ base percentage and his conditioning . = = = San Francisco Giants = = = = = = = 2009 = = = = On January 29 , 2009 , Uribe signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants . It was announced on April 4 that Uribe had made the Giants final roster as a utility player . Uribe wound up making a lot of starts at second base , shortstop , and third base throughout the season . On July 10 , Uribe bobbled a ground ball with one out in the eighth inning of Jonathan Sánchez 's no @-@ hitter against San Diego , allowing Chase Headley to reach first base . The effort had been perfect up to that point , and Sánchez went on to retire each of the remaining five batters , meaning this error lost the first perfect game since Randy Johnson ' s in 2004 . This was the first no @-@ hit , no @-@ walk , no – hit batsman game that was not also a perfect game since Terry Mulholland 's no @-@ hitter in 1990 . In 122 games ( 398 at @-@ bats ) , Uribe batted .289 ( his highest average since 2001 ) with 115 hits , 26 doubles , 16 home runs , and 55 RBIs . = = = = 2010 : World Series = = = = In 2010 , Uribe re @-@ signed a one @-@ year , $ 3 @.@ 25 million contract with the Giants . He began 2010 as the Giants ' second baseman because of an injury to Freddy Sanchez . At the beginning of May , he moved over to shortstop to replace the injured Rentería ; for most of the remainder of the season , he was the Giants ' starting shortstop . He hit a game @-@ winning two @-@ run home run on September 5 against Jonathan Broxton , turning a 4 – 3 deficit into a 5 – 4 victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers . On September 23 , Uribe hit a grand slam against Ryan Dempster and a two @-@ run home run in the second inning against the Cubs for a total of six RBIs , helping the Giants win 13 – 0 . He finished the season batting .256 with a career @-@ high 24 home runs and a career @-@ high 85 RBIs . He had 129 hits on the year in 521 at @-@ bats , bringing his career hit total above the 1 @,@ 000 mark . He had 24 doubles and 2 triples . In Game 4 of the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) against the Phillies on October 20 , Uribe had a walk @-@ off sacrifice fly against Roy Oswalt in a 6 – 5 victory . In Game 6 , on October 23 , he hit a go @-@ ahead solo home run against Ryan Madson in the top of the eighth , which gave the Giants a 3 – 2 victory , sending them to the World Series . In Game 1 of the World Series on October 27 , he hit a three @-@ run home run against Darren O 'Day which proved decisive in the Giants ' 11 – 7 victory over the Texas Rangers . He produced an RBI that made it 2 – 0 against C. J. Wilson in the seventh inning of Game 2 ; he added another RBI in the eighth as the Giants won 9 – 0 . The Giants won the series in five games , and Uribe earned his second World Series championship . = = = Los Angeles Dodgers = = = = = = = 2011 = = = = After the 2010 season , Uribe reached an agreement on a three @-@ year contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers . His first season with the Dodgers was one of his worst seasons as he made two trips to the disabled list and only managed to appear in 77 of 162 games , his fewest amount of games since 2001 . His production was the weakest of his career , as he hit a subpar .204 BA ( Batting average ) With four home runs and 28 RBIs . He was placed on the disabled list on July 30 , with what was described as abdominal pain . He was expected to return after 15	Very Long	wikitext-103-excerpt
days , but the injury didn 't get better and was recharacterized as a sports hernia , which needed season @-@ ending surgery . = = = = 2012 = = = = In the 2012 season , Uribe mostly stayed healthy but his production remained similar to his 2011 totals . From May 14 to June 10 , he was on the disabled list with a left wrist injury . After June , he lost his starting role and was relegated to pinch @-@ hitting duties over the second half of the season . He played in just 66 games and hit only .191 ( his lowest career total ) with two home runs and 17 RBIs . = = = = 2013 = = = = Uribe began 2013 as a utility player . However , he made frequent starts at third base , and by June , he had taken over the position . On July 5 , Uribe had seven RBIs and was a single short of hitting for the cycle in a 10 – 2 victory over the Giants . On September 9 , 2013 , Uribe went four for four and homered in each of his first three trips to the plate against the Arizona Diamondbacks . It was his first 3 home run game in the Major Leagues . He played in 132 games for the Dodgers in 2013 , almost as many as his first two seasons with them combined ( 143 ) . He hit .278 with 12 homers and 50 RBI . On October 7 , during game four of the National League Divisional Series , Uribe hit a two @-@ run home run in the bottom of the 8th inning put Los Angeles ahead of the Atlanta Braves 4 – 3 . The Dodgers held on to defeat the Braves taking the series 3 – 1 . On December 14 , 2013 , Uribe agreed to a 2 @-@ year , $ 15 million contract extension with the Dodgers . = = = = 2014 = = = = Uribe continued his resurgence in 2014 , hitting .311 in 103 games . He also had 9 home runs and 54 RBIs . Uribe was well @-@ liked by his teammates , and hailed as a key part of maintaining clubhouse chemistry . Don Mattingly let him manage the Dodgers for the final game of the regular season , a 10 – 5 Dodgers win . = = = = 2015 = = = = Uribe started slowly in 2015 and wound up falling behind both Justin Turner and Alex Guerrero on the depth chart . In 29 games he hit .247 with one homer and six RBIs . = = = Atlanta Braves = = = On May 27 , 2015 , Uribe was traded to the Atlanta Braves ( with Chris Withrow ) in exchange for Alberto Callaspo , Eric Stults , Ian Thomas and Juan Jaime . The trade was finalized during the Braves ' three @-@ game series at Dodger Stadium , and Uribe appeared in his new team 's uniform in the third game , going 0 for 3 in the Atlanta win . When asked for an opinion on the trade , Uribe commented , " I would 've felt bad if they traded me to a soccer , basketball or football team . But it 's another baseball team , so I 'm happy " . Uribe 's popularity as a Dodger extended past his trade , as a scheduled bobblehead night went ahead as planned after he had left the team for the Braves . = = = New York Mets = = = On July 24 , 2015 , the Braves traded Uribe and Kelly Johnson to the New York Mets for John Gant and Rob Whalen . During his second game with New York , Uribe hit the walk @-@ off single in the tenth inning to win the game for the Mets , 3 @-@ 2 against the Los Angeles Dodgers . Uribe missed the National League Division Series and National League Championship Series due to a chest contusion in September , but was added to the Mets ' World Series roster and came off the bench in the sixth inning of Game 3 to deliver a pinch @-@ hit single , driving in a run . = = = Cleveland Indians = = = Just before the start of spring training 2016 , Uribe signed a one @-@ year , $ 4 million deal with the Cleveland Indians . On June 12 , 2016 in Anaheim , Uribe had to be carted off the field after being hit in the crotch by a ground ball which came off the bat of Mike Trout at 106 miles per hour ( 171 km / h ) . He was later diagnosed with a testicular contusion . = = Personal life = = Uribe and his wife Ana have four children : Juan Luis , Juanny , Janny , and Johanny . He also has a brother named Elpidio . Uribe does not speak English well and has used a translator throughout his career when conducting interviews . He plays winter baseball in the Dominican Republic every year . He has done work for many different charity organizations . In 2004 , he read to children on the Golden Apple Foundation Bus . He also helped with the United States military children 's coloring contest . = = = 2006 shooting allegations = = = In October 2006 , Uribe was alleged to have been involved in a shooting in his native Dominican Republic . A farmer named Antonio Gonzalez Perez accused Uribe of wounding him with a pellet gun . Despite claims by the San Cristóbal Province District Attorney that there was no firm evidence that Uribe was involved in the incident , a judge decided to press forward with the case . Although a defense motion to bar him from leaving the country was rejected , it was ruled on January 5 , 2007 , that Uribe must appear before a court on the 15 and the 30 of every month until the case was resolved . Uribe , who denied any involvement in the case , suggested that he might not play baseball until the legal proceedings were concluded . He was confident that he would win in court , and the White Sox expected him to be free for spring training . In February , his name was cleared of any involvement with the shooting , and the court ruled he no longer had to appear on the 15 and 30 of every month . Uribe called the incident " blackmail " , saying it was an attempt by Perez to get money from him . = Battle of Fort Eben @-@ Emael = The Battle of Fort Eben @-@ Emael was a battle between Belgian and German forces that took place between 10 May and 11 May 1940 , and was part of the Battle of Belgium and Fall Gelb , the German invasion of the Low Countries and France . An assault force of German paratroopers , Fallschirmjäger , was tasked with assaulting and capturing Fort Eben @-@ Emael ; a Belgian fortress whose strategic position and strong artillery emplacements dominated several important bridges over the Albert Canal . The easterly roads led into the Belgium heartland and the rest of the Low Countries . These roads were which the German forces intended to use to advance into Belgium . As some of the German airborne forces assaulted the fortress and disabled the garrison and the artillery pieces inside it , others simultaneously captured three bridges over the Canal . Having disabled the fortress , the airborne troops were then ordered to protect the bridges against Belgian counter @-@ attacks until they linked up with ground forces from the German 18th Army . The battle was a strategic victory for the German forces , with the airborne troops landing on top of the fortress via the use of gliders and using explosives and flamethrowers to disable the outer defences of the fortress . The Fallschirmjäger then entered the fortress , killing a number of defenders and containing the rest in the lower sections of the fortress . Simultaneously , the rest of the German assault force had landed near the three bridges over the Canal , destroyed a number of pillboxes and defensive positions and defeated the Belgian forces guarding the bridges , capturing them and bringing them under German control . The airborne troops suffered heavy casualties during the operation , but succeeded in holding the bridges until the arrival of German ground forces , who then aided the airborne troops in assaulting the fortress a second time and forcing the surrender of the remaining members of the garrison . German forces were then able to utilize two bridges over the Canal to bypass a number of Belgian defensive positions and advance into Belgium to aid in the invasion of the country . The bridge at Kanne was destroyed , forcing German engineers to construct a new bridge . = = Background = = On 10 May 1940 , Germany launched Fall Gelb , an invasion of the Low Countries . By attacking through the Netherlands , Luxembourg and Belgium , the German Oberkommando der Wehrmacht believed that German forces could outflank the Maginot Line and then advance through southern Belgium and into northern France , cutting off the British Expeditionary Force and a large number of French forces and forcing the French government to surrender . To gain access to northern France , German forces would have to defeat the armed forces of the Low Countries and either bypass or neutralize a number of defensive positions , primarily in Belgium and the Netherlands . Some of these defensive positions were only lightly defended and intended more as delaying positions than true defensive lines designed to stop an enemy attack . However , a number of them were of a more permanent design , possessing considerable fortifications and garrisoned by significant numbers of troops . The Grebbe @-@ Peel Line in the Netherlands , which stretched from the southern shore of the Zuiderzee to the Belgian border near Weert , had a large number of fortifications combined with natural obstacles , such as marsh @-@ lands and the Geld Valley , which could easily be flooded to impede an attack . The Belgian defences consisted of one delaying position running along the Albert Canal , and then a main defensive line running along the River Dyle , which protected the port of Antwerp and the Belgian capital , Brussels . This delaying position was protected by a number of forward positions manned by troops , except in a single area where the canal ran close to the Dutch border , which was known as the ' Maastricht Appendix ' due to the proximity of the city of Maastricht . The Belgian military could not build forward positions due to the proximity of the border , and therefore assigned an infantry division to guard the three bridges over the canal in the area , a brigade being assigned to each bridge . The bridges were defended by blockhouses equipped with machine @-@ guns . Artillery support was provided by Fort Eben @-@ Emael , whose artillery pieces covered two of the bridges . Having become aware of the Belgian defensive plan , which called for Belgian forces to briefly hold the delaying positions along the Albert Canal and then retreat to link up with British and French forces at the main defensive positions on the River Dyle , the German High Command made its own plans to disrupt this and seize and secure these three bridges , as well as a number of other bridges in Belgium and the Netherlands , to allow their own forces to breach the defensive positions and advance into the Netherlands . = = Prelude = = = = = Belgian Preparation = = = The Belgian 7th Infantry Division was assigned to guard the three bridges over the canal , supplementing the troops who garrisoned Fort Eben @-@ Emael at the time of the battle . The defences for each bridge consisted of four large concrete pillboxes on the western side of the canal , three equipped with machine @-@ guns and a fourth with an anti @-@ tank gun ; the bunker containing the anti @-@ tank gun was positioned close to the road leading from the bridge , with one machinegun @-@ equipped bunker immediately behind the bridge and two others flanking the bridge a short distance either side . A company position existed on the western bank of the canal by each of the bridges , with a small observation post on the eastern side , which could be quickly recalled , and all three bridges could be destroyed with demolition charges set into their structures , triggered by a firing mechanism situated in the anti @-@ tank bunkers . Fort Eben @-@ Emael , which measured 200 by 400 yards ( 180 by 370 m ) , had been built during the 1930s , and completed by 1935 , by blasting the required space out of marl . It possessed walls and roofs composed of 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) thick reinforced concrete , as well as four retractable casemates and sixty @-@ four strongpoints . The fort was equipped with six 120mm artillery pieces with a range of ten miles , two of which could traverse 360 degrees ; sixteen 75mm artillery pieces ; twelve 60mm high @-@ velocity anti @-@ tank guns ; twenty @-@ five twin @-@ mounted machine @-@ guns ; and a number of anti @-@ aircraft guns . One side of the fort faced the canal , whilst the other three faced land and were defended by minefields ; deep ditches ; a 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) high wall ; concrete pillboxes fitted with machine @-@ guns ; fifteen searchlights were emplaced on top of the fort ; and 60mm anti @-@ tank guns . A large number of tunnels ran beneath the fort , connecting individual turrets to the command centre and the ammunition stores . The fort also possessed its own hospital and a number of living quarters for the garrison , as well as a power station that provided electricity to power the guns , provide internal and external illumination , and to power the wireless network and air @-@ purifying system used by the garrison . Belgian plans did not call for the garrison of the fort and the attached defending forces to fight a sustained battle against an attacking force ; it was assumed that sufficient warning of an attack would be given so that the detachment on the eastern side of the canal could be withdrawn , the bridges destroyed and the garrison ready to fight a delaying action . The defending force would then retire to the main defensive positions along the River Dyle , where they would link up with other Allied forces . = = = German Preparation = = = The airborne assault on Fort Eben @-@ Emael , and the three bridges it helped protect , was part of a much larger German airborne operation that involved the 7th Air Division and the 22nd Airlanding Division . The 7th Air Division , comprising three parachute regiments and one infantry regiment , was tasked with capturing a number of river and canal bridges that led to the Dutch defensive positions centered around Rotterdam , as well as an airfield at Waalhaven . The 22nd Airlanding Division , which was composed of two infantry regiments and a reinforced parachute battalion , was tasked with capturing a number of airfields in the vicinity of The Hague at Valkenburg , Ockenburg and Ypenburg . Once these airfields had been secured by the parachute battalion , the rest of the division would land with the aim of occupying the Dutch capital and capturing the entire Dutch government , the Royal Family and high @-@ ranking members of the Dutch military . The division would also interdict all roads and railway lines in the area to impede the movement of Dutch forces . The intention of the German OKW was to use the two airborne divisions to create a corridor , along which the 18th Army could advance into the Netherlands without being impeded by destroyed bridges . General Kurt Student , who proposed the deployment of the two airborne divisions , argued that their presence would hold open the southern approaches to Rotterdam , prevent the movement of Dutch reserves based in north @-@ west Holland and any French forces sent to aid the Dutch defenders , and deny the use of airfields to Allied aircraft , all of which would aid a rapid advance by the 18th Army . 400 Junkers Ju 52 transport aircraft would be used to deploy the parachute elements of the airborne troops , as well as transport the elements of the two airborne divisions not landing by parachute or glider . The force tasked with assaulting the fort and capturing the three bridges was formed from elements of the 7th Air Division and the 22nd Airlanding Division , and was named Sturmabteilung Koch ( Assault Detachment Koch ) after the leader of the force , Hauptmann Walter Koch . The force , which had been assembled in November 1939 , was primarily composed of parachutists from the 1st Parachute Regiment and engineers from the 7th Air Division , as well as a small group of Luftwaffe pilots . Although the force was composed primarily of parachutists , it was decided that the first landings by the force should be by glider . Adolf Hitler , who had taken a personal interest in the arrangements for the assault force , had ordered that gliders be used after being told by his personal pilot , Hanna Reitsch , that gliders in flight were nearly silent ; it was believed that , since Belgian anti @-@ aircraft defences used sound @-@ location arrays and not radar , it would be possible to tow gliders near to the Dutch border and then release them , achieving a surprise attack as the Belgian defenders would not be able to detect them . Fifty DFS 230 transport gliders were supplied for use by the assault force , and then a period of intensive training began . A detailed study of the fort , the bridges and the local area was made , and a replica of the area was constructed for the airborne troops to train in . Joint exercises between the parachutists and the glider pilots were carried out in the early spring of 1940 , and a number of refinements made to the equipment and tactics to be used , such as barbed wire being added to the nose @-@ skids of the gliders to reduce their landing run , and the airborne troops trained with flamethrowers and specialized explosives , the latter of which were so secret that they were only used on fortifications in Germany and not on fortifications in Czechoslovakia similar to Fort Eben Emael . Secrecy was also maintained in a number of other ways . When exercises were completed gliders and equipment would be broken down and taken away in furniture vans , the sub @-@ units of the force were frequently renamed and moved from one location to another , unit badges and insignia were removed , and the airborne troops were not permitted to leave their barracks or to take leave . Hauptmann Koch divided his force into four assault groups . Group Granite , under Oberleutnant Rudolf Witzig , composed of eighty @-@ five men in eleven gliders whose task would be to assault and capture Fort Eben Emael ; Group Steel , commanded by Oberleutnant Gustav Altmann , and formed of ninety @-@ two men and nine gliders , would capture the Veldwezelt bridge ; Group Concrete , commanded by Leutnant Gerhard Schacht and composed of ninety @-@ six men in eleven gliders , would capture the Vroenhoven bridge ; and Group Iron , under Leutnant Martin Schächter , composed of ninety men in ten gliders , who would capture the Kanne bridge . The crucial element for the assault force , and particularly Group Granite , was time . It was believed that the combination of a noiseless approach by the gliders used by the assault force , and the lack of a declaration of war by the German government , would give the attackers the element of surprise . However , German estimates were that this would last , at the most , for sixty minutes , after which the superior numbers of the Belgian forces defending the fort and the bridges , as well as any reinforcements sent to the area , would begin to come to bear against the relatively small number of lightly armed airborne troops . The German plan , therefore , was to eliminate within those sixty minutes as many anti @-@ aircraft positions and individual cupolas and casemates as was possible , and at all costs to put out of action the long @-@ range artillery pieces which covered the three bridges . The destruction of these guns was expected to be completed within ten minutes ; within this time the airborne troops would have to break out of their gliders , cover the distance to the guns , fix the explosive charges to the barrels of the guns and detonate them , all while under enemy fire . The finalized plan for the assault called for between nine and eleven gliders to land on the western bank of the Albert Canal by each of the three bridges just prior to 05 : 30 on 10 May , the time scheduled for Fall Gelb to begin . The groups assigned to assault the three bridges would overwhelm the defending Belgian troops , remove any demolition charges and then prepare to defend the bridges against an expected counter @-@ attack . Forty minutes later , three Ju @-@ 52 transport aircraft would fly over each position , dropping a further twenty @-@ four airborne troops as reinforcements as well as machine @-@ guns and significant amounts of ammunition . Simultaneously , the force assigned to assault Fort Eben @-@ Emael was to land on top of the Fort in eleven gliders , eliminate any defenders attempting to repel them , cripple what artillery they could with explosive charges , and then prevent the Garrison from dislodging them . Having achieved their initial objectives of seizing the bridges and eliminate the long @-@ range artillery pieces possessed by the Fort , the airborne troops would then defend their positions until the arrival of German ground forces . = = Battle = = For reasons of security , Sturmabteilung Koch was dispersed around several locations in the Rhineland until it received orders for the operation against Fort Eben @-@ Emael and the three bridges to begin . Preliminary orders were received on 9 May , ordering the separated detachments to move to a pre @-@ arranged concentration area , and shortly afterwards a second order arrived , informing the assault force that Fall Gelb was to begin at 05 : 25 on 10 May . At 04 : 30 , forty @-@ two gliders carrying the 493 airborne troops that formed the assault force were lifted off from two airfields in Cologne , the armada of gliders and transport aircraft turning south towards their objectives . The aircraft maintained strict radio silence , forcing the pilots to rely on a chain of signal fires that pointed towards Belgium ; the radio silence also ensured that senior commanders of the assault force could not be informed that the tow @-@ ropes on one of the gliders had snapped , forcing the glider to land inside Germany . Another pilot of a second glider released his tow @-@ rope prematurely , and was unable to land near its objective . Both gliders were carrying troops assigned to Group Granite and were destined to assault Fort Eben @-@ Emael , thereby leaving the group understrength ; it also left it under the command of Oberleutnant Witzig 's second @-@ in @-@ command , as Witzig was in one of the gliders forced to land . The remaining gliders were released from their tow @-@ ropes twenty miles away from their objectives at an altitude of 7 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) , which was deemed high enough for the gliders to land by the three bridges and on top of the fort , and also maintain a steep dive angle to further ensure they landed correctly . After the Ju @-@ 52 's released the gliders and began turning away , Belgian anti @-@ aircraft artillery positions detected them and opened fire . This alerted the defences in the area to the presence of the gliders . = = = Bridges = = = All nine gliders carrying the troops assigned to Group Steel landed next to the bridge at Veldwezelt at 05 : 20 , the barbed @-@ wire wrapped around the landing skids of the gliders succeeding in rapidly bringing them to a halt . The glider belonging to Leutnant Altmann had landed some distance from the bridge , and a second had landed directly in front of a Belgian pillbox , which began engaging both groups of airborne troops with small @-@ arms fire . The non @-@ commissioned officer in charge of the troops from the second glider hurled grenades at the pillbox whilst another of his men laid an explosive charge at the door and detonated it , allowing the bunker to be assaulted and removed as an obstacle . Simultaneously , Altmann gathered his troops and led them along a ditch running parallel to the bridge until two men were able to reach the canal bank and climb onto the girders of the bridge and disconnect the demolition charges placed there by the Belgian garrison . Thus the airborne troops prevented the Belgians from destroying the bridge , though they still faced the rest of the Belgian defenders . The defenders held on until a platoon of reinforcements arrived and forced them to retire to a nearby village . However , the assaulting force could not overcome two field @-@ guns located five hundred metres from the bridge by small @-@ arms fire , thus forcing Altmann to call for air support . Several Junkers Ju 87 Stukas responded and knocked out the guns . Group Steel was to be relieved by 14 : 30 , but Belgian resistance delayed their arrival in strength until 21 : 30 . During the fighting , the attacking force left eight airborne troops dead and thirty wounded . Ten of the eleven gliders transporting Group Concrete landed next to the Vroenhoven bridge at 05 : 15 , the eleventh glider having been hit by anti @-@ aircraft fire en route to the bridge and being forced to land prematurely inside Dutch territory . The gliders were engaged by heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire as they landed , causing one of the gliders to stall in mid @-@ air . The resulting crash severely wounded three airborne troops . The rest of the gliders landed without damage . One of the gliders landed near to the fortification housing the bridge detonators . This allowed the airborne troops to rapidly assault the position . They killed the occupants and tore out the wires connecting the explosives to the detonator set , ensuring the bridge could not be destroyed . The remaining Belgian defenders resisted fiercely by mounting several counter @-@ attacks in an attempt to recapture the bridge . They were repelled with the aid of several machine @-@ guns dropped by parachute to the airborne troops at 06 : 15 . Constant Belgian attacks meant that Group Concrete were not withdrawn and relieved by an infantry battalion until 21 : 40 . They suffered losses of seven dead and twenty @-@ four wounded . All but one of the ten gliders carrying the airborne troops assigned to Group Iron were able to land next to their objective , the bridge at Kanne . Due to a navigation error by the pilots of the transport aircraft towing the gliders , one of the gliders was dropped in the wrong area . The other nine gliders were towed through heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire and released at 05 : 35 . As the gliders began to descend towards their objective , the bridge was destroyed by several demolition explosions set off by the Belgian garrison . Unlike the garrisons of the other two bridges , the Belgian defenders at Kanne had been forewarned , as the German mechanized column heading for the bridge to reinforce Group Iron arrived twenty minutes ahead of schedule . Its appearance ruined any chance of a surprise assault and gave the defenders sufficient time to destroy the bridge . As the gliders came in to land , one was hit by anti @-@ aircraft fire and crashed into the ground killing most of the occupants . The remaining eight landed successfully , and the airborne troops stormed the Belgian positions and eliminated the defenders . By 05 : 50 the airborne troops had secured the area as well as the nearby village of Kanne , but they were then subjected to a strong counter @-@ attack which was only repulsed with the aid of air support from Stuka divebombers . The defenders launched several more counter @-@ attacks during the night , ensuring that the airborne troops could not be relieved until the morning of 11 May . Group Iron suffered the heaviest casualties of all three assault groups assigned to capture the bridges with twenty @-@ two dead and twenty @-@ six wounded . One of the airborne troops assigned to the Group was taken prisoner by the Belgians . He was later freed by German forces at a British prisoner of war camp at Dunkirk . = = = Fort Eben @-@ Emael = = = The nine remaining gliders transporting the airborne troops assigned to Group Granite successfully landed on the roof of Fort Eben @-@ Emael , utilizing arrester @-@ parachutes to slow their descent and rapidly bring them to a halt . The airborne troops rapidly emerged from the gliders and began attaching explosive charges to those emplacements on the top of the Fort which housed the artillery pieces that could target the three captured bridges . In the southern part of the Fort , Objective No. 18 , an artillery observation casemate housing three 75mm artillery pieces was damaged with a light demolition charge and then permanently destroyed with a heavier charge , which collapsed the casemate 's observation dome and part of the roof of the Fort itself . Objective No. 12 , a traversing turret holding two more artillery pieces was also destroyed by airborne troops , who then moved to Objective No. 26 , a turret holding another three 75mm weapons ; although explosives were detonated against this and the airborne troops assigned to destroy it moved off , this proved to be premature as one of the guns was rapidly brought to bear against the attackers , who were forced to assault it for a second time to destroy it . Another pair of 75mm guns in a cupola were disabled , as was a barracks known to house Belgian troops . However , attempts to destroy Objective No. 24 proved to be less successful ; the objective , twin turrets with heavy @-@ calibre guns mounted on a rotating cupola , was too large for airborne troops from a single glider to destroy on their own , forcing troops from two gliders to be used . Primitive unlined shaped charges were affixed to the turrets and detonated , but whilst they shook the turrets they did not destroy them , and other airborne troops were forced to climb the turrets and smash the gun barrels . In the northern section of the fort , similar actions were taking place , as the airborne troops raced to destroy or otherwise disable the fortifications housing artillery pieces . Objective No. 13 was a casemate housing multiple machine @-@ guns whose arcs of fire covered the western side of the Fort ; to destroy the casemate , the airborne troops used a flamethrower to force the Belgian soldiers manning the weapons to retreat , and then detonated shaped charges against the fortification to disable it . Another observation cupola fitted with machine @-@ guns , Objective No. 19 , was destroyed , but two further objectives , Nos. 15 and 16 were found to be dummy installations . Unexpected complications came from Objective No. 23 , a retractable cupola housing two 75mm artillery pieces . It had been assumed that the weapons in this fortification could not stop the airborne assault , but this assumption was found to be false when the weapons opened fire , forcing the airborne troops in the area to go to cover . The rapid fire of the weapons led to air support being summoned , and a Stuka squadron bombed the cupola . Although the bombs did not destroy the cupola , the explosions did force the Belgians to retract it throughout the rest of the fighting . Any exterior entrances and exits located by the airborne troops were destroyed with explosives to seal the garrison inside the Fort , giving the garrison few opportunities to attempt a counter @-@ attack . The airborne troops had achieved their initial objective of destroying or disabling the artillery pieces that the fort could have used to bombard the captured bridges , but they still faced a number of small cupolas and emplacements that had to be disabled . A number of these included anti @-@ aircraft weapons and machine @-@ guns . As these secondary objectives were attacked , a single glider landed on top of the Fort , from which emerged Oberleutnant Rudolf Witzig . After his glider had unintentionally landed in German territory , he had radioed for another tug , and it landed in the field with a replacement glider . Once the airborne troops had broken down fences and hedges obstructing the aircraft , they boarded the new glider and were towed through anti @-@ aircraft fire to the fort . Having achieved their primary objectives of disabling the artillery pieces possessed by the fort , the airborne troops then held it against Belgian counter @-@ attacks , which began almost immediately . These counter @-@ attacks were made by Belgian infantry formations without artillery support and were uncoordinated . This allowed the airborne troops to repel them with machine @-@ gun fire . Artillery from several smaller Forts nearby and Belgian field artillery units also targeted the airborne troops , but this too was uncoordinated and achieved nothing and often aided the airborne troops in repelling counter @-@ attacks by Belgian infantry units . Patrols were also used to ensure that the garrison stayed in the interior of the fort and did not attempt to emerge and mount an attempt to retake the fort . Any attempt by the garrison to launch a counter @-@ attack would have been stymied by the fact that the only possible route for such an attack was up a single , spiral staircase , and any embrasures looking out onto the Fort had either been captured or disabled . The plan for the assault had called for Group Granite to be relieved by 51st Engineer Battalion within a few hours of seizing the Fort , but the Group was not actually relieved until 7 : 00 on 11 May . Heavy Belgian resistance , as well as several demolished bridges over the River Meuse , had forced the battalion to lay down new bridges , delaying it significantly . Once the airborne troops had been relieved , the battalion , in conjunction with an infantry regiment that arrived shortly after the engineers , mounted an attack on the main entrance to the fort . Faced with this attack , the garrison surrendered at 12 : 30 , suffering sixty men killed and forty wounded . The Germans took more than a thousand Belgian soldiers into captivity . Group Granite suffered six killed and nineteen wounded . = = Aftermath = = The airborne assault on the three bridges and Fort Eben @-@ Emael had been an overall success for the Fallschirmjäger of Sturmabteilung Koch ; the artillery pieces possessed by Fort Eben @-@ Emael had been disabled , and two of the three bridges designated to be captured by the sub @-@ units of Sturmabteilung Koch had been captured before they could be destroyed . The capture of the bridges , and the neutralization of the artillery pieces in the Fort allowed infantry and armour from the 18th Army to bypass other Belgian defences and enter the heart of Belgium . In a post @-@ war publication , General Kurt Student wrote of the operation , and the efforts of Group Granite in particular , that " It was a deed of exemplary daring and decisive significance [ ... ] I have studied the history of the last war and the battles on all fronts . But I have not been able to find anything among the host of brilliant actions — undertaken by friend or foe — that could be said to compare with the success achieved by Koch 's Assault Group . " A number of officers and non @-@ commissioned officers were awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross for their participation in the operation , including Lieutenant Rudolf Witzig who led the assault on Fort Eben @-@ Emael in the absence of Koch . Sturmabteilung Koch was expanded after the end of Fall Gelb to become 1st Battalion of the newly formed 1st Airlanding Assault Regiment , which itself consisted of four battalions of Fallschirmjaeger trained as a gliderborne assault force . Hauptmann Koch was promoted to the rank of Major for his part in the operation and assumed command of the 1st Battalion . Due to the destroyed bridges , the 17th Armored Engineer Battalion built a new bridge over the canal on 15 September 1944 . = M @-@ 124 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 124 is a state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan that runs on the north side of Vineyard and Wamplers lakes near Brooklyn in Jackson County near the Irish Hills area . The highway travels directly through W. J. Hayes State Park before ending in Lenawee County . The designation was created in 1929 for a road that accessed the state park , connecting it to US Highway 112 ( US 112 , now US 12 ) . It was later extended westward to M @-@ 50 in Brooklyn in the 1930s . = = Route description = = M @-@ 124 begins at an intersection with M @-@ 50 just south of Brooklyn . The trunkline runs eastward on Wampers Lake Road through a residential section of town and crosses the River Raisin on the north side of Vineyard Lake . After passing Vineyard Lake , the highway curves towards the southwest as it passes several other smaller lakes and heads towards Wamplers Lake . M @-@ 124 passes between Wamplers and Mud lakes , curving around the eastern side of Wamplers Lake as it enters Walter J. Hayes State Park from the north . The park is a popular tourist destination for boaters , craft and antique shows and its close proximity to Michigan International Speedway . The road nearly bisects the park as it passes through near Round Lake before exiting the park and terminating an at intersection with US 12 . M @-@ 124 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . According to the department between 1 @,@ 692 and 4 @,@ 222 vehicles used the highway each day . No segment of M @-@ 124 is listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . = = History = = When M @-@ 124 was designated in 1929 , it extended from US 112 ( what is now US 12 ) north to Cedar Hills State Park . Between 1929 and 1932 a series of extensions and realignments proceeded to move the route further northward , at the same time the park was renamed to its present day moniker , Walter J. Hayes State Park , to honor Walter J. Hayes . In 1933 , the western end was extended to terminate at M @-@ 50 in Brooklyn . This western section of the highway was realigned to is present course in 1939 . The trunkline has retained this alignment ever since . = = Major intersections = = = Royal National Lifeboat Institution = The Royal National Lifeboat Institution ( RNLI ) is the largest charity that saves lives at sea around the coasts of the UK , Ireland , the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man as well as on some inland waterways . There are numerous other lifeboat services operating in the same area . Founded in 1824 as the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck , the RNLI was granted Royal Charter in 1860 and is a charity in the UK and Republic of Ireland . Queen Elizabeth II is Patron . The RNLI is principally funded by legacies and donations with most lifeboat crew members being unpaid volunteers . The RNLI has 237 lifeboat stations and operates 444 lifeboats . Crews rescued on average 22 people a day in 2015 . RNLI Lifeguards operate on more than 200 beaches . They are paid by local authorities , while the RNLI provides equipment and training . The Institution operates Flood Rescue Teams ( FRT ) nationally and internationally ( iFRT ) , the latter prepared to travel to emergencies overseas at short notice . Considerable effort is put into training and education by the Institution , particularly for young people ; more than 6 @,@ 000 children a week are spoken to by education volunteers about sea and beach safety , and over 800 children a week receive training . The Institution has saved some 140 @,@ 000 lives since its foundation , at a cost of more than 600 lives lost in service . = = History = = Sir William Hillary came to live on the Isle of Man in 1808 . Being aware of the treacherous nature of the Irish Sea , with many ships being wrecked around the Manx coast , he drew up plans for a national lifeboat service manned by trained crews . Initially he received little response from the Admiralty . However , on appealing to the more philanthropic members of London society , the plans were adopted and , with the help of Member of Parliament Thomas Wilson and former MP and merchant George Hibbert , the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck was founded in 1824 . At the age of 60 , Sir William took part in the 1830 rescue of the packet St George , which had foundered on Conister Rock at the entrance to Douglas Harbour . He commanded the lifeboat and was washed overboard with others of the lifeboat crew , yet finally everyone aboard the St George was rescued with no loss of life . It was this incident which prompted Sir William to set up a scheme to build The Tower of Refuge on Conister Rock – a project completed in 1832 which stands to this day at the entrance to Douglas Harbour . In 1854 the institution 's name changed to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution ( in 1849 Prince Albert had added his support to the Institution ) and the first of the new lifeboats to be built was stationed at Douglas in recognition of the work of Sir William . In its first year the RNLI raised £ 10 @,@ 000 , however by 1849 , income had dropped to £ 354 . Finding itself in financial difficulties , the RNLI accepted a government subsidy of £ 2 @,@ 000 , which rose in subsequent years . This lasted until 1869 , when the RNLI ceased accepting subsidies – it had found that voluntary donations had fallen by more than the subsidies ; in addition , the government 's imposition of bureaucracy and regulations were detrimental to the service . It was the loss of 27 lifeboat crew of Southport and St Annes in 1886 that gave new impetus to fundraising and an 1889 appeal raised £ 10 @,@ 000 . The first Lifeboat Saturday was held in that year . = = = Wartime = = = During World War I , lifeboat crews launched 1 @,@ 808 times , rescuing 5 @,@ 332 people . With many younger men on active service , the average age of a lifeboatman was over 50 . Many launches were to ships that had been torpedoed or struck mines , including naval or merchant vessels on war duty ; a notable example was the hospital ship SS Rohilla which foundered in 1914 and was attended by six lifeboats , saving 144 lives over a 50 @-@ hour rescue mission . World War II placed considerable extra demands on the RNLI , particularly in south and east England where the threat of invasion and enemy activity was ever @-@ present , rescuing downed aircrew a frequent occurrence , and the constant danger of mines . During the war 6 @,@ 376 lives were saved . = = = = Dunkirk evacuation = = = = Nineteen RNLI lifeboats sailed to Dunkirk between 27 May and 4 June 1940 to assist with the Dunkirk evacuation . Lifeboats from Ramsgate and Margate went directly to France with their own crews . The crew of Ramsgate 's Prudential ( now Trimilia ) ( ON 697 ) collected 2 @,@ 800 troops . Margate 's Coxswain , Edward Parker , was awarded a Distinguished Service Medal for his work taking the RNLB Lord Southborough ( ON 688 ) to the beaches . Of the other lifeboats and crews summoned to Dover by the Admiralty , the first arrivals questioned – reasonably in their view – the details of the service , in particular the impracticality of running heavy lifeboats on to the beach , loading them with soldiers , then floating them off . The dispute resulted in the first three crews being sent home . Subsequent lifeboats arriving were commandeered without discussion , much to the disappointment of many lifeboatmen . A later RNLI investigation resulted in the dismissal of two of Hythe crew members , who were nevertheless vindicated in one aspect of their criticism , as Hythe 's Viscountess Wakefield was run on to the beach and unable to be refloated ; she was the only lifeboat to be lost in the operation . Some RNLI crew members stayed in Dover for the emergency to provide repair and refuelling facilities , and after the end of the evacuation most lifeboats returned to their stations with varying levels of damage and continued their lifesaving services . = = Rescues , losses and honours = = = = = Rescues and lives saved = = = The RNLI 's lifeboat crews and lifeguards have saved more than 140 @,@ 000 lives since 1824 . The RNLI makes a distinction between people aided and lives saved . There were 8 @,@ 462 lifeboat launches in 2014 , rescuing 8 @,@ 727 people , including saving 460 lives . Lifeguards helped or rescued 19 @,@ 353 people . Flood rescuers deployed seven times . In 2015 crews rescued on average 22 people a day . The biggest rescue in the RNLI 's history was on 17 March 1907 , when the 12 @,@ 000 tonne liner SS Suevic hit the Maenheere Reef near Lizard Point in Cornwall . In a strong gale and dense fog , RNLI lifeboat volunteers rescued 456 passengers , including 70 babies . Crews from The Lizard , Cadgwith , Coverack and Porthleven rowed out repeatedly for 16 hours to rescue all of the people on board . Six silver RNLI medals were later awarded , two to Suevic crew members . = = = Losses = = = More than 600 people have lost their lives in the RNLI 's service ; their names are inscribed on the RNLI Memorial sculpture at RNLI HQ , Poole . = = = Honours = = = More than 2 @,@ 500 medals have been awarded for bravery : Gold ( 150 ) , Silver ( 1 @,@ 564 ) and Bronze ( 793 ) . Bronze medals were awarded from 1917 . The obverse of the gold medal carries the motto : " Let not the deep swallow me up " , from Psalm 69 . The Thanks of the Institution Inscribed on Vellum or a framed Letter of Appreciation may be given for other notable acts , such as those awarded to crews of Aberystwyth Lifeboat Station . The Ralph Glister Award is a monetary award made for the most meritorious service in each year and was inaugurated in 1968 . The Walter and Elizabeth Groombridge Award is given annually for the most outstanding service by an Atlantic 21 ( and successors ) lifeboat crew . Established in 1986 as the Walter Groombridge Award in memory of Brighton Lifeboat Station 's Administration Officer it was renamed in memory of his wife who died in 1989 . The most decorated lifeboatman was Henry Blogg , coxswain of Cromer for 37 years , with three gold medals and four silver . He also received the George Cross and the British Empire Medal and is known as " The Greatest of all Lifeboatmen " . The youngest recipient was Frederick Carter ( 11 ) who with Frank Perry ( 16 ) was awarded a Silver Medal for a rescue at Weymouth in 1890 . Other notable lifeboatmen include Henry Freeman of Whitby , coxswain for 22 years , Robert William Hook ( 1828 – 1911 ) , coxswain at Lowestoft from 1853 to 1883 and credited with saving over 600 lives plus two dogs and a cat , Henry " Shrimp " Davies , coxswain of the Cromer Lifeboat with 45 years service and James Haylett , coxswain of Caister @-@ on @-@ Sea . One lifeboat has received an award . For the Daunt lightship rescue in 1936 , the RNLB Mary Stanford and her entire crew were decorated ( see illustration in history section , above ) . = = Heritage = = The RNLI maintains or encourages a number of entities in respect of the history and activity of the Institution along with preserved lifeboats , including : Historic Lifeboat Collection in Chatham Historic Dockyard with 17 historic vessels . The Grace Darling Museum , opened 1938 at Bamburgh , commemorating her rescue of the SS Forfarshire . The museum is run by the RNLI . The Henry Blogg Museum illustrates the history of Cromer 's lifeboats and tells the story of Henry Blogg 's most famous rescues . The Lifeboat Enthusiasts ' Society ( a branch of the RNLI ) The ( independent ) Historic Lifeboat Owners Association , promoting the study and preservation of lifeboats . The RNLI Heritage Trust 's collection of historic items at its HQ in Poole , including fine art , model lifeboats , and an archive of historic documents and photographs . The National Memorial Arboretum has a memorial dedicated to those who have served in the RNLI . = = Operations = = Throughout Great Britain and Ireland , ships in distress , or the public reporting an accident , contact the emergency services by telephone or radio . Calls are redirected to HM Coastguard or the Irish Coast Guard as appropriate , who will coordinate air @-@ sea rescue operations and may call on the RNLI ( or independent lifeboats ) , their own land @-@ based rescue personnel and rescue helicopters to help . = = = Lifeboat stations = = = There are 237 RNLI lifeboat stations around the coasts of Great Britain , Ireland , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . Tower Lifeboat Station on the River Thames in London is the RNLI 's busiest , in 2013 rescuing 372 people and saving 25 lives . In 2015 Tower 's launches had increased to 465 . Five new lifeboat station buildings were completed in 2013 . For public access the RNLI classifies stations as one of three types : Explore , which are normally open all year round and have a shop , Discover , normally open during the summer months and Observe which , because of their location , still welcome visitors but may not be easily accessible . From time to time the RNLI may close a station ; some of these are later reopened by independent services . The history of some former lifeboat stations can be found in Wikipedia articles on the places where those stations were . ( See also : List of Lifeboat Disasters in the British Isles for further information on closed stations . ) = = = Rescue craft = = = The RNLI operates 444 lifeboats ( 332 on station , 112 in the relief fleet ) . The ship prefix for all RNLI lifeboats from the D @-@ class to the Tamar @-@ class is RNLB ( Royal National Lifeboat ) . All @-@ weather lifeboats ( ALBs ) are large boats with enclosed wheelhouses and survivor spaces below deck , which are self @-@ righting and can go out in all weather conditions . Some ALBs carry an inflatable Y @-@ class lifeboat or Y @-@ boat for inshore work , launched by mechanical arm . There are six classes of ALB motor life boats , with speeds ranging from 17 to 25 knots . The RNLI 's aim is to provide a 25 @-@ knot lifeboat to every all @-@ weather crew , and has begun construction of an All @-@ weather Lifeboat Centre ( ALC ) in Poole which , when complete , will save £ 3 million a year . The RNLI took over the ALC in 2015 with the expectation of becoming fully operational in 2019 , when six Shannon @-@ class lifeboats a year will be built . Inshore lifeboats ( ILBs ) are smaller boats that operate closer to the shore and in shallower waters than ALBs . There are two classes , inflatables and RIBs capable of 25 – 40 knots . The RNLI 's Inshore Lifeboat Centre at Cowes , Isle of Wight , has been building lifeboats since the 1960s and by 2015 had produced over 1 @,@ 600 . Hovercraft were introduced in 2002 , allowing rescue on mud flats and in river estuaries inaccessible to conventional boats . = = = Personnel and equipment = = = Lifeboat crews are almost entirely volunteers , numbering 4 @,@ 600 , including over 300 women , and are alerted by pager . They are supported by 3 @,@ 000 volunteer shore crew and station management . Lifejackets have evolved from cork , kapok and synthetic foam to today 's light and non @-@ cumbersome designs . ALB and ILB crews wear different styles of lifejacket . RNLI lifeguards are placed on more than 200 beaches around England , Wales , Northern Ireland and the Channel Islands , and aided almost 20 @,@ 000 people in 2014 . RNLI lifeguards are paid by the appropriate town or city council , while the RNLI provides their equipment and training . The Institution has operated a Flood Rescue Team since the 2000 Mozambique floods , with six strategically placed teams each with two boats , support transport and equipment . The RNLI 's international Flood Rescue Team ( iFRT ) is composed of volunteer lifeboat crew with a range of additional skills prepared to travel to emergencies overseas at short notice . They have trained alongside other teams for the common purpose in the USA . = = = = Women in the RNLI = = = = In the early days of the service , lifeboat launch and recovery was usually undertaken by women . There were deeply @-@ held views about women actually crewing the boats themselves – it was considered extremely bad luck . Along all parts part of the coastline , women supported their men on the lifeboat crews by working together to get the lifeboat afloat and then later recovering it from the water in readiness for when the next call came . While lifeboat crew are still predominantly male ( 92 % ) , the first female ( inshore ) crew member was Elizabeth Hostvedt in 1969 , and Frances Glody was the first woman crew member on an all @-@ weather lifeboat , at Dunmore East Lifeboat Station , in 1981 . Lauren McGuire , at the age of 27 , became the RNLI 's youngest station manager in 2011 , at Clovelly , Devon . = = = = Voluntary support = = = = Apart from lifeboat crew and lifeguards , the Institution provides a variety of volunteering opportunities . One of these is as " Deckhand " where signed @-@ up volunteers are notified by email or mobile phone when there is a local need , such as marshalling at fundraising events , helping with collections or in an RNLI shop . Voluntary internships in RNLI offices are available three times a year . = = = Safety advice = = = In addition to safety advice given in its publications , the RNLI offers safety advice to boat and beach users when the opportunity arises , and to at @-@ risk groups such as anglers , divers and kayakers . The Institution runs sea and beach safety sessions for young people , particularly in inner @-@ city areas ; more than 6 @,@ 000 children a week are spoken to by education volunteers about sea and beach safety , and over 800 children a week receive training . 500 children were taught to swim in 2014 . In an effort to reduce the estimated 400 @,@ 000 drownings a year worldwide , more than half of them children , the RNLI extends practical or strategic safety advice to lifesaver organisations overseas , in some cases providing training at the Lifeboat College . = = Infrastructure = = The Institution is split into six administrative divisions : East ( East Anglia and South East England ) , South ( South West England ) , West ( Wales and the Isle of Man ) , North ( East and west coasts of northern England ) , Scotland and Ireland ( Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland ) . The headquarters of the RNLI are in Poole , Dorset , adjacent to Holes Bay in Poole Harbour . It includes RNLI HQ , lifeboat maintenance and repair facilities , the Lifeboat Support Centre and RNLI College ( the training centre ) . The support centre and college were opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 . Specialist training facilities include a wave and capsize pool , a fire simulator , a ship 's bridge simulator and an engineering workshop . The College 's accommodation is available for RNLI members and their guests when training is not taking place and offers facilities for weddings , conferences and other events . About half of the RNLI 's staff work at Poole . Other locations are Dublin , London , Perth , Saltash , St Asaph and Stockton @-@ on @-@ Tees , while some roles are at lifeboat stations or home @-@ based and include operations , estate and financial management , public relations and information technology . A new headquarters for RNLI Ireland was opened at Airside in Swords , County Dublin in June 2006 by President Mary McAleese , attended by the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the RNLI , Admiral Sir Jock Slater , R.N. = = = Funding = = = The RNLI is principally funded by legacies ( 65 % ) and voluntary donations ( 28 % ) , with the remainder from merchandising and investment . In 2014 , the RNLI 's income was £ 182 million , while its expenditure was £ 149 @.@ 6 million . The Institution encourages corporate partnerships , which included in 2014 Waitrose , Yamaha and Fred . Olsen Cruise Lines . There are 1 @,@ 100 RNLI fundraising branches throughout the regions served by the Institution , many far from the sea , which may support a particular station , or a project such as a new lifeboat . The Institution estimated their volunteer network at 31 @,@ 500 in 2014 . The largest regular contributor is The Communications and Public Service Lifeboat Fund ( known simply as ' The Lifeboat Fund ' ) established in 1886 for civil servants to support the RNLI collectively ; the Fund has provided the Institution with 52 lifeboats as well as other support . The ubiquitous lifeboat collection boxes seen nationwide are popular enough to have even become the target for thieves . A fixed , cast iron collection box in Porthgwarra , Cornwall , is Grade II listed . The Institution 's annual fundraising day ( " SOS Day " ) is at the end of January , but many lifeboat stations hold open days during the summer , hosting displays , stalls and other events , as well as in @-@ station shops which are open full or part @-@ time . Nationally and internationally known celebrities in various fields are , or have been supporters and fundraisers for the RNLI ; for example , the cartoonist Giles was a Life President of the RNLI and donated many cartoons which are still being used for RNLI charity cards and other illustrations , and Ross Brawn , the former Formula 1 team boss , in 2012 raised funds through a business challenge , for a new lifeboat for Chiswick Lifeboat Station on the River Thames in London . Other names include Bear Grylls , Dee Caffari , Chris Beardshaw , Ben Fogle , Daniel Craig , Rupert Grint , and Rebecca Newman , whose Coast to Coast tour in 2012 earned her an Outstanding Achievement Award . = = = Membership = = = Membership classes involve differing levels of contribution Governor , which includes voting rights Offshore , aimed at active sailors and boaters Shoreline and Joint Shoreline , the most popular level Storm Force , for younger members = = = Publications = = = The Lifeboat is the quarterly magazine for all members , containing regional and national news from the Institution , featured rescues , book reviews , lifeboat launch listings and an additional insert for Offshore members . The former Compass quarterly regional newsletter was discontinued in 2014 , but back copies can be read on the RNLI website . Storm Force members have their own quarterly magazine . The Institution 's website contains full details of the organisation and its activities including fundraising , lifeboats and stations , history and projects . = = Criticism = = = = = Salvage = = = There have been a few isolated cases where RNLI crew members ( not the RNLI ) have claimed salvage leading to a not uncommon misconception that the RNLI is partly funded by this practice . There is no legal reason why crew members of the RNLI could not salvage a vessel and indeed frequently tow small vessels to safety , often long distances . The RNLI however does not support or encourage salvage because , firstly , they exist to save lives at sea and , secondly , to become involved in salvage might discourage those whose lives are at risk from calling for help . The RNLI 's Sea Safety Guidelines state : " There is no ' salvage ' fee when you are towed by a lifeboat , but a voluntary contribution to the RNLI is always very welcome ! " . This stance was reinforced when the RNLI was criticised for not launching a lifeboat to an unmanned fishing vessel that had run aground . A spokesman for the RNLI stated : " We are not a salvage firm and our charity 's aim is to provide immediate assistance for people in trouble at sea and lives are at risk . " = 1945 Japan – Washington flight = The 1945 Japan – Washington flight was a record @-@ breaking air voyage made by three specially modified Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortresses on September 18 – 19 , 1945 , from the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō to Chicago in the Midwestern United States , continuing to Washington , D.C. The flight was made by three United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) generals and other airmen returning to the United States from their overseas duty after World War II . At that date , it involved the heaviest load carried by an American aircraft ( 144 @,@ 000 lb , 65 @,@ 300 kg ) , the longest nonstop flight made by the USAAF ( 5 @,@ 840 mi , 9 @,@ 400 km ) , and the first nonstop flight from Japan to the United States made with a complete aircraft . However the flight did not break the then @-@ world distance record established by the Royal Air Force in 1938 . Originally intending to fly 6 @,@ 500 miles ( 10 @,@ 460 km ) nonstop to Washington , D.C. , the airmen encountered unexpected headwinds over Alaska Territory and Canada , and they predicted that two of the aircraft would not have enough fuel to take them the full distance . All three B @-@ 29s landed in Chicago instead , refueled , and continued to Washington , where each crewman was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross , including the three pilots : Generals Barney M. Giles , Emmett O 'Donnell , Jr. and Curtis LeMay . The USAAF distance record did not last long : two months later , another American aircrew flew a B @-@ 29 from Guam to Washington , D.C. a distance of 7 @,@ 916 miles ( 12 @,@ 740 km ) , breaking the world record . Nevertheless , the Japan to Washington flight pioneered a route similar to that used by later airliners . Importantly for the airmen , America was able to demonstrate the reach of airpower in light of the nascent Cold War . = = Preparation = = Three B @-@ 29s based on Guam , which had spotless mission records and no mechanical difficulties , were selected for the mission . In a ten @-@ day process that continued as a typhoon raged off Okinawa , the aircraft were stripped of unnecessary equipment such as armor and gun turrets , and the resulting empty spaces in the fuselage were faired over with smooth metal to minimize parasitic drag . Blister @-@ type bubble windows were replaced with flat ones , painted group markings were removed , and the aluminum aircraft skin polished to a high luster , all in order to achieve the least possible drag . Twentieth Air Force markings were painted on each vertical rudder . The bomb bay in each aircraft was fitted with five 600 @-@ gallon ( 2 @,@ 300 L ) fuel tanks ; added to the normal B @-@ 29 fuel tanks , this made a total of 10 @,@ 000 gallons ( 38 @,@ 000 L ) of fuel capacity , as much as a railroad tank car . Filled with fuel and 12 men , each ship weighed 144 @,@ 000 pounds ( 65 @,@ 300 kg ) — it would be the greatest overload attempted on a B @-@ 29 at that time . When the aircraft were ready , they flew to Iwo Jima and stopped for the night . There they were loaded with as much fuel as they could hold . It was known that the intended air base in Hokkaidō did not have enough avgas to fill all three B @-@ 29s for the long @-@ distance flight , meaning that at Hokkaidō they could only top off the fuel tanks to make up for the amount used to fly from Iwo Jima . On September 15 , the three aircraft left Iwo Jima , flying north past Okinawa , where the typhoon had blown itself out . They continued to Hokkaidō where the approach involved some apprehension . The Japanese air base had been judged by Colonel William " Butch " Blanchard as suitable for B @-@ 29s , with a runway that was long enough and was near sea level for maximum lift in the densest possible air , but it was not known whether it could hold such heavily laden bombers without the concrete cracking . LeMay sent Douglas C @-@ 54 Skymasters filled with 55 @-@ gallon ( 210 L ) drums of avgas to Sapporo — the crewmen would have to top off their tanks by hand . The Japanese air base that would serve as the launching point was called Mizutani at Chitose locally , and Sapporo Air Base by the Americans . Today it is the Japan Ground Self @-@ Defense Force Camp Higashi @-@ Chitose . It was built at the southern part of Japan 's northern island Hokkaidō , near the city of Sapporo , as the base for long @-@ range flights to attack the U.S. — one @-@ way suicide trips made by four @-@ engine bombers — a function that it never served . The three B @-@ 29s landed safely , and LeMay stepped from his aircraft to be greeted by approximately 30 Japanese soldiers and the base commander , who saluted for some time before realizing that LeMay had no intention of returning the salute . With that treatment setting the tone for U.S. – Japan relations in the area , the airmen made certain to wear side arms as they walked around downtown Sapporo on the evenings of September 16 and 17 . LeMay later said that the 3 @,@ 000 Japanese sailors manning the air base were " polite " and posed no threat . = = Aircraft and men = = The commander of the first aircraft was Lieutenant General Barney M. Giles , Deputy Commander of the United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific . His aircraft carried the only weather officer making the long @-@ distance voyage . One of the crewmen was Captain Kermit Beahan , bombardier aboard Bockscar . Others included Lieutenant Bill Dolan , who served as one of the pilots . The second aircraft 's commander was Major General Curtis LeMay , Chief of Staff of the Strategic Air Forces . First Lieutenant J. Ivan Potts served as one of the pilots , as did Lieutenant Colonel William C. Kingsbury — the two had been a flight team in the 25th Bombardment Squadron ( Very Heavy ) of the 58th Bombardment Wing , Very Heavy , based on Tinian , and were good friends . Colonel William H. Blanchard , Chief of Staff of the Twentieth Air Force , joined the crew at Guam after personally inspecting Sapporo Air Base a few days earlier . Others on the crew from the 25th BS included Sergeant Jerome A. School , Sergeant Richard P. Fischer and Sergeant B. T. Freeman , the latter two removed at Guam when LeMay and Blanchard joined . Two men were from the 44th Bomber Squadron : First Lieutenant John C. Eiland and Staff Sergeant Frank Klas Jr . The remainder of the crew was Flight Engineer Captain William W. Townes ( 45th Bomber Squadron ) , First Lieutenant Stephen T. Jones ( 24th Bomber Squadron ) , Major John F. Wedding ( 468th Bomb Group ) and Captain Theodore R. Finder ( 40th Bomb Group Headquarters ) . The crew chief was Master Sergeant Henry J. Rutowski . Number 2 was construction number 44 @-@ 70015 , a B @-@ 29 @-@ 75 built five months earlier in Wichita , Kansas , as part of the so @-@ called Battle of Kansas — the push to produce great air fleets of B @-@ 29s . Number 2 , dubbed Marianna Belle by its combat crew , made the cut because it did not consume more than the normal amount of fuel and oil in carrying out its missions , which were marked by top mechanical reliability . Number 3 was commanded by Brigadier General Emmett O 'Donnell , Jr. who was ending his service as commander of the 73d Bombardment Wing , Very Heavy . = = Flight = = The airmen drew up a " great circle " ( shortest distance on the surface of a globe ) flight plan that used the jet stream as a tailwind to help them get farther with less fuel , though the tailwind was not absolutely required . The plan was for each aircraft to make its own way over the Kamchatka Peninsula at the eastern edge of the Soviet Union , then over the Bering Sea to Nome , Alaska , and continue over Fairbanks , over the Canadian Rockies and much of Canada , over the Great Lakes , then on to Washington , D.C. near the Atlantic coast — a total of 6 @,@ 762 miles ( 10 @,@ 882 km ) taking 26 hours in the air . This distance would not have broken the world 's distance record then held by two Royal Air Force Vickers Wellesley aircraft that had flown from Ismaïlia , Egypt , to Darwin , Australia , in 1938 , covering 7 @,@ 162 miles ( 11 @,@ 526 km ) , but it was considered a good public relations stunt , good for the USAAF and the generals ' images . On September 18 , the airmen woke up very early to make final preparations . A weather observation aircraft took off an hour before the first B @-@ 29 to report the latest meteorological conditions along the path ahead . Dumbo and Super Dumbo aircraft ( B @-@ 17s and B @-@ 29s rigged for air @-@ sea rescue ) stood by , on alert . With the airfield lit by truck headlamps , Number 1 commanded by Giles was first to take off , a little after 6 : 00 local time , as dawn began to glow in the east . Next , LeMay 's ship took off at 6 : 15 am , 4 : 15 pm Eastern War Time in Washington , with Lieutenant Colonel Kingsbury at the throttles and First Lieutenant Potts at the controls . O 'Donnell 's Number 3 took off a few minutes later . The heavily loaded machines required every bit of the 8 @,@ 200 @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 500 m ) concrete runway to get airborne — and some of the gravel beyond — reaching 142 miles per hour ( 229 km / h ) before lifting from the ground . All three bombers were expected to be in Washington by 5 pm the next day . Two or three hours into the flight , the weather officer aboard Giles ' Number 1 observed slight headwinds . Giles " threatened to throw him overboard unless he did something about it . " Five hours out of Japan , the airmen in Number 2 were over Kamchatka when they were met by three Bell P @-@ 63 Kingcobra fighters wearing the red star insignia of the Soviet Air Force . The Soviet fighter pilots inspected the unarmed B @-@ 29 at close range and then performed aerobatic maneuvers for the Americans . The three dipped their wings in salute and left the Superfortress to continue its journey . After Kamchatka , LeMay and Blanchard replaced Kingsbury and Potts at the controls . Over the Bering Sea , the three B @-@ 29s maintained radio contact with each other , communicating positions hourly as they navigated independently . Near the Arctic Circle , the magnetic compasses fluctuated wildly , and the fliers ignored them , relying instead on the radio compass . In Number 2 , the radio compass stopped working as well , but it resumed working later in the flight . Wearing fur @-@ lined flight suits did not prevent the men from feeling the extreme cold of high altitude . Pilots rotated duty so that none would get too tired . Weather continued to be a great concern , and was frequently checked . The aircraft left the Bering Sea behind , encountering North America at Nome after about 13 hours of flight . From Nome to Fairbanks , the Northern Lights were clearly visible to the crews . Even though the B @-@ 29 pressurization systems were working , the outside air temperature of − 25 ° F ( − 32 ° C ) at an altitude of about 21 @,@ 000 feet ( 6 @,@ 400 m ) was not counteracted by the heating systems " which seemed to have completely broken down . " = = = Weather problems = = = At Fairbanks , the three B @-@ 29s encountered significant headwinds ; more than the " slight " headwinds observed up to this time . They had expected tailwinds from the jet stream , yet could complete the distance without them , but headwinds meant that Washington might be too far . At 7 am Eastern War Time , aircraft Number 2 was over Northway , Alaska , and navigator Bill Townes determined that they were behind schedule . He said later , " When I reported that fact to General LeMay , he looked at me as if he thought it was my fault , so I retreated behind my bulkhead to check my figures . " Later , the airmen learned that the typhoon near Okinawa the week before had greatly affected the jet stream . Seventeen hours after lifting off at sunrise in Japan , the men began to see the sun rise again over the Yukon — it was a very short day for them , and none had been able to sleep for the excitement of the trip , the stimulant benzedrine , and the penetrating cold . Crossing into Canada , the headwinds grew stronger still , and a load of hard rime ice and clear ice was visible on the wings . Though the B @-@ 29s had been delivered to the war front complete with deicing equipment , such gear had been removed months before to reduce weight and therefore increase combat range and speed . The ice load picked up in the night would have to be endured until it melted off at lower altitudes . Near Regina , Saskatchewan , the fliers made their first decision regarding early stops for fuel . One proposed solution was for Giles to land in Minneapolis , O 'Donnell to land in Detroit , and LeMay ( who had enough fuel ) to continue as before to Washington . Giles radioed this plan to the War Department : " Have been bucking headwinds for past nine hours . Predicted plans for Fairbanks to States did not materialize . Giles and O 'Donnell plan to land at Minneapolis and Detroit due to fuel . Plane Number Two , commanded by LeMay , believes he is able to get to Washington . " However , soon after this , Giles determined that Chicago Municipal Airport was the only airport large enough to accommodate the B @-@ 29s ; he directed O 'Donnell to land there with him . LeMay sent word by radio to the War Department that he was heading for Washington . In New York , newspapers put this plan in headlines : " Two B @-@ 29s will land to refuel as third roars on to Capitol " . All three aircraft approached Chicago , and LeMay contacted the War Department again by radio . O 'Donnell landed at 5 : 43 pm Eastern War Time , with Giles about 45 minutes behind . Just past Chicago LeMay was informed by the War Department that weather was " marginal " in Washington and that he was now ordered to refuel in Chicago . Giles landed at 6 : 30 and LeMay at 6 : 43 pm . LeMay 's elapsed flight time was 27 hours and 28 minutes . The straight @-@ line distance they had flown over the globe was about 5 @,@ 840 miles ( 9 @,@ 400 km ) . While the aircraft were refueled , newspaper reporters asked questions of Giles and of Captain Kermit Beahan , who as bombardier aboard Bockscar , visually targeted Nagasaki in order to drop the second atomic bomb . The other crewmen drank coffee and waited . When refueling was completed , they took off directly for Washington . = = Reception = = From Chicago to Washington , D.C. the flight was uneventful . The " silvery sky giants , manned by their blue ribbon crews " flew over National Airport ( now Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport ) in formation at 9 : 30 pm and landed . The generals and crews stepped from their aircraft , LeMay waiting until he was smoking one of his signature cigars . Along with senior USAAF staff and reporters , wives and family were at the airport to greet the airmen , as well as a crowd of onlookers . Photographs were taken at the airport , then the airmen were whisked off to the Statler Hotel , now the Capital Hilton . In the lobby , the weary , grimy and stubble @-@ bearded men were besieged for autographs . Some of them stayed up later to hear supper @-@ club singer Hildegarde in the grand showroom , others went to bed to catch up on sleep . The next morning , a news conference was held in the grand showroom . Giles emphasized the importance of the route as an indication of the future , both for civil and military aircraft . He warned : " Now that we have proved that we can do it , we must now remember that any future enemy will also be able to do it " . LeMay declared that he wanted a second chance to prove that the B @-@ 29 was capable of flying 6 @,@ 500 miles nonstop . He said , " When we took off at Hokkaido we had a little headwind and expected it . However , all our information indicated that once we passed Fairbanks it would drop . We didn 't need a tailwind . All we needed was a nice normal wind to arrive on schedule . The buffeting headwind averaged 70 mph " ( 110 km / h ) . After the reporters were finished , Giles presented all the airmen with the Distinguished Flying Cross . Giles told the men that each one could keep his personal military equipment as a memento of the flight , including parachutes . They were offered free rides home on military aircraft . Potts refused the parachute and the ride , telling Giles , " Thank you , general , I think I 'll take the train ! " Other B @-@ 29 crewmen still in the Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II did not pay much attention to the record @-@ breaking flight . Harry Changnon of the 40th Bomb Group on Tinian said " most of us in the 40th knew little about the trip in September 1945 as we were busy preparing to fly our 45 B @-@ 29s home in October " . Two months later on November 19 – 20 , Colonel Clarence S. Irvine and Lieutenant Colonel G. R. Stanley flew a long @-@ distance testbed B @-@ 29 named Pacusan Dreamboat to a world 's distance record of 7 @,@ 916 miles ( 12 @,@ 740 km ) flying nonstop and unrefueled from Guam to Washington , D.C. , taking 35 hours and 5 minutes . Their aircraft 's gross weight was greater , at 155 @,@ 000 pounds ( 70 @,@ 000 kg ) . = The Boat Race 1978 = The 124th Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on 25 March 1978 . Umpired by former Cambridge rower James Crowden , Oxford won in a time of 18 minutes and 58 seconds . The race was complicated by bad weather , and when faced with choppy water , a strong headwind and horizontal , driving rain , the Cambridge boat , which lacked splashboards , took on water and sank . It was the fifth time a boat had sunk during the event . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths . Cambridge won the 33rd Women 's Boat Race . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge . First held in 1829 , the competition is a 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) race along the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and is followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1977 race by seven lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 68 victories to Oxford 's 54 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . The 1978 race was sponsored by Ladbrokes , while the BBC had paid between £ 10 @,@ 000 and £ 20 @,@ 000 to televise the event . During training for the race , Oxford had sunk , taking on water in the inclement weather , and had decided to fit splashboards to their boat , while Cambridge opted to leave their boat unchanged . Prior to this year 's event , there had been four sinkings in the history of the race . Cambridge sank in 1859 , Oxford sank in 1925 and 1951 , and both crews sank in 1912 . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . = = Crews = = Oxford 's crew contained three Old Blues in Moran , Shealy and Michelmore , while Cambridge 's boat featured five returning rowers in Bathurst , Clegg , Horton , Ross and Cooke @-@ Yarborough . The race also marked the debut of Boris Rankov , who went on to represent Oxford in five further races . The Cambridge crew was marginally heavier per rower , averaging 1 @.@ 5 pounds ( 0 @.@ 68 kg ) more than Oxford . = = Race description = = Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . After a false start , the race commenced at 2.45pm in reasonable weather conditions , and Oxford took a one @-@ length lead to Hammersmith Bridge in a record time of 6 minutes 24 seconds . As the crews turned into the Surrey bend , conditions drastically worsened with a strong headwind and " horizontal rain driving into them " . Entering choppy water and in an attempt to push past Oxford , Cambridge made their challenge at Barnes Bridge but began to take on water . Within seconds the boat started to sink ; the Oxford crew realised the contest was over and rowed carefully to the finish in a time of 18 minutes 58 seconds . It was Oxford 's third victory in a row , and their fourth in the past five years . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths , and in the 33rd running of the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge also triumphed . = = Reaction = = Cambridge boat club president Mark Horton immediately challenged the Oxford president Andy Michelmore to a re @-@ row ; the challenge was declined . Horton recalls " It was hard to take and is still a painful memory . The Boat Race was supposed to be one of the proudest moments of my life " . Cambridge 's Mark Bathurst was indignant about the preparation of the boat : " we had taken to the water without fitting any [ splashboards ] – an act of monumental idiocy " . Oxford cox Fail told The Guardian " I was surprised when I heard that Cambridge had sunk . If you keep going steadily you forget about water and ride it out . " Cambridge 's sinking was featured as the 79th in Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Sporting Moments . = Juniper berry = A juniper berry is the female seed cone produced by the various species of junipers . It is not a true berry but a cone with unusually fleshy and merged scales , which give it a berry @-@ like appearance . The cones from a handful of species , especially Juniperus communis , are used as a spice , particularly in European cuisine , and also give gin its distinctive flavour . Juniper berries have been called the only spice derived from conifers , although tar and inner bark ( used as a sweetener in Apache cuisines ) from pine trees is sometimes considered a spice as well . = = Species = = All juniper species grow berries , but some are considered too bitter to eat . In addition to J. communis , other edible species include Juniperus drupacea , Juniperus phoenicea , Juniperus deppeana , and Juniperus californica . Some species , for example Juniperus sabina , are toxic and consumption is inadvisable . = = Characteristics = = Juniperus communis berries vary from four to twelve millimeters in diameter ; other species are mostly similar in size , though some are larger , notably J. drupacea ( 20 – 28 mm ) . Unlike the separated and woody scales of a typical pine cone , those in a juniper berry remain fleshy and merge into a unified covering surrounding the seeds . The berries are green when young , and mature to a purple @-@ black colour over about 18 months in most species , including J. communis ( shorter , 8 – 10 months in a few species , and about 24 months in J. drupacea ) . The mature , dark berries are usually but not exclusively used in cuisine , while gin is flavoured with fully grown but immature green berries . = = Uses = = The flavor profile of young , green berries is dominated by pinene ; as they mature this piney , resinous backdrop is joined by what Harold McGee describes as " green @-@ fresh " and citrus notes . The outer scales of the berries are relatively flavourless , so the berries are almost always at least lightly crushed before being used as a spice . They are used both fresh and dried , but their flavour and odour are at their strongest immediately after harvest and decline during drying and storage . Juniper berries are used in northern European and particularly Scandinavian cuisine to " impart a sharp , clear flavor " to meat dishes , especially wild birds ( including thrush , blackbird , and woodcock ) and game meats ( including boar and venison ) . They also season pork , cabbage , and sauerkraut dishes . Traditional recipes for choucroute garnie , an Alsatian dish of sauerkraut and meats , universally include juniper berries . Besides Norwegian and Swedish dishes , juniper berries are also sometimes used in German , Austrian , Czech , Polish and Hungarian cuisine , often with roasts ( such as German sauerbraten ) . Northern Italian cuisine , especially that of the South Tyrol , also incorporates juniper berries . Juniper , typically Juniperus communis , is used to flavor gin , a liquor developed in the 17th century in the Netherlands . The name gin itself is derived from either the French genièvre or the Dutch jenever , which both mean " juniper " . Other juniper @-@ flavoured beverages include the Finnish rye @-@ and @-@ juniper beer known as sahti , which is flavored with both juniper berries and branches . The brand Dry Soda produces a juniper @-@ berry soda as part of its lineup . Recently , some American distilleries have begun using ' New World ' varieties of juniper such as Juniperus occidentalis . Juniper berry was first intended as a medication since juniper berries are a diuretic and were also thought to be an appetite stimulant and a remedy for rheumatism and arthritis . Native Americans are reported to have used the juniper berry as an appetite suppressant in times of hunger . Juniper berry is being researched as a treatment for diet @-@ controlled diabetes , as it releases insulin from the pancreas , hence alleviating hunger . It is also said to have been used by some tribes as a female contraceptive . A few North American juniper species produce a seed cone with a sweeter , less resinous flavor than those typically used as a spice . For example , one field guide describes the flesh of the berries of Juniperus californica as " dry , mealy , and fibrous but sweet and without resin cells " . Such species have been used not just as a seasoning but as a nutritive food by some Native Americans . In addition to medical and culinary purposes , Native Americans have also used the seeds inside juniper berries as beads for jewellery and decoration . An essential oil extracted from juniper berries is used in aromatherapy and perfumery . The essential oil can be distilled out of berries which have already been used to flavour gin . = = History = = Juniper berries , including Juniperus phoenicea and Juniperus oxycedrus have been found in ancient Egyptian tombs at multiple sites . J. oxycedrus is not known to grow in Egypt , and neither is Juniperus excelsa , which was found along with J. oxycedrus in the tomb of Tutankhamun . The berries imported into Egypt may have come from Greece ; the Greeks record using juniper berries as a medicine long before mentioning their use in food . The Greeks used the berries in many of their Olympics events because of their belief that the berries increased physical stamina in athletes . The Romans used juniper berries as a cheap domestically produced substitute for the expensive black pepper and long pepper imported from India . It was also used as an adulterant , as reported in Pliny the Elder 's Natural History : " Pepper is adulterated with juniper berries , which have the property , to a marvellous degree , of assuming the pungency of pepper . " Pliny also incorrectly asserted that black pepper grew on trees that were " very similar in appearance to our junipers " . = Parkinson 's disease = Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) is a long term disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system . The symptoms generally come on slowly over time . Early in the disease , the most obvious are shaking , rigidity , slowness of movement , and difficulty with walking . Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur . Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease . Depression and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with PD . Other symptoms include sensory , sleep , and emotional problems . The main motor symptoms are collectively called " parkinsonism " , or a " parkinsonian syndrome " . The cause of Parkinson 's disease is generally unknown , but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors . Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themself . There is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain pesticides and among those who have had prior head injuries while there is a reduced risk in tobacco smokers and those who drink coffee or tea . The motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the substantia nigra , a region of the midbrain . This results in not enough dopamine in these areas . The reason for this cell death is poorly understood but involves the build @-@ up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons . Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms , with tests such as neuroimaging being used to rule out other diseases . There is no cure for Parkinson 's disease . Initial treatments is typically with the antiparkinson medication levodopa , with dopamine agonists being used once levodopa becomes less effective . As the disease progresses and neurons continue to be lost , these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a complication marked by involuntary writhing movements . Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms . Surgery to place the microelectrodes for deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective . Evidence for treatments for the non @-@ movement @-@ related symptoms of PD , such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems , is less strong . In 2013 PD was present in 53 million people and resulted in about 103 @,@ 000 deaths globally . Parkinson 's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60 , of which about one percent are affected . Males are more often affected than females . When it is seen in people before the age of 40 or 50 , it is called young onset PD . The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 years . The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson , who published the first detailed description in An Essay on the Shaking Palsy , in 1817 . Public awareness campaigns include World Parkinson 's Day ( on the birthday of James Parkinson , 11 April ) and the use of a red tulip as the symbol of the disease . People with parkinsonism who have increased the public 's awareness of the condition include actor Michael J. Fox , Olympic cyclist Davis Phinney , and late professional boxer Muhammad Ali . = = Classification = = The term parkinsonism is used for a motor syndrome whose main symptoms are tremor at rest , stiffness , slowing of movement and postural instability . Parkinsonian syndromes can be divided into four subtypes , according to their origin : primary or idiopathic secondary or acquired hereditary parkinsonism , and Parkinson plus syndromes or multiple system degeneration . Parkinson 's disease is the most common form of parkinsonism and is usually defined as " primary " parkinsonism , meaning parkinsonism with no external identifiable cause . In recent years several genes that are directly related to some cases of Parkinson 's disease have been discovered . As much as this conflicts with the definition of Parkinson 's disease as an idiopathic illness , genetic parkinsonism disorders with a similar clinical course to PD are generally included under the Parkinson 's disease label . The terms " familial Parkinson 's disease " and " sporadic Parkinson 's disease " can be used to differentiate genetic from truly idiopathic forms of the disease . Usually classified as a movement disorder , PD also gives rise to several non @-@ motor types of symptoms such as sensory deficits , cognitive difficulties , and sleep problems . Parkinson plus diseases are primary parkinsonisms which present additional features . They include multiple system atrophy , progressive supranuclear palsy , corticobasal degeneration , and dementia with Lewy bodies . In terms of pathophysiology , PD is considered a synucleiopathy due to an abnormal accumulation of alpha @-@ synuclein protein in the brain in the form of Lewy bodies , as opposed to other diseases such as Alzheimer 's disease where the brain accumulates tau protein in the form of neurofibrillary tangles . Nevertheless , there is clinical and pathological overlap between tauopathies and synucleinopathies . The most typical symptom of Alzheimer 's disease , dementia , occurs in advanced stages of PD , while it is common to find neurofibrillary tangles in brains affected by PD . Dementia with Lewy bodies ( DLB ) is another synucleinopathy that has similarities with PD , and especially with the subset of PD cases with dementia . However , the relationship between PD and DLB is complex and still has to be clarified . They may represent parts of a continuum or they may be separate diseases . = = Signs and symptoms = = Parkinson 's disease affects movement , producing motor symptoms . Non @-@ motor symptoms , which include autonomic dysfunction , neuropsychiatric problems ( mood , cognition , behavior or thought alterations ) , and sensory and sleep difficulties , are also common . Some of these non @-@ motor symptoms are often present at the time of diagnosis and can precede motor symptoms . = = = Motor = = = Four motor symptoms are considered cardinal in PD : tremor , rigidity , slowness of movement , and postural instability . Tremor is the most apparent and well @-@ known symptom . It is the most common ; though around 30 % of individuals with PD do not have tremor at disease onset , most develop it as the disease progresses . It is usually a rest tremor : maximal when the limb is at rest and disappearing with voluntary movement and sleep . It affects to a greater extent the most distal part of the limb and at onset typically appears in only a single arm or leg , becoming bilateral later . Frequency of PD tremor is between 4 and 6 hertz ( cycles per second ) . A feature of tremor is pill @-@ rolling , the tendency of the index finger of the hand to get into contact with the thumb and perform together a circular movement . The term derives from the similarity between the movement of people with PD and the earlier pharmaceutical technique of manually making pills . Hypokinesia ( slowness of movement ) is another characteristic feature of PD , and is associated with difficulties along the whole course of the movement process , from planning to initiation and finally execution of a movement . Performance of sequential and simultaneous movement is hindered . Bradykinesia is commonly a very disabling symptom in the early stages of the disease . Initial manifestations are problems when performing daily tasks which require fine motor control such as writing , sewing or getting dressed . Clinical evaluation is based on similar tasks such as alternating movements between both hands or both feet . Bradykinesia is not equal for all movements or times . It is modified by the activity or emotional state of the subject , to the point that some people are barely able to walk yet can still ride a bicycle . Generally people with PD have less difficulty when some sort of external cue is provided . Rigidity is stiffness and resistance to limb movement caused by increased muscle tone , an excessive and continuous contraction of muscles . In parkinsonism the rigidity can be uniform ( lead @-@ pipe rigidity ) or ratchety ( cogwheel rigidity ) . The combination of tremor and increased tone is considered to be at the origin of cogwheel rigidity . Rigidity may be associated with joint pain ; such pain being a frequent initial manifestation of the disease . In early stages of Parkinson 's disease , rigidity is often asymmetrical and it tends to affect the neck and shoulder muscles prior to the muscles of the face and extremities . With the progression of the disease , rigidity typically affects the whole body and reduces the ability to move . Postural instability is typical in the late stages of the disease , leading to impaired balance and frequent falls , and secondarily to bone fractures . Instability is often absent in the initial stages , especially in younger people . Up to 40 % may experience falls and around 10 % may have falls weekly , with the number of falls being related to the severity of PD . Other recognized motor signs and symptoms include gait and posture disturbances such as festination ( rapid shuffling steps and a forward @-@ flexed posture when walking ) , speech and swallowing disturbances including voice disorders , mask @-@ like face expression or small handwriting , although the range of possible motor problems that can appear is large . = = = Neuropsychiatric = = = Parkinson 's disease can cause neuropsychiatric disturbances which can range from mild to severe . This includes disorders of speech , cognition , mood , behaviour , and thought . Cognitive disturbances can occur in the early stages of the disease and sometimes prior to diagnosis , and increase in prevalence with duration of the disease . The most common cognitive deficit in affected individuals is executive dysfunction , which can include problems with planning , cognitive flexibility , abstract thinking , rule acquisition , initiating appropriate actions and inhibiting inappropriate actions , working memory , and selecting relevant sensory information . Fluctuations in attention , impaired perception and estimation of time , slowed cognitive processing speed are among other cognitive difficulties . Memory is affected , specifically in recalling learned information . Nevertheless , improvement appears when recall is aided by cues . Visuospatial difficulties are also part of the disease , seen for example when the individual is asked to perform tests of facial recognition and perception of the orientation of drawn lines . A person with PD has two to six times the risk of dementia compared to the general population . The prevalence of dementia increases with duration of the disease . Dementia is associated with a reduced quality of life in people with PD and their caregivers , increased mortality , and a higher probability of needing nursing home care . Behavior and mood alterations are more common in PD without cognitive impairment than in the general population , and are usually present in PD with dementia . The most frequent mood difficulties are depression , apathy and anxiety . Establishing the diagnosis of depression is complicated by symptoms that often occur in Parkinson 's including dementia , decreased facial expression , decreased movement , a state of indifference , and quiet speech . Impulse control behaviors such as medication overuse and craving , binge eating , hypersexuality , or pathological gambling can appear in PD and have been related to the medications used to manage the disease . Psychotic symptoms — hallucinations or delusions — occur in 4 % of people with PD , and it is assumed that the main precipitant of psychotic phenomena in Parkinson 's disease is dopaminergic excess secondary to treatment ; it therefore becomes more common with increasing age and levodopa intake . = = = Other = = = In addition to cognitive and motor symptoms , PD can impair other body functions . Sleep problems are a feature of the disease and can be worsened by medications . Symptoms can manifest as daytime drowsiness , disturbances in REM sleep , or insomnia . A systematic review shows that sleep attacks occur in 13 @.@ 0 % of patients with Parkinson 's disease on dopaminergic medications . Alterations in the autonomic nervous system can lead to orthostatic hypotension ( low blood pressure upon standing ) , oily skin and excessive sweating , urinary incontinence and altered sexual function . Constipation and gastric dysmotility can be severe enough to cause discomfort and even endanger health . PD is related to several eye and vision abnormalities such as decreased blink rate , dry eyes , deficient ocular pursuit ( eye tracking ) and saccadic movements ( fast automatic movements of both eyes in the same direction ) , difficulties in directing gaze upward , and blurred or double vision . Changes in perception may include an impaired sense of smell , sensation of pain and paresthesia ( skin tingling and numbness ) . All of these symptoms can occur years before diagnosis of the disease . = = Causes = = Parkinson 's disease in most people is idiopathic ( having no specific known cause ) . However , a small proportion of cases can be attributed to known genetic factors . Other factors have been associated with the risk of developing PD , but no causal relationships have been proven . = = = Environmental factors = = = A number of environmental factors have been associated with an increased risk of Parkinson 's including : pesticide exposure , head injuries , and living in the country or farming . Rural environments and the drinking of well water may be risks as they are indirect measures of exposure to pesticides . Implicated agents include insecticides , primarily chlorpyrifos and organochlorines and pesticides , such as rotenone or paraquat , and herbicides , such as Agent Orange and ziram . Heavy metals exposure has been proposed to be a risk factor , through possible accumulation in the substantia nigra ; however , studies on the issue have been inconclusive . = = = Genetics = = = PD traditionally has been considered a non @-@ genetic disorder ; however , around 15 % of individuals with PD have a first @-@ degree relative who has the disease . At least 5 % of people are now known to have forms of the disease that occur because of a mutation of one of several specific genes . Mutations in specific genes have been conclusively shown to cause PD . These genes code for alpha @-@ synuclein ( SNCA ) , parkin ( PRKN ) , leucine @-@ rich repeat kinase 2 ( LRRK2 or dardarin ) , PTEN @-@ induced putative kinase 1 ( PINK1 ) , DJ @-@ 1 and ATP13A2 . In most cases , people with these mutations will develop PD . With the exception of LRRK2 , however , they account for only a small minority of cases of PD . The most extensively studied PD @-@ related genes are SNCA and LRRK2 . Mutations in genes including SNCA , LRRK2 and glucocerebrosidase ( GBA ) have been found to be risk factors for sporadic PD . Mutations in GBA are known to cause Gaucher 's disease . Genome @-@ wide association studies , which search for mutated alleles with low penetrance in sporadic cases , have now yielded many positive results . The role of the SNCA gene is important in PD because the alpha @-@ synuclein protein is the main component of Lewy bodies . Missense mutations of the gene ( in which a single nucleotide is changed ) , and duplications and triplications of the locus containing it have been found in different groups with familial PD . Missense mutations are rare . On the other hand , multiplications of the SNCA locus account for around 2 % of familial cases . Multiplications have been found in asymptomatic carriers , which indicate that penetrance is incomplete or age @-@ dependent . The LRRK2 gene ( PARK8 ) encodes a protein called dardarin . The name dardarin was taken from a Basque word for tremor , because this gene was first identified in families from England and the north of Spain . Mutations in LRRK2 are the most common known cause of familial and sporadic PD , accounting for approximately 5 % of individuals with a family history of the disease and 3 % of sporadic cases . There are many mutations described in LRRK2 , however unequivocal proof of causation only exists for a few . Several Parkinson @-@ related genes are involved in the function of lysosomes , organelles that digest cellular waste products . It has been suggested that some forms of Parkinson may be caused by lysosome dysfunctions that reduce the ability of cells to break down alpha @-@ synuclein . = = Pathology = = = = = Anatomical = = = The basal ganglia , a group of brain structures innervated by the dopaminergic system , are the most seriously affected brain areas in PD . The main pathological characteristic of PD is cell death in the substantia nigra and , more specifically , the ventral ( front ) part of the pars compacta , affecting up to 70 % of the cells by the time death occurs . Macroscopic alterations can be noticed on cut surfaces of the brainstem , where neuronal loss can be inferred from a reduction of neuromelanin pigmentation in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus . The histopathology ( microscopic anatomy ) of the substantia nigra and several other brain regions shows neuronal loss and Lewy bodies in many of the remaining nerve cells . Neuronal loss is accompanied by death of astrocytes ( star @-@ shaped glial cells ) and activation of the microglia ( another type of glial cell ) . Lewy bodies are a key pathological feature of PD . = = = Pathophysiology = = = The primary symptoms of Parkinson 's disease result from greatly reduced activity of dopamine @-@ secreting cells caused by cell death in the pars compacta region of the substantia nigra . There are five major pathways in the brain connecting other brain areas with the basal ganglia . These are known as the motor , oculo @-@ motor , associative , limbic and orbitofrontal circuits , with names indicating the main projection area of each circuit . All of them are affected in PD , and their disruption explains many of the symptoms of the disease since these circuits are involved in a wide variety of functions including movement , attention and learning . Scientifically , the motor circuit has been examined the most intensively . A particular conceptual model of the motor circuit and its alteration with PD has been of great influence since 1980 , although some limitations have been pointed out which have led to modifications . In this model , the basal ganglia normally exert a constant inhibitory influence on a wide range of motor systems , preventing them from becoming active at inappropriate times . When a decision is made to perform a particular action , inhibition is reduced for the required motor system , thereby releasing it for activation . Dopamine acts to facilitate this release of inhibition , so high levels of dopamine function tend to promote motor activity , while low levels of dopamine function , such as occur in PD , demand greater exertions of effort for any given movement . Thus , the net effect of dopamine depletion is to produce hypokinesia , an overall reduction in motor output . Drugs that are used to treat PD , conversely , may produce excessive dopamine activity , allowing motor systems to be activated at inappropriate times and thereby producing dyskinesias . = = = Brain cell death = = = There is speculation of several mechanisms by which the brain cells could be lost . One mechanism consists of an abnormal accumulation of the protein alpha @-@ synuclein bound to ubiquitin in the damaged cells . This insoluble protein accumulates inside neurones forming inclusions called Lewy bodies . According to the Braak staging , a classification of the disease based on pathological findings , Lewy bodies first appear in the olfactory bulb , medulla oblongata and pontine tegmentum , with individuals at this stage being asymptomatic . As the disease progresses , Lewy bodies later develop in the substantia nigra , areas of the midbrain and basal forebrain , and in a last step the neocortex . These brain sites are the main places of neuronal degeneration in PD ; however , Lewy bodies may not cause cell death and they may be protective . In people with dementia , a generalized presence of Lewy bodies is common in cortical areas . Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques , characteristic of Alzheimer 's disease , are not common unless the person is demented . Other cell @-@ death mechanisms include proteosomal and lysosomal system dysfunction and reduced mitochondrial activity . Iron accumulation in the substantia nigra is typically observed in conjunction with the protein inclusions . It may be related to oxidative stress , protein aggregation and neuronal death , but the mechanisms are not fully understood . = = Diagnosis = = A physician will diagnose Parkinson 's disease from the medical history and a neurological examination . There is no lab test that will clearly identify the disease , but brain scans are sometimes used to rule out disorders that could give rise to similar symptoms . People may be given levodopa and resulting relief of motor impairment tends to confirm the diagnosis . The finding of Lewy bodies in the midbrain on autopsy is usually considered proof that the person had Parkinson 's disease . The progress of the illness over time may reveal it is not Parkinson 's disease , and some authorities recommend that the diagnosis should be periodically reviewed . Other causes that can secondarily produce a parkinsonian syndrome are Alzheimer 's disease , multiple cerebral infarction and drug @-@ induced parkinsonism . Parkinson plus syndromes such as progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy must be ruled out . Anti @-@ Parkinson 's medications are typically less effective at controlling symptoms in Parkinson plus syndromes . Faster progression rates , early cognitive dysfunction or postural instability , minimal tremor or symmetry at onset may indicate a Parkinson plus disease rather than PD itself . Genetic forms are usually classified as PD , although the terms familial Parkinson 's disease and familial parkinsonism are used for disease entities with an autosomal dominant or recessive pattern of inheritance . Medical organizations have created diagnostic criteria to ease and standardize the diagnostic process , especially in the early stages of the disease . The most widely known criteria come from the UK Parkinson 's Disease Society Brain Bank and the U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke . The PD Society Brain Bank criteria require slowness of movement ( bradykinesia ) plus either rigidity , resting tremor , or postural instability . Other possible causes of these symptoms need to be ruled out . Finally , three or more of the following features are required during onset or evolution : unilateral onset , tremor at rest , progression in time , asymmetry of motor symptoms , response to levodopa for at least five years , clinical course of at least ten years and appearance of dyskinesias induced by the intake of excessive levodopa . Accuracy of diagnostic criteria evaluated at autopsy is 75 – 90 % , with specialists such as neurologists having the highest rates . Computed tomography ( CT ) and conventional magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) brain scans of people with PD usually appear normal . These techniques are nevertheless useful to rule out other diseases that can be secondary causes of parkinsonism , such as basal ganglia tumors , vascular pathology and hydrocephalus . A specific technique of MRI , diffusion MRI , has been reported to be useful at discriminating between typical and atypical parkinsonism , although its exact diagnostic value is still under investigation . Dopaminergic function in the basal ganglia can be measured with different PET and SPECT radiotracers . Examples are ioflupane ( 123I ) ( trade name DaTSCAN ) and iometopane ( Dopascan ) for SPECT or fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18F ) and DTBZ for PET . A pattern of reduced dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia can aid in diagnosing PD . = = Prevention = = Exercise in middle age reduces the risk of Parkinson 's disease later in life . Caffeine also appears protective with a greater decrease in risk occurring with a larger intake of caffeinated beverages such as coffee . Although tobacco smoke causes adverse health effects , decreases life expectancy and quality of life , it may reduce the risk of PD by a third when compared to non @-@ smokers . The basis for this effect is not known , but possibilities include an effect of nicotine as a dopamine stimulant . Tobacco smoke contains compounds that act as MAO inhibitors that also might contribute to this effect . Antioxidants , such as vitamins C and D , have been proposed to protect against the disease but results of studies have been contradictory and no positive effect has been proven . The results regarding fat and fatty acids have been contradictory , with various studies reporting protective effects , risk @-@ increasing effects or no effects . Also , there have been preliminary indications of a possible protective role of estrogens and anti @-@ inflammatory drugs . = = Management = = There is no cure for Parkinson 's disease , but medications , surgery , and multidisciplinary management can provide relief from the symptoms . The main families of drugs useful for treating motor symptoms are levodopa ( usually combined with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor or COMT inhibitor which does not cross the blood – brain barrier ) , dopamine agonists and MAO @-@ B inhibitors . The stage of the disease determines which group is most useful . Two stages are usually distinguished : an initial stage in which the individual with PD has already developed some disability for which he needs pharmacological treatment , then a second stage in which an individual develops motor complications related to levodopa usage . Treatment in the initial stage aims for an optimal tradeoff between good symptom control and side @-@ effects resulting from improvement of dopaminergic function . The start of levodopa ( or L @-@ DOPA ) treatment may be delayed by using other medications such as MAO @-@ B inhibitors and dopamine agonists , in the hope of delaying the onset of dyskinesias . In the second stage the aim is to reduce symptoms while controlling fluctuations of the response to medication . Sudden withdrawals from medication or overuse have to be managed . When medications are not enough to control symptoms , surgery , and deep brain stimulation can be of use . In the final stages of the disease , palliative care is provided to improve quality of life . = = = Levodopa = = = Levodopa has been the most widely used treatment for over 30 years . L @-@ DOPA is converted into dopamine in the dopaminergic neurons by dopa decarboxylase . Since motor symptoms are produced by a lack of dopamine in the substantia nigra , the administration of L @-@ DOPA temporarily diminishes the motor symptoms . Only 5 – 10 % of L @-@ DOPA crosses the blood – brain barrier . The remainder is often metabolized to dopamine elsewhere , causing a variety of side effects including nausea , dyskinesias and joint stiffness . Carbidopa and benserazide are peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitors , which help to prevent the metabolism of L @-@ DOPA before it reaches the dopaminergic neurons , therefore reducing side effects and increasing bioavailability . They are generally given as combination preparations with levodopa . Existing preparations are carbidopa / levodopa ( co @-@ careldopa ) and benserazide / levodopa ( co @-@ beneldopa ) . Levodopa has been related to dopamine dysregulation syndrome , which is a compulsive overuse of the medication , and punding . There are controlled release versions of levodopa in the form intravenous and intestinal infusions that spread out the effect of the medication . These slow @-@ release levodopa preparations have not shown an increased control of motor symptoms or motor complications when compared to immediate release preparations . Tolcapone inhibits the COMT enzyme , which degrades dopamine , thereby prolonging the effects of levodopa . It has been used to complement levodopa ; however , its usefulness is limited by possible side effects such as liver damage . A similarly effective drug , entacapone , has not been shown to cause significant alterations of liver function . Licensed preparations of entacapone contain entacapone alone or in combination with carbidopa and levodopa . Levodopa preparations lead in the long term to the development of motor complications characterized by involuntary movements called dyskinesias and fluctuations in the response to medication . When this occurs a person with PD can change from phases with good response to medication and few symptoms ( " on " state ) , to phases with no response to medication and significant motor symptoms ( " off " state ) . For this reason , levodopa doses are kept as low as possible while maintaining functionality . Delaying the initiation of therapy with levodopa by using alternatives ( dopamine agonists and MAO @-@ B inhibitors ) is common practice . A former strategy to reduce motor complications was to withdraw L @-@ DOPA medication for some time . This is discouraged now since it can bring dangerous side effects such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome . Most people with PD will eventually need levodopa and later develop motor side effects . = = = Dopamine agonists = = = Several dopamine agonists that bind to dopaminergic post @-@ synaptic receptors in the brain have similar effects to levodopa . These were initially used for individuals experiencing on @-@ off fluctuations and dyskinesias as a complementary therapy to levodopa ; they are now mainly used on their own as an initial therapy for motor symptoms with the aim of delaying motor complications . When used in late PD they are useful at reducing the off periods . Dopamine agonists include bromocriptine , pergolide , pramipexole , ropinirole , piribedil , cabergoline , apomorphine and lisuride . Dopamine agonists produce significant , although usually mild , side effects including drowsiness , hallucinations , insomnia , nausea , and constipation . Sometimes side effects appear even at a minimal clinically effective dose , leading the physician to search for a different drug . Compared with levodopa , dopamine agonists may delay motor complications of medication use but are less effective at controlling symptoms . Nevertheless , they are usually effective enough to manage symptoms in the initial years . They tend to be more expensive than levodopa . Dyskinesias due to dopamine agonists are rare in younger people who have PD , but along with other side effects , become more common with age at onset . Thus dopamine agonists are the preferred initial treatment for earlier onset , as opposed to levodopa in later onset . Agonists have been related to impulse control disorders ( such as compulsive sexual activity and eating , and pathological gambling and shopping ) even more strongly than levodopa . Apomorphine , a non @-@ orally administered dopamine agonist , may be used to reduce off periods and dyskinesia in late PD . It is administered by intermittent injections or continuous subcutaneous infusions . Since secondary effects such as confusion and hallucinations are common , individuals receiving apomorphine treatment should be closely monitored . Two dopamine agonists that are administered through skin patches ( lisuride and rotigotine ) and are useful for people in the initial stages and possibly to control off states in those in the advanced state . = = = MAO @-@ B inhibitors = = = MAO @-@ B inhibitors ( safinamide , selegiline and rasagiline ) increase the level of dopamine in the basal ganglia by blocking its metabolism . They inhibit monoamine oxidase B ( MAO @-@ B ) which breaks down dopamine secreted by the dopaminergic neurons . The reduction in MAO @-@ B activity results in increased L @-@ DOPA in the striatum . Like dopamine agonists , MAO @-@ B inhibitors used as monotherapy improve motor symptoms and delay the need for levodopa in early disease , but produce more adverse effects and are less effective than levodopa . There are few studies of their effectiveness in the advanced stage , although results suggest that they are useful to reduce fluctuations between on and off periods . An initial study indicated that selegiline in combination with levodopa increased the risk of death , but this was later disproven . = = = Other drugs = = = Other drugs such as amantadine and anticholinergics may be useful as treatment of motor symptoms . However , the evidence supporting them lacks quality , so they are not first choice treatments . In addition to motor symptoms , PD is accompanied by a diverse range of symptoms . A number of drugs have been used to treat some of these problems . Examples are the use of quetiapine for psychosis , cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia , and modafinil for daytime sleepiness . A 2010 meta @-@ analysis found that non @-@ steroidal anti @-@ inflammatory drugs ( apart from aspirin ) , have been associated with at least a 15 percent ( higher in long @-@ term and regular users ) reduction of incidence of the development of Parkinson 's disease . = = = Surgery = = = Treating motor symptoms with surgery was once a common practice , but since the discovery of levodopa , the number of operations declined . Studies in the past few decades have led to great improvements in surgical techniques , so that surgery is again being used in people with advanced PD for whom drug therapy is no longer sufficient . Surgery for PD can be divided in two main groups : lesional and deep brain stimulation ( DBS ) . Target areas for DBS or lesions include the thalamus , the globus pallidus or the subthalamic nucleus . Deep brain stimulation ( DBS ) is the most commonly used surgical treatment , developed in the 1980s by Alim @-@ Louis Benabid and others . It involves the implantation of a medical device called a neurostimulator which sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain . DBS is recommended for people who have PD with motor fluctuations and tremor inadequately controlled by medication , or to those who are intolerant to medication , as long as they do not have severe neuropsychiatric problems . Other , less common , surgical therapies involve intentional formation of lesions to suppress overactivity of specific subcortical areas . For example , pallidotomy involves surgical destruction of the globus pallidus to control dyskinesia . = = = Rehabilitation = = = Exercise programs are recommended in people with Parkinson 's disease . There is some evidence that speech or mobility problems can improve with rehabilitation , although studies are scarce and of low quality . Regular physical exercise with or without physiotherapy can be beneficial to maintain and improve mobility , flexibility , strength , gait speed , and quality of life . When an exercise program is performed under the supervision of a physiotherapist , there are more improvements in motor symptoms , mental and emotional functions , daily living activities , and quality of life compared to a self @-@ supervised exercise program at home . In terms of improving flexibility and range of motion for people experiencing rigidity , generalized relaxation techniques such as gentle rocking have been found to decrease excessive muscle tension . Other effective techniques to promote relaxation include slow rotational movements of the extremities and trunk , rhythmic initiation , diaphragmatic breathing , and meditation techniques . As for gait and addressing the challenges associated with the disease such as hypokinesia ( slowness of movement ) , shuffling and decreased arm swing ; physiotherapists have a variety of strategies to improve functional mobility and safety . Areas of interest with respect to gait during rehabilitation programs focus on but are not limited to improving gait speed , the base of support , stride length , trunk and arm swing movement . Strategies include utilizing assistive equipment ( pole walking and treadmill walking ) , verbal cueing ( manual , visual and auditory ) , exercises ( marching and PNF patterns ) and altering environments ( surfaces , inputs , open vs. closed ) . Strengthening exercises have shown improvements in strength and motor function for people with primary muscular weakness and weakness related to inactivity with mild to moderate Parkinson 's disease . However , reports show a significant interaction between strength and the time the medications was taken . Therefore , it is recommended that people with PD should perform exercises 45 minutes to one hour after medications when they are at their best . Also , due to the forward flexed posture , and respiratory dysfunctions in advanced Parkinson 's disease , deep diaphragmatic breathing exercises are beneficial in improving chest wall mobility and vital capacity . Exercise may improve constipation . One of the most widely practiced treatments for speech disorders associated with Parkinson 's disease is the Lee Silverman voice treatment ( LSVT ) . Speech therapy and specifically LSVT may improve speech . Occupational therapy ( OT ) aims to promote health and quality of life by helping people with the disease to participate in as many of their daily living activities as possible . There have been few studies on the effectiveness of OT and their quality is poor , although there is some indication that it may improve motor skills and quality of life for the duration of the therapy . = = = Palliative care = = = Palliative care is specialized medical care for people with serious illnesses , including Parkinson 's . The goal of this speciality is to improve quality of life for both the person suffering from Parkinson 's and the family by providing relief from the symptoms , pain , and stress of illnesses . As Parkinson 's is not a curable disease , all treatments are focused on slowing decline and improving quality of life , and are therefore palliative in nature . Palliative care should be involved earlier , rather than later in the disease course . Palliative care specialists can help with physical symptoms , emotional factors such as loss of function and jobs , depression , fear , and existential concerns . Along with offering emotional support to both the patient and family , palliative care serves an important role in addressing goals of care . People with Parkinson 's may have many difficult decisions to make as the disease progresses such as wishes for feeding tube , non @-@ invasive ventilator , and tracheostomy ; wishes for or against cardiopulmonary resuscitation ; and when to use hospice care . Palliative care team members can help answer questions and guide people with Parkinson 's on these complex and emotional topics to help them make the best decision based on their own values . = = = Other treatments = = = Muscles and nerves that control the digestive process may be affected by PD , resulting in constipation and gastroparesis ( food remaining in the stomach for a longer period than normal ) . A balanced diet , based on periodical nutritional assessments , is recommended and should be designed to avoid weight loss or gain and minimize consequences of gastrointestinal dysfunction . As the disease advances , swallowing difficulties ( dysphagia ) may appear . In such cases it may be helpful to use thickening agents for liquid intake and an upright posture when eating , both measures reducing the risk of choking . Gastrostomy to deliver food directly into the stomach is possible in severe cases . Levodopa and proteins use the same transportation system in the intestine and the blood – brain barrier , thereby competing for access . When they are taken together , this results in a reduced effectiveness of the drug . Therefore , when levodopa is introduced , excessive protein consumption is discouraged and well balanced Mediterranean diet is recommended . In advanced stages , additional intake of low @-@ protein products such as bread or pasta is recommended for similar reasons . To minimize interaction with proteins , levodopa should be taken 30 minutes before meals . At the same time , regimens for PD restrict proteins during breakfast and lunch , allowing protein intake in the evening . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation temporarily improves levodopa @-@ induced dyskinesias . Its usefulness in PD is an open research topic , although recent studies have shown no effect by rTMS . Several nutrients have been proposed as possible treatments ; however there is no evidence that vitamins or food additives improve symptoms . There is no evidence to substantiate that acupuncture and practice of Qigong , or T 'ai chi , have any effect on the course of the disease or symptoms . Further research on the viability of Tai chi for balance or motor skills are necessary . Fava beans and velvet beans are natural sources of levodopa and are eaten by many people with PD . While they have shown some effectiveness in clinical trials , their intake is not free of risks . Life @-@ threatening adverse reactions have been described , such as the neuroleptic malignant syndrome . = = Prognosis = = PD invariably progresses with time . A severity rating method known as the Unified Parkinson 's Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) is the most commonly used metric for clinical study . A modified version known as the MDS @-@ UPDRS is also sometimes used . An older scaling method known as the Hoehn and Yahr scale ( originally published in 1967 ) , and a similar scale known as the Modified Hoehn and Yahr scale , have also been commonly used . The Hoehn and Yahr scale defines five basic stages of progression . Motor symptoms , if not treated , advance aggressively in the early stages of the disease and more slowly later . Untreated , individuals are expected to lose independent ambulation after an average of eight years and be bedridden after ten years . However , it is uncommon to find untreated people nowadays . Medication has improved the prognosis of motor symptoms , while at the same time it is a new source of disability because of the undesired effects of levodopa after years of use . In people taking levodopa , the progression time of symptoms to a stage of high dependency from caregivers may be over 15 years . However , it is hard to predict what course the disease will take for a given individual . Age is the best predictor of disease progression . The rate of motor decline is greater in those with less impairment at the time of diagnosis , while cognitive impairment is more frequent in those who are over 70 years of age at symptom onset . Since current therapies improve motor symptoms , disability at present is mainly related to non @-@ motor features of the disease . Nevertheless , the relationship between disease progression and disability is not linear . Disability is initially related to motor symptoms . As the disease advances , disability is more related to motor symptoms that do not respond adequately to medication , such as swallowing / speech difficulties , and gait / balance problems ; and also to motor complications , which appear in up to 50 % of individuals after 5 years of levodopa usage . Finally , after ten years most people with the disease have autonomic disturbances , sleep problems , mood alterations and cognitive decline . All of these symptoms , especially cognitive decline , greatly increase disability . The life expectancy of people with PD is reduced . Mortality ratios are around twice those of unaffected people . Cognitive decline and dementia , old age at onset , a more advanced disease state and presence of swallowing problems are all mortality risk factors . On the other hand , a disease pattern mainly characterized by tremor as opposed to rigidity predicts an improved survival . Death from aspiration pneumonia is twice as common in individuals with PD as in the healthy population . In 2013 PD resulted in about 103 @,@ 000 deaths globally , up from 44 @,@ 000 deaths in 1990 . The death rate increased from an average of 1 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 8 per 100 @,@ 000 during that time . = = Epidemiology = = PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer 's disease and affects approximately seven million people globally and one million people in the United States . The proportion in a population at a given time is about 0 @.@ 3 % in industrialized countries . PD is more common in the elderly and rates rises from 1 % in those over 60 years of age to 4 % of the population over 80 . The mean age of onset is around 60 years , although 5 – 10 % of cases , classified as young onset PD , begin between the ages of 20 and 50 . PD may be less prevalent in those of African and Asian ancestry , although this finding is disputed . Some studies have proposed that it is more common in men than women , but others failed to detect any differences between the two sexes . The number of new cases per year of PD is between 8 and 18 per 100 @,@ 000 person – years . Many risk factors and protective factors have been proposed , sometimes in relation to theories concerning possible mechanisms of the disease , however , none have been conclusively related to PD by empirical evidence . When epidemiological studies have been carried out in order to test the relationship between a given factor and PD , they have often been flawed and their results have in some cases been contradictory . The most frequently replicated relationships are an increased risk of PD in those exposed to pesticides , and a reduced risk in smokers . = = History = = Several early sources , including an Egyptian papyrus , an Ayurvedic medical treatise , the Bible , and Galen 's writings , describe symptoms resembling those of PD . After Galen there are no references unambiguously related to PD until the 17th century . In the 17th and 18th centuries , several authors wrote about elements of the disease , including Sylvius , Gaubius , Hunter and Chomel . In 1817 an English doctor , James Parkinson , published his essay reporting six cases of paralysis agitans . An Essay on the Shaking Palsy described the characteristic resting tremor , abnormal posture and gait , paralysis and diminished muscle strength , and the way that the disease progresses over time . Early neurologists who made further additions to the knowledge of the disease include Trousseau , Gowers , Kinnier Wilson and Erb , and most notably Jean @-@ Martin Charcot , whose studies between 1868 and 1881 were a landmark in the understanding of the disease . Among other advances , he made the distinction between rigidity , weakness and bradykinesia . He also championed the renaming of the disease in honor of James Parkinson .	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